Boeing and SpaceX, Elon Musk's rocket company, are competing for lucrative NASA contracts to launch astronauts into space.

An opinion article criticizing SpaceX and its rocket-fueling procedures has appeared in multiple news outlets since July.

A story by Ars Technica suggested that Boeing might be helping to place the opinion articles via a public-relations firm in Washington, DC, called Law Media Group.

The opinion article's author, Richard Hagar, formerly worked for a company bought by Boeing. He told Business Insider he sent it to a Boeing employee and no one else.

Boeing, the 102-year-old titan of the aerospace industry, is in a heated competition with SpaceX, Elon Musk's rocket company, for billions of dollars in NASA contracts.

As Boeing is seeking to secure that taxpayer funding — and the prestige of launching astronauts into space — the company might be secretly placing an opinion article that criticizes SpaceX in newspapers around the US.

Both companies are trying to show NASA they can safely launch the agency's astronauts to and from the International Space Station as part of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, a roughly $8 billion competition the agency launched to spur private companies to build safe, cost-effective, American-made spaceships.

Through that program, SpaceX won a contract valued at up to $2.6 billion to develop and launch its Crew Dragon space capsule, and Boeing received a $4.2-billion contract for its CST-100 Starliner space capsule construction and missions.

Each contract calls for three demonstration missions: one uncrewed and two crewed. SpaceX hopes to launch its first Crew Dragon capsule with astronauts in mid-2019, and Boeing expects to test-launch its first astronauts after mid-2019.

A test of SpaceX's Dragon V2 capsule thrusters. SpaceX/Flickr (public domain)

If these initial missions are successful, NASA is prepared to award potentially billions of dollars more in space-taxi contracts through the mid-2020s. (Each crewed flight is most likely worth several hundred million dollars.)

To that end, as Ars Technica's Eric Berger reported on Thursday, some evidence suggests that a PR firm in Washington that counts Boeing as a client may be attempting to negatively sway public opinion about SpaceX via a critical op-ed article that began to appear in newspapers around the country in July.

Business Insider has found a link between Boeing and the article's author.

The negative SpaceX op-ed article

The reason that so much NASA funding is at stake for Boeing and SpaceX is that the space agency hasn't been able to transport its own astronauts to the ISS since July 2011, when its space shuttle fleet retired. According to some estimates, each shuttle launch cost the space agency roughly $1.5 billion, accounting for development costs.

For now, increasingly expensive Russian rocket ships are the only way to get astronauts into space. That's why the Commercial Crew Program was created: to spur the creation of American-made spaceships, create competition in the industry, and, ideally, drive down launch costs.

NASA astronauts have been working closely with both Boeing and SpaceX as they develop new methods of space travel. The first NASA astronauts who will fly the companies' spaceships were named on August 3.

Nine astronauts will fly the first four crewed missions inside SpaceX and Boeing's new spaceships for NASA, called Crew Dragon and CST-100 Starliner, respectively. NASA via AP

But just before the announcement, on July 22, an opinion article by an aerospace-industry veteran named Richard Hagar ran in The Washington Times, a right-leaning publication.

The op-ed article paints Musk as inexperienced and castigates "special interests in Washington" for eschewing the development of commercial safety standards. It also argues that SpaceX's plans to fuel its Falcon 9 rockets while astronauts are already loaded into the ship on top — a practice called "load and go" — is unsafe.

A short bio of Hagar that accompanies the op-ed article describes him as someone who "worked on every Apollo mission for NASA at the Kennedy Space Center as a spacecraft operator on the launch team."

That much is true. But an important aspect of Hagar's professional identity is also this: He formerly worked for an aerospace company called North American Aviation. That company later became Rockwell International, which was bought by Boeing in the 1990s. So Hagar said Boeing now pays his pension.

"I'm a Boeing retiree, technically," Hagar told Business Insider, though we were unable to independently verify that his pension checks come from Boeing. "I worked at the Cape [Canaveral], and I keep in contact with Boeing people down there."

Hagar said he never submitted the op-ed article to The Washington Times. He said he shared his written opinion with only one person, a Boeing employee, whom he repeatedly declined to identify.

"I don't want to start anything," Hagar said. "I'm not interested in that."

Shortly after Hagar gave his op-ed article to Boeing, he said, it appeared in The Washington Times.

He said he gave Boeing "permission to publish it wherever."

"I knew it would be in different publications, but not how many," he said.

The op-ed article has since appeared in at least eight more publications, including in the Albuquerque Journal on August 31, the Houston Chronicle on September 17 (and its partner the San Francisco Chronicle through an automated system), and the Austin American-Statesman on September 26. Members of the USA Today network also ran the opinion article.

"It's surprising — it's been going around the country," Hagar said. "I'm not out to try to get published everywhere. I have an opinion on it, and I was asked about it."

Boeing did not immediately respond to Business Insider's request for comment about Hagar's op-ed article. (We'll update this story if we receive a statement.)

In an emailed statement from NASA, the agency said: "NASA is focused on returning human spaceflight to the US with the goal of achieving safe and reliable access to and from the International Space Station. We expect and believe our commercial partners are focused on that goal as well."

What's the deal with 'load and go'?

SpaceX fuels its Falcon 9 rockets with cryogenic or super-cold propellants just before launch. That approach comes with several cost-saving, mission-enabling advantages.

Waiting to fuel up keeps the rockets' high-grade kerosene fuel, called RP-1, very cold and very dense, allowing SpaceX to put more of it into a rocket, achieve greater performance, and launch bigger payloads deeper into space. The technique also helps SpaceX reserve fuel to reignite the rocket's boosters, land them back on Earth, and make them available to be reused.

In his opinion article, Hagar argued that the "load and go" approach couldn't be trusted. The longer astronauts are waiting with fuel around, the thinking goes, the greater the likelihood of a deadly accident. As evidence, Hagar points to SpaceX's launchpad explosion of a Falcon 9 rocket in September 2016.

An explosion at the launch site of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in Cape Canaveral, Florida, in September 2016. Launch Report/Handout via REUTERS

"Congress and the administration should overturn these shortsighted restrictions on commercial spaceflight safety standards," Hagar said in the op-ed article, "and NASA must ensure that before they put an astronaut on a commercial spacecraft that it lives up to the strict standards we have learned over the last 60 years of spaceflight."

However, after nearly two years of work by SpaceX and an exhaustive review by NASA, the space agency announced on August 17 that SpaceX's load-and-go fueling method "presents the least risk" to astronauts. NASA approved the practice, pending some final tests.

William Gerstenmaier, NASA's associate administrator for human exploration and operations, explained the rationale to a congressperson during a House Subcomittee on Space hearing held on September 26.

Gerstenmaier said that SpaceX expects to use load-and-go to fuel and launch up to 16 rockets — a very high rate for the industry — before a nearly identical Falcon 9 rocket ever launches an astronaut. This amount of data, he said, would give NASA a "significant safety advantage" over boarding astronauts after non-standard fueling procedure.

"If we required a unique loading operation just for our crew when they're there, then you get a one-time shot per year of how you load the vehicle with crew there," Gerstenmaier said of SpaceX. "That may actually be more risky for you than it is taking the more standard [load-and-go] procedure."

But even after all this, Hagar's op-ed article has continued appearing in newspapers.

He said he never personally pitched the piece to any outlet. Several outlets that ran the op-ed article did not respond to questions about who pitched it, but The Washington Times told Business Insider it "was pitched by Kelly Ramesar ... on behalf of Richard Hagar."

Kelly Ramesar is the name of a communications associate at a public-relations firm in Washington, DC, called Law Media Group, according to the firm's website. LMG names Boeing as a client on its site.

Ars Technica reported that two other people who are listed as communications associates at LMG — Casey Murray and Joshua Bak-Brevik — also successfully pitched Hagar's piece to at least four news outlets.

Given Hagar's insistence that he gave his writing to only a single Boeing employee, it seems someone from that company might have passed it to LMG, though this remains unknown.

Julian Epstein, the CEO of Law Media Group, did not immediately return Business Insider's calls or email.

Why Hagar says he wrote the piece

Neither Boeing nor any other entity paid Hagar for his writing, he said, though he's fine with that.

"I'm 82 years old. Why would I do anything different than that?" he said. "I have no money in this. It's an opinion I have on that process."

Hagar said he had been thinking about the risks of load-and-go for years and discussed his concerns with a small group of retirees who used to work on the space program.

"I'm a Boeing supporter," he said. "But that doesn't have any effect on my opinion of the load-and-go process."

But changing the perception of SpaceX could influence NASA and lawmakers who control the agency's purse strings. And Hagar did acknowledge that he wrote his article after a conversation with a current Boeing employee (not a retiree in his group).

"I was talking to one of the Boeing people one time, and he asked me what I thought of the load-and-go process," Hagar said. "I said, 'Let me sit down and look at it in more detail.'" He said that's how the op-ed article came about.

A Falcon 9 rocket launching toward space using cryogenically cooled fuel. SpaceX/Flickr (public domain)

SpaceX, for its part, has designed safety mechanisms to protect astronauts if something were to go wrong with the load-and-go procedure. An automated escape system in its Crew Dragon capsule would, in theory, blast astronauts away from an exploding rocket if there were a fueling mishap.

"I think that issue has been somewhat overblown," Musk said during a call with reporters on May 11.

"We certainly could load the propellants and then have the astronauts board Dragon," he continued, adding: "But I don't think it's going to be necessary any more than passengers on an aircraft need to wait until the aircraft is full of fuel before boarding."

Despite his criticism of load-and-go fueling, Hagar said the strategy was not a deal-breaker — just not the approach he believes SpaceX should begin with to launch its first astronauts. He said it could create pressure to avoid calling off a launch, since doing so may incur extra expenses.

"If that process evolves to load-and-go, that's great. But to start out with that? It's a process that can be awful critical. It has to go perfectly," Hagar said. "We lost Apollo 1, and we lost Challenger, and we lost Columbia, and a lot of that's all based on cost. With commercial companies, I hope they have deep pockets."

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This story has been updated with new information.