With the development of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and blockchain technology, more and more people are optimistic about its integration with blockchain. Everyone thinks that 2018 is the year of the blockchain. However, there are many defects in the current application platform of Ethereum, which urgently needs technological and architectural breakthroughs.

1.

Ethereum is not designed for DAPP. The main purpose of Nakamoto’s Bitcoin is to establish a decentralized electronic money system. On this basis, Ethereum developed and added smart contract functionality, but it did not change essentially. Therefore, Ethereum’s framework is not suitable for DAPP in many aspects. It is demonstrated in several ways:

a) The learning curve for DAPP users is very steep. If users needs to use a DAPP base on a smart contract, they should follow this protocol. First, they should get a wallet address, a private key, and know how to use the wallet address and save the private key correctly; Secondly, he must get ETH in some way. The common protocol is to open an account on Coinbase, associate it with his own bank account, and then pay an expensive commission to buy some ETH. After waiting for many days, he can transfer the purchased ETH to DAPP’s wallet address. Such process is very complicated for a block chain novice. He has to wait for a long time (more than a week) to use the DAPP.

b) The cost of maintaining the DAPP operation is unfairly biased towards the DAPP creator. After the DAPP creator has deployed the contract, the contract can continue to run. The creator of the DAPP would no longer pay for the maintenance of the system. Once deployed, he can use without limitation. If DAPP is very successful and takes up a lot of resources of the block chain system, DAPP does not have to take additional responsibility. Instead, the cost of those system resources is passed on to users of DAPP, users of other unrelated DAPPs, or users of ETH. Currently, using DAPP has become very expensive, with each call to the contract being between $1 and $3.

c) The main purpose of the DAPP is to allow more users to use it. The DAPP creator does not need the relatively small deployment cost and the huge use cost. The block chain-based DAPP should be used in the same way as that of traditional DAPP: After users download it from the APP store, they can immediately use the APP for free or at a low cost. Actually, users don’t really have to have an understanding what the underlying block chain looks like. They also don’t need to worry about what is ETH or how to get ETH.

2.

Ethereum’s token distribution method is through mining. Nakamoto’s ideal is that everyone with a computer and a network can participate in mining and get virtual currency. In this way, the distribution of Bitcoin can be more decentralized, and more people can use Bitcoin, which will no longer be controlled by a few people. But the reality is that mining has become very expensive. Only people who can afford huge mining machines and expensive electricity can benefit from this distribution process. Ethereum mining uses GPUs, which are respectively better than Bitcoin’s ASICs, but they are still expensive.

In addition, since the reward cakes in each block are fixed and all the miners sharing the cake together, the more people are involved, the fewer the portions are. This is a negative feedback process. Then, at a certain stage, the number of miners involved will stabilize, and there will be those who have financial resources. Although Ethereum tries to switch to the consensus mechanism of POS, it will not change the situation of splitting the fixed cake, and it also maintain the situation that the rich will become richer. Ethereum, including many other block chains, lacks effective secondary allocation tokens to decentralize.

3.

The TPS currently supported by Ethereum is very limited. Because all nodes handle the same smart contract, and the status of all contracts is recorded in the public blockchain book. It is hard to imagine that such a system can support thousands of call and state storage of DAPPs. Ethereum needs to solve these problems urgently.

The recent casper of Ethereum is meant to solve the technological expansion problem, but there is still no solution to the first two important problems.

Moca Blockchain (MOAC) can solve these three problems at the same time and provide effective cross-chain functionality through the innovation of Ethereum’s system architecture. The specific approaches are as follows:

1.

Using a hierarchical structure, balance transfer and smart contracts are handled separately. In a POW way, the bottom layer handles all balance transfer and global contracts to solve global consistency and double-flowering problems. DAPP’s smart contract is deployed at the upper layer, through a specific consensus approach, and uses sharding technology to improve system TPS to 100x.

2.

Smart Contract as a Micro-Chain (SAAM). Each deployed DAPP contract is actually a Micro-Chain. It can choose its own verification node (mine mining node) and consensus method, and have its own blockchain to save the state. The Micro-Chain uses a periodically refreshed mechanism to write hash of its state into the underlying blockchain to achieve finality.

3.

Double-layer mining mechanism. The underlying POW uses the same mining method as Ethereum does. There are thousands of such mining nodes. The upper mining level uses DApp to pay for the mining costs. The cost is calculated according to the number of miners and unit production. The number of such mining nodes can range from thousands to millions. Each miner randomly participates in a microchain, provides services, and gains revenue.

Under this circumstance, the upper mining layer is no longer a negative feedback process. The produced benefit of each miner in a block is relatively fixed. If a great number of applications are deployed, a great number of miners are required to provide services for these applications. Those miners will increase the scale of the ecosystem and expand the service capabilities that the system can provide, thereby attracting more applications to the platform.

Such process is actually a secondary distribution process. The rich (application creator) maintain the normal operation of the application by paying to miners and get increased application value in a growing ecosystem. Laborers (miners) continue to increase their service capabilities through the fixed income.

4.

The creator of the DAPP must pay for every block in the Micro-chain and continuously pay for the verification nodes in the upper mining level. In this way, they can maintain the operation of DAPP as they pay for monthly utility bills.

5.

The user of the DAPP can use the direct call method and does not need to pay for any gas to initiate the call to the DAPP application. If it is necessary to prevent the user from abusing, DAPP itself can implement corresponding processing methods.

Therefore, through paying by DAPP, the secondary distribution of tokens is achieved and it will attract a huge sea of users to participate in mining and providing services. Because the upper-level consensus protocol does not have to consume a large amount of energy to obtain random numbers but deals with the implement or service of smart contracts, the requirements for system are very low.

Ordinary embedded systems, even mobile phones, can participate. In this way, the huge processing power provided by the massive nodes can then support thousands of DAPPs through sharding. In turn, the continuous payment of DAPPs can support more upper-level miners, thus forming an open and positive feedback circle and making the system a huge ecosystem that is suitable for DAPP.

Where to Find Us

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