Best of breed: Lab workers at the Eliminate Dengue centre in Yogyakarta. Credit:Paulus Enggal Mosquitoes in Indonesia are mostly noxious, carrying the killer diseases of malaria and dengue fever and welting uncovered skin with ferociously itching bites. Tiny, droning, blood-sucking, ever-replicating, these potential carriers of intense pain and even death are a daily concern. But Sularto and his colleagues, accompanied by a village chief, are met everywhere with friendly greetings and broad smiles. These particular mosquitoes are strangely welcome. The people of Kronggahan II sub-district have been told these mosquitoes are not only guaranteed free of disease, they are the crucial bearers of the bacteria "wolbachia". A mosquito infected with wolbachia bacteria is effectively disarmed. Although it will still bite and probe human skin for blood, it can no longer transmit the dengue virus from human to human. And best of all, these infected mosquitoes pass the neutralising wolbachia bacteria on to future generations of mosquitoes, eventually rendering entire populations harmless. Dengue-carrying mosquitoes, mostly of the species aedes aegypti, prefer urban environments. They bite by day and are prolific breeders; their eggs can hatch in tiny amounts of still water, producing live larvae in the upturned lid of a soft-drink bottle. Rarely living for more than 30 days, or moving more than a couple of hundred metres from where they were hatched, they seem infinitely adaptable. Indonesians live with dengue as an ever-present danger: there were 3355 cases of dengue in Yogyakarta province alone last year, 18 of them fatal. Despite decades of research, no vaccination exists for dengue, and there is no cure. A brutal disease, it is characterised by fevers, thumping pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, vomiting, swollen glands and a rash. Severe dengue usually includes savage abdominal pain and persistent vomiting, and it can lead to severe bleeding, organ damage and death. Pushed along by the warmer and wetter conditions of climate change, dengue is rapidly advancing on many fronts around the world. The World Health Organisation estimates there may now be as many as 100 million dengue infections worldwide every year. Anything that can do battle with dengue, sometimes known as "breakbone fever", is worth a shot, even if it means introducing more mosquitoes.

Fierce creature: The magnified head of a female yellow fever mosquito. Credit:Getty Images "I'm not worried, neither are the people," says village chief Anto Sudadi, merrily hailing his constituents as he walks beside Sularto. Sudadi pauses as another load of super-mosquitoes is released. "Dengue is endemic here. This is something we can do: get more mosquitoes with wolbachia. Hopefully they will reach the others." Later, sitting on the floor in Sudadi's house, dubbed "base camp" by the Eliminate Dengue team, snacking on rambutan and fried banana, the field workers seem relaxed and relieved. Nothing had gone wrong with this day's planned mosquito releases; no problems, no disputes with the locals who distrust this Australian research. One section of the field workers' maps is blocked out, striped in red. It's a "no release" area, a few small blocks where the residents are hostile to the idea of mosquito introduction and where there's always the potential for confrontation. Going viral: A molecular model of the dengue virus capsid. Credit:Getty Images After two years of consultation, the vast majority (94 per cent) of the thousands of residents in this subdistrict agreed to the introduction of the mosquitoes and signed the relevant consent forms. Yet there are some stubborn hold-outs in one small section of Kronggahan, and a couple of hundred who have swung back, withdrawing their consent, galvanised, perhaps, by the passions of a couple of leaders.

"It's not many, maybe one or two people, but they influence others," Sudadi says. "People listen to them." Close scrutiny: Dr Warsito Tantowijoyo looks after the Indonesian breeding program. Credit:Paulus Enggal Ahmad Mar'uf is one opponent who has been widely quoted in the Indonesian press, asserting the people of Kronggahan were not properly informed about the trial, that new cases of dengue fever have been documented since the mosquito releases, and that Indonesians should not be used as kelinci or guinea pigs for these trials with "Australian" mosquitoes. True, the ancestors of these aedes aegypti mosquitoes released in Kronggahan were Australian. At least 10,000 mosquito eggs were imported from Australia in September 2012 for these releases, which began in January and will continue weekly for a few months. But since those imported eggs hatched, the adults have been crossed and re-crossed and re-crossed again with Indonesian mosquitoes to make them as similar as possible to the local insects, with similar insecticide tolerance levels. The mosquitoes released in Kronggahan are perhaps 2 per cent Australian. Opponents of the research met with Eliminate Dengue team members on various occasions and complained that residents hadn't been given enough information and hadn't been given a written contract detailing the researchers' responsibilities. They asked about financial compensation in case something went wrong. Finally they stopped talking to anyone in the team.

Yogyakarta's renowned Gadjah Mada University is technically the leader of the Indonesia-funded Eliminate Dengue project in Yogyakarta. Professor Adi Utarini, vice-dean in the university's medical faculty, says she expected some in the community to refuse to take part in the research. "Some of them, at first they agreed, and then they disagreed," she says. "Maybe we weren't clear in informing them that the trial is not the first trial in the world. Even if they were informed about that, maybe they still feel they are 'guinea pigs' because it is the first trial in Indonesia." Still, she hasn't given up on the backsliders, and says they will be asked again if they want to cooperate. Dengue research is vital in Indonesia, where most people have lived through a bout of the disease at least once before they turn 18. Adi herself has had dengue twice and she is committed to the wolbachia trials. "We know from other programs that a vaccine alone will not give us the desired result," she says, adding that attempts to blast mosquitoes out of existence with insecticides carry their own environmental hazards. The global Eliminate Dengue program is led by Dr Scott O'Neill, who is an Australian entomologist, the dean of science at Monash University, and a man frustrated by the unexpected opposition thrown up by Mar'uf (apparently an economist with another university in Yogyakarta) and friends. O'Neill explains both the Sultan of Yogyakarta and the Yogyakarta government had advised the Eliminate Dengue team to play it cool until there were some actual results to announce. Since there was no launch or formal announcement of the project, Mar'uf's statements to the press took everyone by surprise. It was a masterful opposition strategy. "We haven't encountered it before," O'Neill says. "This was a very vocal minority of people in one area who started to get into the media and so forth about the trial and we were disappointed - there was a bit of misinformation. By and large, we've had huge community support. People are quite fearful of dengue, and they appreciate that there's no real treatment and no way to bring it under control at the moment." Mar'uf and friends, via Indonesian legal aid, finally sent a legal letter of demand to the Eliminate Dengue team to stop releasing mosquitoes near their homes (releases had never actually started in the opponents' area, so it was an easy demand to comply with). O'Neill says the leaders at Gadjah Mada University were not impressed and countered that these opponents should be careful: they could be prosecuted for trying to block a project with benefits for the people of Kronggahan. The warning shot seems to have worked. Nothing has been heard from them since.

Born of largely Australian research, the Eliminate Dengue program has already notched up notable successes with wolbachia bacteria. After seven trials, wolbachia-infected mosquito populations have now been established in small districts in Far North Queensland, where dengue again erupted this summer. At least 128 cases have been confirmed in and around Cairns and Innisfail, 17 around Port Douglas and 10 in Townsville and surrounds, but, encouragingly, there have been no clusters of confirmed cases in the Cairns trial sites. Trials in Asia were the obvious next step. Trials in Vietnam last year were a disappointment: that particular wolbachia strain - "wMelPop", although a superb dengue blocker, inhibited the mosquitoes' breeding and the colonies failed. But there will be another trial in Vietnam this year with the easier-to-establish "wMel" strain, while more trials in Yogyakarta and northern Queensland will look for that elusive sweet spot between wMelPop and wMel, the strain with the perfect combination of dengue-blocking and longevity. The next big wolbachia trial is scheduled for Rio de Janeiro in July and there are plenty of candidates clamouring for trials, including requests from Queenslanders living outside the trial sites. Colombia is in the queue, as is Costa Rica. "Yeah, we're getting those requests, not just in Cairns, but around the world," O'Neill says. "The Philippines is pushing hard, and there are individuals who would like to have it around their houses. There's even a request from Costa Rica to introduce them [the mosquitoes] around a hotel." Scientists around the world are also watching the Eliminate Dengue wolbachia trials with great interest. Charitable foundations, notably the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and, in Indonesia, the Yayasan Tahija (a philanthropic foundation), help fund various Eliminate Dengue trials, along with various government organisations they have contributed billions of dollars to the fight against dengue and malaria. "We've got our hands quite full with dengue at the moment, but there are other groups around the world developing the malaria story," O'Neill says. "It's a more complicated situation, because there are many different types of mosquitoes around the world that transmit malaria. But still, I think our approach has quite a lot of promise for malaria, and atttlso other mosquito-transmitted diseases like yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis."

The Eliminate Dengue effort has many parents, but O'Neill is prominent among them. An easy-going scientist with a shock of grey hair and a disarming smile, he spends a lot of time travelling around the world overseeing various Eliminate Dengue projects. "I am a believer," he says with conviction. "I definitely think it's going to work." With the issues around the introduction of cane toads looming large in the national psyche, many Australians believe that messing with nature can be a perilous undertaking. O'Neill marshals his arguments to shoot down the doubters. "Wolbachia is not a foreign organism to any country in the world," he says. "It occurs naturally in around 70 per cent of all insect species, including bees, ants and butterflies, so it's a natural organism in the environment already, not something we're introducing. We've done a lot of independent risk analysis on this project. Other experts, including the CSIRO, have looked at it very carefully. The conclusion is that the risk of environmental consequences is negligible." Other entomologists aren't quite so convinced of the sweeping powers of wolbachia, but the bacterium is generally regarded as a potentially useful weapon in the anti-dengue armoury and one that might be successfully deployed in combination with an effective vaccine - when a vaccine is finally found. The quest for a potential dengue vaccine has been under way for decades with no real success. The World Health Organisation says a commercial vaccine from pharmaceutical company Sanofi Pasteur is in phase- three trials and results are expected by the end of this year. But some scientists are openly doubtful whether this particular vaccine will reach the final hurdle. Professor Cameron Simmons, a recognised dengue expert with appointments at both Oxford and Melbourne universities, notes that the phase-two trials of this vaccine were "ultimately disappointing" and only emerged after the massive phase-three trial - with 30,000 participants -had begun. Even if the vaccine soars through the phase-three trial, it will prove difficult to administer, requiring three doses six months apart.

Dengue is a tricky virus. There are four known serotypes (or species variations) - DEN 1 to 4 - and each is capable of causing dengue. A vaccine must prompt an immune response to all four types. Although recovery from one type of dengue provides lifelong immunity against that particular serotype, it also opens the way for a "severe dengue" infection from another serotype. So if you have already had dengue, it could be far worse - or fatal - the second time round. Simmons takes the long-term view. "There's not going to be a single answer for dengue," he says. "Wolbachia is not going to be a single answer, either. I work with vaccine developers and with the wolbachia program. Dengue is likely to be sorted out when we have a vaccine that works in combination with wolbachia, and perhaps with other interventions that we know can work if time and money are spent on them. But there won't be one magic bullet that sorts out dengue globally in the next decade." Back in the Eliminate Dengue headquarters on the campus of Gadjah Mada University, a small building with a large insectary and lab for testing insect DNA, O'Neill settles into a chair in front of a container filled with mosquitoes. He rolls up his sleeve and rests his bare arm on the container's netted circular inlet. Some 300 mosquitoes rev into action, zeroing in on his unprotected flesh. He bears it without wincing. After about 15 minutes he lifts his arm and looks at the circular patch of skin covered with tiny bites that will swell into welts within minutes. Recruited for this session by Dr Warsito Tantowijoyo, the Indonesian entomologist running the bug crèche, O'Neill is a temporary ring-in on the roster of Eliminate Dengue team members drafted in to feed the mosquitoes, providing the blood needed to keep them alive and encourage them to breed. Like O'Neill, Tantowijoyo feeds the mosquitoes with his own blood, and they thrive. A time-consuming and itchy exercise, human blood feeding is essential. Deprived of human blood, mosquitoes can sicken and die. The insectary's blood volunteers are strictly vetted before each session - they must not be taking antibiotics, they mustn't have a fever, feel pain behind the eyes, or feel fatigued (all potential signs of dengue: the mosquitoes must be kept absolutely disease-free). Tantowijoyo says it's important to have many generations of mosquitoes on hand to monitor their well-being. "We need to be able to predict the life cycle," he says. "We're trying to control an uncontrolled animal."

City-wide trials of wolbachia are slated for Townsville later this year and Yogyakarta in 2017, and the Eliminate Dengue team is considering cost-effective methods for the mass introduction of wolbachia mosquitoes. Luckily for the squeamish, hand-feeding (or arm-feeding) adult mosquitoes won't work for big trials: the scale would be unmanageable. Mosquito eggs, which can remain viable for months without water, combined with ordinary plastic buckets - perhaps provided to schools throughout the city - could be one inexpensive option that doesn't require scientists or lab attendants to make it work. Whichever method is finally chosen, O'Neill will tread carefully, worried about far-reaching consequences. After all, wolbachia could potentially save many thousands of lives around the world each year. Large and expensive trial failures might erode much needed support. "We only want early wins," he says. "We're really scared about going too fast and then tripping." STATS Deaths from dengue each year: 25,000

Estimated number of global dengue infections each year: 100m Current treatments: 0