That means Italy’s crisis spending could push its debt to even more unsustainable heights, potentially creating a financial crisis.

“It is not enough to save German businesses and at the same time send Italian companies into bankruptcy,” said Sven Giegold, a member of the European Parliament who speaks for the Greens party on economic policy. The German proposals, Mr. Giegold said in a statement, “do not provide an answer to the dilemma of weaker euro countries which are at risk of losing the confidence of markets due to rising debt.”

Mr. Giegold, who is German, and others have called for Europe to create a common debt repayment fund, but that remains a politically sensitive topic in Germany and other northern European countries. At least until recently, Germans, Dutch and others have balked at providing debt relief to countries, like Italy, that they regard as spendthrift and undisciplined.

But this crisis is caused by an act of nature that has struck at least 113 countries rather than irresponsible policies, and views may be changing.

“The economic downturn will lead to rising deficits, but given current low levels of interest rates this can be handled,” said Clemens Fuest, president of the Ifo Institute in Munich, which leans conservative on fiscal matters. If investors lose faith in Italy’s solvency, Mr. Fuest said in an email, it could resort to a European fund that was created during the last crisis to help countries in financial distress.

The expressions of resolve in capitals around the Continent on Friday, which appeared to be coordinated for maximum impact, showed that European leaders were capable of acting in concert in an emergency. A day earlier, stock markets, spooked by economic paralysis caused by the virus, had their worst day in more than 30 years.