Age of Scale: How Can Blockchain Systems Become Powerful Enough for a Global Audience?

In the history of blockchain to be written in textbooks, 2018 will probably be known as the year of failing at scaling. An outcry for scalable blockchain systems in 2017 led to a number of companies making attempts at solving the problem of scaling and gradually realising that it’s not that simple.

As the year has concluded, ModernToken’s Blockchain Science department presents an overview of known approaches to improving scalability.

How to process cross-shard transactions, since most nodes only keep the state within their shard?

For a node that only keeps state from its shard, how does it know with certainty that the state from other shards is consistent with protocol rules and is immutable (i.e. how do we prevent or process shard reorganizations, in relation to other shards)?

How should the network deal with partitioning?

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