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Double-Layered Definition

Characteristic of irony: irony has two or more possible layers of understanding; these need not be readily apparent.

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Opposition Definition

Characteristic of irony: two layers must be in opposition, which may or may not be perceived. If it is perceived, the observer must make a judgment.

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Unawareness Definition

Characteristic of irony: it usually contains an element of unawareness on the part of the participant, reader, or author.

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Positive Irony Definition

In _______, a known, accepted or offered belief or standard is assumed or affirmed and departures from it are called into question or negated.

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Negative Irony Definition

In _______, a known, accepted or offered belief or standard is negated or rendered absurd by applying it to a difficult circumstance.

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Belief or Value Definition

Negative irony tends to be parasitic; without some _________, it cannot appeal to two levels set against each other and hence has nothing to ironize.

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Irony as a Mode of Thinking Definition

_________ emphasizes the difficulty or impossibility of reality being intergrated with a belief or ideal in a way that is not illusory. The Office is characterized by irony.

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Equivocal Irony Definition

A situation where irony is present but no clear guidelines exist to determine whether the irony is positive, negative, or neutral is _________. It is irony where we don't know how to take it.

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Tragedy Definition

Lucas says, "For in ________ is imbedded the eternal contradition between men's weakness and his courage, his stupidity and his magnificence, his frailty and his strength."

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Fear and Pity Definition

The two main emotions in tragedy are _________.

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Catharsis Definition

_________ is the purging of sentimental pity and inconsequential fears; it is the purification resulting in emotional and aesthetic vivification.

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Tragic Error or Flaw Definition

In tragedy, _______ is a false step taken in blindness; it is something amiss within a character that is exposed by events or circumstance. This feature is an ignorance or misunderstanding about the way things are that we might recognize and criticize, yet understand in a sympathetic way.

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Plot Definition

Tragedy tends to be ______ driven.

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Causality and Fate Definition

In tragedy, plot tends to be the vehicle of _________.

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Episodic Definition

__________ plots lack causality and therefore are atypical of tragedy.

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Tragic Protagonist Characteristics Definition

Typically one of high position, often admirable, being neither wholly good nor wholly bad. Tragic characters are active and they contribute to their own destruction; they pick the fruits of their own deeds.

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Tragic Reversal Definition

Aristotle says, "_______ of the situation is a change by which the action veers around to its opposite..."

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Tragic Recognition Definition

Aristotle says, "________ is...a change from ignorance to knowledge."

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Clash; Moral High Ground; Flaws Definition

Tragedy features a ______ between two positives, two more or less equally justified powers wherein each side has some _________ as well as some ________.

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Moral Order Definition

A violation of the _________ moves separate positive values from potential to actual conflict.

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Fall Definition

In relation to the biblical narrative, tragedy recapitulates the ________.

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Transcendent Definition

For Steiner, tragedy requires an intellectual climate infused with known beliefs and assumptions about life that includes a strong element of the __________ that allows issues to go beyond the temporal.

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Absolute; relative Definition

The most productive ages for tragedy are those times of transition where the _______ absolute values of one age give way to the _________ values of the next.

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Marriage; feast/celebration Definition

Comedies typically end in ______ and _______.

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Sympathy and Ridicule Definition

The two main emotions in comedy are ___________.

Term

Character Definition

In comedy, ______ is more important than plot.

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Freedom Definition

In comedy, plot tends to be the vehicle of necessity whereas character tends to be the vehicle or expression of __________.

Term

Versions; present Definition

Comic plots feature competing _______ of the future as they are manifest in the ________.

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Reluctant parents; entrenched social order Definition

Resistence to the desired comic future often comes in the form of blocking agents such as _______ or ________.

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Frame of Reference Definition

A _________ is any formal or informal way of thinking, composed of desires, active beliefs, and tacit assumptions by which a given situation or set of situations is perceived and interpreted.

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Frames of Reference Definition

Comedy results from the simultaneous conflict of two or more _________ set in motion when a character acts or is acted upon with a view toward future integration of some kind.

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Frames of Reference Definition

The greater the juxtaposition and persistence of two competing _________ about a given situation, the greater the comic effect.

Term

Deus ex Machina Definition

An outside force, something quite unexpected, often taking the form of luck or providence, often intervenes to straighten things out. This is also referred to as __________.

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Transitive Definition

In _______ comedy, the vision of the future is realized; the couple gets married and lives happily ever after.

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Intransitive Definition

In _______ comedy, the idealized future is not realized, although the vision animating the comic vision remains.

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Romance Definition

________ is the story of a hero who embodies and presents an ideal.

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Journey; Quest Definition

In romance, the hero embarks on a ________ or _________ and undergoes a series of tests portrayed in an expansive, interlacing, and episodic narrative that often includes other stories and characters.

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Ideal Definition

The hero of the romance is the ______ and lives according to that _______.

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Good; Evil Definition

Romance generally features a conflict between _______ and _______, which tend to be clearly defined and polarized.

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Upper; Lower Definition

Frye calls the conflict between good and evil a conflict between the ______ world and ______ world, the idyllic vs. the demonic, or the day world vs. the world of the night.

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Myth; Realistic; God-like Definition

For Frye, romance belongs between _____ and the ________, where characters act in ______ ways unlike normal human beings yet are not equal to the gods.

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Novel; Romance Definition

Clara Reeve says, "The _______ is a picture of real life and manners, and of the times in which it was written. The _______ in a lofty and elevated language describes what has never happened before nor is likely to happen.

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Marvel; Risk; Triumphant Adventure Definition

Romance typically has dramatic qualities of _______, ________, and ________.

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Home Definition

A common motif in romance is the wandering journey toward _______.

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Idealized Definition

Typically in romance, there are _______ relationships between men and women.

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Agility or Ability Definition

Often in romance, the protagonist is portrayed to have mental ________.

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Supernatural/Higher Definition

Events in romance are under the directing influence of a __________ power.

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Token; Scar Definition

Another common motif in romance is that often there is a distinguishing ______ or ______ by which the hero or heroine will be eventually recognized.

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Episodic Definition

Romance often feature this kind of plot.

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The Past and Fall Definition

Time and season of year associated with tragedy.

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The Future and Spring Definition

Time and season of year associated with comedy.

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Eternity and Summer Definition

Time and season of the year associated with romance.