FlipFact of the Day: Were it not for its tiny legs, it would have been easy to mistake the olm (Proteus anguinus) for a snake or a worm. This strange, pale amphibian is one of Europe’s most unique animals: It’s the only exclusively cave-dwelling chordate found on the continent. Oh, and it can also live up to ten years without taking a single bite of food.

On average, olms measure 20-30 cm (8-12 in) in length. These cave salamanders are entirely aquatic, and have thrived in the caves of Slovenia and Croatia over the last 110 million years. Olms are known to live beyond a hundred years, and possess keen senses of smell, hearing, taste, and electrosensitivity—the perfect tools for surviving and hunting prey in pitch-black environments. Even though they can’t see, their skin-covered eyes are still light-sensitive.

Due to the color of their skin, Europeans call olms “human fish.” (A subpopulation of darker-skinned olms also exists; these “black olms” are recognized as a different subspecies.)

Olms feed on a variety of small crustaceans and insects, depending on the kind of food that’s available to them. As food in caves tends to be scarce, olms have developed a long-term resistance to starvation. They have the ability to drastically reduce their activity and metabolic rate, in order to consume as little energy as possible. They can also eat large quantities of food and stockpile the nutrients as lipids and glycogen in the liver—or, when push comes to shove, reabsorb their own tissues.

In a 2020 study, researchers studying olms in Herzegovinian caves observed that the amphibians don’t really move around that much. One remarkably lethargic specimen apparently didn’t move from its position in over seven years! Furthermore, aside from hunting for food, the only thing that seems to motivate them to move is… mating, which only happens for them once every 12 and a half years. (Well, at least they know their priorities.)

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Cover: Ciril Mlinar Cic/Slovenian Museum of Natural History

References

Weber A. (2000). Fish and amphibia . In: Culver D.C. et al. (ed.): Ecosystems of the world: Subterranean Ecosystems , pp. 109–132. Amsterdam: Elsevier

. In: Culver D.C. (ed.): , pp. 109–132. Amsterdam: Elsevier http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/olm/#overview

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/salamander-not-move-lazy-olm-proteus-european-cave-lifespan-a9314951.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030882/

https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jzo.12760

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