Instead, they say they encountered discrimination, desperate poverty and a complete denial of basic freedoms. Now, five Zainichi who spent decades in North Korea before finally escaping to Japan, are pursuing legal action against the North Korea government in a Japanese court, seeking damages for the lies they were told and mistreatment they suffered. They are also demanding that their relatives be given the right to return to Japan. Hiroko Saito, 77, left, and Hiroko Sakakibara, 68, in Osaka. Credit:Simon Denyer/Washington Post The fate of the Zainichi is not a priority for the Japanese government. It is fixated on the "abductees", a much smaller number of Japanese citizens who were kidnapped by North Korean agents in the 1970s and 1980s. Their stories have become something of a national obsession and a major obstacle to any rapprochement between Tokyo and Pyongyang.

But the Zainichi are a powerful reminder of other humanitarian catastrophes that have unfolded in North Korea in the past six decades, and how the regime of Kim Jong Un faces reckonings and recriminations on many fronts as it seeks dialogue with the West and its allies. The lawsuit by the Zainichi also cuts another way: highlighting the cultural politics in Japan and elsewhere in East Asia that can relegate ethnic minorities to underclass status. Sakakibara's parents, both ethnic Koreans, found life a challenge in Japan, she said. Her father struggled to find regular work, and her mother had suffered a stroke. Now 68, she remembers being shamed at school because she did not have lunch money. Kim Il-sung, a former guerrilla who gained fame battling Japan’s colonial rule, established the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on September 9, 1948. Kim Jong-un's grandfather is seen here in February 1948. Credit:KCNA/AP In May 1961, the family boarded a Soviet passenger vessel bound for the North Korean port of Chongjin.

Sakakibara vividly remembers the propaganda photos the family were shown before leaving Japan: beautiful girls plucking rosy apples off a tree, idyllic country scenes and modern cityscapes. But once on board the ship, watched over by Soviet soldiers, the doubts began to set in. "The food was terrible, and the apples, they were so shrivelled," she said. Then, as the ship pulled into the port, they realised they had made a terrible mistake. Loading

What greeted them was a gray, impoverished and drab city, and a dock full of malnourished and shabbily dressed people, all the adults in the same dreary, dark gray clothes, some of the children without shoes or even trousers. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, right, meets with Shigeo Iizuka, second from right, leader of a group of families of Japanese abducted by North Korea, and Sakie Yokota, second from left, mother of Megumi Yokota, one of the Japanese abductees and other members at Abe's official residence in Tokyo in March. Credit:AP "Why is it so different from what I imagined?" Sakakibara remembers asking her 11-year-old self. "I was so disappointed." Around her, the adults had the same thoughts. "We had been told this was paradise, but this clearly wasn't the case," said Hiroko Saito, a Japanese woman who had come with her Korean husband and their one-year-old daughter. "Everyone started crying: 'Get me away from here. Get me back home.' "

They had been told they could live where they wanted, do whatever jobs they chose. It was a lie. Many ended up in prison camps or coal mines, the families in the lawsuit claims. Some died of malnutrition and disease, while others survived by selling what they had brought from Japan and through money sent to them by relatives who had stayed behind. Sakikibara's father was a construction worker in Japan, but he was sent to work in the countryside and struggled to learn manual farming. Unable to meet his quotas, he soon suffered a mental breakdown and was locked in a hospital for the mentally ill, where he died in 1964, his daughter said. Loading At school, she was continuously bullied because she had grown up in Japan.

In Japan, the ethnic Koreans were seen as politically suspect - many were left-wing - and a drain on the welfare state. They had also been stripped of their Japanese citizenship after the empire was dismantled following World War II, and the government quietly backed the campaign to send them to home or to North Korea, says Tessa Morris-Suzuki, an Australian National University professor and author of Exodus to North Korea: Shadows From Japan's Cold War. The proselytising campaign was carried out by the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, or Chongryon, a pro-North Korea organisation. The Japanese Red Cross and the International Committee of the Red Cross helped with arrangements. Once in North Korea, many immigrants tried to warn relatives not to join them. Letters home were heavily censored, but some wrote messages on the back of stamps or used prearranged codes such as writing in ink if the letter was telling the truth, in pencil if it was a lie. Historical archives show Japan knew what was happening. It told Britain in the early 1960s that conditions for the immigrants were very hard, but still backed the campaign to send more back, said Morris-Suzuki. Japanese police guard the headquarters of the pro-Pyongyang General Association of the Korean Residents in Japan in Tokyo during protests against North Korea. Credit:AP