With sanctions blocking Venezuela from selling oil to the United States, state-owned energy firm Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA) has turned to several little-known buyers, mostly companies from China and India, says the Reuters news agency.

Among the purchasers is a small company based in Turkey with no refineries but ties to the government of President Nicolas Maduro, according to internal documents and a PDVSA source.

Until recently, some of the world’s largest petroleum and refining firms, including US companies Chevron and Valero Energy, lined up to take Venezuelan oil cargoes. And PDVSA had a rigorous vetting process to ensure potential buyers had the capacity to pay.

But US sanctions imposed in January in an effort to overthrow Maduro have driven away many of those customers. PDVSA’s exports have slumped by more than a fifth since sanctions were imposed, according to company records and Refinitiv Eikon data.

Three sources with knowledge of the matter told Reuters that directors at a March 14 meeting of PDVSA’s board temporarily waived some requirements for new customers or suppliers, including a requirement that they have at least two years’ experience in the oil industry.

Neither PDVSA nor Venezuela’s oil ministry responded to requests for comment from Reuters.

New customer: Iveex Insaat

In the wake of the loosened requirements, a Turkish company called Grupo Iveex Insaat started buying Venezuelan oil in April, according to documents related to PDVSA loading plans and internal reports on exports and imports for the first half of the year.

Records from the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce show that Iveex Insaat was formed less than a year ago with capital of just 10,000 lira ($1,742) and that it listed “residential construction” as its main activity.

The company was one of only five firms that loaded tankers to take Venezuela’s upgraded crude – among its most valuable oil – from April through June, the documents showed.

Iveex Insaat loaded four cargoes of Venezuelan crude and products in April (equivalent to just under eight percent of Venezuela’s oil exports) – and nothing in May or June, according to PDVSA documents.

Turkish corporate records show Iveex Insaat is owned by Miguel Silva, a Venezuelan businessman who heads the Caracas-based Venezuelan Exporters’ Chamber and who also served as a housing ministry commissioner in Maduro’s administration.

Reuters was unable to determine the terms under which Iveex Insaat is receiving Venezuelan oil. It was also unable to confirm who would ultimately buy and refine the crude, as the company has no refineries.

Neither Iveex Insaat nor Silva responded to requests for comment.

The PDVSA sources, a shipping broker and a maritime inspector who declined to be named, told Reuters that Iveex Insaat had agreed to deliver refined products to Venezuela in exchange for receiving crude. With its refinery network crippled by maintenance issues, Venezuela, a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, has struggled with severe fuel shortages in recent months.

Two other companies that only began chartering tankers to take PDVSA’s oil after sanctions hit are Panama-registered Melaj Offshore Corp and Sahara Energy, a unit of Nigeria-based Sahara Group. The two loaded PDVSA oil cargoes shortly after the sanctions were announced, internal company documents show.

Sahara Energy did not respond to emails and calls requesting comment, and Reuters was unable to find contact details for Melaj.

Turkish ties

The deals with Iveex Insaat highlight growing commercial links between Venezuela and Turkey, whose President, Tayyip Erdogan, has stood by Maduro, as have the leaders of Russia, Cuba and China.

Turkey is one of the main buyers of the South American country’s gold, which has become an important source of cash as oil output falls.

Silva registered Iveex Insaat with a Turkish partner named Erhan Kap on September 27, 2018, just a week after Maduro visited Istanbul.

Kap, an Istanbul tour guide according to his social media profiles, declined to comment when reached by phone.

According to owner Silva’s biography on the Iveex Insaat website, he has held a number of posts within Maduro’s administration, including serving in the national housing ministry in 2014 and coordinating a government development plan for the western state of Tachira in 2013.

Venezuela’s information ministry – which responds to media requests on the government’s behalf – did not reply to an email seeking comment.

Iveex Insaat’s website says it is a “physical commodity trading and distribution company” that focuses on petroleum products and crude oil and has offices in London, Istanbul and Caracas. It says it uses a “leased fleet of regional vessels”.

While the website describes “long experience” in oil trading and distribution, a review of previous iterations of the site using the digital library Internet Archive shows references to petroleum trading were added after November 2018.

PDVSA sold barrels to Iveex Insaat for the first time in April, when it loaded the tanker Seamuse with 294,413 barrels of natural gasoline and light virgin naphtha, both petroleum products. The vessel was bound for the Middle East, trade documents from PDVSA show.

The Seamuse has not yet discharged and remains anchored near a Kuwaiti port, according to Refinitiv Eikon data. Days later, a similar cargo was loaded for Iveex Insaat on the tanker Vinjerac.

The Turkish firm also loaded the tankers Delta Kanaris and Delta Harmony with more than 1 million barrels each of Hamaca crude, an upgraded oil that PDVSA has struggled to sell because its primary market used to be the US.

However, these three vessels remain anchored off Venezuelan ports. PDVSA has not allowed them to sail until Iveex Insaat delivers at least one of several fuel cargoes intended to offset the first cargo it took, the PDVSA source and two shipping sources said.