In this post I propose an extension of Rust’s purity rules. The short version is that pure functions would be allowed to mutate data owned by their &mut parameters. This extends the current Rust purity rules which allow pure functions to invoke impure closures so long as they are an argument to the function. The principle is the same: pure functions are functions whose side-effects can be completely determined by examining their parameters (for the more formally minded among you, this is effectively an effect-parametric system with very lightweight notation). The rest of the post is an elaboration and justification of this idea.

Background on purity and how it works in Rust today

Rust allows functions to be declared pure . The general idea of a pure function is that they do not mutate state reachable by the caller. That means that you can call a pure function twice in a row, with the same arguments, and be guaranteed of getting the same result.

In practice, though, Rust provides a somewhat more complex, but infinitely more useful, definition of purity. Informally, rather than saying that a pure function will not modify anything the caller can reach, we say that executing a pure function will not modify anything that the caller doesn’t know they are going to modify. To see what I mean, consider the function each() which iterates over a vector and invokes a callback for each element:

pure fn each<T>(v: &[T], op: fn(&T)) { let i = 0, n = v.len(); while i < n { op(&v[i]); i += 1; } }

We can’t say that the function each() modifies nothing, because it calls the closure op that the caller provided, and op could do anything. We could of course declare that op as a pure closure, but that would make each() rather useless, since you would not be able to do any mutation whenever you iterated over a vector. We could also say that each() is not pure, but that loses some useful information—after all, each() does not itself mutate anything that the user has access to. It’s the callback which does! So each() is kind of “conditionally pure”—it is pure if its callback is pure, but not otherwise.

This idea of “conditional purity” is precisely what Rust currently adopts. So in short a pure function today is permitted exactly one kind of (potentially) impure action: invoking closures that it was provided as argument. This idea is really useful and opens up a wide variety of functions to be declared as pure that could not have been declared pure before.

What is purity used for in Rust

The primary purpose of purity in Rust is memory safety. The Rust compiler will permit you to create borrowed pointers that might be invalidated by mutation so long as you only perform pure actions for the lifetime of those pointers. This is very useful in practice.

Another purpose for purity that I foresee is bringing a Rivertrail- or PJs-like model for data parallelism to Rust. The notion of purity I am talking about aligns very well here. In that model, in particular, being able to give the worker functions controlled access to mutable data can be very useful, as I described in this HotPar paper that I wrote some time back (note however that in the HotPar paper I made use of a transitive read-only type qualifier to gain the same guarantees that pure functions give us; using pure seems simpler).

My proposed extension

I would like to extend the idea of conditional purity a little further. I want to say that, in addition to invoking impure closures given as argument, a pure function can take one additional action: it can write to any &mut pointer given as argument. The principle is the same as before: the side effects of executing a particular call to a pure function can be completely determined by examining its arguments.

The problem I am trying to solve is succintly described by Tim in Issue #3722: right now, a pure function is permitted to mutate its local variables, but there is no way to factor out bits of code from a pure function into a helper.

Tim’s example is as follows:

pure fn make_str() -> ~str { let mut s = ~""; str::push_char(&mut s, 'c'); return s; }

Here, the call to push_char() is not considered pure because it modifies the string s which was supplied as argument. Therefore it cannot be called from make_str() , as make_str() is pure. Nonetheless, we know that this would be safe, as push_char() only mutates the string it is given as argument, and make_str() is permitted to mutate s without violating purity.

Enforcing and Formalizing the proposed rule

Under the rule I propose, a pure function could have two form of externally visible side-effects:

a pure function can write to any &mut pointer which it is given as a parameter;

pointer which it is given as a parameter; a pure function may invoke any closure which is passed to it as a parameter.

From the point of view of the pure function, the actions it may legally take are something like the following:

write to data owned by the current stack frame;

write to data owned by an &mut parameter;

parameter; read any data it likes;

invoke closures given as parameters;

invoke other pure functions or methods, however: for each parameter of the pure function declared with &mut type, the value provided must be one which is writable by the current function; for each parameter of the pure function declared with closure type, the value provided must be one which is callable by the current function.



These rules aren’t really complete, however, because they don’t take into account what the limits ought to be when borrow check decides that purity is needed for a particular block.

On the plane flying back from the Emerging Languages workshop, I wrote out a formalization of this idea based on an effect system with heap regions. What I would like to do is move the current purity checking, which is written using ad-hoc rules similar to the ones above, and implement it based on this formalization, which I think is much easier to think about, and helps to ensure it’s giving the right answer in various corner cases.

I wanted to write up this formalization here in this post, but I’ve got too much on my plate today to spend the time on it, so it’ll have to wait. I guess it’s no crime if I post a blog post that’s less than 22 pages when printed.