Some of the world’s biggest cryptocurrency exchanges are set for a crunch meeting with finance leaders and global policymakers in Japan later this month, with the crypto crowd aiming to change a new data gathering rule they say could stymie their businesses.

The event, billed as the V20 summit, has been thrown together with just six weeks’ notice in order to coincide with the G20 summit in Osaka on June 28 and 29. Executives from major cryptocurrency exchanges including Circle, Coinbase, bitFlyer, Kraken and Huobi are among...