A woman in the US died after being infected with the antibiotic resistant "nightmare" bacteria

A woman in the US died after being infected by a superbug most likely during her visit to India, say doctors who found that the "nightmare" bacteria was resistant to all available antibiotics.The infection was caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), a multidrug-resistant organism associated with high mortality.While CRE are not new to the United States, what was new in this case was that the infection was resistant or non-susceptible to all available antimicrobial drugs, researchers said.The 70-year-old patient in the US was admitted to an acute care hospital last year after an extended trip to India.She was given a primary diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, likely resulting from an infected right hip seroma. The infection was serious; none of the 14 antibiotics physicians used to treat the woman worked.After the CRE - identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae - was confirmed by lab testing, an isolate from a wound specimen was sent to the CDC for further susceptibility testing and to determine the mechanism of resistance.That testing confirmed the presence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1), an enzyme that directly breaks down carbapenems, a powerful class of antibiotics that are often used to treat multidrug-resistant infections.The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention's antimicrobial testing showed the isolate was resistant to 26 different antibiotics, including all aminoglycosides and polymixins - another class of last-resort antibiotics.It was also intermittently resistant to tigecycline, an antibiotic developed specifically to overcome drug-resistant organisms. Essentially, there were no treatment options.Meanwhile, the patient's condition was deteriorating quickly. She died of septic shock in early September last year, less than two months after admission.The woman had been in India for two years and had been hospitalised at least four times there for a right femur fracture and a subsequent hip fracture."We feel comfortable saying that she most likely obtained the bug in India," said Lei Chen, senior epidemiologist with the Washoe County Health District in the US.CRE have been labelled as a "nightmare" bacteria not only because they are already resistant to most antibiotics, but also because they spread easily in hospital settings.The enzymes that enable resistance are carried on mobile pieces of DNA known as plasmids that can spread to other types of bacteria. NDM-1 enzyme is particularly mobile, researchers said."It's what we call a promiscuous plasmid, that seems to move easily between species," said Alex Kallen, a CDC medical epidemiologist.When CRE bacteria enter the bloodstream, they can be deadly. CRE bacteria kill up to half of patients who get bloodstream infections from them.NDM-1 was originally identified in 2009 in a Swedish patient who had been hospitalised in India. The research was published in CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).Once the bacteria was identified in Nevada, the patient was isolated to prevent the infection from spreading in the hospital.Postmortem tests showed her infection might have responded to a treatment called fosfomycin, which is not approved in the United States.Paul Hoskisson, a researcher at the University of Strathclyde, in Scotland, said that several European countries, including Britain, license fosfomycin for intravenous use in such cases."This is important because we are seeing increasing numbers of drug-resistant infections, and this is one of the first cases for Klebsiella where no drug options were open to the medical staff."Multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been described by the World Health Organization as "an urgent threat to human health."According to Nick Thomson, leader of the bacterial genomics and evolution group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in England, this bacteria is likely to become more and more resistant."The report highlights international travel and treatment overseas as a feature in the introduction of this pan-resistant isolate into the USA," he said."Since we live in such an interconnected society, this is important because this isolate represents a truly untreatable infection" which leaves health-care professionals with few options but to seek to prevent further transmission.

Laura Piddock, a professor of microbiology at the University of Birmingham, said the case shows that doctors "need the flexibility to use antibiotics licensed for use in other countries and shown to be active in the laboratory against the patient's infecting bacterium."