I’ve been managing Node.js web apps in production on Linux servers for quite a few years, and I thought only now to document it publicly, hoping it can help others. There are too many ways to run Node.js apps, and I won’t try to cover them all; if you’re looking for a simple, straightforward way to run a Node.js web app on a VM with Ubuntu 18.04 (without containers), this article is for you.

Prerequisites

I’m assuming that you’ll be starting from a freshly-installed, minimal Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server or virtual machine. This can be on a cloud provider (including Azure, etc) or in your own datacenter.

In this article, I’ll be using this sample code from shapeshed/express_example, which is a very simple web app based on Express and doesn’t use a database. While the actual application you want to run doesn’t really matter, I am going to make three assumptions about the structure of the app; if yours is different you might need to make small changes to scripts used in this article:

You can launch the app with the file bin/www

The app has its static assets (e.g. images, stylesheets, fonts…) in the public folder

folder You can choose what port your Node.js app is listening on by passing the PORT environmental variable (e.g. launching the app with PORT=3001 node bin/www )

Assuming you have Node.js installed, you can test the app locally on your laptop with:

git clone https://github.com/shapeshed/express_example cd express_example npm install node bin/www

If you visit http://localhost:3000 , you’ll see the app running:

Install Node.js

To start, connect to the VM via SSH.

We’ll be installing Node.js using the official binaries for Linux. There are a few reasons why I recommend this:

Packages available in the repositories of Linux distributions (including Ubuntu) tend to be quite old. Node.js evolves fast, and the maintainers of Linux distributions don’t keep up. Installing from the official binaries lets us have more control around the version of Node.js we want to use. We have the flexibility to use Node.js 10 (the current LTS as of writing), or any other version (although I’d recommend sticking to LTS versions for production apps, there are situations where the latest version is desirable). Lastly, we can have multiple versions of Node.js installed side-by-side, so we can use a different version of the runtime for different applications.

To install Node.js, run the following commands:

# 10.14.1 is the latest LTS version as of writing; you can pick any other newer (or older) version from https://nodejs.org/ NODE_VERSION = "v10.14.1" # Download the binary tarball in /tmp cd /tmp curl -LO http://nodejs.org/dist/ $NODE_VERSION /node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64.tar.gz # Extract the tarball into a subfolder in /usr/local/ sudo tar -xzvf node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ # You can check that Node.js is installed with sudo ls /usr/local/node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64/bin/node

The Node.js interpreter will be available in /usr/local/node-$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64/bin/node :

$ NODE_VERSION = "v10.14.1" # Check Node.js $ /usr/local/node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64/bin/node -v v10.14.1

In order to be able to use Node.js and NPM without too much hassle, we should first create a symlink so /usr/local/node points to /usr/local/node-$NODE_VERSION-linux-x64 , so there’s less typing. We will then add the /usr/local/node/bin folder to the $PATH . You can read why I recommend doing this, rather than uncompressing the tarball into /usr/local/node or than putting the Node.js binary in /usr/bin directly, in this StackOverflow answer.

NODE_VERSION = "v10.14.1" # Create the symlink so /usr/local/node points to the Node.js install folder sudo ln -s /usr/local/node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64 /usr/local/node # Add /usr/local/node/bin to the $PATH, then refresh the $PATH in the current shell echo "export PATH=\${PATH}:/usr/local/node/bin" >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc

Node.js and NPM are now easier to invoke:

# "node" should be in the $PATH $ which node /usr/local/node/bin/node # "node" and "npm" are easy to invoke $ node -v v10.14.1 $ npm -v 6.4.1

Updating Node.js is easy: first, download the new binary tarball and uncompress it, and then update the /usr/local/node/bin symlink.

For example, to install Node.js 11 on the same system:

# Use version 11.3.0 (Current) now NODE_VERSION = "v11.3.0" # Same commands as before cd /tmp curl -LO http://nodejs.org/dist/ $NODE_VERSION /node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64.tar.gz sudo tar -xzvf node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ # Update the symlink so /usr/local/node points to the new version # Node the "fn" flags, so ln replaces the old link sudo ln -sfn /usr/local/node- $NODE_VERSION -linux-x64 /usr/local/node

Check that Node.js has been updated:

$ node -v v11.3.0

Why not using NVM? In my opinion, tools like NVM are great for development, but they keep the Node.js runtime in a folder they manage, inside a user’s home folder. For these reasons, I am not a big fan of this approach for running apps in production.

Run the application

It’s now time to run the application on our server!

We’ll be placing our apps’ code inside the home folder of the current (non-root) user. In my case, the user is called alessandro :

cd /home/alessandro # Clone the sample code git clone https://github.com/shapeshed/express_example cd express_example # Install NPM dependencies # Note the "--production" switch, so packages inside "devDependencies" won't be installed npm install --production

Done! We can test that the app works with:

# sudo is necessary to bind to a port below 1024 # /usr/local/node/bin is not in the $PATH for the root user (we're using sudo), so we need to write the full path to the node binary sudo PORT = 80 /usr/local/node/bin/node bin/www

Open the browser to the IP (or hostname) of your server, and you should see the app live (if not, check if there’s a firewall blocking port 80). Then, stop the app with CTRL+C.

Run the app in background

Next, we’re going to run the app as a background process, which is launched when the server boots and is restarted automatically if it crashes.

There are many ways to daemonize a Node.js app on Linux, but my favorite one is using systemd. If you’re not familiar with it, systemd is a tool installed in essentially all modern Linux distributions, which has the task (among many others – too many, according to some critics) of managing background services.

Another very popular option is to use a process manager like PM2. However, PM2 itself is a Node.js app, and it needs to be supervised by systemd, so at the end of the day it’s the same story, but with an extra layer. Using PM2 can help in certain situations, however, such as when you frequently add or remove apps/services.

The first step is creating a systemd unit file, which is a text file defining our Node.js application as a service. Create a file called express_example.service in /etc/systemd/system/ . You can replace express_example with the name of your app, but note the .service extension. Copy the text below in the file /etc/systemd/system/express_example.service (owned by the root user):

[Unit] # Custom description, set as you wish Description = Node.js sample Express app After = network.target [Service] Type = simple # Name of the system user running the app User = alessandro # Port the app is bound to, in this case 3000 (must be greater than 1024) # If your app needs more environmental variables, just add more "Environment=" lines, or load them from a file (e.g. a "dotfile") with the "EnvironmentFile" rule Environment = PORT=3000 # Path where the code is WorkingDirectory = /home/alessandro/express_example # Full path to the Node.js binary - if you prefer to specify a version, use the full path like "/usr/local/node-v10.14.1-linux-x64/bin/node" # If your app's entrypoint isn't "bin/www", change this line ExecStart = /usr/local/node/bin/node bin/www # This tells systemd to restart the app if it crashes Restart = always [Install] WantedBy = multi-user.target

We can now enable the systemd unit so it’s automatically started at boot, and then start it right away:

# Enable the "express_example" unit (name of the file) so it's started automatically at boot sudo systemctl enable express_example # Start the service right away sudo systemctl start express_example # Check that the app is running; status should contain "running" sudo systemctl status express_example

You can now connect to your VM’s IP (or hostname) on port 3000 (e.g. http://52.175.200.192:3000/ ) to see the website live (if you can’t connect, check if there are firewall rules blocking port 3000).

Other useful commands when using systemd are:

# Run this every time after you modify the unit file on disk sudo systemctl daemon-reload # Restart the service sudo systemctl restart express_example # Stop the service sudo systemctl stop express_example # The command above will stop the service, but it will still be started automatically at boot; to disable that, do: sudo systemctl disable express_example # Check the logs of the app sudo journalctl -u express_example # To get a live stream of the logs as the app is running, you can add the -f flag # If you refresh the web page, you'll see the requests flowing live in the terminal sudo journalctl -f -u express_example

Adding Nginx

In the previoius step we started the app on port 3000, and not 80. In addition to the fact that binding to port 80 would require running the app as root, which is a security risk (although there are workarounds for that), it’s best practice to not expose a Node.js app directly on the Internet, but proxying it using Nginx (or another reverse proxy). There are multiple reasons for that, including:

It allows for more efficient usage of the Node.js CPU time by letting Nginx doing TLS termination and serving static assets It lets you run multiple apps on the same server/port listening on a different hostname, and lets you scale your app on multi-core processors better (see next section) It’s potentially safer

Let’s start by installing Nginx:

sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install -y nginx

Next, we need to configure Nginx. In this example I’m showing you the most basic configuration, without TLS; if you have multiple Node.js apps, you will want to add multiple sites listening to different hostnames. Edit the file /etc/nginx/sites-available/default so it looks like:

upstream backend { # Address of the Node.js app server localhost:3000; } server { listen 80 default_server; server_name _; location / { proxy_pass http://backend; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade'; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade; } }

Start Nginx (and enable it to start at boot) with:

sudo systemctl enable nginx sudo systemctl restart nginx

If you open the IP (or hostname) of your server in a web browser, you should see the web app correctly running on port 80 (in addition to port 3000, which you should block in your firewall from now on).

The sample app we’re using serves a bunch of static files (CSS, fonts) from the “public” directory. It could be a good idea (though optional) to serve those files directly from Nginx, which is highly optimized for returning static assets, rather than wasting cycles in our Node.js app. This can be done relatively easily, with a small change in the Nginx configuration file:

upstream backend { # Address of the Node.js app server localhost:3000; } server { listen 80 default_server; server_name _; # The folder containing the static assets root /home/alessandro/express_example/public; location / { # First, try if the file exists locally, otherwise request it from the app try_files $uri @app; } # The proxy, same as above location @app { proxy_pass http://backend; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade'; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade; } }

Restart Nginx:

sudo systemctl restart nginx

When you look at the logs for the Node.js app now ( sudo journalctl -f -u express_example ), you’ll see that only the requests for pages that aren’t static assets get proxied, and everything else is served by Nginx directly.

Scaling on multi-core processors

Node.js is single-threaded, which means that your code can only run on a single processor (I know technically it’s not true, but bear with me this time). What if you have a multi-core server?

There are multiple ways to make Node.js apps scale horizontally on multiple cores. One way is to use the cluster module, which has some advantages but also requires code changes. My preferred way to scale horizontally is to just… launch multiple instances of the same app! For as long as your app is stateless (see The Twelve-Factor App), this will let you scale “infinitely”, also across multiple servers, and doesn’t require code changes.

This can be done pretty easily. To start, create a new systemd unit file (make sure you stop and disable the service created in the previous step) called /etc/systemd/system/[email protected] . This is very similar to the previous example, but note the @ character in the file name, which will let us start multiple instances of the same service, listening on different ports.

[Unit] # Custom description, set as you wish Description = Node.js sample Express app After = network.target [Service] Type = simple # Name of the system user running the app User = alessandro # Port will be specified when starting the systemd service Environment = PORT=%i # Path where the code is WorkingDirectory = /home/alessandro/express_example # Full path to the Node.js binary - if you prefer to specify a version, use the full path like "/usr/local/node-v10.14.1-linux-x64/bin/node" # If your app's entrypoint isn't "bin/www", change this line ExecStart = /usr/local/node/bin/node bin/www # This tells systemd to restart the app if it crashes Restart = always [Install] WantedBy = multi-user.target

The only difference from the previous example is that the port is dynamically defined: note the Environment=PORT=%i line.

Let’s start two instances of the same app, listening on two different ports (any port works, as long as it’s greater than 1024):

A good rule of thumb is to start as many instances as your VM’s cores (assuming you only have one app running on the server). In practice, this depends on the characteristics of your app, and you should run some load tests to see what the optimal instance count is.

Now, let’s modify the Nginx configuration so it uses both instances. Edit the file /etc/nginx/sites-available/default and change the upstream backend block:

#... upstream backend { # Addresses of each instance server localhost:3000; server localhost:3001; } #... Rest is unchanged

Restart Nginx with:

sudo systemctl restart nginx