In November, the Center for Great Apes, a Florida sanctuary, posted a playful video to YouTube of resident orangutan Sandra scrubbing her hands with sudsy water. Then, a couple weeks ago, staff thought it would be cute and relevant to re-share the video to Twitter.

From there, a social media game of broken telephone ensued. People grabbed the video and reposted it with their own captions, draining it of context and—perhaps inadvertently—twisting the message. The story transformed: Sandra started washing her hands, it was said, because she saw her keepers doing so repeatedly during the COVID-19 crisis.

A lie was born, and ran rampant through social media.

Sandra the orangutang started washing her hands because she saw all the zookeepers doing it repeatedly during the COVID-19 crisis.



Wash your hands.

Be more like Sandra.🌎❤️🧼🌎 pic.twitter.com/t8TTizDGeD — Rex Chapman🏇🏼 (@RexChapman) April 1, 2020 After this November 2019 video of Sandra spread on social media with a false story, her caretakers at the Center for Great Apes pulled it down from their YouTube channel.



Patti Ragan, the center’s founder, removed the video from the sanctuary’s YouTube channel on April 2, despite receiving dozens of requests from media outlets to license the footage. Ragan says she doesn’t want people to mistakenly think the center is teaching tricks to Sandra—the first orangutan in the world to be legally declared a non-human person—or any of the apes. “I’m just very conscientious about protecting her dignity,” Ragan says. “I took it down because I can’t control the message.”

Nor can she do anything about the thousands of misleading tweets that are already out there.

This story may feel familiar. Two weeks ago, National Geographic published a report that busted a number of similar myths—fake or misleading social media posts about animals behaving differently because of the coronavirus pandemic. More than 4.5 million of you read that story.

Some people criticized us for the myth-busting, seeing no harm in believing such tales. So we put the question to scientists—and several confirmed that in the long run, such fake stories do cause damage to conservation efforts.

The fake stories continue

The false stories keep popping up.

Some have been mundane: Ducks showing up in Roman fountains since the epidemic began got 28,000 upvotes on Reddit. In reality, the ducks are always there, commenters pointed out. Reddit moderators later removed the post.

Putin is wild AF pic.twitter.com/ZUepbZqgmL — Biggysmalz (@Lordkugo) March 22, 2020 A false claim that Russian President Vladimir Putin had released 500 lions onto Russia’s streets to keep people indoors was quickly debunked after it made the rounds on social media.



Others have been absurd: Putin releasing 500 lions into Russian streets to keep people inside. It’s so fantastical that it shouldn’t need to be debunked, but the web mythbuster Snopes.com did so anyway. The photo that claimed to show a lion stalking a Russian street in fact was taken in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2016 when a film production company let the big cat loose.

False tweets about wildlife flourishing during the pandemic have spread in India in particular. A photo that claimed to show deer lounging on the side of a southern India highway was actually taken in Nara, Japan, years earlier. A tweet stating that “while people are at home, nature is taking a heavy breath” showed a video of peacocks walking outside a national park, poking through garbage. According to some locals, however, the birds are frequently outside the park.

Spotted Malabar civet... A critically endangered mammal not seen until 1990 resurfaces for the first time in calicut town.. seems mother earth is rebooting! #COVID2019 pic.twitter.com/oG6Kg8Opoi — Dón Grieshnak (@DGrieshnak) March 26, 2020 Claims on Twitter that a critically endangered Malabar civet had been spotted in Kerala, India, for the first time in decades were debunked by an Indian environmental official on Twitter, who said the animal is a common small Indian civet that appears to be sick.



And a video that got 10,000 retweets claiming to show a rare, critically endangered Malabar civet strolling into a street in Kerala turned out to be of a common small Indian civet, an Indian Forest Service official later confirmed on Twitter. The animal might have been photographed after being released from captivity, the official wrote, noting that it looks quite sick.

But what’s really the harm?

After National Geographic published the original story, one question we received most frequently was: What’s the harm in believing a happy animal story, true or not? Some people contended that busting harmless white lies was akin to announcing that Santa Claus isn’t real.

But others defended the reporting. Jennifer Dodd, an ecology and conservation professor at Edinburgh’s Napier University, jumped in on Twitter to point out exactly what the harm was. “Miscommunication leads to people becoming disheartened,” she wrote, “leading to apathy [and] ultimately a reversal in conservation engagement.”

In other words: If people feel tricked or foolish for believing in an inspiring animal-recovery story that turns out to be fake, they may lose interest in conservation.

View Images Mallard ducks swim in Rome's Fontana dell’Acqua Paola on March 29. Social media posts celebrated the ducks’ presence in the fountain as unusual, happening because people were indoors. In reality, ducks frequently visit the fountains. Photograph by Matteo Nardone, Pacific Press/Sipa/AP

The idea that animals can bounce back when humans retreat also “overestimates the speed of the recovery,” Dodd said in a telephone interview. “It’s marginalizing the active conservation required to reverse the impacts we’ve had on the Earth.”

David Steen, a conservation biologist and reptile and amphibian research leader at the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute in Florida, echoes Dodd’s concerns. “Effective conservation efforts for many species now [require] intensive intervention, even in protected areas, and this work is not cheap,” he says. “I suspect that if most people thought all we had to do for species to recover is walk away, they may be less likely to support the work that actually needs to be done to keep them around.”

A scientist who frequently engages with people on Twitter about the importance of conservation, Steen says he wants people to appreciate wild animals for “what they really are. Relying on viral and untrue videos to make my case would only undermine this goal.”

Enjoying what’s real

In the past couple of weeks, as humans have withdrawn, there have been plenty of true stories of animal oddities. There’s the small herd of wild goats that have wandered through a Welsh town, delighting residents and the internet. The orcas spotted in an inlet close to Vancouver, in a rare sighting. Even the dolphins that were able to come a bit closer to docks in Sardinia (not Venice) because cruise ships weren’t crowding the port.

Perhaps the goats or boars or Sardinia dolphins brought you joy. If they also sparked a desire to protect nature, you’re in luck. Dodd says there are plenty of citizen science programs around the world that need individuals' help monitoring biodiversity—the presence and distribution of animals and plants— in their own communities. By participating in citizen science, she says, you “can actively help feed into how your landscape is managed.”

It’s still unclear how the global pandemic will affect conservation efforts in the long term. Dodd says that some of her students’ projects, which encompass “all ecosystems from parasites to mammals,” are now on hold and will likely suffer a year-long gap. (Her own study of invasive crayfish is set back; she wasn’t able to do fieldwork during a key breeding window.)