Saudi Arabia’s gross domestic product shrank from a year earlier in the first quarter of 2017 for the first time since the global financial crisis, but the private sector strengthened gradually, official data showed on Friday.

GDP, adjusted for inflation, shrank 0.5 per cent year-on-year between January and March, its first fall since 2009. That was almost entirely because of a 2.3 per cent contraction in the oil sector, as Saudi Arabia cut its crude output under a global deal among producing countries to prop up prices.

The non-oil government sector of the economy shrank 0.1 per cent, showing Riyadh continued to keep a tight rein on state spending as it tried to cut a big budget deficit caused by low oil prices.

But the non-oil private sector grew 0.9 per cent, accelerating from a revised 0.5 per cent in the fourth quarter of last year. It was the fastest private sector expansion since the fourth quarter of 2015.

Private businesses have been hit hard by government austerity measures, including higher domestic energy prices and delays in the government paying its debts to companies. Late last year, however, Riyadh began settling its debts more promptly, boosting the private sector.

The outlook for growth in the rest of this year is murky. In recent weeks Riyadh has eased its austerity drive slightly, restoring financial allowances to public sector employees, and this should help consumption slightly.

Also, the government plans to introduce a 5 per cent value-added tax at the start of 2018, so there may be a consumption mini-boom in the preceding months as Saudis make big-ticket purchases to avoid the tax.

But some austerity steps are going ahead this year, such as higher residence fees for expatriates, who make up about a third of the population. Also, the oil output deal extends through the end of 2017, so the oil sector will continue to drag on growth.

Despite the deal, the Brent oil price is back around $48 a barrel – not far above its level when Riyadh originally agreed on the deal late last year – which may mean the government has less money to spend on kickstarting economic projects than the private sector has been hoping.