With the Budget out of the way the focus switches to something vastly more important: Brexit. Ten years from now no one will care about what was in the Budget, but we will all remember what happened on 23 June 2016.

There are two insuperable problems about this debate. One is that many people have such strong views they are not going to be swayed by mere economic arguments. So we will have more scare stories of millions of jobs being at risk were we to come out, and more visions of sunlit uplands of economic freedom if we did. But if the decision is emotional, rather than economic, there is not much that economists can contribute.

The other problem is that the economic uncertainties are so huge, that more or less any set of calculations is open to challenge. We have form on this. When the UK debated joining the euro, there were similar warnings from both sides. Big business, in the shape of the Confederation of British Industry, and the heads of many large companies including Unilever, Nissan, Toyota, WPP, and the Virgin Group all urged Britain to adopt the euro. Smaller businesses and the Treasury were against. Remember Gordon Brown’s five tests, which effectively ruled out joining? Last week Sir Dave Ramsden, chief economic adviser to the Treasury, pointed out at a King’s College London seminar with Ed Balls that the tests look pretty good now. That was nice for Ed Balls, who largely wrote them, but the experience does show how we should distrust experts on both sides.

The most calm and moderate assessment of the economics that I have found comes from Open Europe, a think-tank that is itself neutral on the issue but is broadly in favour of market solutions to economic issues rather than regulated ones.

The study was done a year ago and its conclusion was this. At worst, were the UK to leave the European Union its GDP would be 2.2 per cent lower in 2030 than it would have been were we to stay in. And at best it would be 1.6 per cent higher. Those are extreme results, and a more realistic range would be minus 0.8 per cent to plus 0.6 per cent. There are many other assessments, some more negative, as to the costs of Brexit, but the Open Europe proposition that the impact either way would not be huge seems to me a decent place to start. That does not, however, help much in the decision, so let me put forward another way of looking at it.

What has the EU ever done for us? Show all 7 1 /7 What has the EU ever done for us? What has the EU ever done for us? 1. It gives you freedom to live, work and retire anywhere in Europe As a member of the EU, UK citizens benefit from freedom of movement across the continent. Considered one of the so-called four pillars of the European Union, this freedom allows all EU citizens to live, work and travel in other member states. What has the EU ever done for us? 2. It sustains millions of jobs A report by the Centre for Economics and Business Research, released in October 2015, suggested 3.1 million British jobs were linked to the UK’s exports to the EU. What has the EU ever done for us? 3. Your holiday is much easier - and safer Freedom to travel is one of the most exercised benefits of EU membership, with Britons having made 31 million visits to the EU in 2014 alone. But a lot of the benefits of being an EU citizen are either taken for granted or go unnoticed. What has the EU ever done for us? 4. It means you're less likely to get ripped off Consumer protection is a key benefit of the EU’s single market, and ensures members of the British public receive equal consumer rights when shopping anywhere in Europe. What has the EU ever done for us? 5. It offers greater protection from terrorists, paedophiles, people traffickers and cyber-crime Another example of a lesser-known advantage of EU membership is the benefit of cross-country coordination and cooperation in the fight against crime. What has the EU ever done for us? 6. Our businesses depend on it According to 71% of all members of the Confederation of British Influence (CBI), and 67 per cent of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the EU has had an overall positive impact on their business. What has the EU ever done for us? 7. We have greater influence Robin Niblett, Director of think-tank Chatham House, stated in a report published last year: “For a mid-sized country like the UK, which will never again be economically dominant either globally or regionally, and whose diplomatic and military resources are declining in relative terms, being a major player in a strong regional institution can offer a critical lever for international influence.

The UK will always be part of the European economic space, and the difficult issue for us is that Europe as a whole accounts for a smaller proportion of the world economy every year that goes by. So the question is how we should play our semi-detached role, focusing more on the rest of the world but not risking weakening our biggest market in the meantime. If you baulk at the idea of our being semi-detached, note that we are outside the two biggest centralising EU projects, the euro and the Schengen agreement, and there is zero prospect of us joining either.

Given this, are we better to be just in the EU, as we are now, but opting out of its most important centralising projects? Or would we be better to be just out – perhaps as a member of an enlarged European Free Trade Area with Norway and Switzerland – but opting into EU agreements where it suits us? The first is vastly easier in the short term, and people who know more than I do about the detail of the deal David Cameron did with Europe seem to think it was a pretty good one. But we would, were we to remain, have a string of negotiations like that one every time we found some new EU policy to be unacceptable.

The option of being just out would mean the negotiations happen now, and we should not kid ourselves that they would be sweetness and light. We have a strong hand. For example we are BMW’s fourth biggest market, after the United States, China, and Germany itself. Germany would not want to damage that. But Europe would be angry with us and might not act rationally. In the long run Brexit might be cleaner, but the journey would be bad-tempered indeed.