The typical office desk is home to more than 10 million bacteria, 400 times more than a toilet seat. Other studies have revealed people don't wash their hands, and surfaces from taps to elevator buttons are "officially dirty".

Beyond the health concerns, this has an impact on our psyche. Humans have an inbuilt disgust response to dirty environments.

A clean workplace has also been shown to reduce sick days and increase productivity.

People attending work while sick adds to the spread of disease and costs the Australian economy about $34.1 billion each year through lost productivity.

The cost of absenteeism in Australia is estimated at $7 billion a year.

We are not as clean as we might think

American researchers conducting a 13-month study found 4,800 surfaces in office buildings were "officially dirty". Taps, microwaves, computer keyboards and fridge doors were the dirtiest surfaces.

I once worked with a colleague who refused to touch any surface in a public toilet and would use gloves or paper towels to avoid doing so. ( Supplied: PTV )

This is especially of concern given the rise of open-plan and shared-desk workplaces. Workers in open-plan spaces have a 62 per cent higher incidence of sickness absence than those in private or shared cellular offices.

Etiquette in shared-desk workplaces requires employees to clean down their workstation and equipment when they finish using it. However, fewer than half of employees comply.

I once worked with a colleague who refused to touch any surface in a public toilet and would use gloves or paper towels to avoid doing so. Another colleague was so troubled by the toilet roll dispenser that he kept his own supply of toilet paper in his office.

This is understandable given research has shown that under certain conditions we all behave like pigs. Both our environment and social norms influence our behaviour.

In one famous study, even people who said they wouldn't litter were more likely to do so when the environment was already dirty or others were littering.

If workplaces are already dirty, it makes sense that no-one empties the dishwasher. We feel it is not our responsibility as we follow the norm and behave in ways we normally wouldn't.

The impact of a messy workplace

Bacteria swabbed from an indoor elevator button. ( Flickr: IMBatUQ )

One study of 43,021 respondents from 351 office buildings found that cleanliness was correlated with employee satisfaction. In two laboratory and field experiments, offices that were seen to be in proper order and had a pleasing appearance had positive outcomes for trust in the organisation and for learning.

On top of all this you have the health impacts of unhygienic workspaces. Viruses can survive for hours or even months on surfaces like phones and computer equipment.

In another study on the effects of a controlled increase in cleaning quality, researchers found that a cleaner office resulted in a 12.5 per cent decrease in sick days and reported increases in productivity.

What can we do about it?

Not all communicable infections have vaccines, so overcoming the problem of dirty workspaces requires a bit of ingenuity.

Many organisations encourage employees to wipe down shared equipment after using it, but less than half comply. ( Flikr: Tina Floersch )

Hand hygiene has been shown to be one of the most effective means of reducing the transmission of germs. In year-long random controlled trials, workplace hygiene programs that include education and the use of hand sanitisers reduced hygiene-related healthcare claims by over 20 per cent.

Many organisations have implemented sanitation stations in open-plan and hot-desking environments to encourage employees to wipe down the desk, computer equipment and phone when they have finished using them for the day. However, a study has shown that less than half of employees use them.

This could be explained by research that found hot-desking environments can lead to employees feeling indifferent to their co-workers and less committed to the organisation.

Some research has suggested that creating ownership can lead to increased responsibility and to people doing the right thing. This might include team ownership of different aspects of the work environment such as schedules for cleaning the kitchen.

While employees should be encouraged to stay home while sick, and the use of hygiene programs can have a positive impact, the uptake of these initiatives continues to prove challenging for employers.

Libby Sander is assistant professor of Organisational Behaviour at Bond Business School, Bond University. This article was first published on The Conversation.