International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy Queensland University of Technology 2202-8005 https://www.crimejusticejournal.com The International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy is an open access, blind peer-reviewed journal that publishes critical research about challenges confronting criminal justice systems around the world. The Journal is committed to democratising quality knowledge production and dissemination. Authors retain copyright and articles are licenced via Creative Commons to make published articles more readily available and useable. There are no APCs (Article Processing Charges). Authors can submit and publish at no cost. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0