Earlier this year, as a wave of counterrevolution and repression continued to roll back popular democratic uprisings across the Middle East, one of the Arab Spring’s most popular online activists found himself sitting in a jail cell. Iyad el-Baghdadi, a popular blogger and Twitter personality who first came to prominence during the revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia, was arrested by authorities in the United Arab Emirates in April. Detained, imprisoned and then expelled from the country, he has been living in limbo in Malaysia ever since. Baghdadi – a Palestinian refugee born and raised in the UAE – maintained a highly active social media presence during the revolutions which suddenly went quiet earlier this year, shortly after the death of his friend and well-known Egyptian activist Bassem Sabry. His last Tweet, about Sabry’s death, was on April 30th. The very next day, he was summoned to an immigration office in the UAE, arrested, and told that he would be immediately deported from the country. “The morning I was arrested,” Baghdadi says, “I woke up still crying over losing him…I didn’t get to mourn him like everyone else.”

A UAE official simply told him, “You should try and remember if you said anything that might cause something like this.”

Despite his lifetime residence in the UAE, as a Palestinian citizen, Baghdadi had no recourse to contest this order. He could not be deported back to Palestine, so he was given a choice: indefinite detention or deportation to Malaysia. He chose Malaysia. Baghdadi was imprisoned under difficult conditions for several weeks in the UAE before his deportation. Arriving at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on May 13th, he lacked even proper travel documentation or identification. Upon arrival, Malaysian authorities refused to grant him entry, forcing him to spend three full weeks living in the airport before the Palestinian embassy in the country convinced authorities to admit him as an exceptional case. At no point during his ordeal was ever he charged with any crime, and the UAE immigration officials who conducted his expulsion informed him that there was no criminal complaint against him. But Baghdadi believes that UAE officials were upset over his online activism. Among other things, he maintained one of the most popular Twitter accounts in the country and had a large following both within the region and throughout the world. At the time of his arrest, and in response to questions regarding why he was being detained, he says a UAE official simply told him, “You should try and remember if you said anything that might cause something like this.” Staff at the UAE embassy in the United States have not responded to a request for comment. The UAE has dealt harshly with dissent and with proponents of civil liberties. Last year, the country sentenced 69 political dissidents to lengthy prison terms — 10 years, for most — on charges of plotting to “overthrow the country’s political system” in a mass trial marred by allegations of torture and violations of due process standards. “The UAE sees opponents and enemies at every turn,” says Nicholas McGeehan, a researcher with Human Rights Watch. “Iyad’s case is symptomatic of the UAE’s paranoia and its fear of critical thought and free speech.” Though Baghdadi scrupulously avoided criticizing the country’s leaders directly, in the weeks and months leading up to his arrest he had become increasingly vocal about controversial aspects of UAE foreign policy. In particular, he had made strident criticisms of Egypt’s increasingly brutal, UAE-backed military dictatorship and its leader Abdel Fatah al-Sisi. The coup that brought Sisi to power was supported by a triumvirate of the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Baghdadi believes that his critical commentary on this issue caused him to run afoul of local authorities, who had become increasingly worried about potential dissent over their policies. It is worth recalling that while the Arab Spring and its activists were largely celebrated throughout the world, in regional dictatorships they have always been eyed with deep suspicion. News broadcasts in the UAE would refer to the uprisings themselves as “the so-called Arab Spring” or simply as a fitna — sedition. In this environment, a popular civil society activist such as Baghdadi might as well have been wearing a target on his back. During the uprisings, Baghdadi became famous for creating the popular revolutionary hashtag #ArabTyrantManual and for providing the English translation of Egyptian activist Asmaa Mahfouz’s iconic YouTube speech calling for protests in Tahrir Square, which many credit with helping usher in the fall of then-president Hosni Mubarak. During the uprisings, his tweets and comments were referenced in publications like the The New York Times and The Guardian.