The Quebec government has formed committees to provide rules for agencies that must enforce the bill, though many will not be fully clarified until next summer.

At first, the legislation applied only to public workers and institutions funded by the provincial government. But the bill was amended in August to include public transit and municipalities.

The lawmakers who voted for the bill all belong to the Quebec Liberal Party, which has a majority in the provincial legislature, known officially as the National Assembly of Quebec.

Passing a ban on face coverings fulfills a campaign promise the Liberals made before the 2014 provincial election as a way to draw support away from the government, then led by Parti Québécois, which had proposed barring the wearing of overt religious symbols by government employees or by workers at publicly funded workers institutions.

Ms. Vallée said the bill was not aimed at Muslims. “This is a bill about living together in harmony,” she said on Monday during a television interview. “It’s a bill about guidelines and clearly establishes neutrality of the state.”

The matter of the rights of Muslims in Quebec is part of a broader political debate in the province over how to preserve its secular and cultural identity in relation to the rest of Canada, said Mohammad Fadel, an expert on Islam and liberalism at University of Toronto. “Multiculturalism is very controversial in Quebec because they view it as way of diluting their Frenchness,” he said.

Anti-Muslim sentiment is not unknown in Quebec. In January, a man who had spoken out online against Islam and immigration opened fire on a mosque in Quebec City, killing six people and wounding eight. Last summer, residents of a nearby town voted to forbid the construction of a Muslim cemetery, though Quebec City’s mayor eventually brokered a deal to sell a plot of land for Muslim burials.