WASHINGTON (AP) — Two U.S. government agencies are giving conflicting interpretations of a safety study on cellphone radiation: One says it causes cancer in rats. The other says there's no reason for people to worry.

No new research was issued Thursday. Instead, the National Toxicology Program dialed up its concerns about a link to heart and brain cancer from a study of male rats that was made public last winter.

The Food and Drug Administration, which oversees cellphone safety, disagreed with the upgraded warning. And "these findings should not be applied to human cellphone usage," said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, FDA's chief of radiological health.

What's most important is what happens in humans, not rats, said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society.

"The incidence of brain tumors in human beings has been flat for the last 40 years," Brawley said. "That is the absolute most important scientific fact."

THE ORIGINAL STUDY

In a $30 million study, scientists put rats and mice into special chambers and bombarded them with radiofrequency waves, like those emitted by older 2G and 3G phones, for nine hours a day for up to two years, most of their natural lives.

The levels the rodents experienced were far higher than people are typically exposed to.

THE FINDINGS

Last February, the National Toxicology Program said there was a small increase in an unusual type of heart tumor in male rats, but not in mice or female rats. The agency concluded there was "some evidence" of a link. Also, the February report cited "equivocal evidence" of brain tumors in the male rats.

Thursday, the agency upgraded its description of those findings. The heart tumor increase marked "clear evidence" of cancer in male rats, it announced. There is "some evidence" of brain cancer.

The change came after the agency asked outside experts to analyze the findings.

"We believe that the link between radiofrequency radiation and tumors in male rats is real, and the external experts agreed," said John Bucher, the toxicology agency's senior scientist.

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While his agency said the risks to rats don't directly apply to people, the study raises safety questions.

THE DISAGREEMENT

The FDA immediately disagreed, firing off a press release assuring Americans that "decades of research and hundreds of studies" has made the health agency confident that the current safety limits for cellphone radiation protect the public health.

Plus, FDA pointed out confusing findings from the rodent study — such as that the radiated rats lived longer than comparison rats that weren't exposed to the rays. The toxicology agency said it appeared that the radiofrequency energy helped older rats' kidneys.

There's a reason two different government agencies are clashing — they're asking different questions, said George Washington University public health professor George Gray.

A former science chief for the Environmental Protection Agency, Gray said the toxicology program examined how cellphone radiation affected animals. By looking at what it means for humans, the FDA "brings in more sources of information and data than just these recent tests in rats and mice," he said in an email.

SO ARE CELLPHONES SAFE?

"I'm calling you from my cellphone," noted the cancer society's Brawley.

He pointed out one well-known risk from cellphones: Car crashes when drivers are distracted by them.

As for cancer, if people are concerned, they could use earphones or speakers, he said.

Those who study risk aren't hanging up.

"My family and I won't change our mobile phone habits based on this news," said George Washington's Gray, co-author of the book "Risk: A Practical Guide for Deciding What's Really Safe and What's Really Dangerous in the World Around You."

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The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.