SHANGHAI—Chinese bond yields soared and authorities halted trading in some futures contracts for the first time on Thursday, as a global bond-market selloff worsened a day after the Federal Reserve signaled a quicker pace of interest-rate increases next year.

The Chinese 10-year government bond yield, which rises when prices fall, hit a 16-month high of 3.4%, extending selling that began in late November and accelerated this week amid slowing growth, outflows of capital and concerns over asset bubbles.

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