WASHINGTON—The House Oversight Committee will conduct an investigation into Ivanka Trump’s use of a private email account to conduct official government business, the panel’s senior Democrat and likely next chairman said Tuesday.

The statement from Elijah Cummings of Maryland came after a liberal ethics research group published copies of emails that Ms. Trump, President Trump’s daughter and a senior White House adviser, exchanged with officials at the Small Business Administration in 2017.

“We...