Undated artist's impression of the Gravity Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite. Dubbed the "Ferrari of space" for its sleek, finned looks, it will shortly run out of fuel and fall to Earth after a successful mission, the European Space Agency (ESA) says.

A science satellite dubbed the "Ferrari of space" for its sleek, finned looks will shortly run out of fuel and fall to Earth after a successful mission, the European Space Agency (ESA) says.

Launched in 2009, the satellite—a hi-tech craft designed to monitor gravity and ocean circulation—is likely to break up in mid-October, its mission manager told AFP on Wednesday.

The Gravity Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) orbits at an extremely low altitude of just 260 kilometres (160 miles), where there are lingering molecules of atmosphere.

To reduce drag, it has an arrow-like octagonal shape and two fins to provide extra aerodynamic stability, a departure from the box-like form of satellites that operate in the complete vacuum of space.

It stays aloft thanks to an ion engine that began with a stock of 41 kilos (90.2 pounds) of fuel and is now down to about two kilos (4.4 pounds), Rune Floberghagen said from an ESA symposium in Edinburgh, Scotland.

"We are facing the situation where the electrical propulsion system which keeps the spacecraft flying at this extremely low altitude will stop working somewhere between the end of September and the beginning of November—the best engineering prediction is in the middle, somewhere in the 16th or 17th October," he said.

Most of the 5.3-metre (17.2-foot) spacecraft will break up and burn when it tumbles to an altitude of 75 to 80 kilometres, he said.

According to re-entry analysis, about 250 kilos of its one-tonne mass will survive, hitting the surface in a trail of "between 40 and 50 fragments" extending over 900 kilometres, he said.

It was impossible right now to say where the trail would be, as the re-entry is uncontrolled, Floberghagen said.

He explained that it was only in 2008, after GOCE was designed and built, that an international agreement required research satellites to have propulsion enabling a targeted re-entry that leads to a breakup over the ocean, thus reducing the risk of impacting inhabited areas.

"It is much less than other (uncontrolled) re-entries, it is a very small aircraft in fact. We should put this into perspective and not over-dramatise what is happening here," he said, adding that ESA was advising national authorities on the upcoming event.

Floberghagen said the fuel was supposed to last 20 months.

But the mission has been hugely helped by extremely low solar activity, which also reduces the density of air molecules at this height.

As a result, the 350-million-euro ($465-million) mission, after teething problems, has lasted twice has long as scheduled.

"Everyone is extremely happy with this mission, both in our ability to monitor Earth's gravity field, and also the spinoff achievements, our ability to understand and use the payload onboard," said Floberghagen.

"The science achievements have been rather remarkable and we have demonstrated a lot of new technologies," he said.

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© 2013 AFP