And with all that, again bearing in mind that this was a study of rats, the authors conclude that: "Our results suggest a pathogenetic link between early immune stimulation and neuropsychiatric disorders such and schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, autism, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease."

These are interesting results that require both replication and follow-up. Of all the findings presented as potentially being connected to early immune stimulation, I was particularly interested in those related to kynurenine and some previous work talking about a kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia ( see here ). Kubesova and colleagues do talk about their results not necessarily fitting in with the idea that elevated kynurenic acid (KYNA) might be linked to at least some cases of schizophrenia [3] as per the fact that they: "" Activation of this pathway and a link with those dastardly pro-inflammatory cytokines ( see here ) (which were surprisingly not measured in the current study) might however offer some important clues on how immune activation links into some of the metabolites of little 'ole tryptophan and where future work might go from there.