MOSCOW—President Vladimir Putin’s top diplomat said a recent change of government and the “destabilizing” influence of the U.S. won’t distract the Kremlin from its biggest success: increasing Russia’s global clout.

Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, speaking at an annual news conference on Moscow’s policy abroad, said the Kremlin would continue work to boost Russia’s global influence, while countering the U.S. and Europe.

“The...