After being in beta for quite some time, GitHub actions were finally introduced to the general public in November 2019. They have very soon become ubiquitous, over all combined with the other release that were recently made by GitHub, the package (and container) registry.

We can put them to good use with our Raku modules. Well see how.

We could use some action

An action is a script that is triggered by an event in your repository. In principle, anything you or a program does when interacting with a repository could trigger an action. Of course, this includes git actions, which include basically pushing to the repository, but also all kinds of things happening in the repository, from changes in the wiki to adding a review to a pull request.

And what kind of things can you do? GitHub creates a container with some basic toolchains, as well as language interpreters and compilers of your choice. At the very basic level, what you have is a container where you can run a script triggered by an event.

GitHub actions reside in a YAML file places within the .github/workflows directory in your repository. Let’s go for our first one:

This script is as simple as it gets. It contains a single job, with a single step. Let’s go little by little:

We give it a name, “Merry Christmas”. That name will show up in your list of actions

on is the list of events that will trigger this action. We will just list a single event.

is the list of events that will trigger this action. We will just list a single event. jobs is an array that will include the list of jobs that will be run sequentially.

is an array that will include the list of jobs that will be run sequentially. Every job will have its own key in the, which will be used to refer to it (and also to store variables, more on this later), and can run in its own environment, which you have to select. We’ll take ubuntu-latest , which is a Bionic box, but there are other to choose from (more on this later).

, which is a Bionic box, but there are other to choose from (more on this later). A job has a series of steps, every one with a name and then a sequence of commands. run will run on whatever environment is defined in that specific step; in this case, a simple shell script that prints Merry Xmas!

Since we’ve instructed via the on command to run every time there’s a push to the repository, the tab Actions will show the result of running it, just like this. If nothing goes wrong, and how could it, since it’s simply a script, it will show green check marks and produce the result:

These steps form a kind of pipeline, and every step can produce an output or change the environment that is going to be used in the next step; that means that you can create pipe actions that just process input and produce something for an output, like this one

The first step in this action, code-named “Pre-Merry Xmas!”, declares a couple off environment variables via env . We will collate them in a single sentence . But here comes the gist of it: GitHub Actions use meta-sentences, preceded with :: , that are printed to output and interpreted as commands for the next step. In this case, ::set-env sets an environment variable.

The next step showcases the use of Python, which is another default tool in this environment; as a matter of fact, it’s included in every environment out there, together with Node; you can use it in its default version or set the version as an action variable. This step also uses a similar mechanism to set, instead of an environment variable, an output that can be used by the next step.

Unlike Python, Ruby does not have a default version available in the path; however, it’s only a matter of finding the path to it and you can use it, like here. This step also uses the output of the previous step; GHAs have contexts, in this case a step context, which can be used to access the output of previous steps. steps.greet.outputs.printd access the context of the step whose id is greet (which we declared via the id key there), and since we declared the output to be called printd , outputs.printd will retrieve the output by that name. Contexts are not available from within the action environment, which is why we need to assign it first to an environment variable. Output will look like this, and it will use green check marks, as well as reveal the output in the raw log and if you click on the step name.

If you are a long-term Perl use like I am, you will miss that. Ruby, Python, Node, popular languages, fair enough. But Perl is in the base Ubuntu 16.04 install. Even if we can use that environment, it seems to have been eliminated from there. Where do we have to go to use Perl? To the Windows environments. Let’s use it to create a polite bot that greets you when you create or edit an issue:

Check out first the on command, that is set to be fired every time an issue is created, edited or assigned a milestone, an action that, for some reason, is called being milestoned.

The main difference you see above is the presence of the windows-latest as the environment this action will be run on. But next we see another nice things of actions: they can be simply published in GitHub, and can be reused. This checkout action does what it says: checks out the repo code, which is not available by default. We are not really going to run any check on the code, but we need the little Perl script we’ve created. More on this later.

The next step is the one that actually will operate when an issue is created, changed or, wait for it, milestoned. We declare two different environment variables: one will be used to comment on issues that don’t mention “Merry”, the other if they do. But the nice thing comes next: we can work with the issue body, which is available as a context variable: github.event.issue.body . The next variable is the magic key that opens the door to the GitHub API. No need to upload it or anything, it will be there ready for you, and GitHub will keep track of it and hide it wherever it appears. We will also need the issue number to comment on it, and we store it in the $ISSUE variable.

Let’s next run the action. We will use the fantastic Perl regexes to check for the presence of the word Merry in the body, using this mini-script:

print( ( ($ENV{BODY} =~ /Merry/) == 1)? $ENV{GREETING} : $ENV{HEY});

The next few PowerShell commands are, by far, the most difficult part of this article.

We run the script so that we capture, and store, the result in a variable. And the next commands create PowerShell hashes, and $body is converted to JSON. By using Invoke-RestMethod we use GitHub API to create a comment with the greetings in the issue that was milestoned or any or the other stuff.

As the image above shows, couple of comments: one when it was created and the other, well, check the image.

However, last time we checked this was a Raku Advent Calendar, right? We want our Raku!

Using Raku in GitHub actions

Last time I checked, Raku was not among the very limited number of languages that are available in any of the environments. However, that does not mean we cannot use it. Actions can be upgraded with anything that can be installed, in the case of Windows using Chocolatey (or downloading it via curl or any other command). We’ll also use it to run a real test. Dummy, but real. All actions actually either succeed or fail; you can use that for carrying out tests. Check out this action:

Which is testing using this script:

The regex here uses the Raku syntax to perform more or less the same thing that the previous Perl script did, but let’s focus on the action above. It runs three PowerShell commands, one of them using Chocolatey to install Rakudo Star, and then set the command path and refresh it so that it can be used in the last command, the usual zef test . that actually runs the tests.

Rakudo Star has not been updated since March; a new update is coming very soon, but meanwhile, the combination Windows/GitHub Actions/Rakudo is not really the best way to go, since the bundled zef version is broken and can’t be updated from within a GitHub action.

This test takes quite a while; you have to download and install Raku every single time, plus it does not work if you need to install any additional module. Fortunately, there are many more ways to do it. Meet the Raku container.

Using dockerized actions

GitHub actions can be created in two different environments. One of them is called node12 , and can actually run any operating system, the other is docker , which is Linux exclusive.

These containers will be built on the run and then executed, with commands executed directly inside the container. By default, the ENTRYPOINT of the container will be run, as usual. Previously, we have used actions/checkout for checking out the repository; these official actions can be complemented with our own; in this case, we will use the Raku container action which you can also check out in the Actions markecplace.

This action basically contains a Dockerfile, this one:

This Dockerfile does little more than establish the system PATH and an entry point that can be used for testing. It does not have anything that is Action-specific.

It uses the very basic Alpine Raku container, which is the basis for a whole series of Raku testing containers.

But again, let’s go back to where the action is, that is, er, the action.

Sweet and simple, right?

Yes, I couldn’t help but call the test for the Advent Calendar AdvenTest.

It checks out the repository using the official checkouting action, and then runs the test, which is the default command in the Dockerfile that is created in that action. It would also install ecosystem dependencies, if there were any.

How long does this one take? Just short of 30 seconds, or one quarter of what the other one took.

Tell me more!

GitHub actions are a world of possibilities (and occasionally, also a world of pain). Containerized tools mean that you will be able to work on the repository and the world at large using your favorite language, that is, Raku, starting actions from any kind of events, interactive or periodical; for instance, you could schedule tests every week, or start deployments when tests have been cleared.

If you liked CI tools such as Travis or CircleCI, you will love GitHub actions. Put them to good use in your Raku repositories.