WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The massive fines paid by Volkswagen AG VOWG_p.DE and criminal indictment of seven executives are a "very strong deterrent" to cheating by other automakers, a senior career Environmental Protection Agency official said on Wednesday.

A Volkswagen logo is seen at a dealership in Seoul, South Korea, August 2, 2016. REUTERS/Kim Hong-Ji/File Photo

Christopher Grundler, director of EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality, told reporters after remarks to a meeting of automotive engineers in Washington that the penalties have had a big impact.

“It gets everybody’s attention,” he said.

Asked if EPA under President Donald Trump could reverse the Obama administration’s decision to finalize the 2022-2025 vehicle greenhouse gas emissions limits in its final days, Grundler noted that EPA nominee Scott Pruitt told a Senate panel earlier this month he would review the decision.

“We will be prepared to brief him and his team on the work we did,” Grundler said, noting that a new EPA administrator can revisit a regulation but must follow the same process.

The German automaker earlier this month agreed to plead guilty and pay $4.3 billion in U.S. civil and criminal fines to resolve its diesel emissions scandal. In total, VW has now agreed to spend up to $22 billion in the United States to address claims from owners, environmental regulators, U.S. states and dealers.

VW admitted in September 2015 to installing secret software in hundreds of thousands of U.S. diesel cars to cheat exhaust emissions tests and make them appear cleaner than they were on the road, and that as many as 11 million vehicles could have similar software installed worldwide.

Grundler said aggressive enforcement is key to automakers complying with emission rules.

“Without a broad expectation of accountability, we know the inevitable result will be a race to the bottom -- to whatever level is the lack of EPA oversight will allow,” Grundler said in his remarks.

“We aim with our enforcement to make sure the cost of non-compliance is always much higher than the cost of complying with our laws.”

One lesson EPA learned from Volkswagen is “we need to avoid being too predictable in our compliance oversight,” he said.

EPA launched a new round of real-world compliance testing in September 2015 after VW, which prompted its findings that Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV FCHA.MI were illegally using hidden software to allow excess diesel emissions to go undetected.

Fiat Chrysler has denied wrongdoing.

Grundler said the EPA plans to post publicly more non-business confidential information on vehicle testing, including emissions recalls and defect reports to boost transparency.

He added that EPA wants vehicles to perform the same in the laboratory as on the road. “We want to discourage manufacturers from simply designing to the tests,” Grundler said.