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5 Hyman , H. , Political Socialization ( New York : Free Press , 1959 ).

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7 Adorno , T. , Frenkel-Brunswick , E. , Levinson , D. , and Sanford , N. , The Authoritarian Personality ( New York : Harper , 1950 ).

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12 Haidt.

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20 Oskarsson , S. , Cesarini , D. , Dawes , C. T. , Fowler , J. H. , Johannesson , M. , Magnusson , P. K. E. , and Teorell , J. , “ Linking genes and political orientations: Testing the cognitive ability as mediator hypothesis ,” Political Psychology , 2015 , 36 : 649 – 665 .

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23 Kandler , C. , Gottschling , J. , and Spinath , F. M. , “ Genetic and environmental parent-child transmission of value orientations: An extended twin family study ,” Child Development , 2016 , 87 : 270 – 284 .

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26 Paunonen , S. V. and O’Neill , T. A. , “ Self-reports, peer ratings and construct validity ,” European Journal of Personality , 2010 , 24 : 189 – 206 .

27 Moskowitz , D. S. , “ Comparison of self-reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data ,” Journal of Personality , 1986 , 54 : 294 – 317 .

28 Cohrs , J. C. , Kämpfe-Hargrave , N. , and Riemann , R. , “ Individual differences in ideological attitudes and prejudice: Evidence from peer-report data ,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 2012 , 103 : 343 – 361 .

29 Clifton , A. , Turkheimer , E. , and Oltmanns , T. F. , “ Self- and peer perspectives on pathological personality traits and interpersonal problems ,” Psychological Assessment , 2005 , 17 : 123 – 131 .

30 Stößel , K. , Kämpfe , N. , and Riemann , R. , “ The Jena Twin Registry and the Jena Twin Study of Social Attitudes (JeTSSA) ,” Twin Research and Human Genetics , 2006 , 9 : 783 – 786 .

31 Alford, Funk and Hibbing.

32 Eaves , L. J. and Hatemi , P. K. , “ Transmission of attitudes toward abortion and gay rights: Effects of genes, social learning and mate selection ,” Behavior Genetics , 2008 , 38 : 247 – 256 .

33 Hatemi , P. K. , Hibbing , J. R. , Medland , S. E. , Keller , M. C. , Alford , J. R. , Smith , K. B. , Martin , N. G. , and Eaves , L. J. , “ Not by twins alone: Using the extended family design to investigate genetic influence on political beliefs ,” American Journal of Political Science , 2010 , 54 : 798 – 814 .

34 Watson , D. , Klohnen , E. C. , Castillas , A. , Simms , E. N. , Haig , J. , and Berry , D. S. , “ Match makers and deal breakers: Analyses of assortative mating in newlywed couples ,” Journal of Personality , 2004 , 72 : 1029 – 1068 .

35 Alford , J. R. , Hatemi , P. K. , Hibbing , J. R. , Martin , N. G. , and Eaves , L. J. , “ The politics of mate choice ,” Journal of Politics , 2011 , 73 : 362 – 379 .

36 Bouchard , T. J. Jr. , “ Authoritarianism, religiousness, and conservatism: Is ‘obedience to authority’ the explanation for their clustering, universality and evolution? ” in The Biological Evolution of Religious Mind and Behavior , Voland , E. and Schiefenhövel , W. , eds. ( Berlin : Springer , 2009 ), pp. 165 – 180 .

37 Huber , G. A. and Malhotra , N. , “ Political homophily in social relationships: Evidence from online dating behavior ,” Journal of Politics , 2017 , 79 : 269 – 283 .

38 Kandler , C. , Bleidorn , W. , and Riemann , R. , “ Left or right? Sources of political orientation: The roles of genetic factors, cultural transmission, assortative mating, and personality ” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 2012 , 102 : 633 – 645 .

39 Watson , D. , Beer , A. , and McDade-Montez , E. , “ The role of active assortment in spousal similarity ,” Journal of Personality , 2014 , 82 : 116 – 129 .

40 See, Eaves , L. J. , Eysenck , H. J. , and Martin , N. G. , Genes, Culture and Personality: An Empirical Approach ( London : Academic Press , 1989 ).

41 Alford et al.

42 Martin , N. G. , Eaves , L. J. , Heath , A. C. , Jardine , R. , Feingold , L. M. , and Eysenck , H. J. , “ Transmission of social attitudes ,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 1986 , 83 : 4364 – 4368 .

43 Alford et al.

44 Eaves, Eysenck and Martin.

45 Alford, Funk, and Hibbing.

46 See, Wilson , G. D. , Manual for the Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory (WPAI) ( Windsor, UK : NFER Publishing , 1975 ).

47 Eaves , L. J. and Hatemi , P. K. , “ Transmission of attitudes toward abortion and gay rights: Effects of genes, social learning and mate selection ,” Behavior Genetics , 2008 , 38 : 247 – 256 .

48 Hatemi, Hibbing, et al.

49 Kong , A. , Thorleifsson , G. , Frigge , M. L. , and Vilhjalmsson , B. J. et al. , “ The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes ,” Science , 2018 , 359 : 424 – 428 .

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51 Eaves and Hatemi.

52 Hatemi, Hibbing, et al.

53 Jennings and Niemi.

54 Kandel , D. and Lesser , G. , Youth in Two Worlds ( San Francisco : Jossey-Bass , 1972 ).

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56 Hatemi , P. K. , Funk , C. L. , Medland , S. E. , Maes , H. M. , Silberg , J. L. , Martin , N. G. , and Eaves , L. J. , “ Genetic and environmental transmission of political attitudes over a life time ,” Journal of Politics , 2009 , 71 : 1141 – 1156 .

57 Bell, Schermer, and Vernon.

58 Hatemi, Hibbing, et al.

59 Feather , N. T. , “ Family resemblance in conservatism: Are daughters more similar to parents than sons are? ” Journal of Personality , 1978 , 46 : 260 – 278 .

60 Bell, Schermer and Vernon.

61 Fraley et al.

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63 Eaves and Hatemi.

64 Shapiro , R. Y. and Mahajan , H. , “ Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends from the 1960s to the 1980s ,” Public Opinion Quarterly , 1986 , 50 : 42 – 61 .

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66 Tilley , J. and Evans , G. , “ Ageing and generational effects on vote choice: Combining cross-sectional and panel data to estimate APC effects ,” Electoral Studies , 2014 , 33 : 19 – 27 .

67 Kandler , C. , Bell , E. , and Riemann , R. , “ The structure and sources of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation ,” European Journal of Personality , 2016 , 30 : 406 – 420 .

68 Everett , J. A. C. , “ The 12 Item Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (SECS) ,” PLoS ONE , 2013 , 8 : 1 – 11 .

69 McGue , M. and Bouchard , T. J. Jr. , “ Adjustment of twin data for the effects of age and sex ,” Behavior Genetics , 1984 , 14 : 325 – 343 .

70 Kandler, Bleidorn, Riemann.

71 Kandler , C. , Lewis , G. J. , Feldhaus , L. H. , and Riemann , R. , “ The genetic and environmental roots of variance in negativity toward foreign nationals ,” Behavior Genetics , 2015 , 45 : 181 – 199 .

72 Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. , “ Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives ,” Structural Equation Modeling , 1999 , 6 : 1 – 55 .

73 Eaves and Hatemi.

74 Hatemi, Hibbing, et al.

75 Eaves and Hatemi.

76 Hatemi, Hibbing, et al.

77 Eaves and Hatemi.

78 Hatemi, Hibbing et al.

79 Kandler, Bell and Riemann.

80 Zapko-Willmes , A. and Kandler , C. , “ Genetic variance in homophobia: Evidence from self- and peer reports ,” Behavior Genetics , 2018 , 48 : 34 – 43 .

81 Kandler, Bleidorn, and Riemann.

82 Kandler , C. , Bleidorn , W. , Riemann , R. , Angleitner , A. , and Spinath , F. M. , “ The genetic links between the big five personality traits and general interest domains ,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 2011 , 37 : 1633 – 1643 .