Tax resistance is a time-honored tactic of nonviolent resistance, but it has also been used by movements or individuals that had little interest in holding to nonviolence. History gives us plenty of examples of people violently resisting taxation.

Today I’ll give some examples of attacks on tax offices, many of which were violent or included intimidation by threats of violence.

Bomb threats and “mysterious white powder”-type incidents

Since I’ve started this blog, I’ve kept half an eye on the news for examples of IRS offices being evacuated by explicit bomb threats or suspicious packages. Here are some examples:

April 2005 : “The FBI is investigating after a mysterious white powder was sent to the IRS mail room in Fresno. The discovery forced the mail room to shut down for about three-and-a-half-hours Sunday afternoon.”

: “The is investigating after a mysterious white powder was sent to the mail room in Fresno. The discovery forced the mail room to shut down for about three-and-a-half-hours afternoon.” February 2007 : “A hazardous materials scare forced a huge evacuation Tuesday of the IRS center in southeast Fresno. A mailroom employee thought he was opening a regular letter from a taxpayer. But when he opened it, a white powder spilled all over him.”

: “A hazardous materials scare forced a huge evacuation Tuesday of the center in southeast Fresno. A mailroom employee thought he was opening a regular letter from a taxpayer. But when he opened it, a white powder spilled all over him.” July 2007 : “A letter containing a white powder and a note mentioning anthrax forced federal authorities to shut down the mailroom of the Kansas City IRS headquarters.… ‘We do not think this is going to be anthrax or any other biological agent, but we have to treat this to the N th degree,’ Herndon said, adding that a field test found the substance likely to be talcum powder.”

: “A letter containing a white powder and a note mentioning anthrax forced federal authorities to shut down the mailroom of the Kansas City IRS headquarters.… ‘We do not think this is going to be anthrax or any other biological agent, but we have to treat this to the N degree,’ Herndon said, adding that a field test found the substance likely to be talcum powder.” March 2009 : “Officials have given the ‘all clear’ after a letter containing a suspicious powder was received in the mailroom at the IRS office in the John Duncan Federal Office Building in Knoxville.”

: “Officials have given the ‘all clear’ after a letter containing a suspicious powder was received in the mailroom at the office in the John Duncan Federal Office Building in Knoxville.” April 2009 : “Someone apparently trying to make a political statement caused a brief stir Tuesday at the Boulder office of U.S. Rep. Jared Polis. … The Boulder Fire Department Hazardous Materials Team responded and opened the envelope. They found a tea bag inside, with a note reading, ‘We the People, 1773 .’ ”

: “Someone apparently trying to make a political statement caused a brief stir Tuesday at the Boulder office of Jared Polis. … The Boulder Fire Department Hazardous Materials Team responded and opened the envelope. They found a tea bag inside, with a note reading, ‘We the People, .’ ” November 2009 : “A package of foot powder mailed from a prison ZIP code caused 250 workers to be evacuated Thursday from [the building containing the IRS offices] in the Flair Park area of El Monte.”

: “A package of foot powder mailed from a prison code caused 250 workers to be evacuated Thursday from [the building containing the offices] in the Flair Park area of El Monte.” March 2010 : “Michelle Lowry… who processes forms for the IRS in Austin, confronts that venom regularly. People slip razor blades and pushpins into the same envelopes as their W-2 forms. They send nasty notes with their crumpled documents. Last year during the height of the Tea Party movement, hundreds of taxpayers included — what else? — tea bags with their returns. And then there’s the weird stuff. ‘Sometimes you’ll see stuff that looks like blood on them,’ said Lowry, who has worked as a seasonal employee for five years. ‘We wear gloves.’ … She’s been through evacuations caused by suspicious items in the mail, such as white powder. (It turned out to be packing material.)”

: “Michelle Lowry… who processes forms for the in Austin, confronts that venom regularly. People slip razor blades and pushpins into the same envelopes as their W-2 forms. They send nasty notes with their crumpled documents. Last year during the height of the Tea Party movement, hundreds of taxpayers included — what else? — tea bags with their returns. And then there’s the weird stuff. ‘Sometimes you’ll see stuff that looks like blood on them,’ said Lowry, who has worked as a seasonal employee for five years. ‘We wear gloves.’ … She’s been through evacuations caused by suspicious items in the mail, such as white powder. (It turned out to be packing material.)” March 2010 : “A suspicious substance discovered Monday at an Internal Revenue Service building is not hazardous, a U.S. Postal Inspection Service official said. A portion of an office building that houses an Internal Revenue Service mail processing center was evacuated after an unknown substance was found about 11:15 a.m. ” “ ‘There was an envelope that appeared to have seeds inside,’ Buttars said. ‘What it was is not known yet.’ ”

: “A suspicious substance discovered Monday at an Internal Revenue Service building is not hazardous, a Postal Inspection Service official said. A portion of an office building that houses an Internal Revenue Service mail processing center was evacuated after an unknown substance was found about 11:15 ” “ ‘There was an envelope that appeared to have seeds inside,’ Buttars said. ‘What it was is not known yet.’ ” March 2010 : “Hundreds of people had to evacuate, and dozens of downtown businesses were disrupted, all because of a suspicious package found near the IRS building — the contents of which were soon found to be harmless.”

: “Hundreds of people had to evacuate, and dozens of downtown businesses were disrupted, all because of a suspicious package found near the building — the contents of which were soon found to be harmless.” March 2011 : “Fox 4 reported that this was the second day in a row that workers had found a suspicious package. On Sunday, a powdery substance was found in an envelope (it wasn’t anything threatening).”

: “Fox 4 reported that this was the second day in a row that workers had found a suspicious package. On Sunday, a powdery substance was found in an envelope (it wasn’t anything threatening).” April 2011 : “The FBI is now investigating a discovery at Ogden’s James V. Hansen Federal Building that caused a scare, and the evacuation of more than 200 employees.”

: “The is now investigating a discovery at Ogden’s James V. Hansen Federal Building that caused a scare, and the evacuation of more than 200 employees.” February 2012 : “An inspector at the Fresno IRS noticed a package in the mail room with a suspicious odor. … The Fresno PD Bomb squad was called in and the contents inside the package were an unknown type of feces.”

: “An inspector at the Fresno noticed a package in the mail room with a suspicious odor. … The Fresno Bomb squad was called in and the contents inside the package were an unknown type of feces.” August 2012 : “Workers at a downtown Oklahoma City IRS building and people inside the Colcord Hotel were allowed to return after police investigated a suspicious package that was found Monday morning.”

And I think a quick Google News archives search would probably show me several other examples that never got on my radar.

Note that in many of these cases, there was no deliberate threat involved, but merely an over-cautious reaction based on previous threats. For example: The tactic of including a tea bag with your tax paperwork as a form of protest alluding to the Boston Tea Party has been a periodic American craze for over sixty years, but nowadays any tea-bag-sized lumps in envelopes are an occasion for a very disruptive evacuation and visit from the hazmat team.

And then there’s this:

July 2003 : “Angry New Zealand farmers are reportedly sending parcels of cattle manure to cabinet ministers in a campaign against a so-called “flatulence tax” on their animals. New Zealand Post said it was treating the campaign “as seriously as cyanide”…”

Actual bombings and other attacks

In addition to these mailed threats and suspicious packages, most of which turn out to be bluffs, there have been cases of indisputably real attacks on tax offices. For example:

In December, 2011 , a letter bomb exploded in the hands of the director general of Equitalia, a quasi-private company that handles taxes in Italy. The following month, three bombs went off outside Equitalia’s offices in Naples. In May of this year another branch was struck with molotov cocktails. “The phrases ‘Thieves’ and ‘Death to Equitalia’ were sprayed onto outside walls.”

, a letter bomb exploded in the hands of the director general of Equitalia, a quasi-private company that handles taxes in Italy. The following month, three bombs went off outside Equitalia’s offices in Naples. In another branch was struck with molotov cocktails. “The phrases ‘Thieves’ and ‘Death to Equitalia’ were sprayed onto outside walls.” Late last year two farmers responded to tax officials who were a little too greedy in demanding bribes by emptying three bags of cobras in the tax office. (You can see a video of the cobra attack at this link.)

two farmers responded to tax officials who were a little too greedy in demanding bribes by emptying three bags of cobras in the tax office. (You can see a video of the cobra attack at this link.) A couple of years back, a fellow named Joe Stack loaded up his small plane with fuel and flew it into the offices of the IRS , torching the building and killing an IRS employee (in addition to himself). National Treasury Employees Union president Colleen Kelley said that after Joe Stack’s kamikaze attack, “there were calls where taxpayers said they were thinking of ‘taking flying lessons’ in the context of an audit or a collection. There are 70 that have been reported.”

, torching the building and killing an employee (in addition to himself). National Treasury Employees Union president Colleen Kelley said that after Joe Stack’s kamikaze attack, “there were calls where taxpayers said they were thinking of ‘taking flying lessons’ in the context of an audit or a collection. There are 70 that have been reported.” During the Poll Tax rebellion, “In Cambridgeshire two petrol bombs were thrown at the Poll Tax Headquarters and Anti-Poll Tax slogans were sprayed on the side of the building…”

In 1946 , Jewish independence fighters bombed an income tax office in Palestine, killing a constable, and injuring five others. “All employes had been evacuated from the building following a telephone warning 10 minutes before the blast. Police said three Jews, one dressed as an Arab, pushed a bomb-laden, Arab-type delivery cart into the building and fled, after clubbing a Jewish policeman and snatching a rifle from an Arab guard. Police tried to drag the cart from the building, but the rope parted. They said they then detonated the bomb with rifle fire, but ‘miscalculated the charge.’ ”

, Jewish independence fighters bombed an income tax office in Palestine, killing a constable, and injuring five others. “All employes had been evacuated from the building following a telephone warning 10 minutes before the blast. Police said three Jews, one dressed as an Arab, pushed a bomb-laden, Arab-type delivery cart into the building and fled, after clubbing a Jewish policeman and snatching a rifle from an Arab guard. Police tried to drag the cart from the building, but the rope parted. They said they then detonated the bomb with rifle fire, but ‘miscalculated the charge.’ ” In 1911 , the Railway Protection Movement in Sichuan destroyed tax offices there.

, the Railway Protection Movement in Sichuan destroyed tax offices there. In St. Claire county, Missouri, in 1877 , “a gang of armed men rode into the county seat of Osceola and held tax officials at gunpoint while its members stole all the official tax records. … The gang destroyed the tax records, and that meant that the county had no way of taxing anyone.” A year and a half later: “Around midnight on May 20, 1879 , an armed gang forced Deputy Treasurer K.B. Wooncott to take its members to the county offices. The gang seized the railroad tax book and escaped into the night.”

Claire county, Missouri, in , “a gang of armed men rode into the county seat of Osceola and held tax officials at gunpoint while its members stole all the official tax records. … The gang destroyed the tax records, and that meant that the county had no way of taxing anyone.” A year and a half later: “Around midnight on , an armed gang forced Deputy Treasurer K.B. Wooncott to take its members to the county offices. The gang seized the railroad tax book and escaped into the night.” During the rioting that followed the British parliament’s failure to pass the Reform Bill in 1831 , the mob burned the Custom-house and Excise-office, along with many other government buildings.

, the mob burned the Custom-house and Excise-office, along with many other government buildings. In Hippolyte Taine’s history of the French Revolution, he includes many examples of attacks on tax offices: “the crowd, rushing off to the barriers, to the gates of Sainte-Claire and Perrache, and to the Guillotière bridge, burn or demolish the bureaux, destroy the registers, sack the lodgings of the clerks, carry off the money and pillage the wine on hand in the depôt.” “At Limoux, under the pretext of searching for grain, they enter the houses of the comptroller and tax contractors, carry off their registers, and throw them into the water along with the furniture of their clerks.” “at Aupt and at Luc nothing remains of the weighing-house but the four walls; at Marseilles the house of the slaughter-house contractor, at Brignolles that of the director of the leather excise, are sacked: the determination is ‘to purge the land of excise-men.’ ” “…the windows of the excise office are smashed, and the public notices are torn down…” “During the months of July and August, 1789 , the tax offices are burnt in almost every town in the kingdom.” “Without waiting, however, for any legal measures, they take the authority on themselves, rush to the toll-houses and drive out the clerks…” “…the pillagers who, on the 13 th of August, 1789 , set fire to the tax offices…” Taine also notes that “in Issoudun after the three days of July, 1830 , against the combined imposts[, s]even or eight thousand vine-dressers burnt the archives and tax-offices and dragged an employé through the streets, shouting out at each street-lamp, ‘Let him be hung!’ ”

Taine also notes that “in Issoudun after , against the combined imposts[, s]even or eight thousand vine-dressers burnt the archives and tax-offices and dragged an employé through the streets, shouting out at each street-lamp, ‘Let him be hung!’ ” In Naples in 1647 , a tax revolt expressed itself with attacks on tax offices: “On one beautiful summer night the custom-house in the great market-place flew up into the air. A quantity of powder had been conveyed into it by unknown hands, and in the morning nothing remained but the blackened ruins.” “the populace proceeded from fruit to stones, put to flight the tax-gatherers and sbirri, crowded into the custom-house, destroyed the table and chairs, set fire to the ruins as well as the account-books, so that soon a bright flame rose up amidst the loud rejoicings of the bystanders.” The archbishop, under pressure from the crowd, “ordered them aloud, and in the presence of all, to pull down the custom-houses”

Nonviolent blockades and occupations

Nonviolent tactics have also been directed at disrupting tax offices. I mentioned last month the “Free Keene” activists in New Hampshire who were arrested for entering an IRS office and trying to convince the employees there to resign their positions. Here are some other examples: