Charles Darwin is vying with Immanuel Kant and Plato in a poll to decide on the most influential scholarly book of all time

Mary Wollstonecraft, Stephen Hawking and Charles Darwin are jostling for the top spot on a line-up of the top 20 academic books that changed the world.

Put together by a panel of expert academic booksellers, librarians and publishers from a list of 200 titles submitted by UK publishers, the top 20 ranges from Wollstonecraft’s 1792 feminist manifesto A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, to Hawking’s exploration of the universe, A Brief History of Time, and Darwin’s transformative laying out of his theory of evolution, On the Origin of Species.

The list has been unveiled in advance of Academic Book Week, which will run from 9-16 November, with members of the public now being asked to vote online for their choice of the most influential academic book of all time .

As well as Hawking, Wollstonecraft and Darwin, the list also includes what organisers called “more surprising” contenders for the title of most influential academic book – two fictional works, in George Orwell’s novel about a dystopian future, Nineteen Eighty-Four, and the Complete Works of William Shakespeare.

“One of the most interesting things about the list is that it calls into question how we define a book as academic, underlining the fact that when we consider the future of the academic book we must also question our own assumptions,” said Alan Staton, head of marketing at the Booksellers Association.

Some of the titles included are centuries-old: Niccolò Machiavelli’s 16th-century guide to political power The Prince, Plato’s Republic, Thomas Paine’s 18th-century defence of the French revolution, The Rights of Man, and Adam Smith’s 1776 economics classic The Wealth of Nations.

Others deal with more modern issues, with Edward Said included for Orientalism, his investigation into the way the west observes Middle Eastern and Asian culture. Rachel Carson is included for Silent Spring, a key environmental text first published in 1962, Richard Hoggart for his 1957 look at working-class culture and the changes brought by commercial forces, The Uses of Literacy, and John Berger for his 1972 look at art, Ways of Seeing.

Marx and Engels make the cut for The Communist Manifesto, and Immanuel Kant for his seminal 18th-century Critique of Pure Reason, but just four women are included on the list: Carson and Wollstonecraft, and then Germaine Greer, for her 1970 examination of the oppression of women, The Female Eunuch, and Simone de Beauvoir, for her 1953 exploration of inequality The Second Sex.

“Only four women, but all feminist icons,” said Neil Smyth, senior librarian at Nottingham University’s faculty of arts and a member of the voting committee. “This list of academic books will lead to debate and controversy, but, more importantly, reading. All of these books are available in the University library where I work, and they will be available in libraries and bookshops around the country for people to discover and rediscover.”

The top 20 is completed with EP Thompson’s 1963 account of working-class society from 1780 to 1832, The Making of the English Working Class, Albert Einstein’s explanation of his general theory of relativity, The Meaning of Relativity, and zoologist Desmond Morris’s 1967 look at man as a risen ape, The Naked Ape.

“This is a fascinating and salutary list for academics – put together by people who work with academic books but who are not themselves academics, it reflects the reality of what a wider public sees as ‘academic’,” said Dr Samantha Rayner, principal investigator on the Academic Book of the Future project, a two-year initiative exploring the future of the academic book funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council in collaboration with the British Library. “This may not be what academics agree with – it will be a controversial list – but will, we hope, provoke valuable discussion for the project about the nature and impact of academic books.”

The winner of the public vote will be announced during November’s Academic Book Week, which will also see a series of events taking place around the UK.

The top 20

A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft

Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant

Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell

On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

Orientalism by Edward Said

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The Complete Works by William Shakespeare

The Female Eunuch by Germaine Greer

The Making of the English Working Class by EP Thompson

The Meaning of Relativity by Albert Einstein

The Naked Ape by Desmond Morris

The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

The Republic by Plato

The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine

The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir

The Uses of Literacy by Richard Hoggart

The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Ways of Seeing by John Berger

