President Cyril Ramaphosa started his tenure by appointing new ministers and special investment envoys as part of his pledge to boost an ailing economy.

He also named Oxford University graduate Trudi Makhaya as his economic adviser to help coordinate the work of these special envoys and work on a series of roadshows as he seeks to attract R1trn in investment into the country over five years.

South Africa plunged into a recession in the second quarter and gross domestic product hasn’t expanded at more than 2% a year since 2013.

According to Makhaya, these are the main issues that continue to constrain the economy:

Competition

The concentrated nature of the economy, partly due to a high cost of doing business, undermines competitiveness and favours conglomerates, according to Makhaya, a former interim deputy head of the Competition Commission.

“We have some great companies, but in general I don’t think the environment for doing business is all that great,” she said.

Even when foreign companies invest, they normally take a stake in a local operation rather than starting their own.

Skills deficit

Fixing post-school training and technical training could help resolve the mass youth unemployment challenge and help business, Makhaya said. The jobless rate for people who finished high school is at 28.3%, higher than the national unemployment rate.

“Most companies would achieve far more if they didn’t have to work so hard on the people they got,” she said.

Spatial Integration

The legacy of apartheid, which forced black people to live far away from cities’ transport lines and their places of work, adds to costs for the economy.

The country needs to build affordable housing closer to economic activity, she said.

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