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TL;DR Angular 2 introduces a reinvented change detection system that drops digest cycles in favor of one-way flow. Additionally, change detection can now be controlled and fine-tuned by developers to get the most of the framework's performance.

Introduction to Change Detection

Angular 2 final has been released. You've probably heard about some of the changes due to the major version bump: it's has been completely rewritten, TypeScript was selected as the language of choice, reinvented forms, RxJS, a completely new router, etc. In my opinion, the most valuable thing is the redesign of the core change detection system. As you may remember, the digest loop performance of AngularJS (aka Angular 1) was problematic. Now it's not.

Why Do We Need Change Detection?

Why bother? Generally, the power of modern JavaScript frameworks works something like this: an event changes in the model and forcing a change in the UI. This is change detection, the system that monitors events and acts on them. Something has to trigger this propagation to the view. As mentioned before, in Angular 1 we had digest loops that checked every single reference that was set to be watched for value changes. When Angular found out that everything was stable (no infinite loops, etc.), it propagated changes to the view. Although this was not efficient, it worked for a long time. Also, the problem was tracking asynchronous events. You also probably used $scope.$apply(...) if you worked with Angular 1. To understand why it was needed, let's start from the beginning.

How Javascript works

The JavaScript runtime works on a single threaded engine. You've probably heard about the stack (possibly from other programming languages). Let's take the code below:

console.log('Hey') setTimeout(() => { console.log('Hello from timeout!') }, 1000); console.log('Hi')

We'll see this in a console as:

Hey Hi Hello from timeout!

Moreover, nothing is blocked during the one-second wait period. So how would the JS engine do this with a single thread?

Synchronous code

Let's go step by step. If you have code like this:

console.log('1') console.log('2') console.log('3')

every instruction will be put onto the stack and will run one by one. There's no possibility of seeing 3 before 2 or 1. So we'll end up with the following:

1 2 3

Every time. Everywhere.

Asynchronous code

But let's go back to the timeout:

console.log('1') setTimeout(() => { console.log('2') }, 0) console.log('3')

What happens now? On the stack, we'll have:

console.log setTimeout console.log

The trick here is how setTimeout works and what it really is. Yes, it will be invoked as a normal synchronous action, but all the JS engine does is give the wheel to something else. There's a bunch of browser APIs that aren't part of this single threaded process. And there's a thing called event loop. This event loop goes one by one through the stack instructions, and if it's empty, it then goes to the callback queue. The reference to the setTimeout code is there. Once callback is done, the code will go to the stack.

What does it mean? Two things:

Everything that's inside an asynchronous callback (as in setTimeout ) will be run after any other synchronous code; this is why hacks like setTimeout(() => {}, 0) work.

) will be run after any other synchronous code; this is why hacks like work. We have no way of ensuring 1000ms is exactly 1000ms (but we know it's at least 1000ms).

For complete understanding of event loop and what's going on in the browser, I encourage you to take a look at this Philip Roberts talk.

How Zones Relate to Change Detection

How does all of this relate to Angular and change detection? Tracking objects with synchronous code is fairly easy. However, when it comes to asynchronous code, things get complicated. That's because Angular 1 forced us to use $scope.$apply(...) each time an asynchronous action was made or use the Angular way of doing asynchronous actions: $timeout , $http , and so on. The thing is, if something was made outside of the controller (even a perfectly valid change to the reference object), Angular didn't know about it, so it didn't fire any event to reflect changes to the UI.

On the other hand, we now have Angular 2. It dropped all of the stuff connected to digest cycles and now uses Zones. Zones are able to track the context of asynchronous actions by monkey-patching them (i.e., overwriting them with its own code), which then invokes the desired action but with some additional information attached. This additional information is the context. This way, Angular will know which component the asynchronous action was invoked from.

The big win of this approach is that we can use the browser APIs natively, and Angular will know what's going on without forcing us to manually tell it a change has occured. The drawback is that Zones overwrite asynchronous actions, which is kind of a hacky solution and may affect other (existing) code if we're not relying only on Angular in the app.

But exactly how is Angular notified of the change? Angular uses its own version of the Zone called NgZone , which relays finished asynchronous actions with the onTurnDone event. Angular change detection waits for the event to perform change detection and checks what needs to be updated in the UI. That's the core behavior.

Make Use of Change Detection In Your App

Everything described above is going on under the hood. Equally important is how we can make use of it. Unlike Angular 1, Angular 2 gives us the possibility of controlling the change detection. However, the Angular team claims that even without any performance tweaking, it's 3 to 10 times faster than the previous one, and for most apps this will be fast enough. But it can be much faster. Let's look at an example.

Here's a very typical problem: rendering a list. There's one component containing a list of other components that have some input data. Generally, we have a container with data and a dumb component just for rendering a single list item. Nothing fancy here, just the getter and ngOnChange . What's being done here? ngOnChange reacts on every input change, and the getter adds additional logging each time rowData are fetched. Note that we're not using it anywhere outside of the template.

This means the getter is fired by Angular itself. And guess what happens? We have a single change on the input, but there are hundreds of getter logs over there.

Why is that?

Angular is notified about the change from some component and has to check how that affects the current state, so it checks all the values for the change. Actually, the team says it can make thousands of such checks in milliseconds, but it's still a waste of time and can even harm our big data-driven application.

Immutability

The cool thing about the new change detection system is that now we can tune it. Let's take a break from Angular and consider following code:

const users = [{ name: 'John', age: 27 }, { name: 'Anna', age: 23 }] users.push({ name: 'Max', age: 30 })

The most important thing here is the const declaration. If users is constant, how can we modify it? Well, that's how JavaScript works! The const prevents us from modifying a reference to the particular object in JavaScript. What the push method of Array is really doing is appending another object to the existing array (with no reference change). Let's go on to another very typical example:

const user = { name: 'Max', age: 30 } user.age = 31

The same thing applies. Although we can't modify the whole object to make it be another one (reference change), we still can change part of the object!

This is why the checks we discussed before aren't so good. If you want to check whether the object is the same as it was before, you have to deeply check all of its properties. It's not efficient.

How can we force the object to be a new one with the changed property? It's actually quite easy with the new ECMAScript Object spread properties proposal:

const user = { name: 'Max', age: 30 } const modifiedUser = { ...user, age: 31 }

Change Detection Strategies

The good part about all this is that now we can say to Angular that we know what we're doing. To modify the change detection behavior, we can use the ChangeDetectionStrategy API, which has one very interesting value: OnPush . It makes a component with this strategy applied look at the values inside only when the reference on the input changes or some event has been fired from the component.

Let's add the OnPush strategy to our previous example:

import {ChangeDetectionStrategy, Component, Input} from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'row', template: ` <pre></pre> `, changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush }) export class RowComponent { ... }

You can try it on Plunker and see the difference.

The huge improvement is that there's now only one getter call for one change! We didn't need anything more as our input data are strings that are being changed, so that reference on input changes. The reference for the rest of the components hasn't changed, so Angular doesn't even look at it.

App Structure

How can we build a highly performing app? With Angular 2, it's actually quite easy. As in all of the component frameworks nowadays, you should have dumb and smart components. The dumb components, which are meant only for displaying data from the input or handling user events, are ideal volunteers for having the OnPush strategy. Smart components will sometimes require that you watch for more things than the input and the events, so be careful with setting the OnPush strategy there.

Aside: Authenticate an Angular App with Auth0

By integrating Auth0 in your Angular application, you will be able to manage user identities, including password resets, creating, provisioning, blocking, and deleting users. It requires just a few steps.

Set up an Auth0 application

First, sign up for a free account here. Then, set up an Auth0 application with the following steps:

Go to your Applications section of the Auth0 Dashboard and click the "+ Create Application" button. Name your new app and select "Single Page Web Applications" as the application type. In the Settings for your new Auth0 app, add http://localhost:4200 to the Allowed Callback URLs, Allowed Web Origins, and Allowed Logout URLs. Click the "Save Changes" button. If you'd like, you can set up some social connections. You can then enable them for your app in the Application options under the Connections tab. The example shown in the screenshot above uses username/password database, Facebook, Google, and Twitter.

Note: Set up your own social keys and do not leave social connections set to use Auth0 dev keys, or you will encounter issues with token renewal.

Add dependencies and configure

In the root folder of your Angular project, install the auth0-spa-js library by typing the following command in a terminal window:

npm install @auth0/auth0-spa-js

Then, edit the environment.ts file in the src/environments folder and add the CLIENT_DOMAIN and CLIENT_ID keys as follows:

// src/environments/environment.ts export const environment = { production: false, auth: { CLIENT_DOMAIN: 'YOUR_DOMAIN', CLIENT_ID: 'YOUR_CLIENT_ID' } }; export const config = { };

Replace the YOUR_DOMAIN and YOUR_CLIENT_ID placeholders with the actual values for the domain and client id you found in your Auth0 Dashboard.

Add the authentication service

Authentication logic in your Angular application is handled with an AuthService authentication service. So, use Angular CLI to generate this new service by running the following command:

ng generate service auth

Now, open the src/app/auth.service.ts file and replace its content with the following:

//src/app/auth.service.ts import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import createAuth0Client from '@auth0/auth0-spa-js'; import Auth0Client from '@auth0/auth0-spa-js/dist/typings/Auth0Client'; import { from, of, Observable, BehaviorSubject, combineLatest, throwError } from 'rxjs'; import { tap, catchError, concatMap, shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators'; import { Router } from '@angular/router'; import { environment } from './../environments/environment'; @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class AuthService { // Create an observable of Auth0 instance of client auth0Client$ = (from( createAuth0Client({ domain: environment.auth.CLIENT_DOMAIN, client_id: environment.auth.CLIENT_ID, redirect_uri: `${window.location.origin}` }) ) as Observable<Auth0Client>).pipe( shareReplay(1), // Every subscription receives the same shared value catchError(err => throwError(err)) ); // Define observables for SDK methods that return promises by default // For each Auth0 SDK method, first ensure the client instance is ready // concatMap: Using the client instance, call SDK method; SDK returns a promise // from: Convert that resulting promise into an observable isAuthenticated$ = this.auth0Client$.pipe( concatMap((client: Auth0Client) => from(client.isAuthenticated())), tap(res => this.loggedIn = res) ); handleRedirectCallback$ = this.auth0Client$.pipe( concatMap((client: Auth0Client) => from(client.handleRedirectCallback())) ); // Create subject and public observable of user profile data private userProfileSubject$ = new BehaviorSubject<any>(null); userProfile$ = this.userProfileSubject$.asObservable(); // Create a local property for login status loggedIn: boolean = null; constructor(private router: Router) { // On initial load, check authentication state with authorization server // Set up local auth streams if user is already authenticated this.localAuthSetup(); // Handle redirect from Auth0 login this.handleAuthCallback(); } // When calling, options can be passed if desired // https://auth0.github.io/auth0-spa-js/classes/auth0client.html#getuser getUser$(options?): Observable<any> { return this.auth0Client$.pipe( concatMap((client: Auth0Client) => from(client.getUser(options))), tap(user => this.userProfileSubject$.next(user)) ); } private localAuthSetup() { // This should only be called on app initialization // Set up local authentication streams const checkAuth$ = this.isAuthenticated$.pipe( concatMap((loggedIn: boolean) => { if (loggedIn) { // If authenticated, get user and set in app // NOTE: you could pass options here if needed return this.getUser$(); } // If not authenticated, return stream that emits 'false' return of(loggedIn); }) ); checkAuth$.subscribe(); } login(redirectPath: string = '/') { // A desired redirect path can be passed to login method // (e.g., from a route guard) // Ensure Auth0 client instance exists this.auth0Client$.subscribe((client: Auth0Client) => { // Call method to log in client.loginWithRedirect({ redirect_uri: `${window.location.origin}`, appState: { target: redirectPath } }); }); } private handleAuthCallback() { // Call when app reloads after user logs in with Auth0 const params = window.location.search; if (params.includes('code=') && params.includes('state=')) { let targetRoute: string; // Path to redirect to after login processed const authComplete$ = this.handleRedirectCallback$.pipe( // Have client, now call method to handle auth callback redirect tap(cbRes => { // Get and set target redirect route from callback results targetRoute = cbRes.appState && cbRes.appState.target ? cbRes.appState.target : '/'; }), concatMap(() => { // Redirect callback complete; get user and login status return combineLatest([ this.getUser$(), this.isAuthenticated$ ]); }) ); // Subscribe to authentication completion observable // Response will be an array of user and login status authComplete$.subscribe(([user, loggedIn]) => { // Redirect to target route after callback processing this.router.navigate([targetRoute]); }); } } logout() { // Ensure Auth0 client instance exists this.auth0Client$.subscribe((client: Auth0Client) => { // Call method to log out client.logout({ client_id: environment.auth.CLIENT_ID, returnTo: `${window.location.origin}` }); }); } }

This service provides the properties and methods necessary to manage authentication across your Angular application.

Add the login and logout buttons

To add a new component that allows you to authenticate with Auth0, run the following command in a terminal window:

ng generate component login-button

Open the src/app/login-button/login-button.component.ts file and replace its content with the following:

//src/app/login-button/login-button.component.ts import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { AuthService } from '../auth.service'; @Component({ selector: 'app-login-button', templateUrl: './login-button.component.html', styleUrls: ['./login-button.component.css'] }) export class LoginButtonComponent implements OnInit { constructor(public auth: AuthService) { } ngOnInit() { } }

Next, define the component's UI by replacing the content of the src/app/login-button/login-button.component.html with the following markup:

<!-- src/app/login-button/login-button.component.html --> <div> <button (click)="auth.login()" *ngIf="!auth.loggedIn">Log In</button> <button (click)="auth.logout()" *ngIf="auth.loggedIn">Log Out</button> </div>

Finally, put the <app-login-button></app-login-button> tag within the src/app/app.component.html file, wherever you want the component to appear.

Your Angular application is ready to authenticate with Auth0!

Check out the Angular Quickstart to learn more about integrating Auth0 with Angular applications.

Conclusions

Performance Advantages

One of the big advantages of using stricter change detection is the performance gains. Angular is meant to be used for large applications that can handle lots of dynamic data. The Angular team has given the developer the tools necessary to fine-tune and improve performance from the get-go. By default, every change should be reflected on the UI, as Angular takes care of that, but the price is lower performance. Immutable or reactive code is harder to write but easier to maintain and reason out. The choice is yours.

Eventually Angular can be tweaked

The good thing is that we have a choice with Angular 2. In Angular 1, it was impossible to get away from the digest cycle. At a certain point, it was advantageous to use React or another library to render UI instead of Angular templates, as it was too slow when handling a large amount of dynamic data. Now, you have a complete solution with much more control over the internal behavior. This, in combination with the other changes made to Angular 2, makes the learning curve of the framework steeper but worth it.