James Estrin/The New York Times An Arab neighborhood in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn.

On an old building at 12 St. Marks Place, hovering above the sushi counters and tattoo parlors, is an inscription chiseled in the stone facade: Deutsch-Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft. It marks the location of the German-American Shooting Society clubhouse, long defunct, and is a rare vestige of the German immigrant community that dominated the East Village and the Lower East Side for much of the 19th century.

Known as Kleindeutschland, or Little Germany, the community had German saloons and social clubs, German theaters and churches, German stores and workshops, and, of course, tens of thousands of German residents.

Little Germany is long gone — the clubhouse now houses a Yoga to the People studio — and other European enclaves that once defined immigrant life in New York City have also faded or disappeared altogether.

But in their place, a welter of immigrant neighborhoods have formed, populated by newcomers from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America. This shift was triggered by the passage of immigration reform legislation in 1965, which opened the door to greater numbers of non-Europeans and changed the ethnic composition of the United States.

Since 1970, the number of foreign-born New Yorkers has more than doubled, to about three million, or 37 percent of the city’s total population, according to the Census Bureau. About 32 percent of the city’s immigrants today came from Latin America, 26 percent from Asia, 20 percent from non-Hispanic Caribbean nations, 17 percent from Europe and 4 percent from Africa.

As with earlier waves of immigrants, many of the newcomers fled economic hardship, armed conflict and other adversity, and have settled near their compatriots for convenience and mutual support, organically forming communities within the ethnic mosaic of the city.

Here are 10 such newer enclaves — the Kleindeutschlands of the 21st century — in various states of evolution. Because the foods and goods of home are such a central part of these communities, we have included places to find typical fare in each neighborhood, as well as retail spots that cater to the immigrant population. Think of them as possible starting points for exploration.