Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World, opens free to the public this Friday (March 11) and celebrates 4,000 years of recorded thought through the Library’s unique and irreplaceable collections. More than 70 per cent of the exhibits are displayed to the public for the first time in this exhibition.

Tracing the connections between Darwin and DNA, Newton and Hawking, and 3,000-year-old Chinese oracle bones and Twitter, the exhibition investigates, through six distinct themes, how Cambridge University Library’s millions of books and manuscripts have transformed our understanding of life here on earth and our place among the stars.

The iconic Giles Gilbert Scott building, opened in the 1930s, now holds more than eight million books, journals, maps and magazines – as well as some of the world's most iconic scientific, literary and cultural treasures.

The new exhibition puts on display Newton’s own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica, Darwin’s papers on evolution, 3,000-year-old Chinese oracle bones, a cuneiform tablet from 2,000BC, and the earliest reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare’s plays.

Other items going on display include:

Edmund Halley’s handwritten notebook/sketches of Halley’s Comet (1682)

Stephen Hawking’s draft typescript of A Brief History of Time

Darwin’s first pencil sketch of Species Theory and his Primate Tree

A 2nd century AD fragment of Homer’s Odyssey.

The Nash Papyrus – a 2,000-year-old copy of the Ten Commandments

Codex Bezae – 5th century New Testament, crucial to our understanding of The Bible.

A hand-coloured copy of Vesalius’ 1543 Epitome – one of the most influential works in western medicine

The earliest known record of a human dissection in England (1564)

A Babylonian tablet dated 2039 BCE (the oldest object in the library)

The Gutenberg Bible – the earliest substantive printed book in Western Europe (1455)

The Book of Deer, 10th century gospel book: thought to be the oldest Scottish book and the first example of written Gaelic

The first catalogue listing the contents of the Library in 1424, barely a decade after it was first identified in the wills of William Loring and William Hunden

The six Lines of Thought featured in the exhibition are: From clay tablets to Twitter feed (Revolutions in human communication); The evolution of genetics (From Darwin to DNA); Beginning with the word (Communicating faith); On the shoulders of giants (Understanding gravity); Eternal lines (Telling the story of history) and Illustrating anatomy (Understanding the body).

University Librarian Anne Jarvis said: “It’s extraordinary to think that the University Library, which started in 1416 as a small collection of manuscripts locked in wooden chests, has now grown into a global institution housing eight million books and manuscripts, billions of words, and millions of images, all communicating thousands of years of human thought.

“Our spectacular exhibition showcases six key concepts in human history that have been critical in shaping the world and culture we know today, illustrating the myriad lines of thought that take us back into the past, and forward to tomorrow’s research, innovation and literature.”

The University Library, which is older than both the British Library and the Vatican Library, has more than 125 miles of shelving and more than two million books immediately available to readers – making it the largest open-access library in Europe.

The first Line of Thought featured in the exhibition: From clay tablet to Twitter begins with a tiny 4,000-year-old tablet used as a receipt for wool, evidence of an advanced civilisation using a cuneiform script and Sumerian language, probably written in Girsu (Southern Iraq) and precisely dated to 2039BCE. The tablet is on public display for the first time in this exhibition.

From there, it charts the many and varied revolutions in communications throughout history, taking in Chinese oracle bones, the Gutenberg Bible, a palm leaf manuscript written in 1015AD, newspapers, chapbooks and 20th century Penguin paperbacks, before ending with a book containing Shakespeare’s Hamlet written in tweets.

Objects going on display for the first time during Lines of Thought include: the Book of Deer, Vesalius’s 3D manikin of the human body, William Morris’s extensively annotated proofs of his edition of Beowulf, a wonderful caricature of Darwin, and works by Copernicus, Galileo and Jocelyn Bell Burnell, the discoverer of pulsars.

Stephen Hawking and Newton's annotated copy of Principia Mathematica 1 of 29 A book of hours with glorious full-page illuminations, this once belonged to the East Anglian noblewoman Alice de Reydon. 2 of 29 Unique proof sheets, bearing William Morris’s own corrections and annotations, for the Kelmscott Press’s stunning edition of the epic tale of Beowulf. 3 of 29 Birch bark hymn 4 of 29 Book of Deer 5 of 29 Bookcase of Knowledge (19th century) 6 of 29 A wooden figure and ivory skeleton given to the Library in 1591, these would have been used by medical students in the early University. 7 of 29 Chapbooks 8 of 29 Codex in chemise 9 of 29 Cuneiform tablet, dated 2039 BCE, the oldest item in the UL's collections. 10 of 29 A caricature of Darwin examining a remarkably familiar-looking ape in the ‘Gallery of Ancestors’, painted shortly after the publication of Origin of Species. 11 of 29 Some of England's earliest newspapers 12 of 29 The iconic portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout, printed at the opening of the 1623 ‘First Folio’ containing the most reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare’s plays. 13 of 29 The book that began the print revolution in Europe; the famous (and immense) Gutenberg Bible printed in Mainz in 1455 by Johann Gutenberg and Johannes Fust. 14 of 29 Professor Stephen Hawking’s typescript of A brief history of time, given to the Library following the tradition of Lucasian Professors back to Newton. 15 of 29 Horn book 16 of 29 A seventeenth-century copy of the first known Islamic anatomical text to include full-body illustrations, Mansur ibn Ilyas’s 1386 Tasrih-I mansuri. 17 of 29 Mulberry leaf bank note 18 of 29 Sir Isaac Newton’s own copy of the first edition of his Principia, interleaved with numerous additions and corrections in his own hand. 19 of 29 An example of a bone used some three thousand years ago to divine the future, bearing the earliest known examples of Chinese script. 20 of 29 A copy of the first edition of Origin of species belonging to Alfred Russel Wallace; he has crossed out ‘natural selection’ throughout and replaced it with his preferred term ‘survival of the fittest’. Keynes.M.2.27 21 of 29 A manuscript written in 1015 by a monk in Nepal, writing a Buddhist text on leaves from the Borassus palm tree and stored in a neatly ordered pile. 22 of 29 Some of the earliest Penguin paperbacks 23 of 29 Darwin’s primate tree of 1868 in which he first controversially proposed that man and other primates share a common ancestor. 24 of 29 The world’s longest poem by a single author, the Shāhnāmah mixes history and myth to create an epic tale of Iranian kings up to the 7th century. 25 of 29 Translating the New Testament into English was to cost William Tyndale his life; he was executed for heresy after bringing the Bible to his countrymen in their own language. The image here shows the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. 26 of 29 Andreas Vesalius’s ingenious ‘pop-up’ manikin for the reader to cut out and build, at the end of his revolutionary 1543 Epitome. 27 of 29 The Codex Zacynthius is a palimpsest bearing two layers of text, the first having been erased and written over in around 1200. It has recently been imaged using multi-spectral techniques enabling the erased sixth-century ‘under-text’ to be visible. 28 of 29 One of the original University chests where the earliest manuscripts of the Library were stored 29 of 29 Prev

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“For six centuries, the collections of Cambridge University Library have challenged and changed the world around us,” added Jarvis. “Across science, literature and the arts, the millions of books, manuscripts and digital archives we hold have altered the very fabric of our understanding.

“Only in Cambridge, can you find Newton’s greatest works sitting alongside Darwin’s most important papers on evolution, or Sassoon’s wartime poetry books taking their place next to the Gutenberg Bible and the archive of Margaret Drabble.”

To celebrate the Library’s 600th anniversary, the Library has selected one iconic item from each theme within the exhibition to be digitised and made available within a free iPad app, Words that Changed the World. Readers can turn the pages of these masterworks of culture and science, from cover to cover, accompanied by University experts explaining their importance and giving contextual information.

Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World opens to the public on Friday, March 11, 2016 and runs until Friday, September 30, 2016. Entry is free.

The exhibition is also available to view online, and items from the exhibition have also been digitised and made available on the Cambridge Digital Library.