Some researchers believe that adenovirus 36, a cause of upper-respiratory infections, is a major factor in many cases of obesity.

Infection by this virus “is certainly not the cause of all obesity, but it will contribute to your weight,’’ says Richard L. Atkinson, head of the Obetech Obesity Research Center in Richmond and a clinical professor of pathology at Virginia Commonwealth University. “It’s a slow process that works by changing your metabolic rate. It takes a year or two to get really obese after you’ve been infected.’’

The virus prompts adult stem cells in fat tissue to make more fat cells, which store more fat, Atkinson says. “If you look at a given fat pad from an infected animal and compare it to an uninfected animal, it’s got bigger fat cells and more of them,’’ he says. “We can infect human adult stem cells in tissue culture, and even without differentiation agents added to the media, the cells differentiate into fat cells. Infected animals have larger fat pads than uninfected, with not only larger fat cells but more fat cells.’’

A number of recent studies in humans have shown that adenovirus 36 is associated with obesity, especially in children.

These bolster earlier research showing that adenovirus 36 causes weight gain and, especially, fat gain in chickens, mice, rats and monkeys.

Paradoxically, while promoting weight gain, the virus also seems to lower cholesterol and triglycerides, raising intriguing questions about whether some component of the virus might prove valuable in developing a treatment for diabetes or high cholesterol.

While counterintuitive, since obesity is a risk factor for diabetes and heart disease, it is likely that the infection-fueled fat “finds a storage space in the adipose tissue and doesn’t wander into your heart or muscles,’’ says Nikhil Dhurandhar, a professor of health promotion at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center at Louisiana State University.

Dhurandhar and colleagues conducted a study published last year that followed 1,400 people; it found that those who tested positive for antibodies to the virus — meaning they had been infected at some point — gained significantly more body fat over a 10-year period than those who had not been infected.

Equally important, their blood-sugar levels were lower than those of the uninfected group. This does not mean that the virus might become a diabetes treatment. However, “perhaps we could identify a protein in the virus that is driving this, and develop drugs based on its action,’’ Dhurandhar says.

Atkinson has developed an experimental vaccine against the virus, but he says it is years away from becoming available. “We have done some animal testing to show that the vaccine produces an antibody response, but more work in animals is necessary,” he says. Since the virus disappears from the body in about a month, “once a person becomes fat, he or she is no longer infectious to others and you don’t have to worry about them,’’ Atkinson says. “So, if you don’t want to get infected, the best thing to do is wash your hands frequently, don’t rub your nose, and avoid skinny people with colds.’’