Right now, it’s the peak of hurricane season. In September, the Atlantic Ocean is the hottest it gets all year — when it’s most conducive to hurricane formation.

And after a slow start to the storm season this summer — there have been just six named storms, three achieving hurricane status — things are picking up in the Atlantic. Hurricane Florence is the first major hurricane, meaning with winds greater than 110 mph, of the season. Forecasters don’t yet know if it will impact any land; we’ll get a better picture next week. (Hurricane Lane was a major hurricane that skirted by Hawaii in August, but atmospheric scientists keep separate records for Pacific hurricanes.)

At the beginning of the hurricane season in June, forecasters expected an average number of hurricanes (around seven). And it seems like the season is sticking to that mild track. The Atlantic is a bit colder than usual, and atmospheric winds have not been favorable for hurricane formation.

Still, the peak of the summer storm season is an unsettling marker because we’re still reckoning with the full impact of the punishing 2017 hurricane season and the three Category 4 storms (Harvey, Irma, and Maria) that hit the US.

Just recently, the government updated its official death toll from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: 2,975 people died as a result of the hurricane and the subsequent humanitarian crisis. Other reports estimate the death toll could be even higher. In June, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report finding that the death toll from Hurricane Maria could be more than 4,600.

It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of these storms. But thankfully, atmospheric scientists have made huge strides in forecasting the path of storms and how these storms might grow in a climate-changing world. That helps us prepare for the worst.

Here’s what we’ve learned in the months since last year’s Atlantic storms and what we can expect in the months ahead.

The 2018 hurricane outlook looks normal. But there’s much uncertainty.

Every year from June through November, there’s a risk of powerful storms in the Atlantic.

In late May, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted that the season will be average or slightly above the norm. Specifically, the forecast has a 70 percent chance of seeing between five and nine hurricanes, with a total of 10 to 16 named storms. (Some of those named storms would not be strong enough to attain hurricane status.)

In a more recent analysis, conducted in early August, atmospheric scientists at Colorado State University forecast a below-average season with nine named storms, three becoming hurricanes. “The tropical Atlantic remains anomalously cool, and vertical wind shear across the Caribbean has been quite strong over the past month,” the report stated. These are conditions not conducive to strong storm formation.

Indeed, there’s a lot of uncertainty built into seasonal hurricane forecasting. Last May, NOAA predicted an above-normal year for hurricanes. But no one saw the back-to-back-to-back pattern of the storms coming — a grand total of 17 named storms, 10 of which were hurricanes. No one knew it would be one of the 10 most intense hurricane seasons on record.

It’s hard to predict the number of hurricanes because they’re formed by a complicated interplay of climate and weather variables. Yes, warm waters are a key ingredient to fuel storms. But hurricanes are also influenced and steered by massive global trends in weather that are hard to predict: The warming or cooling of waters in the Pacific (El Niño and La Niña), patterns like the Madden-Julian oscillation (an eastward-moving weather system that circles the globe every month or so and makes thunderstorms more likely), and temperature differences between the surface and the higher reaches of the atmosphere all play a role.

Also, NOAA just makes predictions about storm formations, not landfalls. “Hurricane landfalls are largely determined by the weather patterns in place as the hurricane approaches,” NOAA noted in its early season forecast. We could have an extremely active hurricane season that never harms a single person on land.

What we’ve learned: hurricanes are growing wetter and slower

Last August, Hurricane Harvey dumped a record-shattering 60 inches of rain over some parts of Texas. Over the course of the storm, it’s estimated 24 trillion to 34 trillion gallons of water fell in the area. And the weight of that water was so heavy, it actually depressed the earth more than half an inch in some spots, according to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

Climate scientists have now determined via two separate research efforts that Hurricane Harvey’s record-blasting rains (best measured in feet for much of Houston) were likely amplified by climate change.

“Human-induced climate change likely increased Harvey’s total rainfall around Houston by at least 19 percent, with a best estimate of 37 percent,” Michael Wehner, a co-author on an attribution study recently published in Geophysical Research Letters, said at the American Geophysical Union conference in December. And the corresponding study in Environmental Research Letters concluded that climate change increased flooding by around 15 percent.

The rainfall increased, in part, because of how abnormally hot the Gulf of Mexico was last summer. Last August, the Gulf reached its highest temperatures on record, a report published by the American Geophysical Union found.

Even with climate change, Harvey’s rain was an extremely rare event, expected not to return for thousands of years, Karin van der Wiel, another author of the Environmental Research Letters study, said. Still, the odds of seeing such an extreme event have changed, she says. “It’s between 1.5 and 5 times more likely now than in preindustrial times.”

And research suggests wetter storms are in our future. More recently, the National Center for Atmospheric Research published a study in the Journal of Climate simulating a what-if scenario on 22 recent hurricanes. The question: What if these storms formed at the end of the 21st century, in a warmer world?

The hurricanes didn’t grow that much more intense in the simulated model. But they almost all became wetter, spewing more rain. On average, the model found a 25 percent increase in rainfall across the storms — enough to make the difference between a bad flood and a catastrophe.

Climate change science also predicts that storms might grow bigger and more frequent in a warming world, but it’s not quite yet clear if that trend has begun in earnest.

And not only are hurricanes getting wetter, there’s some new evidence that the rate they travel across the globe is slowing down. A new study in Nature finds that hurricanes, on average, moved 1.2 mph slower in 2016 than they did in 1949.

This isn’t about wind speed; rather, it means hurricanes could spend more time lingering over a particular area. And the more time a hurricane spends over an area, the more wind, rain, and damage can be expected. The researchers aren’t entirely sure what’s causing the slowdown, but climate change is a prime suspect. There’s some evidence that climate change is contributing to a weakening of atmospheric circulation in tropical regions. And that could be a reason hurricanes are in less of a hurry.

Good news: hurricane tracking and forecasts keep getting better

Here’s some good news: In 2017, the NHC’s predictions 72 hours in advance of a storm were more accurate than its predictions 24 hours in advance of a storm in 1990. Last year, we saw an incredibly active hurricane season. But we also saw the most accurate storm-path predictions on record, according to a recent NOAA report. That helps communities prepare and potentially saves lives.

Consider what happened with Hurricane Irma last year. That storm skirted through the Caribbean and then took a nearly 90-degree turn northward toward Florida. The NHC predicted this northward turn would happen four days out. There was some uncertainty if the storm was going to impact the Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Coast. “But the fact it was known a few days in advance that the storm was likely to do that was an incredible feat of tech and science,” Rebecca Morss, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, said in an interview last year.

Improvements in computer models, computer processors, and data collection (obtained via actually flying planes through hurricanes) all contribute to this great increase in predictive power.

But challenges in forecasting still remain. The chart above shows advances in predicting the path a hurricane will take. Predicting intensity — how strong its winds will be — is a much harder thing to do, and 2017’s intensity forecasts didn’t show much improvement compared to the past several years.

It’s harder because there are so many factors that go into a hurricane’s intensity: ocean temperatures, wind shear higher up in the atmosphere, interactions with land. Atmospheric scientists don’t yet have the density of data or the computer models to make huge improvements in this area.

Recently, forecasters were caught off guard by the sudden intensification of Hurricane Florence, a case in point of how tricky forecasting hurricane intensity can be.

#Florence is now a borderline Category 4 #hurricane. None of our forecast models saw this sort of strengthening in the face of 20-25 kt shear. We've made great strides in forecasting, but still a lot left to learn. (satellite via @UWSSEC, plots via @HurricaneModels) pic.twitter.com/KsKy08xuC6 — Michael Lowry (@MichaelRLowry) September 5, 2018

But overall, the trend of increasingly accurate forecasts is likely to continue. NOAA has launched two new satellites monitoring into our atmosphere this year. And it continues to update its computer models to make forecasts.

There may be destructive storms, but we’ll see them coming.