This is the fourth in a series of posts discussing the implementation of the 4dashes productivity tool. Continuing from the last post, it covers the user interface implementation using Angular.js. The post assumes the reader has a basic understanding of the Angular framework.

Organizing a basic interface

With a well-organized model in place, let’s shift our attention towards the user interface implementation that interacts with it. As I previously mentioned, Angular is a DOM compiler. An interface is contructed with standard HTML markup coupled with additional elements and attributes to extend behavior relevant to web applications. On startup, Angular compiles this markup, or template, to construct an object model the browser can render.

For the most basic applications, an interface can be declared wholly within a single template using primitives provided by Angular. Additional routes or views can be easily added with the $route service with each route mapping to a single template (the declarative interface) and an associated controller (the logic handling user interaction). As I discussed in my build system post, I organized around functional components so for each route, I had a corresponding component. Each component has an html file representing the template, a less file representing the style, and a javascript file containing the controller.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4dashes/ app/ components/ today/ today.js today.html today.less inventory/ statistics/ login/ signup/

Decomposing complex interfaces

As an interface grows more complex, you are forced to consider decomposition of a view’s template. With Angular, two basic approaches exist. The first approach is typical of most web frameworks — logical segments of a template are broken out into partial templates and included into the main one using ng-include . It follows that user interaction logic related to that partial template would be refactored into its own sub-controller. While this appproach handles the growing complexity of an interface, there are downsides. Partial templates establish an implicit fragile interface with the main template. Specifically, the partial will likely depend upon scope defined within it’s parent making it difficult to test in isolation and increasing the liklihood for regression. The second approach resolves this.

As I have continued to point out, Angular is a DOM compiler providing you with the mechanism to extend the HTML language with our own domain-specific elements and attributes. The second approach takes advantage of this by composing a complex template with custom elements encapsulating markup and presentation logic. The custom element and its attributes provide an explicit interface to the template and therefore supports testing in isolation and forms the basis for reusability. As a bonus, it aligns well with future standards regarding web components.

Many choose the former approach due to its familiarity and simplicity and only consider custom elements when reusability is required. However, once you fully understand the concept of a directive, the mechanism to create custom elements, it becomes clear that the marginal cost is extremely small. It should be adopted as the preferred approach for its testability and readibility. Below is a code snippet for creating the most basic custom element that encapsulates its own template:

1 2 3 4 5 6 . directive ( 'avatar' , function () { return { replace : true , templateUrl : 'template/components/avatar/avatar.html' } })

Handling user interaction

Once you start following the guideline articulated above, a question regarding the handling of user interaction arises. Should your directive communicate directly with your services (domain model)? Its certainly easy to do so. A service is injected into a directive and when a DOM event is triggered by user action, the directive responds by delegating directly to a service method. But what if other parts (components) of the interface are also interested in the event? You could broadcast it on an event bus ( $rootScope ) but that has the disadvantage of spreading out user interaction logic across the application.

Instead, we can follow the approach of primitive HTML elements — provide an attribute whose value is a delegate function that is called when a user action occurs. This establishes an explicit interface while ensuring that the handling of presentation logic is the single reponsiblity of a directive. Below is a snippet from the inventory view’s template (the sidebar) highlighting delegate functions for custom elements:

app/components/inventory/inventory.html 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <div id= "inventory" > ... <div> <statistic title= "working days" value= "etc()" enabled= "" > estimate to complete flagged tasks </statistic> <label -list selected= "selectedLabels" oncreate= "addLabel(label)" > <label -list-item ng-repeat= "label in user.labels | orderBy:'name'" onchange= "renameLabel(label, value)" onremove= "removeLabel(label)" > < /label-list-item> < /label-list> </div> </div>

As you can see from this example, the inventory’s sidebar is declared at a higher level of abstraction than primitive HTML elements. The <label-list> element exposes an interface allowing the InventoryController to handle its single responsibility of coordinating user actions with application services (domain model) and other directives (components).

As a consequence of following the guidelines above, we are left with a single template per view and a controller paired with it to handle user interaction. For duplicative controller logic across views, I preferred a mixin strategy wherein common behavior was added using angular.extend .

Handling complex presentation logic

At this point you may be wondering how to handle complex presentation logic. Is it enough to simply implement private functions for use within your directive’s link function? For simple cases, yes, but as the logic becomes more complex so does unit testing the directive itself. When the situation arose, I refactored the complex presentation logic into one or more services ‘private’ to the directive. Think of them as support functions that can be tested in isolation.

Below is a snippet of my chart directive responsible for rendering a stacked bar chart with a trend line. The implementation responsible for drawing on the canvas is delegated to a service within the component’s module.

app/components/chart/chart.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 angular . module ( 'chart' , []) . directive ( 'chart' , function ( chart ) { return { restrict : 'E' , replace : true , templateUrl : 'template/chart/chart.html' , scope : { data : '=' , options : '=' }, link : function ( scope , element , attrs ) { var percent = scope . options && scope . options . percentageValue ? '%' : '' var canvas var cb // setup legends scope . legends = [] scope . data . forEach ( function ( dataset ) { scope . legends . push ({ title : dataset . legend , color : dataset . color }) }) // render chart on canvas element canvas = element . find ( 'canvas' ) cb = chart ( canvas , scope . data , scope . options ) // setup mousemove callback to display data points canvas . on ( 'mousemove' , function ( event ) { result = cb ( event ) ... }) // clean up event handlers on destroy scope . $on ( '$destroy' , function () { canvas . off () }) } } }) . factory ( 'chart' , function ( $window ) { return function ( element , datasets , options ) { var ctx = element [ 0 ]. getContext ( '2d' ) // complex canvas rendering here // return function to convert mousemove event into data points return function ( event ) { } } })

I hope you have found this two-part series on Angular.js helpful in constructing larger web applications. If there is interest and time permits, I may write an article discussing my unit test strategy. In either case, it should be reasonably clear that following the guidelines I discussed will yield an application comprised of testable web components. Ultimately, that is what makes Angular.js special and a great candidate for tackling client-side applications.