Welcome to tutorial no. 30 in Golang tutorial series.

What are errors?

Errors indicate an abnormal condition occurring in the program. Let's say we are trying to open a file and the file does not exist in the file system. This is an abnormal condition and it's represented as an error.

Errors in Go are plain old values. Errors are represented using the built-in error type. We will learn more about the error type later in this tutorial.

Just like any other built-in type such as int, float64, ... error values can be stored in variables, passed as parameters to functions, returned from functions, and so on.

Example

Let's start right away with an example program that tries to open a file that does not exist.

package main import ( "fmt" "os" ) func main() { f, err := os.Open("/test.txt") if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return } fmt.Println(f.Name(), "opened successfully") }

Run in playground

In line no. 9 of the program above, we are trying to open the file at path /test.txt (which will obviously not exist in the playground). The Open function of the os package has the following signature,

func Open(name string) (file *File, err error)

If the file has been opened successfully, then the Open function will return the file handler and error will be nil. If there is an error while opening the file, a non-nil error will be returned.

If a function or method returns an error, then by convention it has to be the last value returned from the function. Hence the Open function returns err as the last value.

The idiomatic way of handling errors in Go is to compare the returned error to nil . A nil value indicates that no error has occurred and a non-nil value indicates the presence of an error. In our case, we check whether the error is not nil in line no. 10. If it is not nil , we simply print the error and return from the main function.

Running this program will print

open /test.txt: No such file or directory

Perfect 😃. We get an error stating that the file does not exist.

Error type representation

Let's dig a little deeper and see how the built in error type is defined. error is an interface type with the following definition,

type error interface { Error() string }

It contains a single method with signature Error() string . Any type which implements this interface can be used as an error. This method provides the description of the error.

When printing the error, fmt.Println function calls the Error() string method internally to get the description of the error. This is how the error description was printed in line no. 11 of the above sample program.





Different ways to extract more information from the error

Now that we know error is an interface type, let's see how we can extract more information about an error.

In the example we saw above, we have just printed the description of the error. What if we wanted the actual path of the file which caused the error. One possible way to get this is to parse the error string. This was the output of our program,

open /test.txt: No such file or directory

We can parse this error message and get the file path "/test.txt" of the file which caused the error, but this is a dirty way of doing it. The error description can change at any time in newer versions of Go and our code will break.

Is there a better way to get the file name 🤔? The answer is yes, it can be done and the Go standard library uses different ways to provide more information about errors. Let's look at them one by one.

1. Asserting the underlying struct type and getting more information from the struct fields

If you read the documentation of the Open function carefully, you can see that it returns an error of type *PathError. PathError is a struct type and its implementation in the standard library is as follows,

type PathError struct { Op string Path string Err error } func (e *PathError) Error() string { return e.Op + " " + e.Path + ": " + e.Err.Error() }

In case you are interested to know where the above source code exists, it can be found here https://golang.org/src/os/error.go?#L40

From the above code, you can understand that *PathError implements the error interface by declaring the Error() string method. This method concatenates the operation, path, and the actual error and returns it. Thus we got the error message,

open /test.txt: No such file or directory

The Path field of PathError struct contains the path of the file which caused the error. Let's modify the program we wrote above and print the path.

package main import ( "fmt" "os" ) func main() { f, err := os.Open("test.txt") if err != nil { if pErr, ok := err.(*os.PathError); ok { fmt.Println("Failed to open file at path", pErr.Path) return } fmt.Println("Generic error", err) return } fmt.Println(f.Name(), "opened successfully") }

Run in Playground

In the above program, we first check whether the error is not nil in line no. 10 and then we use type assertion in line no. 11 to get the underlying value of the error interface. If you have not heard about type assertion before, I recommend reading https://golangbot.com/interfaces-part-1. Then we print the path using pErr.Path in line no. 12. This program outputs,

Failed to open file at path /test.txt

In case the underlying error is not of type *os.PathError , the control will reach line no. 15 and a generic error message will be printed.

Great 😃. We have successfully used type assertion to get the file path from the error.

2. Asserting the underlying struct type and getting more information using methods

The second way to get more information from the error is to assert the underlying type and get more information by calling methods on the struct type.

Let's understand this better by means of an example.

The DNSError struct type in the standard library is defined as follows,

type DNSError struct { ... } func (e *DNSError) Error() string { ... } func (e *DNSError) Timeout() bool { ... } func (e *DNSError) Temporary() bool { ... }

The DNSError struct has two methods Timeout() bool and Temporary() bool which return a boolean value that indicates whether the error is because of a timeout or is it a temporary one.

Let's write a program that asserts the *DNSError type and calls these methods to determine whether the error is temporary or due to timeout.

package main import ( "fmt" "net" ) func main() { addr, err := net.LookupHost("golangbot123.com") if err != nil { if dnsErr, ok := err.(*net.DNSError); ok { if dnsErr.Timeout() { fmt.Println("operation timed out") return } if dnsErr.Temporary() { fmt.Println("temporary error") return } fmt.Println("Generic DNS error", err) return } fmt.Println("Generic error", err) return } fmt.Println(addr) }

Note: DNS lookups do not work in the playground. Please run this program in your local machine.

In the program above, in line no. 9, we are trying to get the IP address of an invalid domain name golangbot123.com . In line no. 11 we get the underlying value of the error by asserting it to type *net.DNSError . Then we check whether the error is due to timeout or is temporary in line nos. 12 and 16 respectively.

In our case, the error is neither temporary nor due to timeout and hence the program will print,

Generic DNS error lookup golangbot123.com: no such host

If the error was temporary or due to a timeout, then the corresponding if statement would have executed and we can handle it appropriately.

3. Direct comparison

The third way to get more details about an error is the direct comparison with a variable of type error . Let's understand this by means of an example.

The Glob function of the filepath package is used to return the names of all files that matches a pattern. This function returns an error ErrBadPattern when the pattern is malformed.

ErrBadPattern is defined in the filepath package as a global variable.

var ErrBadPattern = errors.New("syntax error in pattern")

errors.New() is used to create a new error. We will discuss this in detail in the next tutorial.

ErrBadPattern is returned by the Glob function when the pattern is malformed.

Let's write a small program to check for this error.

package main import ( "fmt" "path/filepath" ) func main() { files, err := filepath.Glob("[") if err != nil { if err == filepath.ErrBadPattern { fmt.Println("Bad pattern error:", err) return } fmt.Println("Generic error:", err) return } fmt.Println("matched files", files) }

Run in playground

In the program above we search for files of pattern [ which is a malformed pattern. We check whether the error is not nil. To get more information about the error, we directly comparing it to filepath.ErrBadPattern in line. no 11. If the condition is satisfied, then the error is due to a malformed pattern. This program will print,

Bad pattern error: syntax error in pattern

The standard library uses any of the above-mentioned ways to provide more information about an error. We will use these ways in the next tutorial to create our own custom errors.





Do not ignore errors

Never ever ignore an error. Ignoring errors is inviting for trouble. Let me rewrite the example which lists the name of all files that match a pattern ignoring the error handling code.

package main import ( "fmt" "path/filepath" ) func main() { files, _ := filepath.Glob("[") fmt.Println("matched files", files) }

Run in playground

We already know from the previous example that the pattern is invalid. I have ignored the error returned by the Glob function by using the _ blank identifier in line no. 9. I simply print the matched files in line no. 10. This program will print,

matched files []

Since we ignored the error, the output seems as if no files have matched the pattern but actually the pattern itself is malformed. So never ignore errors.

This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we discussed how to handle errors that occur in our program and also how to inspect the errors to get more information from them. A quick recap of what we discussed in this tutorial,

What are errors?

Error representation

Various ways of extracting more information from errors

Do not ignore errors

In the next tutorial, we will create our own custom errors and also add more context to our custom errors.

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