The study estimates that 6.5 million adults, 1 in 38, currently have an immediate family member incarcerated.

Among black and Native American adults the numbers are higher: 63 percent have had a family member in jail or prison for a night or more, compared with 48 percent of Latino and 42 percent of white adults. More than half of black adults with a college degree have seen a family member locked up, compared with less than a third of college-educated white adults. Three times as many black adults as white adults have seen a close relative imprisoned for a year or more — 31 percent, compared with 10 percent.

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Low-income residents are also more likely to see their relatives jailed: More than half of adults making $25,000 a year or less have, compared with a third of those making $100,000 a year or more. Looking just at people with relatives locked up for a year or more, it’s about a quarter of the lowest income and 8 percent of the highest-income residents.

People living in the Northeast are least likely to see an immediate relative go to jail or prison, according to the study — less than a third have.

Only 1 in 4 survey respondents said they were able to visit the incarcerated relative, although that result includes cases of only a night in jail. Still, less than half the people surveyed who had a family member locked up for more than a year said they had been able to visit.

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The survey was designed by Cornell researchers for FWD.us, a nonprofit launched in 2013 by Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg to advocate for looser immigration laws. The tech industry lobbying group has since broadened its goals to include criminal justice reform.