A few days ago Aaron Patterson wrote a in interesting article about composition vs inheritance with Ruby.

He says that when inheriting our classes directly from Ruby’s core objects such as Array , our public API for that object will become too large and difficult to maintain.

Consider a powerful object like String which has 164 public methods, once our library will be released, we should maintain all that amount of code. It doesn’t worth the trouble, probably because we just wanted to pick a few methods from it. It’s better to compose an object that hides all that complexity derived from String , and to expose only the wanted behaviors.

I was already aware of these issues, but that article was a reminder for fixing my OSS projects. For this reason I refactored Lotus::Utils::LoadPaths . It used to inherit from Array (169 methods), but after breaking the inheritance structure, I discovered that I only needed 2 methods.

However, there are some hidden corners that are worthing to share.

Information escape

A characteristic that I want for LoadPaths is the ability to add paths to it. After the refactoring, for the sake of consistency, I decided to name this method after Array 's #push , and to mimic its behavior.

The initial implementation of this method was:

it 'returns self so multiple operations can be performed' do paths = Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths . new paths . push ( '..' ) . push ( '../..' ) paths . must_include '..' paths . must_include '../..' end class Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths # ... def push ( * paths ) @paths . push ( * paths ) end end

When we use this Ruby’s method, the returning value is the array itself, because language’s designers wanted to make chainable calls possible. If we look at the implementation of our method, the implicit returning value was @paths (instead of self ), so the subsequent invocations were directly manipulating @paths .

The test above was passing because arrays are referenced by their memory address, so that the changes that happened on the outside (after the accidental escape) were also visible by the wrapping object ( LoadPaths ). Because our main goal is to encapsulate that object, we want to prevent situations like this.

it 'returns self so multiple operations can be performed' do paths = Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths . new returning = paths . push ( '.' ) returning . must_be_same_as ( paths ) paths . push ( '..' ) . push ( '../..' ) paths . must_include '.' paths . must_include '..' paths . must_include '../..' end class Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths # ... def push ( * paths ) @paths . push ( * paths ) self end end

Dup and Clone

LoadPaths is used by other Lotus libraries, such as Lotus::View . This framework can be “duplicated” with the goal of ease a microservices architecture, where a developer can define MyApp::Web::View and MyApp::Api::View as “copies” of Lotus::View , that can independently coexist in the same Ruby process. In other, words the configurations of one “copy” shouldn’t be propagated to the others.

Until LoadPaths was inheriting from Array , a simple call to #dup was enough to get a fresh, decoupled copy of the same data. Now the object is duplicated but not the variables that it encapsulates ( @paths ).

paths1 = Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths . new paths2 = paths1 . dup paths2 . push '..' paths1 . include? ( '..' ) # => true, which is an unwanted result

The reason of this failure is the same of the information escaping problem: we’re referencing the same array. Ruby has a special method callback that is designed for cases like this.

class Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths # ... def initialize_copy ( original ) @paths = original . instance_variable_get ( :@paths ) . dup end end

Now, when paths1.dup is called, also the @paths instance variable will be duplicated and we can safely change paths2 without affecting it.

Freeze

A similar problem arises for #freeze . I want Lotus::View to freeze its configurations after the application is loaded. This immutability will prevent accidental changes that may lead to software defects.

When we try to alter the state of a frozen object, Ruby raises a RuntimeError , but this wasn’t the case of LoadPaths .

paths = Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths . new paths . freeze paths . frozen? # => true paths . push '.' # => It wasn't raising RuntimeError

This had an easy fix:

class Lotus :: Utils :: LoadPaths # ... def freeze super @paths . freeze end end

Conclusion

Composition should be preferred over inheritance, but beware of the unexpected behaviors.