Many employers will frantically ax jobs in the coming months in an effort to improve their bottom lines. Other companies will wield a scalpel to whittle out cost savings from employee perks. A whopping 86 percent of companies expect recent financial market changes to affect employee benefits in the next year, according to a recent survey. Here’s a look at the where employers are likely to make cuts.

Layoffs. Large employers, including Citigroup and Sun Microsystems, have already begun massive layoffs. Americans lost 240,000 jobs in October. And the current 6.5 percent unemployment rate is the highest since 2004. Analysts predict that many more layoffs are still to come. A mid-October survey of 248 companies by the consulting firm Watson Wyatt found that 26 percent of employers expect to make layoffs in the next 12 months.

Hiring freezes. Firms are likely to institute multiple cost-saving measures in tandem. “No single action here is going to help companies weather the storm,” says Laura Sejen, global director of strategic rewards at Watson Wyatt. “Companies are looking at the full array of cuts they might make, and I think they are pulling a number of these triggers.” As an alternative or in addition to layoffs, companies may stop hiring new people and leave some vacant positions unfilled. A quarter of the companies Watson Wyatt surveyed plan to freeze hiring in the next year.

Higher health costs. Premiums for employer-sponsored health insurance climbed to $12,680 annually for family coverage this year. Employees pay an average of $3,354 out of their paychecks to cover their share of the cost, according to a Kaiser Family Foundation survey of 2,832 companies. “Health insurance is steadily becoming less comprehensive,” says Kaiser President and CEO Drew Altman. “With rising deductibles, more and more people face a substantial amount out of pocket for their healthcare before their insurance fully kicks in.” About 18 percent of employees currently have deductibles of at least $1,000, up from 12 percent last year. And 25 percent of companies plan to increase employee contributions to health insurance in the next year, Watson Wyatt found.

Travel restrictions. Extravagant company travel may be a thing of the past in many industries. Some 34 percent of companies have already added or increased restrictions to the company travel policy, and an additional 25 percent plan to do so soon. Some companies are cracking down on nonessential travel and increasing Internet and teleconferencing as an alternative to meetings in person. Many employees are also being encouraged or required to use public transportation for local trips and book economy flights for necessary travel.

Training cuts. Helping employees to develop advanced skills usually helps the bottom line of a company. But on-the-job training is expensive and time intensive, and immediate results are not always realized. Some 18 percent of companies plan to reduce or eliminate training for employees. Keeping your skills up to date on your own, however, could help keep you employed.

Canceled parties. Most industries aren’t feeling very jolly this year. About 19 percent of companies have either downgraded or canceled the holiday party, and an additional 18 percent plan to, Watson Wyatt found. A handful of companies--mostly manufacturing firms--even plan to institute mandatory holiday shutdowns to save on operating expenses.

Salary freezes. Workers used to getting an annual cost-of-living raise may be out of luck next year. Four percent of companies have already frozen salaries and 12 percent more plan to. “As a cost-saving measure, it can have a fairly significant impact in terms of managing increases in cost,” says Sejen. “Typically, it would be for 12 months, and then the organization would revisit the decision.”

Reduced merit increases. Don’t count on getting a large holiday bonus or merit pay increase next year either. Approximately 28 percent of employers have already reduced their merit pay budgets because of recent financial events. Among those employers, the projected raise is now 2.5 percent for 2009, down from 3.7 percent.

Pension freezes. Many companies no longer want to bear the burden of providing traditional pensions for employees. Sometimes companies stop allowing new employees to join the plan. Other firms promise to pay the benefits already accrued but don’t allow workers to earn any additional benefits. Some 11 percent of companies have already frozen their pension plans and an additional 4 percent plan to do so in the next year, Watson Wyatt found.