HBO The Night King on ‘Game of Thrones’ season eight, episode three, ‘The Long Night.’

Warning: Spoilers ahead for HBO’s “Game of Thrones.”

After running out of published material from George R.R. Martin’s book series, “Game of Thrones” showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have been making their own choices for key characters.

Arya killing the Night King is emblematic of how Benioff and Weiss’ adaptation has moved away from Martin’s carefully plotted narratives and closer to their own invented storylines.

The show overtaking the books made the heated, divisive reaction about these final episodes inevitable.

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On Sunday’s episode of “Game of Thrones,” titled “The Long Night,” Arya Stark stabbed the Night King with a Valyrian steel dagger, exploding him into ice-dust and thereby destroying the entire Army of the Dead and every White Walker.

And with that action, a schism erupted in the “Game of Thrones” fandom, uncovering a mess of emotions about HBO’s adaptation of George R.R. Martin’s “A Song of Ice and Fire” series.

When you start scratching the surface of how Arya came to that moment in the godswood, and how “Game of Thrones” as a whole has come to its final season, it’s clear why the backlash was inevitable, no matter what choice the show made.

The show started as a true adaptation of George R.R. Martin’s ‘A Song of Ice and Fire’

HBO Arya Stark and her father, Ned, on season one of ‘Game of Thrones.’

“Game of Thrones” is an adaptation of a fantasy book series by George R.R. Martin, titled “A Song of Ice and Fire.” Martin began publishing the series in 1996, and has completed only five of the planned seven books.

Martin signed over the rights to his story to David Benioff, D.B. Weiss, and HBO in the mid-2000s. At the time, both Martin and the newly appointed showrunners for “Game of Thrones” believed he would finish his book series well before the TV adaptation caught up to him.

Everyone was wrong.

Around the time of the third season of the show, Benioff and Weiss saw how “Game of Thrones” was closing in on published book series. By the end of the fifth season, they would be virtually out of written material from Martin to help guide their scripts.

Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images George R.R. Martin and showrunner David Benioff in 2010.

So they arranged a meeting with Martin, and he gave them a general outline of his plan for the series’ ending and the fates of each of the main characters.

“Certain things that we learned from George way back in that meeting in Santa Fe are going to happen on the show, but certain things won’t,” Benioff told Time Magazine in 2017. “And there’s certain things where George didn’t know what was going to happen, so we’re going to find them out for the first time too, along with millions of readers when we read those books.”

‘Game of Thrones’ diverged on its own path around the sixth season

Arya Stark killing the Night King was not one of the things Martin told Benioff and Weiss because the Night King doesn’t even exist as a character in his books series. Martin has scarcely shown the White Walkers at all in his published chapters, let alone a White Walker leader.

In HBO’s “The Game Revealed” segment released following Sunday’s battle, Benioff says they decided Arya would kill the Night King around a few years ago.

“For, oh God, I think it’s probably three years or something we’ve known that it was gonna be Arya who delivers that fatal blow,” Benioff said.

Helen Sloan/HBO Maisie Williams as Arya Stark fighting at the Battle of Winterfell on season eight, episode three, ‘The Long Night.’

Not knowing precisely when that interview was filmed, we approximate that the decision was made around 2016 when the sixth season of “Game of Thrones” was in production. The sixth season also happened to be the point at which the series truly started striking out on a narrative that diverged from Martin’s book series.

Jon Snow’s resurrection was likely told to Benioff and Weiss by Martin (since the impermanence of his death had been foreshadowed heavily within the text), but the books have staged Stannis as the one who will fight Ramsay Bolton’s forces – not Jon and Sansa.

Another major season six moment Benioff and Weiss invented was Cersei blowing up the Sept of Baelor and wiping out a handful of major characters, namely almost all of House Tyrell. After that episode aired, Weiss seemed to indicate how Cersei’s storyline was born from both a need to push her character forward and use plot devices they had already worked into the show from earlier seasons.

HBO In the books, Cersei only just finished her Walk of Atonement.

“At this point in the story, we’re trying to kind of play with the pieces that we’ve got on the board,” Weiss said for HBO’s “Inside the Episode” video. “The wildfire was something we had on the board.”

The wildfire was included on both seasons two and three, for the Battle of Blackwater and then mentioned again by Jaime Lannister during his memorable bathtub monologue to Brienne of Tarth.

Even though Martin had told Benioff and Weiss the broad strokes of where the main cast of characters ends up, he didn’t tell them how they got there. Even Martin, who describes himself as a “gardening” kind of writer, didn’t know the precise pathways for his characters.

So Benioff and Weiss were on their own when it came to charting the way towards the finale, and therefore turned to certain seeds they had planted on earlier seasons. As just explained, they did this for Cersei’s solution to being cornered in King’s Landing.

We can see now how they also turned to earlier pieces of the series to find the forward for Arya Stark.

The selection of Arya and the Valyrian dagger as the final undoing of the Night King

HBO Arya is still in Braavos in the books.

In Martin’s books, Arya is still in Braavos with the Faceless Men. Many book readers believe the story will lead her back to Westeros at some point, but the how and why are unclear.

But the sixth season of “Game of Thrones” was all about Arya breaking from the Faceless Men and deciding to head back to Westeros. Again, by this stage of production, Benioff and Weiss had decided they wanted Arya to kill the Night King, so they clearly needed to start positioning her to do so.

On the sixth season finale, Arya had left Braavos and arrived to Westeros to assassinate Walder Frey. Then Arya’s arc on the seventh season was focused on getting her to Winterfell, reuniting her with the remaining Starks, and giving her the Valyrian steel dagger (more on that in a bit).

Following Sunday’s Battle of Winterfell episode, the two showrunners provided more details about why they picked Arya as the character who would vanquish the Night King.

“We hoped to kind of avoid the expected,” Benioff said in HBO’s “Inside the Episode” segment. “Jon Snow has always been the hero and the one who’s been the saviour, but it just didn’t seem right to us for this moment.”

“We knew it had to be Valyrian steel, to the exact spot where the Child of the Forest put the dragonglass blade to create the Night King,” Benioff continued. “And he’s uncreated by the Valyrian steel.”

In HBO’s other behind-the-scenes video, “The Game Revealed,” Benioff said they had known “for a long, long time” that particular Valyrian dagger would “end the Night King.”

They started planting clues about both Arya and the Valyrian dagger’s destiny with the Night King by the time the seventh season rolled around.

“When Samwell is reading the book about dragonglass, there is a picture of the dagger,” Weiss said in the same “The Game Revealed” video. “It is very possible that the same thing that created the Night King is the thing that was necessary to destroy the Night King. Or maybe it’s Valyrian steel. Figure it out for yourself, I’m not gonna say.”

HBO The Valyrian dagger was seen in one of the Citadel books.

When Sam is reading the book showing the dagger, he says, “The Targaryens used dragonglass to decorate their weapons without even knowing what the First Men used it for.”

Based on the cryptic hint given by Weiss and the line they wrote for Sam during that important page-turning moment, it’s possible the dagger Arya used worked on the Night King only because it was made from both Valyrian steel and dragonglass.

Isaac Hempstead Wright, who plays Bran Stark, also hinted to INSIDER that he was directed to play the moment when Bran hands Arya the dagger as having a loaded significance for the future.

Benioff and Weiss picked 2 key scenes they invented early on the show to ‘retcon’ Arya’s actions

As a way to help spur Arya’s assassination of the Night King and help build the surprise into part of the Battle of Winterfell’s narrative structure, Benioff and Weiss brought Melisandre back into the fold. She served several important purposes for the episode, including bringing the full might of the Lord of Light’s fire-powers against the threat of darkness presented by the Night King and his army.

Helen Sloan/HBO Melisandre and Arya Stark on ‘Game of Thrones’ season eight, episode three, ‘The Long Night.’

But most of all, Melisandre is one of those “pieces” Benioff and Weiss knew they had on the board, and it helps that she has a bit of prophetic power already baked into her character as written by Martin.

Melisandre was able to give Arya (and therefore the audience) a reminder of two important moments from earlier on the series. First, Melisandre repeated the premonition she told Arya back on season three.

“I see a darkness in you,” Melisandre said. “And in that darkness, eyes staring back at me. Brown eyes, blue eyes, green eyes, eyes you’ll shut forever. We will meet again.”

Melisandre and Arya never meet in the books, so this scene stood out to fans of Martin’s novels when it first aired in 2013. The added mention by Melisandre that she’d meet Arya again left people curious, but the comment about her “shutting eyes forever” seemed to be a simple nod to her future deadly endeavours as a Faceless Man.

HBO Melisandre’s scene with Arya on season three.

Benioff and Weiss changed up the order of the eye colour when Melisandre repeated this line to Arya on Sunday’s “The Long Night” episode. They put “blue eyes” at the end so Melisandre would be able to clearly spur Arya onto her assassination side-mission.

To really hammer in the point, Benioff and Weiss pulled another trick from their pile of pieces on the board. Back on season five, they brought one of Martin’s book moments to life when Melisandre spooked Jon Snow by saying Ygritte’s iconic words to him: “You know nothing, Jon Snow.”

And so Melisandre repeated a line from way back on the first season, one told to Arya by her first teacher in combat, Syrio Forel. “What do we say to the God of Death?”

“Not today,” Arya replied, just as she had on season one.

HBO Arya and Syrio’s ‘not today’ lines don’t happen in Martin’s books.

Both of these moments shouldn’t be called foreshadowing, because Benioff and Weiss had no idea Arya would kill the Night King when they wrote them into seasons one and three. Instead, they’re examples of retcons.

A retcon, or “retroactive continuity,” is what happens when writers introduce a new piece of information which gives past events new context. The way Benioff and Weiss retconned Arya’s story line to fit in with the Night King’s death was successful in a way many retcons often aren’t.

In Martin’s books, Arya is indeed steeped in death and destruction. Above most of the other Stark children, Arya is the one who experiences the brutalities of war and torture and death firsthand while she’s travelling in Westeros. And she does indeed go to Braavos and begin her training in the arts of effective assassination.

Pivoting her established narrative of death and vengeance into a mini arc that led her to kill the Night King was a crafty move by Benioff and Weiss when the walls of the adaptation process were closing in on them.

By choosing Arya’s ‘not today’ scene as the key callback, Benioff and Weiss were hearkening back to the core of their adaptation process

Jamie McCarthy / Getty Images D.B. Weiss and David benioff at a ‘Game of Thrones’ premiere.

Back in 2012 after the second season aired, HBO published a book called “Inside Game of Thrones” written by cowriter and executive producer Bryan Cogman. He interviewed Benioff and Weiss for an opening section of the book and asked them about which scenes or lines of dialogue they were “most proud of writing.”

“The bit where Syrio tells Arya about his beliefs,” Benioff replied. “‘There is only one god. His name is Death. And there is only one thing we say to Death. Not today.'”

Martin’s books include many teaching moments between Arya and Syrio, but the scene as it appears on season one of “Game of Thrones” was a mix of Martin’s characterization of Syrio and newly invented dialogue.

“That scene perfectly showcases the collaborative process on ‘Game of Thrones,'” Benioff said. “George [R.R. Martin], of course, invented both Arya and Syrio. We originally didn’t plan to have this particular Arya-Syrio scene in the episode, but [episode 106 cowriter] Jane Espenson convinced us it was a good idea. Dan took Jane’s original scene and reconfigured it. I came up with those lines about Death.”

HBO The moment when Arya first heard the words ‘not today.’

Syrio gave this lesson to Arya the day after Jaime Lannister attacked Ned Stark and his men in the streets of King’s Landing. She’s shaken and scared, and unable to focus on her sword fighting. She fights back tears as Syrio teaches her that bravery and mindfulness, particularly in the face of terror, is the only way to survive.

Benioff and Weiss choosing this scene as the groundwork for the death of the Night King makes sense because it was a distillation of their entire experience adapting Martin’s work. They had chosen to adapt an intricate, dense, foreshadow-laden book series that wasn’t finished yet. Part of that adaptation process was always going to include a cutting down of characters and scenes and narrative development in order to tell the complicated story to a television audience.

In the written forward for the “Inside Game of Thrones” book, Martin says his series was “absolutely unfilmable, of course.” But Benioff and Weiss wanted to try, and HBO gave them as much monetary support as possible over the years to make the unthinkable happen.

“The two madmen were undeterred,” Martin said. “They loved the story and were convinced that they could bring it to the screen. So I let them try. Best call I ever made.”

The final season of ‘Game of Thrones’ was always doomed to divisiveness

HBO Melisandre, Sandor Clegane, and Arya Stark on ‘Game of Thrones’ season eight, episode three, ‘The Long Night.’

A major part of the backlash to Sunday’s episode, “The Long Night,” stems from a faction of the fandom which has been heavily invested in Martin’s book series for 10 years or longer. The chosen ending of the “Great War,” as characters on the show have called it, against the White Walkers was baffling to people who have poured over Martin’s texts and followed the breadcrumbs of prophecy which pointed to Jon Snow or Daenerys Targaryen.

Benioff and Weiss wrote “The Long Night,” which contained very little dialogue and was much more of an action and horror-driven episode. But it also closed the door on many, many storylines that began in Martin’s books.

Melisandre’s belief in a prophesied hero, called Azor Ahai or The Prince That Was Promised, turned out to be less of a single saviour and more of a team effort. Arya alone doesn’t fit all the established markings of the hero, and it’s because she’s likely not going to be the one who deals the death blow to the White Walkers in Martin’s books.

Helen Sloan/HBO Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow each played a role in the fight against the Night King.

Which is precisely the problem. We don’t know where Martin was heading with the prophecy because he hasn’t finished his story yet.

For two earlier season twists which hadn’t happened yet in the books, the burning of Shireen Baratheon and Hodor’s death, Benioff and Weiss spoke openly about how Martin had told them these two events were planned. But for the final season, the “Game of Thrones” showrunners are keeping their lips sealed about which parts of the ending were transcripted by Martin and which things they crafted on their own.

“So one thing we’ve talked to George [R.R. Martin] about is that we’re not going to tell people what the differences are,” Benioff told Entertainment Weekly ahead of the final season. “So when those books come out people can experience them fresh.”

This means fans are left to devour each other, debating about the narrative arcs presented on “Game of Thrones” and whether or not it’s true to Martin’s story we watched play out for the first several seasons when the show was closely adapting his novels.

The problem with retcons is they feel like a cheaper version of true foreshadowing and planned storytelling

This all brings us to Arya and the Night King.

Benioff and Weiss were cornered into finding solutions for character arcs once the show overtook Martin’s books, a scenario nobody wanted to happen nor ever thought would – until it did.

Fans searching for answers among the shattered pile of glass that was once the White Walkers are only finding misery. Benioff and Weiss looked at the pieces they had on the board, and made their choice to “avoid the expected.” Fans had expectations rooted in decades of theory crafting and analysis of Martin’s work, and feel as if all those layers of true foreshadowing were tossed out the window in favour of retconning new meaning into Arya’s story.

HBO Arya’s skills with weapons have been embedded in the show since the start.

Arya Stark, the once-servant of Death and student of killers, defeating the personification of Death is poetic. Of all the players left in the game, she had the most skill and training for a one-on-one fight against the inhuman Night King.

Benioff and Weiss telegraphed in her ability for a silent attack both during the episode itself with the library scene, and earlier on the season when she snuck up on Jon Snow in the godswood. They also repeated her dagger-flip move from the season seven training session she had with Brienne.

Regardless of how incredible this moment is for Arya’s arc, and for the story as a whole, fans, especially book readers, were inevitably going to tear into the choice because Benioff and Weiss themselves admit it wasn’t part of the foundations for the story in the beginning.

HBO The Night King is dead, and many fan theories went down with him.

Retcons, even ones pulled off as successfully as Arya’s “not today” moment, will always feel like a cheaper version of true foreshadowing and planned storytelling. Especially for a series with record-breaking viewership, budget, and global excitement. But it was impossible for Benioff and Weiss to ever truly foreshadow an ending they didn’t know at the time.

This is not how “Game of Thrones” was supposed to end. It’s not what Martin wanted, HBO wanted, Benioff and Weiss wanted, or what fans wanted. People thought they’d read the final book of “A Song of Ice and Fire,” and then tune in to see the awe and emotion and spectacle brought to life in a TV adaptation.

That’s not what we’re getting, and with three episodes left of the final season of “Game of Thrones,” the reckoning of this reality is only just beginning.



For more “Game of Thrones” insights and analysis on all the best moments in the series, preorder the “The Unofficial Guide to ‘Game of Thrones'” now.



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