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Title: A Cooling Anomaly of High-Mass White Dwarfs

Authors: Sihao Cheng (程思浩), Jeffrey D. Cummings, and Brice Ménard

First Author’s Institution: The Johns Hopkins University

Status: Accepted to ApJ

The European Space Agency’s Gaia mission has revolutionized astronomy, and it will continue to do so as its mission progresses. Pristine color–magnitude (or Hertzsprung-Russell) diagrams can be made with the extremely precise distances the mission provides, uncovering new features. Today’s paper focuses on explaining some interesting features discovered in the white dwarf sequence seen in Gaia’s second data release (GDR2).

White dwarfs are the end state of most stars. After evolving off the main sequence, low mass stars shed their outer layers, leaving behind an extremely hot core of (in most cases) carbon and oxygen. At this point, the white dwarf will cool off forever. GDR2 revealed some interesting structure in this cooling sequence, including evidence of double white dwarf mergers and a splitting of hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs (“DAs”, in the A branch) from those with helium atmospheres (“DBs”, in the B branch). In this context, a branch is a concentration of stars off of the main sequence that stars evolve along or through. A third and less understood branch was found to contain “DQ” white dwarfs, which show carbon in their atmospheres; this was named the Q branch. The GDR2 white dwarf cooling sequence is shown in Figure 1.

This Q branch is not aligned with the lines of constant age or mass, indicating that it is not an overdensity in a certain type of white dwarf, but is instead caused by a delay in cooling. Further evidence of the cooling-delay hypothesis is given by the velocity dispersion of stars in the sequence. As stars age there is an increasing probability of gravitational interactions with other stars. These interactions “stir” the stars and increase their velocities with respect to the average movement of stars at a given location in the galaxy. As shown in Figure 1, there is a clear excess of high transverse velocity stars (pink dots) in the Q branch, indicating that they are actually much older than would be predicted by their position on the HR diagram. Interestingly, the stars in the “late” branch in Figure 1 are lower velocity, yet cooler, than those in the Q branch, indicating that there is likely more than one population of stars: one that has a delay in cooling and one that does not.

To test this hypothesis, the authors ran a statistical model of white dwarf evolution. The model includes double white dwarf mergers (which also produce a discrepancy between velocity photometric ages), tracks the ages and velocities of the stars, and tries to match the observations. The parameters of interest for the cooling hypothesis are the fraction of stars that undergo a cooling delay and the length of that delay. After examining many other parameters (see section 4 of the paper for all the gory details), the authors show that 6% of high-mass white dwarfs appear to experience an 8-billion-year delay of cooling as they evolve along the Q branch. Since this delay causes a pile-up, about half of white dwarfs on the Q branch are delayed. The authors also constrain the double-white dwarf merger fraction to about 22% of massive white dwarfs. Figure 2 shows the HR diagram produced by the simulation.

About the author, Samuel Factor: Sam Factor is a 5th year Ph.D. candidate at The University of Texas at Austin studying direct imaging of extrasolar planets and low mass binary stars. He uses an interferometric post processing technique to allow the detection of companions below the diffraction limit of the telescope.

The authors propose thatNe settling could be the source of the cooling delay. Since the gravity of white dwarfs is so strong, heavy elements sink toward the core, releasing gravitational energy in the process. This energy release slows cooling. The authors calculate that the temperature regime where this settling occurs, shown in Figure 3, matches the position and shape of the Q branch. The delay length is also roughly consistent with the amount of energy that would be released, although more work is needed here.While the author’s statistical cooling delay model can replicate the observations, more work must be done to confirm if the proposed physical mechanism,Ne settling, is the true cause of the cooling delay. Specifically, this process must be incorporated into cooling models of massive white dwarfs. Gaia’s precision measurements and extremely large sample size continue to raise interesting questions and help us answer them. The bunch-up of white dwarfs examined in this paper would not be visible in a smaller or noisier sample of stars, demonstrating the wealth of knowledge that Gaia is capable of unlocking after only about half of its mission.