Jeremy Corbyn announced on Tuesday that under a Labour government schoolchildren would be taught about the injustice and violence of the British Empire. Labour also promised to promote a “new internationalism” and a progressive foreign policy, as outlined in its recent manifesto. In response, the Conservatives claimed it was “staggering” to hear Labour “lecture people” about foreign affairs. And yet, the Conservatives have not been remotely clear about foreign policy or defence when outlining their own election pledges. Reviewing the conduct of the May–Johnson governments since the last election in June 2017, this should come as no surprise.

Gulf Relationships The government’s own figures reveal that over the past two years “telecommunications interception equipment” has been exported to the law enforcement agencies of authoritarian regimes such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman and Qatar. These sales are quite possibly unlawful (violating the UK’s own export control guidelines banning sales when there is a “clear risk that the items might be used for internal repression”) given what is known about how these states use such equipment. For instance, the UAE has mounted attacks on journalists and activists via spyware sent on Twitter and spear-phishing emails. In July, the UK approved £1.9m-worth of the same equipment for export to Hong Kong, weeks after mass protests. Britain has recently established new military base facilities in Bahrain and Oman, and so sales of telecommunications equipment and arms are a sign of support for the Gulf regimes, aiding the longevity of the ruling families. While the Conservatives have not discussed the issue during election season, in September the government published a Security Export Strategy, reviewing its intentions for surveillance and cybersecurity. It stressed that the UK is the world’s fourth-largest exporter and that the government would “accelerate the continued year on year growth of security exports”, benefiting the UK’s “vibrant security ecosystem.” Pursuing this long-standing aim, Britain has enjoyed a strong relationship with the world’s longest surviving dictator, the Sultan of Oman. In total, from 2015-’18 the UK sold over £1.5bn in arms to Oman, and even gifted it free spare parts (a ‘Gift-in-Kind’) for Challenger 2 tanks in 2018. The Times of Oman announced in April 2017 that BAE Systems had agreed to support Oman in developing a national workforce powered by STEM education. Insights into the UK’s foreign policy endeavours don’t always come from such explicit, clear declarations as those found in the Security Export Strategy. The Ministry of Defence mistakenly admitted in July the cost of a secret £2bn programme it runs for the Saudi royal family’s protection force, the Saudi Arabia National Guard Communications Project (‘Sangcom’). Paid for by the Saudi regime, the programme employs ten times as many people as Whitehall publicly admits. The £2bn cost runs over ten years, agreed in February 2010, running right through the past decade of Conservative rule. Sangcom directly implicates the UK in the defence of the Saudi regime. The Conservatives have also conducted secret vote-trading deals with Saudi Arabia to ensure both states were elected to the UN human rights council in the face of Riyadh’s human rights abuses. No ministers voiced concerns when Human Rights Watch reported earlier this month that “authorities had tortured four prominent Saudi women activists while in an unofficial detention centre, including by administering electric shocks, whipping the women on their thighs, forcible hugging and kissing and groping.” The activists were released upon the condition that they sign a document declaring they had not been tortured.

Weapons Sales and Covert Wars While Labour’s manifesto makes no mention of these ties (and also supports Trident, is dedicated to “at least 2% of GDP” going to military spending, and supports the UK’s “world-leading” defence industry), it does nevertheless commit Labour to banning all sales of arms to the Saudis, which would mean clear action against the world’s largest humanitarian disaster in Yemen where 80% of the population (24 million people) need assistance and protection. Meanwhile, the Conservative’s support for the war in Yemen continues even after it lost a major court case concluding that weapons sales to the Saudis were unlawful. Prime Minister Boris Johnson said in 2018 (when he was Foreign Secretary) that “it is a folly and an illusion to believe that [the Yemen disaster] is in any way the responsibility of the United Kingdom”, despite continued UK arms sales to Riyadh. The Conservatives have also promoted strong ties between the arms industry and universities and museums, something which has elicited little comment in the media. Another feature of the May–Johnson legacy is the UK’s current involvement in (at least) seven covert wars, mostly outside parliamentary oversight in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria and Yemen. Of course, these receive precious little oversight because it is government “policy not to comment, and to dissuade others from commenting or speculating, about the operational activities of Special Forces because of the security implications.” The February 2018, the UK doubled the size of its SAS force in Afghanistan, fighting alongside US troops tasked with killing Taliban commanders. Following President Trump’s decision to pull US troops out of the country, in March 2019 the Pentagon asked UK special forces to contribute to counter-terror operations, and the UK shows no signs of exiting the country. In Iraq, hundreds of British troops are engaged in covert combat operations, including around 30 SAS and Special Boat Service troops. UK Reaper drones continue to fly over the country. The Conservative government has also supported the US’s drone campaign in Pakistan, which continues to the present, with the Menwith Hill spy base in Yorkshire facilitating these strikes. In Syria, an estimated 120 UK special forces continue to operate. In April 2018, Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle asked the government which armed opposition groups it had trained since 2012. The government replied that it had only trained the opposition from 2015 for combat against Islamic State, yet reports indicate that training started in 2012 and was mainly for the purposes of operations against Assad’s forces. The Conservatives have misled the public about UK involvement in Syria in other ways: Lord Ahmad told parliament that the decision to conduct joint US-UK airstrikes in Syria on 14 April 2018 “was only taken because all non-military options had been exhausted.” Yet on 10 April, the UN Security Council discussed a range of draft resolutions aiming to investigate the use of chemical weapons in Syria. The first draft, presented by the US, proposed the establishment of a year-long UN procedure to identify those responsible. Russia vetoed the draft, and proposed a new draft which would have established a similar mechanism but one which would have used evidence collected by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). This was vetoed by the US and UK, making Lord Ahmad’s comment misleading at best. In January this year, a group of 12 SAS and US Green Berets were flown into Yemen from Djibouti, dressed in Arab clothing and sent to operate near the government-held town of Marib. The UK has recently embedded its special forces inside the armed forces of other nations, and so they could participate in (potentially illegal) forms of conflict worldwide, with the Conservatives remaining tight-lipped about the identity of collaborating nations.

A Global Britain The government has slightly shifted its priorities over recent years, with serious consequences for defence and security. Sir Simon McDonald, Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, said in 2015 that human rights did not maintain the “profile” in the Foreign Office that they had “in the past.” Instead, the “prosperity agenda” was the priority. After the 2016 Brexit vote, senior ministers announced their intentions to increase the value of arms and defence equipment in attempts to remain competitive. Naturally, Britain now aims to cement new relationships with non-European Union states. The difficulties arise over which states, and since the Brexit vote a large number of authoritarian and often dictatorial regimes have been in the government’s sights. As David Wearing documents in AngloArabia, alliances with the Gulf states are central to Britain’s post-Brexit economic strategy and its aims of maintaining its global status. Bolstering economic and diplomatic relationships through serving the military demands of the Gulf states helps Britain retain a degree of strategic control in the region. Theresa May’s husband’s Capital Group is the biggest shareholder in BAE Systems, with the connections between the state and the arms trade being extensive and little-known to the public. Arms exports are responsible for 1.6 per cent of total UK exports in value yet they receive 50 per cent of export credit via loans or guarantees, assisted by the taxpayer. The Royal Navy very openly declares its goals of “stabilising hotspots” and controlling resource-rich regions. Without the hindrance of the consultation and review processes associated with the EU Dual-Use Regulation, the EU Torture Regulation and the EU Firearms Regulation, the UK might seek to push unethical arms sales. Indeed, in September 2016 Theresa May hosted the Emir of Qatar, declaring his country a “natural partner”, and not long after British firms visited the Gulf state for the Milipol 2016 defence exhibition. The government cleared export licenses worth £2.9bn in the 12 months after June 2016 to 35 countries rated “not free” by the think tank Freedom House; a 28 per cent increase on the previous 12 months. Among these states are Equatorial Guinea, widely considered deeply corrupt and repressive, and Azerbaijan, accused by a number of human rights groups of conducting a campaign against freedom of speech and for which £1m in arms licenses were granted. This is part of a more general push – made explicit by the government – to prioritise arms sales in Britain’s post-Brexit future, with former Defence Secretary Michael Fallon vowing that Britain would “spread its wings across the world” at DSEI, a major arms fair in September 2017. Liam Fox made visits to the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait within the first few months into his appointment as International Trade Secretary in 2016; arms were very likely on the agenda. One year later, Fox announced that the UK and the Philippines far-right President Rodrigo Duterte had “shared values” at the same time that human rights groups were condemning Duterte’s sanctioning of extra-judicial killings. Duterte has personally threatened to bomb schools preaching communism and regularly supports extrajudicial killings, making the “shared values” comment somewhat understandable given the UK’s recent history of Middle East and African interventions. One of the main objectives of the Philippines in its military procurements is to isolate and defeat the Islamist Abu Sayaff Group in the south, as well as the Maoist New People’s Army and the Muslim Moros. Supporting the human rights abusing Duterte regime, the UK sold over £13m in arms from 2015-18, according to figures from the Campaign Against the Arms Trade.