India is on the greatest toilet-building spree in human history, and it’s a windfall for companies.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s $20bn (£15bn) “Clean India” mission aims to construct 111 million latrines in five years. Besides promising to improve the health, safety and dignity of hundreds of millions of Indians, the national hygiene drive has spurred an 81 per cent jump in sales of concrete building materials and 48 per cent increase in bathroom and sanitaryware sales, according to Euromonitor International. That’s benefiting firms from Tata Group, the nation’s largest conglomerate, to cleaning products maker Reckitt Benckiser Group Plc.

Almost 80 million household toilets are estimated to have been built since Modi’s 2014 pledge to ensure universal sanitation coverage by October 2019, which will mark 150 years since the birth of independence leader Mahatma Gandhi. The scaleup of latrines and a nationwide campaign to encourage their use is driving a market for toilet-related products and services that’s predicted to double to $62bn by 2021.

“It’s the biggest, most successful behaviour-change campaign in the world,” says Val Curtis, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine’s Environmental Health Group, who has worked on the programme in India. “Every time I go there, I feel like I can’t sit down for weeks after because I’m excited about what they’re doing. It’s incredible.”

Bollywood celebrity Akshay Kumar, star of the sanitation-promoting movie Toilet: Ek Prem Katha (or Toilet: A Love Story), was appointed brand ambassador this month for Harpic, the bowl cleaner made by Reckitt Benckiser. The UK-based company, which also sells the disinfectant Dettol, dominates the toilet care market in India, with sales climbing 11 per cent to $105.7m last year, Euromonitor data shows.

“We are one of the most trusted brands in India, and we’ve always managed to outperform the market with Dettol,” Rakesh Kapoor, Reckitt Benckiser’s India-born chief executive officer, said on a conference call in April. The company has been able to increase awareness of its cleaning products by working with open defecation-free communities and households to promote sanitation and hygiene.

That’s a common theme across suppliers of homecare products, according to Sowmya Adiraju, a research analyst at Euromonitor in Bengaluru. For example, Hindustan Unilever Ltd entered the low-cost toilet cleaner market with a new powdered product, and has been trying to make toilets accessible and affordable through its Domex Toilet Academy.

Companies are investing heavily on spreading awareness about better hygiene products, aiding the penetration of homecare products in India, which is still low by global standards, Adiraju says in an email.

The “Clean India” mission has had a “largely positive” impact on suppliers of sanitaryware and tiles, sales of which are predicted to expand about 11 per cent annually through 2022, according to Adiraju. The sanitation campaign was anticipated initially to provide a bigger sales boost, but some companies have partnered with governments more as a social initiative than a business opportunity, she says.

Hope in India's Lifeline Express Show all 18 1 /18 Hope in India's Lifeline Express Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients cover their eyes as they wait before their cataract surgery on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Bhawri Devi, 41, travels home on a train after her middle ear surgery on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Movan, 77, is helped by her relatives as she gets ready to leave for her cataract surgery on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express A doctor performs middle ear surgery inside an operating theatre on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients and their relatives wait before the start of a cataract surgery on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Doctors perform middle ear surgery inside an operating theatre on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express The Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, is seen parked at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Employees eat their lunch during a break on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients with their eyes bandaged leave an operation theatre after their cataract surgery, on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients wait for their dental checkup on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express A television screen is seen in the staff resting area on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express A man milks goats in a village in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express A woman speaks on the phone outside her house in a village in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients rest inside a recovery room after their middle ear surgery on the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a railway station in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Bhawri Devi (L), 41, watches as her husband and son push an auto-rickshaw which got stuck in the sand on the way home, in a village in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express Patients register to be screened for cataract surgery by doctors from the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, at a hospital in Jalore, India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express People wait for transport on a hot afternoon outside a village in Jalore India. REUTERS Hope in India's Lifeline Express A patient walks past the Lifeline Express, a hospital built inside a seven-coach train, parked at a railway station in Jalore, India,. Photography by Danish Siddiqui

Before Modi began the Clean India programme, known locally as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan mission, the country accounted for more than half of the world’s 1.1 billion people who routinely relieve themselves in fields, beaches and other open spaces.

So-called open defecation contaminates food and drinking water, and spreads diarrheal diseases that cause chronic malnutrition and childhood stunting – a burden the World Bank estimated costs India 6.4 per cent of its gross domestic product.

“Sanitation is a basic need that is denied to a majority of the Indian population,” says Rajeev Kher, chief executive officer of SaraPlast Pvt Ltd, a closely-held manufacturer, supplier and cleaner of restrooms, including portable toilets for rent. Kher has also converted aged buses into mobile toilets to provide a “clean and safe toilet experience” for women in a collaboration with municipal authorities in the western city of Pune.

For individual households, Japan’s LIXIL Group has supplied tens of thousands of twin pit toilet systems that costs $10 or less apiece to facilitate the safe management of excreta in the absence of a sewage connection.

Increased government spending on toilets and sanitation augers well for Indian Hume Pipe Co, according to Pallav Agarwal, an analyst with Antique Stock Broking Ltd in Mumbai, who rates the pipe company a buy. It secured a dozen major work orders for water supply and sewerage projects across six states in the 2018 fiscal year, totalling 20.9 billion rupees (£228m)), Agarwal said in a 5 July report.

Shares of Cera Sanitaryware Ltd and Somany Ceramics Ltd have more than doubled since August 2014, when Modi in his Independence Day speech emphasised on hygiene and the need to build toilets in rural areas. Kajaria Ceramics Ltd and HSIL Ltd have each jumped at least 40 per cent in the period.

Mumbai-based Tata Group’s steel division makes Nest-In, a modular toilet that comes with an option for a bio-digester. The company has been focusing on products for end-users, including modular housing and toilets, and in March opened public toilet blocks at rest stops along a national highway.

“Private sector enterprises have to pitch in to make the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan successful,” says Prabhat Pani, head of partnerships and technology at Tata Trusts, which owns two-thirds of Tata Sons, the apex company of Tata Group.