At a university lab in a Tokyo suburb, engineering students are wiring a rubbery robot face to simulate six basic expressions: anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise and disgust.

Hooked up to a database of words clustered by association, the robot -- dubbed Kansei, or “sensibility” -- responds to the word “war” by quivering in what looks like disgust and fear. It hears “love,” and its pink lips smile.

“To live among people, robots need to handle complex social tasks,” said project leader Junichi Takeno of Meiji University. “Robots will need to work with emotions, to understand and eventually feel them.

Although robots are a long way from matching human emotional complexity, the country is perhaps the closest to a future -- once the stuff of science fiction -- in which humans and robots routinely live side by side and interact socially.


Robots are such a part of Japanese factories that they are sometimes welcomed on their first day at work with Shinto religious ceremonies. Robots make sushi. Robots plant rice and tend paddies.

There are robots serving as receptionists, vacuuming office corridors, spoon-feeding the elderly. They serve tea, greet company guests and chatter away at public technology displays. Now start-ups are marching out robotic home helpers.

They aren’t all humanoid. The Paro is a furry robot seal fitted with sensors beneath its fur and whiskers, designed to comfort the lonely, opening and closing its eyes and moving its flippers.

For Japan, the robotics revolution is an imperative. With more than a fifth of the population 65 or older, the country is banking on robots to replenish the workforce and care for the elderly.


In the last several years, the government has funded a plethora of robotics-related efforts, including about $42 million for the first phase of a humanoid robotics project, and $10 million a year from 2006 to 2010 to develop key robot technologies.

The government estimates the industry could surge from about $5.2 billion in 2006 to $26 billion in 2010 and nearly $70 billion by 2025.

Besides financial and technological power, the robot wave is favored by the Japanese mind-set as well.

Robots have long been portrayed as friendly helpers in Japanese popular culture, a far cry from the rebellious and violent machines that often inhabit Western science fiction.


This is, after all, the country that invented Tamagotchi, the hand-held digital pets that captivated the children of the world.

Japanese are also more accepting of robots because the native Shinto religion often blurs boundaries between the animate and inanimate, experts say. To the Japanese psyche, the idea of a humanoid robot with feelings doesn’t feel as creepy -- or as threatening -- as it might in other cultures.

Still, Japan faces a vast challenge in making the leap -- commercially and culturally -- from toys, gimmicks and the experimental robots churned out by university labs like Takeno’s to full-blown human replacements that ordinary people can afford and use safely.

“People are still asking whether people really want robots running around their homes, and folding their clothes,” said Damian Thong, senior technology analyst at Macquarie Bank in Tokyo.


“But then again, Japan’s the only country in the world where everyone has an electric toilet,” he said. “We could be looking at a robotics revolution.”

That revolution has been going on quietly for some time.

Japan is already an industrial robot powerhouse. More than 370,000 robots worked at factories across Japan in 2005, about 40% of the global total and 32 robots for every 1,000 Japanese manufacturing employees, according to a recent report by Macquarie, which had no numbers from subsequent years.

And they won’t be claiming overtime or drawing pensions when they’re retired.


“The cost of machinery is going down, while labor costs are rising,” said Eimei Onaga, chief executive of Innovation Matrix Inc., a company that distributes Japanese robotics technology in the U.S.

“Soon, robots could even replace low-cost workers at small firms, greatly boosting productivity,” Onaga said.

That’s just what the Japanese government has been counting on. A 2007 national technology roadmap by the Trade Ministry calls for 1 million industrial robots to be in use throughout the country by 2025.

A single robot can replace about 10 employees, the roadmap assumes. That means Japan’s future million-robot army of workers could take the place of 10 million humans -- or about 15% of the current workforce.


“Robots are the cornerstone of Japan’s international competitiveness,” Shunichi Uchiyama, the Trade Ministry’s chief of manufacturing industry policy, said at a recent seminar. “We expect robotics technology to enter even more sectors going forward.”

And localities looking to boost regional industry clusters have seized on robotic technology as a way to spur advances in other fields.

Robotic technology is used to build more complex cars, for instance, and surgical equipment.

The logical next step is robots in everyday life.


At a hospital in Aizu Wakamatsu, 190 miles north of Tokyo, a child-size white and blue robot wheels across the floor, guiding patients to and from the outpatients’ surgery area.

The robot, made by start-up Tmsk, sports perky catlike ears, recites simple greetings, and uses sensors to detect and warn people in the way. It helpfully prints out maps of the hospital, and even checks the state of patients’ arteries.

The Aizu Chuo Hospital spent about $557,000 installing three of the robots in its waiting rooms to test patients’ reactions. The response has been overwhelmingly positive, said spokesman Naoya Narita.

“We feel this is a good division of labor. Robots won’t ever become doctors, but they can be guides and receptionists,” Narita said.


Still, the wheeled machines hadn’t won over all seniors crowding the hospital waiting room on a weekday morning.

“It just told us to get out of the way!” huffed wheelchair-bound Hiroshi Asami, 81. “It’s a robot. It’s the one who should get out of my way.”

“I prefer dealing with real people,” he said.

Another roadblock is money. For all its research, Japan has yet to come up with a commercially successful consumer robot. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. failed to sell even one of its pricey, toddler-sized Wakamaru robots, launched in 2003 as domestic helpers.


Though initially popular, Sony Corp.'s robot dog, Aibo, was sent to the scrap heap in 2006, just seven years after its launch. With a price tag of $2,000, Aibo never managed to break into the mass market.

One of the only commercially successful consumer robots so far is made by an American company, IRobot Corp. The Roomba vacuum cleaner robot is self-propelled and can clean rooms without supervision.

“We can pretty much make anything, but we have to ask, what are people actually going to buy?” said IRobot CEO Helen Greiner. The company has sold 2.5 million Roombas -- which retail for as little as $120 -- since the line was launched in 2002.

Still, with the correct approach, robots could provide a wealth of consumer goods, Greiner stressed at a recent convention.


Sure enough, Japanese makers are catching on, launching low-cost robots like Tomy’s $300 i-Sobot, a toy-like hobby robot that comes with 17 motors, can recognize spoken words and can be remote-controlled.

“What we need now isn’t the ultimate humanoid robot,” said Kyoji Takenaka, the head of the Robot Business Promotion Council. “Engineers need to remember that the key to developing robots isn’t in the lab, but in everyday life.”

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Man and machine live in harmony

From the Associated Press

Japan’s love affair with robots could be said to be more than 300 years old. Wooden wind-up dolls known as karakuri appeared as early as the 17th century.

Especially famous is a kimono-clad tea-serving machine considered one of the world’s first “robots.” It carried a bowl of tea on a tray from the host to the guest, waited patiently until the guest replaced the bowl and then returned to the host.


Based on Western gun- and clock-making technology, these robots were designed as helpers or crowd-pleasers.

That was long before Czech playwright Karel Capek’s science-fiction drama, “R.U.R.,” introduced the word “robot” to the public at large in the early 1920s.

Capek’s machines are at first happy to toil as laborers for their human creators, but stage a rebellion that triggers the end of the human race.

“In Japan, where robots are the good guys in anime or comic books, people just don’t feel as threatened by robots as they do in the United States or Europe,” said Brian Carlisle, president of Precise Automation in Auburn, Calif., and former head of the U.S. Robotic Industries Assn.