The Federal Reserve Thursday dealt a blow to J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. and Goldman Sachs Group Inc., citing weaknesses in their "stress test" capital planning that could hamper their funneling more dividends and share buybacks to investors.

The central bank also denied capital plans submitted by BB&T Corp. and Ally Financial Inc. But the Fed at the same time cleared 14 other banks to boost payouts to shareholders, including Citigroup Inc. and Bank of America Corp., both of which in past years had capital requests...