2010s – The Mars hype is there

2020s – Preparing for human arrival

contracts to develop and build 3 separate Artemis human landers

drone-helicopter

prototype cargo Starship makes first orbital test flight

cargo Lunar Starship lands on the rim of the Shackleton Crater

crew Starship

#dearMoon

Lunar Gateway

Artemis

communications relay satellite is placed at Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L5

Humans return to the Moon

First woman on the Moon

Two demonstration cargo Starships separately land on Mars

atmospheric propellant plant

first human outpost on the Moon

to retrieve samples

the final location of future "Mars Base Alpha" is selected

2030s – First human base on Mars

Moon Village, permanently inhabited

first humans on Mars

global positioning system (GPS)

global communications system

mining of water ice

Ground-based ISRU system

modular ground habitat

hydroponic greenhouse

regolith extraction

First fully occupied Starship with 50 scientists, workers and colonists

ISRU capabilities of Mars Base Alpha are extended

3D printers

orbital fuel depot

at Low Earth orbit

fish farm

geodesic dome with garden

First child is born on Mars

2040s – Mars gets its orbital space station

wealthy tourists land

underground section

Cultured meat "farm"

first luxury hotel

it is allowed for children to travel to Mars

Free Spaceport of Phobos

First expedition to the summit of Olympus Mons

human mission to Phobos and Deimos

proxy bases

mass driver constructed on the Moon

rare metals

land trip all around the Mars

spaceport with pressurized skybridges

Heavy Starship

Robotic asteroid mining in Main asteroid belt

public transport route

hyperloop line

population of the

Mars Base Alpha

now surpasses 1200

Blue Mars base

nuclear fusion power station

2050s – When bases grow into colonies

Solar panel assembly factory

police

largest colonial fleet

India

human mission to Ceres

nuclear fusion spaceship

4000 humans permanently or temporarily living on the surface of Mars

first large-scale dome

deuterium separation facility

China

defense system

Gigafactory Mars

transparent, radiation-filtering, light-weight dome

Mars City

SpaceX's nuclear fusion powered spaceships

Starships and Heavy Starships are retired from SpaceX fleet

Brazilian

United Arab Emirates

2060s – Nuclear fusion spaceships open up Mars

First city council

First humans born on Mars travel to Earth

first university

space logistics hub

Tourism

second large-scale dome

terraforming process of Mars

release super-greenhouse

gases

Artificial magnetic field generator

human mission to Galilean moons

human population on Mars explodes from around 11'000 to more than 50'000

2070s – Human outposts spreading past Mars

human outposts and missions to Ceres, asteroids in Main asteroid belt and Galilean moons

Starship family spaceships are finally retired completely

5 cities with large-scale domes

food and fertilizers for human space outposts

human mission to the moons of Saturn

human population on Mars expands from 50'000 to 200'000

2080s – Mars gets its self-government

proportionally drawn representatives from every Martian city and base

relations

space elevators first on the Moon and then on Earth

national heritage site

middle-class people can afford a trip to Mars

first prison

heavy, polluting industry is increasingly moved from Earth to space

human population on Mars expands from 200'000 to 500'000

2090s – The millionth Martian

Phobos space elevator system is finished, greatly speeding up the colonization of Mars, interplanetary trade and the growth of human outposts in Main asteroid belt and Galilean moons of Jupiter.

■ The shuttle port at the summit of Pavonis Mons quickly expands into one of the largest human colonies on Mars – Pavonis City, which is soon connected with other major Martian cities by hyperloop lines and suborbital shuttle routes.

■ Establishment of Pavonis City greatly expands tourism in some of the most spectacular Martian regions nearby – Tharsis Montes, Olympus Mons, Noctis Labyrinthus and Valles Marineris. Tourist bases and hotels are popping up there fast. One of the hyperloop lines runs through all the length of Valles Marineris.

■ In an anticipation of future air pressure and temperature increase, new human colonies are being set up mainly in the lower regions of Mars, particularly Hellas Planitia and Valles Marineris, where the results of terraformation activities will be felt first.

■ In 2090s the human population on Mars reaches 1 million. Finally Elon Musk's goal to put 1 million people on Mars is reached .



22nd century – Mars becomes independent ■ Theis finished, greatly speeding up the colonization of Mars, interplanetary trade and the growth of human outposts in Main asteroid belt and Galilean moons of Jupiter.■ Thequickly expands into one of the largest human colonies on Mars –, which is soon connected with other major Martian cities by hyperloop lines and suborbital shuttle routes.■ Establishment ofgreatly expands tourism in some of the most spectacular Martian regions nearby – Tharsis Montes, Olympus Mons, Noctis Labyrinthus and Valles Marineris. Tourist bases and hotels are popping up there fast. One of the hyperloop lines runs through all the length of Valles Marineris.■ In an anticipation of future air pressure and temperature increase,of Mars, particularly Hellas Planitia and Valles Marineris, where the results of terraformation activities will be felt first.■ In 2090s the human population on Mars reaches 1 million. Finally

■ Mars becomes practically self-sufficient , having to import only the most complex goods and intellectual property.

■ The self-sufficiency results in Mars becoming an independent nation-state . The Martian government has to buy up the non-Martian governmental assets located on Mars. All the Martian-born babies are granted automatic Martian citizenship , as well as all the colonists living on Mars for more than one Martian year, if they apply for it.

■ The Martian government issues Mars dollar as an official currency on Mars; it's completely cashless electronic currency.

■ As a technologically advanced frontier society Mars and orbital stations around it become the primary source of specialists and workers needed for human bases and missions further in Main asteroid belt and outer Solar system.

■ Heavy industry is completely banned on Earth.

■ Air pressure and temperature on Mars is increased to the level where there is flowing water on the surface and simple plants can be introduced into newly created biosphere of the planet.

■ As one of the lower regions on Mars close to the equator Valles Marineris is seeing the most benefits from terraformation activities and Phobos space elevator; cities and farming communities are spreading throughout the valleys and at the end of the 22nd century there are around 5 million people living in Valles Marineris making it the most populous urban area on Mars.

human population on Mars increases 30-fold – to more than 30 million.





Outdated cover images:



■ In the 22nd century the total– to more than 30 million.