California: Along large swaths of California's lush central valley, almonds in the fuzzy hulls of tree leaves blow in the wind on thousands of acres of orchards. Thousands of miles away in India, customers browse the nut sections of busy street markets and grocery stores in search of the best almonds to use in curry dishes, health drinks, ice cream and many other recipes.

Now the future of that market is uncertain. India this month imposed tariffs on almonds and 27 other American products, including apples and walnuts, in retaliation for the US ending India's preferential trade status. Those tariffs took effect 16 June and come on top of a significant tariffs China placed on almonds last year.

"We can deal with market disruption in one country, but to have it in multiple countries is a real challenge," said David Phippen, a partner of Travaille & Phippen, Inc., a farm and processing company in Manteca.

California supplies 82% of the world's almonds and has almost 7,000 growers. The Almond Board of California estimates the industry generates about 104,000 jobs in California, and the effect of the tariffs might ripple outward. India is such an important market that the almond board, whose members engage in market research and promotion overseas, has an office in New Delhi with a $6 million annual advertising budget.

The tariffs add about 12 cents per pound to shelled almonds, a 20% increase, and about 4 cents for those still in their shells, a rise of 17%.

"That doesn't sound like a large number, but India was an important alternative to exports that would've gone into China," said Julie Adams, president of the Almond Board of California. "It's difficult to know what the long-term effect of (the tariffs) will be."

The hit from China tariffs was much harder: the country imposed 50% tariffs on US almonds in an escalating trade dispute. Exports to China decreased by about a third, according to the almond board.

Bhupesh Gupta, a grocery store owner in New Delhi, believes higher prices will cut into sales. While India is one of the world's largest consumer markets, it also has huge income disparities and hundreds of millions live in poverty. Even a small increase in the cost could have a large ripple effect on what people buy.

Still, other sellers say that Indians are so passionate about almonds that they will figure out a way to deal with price hikes.

"It won't matter, as anyone who needs almonds will buy no matter what the price," said Delhi grocer Virender Kaneja.

For California farmers, most immediately the tariffs mean planning difficulties as the harvest season approaches. For example, some may need to take on more of the shipping costs to make up for the increased prices, which will be negotiated in the contracts. The handlers then may absorb the increased costs themselves or pass them onto the growers.

To cope, growers may cut down on spending on equipment and fertilizer, perhaps making the choice to forego replacing a tractor. If the Indian tariffs slow the flow of inventory, as happened after the Chinese tariffs, the capacity of storage facilities may be stretched.

"From a grower perspective, we're along for the ride," said Jake Wenger, whose family has grown almonds on Wenger Ranch in Modesto, about 90 miles (150 kilometers) east of San Francisco, for four generations.

US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is in India this week, meeting with officials amid growing tensions between the two countries over trade and tariffs. The trip is focused on Iran, but a California congressman has asked Pompeo to raise the almond tariff issue.

Some growers worry that if California almonds get too expensive, buyers will look elsewhere.

"They can buy other nuts or seeds, or if they're preparing a nut mix, they can lower the amount of almonds in that mix," said Phippen.

Countries may also turn to other producers, such as Australia, whose free trade agreement with China allowed the country to supply almonds in the wake of its tariffs on US almonds.

Ultimately, the almond industry will need to make inroads in other markets, which is no small task.

"It takes so long for us to build relationships to market our products," said Sara Neagu-Reed, associate director of the California Farm Bureau Federation's federal policy division.

Still, no one is panicking, yet. California's export of almonds to India is valued at about $650 million, according to the US Agriculture Department and California Department of Food and Agriculture, but the state tallied $4.5 billion in foreign sales in 2017. The USDA valued US almond exports to China and Hong Kong at about $549 million in 2017-2018

In just over a month, the fruit will be harvested from farms and trucked to hulling businesses, where the nut will be separated from the shell and hull.

"It's pretty amazing and gives you pride as a grower when you think about something that's making its way all over the world," Wegner said.

In recent years, drought has been the biggest challenge for almond growers, and farmers noted that they have become accustomed to market fluctuations and cite the strong, worldwide demand for almonds as reason for optimism.

The almonds at Wenger Ranch are part of this year's record-high crop of 2.5 billion pounds (1.1 billion kilograms), up from about 2.3 billion pounds last year. Most of those almonds are already committed into contracts, so Wenger isn't worried for now. It's the future that's in the air.

"We can't do this every year," he said. "Long term, there has to be a solution to settle this."

This story has been published from a wire agency feed without modifications to the text.

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