A soon-to-be-released study reconfirms deep agrarian crisis showing stagnancy in farm income in most states

NITI Aayog is conducting a study to assess farmers’ income. For the first time, year-on-year growth in farmers’ income is being assessed. According to the initial findings of the study, which is yet to be released, the growth rate of farmers’ income on real price (which adjusts inflation) is 3.8 per cent per year. At this rate, the Modi government’s target of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 will not be met. It will take at least 25 years from now to achieve it.

When it comes to market price, growth rate of farmers’ income was a whopping 11 per cent per year, according to the ongoing study.

There is no separate comprehensive study available with the government that measures yearly growth of farmers’ income. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)—a government agency—conducts decadal study on farmers’ income.

Method of farm income calculation questionable

The NITI Aayog’s assessment, which was made for the period of 2011 and 2016, has only factored in cultivation, livestock and fisheries to measure growth, and excluded the contribution of forestry towards farm income. This is where the lacuna lies. This method of calculation puts the income growth of agricultural households of Himachal Pradesh in the negative and reduces the rate of income growth of other two states—Kerala and Uttarakhand—to 1.6 per cent. Non-inclusion of income from forestry makes the calculation flawed as farm income in these three states is heavily dependent on forestry.

However, in most of the other states, forestry has a nominal contribution to farm income. Hence, in those states, if income from forestry is taken into account, the rate of income growth will be further reduced.

The formula adopted for measuring rate of growth is net domestic product (NDP) minus labour wage (hired) divided by number of cultivations as per 2011 census. Experts believe that as number of cultivations is decreasing each year, it will translate into a higher income growth.

Performance of states

The states such as Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Gujarat, which are reeling under agrarian crisis, have been experiencing lowest income growth rate. These are the states where the rate of farmer suicides is reportedly very high.

Income growth in Maharashtra’s agricultural households is almost stagnant at 0.7 per cent. The rate of growth in Punjab and Haryana is 1.2 per cent and 1.6 per cent, respectively. Faring marginally better is Karnataka (2 per cent) and Gujarat (2.2 per cent).

States Income growth rate (Market price) Income growth rate (Real price) Himachal Pradesh 4.5 -2 Maharashtra 8 0.7 Punjab 7.5 1.2 Haryana 8.3 1.6 Uttarakhand 4.3 1.6 Kerala 5 1.6 Karnataka 9.5 2 Bihar 9.3 2.1 Gujarat 9 2.2 Uttar Pradesh 10 3.8 Telangana 12 4 West Bengal 12 5 Odisha 15 7.7 Andhra Pradesh 17 9 Tripura 21 13 Madhya Pradesh 23.7 16.5 India 11 3.8



According to the study, Madhya Pradesh has been annually growing by over 16.5 per cent, the highest among all the states. Ironically, the state has been witnessing several farmer protests in the last few years demanding fair price for the produce and farm loan waiver.

In 2016, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi vowed to double the income of farmers by 2022, no one knew the exact income of farmers. Till then, the only reference point was the NSSO report on income of agricultural households of 2012-13 that pegged the average household income to Rs 6,426 per month.

Last week NABARD released its report which assessed rise in farmers’ income by 39 per cent in the last three years.

Issues with the NABARD Report on farmers’ income

Critics are sceptical of such a phenomenal growth in income in just three years.

Harsh Kumar Bhanwala, chairman of NABARD, states in the foreword that the study measured income from NSSO study of 2012 and also shared its findings with NITI Aayog, Finance Ministry and Reserve Bank of India. However, the same report also says that the estimates are “not strictly comparable with other survey estimates available due to differences in concepts and definitions”.

“The NABARD study is aimed at reaping political benefit instead of ensuring that farmers are benefitted,” says Abhishek Joshi, a farmer activist based in Delhi.

After analysing recent report of NABARD in comparison to NSSO, income from agricultural activities like cultivation and animal husbandry are almost static. The rise in income has been observed only from non-farm enterprise and wages. (See table)

Wage/salary (In Rs/month) Cultivation (In Rs/month) Livestock (In Rs/month) Non-farm enterprise (In Rs/month) NSSO (2012-13) 2071 3081 763 512 NABARD (2015-16) 3025 3140 711 1566

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