Before I begin, I should clarify what I mean by using a database as an API integration point.

In another life in a distant galaxy far far away, I worked on a project in which we needed to integrate a partner’s system with our system. The method of integration required that when a particular event occurred, they would write some data to a particular table in our database, which would then fire a trigger to perform whatever actions were necessary on our side (vague enough for ya?).

In this case, the data model and the related stored procedures made up the API used by the partner to integrate into our system.

So what’s the problem?

I always felt this was ugly in a few ways, I’m sure you’ll think of more.

First, we have to make our database directly accessible to a third party, exposing ourselves to all the security risk that entails. We’re not really free to make schema changes as we have no abstraction layer between the database and any clients to the system. How exactly do you define a contract in SQL? With Web Services, you have XSD. With code, you have interfaces.

Personally, I’d like to have some sort of abstraction layer for my integration points so that I am free to change the underlying implementation.

Why am I bringing this up?

A little while ago, I was having a chat with a member of the Subtext team, telling him about the custom MembershipProvider we’re implementing for Subtext 2.0 to fit in with our data model. His initial reaction was that developer-users are going to grumble that we’re not using the “Standard” Membership Provider.

The “Standard”?

I question this notion of “The Standard Membership Provider”? Which provider is the standard? Is it the ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider ?

It is in anticipation of developer grumblings that I write this post to plead my case and perhaps rail against the wind.

The point of the Provider Model

You see, it seems that the whole point of the Provider Model is lost if you require a specific data model. The whole point of the provider model is to provide an abstraction to the underlying physical data store.

For example, Rob Howard, one of the authors of the Provider Pattern wrote this in the second part of his introduction to the Provider Pattern (emphasis mine).

A point brought up in the previous article discussed the conundrum the ASP.NET team faced while building the Personalization system used for ASP.NET 2.0. The problem was choosing the right data model: standard SQL tables versus a schema approach. Someone pointed out that the provider pattern doesn’t solve this, which is 100% correct. What it does allow is the flexibility to choose which data model makes the most sense for your organization. An important note about the pattern: it doesn’t solve how you store your data, but it does abstract that decision out of your programming interface.

What Rob and Microsoft realized is that no one data model fits all. Many applications will already have a data model for storing users and roles.

The idea is that if you write code and controls against the provider API, the underlying data model doesn’t matter. This is emphasized by the goals of the provider model according to the MSDN introduction…

The ASP.NET 2.0 provider model was designed with the following goals in mind: To make ASP.NET state storage both flexible and extensible \

To insulate application-level code and code in the ASP.NET run-time from the physical storage media where state is stored, and to isolate the changes required to use alternative media types to a single well-defined layer with minimal surface area

To make writing custom providers as simple as possible by providing a robust and well-documented set of base classes from which developers can derive provider classes of their own It is expected that developers who wish to pair ASP.NET 2.0 with data sources for which off-the-shelf providers are not available can, with a reasonable amount of effort, write custom providers to do the job.

Of course, Microsoft made it easy for all of us developers by shipping a full featured SqlMembershipProvider complete with database schema and stored procedures. When building a new implementation from scratch, it makes a lot of sense to use this implementation. If your needs fit within the implementation, then that is a lot of work that you don’t have to do.

Unfortunately, many developers took it to be the gospel truth and standard in how the the data model should be implemented. This is really only one possible database implementation of a Membership Provider.

An Example Gone Wrong

There is one particular open source application that I recall that already had a fantastic user and roles implementation at the time that the Membership Provder Model was released. Their existing implementation was in all respects, a superset of the features of the Membership Provider.

Naturally there was a lot of pressure to implement the Membership Provider API, so they chose to simply implement the SqlMembershipProvider ’s tables side by side with their own user tables.

Stepping through the code in a debugger one day, I watched in disbelief when upon logging in as a user, the code started copying all users from the SqlMembershipProvider ’s stock aspnet_* tables to the application’s internal user tables and vice versa. They were essentially keeping two separate user databases in synch on every login.

In my view, this was the wrong approach to take. It would’ve been much better to simply implement a custom MembershipProvider class that read from and wrote to their existing user database tables.

For the features of their existing users and roles implementation that the Membership Provider did not support, they could have been exposed via their existing API.

Yes, I’m armchair quarterbacking at this point as there may have been some extenuating circumstances I am not aware of. But I can’t imagine doing a full multi-table synch on every login being a good choice, especially for a large database of users. I’m not aware of the status of this implementation detail at this point in time.

The Big But

Someone somewhere is reading this thinking I’m being a bit overly dogmatic. They might be thinking

But, but I have three apps in my organization which communicate with each other via the database just fine. This is a workable solution for our scenario, thank you very much. You’re full of it.

I totally agree on all three counts.

For a set of internal applications within an organization, it may well make sense to integrate at the database layer, since all communications between apps occurs within the security boundary of your internal network and you have full control over the implementation details for all of the applications.

So while I still think even these apps could benefit from a well defined API or Web Service layer as the point of integration, I don’t think you should never consider the database as a potential integration point.

But when you’re considering integration for external applications outside of your control, especially applications that haven’t even been written yet, I think the database is a really poor choice and should be avoided.

Microsoft recognized this with the Provider Model, which is why controls written for the MembershipProvider are not supposed to assume anything about the underlying data store. For example, they don’t make direct queries against the “standard” Membership tables.

Instead, when you need to integrate with a membership database, use the API.

Hopefully future users and developers of Subtext will also recognize this when we unveil the Membership features in Subtext 2.0 and keep the grumbling to a minimum. Either that or point out how full of it I am and convince me to change my mind.

See also: Where the Provider Model Falls Short.