The more we look, the more we find.

That's been a truism when it comes to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, contamination in Michigan and across the country.

In 2018, the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy (EGLE, formerly the DEQ) began searching for the chemicals in all public water systems and schools on private well water. To date, test results from 2017 and 2018 show that some form of the chemicals have been found at some level in the municipal drinking water serving more than 2 million people around the state.

Dozens of contamination sites are found in both the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan; in urban, suburban and rural settings alike. Pollution sources include chemical-based firefighting foam used by military bases, airports and fire departments, as well as industrial chemicals previously or currently used by active manufacturers and either put into lakes and rivers via wastewater or dumped at waste disposal sites.

The chemicals have been found in groundwater, surface water bodies like lakes and rivers, as well as the Great Lakes -- and in drinking water pulled from each source type.

Below is a list of locales with PFAS contamination in Michigan.

This list will be updated as new sites emerge.

Related: Michigan's next water crisis is PFAS and you may already be affected

Related: PFAS found in drinking water for 1.5M in Michigan

Related: Why hasn't Michigan set PFAS limits for drinking water yet?

Related: The auto supply industry is discharging PFAS into Michigan waterways

Related: Editorial: PFAS crisis demands federal, state action

Related: Editorial: Michigan must act to protect drinking water from PFAS

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Neil Blake | MLive

Many drinking water systems test positive

Below are municipal water systems with a Total PFAS detection number in parts-per-trillion (ppt). Total PFAS is the sum of all PFAS compounds in any given sample. The measure encompasses other PFAS compounds besides the well-known PFOS and PFOA.

The majority of results are below the Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory level of 70-ppt for PFOA and PFOA exposure in drinking water. However, the adequacy of that threshold has been the focus of significant debate since the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a draft report suggesting the EPA level is seven to 10 times too high.

As of Jan. 29, 2019, the collective number of people drinking from water systems on this list totals 2,038,600, according to the Michigan DEQ. That's about 20 percent of the state's population. Most detections are in finished drinking water, but some results are from samples taken of raw, untreated water. The figures are the highest test result from either state or local testing in 2017 or 2018.

Some systems are exploring granular activated carbon (GAC) to remove the chemicals. Plainfield Township installed a GAC system in 2018. Ann Arbor is considering doing the same. Other systems, like Plainwell, Independence Township and Sparta, have shut down contaminated wells.

The list below includes all Michigan municipal systems which have tested positive for PFAS, before or during the DEQ's statewide testing effort.

To see the state's data, click here.

** This list will be updated as data returns for more systems

** Some locales on this list are explained in more detail below

Parchment: 1,828

Kalamazoo: 72

Plainwell: 54

Kinross Township: 50

Ann Arbor: 39

Hesperia: 29

Plainfield Township: 22

Grand Haven: 20.3 (follow-up test is non-detect)

Albion: 20

Evart: 20

Northport: 20

Union Township: 18

Grayling: 15.6 (2017 test)

Portage: 13

Otsego: 11

Sims-Whitney Utility Authority: 11

Independence Township: 10

Baldwin: 10

Haring Township: 9

Sheridan: 9

Monroe: 8

Blissfield: 8

St. Clair: 7.2

Mount Pleasant: 7

Kaleva: 7

Newaygo: 6

Charlevoix: 6

Algonac: 5.9

Marine City: 5.6

Greenville: 5

New Baltimore: 4.7

Ira Township: 4.3

Huron Shores Regional Utility Authority (Tawas & Oscoda): 4.2

Marysville: 4.1

Portland: 4

St. Clair County Water & Sewer Authority: 4

Waterford Township: 4

Frenchtown Township: 4

Muskegon Heights: 4

Gladstone: 4

Port Huron: 3.5

Saginaw-Midland Municipal Water Supply Corp: 3 (2017 test)

Wyoming: 3

Middleville: 3

Menominee: 3

Kingsford: 3

Monroe South County: 3

Edmore: 3

Athens: 3

Concord: 3

Springport: 3

Houghton: 3

Mount Clemens: 2.7

Lockport Township: 2

Grand Rapids: 2

Muskegon: 2

South Haven: 2

Bridgman: 2

St. Joseph: 2

New Buffalo: 2

Lake Charter Township: 2

Fremont: 2

Sparta: 2

Climax: 2

Bear Lake: 2

Brighton: 2

Deerfield: 2

Sherman Township: 2

Gaylord: 2

Richmond Township: 2

Manistique: 2

Escanaba: 2

Hillsdale: 2

Iron Mountain: 2

Related: PFAS found in drinking water for 1.5M in Michigan

Related: Why a 'safe' PFAS level in drinking water is so ambiguous

Related: Why hasn't Michigan set PFAS limits for drinking water yet?

Related: PFAS testing to continue at 60 Michigan water supplies

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Detections in numerous Michigan schools

In addition to municipal drinking water, the DEQ has been testing all schools, day cares and Head Start programs on well water. As of Jan. 29, 2019 the chemicals have been found in the water at 54 schools.

The most elevated detections have been found at a preschool near Belding and an elementary school near Grand Haven.

The list of schools and their highest Total PFAS detection number in ppt is below.

To see the state's data, click here.

* This list will be updated as data returns for more schools

EightCAP Outreach, Ionia County: 182

Robinson Elementary School, Ottawa County: 171

Tri-County Junior High, Montcalm County: 88

Central Montcalm Schools, Montcalm County: 79

Glengary Elementary/WLS, Oakland County: 78

Leland Public School District 2, Leelanau County: 71

Boyne Falls Public School, Charlevoix County: 41

Future Steps Learning Center, Ottawa County: 24

Alto Elementary School, Kent County: 23

Calhoun Intermediate School District, Calhoun County: 20

Oakland Schools Technical Camus NW: Oakland County: 18

C.O.O.R. School, Roscommon County: 17

Walkerville Elementary School, Oceana County: 16

Gull Lake Schools 40th Street Early Learning Center, Kalamazoo County: 15

Emerson Elementary School, Washtenaw County: 15

Rockford East Middle School, Kent County: 15

Baker College of Cadillac, Wexford County: 15

Reeths Puffer Twin Lake Elementary, Muskegon County: 14

Chippewas Hills High School, Mecosta County: 14

Soo Township School, Chippewa County: 9

Vanderbilt School, Otsego County: 8

Eagle Lake Elementary School, Cass County: 7

Cannonsburg Elementary School, Kent County: 6

Hamilton Elementary School, Allegan County: 6

West Highland Christian, Oakland County: 6

Early Impressions, Jackson County: 6

Little Friends Day Care, Livingston County: 6

Menominee Headstart, Memominee County: 5

The Learning Zone, Calhoun County: 5

Oakridge Carr School/Community Ed, Muskegon County: 5

Light of the World Academy, Livingston County: 5

Montcalm Area Career Center, Montcalm County: 5

Oak Valley/Country Oaks/HVS, Oakland County: 5

St. Marys Elementary & High School, Leelanau County: 5

Pinckney Schools Country Elementary, Livingston County: 4

Ida Strip Mall, Monroe County: 4

CCP Discovery School, Muskegon County: 4

Cedar Crest Academy & Early Childhood, Oakland County: 3

Our Lady of the Lake, Roscommon County: 3

ABC Academy #2, Jackson County: 3

Little Tykes University, Ottawa County: 3

Hastings Head Start at Community Action, Barry County: 3

Faith Community Church School, Ionia County: 2

Milford High School/HVS, Oakland County: 2

Trinity Lutheran School, Ottawa County: 2

Morley-Stanwood Elementary School, Mecosta County: 2

Related: DEQ testing 41 more wells for PFAS near Grand Haven school

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Cory Morse | MLive.com

Industrial contamination pouring out of wastewater plants

An MLive investigation shows that Michigan manufacturers are sending high concentrations of PFAS into municipal wastewater plants, none of which are able to filter out the persistent chemicals. The inflow is putting many plants in violation of state law. Since last year, 18 wastewater plants in Michigan have been found in violation of the state surface water quality standard of 12-ppt for the individual compound PFOS due to the industrial pollution passing through their system.

Wastewater testing is ongoing, but Michigan DEQ data shows reveals that a significant number of Michigan businesses, most of them auto suppliers, are using PFAS chemicals and sending them into the environment. The state is looking at discharges from the 93 plants in Michigan which take pre-treated industrial wastewater.

In addition to PFOS, the sum of all tested PFAS compounds in some wastewater discharges is very high. Below are all Michigan wastewater plants in violation of the 12-ppt standard as of December 2018, and the waterway receiving their discharge. The test results show the highest results since 2017.

Grand Rapids: PFOS: 60; Total PFAS: 1,471; Waterway: Grand River

Bronson: PFOS: 250; Total PFAS: 339; Waterway: St. Joseph River

Detroit: PFOS: 15; Total PFAS: 74; Waterway: Detroit River

Lapeer: PFOS: 54; Total PFAS: 8,649; Waterway: Flint River

Belding: PFOS: 14; Total PFAS: 238; Waterway: Flat River

Flint: PFOS: 19; Total PFAS: 163; Waterway: Flint River

Howell: PFOS: 130; Total PFAS: 227; Waterway: Shiawassee River

Ionia: PFOS: 280; Total PFAS: 15,761; Waterway: Grand River

Kalamazoo: PFOS: 38; Total PFAS: 110 Waterway: Kalamazoo River

Ki Sawyer-Marquette: PFOS: 200; Total PFAS: 433; Waterway: Silver Lead Creek

Marysville: PFOS: 14; Total PFAS: 166; Waterway: St. Clair River

Menominee: PFOS: 13; Total PFAS: Unknown: Waterway: Menominee River

Muskegon: PFOS: 19; Total PFAS: 126; Waterway: Muskegon River

North Kent: PFOS: 27; Total PFAS: 409; Waterway: Grand River

Port Huron: PFOS: 50; Total PFAS: 310; Waterway: St. Clair River

Sandusky: PFOS: 27; Total PFAS: 245; Waterway: Lake St. Clair

Warren: PFOS: 14; Total PFAS: 100: Waterway: Clinton River & Lake St. Clair

Wixom: PFOS: 290; Total PFAS: 10,927; Waterway: Huron River

Related: Businesses are discharging PFAS into Michigan waterways

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Oscoda

Michigan's first known PFAS site is the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda. The DEQ found PFAS at the old nuclear B-52 base near the shore of Lake Huron in 2010. The discovery marked a new phase for a base with a long history of contamination. The soil and groundwater is contaminated by Total PFAS levels as high as 1.2 million-ppt. In 2012, the state issued a "do not eat" advisory for native fish in Clark's Marsh and the Au Sable River, which are both heavily impacted. In 2015, Michigan's first activated carbon pump-and-treat system was built at base fire training area. A second went online in mid-2018. In 2016, residents near the base were warned not to drink their tap water. In 2018, a "do not eat" advisory was issued for deer around the base. Old hydrant water testing and historical plume modeling indicates former base families were exposed to high PFAS levels in base tap water.

Like other military sites, PFAS-laden AFFF firefighting foam was used for crashes and training. Contamination is found at the Oscoda High School and neighborhoods where base teams used AFFF on wildfires and in mutual aid response. Plumes have crossed underneath the river and Van Etten Lake and are hitting Lake Huron. Michigan regulators are at odds with the U.S. Air Force about the adequacy of cleanup efforts at Wurtsmith and the ongoing dispute could go to court. Wurtsmith investigations have helped inform PFAS investigations at other Michigan sites. Locals re-stablished a Restoration Advisory Board in 2017 and the NOW (Need Our Water) community activist group was created following the discovery of toxic PFAS foam on the Van Etten Lake shoreline.

Related: Unknowns drive toxic water worries near old Air Force base

Related: Veterans blame Air Force base water for chronic diseases

Related: Toxic Wurtsmith plumes expand south of Au Sable River

Related: Sticky piles of PFAS foam plaguing Oscoda lake

Related: Veterans 'likely' drank PFAS at Wurtsmith air base

Related: Oscoda PFAS plumes force new school water supply

Related: Michigan warns of unsafe PFAS levels in Oscoda deer

Related: Air Force refuses to follow DEQ PFAS rules

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Courtesy | Michigan National Guard

Alpena

In Alpena, PFAS has been detected at two locations: The Michigan National Guard combat training center west of the city and the site of an old tannery downtown. Testing around the base started in November 2017. According to the Michigan DEQ, 51 of 115 private wells in the northeast Lower Peninsula community tested positive for low to moderate PFOS and PFOA levels. The highest total PFAS level detected is 52-ppt. The local health department has been providing either bottled water, water coolers, or filters to nearly 100 households.

The DEQ began sampling around the old Alpena Hide & Leather Co. site in August 2017. The tannery was built in 1895 on the north side of the Thunder Bay River near the 9th Street Dam and closed in 1952. The DEQ says PFAS has been found in site groundwater and soils, and in the river nearby. One well found PFOS and PFOA in the groundwater at 1,260-ppt. Surrounding homes and businesses are on municipal water. The state excavated contaminated soils and buried leather hides at the site. Toxic PFAS foam has been found on the river nearby at levels up to 656-ppt Total PFAS.

Related: PFAS plume found at National Guard base in Alpena

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Tawas

The Huron Shore Regional Utility Authority (HSRUA) pulls Lake Huron water for 14,300 people in the Tawas and Oscoda areas from an intake pipe near Tawas Point. Testing in 2016 showed concerning levels in the HSRUA supply, which does not have PFAS filtration. Total PFAS in treated water ranged from 0.9 to 27.6-ppt across regular testing in 2016. Total PFAS at the treatment plant spiked at 74.2-ppt and 48-ppt in raw lake water in June that year. Later sampling data showed lower levels. Testing was conducted again in November 2018 and PFAS was not detected in the supply. HSRUA water is considered the safe alternative supply for polluted wells near Wurtsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, which has contaminated the Au Sable River as it enters Lake Huron north of Tawas.

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MLive file photo

Au Gres

The drinking water for many communities around Saginaw Bay, including the Tri-Cities area of Saginaw, Midland and Bay City, comes from Lake Huron intakes at Whitestone Point near Au Gres. In February 2018, the DEQ disclosed that low PFAS levels were found in that supply -- a joint venture called the Saginaw-Midland Municipal Water Supply Corporation. The system distributes water to more than 339,000 people in 50-plus communities through wholesale customers like the Sims-Whitney Utility Authority, Linwood Metro Water District, the Saginaw-Chippewa Indian Tribe, the cities of Au Gres, Omer, Standish, and other area suburbs. Total PFAS levels in raw water were in the 1- to 9-ppt range, according to the DEQ. The Saginaw-Midland water supply did not test positive during the DEQ's 2018 testing, but Total PFAS in the the Sims-Whitney supply tested at 11-ppt.

Related: Michigan PFAS testing to continue at 60 water supplies

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Port Huron

The Fort Gratiot Landfill at 3290 Keewahdin Road in Fort Gratiot Township was opened and operated from 1969 to 1994. The landfill was licensed for general refuse and DEQ records suggest it accepted industrial waste like crushed barrels, paint sludge, paper pulp waste, and contaminated soil from environmental cleanup projects. In 1994, the landfill stopped accepting waste in response to a state cease & desist order. Due to the owner's lack of financial capability, the DEQ oversees post-closure maintenance and monitoring. In 2018, the DEQ detected PFAS in the landfill leachate, which discharges to the Port Huron wastewater treatment plant. Subsequent testing found low to moderate PFAS levels in nearby ponds and drains. A groundwater sample tested at 3,140-ppt Total PFAS. In February 2019, the DEQ stopped sending leachate to the wastewater plant.

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U.S. Air National Guard photo

Mount Clemens

High PFAS levels are confirmed at Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Harrison Township near Mount Clemens. Contamination has been found in base groundwater, soil, surface water, stormwater drainage entering Lake St. Clair and sewage sent to the Detroit wastewater plant. Total PFAS in the groundwater at the former fire training area No. 2 is 32,160-ppt, according to test results released in September 2018. The base uses PFAS-laden AFFF foam. It is adjacent to the Clinton River. High PFAS levels in the base stormwater discharge have been flowing into the river and Lake St. Clair. The tested PFOS level at the Clinton River mouth in November 2017 was 610-ppt and the state has issued a consumption advisory for native species like bluegill and sunfish in Lake St. Clair.

In late 2017 and early 2018, low PFAS contamination levels were discovered in municipal water systems north of Detroit that draw from Lake St. Clair. Systems with PFAS detections include Mount Clemens, Ira Township and New Baltimore. Total PFAS levels in treated drinking water from the lake range from 2.71- to 4.77-ppt. The chemicals were not detected again in subsequent system testing. Lake St. Clair receives water from Lake Huron via the St. Clair River and tributaries like the Clinton River -- both water bodies with tested PFAS levels. The chemicals have also been found in the river upstream of the base.

Related: PFAS found in suburban Detroit water supplies

Related: Selfridge air base is pouring PFAS into Lake St. Clair

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Ferndale

MacDermid Inc. at 1221 Farrow Street in Ferndale is a small chemical manufacturing facility where the DEQ says PFAS has been used in product manufacturing. In 2018, the DEQ found PFAS in the effluent sent to the Great Lakes Water Authority wastewater plant in Detroit. Groundwater contamination is also found on site near two old wastewater lagoons, which the company is now excavating. The DEQ says Total PFAS in the groundwater tested at 34,840-ppt. The DEQ says MacDermid is also working to clean its effluent.

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Melanie Sochan

Livonia

PFAS contamination is confirmed at the former General Motors Delphi Chassis Spring and Bumper Plant at 12950 Eckles Road in Livonia. The site is owned by RACER Trust, a bankruptcy entity that markets old contaminated GM properties.

The plant was constructed in 1954 and historically manufactured coil springs and bumpers. The plant was demolished 2001. The EPA and DEQ say little to no information is known about the historic use of PFAS-containing materials. There was a plating shop in the southwest corner of the property and fire training was conducted at the southeast corner. Groundwater contaminated with other chemicals has historically been collected in a French drain and treated on-site before discharging to the sanitary sewer system. In 2004, the former plating area was surrounded by a barrier wall to help contain the spread of other contaminants. Cleanup work in 2015 through 2017 reduced concentrations of other contaminants within the barrier wall, where groundwater contaminated with PFAS is primarily contained.

All nearby properties are supplied with municipal water from the Great Lakes Water Authority. The nearest lake is Newburgh Lake, and the nearest river is the Rogue River.

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MLive | Jacob Hamilton

Wixom

The five-county search for a source of PFAS in the Huron River points to Wixom, where data shows that high levels of contamination from industrial wastewater is passing unfettered through the city's wastewater treatment plant. Total PFAS in the Wixom plant effluent tested at 10,927-ppt in June. About 65 percent of that, 7,200-ppt, is 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), a breakdown product of DuPont Capstone fluorosurfactants. The chemicals are coming from at least two auto suppliers, Tribar/Adept Plastics and JCU International, which Wixom determined are discharging contaminated effluent to the sewage plant, which discharges to Norton Creek. The state issued a "Do Not Eat" fish advisory in August 2018 that starts where Norton Creek enters the Huron River and extends to Lake Erie. Along the way, the river passes Ann Arbor, which uses it for drinking water.

Related: Auto supplier is source of PFAS in Huron River

Related: PFAS makes all Huron River fish unsafe to eat

Related: New source and contamination route identified for Huron River

Related: Businesses are discharging PFAS into Michigan waterways

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Detroit

PFAS was found in fall 2018 at the site of the future Customs Plaza for the Gordie Howe International Bridge in Detroit's Delray neighborhood, which is located near Zug Island and other heavy industry. The site is being managed by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Highest Total PFAS detected in the groundwater was 1,900-ppt. The DEQ says risk of impact to the Detroit River is low because detections are a half mile from the river.

More: PFAS found at Gordie Howe International Bridge site

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MLive | Ryan Stanton

Ann Arbor

In 2014, nationwide testing for unregulated contaminants turned up PFOS at 43-ppt in the Ann Arbor municipal water supply. However, the contamination did not start generating widespread concern among Ann Arbor residents until 2018 amid escalating concern and detection of the chemicals statewide. Total PFAS levels in 2018 have reached as high as 119-ppt in the city's intake water and 88-ppt in the treated water. The city draws about 85 percent of its water from the Huron River, which became the subject of a 5-county emergency "Do Not Eat" PFAS-related fish advisory from Oakland County to Lake Erie in August 2018. The contamination is blamed on upstream pollution from an auto parts maker in Wixom, and other potential sources. In response, the city is working on filtration to remove PFAS and gearing up for a major rebuild of portions of the water treatment plant, which provides about 14 million gallons per day to about 125,000 people in Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Township and Scio Township.

Related: EPA data shows PFAS in Ann Arbor water system

Related: Ann Arbor plans filtration at water plant

Related: PFAS in Ann Arbor water spiked in 2018

Related: At least 7 types of PFAS in Ann Arbor drinking water

Related: Auto supplier is source of PFAS pollution in Huron River

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Saline

The Washtenaw Industrial Facility (formerly Universal Die Cast) site is located at 232 and 290 Monroe Street in Saline. Universal Die Cast formerly did plating there. In October, the DEQ found 3,380-ppt Total PFAS in groundwater at the site. The company is testing deeper groundwater and other nearby residential drinking water wells. The site has a history of contamination from heavy metals like nickel and chromium. Groundwater flows into the Saline River, which bisects the company property. The Saline municipal water supply is not affected.

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PFAS was found at the Ford Motor Company Saline Plant at 7700 Michigan Avenue in fall 2018. Total PFAS in the groundwater tested at 7,400-ppt. The factory makes auto parts and used to conduct chrome plating from 1966 to 1984. Ford owns the property while Faurecia Interiors Systems operates the plant. The DEQ says all nearby homes are connected to municipal water.

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Jake May | MLive.com

Lapeer

In 2017, PFAS in the Flint River was traced back to a chrome finishing company that was discharging contaminated industrial sewage to the Lapeer Wastewater Treatment Plant. Lapeer Plating & Plastics says it stopped using PFAS in 2013, but elevated levels of residual contaminants remain. Testing found PFOS at 2,000-ppt in the Lapeer sewage plant effluent last summer. PFOS in the Lapeer Plating discharge tested at 19,000-ppt last summer. Testing also found PFAS in the biosolid sludge from the sewage plant that was applied on fields. That practice has been stopped and soil and groundwater testing there is pending. The auto supplier installed activated carbon filtration and new piping that DEQ says has reduced but not eliminated PFAS from its effluent. The Lapeer investigation formed the structure of a statewide DEQ effort to find and remove PFAS sources from industrial wastewater.

Related: Michigan is cracking down on PFAS in wastewater plants

Related: Businesses are discharging PFAS into Michigan waterways

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MLive | Jake May

Flint

Flint's industrial past has resulted in multiple PFAS contamination sites that are impacting the Flint River.

Gilkey Creek meanders east of downtown through a heavily-industrialized area that includes huge ex-Delphi factories. The creek feeds the Flint River, which has a PFAS fish consumption advisory. In June 2017, the creek tested for PFOS at 920-ppt. The DEQ says potential sources include a nearby industrial site where PFAS-laden AFFF was used to put out a fire, a former chrome plating facility, and a nearby former General Motors property used for industrial waste dumping in the 1970s.

Another nearby former General Motors property is being monitored for PFAS contamination. The Coldwater Road Landfill, owned by RACER Trust, has detectable PFAS levels in monitoring wells and leachate. The landfill was owned by GM from 1951 to 1996 and used by Delco.

The famous "Buick City" plant, formally known as the GM Northern American Operation Flint 712 facility at 902 East Leith Street, was added to the state's PFAS list in October. AFFF foam is believe to have been used on site. RACER Trust says contamination from "former chrome plating areas, a former waste water treatment plant, and in storm sewers" is being investigated. The site is discharging PFAS to the Flint River via contaminated groundwater entering the storm sewers.

An old landfill is blamed for PFAS contamination at Flint's Bishop Airport. According to the DEQ, testing from October 2018 found PFOS and PFOA at 176-ppt, and Total PFAS at 1,236-ppt in the groundwater on the airport's north side along Schwartz Creek, where the city operated a landfill between 1966 and 1975. The first indication of PFAS at the airport came in May, when a taxiway reconstruction project turned up soil contamination, according to airport officials.

Although PFAS in the Flint River was documented by the state prior to the ill-fated switch to the river as Flint's drinking water source in 2014, former city officials say they were never informed about the contamination during source change discussions.

Related: State hunting for potential PFAS sources in Flint

Related: PFAS prompts new fish guidelines in Flint River

Related: Flint may not have been told about PFAS before water source switch

Related: PFAS found at former GM Buick City site

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Griffin Moores | MLive.com

Davison

The Richfield Landfill in Davison was added to a state listing of confirmed PFAS sites after testing of two groundwater and one leachate samples showed high contamination levels. Located off East Mt. Morris Road north of the Holloway Reservoir on the Flint River, the landfill was first licensed to operate in 1966. It became an unsold asset of Richfield Equities and related companies that filed for bankruptcy protection in September 2012. An original cell on the property was never lined.

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Lansing

In 2017, testing confirmed PFAS in the groundwater at the former General Motors Plant 3 plating facility in Lansing. The 105-acre property at 2800 W. Saginaw Highway is owned by RACER Trust, a GM bankruptcy entity that markets the company's old contaminated properties. The company confirmed in August that PFAS-tainted groundwater has reached the Grand River. Monitoring well testing found 14,000-ppt PFOS/PFOA. All nearby residents are on municipal water and the DEQ says no contamination has been detected in the Lansing Board of Water & Light supply.

Nestled in a neighborhood lot at 521 N. Rosemary is the Adams Plating Superfund site, a stone's throw from the former GM plant. The electroplating company opened in 1964 and burned down in 2010. The EPA says PFAS was found at the site in 2016. Testing found PFOS/PFOA in one monitoring well at 2,800-ppt. Site investigation is ongoing.

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J. Scott Park

Jackson

The former Michner Plating shop is located along the east shore of the Grand River at 506 North Mechanic Street in the city of Jackson. In September, the DEQ confirmed groundwater there was contaminated by PFOS and PFOA at 9,479-ppt. The plating shop there operated from the 1930s until it became inactive in 2007. In 2015, Jackson County obtained the property through foreclosure and discovered over 1,100 drums, vats, totes, and other containers containing contaminants like cyanide, nickel chloride, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, ignitable wastes, reactive wastes and other chemicals.

Nearby properties are serviced by municipal water, which comes from wells 2.5 miles upstream. There are private drinking water wells about 1.5 miles downstream. The DEQ plans to conduct additional sampling and study of groundwater interaction with the river.

Related: PFAS found at contaminated ex-factory in Jackson

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Michigan DEQ

Howell

Diamond Chrome Plating in Howell is sending high PFAS levels into the Shiawassee River via stormwater drainage and wastewater effluent, according to the DEQ. The hard chrome plater at 604 S. Michigan Avenue began operating in 1953. It has used PFAS chemicals as fume suppressants. The company, which has a history of contamination issues, began testing for PFAS in discharges and site groundwater in 2018. Testing has found PFOS in treated stormwater at 6,900-ppt. Groundwater has tested as high as 25,000-ppt for PFOS. The company has begun treating its wastewater with activated carbon to try and remove PFAS. Although two nearby homes on private wells tested non-detect, the DEQ and Livingston County Health Department are doing a residential well survey in the area to see if more testing is necessary.

More: Businesses are discharging PFAS into Michigan waterways

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Ithaca

The DEQ found PFAS in the groundwater at the former Ithaca city dump on Washington Road west of Ithaca in Gratiot County. The landfill took waste from a former local Wolverine World Wide plant. DEQ found PFAS in shallow groundwater, but not in nearby private drinking water wells that draw from underneath a protective clay layer. Shallow groundwater tested at 7,300-ppt for PFOS and PFOA in 2018 testing. Contaminated surface water was also found nearby.

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Alma

MRP Properties LLC (formerly Total Petroleum Refinery) is located at 1610 East Superior Street in Alma. The site operated as a petroleum refinery from approximately 1938 to 1999. Cleanup on the site for other contaminants began in 1992. There were multiple known fires on-site where AFFF foam was used. The DEQ has not disclosed PFAS concentrations in the groundwater at the site. The state says there are restrictions on groundwater use in the area for drinking.

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Garret Ellison | MLive

Mount Pleasant

Testing at the former Roosevelt Refinery site along the Chippewa River in Mount Pleasant began in August 2017. The site at 600 W. Pickard is owned by MRP Properties LLC. Of the seven monitoring wells sampled last summer, total PFAS in one reached 1,370-ppt. According to the DEQ, contamination is believed to originate from fire suppression foam used on site.

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Grayling

Very high PFAS levels have been found in drinking water wells in Grayling. The contamination was caused by AFFF foam use at Camp Grayling, a large joint maneuvers base for the Michigan National Guard which operates an airfield north of town. The chemicals have been found at low levels in the municipal supply and at elevated levels in Lake Margrethe, a lake adjacent to the base.

The contamination was discovered in late 2016. Residents in 420 homes in and near Grayling now are using water filters. Test results show detections both north and south of the Au Sable River. As of December 2018, more than 1,120 homes around the community have been tested. Private wells within the city have tested above 1,000-ppt for Total PFAS detection. Foam on Lake Margrethe, adjacent to the base, tested at 24,810-ppt PFOS/PFOA.

The contaminants have also been found at the Maneuver Area Training Equipment Site (MATES) facility at at 2450 W. North Down River Road. The contamination investigation has yet to move from the inspection to planning and action phases, which could take years.

Related: Toxic water drives health, property value worries in Grayling

Related: DEQ doubles size of Grayling water investigation area

Related: More than 1,000 homes tested for PFAS around Grayling

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Rockford

The affluent Grand Rapids suburb of Rockford is home to the epicenter of PFAS in West Michigan -- the former Wolverine World Wide tannery, a site which is currently the focus of extensive testing under the oversight of the DEQ and U.S. EPA. Site soil, groundwater and sediment in the adjacent Rogue River are heavily impacted by extremely high PFAS levels. Fall 2017 testing found total PFAS in the groundwater at 532,000-ppt, and April testing found total PFAS in foam at the Rockford Dam at 296,584-ppt.

Wolverine started using PFAS-laden 3M Scotchgard in 1958 when it created the Hush Puppies shoe brand. The chemicals were stored outside decades ago in areas without pollution containment. The tannery closed in 2009. Testing in 2013 found PFAS in the river. The city of Rockford sourced its drinking water from the river for decades until it switched to a groundwater system in 2000.

Related: Scotchgard chemical ails fish where tannery scraps litter river

Related: Wolverine tannery back in EPA crosshairs 5 years later

Related: Wolverine kept PFAS outdoors at polluted tannery

Related: Rockford may have been drinking contaminated water before 2000

Related: 3M once tested Wolverine tannery for PFAS exposure

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Courtesy | Michigan DEQ

Belmont

Belmont is home to the now-infamous House Street sludge dump, a 76-acre landfill where Wolverine World Wide dumped PFAS-laden tannery waste throughout the 1960s. The dump in northern Kent County was all but forgotten until last year, when local citizen watchdogs prodded the DEQ to seek PFAS testing in residential wells around property. Discovery of very high contamination levels in July 2017 sparked many lawsuits, both class action and individual cases, now pending against Wolverine in federal and state court. Total PFAS in a well across the street from the dump was 49,000-ppt. Homeowners began reporting patches of old rusty drums, decomposing leather hides and other tannery debris around the neighborhood.

As attention intensified, Wolverine began frantically testing hundreds of wells in Belmont and installing in-home carbon filtration across the area, although the company so far refuses to cover the cost of extending municipal water lines to polluted neighborhoods. The House Street discovery lit a fire under state government, which finally began taking steps to address PFAS across Michigan after early expert warnings went unheeded. It also touched off a frantic, multi-municipality search for other Wolverine dump sites that turned up another major PFAS plume in Algoma Township.

Related: Belmont woman's blood is 750 times national PFAS average

Related: DEQ ignored crucial warning on Wolverine dump plume

Related: Cancer, thyroid problems plague Wolverine dump neighbors

Related: Wolverine agreed to not pollute Belmont water in 1966

Related: Michigan will test blood in Wolverine PFAS study area

Related: Tree farmer pitched golf course on Wolverine PFAS dump

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Algoma Township

The highest PFAS level found to date in a drinking water well in Michigan happened in Algoma Township this spring. Testing in the northern Kent County well found PFOS and PFOA at 62,500-ppt in a well off 11 Mile Road NE near the Wellington Ridge subdivision, where the DEQ believes Wolverine World Wide once dumped tannery waste in an old farm gravel pit. The DEQ thinks a plume following geologic stream paths northwest from that area is causing very high PFAS levels in other neighborhoods.

Another Wolverine dump site at 12 Mile Road and the White Pine Trail is believed to be causing PFAS contamination in local homes. Some homeowners in the township have sued Wolverine. Of the 575 Algoma Township homes tested, 231 had some PFAS detection. Six were above 10,000-ppt.

Related: At invite-only meetings, exclusive info on Wolverine plume

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Plainfield Township

The first inklings of PFAS in Plainfield Township came in 2013, when nationwide unregulated contaminant testing found PFOS and PFOA in the township's municipal water supply. The township north of Grand Rapids shut down its wellfield at Versluis Lake in 2015. The DEQ says the PFAS is coming from the nearby State Disposal Landfill, a Waste Management-owned Superfund site where Wolverine World Wide dumped tannery waste. The DEQ is also investigating another Wolverine dump site, an old gravel mine redeveloped into the Boulder Creek Golf Course, which is located directly across the river from the Versluis wellfield.

Public concern about the 40,000 customers on Plainfield water began to intensify during fall 2017 amid Wolverine dumping revelations. Plainfield officials aggressively pushed back against suggestions their water was tainted, sometimes pressuring business owners in the area who expressed public concern. Nonetheless, public pressure pushed the township to install activated charcoal filtration at the water treatment plant, which went online in June 2018. Plainfield officials say the filter beds have reduced Total PFAS from the 18-ppt range to trace levels.

Related: EPA data shows PFAS in Plainfield water system

Related: Wolverine dumped at landfill tied to Plainfield water pollution

Related: 12 acres of tannery waste buried under golf course

Related: First filters in place at Plainfield water plant

Related: Filtration drops PFAS in Plainfield to trace levels

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MLive | Nic Antaya

Pierson

In April 2018, the DEQ disclosed that monitoring wells around the Central Sanitary Landfill near the Montcalm County village of Pierson tested positive for elevated levels of PFAS. The landfill, owned by Republic Services, has a history of groundwater contamination issues and was used as a dump site for Wolverine tannery sludge from 1984 to 2009. Of the 18 private wells around the dump, 7 tested positive for low to moderate PFAS levels under the EPA health advisory level. The DEQ believes plumes extend east and west from the landfill and the state is offering in-home water filters while the local groundwater investigation continues.

Related: Anger, anxiety about PFAS at landfill meeting

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Michigan DEQ

Cascade Township

Testing has confirmed PFAS in the soil and groundwater at Gerald R. Ford International Airport. The Grand Rapids-area airport used PFAS-laden AFFF foam at a fire training area and for emergencies. The airport initially resisted calls to sample nearby residential wells, although some homeowners bought tests confirming PFAS in their tap water. One test found Total PFAS at 95-ppt. On-airport testing found total PFAS at 461-ppt in groundwater. Foam on the Thornapple River downstream of the airport has also tested positive for PFAS. The airport is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority.

In September 2018, the airport declared that the "water is safe" but wouldn't disclose testing locations for the 28 residential wells it sampled. Neighbors speculate that a former de-icing fluid runoff problem may offer clues to underground contamination pathways. The airport did not sample any wells which residents tested at their own expense. Subsequent testing has found higher levels in the groundwater, including hits at 973-ppt PFOS and PFOA and 3,364-ppt Total PFAS. In January 2019, Michigan DEQ told the airport more residential well testing is necessary in the same area where the airport had previous runoff issues.

Related: Few answers about airport PFAS plume at invite meeting

Related: Ford Airport claims 'water is safe,' but won't say where

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In October, the DEQ announced a second PFAS site in Cascade Township. The chemicals were found in an old Lacks Enterprises plating shop plume running southeast toward the Thornapple River, under the Watermark Country Club. In plating, PFAS compounds have long been used as a fume suppressant for the chromium baths. Lacks -- the fourth largest privately-held employer in West Michigan -- is currently providing bottled water to 22 homes drinking from a private well in a roughly six square mile area north of Burton Street, east of Spaulding Avenue and southwest of Cascade Road. The investigation area is likely to expand.

Related: PFAS investigation borders frustrate Cascade residents

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Wyoming

PFAS was found at Electro Chemical Finishing at 2610 Remico Street in Wyoming in Feb. 2019. Total PFAS at 4,300-ppt was found in an existing groundwater remediation system well at the plating shop. According to the DEQ, sometime prior to mid-December 2014, plating wastewater was discharged to Roys Creek. "The origin of the release appeared to be a breach in the floor where plating water entered the ground, flowed beneath the concrete floor to a point where a roof drain elbow and pipe were separated and into the storm sewer system."

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Michigan DEQ

Saranac

The Michigan DEQ announced in January 2019 that a former Lacks Enterprises plating shop in the village of Saranac in Kent County had contaminated the groundwater with high PFAS levels. According to DEQ, testing showed 2,270-ppt PFOS and PFOA and 2,340-ppt Total PFAS in the groundwater at 6138 Riverside Drive. Testing was conducted in September and October. More testing is planned in March. The DEQ says the village drinking water wells, while close by, are not impacted by the plume.

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Hastings

Extremely high PFAS levels were discovered in groundwater at the Viking Corporation facility in Hastings. The company manufactures fire suppression equipment and tests products using AFFF foam. The DEQ says groundwater tested at 335,000-ppt for Total PFAS. The foam testing drainage is sent to a facility that discharges to the Holland wastewater plant. Hasting city drinking water wells are not in danger, says the DEQ. The state is planning to test for PFAS in the nearby Thornapple River.

Related: High PFAS levels found at firefighting products maker

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Niles

On April 7, 2016, a gasoline tanker truck overturned at the intersection of M-60 and Pine Lake Road near Niles in southwest Michigan. The crash killed 60-year-old driver Charles Edward and spilled more than 7,000 gallons of gasoline. It also caused a PFAS plume when Howard Township firefighters sprayed the crash with PFAS-laden AFFF foam. Since then, PFOS/PFOA in the groundwater at the crash site has tested at 394,000-ppt and low levels of contamination were found in a nearby residential well. The DEQ is testing nearby Mud Lake for PFAS.

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Battle Creek

Testing for PFAS began at the Battle Creek Air National Guard Base in April 2018. The PFAS-laden AFFF foam was used for training at the facility near Fort Custer. Thirteen areas at the air base are being investigated. The Air National Guard is holding back test results, but the DEQ disclosed data showing 21,500-ppt PFOA, 55,500-ppt PFOS, and 38,400-ppt PFHxS in the base groundwater. The DEQ has been handing out bottled water to homes north of the base, where one well tested at more than 400-ppt. The base drains to the Kalamazoo River to the north past neighborhoods on well water. A 160-foot-deep well supplied the base's drinking water until 1986. The city of Battle Creek supplies the base water today.

Related: Battle Creek base PFAS data held back at meeting

Related: Upton: Withholding PFAS results 'unacceptable'

Related: PFAS found in Kalamazoo River between Marshall and Allegan

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Otsego

Paper mill sludge spread on farms in the Otsego/Plainwell area appears to be the source of dioxin and PFAS contamination in local drinking water. Beginning in the 1970s, about 18 million pounds of sludge was applied to 47 private farms in the area. Testing began this year after local citizens began to speak up about a concerning number of local illness reports in the area. The Michigan DEQ says PFAS has been found in eight local wells around the Otsego area, and dioxin in 19 local wells. More are being tested. Ponds near a former Menasha Corp. dump have tested positive for PFAS. In addition to Menasha, the Rock-Tenn Plant in Otsego, A-1 Landfill in Otsego, A-1 Disposal Corp in Plainwell, Kalamazoo River Superfund Site and miscellaneous dump sites are "sites of interest" in the joint state and federal investigation.

Related: Tests show PFAS, dioxin-like chemicals in Otsego-area wells

Related: Sludge spread on farms causes concerns decades later

Related: Survivor digs for answers in cancer cases around hometown

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Richland

The DEQ disclosed that drinking water wells near the former Production Plated Plastics site in Richland were contaminated by high PFAS levels in July 2018. One well tested at 1,116-ppt PFOS and PFOA. To date, 24 homes have some level of PFAS in their well. The plume extends east from the former electro-plating facility, which the state now owns after the company went bankrupt in the 1990s. A groundwater treatment system that was sending high levels of PFAS in wastewater to the Kalamazoo city sewage plant, where they have been passing through treatment into the Kalamazoo River, was ended June 21.

Related: Richland residents blindsided by PFAS contamination

Related: Old contamination site is new threat in Richland

Related: 'This is my nightmare,' say Richland neighbors

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Joel Bissell | MLive.com

Parchment

The Kalamazoo suburb of Parchment shot into the national spotlight in July when statewide testing found PFAS at very high levels in the city water supply. Total PFAS in the system reached 1,800-ppt. The city moved to immediately stop use and began handing out bottled water. Parchment wells served about 3,000 people in the city and nearby Cooper Township. The city shut down it's water system and began sourcing water from Kalamazoo. Parchment residents were on bottled water for nearly a month. The state health department is planning an exposure assessment study to research health impacts. Nearby residents on well water are still receiving bottled water.

The source of contamination has been traced to an old paper mill and adjacent landfill. The old Crown Vantage mill used PFAS to coat food-wrap paper.

Related: Worried residents wonder how long PFAS was in their water

Related: Residents still skeptical of water after advisory lifted

Related: Documents show Parchment mill used 3M PFAS

Related: High PFAS levels found at Parchment landfill

Related: Officials hesitate to call Parchment's drinking water 'safe'

Related: Parchment wells deemed high risk years before PFAS was found

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MLive | Garret Ellison

Kalamazoo

In June, Kalamazoo identified 20 industrial users sending PFAS-tainted effluent to the city's sewage treatment plant, most of it coming from existing groundwater treatment at the plating site in Richland. The state, which owns the former automotive supply site, had been sending 8,000-ppt PFOS to the Kalamazoo water reclamation plant. That stopped June 21. The contaminants are moving through the city plant into the Kalamazoo River. The Cork Street Landfill, a Superfund site at 2800 E. Cork St., was found to be discharging 620-ppt of PFOA and PFOS to the city wastewater system.

In July, the city released PFAS results in its drinking water supply that showed low to moderate levels of total PFAS in city pumping stations. One test showed total PFAS at 72-ppt. The results were released as the city began connecting its supply to the suburb of Parchment's municipal system, which is being flushed to remove water contaminated by PFAS at very high levels.

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PFAS was found at the Nolichucky Industrial Corp. site at 2305 King Highway in Kalamazoo in spring 2019. Total PFAS in the groundwater tested at 360-ppt. The property is owned by Kalamazoo Township and sits within an former Georgia-Pacific paper-making Superfund site footprint. The township acquired the property through tax reversion. Site remediation is state-funded. The site is within a city of Kalamazoo Wellhead Protection Area. The wellfield is upgradient from the site, but sampling did find low PFAS levels in the 2 to 6-ppt range in wellfield water in 2018.

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Robinson Township

The DEQ is testing drinking water wells in a rural part of Ottawa County after finding high levels in the well water at a school in the Grand Haven district. Total PFAS in Robinson Elementary School tested at 171-ppt in October 2018. Since then, the DEQ has expanded testing to properties around the school. Of the 66 wells tested as of mid-January 2019, PFAS was detected in 34. The DEQ plans to conduct a local hydrogeologic investigation and says potential sources in the area "include the use of firefighting foam, undocumented dump sites, potential biosolid application in the area, and materials from a nearby highway construction project."

Related: High PFAS levels found at Ottawa County horse farm

Related: DEQ expands testing around contaminated school

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Holland

PFAS was found at the Sherwin Williams aerosol paint packaging facility at 636 40th Street East in Holland in fall 2018. Total PFAS in the groundwater has tested at 73,000-ppt. According to the DEQ, the facility formerly filled spray cans with 3M Scotchgard and its fire suppression system was primed with Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF). One residential well within a mile radius tested non-detect. Treatment to remove PFAS from on-site sump pump discharge water going to the Holland municipal wastewater system began in December.

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Muskegon

Several home near the Muskegon County Airport in Norton Shores began receiving bottled water deliveries after PFAS was found in potable groundwater in September 2018. In total, the county has tested for PFAS at 52 homes near the airport. The contamination is believed to result from the past use of chemical-based AFFF firefighting foam. When tested in July, the city of Muskegon water supply showed a Total PFAS level of 2-ppt. The water comes from Lake Michigan.

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The MAHLE Engine Components USA former Harvey Street plant in Muskegon is located at 2051 South Harvey Street. The main activity at this plant was the production of engine parts, which included plating. The DEQ says there was a release of PFAS prior to 2011 from former plating operations to the groundwater. As of February 2019, the company was preparing sample nearby groundwater flowing into Little Black Creek and Barney Creek. Groundwater sampling on site detected Total PFAS at 73,120-ppt.

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PFAS was found at the Peerless Plating facility at 2554 Getty Street in Muskegon Heights in fall 2018. The abandoned electroplating shop is a U.S. EPA Superfund site. Concentrations found were low, about 100-ppt Total PFAS. Shallow groundwater discharges to Little Black Creek, which flows into Mona Lake. Nearby homes are on municipal water from Lake Michigan.

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Manistee

In October, the DEQ added the former Manistee Plating shop at 259 6th Avenue to the state's PFAS site list after groundwater tested positive. The plating shop operated from 1954 to 1992. Lots of contamination leaked into the soil through a wooden floor. Testing found PFOS and PFOA on site at 1,805-ppt. There have been past EPA and DEQ remediation efforts at the two-acre site, which is adjacent to the Manistee River.

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Baldwin

The Wash King Laundry is a former laundromat and commercial dry-cleaner that is an existing EPA Superfund site at 9247 South M-37, approximately three miles south of Baldwin in Lake County. The building was demolished and a groundwater pump-and-treat system is operating to clean up a perchloroethylene (PCE) plume. In August 2018, the DEQ found PFAS in two groundwater samples, one at 550-ppt Total PFAS. A community water supply provides drinking water to approximately 20 residents and three businesses in the area. All residents in the affected area were required to hook up to that supply around 1981 due to the other contaminants in the groundwater at the time. That water system tested at 4-ppt Total PFAS. Other nearby residential wells are being tested.

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MLive | Chris Greening

Grawn

The DEQ began testing drinking water south of Traverse City this summer after learning that AFFF had been used to fight a massive tire fire that burned for nearly a month in 1996. The state found PFAS in the groundwater at the former Carl's Retreading site in Grawn. Local health officials believe the Blair Township municipal supply wells are safely away from the plume direction and under a protective clay ground layer, but the state will be testing those in the near future. Testing found no contamination in a nearby elementary school well, but did find PFAS in 12 nearby residential wells. The local health department has provided those homes with water filters.

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Courtesy | USAF

Gwinn

The U.S. military has been investigating PFAS at the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in Gwinn since 2014. Contamination from use of PFAS-laden AFFF foam at the closed base in the Upper Peninsula is widespread across three plane crash sites, several building fire suppression systems, stormwater basins, two streams, three lakes, a wastewater treatment plant, two landfills and undeveloped areas where wastewater sludges were spread on land. Total PFAS in the groundwater at a fire training area north of the control tower tested at 176,910-ppt in 2015. Total PFAS tested at 1,539-ppt in Silver Lead Creek and 1,329-ppt in the well of a nearby hunting camp in 2017. As with many military sites, PFHxS, a six-carbon chain compound that is not regulated, was the largest single PFAS chemical found in many different sample types.

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Courtesy | USAF

Escanaba

PFAS contamination at the Escanaba Defense Fuel Supply Point on Lake Michigan's Little Bay De Noc on the Upper Peninsula shoreline was discovered in 2014, according to the DEQ. The distribution station used PFAS-laden AFFF firefighting foam and supplied fuel via pipeline to the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base in Gwinn. Low PFAS levels under the EPA health advisory level were detected in seven residential wells near the 40-acre facility in 2016. Low PFAS levels have also been found in site soil and high levels have been found in groundwater, bay water and sediment. Total PFAS in site groundwater tested at 15,900-ppt in November 2015. Total PFAS in bay water at the site tested 2,903-ppt in April 2017. Fish in Little Bay De Noc have also tested positive for high PFOS levels. The property is owned by the Hannahville Potawatomi Indian tribe. The city of Escanaba's municipal drinking water intake is approximately 3.5 miles south of the facility.

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Other sites?

The state expects to find more PFAS sources as testing continues.

In addition to sites with known PFAS contamination, the state has found PFAS in rivers and lakes across the state at 21 sites where contamination has been documented in fish.

Other sites identified in state records as possible PFAS sites include the former Kincheloe Air Force Base near Sault St. Marie and the Grand Ledge Army Aviation Support Facility. Both are possible AFFF foam sites, but little is known about them.

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