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Children's safety could be put at risk if the UK leaves the EU without proper plans for child protection, the UK's four children's commissioners warn.

Child abuse, exploitation, abduction and how family law matters are dealt with if a child has one parent from the EU, are all "immediate issues".

In a letter to Stephen Barclay, the minister for exiting the EU, the commissioners ask for reassurance.

The government said protecting all citizens was its first responsibility.

Anne Longfield (children's commissioner for England), Sally Holland (Wales), Bruce Adamson (Scotland) and Koulla Yiasouma (Northern Ireland) said they had reservations "about the degree to which children have been engaged and considered" during the Brexit process.

The commissioners highlight their fears over co-operation on child protection and law enforcement after Brexit, saying that prevention of child abuse and exploitation often involves international collaboration.

"For example, the viewing and sharing of child abuse images nearly always involves a network, often international.

"This means an offender may be discovered elsewhere in the EU, but resident and presenting a threat to children in the UK.

Image caption Wales' children's commissioner is Sally Holland

"At present, pan-EU co-operation protocols enable such information to be shared swiftly."

The commissioners express similar concerns over children who are trafficked into the UK.

"Generally, these children will arrive from Europe, even if their home country was outside the EU.

"Co-operation in identifying and tracking these children is vital both in protecting these children, giving aid to victims, closing down the networks, and ensuring perpetrators are brought to justice."

Image copyright Office of the Children's Commissioner Image caption England's children's commissioner is Anne Longfield

They also raise concerns about children who are abducted and taken to a European country.

"If abducted children are taken abroad, states need to be able both to arrest and extradite the perpetrator and ensure immediate steps are taken to protect the child. The co-operation of EU member states is vital in enabling this.

"This is just one of many examples where the European Arrest Warrant, and other associated aspects of police co-operation, is used to keep children safe."

Image caption Scotland's children's commissioner is Bruce Adamson

The letter also says matters of family law are another area of concern for the welfare of children.

"There are, and will continue to be, numerous EU national children in contact with children's services across the UK, and children, including UK national children, who have a parent living elsewhere in the EU.

"Ongoing co-operation between jurisdictions, including mutual recognition of civil child protection cases, is vital for the immediate safety of the children concerned."

Vetting childcare workers

The letter goes on to raise concerns about vetting procedures for EU nationals working in childcare positions across the UK.

It says current information-sharing arrangements "enables criminal record checks issued in the UK to be informed by information gathered in other countries".

The commissioners say workers must have been "adequately vetted".

Image caption NI children's commissioner is Koulla Yiasouma

"This requires that the criminal record clearance continues to be informed by intelligence from other countries in which the professional has worked.

"Can you please explain the immediate contingency planning for co-operating on staff vetting in the case of no deal, and the long-term plans for collaboration on the issuing of DBS [Disclosure and Barring Service] checks if the withdrawal agreement is ratified?"

A UK government spokesperson said: "Protecting citizens, including children, is the first responsibility of government.

"The UK has proposed a comprehensive agreement on internal security that would ensure ongoing co-operation in this area, so that both the UK and the EU can continue to tackle fast-evolving threats.

"This includes taking any action required to keep our children safe from harm. This commitment remains, whether we leave with a deal or without one."