Megan Kolb was so passionate about music, theater, dance and the production of stage shows that when the time came to choose a major in college, she couldn't decide which to pursue.

So she combined them all and made up her own major: performing arts management. Ms. Kolb, the only student with that degree when she graduated from the University of Massachusetts in Amherst last year, has already landed a job as a project manager for a New York City production company. "How great is it to be able to say, 'I created a major that I love and care about, and then to pursue a career in it?' " the 23-year-old says.

A growing number of colleges and universities are offering "create your own major" programs, custom degree plans in diverse subjects such as underwater archaeology, magic and peace and conflict resolution. Sue Shellenbarger explains.

More than 900 four-year colleges and universities allow students to develop their own programs of study with an adviser's help, up 5.1% from five years ago, based on data from the College Board, a New York-based nonprofit organization of colleges and universities. University officials say at least 70 go a step further, providing programs with faculty advisers, and sometimes specialized courses, to help students develop educational plans tailored to their interests, while still meeting school standards.

The programs can spark students' enthusiasm for learning and sometimes equip them for complicated, cross-disciplinary jobs or emerging career fields. But parents are often wary, fearing their kids will drift too far from training for a real, paying job. Some employers look askance at do-it-yourself majors, too, saying their novelty leaves room for confusion about what, exactly, the grads can do.

Nevertheless, the number of organized programs is growing, says Margaret Lamb, director of the University of Connecticut's individualized major program, which enrolls 150 of the university's 21,500 undergraduates. Indiana University, with an enrollment of about 30,000 undergraduates at its Bloomington campus, has seen its individualized-majors program grow about 15% in the past decade. Appalachian State University in Boone, N.C., recently broadened student access to cross-disciplinary majors, and the University of Alabama and others are adding faculty or other resources. Philadelphia's Drexel University is launching one next fall.

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The programs work especially well for students seeking a bachelor's degree in a specific career or research field. Anna Rogers, of Bloomington, Ind., who is working on her first bachelor's degree at age 47, says she has been fascinated by the mysteries of the ocean floor ever since she watched "Sea Hunt," an underwater-adventure TV series, as a child.

When she didn't find exactly the major she wanted at her in-state school, Indiana University, she worked with advisers in its underwater science and museum programs to create one—underwater archaeology. She is studying shipwrecks at the university's research sites in the Caribbean and hopes after graduating in 2011 for a career preserving undersea artifacts and tourist sites.

"My individualized major has allowed me to travel and experience history first hand," Ms. Rogers says. "It has been really exciting" to do research that relates directly to her career plans, she says.

An individualized major also works well as an entree to law or medical school, "but it doesn't open every door," says Dan Gordon, an associate dean and director of the program at UMass in Amherst, where 250 of the campus's 20,000 undergraduates have individualized majors. They don't work as well for students who want to earn a doctoral degree in a highly tracked academic field such as chemistry, he says.

Designing your own major takes a lot of effort, plus skill in selling yourself and your major. At most universities, students must persuade at least one professor to sponsor and advise them. They must tie their major to a specific field of work or future study. Most are required to produce a weighty final project or paper.

UConn senior Catherine Pomposi wants a career in forecasting climate change. To create the major she wanted—environmental analysis coupled with statistics—she had to persuade three professors in the geography, ecology and evolutionary biology, and sociology departments to serve as her advisers. "I hope I'll have an advantage in applying for grad school, because I've designed my own program and already done research" in the field, Ms. Pomposi says.

Some colleges don't allow individualized majors in the belief that faculty and other curriculum experts are best equipped to know what students need to learn, and that traditional majors are based on decades of sound scholarship. Also, individualized major programs take a lot of work by professors who must advise the students, draining faculty time and resources at a time when budgets are tight.

The create-your-own-major programs still spark eye-rolling on campuses, partly because of their loopy past. Born of student demands for academic freedom in the 1970s, many early DIY major programs were pretty offbeat. Puzzle master Will Shortz earned a degree in enigmatology (the study of puzzles) from Indiana University in 1974. And at Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass., back then, a student majored in the marketing, design and aerodynamics of "flying disks," presumably Frisbees. Alan Goodman, Hampshire's dean of faculty, says advisers today require students to tie majors more closely to their planned fields of work or research.

The programs also are drawing a growing number of aspiring entrepreneurs, Dr. Gordon says.

Mike Miklavic, a 2009 grad who majored in entrepreneurship and Web development, says the UMass program enabled him to take both business and computer-science classes while doing internships and launching his own business on the side. He recently signed on as a vice president at CampusLive, a Boston startup that builds social networks on individual college campuses. Creating his own major gave him "a unique opportunity to do a lot of real-world work while taking classes," he says.

Students also know many mainstream majors aren't much help finding a job. Some 27% of workers who graduated from college 10 or more years ago still haven't found a job related to their college major; 12% said it took five years or more to find a job in their field, and 21% said it took three years, says a recent survey of 2,042 college-educated workers by CareerBuilder, a Chicago-based job-search website.

Fields of Study A sampling of some students' D-I-Y majors Ethnobotany

Magic

Ethology (animal psychology and behavior)

Music promotion

Anthropology of mental health and illness

Peace and conflict resolution

Historical clothing

Sociology of fashion

Environmental racism

Complex organizations and informational systems

Neuroscience, human behavior and society

Asian-American studies

Bioethics in crosscultural perspectives

Anya Kamenetz, author of "DIY U," a new book critical of higher education, says that while creating your own major doesn't solve other big problems at colleges and universities, such as high costs, "it does introduce the idea that students should be in charge of designing their own learning plans."

When Pete Merzbacher chose to major in "globalization studies" at UMass, Amherst, his parents were happy to see how excited he was about it, says his mother, Peg, of Norwell, Mass. But they also wondered how it would look on his resume. "I spent one night Googling 'globalization studies' " to try to learn what direction he might take, Ms. Merzbacher says. While she has faith in Pete, she was a little worried that "people will look at 'globalization studies' and say, 'Omigod, what is that? Like basket-weaving?' "

Pete Merzbacher, too, says he "was nervous that I was in this self-designed program that not a lot of people had heard of."

After a summer spent as a farm worker, Mr. Merzbacher decided to apply his classroom learning about global food problems to creating urban gardens on vacant lots in blighted city neighborhoods. He soon won a $5,000 fellowship and began providing summer jobs for low-income youth. He plans after graduating next year to start a business setting up gardening projects for schools, civic groups and nonprofits. Looking back, the responsibility of choosing his own courses "forced me to take that knowledge and channel it into something productive," he says.

In another advantage, the programs allow students to plunge into emerging fields. Justin Carven, a Hampshire College mechanical-design major who studied biofuels, went on after graduating in 2000 to start a Holyoke, Mass., company promoting vehicles powered on vegetable oil.

The programs allow students to try to anticipate job shifts, Dr. Goodman says.

"While schools are struggling to put together majors in sustainability or green building, here a student can go ahead and say, 'This is what I want to do and this is how I want to do it,"' he says. With luck, their goals will mesh with the jobs of the future.

Write to Sue Shellenbarger at sue.shellenbarger@wsj.com