How will people use money in the next 5–10 years? At Luno, this is something we regularly ask ourselves, observe and test with our customers, and discuss with the broader finance community, which includes some of the world’s leading fintech thought leaders as well as key decision-makers at everything from large global banks to top regulators.

We recently started consolidating this collective thinking on the future of money in our series on the Banks of the Future, but to summarise, we believe that within the next decade we will live in a world where:

Transactions will be significantly cheaper, faster and safer

Money will be totally interoperable through some global payment standard or currency

Using money online will be a much better user experience

There will be both better privacy and financial freedom in how people use money

Regulation will be more automated, less restrictive and more effective

Products and services will be seamlessly bundled together

Financial services and money itself will be more intelligent and programmable

Financial institutions will play a more active role across the identity spectrum

There is more global equality through access to the same financial system

At Luno we call this future a state of ‘frictionless money’.

In our discussions with banks, fintech companies and regulators, there appears to largely be consensus about what this future might look like. The areas where there is sometimes disagreement is how we will get to this future, and how long it will take.

There are of course many ways to get to this final outcome. This includes building some form of ‘challenger bank’, existing banks changing their structure or approach, fintech companies broadening away from their niches, or even Facebook or Google trying to dominate the space in their own way.

That all said, we believe that decentralised cryptocurrencies, and in particular Bitcoin, will be a key enabler for this future and is in all likelihood the best way to get there, and also get there the fastest.

The dawn of a new financial age

Our hypothesis on how Bitcoin will bring this future to reality faster is built on a number of key observations about money and technology trends in general. We see this evolution happening over three broad and non-discrete phases:

We call the first phase ‘bridging the old and the new’. This is where people access cryptocurrencies for the first time, either by earning it through work or mining, or converting their existing local currencies to new cryptocurrencies.

Once there is a critical mass of users we will see an acceleration in ‘enabling ecosystems’ — more people, businesses and even devices (i.e. internet of things) willing and able to transact using cryptocurrencies. Later on in this article we explore the forces that are already driving adoption to this tipping point, and fast.

These broader ecosystems will continue to drive adoption and finally culminate into the third phase of ‘making money frictionless’ — this is the phase where people are now able to do things with money they otherwise wouldn’t have been able to do, and where money as we know it today has undergone a complete transformation.

The first phase’s biggest pain point is that despite all the progress that has been made over the past few years, it is still relatively difficult to access, use or safely store cryptocurrency. This is the problem that companies like Luno are currently solving. But make no mistake — while it might appear as if we are just a company that makes it easy to ‘buy and sell Bitcoin’, this is just a means to an end — what we are really doing is building this financial future and ‘making money frictionless’ — our long term vision from day one.

Why Bitcoin?

While we and many other Bitcoin companies are actually fundamentally cryptocurrency agnostic, Luno is currently very focused on Bitcoin, purely because there is no other cryptocurrency that is as safe and widely used at this time.

If you asked us two years ago which cryptocurrency would ‘win’ we would have said ‘something like Bitcoin, but only better’. But after witnessing Bitcoin’s strong networks effects in action and seeing the data, it would be very hard to see any other cryptocurrency replace Bitcoin in its current form anytime soon. More on these network effects later in this article.

And what about ‘blockchain’? We’ve written extensively on why we think that most ‘blockchain’ initiatives are bound to fail. In short, a lack of interoperability, solving for technical issues when the problems are human ones, inadequate trust mechanisms and simply because databases tend to do the job much better; and on a weekly basis we’re seeing more and more data to back up our initial hypotheses.

For better or worse, the best use case for a ‘blockchain’ is still a decentralised cryptocurrency like Bitcoin.

But isn’t Bitcoin dead?

Nope, it’s growing. And fast. While the market is still small, there is an undeniable strong and growing demand for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. If you look across all industry metrics that are publicly available, from transactions to conversion volumes to wallets, you’ll see that forward momentum. We also see the same trends (if not better) in metrics within our own business, across multiple countries and continents.

When most people see this market traction there are typically two questions that jump out: firstly, who are all these people using Bitcoin (and what are they using it for)? And second, the growth appears linear, but is linear growth enough to drive large-scale adoption within a reasonable timeframe?

Who uses Bitcoin?

On the question about who uses Bitcoin — we broadly categorise users on a spectrum between two categories: need and greed.

‘Need’ customers are the ones who typically buy Bitcoin because it allows them to do something they otherwise would not have been able to do with the traditional financial system, or at least provide a compelling alternative. The uses vary widely but include things like cross-border e-commerce (no credit card or rejected credit card), cross-border payments (faster or cheaper in some very specific cases, especially for people in emerging markets), people who’ve been subjected to identity theft and want more security, a need for more privacy (not for illegal use, more an ideology), and sometimes simply because it’s a better user experience, especially for mobile payments.

Our initial estimate of the proportion of these types of customers is they are roughly in the 10% region, which might sound low, but it’s not, it’s Disruption 101. To quote Clayton M. Christensen, author of The Innovator’s Dilemma: “…disruptive technologies typically are first commercialised in emerging or insignificant markets… leading firms’ most profitable customers generally don’t want, and indeed initially can’t use, products based on disruptive technologies…”

‘Greed’ customers include active traders that speculate on price fluctuations as well as long term speculators or novelty buyers hoping for the value of Bitcoin to increase in the long run.

Somewhere in between the need and the greed we are also starting to see the rise of more sophisticated users that are buying Bitcoin because they consider it an uncorrelated asset and want to add it to diversify their portfolio, as well as long term investors that are buying based on more well thought out fundamentals and because they see it as a real alternative asset class that can potentially provide superior long term returns. This includes both people that consider Bitcoin as a kind of digital gold based on its limited supply, as well as people that see it as a form of investment in a payment system like Visa (and the more people use Bitcoin in transactions, the more valuable this payment system and by extension the Bitcoin they hold become).

A lot of this thinking is driven by a better understanding of how Bitcoin works as well as new data that has been published in the market that shows Bitcoin as one of the best performing currencies in the world over the past few years, that returns are uncorrelated with many other asset classes, and that Bitcoin also has some of the best risk-adjusted returns in the financial industry.

When we started our company, we initially didn’t like the ‘greed’ customers — we were obsessed with only wanting people to use Bitcoin for ‘real needs’ and use cases. But as our views matured, we realised two things — one, there is no Bitcoin killer app — Bitcoin itself is the ‘killer app’. It’s like asking what is the killer app of money — nothing, it’s just a means of value protection and exchange (over distance and time), and Bitcoin is just a more efficient mechanism for this.

We also realised that ‘greed’ helps to build liquidity for the system (similar to how forex markets work) and that it was needed for many other parts to function and get built on. More importantly, ‘greed’ also accelerates network effects in a way that is very specific to Bitcoin, but more on that later.

Is linear growth enough? Yes!

In order to truly succeed in the long run, Bitcoin needs to experience some level of hyper growth. But don’t be fooled by what seems like linear growth right now — it’s not. A concept called ‘the deception of linear and exponential growth’ was penned by Evolution Partners and Singularity University — in short it means that when you are standing on a exponential growth curve and look backward, the growth always feels linear. And given we only have historical data points to consider, this is what it will seem like.

So if we’re experiencing exponential growth, linear growth is exactly what it must look like in the beginning — it’s behaving just as it should. And we’ve seen this with many other technology explosions like smartphone and television adoption. It’s the same reason why technology is almost always adopted a lot faster than what most people think — they project the future on the linear past, when it’s in fact exponential.

Bitcoin’s network effects: more to it than meets the eye

So how do we know that we’re on an exponential growth curve? Because Bitcoin has massive network effects.

In very basic terms this just means the more people use it, the more useful it becomes to others, and the more likely they are to use it too. Remember when you didn’t use email because no-one else had email? And then at some point enough people had email to make it useful, so you also got an email address. Or Facebook — with no friends on Facebook it makes no sense to join, until there are a few of your friends on it and you feel compelled to do so as well. Once you hit that critical mass, growth explodes and becomes exponential.

Bitcoin has these same characteristics — it both makes intuitive sense and we’ve seen it in our data — the more people share Bitcoin the more others are likely to share too. But like everything else that has network effects, there is a problem: the classic ‘chicken and egg’ — people will join, but only if there are enough people who have already joined, but they will only join if there are already others who have joined and so on…

So how have other companies overcome this obstacle? Either make products that are extremely useful and sticky, like Slack, or for products that have higher barriers to entry and that people don’t use as regularly, simply pay them. Paypal did it. Why would anyone use Paypal if no-one else is using Paypal? Paypal literally started paying money into people’s bank accounts to get them to use the system. Yes they were successful for other reasons too but this really kickstarted it all. Uber does the same thing in a way — it wants more people to join Uber so that more drivers join so that more people join, a classic two-sided marketplace. And they do it by paying you, the user. Not in cash, but by giving massive discounts. By some accounts the average Uber discounts today are close to 60%, so people are in some sense not joining Uber because it is useful, they are joining because the Uber shareholders have ‘paid’ them for potentially more than half the cost of the ride.

So are we going to start paying our users to start using Bitcoin? No, we don’t have to. That is the genius of the design of Bitcoin. Bitcoin (and many other cryptocurrencies for that matter) has another type of adoption curve built into it, but this one focuses on ownership potential rather than the usefulness of the system. Coinbase’s Fred Ersham wrote about this in his observations around ‘appcoins’, but it is just as true and arguably even more powerful for Bitcoin.

In short, what this means is that the earlier a person ‘gets into Bitcoin’, the more economic upside (i.e. money to be made’) there is for them. This can be either through Bitcoin mining or just buying Bitcoin. As more people join the Bitcoin network, the network itself becomes more valuable, and therefore the price of Bitcoin should (in theory) go up, giving those early adopters a financial return for risking their money early on to help the system get kickstarted. This works in a similar way to equity in a company where the early investors get more upside potential than the later ones, but of course, also assume more risk.

When you combine these curves you get something that is unlike any other incentive and propelling system the world has ever seen. These forces can help drive adoption forward to an inflection point where exponential growth and extremely fast rates of adoption kicks in.

In the end you have people joining for both greed and need, but over time the mix changes: early adopters join mostly for the economic upside (i.e. owning Bitcoin), later ones because the system itself (i.e. using Bitcoin) is valuable. The important take-away is that these forces work together and are both necessary and important.

Macro factors also play an important role

Other than the specifics around need or greed drivers, there are also some macro factors that have been driving the increased adoption:

More useful and real use cases — albeit still niche at this stage

— albeit still niche at this stage More awareness and acceptance — more people know what Bitcoin is, more places accept it

— more people know what Bitcoin is, more places accept it Better infrastructure and distribution — it’s significantly easier to buy Bitcoin than it was a year or two ago

— it’s significantly easier to buy Bitcoin than it was a year or two ago More favourable media and regulatory views — regulators are becoming more pragmatic and the media less biased on coverage around Bitcoin

— regulators are becoming more pragmatic and the media less biased on coverage around Bitcoin Better data on use and performance — it’s becoming clear Bitcoin is being used by a lot of people, mostly for good, and with unique and useful characteristics

— it’s becoming clear Bitcoin is being used by a lot of people, mostly for good, and with unique and useful characteristics A fragile global economy — when things get tough people seek alternatives

And if these aren’t already enough, we believe that there are a number of factors that are going to accelerate adoption even more in the very near term. These include:

The launch of Bitcoin ETFs — there are already a number of these in the pipeline, and when one observes what physical gold ETFs did for the price of gold by opening it up to new sources of liquidity, one can easily guess what might happen to the Bitcoin price when these launch

— there are already a number of these in the pipeline, and when one observes what physical gold ETFs did for the price of gold by opening it up to new sources of liquidity, one can easily guess what might happen to the Bitcoin price when these launch Increased institutional participation — there are already some hedge funds publicly taking large positions in Bitcoin, and we’ve also had a massive uptick in enquiries from everything from hedge funds to private wealth managers and other financial institutions. The ‘serious’ money hasn’t even began to start playing in this space, and it is poised to happen. Can you imagine what would happen if just one sovereign wealth fund had to take even just a small position in Bitcoin?

— there are already some hedge funds publicly taking large positions in Bitcoin, and we’ve also had a massive uptick in enquiries from everything from hedge funds to private wealth managers and other financial institutions. The ‘serious’ money hasn’t even began to start playing in this space, and it is poised to happen. Can you imagine what would happen if just one sovereign wealth fund had to take even just a small position in Bitcoin? Banks getting over the blockchain — a year ago we first published our views on why most ‘blockchain’ applications are bound to fail, and we are now seeing more evidence of reputable institutions and advisors starting to realise the same. Once the blockchain hype is over attention will shift elsewhere, most likely back to decentralised cryptocurrency and public blockchains, in particular Bitcoin

— a year ago we first published our views on why most ‘blockchain’ applications are bound to fail, and we are now seeing more evidence of reputable institutions and advisors starting to realise the same. Once the blockchain hype is over attention will shift elsewhere, most likely back to decentralised cryptocurrency and public blockchains, in particular Bitcoin Network scaling issues addressed — while this is a long journey that will not get fixed (or at least please everyone) overnight, significant progress has been made with initiatives like Segregated Witness and Lightning Network. We believe that over time this situation will be resolved optimally

— while this is a long journey that will not get fixed (or at least please everyone) overnight, significant progress has been made with initiatives like Segregated Witness and Lightning Network. We believe that over time this situation will be resolved optimally Truly anonymous cryptocurrencies launching — surprisingly, one of Bitcoin’s main issues is still the incorrect perception that it is fully anonymous and predominantly used by criminals. With a number of new, truly anonymous cryptocurrencies like Zcash launching, regulatory and media attention will shift to these as the ‘bad guys’ and Bitcoin will be seen as relatively much safer

— surprisingly, one of Bitcoin’s main issues is still the incorrect perception that it is fully anonymous and predominantly used by criminals. With a number of new, truly anonymous cryptocurrencies like Zcash launching, regulatory and media attention will shift to these as the ‘bad guys’ and Bitcoin will be seen as relatively much safer Further softening of global financial markets — it appears that the world economy is continuing to deteriorate, with many influential people openly starting to challenge everything from traditional economics to the role of central banks and the nature of money itself. As this accelerates we will see more interest in alternatives like Bitcoin.

So maybe there is an opportunity for Bitcoin, but how big is it really? No one knows for sure, and it will depend a lot on what Bitcoin is ultimately used for. But we’ve seen estimates ranging from USD500 billion to USD10 trillion. Whichever way you look at it, even if Bitcoin just impacts 1% of traditional financial markets or financial systems, the opportunity is huge.

So in summary: