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The most social female baboons live the longest—two to three years longer than their less social peers.

And socializing with males appears to give females an even bigger longevity boost than socializing with other females, new research shows.

A handful of previous studies in baboons, rats, and dolphins have suggested that same-sex friendships can improve animal health and survival, but this is one of the first studies to show that opposite-sex friendships in animals can have similar effects, says study co-author Elizabeth Archie of the University of Notre Dame.

Archie and four other researchers analyzed 27 years’ worth of near-daily records for yellow baboons living near Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya. The findings are published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Baboons take turns grooming each other to make friends and cement social bonds—an activity that involves picking dirt and parasites and dead skin out of each other’s fur.

“Grooming is the baboon equivalent of gossip, or having a good conversation over a cup of coffee,” says coauthor Susan Alberts of Duke University.

Friendly females

The researchers estimated social connectedness for 204 females by measuring how often each engaged in social grooming sessions relative to the rest of the group.

They found that the friendliest females lived two to three years longer than their more socially isolated peers—an effect that held up even after the researchers accounted for factors such as a female’s rank, group size, and number of female relatives.

There are many possible ways that social interactions could improve a baboon’s odds of survival and lengthen her life, Archie and Alberts say, ranging from reducing chronic stress and boosting immune function to improving her access to food and water.

The females that socialized with both sexes lived the longest. But when the researchers looked at female-female and male-female interactions separately, they found that the survival benefits of male companionship were even bigger than the benefits of friendships with other females.

Fend off bullies

The females that socialized with other females the most were 34 percent less likely to die in a given period than those who rarely interacted with other females, whereas socializing a lot with males lessened the chances of dying by 45 percent.

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While the primary perks of male-female friendships are thought to be better care and protection for infants and more mating opportunities for males, the results show that females benefit directly too, Archie says.

“Males’ larger size may make them better than females at defending their friends against potential bullies,” Alberts adds.

If social connection is so good for survival, why are some baboons less sociable than others?

“Forces that aren’t exactly ‘friendly’ might be at play,” says biologist Lauren Brent, a specialist in animal friendships who wasn’t involved with the research.

“If social relationships are a valuable commodity, competition for them should be intense, which could result in social exclusion for some animals,” says Brent, who is currently a research associate at Duke University and the University of Exeter.

“There may also be benefits to being on the periphery, where the risk of disease and the costs of socializing—which can include serious injuries from competing for relationships—are likely to be mitigated.”

Older baboons

Archie, Alberts, and their colleagues found that females’ interactions with other females grew less frequent with age, whereas their interactions with males stayed the same. The result sheds light on the social isolation so often experienced by older adults.

“If social isolation is simply an inevitable consequence of age-related declines in health and energy, then we would expect to see similar declines in both same-sex and opposite-sex relationships,” Archie says. But their results suggest otherwise.

“When females get older, many of their female peers start to pass away, and their daughters become tied up with their own infants, leaving less time for social interaction,” Alberts says. “It suggests that social isolation isn’t an inevitable part of aging, but instead may simply be a consequence of declines in potential friends’ availability.”

Whether the most sociable females live longer lives because they have a few close friends or a lot of acquaintances remains an open question, the researchers say.

Their next step is to find out if male-female friendships lengthen lifespan in males, too.

Other authors on the study were Michael Clark of the National Museums of Kenya and Jeanne Altmann of Princeton University. The National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health supported the work.

Source: Duke University