Argonne scientists have identified a new class of topological materials made by inserting transition metal atoms into the atomic lattice of a well-known two-dimensional material.

In recent years, scientists have become intrigued by a new type of material that shows a kind of unusual and split behavior. These structures, called topological materials, can demonstrate different properties at their surface than in their bulk. This behavior has attracted the attention of scientists interested in new states of matter and technologists interested in potential electronic and spintronic applications.

In a new study from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, scientists have identified a new class of topological materials made by inserting transition metal atoms into the atomic lattice of niobium disulfide (NbS 2 ), a well-known two-dimensional material. They found that CoNb 3 S 6 , an antiferromagnetic material, exhibits an extremely large anomalous Hall effect, a sign of the topological character of materials.

The ordinary Hall effect occurs in all electrical conductors. The effect is essentially a force that an electron experiences as it moves through a magnetic field. "In every metal, electrons will get pushed perpendicular to their direction of travel and perpendicular to an applied external magnetic field, creating a voltage," said Nirmal Ghimire, an assistant professor at George Mason University and a recent Argonne director's postdoctoral fellow who was the first author of the study. "If the material itself is a ferromagnet, an additional contribution superimposes on the ordinary Hall voltage; this is known as the anomalous Hall effect (AHE)."

In the study, Ghimire and his colleagues looked at CoNb 3 S 6 and found something unexpected: a large AHE in modest magnetic fields. "An AHE can also be found in materials where the electronic structure has special characteristics known as topological features," said Ghimire. "The configuration of atoms in the lattice creates symmetries in the material that lead to the creation of topological bands -- energy regions that electrons inhabit. It is these bands, in certain configurations, that can lead to an exceptionally large AHE."

Based on calculations and measurements, Ghimire and his colleagues suggest that CoNb 3 S 6 contains these topological bands.

"The topological features arise from a combination of the symmetry of the material, as well as the right electron concentration to put these topological features at the Fermi level, which is the highest available electronic energy state at zero temperature," noted John Mitchell, interim director of Argonne's Materials Science division and a co-author of the study.

"Only a handful of materials so far have been shown to have the necessary characteristic topological points near the Fermi level," Mitchell said. "To find more requires an understanding both of the materials physics and chemistry at play."