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KEY POINTS Postings for autonomous driving jobs increased 27 percent year over year in January, according to ZipRecruiter.

Most of the jobs are engineering-related, but the scope of careers is expanding.

Studies have shown that autonomous vehicles have the potential to widely impact society and create jobs instead of only taking them away.

Aurora self-driving test car. Source: Aurora

When Will Mouat, 41, heard there might be a career opportunity in self-driving cars, he jumped. Even though he did not have an engineering background – a lawyer, Mouat had previously worked on the legal teams at PicsArt, a software company, and Shazam, an app that recognizes music – he was enthralled by the potential of the field. "I would gladly swim across an ocean of thumbtacks to work on this problem with this team," Mouat said. The team was made up of Chris Urmson and Sterling Anderson. Urmson had been chief technical officer of Google's self-driving car division, and Anderson was the former head of Autopilot at Tesla. Together, they started Aurora, one of a growing field of start-ups working on self-driving cars. Today, Mouat is vice president and general counsel of Aurora.

When the possibility of working in self-driving cars arose, Will Mouat, 41, put all of his energy into it. Today he’s vice president and general counsel at Aurora. Source: Will Mouat

New technology is often met with fear, and self-driving cars are no different. Americans are hesitant to trust autonomous vehicles, according to the Pew Research Center. Two fatal accidents this year did not improve consumer opinion. There is also worry about the number of jobs the new technology might eliminate.

Driving change

Yet the autonomous vehicle industry is creating jobs, as well, especially as multiple companies race to put the first self-driving car into action. Autonomous driving job listings increased 27 percent year over year in January 2018, according to ZipRecruiter, an online employment marketplace. From the second quarter of 2017 to the second quarter of 2018, the amount of postings boomed 250 percent on the site due to a hiring spree at the beginning of the year. There is anecdotal evidence that start-ups are growing. Aurora has expanded from a team of three in 2016 to more than 150 people across multiple facilities, the company said. Zoox, another start-up, said it has grown from four people in 2014 to more than 520 today. Both companies say they are hiring aggressively and don't expect to slow down in the next few years.

Other more established companies are joining in. Tesla has been building an autopilot feature since 2014, and both Apple and Google parent company Alphabet are developing their own self-driving car models. Traditional automotive companies are also investing. Ford recently announced that the automaker plans to spend $4 billion on autonomous vehicles by 2023. General Motors will pour $100 million into self-driving cars, and Toyota launched a $2.8 billion self-driving car company in Tokyo.

Who will be impacted first?

In 2015, some 15.5 million workers in the U.S. worked in jobs related to driving, according to an August 2017 report from the Department of Commerce's Economics and Statistics Administration. Only 3.8 million of those workers operate motor vehicles such as a truck or taxi. Among those workers, truck drivers are more vulnerable to automation because they drive mainly on highways, and that type of navigation is easier to automate than negotiating city streets. The remaining 11.7 million, who drive as part of job positions such as mail carriers, firefighters and emergency medical technicians, are likely to benefit from new technology. The average motor vehicle operator is male and older, with less education and pay than the typical worker, according to the Economics and Statistics Administration report. Still, it is one of few jobs where a worker can make more than twice the federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour without a college education. The 2017 median pay for heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers was $20.42 per hour, which adds up to $42,480 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The median household income for all households in the United States was $57,617 in 2016, according to the American Community Survey. It is estimated that autonomous cars could eliminate 300,000 driving jobs a year, according to a May 2017 report from Goldman Sachs. But that won't happen right away; the report estimated that from 2025 to 2030, autonomous cars will be 20 percent of car sales.

I would gladly swim across an ocean of thumbtacks to work on this problem with this team. Will Mouat vice president and general counsel, Aurora

How fast new technology disrupts driving jobs is important, said Amitai Bin-Nun, vice president of autonomous vehicles and mobility innovation at Securing America's Future Energy, a nonpartisan nonprofit that advocates for reducing U.S. oil dependence. Jobs will not disappear overnight, Bin-Nun said. There are many steps between zero and full automation. The workforce has shown resilience during gradual transitions in the past, said Bin-Nun. One example is the change in the agriculture industry. A century ago, most Americans worked on farms. Today, few do. "It's not because Americans stopped eating," Bin-Nun said.

Future of driving jobs

In the short term, Bin-Nun said there will be many things that make driving safer and less stressful. "Autonomous cars are going to largely eliminate jobs seekers weren't interested in and create opportunities in work that people will find more rewarding," said Ian Siegel, co-founder and CEO of ZipRecruiter. Indeed, there is already a shortage of truck drivers in the U.S. With the unemployment rate falling to 3.9 percent in July, companies have had difficulty recruiting for the strenuous job.

These are the top 10 autonomous driving jobs on ZipRecruiter Rank Job 1 Perception Software Engineer 2 Strategic Account Manager 3 Field Service Technician 4 Industrial Engineer 5 Customer Success Field Representative 6 Field Autonomy Engineer 7 Functional Safety Engineer 8 Autonomous Navigation Software Engineer 9 Robotics Engineer 10 Electrical Engineer

In the future, autonomous cars may contribute very little to unemployment. The projected increase in the unemployment rate by autonomous vehicles is between 0.06 and 0.13 percent during the decade from 2045 to 2055, according to an assessment by economist Erica Groshen published in a June 2018 report by Securing America's Future Energy. The report also notes that new technology has historically had positive impacts on the economy, increasing productivity and lowering costs. Two examples are the internet and the interstate highway system. The internet boosted company profitability 10 percent in the early 2000s, according to a 2011 study by the McKinsey Global Institute. In turn, the interstate highway system had a return on investment of more than 30 percent between 1950 and 1990, according to a recent report from Compass Transportation.

Jobs available now

Companies are currently hiring engineers, technicians, software developers and designers to build autonomous vehicles. But careers outside of engineering are expanding in the industry. One of the most sought-after jobs, according to ZipRecruiter, is strategic account manager. The role is mostly focused on sales, according to the site. There are also increased opportunities in safety and testing as autonomous vehicle companies race to get cars ready for the road.

"There's a huge opportunity to test your software in simulated environments," said Bert Kaufman, head of corporate and regulatory affairs at Zoox. Software developers have come from the gaming industry to help build out these testing platforms for Zoox, he said. Car maintenance and logistics positions will also continue to grow, said Kaufman. "Whether it's maintenance technicians, fleet oversight, remote oversight of the fleet, there's still going to be a need for service technicians to maintain and serve the fleet," said Kaufman. As self-driving cars become more prevalent, the kinds of jobs available will expand, said Siegel of ZipRecruiter. "In the emergence of any new technology, the preponderance of jobs are more skilled, more technical positions," he said. "People put layers of simplification on top of it, which opens up access for less-trained people to participate into that industry." The world won't need fewer mechanics, he said. In addition, a focus on skills could open opportunities for those without a college degree.

Societal benefits