DR MUNA ABDU, an ophthalmologist, is worried. “I am afraid of leaving my country for a long time,” she says, her back to the Blue Nile, dark but for the lights of a few riverside restaurants as it flows towards its embrace with the White Nile in Khartoum. But she still plans to move to Saudi Arabia, where she will earn $6,000 a month—a sum that would take her three years to make in Sudan. On some measures Sudan’s economy is recovering, after the southern part of the country broke away to form South Sudan in 2011, taking with it 75% of the old nation’s oil revenues. GDP has grown at around 3% a year since 2013. Inflation is in double digits, but well below its level in 2012-14, when it averaged almost 40%. However, on the black market the Sudanese pound trades at only a third of its official value against the dollar. There are just $800m of foreign exchange reserves left in the central bank, according to the IMF—enough to cover only a month of imports.

Businessmen are quick to blame American sanctions. These have been in place since 1997 (Khartoum harboured terrorists including Osama bin Laden in the mid-1990s) and were extended in 2007 because of the genocide in Darfur. But it is only in the past few years that international banks have started refusing to deal with Sudan, after America cracked down on sanctions-busters. One former chief executive tells of a $10m debt repayment for his company having to be made with a suitcase of cash.

Nervous banks have not, however, made trading with Sudan impossible. Artisanal gold mining is booming and the country exports plenty of livestock to the Gulf. But these do not make up for the lost oil revenues. Meanwhile, sanctions mean Sudan is mostly ineligible for relief on its $48.2bn debt, 86% of which was in arrears at the end of 2015. One boost has come since September 2014, when Sudan expelled a number of Iranian diplomats and cosied up to Saudi Arabia. It has sent hundreds of soldiers to fight alongside the Saudis and against Iranian-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen. Since then, at least $2.1bn has been deposited in its central bank by Saudi Arabia and other friendly states. However, billions of dollars of Saudi investment and military aid that were reportedly promised have not materialised.

Nonetheless, the switch into the Saudis’ orbit suggests that the Sudanese government wants to shed its pariah status. It is also co-operating with the EU to reduce illegal migration into Europe, cracking down on people-trafficking and improving its border security.

But the sanctions were renewed again on October 31st and still have strong bipartisan support in America’s Congress. Walid Phares, an adviser to Donald Trump on the Middle East, says they should remain. America’s position is unlikely to change given the record of Sudan’s Arab-dominated Islamist government of slaughtering black African Muslims in Darfur, and Christians and animists in the south of the country (although most of these have now seceded). For nine months this year government forces attacked the Jebel Marra, a massif in central Darfur where the Sudan Liberation Army-Abdel Wahid (SLA-AW) are holed up. As many as 205,000 locals fled their homes; there are now perhaps 2.6m displaced people in Darfur, a region the size of Spain. Amnesty International claims to have evidence that the government used chemical weapons. It denies this, but restricts access to the area.