On an early morning in late August, the sun had yet to burn through the clouds that spanned the horizon, heavy with the monsoon rains that batter Bangladesh every summer.

A line of cargo ships inched towards the bustling port city of Chittagong; tiny fishing vessels swayed and rocked in the choppy grey waters below.

In the distance, 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) from the mainland, an island slowly took shape: its low skyline punctuated by the silhouettes of four-story structures.

Twenty years ago, there would only have been water at this spot in the Bay of Bengal.

Today, there is a small city on the low-lying island large enough to house 100,000 people.

Government plans to relocate tens of thousands of Rohingya

It is here, on Bhasan Char, or the "floating island" as locals named the silt island that only recently emerged from the sea, that the government of Bangladesh is planning to relocate tens of thousands of Rohingya refugees.

Possibly, as DW has learnt, against their will.

After lengthy negotiations with government officials, DW was taken to Bashan Char in a carefully managed visit by Bangladesh's navy, which is overseeing the construction works.

Throughout the stay several naval officers accompanied DW.

View of one of the main roads leading through the camp

'Textbook example of ethnic cleansing'

Plans to build housing for refugees on the uninhabited island in a cyclone-prone area have been in the making since as early as 2015.

But, following an influx of more than 730,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar to Bangladesh from August 2017, the decision was taken by Bangladesh's Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to forge ahead with the plan.

The Rohingya, a Muslim minority, were fleeing an army clampdown that had intensified following coordinated attacks on several police stations by militants, the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, or ARSA, a militant group led by a small cadre from the Rohingya Diaspora in Saudi Arabia.

The army of Myanmar responded with force, burning and bombing villages in what the UN human rights chief has labelled a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing."

Talk to refugees here, and all have harrowing tales of rape and murder.

Read more: 'I left my body there': A displaced Rohingya woman's story

Cox's Bazar: Overcrowding and tense security

Bangladesh welcomed the refugees, settling them in makeshift camps that the authorities built close to the border and soon made up the world's largest refugee camp.

In order to do so, Bangladesh — already one of the world's most densely populated countries — ordered huge swaths of a lush nature reserve for elephants to be cut down.

The camps close to the coastal town of Cox's Bazar are crowded, and despite huge efforts to stabilize the ground, there is a constant danger of landslides. In summer, it is stifling hot inside the huts made of corrugated iron and tarpaulin.

As night falls, and the many aid workers leave, security remains tense. DW heard tales of murders, abductions, and rapes.

And so, citing overcrowding and security, the prime minister's office decided to give the Bhasan Char project top priority.

The building works were rushed to completion in the course of one and a half years

Bhasan Char: 'Paradise' for Rohingya?

Construction work on the silt island started in early 2018 and was rushed to completion in less than one and a half years at a total cost of $272 million (€248 million), according to Bangladesh's Navy, which is overseeing the project.

DW was shown around an eerily quiet city: Rows of identical bungalows made of hollow concrete blocks and steel, clustered around a central courtyard with a pond. Each bungalow was made up of sixteen spartan but airy rooms, designed to house up to four people per room. Sixteen rooms shared two kitchens and two bathrooms with shower and toilet cubicles. There was also a rainwater harvesting system, solar power and biogas facilities. Police posts will provide security — and the Navy said it would soon install 120 cameras to monitor the camp.

Lead architect Ahmed Mukta said the settlement would be a "paradise" for the Rohingya. Mukta, who commutes between London and Dhaka, told DW proudly, "There is no doubt about that ... We will provide something to the Rohingya, they will remember it for their lives," he said, smiling.

Construction almost complete

Mukta, whose company MDM Architects has a track record in building cyclone shelters across Bangladesh, conceded that he had only had a week for the initial design. But, he said, he was proud of what he had achieved.

As DW made its way along the main road, two sheep wandered past, while two workers leaned against a door, staring at the visitors. One of them told DW that, if he was offered a house, he would stay on the island. "It's a good place to live," he said.

From the roof of one of the island's 120 cyclone shelters, rows and rows of identical red roofs stretched into the distance. The shelters — built to withstand winds up to 260 km per hour — can be used as hospitals, schools and community centers. DW also visited one such shelter that was being equipped with air conditioning and en-suite bathrooms, which could be used to house UN staff.

There would be 40 hospital beds, Mukta told DW, and, in the case of medical emergencies, refugees would be relocated to the nearest district hospital in Hatiya Island, which officials say is roughly one hour by boat.

The building works, DW was told, are all but complete, but for some of the multipurpose shelters. As soon as the decision is taken to relocate Rohingya, they could be shipped to the island by the Navy in a matter of weeks in groups of 400 to 500 refugees at a time. Mukta said that within a year or two, the settlement could be extended to house a further 400,000 people.

Rohingya: Don't send us to Bhasan Char

But the Rohingya DW spoke to in Kutupalong camp in Cox's Bazar were adamant they wanted to stay where they were.

As a crowd of onlookers gathered around her, an elderly lady, Hamida Khatun, angrily shook her head:"We don't want to go to Bhasan Char, because we heard it gets flooded and then people will die. Our children will be drowned — for them it's another trap where they will lose their lives," she said.

"Help us stay here", she implored, as onlookers nodded their agreement. "In Bashan Char, we will be isolated."

But in his wood-paneled office in the capital Dhaka, Bangladesh's Foreign Minister Abul Kalam Abdul Momen told DW that his government might move the refugees to Bashan Char against their will. "If they are not willing, we will force them."

It was high time for the refugees to resettle, he added, citing concerns that, as the Rohingya remained in the overcrowded camps, they might become radicalized.

Tensions have been mounting among the local communities and the Rohingya. The day DW visited Bhasan Char, two Rohingya were shot dead by Bangladesh police after they were accused of killing a local party official.

Foreign minister: 'Maybe we will force them'

The Rohingya, Foreign Minister Momen said, "are coming up with problems. Again and again local people are getting killed. We cannot allow that. We need to maintain law and order. To do that, maybe we will force them to Bhasan Char."

DW's visit to Bhasan Char comes at a politically sensitive time — it follows an unsuccessful attempt in late August to repatriate several thousand refugees to Myanmar. But not a single refugee agreed to return amidst fears that their safety would not be guaranteed by the authorities there. They distrust the government that has long denied them full citizenship and restricted their movements to individual villages and townships.

Read more: Repatriation plans stir fear among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh

Rohingya in Bangladesh resist repatriation attempt One million people live in Bangladesh refugee camps More than a million Rohingya Muslims live in refugee camps in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. The poor South Asian country has struggled to deal with the humanitarian crisis, and living conditions in the refugee camps are dire. UN agencies say they have received only a fraction of the billions of dollars of aid money needed to run their operations in the area.

Rohingya in Bangladesh resist repatriation attempt Rohingya protests blocked Bangladesh repatriation efforts 150 Rohingya Muslims were meant to be repatriated to Myanmar on Thursday, but protests put a stop to the operation. Hundreds of people chanted "we will not go" at a demonstration near the Myanmar border, and Bangladeshi authorities acknowledged that none of the refugees who were meant to be repatriated showed up or wanted to return.

Rohingya in Bangladesh resist repatriation attempt UN and human rights groups critical of repatriation Bangladesh had agreed with Myanmar to repatriate a total of more than 2,200 people, including Sitara Begum and her son Mohammed. The move has been criticized by the United Nations and aid groups. UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet said sending the refugees back would be like "throwing them back to the cycle of human rights violations that this community has been suffering for decades."

Rohingya in Bangladesh resist repatriation attempt Rohingyas report fleeing killings, destruction and rape More than 700,000 Rohingya Muslims who fled army-led violence in Myanmar, mainly in the second half of 2017, are living in Bangladesh. The Rohingya refugees claim Myanmar soldiers and Buddhist civilians massacred families, destroyed villages and carried out gang rapes. UN investigators have accused the army of "genocidal intent."

Rohingya in Bangladesh resist repatriation attempt 'I will not go' Nurul Amin is on the first list of people to be repatriated to Myanmar. The 35-year old lives with his wife and family in the Jamtoli refugee camp, in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. "I will not go. My wife and other family members have gone elsewhere, they do not want to go," he said. Refugees refuse to go back to Myanmar out of fear for their safety. Author: Giulia Saudelli



Dhaka pressuring aid agencies

In order to garner support for its plan, the government of Bangladesh is putting pressure on the UN and other aid agencies shouldering the humanitarian effort to agree to relocating the refugees to Bhashan Char.

DW has seen minutes of a recent meeting between representatives of the Foreign Ministry and UN officials.

A government representative, according to the minutes, "strongly advised the UN Agencies to include Bhashan Char" in the Joint Response Plan (JRP) for 2020, which sets out the priorities for the aid agencies' work. Otherwise, "the Government of Bangladesh would not be able to approve the JRP-2020 if Bhashan Char is not featured in the JRP," according to the minutes.

The UNHCR's spokesman in Dhaka declined to comment, but off-the-record UN officials agree that there is strong pressure on them to endorse Bhasan Char. One concern is that refugees may be contained on the island for years and their freedom of movement severely restricted. And, they say, splitting operations between Cox's Bazar and Bhasan Char is logistically difficult.

The silt island emerged in the early 2000s

Is Bhasan Char suitable for habitation?

Another major concern is whether the island is in fact suitable for habitation.

The Bay of Bengal forms a fragile, ever-shifting ecosystem in an area prone to cyclones: The murky water carries sediments, and, over time, islands are formed. Some wash away in strong tides, others stabilize over the course of several decades and are eventually used for fishing and farming and, finally, inhabited.

Bhasan Char, which only began to emerge from the sea less than two decades ago, is still a very fragile island and prone to erosion.

DW contacted several experts who all agreed that the frequency and intensity of cyclones would likely increase in the coming years. And, as climate change accelerates, the sea level is likely to rise considerably.

The settlement is protected by a 13-kilometer embankment

The settlement on Bhasan Char is currently protected by a three-meter-high embankment, as well as a first line of defense against erosion, including pylons, gravel and sandbags. This, officials say, is enough to protect the island, except in the case of cyclones.

In that case, they say, the island's cyclone shelters, equipped with their own water and electricity supply, would provide protection. No one, the Navy told DW, would be evacuated in the case of a cyclone.

But the experts DW spoke to disagreed on whether this would be sufficient. Some said the embankment would have to be raised to double the height, others agreed with the Bengali officials that within the embankment refugees would be relatively safe.

Architect Ahmed Mukta bristled at the accusation the island might not be safe: "The people who make comments like 'floating island,' 'unsafe island' — they don't understand the island, they haven't seen the island."

Sandbags, silt and pylons are supposed to keep the island from eroding

One man working in the little bazaar that had sprung up on Bhasan Char outside of the embankment to sell food to the up to 15,000 workers involved in the project, told DW there had been times when he had been unable to reach the island due to high tides.

Once, he said, the sea had been so rough he had feared for his life.

And twice a month, the bazaar flooded at high tide, he said.

Government considers relocation without UN support

DW contacted the British company HR Wallingford, which the Navy consulted on the flood protection measures. It declined to comment but provided DW with a written statement: "We have been involved with the design of flood defenses for over 70 years and bring our knowledge and experience to help communities that are vulnerable to flooding around the world."

"Our detailed technical studies consider a wide range of environmental factors and we continue to provide ongoing consultancy for Bhasan Char."

Once refugees move in, the Navy intends to hand over the settlement, but maintain a small base

It's unclear if the government would forge ahead with its plan without the support of the UN and other aid agencies that are footing the multimillion-dollar bill for the ongoing humanitarian assistance for the refugees who depend on them for their survival.

When asked if he would relocate Rohingyas to the island even without the backing of UN agencies, Foreign Minister Momen told DW "yes, possibly. We can do that."

And, he added angrily, if the United Nations did not endorse the plan, Bangladesh might ask them to leave the country. "We'll do, if that is necessary, we will do [it]."

Shortly after the interview, Bangladesh's telecommunications regulatory body asked operators to shut down cellphone services in the sprawling camps in Cox's Bazaar.

Back on the island, DW was shown the lighthouse named "beacon of hope." One official gestured to a white wall that had been reserved for a plaque, once the prime minister officially inaugurated the island ahead of any relocation.

But, he conceded, it was unclear when that might actually happen.

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