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Turkey

to 1453

1453 - 1499



1499 - 1517



1517 - 1793

27 Jun 1793 - 1808, 1826 - 1867 1808 - 1826 Adopted 1867 & 5 Jun 1936



Map of Turkey Hear National Anthem

"İstiklal Marşı"

(Independence March) Text of National Anthem

Adopted 12 Mar 1921 Constitution

(7 Nov 1982) Map of Ottoman Empire

1798-1923 Former Ottoman Anthems

"Mahmudiye Marşı"

(March of Mahmud; 1918-22

as Ottoman National March)

(1829-1839, 1918-1 Nov 1922)

"Mecidiye Marşı"

(March of Abdülmecid)

(1839-1861, 1876) Former Ottoman Anthems

"Aziziye Marşı" (1861-1876)

(March of Abdülâziz);

"Hamidiye Marşı" (1876-1909);

(March of Abdülhamid);

"Reşadiye Marşı" (1909-1918)

(March of Mehmed Reşad) Former Constitutions

(23 Dec 1876; 20 Jan 1921;

10 Apr 1924; 9 Jun 1961)

Capital: Ankara

(Kostantiniyye [Constantinople]

29 May 1453-13 Oct 1923;

Edirne [ Adrianople ] 1365-1453;

Bursa 1326-1365) Currency: Turkish Lira (TRY) ;

1881-1922 Ottoman Empire Lira

(XOTL); 1688-1881 Ottoman

Empire Piastre (XTOP) National Holiday: 29 Oct (1923)

Cumhuriyet Bayramı

(Republic Day) Population: 82,017,514 (2019)

23,800,000 (1914)

16,000,000 (1683)

GDP: $2.19 trillion (2017) Exports: $166.2 billion (2017)

Imports: $225.1 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other

minorities 7-12% (2016) Total Active Armed Forces: 355,200 (2018)

U.S. Forces: 1,750 (2019)

Merchant marine: 1,234 ships (2019) Religions: Muslim 98% (of which Sunni 81.5%, Shi'a 3.9%,

non-orthodox Alevi 10.6% , Alawites 1%, Quranist Muslims 1%), Spiritual but not religious 1%, others 0.8%

Christian 0.2% (2017-2018)

International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB ( nonregional ), AG, AIIB, ANT, APA, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS (observer), CCTS, CD, CE, CERN (associate), CFE, CICA, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT, D-8, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, ENMOD (signatory), ESA (cooperating state), ESCR, EU (candidate), Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-20, GUAM (observer), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA (partner), IPU, IRENA , ISA (observer) , ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, Moon, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), PAM, Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue partner), SECP, SELEC, SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA (signatory), UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Turkey Index Chronology 74 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD Part of the Roman Empire (Bithynia annexed 74 B C , Cappadocia in 18 AD, and Pontus in 62 AD ). 17 Jan 395 Part of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire. 1068 Most of Anatolia part of the Great Seljuk Empire.

c.1100 Seljuk of Rûm centered at Konya, and by 1240 occupies most of Antaolia.

c.1224 After the death of Chingis (Genghis ) Khan , Süleyman

Şah of the clan ( gens ) of Kaji (Kayı) , one of the

foremost of the Oğuz ( Oghuz ), settles in Armenia. c.1231 Tribe withdraws, Suleiman dies by drowning when his horse stumbles, followers disperse into Anatolia

and Syria; of four sons, two returned to Khwarazm, two others moved further, of which in the process E rtuğrul ( Ertoghrul ) joins a battle, supporting

smaller (Seljuks) force to victory against larger force of Mongols, and he becomes follower of the former and is given near ancient Dorylaeum

(Dorýlaion) in Phrygia, by Kayqubad II Seljuk

(Saldjuq) Sultan of Rûm. 26 Jun 1243 Mongols defeat Seljuk of Rûm at Battle of Köse Dağ.

c.1289 Othman (Osman) is given a fief around Melangeia

(Melángeia), in Sangarius (Sakarya) R iver valley

in northern Bithynia, with insignia of nobility. 27 Jul 1302 Othman (Osman) defeats the Byzantine army at Battle

of Bapheus, heralding the final capture of Bithynia by the Turks. 1308 Last Seljuq Sultan Mesud II, vassal o f Il-khanate, is killed . The dissolution of the Seljuq state

leaves many small Anatolian Turkish principalities ( or beyliks ) , among them that of the Ottomans

(Osmanoğlu) , which eventually conquers the rest

reuniting Anatolia.

6 Apr 1326 Turks capture Bursa (Proúsa) from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

29 Jul 1326 Following the death of Othman (Osman), the ruling

house becomes the 'Othmanlı (Ottoman dynasty)

( Âl-i Osman [Kayı boyu] ).

2 Mar 1331 Turks take Nicaea (İznik) from the Byzantines.

c.1346 Karasi (Karasio ğ lu) annexed by the O ttomans. Mar 1354 Turks seize Gallipoli (Gelibolu) from Byzantines.

Jul 1362 Turks capture Adrianoúpolis (Edirne) from the Byzantines. 1371 Turks begin the conquest of Thessaly ( finished 1395/1396). 1390 Aydın (Aydıno ğ lu), Menteshe (Mentesheoğlu), and Sarukhan (Sarukhano ğ lu) are annexed by the Ottomans.

1391 Hamid (Hamido ğ lu) and Jandar (İsfendiyaro ğ lu), and from 1398 Eretna (Eretnao ğ lu), annexed by the Ottomans. 20 Jul 1402 Battle of Ankara (Angora), Timur (Tamerlane) defeats Ottoman forces. Bayezid commits suicide in

captivity.

20 Jul 1402 - 5 Jul 1413 Ottoman Civil War, also called the "interregnum

period" ( Fetret devri ). 10 Jun 1422 - Sep 1422 Ottoman siege of Constantinople. 1428 Germiyan ( Germiyan oğlu) beque athed to Ottoman ruler. 29 May 1453 Constantinople ( Kostantiniyye), now İstanbul,

captured by the Ottomans (having been under siege since 6 Apr 1453), from the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire, becoming its capital.

29 May 1453 Ottoman (or Osmanli) State or the Ottoman Empire ( Devlet-i Osmaniyye ; in modern Turkish: Osmanlı

Devleti [Ottoman State]). Most common term of

reference, not fixed by legislative acts, but used in the 1876 Constitution (the Ottoman capture

of Constantinople taken as the notional date for the beginning of the polity style). 29 May 1460 Morea despotate captured by the Ottomans. 15 Aug 1461 Trebizond ( Trabzon ), the last Byzantine holdout

state, is conquered by the Ottoman Empire. 1475 Karaman (Karamanoğlu) annexed by Ottomans. 1516 Ramadan (Ramazanoğlu) incorporated into the

Ottoman Empire.

1522 Dulkadir ( Dulkadir oğl u ) annexed by Ott omans 27 Sep 1529 – 15 Oct 1529 First Ottoman s iege of Vienna.

1534 Afshar ( Afsharoğlu) annexed by the Ottomans. 18 May 1565 - 8 Sep 1565 Ottoman siege of Malta.

7 Oct 1571 Battle of Lepanto, Ottomans defeated by the Holy

League (including Spain, Venice, Genoa, Knights of

Malta, Papal States, etc.) off Patras, Morea. 1589 Beylerbeyi Janissary revolt. 1606 Revolt of Kalender Oghlu in Sarukhan.

Aug 1627 - 18 Sep 1628 Rebellion of Abaza Mehmed Pasha in Erzurum.

12 Aug 1648 Atmeydanı soldiers revolt.

4 Mar 1656 - 8 M ar 1656 Çınar soldiers revolt . 17 Jul 1683 - 1 2 Sep 168 3 Second Ottoman siege of V ienna.

19 Jul 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Janissary revol t in Edirne.

1 Oct 1730 Janissary revolt led by Patrona Halil.

6 Mar 1807 - 12 Aug 1807 Russian blockade of Constantinople.

2 5 Oct 1807 - 13 Jul 1808 Janissary revolt led Kabakçı Mustafa. 1829 - 1830 Revolt of Atçalı Kel Mehmet in Aydın province. 6 May 1833 - Jan 1841 Egypt annexes Syria (incl. Lebanon, Palestine) and

to administer Crete, Adana, Hejaz by Convention of

Kütahya (revoked buy the Convention of London

of 27 Nov 1840). 23 Nov 1876 Ottoman Constitution established (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul 1908). 24 Jul 1908 Constitution of 1876 restored by the Young Turks.

13 Jan 1913 Ottoman coup d'etat carried out by members of the.

Committee of Union and Progress. 16 May 1915 - 12 Mar 1918 Russian occupation of western Ottoman Armenia. 13 Nov 1918 - 22 Oct 1923 Allied forces occupy Constantinople and from 10 Nov 1918 the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, islands of İmbros, Lemnos, Samothrace, and Bozcaada (Tenedos)

(see Straits Zone ).

27 Nov 1918 - 23 Jul 1939 French administration of Hatay .

2 Dec 1918 - 7 Jan 1922 French occupation of Cilicia .

29 Apr 1919 - 5 Jul 1921 Italian occupation of Antalya . 15 May 1919 - 8 Sep 1922 Greece occupies Smyrna ( İzmir ) and surrounding areas and most of Eastern Thrace. 19 May 1919 - 11 Oct 1922 Turkish war of liberation.

23 Apr 1920 Grand National Assembly constituted at Ankara as a dissident authority on the territory of the Ottoman Empire . 10 Aug 1920 By Treaty of Sèvres (not ratified), Ottoman Empire

cedes Syria and Mount Lebanon to France, and French to occupy Cilicia; Cyprus, Palestine, Transjordan, and Mesopotamia (Iraq) ceded to the U.K.; the Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes recognized as Italian and Antalya to be occupied by Italy; Aegean islands of Imbros and Tenedos, eastern Thrace (but not Constantinople) and Izmir (Smyrna) district under sovereignty of Greece; Hejaz and Armenia to be independent; with Kurdistan to be autonomous; and the Zone of the Straits demilitarized and under Allied occupation. 7 Feb 1921 State of Turkey is declared , with executive and legislative authority vested in the Grand National Assembly.

2 Nov 1922 Grand National Assembly is declared the sole state authority of Turkey and successor to the Ottoman imperial house, thus de-recognizing the authority of the ruler of the Ottoman Empire (retroactively from 16 Mar 1920). 4 Nov 1922 Collapse of Ottoman government in Constantinople. 24 Jul 1923 By Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey regains all the lands occupied by Greece; Turkish sovereignty over the western Armenia, Kurdish areas, Cilicia, and Antalya is restored; and the Straits remain

demilitarized but allied occupation ended

(effective 6 Aug 1924). 29 Oct 1923 Republic of Turkey 3 Mar 1924 Caliphate is abolished. 1 Nov 1928 Latin alphabet adopted for Turkish (effective

1 Jan 1929).

28 Mar 1930 Kostantiniyye ( Constantinople ) formally renamed

İstanbul.

23 Jul 1939 Hatay re-incorporated into Turkey. Antalya (Adalia)

(1919-1921) Cilicia

(1919-1921) Hatay

(1918-1939) Smyrna (Izmir )

(1919-1922) Zone of the

Straits

(1918-1923) South-Western

Caucas us

(1918-1919) Kurdish Polities

(1816-1835, 1927-1931 ) Russian

Occupied

Western

Armenia

(1915-1918) Pera and

Galatea

(1273-1453) Ecumenical

Orthodox

Patriarchate of

Constantinople Historic Maps

of Turkey

Note: names of Ottoman rulers are given with their common modern name followed by nicknames in quotes, with their given name without ordinal number (which was never used officially) and patronymic in parentheses (Names with invocation as found on the calligraphic seals or signatures known as tughras are not listed).

Beys

c.1299 – 29 Jul 1326 Osman I "Gazı" (b. 1259 - d. 1326)

(Othman Hân)

29 Jul 1326 - Mar 1362 Orhan "Gazı" (b. 1281 – d. 1362)

( Orhan bin Othman Hân)

Mar 1362 - 1383 Murad I "Hüdavendigâr", "Şehit" (b. 1326 - d. 1389)

(Murad bin Orhan Hân)

Sultans (title Padışah)¹

1383 - 15 Jun 1389 Murad I "Hüdavendigâr", "Şehit " (s.a.)

(Murad bin Orhan Hân)

15 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul 1402 Bayezid I "Yıldırım" , (b. 1354 - d. 1403)

"Sultân-î İklim-i Rûm"

( Bayezid bin M urad Hân)

20 Jul 1402 – 26 May 1421 Mehmed I "Çelebi" (b. 1389 - d. 1421)

( Mehmed bin Bayezid Hân)

( in eastern Anatolia to 5 Jul 1413)

20 Jul 1402 - 17 Feb 1411 Süleyman "Çelebi" (b. 1377 - d. 1411)

( Süleyman bin Bayezid Hân)

(co-sultan in Rumelia)

1403 - 1406 İ sa "Çelebi" (b. 1380 - d. 1406)

( İsa bin Bayezid Hân)

( in rebellion; in western Anatolia)

18 Feb 1411 - 5 Jul 1413 Musa "Çelebi" (b. 1388 - d. 1413)

( Musa bin Bayezid Hân)

(co-sultan in Rumelia)

26 May 1421 - Dec 1444 Murad II "Koca" , "Gazı" (1st time) (b. 1404 - d. 1451)

(M urad bin M ehmed Hân)

Dec 1444 - May 1446 Mehmed II (1st time) (b. 1432 - d. 1481)

(Mehmed bin Murad Hân)

May 1446 - 3 Feb 1451 Murad II "Koca" , "Gazı" (2nd time) (s.a.)

(M urad bin M ehmed Hân)

3 Feb 1451 – 3 May 1481 Mehmed II "Fatih", "Gazı" (s.a. )

(2nd time)

c.20 May 1481–24 Apr 1512 Bayezid II "Adlî", " Sofu", "Veli" (b. 1446 - d. 1512)

(Bayezid bin Mehmed Hân)

31 May 1481 - 20 Jun 1481 Cem (in dissidence) (b. 1459 - d. 1495)

(Cem bin Mehmed Hân)

24 Apr 1512–21/22 Sep 1520 Selim I "Yavuz" (b. 1467 - d. 1520)

(Selim-şah bin Bayezid Hân)

30 Sep 1520 – 7 Sep 1566 Süleyman I "Kanuni", "Gazı", (b. 1494 - d. 1566)

"Muhteşem" , "Sahib-i Kiran",

"Sahib-ül Aşîret el Kamilet"

(Süleyman-şah bin Selim-şah Hân)

30 Sep 1566 – 15 Dec 1574 Selim II "Sarı", "Mest", (b. 1524 - d. 1574)

"Sarhoş", "Sığır"

(Selim-şah bin Süleyman-şâh Hân)

22 Dec 1574 – 16 Jan 1595 Murad III (b. 1546 - d. 1595)

(Şah Murad bin Selim-şah Hân)

27 Jan 1595 – 21 Dec 1603 Mehmed III "Adlî ", "Eğri-fatihi" (b. 1566 - d. 1603)

(Mehmed bin Murad Hân)

21 Dec 1603 – 22 Nov 1617 Ahmed I "Bahtî" (b. 1590 - d. 1617)

(Şah Ahmed bin Mehmed Hân )

22 Nov 1617 – 26 Feb 1618 Mustafa I "Deli" (1st time) (b. 1592 - d. 1639)

(Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed Hân )

26 Feb 1618 – 19 May 1622 Osman II "Genç", "Şehit" (b. 1603 - d. 1622)

(Şah Osman bin Ahmed Hân )

19 May 1622 – 10 Sep 1623 Mustafa I "Deli" (2nd time) (s.a.)

( Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed Hân )

10 Sep 1623 – 9 Feb 1640 Murad IV "Gazı", "Fatih-i Bağdad", (b. 1612 - d. 1640)

"Sahib-i Kiran"

(Şah Murad bin Ahmed Hân )

9 Feb 1640 – 8 Aug 1648 İbrahim I "Deli" (b. 1615 - d. 1648)

(Şah İbrahim bin Ahmed Hân )

8 Aug 1648 – 9 Nov 1687 Mehmed IV "Avcı" (b. 1641 - d. 1692)

(Şah Mehmed bin İbrahim Hân)

9 Nov 1687 – 22 Jun 1691 Süleyman II (b. 1644 - d. 1691)

(Şah Süleyman bin İbrahim Hân )

22 Jun 1691 – 6 Feb 1695 Ahmed II (b. 1642 - d. 1695)

(Şah Ahmed bin İbrahim Hân )

6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Mustafa II "Gazı" (b. 1664 - d. 1703)

(Şah Mustafa bin Mehmed Hân )

22 Aug 1703 - 1 Oct 1730 Ahmed III (b. 1673 - d. 1736)

(Şah Ahmed bin Mehmed Hân )

1 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754 Mahmud I "Gazı", "Kambur" (b. 1696 - d. 1754)

(Mahmud Hân bin Mustafa Hân )

13 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osman III (b. 1696 - d. 1757)

(Osman Hân bin Mustafa Hân)

30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Mustafa III (b. 1717 - d. 1774)

(Mustafa Hân bin Ahmed Hân)

21 Jan 1774 - 7 Apr 1789 Abdülhamid I (b. 1725 - d. 1789)

(Abdülhamid Hân bin Ahmed Hân)

7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Selim III "Cihandar", "İlhami" (b. 1761 - d. 1808)

(Selim Hân bin Mustafa Hân)

29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Mustafa IV (b. 1779 - d. 1808)

(Muustafa Hân bin Abdülhamid Hân)

28 Jul 1808 - 1 Jul 1839 Mahmud II "Adlî", "Gazı" (b. 1785 - d. 1839)

(Mahmud Hân bin Abdülhamid Hân)

1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Abdülmecid I "Gazı" (b. 1823 - d. 1861)

(Abdülmecid Hân bin Mahmud Hân)

25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Abdülaziz I (b. 1830 - d. 1876)

(Abdülâziz Hân bin Mahmud Hân)

30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876 Murad V (b. 1840 - d. 1904)

(Mehmed Murad Hân bin Abdülmecid Hân)

31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Abdülhamid II "Kanlı", "Bedros" (b. 1842 - d. 1918)

(Abdülhamid Hân bin Abdülmecid Hân)

27 Apr 1909 - 3 Jul 1918 Mehmed V (b. 1844 - d. 1918)

(Mehmed Hân bin Abdülmecid Hân)

4 Jul 1918 - 4 Nov 1922 Mehmed VI "Kara" (b. 1861 - d. 1926)

(Mehmed Vahideddin Hân bin Abdülmecid Hân )

(leaves national territory on 17 Jun 1922,

derecognized by Constituent Assembly 2 Nov 1922,

deposed as caliph [Halife] on 19 Nov 1922)

24 Nov 1922 - 3 Mar 1924 Abdülmecid II (b. 1868 - d. 1944)

(Abdülmecid bin Abdülâziz Hân )

(caliph [Halife] only, deposed 3 Mar 1924)

Presidents of the Turkish Grand National Assembly

( in opposition to the Ottoman government to 4 Nov 1922 )

23 Apr 1920 - 24 Apr 1920 Şerif Bey (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1929) Non-party

(= Mehmet Şerif Avcıoğlu)

24 Apr 1920 - 11 Aug 1923 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1938) Mil

11 Aug 1923 Abdürrahman Şeref Bey (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1925) Non-party

11 Aug 1923 - 13 Aug 1923 Ali Fuad Paşa (provisional) (b. 1882 - d. 1968) Mil

13 Aug 1923 - 29 Oct 1923 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil

Presidents

29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Gazı Mustafa Kemal (s.a.) CHP

(from 24 Nov 1934, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)

10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938 Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1948) CHP

11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Mustafa İsmet İnönü (b. 1884 - d. 1973) CHP

22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmud Celâleddin Bayar (b. 1883 - d. 1986) DP

27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966 Cemal Gürsel (b. 1895 - d. 1966) Mil; 1961

(chairman of the Committee of National Unity to Non-party

28 May 1960, Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)

2 Feb 1966 - 28 Mar 1966 İbrahim Şevki Atasagun (b. 1899 - d. 1984) Non-party

(acting for Gürcel)

28 Mar 1966 - 28 Mar 1973 Cevdet Sunay (b. 1900 - d. 1982) Non-party

28 Mar 1973 - 6 Apr 1973 Mehmet Tekin Arıburun (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1993) Non-party

6 Apr 1973 - 6 Apr 1980 Fahri Sabit Korutürk (b. 1903 - d. 1987) Non-party

6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980 İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1993) AP

12 Sep 1980 - 9 Nov 1989 Ahmet Kenan Evren (b. 1917 - d. 2015) Non-party

( Head of State and chairman of National

Security Council to 9 Nov 1982)

9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993 Halil Turgut Özal (b. 1927 - d. 1993) AnaP

17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993 Ahmet Hüsamettin Cindoruk (acting) (b. 1933) DYP

16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 Süleyman Demirel (b. 1924 - d. 2015) DYP

16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007 Ahmet Necdet Sezer (b. 1941) Non-party

28 Aug 2007 - 28 Aug 2014 Abdullah Gül (b. 1950) AKP

28 Aug 2014 - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (b. 1954) AKP



Grand Viziers ( vezîr-i âzam )

c.1320 - c.1331 Alâüddin (Bey) Pasha

c.1331 - c.1348 Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha

c.1348 - c.1360 Mehmed Hacı Pasha

c.1360 - c.1364 Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha

c.1368 - 21 Jan 1387 Çandarlı "Kara" Halil Hayreddin (d. 1387)

Pasha

22 Jan 1387 - 18 Dec 1406 Çandarlı Ali Pasha (d. 1406)

18 Dec 1406 - 1413 "Osmancıklı" İmamzâde Halil Pasha

1413 - Jul 1421 " Amasyalı" Bayezid Pasha (d. 1421)

Jul 1421 - 25 Aug 1429 Çandarlı İbrahim Pasha (d. 1429)

Aug 1429 - 1438 "Koca" Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (d. 1439)

1438 - 10 Jul 1453 Çandarlı Halil Pasha (d. 1453)

1453 - 1456 "Zağanos" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1462)

1456 - 1466 Veli Mahmud Pasha (1st time) (b. 1420 - d. 1474)

1466 - 1469 Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1 4 70)

1469 - 1472 İshak Pasha (1st time) (d. 1497)

1472 - 1474 Veli Mahmud Pa sh a (2nd time) (s.a.)

1474 - 1476 Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1 4 82)

1476 - 1477 "Hoca" Sinan Pa sh a (b. 1440 - d. 1486)

1477 - 4 May 1481 "Karamanlı" Mehmed Pasha (b. 1458 - d. 1481)

1481 - 1482 İshak Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

1483 - 1497 "Koca" Davut Pasha (d. 1498)

1497 - 1498 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (1st time)(b. 1459 - d. 1517)

1498 - 1499 Çandarlı İbrahim Pasha (b. 1429 - d. 1499)

1499 - Nov 1501 Mesih (Misac) Pasha (d. 1501)

1501 - 1503 "Hadım" Ali Pasha (1st time) (d. 1511)

1503 - 1506 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)

1506 - Apr 1511 "Hadım" Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

1511 (3 months) "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (3rd time)(s.a.)

1511 - 1512 "Koca" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1512)

1512 - 28 Nov 1514 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (4th time)(s.a.)

18 Dec 1514 - Mar 1515 Dukakinoğlu Ahmed Pasha (d. 1515)

18 Jun 1515 - 8 Sep 1515 "Hadım" Sinan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1459 - d. 1517)

8 Sep 1515 - 26 Apr 1516 "Hersekzade" Ahmed Pasha (5th time)(s.a.)

26 Apr 1516 - 22 Jan 1517 "Hadım" Sinan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

22 Jan 1517 - 13 Sep 1517 Yunus Pasha (d. 1517)

25 Jan 1518 - 27 Jun 1523 Pîrî Mehmed Pasha (d. 1533)

27 Jun 1523 - 14 Mar 1536 "Pargalı" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1536)

14 Mar 1536 - 13 Jul 1539 Ayas Mehmed Pasha (b. c.1483 - d. 1539)

13 Jul 1539 - Apr 1541 Damat Çelebi Lütfi Pasha (d. 1564)

Apr 1541 - 28 Nov 1544 "Hadım" Süleyman Pasha (b. 1467 - d. 1547)

28 Nov 1544 - 6 Oct 1553 Damat Rüstem Pasha (1st time) (b. 1500 - d. 1561)

6 Oct 1553 - 29 Sep 1555 "Kara" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1555)

29 Sep 1555 - 10 Jul 1561 Damat Rüstem Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

10 Jul 1561 - 28 Jun 1565 Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565)

28 Jun 1565 - 11 Oct 1579 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (b. 1505 - d. 1579)

11 Oct 1579 - 28 Apr 1580 Şemsi Ahmed Pasha (b. 1492 - d. 1580)

28 Apr 1580 - 7 Aug 1580 Lala Mustafa Pasha (b. c.1500 - d. 1580)

7 Aug 1580 - 6 Dec 1582 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (1st time) (b. 1520 - d. 1596)

24 Dec 1582 - 25 Jul 1584 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (1st time) (d. 1602)

28 Jul 1584 - 29 Oct 1585 Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (b. 1526 - d. 1585)

1 Nov 1585 - 14 Apr 1586 "Hadım" Mesih Mehmed Pasha (d. 1592)

14 Apr 1586 - 2 Apr 1589 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

15 Apr 1588 - 1 Aug 1591 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

1 Aug 1591 - 4 Apr 1592 Serdar Ferhat Pasha (1st time) (d. 1595)

4 Apr 1592 - 28 Jan 1593 Kanlıeli Siyavuş Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

28 Jan 1593 - 16 Feb 1595 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

16 Feb 1595 - 7 Jul 1595 Serdar Ferhat Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

7 Jul 1595 - 19 Nov 1595 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)

19 Nov 1595 - 29 Nov 1595 Tekeli Lala Mehmed Pasha (d. 1595)

1 Dec 1595 - 3 Apr 1596 "Koca" Sinan Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)

4 Apr 1596 - 27 Oct 1596 Damat İbrahim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1517 - d. 1601)

27 Oct 1596 - 5 Dec 1596 Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (b. c.1545 - d. 1605)

5 Dec 1596 - 3 Nov 1597 Damat İbrahim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

3 Nov 1597 - 9 Apr 1598 "Hadım" Hasan Pasha (d. 1598)

9 Apr 1598 - 6 Jan 1599 "Cerrah" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1604)

6 Jan 1599 - 10 Jul 1601 Damat İbrahim Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

22 Jul 1601 - 4 Oct 1603 "Yemişçi" Hasan Pasha (b. 1535 - d. 1603)

16 Oct 1603 - 26 Jul 1604 "Malkoç" Yavuz Ali Pasha (d. 1604)

5 Aug 1604 - 21 Jun 1606 Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606)

21 Jun 1606 - 9 Dec 1606 Derviş Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606)

11 Dec 1606 - 5 Aug 1611 "Kuyucu" Murad Pasha (b. 1515 - d. 1611)

5 Aug 1611 - 17 Oct 1614 Gümülcineli Damat Nasuh Pasha (d. 1614)

17 Oct 1614 - 17 Nov 1616 "Öküz Kara" Mehmed Pasha (1st time)(d. 1619)

17 Nov 1616 - 18 Jan 1619 Damat Halil Pasha (1st time) (d. 1629)

18 Jan 1619 - 23 Dec 1619 "Öküz Kara" Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)

23 Dec 1619 - 9 Mar 1621 "Güzelce" Ali Pasha (d. 1621)

9 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1621 "Ohrili" Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1622)

17 Sep 1621 - 20 May 1622 Dilaver Pasha (d. 1622)

20 May 1622 - 13 Jun 1622 "Kara" Davud Pasha (d. 1623)

13 Jun 1622 - 8 Jul 1622 "Mere" Hüseyin Pasha (1st time) (d. 1624)

8 Jul 1622 - 21 Sep 1622 "Lefkeli" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1648)

21 Sep 1622 - 5 Feb 1623 "Hadım" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1626)

5 Feb 1623 - 30 Aug 1623 "Mere" Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

30 Aug 1623 - 3 Apr 1624 "Kemankeş Kara" Ali Pasha (d. 1624)

3 Apr 1624 - 28 Jan 1625 "Çerkes" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1625)

8 Apr 1625 - 1 Dec 1626 Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1564 - d. 1632)

1 Dec 1626 - 6 Apr 1628 Damat Halil Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

6 Apr 1628 - 25 Oct 1631 "Gazi Ekrem" Hüsrev Pasha (d. 1632)

25 Oct 1631 - 10 Feb 1632 Hafız Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

10 Feb 1632 - 18 May 1632 "Topal" Recep Pasha (d. 1632)

18 May 1632 - 2 Feb 1637 "Tabanıyassi" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1637)

2 Feb 1637 - 26 Aug 1638 Bayram Pasha (d. 1638)

27 Aug 1638 - 24 Dec 1638 "Tayyar" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1638)

23 Dec 1638 - 31 Jan 1644 "Kemankeş Kara" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1592 - d. 1644)

31 Jan 1644 - 17 Dec 1645 Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1603 - d. 1646)

17 Dec 1645 - 16 Sep 1647 "Nevesinli" Salih Pasha (d. 1647)

16 Sep 1647 - 21 Sep 1647 "Kara" Musa Pasha (d. 1649)

21 Sep 1647 - 8 Aug 1648 "Hezarpare" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1648)

8 Aug 1648 - 21 May 1649 "Sofu" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1649)

21 May 1649 - 5 Aug 1651 "Kara Dev" Murad Pasha (1st time) (d. 1655)

5 Aug 1651 - 21 Aug 1651 Melek Ahmed Pasha (d. 1662)

21 Aug 1651 - 27 Sep 1651 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (1st time) (d. 1656)

27 Sep 1651 - 20 Jun 1652 "Gürcü" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)

20 Jun 1652 - 21 Mar 1653 "Tarhuncu" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1653)

21 Mar 1653 - 28 Oct 1654 "Koca" Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (d. 1655)

28 Oct 1654 - 11 May 1655 "İbşir" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1607 - d. 1655)

11 May 1655 - 19 Aug 1655 "Kara Dev" Murad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

19 Aug 1655 - 28 Feb 1656 "Ermeni" Suleyman Pasha (b. 1607 - d. 1687)

28 Feb 1656 - 5 Mar 1656 "Deli" Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1659)

5 Mar 1656 (4 hours) "Zurnazen" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1666)

5 Mar 1656 - 25 Apr 1656 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

26 Apr 1656 - 15 Sep 1656 "Boynueğri" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665)

15 Sep 1656 - 31 Oct 1661 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (b. 1578 - d. 1661)

31 Oct 1661 - 19 Oct 1676 Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (b. 1635 - d. 1676)

19 Oct 1676 - 25 Dec 1683 "Merzifonlu" "Kara" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1634? - d. 1683)

25 Dec 1683 - 18 Nov 1685 "Kara" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1687)

18 Nov 1685 - 18 Sep 1687 "Sarı" Süleyman Pasha (d. 1687)

18 Sep 1687 - 23 Feb 1688 Abaza Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1688)

23 Feb 1688 - 2 May 1688 "Ayaşlı" Nişancı İsmail Pasha (b. 1620 - d. 1690)

30 May 1688 - 7 Nov 1689 "Bekri" Mustafa Pasha (d. 1690)

10 Nov 1689 - 19 Aug 1691 Fazıl Mustafa Pasha Köprülü (b. 1637 - d. 1691)

24 Aug 1691 - 21 Mar 1692 "Arabacı" Ali Pasha (b. c.1620 - d. 1693)

23 Mar 1692 - 17 Mar 1693 Hacı Çalık Ali Pasha (b. 1640 - d. 1698)

17 Mar 1693 - 13 Mar 1694 "Bozoklu" Mustafa Pasha (b. 1638 - d. 1698)

13 Mar 1694 - 22 Apr 1695 Sürmeli Ali Pasha (b. c.1645 - d. 1695)

3 May 1695 - 11 Sep 1697 "Elmas" Mehmed Pasha (b. 1662 - d. 1697)

17 Sep 1697 - 4 Sep 1702 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha Köprülü (b. 1644 - d. 1702)

4 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (d. 1703)

24 Jan 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasha (b. 1654 - d. 1706)

22 Aug 1703 - 17 Nov 1703 "Kavanoz" Ahmed Pasha (d. 1705)

17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1713)

28 Sep 1704 - 25 Dec 1704 "Kalaylıkoz" Hacı Ahmed Pasha (b. 1645 - d. 1715)

25 Dec 1704 - 3 May 1706 Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1662 - d. 1712)

3 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 Çorlulu Damad Ali Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1711)

16 Jun 1710 - 18 Aug 1710 Köprülüzade Damad Numan Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1719)

18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Ağa Yusuf Pasha (d. 1713)

12 Nov 1712 - 6 Apr 1713 Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (d. 1715)

6 Apr 1713 - 27 Apr 1713 Hoca İbrahim Pasha (d. 1713)

27 Apr 1713 - 5 Aug 1716 Silahdar Damad Ali Pasha (b. 1667 - d. 1716)

5 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Hacı Halil Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1733)

26 Aug 1717 - 9 May 1718 Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1728)

9 May 1718 - 1 Oct 1730 "Nevşehirli" Damad İbrahim Pasha (b. 1666 - d. 1730)

1 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Silahdar Damad Mehmed Pasha (d. 1737)

22 Jan 1731 - 10 Sep 1731 "Kabakulak" İbrahim Pasha (d. 1743)

10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 "Topal" Osman Pasha (b. 1663? - d. 1733)

12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 "Hekimoğlu" Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)

12 Jul 1735 - 9 Jan 1736 "Gürcü" İsmail Pasha (d. 1738)

9 Jan 1736 - 6 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (d. 1756)

6 Aug 1737 - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (b. 1660 - d. 1749)

19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (d. 1745)

22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Hacı İvazzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1675 - d. 1743)

22 Jul 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nişancı Hacı Ahmed Pasha (d. 1753)

21 Apr 1742 - 23 Sep 1742 "Hekimoğlu" Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

23 Sep 1742 - 9 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha (b. 1679 - d. 1748)

9 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 "Tiryaki" Hacı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1680 - d. 1751)

24 Aug 1747 - 3 Jan 1750 "Boynueğri" Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (d. 1761)

3 Jan 1750 - 1 Jul 1752 Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (d. 1753)

1 Jul 1752 - 15 Feb 1755 Çorlulu "Köse" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765)

(1st time)

15 Feb 1755 - 18 May 1755 Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

18 May 1755 - 24 Aug 1755 Naili Abdullah Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1758)

24 Aug 1755 - 25 Oct 1755 Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (d. 1755)

25 Oct 1755 - 1 Apr 1756 "Yirmisekizzade" Mehmed Said Pasha (d. 1761)

1 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 Çorlulu "Köse" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (s.a.)

(2nd time)

11 Jan 1757 - 8 Apr 1763 "Koca" Mehmed Ragıb Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1763)

8 Apr 1763 - 1 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha (b. 1700 - d. 1770)

1 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 Çorlulu "Köse" Bahir Mustafa Pasha (s.a.)

(3rd time)

28 Mar 1765 - 7 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1773)

7 Aug 1768 - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (b. 1727 - d. 1768)

20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Mehmed Emin (b. 1723 - d. 1769)

Pasha

12 Aug 1769 - 12 Dec 1769 "Moldovancı" Ali Pasha (d. 1773)

12 Dec 1769 - 25 Dec 1770 İvazzade Halil Pasha (b. 1724 - d. 1777)

25 Dec 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. 1710 - d. 1771)

11 Dec 1771 - 4 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

4 Aug 1774 - 6 Jul 1775 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1783)

6 Jul 1775 - 5 Dec 1777 "Moralı" Derviş Mehmed Pasha (b. 1729/30 - d. 1777)

5 Dec 1777 - 1 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1716 - d. 1784)

1 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 "Kalafat" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1792)

21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1735 - d. 1781)

20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

25 Aug 1782 - 31 Dec 1782 Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (b. 1726 - d. 1786)

31 Dec 1782 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha (b. 1736 - d. 1785)

31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Şahin Ali Pasha (d. 1789)

25 Jan 1786 - 28 May 1789 "Koca" Yusuf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1800)

20 May 1789 - 3 Dec 1789 Kethüda Çerkes Hasan Pasha (d. 1810)

3 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 "Cezayirli" "Gazı" Hasan Pasha (b. 1713 - d. 1790)

30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rusçuklu Çelebizade Şerif Hasan (d. 1791)

Pasha

15 Feb 1791 - 4 May 1792 "Koca" Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

4 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha (b. 1720 - d. 1802)

19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1743 - d. 1812)

30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1st time) (d. 1819)

24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 "Bostancıbaşı" Hafiz İsmail Pasha (b. 1758 - d. 1807)

14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 "Keçiboynuzu" İbrahim Hilmi Pasha (b. 1747 - d. 1817)

18 Jun 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (d. 1811)

28 Jul 1808 - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755 - d. 1808)

15 Nov 1808 - 1 Jan 1809 Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (d. 1809)

1 Jan 1809 - Mar 1809 Çarhacı Ali Pasha (d. 1823)

Mar 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

10 Apr 1811 - 5 Sep 1812 "Laz" Aziz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1819)

5 Sep 1812 - 1 Apr 1815 Hurşid Ahmed Pasha (d. 1822)

1 Apr 1815 - 5 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1859)

5 Jan 1818 - 5 Jan 1820 "Burdurlu" Derviş Mehmed Pasha (b. 1765 - d. 1837)

5 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha (b. 1756 - d. 1826)

28 Mar 1821 - 30 Apr 1821 "Benderli" Ali Pasha (d. 1821)

30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Hacı Salih Pasha (d. 1823)

10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 "Bostancıbaşı""Deli" Abdullah Pasha(d. 1823)

10 Mar 1823 - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha (d. 1829)

13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (b. 1763 - d. 1829)

14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 "Benderli" Selim Sırrı Pasha (b. 1771 - d. 1831)

24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 İzzet Mehmet Pasha (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1855)

28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Reşid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1780 - d. 1836)

18 Feb 1833 - 2 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

2 Jul 1839 - 8 Jun 1840 "Koca" Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha (b. 1769 - d. 1855)

8 Jun 1840 - 4 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

4 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 İzzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)

28 Sep 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (b. 1800 - d. 1858)

(1st time)

29 Apr 1848 - 12 Aug 1848 İbrahim Sarim Pasha (b. 1801 - d. 1853)

12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)

(2nd time)

26 Jan 1852 - 5 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)

5 Mar 1852 - 6 Aug 1852 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)

(3rd time)

6 Aug 1852 - 3 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1871)

3 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1868)

14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)

29 May 1854 - 23 Nov 1854 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1865)

23 Nov 1854 - 2 May 1855 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)

(4th time)

2 May 1855 - 1 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

1 Nov 1856 - 6 Aug 1857 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)

(5th time)

6 Aug 1857 - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

22 Oct 1857 - 7 Jan 1858 "Koca" Mustafa Reşid Pasha (s.a.)

(6th time)

7 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

18 Oct 1859 - 24 Dec 1859 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 "Mütercim" Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (b. 1811 - d. 1882)

(1st time)

28 May 1860 - 6 Aug 1861 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)

6 Aug 1861 - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)

22 Nov 1861 - 5 Jan 1863 Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha (b. 1815 - d. 1869)

(1st time)

5 Jan 1863 - 1 Jun 1863 Yusuf Kâmil Pasha (b. 1808 - d. 1876)

1 Jun 1863 - 5 Jun 1866 Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Pasha (s.a.)

(2nd time)

5 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 "Mütercim" Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (s.a.)

(2nd time)

11 Feb 1867 - 7 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)

7 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1883)

31 Jul 1872 - 19 Oct 1872 Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1st time)(b. 1822 - d. 1884)

19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 "Mütercim" Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (s.a.)

(3rd time)

15 Mar 1873 - 15 Apr 1873 Ahmed Esad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1875)

15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Şirvanlizade Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (b. 1828 - d. 1874)

15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 Hüseyin Avni Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1876)

26 Apr 1875 - 26 Aug 1875 Ahmed Esad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)

12 May 1876 - 19 Dec 1876 "Mütercim" Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (s.a.)

(4th time)

19 Dec 1876 - 5 Feb 1877 Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.)

5 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 İbrahim Edhem Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1893)

Chief ministers

11 Jan 1878 - 4 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (b. 1826 - d. 1885) Non-party

4 Feb 1878 - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1891) Non-party

18 Apr 1878 - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadık Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1901) Non-party

28 May 1878 - 4 Jun 1878 "Mütercim" Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

4 Jun 1878 - 4 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha (b. 1814 - d. 1883) Non-party

4 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (b. 1821 - d. 1890) Non-party

29 Jul 1879 - 18 Oct 1879 Ahmed Arifi Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895) Non-party

18 Oct 1879 - 9 Jun 1880 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (b. 1838 - d. 1914) Non-party

(1st time)

9 Jun 1880 - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1884) Non-party

12 Sep 1880 - 2 May 1882 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(2nd time)

2 May 1882 - 12 Jul 1882 Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (b. 1833 - d. 1912) Non-party

12 Jul 1882 - 1 Dec 1882 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(3rd time)

1 Dec 1882 - 3 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party

Grand viziers

3 Dec 1882 - 25 Sep 1885 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(1st time)

25 Sep 1885 - 4 Sep 1891 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1913) Non-party

(1st time)

4 Sep 1891 - 8 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha (b. 1851 - d. 1900) Non-party

8 Jun 1895 - 2 Oct 1895 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(2nd time)

2 Oct 1895 - 7 Nov 1895 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(2nd time)

7 Nov 1895 - 9 Nov 1901 Halil Rıfat Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1901) Non-party

13 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(3rd time)

14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 "Avlonyalı" Mehmed Ferid Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1914) Non-party

22 Jul 1908 - 5 Aug 1908 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(4th time)

5 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(3rd time)

14 Feb 1909 - 14 Apr 1909 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1922) Non-party

14 Apr 1909 - 5 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1936) Non-party

5 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party

12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 İbrahim Hakkı Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1918) Non-party

30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 "Küçük" Mehmed Said Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(5th time)

22 Jul 1912 - 29 Oct 1912 "Gazı" Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1918) Mil

29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 "Kıbrıslı" Mehmed Kamil Pasha (s.a.) Non-party

(4th time)

23 Jan 1913 - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Şevket Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1913) CUP

12 Jun 1913 - 4 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1921) CUP

4 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talaat Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1921) CUP

14 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed İzzet Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1937) Mil

11 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party

4 Mar 1919 - 2 Oct 1919 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1st time)(b. 1854 - d. 1923) Non-party

2 Oct 1919 - 8 Mar 1920 Ali Rıza Pasha (b. 1859 - d. 1932) Mil

8 Mar 1920 - 5 Apr 1920 Salih Hulusi Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1939) Non-party

5 Apr 1920 - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Mehmed Ferid Pasha (2nd time)(s.a.) Non-party

21 Oct 1920 - 4 Nov 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.) Non-party

Prime ministers

24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1950) Mil

(in opposition)

12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 Hüseyin Rauf Orbay (b. 1881 - d. 1964) Non-party

(in opposition until 4 Nov 1922)

14 Aug 1923 - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi Okyar Bey (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1943) CHP

30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Mustafa İsmet Pasha (1st time) (s.a.) CHP

21 Nov 1924 - 6 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi Okyar (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP

6 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Mustafa İsmet Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP

(from 1 Jan 1935, İsmet Inönü)

27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmud Celâleddin Bayar (s.a.) CHP

25 Jan 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 İbrahim Refik Saydam (b. 1881 - d. 1942) CHP

8 Jul 1942 - 9 Jul 1942 Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (b. 1878 - d. 1942) CHP

9 Jul 1942 - 7 Aug 1946 Mehmet Şükrü Saracoğlu (b. 1887 - d. 1953) CHP

7 Aug 1946 - 9 Sep 1947 Mehmet Recep Peker (b. 1888 - d. 1950) CHP

9 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan Hüsnü Saka (b. 1886 - d. 1960) CHP

16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay (b. 1883 - d. 1961) CHP

22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Ali Adnan Ertekin Menderes (b. 1899 - d. 1961) DP

28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal Gürsel (s.a.) Mil

30 Oct 1960 - 20 Nov 1961 Emin Fahrettin Özdilek (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1989) Mil

20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Mustafa İsmet İnönü (3rd time) (s.a.) CHP

21 Feb 1965 - 27 Oct 1965 Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (b. 1903 - d. 1981) Non-party

27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 Süleyman Demirel (1st time) (s.a.) AP

26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 İsmail Nihat Erim (b. 1912 - d. 1980) Non-party

17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Sadi Melen (b. 1906 - d. 1988) GCP

(acting to 22 May 1972)

15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Mehmet Naim Talu (b. 1919 - d. 1998) Non-party

25 Jan 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2006) CHP

17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Mahmut Sadi Irmak (b. 1904 - d. 1990) Non-party

31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 Süleyman Demirel (2nd time) (s.a.) AP

21 Jun 1977 - 11 Jul 1977 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (2nd time) (s.a.) CHP

11 Jul 1977 - 5 Jan 1978 Süleyman Demirel (3rd time) (s.a.) AP

5 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (3rd time) (s.a.) CHP

12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 Süleyman Demirel (4th time) (s.a.) AP

20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 Saim Bülend Ulusu (b. 1923 - d. 2015) Mil/Non-party

13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Halil Turgut Özal (s.a.) AnaP

31 Oct 1989 - 9 Nov 1989 Ali Hüsrev Bozer (acting) (b. 1925) AnaP

9 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yıldırım Akbulut (b. 1935) AnaP

23 Jun 1991 - 20 Nov 1991 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (1st time) (b. 1947) AnaP

20 Nov 1991 - 16 May 1993 Süleyman Demirel (5th time) (s.a.) DYP

16 May 1993 - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal İnönü (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2007) SHP

25 Jun 1993 - 6 Mar 1996 Tansu Penbe Çiller (f) (b. 1946) DYP

6 Mar 1996 - 28 Jun 1996 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (2nd time) (s.a.) AnaP

28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin Erbakan (b. 1926 - d. 2011) RP

30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz (3rd time) (s.a.) AnaP

11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 Mustafa Bülent Ecevit (4th time) (s.a.) DSP

18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah Gül (s.a.) AKP

14 Mar 2003 - 28 Aug 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (s.a.) AKP

28 Aug 2014 - 24 May 2016 Ahmet Davutoğlu (b. 1959) AKP

(acting to 29 Aug 2014)

24 May 2016 - 9 Jul 2018 Binali Yıldırım (b. 1955) AKP

15 Jul 2016 - 16 Jul 2016 Peace at Home Council Mil

(in rebellion)

9 Jul 2018 Post abolished

¹ in this record, the only term denoting the ruler's style is Padışah ( Padishah) , which is recognized by all as signifying his "imperial" status, and is routinely used when referring to the Ottoman sovereigns . In addition to Padışah , each ruler used an immense variety of additional titles, varying from one use to another. Although some sources claim this variety to have formed the 'official style' of the Ottoman rulers, the styles actually used in official documents tend to be more concise. In addition to Padışah , each ruler used a variety of additional titles, varying from one use to another couched in elaborate formula, made up of a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish probably left to each secretary to elaborate as the occasion demanded. An instrument issued under the authority of Süleyman-şah bin Selim-şah Hân which reads in translation as: "The S ultan of S ultans, the proof of E mperors, the distributor of crowns to the monarchs of the surface of the earth, the shadow of God on the lands, the S ultan and the Padışah of the White Sea, the Black Sea, Rumelia, Anatolia, Karaman, of Rum, of the provinces of the Zulkadırs, of Diyarbakır, of Kurdistan, of Azerbaycan, of Acem [Persia], of Şam [Damascus], of Halep [Aleppo], of Mısır [Egypt], of Mecca and Medina, of Jerusalem, of all the lands of Arabia, of the Yemen, and of the many lands conquered by the irresistible power of my noble fathers and illustrious ancestors - may God illuminate their manifestations -, and of the many lands which my glorious and august majesty has conquered with a flaming sword."

A document addressed to the Venetian state in 1641 from İbrahim I found in Theunissen (1998, p. 626) and recorded as: " sultan-i selatin-i cihan ve bürhan-i havakin-i devran tacbahş-i husrevan-i ru-i zemin sultan İbrahim han ibn Ahmed han ibn Mehemmed han ibn Murad han ibn Selim han ibn Süleyman han ibn Selim hanın ." The Office of Halife (Caliph): The claim that, upon the conquest of Egypt in 1517 and the displacement of the last Abbasid holder of the office, al-Mutawakkil III, the office and style of Khalifat Rasul Allah, Amir al-Mu'minin ( Halife-i Resulullah, Emirülmüminin ) ("Successor to the Messenger of God, Commander of the Faithful") was transferred to the Ottoman ruler by a formal deed of assignment has no corroboration from any contemporary source. A variety of "khalifal" titles was used by Ottoman rulers, and accorded to them by others in diplomatic correspondence and treaties. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (21 July 1774 N.S.) between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires for the first time ceded territory held to be under Ottoman rule; in it the Ottoman side consequently forcefully asserted the remaining authority of the Ottoman ruler in his capacity as halife ( khalifa ) over all Muslims in the ceded territories. The assertion of khalifal status and authority became from that moment a significant component of the political understanding of the nature and attributes of the office of Padışah . The status of the Padışah as halife was given formal sanction in the Ottoman Constitution of 23 Nov 1876 (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul 1908). Upon the extinction of the Ottoman Empire by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 1 Nov 1922, the ruler, Mehmed VI (s.a.), continued to be recognized as halife; after his flight from Istanbul on 17 Nov 1922, he was declared deposed from the office of halife by a fetva, endorsed by the Şeyhülislam (Sheikh al-Islam) and ratified by the Grand National Assembly on 19 Nov 1922, and replaced on that date by Abdülmecid bin Abdülâziz Hân, who was installed on 24 Nov 1922. The office of halife was abolished by the Grand National Assembly on 3 Mar 1924.

Ottoman titles: Agha (Ağa) = General officer; Bey/Beg = Chieftain; Beylerbey = Governor-general; Beyzade = Son of a Bey; Bostanji/Bostandji ( Bostancı) = Palace guard; Chelebi ( Çelebi ) = Gentleman; Chavush ( Çavuş ) = Usher/messenger; Damat (Damad) = ("bridegroom") Prince Consort; Defterdar = Treasurer; Deli = Calvary captain; Effendi (Efendi) = Master (or Lord); Emin = Intendant; Emir = Commander; Ghazi (Gazi) = Warrior; Gonnullu (Gönüllü) = Military Veteran; Haji (Hacı) = Pilgrim to Mecca; Hoja ( Hoca ) = Adviser; Kanuni = Legislator; Kapudan Pasha (Kaptan Paşa) = Admiral; Kazi (Kadı) = Judge; Kethüda/kehya = Lieutenant; Khan (Hân) = Sovereign; Lala = Tutor; Mirza = Prince; Mutasarrıf = Administrator; Nishanji (Nişancı) = Chancellor; Padishah ( Padişah ) = Emperor; Pasha (Paşa) = Sir/Lord; Pashazade (Paşazade) = Son of a Pasha; Reis (Rais) = Naval Captain; Sardar (Sidar, Serdar) = Headmaster; Shehzade Sultan ( Şehzade Sultan) = Sultan Imperial Prince; Silahdar = Master-General/Arm-Bearer; Sultanzade = Son of a Sultan; Wali (Vali) = Viceroy; Yaya = Fief holder.



Territorial Disputes: C omplex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of North Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; Syria did not surrender its irredentist claim to Hatay until 2005; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord re-establishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Tomb of Suleyman Shah (Turkish: Süleyman Şah Türbesi ) is a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated within Syria's Aleppo governorate in accordance with the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921 (it is the burial place of S üleyman Shah grandfather of Osman I the founder of the Ottoman Empire) ; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley; dispute with Syria concerning the Turkish occupation of parts of North Syria since Aug 2016.



Party abbreviations : AKP = Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party, populist, social conservative, nationalist, neo-Ottomanist, est.14 Aug 2001); AnaP = Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party, liberal conservative, nationalist, 20 May 1983-31 Oct 2009, re-est.11 Sep 2011); CHP = Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party, social-democratic, Kemalist, 9 Sep 1923-16 Oct 1981, re-est.9 Sep 1992); DSP = Demokratik Sol Parti (Democratic Left Party, social-democratic, Kemalist, est.14 Nov 1985); Mil = Military;

- Former parties: AP = Adalet Partisi (Justice Party, conservative, former DP , 11 Feb 1961 - 16 Oct 1981); CGP = Cumhuriyetçi Güven Partisi (Republican Reliance Party, to 4 May 1973 called Nationalistic Reliance Party, split from CHP, 12 May 1967-16 Oct 1981); CUP = İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası/Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi (Committee of Union and Progress, "Young Turks", constitutional monarchist, nationalist, 1913-18 only legal party, 1889-1918); DP = Demokrat Partisi (Democratic Party, liberal conservative, 7 Jan 1946 - 29 Sep 1960); DYP = Doğru Yol Partisi (True Path Party, liberal conservative, former AP, renamed Demokrat Parti in 2007, merged into AnAP, 23 Jun 1983-27 May 2007); RP = Refah Partisi (Welfare Party, Islamic conservative, 19 Jul 1983-16 Jan 1998); SHP = Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti (Social Democratic People's Party, reformist, populist, nationalist, merger of Social Democracy Party and People's Party, 3 Nov 1985-18 Feb 1995, merged with CHP)

Antalya (Adalia) 28 Mar 1919 Italians occupy Antalya (Adalia), Kaş, Silifke and on 23 Jul 1919

Muğla (and Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris on 11 May 1919 ). Antalya

vilayet had been promised as an Italian zone of interest in

the Treaty of London of 1915.

5 Jul 1921 Italian evacuation of Antalya. Italian Commander

28 Mar 1919 - 29 Apr 1919 Alessandro Ciano (b. 1871 - d. 1945)

Commanders of the Royal Italian Expeditionary Corps in Anatolia

29 Apr 1919 - 24 Jul 1919 Giuseppe Battistoni (b. 1869 - d. 1921)

24 Jul 1919 - 17 Aug 1919 Luigi Bongiovanni (b. 1866 - d. 1941)

Commanders of the Royal Italian Expeditionary Corps in the Eastern Mediterranean

17 Aug 1919 - 18 Dec 1919 V ittorio Elia (b. 1859 - d. 1944)

18 Dec 1919 - 7 Aug 1920 Achille Porta (b. 1868 - d. 1953)

7 Aug 1920 - 29 Apr 1922 Giorgio Fusoni

Go vernors of Antal ya Vilayet

1918 - 1919 Firuzan Bey

1919 Talat (Ki ş mir) Bey

1919 - 1920 Cemal Bey

1920 Kemal Bey

Nov 1920 - Aug 1921 Aşir Atlı (b. 1881 - d. 1957)

1921 Fahrettin Bey

1921 - 8 Oct 1923 Hilmi Uran Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1957)



Cilicia Map of Adana 1918

Population: N/A

6 Dec 1918 British forces occupy Kilis (and Antep 15 Jan 1919, Maraş 22 Feb 1919,

and Urfa 24 Mar 1919) .

11-19 Dec 1918 French forces occupy Dörtyol, Mersin , Tarsus , Ceyhan, Adana ,

İslâhiye, Hassa, and Osmaniye.

27 Dec 1918 French forces occupy Pozantı (and Kozan 7 Mar 1919) .

1 Feb 1919 French occupation forces assume civil administration of Cilicia

( Cilicie ), with headquarters in Adana.

29-30 Oct 1919 French forces replace British forces in Kilis, Maraş and Urfa (and

Antep on 5 Nov 1919).

11 Feb 1920 French withdraw from Maraş (and Urfa 11 Apr 1920, Pozantı 30 May

1920 , and Antep 2 Jun 1920 which is re-occupied 9 Feb 1921).

4 Aug 1920 Local Armenians, Greeks, and Arabs led by Mihran Damadian

(b. 1863 - d. 1945) declare the independence of Cilicia, but

are suppressed by the French on 5 Aug 1920.

10 Aug 1920 By Treaty of Sèvres Osmaniye, Ceyhan, Dörtyol, Hassa, Antep, Kilis,

Urfa, and Mardin, along with about two thirds of the Konya-Nusaybi

section of the Baghdad Railway are included in Mandatory Syria,

while Mersin, Tarsus, Adana, Pozanti and Kozan were not

(treaty was not ratified).

20 Oct 1921 France agrees to evacuate Cilicia by the Franco-Turkish Agreement

of Ankara (replacing the Cilicia Peace Treaty of 9 Mar 1921).

13 Nov 1921 - 4 Jan 1921 French withdraw from İslâhiye, Hassa, Kilis, Antep, Tarsus,

Mersin, Dörtyol, Ceyhan, and Adana (and Osmaniye 7 Jan 1922 ) .

5 Jan 1922 Turkish forces enter Adana. French Commander of the 1st Division of the Levant and of the Territory of Cilicia

2 Dec 1918 - 20 Sep 1920 Julien Claude Marie Sosthène Dufieux (b. 1873 - d. 1959) Mil Chief Administrators in Armenia (from 1919, Chief of Administrative Control of Cilicia)

Dec 1918 - 1 Feb 1919 Louis Romieu (b. 1872 - d. 1943) Mil

1 F eb 1919 - 31 Aug 1920 Édouard Brémond (b. 1868 - d. 1948) Mil

(appointed 25 Dec 1918)

31 Aug 1920 - 4 Sep 1920 Pierre Capitrel (1st time)(acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1943) Mil

4 Sep 1920 - 20 Sep 1920 Hassler (acting) Mil

20 Sep 1920 - c.Nov 1921 Pierre Capitrel (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil

(administration)

Sep 1920 - 5 Jan 1922 Julien Claude Marie Sosthène Dufieux (s.a.) Mil

(military and civilian affairs)

Governors of Adana Vilayet

Dec 1918 - Sep 1919 Nâzım Bey (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1936)

2 Nov 1919 - Jun 1920 Mehmet Celâl Bey (b. 1863 - d. 1926)

1 Jun 1920 - 20 Dec 1920 Bağdadi Abdurrahman Efendi (b. 1857 - d. 1952)

Hatay

1923 - 1926, 1926 - 5 Sep 1938 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Map of Hatay

Hear National Anthem

"Istiklâl Marsi"

(The March of Independence)

[also the Turkish anthem]

Text of National Anthem

Fundamental Law

(29 Nov 1937)

Capital: Antakya ( Antioch )



Currency: 1938-1939

Lebanon-Syria Pound

(XLSP); from 13 Mar 1939

Turkish Lira (TRY)

National Holiday: N/A

Population: 234,379 (1938)

GDP: $N/A Exports: $N/A

Imports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Arabs 46%; Alawis 28%; Sunni Arab 10%;

Turks 39%; Armenians 11%; Melkites and other

Christians 8%; Circassians, Jews and Kurds 4% (1936)

Total Armed Forces: N/A

French Troops: 2,500 (1938)

Turkish Troops: 2,500 (1938) Religions: Sunni Muslim, Alawite, Orthodox Christian,

Roman Catholic, and Jewish

International Organizations/Treaties: N/A 9 Nov 1918 British troops occupy İskenderun (Alexandretta) kaza (district)

of Aleppo vilayet .

27 Nov 1918 Sandjak of Alexandretta ( Sandjak d'Alexandrette/ İskenderun Sancağı )

created.

7 Dec 1918 French troops occupy Antakya (Antioch).

10 Aug 1920 Sandjak of Alexandretta part of French Syria Mandate.

20 Oct 1921 Ceded to France by Turkey by the Ankara Agreement (confirmed in

the Treaty of Lausanne 24 Jul 1923).

23 Sep 1923 Part of Alawite (Latakia) State of French Syria.

Mar 1926 - Jun 1926 Separate State of Alexandretta within French Syria declared

under Ali Efendi Odahli (not recognized by French authorities).

1934 Latin alphabet adopted for Turkish in Alexandretta (Hatay) .

29 May 1936 Dispute regarding future status of Alexandretta (Hatay) referred

to the League of Nations.

27 Jan 1937 Autonomy of Hatay agreed between France, Turkey and Syria.

5 Sep 1938 Sandjak of Alexandretta proclaims independence from Syria

as State of Hatay (under French protection).

29 Jun 1939 Parliament votes to join Turkey.

23 Jul 1939 Re-incorporated into Turkey. French Military Governors

1 Nov 1918 - 1918? Mathiot

1918? - Jan 1919 Malinjoud

Jan 1919 - c.1920 Georges Jean Joseph Capdejelle (b. 1870 - d. 19..)

C hief Civil Administrator

27 Nov 1918 - 12 Sep 1921 Édouard Brémond (b. 1868 - d. 1948) Mil

Delegates of the High Commissioner

1921 - 1923 ....

1923 - 17 Jul 1937 Pierre Marie André Durieux (b. 1884 - d. 1947)

1937 Mentque (acting)

6 Sep 1937 - 3 Jun 1938 Roger Garreau (b. 1891 - d. 1991)

3 Jun 1938 - 1939 Philibert Collet (b. 1896 - d. 1945)

Governors

Dec 1936 - 1938 Husni al-Barazi (b. 1893 - d. 1975)

1938 Aladdin Bey

Head of State (title Hatay Devleti Reisi )

5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Tayfur Sökmen (b. 1892 - d. 1980) Prime Minister

5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Abdurrahman Melek (b. 1896 - d. 1978)



Smyrna (İzmir) Map of Smyrna 1920

Population: 999,855 (1920)

15 May 1919 Smyrna (Smýrni/İzmir) district occupied by Greece .

10 Aug 1920 Treaty of Sèvres transferred ' the exercise of her rights of

sovereignty to a local parliament' which was to hold a

plebiscite in 5 years on incorporation into Greece, but left

area under Ottoman sovereignty, Greek occupation continuing

(treaty was not ratified).

30 Jul 1922 Greece declares Smyrna a protectorate.

9 Sep 1922 Turkish forces re-occupy İzmir .

11 Sep 1922 Last Greek troops evacuate Asia Minor. Minister High Commissioner

21 May 1919 - 9 Sep 1922 Aristeídis Stergiádis (b. 1861 - d. 1949)



Greek Military Commanders

19 May 1919 - 2 Jun 1919 Nikólaos Zafeiríou (b. 1871 - d. 1947)

(commander of 1st Infantry Division)

2 Dun 1919 - Dec 1919 Konstantínos Níder (b. 1865 - d. 1942)

(c ommander of the Greek Occupation Army )

Dec 1919 - Feb 1920 Konstantínos Miliótis-Komninós (b. 1854 - d. 1941]

(commander of the Army of Asia Minor)

15 Feb 1920 - Nov 1920 Leonídas Paraskevópoulos (b. 1860 - d. 1936)

(commander-in-chief of the Greek Army)

Greek Commanders of the Army of Asia Minor

12 Nov 1920 - 19 May 1922 Anastásios Papoúlas (b. 1857 - d. 1935)

19 May 1922 – 24 Aug 1922 Geórgios Hatzianéstis (b. 1863 - d. 1922)

24 Aug 1922 - 11 Sep 1922 Geórgios Polymémakos (b. 1859 - d. 1942)



South-Western Caucasus (Kars)



3 Mar 1878 - 25 Apr 1918

1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jan 1919



17 Jan 1919 - 10 Apr 1919 (Possible) Map of South-

Western Caucasus Capital : Kars Fundamental Law

(17 Jan 1919) Ethnic groups : Turkish

27%, Armenian 25%,

Kurdish 15%, Greek 11%,

Russian 10%, Azerbaijani

9%, other 3%

(1915, Kars oblast) Population: 300,000

(1918 Kars oblast);

403,000

(1915, Kars oblast);

43,000 (1915, Oltu district) 1 Nov 1877 Kars region occupied by Russia.

3 Mar 1878 Kars region (including Ardahan) ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire

in the Treaty of San Stefano (confirmed by the Treaty of Berlin

13 Jul 1878 )( Karskaya obast ).

28 Nov 1917 – 25 Apr 1918 Under the Transcaucasian Commissariat.

3 Mar 1918 Russia cedes the Kars oblast to the Ottoman Empire under provisions

of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (ratified 29 Mar 1918; annulled by

armistice of Moudros 30 Oct 1918).

25 Apr 1918 – 15 Jan 1919 Ottoman occupation of Kars region (departed 30 Jan 1919).

4 Jun 1918 Cession to the Ottoman Empire is recognized by Armenia in the

Treaty of Batum.

15 Nov 1918 Kars National Council ( Kars Milli Şura ) established (from 1 Dec

1918, claimed authority over the Kars, Batum, and Nakhichevan

regions).

15 Jan 1919 – 28 Apr 1919 Allied (British) occupation of Kars (departed 17 May 1919), claims

by Armenia are not recognized.

18 Jan 1919 South-Western Caucasus Government ( Cenub-i Garbi Kafkas Hükumeti )

established by the Great Congress, convened on 17 Jan 1919

(claimed authority over the Kars, Batum, and Nakhichevan regions).

10 Apr 1919 Declared abolished by British High Commissioner to Turkey, Somerset

Arthur Gough-Calthorpe (b. 1865 - d. 1937).

12 Apr 1919 Dissolved by British troops.

28 Apr 1919 Kars region transferred by the Allies (British) to Armenia (Armenian

troops entered 24 Apr 1919), except Ardahan district (transferred

to Georgia) and Oltu district (nominally under British

administration of Batum, administered by a local government the

Oltu Şura Hükumeti).

17 May 1920 Oltu district annexed to Turkey.

30 Oct 1920 Kars occupied by the Turkish troops (annexed 1 Nov 1920).

2 Dec 1920 Kars region ceded by Armenia to Turkey by the Treaty of Alexandropol

(Gümrü Antlaşması)(not ratified by Armenia).

16 Mar 1921 By the Treaty of Moscow, Kars region and Ardahan recognized as

part of Turkey (confirmed by the Armenian S.S.R -Turkish Treaty

of Kars on 13 Oct 1921).

25 Dec 1925 Turkish sovereignty confirmed by Turkish-Soviet treaty.

19 Mar 1945 The Soviet Union denounces the Turkish-Soviet treaty and makes a

claim to the former territory.

22 Jun 1945 Turkey rejects the Soviet claims (supported by the Western Allies).

30 May 1953 Soviet Union renounces all territorial claims against Turkey. Russian Military Governors of Kars oblast

1 Nov 1877 - 8 Jun 1878 Ivan Diomidovich Popko (b. 1819 - d. 1893)

8 Jun 1878 - 1 Apr 1881 Viktor Antonovich Frankini (b. 1820 - d. 1892)

1 Apr 1881 - 5 Oct 1883 Aleksandr Ignatyevich Grosman (b. 1836 - d. 1890)

(Grossmann)

5 Oct 1883 - 22 Apr 1898 Pyotr Ivanovich Tomich (b. 1838 - d. 1911)

29 May 1898 - 20 Jul 1899 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Odintsov (b. 1852 - d. af.1909)

26 Jan 1900 - 1 Dec 1906 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Samoilyov

1 Dec 1906 - 3 Feb 1908 Mikhail Pavolich Babich (b. 1844 - d. 1918)

3 Feb 1908 - 23 Jun 1908 Sigismund Viktorovich Volskiy (b. 1852 - d. 1917)

23 Jun 1908 - 12 Jul 1912 Pyotr-Emmanuil Fridrikhovich

fon Parkau

12 Jul 1912 - 1915 Aleksey Dmitriyevich Podgurskiy (b. 1862 - d. 1919)

1915 - 1917 Aleksandr Ilyich Sushchinskiy (b. 1855 - d. 1933)

Ottoman Commander of the (to 8 Jun 1918, 2nd Caucasus Corps) 9th Army

25 Apr 1918 – Jan 1919 Yakup Şevki Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1939) Mil

British Military Governors in Kars

15 Jan 1919 – 2 Mar 1919 Clive Errington Temperley (b. 1893? - d. 1956) Mil

2 Mar 1919 – 29 Mar 1919 Verney Asser (b. 1873 - d. 1944) Mil

29 Mar 1919 – 28 Apr 1919 George Allen Preston (b. 1868 - d. 1919) Mil



Ottoman Mütesarrif (lieutenant-governor) of Kars

25 Apr 1918 – Nov 1918 Mustafa Hilmi Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1957)

Heads of Kars National Council

15 Nov 1918 – 1 Dec 1918 Emin Ağa Borçali (b. 1868 - d. 1937)

+ Fahrettin Bey Piroğlu (b. 1874 - d. 1958)

Head of the Kars National Council Government

1 Dec 1918 - 18 Jan 1919 Cihangirzade İ brahim Bey (b. 1874 - d. 1948)

Head of the South-Western Caucasus Government (title: Hükumet Reisi )

18 Jan 1919 - 12 Apr 1919 Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey (s.a.)

Chairman of Provisional Administrative Council for Kars Region

15 Apr 1919 – 30 Apr 1919 Esat Bey Çildirli (b. 1887 - d. 1971)

Chairman of Oltu Assembly Administration

2 May 1919 – 25 May 1919 Mehmet Ramiz Bey

Head of Oltu Council Government

25 May 1919 – 17 May 1920 Yusuf Ziya Bey (b. 1886 - d. 1928) OITF

Party abbreviations: OITF = Oltu İslam Terakki Fırkası (Oltu Islamic Progress Party, nationalist, 1919-1920); Mil - Military



Zone of the Straits

Map of the Zone

of the Straits Headquarters:

Constantinople

(Kostantiniyye) Population: 1,000,000

(1920 est.) 10 Nov 1918 Allied occupation of the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, the eastern

coast of the Sea of Marmara, islands of İmbros, Lemnos,

Samothrace, Tenedos, and 15 km deep into eastern and

eastern shores; entire area demilitarized (Zone of the Straits).

13 Nov 1918 Allies occupy Constantinople (Kostantiniyye ) (de jure from 16 Mar 1920)

Occupation zones - British in Pera, Galata and Şişli; the

French in the Old City and Western suburbs; and the Italians in

Üsküdar on the Anatolian side.

22 Oct 1923 Termination of Allied occupation (troops depart 23 Sep 1923). British Senior Allied High Commissioners and Presidents of

the I nter-Allied Commission of Control and Organization

31 Oct 1918 - Jul 1919 Sir Somerset Arthur Gough- (b. 1864 - d. 1937)

Calthorpe

Jul 1919 - Nov 1920 Sir John Michael de Robeck (b. 1862 - d. 1928)

Nov 1920 - 22 Oct 1923 Sir Horace George Montagu (b. 1869 - d. 1941)

Rumbold

Nov 1922 - 1923 Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson (b. 1882 - d. 1942)

(acting for Rumbold) French High Commissioners

Nov 1918 - Jan 1919 Jean François Charles Amet (b. 1861 - d. 1940)

8 Jan 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Louis Félix Marie François (b. 1856 - d. 1942)

Franchet d'Espèrey (acting)

30 Mar 1919 - Dec 1920 Jules Albert Defrance (b. 1860 - d. 1936)

1921 - 22 Oct 1923 Maurice César Joseph Pell é (b. 1863 - d. 1924)

Greek High Commissioners

Nov/Dec1919 - Jan/Feb1921 Efthýmios Kanellópoulos (b. 1872 - d. 1933)

Jan/Feb 1921 -Jan/Feb1922 Nikólaos Vótsis (b. 1877 - d. 1931)

11 Feb 1922 - 29 Jul 1922 Nik ó laos Triantafyllákos (b. 1855 - d. 1939)

29 Jul 1922 – Oct 1923 Charálampos Simópoulos (b. 1874 - d. 1942)

Italian High Commissioners

Nov 1918 - Jun 1919 Conte Carlo Sforza (b. 1873 - d. 1952)

1919 - 1920 Romano Lodi Fé (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1971)

Sep 1920 - 22 Oct 1923 Antonio Giovanni Luigi Camillo (b. 1852 - d. 1935)

Adolfo Edoardo Eugenio Adele

Garroni Carbonara

Japanese High Commissioners

18 Apr 1921 - 15 Jun 1923 Uchida Sadatsuchi (b. 1865 - d. 1942)

15 Jun 1923 - 22 Oct 1923 Kasama Akio (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1945)

United States High Commissioners

30 Nov 1918 – 3 May 1919 Lewis J. Heck (acting to Jan 1919) (b. 1889 - d. 1964)

3 May 1919 - 12 Aug 1919 Gabriel Bie Ravndal (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950)

12 Aug 1919 - 22 Oct 1923 Mark Lambert Bristol (b. 1868 - d. 1939)

Commanders-in-chief of the Allied Forces in the East (in Constantinople)

12 Nov 1918 - 5 Apr 1920 Louis Félix Marie François (s.a.)

Franchet d'Espèrey (France)

5 Apr 1920 - 2 Oct 1923 Pierre Émile Nayral Martin de (b. 1862 - d. 1949)

Bourgon (France)

General Officers Commanding-in-chief, Army of the Black Sea (in Constantinople)

Dec 1918 - Oct 1920 George Francis Milne (U.K.) (b. 1866 - d. 1948)

Oct 1920 - 23 Sep 1923 Sir Charles Harington (U.K.) (b. 1872 - d. 1940)

Mayors of Kostantiniyye (Constantinople)

28 Aug 1918 - 15 Dec 1918 Cemil Pasha Topuzlu (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1958)

18 Dec 1918 - 4 May 1919 Yusuf Ziya Bey

5 May 1919 - 28 Feb 1920 Cemil Pasha Topuzlu (2nd time) (s.a.)

2 Ma r 1920 - 17 Apr 1920 Hayreddin Bey

18 Apr 1920 - 2 Dec 1920 Salim Pasha

5 Dec 1920 - 23 Feb 1921 Yusuf Razi Bey

24 Feb 1921 - 5 Jul 1921 Mehmed Ali Bey

7 Jul 1921 - 4 Mar 1922 Mehmet Celâl Bey (b. 1863 - d. 1926)

5 Mar 1922 - 13 Apr 1923 Ziya Bey



Kurdish Polities

1816 - 1835 Emirate of Soran Oct 1927 - 1931 Republic of Ararat 12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Exile Parliament Flag

Map of Kurdish Areas Capital: Kurdava (1927-1931)

Soran: Rawanduz

(1818-1835) Population: N/A 1514 Kurds voluntarily accept Ottoman rule and as a result

the Sultan formally recognized the existing Kurdish

principalities ( Baban , Botan, Badinan, Soran, etc.) as

independent states under Osmanli supervision.

1870 Last of the Kurdish principalities abolished.

10 Aug 1920 Treaty of Sèvres contains provisions for a Kurdish state

under U.S. mandate, this is never implemented.

24 Apr 1920 Mosul declared a part of Iraq .

28 Oct 1927 - 1931 Republic of Ararat ( Komara Agiriye ) proclaimed in northeastern

part of Turkey ( primarily a rebellion of Kurmanji Kurds).

12 Apr 1995 - 1999 Kurdistan Parliament in Exile (Parlamana Kurdistane Li Derveyi Welat)

(PKDW) founded in Brussels, Belgium.

24 May 1999 Kurdistan National Congress (KNC)) founded in exile as successor

to PKDW.

Emirs of Soran .... - .... Kelos

.... - .... Isa

.... - .... Shah Ali Bey

.... - .... Pir Budak bin Shah Ali Bey

.... - .... Mir Saifeddin

.... - .... Mir Hussain

.... - .... Mir Saidi bin Shah Ali Bey

.... - .... Saifeddin bin Mir Hussain bin Pir Budak

.... - .... Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey Mir Saidi

.... - .... Budak Bey bin Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey

.... - .... Sulaiman Bey bin Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey

.... - .... Ali Bey bin Sulaiman Bey

.... - .... Shkali Bey

17.. - 1816 Sulaiman Bey

1816 - 1825 Khanzad

1825 - 1836 Mohammed Pasha Mir Kor

Governor of the Republic of Ararat 28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930 İbrahim Heski (d. 1931) (İbrahim Paşa Haski Tello ) Military leader of the Republic of Ararat 28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930 İhsan Nuri Paşa (b. 1893 - d. 1976)

Presidents of the Kurdistan Parliament in Exile

26 Mar 1995 - 12 Apr 1995 İsmet Chériff Vanly (acting) (b. 1924 - d. 2011) 12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999 Yaşar Kaya (b. 1938 - d. 2016) (in The Hague, Netherlands; later in Brussels, Belgium exile) President of the Kurdistan National Congress 24 May 1999 - 20.. Jawad Mella (in London, UK exile)(b. 1946) Russian Occupied Western Armenia Feb 1916 - Mar 1918 16 May 1915 – 13 Aug 1915 Russians briefly occupy Van.

Jan 1916 - May 1916 Russians occupy provinces of Turkish (Western) Armenia

( Erzerum 16 Feb 1916, Bitlis 3 Mar 1916 - 5 Aug 1916,

Trebizond 18 Apr 1916 , and Van 1916).

4 Jun 1916 Administration of Occupied Turkish Provinces (from 9 May 1917,

of Turkish Armenia and Other Occupied Turkish Provinces)

established by Russia in Tiflis (from Dec 1917, under

Transcaucasian Commissariat which acts on behalf of Russian

Republic).

18 Dec 1917 Armistice of Erzincan which leads to withdrawal by Jan 1918 of

ethnic Russian component of the Russian Caucasus Army.

12 Feb 1918 – 7 Apr 1918 Turkish forces re-occupy the area (Trebizond 24 Feb 1918 ,

Erzerum 12 Mar 1918 , and Van 7 Apr 1918 ).

3 Mar 1918 Soviet Russia agrees to evacuate the Russian Caucasus Army by

the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (not recognized by Transcaucasian

Commissariat).



Russian Commander (of the Caucasus Army)

May 1915 – Jul 1916 Nikolay Nikolayevich Yudenich (b. 1862 - d. 1933)

Governors-general

18 Jul 1916 – 1916 Nikolay Nikolayevich Peshkov (b. 1857 - d. af.1917)

1916 – 30 Jan 1917 Mikhail Nikolayevich Dryagin (b. 1852 - d. af.1917)

30 Jan 1917 – May 1917 Boris Stepanovich Romanovskiy- (b. 1870 - d. 1941)

Roman'ko

Commissar-general

28 May 1917 – Apr 1918 Pyotr Ivanovich Averyanov (b. 1867 - d. 1937)



Assistants for Civil Affairs

28 May 1917 – Apr 1918 Yakov Khristoforovich Zavriyev (b. 1864 - d. 1920) HHD

(Akop Zavriyan)

+ Fyodor Igorevich Ivanitskiy (b. 1861 - d. 1929) KDP

(21 Aug 1917 – Dec? 1917)

Party abbreviations: HHD = Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation, "Dashnak", socialist, nationalist, 1890-1920); KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-12 Dec 1917)

Genoese Pera and Galatea 1273 Republic of Genoa granted Pera & Galatea suburbs of Constantinople.

29 May 1453 Constantinople captured by the Ottomans. Podestas (mayors)

1273 Oberto Sardena

1276 Ingueto Spinola

1279 Niccolò Doria

1285 Guideto de Nigro (acting)

1300 Bernabo Spinola

1300 - 1302 Govino Tartaro

1304 Rosso Doria

1315 - 1316 Montano de Marinis

1335 Andalo de Maris

1338 Costantino Doria

1348 Benedetto d'Arco

1356 Lanzarotto de Castro

1357 Bartolomeo Rubeo

13.. Jacopo Grillo (acting)

1367 Tommaso di Iglione

1376 Bartolomeo Pindeberi

1379 Luciano de Nigro

1382 Lorenzo Gentile

1386 Eliano de Camilla

1386 - 1387 Raffaele Doria

1387 Giovanni de Mezzano

1390 Antonio Leardo

1391 - 1392 Niccolò Zoagu

1392 Dorino Usodimare

1396 - 1397 Luchino de Bonavey

1397 Gentile Grimaldi

1402 Lodovico Bavoso

1402 Bartolomeo Rubeo

1403 Giannoto Lomellino (1st time)

(acting)

1404 Giovanni Sauli (1st time)

1404 Giovanni Botto

1405 Napoleone Salvago

1405 Giannoto Lomellino (2nd time)

1405 Giovanni Sauli (2nd time)

1410 Tommaso de Campofregoso

1411 Quilico de Taddei

1413 Corrado Cigala

1418 Thedisio Doria

1423 Zacaria Spinola

1425 - 1426 Imperiale Lomellino

1426 Taddeo de Zoagli

1427 Giannotto Spinola

1430 - 1431 Filippo de Franchi

1432 - 1433 Ilairo Imperiale

1434 Agostino Montalolo

1435 Ansaldo Doria

1435 Stefano de Marinis

1438 Giovanni di Levanto

1439 Simone Macie

1440 - 1442 Niccolò Antonio Spinola

1443 - 1444 Baruel de Grimaldi

1445 - 1446 Baldassarre Maruffo

1446 - 1447 Luchino de Facio

1447 Pietro di Marco (acting)

1448 - 1449 Benedetto di Vivaldi

1449 Francisco Cavallo

1451 - 1452 Angelo Giovanni Lomelino

(acting to 1452)

1452 - 29 May 1453 Francesco Giustiniani





© Ben Cahoon

