In response to Ali:

The land which forms modern day Turkey has a long history of human habitation. Early settlements in the Anatolian Plateau date back to the Bronze and Copper ages. Settlement by the Hittites, Phrygians, Mysians, Persians and others followed until 129BC when Rome established the province of Asia.

In 330AD, the emperor Constantine dedicated Constantinople (now Istanbul) to be the \"new Rome\" and as the Western part of the Roman empire was breaking down, the Eastern Roman (Byzantinian) empire grew in Strength. The SelÃ§uk Turkish empire (based in Persia) took over most of Anatolia in the eleventh century. In 1288, the Ottoman empire began near Bursa and continued until World War I. During the war, the Ottomans fought with Germany and the Central Powers. With their defeat, the Ottoman empire collapsed.

Mustafa Kemal began organising resistance to Greek invasion on 19 May 1919. The Turkish war of independence followed from 1920 to 1922. Victory in this war strengthened Mustafa Kemal\'s command. The sultanate was soon abolished and after it the Ottoman empire. The Turkish Republic was declared on 29 October 1923.