William Terrill, a criminal justice faculty member at Michigan State University also found that a college education significantly reduces the likelihood of force occurring. He found that education did not make much difference when it came to arrests and searches, which are more constrained by law, but that it did when it came to the use of force, which is more discretionary and allows a greater more opportunity for biases to surface. High-school educated officers are more likely to assume that they are the law with the power to enforce their will. Officers with four-year degrees are more skilled at resolving problems without having to resort to force, and they often give citizens alternative means of compliance instead of simply relying on the stick, the mace or the gun.