Summary

This study quantified forage quality of fourteen pasture weed species common to southwestern Oregon. Over three consecutive years, weed species were collected from varying sites in southwestern Oregon during the spring, summer, and fall. Collection sites were randomly sampled. The following weed species were analyzed: bog rush, bull thistle, Canada thistle, diffuse knapweed, French broom, gorse, Italian thistle, Scotch broom, spotted knapweed, yellow starthistle, Himalaya blackberry, sedge, Portuguese broom, and meadow knapweed. Collections were made at different times of the year to quantify forage quality for the following plant developmental stages: rosette/vegetative, bolt, and early bloom/boot. Each species was analyzed for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy, and mineral content at each developmental stage. Results indicate that some weed species have nutrient profiles similar to more desirable forage species such as orchardgrass and ryegrass. Weed species forage values are low at some plant developmental stages, however, suggesting supplemental feeding would be required by livestock producers. Mineral profiles varied for each species, indicating possible livestock health problems might occur, such as nutrient imbalances, if certain weeds were the only available feed. Several weed species, including the thistles and knapweeds, had very high levels of potassium, calcium, and magnesium at all stages of plant development. We compared nutritional values of weeds to the nutritional requirements throughout the production cycle of beef cattle, sheep, and goats. Livestock producers can use this information to more accurately meet livestock nutritional needs while livestock are grazing weed species or when livestock grazing is utilized for weed suppression as part of an integrated weed management system. Further research of weed species used as forage will quantify anti-quality factors and palatability.

Introduction

Weeds continuously invade pastures and annual or perennial crops grown for livestock feed. Weeds in forages may reduce the quantity and quality of harvested hay or grazed forage, be toxic or poisonous to livestock (Cash et al., 2010; Hulting and Neff, 2010), or cause injury to the mouths of grazing animals (Colquhoun, 2003). Some weed species, including the thistles with their spiny leaves, may not be eaten by livestock, whether in pasture or hay. Many grass weed species are readily eaten and provide quality nutrition to grazing livestock. Intensive grazing of weed species can be an important biological control strategy as part of an integrated weed management plan for some invasive plants. When livestock producers consider using livestock grazing for weed management, the perception of weeds must be converted from one of pests to that of a feed source (Jones, et al, 2001).

Quantifying the forage quality of individual weed species is essential for making weed management decisions that include planned livestock grazing. A more targeted grazing approach to control these weeds can provide feed for livestock, reduce weed infestations, and provide more light, water, and space for desirable forage species.

Forage testing laboratories often report that many weeds they have analyzed have adequate nutritional profiles but are usually coupled with bizarre mineral profiles, or high nitrate levels and other anti-quality components, which make these species undesirable as livestock feeds (Sirous, 2004). In some cases, nutrient analysis of a weed may be similar to forage but chemicals in the weed may cause livestock to avoid the plant. Marten et al. (1975) reported that ratios of minerals may be a factor in desirability of weeds as feed. Ratios of K/(Ca + Mg) (on a mEq basis) of 2.2 or greater may indicate that a forage will predispose ruminants to grass tetany or hypomagnesemia (Grunes, 1973 in Marten, et. al. 1975), a serious, often fatal metabolic disease involving low Mg levels in the blood. Bosworth et al. (1986) found that high magnesium levels can also indicate problems in grazing livestock. In order for grazing to be effectively used for weed control, the weeds need to be acceptable, i.e. palatable, to the livestock (Targeted Grazing, 2009). Some weeds, either part of the time or continuously, are unpalatable to the grazer for a variety of reasons (e.g. foul tasting, sharp points, or cause digestive upset). Previous experience may also influence whether not an animal chooses to eat a particular weed species. Choice of grazing animal type (browsers versus grazers) and timing of grazing to a period when plants are acceptable is important to successful use of grazing to control weeds.

In this paper we present results of a study which determined the approximate nutrient value of selected weeds found in southwestern Oregon sampled at various growth stages. Weed forage values were compared to nutrient requirements of livestock throughout the production cycle of the animal. Our objective was to provide information to be used by livestock producers, including those selling product on the “organic” market and those interested in pay-to-graze operations, to enable them to make informed livestock management and weed management decisions.

Materials and Methods

Over three consecutive years from 2004-2007, 14 weed species in southwestern Oregon were analyzed including bog rush (Juncus effuses), sedge (Juncus spp), spotted kanpweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.), diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius L.), French broom (Cytisus monspessulanus), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.), meadow knapweed (Centaurea pratensis), gorse (Ulex europaeus L.), Himalaya blackberry (Rubus armeniacus), Portuguese broom (Cytisus striatus), and Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus L.). Weed samples were collected in spring, summer, and fall, corresponding to physiological stages of plant development including the rosette/vegetative, bolt, and early bloom/boot. Plant parts most likely to be eaten by livestock, including new shoots and leaves, were sampled by clipping. Lower stems and leaves were excluded from the sample because we speculated that there would be little or no consumption of these plant parts by grazing livestock. Samples were randomly collected from five or more plants and a composite sample from various sites at each sample date was made. These samples were immediately placed in a cooler with ice, later frozen, and then shipped to a laboratory for analysis (Dairy One Forage Lab, Ithaca, NY).

Laboratory tests for nutritive value during each of 3 years included dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP: Kjeldahl N x 6.25), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy, and mineral content including the macrominerals Ca, P, K, Na, and Mg and the microminerals Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo.

Results

Nutrient content of weed species fluctuated over the sampling period. Quality was generally high, often meeting livestock nutritional needs (Table 1). For many of the weed species analyzed, CP content was highest in the spring, decreased in summer, and increased in fall. This pattern of nutrient content fluctuation is similar to that of improved grass and legume forages. The TDN content appeared to fluctuate less than that of CP, however, it decreased in some weed species for the summer sampling. Macro- and micro-mineral content of the various weeds are listed in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In general, the mineral content of weeds analyzed would meet the nutrient requirements of grazing livestock during part of the reproductive cycle. However, there are some instances with either deficient or toxic levels of minerals present compared to minimum requirements or maximum tolerable amounts for the animals.

Table 1. Average crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for common pasture weeds sampled for 3 years and compared to standard values for common forages and livestock nutrient requirements. %CP %TDN Spring Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall Forage Alfalfa hay 22 51 SW OR grass hay 8 57 Orchardgrass pasture, veg. 18 65 Weeds Bog rush 10 11 6 54 54 54 Sedge 11 13 10 55 57 56 Spotted knapweed 20 13 8 63 61 59 Diffuse knapweed 18 12 7 62 62 59 Scotch broom 21 20 17 61 58 57 French broom 20 15 14 62 60 59 Bull thistle 18 19 9 60 59 60 Canada thistle 21 18 12 58 58 61 Yellow starthistle 13 10 10 60 61 59 Meadow knapweed 21 17 8 63 63 58 Gorse 18 17 11 60 58 56 Himalaya blackberry 15 15 16 64 64 62 Portuguese broom 19 20 7 58 58 53 Italian thistle 15 14 7 61 59 58 Nutrient requirements Cow 12.3 7.4 7 67 54 48.8 Ewe 15 13.4 9.2 65 55 59 Doe 8.6 8 - 58.2 54.9 -

Table 2. Average micromineral content in percentages for common pasture weeds sample for 3 years in spring (Sp), summer (Su), and fall (F). % Ca % P % K % Na % Mg Item Su F Sp Su F Sp Su F Sp Su F Sp Su F Sp Bog rush 0.21 0.2 0.26 0.13 0.19 0.09 1.52 2.08 1.82 0.1 0.05 0.5 0.13 0.15 0.1 Sedge 0.22 0.41 0.5 0.15 0.17 0.15 1.2 22.6 2.17 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.09 - 0.13 Spotted knapweed 1 0.87 1.1 0.32 0.25 0.21 2.85 2.14 1.84 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.28 0.3 0.21 Diffuse knapweed 1.06 1.02 1.05 0.28 0.26 0.22 3.13 2.69 1.81 0.013 0.06 0.01 0.26 0.26 0.22 Scotch broom 0.51 0.42 0.3 0.2 0.16 0.13 1.05 1.2 0.94 0.031 0.02 0.08 0.15 0.16 0.18 French broom 0.6 0.57 0.57 0.22 0.12 0.12 1.45 1.08 0.92 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.16 0.2 Bull thistle 2.06 1.42 1.52 0.23 0.4 0.2 3.97 4.38 2.38 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.3 0.31 0.25 Canada thistle 1.22 1.27 1.53 0.26 0.29 0.16 2.82 3.29 3.44 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.48 0.2 0.23 Yellow starthistle 0.95 0.54 0.98 0.28 0.26 0.29 2.47 2.02 1.57 0.032 0.01 0.05 0.53 0.43 0.5 Meadow knapweed 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.35 0.31 0.24 4.6 3.5 2.1 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.35 0.43 0.33 Gorse 0.45 0.36 0.3 0.2 0.17 0.1 1.18 1.21 0.71 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.27 0.29 0.21 Himalaya blackberry 0.5 0.54 0.67 0.26 0.29 0.18 1.53 1.7 1.39 0.02 3 0.009 0.14 0.36 0.36 Portuguese broom 0.45 0.33 0.27 0.21 0.21 0.13 1.34 1.28 0.99 0.171 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.13 0.09 Italian thistle 1.92 1.11 0.78 0.31 0.24 0.12 4.69 1.83 2.12 0.17 0.22 0.04 0.31 0.31 0.24

Eleven of the fourteen weeds studied met CP and TDN requirements of a 1000 lb. cow for the first 5 months of gestation (summer, for spring calving herds). The brooms did not meet cow energy (TDN) requirements during summer. Most weed species analyzed in this study did not meet TDN and CP requirements of cows in the last 4 months of gestation. Requirements for the cow at lactation were met by the knapweeds, French broom, Italian thistle, and Himalaya blackberry. Sheep and goats are selective eaters, preferring shrubs, forbs and other broadleaf plants to grasses. Nutrient requirements throughout the year for spring lambing and kidding sheep and goats are presented in (Table 1). Sheep requirements for a 154 lb ewe bred in the fall to lamb in spring were compared to weed nutrient contents throughout the year (NRC, 1985). A ewe at maintenance (August- September) could meet its nutrient requirements for CP and TDN by grazing spotted knapweed. However, spotted knapweed in summer is low in zinc as is Spanish broom in spring and summer. Zinc would, therefore, need to be made available to the animal from other sources such as forages, supplemental feed, or a mineral mix. For the first 15 weeks of gestation (October-January), the CP and TDN requirements of a ewe could be met by grazing yellow starthistle. However, yellow starthistle is low in zinc, copper, and manganese; therefore, ewes would need to be supplemented with minerals. For 110 lb meat goats kidding in spring, CP and TDN requirements for maintenance can be met by consuming fall growth of Himalaya blackberry, yellow starthistle, and meadow knapweed. Requirements at gestation, fall through spring, can be met with several species analyzed including: Himalaya blackberry, yellow starthistle, and meadow knapweed in fall and Himalaya blackberry, diffuse knapweed, Scotch broom, bull thistle, Portuguese broom, and meadow knapweed in early spring. Since goats browse, preferring shrubs to grasses, they may be the most effective at weed control for many of the species analyzed in this study.

Table 3. Average micromineral content in parts per million for common pasture weeds sample for 3 years in spring, summer, and fall. Iron (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Copper (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Item Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall Spring Summer Fall Spring Bog rush 98 102 72 36 45 39 6 6 4.5 549 695 717 <1 0.45 0.58 Sedge 570 162 148 20 25 20 5 8 5 462 549 452 <1 0.35 0.83 Spotted knapweed 2545 575 1395 27 27 21 15 10 9 94 33 64 <1 1 0.68 Diffuse knapweed 259 208 196 21 19 18 9 8 7 43 34 61 <1 1.3 1.7 Scotch broom 152 123 234 41 26 28 13 12 7 426 499 257 <1 0.65 0.53 French broom 210 130 332 48 48 53 5 5 6 304 221 236 2 1.05 1.2 Bull thistle 687 115 234 70 35 29 18 21 12 117 80 79 <1 0.7 <0.1 Canada thistle 4922 120 156 63 86 66 26 15 8 57 89 67 0.87 0.7 <0.1 Yellow starthistle 1327 141 164 63 38 50 19 10 11 57 14 16 0.87 0.7 0.7 Meadow knapweed 305 140 183 24 27 23 7 18 8 36 42 50 0.67 <1 0.53 Gorse 152 123 202 49 33 28 6 5 4 142 81 81 <1 <1 1.03 Himalaya blackberry 243 79 206 43 31 27 12 11 9 227 198 221 0.27 0.3 0.25 Portuguese broom 190 91 107 44 33 52 11 8 8 536 164 233 1.6 0.25 0.35 Italian thistle 3386 1 1934 35 31 29 18 17 11 202 39 101 0.77 0.57 0.4

Macro-minerals include calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg). The macro-mineral content of the weeds studied were present in amounts that ranged from deficient to sufficient for grazing livestock. They would pose no problems for toxicity or deficiency if a well-formulated mineral mix were consumed by the grazing animal. However, ratios of potassium to calcium plus magnesium were high in some weed species analyzed, indicating possible grass tetany problems for ruminants consuming them. Bull thistle, Canada thistle and Italian thistle had ratios greater than 2.2 in all seasons, and the knapweeds had high ratios in summer and fall.

Micro-minerals include iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). They showed mixed results. The Fe content of the majority of the weeds in this study was sufficient to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of livestock. Some weed species contained excessive, even toxic, levels of Fe. We speculated that high levels of Fe in some samples were due to contamination of the sample by soil. Therefore, when encountering weeds with high Fe, take precautionary steps. Most weeds examined had Zn and Mn concentrations sufficient to meet, but not exceed, maximum tolerable levels for grazing animals.

Copper levels in some weed species were often too high for sheep. Since Cu is known to accumulate in the sheep liver, grazing strictly on these weeds may cause toxicity. The spring sample of Canada thistle, for example, contained 26 ppm Cu, exceeding the sheep maximum tolerable level. However, the cow and doe would need additional Cu if they were to consume the majority of their diet as Canada thistle. Molybdenum levels in some weeds were much lower than animal requirements and supplementation would be needed. None of the weed species exceeded maximum levels for Mo. Several weed species had mineral levels that could negatively affect ruminants. Some minerals are known to interact with others, causing possible mineral imbalances in livestock. Mineral interactions can be complicated and are beyond the scope of this paper. Animal managers need to carefully compare mineral requirements of livestock with weed mineral content (Tables 2 and 3). Sampling of pastures containing mostly weeds is recommended prior to turning livestock out, especially if the weeds will make up a majority of the grazing animal’s diet. Mineral requirements of grazing livestock can be found in reference books or by contacting local county Extension Service offices.

Conclusions

Results from this experiment indicate that nutrient requirements of grazing animals can be met with some weed species. It will depend on animal species, its production cycle, weed species present, and growth stage of the weed. Management of grazing is important and will impact the success or failure of using livestock as a biological weed management tool. Producers will want to encourage livestock to graze the weed when it is most palatable and susceptible to defoliation. A sound weed management program that includes livestock grazing will require information such as nutrient value of weeds combined with a high degree of management, flexibility, and dedication by livestock producers.

Acknowledgements

This research study was financially supported by The Agricultural Research Foundation and Coos County OSU Extension Service. Authors appreciate the assistance provided by Ken French, Guadalupe Torres, and Cassie Bouska.

Literature Cited