Share this

Article Facebook

Twitter

Email You are free to share this article under the Attribution 4.0 International license. University University of California, Berkeley

UC BERKELEY (US)—Researchers have crossed a new threshold in laser physics by squeezing light into a space smaller than the size of a single protein molecule to create the world’s smallest semiconductor laser.

The team not only successfully confined light into such a tight space, but found a novel way to keep that light energy from dissipating as it moved along, thereby achieving laser action. The breakthrough by scientists at the University of California, Berkeley will likely advance optical computing in which light replaces electronic circuitry with a corresponding leap in speed and processing power.

“This work shatters traditional notions of laser limits, and makes a major advance toward applications in the biomedical, communications, and computing fields,” says lead researcher Xiang Zhang, professor of mechanical engineering and director of UC Berkeley’s Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center.

Beyond optical computing, the achievement helps enable the development of such innovations as nanolasers that can probe, manipulate, and characterize DNA molecules, and optics-based telecommunications many times faster than current technology.

While it is traditionally accepted that an electromagnetic wave—including laser light—cannot be focused beyond the size of half its wavelength, research teams around the world have found a way to compress light down to dozens of nanometers by binding it to the electrons that oscillate collectively at the surface of metals. This interaction between light and oscillating electrons is known as surface plasmons.

Scientists have been racing to construct surface plasmon lasers that can sustain and utilize these tiny optical excitations. However, the resistance inherent in metals causes these surface plasmons to dissipate almost immediately after being generated, posing a critical challenge to achieving the buildup of the electromagnetic field necessary for lasing.

Zhang and his research team took a novel approach to stem the loss of light energy by pairing a cadmium sulfide nanowire—1,000 times thinner than a human hair—with a silver surface separated by an insulating gap of only 5 nanometers, the size of a single protein molecule. In this structure, the gap region stores light within an area 20 times smaller than its wavelength. Because light energy is largely stored in this tiny non-metallic gap, loss is significantly diminished.

With the loss finally under control through this unique “hybrid” design, the researchers could then work on amplifying the light.

“When you are working at such small scales, you do not have much space to play around with,” says Rupert Oulton, the research associate in Zhang’s lab who first theorized this approach last year and the study’s co-lead author. “In our design, the nanowire acts as both a confinement mechanism and an amplifier. It’s pulling double duty.”

Trapping and sustaining light in radically tight quarters creates such extreme conditions that the very interaction of light and matter is strongly altered, the study authors explain. An increase in the spontaneous emission rate of light is a telltale sign of this altered interaction; in this study, the researchers measured a six-fold increase in the spontaneous emission rate of light in a gap size of 5 nanometers.

Recently, researchers from Norfolk State University reported lasing action of gold spheres in a dye-filled, glasslike shell immersed in a solution. The dye coupled to the gold spheres could generate surface plasmons when exposed to light.

The UC Berkeley researchers used semiconductor materials and fabrication technologies that are commonly employed in modern electronics manufacturing. By engineering hybrid surface plasmons in the tiny gap between semiconductors and metals, they were able to sustain the strongly confined light long enough that its oscillations stabilized into the coherent state that is a key characteristic of a laser.

“What is particularly exciting about the plasmonic lasers we demonstrated here is that they are solid state and fully compatible with semiconductor manufacturing, so they can be electrically pumped and fully integrated at chip-scale,” says Volker Sorger, a Ph.D. student in Zhang’s lab and the study’s co-lead author.

“Plasmon lasers represent an exciting class of coherent light sources capable of extremely small confinement,” says Zhang. “This work can bridge the worlds of electronics and optics at truly molecular length scales.”

Scientists hope to eventually shrink light down to the size of an electron’s wavelength, which is about a nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter, so that the two can work together on equal footing.

“The advantages of optics over electronics are multifold,” adds Thomas Zentgraf, a post-doctoral fellow in Zhang’s lab and another co-lead author of the paper. “For example, devices will be more power efficient at the same time they offer increased speed or bandwidth.”

This work is supported by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the National Science Foundation. Findings were published in an advanced online publication of the journal Nature on Sunday, Aug. 30.

UC Berkeley news: http://newscenter.berkeley.edu