“Master the JavaScript Interview” is a series of posts designed to prepare candidates for common questions they are likely to encounter when applying for a mid to senior-level JavaScript position. These are questions I frequently use in real interviews.

I’m launching the series with the $40k question. If you answer this question wrong, there’s a good chance you won’t get hired. If you do get hired, there’s a good chance you’ll be hired as a junior developer, regardless of how long you’ve been working as a software developer. On average, junior developers get paid $40k/year less USD than more experienced software engineers.

Closures are important because they control what is and isn’t in scope in a particular function, along with which variables are shared between sibling functions in the same containing scope. Understanding how variables and functions relate to each other is critical to understanding what’s going on in your code, in both functional and object oriented programming styles.

The reason that missing this question is so disadvantageous in an interview is that misunderstandings about how closures work are a pretty clear red flag that can reveal a lack of deep experience, not just in JavaScript, but in any language that relies a lot on closures (Haskell, C#, Python, etc…).

Coding in JavaScript without an understanding of closures is like trying to speak English without an understanding of grammar rules — you might be able to get your ideas across, but probably a bit awkwardly.

You’ll also be vulnerable to misunderstandings when you’re trying to understand what somebody else wrote.

Not only should you know what a closure is, you should know why it matters, and be able to easily answer several possible use-cases for closures.

Closures are frequently used in JavaScript for object data privacy, in event handlers and callback functions, and in partial applications, currying, and other functional programming patterns.

If you can’t answer this question, it could cost you the job, or ~$40k/year.

Be prepared for a quick follow-up: “Can you name two common uses for closures?”

What is a Closure?

A closure is the combination of a function bundled together (enclosed) with references to its surrounding state (the lexical environment). In other words, a closure gives you access to an outer function’s scope from an inner function. In JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created, at function creation time.

To use a closure, define a function inside another function and expose it. To expose a function, return it or pass it to another function.

The inner function will have access to the variables in the outer function scope, even after the outer function has returned.

Using Closures (Examples)

Among other things, closures are commonly used to give objects data privacy. Data privacy is an essential property that helps us program to an interface, not an implementation. This is an important concept that helps us build more robust software because implementation details are more likely to change in breaking ways than interface contracts.

“Program to an interface, not an implementation.”

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software

In JavaScript, closures are the primary mechanism used to enable data privacy. When you use closures for data privacy, the enclosed variables are only in scope within the containing (outer) function. You can’t get at the data from an outside scope except through the object’s privileged methods. In JavaScript, any exposed method defined within the closure scope is privileged. For example:

Play with this in JSBin. (Don’t see any output? Copy and paste this HTML into the HTML pane.)

In the example above, the `.get()` method is defined inside the scope of `getSecret()`, which gives it access to any variables from `getSecret()`, and makes it a privileged method. In this case, the parameter, `secret`.

Objects are not the only way to produce data privacy. Closures can also be used to create stateful functions whose return values may be influenced by their internal state, e.g.:

const secret = msg => () => msg;

Available on JSBin. (Don’t see any output? Copy and paste this HTML into the HTML pane.)

In functional programming, closures are frequently used for partial application & currying. This requires some definitions:

Application: The process of applying a function to its arguments in order to produce a return value.

Partial Application: The process of applying a function to some of its arguments. The partially applied function gets returned for later use. Partial application fixes (partially applies the function to) one or more arguments inside the returned function, and the returned function takes the remaining parameters as arguments in order to complete the function application.

Partial application takes advantage of closure scope in order to fix parameters. You can write a generic function that will partially apply arguments to the target function. It will have the following signature:

partialApply(targetFunction: Function, ...fixedArgs: Any[]) =>

functionWithFewerParams(...remainingArgs: Any[])

If you need help reading the signature above, check out Rtype: Reading Function Signatures.

It will take a function that takes any number of arguments, followed by arguments we want to partially apply to the function, and returns a function that will take the remaining arguments.

An example will help. Say you have a function that adds two numbers:

const add = (a, b) => a + b;

Now you want a function that adds 10 to any number. We’ll call it `add10()`. The result of `add10(5)` should be `15`. Our `partialApply()` function can make that happen:

const add10 = partialApply(add, 10);

add10(5);

In this example, the argument, `10` becomes a fixed parameter remembered inside the `add10()` closure scope.

Let’s look at a possible `partialApply()` implementation:

Available on JSBin. (Don’t see any output? Copy and paste this HTML into the HTML pane.)

As you can see, it simply returns a function which retains access to the `fixedArgs` arguments that were passed into the `partialApply()` function.

Your Turn

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Explore the Series

Updates:

July 2019 — Clarified intro to explain why answering this question wrong could cost you a job or a lot of money in salary.