Holm oaks are some of the most emblematic trees in Mediterranean forests and the most abundant ones on the Iberian Peninsula. Holm oaks have had a plethora of applications throughout their hundreds of thousands of years of history and currently are one of the main resources for dehesa livestock farmers, the dehesa being a vital ecosystem in southern Spain. The AGR-164 research group at the University of Cordoba, headed by Professor Jesús V. Jorrín Novo, has sequenced the transcriptome of this emblematic forest species, which is an important starting point in order to understand its reactions to stress as well as other aspects of its biology.

The genome is the DNA content that includes essential genetic information for life. The transcriptome, on the other hand, includes only the genes that are expressed. In other words, if the genome is the library that contains all the information about an individual, the transcriptome is the part that is read, and it can offer clues as to gene function.

Specifically, this research work, published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE, rebuilt this transcriptome, which was unknown beforehand, by combining two different methods of DNA sequencing and three programs to assemble the data, a less frequent methodology and one that was used with the aim of improving the results. This is a bioinformatics project with a wide scope in which more than 34,000 annotated transcriptions were generated in the end. This methodology, which has proven to be effective, could be used in other non-model organisms.

Holm oak is a forest species for which there were no previous studies at a molecular level nor were there reference genomes. Now, thanks to this study, "we obtained a first approximation of the genome," points out Víctor Guerrero, one of the main researchers who worked on the project. All the information that was generated could be used to tackle new research projects that would study the molecular behavior of this kind of tree in different situations of stress, such as, for instance, oak decline, an issue that is causing a high rate of mortality in these kinds of trees and has been dubbed "the cancer of the dehesa."

This forest species reproduces by means of cross-pollination, and thus it has a wide genetic variability. Knowing its transcriptome could help to understand why some specimens are superior in terms of survival and what genes or molecular mechanisms are involved in different situations such as germination, drought resistance or acorn quality, something that could be considered when developing future plans for reforestation. In order to do so, Professor Jorrín Novo explains, "there is stilll a lot of work to be done, though this study places us closer to the great unknowns at a molecular level."