The ballet “Raymonda” by Russian composer Aleksander Glazunov (1865 – 1936) has a segment the melody of which is identical to that of Mer Hayrenik. However, the theory that Kara-Murza could have benefited from Glazunov’s music is rejected again by the chronology of events: “Raymonda” was composed in 1896-1897 and presented for the first time in Russia in 1898, more than a decade after Mer Hayrenik had already been performed in Tiflis. More logically, it was Glazunov who adapted the already existing song to his ballet. We may suggest the following versions on how technically this could have happened.

Mkrtich Muratyan writes that Kara-Murza visited St. Petersburg in 1897, the same year Glazunov was working on “Raymonda.” The following year Kara-Murza arranged several concerts of Armenian music in Moscow. One can only guess whether Glazunov met him in person in St. Petersburg or Glazunov might have received a copy of Kara-Murza’s notes that had already been published in Tiflis in some other way.

Glazunov was known for his brilliant musical memory. He might had also been present at any of Kara-Murza’s concerts or heard the track at an Armenian function in Russia and later used it in “Raymonda.” It is known that Glazunov and Aleksander Spendiaryan, another Armenian composer originally from Crimea, were friends.

Once at an antique store in a Boston suburb, this author got a vinyl disk of Glazunov’s and Ippolitov-Ivanov’s music (we will refer to Ippolitov-Ivanov later) jointly released by Soviet Melodia and American Angel companies in 1970, for the unbelievable price, in 2011, of one dollar. This old-fashioned bit of merchandise contains interesting information printed about the subject we explore. “Although Glazunov drew on a large number of different sources, Russian orientalism, Greek modes, Finnish melodies… he always maintains the unity of style,” the writing on the back of the record cover tells us. The authors of that narrative, possibly could have added “Armenian arrangements” to the list too, although “Russian orientalism” is a subtle hint in that direction. Let’s keep in mind that in this historical period the Caucasus was part of the Russian Empire.

An interesting feature is related to the other Russian composer of that same disk, Ippolitov-Ivanov. Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov spent two years in Tiflis in 1892-1893 as a supervisor of the Caucasian chapter of Russia’s Musical Society. Armenian composers Romanos Melikian and Garo Zakarian attended Ippolitov-Ivanov’s musical classes.

The composer was very familiar with Armenian music. He brought together various Armenian tracks in a beautiful musical composition called “Armenian Rhapsody.” Ippolitov-Ivanov used some Armenian tracks in his other musical works as well. The “Caucasian Sketches” of the composer, which is also recorded on the aforementioned vinyl disk, consists of four movements. Regarding the forth one, called “Procession of the Sardar,” the narrative on the disk cover provides the following details: “Ippolitov-Ivanov used an eight-bar theme of a Zeitoun march,” which “has the characteristics of Zeitoun song.”

Although it lacks any further clarification about Zeitoun and the march itself, at least for the Armenian audience this is a quite well known story. The source was referring to “Arevn yelav Zeitountsiner” [The sun rose, people of Zeitoun]: the march of Armenian famous composer Dikran Tchoukhajian composed in 1868, soon after the Armenians of the Zeitoun region successfully pushed back an Ottoman offensive. The multimedia segment hyperlinked here puts next to each other both tracks: of Tchoukhajian and that of Ippolitov-Ivanov. As we can see, the composer merely adjusted the Armenian melody to his movement.

In 1893 Ippolitov-Ivanov traveled back to Moscow. He took with him many Armenian musical notes, including the ones written and/or arranged by Kara-Murza. The last statement is obvious from the following: two years after his departure, already in Moscow, Ippolitov-Ivanov arranged and released the “Armenian Rhapsody,” which was completely based on Armenian traditional tracks, part of which had been arranged by Kara-Murza. In particular, the internal segment of the “Rhapsody,” as we can follow here, is almost identical with the melody of Armenian folk-song “Swallow” (Tzitzernak), the music of which was at first arranged by Kara-Murza and later rearranged by Gomidas.

It is logical to assume that Mer Hayrenik, which Kara-Murza performed in Tiflis and Baku dozens of times, while the Russian composer was working in the Caucasus, also should have been among the arrangements that Ippolitov-Ivanov took with him back to Russia. However, he did not use it in “Rhapsody” or any other composition.

Ippolitov-Ivanov could have passed some of his unused notes to his friend and counterpart Glazunov. The two composers knew each other very well. According to a Russian source, Ippolitov-Ivanov referred to Glazunov as “petite Sasha” (Sasha is diminutive for Aleksander in Russian) as the latter was six years younger to him. The director of Russia’s Imperial Theaters Ivan Vsevolozhskiy wanted “Raymonda” to be finished by late 1897, which left the composer less than two years to write the ballet. During the same year of 1896 he was also working on a second symphony and other musical works – so he obviously must have felt pressure to meet the deadline for “Raymonda.”

Gazunov’s counterpart and friend might have wanted to support him by providing him some Armenian or other musical materials. “Raymonda,” released shortly thereafter in 1898, marked Glazunov’s return to a successful musical career.

In reality, it is not uncommon for classical composers to be influenced by folk songs. The second musical poem of Bohemian composer Bedrich Smetana’s set of poems called “My Motherland” sounds exactly like the anthem of Israel. The suggested explanation is as follows: an Italian (might be also Jewish-Italian) folk song was the original source for both melodies.

Italian music for an Italian poem?

Armenian composer Konstantin Petrossian, who currently works and resides in Rhode Island, suggests that the roots of the music must be tracked down in Europe. Krikor Pidedjian, independent of Petrossian, suggests a similar story. He recalls that his musical teacher Hampartsoum Berberian during a short stay in Italy in 1953 heard a very similar melody played in one of Italian’s cafes. An Armenian blogger’s Russian language writing suggests that Mer Hayrenik’s melody carries some Italian influence.

It would be logical to assume that the prominent Armenian Catholic schools that existed in Italy in the 19th century, the Murad Rafaelian college (closed in 1997) or the Mkhtitarist school (continues to function today) must have been aware of Mikayel Nalbandian’s famous poem on Italy’s struggle. In fact, the Mkhitarist school in various times had branches in the Caucasus and Crimea, so a certain interaction between them existed. Maybe, the answer to unresolved mystery about the authorship of Mer Hayrenik’s melody is related to the Armenian schools of Italy, where certain musicians could have worked on putting music to Nalbandian’s “Italian” poem.

It is a well-established fact that both schools were engaged in different musical activities: the Mourad Raphaelian even had its own school-march.