

Drug Reference for FDA Approved Psychiatric Drugs @ Neurotransmitter.net

Generic Name:

amitriptyline hydrochloride and

perphenazine Dosage Forms/Routes:

Tablet/oral



Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem] Initial Approval:

08/23/1965



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

[ Link ] RxList:

[ Link] Epocrates:

[Link] Empirical Formula:

C 41 H 50 Cl 2 N 4 OS Molecular Mass:

717.833 g/mol Indications:

Treatment of patients with moderate to severe anxiety and/or agitation and depressed mood; patients with depression in whom anxiety and/or agitation are moderate or severe; patients with anxiety and depression associated with chronic physical disease; patients in whom depression and anxiety cannot be clearly differentiated; schizophrenic patients who have associated symptoms of depression Possible Mechanisms of Action:

Please refer to the entries for amitriptyline hydrochloride and perphenazine. PubChem 2D Structure:



Generic Name:

desvenlafaxine succinate



Trade Name:

Pristiq ® [ Wyeth]



IUPAC Name:

butanedioic acid; 4-[2-dimethylamino-1-(1-

hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl]phenol; hydrate Dosage Forms/Routes:

Extended release tablet/oral



Major Metabolite:

desvenlafaxine glucoronide Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem]

[PDSP K i database] Initial Approval:

02/29/2008



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

[ Link ] Empirical Formula:

C 20 H 33 NO 7 Molecular Mass:

399.47852 g/mol Indications:

Major depressive disorder Possible Mechanisms of Action:

Desvenlafaxine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (154). It has a greater affinity for the serotonin transporter (154). Chemical Class:

the succinate salt of the isolated major active metabolite of venlafaxine, a phenethylamine bicyclic derivative



PubChem 2D Structure:





Generic Name:

dextroamphetamine sulfate Trade Name:

Dexedrine ® [ GlaxoSmithKline]



IUPAC Name:

1-phenylpropan-2-amine;

sulfuric acid Dosage Forms/Routes:

Tablet/oral;

Extended release capsule/oral;

Solution/oral Major Metabolites:

p-hydroxyamphetamine;

p-hydroxynorephedrine Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem]

[PDSP K i database]



Initial Approval:

02/26/1976



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

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[Link] Empirical Formula:

C 18 H 28 N 2 O 4 S



Molecular Mass:

368.492 g/mol Indications:

ADHD; narcolepsy Possible Mechanisms of Action:

At plasmalemmal catecholamine transporters, amphetamine indirectly increases the efflux of cytosolic catecholamines so that they are released into the synaptic cleft (144). The drug causes the release of norepinephrine more potently than it causes the release of dopamine; it is much less effective as a serotonin releasing agent (144) The drug also directly inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake at higher concentrations (144). Amphetamine- induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) beta(II) is likely to be responsible for the drug's effect on dopamine efflux (145). Na+ is cotransported with amphetamine as it enters neurons via catecholamine transporters; amphetamine-induced increases in intracellular Na+ may stimulate Na+/Ca2+ antiporters, resulting in an influx of Ca2+ into the cytosol (146). The activity of a Ca2+ dependent enzyme, phospholipase C (PLC), is increased by amphetamine, and PLC may be responsible for the increase in PKC beta(II) activity associated with amphetamine (146). Intracellular dopamine is also required for amphetamine- induced increases in PKC activity (146). Amphetamine increases the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), perhaps by increasing intracellular pH (146). Low PLA2 activity may increase the activation of PKC, while high PLA2 activity may decrease the activation of PKC by amphetamine (146).



Amphetamine, a weak base, increases cytosolic dopamine and norepinephrine through two mechanisms. First, amphetamine inhibits vesicular sequestration of dopamine and norepinephrine into vesicles by directly interacting with vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) (147). Second, amphetamine decreases VMAT-2 activity by reducing the pH gradients that drive monoamine uptake into vesicles (148). At higher concentrations, amphetamine may act as a competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors (149). In addition, the drug is an agonist at TA1, a trace amine receptor (150). Chemical Class:

dextro isomer of d,l-amphetamine sulfate



PubChem 2D Structure:



"3D" Structure (Requires Chime):

[ Link ]

Generic Name:

hydroxyzine dihydrochloride IUPAC Name:

2-[2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-

phenyl-methyl]piperazin-1-

yl]ethoxy]ethanol dihydrochloride Dosage Forms/Routes:

Tablet/oral;

Capsule/oral;

Syrup/oral;

Injectable/injection;

Suspension/oral Major Metabolite:

cetirizine Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem]

[PDSP K i database] Initial Approval:

04/12/1956



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

[ Tablet]

RxList:

[ Link ] Epocrates:

[Link] Empirical Formula:

C 21 H 29 Cl 3 N 2 O 2 Molecular Mass:

447.825 g/mol Indications:

For symptomatic relief of anxiety and tension associated with psychoneurosis and as an adjunct in organic disease states in which anxiety is manifested; management of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as chronic urticaria and atopic and contact dermatoses, and in histamine-mediated pruritus; as a sedative when used as pre-medication and following general anesthesia, hydroxyzine may potentiate meperidine and barbiturates, so their use in pre-anesthetic adjunctive therapy should be modified on an individual basis Possible Mechanisms of Action:

Hydroxyzine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist (77). The drug also binds to sigma-1 receptors (78, 79). It may bind to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors as well (80). Chemical Class:

piperazine derivative PubChem 2D Structure:



"3D" Structure (Requires Chime):

[ Link ]

Generic Name:

hydroxyzine pamoate



Trade Name:

Vistaril ® [ Pfizer]



IUPAC Name:

4-[(3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-

naphthalen-1-yl)methyl]-3-

hydroxy-naphthalene-

2-carboxylic acid; 2-[2-[4-[(4-

chlorophenyl)-phenyl-

methyl]piperazin-1-

yl]ethoxy]ethanol Dosage Forms/Routes:

Capsule/oral Major Metabolite:

cetirizine Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem]

[PDSP K i database] Initial Approval:

11/15/1968



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

[ Link ] RxList:

[ Link ] Epocrates:

[Link] Empirical Formula:

C 44 H 43 ClN 2 O 8 Molecular Mass:

763.274 g/mol Indications:

For symptomatic relief of anxiety and tension associated with psychoneurosis and as an adjunct in organic disease states in which anxiety is manifested; management of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as chronic urticaria and atopic and contact dermatoses, and in histamine-mediated pruritus; as a sedative when used as pre-medication and following general anesthesia, hydroxyzine may potentiate meperidine and barbiturates, so their use in pre-anesthetic adjunctive therapy should be modified on an individual basis Possible Mechanisms of Action:

Hydroxyzine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist (77). The drug also binds to sigma-1 receptors (78, 79). It may bind to serotonin 5-HT2A receptors as well (80). Chemical Class:

piperazine derivative



PubChem 2D Structure:



"3D" Structure (Requires Chime):

[ Link ]

Generic Name:

lamotrigine



Trade Name:

Lamictal ® [ GlaxoSmithKline]



IUPAC Name:

6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-

triazine-3,5-diamine Dosage Forms/Routes:

Tablet/oral;

Chewable Tablet/oral

Major Metabolite:

lamotrigine 2-N-glucuronide Database Search Links:

[PubMed]

[ Search PubMed for

Randomized Controlled Trials]

[ PubChem]

[PDSP K i database] Initial Approval:

12/27/1994



Manufacturers:

[FDA Search] Product Insert:

[ Link ] RxList:

[ Link ] Epocrates:

[Link] Empirical Formula:

C 9 H 7 Cl 2 N 5 Molecular Mass:

256.091 g/mol Indications:

The maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes (depression, mania, hypomania, mixed episodes) in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy; adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in adults and pediatric patients (>/= 2 years of age); adjunctive therapy for the generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adult and pediatric patients (>/= 2 years of age) Possible Mechanisms of Action:

Lamotrigine blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in a use-dependent manner (85). The drug preferentially binds to the channel pore in inactivated but not resting sodium channels; its inhibition of sodium channels is therefore increased by neuronal depolarization (86). Lamotrigine also inhibits N-type and P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (87, 88). Chemical Class:

phenyltriazine



PubChem 2D Structure:



"3D" Structure (Requires Chime):

[ Link ]