

The lathe today It’s a bit obvious, but the fi rst thing a woodturner needs is a lathe. It’s actually the world’s oldest ‘power tool’ – see the panel (left) for a bit of history. As you begin to investigate what’s available, you’ll soon discover that there’s a bewildering choice of models, with very different specifi cations and prices, and it’s very easy to become confused about exactly what you require. If this is your situation and you need some help, then this feature highlights the main factors you need to consider before you buy. Woodturning has progressed enormously in recent years and is now no longer just a means of producing functional items, but is fast approaching the status of an art form. To fuel this massive increase in popularity and demand, many woodworking machinery manufacturers have hurriedly added lathes to their range, but a good machine requires a number of essential features that are often overlooked in the rush to get new equipment onto the market.

Cheap and cheerful There are lots of very cheap lathes on the market that all look the same and appear to give you a lot for your money, photo 1. These machines are very much entry-level models, being suffi cient to get you started, but if you progress much beyond very basic work you will soon fi nd them very limited. Some even come with a stand and incorporate variable speed, but there is a defi nite correlation here between the price you pay and the quality you get.

Weight is good As a general rule, the heavier and more substantial the machine, the better. Vibration is the woodturner’s worst enemy, particularly if the workpiece is long or out of balance, and there is nothing to beat sheer weight to minimise this vibration. As a general rule, the heavier and more substantial the machine, the better. Vibration is the woodturner’s worst enemy, particularly if the workpiece is long or out of balance, and there is nothing to beat sheer weight to minimise this vibration. For this reason, it’s better to buy a lathe that is cast rather than fabricated, but this inevitably often involves greater cost. However, do remember that unlike a lot of other machines, you will often spend hours working at the lathe. Consequently it needs to be as smooth and quiet in operation as possible, so always think carefully about the quality and buy the best you can afford.



Photo 1. Cheap lathes appear to

give you a lot for your money





Photo 2. You need a distance

between centres of at least 30in…





Photo 3. …and a swing of at least

9in between spindle and bed Cheap lathes appear togive you a lot for your moneyYou need a distancebetween centres of at least 30in…. …and a swing of at least9in between spindle and bed

Bed and swing When you are buying a lathe, there are two capacities you need to consider. The distance between centres determines the maximum length of workpiece you can turn. For general work you will need at least 30in, and preferably 36in, photo 2. Incidentally, lathe dimensions are still mainly given in imperial measurements; for metric buffs the equivalents are 760 and 915mm. Longer beds are available, and whilst these may appear attractive, they can add to any vibration problems unless they’re properly braced, so this is one instance where it is better not to buy too much capacity unless you have the specific need for it. When you are buying a lathe, there are two capacities you need to consider. The distance between centres determines the maximum length of workpiece you can turn. For general work you will need at least 30in, and preferably 36in,. Incidentally, lathe dimensions are still mainly given in imperial measurements; for metric buffs the equivalents are 760 and 915mm. Longer beds are available, and whilst these may appear attractive, they can add to any vibration problems unless they’re properly braced, so this is one instance where it is better not to buy too much capacity unless you have the specific need for it. Another useful measurement of size is the ‘swing’ of the lathe, photo 3. This is the height of the main spindle above the bed and therefore determines the maximum diameter of work you can turn, unless the head rotates round. For anything remotely approaching serious work, you need a swing of at least 9in (230mm), but in practice the bigger the better.

Bench or floor mounted? A professional turner will probably need a heavy-duty floor-standing lathe, but for the home woodturning enthusiast a bench-mounted model will probably be quite sufficient, photo 4. These bolt down to any convenient work surface, but this must be really solid. The advantage of mounting it on your own workbench is that you can get the centre height just right – a serious consideration if you anticipate doing a lot of turning in the future.



Photo 4. A bench-mounted model

like this will suit most woodturning beginners A bench-mounted modellike this will suit most woodturning beginners

Stands and storage Several manufacturers provide leg-stands as an optional extra if you don’t want to build a bench. These stands vary from a rather crude folded steel or tube arrangement, to a more rigid affair with provision for a tool shelf, photo 5. Bear in mind that the performance of your lathe depends on how well it is mounted, so buy a leg-stand only if it looks man enough for the job.



Photo 5. Some more rigid leg-stands

include provision for a tool shelf





Photo 6. Under-bench storage helps

to give a stand useful extra mass . Some more rigid leg-standsinclude provision for a tool shelf. Under-bench storage helpsto give a stand useful extra mass

A homemade wooden bench is often better at absorbing vibration than a crude metal stand, and it can change the whole operation of the lathe. If you are short of space in the workshop, you can build in a lot of storage for tools or raw materials under the lathe, which also helps to give the structure a bit more mass, photo 6.

The lathe bed The bed is made from either heavy metal bars or tubes, photo 7, but some machines still feature a flat cast bed. This may be quite crude on the cheaper machines, or a work of art on top-of the-range models, photo 8. The bed is made from either heavy metal bars or tubes,, but some machines still feature a flat cast bed. This may be quite crude on the cheaper machines, or a work of art on top-of the-range models, Whatever the construction, it must be strong enough to support both the tailstock and the tool-rest without any flexing, and allow free and easy movement of them both. It must also permit shavings to fall through unobstructed and should sit well clear of the bench, so you can slide the tools underneath it without banging the sharpened edges.



Photo 7. The lathe bed is made

from heavy metal bars or tubes





Photo 8. More expensive beds are solid

castings that are almost a work of art





Photo 9. Some imported models have

what looks like a huge headstock





Photo 10. The bearings should be

good quality heavy-duty ball races





Photo 11. Tapered bronze-sleeved bearings

give greater support than ball races





Photo 12. The headstock may have the

facility to swing round through 90°





Photo 13. Swinging the head off-centre

keeps tool handles clear of the bed





Photo 14. You need an additional tool rest

for turning big-diameter bowls





Photo 15. A headstock you can

move along the bed is a big advantage





Photo 16. A spindle thread size of

¾in x 16 tpi is the industry standard . The lathe bed is madefrom heavy metal bars or tubes. More expensive beds are solidcastings that are almost a work of art. Some imported models havewhat looks like a huge headstock. The bearings should begood quality heavy-duty ball races. Tapered bronze-sleeved bearingsgive greater support than ball races. The headstock may have thefacility to swing round through 90°. Swinging the head off-centrekeeps tool handles clear of the bedYou need an additional tool restfor turning big-diameter bowls. A headstock you canmove along the bed is a big advantage. A spindle thread size of¾in x 16 tpi is the industry standard

The headstock This is the heart of the machine and needs to be really solid, and preferably cast. Fabricated headstocks are rarely heavy enough if you need to turn large or out-of-balance work. The headstock also needs to have a good spread between the bearings to ensure maximum rigidity of the spindle. This is the heart of the machine and needs to be really solid, and preferably cast. Fabricated headstocks are rarely heavy enough if you need to turn large or out-of-balance work. The headstock also needs to have a good spread between the bearings to ensure maximum rigidity of the spindle. Some imported models have what looks like a huge headstock, , photo 9, but when you remove the belt cover the two spindle bearings are actually quite close together. A small bearing spread like this will causes problems with rigidity, particularly on large diameter work, so always look for a machine where there is plenty of distance between the bearings. The bearings themselves should be good quality heavy-duty sealed ball races, photo 10. Some machines have a tapered bronze sleeved bearing which gives much greater support than ball races, although it does require occasional adjustment. However, when set up correctly this arrangement supports the spindle over a much greater length and provides totally smooth and vibration-free running, photo 11.

A swinging head The headstock may be permanently fixed in line with the bed, or it may have the facility to swing round so that the spindle ends up at right angles to the bed for bowl turning, photo 12. The headstock may be permanently fixed in line with the bed, or it may have the facility to swing round so that the spindle ends up at right angles to the bed for bowl turning, I would rate this swinging head as an essential feature on a lathe; the real advantage is not only for bowl turning, but also for any turning where you have to work over the bed. Swinging the head just a few degrees off-centre allows you to work with the tool handles clear of the bed, photo 13. Although you can still work off the standard tool-rest with the head swung a little, for big diameter bowl turning you will need an additional bowl rest to maximize the capacity, photo 14. If you are restricted with regards to space, many of the swinging head machines also allow you to move the headstock bodily along the bed, which is a great advantage if the end of the machine has to be up against a wall, photo 15.

The spindle is key The headstock spindle is threaded to take a range of screw-on accessories such as chucks, photo 16, so you need one with a standard thread or you’ll be limited in the range of extras you can buy. On many smaller lathes, a thread size of ¾in x 16 tpi is the industry standard, which makes upgrading your machine less costly. The headstock spindle is threaded to take a range of screw-on accessories such as chucks,, so you need one with a standard thread or you’ll be limited in the range of extras you can buy. On many smaller lathes, a thread size of ¾in x 16 tpi is the industry standard, which makes upgrading your machine less costly. This which means that you can then take all your threaded accessories with you, rather than renewing them with the lathe when you upgrade it. This is an important point, as you will often have a substantial investment tied up in chucks and other accessories.

Morse tapers It is essential that your lathe is also equipped with Morse tapers in both headstock and tailstock. This is a universal means of installing centres and a range of other tooling, photo 17, and does not restrict you to using only the original manufacturer’s fittings. It is essential that your lathe is also equipped with Morse tapers in both headstock and tailstock. This is a universal means of installing centres and a range of other tooling,, and does not restrict you to using only the original manufacturer’s fittings. There is a huge range of Morse taper kit on the market, but if you buy a lathe with only screw-on fittings you are very restricted as to what you can use. Morse tapers are commonly No 1 or No 2 on the smaller lathes; the bigger the number the thicker the taper. The tapers just push into the headstock and are then knocked out afterwards with a bar that runs through the main spindle. If the spindle is solid, there needs to be a centre ejector which screws onto the spindle nose before you insert the taper, photo 18. Take great with these tapers and keep them clean and undamaged, or they will start spinning inside each other, which as well as causing them damage, will lead to inaccuracies when you are using fittings such as drill chucks.



Photo 17. Morse tapers are a universal means of installing centres

Photo 18. A solid spindle needs a centre ejector screwed onto the spindle nose

Photo 19. A three-or four-step pulley gives a speed range of 400-2000rpm . Morse tapers are a universal means of installing centres. A solid spindle needs a centre ejector screwed onto the spindle nose. A three-or four-step pulley gives a speed range of 400-2000rpm



Photo 20. Some lathes use cone

pulleys to change the lathe speed





Photo 21. Modern electronic control

offers infinite variation of speed





Photo 22. Memory functions can

remember your favourite speed settings . Some lathes use conepulleys to change the lathe speed. Modern electronic controloffers infinite variation of speed. Memory functions canremember your favourite speed settings

Motor and drive A small lathe will need a motor of at least 1⁄3hp, particularly if you envisage turning bowls, but bigger is better in this case. In order to give some speed variation, the motor is usually fitted with a three or four-step pulley and a matching one on the spindle, photo 19, to give a speed range from about 400 to 2000 rpm. This is achieved with a belt, which is moved around on the pulleys to select the required speed. The traditional V belt has now virtually been replaced with the more efficient fl at poly V type, which gives a smoother, vibration free drive as it has no lumpy joint. A small lathe will need a motor of at least 1⁄3hp, particularly if you envisage turning bowls, but bigger is better in this case. In order to give some speed variation, the motor is usually fitted with a three or four-step pulley and a matching one on the spindle,, to give a speed range from about 400 to 2000 rpm. This is achieved with a belt, which is moved around on the pulleys to select the required speed. The traditional V belt has now virtually been replaced with the more efficient fl at poly V type, which gives a smoother, vibration free drive as it has no lumpy joint. Some lathes achieve the speed variation in other ways. This may be mechanical, where a lever operates two cone pulleys, so changing their diameter and therefore the speed, photo 20. This system does work, but it is prone to wear belts very quickly and is rather noisy. Also, you can only change the speed whilst the lathe is running. So if you finished the last job at top speed and now want bottom, you firstly have to switch the lathe on and reduce the speed before you can mount the work, all of which is a bit fiddly and time consuming.

Electronic controls The ultimate for speed changing is an electrical speed control, which gives you infinite variation of speed at the turn of a knob. This is usually reserved for the top-of-the- range lathes, but in the past electronic speed variation has suffered from loss of torque at low speeds. Fortunately modern electronic technology has largely overcome this problem, usually by operating a three-phase motor through an inverter off a single phase supply, photo 21. The ultimate for speed changing is an electrical speed control, which gives you infinite variation of speed at the turn of a knob. This is usually reserved for the top-of-the- range lathes, but in the past electronic speed variation has suffered from loss of torque at low speeds. Fortunately modern electronic technology has largely overcome this problem, usually by operating a three-phase motor through an inverter off a single phase supply, State-of-the-art electronic speed controls have memory functions that can remember a selection of favourite speeds. They can also sense incidents such as dig-ins and then instantly shut down the power, photo 22.



Photo 23. A magnetic switchbox can

be fixed wherever you’re working





Photo 24. The tailstock barrel needs

plenty of travel for drilling work…





Photo 25. …and should be drilled

through to allow for long hole boring





Photo 26. A cam lock on the tool rest

is easily accessible from the front





Photo 27. Tool-rests are available

in a range of different lengths . A magnetic switchbox canbe fixed wherever you’re workingThe tailstock barrel needsplenty of travel for drilling work…. …and should be drilledthrough to allow for long hole boring. A cam lock on the tool restis easily accessible from the front. Tool-rests are availablein a range of different lengths

Easy-reach switchgear Whatever your motor type, make sure that the switchgear is easily accessible and doesn’t get hidden by large workpieces. I prefer to have the switch (or at least a separate ‘off ’ button) at knee height for emergency situations when you have both hands full. Some machines have a magnetic switch-box, photo 23, which allows you to move it around at will depending where you are working.

Reverse gear Motors with a reverse facility are a valuable aid for sanding, and are quite safe to use on between-centres work. However, if you engage reverse with a piece of faceplate work, there is always the possibility that it will unscrew itself, so lathes with reverse should feature a faceplate locking system.

The tailstock This needs to be as substantial as the rest of the lathe, as it has to provide fi rm support for between-centres work. Make sure that it slides freely and locks firmly onto the bed. The tailstock barrel is moved backwards and forwards with the hand-wheel and needs plenty of travel for drilling work, photo 24. It should be bored with a Morse taper to match the headstock, and should also be drilled right through to allow for easy removal of the tailstock centres and for long hole boring, photo 25.

Tool-rest and slide The tool-rest assembly is another vital part of the lathe, the main requirement being that it is quickly and easily adjustable. The actual locking mechanism varies from machine to machine; some use a simple clamp and lever under the bed, whilst others use a cam type of lock, photo 26, which is easier to use as it is accessed from the front of the lathe. Always check this point before you buy. The tool-rest assembly is another vital part of the lathe, the main requirement being that it is quickly and easily adjustable. The actual locking mechanism varies from machine to machine; some use a simple clamp and lever under the bed, whilst others use a cam type of lock,, which is easier to use as it is accessed from the front of the lathe. Always check this point before you buy. The tool-rest itself needs some vertical height adjustment and should lock into the holder with a simple handle that works effectively; there must be no movement possible once it’s locked. For general use the rest needs to be about 10in (300mm) long, and made of heavy cast construction so that there’s no vibration when you are working at the end of it. Alternative length rests are available, photo 27. You will probably need a shorter one at some stage. For very long work there is a rest with two stems, but this requires an additional tool-rest holder.

Look out for part 2

where Alan introduces the basic woodturning tool kit, and explains how to separate the wheat from the chaff