SAN FRANCISCO—Intel Corp. to intensify its efforts in a hot new computing market, is taking the unusual step of relying on technology developed by a startup it acquired.

The chip maker, determined to counter rival Nvidia Corp.’s lead in the field known as deep learning, said it would begin shipping chips in 2017 that it acquired through its purchase earlier this year of startup Nervana Systems. Intel said it plans to integrate Nervana chips and software with its general-purpose Xeon microprocessors, which are used in most...