Researchers say process is how our early ancestors' cultures changed over time and could shed light on how

The ability of chimpanzees to communicate and use tools has fascinated scientists for years.

And now they have witnessed how new behaviour is adopted and transmitted from individual to individual within a wild chimpanzee colony.

It is the first time that experts have caught this behaviour on camera in real-time and they say that the footage will shed light on how culture spread among early humans.

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Scientists have witnessed how new behaviour is adopted and transmitted from individual to individual within a wild chimpanzee colony. This image shows KB of the Sonso chimpanzee community of the Budongo Forest in Uganda, using a moss-sponge - a behavior she learned by observing her mother

The team studied the spread of two novel tool-uses among the Sonso chimpanzee community living in Uganda's Budongo Forest.

'Researchers have been fascinated for decades by the differences in behaviour between chimpanzee communities; some use tools some don't, some use different tools for the same job,' said Dr Catherine Hobaiter of the University of St Andrews in Scotland.

'These behavioural variations have been described as "cultural", which, in human terms would mean they spread when one individual learns from another; but in most cases they're long established and it's hard to know how they originally spread within a group.

'We were incredibly lucky to be in the right place at the right time to document the appearance and spread of two novel tool-use behaviours, something that is extraordinarily rare in the wild.'

The results of the real-time discovery, described as 'extraordinarily rare', are published in the latest edition of the journal PLOS Biology.

HOW CHIMPS LEARN The analysis began when Nick, the 29-year-old alpha male chimpanzee, made a moss sponge while being watched by Nambi, a dominant adult female. Over the next six days a further seven individuals made and used moss sponges. Six of these had observed the behaviour before adopting it and the seventh was seen to re-use a discarded moss sponge so may have learned about the novel behaviour in this way. The scientists also recorded a 12-year-old sub-adult male retrieve and use a discarded leaf sponge. A further eight individuals adopted the re-use technique, but only four of them observed another individual re-using a sponge first. By using a technique called network-based diffusion analysis the researchers estimated that each time a 'naïve' chimpanzee observed moss-sponging, this individual was 15 times more likely to develop the behaviour. This striking effect contrasted with the re-use behaviour in which social learning played much less of a role. Advertisement

The researchers investigated the spread of new variations of 'leaf-sponges', which are tools dipped in water to drink from, commonly manufactured by the Sonso chimpanzees by folding leaves in their mouth.

Different individuals were observed to develop two novel variants: moss-sponging (a sponge made of moss or a mixture of leaves and moss) and leaf-sponge re-use (using a sponge left behind on a previous visit).

Neither moss-sponging nor leaf-sponge re-use had been previously observed in Sonso in over twenty years of continuous observation.

Chimpanzees are widely considered to be the most 'cultural' of all non-human animals, but most studies examining how behaviour is transmitted are carried out in captive groups.

This has long been a focus for critics of arguments for chimpanzee culture, who point out that without similar evidence from the wild it is difficult to argue for an evolutionary connection between human and chimpanzee 'culture'.

But now, the researchers from the University of St Andrews, University of Neuchâtel, Anglia Ruskin University, and Université du Quebec, have proved how a new natural behaviour was passed from individual to individual in a wild community.

The researchers investigated the spread of new variations of 'leaf-sponges', which are tools dipped in water to drink from, commonly manufactured by the Sonso chimpanzees by folding leaves in their mouth (pictured)

Dr William Hoppitt, Senior Lecturer in Zoology at Anglia Ruskin University said: 'Our results provide strong evidence for social transmission along the chimpanzees' social network, demonstrating that wild chimpanzees learn novel tool-use from each other and support the claim that some of the observed behavioural diversity in wild chimpanzees should be interpreted as 'cultural'.'

Dr Thibaud Gruber, Marie Curie Fellow at the University of Neuchâtel, said: 'This study tells us that chimpanzee culture changes over time, little by little, by building on previous knowledge found within the community.

'This is probably how our early ancestors' cultures also changed over time.

'In this respect, this is a great example of how studying chimpanzee culture can help us model the evolution of human culture.

'Nevertheless, something must have subsequently happened in our evolution that caused a qualitative shift in what we could transmit, rendering our culture much more complex than anything found in wild apes.

'Understanding this qualitative jump in our evolutionary history is what we need to investigate now.'