As the junior senator from Illinois, Barack Obama co-sponsored a bill to restrict the U.S. government’s military support of countries that use children as soldiers. But President Obama has waived those very same sanctions in the name of “national interest,” bypassing the findings of a State Department report and allowing millions of dollars in military aid to flow to countries where children as young as 11 have been conscripted to fight — many of whom have died in one bloody conflict after another.

Mr. Obama’s actions have inflamed an army of critics, who say the waivers have put at-risk children in even greater danger.

“The implementation of the law by President Obama has been a big disappointment,” said Jo Becker, children’s rights advocacy director for Human Rights Watch. She said countries won’t get serious about ending the use of child soldiers until they think the United States is serious about withholding aid. “U.S. tax dollars should not go to governments that use child soldiers.”

Mr. Obama, however, has an opportunity to silence his critics as he decides over the next two months whether to withhold aid or give waivers to seven countries named in a new State Department report as using children — both boys and girls — as armed combatants.

The original legislation, a strongly worded bipartisan law known as the Child Soldier Prevention Act, prohibits the U.S. government from giving military financing and training funds to countries identified by the State Department in its annual “Trafficking in Persons” report as having recruited and used children younger than 15 as soldiers in their armed forces or government-supported militias. The bill passed unanimously in both the Senate and the House, and was signed into law by President Bush on Dec. 23, 2008.

Amnesty International has said that more than 250,000 children worldwide, about 45 percent of them girls, are fighting in active conflicts.

Rep. Jeff Fortenberry, Nebraska Republican, who authored the House version of the law, said that national security “must not be an excuse to allow us to be complicit with countries using child soldiers.” He called Mr. Obama’s decision in October to grant waivers on the 2011 trafficking report “an assault on human dignity.”

Mr. Fortenberry has introduced legislation that would require the president to report to Congress 15 days before issuing another waiver what credible and verifiable steps are being undertaken in countries cited for child-soldiers violations to implement a plan of action to end the recruitment of child soldiers. It also would prohibit the use of peacekeeping funds for those countries.

“In 2008, Congress did something very courageous: We passed a law saying it was the policy of our nation that children — all children, no matter where they are from — belong on playgrounds, not battlegrounds,” he said. “This is the law of the land. We are obligated to stop underwriting this form of human trafficking, child conscription.”

Mr. Obama will decide by early October whether to withhold aid or give waivers to seven countries named in the State Department’s 2012 Trafficking in Persons list as using children as armed combatants. The countries are Congo, Libya, Myanmar (also known as Burma), Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Yemen. Burma, Congo, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen are repeat offenders, named on the 2011 list.

In October, responding to the State Department’s 2011 report, Mr. Obama said it was in the “national interest of the United States” that Yemen be granted a full waiver, meaning it was entitled to receive $20 million in military financing aid and $1.2 million in training funds for fiscal 2012. He called Yemen “a key partner in counterterrorism operations against al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula” and said that cutting military aid would harm the U.S. relationship with the country and “have a negative impact on U.S. national security.”

The president granted a partial waiver to Congo, saying that government had “taken some steps to reduce child soldiers,” but acknowledged that the progress made by Congo “does not yet represent the kind of institutional change required to make real progress toward eliminating child soldiers.”

Chad received a waiver for efforts to come into compliance with the law. Burma, Somalia and Sudan did not receive U.S. aid subject to the act, although the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia, which has child soldiers, is scheduled to receive $50 million in separate peacekeeping aid not subject to the Child Soldier Prevention Act.

In 2010, the first year the law was in effect, Mr. Obama gave full national-interest waivers to Chad, Congo, Sudan and Yemen.

On its Web page, Human Rights Watch said governments using children as soldiers in armed conflicts are due to receive $200 million in U.S. military assistance in fiscal 2012 — only a portion of which are prohibited under the act.

“The Obama administration has been unwilling to make even small cuts to military assistance to governments exploiting children as soldiers,” said Ms. Becker. “Children are paying the price for its poor leadership.”

The White House referred questions about the waivers to the State Department, whose spokesman, Evan Owen, said the U.S. “is deeply committed to ending the abhorrent practice of unlawfully recruiting or using child soldiers.” Mr. Owen said the U.S. has made “a concerted effort to eliminate such practices around the world in a variety of ways,” including formal diplomatic messages to offending governments.

Mr. Bush never issued any waivers because provisions of the Child Soldier Prevention Act took effect after he left office.

Sen. Richard J. Durbin, Illinois Democrat, authored the original act. It prohibited, with a national-interest waiver, funds being used for military aid to countries identified by the State Department as having used or recruited child soldiers. Mr. Durbin argued during a Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing considering the bill that enforcement was going to be difficult because many of the countries identified as using child soldiers were considered friends of the United States.

“We have to be very blunt with them, that cooperation will mean that they also forswear the use of child soldiers in their own countries. And if they fail to do so, they will pay a price, that the military assistance will be relegated to efforts to remedy this problem; and if they do not remedy it, then military assistance may be reduced or cut off,” he said at the time.

Durbin spokesman Max Gleischman said the senator is “not pleased” with the number of waivers issued by the Obama administration, but added that the White House has been “initially successful using the law as leverage to push countries, like Chad, to clean up their acts.”

Ms. Becker said that when countries are on the list for the third time and not making progress, “There is no excuse for a blanket waiver.”

Jesse Eaves, a policy adviser for children in crisis at World Vision, said every waiver “is basically saying we are going to use taxpayer money to support countries that use child soldiers.”

World Vision has said that children forced to fight in wars around the world have been used as front-line combatants, suicide bombers, minesweepers, sex slaves and spies. The organization said that more than 2 million children have been killed in conflict situations and 6 million have been seriously injured or permanently disabled.

“It is shameful that a portion of federal funding continues to help support governments who are abusing children,” Mr. Eaves said. “The worst part is that thousands of children around the world — not the politicians in the White House, on Capitol Hill or in the State Department — are the ones who will suffer.”

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