Imagine, one day, without any warning, you find yourself in a hospital in a life-threatening situation, unable to communicate. Who would speak for you and make health-care decisions on your behalf? That’s a question that all Canadians need to contemplate — but recent studies indicate that most of us have not.

“Advance care planning” is a process of reflection and communication about personal care preferences in the event that you become incapable of consenting to or refusing treatment or other care. The most important aspects of advance care planning are choosing one or more substitute decision makers — someone who will speak on your behalf and make decisions for you if you are not able to do so yourself — and having a conversation with them about your wishes.

A March 2012 Ipsos-Reid national poll found that 86 per cent of Canadians have not heard of advance care planning, and that less than half have had a discussion with a family member or friend about health-care treatments if they were ill and unable to communicate. Only 9 per cent had ever spoken to a health-care provider about their wishes for care.

“People somehow have this superstition that if you talk about it, it might happen,” says Dian Cohen, an economist, author and journalist who counsels Canadians on personal money management. “But if we don’t speak up, how will others know how to help us? That’s an awful burden to leave behind.”

Health-care professionals also seem reluctant to begin the conversation. The ACCEPT study, an ongoing project managed by the Canadian Researchers at the End of Life Network (CARENET) that examines care for ill, elderly patients in acute care hospitals across Canada has revealed a number of barriers to end-of-life discussions between doctors and patients — with the result being that many patients are receiving treatments that they don’t necessarily want or need.

Results from the 2012 study, published in the April 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Internal Medicine, found that the correct patients’ preferences for end-of-life care showed up in their medical records only 30 per cent of the time. Even though 28 per cent of the studied patients stated a preference for “comfort care” (no life-sustaining treatments), this was documented in only 4 per cent of their charts.

Many of the patients interviewed in the study felt that information to help them determine their preferences for end-of-life treatments was either lacking or not clear. “I didn’t know what he (the MD) was saying when asking me in the ER. . . . Do I want CPR,” recounted one ACCEPT study participant. “He asked with no explanation. I said, ‘sure if it works.’ He put down YES on the form but then told me it probably wouldn’t work and I would have brain function problems. Good God! I don’t want that! Give me the information first, then ask the questions.”

Without a plan, patients can receive treatments that they don’t want, and families may find themselves having to make difficult decisions during a stressful time, or fighting with each other over those decisions. And for a strained health system and an aging population, a lack of planning can have a significant impact on health costs and resources.

Advance care planning doesn’t need to be difficult or depressing. The Advance Care Planning in Canada Projects suggests five steps for creating your advance care plan:

Think about what’s right for you. What’s important to you about your care?

Learn about different medical procedures. Some may improve your quality of life, while others may not.

Choose a substitute decision maker, someone who is willing and able to speak for you if you can’t speak for yourself.

Talk about your wishes with your substitute decision maker, loved ones and health-care team.

Record your wishes — write them down, record them or make a video.

As health-care technologies and life-saving interventions continue to improve and people live longer — many with complex medical conditions — advance care planning becomes increasingly important. We need to communicate our values and wishes around the use of certain procedures at the end of life, and what we believe gives our life meaning. Make sure your voice is heard.

Sharon Baxter is executive director of the Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association (CHPCA). Sharon also sits on the board of trustees of the Worldwide Palliative Care and the International Children’s Palliative Care Alliance.

Daren Heyland is an adviser with EvidenceNetwork.ca, a critical care doctor at Kingston General Hospital and a professor of medicine and epidemiology at Queen’s University. For over a decade, he chaired the Canadian Researchers at the End of Life Network, and currentl, he is principal investigator on two CIHR-funded studies looking at patient and family perspectives in advance care planning (the ACCEPT Study) and health care provider perspectives on the same topic in acute care settings (The DECIDE Study).

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For more information about the ACCEPT study, visit the CARENET website at: http://www.thecarenet.ca