1 Raghavan, V., Developmental Biology of Fern Gametophytes, Cambridge: University Press, 1989.

2 Menéndez, V., Arbesu, R., Somer, M., Revilla, A., and Fernández, H., From spore to sporophyte: how to proceed in vitro, in Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications, Fernandez, H., Kumar, A., and Revilla, A., Eds., New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7162-3_7

3 Banks, J.A., Gametophyte development in ferns, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 1999, vol. 50, pp. 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.163

4 Kosakivska, I.V., Babenko, L.M., Shcherbatiuk, M.M., Vedenicheva, N.P., Voytenko, L.V., and Vasyuk, V.A., Phytohormones during growth and development of Polypodiophyta, Adv.Biol. Earth Sci., 2016, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26–44.

5 Cheng, Y. and Zhao, Y., A role for auxin in flower development, J. Integr. Plant Biol., 2007, vol. 49, pp. 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1672-9072.2007.00412.x

6 Korasick, D.A., Enders, T.A., and Strader, L.C., Auxin biosynthesis and storage forms, J. Exp. Bot., 2013, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 2541–2555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert080

7 Ludwig-Muller, J., Auxin conjugates: their role for plant development and in the evolution of land plants, J. Exp. Bot., 2011, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1757–1773. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq412

8 Mano, Y. and Nemoto, K., The pathway of auxin bio synthesis in plants, J. Exp. Bot., 2012, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 2853–2872. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers091

9 Teale, W.D., Paponov, I.A., and Palme, K., Auxin in action: signalling, transport and the control of plant growth and development, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2006, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2020

10 Gantait, S., Sinniah, U.R., Ali, M.N., and Sahu, N.C., Gibberellins —a multifaceted hormone in plant growth regulatory network, Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 2015, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 406–412. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203716666150330125439

11 Wybouw, B. and De Rybel, B., Cytokinin, a developing story, Trends Plant Sci., 2019, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.012

12 Vishwakarma, K., Upadhyay, N., Kumar, N., Yadav, G., Singh, J., Mishra, R., Kumar, V., Verma, R., Upadhyay, R.G., Pandey, M., and Sharma, S., Abscisic acid signaling and abiotic stress tolerance in plants: a review on current knowledge and future prospects, Front. Plant Sci., 2017, vol. 8, pp. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00161

13 Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., and Steber, C., Molecular aspects of seed dormancy, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2008, vol. 59, pp. 387–415. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740

14 Harris, J., Abscisic acid: hidden architect of root system structure, Plants, 2015, vol. 4, pp. 548–572. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030548

15 Rasool, R., Kamili, A., Masood, A., Ganai, B., and Akbar, S., Synergistic effect of auxins and cytokinins on propagation of Artemisia amygdalina (Asteraceae), a critically endangered plant of Kashmir, Pak. J. Bot., 2013, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 629–634.

16 Zia, M., Riaz-ur-Rehman, and Chaudhary, M.F., Hormonal regulation for callogenesis and organogenesis of Artemisia absinthium L., Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2007, vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 1874–1878.

17 Albaum, H.G., Inhibitions due to growth hormones in fern Prothallium,Am. J. Bot., 1938, vol. 25, pp. 124–133.

18 Atallah, N.M. and Banks, J.A., Reproduction and the pheromonal regulation of sex type in fern gametophytes, Front. Plant Sci., 2015, vol. 6, pp. 100–107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00100

19 Yamane, H., Fern antheridiogens, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1998, vol. 184, pp. 1–32.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696

20 Tanaka, J., Yano, K., Aya, K., Hirano, K., Takehara, S., Koketsu, E., Ordonio, R.L., Park, S.H., Nakajima, M., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., and Matsuoka, M., Antheridiogen determines sex in ferns via a spatiotemporally split gibberellin synthesis pathway, Science, 2014, vol. 346, no. 6208, pp. 469–473. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259923

21 Chiou, W.L. and Farrar, D.R., Antheridiogen production and response in Polypodiaceae species, Am. J. Bot., 1997, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 633–640.https://doi.org/10.2307/2445900

22 Furber, M., Kraft-Klaunzer, P., Mander, L.N., Pour, M., Yamane, H., Yamauchi, T., and Murofushi, N., Synthesis and structure determination of gibberellins derived antheridiogens from fern gametophytes of the Lygodium genus, Austr. J. Chem., 1995, vol. 48, pp. 427–444.https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9950427

23 Furber, M., Lewis, N., and Graham, L.P., New synthesis pathways from gibberellins to antheridiogens isolated from tree fern genus, Anemia,J. Org. Chem., 1990, vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 4860–4870.

24 Korpelainen, H., Labile sex expression in plants, Biol. Rev., 1998, vol. 73, pp. 157–180.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00028.x

25 Menéndez, V., Abul, Y., Bohanec, B., Lafont, F., and Fernández, H., The effect of exogenous and endogenous phytohormones on the in vitro development of gametophyte and sporophyte in Asplenium nidus L., Acta Physiol. Plant., 2011, vol. 33, pp. 2493–2500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0794-9

26 Menéndez, V., Villacorta, N.F., Revilla, M.A., Gotor, V., Bernard, P., and Fernandez, H., Exogenous and endogenous growth regulators on apogamy in Dryopteris affnis (Lowe) Frasser-Jenkins, Plant Cell Rep., 2006, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0041-1

27 Menéndez, V., Revilla, M.A., Bernard, P., Gotor, V., and Fernandez, H., Gibberellins and antheridiogen on sex in Blechnum spicant L., Plant Cell Rep., 2006, vol. 25, pp. 1104–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0149-y

28 Menéndez, V., Revilla, M.A., Fal, M.A., and Fernández, H., The effect of cytokinins on growth and sexual organ development in the gametophyte of Blechnum spicant L., Plant Cell Tiss. Organ. Cult., 2009, vol. 96, pp. 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-008-9481-y

29 Cheng, C.Y. and Schraudolf, H., Nachweis von abscisinsaure in sporen und jungen Prothallien von Anemia phyllitidis L. Sw., Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 1974, vol. 71, pp. 366–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-328

30 Bürcky, K., Das Vorkommen von Abscisin saure in Anemia phyllitidis L. Sw. (Schizaeaceae) wahrencl cler Sporenreifung, Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 1977, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 181–183.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-328X(77)80294-8

31 Hickok, L.G., Abscisic acid resistant mutants in the fern Ceratopteris: characterization and genetic analysis, Can. J. Bot., 1985, vol. 63, pp.1582–1585.https://doi.org/10.1139/b85-220

32 Warne, T.R. and Hickok, L.G., Control of sexual development in gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii: antheridiogen and abscisic acid, Bot. Gaz., 1991, vol. 152, pp. 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1086/337874

33 Hickok, L.G., Abscisic acid blocks antheridiogen induced antheridium formation in gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris, Can. J. Bot., 1983, vol. 61, pp. 888–892.https://doi.org/10.1139/b83-098

34 Voytenko, L.V. and Kosakivska, I.V., Peculiarities of the accumulation and distribution of indole-3-acetic and abscisic acids in the organs of sporophyte of wild fern Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth. at different phenological phases of development, Dopov. Natl. Acad. Sci. Ukr., 2017, vol. 12, pp. 112–118. https://doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2017.12.112

35 Babenko, L.M., Romanenko, K.O., Shcherbatiuk, M.M., Vasheka, O.V., Romanenko, P.O., Negretsky, V.A., and Kosakivska, I.V., Effects of exogenous phytohormones on spore germination and morphogenesis of Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth gametophyte in vitro culture, Cytol. Genet., 2018, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 117–126.https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718020032

36 Dobrev, P.I. and Vankova, R., Quantification of abscisic acid, cytokinin, and auxin content in salt-stressed plant tissues, in Plant Salt Tolerance. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), Shabala, S. and Cuin, T., Eds., Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2012, vol. 913, pp. 2251–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_17

37 Kiran, N.S., Benkova, E., Rekova, A., Dubova, J., Malbeck, J., Palme, K., and Brzobohaty, B., Retargeting a maize -glucosidase to the vacuole-evidence from intact plants that zeatin-O-glucoside is stored in the vacuole, Phytochemistry, 2012, vol. 79, pp. 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.03.012

38 Sassi, M. and Vernoux, T., Auxin and self-organization at the shoot apical meristem, J. Exp. Bot., 2013, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 2579–2592. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert101

39 Simm, S., Scharf, K.-D., Jegadeesan, S., Chiusano, M.L., Firon, N., and Schleiff, E., Survey of genes involved in biosynthesis, transport, and signaling of phytohormones with focus on Solanum lycopersicum,Bioinform. Biol. Insights, 2016, vol. 10, pp. 185–207. https://doi.org/10.4137/BBI.S38425

40 Valledor, L., Menendez, V., Canal, M.J., Revilla, A., and Fernandez, H., Proteomic approaches to sexual development mediated by antheridiogen in the fern Blechnum spicant L., Proteomics, 2014, vol. 14, nos. 17–18, pp. 2061–2071. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201300166

41 Kazmerczak, A., Ethylene is a positive regulation for GA 3 -induced male sex in Anemia phyllitidis gametophytes, Plant Cell Rep., 2003, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 295–302.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-007-0143-4

42 Banks, J.A., Mutations affecting the sexual phenotype of the Ceratopteris richardii gametophyte, J. Cell Biochem., 1993, suppl. 17 B, pp. 13–26.

43 Nakanishi, K., Endo, M., Naef, U., and Johnson, L.F., Structure of the antheridium-inducing factor of the fern Anemia phyllitidis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, vol. 93, no. 21, pp. 5579–5581.https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00750a047

44 Schafer, M., Brutting, C., Meza-Canales, I.D., Grokinsky, D.K., Vankova, R., Baldwin, I.T., and Meldau, S., The role of cis-zeatin-type cytokinins in plant growth regulation and mediating responses to environmental interactions, J. Exp. Bot., 2015, vol. 66, no. 16, pp. 4873–4884.https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv214

45 Schaller, G.E., Street, I.H., and Kieber, J.J., Cytokinin and the cell cycle, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2014, vol. 21, pp. 7–15.

46 Letham, D.S., Cytokinins as phytohormones—sites of biosynthesis, translocation and function of translocated cytokinin, in Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity and Function, Mok, D.W.S. and Mok, M.C., Eds., Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1994, pp. 57–80.

47 Nakazawa, S., Morphogenesis of the fern protonema. II. Modification of the apical differentiation in Dryopteris affected by IAA, Protoplasma, 1959, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–4.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02665680

48 Kwa, S.H., Wee, Y.C., Lim, T.M., and Kumar, P.P., Morphogenetic plasticity of callus reinitiated from cell suspension cultures of the fern Platycerium coronarium, Plant Cell Tissue Organ. Cult., 1997, vol. 48, pp. 37–44.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005756822370

49 Chia, S.G.E. and Raghavan, V., Abscisic acid effects on spore germination and protonemal growth in the fern Mohria caffrorum, New Phytol., 1982, vol. 92, pp. 31–37.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03360.x

50 Bonomo, M.C., Martinez, O.G., Tanco, M.E., Cardozo, R., and Aviles, Z., Spores germination and gametophytes of Alsophila odonelliana (Cyatheaceae) in different sterile media, Phyton (Buenos Aires), 2013, vol. 82, pp. 119–126.

51 Greer, G.K., Dietrich, M.A., DeVol, J.A., and Rebert, A., The effects of exogenous cytokinin on the morphology and gender expression of Osmunda regalis gametophytes, Am. Fern J., 2012, vol. 102, pp. 32–46.https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-102.1.32

52 Spiro, M.D., Torabi, B., and Cornell, C.N., Cytokinins induce photomorphogenic development in dark grown gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii,Plant Cell Physiol., 2004, vol. 45, pp. 1252–1260. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch146