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A scientist on the front line of Italy's fight against the COVID-19 outbreak is issuing a plea to countries like Canada: Test everyone possible, even people not showing symptoms.

"Test the neighbourhood, test the relatives, test the friends, and isolate all positive individuals," said Andrea Crisanti, an infectious disease expert at Imperial College London who is working on the ground in Italy.

"If you do it now, you will stop the disease."

While on sabbatical at the University of Padua, Crisanti has been participating in a mass testing experiment for COVID-19 infections in Vò, a town of roughly 3,400 people located west of Venice.

Though the country's overall death toll is in the thousands and climbing, Crisanti said Vò has effectively stopped its local outbreak by testing — and retesting — every single resident, regardless of whether they showed any symptoms.

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Dr. Michael Warner is the medical director of critical care at Michael Garron Hospital and says Canada should have enforced a mandatory lockdown from coast to coast a while ago. 6:25

The town had its first confirmed COVID-19 case on Feb. 21, he said.

The initial round of testing that month showed three per cent of the population had been infected with the illness. Every single one of those residents was then put under isolation at home and not allowed to have any contact with others.

"What we learned is that 25 per cent had influenza-like symptoms, and 75 per cent were completely asymptomatic," Crisanti said. "They were completely unaware."

Ten days later, the entire town was retested — at which point the rate of infection had dropped to 0.3 per cent, marking a 90 per cent decrease.

He said given the high number of people who didn't show symptoms, the takeaway for other countries is to test widely, catch all possible cases early, and isolate them to prevent the virus from spreading like wildfire through a community.

Infectious disease expert Andrea Crisanti says 75 per cent of those who were tested and found positive in Vò did not show symptoms. (Alastair Grant/The Associated Press)

It's a call echoed by a growing chorus of global experts, from Canadian infectious disease specialists to the World Health Organization, amid increasing concern over countries not knowing the true number of infected individuals.

"We clearly need to rapidly scale our capacity to test more broadly because that will be extremely helpful in enabling Canada to follow a similar path as South Korea, Japan and Hong Kong," said Dr. Isaac Bogoch, an infectious disease physician at Toronto General Hospital.

"We want to take that pathway – not the pathway of countries like Italy, Iran and Spain."

A medical worker wearing a protective mask and suit treats patients suffering from COVID-19 in an intensive care unit at the Oglio Po hospital in Cremona, Italy, on March 19. (Flavio Lo Scalzo/Reuters)

Dr. Theresa Tam, Canada's chief public health officer, said Friday at least 66,000 tests have been done in this country, with 10,000 of those in the 24 hours since Thursday alone.

On Wednesday, Health Minister Patty Hajdu signed an interim order to obtain more diagnostic test kits and other medical devices to address the growing need amid a rise in cases.

"Early diagnosis is a critical component," Hajdu said. "So we are taking extraordinary measures to help make that happen as quickly as possible."

'Million-dollar question'

One crucial reason for widespread testing, as the Vò experiment suggested, is that it could catch anyone who may be unknowingly carrying the virus and potentially spreading it across Canada.

There are two types of patients who could be doing this without their knowledge.

Asymptomatic carriers show absolutely no symptoms, while subclinical carriers are people who may have mild symptoms but aren't sick enough to seek medical care.

In both cases, these people could be flying under the radar — unless they're tested.

The degree to which that's happening right now is the "million-dollar question," says Jason Kindrachuk, an assistant professor and Canada Research Chair in emerging viruses at the University of Manitoba.

"Everybody wants to know exactly what role people with asymptomatic or subclinical infections are playing in transmission," he said. "The simple fact is, where we are right now, we still don't know."

A police officer uses a digital thermometer to take a driver's temperature at a checkpoint in Wuhan, China. (Chinatopix via The Associated Press)

Since the virus is so new, research is just beginning to emerge shedding light on how it transmits.

One study published in the journal Science this week found COVID-19 patients in the epicentre of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, with mild, limited or no symptoms went "unrecognized" and exposed "a far greater portion of the population to virus than would otherwise occur."

The study concluded that these "undocumented infections" were the source of transmission for up to 79 per cent of documented cases in the city.

'Every inch of my body hurt'

In Ontario, where there are now more than 300 confirmed cases of COVID-19 — close to a third of Canada's total — health officials say 3,000 tests are now being conducted each day, with a goal of eventually conducting 5,000 daily tests by expanding laboratory access.

Officials are "very aware of the need to increase our capacity for testing," Ontario Health Minister Christine Elliott said this week.

She said some residents face at least a four-day wait to learn their test results, which she called "unacceptable."

Other Canadians have told CBC News they simply weren't tested at all, despite showing symptoms that aligned with COVID-19.

Ontario couple Curtis Connor and Kris Chandler, shown here speaking to CBC News via a Skype from their home, both fell ill in early March but haven't been able to get tested for COVID-19. (CBC News)

That was the case for Ontario couple Curtis Connor and Kris Chandler, who live in Paisley, a village about 200 kilometres northwest of Toronto.

Both fell ill on March 4, and say the symptoms went beyond any flu bug they'd experienced before — including days-long fever, pain and breathing problems.

"Every inch of my body hurt beyond what you can imagine," Connor, 50, recalled.

"I felt that my lungs had caught fire," said Chandler, 49. "I couldn't walk 10 steps without losing my breath."

Chandler suspects their illness stemmed from her workplace, where shift workers are often travelling in and out of the country, but she may never know for sure.

Despite seeking medical care and asking to get tested, the pair was told by their physician that no one would be tested unless they'd travelled abroad themselves. Since the couple hadn't been away, they're now left without answers.

According to Dr. Margaret Tromp, president of the Society of Rural Physicians of Canada — which includes roughly 2,000 small-town clinicians — rationing testing to diagnose vulnerable patients has been a directive from many local public health units.

"Testing is not that readily available because we have a limitation on the number of swabs that are available," she said.

"It obviously would be better if we could test more people, but we have to be realistic when a pandemic comes and we need supplies, that supplies cannot be instantly produced."

Widespread testing is 'eyes and ears' of epidemic

While government efforts could soon expand Canada's testing capacity, Dr. David Fisman, an epidemiologist with the University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health, says the lack of kits is leaving the country without its "eyes and ears" in the outbreak.

"If we don't have lots and lots and lots of testing, and if we're not testing in places where we don't expect to find [COVID-19], then we're not going to know the full extent of this epidemic, and not be able to come up with the best ways to protect ourselves," he said.

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general of the World Health Organization, stressed Monday the most effective way to prevent infection and save lives is by "breaking the chains of transmission" through widespread testing and isolation.

"You cannot fight a fire blindfolded and we cannot stop this pandemic if we don't know who is infected," he said. "We have a simple message for all countries: Test, test, test."

Speaking to CBC News by phone from Italy, Crisanti said Canada needs to take cues from other regions where mass testing is the new normal, including the Italian town of Vò.

"If you hadn't tested everyone like that," he warned, "there would have been no way to know just how high the infection rate really was."

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