There are many guides to packaging a python application, including the official Python Packaging User Guide. While these guides offer step by step instructions for deploying a simple application, when deviating from a guide there can be unexpected problems.

The application I have been trying to deploy is this one, a collection of tools to assist in the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories for my PhD. Most of the code I have written is python, with small sections of Cython code for performance. I have been running automated testing on Travis-CI and have made many different attempts at deploying the package to both Anaconda Cloud and PyPI. I have been trying to have a deployment that when a git tag is pushed to github, Travis will test, build and upload both the Anaconda and PyPI packages for Linux and macOS.

Rather than document what I have found to be the ‘perfect’ method, something which I still don’t have, this is a collection of my failures that will hopefully prevent someone else making the same mistakes.

Packaging and Deploying

Versioning

In deploying an application a version scheme provides an indication of the changes made, especially where a semantic versioning scheme is used. To make the versioning process simpler, I have been using git tags as the ‘true’ version number. To get the version number in the setup I have been using the setuptools_scm package. The versioning scheme that best fit how I have been thinking about release versions is the post-release scheme, using

use_scm_version={'version_scheme': 'post-release'}

The default state of setuptools_scm is to only include the dirty flag when files committed in the project have changed, rather than any untracked file in the directory. This change to a post release scheme also changed this default, meaning that when compiling on Travis every commit was dirty. This was fixed by also specifying the local version scheme

use_scm_version={'version_scheme': 'post-release', 'local_scheme': 'dirty-tag'},

While having a hash after the version number is not a problem for me, it is a large problem when trying to upload packages to PyPI, which rejects it with the error

HTTPError: 400 Client Error: version: Cannot use PEP 440 local versions. for url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/

Travis

While Travis appears to have good support for uploading to PyPI, having a deployment target, as far as I can tell it doesn’t support non alphanumeric passwords. Unfortunately I was unable to get some alternative methods of including a password to work. Authentication information for uploading to PyPI can be in the ~/.pypirc file, however when trying to write this file using variable expansion

echo -e "[pypi]

username=$PYPI_USERNAME

password=$PYPI_PASSWORD" > ~/.pypirc

resulted in the file

[pypi] username=$PYPI_USERNAME password=$PYPI_PASSWORD

with neither of the variables being expanded. I quickly gave up on that approach since it worked in every shell I tested it on locally.

A solution that works is to use [twine][twine] which along with generally being more secure is able to read the environment variables TWINE_USERNAME and TWINE_PASSWORD to authenticate.

Installing from Pip

Once a package is uploaded to PyPI it needs to be installable, i.e. running

$ pip install <package>

actually works, even in a clean environment. A sample setup.py file for a python package typically looks something like the one below (1, 2, 3).

# setup.py from setuptools import setup, Extension from Cython.Build import cythonize import numpy my_extensions = [Extension(..., include_dirs=numpy.get_include())] setup( name=..., ..., setup_requires=['Cython', 'numpy'], install_requires=['numpy'] ..., ext_modules=cythonize(my_extensions), )

Problem is, when installing into a new environment via pip the install fails as reading the setup.py file requires both Cython and numpy to be installed as they are imported at the top of the file. This is a significant problem with python packaging for which a solution has been accepted PEP 518 and work is in [progress][pep 518 progress]. In meantime, distributing a wheel is a solution to this problem.

Update 2018-08-12

The release of pip 10.0 introduced support for a pyproject.toml file in which installation dependencies can be specified. A pyproject.toml for the above project would look like:

# pyproject.toml [build-system] requires= ['setuptools', 'wheel', 'numpy', 'Cython']

Wheels

I have included wheels as their own section since I feel they are especially egregious. The PyPI documentation tells you that “You should also create a wheel for your project.” Well sure, I will just follow the instructions in the docs

$ python setup.py bdist_wheel $ twine upload dist/sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl Uploading distributions to https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/ Enter your username: malramsay64 Enter your password: Uploading sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl HTTPError: 400 Client Error: Binary wheel 'sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl' has an unsupported platform tag 'linux_x86_64'. for url: https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/

Huh??? I also think it is great that I have to wait for the package to upload to get the error message.

Some googling later…

I need to use auditwheel to create a manylinux1 wheel. After installing via pip (conda-forge only has auditwheel versions for up to python 3.5)

$ auditwheel repair dist/sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl Repairing sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl usage: auditwheel [-h] [-V] [-v] command ... auditwheel: error: cannot repair "dist/sdanalysis-0.4.4.post5-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl" to "manylinux1_x86_64" ABI because of the presence of too-recent versioned symbols. You'll need to compile the wheel on an older toolchain.

Some more googling and reading documentation …

From the auditwheel README:

But in general, building manylinux1 wheels requires running on a CentOS5 machine, so we recommend using the pre-built manylinux Docker image. $ docker run -i -t -v `pwd`:/io quay.io/pypa/manylinux1_x86_64 /bin/bash

Oh easy, now I have to set this up to build in a docker container…

For a great example of building a manylinux1 wheel, I can suggest checking out the pypa/python-manylinux-demo repository. Unfortunately it is not linked from the python packaging documentation and so is not that simple to find.

Packaging in python is hard. I have over 70 builds this week on travis just trying to get everything to actually work. At the end of all this I still don’t really know what I am doing other than basically everything I try doesn’t work and that I shouldn’t try any of the above, since I already know it won’t work.

Building and Testing

A crucial aspect of deploying a piece of software is having some confidence that it actually works, even if that just means it doesn’t break on import. For my workflow this is an automated process, with builds running on Travis-CI when a new commit is pushed to Github. Even using a popular service live Travis didn’t preclude me from having plenty of failures.

Travis, Python and macOS

I had automated testing set up on Travis-CI for my python module on linux, however trying to extent this to also using macOS I found some unusual behaviour. At first I thought that testing on travis was going to be as simple as adding it to the list of os’s.

# .travis.yml language: python os: - linux - osx

However it really wasn’t because the build raised an error before my code even started running.

$ sudo tar xjf python-3.6.tar.bz2 --directory / tar: Unrecognized archive format tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors. The command "sudo tar xjf python-3.6.tar.bz2 --directory /" failed and exited with 1 during .

It turns out that on Travis-CI, the python language is unsupported on macOS. So I had to bodge some kind of workaround, especially since the travis docs on the issue assume you are using tox. I found were that when using conda to install python, the simplest workaround is to use language: generic and install python through conda for each OS.

# .travis.yml language: generic os: - linux - osx before_install: - if [[ $(uname -s) == "Darwin" ]]; then wget https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-x86_64.sh -O miniconda.sh; else wget https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh -O miniconda.sh; fi

Alternatively, when just using the latest version of python it can be installed using homebrew.

# .travis.yml language: python matrix: include: - os: linux python: 3.6 - os: osx language: generic before_install: brew install python3

Frozen versions melt

When deploying with [Conda][conda] the recipe is created in a [meta.yaml][meta.yaml] file, containing the requirements for each step, in addition to instructions for building and testing of a package. A very simple version is shown below specifying a patch version of python ( 3.6.1 ) to use for both the build and the run phase.

# file: meta.yaml package: name: pyver_test version: 1.0.0 requirements: build: - python 3.6.1 run: - python {{ pin_compatible('python', max_pin='x.x.x') }} build: number: 0 test: commands: python --version

While the version number is adhered to in the build phase, during the run phase the patch version is ignored, instead installing the latest patch version of python, which at the time of writing is 3.6.4. This is the intended behaviour, albeit somewhat unexpected.

The reason that this was a problem for me is that I came across an unusual bug in a conda package I was trying to use. When installed on macOS

$ conda create -n freud -c glotzer freud

importing the module would crash python

$ python -c "import freud" Fatal Python error: PyThreadState_Get: no current thread zsh: abort python -c "import freud"

This environment would use the latest patch version of python (currently 3.6.4) and a simple workaround was to install python==3.6.1 , although it did make installing the package more difficult than I would have liked. I don’t know why this worked, it just did, although I suspect it has something to do with linking to the python C libraries.

When the porcelain stains

Pipenv is a packaging manager for python that automates the creation of virtual environments for python projects in addition to the packages installed within them. As Jannis Leidel is quoted in the testimonials; >Pipenv is the porcelain I always wanted to build for pip. However there are always unusual cases when abstracting that can cause issues.

The first of these issues I found was in the installation, I primarily use Conda for my python and virtual environment configuration,

$ pip install pipenv $ pipenv install numpy ERROR: virtualenv is not compatible with this system or executable

However, it is required to install pipenv outside of a conda distribution (issue#699, issue#288). So installation can be performed by running

$ /usr/local/bin/pip install pipenv

or with conda 4.4

$ conda deactivate $ pip install pipenv

One of the major features of Pipenv over other package managers for python is that it includes hashes of the binaries as part of the version pinning. This both ensures you are installing exactly the same code on different systems, and provides security in preventing unknown changes from being installed. These hashes are collected for all the package versions available on PyPI, allowing for cross platform and python version use.

The problem that I came across is that a certain package numpy-quaternion has some nearly identical version numbers,

numpy-quaternion 2017.11.26.19.0.13

numpy-quaternion 2017.11.26.19.00.13

the second just having an additional zero. The first of these version numbers contains all the pre-built wheels, while the second contains the source. When downloading the hashes, pipenv downloads the hash for the source distribution rather than for the wheels. This means that when trying to install in a new virtualenv the downloaded package fails the hash comparison

THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM Pipfile.lock!

and aborts the install, incredibly frustrating when the initial install of the package works fine.

A workaround is to manually update the Pipfile.lock file with the correct hashes, which is fine while dependencies are not updated and the Pipfile.lock file remains unchanged.

Update 2018-01-09

In a previous revision of the Installing from Pip section I stated that importing the dependencies within a function call was a solution to the import problems. Thanks to /u/vorpalsmith for bringing it to my attention that this isn’t a solution, and that the success that I observed was a result of installing a wheel rather than any changes to the code that I made.