Physical fitness is a strong mortality predictor and exercise training is now considered a cornerstone in the non-pharmacological prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis.

A new study from the University of Southern Denmark shows that football is a surprisingly efficient type of physical training for female prediabetes patients, with impressive effects on cardiovascular health after 16 weeks of training for 55-70-year old women with no prior football experience.

Broad-spectrum improvements in cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness

Considering that sporting activities are popular and that many of these imply intense training of variable forms, it is of great interest to study the effects of sports training in patients.

"More than 15 years of research on recreational football documents that it is indeed an effective and multifaceted type of training with a potential for simultaneous broad-spectrum improvements in cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness," explains professor Peter Krustrup, head of the Sport and Health Sciences Research Unit, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics at the University of Southern Denmark (SDU).

His conclusion is backed up by 3 recent meta-analyses, covering 31 scientific studies. However, only a few of these deal with the fitness and health effects of football for female patient groups.

advertisement

Recreational football combined with dietary guidance

In a new study headed by professors Magni Mohr and Peter Krustrup, researchers investigated the short-term effects on cardiovascular health of football for 55-70-year-old women with prediabetes and compared the effects with age-matched men. The study was conducted on the Faroe Islands in close cooperation with the University of the Faroe Islands and included subjects recruited from a Faroese cohort from the Department of Occupational and Public Health.

For both genders, dietary advice alone was compared to dietary advice and 1-hour football training twice a week for 16 weeks. The study results were published in European Journal of Applied Physiology earlier this week.

"Football is top training for cardiovascular health, and indeed also for women with prediabetes. The present results show impressive simultaneous improvements of football training and dietary advice in blood pressure, fat percentage, cholesterol and aerobic fitness for the women, providing clinically relevant enhancement of the cardiovascular health profile," says professor Peter Krustrup.

Fitness effect even greater for women than for men

In general, the fitness and health effects are somewhat smaller for women participating in exercise programmes with fixed time, especially when it comes to blood pressure and fat loss. However, this was not the case in the present study.

advertisement

Professor Magni Mohr follows up:

"Interestingly, the exercise intensity as well as the training effects were similar in women and men, and for aerobic fitness the improvements were even greater in women. This clearly emphasizes that middle-aged and elderly women can benefit to the same degree as men, even so women with no prior experience with football."

Relevant exercise for people who suffer from diabetes

This is especially relevant for patients with type 2 diabetes and individuals with prediabetes who normally suffer from multiple pathophysiological conditions.

"The results from our study confirm investigations of other patient groups and emphasize that football training is an intense, effective and versatile type of training. Football scores a true health hat-trick as training type for participants of both genders and across the lifespan," Magni Mohr concludes.

Intervention effects (football + dietary advice) for women vs men:

Maximal oxygen uptake:

Women: 21±14% Men: 11±12%

Systolic blood pressure:

Women: 11.3±11.0 mmHg Men: -10.8±13.0 mmHg

Diastolic blood pressure:

Women: -7.1±6.2 mmHg Men: -7.3±11.8 mmHg

Fat percentage:

Women: -4 %-point Men: -3 %-point

Total cholesterol:

Women: -0.7±1.1 mmol/L Men: 0.2±0.4 mmol/L

LDL cholesterol: