Author, Article and Disclosure Information

Disclaimer: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Kate Sheals and Victoria Nelson for their help with data collection and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewers for providing a thorough review of the manuscript.

Financial Support: This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (grant C27061/A16929, with additional funding from grants C1417/A14135 and C36048/A11654). Dr. Brown's post is funded by a fellowship from the Society for the Study of Addiction, and Cancer Research UK also provides support (grants C1417/A7972 and C44576/A19501). Drs. McNeill and West are part of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, which is a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration is gratefully acknowledged (grant MR/K023195/1). Dr. Goniewicz was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (awards R01DA037446 and P30 CA016056, respectively) and by an award from Roswell Park Alliance Foundation.

Disclosures: Dr. Shahab reports grants from Cancer Research UK during the conduct of the study and grants from Pfizer (unrestricted research funding to study smoking cessation) and personal fees from Atlantis Health Care outside of the submitted work. Dr. Goniewicz reports grants from Pfizer (2011 GRAND [Global Research Awards for Nicotine Dependence] recipient) and personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (as a member of the advisory board) outside the submitted work. Dr. Brown reports grants (unrestricted research funding to study smoking cessation) from Pfizer outside the submitted work. Dr. West reports grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support (that is, research grants, consultancy, travel, and hospitality) from Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and GlaxoSmithKline outside the submitted work; in addition, Dr. West's salary is funded by Cancer Research UK and he is an advisor to the UK National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training. Authors not named here have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Disclosures can also be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M16-1107.

Editors' Disclosures: Christine Laine, MD, MPH, Editor in Chief, reports that she has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Darren B. Taichman, MD, PhD, Executive Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy Editor, reports that she has no relationships or interests to disclose. Deborah Cotton, MD, MPH, Deputy Editor, reports that she has no financial relationships or interest to disclose. Jaya K. Rao, MD, MHS, Deputy Editor, reports that she has stock holdings/options in Eli Lilly and Pfizer. Sankey V. Williams, MD, Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Catharine B. Stack, PhD, MS, Deputy Editor for Statistics, reports that she has stock holdings in Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson.

Reproducible Research Statement:Study protocol: Not available. Statistical code and data set: Available from Dr. Shahab (e-mail, [email protected]).

Corresponding Author: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; e-mail, [email protected].

Current Author Addresses: Drs. Shahab and West: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.

Dr. Goniewicz: Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263.

Drs. Blount, Alwis, Feng, and Wang: Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341.

Dr. Brown: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Street, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.

Dr. McNeill: Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz, J. Brown, A. McNeill, R. West.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz, B.C. Blount, J. Brown, J. Feng, L. Wang, R. West.

Drafting of the article: L. Shahab, B.C. Blount, A. McNeill, K.U. Alwis, R. West.

Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz, B.C. Blount, J. Brown, A. McNeill, R. West.

Final approval of the article: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz, B.C. Blount, J. Brown, A. McNeill, R. West.

Statistical expertise: L. Shahab.

Obtaining of funding: L. Shahab, B.C. Blount, J. Brown.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz.

Collection and assembly of data: L. Shahab, M.L. Goniewicz, B.C. Blount, J. Feng.