News in Science

'Living fossil' fish DNA clue to evolution

Fish out of water An international team of biologists have unravelled the DNA of the African coelacanth, a "living fossil" fish whose ancient lineage can shed light on how life in the sea crept onto land hundreds of millions of years ago.

Analysis of the African coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) genome shows three billion "letters" of DNA code, making it roughly the same size as a human's, they report in the journal Nature.

The genetic blueprint appears to have changed astonishingly little over the aeons, pointing to one of the most successful species ever investigated.

"We found that the genes overall are evolving significantly slower than in every other fish and land vertebrate that we looked at," says study co-author Jessica Alfoeldi of the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard.

Sea to land transition

Found in deep waters off South Africa, with cousins off the coast of Indonesia, coelacanths are one of the oldest species that exist today. The grey-brown fish can grow up to two metres in length and weigh as much as 91 kilograms.

A fossilised skull described by Chinese palaeontologists dates the first coelacanth to 375 million years ago.

One of the big interests in coelacanths is in their lobe-shaped fins.

These have sparked speculation that coelacanths were part of a group of fishes that used stubby appendages to ease their way out of water and eventually crawl onto land.

"The question of which living fish is the closest relative to 'the fish that first crawled on to land' has long captured our imagination: among scientists the odds have been placed on either the lungfish or the coelacanth," write the researchers.

The lungfish is a freshwater fish found in Australia and Africa.

"We conclude that the closest living fish to the tetrapod ancestor is the lungfish, not the coelacanth," they write.

Even so, the researchers say the coelacanth is a remarkable source, for it will help show which genes were squeezed out, and which emerged, in the touted sea-to-land transition.

Among the changes are how the new-found landlubbers developed a sense of smell to detect airborne molecules pointing to threat or food -- and how their immune system changed in response to bacteria and viruses in a new environment.

Rediscoverd species

Coelacanths were thought to have died out around 65 million years ago, roughly at the same time as the dinosaurs.

That changed when one was caught off South Africa in 1938, a landmark event in zoology.

Since then, only 308 other coelacanths have ever been recorded.

The species' success story is due to their ability to exploit a stable niche in the world's habitat.

"We often talk about how species have changed over time," says fellow researcher Kerstin Lindblad-Toh also from the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard.

"But there are still a few places on Earth where organisms don't have to change, and this one of them.

"Coelacanths are likelyvery specialised to such a specific, non-changing extreme environment -- it is ideally suited to the deep sea just the way it is."