A genome analysis of traits in parrots and 26 other bird species revealed that parrots and other long-lived birds share high rates of conserved mutations in genes responsible for supporting an abnormally long lifespan for a small animal. For example, the expected lifespan for a bird of a similar size as a parrot would be in the range of 15-20 years, whereas the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) can live up to 66 years.

"Many of these genes support telomerase activity; DNA damage repair; control of cell proliferation, cancer, and immunity; and anti-oxidative mechanisms and were previously shown to affect lifespan in worms and flies," says co-senior author Claudio Mello, a behavioral neuroscientist at Oregon Health & Science University. "We also found a few hundred genes that have not been implicated in lifespan before, which are good candidates to study further."

The work, appearing December 6 in the journal Current Biology, also identified several dozen parrot specific genes that may be important for their defining traits, such as their ability to imitate sounds. "We saw that regulatory elements of genes related to brain development and function had similar modifications in humans and parrots," says Mello. "That means that some cognitive abilities may have evolved convergently in both humans and parrots."

Parrots tend to live in large groups, which Mello speculates may have driven the evolution of traits such as the ability to imitate sounds, complex social behaviors, and other cognitive abilities; their calls are thought to reflect these social structures. Complex social structures are thought to have been a driving force in the evolution of human language as well.

"Learning to imitate sounds is the basis of speech in birds and in humans as well," says Mello. "It's actually a very complex process, and we don't fully understand how it happens. We know that species incapable of vocal learning will still make sounds if you deafen or isolate them from birth, because their sounds are innate. But isolate or deafen a young parrot, as has been shown in budgerigars, and it will not learn to vocalize properly."

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The analysis, co-led by Francisco Prosdocimi at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Morgan Wirthlin (@morganneuro) at Oregon Health & Science University and now at Carnegie Mellon University, involved a collaborative network with several institutions in Brazil and the United States.

This research was funded through the Avian Genome Consortium grant by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/MCT), The Amazon Foundation for Research Support (FAPESPA), the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) , the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders/National Institutes of Health.

Current Biology, Wirthlin et al.: "Parrot Genomes and the Evolution of Heightened Longevity and Cognition" https:/ / www. cell. com/ current-biology/ fulltext/ S0960-9822 (18)31417-9