On my previous post I talked a little about Functional Programming, hoping to introduce it to newcomers and developers with no previous FP experience.

Several people said it was not very precise and it didn't explain some concepts (such as Monads or Functors) with the required level of details. Well, I do hope to achieve some detailing with this post. Nonetheless, I'll still try to keep it light to those who never programmed functionally before.

Together with the aforementioned post, I hope to make more people interested the concepts of FP and how they can be applied to "non-functional" languages. I insist on detaching the functional programming concept from specific languages, as most of its concepts can (and sometimes are enforced as best practices) in any language.

I'll make a series of posts to explain the constructs, starting with Monads today, and will try to port (or implement) them in a non-functional language.

I'll explain the structures in Scala and write python code only as the demonstration of equivalence in other languages. I do not expect the python code to be production-class, but instead to be a means to learn FP.

Also, if you'd like to see how the concepts would look like in other languages or have ideas for the next topics, don't hesitate to write me.

Monads and their laws

Monads, as explained before, are containers. For OO developers, they look very much like Generics. In fact, they're a more specialized version of generics, with specific laws. These laws exist to allow you to expect always the same behaviour when dealing with monads:

Left Identity

Right Identity

Associativity

Before explaining the laws, I'll also define the set of operations a type must have to be a Monad, with a generic signature on the side, with arguments -> return :

the return a -> M[a]

the Bind function (M[a], a -> M[b]) -> M[b]

While the type constructor and the return function seem pretty obvious, the bind function (called flatMap on the scala dialect) needs a bit of explanation: It is a function that takes a Monad of a and a function that takes a and returns a Monad of b to return a Monad of b .

This can be written in code as follows:

val m: List[Int] = List(12, 34) // m is our Monad, bein List a monadic type val n = m flatMap (i => i.toString) // toString is an operation that returns a String, which can be also read as a list of characters n == List[Char]('1', '2', '3', '4')

Why? The function that receives an Int and returns a String (list of characters) conforms with the signature of bind , defined above. It takes a value (nth position in the list) and a function that takes this value and produces a monad (of the same type of the monad we're working with) with the result of the supplied function.

With this explained, let's move on to the laws:

Left Identity

This law states that (return a) bind f == f a or Create a monad with 'a' and bind it with 'f' is the same as calling 'f(a)' . We can prove this law in:

def toListString: Int => List[String] = i => List(i.toString) val leftProperty = List(1) flatMap (toListString) val rightProperty = toListString(1) leftProperty == rightProperty

Right Identity

This law states that m bind return == m or Binding return on a monad returns the same monad . We can prove this law in:

val monad = List(1) val boundValue = monad flatMap (List(_)) boundValue == monad

Associativity

This law states that m bind f bind g == m bind (i -> f(i) bind g) or Binding f to a monad and then binding g is the same as binding a function that produces a monad using f binding g to the result to the same monad .

It might sound a bit complicated, but we can prove this law in:

def double(i: Int): List[Int] = List(i * 2) def triple(i: Int): List[Int] = List(i * 3) val monad = List(1) val leftProperty = monad flatMap double flatMap triple val rightProperty = monad flatMap {i => double(i) flatMap triple} leftProperty == rightProperty

Your very first Monad in Python

Below I have defined a Monad class in python, exposing the laws defined above and some examples of usage.

## Monad class Monad(object): """A Monadic container in python.""" def __init__(self, containedValue): """init is our 'return' function here.""" self.__value = containedValue def flat_map(self, f): return f(self.__value) # Overriding '==' so we can prove the laws def __eq__(self, o): return isinstance(o, type(self)) and o.__value == self.__value def __repr__(self): return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.__value) ## Helper functions def to_monad(i): return Monad(i) def to_doubled_monad(i): return Monad(i * 2) ## Proving the laws # Left Identity Monad(1).flat_map(to_doubled_monad) == to_doubled_monad(1) Monad("something").flat_map(to_doubled_monad) == to_doubled_monad("something") # Right Identity m = Monad(1) m == m.flat_map(lambda k: Monad(k)) m2 = to_monad({1: 2}) m2 == m2.flat_map(to_monad) # Associativity m = Monad(1) left = m.flat_map(to_monad).flat_map(to_doubled_monad) right = m.flat_map(lambda k: to_monad(k).flat_map(to_doubled_monad))

Your second Monad in Python

As depicted in the example above, the Monad type doesn't do anything special and acts just as a container, wrapping the real value. Some meaningful classes can be created deriving from Monad, such as the Try Monad below:

class Try(Monad): class Success(Monad): pass class Failure(Monad): pass def flat_map(self, f): try: return super(Try, self).flat_map(f) except Exception as e: return Try.Failure(e)

Please note that these implementations are rudimentary and my lack type-correctness, but still are interesting enough for us to explore Monadic Laws.

Conclusions

I know we're still missing some important answers such as "why would I need a monad" and "How am I supposed to work with all this" but, again, this is the first (actually the second) of a series of articles about functional programming, with the sole purpose shedding some FP light to those who are interested but think FP is very complicated or might not be needed.

I'll write several more of those, covering other mathematical topics deeply related to FPsuch as functors, monoids and applicative. I might delay this posts as I'm having problems with my ISP, so if you're eager to learn for more, I recommend the excellent Learn you a Haskell for a greater good

I hope you enjoyed this one and if you didn't like (or don't agree with) anything I wrote, feel free to tweet me or send an e-mail.

:x

If you're passionate about functional programming and want to work with it, check out our job-board here!



