Recently, the formal methods specialist Hillel Wayne posted an interesting article discussing whether Donald Knuth was actually framed when Jon Bentley asked him to demonstrate literate programming. (Knuth came up with an 8-page long monolithic listing, whereas in a critique Doug McIlroy provided a six line shell script.) The article makes many interesting and valid points. However, among the raised points one is that the specified problem was ideal for solving with Unix tools, and that a different problem, such as “find the top K pairs of words and print the Levenshtein distance between each pair", would be much more difficult to solve with Unix commands. As the developer of an edX massive open open online course (MOOC) on the use of Unix Tools for data, software and production engineering I decided to put this claim to test.

Here is the commented version of the original pipeline that McIlroy devised.

# Split text into words by replacing non-word characters with newlines tr -cs A-Za-z '

' | # Convert uppercase to lowercase tr A-Z a-z | # Sort so that identical words occur adjacently sort | # Count occurrences of each line uniq -c | # Sort numerically by decreasing number of word occurrences sort -rn | # Quit after printing the K specified number of words sed ${1} q

And here is the version solving the problem that Hillel Wayne claimed would be difficult to solve with a Unix pipeline. It turns out that this can also be done in a pipeline of just nine (non commented) lines.

# Split text into words by replacing non-word characters with newlines tr -cs A-Za-z '

' | # Convert uppercase to lowercase tr A-Z a-z | # Make pairs out of words by testing and storing the previous word awk 'prev {print prev, $1} {prev = $1}' | # Sort so that identical words occur adjacently sort | # Count occurrences of each line uniq -c | # Sort numerically by decreasing number of word occurrences sort -nr | # Print the K specified number of pairs head -n $1 | # Remove the occurrence count, keeping the two words awk '{print $2, $3}' | # Print the Levenshtein distance between word pair (autosplit into @F) perl -a -MText::LevenshteinXS -e 'print distance(@F), "

"'

One may claim that I cheated above by invoking Perl and using the Text::LevenshteinXS module. But the reuse of existing tools, rather than the building of monoliths is exactly the Unix command line philosophy. In fact, one of the reasons I sometimes prefer using Perl over Python is that it's very easy to incorporate into modular Unix tool pipelines. In contrast, Python encourages the creation of monoliths of the type McIlroy criticized.

Regarding my choice of awk for obtaining word pairs, note that this can also be done with the command sed -n 'H;x;s/

/ /;p;s/.* //;x' . However, I find the awk version much more readable.

Through this demonstration I haven't proven that Bentley didn't frame Knuth; it seems that at some point McIlroy admitted that the criticism was unfair. However, I did show that a counter-example chosen specifically to demonstrate the limits of the Unix pipeline processing power, is in fact quite easy to implement with just three additional commands. So my claim is that the power of the Unix tools is often vastly underestimated.

In my everyday work, I use Unix commands many times daily to perform diverse and very different tasks. I very rarely encounter tasks that cannot be solved by joining together a couple of commands. The automated editing of a course's videos and animations was such a task. Even in those cases, what I typically do is write a small script or program in order to complement a Unix tools pipeline or make-based workflow.