Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. agreed to pay $519 million to settle U.S. charges that it violated U.S. foreign-bribery law in its operations in Ukraine, Mexico and Russia.

The Israeli company, which is the world’s largest maker of generics by sales, will pay the largest criminal fine imposed by the U.S. government against a pharmaceutical firm for violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, prosecutors said. The law, jointly enforced by the U.S. Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission, bars the...