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Linguist Dave Kush at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's Department of Language and Literature has been studying a phenomenon in which Norwegian, Swedish and Danish stand out.

This language peculiarity has to do with the order of words, or the syntax. The basic point of the study is to better understand the grammatical building blocks in our brain.

Moving the most important word to the beginning of a sentence is called topicalization. The first word acts as a "heading" for the rest of the sentence.

"Other languages also use topicalization, but the Scandinavians have developed topicalization into an art. The keyword can be retrieved from a relative clause and placed at beginning of the sentence, even when the context is a distance away. The connection—the interpretation of the first word—comes later in the sentence," says Dave Kush.

Sometimes topicalization works in both Norwegian and English, for example in the phrase "Han har ikke spist den kaka," starting with the subject "He." We can make the cake (object) the main point by moving the word to the beginning: "Den kaka har han ikke spist."

Here's exactly the same sentences as above in English: "He hasn't eaten that cake" can be switched to "That cake, he hasn't eaten," to indicate that exactly that one cake was not eaten.

But most of the time this only works in the Scandinavian languages. The phrase "Kaker lurer han på om Kari lager" (literally: Cakes he wonders if Kari is making.) works just fine in Norwegian. We also understand what is meant when the question word is moved first: "Hva lurer han på om Kari lager?" (literally: What is he wondering if Kari is making?)

For Norwegians it also makes sense to say something like this: "Bakdøren blir han nervøs om de lar stå ulåst" (literally: The back door he is nervous whether they leave unlocked).

"None of these sentences is viable in English. They would be perceived as wrong, and perhaps even incomprehensible," says Kush.

And not just in English. Kush and his colleagues have investigated the research that has been done on a variety of languages, including Japanese, Italian and Arabic. Their findings indicate that the Scandinavian languages stand alone in being able to use topicalization so flexibly.

Icelandic does not have this language feature either, so this "invention" probably evolved after Old Norse fell out of use in Norway.

Norwegian speakers can move the object, question words and almost any sentence element to the front of the sentence and still understand the meaning. This works even if there is a great distance between the first word and what comes later in the sentence to give us the context for the meaning.

"But we can't move the words around any which way. In a lot of cases, it works, but in others it doesn't at all," Kush says.

If we put a question word first in the sentence: "Han blir nervøs om Sigrid baker boller" (literally: He gets nervous if Sigrid bakes buns), it's too much even for Scandinavians. The phrase " Hva blir han nervøs om Sigrid lager?" (literally: What does he get nervous about if Sigrid bakes?) is not accepted as passable Norwegian. The sentence doesn't work.

No written grammatical rules exist for which parts of speech or sentences can be moved and when. The researchers figure out what is possible or not by testing sentences on a variety of subjects. Although young and old choose different words, Kush did not find any difference between the generations in how they construct the sentences.

Kush doesn't have an opinion on whether or not it iIs it advantageous to be able to emphasize a word through moving it.

"Why this language feature developed, we don't know. Maybe it just happened by chance," Kush says.

"Can this be perceived as the Scandinavian languages being under pressure and that their word order lacks organization?"

"No, all languages have built-in, complicated rules that determine what's possible and what isn't, particularly Norwegian," he says.

In linguistics, it has been common to assume that universal boundaries exist for changing word order. But that is not the case.

Already in the 1980s it was reported that the Scandinavian languages llow radical changes in word order far more often than other languages do.

Kush has confirmed that this is the case through scientific experiments with representative samples of people and has identified what people perceive as acceptable Norwegian—and what they don't.

NTNU colleague Terje Lohndal and Jonathan Sprouse at the University of Connecticut collaborated with Kush to publish an article on Scandinavian topicalization in the autumn issue of Language, a leading journal of linguistic research.

To find out more about this Scandinavian language peculiarity, Kush and his colleagues plan to study how children learn which sentences are allowable and which are not. Researchers will use machine learning to simulate the children's learning on computers.

More information: Dave Kush et al, On the island sensitivity of topicalization in Norwegian: An experimental investigation, Language (2019). Journal information: Language Dave Kush et al, On the island sensitivity of topicalization in Norwegian: An experimental investigation,(2019). DOI: 10.1353/lan.2019.0051