Facebook Inc. disclosed it gave dozens of companies special access to user data, detailing for the first time a spate of deals that contrasted with the social network’s previous public statements that it restricted personal information to outsiders in 2015.

The deals with app developers, device and software makers—described in a 747 page document released to Congress late on Friday—represent Facebook’s most granular explanation of exemptions that previously had been revealed by The Wall Street Journal and other news organizations.

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