This list of 10 spaces from the ancient and modern world is by no means exhaustive, but it gives a flavour of the richness of African architecture, the architects involved and the stories these buildings have allowed us to tell.

Great Mosque of Djenné, Djenné, Mali

Facebook Twitter Pinterest The Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali. Photograph: Francois Xavier Marit/AFP/Getty Images

The Great Mosque of Djenné is the largest mud- or earth-brick building in the world and is widely acknowledged to be the greatest achievement of Sudano-Sahelian architectural style.

The present-day mosque is the third reconstruction of this religious building, located on the flood plains of the Bani river. The original mosque was built in the 13th century, while today’s Great Mosque was completed in 1907. Unusually, compared with other important west African mosques, the site was not sacred prior to its establishment. In fact, a palace previously stood there.

Every spring the mosque is re-plastered, a task that the entire city participates in. The repairs are supervised by a guild of 80 senior masons who plaster the facade with mud that has been cured for weeks beforehand. Women provide water for the mixture, while the elders give advice. The festival of the Crépissage de la Grande Mosquée is a time of repairing the damage, cracks and erosion inflicted on the mosque in the previous year by west Africa’s torrential rains.

Jardin Majorelle, Marrakech, Morocco

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Jardin Majorelle, Marrakech. Photograph: Alamy

Away from the noise and bustle of Marrakech’s old medina is the Majorelle garden and house, an oasis of calm and colour. In 1931 the French orientalist painter Jacques Majorelle commissioned the architect Paul Sinoir to build him a studio in an art deco-Islamic style. Majorelle and his son Louis, a furniture designer, decided to create a living work of art: a majestic garden of exotic plants. The garden was officially opened to the public in 1947, then abandoned after Jacques Majorelle’s death in 1962. It remained derelict for more than 20 years, until the fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent, a long-time lover of Morocco, acquired the property and restored it.

Church of St George, Lalibela, Ethiopia

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Church of St George, Lalibela. Photograph: Radu Sigheti/Reuters

Ethiopia’s long history of kingdoms, emperors and dynasties dates back more than 3,000 years. The town of Lalibela has 11 well-preserved and extraordinary rock-hewn medieval churches, the Church of St George or Bet Giorgis being the finest.

The roof, in the form of the crucifix, is the most visible part of Bet Giorgis from the surrounding terrain. The interior attests to how cosmopolitan this part of Africa was at this time. There are images, carvings and influences from all over Christendom and beyond: a two-headed eagle you’d have been more likely to see in Constantinople; the star of David with the cross carved inside it; and carvings that resemble Greek icons. In the words of the 16th-century Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvares, Bet Giorgis has “edifices, the like of which cannot be found anywhere in the world”.

Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg, South Africa

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg. Photograph: Christof Koepsel/Getty Images

In 1948 South Africa’s National party government started a process that turned over 20 million people into second-class citizens, condemning them to a life of servitude, humiliation and abuse that lasted until the country’s first free elections in 1994. Inaugurated in 2001, the Apartheid Museum on the outskirts of Johannesburg tells the story of this era and the triumph of the human spirit over adversity.

Light is an important symbolic feature of the museum’s design, getting brighter as visitors make their way through a series of 22 individual exhibition areas. It acts as a guide to the final room, devoted to the liberation of Nelson Mandela, signalling the collapse of apartheid. Seven concrete pillars, 18 metres high, tower over the complex, marking the entrance to the exhibition spaces. Inscribed on them are the following words: democracy, freedom, responsibility, equality, reconciliation, diversity and tolerance, providing the foundations and vision for a new South Africa.

Meroe Royal Baths Protective Shelter, Meroe, Sudan

Facebook Twitter Pinterest The pyramids of Meroe, Sudan. Photograph: Michael Freeman/Corbis

Located 200km north-east of Khartoum, the site of the ancient city of Meroe on the eastern bank of the Nile is marked by temples, palaces and – astonishingly – more than 200 pyramids. These ruins testify to the vast exchange of art, architecture, religion and language that once existed between the Mediterranean and Africa.

John Garstang, from the University of Liverpool, undertook extensive excavation in Meroe, uncovering the Royal Baths in 1912. In 2011 the pyramids of Meroe gained Unesco world heritage status. Kéré Architecture has proposed a protective shelter over the Royal Baths, which are believed to have serviced nearby palaces, to celebrate the heritage of the site.

Independence Square, Accra, Ghana

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Independence Arch, Accra. Photograph: Ulrich Doering/Alamy

Independence Square or Black Star Square, is the second-largest square in the world after Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. Completed in 1961, the square was commissioned by Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah.

The square is made up of several elements: the Black Star Monument, reminiscent of the Arc de Triomphe, is inscribed with “Freedom and Justice, AD 1957”, commemorating Ghana’s independence; eight stands around the periphery have the capacity to seat more than 30,000 people; the vast space within the square is designed for huge events and military parades. The final element is a modernist structure, Independence Arch, that sits parallel to the beach. The inspiration for its prominent arch is said to have come from the handle of the handbag that Nkrumah’s Egyptian wife, Fathia Nkrumah, carried on special occasions.

The “black star” of the square’s name was inspired by the Black Star shipping line, founded in 1919 by the Jamaican-born civil rights activist Marcus Garvey to provide transportation to encourage African economic development, independence and freedom.

Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Kenya, Nairobi

Facebook Twitter Pinterest The Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Nairobi. Photograph: Arterra Picture Library /Alamy

Kenyatta International Conference Centre (KICC) is a 28-storey icon of the Nairobi landscape. Commissioned by the then president, Jomo Kenyatta, in 1967, and designed by the Norwegian architect Karl Henrik Nøstvik, it became the country’s first post-independence government building when completed in 1973.

The architecture consists of a tower, amphitheatre, a spectacular plenary and a courtyard. The idea of using terracotta facade draws inspiration from traditional African architecture; the tower has a revolving restaurant offering panoramic views of Nairobi that takes 76 minutes to complete one revolution.

This high-rise building was a byproduct of new partnerships that were developing between postcolonial east African countries and Nordic countries seeking to give development aid.

Basilica of our Lady of Peace, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, Yamoussoukro. Photograph: Alamy

Standing in a country where less than a third of the population are Christians, the “Basilica in the Bush” is the largest church in the world. This is another presidential project, commissioned by the first president of Ivory Coast, Felix Houphouët-Boigny, who was 83 at the time. He spared no expense: the marble was imported from Italy; 7,000 sq metres of hand-blown stained glass windows from France. The church was completed in four years, at a cost of over £190m.

The basilica has two long arms reminiscent of St Peter’s plaza, formed by 128 massive Doric columns, stretching across an area of 30,000 sq metres paved with granite and marble. Its dome reaches a height of 158 metres making it the world’s tallest church. Houphouët-Boigny’s vision was to design a modern city in the middle of the rainforest while relocating the administrative capital from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro, his birthplace.

The basilica was initially rejected by the Catholic church over its extravagance, and Pope John Paul II requested that a hospital be built on the site in order to accept it. Although Houphouët-Boigny agreed, the hospital was never built.

Gahanga International Children’s Cancer Treatment Centre, Gahanga, Rwanda

Facebook Twitter Pinterest David Adjaye’s design for the Gahanga International Children’s Cancer Hospital, Rwanda. Photograph: David Adjaye Associates

Construction will begin later this year on a cancer centre and hospital designed by the renowned British/Ghanaian architect David Adjaye, commissioned by the Eugène Gasana Jr Foundation. According to Adjaye Associates, the 100-bed paediatric cancer centre is the first of its kind anywhere in Africa.

The 40,000-sq-metre rectangular building is set in a four-hectare site. The architecture responds to the climate and location: the facade is shaded by screens comprised of triangular forms, which increase or decrease in density with the building’s orientation to the sun. In addition, the geometric facade draws inspiration from traditional Imigongo art, which involves applying a surface of cow dung to a wall before adding graphic patterns in black, white and red.

Angola’s cinemas, Angola

Facebook Twitter Pinterest A cinema in Tombwa, Angola. Photograph: Eric Lafforgue/Alamy

The end of Angola’s civil war in 2002 signalled the beginning of an oil boom. But this southern African country experienced a boom of a very different type in the 20th century – cinemas. Between the early 1930s to the late 1970s, 50 cinemas were built in Angola, with the Cinema Infante Sagres in the capital Luanda being the largest on the continent in 1975.

These cathedrals of culture, also referred to as cine-esplanadas (open-air cinemas), are colourful, modernist buildings that are now mostly derelict. A few are being restored – such as Cine-Atlantico and Cine-Teatro Nacional, the oldest cinema in Luanda – heralding a revival in cinema culture. While most African nations commissioned grand buildings to house their political class, the Cinema Restauração became Angola’s National Assembly building after independence in 1975.