Although most consumers associate Volkswagen's emissions software scandal with the Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Volkswagen owners can credit Ramirez and the FTC for playing an “instrumental” role determining the amount of money VW will ultimately refund to consumers, Ramirez said.

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In recent years, the FTC has cracked down on cellphone carriers such as AT&T and T-Mobile, refunding, for example, a total of $170 million to Americans to make up for spammy third-party charges customers never asked or signed up for.

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The agency pressured Apple and Amazon to change their billing practices after a slew of consumer complaints that the companies had made it far too easy for in-app purchases to drive up credit card bills.

Ramirez also helped turn data security and hacking into a major regulatory issue for companies, going after Snapchat in 2014 for allowing 4.6 million account holders' information to leak. The FTC's lawsuit against the prominent hotel chain Wyndham Worldwide Corp. helped underscore that companies can be held responsible for being hacked after misleading customers about the security of their digital systems.

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“Given the significant role technology plays in consumers' lives, today we've placed an emphasis on ensuring that fundamental consumer protection rules apply in the digital sphere,” said Ramirez.

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Ramirez's agency published groundbreaking studies and guidelines on an emerging class of devices known as the Internet of Things, which promises to turn everyday objects into smart appliances. Other reports by the agency showed how companies could abuse customer data to discriminate, particularly against low-income consumers and minorities.

But the agency has also faced criticism over the way it's handled some tech-related matters. Some, including a few of its own members, argued the FTC failed to consider the potential benefits to consumers of certain practices it found unfair, such as Apple's approach to in-app purchases.

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“The unfairness standard places the burden on the commission to show the harms of those decisions outweigh the benefits,” said FTC Commissioner Josh Wright in a 2014 speech. Wright, a Republican, left the FTC in 2015 to become a law professor at George Mason University.

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There was also a leaked staff memo written in 2013 showing that the FTC's civil servants believed Google had been behaving anti-competitively in certain ways, such as restricting advertisers from working with rival search engines. But senior officials, including Ramirez, balked at the prospect of a lengthy legal battle with the technology giant, preferring to shutter the probe in exchange for Google's commitment to alter some of its practices.

The episode raised questions about the FTC's willingness to take on the world's most powerful tech companies, particularly on some of the biggest competition issues facing the industry.

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Still, consumer advocates say Ramirez’s positive impacts will be long-lasting.

“Edith Ramirez brought the FTC into the 21st century,” said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy.

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Others credit Ramirez with fleshing out the agency’s fluency in tech by hiring security researchers and privacy experts.

“She's built up the FTC's in-house technical capacity,” said Berin Szoka, president of the right-leaning think tank TechFreedom.

But, Szoka added, the FTC under Ramirez has given some issues too little attention, such as identity theft, “far and away the largest source of complaints to the agency,” he said.

“Instead of focusing on really clear consumer harm, the FTC has flitted from one bright, shiny topic to the next,” Szoka said.