Ninety years of Castro and the Queen Published duration 13 August 2016 Related Topics World War Two

image copyright Getty Images image caption Fidel Castro, pictured here in 2006, says he was not born political but his passion for politics seems unwavering

Two famous leaders have celebrated their 90th birthday this year: Queen Elizabeth and Fidel Castro, the former Cuban president.

Here are some milestones in the parallel lives of two of the world's most recognisable figures.

1926

Mr Castro was born on 13 August to a wealthy sugar farmer from Spain who had settled in the Cuban town of Biran.

image caption The Castro family home has become a tourist attraction

Official and unofficial Castro biographers alike tend to agree that it was witnessing first-hand the exploitation of Haitian sugarcane workers on the farms that first influenced the young Fidel's fledging worldview.

The Queen was born in London slightly earlier, on 21 April, as the first child of Albert, Duke of York, and his wife, formerly Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.

image copyright PA

After her birth she was introduced to her future subjects on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, alongside the reigning monarchs, King George V and Queen Mary.

1930s

Growing up, Fidel was sent to attend a Jesuit school. Under the influence of a priest called Father Llorente, he excelled in certain areas, including sports and outdoor expeditions.

The young Elizabeth and her sister were educated at home. In 1937, Elizabeth's father was crowned King George VI.

image copyright PA image caption The future Queen is seen with her mother, also Queen Elizabeth, on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, after the coronation of her father as King George VI

1940s

Fidel was awarded a prize for discipline in 1944 after finishing his course at school. He then went to Havana University to study law.

It was as he entered the febrile, often violent world of student politics in 1940s Havana that he came of political age.

In a speech he delivered in late 1947 he railed against "the country's wealth in foreign hands" and urged his fellow students to militancy, saying, "A young nation can never say 'we surrender'."

Meanwhile, Elizabeth helped boost the nation's morale in the throes of World War II, visiting scouts and troops.

In November 1947 she married her third cousin, Prince Philip of Greece, at Westminster Abbey. Their first child, Charles, was born in 1948.

1950s

In 1952 Fidel started a revolution with his brother Raul. They were outnumbered, defeated, and imprisoned. Almost two years later they were pardoned and exiled to Mexico. There they met revolutionary "Che" Guevara.

In 1956 the Castro brothers and Guevara returned to Cuba to launch a revolution. They succeeded in overthrowing President Fulgencio Batista in 1959.

image copyright AFP

Elizabeth also came to power in the 1950s, after her father's death in 1952.

She was crowned during an elaborate coronation ceremony at Westminster Abbey in June.

image copyright Getty Images

1960s

Prime Minister Castro's new grip on power brought new friends and enemies. A US-led attempt to topple him in 1961, known as the "Bay of Pigs Invasion", was a disaster.

Thousands of Americans were held hostage and Cuba began to form stronger ties with the Soviet Union.

image copyright AP image caption Mr Castro, left, is embraced by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in the United Nations General Assembly on 20 September 1960

The Queen welcomed two new prime ministers to power in the 1960s and gave birth to her third child, Andrew, the first to be born to a reigning monarch in 103 years.

image copyright PA

1970s

The Cuban leader, who officially became president in 1976, continued to upset Western powers by supporting communist movements in Angola, Ethiopia and Yemen.

The British monarch celebrated 25 years on the throne and welcomed the country's first female Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.

In 1979, amid the conflict in Northern Ireland, her cousin Lord Louis Mountbatten was killed by an IRA bomb on his boat.

1980s

After economic hardship in the country, thousands of Cubans tried to gain asylum at embassies within the country.

Frustrated, President Castro opened ports in the north of the country to allow anyone to leave and seek asylum.

image copyright AP image caption Some 125,000 Cuban refugees fled to Florida in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift.

The year 1986 saw the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh make a state visit to China.

No British monarch had ever travelled to mainland China, let alone walked the Great Wall, so the trip in October made history.

image copyright PA

1990s

The collapse of the Soviet Union threw the Cuban economy into chaos. Cuba lost around $6bn in annual subsidy from the Soviet Union and could no longer export sugar in exchange for its oil. Cuba's factories and agriculture were paralysed.

In 1988, President Castro met Pope John Paul II who called for reform on the island. It was the first time a papal visit had been paid to the country.

image copyright AP

A fire broke out at a royal residence, Windsor Castle, in 1992, threatening a large collection of art.

In 1997, Princess Diana, former wife of the Queen's son Prince Charles, died in a car crash.

The Royal Family grieved in private. However, the public reaction to Diana's death led to accusations that the Queen was out of touch with the public mood. The swell of anger shocked the Queen.

image copyright PA

2000s

President Castro was forced to step down from power in 2006 due to his poor health. His brother Raul took over.

image copyright AP image caption This photo was taken seconds before Fidel fainted at a rally with thousands of people, while he was giving a speech in 2001.

Prince Charles married again in 2005, to Camilla Parker-Bowles.

Queen Elizabeth attended their religious blessing but was not present at their civil ceremony.

The monarch told guests in a speech at the wedding reception that her son was "home and dry with the woman he loves".

image copyright PA

2010s

Both leaders celebrated their 90th birthdays. Fidel's was marked by low-key celebrations in Havana and a 90m-long cigar created in his honour by Cuban cigar roller Jose "Cueto" Castelar.

image copyright EPA image caption Cuban cigar roller Jose "Cueto" Castelar

Thousands of people marked Queen Elizabeth's 90th birthday with elaborate parades and dancing across the UK.