Microbiota-independent immunological effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases

Microbiota-independent immunological effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases

The aim of this paper is to review the effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on immunity, focusing on their microbiota-independent mechanisms of action, as well as to explore their potential beneficial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are chronic, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Individuals with IBD have an aberrant immune response to commensal microbiota, resulting in extensive mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. NDO are prebiotic fibres well known for their role in supporting intestinal health through modulation of the gut microbiota. NDO reach the colon intact and are fermented by commensal bacteria, resulting in the production of short chain fatty acids with immunomodulatory properties. In disease states characterised by increased gut permeability, prebiotics may also bypass the gut barrier and directly interact with intestinal and systemic immune cells, as demonstrated in patients with IBD and in infants with an immature gut. In vitro models show that fructooligosaccharides, inulin and galactooligosaccharides exert microbiota-independent effects on immunity by binding to toll-like receptors on monocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating cytokine production and immune cell maturation. Moreover, animal models and human supplementation studies demonstrate that some prebiotics, including inulin and lactulose, might reduce intestinal inflammation and IBD symptoms. Although there is convincing preliminary data to support NDO as immunomodulators in the management of IBD, their mechanisms of action are still unclear and larger standardised studies need to be performed using a wider range of prebiotics.

0029-6651

Del Fabbro, Stefania 5a48993c-a34b-4aff-92fc-65b94df566d5

Calder, Philip 1797e54f-378e-4dcb-80a4-3e30018f07a6

Childs, Caroline ea17ccc1-2eac-4f67-96c7-a0c4d9dfd9c5

Del Fabbro, Stefania 5a48993c-a34b-4aff-92fc-65b94df566d5

Calder, Philip 1797e54f-378e-4dcb-80a4-3e30018f07a6