Legend:

EHG (Eastern Hunter-Gatherers), including West Siberian Hunter-Gatherers/Neolithic and SHG (Scandinavian Hunter-gatherers, mostly EHG mixed with some WHG)

WHG (Western Hunter-Gatherers)

CHG (Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers) and Iran Mesolithic, Iran Neolithic, Iran Chalcolithic, etc.

Anatolian farmers, also known as EEF (Early European Farmers)

Levant farmers, including Natufian culture

"Uralic" group (East Asian ancestry with EHG admixture)

Steppe-derived R1a lineages, Y-DNA (males) defined as EHG with CHG (and some European/Anatolian Farmer DNA from c. 3300 BCE onwards) admixture. Defining subclade SNP in ( ). See R1 tree for chronological context

Steppe-derived R1b lineages, Y-DNA (males) defined as EHG with CHG (and some European/Anatolian Farmer DNA from c. 3300 BCE onwards) admixture. Defining subclade SNP in ( ). See R1 tree for chronological context

Steppe-derived autosomal DNA ancestry, including females defined as EHG with CHG (and some European/Anatolian Farmer DNA from c. 3300 BCE onwards) admixture)

Ancient East Asian ancestry

Ancient South Asian ancestry (including presumed Indus Valley Culture-related ancestry)

The individual's ancestry is uncertain/unspecified

Equal mix of ancestry in an individual

Confirmed finds of wool

(transparent) Unconfirmed/controversial finds of wool and zooarchaeological indications of wool production (see individual comments and references)

Confirmed finds of wheels

(transparent) Unconfirmed/controversial finds of wheels and/or clay models of wagons suggested to have had wheels, or traction marks argued to be from wheels (see individual comments and references)



The interactive map is one of the outcomes of Thomas Olander’s research project “The Homeland: In the footprints of the early Indo-Europeans” (2015–2018), funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. The Homeland project is based at the Roots of Europe Centre, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen. Each coloured dot on this map is an ancient individual sampled for DNA (1769 individuals in total from 42 scientific papers). The duration of a dot's presence on the map does NOT reflect the lifetime of an individual, but reflects only the estimated date of the individual's death/burial (from C14-dating or context/stratigraphy). The same goes for wheels and wool/animal bones. Most dates are estimated within a few hundred years (C14), while some (context/stratigraphy) are more broadly estimated. Therefore, some icons/dots on the map with long duration reflect a very broad dating, and their presence on the map should not be taken literally. Click each feature for additional information and references. Many C14 dates have not been corrected for reservoir effect and might be a few hundred years too early, which is why they sometimes predate the time period of their associated culture areas (see below). The DNA data is collected from supplementary info and tables from various peer-reviewed articles (see bottom of this page). Most of the European Bronze Age wool is extracted and modified (given absolute dates from their reported relative dates) from the CinBA project, and the rest (including all zooarchaeological indications of wool, as well as wheel data) has been mapped manually by Mikkel Nørtoft from various articles. The DNA layer of this map focuses on prehistoric migrations. Therefore, change in population ancestry in a region caused by intrusive individuals is weighted higher when determining the colour of a dot, although some local ancestry is retained. For example, most Bell Beaker individuals of Europe retain both some of the region's earlier hunter-gatherer and Anatolian/European Farmer ancestry (c. 50% total), but their steppe ancestry (c. 50%) which is intrusive to the region, along with the steppe ancestry in Corded Ware individuals (c. 75% steppe) in Europe, determines their colour as red. The same goes for intrusive Anatolian farmer ancestry in the early Neolithic period of Europe, which is yellow (farmer), although it retains some local hunter-gatherer ancestry, because the farmers are intrusive to Europe. Special cases of resurgence of local ancestry after arrival of foreigners can differ from this rule, and will usually feature a special comment about this. Outlier individuals in a given population have often been given the colour corresponding to their most probable origin to highlight multiethnicity. But in any case, the user should study the referenced scientific literature and not rely on this map alone. It should be understood that most of the individuals on this map have various mixes of ancestry, although they are only portrayed by one colour. Also, lack of data (DNA, wool or wheels) is not evidence that these things were not present in a region, only that they have not been preserved and/or excavated and published. The burial and soil conditions in Bronze Age Denmark, for example, are extraordinarily effective for preserving wool. That is why most of the wool from 1500-1100 BCE clusters around Denmark. On the other hand, these circumstances are bad for preserving DNA, which is why DNA evidence is scarce in Denmark (so far). A note on the Cultures layer:

The practice of drawing archaeologically defined material cultures as geographically confined areas or borders and associating them with ethnic groups is controversial to many archaeologists. Therefore, the "cultures" layer on this map is only an attempt to provide an easily understandable overview to non-archaeologists of the approximate time and geographical distribution of archaeological material cultures from various literature (see references on-click), and this layer should not be taken literally. In most cases, a link to available popular articles (mostly on Wikipedia) about these cultures has been provided on-click. NB! The Wikipedia articles do not always agree with my mapping.

The colours of these cultures are mainly based on the coloured DNA dots, but in some cases where no DNA has been published, colours are my own subjective estimates of their most probable main grouping based on other DNA, archaeological and linguistic interpretations of these cultures, and this is therefore of course very uncertain. A note on the Languages layer:

Only language branches of the Indo-European language family are shown here, and not the specific languages. As we cannot know the precise geographical extent of languages in prehistory, we have only added labels of these language branches in a given area, and the arrow on the label should be taken litterally, but only points to an automated centre in the approximate area of a given language. More info is shown at each language label for more information and link to popular articles about this language. The date of some langauges like Indic (Rigveda) and Avestan are not attested directly in texts surviving until today, but are seen as the most archaic in their respective branches, preserved orally for many centuries in extreme detail, and the dates for these should be fairly uncontroversial. At the last year (1 BC) on the timeline, languages that appeared in writing after the Common Era have been added. Several of these are quite likely to go much further back in time, especially indicated by loanword studies, historical references, and place names, but have just not been written down until much later.



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North European textiles until AD 1000. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Bender Jørgensen, Lise, Antoinette Rast-Eicher 2015. Searching for the earliest wools in Europe. In: K. Grömer & F. Pritchard (eds) Aspects of the Design, Production and Use of Textiles and Clothing from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern Era (NESAT XII). pp. 67-72. Car, G. 2012. Konservatorsko-restauratorski radovi na prapovijesnom grobnom tekstilu iz tumula u Pustopolju Kupreškom. Portal 3/2012, pp. 69-80. Darden, Bill 2001. On the question of the Anatolian origin of Indo-Hittite. In: Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 38). pp. 184-228 Frachetti, Michael D. 2012. Multiregional Emergence of Mobile Pastoralism and Nonuniform Institutional Complexity across Eurasia, Current Anthropology 53 (1), pp. 1-38. Frangipane, M et al. 2009. Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey): textiles, tools and imprints of fabrics from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE. 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