What is Physically Based Rendering (PBR)?

PBR is a set of techniques aiming at improving realism of rendered graphics by using more physically correct formulas on how surfaces interact with light. Sometimes, especially in the realtime context it's called Physically Based Shading - PBS.

Compared to the old-school Ambient + Lambert Diffuse + Specular Blinn-Phong that you might know from OpenGL 1.0/2.0 era and first WebGL 1.0 engines, PBR brings a promise of the following benefits:

Unified shader being able to express wide range of materials from ceramics, wood and iron to sci-fi aluminum, chrome and plastic.

Predicable look under different lighting conditions.

Parameters

We will cover this in more details in the future but in PBR we divide our materials into two main types:

Dielectrics / insulators (from plastic to rubber) - medium to very low reflectivity, base color due to reflected diffuse light

Metals / conductors (from silver to brushed aluminium) - highly reflective, no base color as they absorb the light, optional tint (e.g. gold)

PBR frame breakdown

Albedo, direct light diffuse, fresnel, diffuse reflection, specular reflection, final composition. More on this in the future as not everything here is 100% correct (e.g. I'm not completely sure about Fresnel)

Demos

WARNING:

these demos are big, between 10-20MB = fidlots of staring at a black screen, please be patient and watch your JavaScript dev console logs

should work on any major browser Chrome, Safari, Firefox both on Windows and on OSX

it doesn't work on FF/OSX due to these bugs

currently doesn't work on iOS as I didn't support texture HALF_FLOAT

it hasn't been tested on Android

Materials (Click for the realtime version)

Material mixing (Click for the realtime version)

Exposure (Click for the realtime version)

Can I haz code?

NOPE. Sorry. Please continue reading to find out why.

Purpose of these posts

In the last 1.5 years I've implemented 2-3 versions of PBR in the last year with a varying success due to complexity and amount of supporting engine code they require. They are also custom, per-project built tools and therefore often no publishable online. And the code is a mess.

Learning about all that stuff is a pain. Most talks assume you just finished writing your own renderer and know all the math or you are just upgrading your engine with some new tricks and techniques. I haven't really found a A-Z description of how to put all these pieces to together in code.

So the idea is that through the series of blog posts I reimplement PBR with a better understanding of the math involved and document the process.

Goals:

learn the math properly

fix the mess above

share runnable code implementing these ideas

spread the NPM love and publish reusable parts as node modules

write clean documented code with embedded math formulas so we know where are we

//this is shader code //Normal Distribution Function: GGX // a^2 //D(h) = -------------------------------- // PI * ((n.h)^2 * (a^2 - 1) + 1)^2 float aSqr = a * a; float Ddenom = dotNH * dotNH * (aSqr - 1.0) + 1.0; float Dh = aSqr / ( PI * Ddenom * Ddenom);

Topics

What's complexity you would ask? Let's try to list things that we should understand or at least know about and probably implement at some point:

pbr workflows specular vs metallic albedo, glossines, roughes, specular, ao, cavity metals and dielectrics lighting models

image base lighting irradiance environment map (IEM) prefiltered mipmaped radiance environment map (PMREM) spherical harmonics

uber shaders (tried all three approaches) string concatenation ifdef code switches glslify modules

texture loading hdr dds cubemap atlasses octagonal env maps

color gamma correction linear space hdr tonemapping

lighting brdfs energy conservation fresnel how IBL fits here area lights

bump mapping tri planar texturing for generative shapes (used in the demos)



What's next

In the next blog post I'll setup the code base, cover some basics like HDR, tonemapping and gamma to prepare us for Image Based Lighting.

Other material

In the meantime you might want to check out some other material covering the topic:

Blogs

Presentations

PBR Books

Open source engines implementing PBR

Credits

Publication Date: 2015-06-02



