i.m., Intramuscular; MTF, male to female. aNot available in the USA.

Hormone regimes for transgender women (male to women, MTF)

Monitoring for transgender women (MTF) on hormone therapy:

REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING (from Gardner & Safer, 2013)

1.Gates GJ. How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? The Williams Institute; 2011.

2. Sanchez NF, Sanchez JP, Danoff A. Healthcare utilization, barriers to care, and hormone usage among male-to-female transgender persons in New York City. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:713 – 719.

3. Leinung MC, Urizar MF, Patel N, Sood SC. Endocrine treatment of transsexual * persons: extensive personal experience. Endocr Pract 2013; 19:644 – 650.

4. Gorin-Lazard A, Baumstarck K, Boyer L, et al. Is hormonal therapy associated *with better quality of life in transsexuals? A cross-sectional study. J Sex Med 2012; 9:531–541.

5. Obedin-Maliver J, Goldsmith ES, Stewart L, et al. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-related content in undergraduate medical education. J Am Med Assoc 2011; 306:971 – 977.

6. Safer JD, Tangpricha V. Out of the shadows: it is time to mainstream treatment for transgender patients. Endocrine Pract 2008; 14:248 – 250.

7. Reiner WG, Gearhart JP. Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:333 – 341.

8. Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46,XY per- sons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation. Arch Sex Behav 2005; 34:423 – 438.

9. Zhou J-N, Hofman MA, Gooren LJG, Swaab DF. A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 1995; 378:68 – 70.

10. Kruijver FP, Zhou JN, Pool CW, et al. Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:2034 – 204z

11. Berglund H, Lindstro ̈ m P, Dhejne-Helmy C, Savic I. Male-to-female transsex- uals show sex-atypical hypothalamus activation when smelling odorous steroids. Cerebr Cortex 2008; 18:1900 – 1908.

12. Rametti G, Carrillo B, Go ́mez-Gil E, et al. White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:199 – 204.