Tips on Python collections

Published on 11 June 2011, updated on 11 June 2011, Comments

Here is a short series of simple tips for working with Python collections. It’s nothing fancy but I found by reading other people’s code that not everybody is aware of these techniques.

This is an adaptation of a post I’ve originally written in French. There is also a Chinese version.

Checking if a list is empty

It’s not necessary to call the function len to check if a list is empty because an empty list evaluates to False . So instead of doing:

if len (mylist): else :

You can simply do:

if mylist: else :

Getting indexes of elements while iterating over a list

Sometimes you need to iterate over a list and at the same time get the index of each element. Instead of doing:

i = 0 for element in mylist: i += 1

You can simply do:

for i, element in enumerate (mylist): pass

Sorting a list

It’s quite common to sort a list based on one of the characteristics of its elements. Here for example, we create a list of persons:

class Person ( object ): def __init__ ( self , age): self .age = age persons = [Person(age) for age in ( 14 , 78 , 42 )]

We then want to sort the list based on the age. Here is how we could do it:

def get_sort_key (element): return element.age for element in sorted (persons, key=get_sort_key): print " Age: " , element.age

We define a function that returns the attribute we want to use as a sorting criteria and we pass this function as the key argument to the function sorted . This kind of sorting is so common that Python standard library includes ready-made functions to do that.

from operator import attrgetter for element in sorted (persons, key=attrgetter( ' age ' )): print " Age: " , element.age

attrgetter is a higher-order function that returns a function similar to our get_sort_key function. We saved a few keystrokes (in that respect a lambda would have been good too) but more importantly I feel it makes the code easier to read. When you see attrgetter you know immediately what it will get an attribute. The operator module also provides itemgetter and methodcaller and I’m sure you can guess what they do.

Grouping elements in a dictionary

The last tip I’ll give you today is about dictionaries. It’s a quite common task to group elements of a list based on a criteria. In order to do that we build a dictionary of lists indexed by that criteria. Let’s say we have list of persons.

class Person ( object ): def __init__ ( self , age): self .age = age persons = [Person(age) for age in ( 78 , 14 , 78 , 42 , 14 )]

Now we want to group these persons by age. One approach could be:

persons_by_age = {} for person in persons: age = person.age if age in persons_by_age: persons_by_age[age].append(person) else : persons_by_age[age] = [person] assert len (persons_by_age[ 78 ]) == 2

For each iteration we test if the key exists using the in operator. It it’s not present, we need to create a list for this key using the current element.

The collections module offers a defaultdict that sightly simplify this process.

from collections import defaultdict persons_by_age = defaultdict( list ) for person in persons: persons_by_age[person.age].append(person)

When you create a defaultdict , you pass it a callable that it will use to create values for the dict when a key is missing. Here we pass it list so it’s going to create a list for each new key.

That’s it for now. I hope some of these tips will be useful to you. If you have more tips on collections, please feel free to share in the comments. Thanks!