Mr. Trump later posted on Twitter, “When will all the haters and fools out there realize that having a good relationship with Russia is a good thing, not a bad thing.”

In Vienna, Mr. Tillerson did not mention election meddling, saying the two countries’ differences over Crimea and Ukraine were the true sticking points.

“President Trump, as you know, throughout his campaign was very clear that he views it as very important that Russia and the United States have a better relationship, but the issue that stands in the way is Ukraine,” Mr. Tillerson said at a news conference with the Austrian foreign minister, Sebastian Kurz.

For the first time in months, Mr. Tillerson had much of the Western world on his side, with diplomats from Canada, countries in Europe and other nations pledging support for his efforts to hold Russia to account.

The Trump administration’s withdrawal from the Paris climate accord, threats to leave the Iran nuclear agreement and the president’s declaration on Wednesday acknowledging Jerusalem as Israel’s capital have created stark divisions between Washington and nearly all of its traditional allies.

During Mr. Tillerson’s first two days in Europe this week, those differences were inescapable, as every one of his counterparts in the European Union and NATO denounced one or more of Mr. Trump’s moves, often while standing next to Mr. Tillerson.

Such isolation has become the theme of the secretary of state’s tenure, as the White House freezes him out of policymaking, allies treat him coldly and his diplomatic corps views him as something of a pariah because of his tendency to ignore them.