During the last ice age, 25,000 years ago, a man — or woman — painted spotted horses on the walls of caves at what is now Pech Merle, France.

Scholars still argue about why. Did this prehistoric Picasso paint in order to faithfully depict his surroundings? Or did he work for some other purpose, perhaps creative or religious?

Did spotty horses even exist back then? Until now, researchers had generally thought that wild horses of the period were solid black or bay.

Now a new genetic analysis shows otherwise — suggesting that the ancient painter was taking little artistic license.


Sampling DNA from the bones and teeth of 31 horses that lived in Europe and Siberia during the time the paintings were created, an international research team found that several of the animals had a genetic variant that causes the “leopard” pattern familiar in modern horses such as appaloosas.

The discovery, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academies of Science, “suggests that the painters in Pech Merle actually had spotted horses in their vicinity,” said Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, a geneticist at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass., who was not involved in the research. “It would appear as if they, at least in this case, were painting things they really saw.”

A team led by Arne Ludwig, a geneticist at the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin, found that six of the ancient horses they sampled had a gene associated with the spotting pattern. All came from Europe. Four dated from the Upper Paleolithic era, like the Pech Merle paintings and ones at the famous complex of caves in Lascaux, France.

Ludwig said that based on the team’s limited sample, it was impossible to estimate the exact proportion of horses that would have had the mutation 25,000 years ago. But, he added, “it couldn’t have been rare.”


The gene variant causes leopard spotting in horses by interfering with pigmentation. Horses with just one copy of the mutation usually have some variation on a white coat with colored spots.

That’s a whole lot like the horses painted at Pech Merle, said study coauthor Rebecca Bellone, a geneticist at the University of Tampa in Florida. The images suggest that leopard spotting extended far back in horses’ genetic history, she said.

French archaeologist Jean Clottes, president of the International Federation of Rock Art Organizations, has argued that the paintings were shamanistic or religious in nature. He said that he was excited about the new research but that it didn’t change his mind about the depictions.

He noted that the ancient artists included dots both inside and outside the outlines of their horses.


“Painting [the dots] outside the horses was giving them a meaning or role other than purely descriptive,” he said.

Ludwig, however, said that these ancient people probably would have paid close attention to characteristics of horses, including coat color, because many human cultures were based on hunting horses, the dominant large mammal species in Eurasia at the time. Ancient spotted horses “would have looked more or less like this — white with spots,” he said.

eryn.brown@latimes.com