I was recently asked to outline some of the risks of virtualization wrt networking, in particular, how guests running on the same network could attack each other’s network traffic. The examples in this blog post will consider a scenario with three guests running on the same host, connected to the libvirt default virtual machine (backed by the virbr0 bridge device). As is traditional, the two guests trying to communicate shall be called alice , bob , while the attacker/eavesdropper shall be eve . Provision three guests with those names, and make sure their network configuration look like this

<interface type='network'> (for the VM 'alice') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:11'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-alice"/> <model type='virtio'/> </interface> <interface type='network'> (for the VM 'bob') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:22'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-bob"/> <model type='virtio'/> </interface> <interface type='network'> (for the VM 'eve') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:33'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-eve"/> <model type='virtio'/> </interface>

If the guest interfaces are to be configured using DHCP, it is desirable to have predictable IP addresses for alice, bob & eve. This can be achieved by altering the default network configuration:

# virsh net-destroy default # virsh net-edit default

In the editor change the IP configuration to look like

<ip address='192.168.122.1' netmask='255.255.255.0'> <dhcp> <range start='192.168.122.2' end='192.168.122.254' /> <host mac='52:54:00:00:00:11' name='alice' ip='192.168.122.11' /> <host mac='52:54:00:00:00:22' name='bob' ip='192.168.122.22' /> <host mac='52:54:00:00:00:33' name='eve' ip='192.168.122.33' /> </dhcp> </ip>

With all these changes made, start the network and the guests

# virsh net-start default # virsh start alice # virsh start bob # virsh start eve

After starting these three guests, the host sees the following bridge configuration

# brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces virbr0 8000.fe5200000033 yes vnic-alice vnic-bob vnic-eve

For the sake of testing, the “very important” communication between alice and bob will be a repeating ICMP ping. So login to ‘alice’ (via the console, not the network) and leave the following command running forever

# ping bob PING bob.test.berrange.com (192.168.122.22) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from bob.test.berrange.com (192.168.122.22): icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.790 ms 64 bytes from bob.test.berrange.com (192.168.122.22): icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.933 ms 64 bytes from bob.test.berrange.com (192.168.122.22): icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.854 ms ...

Attacking VMs on a hub

The first thought might be for eve to just run ‘ tcpdump ‘ (again via the console shell, not a network shell):

# tcpdump icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes ...nothing captured...

Fortunately Linux bridge devices act as switches by default, so eve won’t see any traffic flowing between alice and bob . For the sake of completeness though, I should point out that it is possible to make a Linux bridge act as a hub instead of a switch. This can be done as follows:

# brctl setfd 0 # brctl setageing 0

Switching back to the tcpdump session in eve , should now show traffic between alice and bob being captured

10:38:15.644181 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 29, length 64 10:38:15.644620 IP bob.test.berrange.com > alice.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo reply, id 8053, seq 29, length 64 10:38:16.645523 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 30, length 64 10:38:16.645886 IP bob.test.berrange.com > alice.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo reply, id 8053, seq 30, length 64

Attacking VMs on a switch using MAC spoofing

Putting the bridge into ‘hub mode’ was cheating though, so reverse that setting on the host

# brctl setageing 300

Since the switch is clever enough to only send traffic out of the port where it has seen the corresponding MAC address, perhaps eve can impersonate bob by spoofing his MAC address. MAC spoofing is quite straightforward; in the console for eve run

# ifdown eth0 # ifconfig eth0 hw ether 52:54:00:00:00:22 # ifconfig eth0 up # ifconfig eth0 192.168.122.33/24

Now that the interface is up with eve ‘s IP address, but bob ‘s MAC address, the final step is to just poison the host switch’s MAC address/port mapping. A couple of ping packets sent to an invented IP address (so alice / bob don’t see any direct traffic from eve ) suffice todo this

# ping -c 5 192.168.122.44

To see whether eve is now receiving bob ‘s traffic launch tcpdump again in eve ‘s console

# tcpdump icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 11:02:41.981567 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 1493, length 64 11:02:42.981624 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 1494, length 64 11:02:43.981785 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 1495, length 64 ...

The original ‘ping’ session, back in alice ‘s console, should have stopped receiving any replies from bob since all his traffic is being redirected to eve . Occasionally bob ‘s OS might send out some packet on its own accord which re-populates the host bridge’s MAC address/port mapping, causing the ping to start again. eve can trivially re-poison the mapping at any time by sending out further packets of her own.

Attacking VMs on a switch using MAC and IP spoofing

The problem with only using MAC spoofing is that traffic from alice to bob goes into a black hole – the ping packet loss quickly shows alice that something is wrong. To try and address this, eve could also try spoofing bob ‘s IP address, by running:

# ifconfig eth0 192.168.122.22/24

The tcpdump session in eve should now show replies being sent back out, in response to alice ‘s ping requests

# tcpdump icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 11:10:55.797471 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 1986, length 64 11:10:55.797521 IP bob.test.berrange.com > alice.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo reply, id 8053, seq 1986, length 64 11:10:56.798914 IP alice.test.berrange.com > bob.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo request, id 8053, seq 1987, length 64 11:10:56.799031 IP bob.test.berrange.com > alice.test.berrange.com: ICMP echo reply, id 8053, seq 1987, length 64

A alice ‘s ping session will now be receiving replies just as she expects, except that unbeknown to her, the replies are actually being sent by eve not bob .

Protecting VMs against MAC/IP spoofing

So eve can impersonate a ping response from bob , big deal ? What about some real application level protocols like SSH or HTTPS which have security built in. These are no doubt harder to attack, but by no means impossible particularly if you are willing to bet/rely on human/organizational weakness. For MITM attacks like this, the SSH host key fingerprint is critical. How many people actually go to the trouble of checking that the SSH host key matches what it is supposed to be, when first connecting to a new host ? I’d wager very few. Rather more users will question the alert from SSH when a previously known host key changes, but I’d still put money on a non-trivial number ignoring the warning. For HTTPS, the key to avoiding MITM attacks is the x509 certificate authority system. Everyone knows that this is absolutely flawless without any compromised/rogue CA’s ;-P

What can we do about these risks for virtual machines running on the same host ? libvirt provides a reasonably advanced firewall capability in both its KVM and LXC drivers. This capability is built upon the standard Linux ebtables, iptables and ip6tables infrastructure and enables rules to be set per guest TAP device. The example firewall filters that are present out of the box provide a so called “clean traffic” ruleset. Amongst other things, these filters prevent and MAC and IP address spoofing by virtual machines. Enabling this requires a very simple change to the guest domain network interface configuration.

Shutdown alice , bob and eve and then alter their XML configuration (using virsh edit) so that each one now contains the following:

<interface type='network'> (for the VM 'alice') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:11'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-alice"/> <model type='virtio'/> <filterref filter='clean-traffic'> </interface> <interface type='network'> (for the VM 'bob') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:22'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-bob"/> <model type='virtio'/> <filterref filter='clean-traffic'> </interface> <interface type='network'> (for the VM 'eve') <mac address='52:54:00:00:00:33'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='vnic-eve"/> <model type='virtio'/> <filterref filter='clean-traffic'> </interface>

Start the guests again and now try to repeat the previous MAC and IP spoofing attacks from eve . If all is working as intended, it should be impossible for eve to capture any traffic between alice and bob , or disrupt it in any way.

The clean-traffic filter rules are written to require two configuration parameters, the whitelisted MAC address and the whitelisted IP address. The MAC address is inserted by libvirt automatically based on the declared MAC in the XML configuration. For the IP address, libvirt will sniff the DHCPOFFER responses from the DHCP server running on the host to learn the assigned IP address. There is a fairly obvious attack with this, where by someone just runs a rogue DHCP server. It is possible to alter the design of the filter rules so that any rogue DHCP servers are blocked, however, there is one additional problem. Upon migration of guests, the new host needs to learn the IP address, but guests’s don’t re-run DHCP upon migration between it is supposed to be totally seemless. Thus in most cases, when using filters, the host admin will want to explicitly specify the guest’s IP address in the XML

<filterref filter='clean-traffic'> <parameter name='IP' value='192.168.122.33'> </filterref>

There is quite alot more that can be done using libvirt’s guest network filtering capabilities. One idea would be to block outbound SMTP traffic to prevent compromised guests being turned into spambots. In fact almost anything that an administrator might wish todo inside the guest using iptables, could be done in the host using libvirt’s network filtering, to provide additional protection against guest OS compromise.

This will be left as an exercise for the reader…