By Inti Pacheco, Manuela Andreoni, Alex Mierjeski and Keenan Chen

In late 1997, Donald Trump was beginning to bounce back from near financial ruin. Two years earlier, his financial losses had totaled $916 million following a string of bankruptcies at Trump casinos and other properties earlier in the decade, according to tax records published in late 2016. But then, Trump stumbled upon a deal that would change the course of his real estate business.

In Seoul, South Korea, a proposed tower on the banks of the Han River needed a name to convey luxury to prospective buyers. The project’s developer, the Daewoo Group, wanted to pay Trump for the use of his name, nothing more. Under the arrangement, Trump would receive a branding fee and a percentage of the building’s annual revenue, a strategy that is common among international hospitality brands.

Video: This is how the Trump licensing business works

Abraham Wallach, then the Trump Organization’s executive vice president for development and acquisitions, said he traveled to South Korea with Trump and saw in the project an intriguing formula: profit with virtually no investment. "I was looking at these nice buildings," he recalled in an interview with Univision, "and I was saying, ‘Gee, there’s an opportunity here.’”

The deal helped define a substantial part of the Trump Organization’s business strategy over the next two decades, and it launched the Trump brand onto the global stage. After signing the first deal with Daewoo in 1999, Trump went on to work with at least 25 different global partners on 27 similar projects up to now. The Trump Organization has had plans to lend its name to hotels and towers in 17 countries.

According to Wallach, anyone can become a Trump partner, as long as they’re willing to pay his fee.

In the past 20 years, the real estate mogul has signed deals with developers in 17 countries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 Villa Trump Brazil Brazil 2 Trump Towers Istanbul Turkey 3 Trump Tower Batumi Georgia 4 Trump International Baku Azerbaijan 5 World Golf Club Dubai UAE 6 Trump Towers Rio Brazil 7 Trump Hotel Rio Brazil 8 Trump Tower Dubai UAE 9 Trump Tower Vancouver Canada 10 Trump Tower Punta del Este Uruguay 11 Trump Towers Pune India 12 Trump Towers Gurgaon India 13 Trump Tower Kolkata India 14 Trump Int. Golf Club Puerto Rico 15 Trump Tower Century City Philippines 16 Trump Cap Cana Dominican R. 17 Int. Golf Club Dubai UAE 18 Trump Ocean Club Panama Panama 19 Elite Tower Israel 20 Trump Tower Mumbai India 21 Trump Baja Mexico Mexico 22 Trump Tower Lido Lake Indonesia 23 Trump Tower Bali Indonesia 24 Trump Tower Toronto Canada 25 Trump Tower Delhi NCR India 26 Trump Island Villas Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 Trumpworld South Korea South Korea

Fifteen of these 27 international Trump-branded projects include developers or investors who have faced criminal allegations, an investigation by Univision and Columbia Journalism Investigations has found. In 25% of the projects a background check would have alerted the Trump Organization of the allegations that their partners faced before signing the contract.

The cases involve development company principals, the companies themselves, a broker for the Trump brand or a major investor being targeted by law enforcement action.

Univision and Columbia Journalism Investigations spoke by phone with Trump-lawyer, Alan Garten, in January seeking comment for this report. Upon his request, detailed questions were submitted by email. At the time of publication Garten had not responded, despite several follow-up phone calls and emails.

Eight projects involved a principal from a development company, a brand broker or an investor who was convicted of a crime. Seven other projects involved participants investigated by foreign governments.

They don't do due diligence

An examination of federal investigations, court records, contracts and corporate records shows that Trump’s partners faced an array of allegations including money laundering, bribery, corruption and transnational drug trafficking. According to The Boston Globe, Wallach was arrested 15 times in five states for crimes such as forgery and grand larceny before being hired by Trump. He worked for the Trump Organization from 1990 to about 2001 or 2002.

"Donald doesn’t do due diligence on anything, no matter what it is," Wallach said. “He works by his gut – his gut directs him on projects, on whatever he’s working on.”

The head of Trump’s first real estate licensing partner, Daewoo Group, was sentenced to prison for fraud in 2006, several years after the company’s buildings had acquired the Trump name.

The 13 partners, brokers or investors who have faced criminal allegations

Dubai, United Arab Emirates convicted Trump International Golf Club and Trump World Golf Club Hussain Sajwani Sajwani was sentenced to five years in prison in 2011 after facing corruption charges due to a fraudulent land purchase in Egypt. The executive appealed the Egyptian court's decision and took the case to arbitration where he settled and paid $17 million. Sajwani has said in the past that the charges were politically motivated. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil investigated Trump Towers Rio Salamanca Group The Antifraud Office of Catalonia, Spain, investigated the company in 2014 for allegedly operating as a money laundering vehicle in Spain for Russian oligarchs who used the Salamanca Group to purchase of a port in Barcelona. No charges were filed and the project did not move forward. The company didn't reply to requests for comment, but it denied all the accusations to Spanish media at the time. Toronto, Canada convicted Trump International Hotel & Tower Toronto Leib Waldman Waldman, one of the first partners in the Toronto project, was convicted of fraud and embezzlement in 1995. Instead of serving his time, he fled to Canada and was finally extradited in 2007. After serving time in an American prison, he moved to Israel. The new owner of this tower decided to remove Trump's name in 2017. Contacted for comment, Waldman said that after a Toronto Star article revealed his convictions, "the project was getting some bad publicity. I removed myself.” Batumi, Georgia investigated Trump Tower Batumi Silk Road Group Ther Silk Road Group was investigated in 2009 because of its ties to Mukhtar Ablyazov, the banker accused of stealing $10 billion from the BTA Bank in Kazakhstan. They settled the accusations with the bank in arbitration. They were investigated by Georgian prosecutors for money laundering accusations in 2013 but the case was later dismissed. The Silk Road Group said they were investigated at the request of Kazakh authorities but the investigation was closed when the company proved it didn't participate in the BTA fraud scheme. Panama City, Panama convicted Trump Ocean Club Panama Louis Pargiolas Colombian-American businessman Louis Pargiolas, one of the initial investors in the project, had ties to drug traffickers since 2002. He was investigated on charges of drug trafficking in Miami in 2009 and was later was convicted in 2011 to spend 3 years in prison. Robin Eliani, Pargiolas' lawyer, said she is preparing to file a motion to vacate her client's conviction based on a guilty plea for bribery and corruption by one of the agents who worked on his case. Istanbul, Turkey convicted Trump Towers Istanbul Engin Yeşil, Aydin Dogan, Dogan Holdings Engin Yesil, who worked as the representative of the Trump brand in Turkey, had been sentenced to spend six years in jail due to a drug trafficking conviction in 1992. Dogan Holdings, the developer, was accused of tax fraud and had to pay a $2.5 billion fine in 2009. The company was also charged with fuel smuggling and for spreading terror propagand in 2016. Neither Yesil or Dogan responded to requests for comment. Seoul and Busan, South Korea convicted Trumpworld Kim Woo-choong Kim Woo-choong, founder of Daewoo, was convicted of fraud and embezzlement was sentenced to spend 10 years in jail, in 2006. When the company that developed the towers collapsed in 1999, Kim fled South Korea and left his company with a $75 billion debt. Prosecutors asked that he gave back at least $23 billion. Daewoo did not respond requests for comment Rio de Janeiro, Brazil convicted Trump Hotel Rio Ricardo Rodrigues, Arthur Soares Ricardo Rodrigues (investor) was charged with fraud in 2012, two years before the project was announced, but later acquitted in 2016. Arthur Soares (investor) was charged with fixing a bidding to get public contracts in 2010, and convicted for larceny in 2014. Both cases are still ongoing. Soares was accused by prosecutors of bribing an official from the International Olympic Committee, and other officials from the government in Rio de Janeiro in 2017. Rodrigues declined to comment. Soares' lawyer didn't reply to interview requests. Pune, India investigated Trump Tower Pune Trump Tower Pune The Trump project is the subject of an investigation that started in 2016 and is being carried out by the Pune state government regarding irregularities of paperworks. There are no new developments to the investigations, and no one has been charged. The developers claim the government investigated the matter and found nothing, issuing them all the appropriate certificates for building and completion of the project. This conclusion has not been released the government. Gurgaon, India investigated Trump Tower Gurgaon IREO The developer is under investigation by India’s Enforcement Directorate over the source of its funding. The company is also suspected of violations in its land purchase procedure and they're also being investigated for the possibility of money laundering. IREO didn't reply to a request for comment. But investigators have said the company claims to have done nothing illegal. Punta Cana, Dominican Republic investigated Trump Estates Cap Cana Abraham Hazoury Abraham Hazoury was accused of fraud and money laundering by a disgruntled investor in 2009, two years after the deal with Trump was signed. After the investor tried to turn the case into a private criminal case taking the investigation away from the prosecutor's office, the Supreme Court ordered prosecutors to investigate the matter. Univision could not confirm if the investigation was finished. Hazoury told Univision the accusation is baseless, and that prosecutors found nothing. He called the case "judicial terrorism." Bali, Indonesia investigated Trump International Hotel & Tower Bali and Trump International Hotel & Tower Lido Hary Tanoesoedibjo Tanoesoedibjo was recently accused of texting threats to the attorney general who was investigating Mobile 8, a company previously owned by MNC's CEO. Mobile 8 was investigated for allegations of tax fraud. Tanoesoedibjo told Univision the case against him was dropped because investigators had no proof. He also said he was no longer part of Mobile 8 when it started being investigated. Vancouver, Canada convicted Trump International Hotel & Tower Vancouver Tony Tiah Thee Kian Tony Tiah Thee Kian owns the TA Group, which in turn owns the Holborn Group, the company that developed the Vancouver tower. He was convicted for submitting a false report on share prices to the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange in 2002. He already served his one year prison sentence. The TA Group didn't reply to a request for comment. But it has been argued the case against him was politically motivated

But unlike in South Korea, it would have been easier for compliance experts to spot criminal allegations in at least seven of the projects due to the existence of public records.

This investigation includes deals for which the Trump Organization created specific limited liability companies to license its brand or manage a property, where marketing materials suggest some form of contract was signed, or where documents show the company was paid.

The findings call into question whether Trump and his adult children properly vetted potential partnering companies and their executives before contracts were signed. The Trump Organization maintains that its procedures for due diligence on new projects are rigorous, but the company has not disclosed what that process entails.

In several cases, a quick search would have revealed red flags concerning the backgrounds of a number of potential partners, but the Trump Organization was either unaware of the warning signs or chose to ignore them.

He was willing to do business with people when others weren’t

In Brazil, one investor was charged with fraud – although he was later acquitted – while another was charged with setting up a scheme for exclusive access to government contracts and larceny. In Turkey, the broker for the Trump brand was sentenced to six years in prison for drug trafficking. An early partner in Toronto was convicted of fraud and embezzlement, and a major shareholder of the developer in Vancouver went to prison for permitting a false report to be filed with financial authorities. In the United Arab Emirates, a developer partnering with the Trump Organization was convicted of corruption by a court in Egypt.

According to one former Trump Organization executive, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, no due diligence was carried out on partners in Toronto. The developer, Leib Waldman, was excluded from the project after news reports about his convictions came to light in 2002.

Michel Rodriguez, a former director of finance at Trump’s Dominican partner, Cap Cana S.A., said the Trump Organization did not perform any due diligence on the company. "They don't do due diligence," he said.

Usually due diligence is done with the collaboration of the company in question, but it can also be done without it.

Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump, far right, are seen with developers of the Trump Tower in Vancouver. Joo Kim Tiah (blue) stands next to his father, who was convicted of fraud and sentenced to one year in prison Phillip Chin/Getty Images

In 2009, the Trump Organization did pay for an audit of Cap Cana's accounts, but only to find out how much the company owed the organization. That same year, the local Supreme Court ordered prosecutors to investigate one of Cap Cana's shareholders after a disgruntled partner filed a complaint against him and others in court, accusing them of fraud and money laundering. No one at Cap Cana was charged.

In the country of Georgia, Trump’s partners paid for a limited due diligence report about themselves to discredit allegations that one of the main shareholders was involved in a criminal organization. The report failed to mention the company’s close relationship with a defrauded bank, which prompted an investigation by local prosecutors in 2013, the year after the Silk Road Group partnered with the Trump Organization. No criminal charges were brought against anyone in the Silk Road Group, and a settlement between the company and the defrauded bank was signed in 2014.

Jan deRoos, a professor of hotel finance and real estate at Cornell University, said the standard process in the hotel industry is to underwrite the deal itself. International chains that license out their names, such as Hilton or Marriott, typically analyze the local market, the sponsor and the project before agreeing to anything. DeRoos describes the process as a three-legged stool: “Any one of them doesn’t pass and it falls down,” he said.

Another way to characterize the troubling partnerships is as a competitive advantage for the Trump Organization, deRoos said. “He was willing to do business with people when others weren’t,” he said of Trump.

In the past, when the media revealed criminal ties involving Trump business partners, members of the Trump Organization defended the company by saying they had no knowledge of wrongdoing. They claimed their participation was limited to licensing, a type of contract experts say doesn't typically entail legal liability for any eventual criminal behavior a project might profit from.

L. Burke Files, president of the International Due Diligence Organization, said the Trump Organization’s approach to due diligence is not unusual. “For the most part, the efforts made by international businessmen on due diligence is atrocious," he said. "They’re more often interested in concluding the deal than figuring out who their counterparties are."

In the end, the Trump Organization got what it wanted, he said.

“They paid him a $10 million licensing fee, what does he care?” Files said. “He’s not an owner. He’s not a partner. He’s a licensing agent.”

After Trump’s election as president of the United States in 2016, the need for due diligence is arguably greater than when he was an ordinary citizen. During the last year there has been intense public debate over potential conflict of interest between the Trump brand and his public office.

A strategy that often fails

Due diligence isn’t only used to determine a company’s potential ties to criminal activity; it’s also necessary to assess whether a project is financially viable. It is unclear if the Trump Organization attempted to financially assess its partners, but only six of the 27 international deals tracked by Univision currently operate with the Trump brand. Ten others remain under construction, and the rest were either abandoned or had the Trump name removed.

Last week, Donald Trump Jr. visited India to pursue one of those projects.

Several Trump projects around the world faced financial hurdles that eventually led to their failure, or bankruptcy issues. Trump Ocean Club in Panama, Trump International Hotel and Tower Toronto and a golf course in Puerto Rico all went bankrupt after completion. Plans failed to reach the construction phase in projects in Mexico, Israel, Georgia, Dubai, and in two separate projects in Brazil.

What happened to Trump-branded international projects? 27 were announced, but 11 already have failed or removed the brand

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Baja California Baku Bali Batumi Canouan Island Dubai The Palm Dubai Int.Golf Dubai World Golf Gurgaon Istanbul Kolkata Lido Manila Mumbai New Delhi Panama City Pune Punta Cana Punta Del Este Ramat Gan Rio Trump Towers Rio Hotel Rio Rio Villa Trump Rio Grande Seoul Toronto Vancouver Key Announced Construction Bankrupt Pending Operating Failed

The role of politicians

A detailed analysis of a number of those partnerships reveal links to high-ranking politicians in the countries visited by the Trumps. Over half of Trump’s 25 foreign partners were closely connected to political figures in their home countries.

The chairman of Lodha Group, Trump’s partner in Mumbai, India, is also vice president of the ruling party in the Indian Parliament. A former official at the mayor's office in Rio de Janeiro was the leading figure in a hotel project in the city. Jorge Subero, a vicepresident at Cap Cana, the development partner in the Dominican Republic, is the son of the former president of the country’s supreme court.

In other instances, politicians played the part of brokers. In Georgia, former President Mikhail Saakashvili was present in several meetings between the developers and Trump. In 2012, the president showed his appreciation in front of the cameras by claiming Trump was making a $250 million investment in his country, when Trump actually was getting paid to license his name to the developer. The Trump project never got off the ground, and the two sides announced a split in late 2016.

Ricardo Martinelli, who was Panama’s president when the Trump Ocean Club Panama was inaugurated in 2011, also thanked Trump for an investment Trump did not make. "We want to thank Mr. Trump for coming to Panama, investing in Panama," Martinelli said at the project's inauguration event. "And for giving us Panamanians one of the most important and beautiful buildings in Panama City."

It is a very important part of our business. We are a family-run business

The Panama tower received a substantial tax break that exempted any imports for construction and all revenue generated in the first 10 years.

Our investigation confirmed that Trump-branded projects received tax incentives in at least four other countries. Projects that failed in Georgia, Brazil, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic all received government support. There is no evidence that the incentives were due to local partners being politically connected or that the Trump Organization had any part in obtaining them.

Trump shakes hands with former Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili, under a sign that reads “Trump Invests in Georgia” in 2012 Emmanuel Dunanda/AFP

A family business

Trump and his family have made millions of dollars from these marketing strategies, lending the impression that Trump and his company were co-developers or equity investors. In reality, his involvement was limited to the licensing of his name or the management of a hotel or golf resort. Univision found this to be the case in projects planned for Georgia, Mexico, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Brazil and Azerbaijan.

Hundreds of buyers in the failed Trump Ocean Resort in Baja California, Mexico, filed a lawsuit claiming that Trump and his children, Ivanka and Donald Trump Jr., participated in a fraudulent scheme that led buyers to believe the project was developed by the Trump Organization. Ivanka played a major role in this project and in misleading buyers, the complaint alleged. The developers eventually agreed to a $7.2 million settlement to avoid litigation. The Trumps also agreed to pay a settlement for an undisclosed amount.

Ivanka, Donald Jr. and Eric Trump have managed the family brand for over a decade. Since 2006, when a deal was struck to build the Trump Ocean Club in Panama, they have traveled the world meeting potential partners and looking for new investors. They have represented the Trump brand and met with partners in Dubai, Panama, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, India, Uruguay, the Dominican Republic, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Indonesia.

Ivanka Trump explained during a 2011 deposition for a lawsuit related to a failed Trump-licensed project in Tampa, Florida, that both partnerships and licensing agreements work the same: The Trump children have initial meetings with potential partners, and “if we think the partners are credible partners ... then we will introduce those people or introduce that project to my father,” Ivanka Trump said. Donald Trump then decided if a project should move forward.

In his deposition for the same lawsuit, Eric Trump acknowledged the value of having the entire family involved in each project. “It is a very important part of our business,” he said. “We are a family-run business.”

Donald Trump Jr, Ivanka Trump and Eric Trump have run the family business for a over a decade. Donald Jr. speaks with Eduardo Paes, then mayor of Rio de Janeiro (Antonio Lacerda/EFE) Ivanka and Eric are pictured with a developer in Uruguay. (Sebastián Umpiérrez/EFE) Donald Jr. and Eric at an event with their partner in Vancouver, Canada. (Stephanie Lamy/AFP) Ivanka walks with Roger Khafif, a developer in Panama. (Arturo Wong/EFE)

In recent months, Donald Trump's children have faced scrutiny for their participation in the company's dealings. An October article by ProPublica, WNYC and The New Yorker described how Ivanka Trump and Donald Trump Jr. were close to being charged with fraud in 2012 for giving false information about sales numbers to prospective buyers of the Trump SoHo project in New York.

There is no evidence that the Trump Organization violated any laws in its international deals. Of the 27 projects, three have been subject to investigations by local prosecutors: two in Brazil and one in India. No one from the Trump Organization has been charged or directly implicated in those investigations.

The pattern of failing to conduct due diligence or deciding to ignore red flags when accepting new partners shows that the Trump Organization has taken legal risks by accepting money from people involved in corruption or criminal enterprises. But if criminal activity was found in any of these projects, it is unclear if Trump or his family would be criminally liable.

Being paid with proceeds of a crime is considered money laundering. Stefan Cassella, former deputy chief of the U.S. Justice Department’s Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Section, said in an interview with Univision that a fundamental question regarding criminal liability is whether funds in a particular operation are obviously the product of criminal proceeds, and whether one was aware of it.

Cassella also mentioned the concept of willful blindness, in which “you willfully try not to learn the source of the money.” In that case, a person could be held criminally liable.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) bars U.S. companies from profiting when bribes are paid to foreign officials. However not a single FCPA case has ever been brought against a U.S. company that licensed its name to a local partner found guilty of committing a crime.

The licensing agreements reviewed by Univision contain clauses that protect the Trump Organization and allow it to opt out if a partner is convicted of a crime or felony. Additionally, as two of the contracts show, if a partner joins a money laundering scheme, they are required to notify the Trump Organization in writing that they did so. The partner is also expected to confirm that they were not involved in money laundering at the time the deal was signed.

To date, these specific sections haven’t been publicly cited as a cause for separation between the Trump Organization and any of its partners, according to legal documents and news reports.

Even if a project is facing a criminal investigation or fending off financial ruin, Trump still makes money. In Brazil, as partners faced a federal probe, the Trump Organization stepped away from the deal and presented a bill for $32.7 million. It's unclear how much of it was paid. And in the Dominican Republic, after the project was bailed out by a government-owned bank, the Trumps charged the company for their cut. Nothing was ever built.

As Wallach, the former Trump Organization executive, remembers it, Donald Trump isn't too concerned about his partners.

"As far as Donald’s concerned, screw the partner as much as you can and don’t think about the future, just think about the present," he said. "Maximize what I get out of the deal, and go on from there."

Contributors: Columbia Journalism School’s 2017 Using Data to Investigate Across Borders class, Jeremy Blackman, Ritu Sarin (The Indian Express) and The Toronto Star.