These are some of the conclusions of the report 'Nitrogen on the Table - The impact of food choices on nitrogen emissions and the European environment'. This special report of the European Nitrogen Assessment was prepared by an international group of researchers led by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.

Livestock main driver of nitrogen emissions from agriculture

Around 80% of the total emissions of ammonia, nitrate and of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas – from EU agriculture are related to livestock production. This includes the emissions from feed production (e.g. cereal and fodder crops).

There are large differences between food commodities in terms of nitrogen losses per unit of protein produced. Production of plant-based foods, such as cereals, involve relatively small losses, whereas the losses in livestock production are much greater. Nitrogen losses per unit of food protein from beef are more than 25 times those from cereals. For pig and poultry meat, eggs and dairy, the losses are 3.5 to 8 times those from cereals.

Public health benefits from reducing meat and dairy consumption

The report evaluates the effect of a 25% to 50% reduction in the intake of meat and dairy on human health and the European environment. Reducing the consumption of meat and dairy would lead to food consumption patterns that are better aligned with international dietary recommendations. This would lead to a lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and colorectal cancer.

All of the reduction scenarios lead to a reduced intake of saturated fats, the main source of which are animal products. Only the most radical change – a 50% reduction in all meat and dairy consumption – would bring average intake levels of saturated fats within the range recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The same scenario is also the only one in which the average intake of red meat is reduced to only slightly above the maximum recommended by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF).

Lower livestock production levels lead to various environmental benefits

Less consumption of meat and dairy, followed by a proportional reduction in EU livestock production would lead to smaller nitrogen losses, as well as to lower greenhouse gas emission levels and to less land being used per EU citizen. In case of a 50% reduction in all meat and dairy, nitrogen losses would be around 40% less. In particular, ammonia emissions would be reduced, as these are highly related to livestock production, whereas both livestock and arable field-based activities contribute large amounts of nitrous oxide and nitrate emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture are projected to be reduced by 25% to 40%. Depending on the scenario, energy production in the form of bioenergy crops could be increased considerably.

Effects on the farming sector

These diet-led changes in food production patterns would have a large economic impact on livestock farmers and associated supply-chain actors, such as the feed industry and meat-processing sector.

The EU Common Agricultural Policy could help to transform the current agricultural system into one that sustains healthier dietary choices and has lower environmental impacts. If livestock farmers would be rewarded by retailers and consumers for higher environmental and animal welfare standards, the economic impact on the livestock sector could, to some extent, be mitigated.