Without new drugs and drastic changes to the way we use antimicrobials, the future may have a lot in common with the dark ages, warns a new report commissioned by the UK government and released Thursday.

In an ominous description, the report suggests that by 2050, antimicrobial-resistant infections could sop up $100 trillion from the global economy while killing off 10 million people per year—about a death every three seconds. In addition, common procedures, such as gut surgeries, C sections, hip replacements, and therapies that suppress the immune system, including cancer chemotherapies, may be ditched for fear of sparking resistant, life-threatening infections. Thus, childbirth could once again be widely considered a deadly endeavor, joint injuries could go untreated, and curable diseases could revert to incurable.

This grim view stems from modeled scenarios carried out by two consulting groups, auditors KPMG and Rand Europe, for the report. But those numbers are likely an underestimate, the authors note. The report only accounts for a handful of types of antimicrobial infections, and it is limited by poor infection records. Currently, experts estimate that drug-resistant microbes cause 700,000 deaths per year globally, but that number may also be an underestimate. The new report also didn’t account for all indirect healthcare costs.

Still, the projections were just a first step in the much larger comprehensive report on the state of antimicrobial resistance and its threat to human health and the global economy. The report, requested by UK Prime Minister David Cameron and led by economist Jim O’Neill, has been two years in the making and largely focuses on a 10-step plan to avert those doomsday predictions.

The steps focus on curbing current use of antibiotics and antimicrobials, incentivizing the development of new drugs, and informing the public via coordinated global campaigns.

"We need to inform in different ways, all over the world, why it's crucial we stop treating our antibiotics like sweets,” O'Neill told the BBC.

The ten points of the plan are to:

Create a global public awareness campaign

Improve hygiene and prevent infections

Cut antimicrobial use in agriculture

Improve global surveillance of drug resistant microbes

Promote new, fast diagnostics to ensure proper use of antibiotics

Promote alternative treatments to antibiotics, such as vaccines

Support infectious disease professionals

Establish a global fund for research on antimicrobials and resistance

Incentivize development of new drugs

Build a global coalition

While the plan outlines suggestions for paying for the 10 steps, the report notes that “committing funds to [antimicrobial resistance] now will reduce the amount it costs later when it develops into an even bigger crisis, which will inevitably fall to governments."