The claim

In the lead up to the federal election, Greens MP Adam Bandt called for the minimum wage to be increased to a level equal to 60 per cent of median income, so as to be a "living wage".

"Nearly 1 in 4 people in poverty works full-time. It's a national disgrace," Mr Bandt tweeted in support of his call.

Is that correct? RMIT ABC Fact Check investigates.

The verdict

Mr Bandt's claim is overblown.

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The source of his claim, the Poverty in Australia 2016 report, suggested that one in five people in poverty lived in a household where the reference person (as identified by the Australian Bureau of Statistics) was working full time.

In the updated 2018 report, this number had risen to one in four.

However, the proportion could include children, unemployed people or those working part-time who live in a household where the 'reference person' works full time.

Fact Check invited three experts to conduct an analysis based on the individual labour force status of working-age adults living in poverty, which showed that around 12 to 16 per cent worked full time (which would translate to between one in six and one in eight).

The source of the claim

Mr Bandt's website lists as the source of his claim a 2016 report Poverty in Australia.

Published by the Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS) and the University of New South Wales' Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), the report relies on data drawn from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' survey of income and housing.

A spokesman for Mr Bandt confirmed the report as the source, but added that he was aware of a more recent report, published in 2018.

In a press release dated March 26, Mr Bandt repeated his claim, stating: "When 1 in 4 people in poverty is working full time, our labour laws are broken."

Measuring poverty

Both the 2016 and 2018 editions of the Poverty in Australia report measure poverty according to two "poverty lines".

Accordingly, a person is considered to be living in poverty if their household income is below either 50 per cent or 60 per cent of Australians' median after-tax income.

Fact Check has assessed Mr Bandt's claim using the 50 per cent threshold, which experts said was the most commonly used measure, including by institutions such as the OECD.

What does the Poverty in Australia report say?

Mr Bandt's website points to page 26 of the 2016 report, which features the pie charts below.

Pie graphs show poverty by employment status of reference person. ( Poverty in Australia 2016 )

The charts suggest that 20.8 per cent of all those in poverty — per the 50 per cent threshold — are employed full time.

This information is also displayed in a table earlier in the report, which shows 622,700 of the almost 3 million people in poverty were employed full time.

In the 2018 report, a similar table shows the proportion of people in poverty who were employed full time had grown to 25.9 per cent, in line with Mr Bandt's claim.

Importantly, however, footnotes in both reports make clear these statistics "refer to the characteristic of the reference person in the household", which means the employment status of one person has been assigned to every person in that household.

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What is a 'reference person'?

Analysis of income data is usually carried out according to households. This is true of poverty line measures, where the median income of households, rather than that of individuals, is used.

"It is usually most appropriate to examine household income when considering economic well being because of the sharing that occurs between members of households," the ABS explains in its user guide to the Survey of Income and Housing.

In order to analyse the characteristics of people within households, the ABS selects a single "reference person" for each household.

The reference person for each household is chosen by applying a number of selection criteria to all household members aged 15 and over.

Each member of the household, including children, is then assigned the characteristic of this reference person.

This would mean that unemployed and part-time workers in a household would be characterised by the full-time employment status of the reference person of that household.

Conversely, some full-time workers may fall into other categories if the reference person for their household is not a full-time worker.

Experts noted, however, that in most cases the reference person would be the main breadwinner in a household.

Why does the Poverty in Australia report use the reference person?

Professor Peter Saunders, one of the authors of the report, told Fact Check that because poverty was measured on a household -- rather than individual -- basis, there was no simple way of classifying households by their labour force status.

He said while it would be possible to look at the labour force status of all individuals living in poverty it would not be consistent with the approach used in other parts of the Poverty in Australia report.

"The approach we use is, thus, not ideal, but is preferable to the alternatives in the context of the research and reports as a whole."

Some of those who live in poverty are employed full-time. ( Supplied )

Does the source support Mr Bandt's claim?

Fact Check asked experts if, based on the source, Mr Bandt could make the claim that one in four people in poverty were working full time.

Flinders University's Professor Gerry Redmond said: "No, he can't."

Professor Roger Wilkins, who is the deputy director of both the Melbourne Institute and the HILDA Survey program area at the University of Melbourne, agreed.

"What the report is saying is that for around 20 per cent of households in poverty the reference person is employed full time," he said.

"But they're very likely to be families with other people who aren't working so you really need the data produced in a different way to make a statement about the proportion of people in poverty who are working full time."

Professor Saunders, meanwhile, confirmed the proportion of people working full time as recorded in the reports included all people in a household where the reference person was employed full time. This would, therefore, capture children, as well as any adults not working full time.



Using the individual labour force status

Professor Redmond told Fact Check that to come up with the correct figure for Mr Bandt's claim would require an analysis of all working-age adults in poverty to find the proportion who were working full time.

Fact Check asked three experts to do this.

Professor Alan Duncan, the Director of the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre at Curtin University, responded: "According to our best estimates, 12.6 per cent of people who are in poverty are working full time. That analysis is based on what we think is the most appropriate measure, which is all adults grouped using individual labour force status."

The Australian National University's Associate Professor Ben Phillips, meanwhile, suggested a figure of 12.2 per cent.

Dr Nicolas Herault, of the University of Melbourne, put the figure at 15.6 per cent.

Why do these numbers differ?

Professor Duncan told Fact Check there were many decisions and assumptions underpinning poverty analysis.

"For example: whether or not you equivalise the income to take into account different household size, who you choose to include or exclude from the analysis, whether or not you exclude older aged people, how you cut extreme incomes out — there are loads of different assumptions," he explained.

"Very rarely would you get a number that is exactly balanced."

In any case, on a measure of working age people living in poverty, Mr Bandt's claim that one in four are working full time is overblown

Principal researcher: Ellen McCutchan

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