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Introduction

Trolling is an online phenomenon that people may witness without necessarily knowing what it is. The term “troll” appears to have originated from a method of fishing, where one would fish by trailing a baited line behind a boat (“Troll,” 2010). However, many internet users often use the description of being a troll as a mythological creature that hides under bridges, waiting for an opportunity to pounce (Herring, Job-Sluder, Scheckler, & Barab, 2002). With the latter definition, one can see the comparison with the modern day world with hiding under bridges being the online world waiting for an opportunity that may warrant a troll to take action. With the first definition, it is clear that casting a baited line as a form of provoking individuals into some form of emotional response.

Trolling appears to be a variably defined concept, with multiple definitions existing. It appears to have been first reported by Donath (1999) who argued that “trolling is a game about identity deception” (p. 45), which suggests that a troll's personal opinion is often avoided during the act. According to Herring, et al (2002), trolling comprises “luring others into often pointless and time-consuming discussions” (p. 373). More recently, Morrissey (2010) expanded this even further by saying “trolling is an utterer producing an intentionally false or incorrect utterance with high order intention [the plan] to elicit from recipient a particular response, generally negative or violent” (p. 77). Thus, it appears trolling is an act of intentionally provoking and/or antagonising users in an online environment that creates an often desirable, sometimes predictable, outcome for the troll. Morrissey also states that trolling is a complex intentional act, that some may consider an art. On the other hand, others have included trolling as a form of cyberbullying (Willard, 2007).

To date, there has been very little empirical research into online trolling, with only two key studies being documented. The first of these studied trolling in the context of Wikipedia (Shachaf & Hara, 2010), whilst the second study focused on trolling on feminist forums (Herring et al., 2002). Despite the lack of research, some key findings have emerged. Firstly, Herring et al. (2002) identified three types of messages sent by trolls. These were: (i) messages from a sender who appears outwardly sincere, (ii) messages designed to attract predictable responses or flames, and (iii) messages that waste a group’s time by provoking futile argument. From this, it is apparent that trolling often merges with several other online behaviours. They pointed out that a troll is an online user that can be uncooperative, that seeks to confuse and deceive and can be a flamer by using insults (Herring et al., 2002).

Shachaf and Hara's (2010) study on trolling within Wikipedia revealed that the main reasons for trolling were boredom, attention seeking, and revenge. Furthermore, they regarded Wikipedia as an entertainment venue, and found pleasure from causing damage to it and the people who used the site. Herring et al. (2002) argued that it is non-mainstream environments that are especially vulnerable (such as forums) as they “provide a new arena for the enactment of power inequities such as those motivated by sexism, racism, and heterosexism” (p. 371). Due to this, one could suggest that trolling is a behaviour that is facilitated and possibly exacerbated by the anonymity of the internet.