When the economic crisis erupted in 2008, many Europeans assumed they were facing a couple of bad years. But the crisis, now in its fifth year, seems to go on and on, using up unemployment benefits, eating through savings accounts and dashing dreams of an easy retirement. Over the past year, the countries hit hardest by the crisis — Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland — have struggled to bring down their debts. They have raised taxes, laid off workers, reduced services and have begun charging for medical care that had been free for decades. Each country had its own formula. But they were joined in the misery of trying to make do on less — and then even less. No amount of cutting seemed to be enough. Businesses continued to fail at a rapid pace. Even many of those Europeans who thought they were safe lost their jobs. Those who had work saw their salaries reduced. Parents watched their children fly off to other countries looking for employment — or welcomed them back into their childhood rooms because they were losing their homes to foreclosure.

Spain

More Coverage Spain Recoils as Its Hungry Forage Trash Bins for a Next Meal



Wave of Evictions Leads to Homeless Crisis in Spain



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Spain abandoned housing projects, where rotted, waist-high weeds sprouted from cracks in the sidewalks. Soup kitchens strained to feed all who arrived. A growing number of people have turned to scavenging outside supermarkets and wholesale food distribution centers looking for edible throwaways. One Spanish town, Girona, found the practice such a health risk that it issued an ordinance to lock the city’s garbage bins. Spain continued to wrestle with the collapse of its housing boom. Its banks tried yet again to get a handle on their true loses, and the government worked to negotiate a bailout for them. But even that brought bad news. The European Commission approved a payment of $49 billion to four Spanish banks, but only on the condition that they lay off thousands of employees and close offices as part of their restructuring, a move that only contributed to a growing unemployment rate. Spain’s regional and municipal governments continued to struggle with their own debts, making relationships with the central government tense. One of Spain’s richest provinces, Catalonia, began threatening a referendum on independence, which many see as a way of pressuring Madrid to give the region back more of the money it earns.

Portugal

More Coverage Austerity Protests Are Rude Awakening in Portugal

For a time, Portugal was seen as a role model in the grinding crisis. In return for an international bailout, its government cut services and raised taxes while its citizens patiently endured the hardships. But that ended in 2012, when the government appeared to make one demand too many. After Prime Minister Passos Coelho offered a plan to shift the burden of social security payments from employers to workers, tens of thousands took to the streets. Although the measure was meant to lower labor costs, the protest from workers was so ferocious that Mr. Coelho was soon forced to withdraw it. In Spain, it was the pain of hundreds of thousands of mortgage holders that often made headlines. Some committed suicide as the police arrived to move them out.

Greece

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In Greece, it was another year of often violent demonstrations as a new government was elected and a fragile coalition worked to satisfy the requirements of the nation’s creditors, who pressed relentlessly for more cuts. Greece once had an extensive public health care system that ensured near-universal coverage. But reducing costs yet again, public hospitals instituted new fees and co-payments that many poor and unemployed residents could not afford. At the same time, several drug companies, tired of not getting paid, stopped supplying some of their drugs to the country’s hospitals. Many cancer patients could not afford the expensive drugs they needed. Meanwhile, with Greece’s unemployment rate hitting 25 percent, and exceeding 50 percent for young people, social tensions were on the rise — between generations, public and private-sector workers, and the haves and have-nots. Illegal immigrants, blamed for taking jobs, became the target of attacks, particularly by members of an extreme right-wing group, Golden Dawn. Those attacks only fed the popularity of the party, which was seated in Parliament for the first time.

Ireland

More Coverage Not Worth the Paper It’s Built On



In Ruined Apartments, a Symbol of Ireland’s Fall

Ireland continued to struggle, too. The proportion of households without a working adult was the among highest in the European Union, and yet the government, under pressure from its creditors, undertook a series of cuts that reduced aid to the poorest, including child support payments. At the same time it increased property taxes. Hunger became an issue in several countries. In Greece, the government passed a law allowing supermarkets to sell expired food at discounted prices, while in Portugal and Spain soup kitchens strained to feed all who arrived. Cutbacks were felt in the schools, too. Some classrooms bulged with 50 or 60 students. Others suffered from a lack of heat and supplies. In Greece, one school district advertised for anyone willing to make donations for textbooks or a copying machine. Protests grew almost everywhere, with many people saying they could take no more.

Latvia