Democratic lawmakers in New Jersey set the stage on Thursday for another showdown with Gov. Chris Christie over the state’s minimum wage.

The State Senate in Trenton passed a bill that would raise the minimum wage to more than $15 an hour by 2021. That would amount to an increase of 80 percent over four years from the state’s current minimum wage of $8.38 an hour.

If Mr. Christie, a Republican, signs the bill, which has already passed the State Assembly, New Jersey would join New York and California as the only states scheduled to raise their minimum wage to at least $15 an hour. Some cities outside those states, including Seattle and Washington, have adopted plans to reach $15 minimums. (The national minimum wage is $7.25 an hour.)

Mr. Christie did not comment on the Senate’s passage on Thursday, but he has made his position clear in the past. He spoke in April of “the reckless effort to raise the minimum wage to 15 bucks an hour” and said it could have a “devastating impact” on the state’s economy.