It was the traditional Milad un Nabi, when Muslims commemorate the birthday of the Prophet Mohammed, and the imam in a small Punjabi village had a question.

“Who here does not love the Prophet Mohammed?” Shabir Ahmed asked.

Mishearing the cleric, 15-year-old Anwar Ali raised his hand. A shout went up from the crowd, which had gathered to celebrate their prophet with songs, poems, and the reading of sacred texts. “Blasphemer!” the imam declared, and pronounced that the boy should be put to death.

Instead, Ali rushed home and cut his own hand off with a scythe. He returned later to present the imam, Shamir Ahmed, with the hand placed on a plate as a sign of his repentance. “What I did was in love for prophet Muhammad,” he reportedly said as his father expressed pride in his son’s actions. While police later arrested Ahmed for “inciting violence,” Ali was heralded throughout the community as a hero.

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In fact, Anwar Ali was one of the lucky ones. Others accused of blasphemy have been sentenced to lashings, beheadings, or both. In 2014, a Christian couple, accused of burning verses from the Quran, were set on fire and thrown into a brick kiln by a mob of more than 1,000 people. The wife, just 24, was four months pregnant.

Five of the couple’s alleged killers have been sentenced to death. But more than 100 others have been acquitted.

Such is the state of religious law in much of the world, according to the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU)’s 2017 “Freedom of Thought” report.

A thorough analysis of the rights to freedom of thought, expression, and religion worldwide, the report examines the rights and abuse of humanists, atheists, agnostics, apostates, and those practicing minority religions. Perpetrators named in the report are not only governments, but members of the general population, such as the university students who beat Mashal Khan to death after he described himself on Facebook as “the humanist”; the machete-wielding mobs who attacked and killed several humanist writers in Bangladesh; and the slaughterers of blogger and human rights activist Yameen Rasheed, who was stabbed 36 times in his home in that popular honeymoon destination the Maldives.

The report identifies the situation in 30 countries as “most severe,” with “grave violations” in which “‘apostasy’ or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death” and “religious instruction in a significant number of schools is of a coercive fundamentalist or extremist variety.” In addition, it classifies 55 other countries at the second level of severity, marked by “religious control over family law or legislation on moral matters,” where “‘blasphemy’ is outlawed or criticism of religion is restricted and punishable with a prison sentence.” Such criteria includes some surprising culprits, including Germany, Greece, and Denmark.

Notably, however, the report points out that the countries identified as having the “most severe” conditions also show “a high prevalence of human rights abuses across various other sectors of society as well.” Further, the list “is predominated by Islamic states, or countries with mainly Muslim populations, or with highly Islamized regions within multi-religious nations. … The result of all this — just as many conservative and extremist followers of Islam would probably agree and desire it! — is that it is Islamic states and Islamic populations which pose the most prevalent and often the most serious threat to the non-religious people in their societies today.”

Such threats are not limited to the Muslim world, however, as the 2015 killings of the Charlie Hebdo editors made clear. Non-Muslims perceived as attacking Islam — as well as Muslim apostates in the West, such as Wafa Sultan, Ibn Warraq, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, and Salman Rushdie — live under constant threat. For this reason, in 2015 British-Iranian former Muslim Maryam Namazie began the hashtag #exmuslimbecause to lend support to those living with the fear of reprisal for exercising their freedom of belief. The hashtag eventually morphed into an independent Twitter account, which now boasts more than 8,000 followers.

Others have quietly formed secret organizations, such as the Dutch Facebook groups “Ex-Muslims in The Netherlands” and “Moroccans Without Religion.” According to the Dutch newspaper Trouw, membership in these groups is by invitation only and most of the members remain anonymous. Many have hidden their viewpoints even from their own families. “Ex-Muslims in the Netherlands” members give each other emotional support, but also recommend books to one another, including titles by outspoken atheist Richard Dawkins and Charles Darwin, Trouw reports.

Whatever the risks within their own communities, however, such things are far easier and safer to organize in the West than in the Islamic world, where the threat comes not just from family and community, but often from the state. In Iran, Iraq, Qatar, the Maldives, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, for example, apostasy — either leaving Islam for another religion or declaring oneself unreligious — is punishable by death. Even advocating secularism is illegal in these and many other countries, the Freedom of Thought report points out. A series of brief excerpts from the “Freedom of Thought” report available here demonstrates the gravity of the danger.

Even so, Western attitudes toward free thought may be gradually worsening. German laws against insulting religion, while perhaps understandable given Germany’s Nazi past, nonetheless violate democratic, post-Enlightenment ideals by imposing prison sentences on those who merely express an opinion. In the Netherlands, anti-Islam Parliament member Geert Wilders was prosecuted for a 2014 campaign speech in which he promised “fewer Moroccans” in the Netherlands. In finding him guilty, the court called his words “demeaning and thereby insulting towards the Moroccan population.”

Similarly, in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo attack and previous attempts on the lives of Mohammed cartoonists Kurt Westergaard and Lars Vilks, many international activists — as well as UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon — have countered calls for repealing old blasphemy laws with cries to strengthen them, arguing that the cartoonists and others who “provoke” Muslims by “insulting” them are only asking for trouble.

But humanists and secularists adamantly oppose such moves, because they signal a “pattern of regression on a global scale,” warns IHEU spokesman Bob Churchill in the Freedom of Thought report’s introduction. Similarly, in an introduction to The Fall And Rise of Blasphemy Law, former Jyllands-Post editor Flemming Rose, who published the Danish Mohammed cartoons, describes the idea of strengthening blasphemy laws as “nonsense” that indicates “a frightening lack of understanding of the basic principles of a free society.”

Tragically, however, that “nonsense” has resulted in immense suffering in the form of torture, “honor” crimes, imprisonment, and death — not just in the Muslim world, but also in the West. Hence if we are going to keep that free society, we will have to do more than understand its “basic principles.” We will need to protect, with all our laws, ideals, and voices, the freedoms that we cherish from those who blaspheme against them.

Abigail R. Esman, the author of Radical State: How Jihad Is Winning Over Democracy in the West (Praeger, 2010), is a freelance writer based in New York and the Netherlands. Follow her @radicalstates.