T he rise of Isis attracted thousands of foreigners from around the world to Syria. But it wasn’t just religious extremists who were drawn here.

While scores were travelling to Syria for jihad, a smaller but no less committed group of internationalists was heading to the other side of the battle.

“People back home like to think Daesh [Isis] is just a problem for the Middle East and that’s it,” says Kyle Town, a mild-mannered 30-year-old from Thunder Bay, in Ontario, Canada, using the Arabic name for Isis. “But it doesn’t just exist here. It affects everyone.”

Town, a former sheet-metal worker, is among thousands of westerners who travelled to Syria to fight Isis and take part in a “revolution” led by a hitherto little-known Kurdish group in the country’s north.

Among them are former soldiers, charity workers, students, engineers and all manner of anarchists and leftists. Eight Britons who went to fight Isis – men and women – died in towns and cities unknown to most people back home.

The volunteers have drawn comparisons to the International Brigades, the foreign fighters who travelled to Spain to battle Franco’s fascists in the 1930s and were made famous by George Orwell. This time, though, they are on the winning side.

Timeline of the Isis caliphate Show all 19 1 /19 Timeline of the Isis caliphate Timeline of the Isis caliphate ISIS began as a group by the merging of extremist organisations ISI and al-Nusra in 2013. Following clashes, Syrian rebels captured the ISIS headquarters in Aleppo in January 2014 (pictured) AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi declared the creation of a caliphate in Mosul on 27 June 2014 Timeline of the Isis caliphate Isis conquered the Kurdish towns of Sinjar and Zumar in August 2014, forcing thousands of civilians to flee their homes. Pictured are a group of Yazidi Kurds who have fled Rex Timeline of the Isis caliphate On September 2 2014 Isis released a video depicting the beheading of US journalist Steven Sotloff. On September 13 they released another video showing the execution of British aid worker David Haines Timeline of the Isis caliphate The US launched its first airstrikes against Isis in Syria on 23 September 2014. Here Lt Gen William C Mayville Jnr speaks about the bombing campaign in the wake of the first strikes Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Isis militants sit atop a hill planted with their flag in the Syrian town of Kobani on 6 October 2014. They had been advancing on Kobani since mid-September and by now was in control of the city’s entrance and exit points AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Residents of the border village of Alizar keep guard day and night as they wait in fear of mortar fire from Isis who have occupied the nearby city of Kobani Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Smoke rises following a US airstrike on Kobani, 28 October 2014 AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate YPG fighters raise a flag as they reclaim Kobani on 26 January 2015 VOA Timeline of the Isis caliphate Isis seized the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra on 20 May 2015. This image show the city from above days after its capture by Isis Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Kurdish forces are stationed on a hill above the town of Sinjar as smoke rises following US airstrikes on 12 November 2015 AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Kurdish forces enter Sinjar after seizing it from Isis control on 13 November 2015 AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Iraqi government forces make the victory sign as they retake the city of Fallujah from ISIS on 26 June 2016 Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Iraqi forces battle with Isis for the city of Mosul on 30 June 2017 AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Members of the Iraqi federal police raise flags in Mosul on 8 July 2017. On the following day, Iraqi prime minister Haider Al Abadi declares victory over Isis in Mosul Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Members of Syrian Democratic Forces celebrate in Al-Naim square after taking back the city of Raqqa from Isis. US-backed Syrian forces declare victory over Isis in Raqqa on 20 October 2017 after a four-month long campaign Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Female fighters of the Syrian Democratic Forces celebrate in Al-Naim Square after taking back the city of Raqqa from Isis. US-backed Syrian forces declare victory over Isis in Raqqa on 20 October 2017 after a four-month long campaign AFP/Getty Timeline of the Isis caliphate Trucks full of women and children arrive from the last Isis-held areas in Deir ez-Zor, Syria in January 2019 They were among the last civilians to be living in the ISIS caliphate, by this time reduced to just two small villages in Syria’s Deir ez-Zor Richard Hall/The Independent Timeline of the Isis caliphate Zikia Ibrahim, 28, with her two-year-old son and 8-month-old daughter, after fleeing the Isis caliphate, on Saturday 26 January 2019 Richard Hall/The Independent

Isis’s self-declared caliphate is all but defeated, leaving those who came to fight it at a crossroads. Many say they are not ready to return home, and instead will stay on in Syria. But as the civil war transitions to a new phase, their role is uncertain.

“There is a lot of work besides fighting Daesh,” says Town, who is currently in an infantry unit. “There are all sorts of civilian works. I came here because I wanted to participate in this revolution as best I can.”

Town is a member of a leftist Kurdish militia called the People’s Protection Units (YPG), which has counted thousands of western volunteers in its ranks over the past few years.

The group has been the main ally of the US-led anti-Isis coalition in Syria, receiving military equipment, the support of some 2,000 US troops and, crucially, the overwhelming power of the American air force.

A largely unknown entity before the war, the YPG has also gained a following in western leftist circles for its military and ideological opposition to Isis.

While Isis subjugated women and massacred minorities, the YPG’s women fighters (known as the YPJ) led battles on the front lines against the group. While Isis positioned itself an enemy of democracy, the YPG – through its Kurdish-Arab alliance the Syrian Democratic Forces – set up an autonomous administration that it says will form the basis of a radical, democratic system when the war ends.

Kyle Town, a 30-year-old YPG volunteer from Canada

Beyond its appeal as a fighting force, the group espouses an Marxist-inspired ideology of decentralisation that attracted many who were seeking to live in a society radically different to the capitalist lives they left behind.

For Danielle Ellis, a 29-year-old Oxford graduate from London, it was a mixture of both.

“I initially emailed the YPG, asking to become a soldier. But they didn’t reply,” she says, in an interview with The Independent in the town of Derik, in northern Syria. “That’s probably a good thing, now I think about it.”

After some consideration, she felt her masters degree in engineering could be put to better use elsewhere, so she instead came to work as a non-combatant volunteer with an internationalist commune.

“They needed people with my skill set,” she says. “It’s a much more rational choice than signing up to join a militia. I’ve been working on off grid-power systems, water supply, that kind of thing.”

Ellis’s interest in the group was piqued after learning about the YPG on the Internet and through friends. She had read about the commune, and was inspired by the stories of other volunteers who went before her, among them Anna Campbell, who became the first British woman to be killed fighting for the YPJ. Campbell was killed not by Isis, but in fighting against Turkish forces, during its invasion of the previously YPG-controlled Afrin region.

“It’s a very exciting time to be here. It’s also a knife edge because the people in this region have proven that they can do something amazing and their existence is hanging in the balance.”

I see this very much the start of something now, not the end Danielle Ellis

The YPG has encouraged foreigners to join it, and has helped to facilitate journeys to northern Syria. The group has had to rely on the support of outside countries in the fight against Isis, such as the US and the UK. Having westerners among the ranks gives it a useful propaganda boost in their home countries. Many volunteers have gone home to advocate on behalf of the YPG.

“In Rojava, we have a principle of free citizenship,” says Nuri Mahmoud, a YPG spokesman. “If they believe in the culture, the history and the philosophy of the region, then they are welcome to be part of this community.”

Fighters from the SDF attend the funeral of one of their commanders, killed in October in the town of Hajin during battles against Isis (AFP)

Not all Syrians feel that way, however. Opponents of the YPG accuse these volunteers of colonialism. Others of adventurism and naivety. Ellis says she is aware of these perceptions.

“There are definitely some friends who have the feeling of this as a white-saviour, gap-year, go-off-and-help-brown-people kind of thing. But when I told Kurdish friends in London I was coming here they were so grateful,” she says.

“I still have all these questions of myself. Is it self-serving? It’s hard not to have those doubts. We are incredibly privileged people. But the more time I spend here, the more I feel like we are doing good.”

There have also been questions over the rights record of the YPG in the areas it controls, which now amounts to roughly a third of the country. In a report last year, Human Rights Watch said the group had recruited child soldiers to its ranks, and stifled political opposition.

YPJ fighter Kimmie Taylor: 'The empowerment of women is changing society'

Hunter Page, a 25-year-old restaurant worker from Bloomsburg in Pennsylvania, was motivated partly by what was happening in his own country. He became disillusioned, he says, following the election of Donald Trump in 2016.

“I noticed that the culture of the kitchen, where I worked, became more of a hateful place,” he says, describing the events that brought him here.

“It seemed more people were able to espouse racism and sexism and homophobia in the workplace. It was unchecked. Listening to this day after day, I could feel myself getting affected by it.”

A combination of a stifling political atmosphere in the US and a growing interest in events in Syria led to him making the jump. But there were other motivations, too.

“I think for everyone who comes here and everyone who joins, it’s always a mixture of political and personal reasons,” he says. “I mean, if we had great home lives with wonderful spouses and great jobs, I don’t think even the most radical political people could easily come here.”

Page joined the international brigade in the YPG when he arrived in May 2018. Upon arrival, new recruits go have language classes, lessons in the history and culture of the region and weapons training.

“Almost every continent is represented in my brigade. It’s a mixture of people who are former military, people involved in political actions in their hometown, and some people here who are just looking for adventure,” he says.

Hunter Page, a former restaurant worker from Pennsylvania, who came to Syria to fight Isis (Richard Hall/The Independent) (Richard Hall / The Independent)

He has been on two operations in Deir ez-Zor, where Isis is currently making its last stand. In the past few months, as the caliphate has shrunk from a string of villages along the Euphrates river to a few fields, hundreds of Isis fighters and their families have surrendered to the SDF. Some 800 Europeans are now being held by the SDF in camps and jails, among them a handful of Brits and at least two Americans.

As they have filed out of the last territory, those American Isis members may have passed by American YPG volunteers, on their way to a screening point where they would have been interviewed by American special forces soldiers.

The idea of his fellow countrymen and women being on the other side of the battle is something Page has thought about.

“It’s unfortunate that our platoon only numbers hundreds of volunteers, while Isis can claim thousands worldwide,” he says. “It would be otherworldly to meet an American, someone who came from a state that I’d been to, had shared experiences, and they decided to go and fight with Isis.”

More than a dozen British women and their children are thought to be held in SDF camps, and at least six British Isis fighters. One of the most well known, Shamima Begum, garnered headlines around the world when she fled east London with three school friends in 2015.

Her reappearance earlier this month, at a camp for Isis families in northern Syria, has sparked a debate over the responsibility of western countries to take back their extremist citizens.

After giving an interview with The Times, in which she expressed little remorse for joining the terror group, the home secretary Sajid Javid revoked her citizenship, and has promised to use his powers to stop Isis suspects returning.

Men of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade in Spain, 1937 (Getty) (Getty Images)

But the UK has also sought prosecutions against returning YPG volunteers. Ellis, the engineering graduate, was detained and questioned in London under the terrorism act for eight hours on her way out to Syria, and expects to be interrogated on her way home too.

Jim Matthews, a former British army soldier, became the first Briton to be charged for terror offences last year after returning from fighting Isis in Syria. The charges were eventually dropped. At least three other Britons have been arrested for similar offences, only for them to be dropped.

The 44-year-old, who became a teacher after leaving the army, recently told The Independent that it was a “strange contradiction” to be accused of terrorism after fighting against jihadis.

“We [British YPG volunteers] went out there because our government was not doing enough,” Matthews said. “It was a job that needed doing, we had to get Isis out of that territory.”

Turkey, the UK’s Nato ally an major trading partner, classifies the YPG as a terror group for its links to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), a Kurdish group that has fought an insurgency against Ankara for 40 years. The US and the European Union also classify the PKK as a terror group, but distinguish it from the YPG, despite well established links and ideological ties. The YPG denies that it has any material connection.

A Syrian Democratic Forces member inspects the embattled village of Baghouz in Deir ez-Zor (AFP/Getty) (AFP/Getty Images)

Turkey has repeatedly threatened to cross the border into Syria to set up a “safe zone”, which would involve going to war with the SDF and perhaps some of its international volunteers. It is that sense that the battle may not yet be over that is keeping some of them from leaving.

“We cant forget that while Daesh has been a major problem, the biggest threat to this society and this movement is from Turkey,” says Kyle Town, the Canadian YPG fighter.

It was the invasion of Afrin, a majority Kurdish area that was overrun by Turkey and its Syrian rebel allies last year, that solidified his decision to come to Syria in the first place, he says.

Ellis says she doesn’t plan on going home any time soon.

“I severed quite a lot of links with the UK. I gave away lots of my possessions. I finished my job,” she says.