The House passed a new iteration of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act on January 9. H.R. 353 is the latest version of legislation that passed the Senate in the closing days of the 114th Congress, but did not clear the House. The bill’s focus is not on satellites, but several provisions would affect NOAA’s satellite activities. [UPDATE: The Senate passed an amended version of the bill on March 29, 2017 – the amendments did not affect the NOAA satellite provisions. The House agreed with the Senate amendments on April 4. The President signed the bill into law, P.L. 115-25, on April 18.]

The legislation dates back to 2013 and went through many changes before passing the Senate on December 1, 2016 as H.R. 1561. That was thought to be a compromise between the House and Senate, combining elements of the version of H.R. 1561 that passed the House on May 19, 2015; S. 1331, the Seasonal Weather Forecasting Act, approved by the Senate Commerce Committee on May 20, 2015; S. 1573, Weather Alerts for a Ready Nation Act, reported from the Senate Commerce Committee on October 19, 2015; and H.R. 34, the Tsunami Warning, Education and Research Act, which passed the House on January 7, 2015 and the Senate (amended) on October 6, 2015. (Note that H.R. 34 became the legislative vehicle for the 21st Century Cures Act, which recently became law, but does not contain any of the tsunami language.)

Although Senate passage seemed to bode well for the legislation, it turned out that not everyone agreed with the compromise. House Republicans from Georgia objected to a water resources provision that earlier had been added by Florida Senator Bill Nelson (D) even though Georgia’s two Senators had agreed to the bill by unanimous consent. The Washington Post reported that House leadership removed the language and tried to pass the bill by unanimous consent, but the Senate indicated it would not accept the bill if amended in that manner. The controversial language calls for a study of water resources of the Chattahoochee River, a major water source for Florida, Georgia and Alabama.

Thus, the bill died at the end of the 114th Congress. It now has been reintroduced as H.R. 353, without the water resources provision. The question remains as to whether the Senate will agree to this version. (The new bill also omits the tsunami provisions, which were reintroduced separately as H.R. 312.)

Satellite-related provisions of H.R. 353 require NOAA to do the following:

develop and maintain a prioritized list of observation data requirements necessary to ensure weather forecasting capabilities to protect life and property to the maximum extent practicable and utilize Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), Observing System Experiments, Analyses of Alternatives and other assessment tools to continually evaluate observing systems, data and information needed to meet those requirements and identify potential gaps and options to address gaps;

undertake OSSEs to quantitatively assess the relative value and benefits of observing capabilities and systems and determine the potential impact of proposed space-based, suborbital, and in situ observing systems on analyses and forecasts;

conduct OSSEs prior to the acquisition of government-owned or -leased operational observing systems, including polar orbiting and geostationary satellites with a lifecycle cost of more than $500 million and prior to the purchase of any major new commercially provided data with a lifecycle cost of more than $500 million;

complete an OSSE to assess the value of data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) within 30 days of enactment of this law;

complete an OSSE to assess the value of data from a geostationary hyperspectral sounder global constellation within 120 days of enactment;

after completing the OSSEs, make public an assessment of private and public weather data sourcing options, including their availability, affordabilty, and cost-effectiveness;

complete and operationalize the COSMIC-1 and COSMIC-2 satellite constellations (joint programs with Taiwan for obtaining GNSS-RO measurements)

enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or another appropriate organization before September 30, 2018 to study future satellite needs;

submit a strategy to enable the procurement of quality commercial weather data within 180 days of enactment;

publish data and metadata standards and specifications for space-based commercial weather data within 30 days of enactment and enter into at least one pilot contract within 90 days of enactment, and within 3 years of the contract date, submit a report to Congress on the results;

publish data and metadata standards and specifications for geostationary hyperspectral data as soon and possible;

if the results of the commercial weather data pilots are successful, obtain commercial weather data from private sector providers where appropriate, cost-effective and feasible, and as early as possible in the acquisition process for future government meteorological satellites, consider whether commercial capabilities could meet those needs; and

continue to meet international meteorological agreements, including practices set forth through World Meteorological Organization Resolution 40

The bill authorizes $6 million per year for FY2017-2020 for the commercial weather data pilot program.

The FY2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act provided $3 million for NOAA to initiate a commercial weather data pilot program and it is progressing already, with two contracts awarded in September 2016. NOAA requested $5 million for FY2017; Congress has not completed action on FY2017 appropriations bills.

H.R. 353 is an authorization bill that officially authorizes the activity and recommends future year funding. (Not sure of the difference between an authorization and an appropriation? See our “What’s a Markup?” Fact Sheet.)

The bill is sponsored by Rep. Frank Lucas (R-OK), vice chairman of the House Science, Space, and Technology (SS&T) Committee, and has 5 Republican and 1 Democratic co-sponsors. Among the co-sponsors are Rep. Jim Bridenstine (R-OK), who has chaired the House SS&T’s Environment Subcommittee for several years, and Rep. Suzanne Bonamici (D-OR), who has been the top Democrat on that subcommittee. Both spoke in favor of the bill during debate on the House floor, as did House SS&T chairman Lamar Smith (R-TX) and ranking member Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX) submitted a statement. The bill passed the House by voice vote.