Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only Return to Historical Writings Main Page Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections American Communism and Anticommunism: A Historian’s Bibliography and Guide to the Literature Compiled and edited by John Earl Haynes Last Revised 18 February 2009 How to Use this Bibliography Subject Matter Chapters and the Table of Contents This bibliography is divided into thirty-three subject matter chapters with each chapter divided into numerous sections and subsections, all listed below in the Table of Contents. The Table of Contents is in two versions: “Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only,” with the thirty-three subject matter chapter titles only and another, “Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections” which lists the numerous sections and subsections as well. A book or essay is listed under a particular heading in accordance with a judgment of where the work’s chief focus is or, in the case of items whose focus is elsewhere, where its chief relevance is to the field of domestic communism and anticommunism. Many books could be placed under a dozen, a score, or even more headings. But such a practice, or even attempting cross-referencing, would produce an unwieldy volume. And, in any event, with more than 9,000 main entries cross-referencing would have been an impractical undertaking for the single historian without staff or assistance who compiled this volume as an ancillary product of other work. Given the absence of cross-referencing, however, users should keep in mind the advisability of examining more than a single subject-matter heading. Table of Content Hyperlinks The chapter titles and subsection titles are hyperlinked. Clicking on the chapter titles in the first Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only listing only the thirty-three subject matter chapter titles, will jump to the more detailed second Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections with sections and subsections. All of these are also hyperlinked and will jump to the appropriate section of the bibliography itself. Web Browser “Find” Function Users may also use the “find” function of one’s web browser to access any portion of the bibliography. Insert in the “find” window the chapter or subchapter title from the Table of Contents. Alternately, insert in the “find” window an author’s name or any term that might occur in a citation from the title of the work sought Corrections and Additions It is easy for a citation to The Journal of Southern History to become The Journal of Social History and even easier for “1978” to become “1987.” Consequently, corrections to the errors in this bibliography are very welcome. Nor has every essay or book that ought to be cited been included, and additions are equally sought. Both corrections and additions can be sent to <johnearlhaynes@comcast.net>. Acknowledgements Over the years many scholars have provided me with citations that are incorporated in this bibliography. Given that these were accumulated over several decades I can no longer individually remember all those who deserve acknowledgement, but I thank all of them for their contribution. Specifically, however, I must note that since 2002 Peter Filardo’s annual bibliographies in American Communist History have been of inestimable value. Annotations A portion of the entries are annotated. The existence of an annotation reflects the needs and circumstances of when the item first came to the author’s attention. Some annotations simply explain the contents with more detail when the title of the work does not clearly signal what the item is about. Other annotations, particularly collections of essays, include the table of contents of the work. Still others summarize the author’s view of the most significant points in the work or the author’s judgment of its importance, evaluations with which others may disagree.













‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Return to Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only Return to Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections Introduction Origins of this Bibliography In 1982 the author helped to found the “Historians of American Communism” and edited its newsletter. Seeking material to fill its pages, the author included citations of recent publications by members and, when that proved popular, expanded it to other new publications in the field that came to my attention in the course of my own research. The author soon learned that most members regarded the bibliographic entries in the quarterly newsletter as the section of most interest. Gradually the author expanded coverage and sought out new items to list rather than taking a passive stance. Additionally, the author found the bibliographic work of value to his own research because it forced him to keep abreast of the literature. After several years the author had accumulated what seemed at the time to be an impressive list of articles, books, and convention papers on the history of domestic American communism and anticommunism. The author then added to it citations to older items he had notes about and produced in 1987 Communism and Anti-Communism in the United States: An Annotated Guide to Historical Writings with more than 2,000 references to books, articles and academic theses. The author continued to gather bibliographic material for the Newsletter of the Historians of American Communism until 2002 when a new journal, American Communist History, appeared and Peter Filardo took on the responsibility of preparing an annual bibliography for that journal. This volume combines the author’s prior work along with a sustained effort to fill in the pre-1982 period. Altogether, more than 8,500 items are listed. Focus of the Bibliography This bibliography concentrates on historical writings on communism and anticommunism in the United States. Its core is coverage of scholarly and academic books, essays, articles, and theses that either focus on that history or which are about some other subject but nonetheless contain significant relevant material. Pride of place of the first scholarly/academic treatment of American communism probably belongs to Gordon S. Watkins of the University of Illinois for his essay, “Revolutionary Communism in the United States” that appeared in 1920. Watkins presented a narrative of the split of the “Left Wing” from the Socialist Party in 1918-19 and the founding of the Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party in 1919 as the Left Wing itself split into competing factions. It was a thorough survey based on a close reading of the radical press as well as the leaflets, statements, and proclamations put out by the various groups and individuals involved. Given that the events covered had occurred only one or two years earlier, appropriately the article appeared in the American Political Science Review rather than a history journal. David Moses Schneider’s “The Workers’ (Communist) Party and American Trade Unions” (John Hopkins University, 1927) was probably the first doctoral dissertation on the subject. Until the late 1950s, however, historically oriented writings such as that of Watkins and Schneider, by academicians with scholastic documentation and intended for a scholarly audience, were few. The story of American communism was not as yet “history.” Only in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the “Communism in American Life” series appeared did any significant volume of scholarly books emerge. The Fund for the Republic, a private foundation headed by the former president of the University of Chicago, Robert Hutchins, sponsored the series. The books of the series are: Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (1957); Robert W. Iversen, The Communists & the Schools (1959); David A. Shannon, The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party of the United States Since 1945 (1959); Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia (1960); Clinton Lawrence Rossiter, Marxism: The View from America (1960); Ralph Lord Roy, Communism and the Churches (1960); Nathan. Glazer, The Social Basis of American Communism (1961); Frank S. Meyer, The Moulding of Communists: The Training of the Communist Cadre. (1961); Daniel Aaron, Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism (1961); Earl Latham, The Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy (1966). By the late 1970s the rate of production of new dissertations, essays, and books by academicians had grown rapidly and has continued to this day. In that period prior to the appearance of the Communism in American Life series there was also a very large journalistic and polemical literature on the domestic Communist movement; some of this contemporary literature was of very high quality and enduring value and is included in this bibliography along with selected illustrative items. Further, on some aspects of the history of domestic communism the only coverage available is journalistic or polemical. In addition to works by scholars, this bibliography contains citations to autobiographies, memoirs, and other retrospective works by participants in the struggle over communism in the United States. The amount of primary material available is vast and beyond practical bibliographic listing although the author has include some published or microfilmed collections of key primary source material. The focus is also on domestic matters. This is not a bibliography of the international Cold War although some of Cold War literature that contains material relevant to domestic affairs, particularly in the “cultural Cold War” area, is included. It is also not a bibliography of the Soviet Union, Stalinism, or international communism, although again some such writings are included that are relevant to domestic American matters. There are, of course, some gray area citations to items that are not strictly American but which have relevance to American matters, particularly Canadian, British, and Mexican items. Nor is it a bibliography of espionage but due to the links between the American Communist Party and Soviet intelligence agencies in the 1930s and 1940s, the chapter on espionage is a lengthy one. This bibliography is also as that of a working historian because it also includes those major books of Cold War history, Sovietology, espionage, and radicalism generally that the author found useful as providing background and context for understanding domestic Communist history. The central focus, however, is the Communist Party of the U.S.A. (CPUSA), its predecessors, splinters, close allies, and ardent opponents on the left and right. Usually the original edition of a book is listed and later editions are listed only if they are known to be significantly revised to contains substantial new material. American editions are listed in preference to those published elsewhere. Foreign language books and essays that have come to my attention are listed, but the coverage of foreign language material is scant at best. Conference papers are listed despite the frequent lack of availability of such material and limited coverage because, nonetheless, such information as is available sometimes will lead to the location of useful material or awareness of others working on a topic of interest. Historiography The CPUSA itself had two major arenas of activity: politics and trade unionism. The bulk of its organizers, activists, and asserts were expended in those areas. However it also involved itself organizationally in a many other areas, and in its heyday of the 1930s and 1940s, individual Communists and the influence of the Communist movement ranged into almost every area of American life. The amount of academic coverage to a particular aspect of the history of American communism does not always reflect the importance of that activity to the CPUSA. The enormous number of books and essays listed in the section of communism and literature as well as the astounding attention given to the issue of communism in Hollywood reflect the priorities and interests of latter-day academics, writers, journalists, and the reading public, not the priorities of the CPUSA at the time, which regarded both areas as sideshows. Throughout its history the CPUSA placed significant stress on racial equality and organizing Black Americans but the very large amount of historical writing about communism and race is unbalanced given the Communist Party’s apotheosis of the industrial worker and class over race, ethnicity, nationalism, and other matters. Harvey Klehr and the author have written extensively on the historiography of this field in journal articles [“The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism,” Journal of Cold War Studies (Winter 2000) and “The Historiography of American Communism: An Unsettled Field,” Labour History Review (April 2003)] and in In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage (2003). In the latter we have this to say of the field: Far too much academic writing about communism, anticommunism and espionage is marked by dishonesty, evasion, special pleading, and moral squalor. Like Holocaust deniers, some historians of American communism have evaded and avoided facing a preeminent evil -- in this case the evil of Stalinism. Too many revisionists present a view of history in which the wrong side won the Cold War and in which American Communists and the CPUSA represent the forces of good and right in American history. Most new dissertations written in the field still reflect a benign view of communism, a loathing for anticommunism, and hostility toward America’s actions in the Cold War. Many American historians hold America to a moral standard from which they exempt the Soviet Union and practice a crude form of moral equivalence. Like Holocaust deniers, too many revisionists deny the plain meaning of documents, invent fanciful benign explanations for damning evidence, and ignore witnesses and testimony that is inconvenient. In the face of clear and compelling evidence of Soviet espionage, they see nothing. When the bodies of more than a hundred former American Communists murdered by Stalin’s police are discovered in a mass grave in Karelia, they will not look. Confronted with documents and trails of evidence leading where they do not wish to go, they mutter darkly about conspiracies and forgeries and invent incidents for which there is no documentation. Some brazenly offer confident exegeses of documents they admit they have not seen or condemn books they admit they have not read. They confidently propose chronological impossibilities as probabilities and brazenly situate people in places they could not have been at times they could not have been there. It is not entirely clear how to classify such intellectual activity. But it is certainly not history. Despite all of the new archival evidence of Soviet espionage and American spies, revisionism still dominates the academy and the historical establishment. The leading journals of the historical profession do not print essays that are critical of the CPUSA or cast a favorable light on domestic anticommunism. In these journals there is no debate about American communism and Soviet espionage; revisionism reigns without challenge. Revisionist history continues to be exempt from the standards of scholarly accuracy applied to other fields. Scholarly reference books that contain distortions and lies about Soviet espionage go unchallenged and the conventional wisdom of the academic world continues to accept as authentic pro-Communist disinformation ploys. Elementary standards of proof and logic are ignored and political commitment allowed to trump factual accuracy. This is an intellectually sick situation. Writing about revisionist accounts of Soviet communism, the historian Martin Malia noted: “Western revisionism overall developed within what was basically a Soviet, or at least a Marxist, perspective. Putting matters this bluntly, however, was until recently impossible in academic discourse, especially in America. Down through the failure of Gorbachev’s perestroika, any allusion to these obvious facts was met with protestation from the revisionists that they were not Marxists but merely positivists whose ‘social science’ ... was a strictly non-political, ‘value-free’ enterprise. Or they might revert to the countercharge of ‘McCarthyism.’” Malia’s strictures are just as relevant to the revisionist account of American history as of Soviet communism. American democracy vanquished two dangerous totalitarian foes in the twentieth century. No reputable historian laments the collapse of Nazism or seeks to redeem the historical reputation of its domestic adherents. It would be a tragedy if academic historians rehabilitated American communism through shoddy, error-filled, and intellectually compromised scholarship. Malia is right in noting that “bluntness is presently a therapeutic necessity.” [231-233] ************************************************************************









‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Return to Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only Return to Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections Chapter 3 Schismatic Communist Movements Alexander, Robert J. “Schisms and Unifications in the American Old Left, 1953-1970.” Labor History 14, no. 4 (1973). Organizational survey. Elbaum, Max. Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. London, New York: Verso, 2002. Groups of Council Communists of America. Living Marxism. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1970. Reprint of a periodical originally published in Chicago, Feb. 1938-fall 1941. Klehr, Harvey. Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988. Survey of the status in the 1980s of the C.P., various Trotskyist and Maoist splinters, New Left radical groups, and such bodies as the CISPES, Clergy and Laity Concerned, Mobilization for Survival, National Lawyers Guild, Rainbow Coalition, and the Institute for Policy Studies. New Committee for Publications. NCP Report. New York: New Committee for Publications, 1946. Journal of a group seeking “to bring about the establishment of a real Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist party in the U.S.” None. Focus. 1949. Journal published by a group of Communists organized as a Marxist-Leninst study circle. O’Brien, Jim. “American Leninism in the 1970s.” Radical America 11 &12, no. 1&6 (1977-78). Surveys the wide variety of Leninist organizations; concludes that the Communist party is likely to remain the dominant body. **************************************************************** Trotskyism Anderson, Kevin. “Theoretical Contrasts, Burnham, Novack, James, Dunayevskaya.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Bernabe, Rafael. “Latin American Perspective.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Breitman, George, Paul Le Blanc, and Alan M. Wald, eds. Trotskyism in the United States: Historical Essays and Reconsiderations. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1996. Includes, “The First Fifty Years of American Trotskyism” (Le Blanc); “The Liberating Influence of the Transitional Program” (Breitman); “George Novack, 1905-1992 -- Meaning a Life” (Wald); “Leninism in the United States and the Decline of American Trotskyism” (Le Blanc); “From the Old Left to the New Left and Beyond: The Legacy and Prospects for Socialism in the United States” (Wald); “The End of ‘American Trotskyism’?” (Wald); Appendix on George Breitman (Editorial Committee of Bulletin in Defense of Marxism and Ernest Mandel) Broué, Pierre. “International & U.S. Trotskyism.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Cannon, James P. The Revolutionary Origins of the Socialist Workers Party: The Communist League in America, 1928-1938. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1995. Carlson, Oliver. “Recollections of American Trotskyist Leaders.” Studies in Comparative Communism 10, no. 1-2 (1977). Memoir by a Trotskyist mentioning conversations with William Foster, Karl Radek, James Cannon, Max Shachtman and others in the 1920s and 1930s. Chase, William. “Троцкий в Мексике [Trotsky Mexico].” Otechestvennaia Istoriia (1995). On Trotsky’s contacts with the Dies Committee. Deutscher, Isaac. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. Discusses Trotsky’s just over two-month stay in New York in 1917 and his role with the Russian-language socialist paper Novi Mir. Deutscher, Isaac. The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. Deutscher, Isaac. The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963. Notes that the American Socialist Workers party, as weak as it was, was one of the stronger elements in the Trotskyist “Fourth International,” that in exile his secretaries and bodyguards were chiefly American, and notes Trotsky’s advice to American Trotskyists on their disputes and strategy. Dillard, Angela D. “A Farewell to White Radicals, Too?: The Reverend Albert Cleage, George Breitman and the Freedom Now Party?” Paper presented at North American Labor History Conference. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 2005. Elias, Robert. “The Secret Life of Leon Trotsky: Baseball and the Revolution.” NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 9, no. 1 (2000/2001). Fenyo, Mario D. “Trotsky and His Heirs: The American Perspective.” Studies in Comparative Communism 10 (Spring 1977). Goldberg, Judith. American Trotskyism, 1928-1970. New York, 1971. Glotzer, Albert. Trotsky: Memoir & Critique. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1989. Glotzer joined the American C.P. in 1923, was expelled for Trotskyism in 1928, and was a major figure in the American Troskyist movement in the 1930s. Glotzer was closely associated with Trotsky during Trotsky’s exile in Turkey. Glotzer broke with Trotsky over the “Russian Question” in 1940. Glotzer recounts his relationship with Trotsky, reproduces thirty rare photographs as well as correspondence between Trotsky and himself, and describes in detail the Dewey Commission hearings in Mexico City where Trotsky attacked the Moscow show trials (Glotzer was the official reporter for the Mexico City hearings.) Glotzer offers his own analysis of Trotsky’s role in the Communist movement and the latter’s mistakes in the struggle against Stalin. Holmstrom, Nancy. “Theoretical Reflections.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Jayko, Margaret, ed. FBI on Trial: The Victory in the Socialist Workers Party Suit Against Government Spying. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1988. Le Blanc, Paul. Trotskyism in America, The First Fifty Years. New York: Fourth Internationalist Tendency, 1987. Short survey of Trotskyist history by a leader of the Fourth Internationalist Tendency faction. Contains membership figures for selected years from 1939 to 1976. Brief discussions of the Oehlerist, Shachtmanist, Goldman-Morrow, Johnson-Forrest, Cochranist, and Wohlforth/Robertson splits. McDonald, Lawrence Patton. Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. Washington, DC: ACU Educational and Research Institute, 1977. Myers, Constance Ashton. “American Trotskyists, 1928-1941.” Ph.D. diss. University of South Carolina, 1974. Myers, Constance A. “American Trotskyists: The First Years.” Studies in Comparative Communism 10 (Spring 1977). Myers, Constance Ashton. The Prophet’s Army: Trotskyists in America, 1928-1941. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. Comprehensive history of the internal politics of Trotskyism in America from the time of the expulsion from the Communist party to the expulsion of the Shachtmanists from the Socialist Workers party. Novack, George. “Fifty Years of American Trotskyism.” International Socialist Review, November 1978. Written by a leading Trotskyist. Robbins, Jack Alan. The Birth of American Trotskyism, 1927-1929: The Origins of a Radical Marxist Movement. [Mount Vernon, NY]:, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1973. St. John, Lucy, and Tim Wohlforth. Towards a History of the Fourth International. Pamphlet. Bulletin Pamphlet Series. New York, NY: Labor Publications, 1972. Shachtman, Max. Ten Years: History and Principles of the Left Opposition. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1933. Shriver, George. “Breitman and Trotsky’s Writings.” Paper presented at North American Labor History Conference. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 2005. Smith, Michael. “Opposition to Vietnam War.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Trotsky, Leon, James Patrick Cannon, Max Shachtman, and Vincent Raymond Dunne. Leon Trotsky on Labor Party: Stenographic Report of Discussion Held in 1938 with Leaders of the Socialist Workers Party. Pamphlet. [New York]: Bulletin Publications, 1968. U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities. American Aspects of Assassination of Leon Trotsky. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951. U.S. House Committee on Internal Security. Communists in the Trotsky Mold; a Report on the Socialist Workers Party and the Young Socialist Alliance. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971. Volkogonov, Dmitrii Antonovich. Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary. Edited and translated by Harold Shukman. New York: The Free Press, 1996. Discusses American Trotskyism and KGB infiltration of the Trotskyist movement. Wald, Alan. “The End of American Trotskyism?” Against the Current 53, 54, & 55 (1994-95). Surveys recent books on U.S. Trotskyism, comparing the experience of Trotskyism in the 30s with that of the 60s. Concluded that the core ideas of Trotskyist theory remain compelling but are most useful as part of a larger conception of a revolutionary socialist movement. He urges scholars and activists to emulate the “New historians of U.S. Communism“ in the sense of undertaking fresh local studies of U.S. Trotskyism with an emphasis on rank-and-file activities, regional experiences, and gender, ‘race‘ and ethnicity issues. Response by Frank Lovell, July-August 1995, by Steve Bloom, September-October 1995, reply by Wald, September-October 1995. Wald, Alan. “Trotskyism and the Angel of History.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Woolley, Barry Lee. Adherents of Permanent Revolution: A History of the Fourth (Trotskyist) International. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999. Written by a Trotskyist veteran. A history of the Fourth International from its founding until its Tenth World Congress in 1974. Discusses American Trotskyists and the Socialist Workers Party and includes a list of party names and pseudonyms. **************************************************************** Smith Act Prosecution of the Trotskyists Cannon, James P. Socialism on Trial. New York, 1942. Contains the stenographic testimony of Cannon at the 1941 trial of Socialist Workers party and Minneapolis Teamster Local 544 leader under the Smith Act. Cannon, James Patrick, ed. Why We Are in Prison: Farewell Speeches of the 18 SWP and 544-CIO Minneapolis Prisoners. Pamphlet. New York, NY: Pioneer Publishers, 1944. Cannon, James Patrick. Socialism on Trial: The Official Court Record of James P. Cannon’s Testimony in the Famous Minneapolis “Sedition” Trial. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973. Cannon, James Patrick, and Grandizo Munis. Defense Policy in the Minneapolis Trial. Pamphlet. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1942. Pahl, Thomas L. “The G-String Conspiracy, Political Reprisal or Armed Revolt?: The Minneapolis Trotskyite Trial.” Labor History 8, no. 1 (Winter 1967). Discusses government prosecution of the Socialist Workers party under the Smith Act in the early 1940s. **************************************************************** Detroit Trotskyists Breitman, Dorothea. “Detroit Branch, 1950s-1960s.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Georgakas, Dan. “The Detroiters and Others.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. **************************************************************** James Cannon and American Trotskyism Cannon, James Patrick. The History of American Trotskyism: Report of a Participant. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1944. Written by American Trotskyism’s founder and dominant figure. Cannon, James Patrick. American Stalinism and Anti-Stalinism. Pamphlet. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1947. Cannon, James Patrick. Notebook of an Agitator. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1958. Cannon, James Patrick. The First Ten Years of American Communism: Report of a Participant. New York: L. Stuart, 1962. Memoir by a Communist and later Trotskyist leader. Cannon, James Patrick. Speeches for Socialism. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971. Cannon, James Patrick. Speeches to the Party: The Revolutionary Perspective and the Revolutionary Party. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973. Cannon, James Patrick. The Struggle for Socialism in the “American Century”: James P. Cannon Writings and Speeches, 1945-47. Edited by Leslie Evans. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977. Cannon, James Patrick. The Left Opposition in the U.S., 1928-31: Writings and Speeches, 1928-31. Edited by Fred Stanton. New York, NY: Monad Press for the Anchor Foundation, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1981. Cannon, James Patrick. The Communist League of America, 1932-34: James P. Cannon, Writings and Speeches, 1932-34. New York: Monad Press, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1985. Cannon, James Patrick. James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism: Selected Writings and Speeches, 1920-1928. New York City: Prometheus Research Library, 1992. Well edited collection of sixty Cannon articles, speeches, letters, and intraparty statements, a number previously unpublished, as well as five items by Cannon’s allies (Martin Abern, Arne Swabeck, Alfred Wagenknecht, and Antoinette Konikow) and one anti-Cannon document by Jack Stachel. Contains as well an index and glossary and a bibliography of Cannon’s writings and speeches, 1912-1928. Cannon, James Patrick. The History of American Trotskyism, 1928-1938: Report of a Participant. New York: Pathfinder, 2002. 4th edition with additional material. Cannon, James Patrick, and Rose Karsner. Letters from Prison. New York: Merit Publishers, 1968. Cannon, James Patrick, Max Shachtman, and others. Dog Days: James P. Cannon Vs. Max Shachtman in the Communist League of America 1931-1933. Edited by Prometheus Research Library. New York, NY: Spartacist Pub., 2002. Evans, Les, and others. James P. Cannon as We Knew Him. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976. Reminiscences by thirty-three Trotskyists and colleagues. Palmer, Bryan. “Love and Revolution: Jim Cannon, Rose Karsner and the Relation of the Personal and the Political in the Formation of the American Trotskyist Movement.” Paper presented at North American Labor History Conference. Wayne State University, Detroit, 1999. Palmer, Bryan. “Perspectives on Cannon.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Palmer, Bryan D. “Maurice Spector, James P. Cannon, and the Origins of Canadian Trotskyism.” Labour/Le Travail, no. 56 (Fall 2005): 91. Palmer, Bryan D. James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890-1928. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. TOC: Introduction: The communist can(n)on -- Rosedale roots: facts and fictions -- Youth’s discoveries -- Hobo rebel/homeguard -- Red dawn -- Underground -- Geese in flight -- Pepper spray -- Stalinist suspensions -- Labor defender -- Living with Lovestone -- Expulsion -- Conclusion: James P. Cannon, the United States revolutionary movement, and the end of an age of innocence. **************************************************************** Cochran Tendency and the Socialist Union of America American Socialist. The American Socialist. New York: American Socialist Publications, 1954. Journal of the Cochranist faction. Proyect, Louis. “Reflections on the Cochran Tendency.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Socialist Union of America. The Educator. New York City: Socialist Union of America, 1953. Internal journal, 1953, of the Cochranist faction. **************************************************************** C.L.R. James and the Johnson-Forest Tendency Buhle, Paul, ed. C.L.R. James, His Life and Work. London, New York: Allison & Busby, distr. by Schocken Books, 1986. Buhle, Paul. C.L.R. James: The Artist as Revolutionary. London, New York: Verso, 1988. Buhle, Paul. “C. L. R. James; Revolutionary, 1901-89.” Radical America 22, no. 5 (1989). Dworkin, Dennis. “C. L. R. James in Nevada.” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2001). Regarding James’ 1948 visit. Farred, Grant. “C.L.R. James and U.S. Trotskyism.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Glaberman, Martin. “C.L.R. James - A Recollection.” New Politics 2 (Winter 1990). Glaberman, Martin. “C.L.R. James and the Johnson-Forest Tendency.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Grimshaw, Anna. “C.L.R. James’s American Civilization.” Paper presented at “Cold War Culture” conference. University College, London, U.K., 1994. Hogsbjerg, Christian. “Beyond the Boundary of Leninism? CLR James and 1956.” Revolutionary History 9, no. 3 (2006). James, C. L. R., and Constance Webb. Special Delivery: The Letters of C.L.R. James to Constance Webb, 1939-1948. Edited by Anna Grimshaw. Oxford Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995. MacKenzie, Alan J. “Radical Pan-Africanism in the 1930s: A Discussion with C.L.R. James.” Radical History Review, no. 24 (Fall 1980). Discusses the role of Communists in Black politics in the 1930s. McIntosh, Andrew. “C.L.R. James and the Black Jacobins Revisited.” Society 40, no. 4 (2003). McLemee, Scott. “Anticipating the New Left: CLR James, the Johnson Forest Group, and Participatory Democracy.” Paper presented at Viet Nam Generation, Inc’s “Sixties Generations” conference. Western Connecticut State University, 1994. McLemee, Scott, and Paul Le Blanc, eds. C.L.R. James and Revolutionary Marxism: Selected Writings of C.L.R. James 1939-1949. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1994. Reprints James essays on Trotsky, Richard Wright, André Malraux, Edmund Wilson, African-American history, and labor history as well as essays on James: Scott McLemee, “American Civilization and World Revolution: C.L.R. James in the United States, 1938-1953 and Beyond,” Charles van Geldern, “C. L. R. James -- Thinker, Writer, Revolutionary,” Martin Glaberman, “C. L. R. James: A Recollection,” John Bracey, “Nello,” and Paul Buhle, “Marxism in the USA.” Nordquist, Joan, comp. C. L. R. James: A Bibliography. Santa Cruz, CA: Reference and Research Services, 2001. Robinson, Cedric J. “C.L.R. James and the Black Radical Tradition.” Review 6 (Winter 1983). Thelwill, Michael. “C.L.R. James: More Dangerous As He Grew Older.” Radical America 22, no. 5 (1989). Webb, Constance. Not Without Love: Memoirs. Hanover Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth College & University Press of New England, 2003. Worcester, Kent. “C.L.R. James and the Gospel of American Modernity.” Socialism and Democracy 8, no. 2-3 (1992). “In preaching the gospel of a reconstructed American modernity, James provocatively combined Marxist, populist, autonomist, ‘Johnsonite’ and Jeffersonian themes in a way that defied the conventional categories of both the New York intellectuals and the critical theorists of the Frankfurt School.” Worcester, Kent. “C.L.R. James, Multiculturalism, and the Canon.” National Political Science Review 4 (1994). Discusses the relevancy of James’ views to the debate over multiculturalism. Worcester, Kent. “The American C.L.R. James.” Minnesota Review (1995). Essay-review of McLemee and Le Blanc’s C.L.R. James and Revolutionary Marxism. Sees James while in the U.S. (1938-1953) breaking with the idea of a vanguard party, bringing out the centrality of the Negro question in America, and developing ideas that presaged the New Left, black power, and feminism. Discusses James’ analysis of American history and culture in his lengthy unpublished manuscript “American Civilization.” Worcester, Kent. C.L.R. James: A Political Biography. [Albany]: State University of New York Press, 1995. Biography of one of the most prolific radical intellectuals of this century, touching on James’ work in Marxist theory, revolutionary and Caribbean politics, literature, popular culture, and cricket. **************************************************************** Leninist League Leninist League USA. In Defense of Bolshevism. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1937. Leninist League USA. The Bulletin of the Leninist League, U.S.A. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1939. Leninist League USA. Report and Discussion on Break with S.W.P. Pamphlet. [New York: Leninist League USA, 1947. **************************************************************** Revolutionary Workers League (Hugo Oehler and Thomas Stamm) Revolutionary Workers League of the U.S. Constitution of the Revolutionary Workers League, U.S., and Its Position on Democratic Centralism. New York: Demos Press, 1938. Revolutionary Workers League (U.S.). Draft Program of the Revolutionary Workers League of the United States. Chicago: Revolutionary Workers League, 1939. Revolutionary Workers League. The Fourth International. New York City: Revolutionary Workers League, 1936. Journal, 1936-. Revolutionary Workers League. The Marxist. [Chicago]: Revolutionary Workers League of the U.S., 1939. Journal, 1939-. Revolutionary Workers League, U.S. Revolt. New York: Revolutionary Workers League, U.S., 1938. Published by the Convention Organization Committee of the Revolutionary Workers League, March-April, 1938. Workers League for a Revolutionary Party. The Bulletin of the Workers League for a Revolutionary Party. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. Reprint of a late 1930s periodical originally published in New York by the Red Star Press. Journal of a faction, led by George Marlen, the split from the RWL. Volume includes reprints of: In Defense of Bolshevism, Bulletin of the Leninist League, U.S.A., Bulletin (Leninist League, U.S.A.), and: Political Correspondence of the Workers League for a Revolutionary Party, 1946-1950. **************************************************************** Max Shachtman and the Workers Party Browder, Earl, and Max Shachtman. Is Russia a Socialist Community? a Debate: Yes! Earl Browder No! Max Shachtman. Pamphlet. Bombay, India: C.P.D. Kurup, 1950. Buhle, Paul, ed. The Legacy of the Workers Party, 1940-1949 Recollections and Reflections: A Tamiment Library/Oral History of the American Left Conference, May 6-7, 1983. New York, N.Y.: New York University Libraries, Tamiment Institute/Ben Josephson Library, 1985. Edited transcript of oral recollections of former Workers party (Shachtmanists) activists. Drucker, Peter. Max Shachtman and His Left: A Socialist’s Odyssey Through the “American Century.” Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1994. Explores the activity and thought of Shachtman, who from the 1920s to the 1970s moved from the Communist party to a leading figure in the early American Trotskyist movement, to breaking with Trotskyism over its continued defense of the Soviet state to found the Workers Party, and then moving toward social democracy via the Socialist Party and eventually supporting the Humphrey/Jackson wing of the Democratic party. Defines three paradigms within which Shachtman operated--his Trotskyist paradigm, his independent socialist paradigm and his realignment paradigm--and explains each as determined by a relationship to a particular sector of the labor movement--the CIO rank and file, the leadership of the UAW under Walter Reuther, and the AFL-CIO leadership under George Meany. Drucker, Peter. “Max Shachtman’s Three Marxisms: A Political Activist and Theorist’s Odyssey Through the ‘American Century.’” Ph.D. diss. Columbia University, 1994. Drucker, Peter. “Perspectives on Shachtman.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Glotzer, Albert. “Max Shachtman -- A Political-Biographical Essay.” Bulletin of the Tamiment Institute, Ben Josephson Library 50 (April 1983). The issue also contains a guide to the extensive Shachtman collection of the Tamiment Institute. Haskell, Gordon K. A Missionary Shachtmanite: A Political Autobiography, [privately printed], 1991. Jacobson, Julius. “The Two Deaths of Max Shachtman.” New Politics 10 (Winter 1973). Kollisch, Eva. Girl in Movement: A Memoir. Thetford, VT: Glad Day Books, 2000. Kollisch was active in Max Shachtman’s Workers Party in the 1940s. Such figures as Stanley Plastrik (to whom she was married) and Irving Howe appear under pseudonyms. Shachtman, Max. “Radicalism in the Thirties: The Trotskyist View.” In As We Saw the Thirties: Essays on Social and Political Movements of a Decade, edited by Rita James Simon. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967. Shachtman, Max. The Fight for Socialism: The Principles and Program of the Workers Party. New York: New International Publishing Co., 1946. Shachtman, Max. “25 Years of American Trotskyism.” New International 20 (February 1954). Shachtman, Max. The Bureaucratic Revolution: The Rise of the Stalinist State. New York: Donald Press, 1962. Shachtman’s analysis of how the Bolshevik revolution had produced not simply a deformed workers state but a new form of tyranny. Shachtman, Max. Marxist Politics or Unprincipled Combinationism? Internal Problems of the Workers Party. Pamphlet. New York: Prometheus Research Library, 2000. Shachtman, Max. Race and Revolution. Edited by Christopher Phelps. London New York: Verso, 2003. Edited version of a unfinished Shachtman manuscript. Slavin, Morris. “Reflections on the Workers Party.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Weir, Stan. “Requiem for Max Shachtman.” Radical America 7, no. 1 (1973). Written by a former Shachtmanist. **************************************************************** Shermanites Selznick, Philip. The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Includes some autobiographical reflections on his youthful Trotskyism. He became a young Trotskyist around 1937 and joined Max Shachtman's Workers Party when it split from the Socialist Workers party in 1940. Selznick, under his party name “Sherman,” organized a faction known as the "Shermanites" opposing Shachtman. The Shermanites group considered themselves revolutionary but "anti-Bolshevik." Spartacist League Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities. The Spartacist League and Certain Other Communist Activities in South Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Legislature, 1967. NYC Spartacist League. Spartacist East. New York, N.Y.: NYC Spartacist League, 1968. Journal, 1968-. Wohlforth, Tim. What is Spartacist? Pamphlet. New York, NY: Labor Publications, 1971. Regarding the Spartacist faction. **************************************************************** Vern-Ryan Tendency Vern, Dennis, and Sam Ryan. Documents of the Vern-Ryan Tendency, 1950-1953. [Los Angeles, CA?]: Communard Publishers, 1983. **************************************************************** Weiss Current Edwards, Theodore. “The Weiss Current.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. **************************************************************** League for a Revolutionary Workers Party (B.J. Field) League for a Revolutionary Workers Party. Labor Front. New York, N.Y.: Labor Front Publishing Association, 1934. Journal, 1934-1936, of the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party aka Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party (U.S.) led by B.J. Field **************************************************************** Trotskyism and Maoism Fields, A.B. “Trotskyism and Maoism: A Comparative Analysis of Theory and Practice in France and the United States.” Studies in Comparative Communism 16 (Spring-Summer 1983). Fields, A. Belden. Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States. New York: Praeger, 1988. **************************************************************** Trotskyists and the Labor Movement Brown, Kathleen. “Women in Minneapolis Strike.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Burke, Arthur. “The Work of Cannon and Shachtman in the Trade Unions, Part IV: The Trotskyists in the UAW.” Bulletin of the Workers League for a Revolutionary Party 9 (June-July 1946). Devinatz, Victor. “Trotskyists in Auto.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Devinatz, Victor G. “The Role of the Trotskyists in the United Auto Workers, 1939-1949.” Left History 10, no. 2 (2005). Dobbs, Farrell. Teamster Bureaucracy. New York: Published by Monad Press for the Anchor Foundation:, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1977. Discusses the expulsion of Trotskyists from their positions within the Teamsters. Dobbs, Farrell. Teamster Power. New York: Monad Press, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1973. Discusses the growth of Teamster local 574 under Trotskyist leadership in the year 1934-1939. Dobbs, Farrell. Teamster Rebellion. New York: Monad Press, 1972. Memoir of a Trotskyist trade union leader. Discusses his role in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamster strike which broke open-shop domination of the city. James, Ralph C., and Estelle James. Hoffa and the Teamsters a Study of Union Power. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1965. Notes the influence of Trotskyists on Hoffa’s tactics. James, Ralph C., and Estelle James. “The Purge of the Trotskyites from the Teamsters.” Western Political Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1966). Reviews the rise and fall of Trotskyist power (1934-1941) in Minneapolis Teamsters locals and the Central States Drivers Council. Korth, Philip A. Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995. Le Blanc, Paul, and Thomas Barrett, eds. Revolutionary Labor Socialist: The Life, Ideas, and Comrades of Frank Lovell. Union City, NJ: Smyrna Press, 2000. A Trotskyist organizer who worked in the SUP and UAW. Moody, Kim. “C.P. & Trotskyist Trade Unionism.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Morris, George. The Trotskyite 5th Column in the Labor Movement. New York: New Century Publishers, Inc., 1945. Communist denunciation of Trotskyist labor organizing. Quam, Lois, and Peter J. Rachleff. “Keeping Minneapolis an Open-Shop Town: The Citizens’ Alliance in the 1930s.” Minnesota History 50, no. 3 (Fall 1986). Notes the role of a Trotskyist-led Teamster local in breaking the power of the open shop movement in Minneapolis. Sannes, Erling N. “‘There is Power in a Union’: Organizing Fargo’s Milk-Wagon Drivers in 1934.” North Dakota History 54, no. 2 (Spring 1987). Notes the role of Miles Dunne and other Minneapolis Trotskyist leaders of Teamster Local 574 in the organizing and strike action of Fargo Teamster Local 173. Notes the sympathy and assistance provided to the strike by the Farmers Holiday Association and by important politicians linked to the farmers Nonpartisan League. Sannes, Erling N. “‘Union Makes Strength’: Organizing Teamsters in South Dakota in the 1930s.” South Dakota History 18, no. 1&2 (Spring/Summer 1988). Notes role of Minneapolis Teamster and Trotskyist leaders Carl Skoglund, Farrell Dobbs, and Vincent Dunne in spreading Teamster organizing into South Dakota. Notes that in 1938 Aaron Kruger lost his position as vice-president of the South Dakota State Federation of Labor in part for his links to the C.P.-influenced Workers Alliance. Tank, Herb. Inside Job! The Story of Trotskyite Intrigue in the Labor Movement. Pamphlet. New York: New Century Publishers, 1947. Communist attack on Trotskyist labor organizing. Tussey, Jean. “Trotskyist Labor Perspectives.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Walker, Charles Rumford. American City: A Rank and File History. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1937. Discusses the Trotskyist-led Teamster strike in Minneapolis. **************************************************************** Trotskyism and Black Americans Breitman, George. Malcolm X and the Third American Revolution: The Writings of George Breitman. Edited by Anthony Marcus. Revolutionary Studies. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2005. Grauer, Gladys. “Experiences of an African-American Trotskyist.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Phelps, Christopher. “Black Trotskyists.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Somburu, Kwame. “Malcolm X and Trotskyism.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Trotsky, Leon. Leon Trotsky on Black Nationalism & Self-Determination. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978. Wald, Alan. “Breitman and the Post-World War II Black Radicalization.” Paper presented at North American Labor History Conference. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 2005. **************************************************************** Trotskyism and the Intelligentsia Myers, Constance Ashton. “‘We Were a Little Hipped on the Subject of Trotsky,’ Literary Trotskyists in the 1930s.” In Cultural Politics: Radical Movements in Modern History, edited by Jerold M. Starr and Jerold M. Starr. New York: Praeger, 1985. Wald, Alan M. “Trotsky and American Intellectuals.” Cahiers Leon Trotsky [France] 19 (September 1984) **************************************************************** Illustrative CPUSA Attacks on American Trotskyism Olgin, Moissaye J. Trotskyism: Counter-Revolution in Disguise. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1935. Rabid denunciation of Trotskyism one of the most evil forces in the world. Wolfe, Bertram David. The Trotsky Opposition: Its Significance for American Workers. Pamphlet. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928. CPUSA attack on Trotskyism. **************************************************************** Leon Trotsky and the Dewey Commission Belton, John. “The Commission of Inquiry Into Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Great Purge Trials in Moscow.” Master’s thesis. Emory University, 1977. History of the commission (Dewey Commission) of American intellectuals who investigated Soviet charges against Trotsky and found them largely baseless or unproven. Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. The Case of Leon Trotsky: Report of Hearings on the Charges Made Against Him in the Moscow Trials. By the Preliminary Commission of Inquiry, John Dewey, Chairman [and Others]. Edited by Albert Manning Glotzer and John Dewey. New York: Merit Publishers, 1968. Dewey, John, Benjamin Stolberg, Suzanne La Follette, and Commission of Inquiry into the Charges made against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. The Case of Leon Trotsky. Edited by Albert Glotzer. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937. Dewey, John, Benjamin Stolberg, Suzanne La Follette, and Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. Not Guilty: Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938. Engerman, David C. “Leon Trotsky, John Dewey, and the Soviets: A Soviet Document on an Episode in American Intellectual History.” Intellectual History Newsletter 20 (1998). Martin, Jay F. “John Dewey and the Trial of Leon Trotsky.” Partisan Review 68, no. 4 (2001). Poole, Thomas Ray, ed. Counter-Trial: Leon Trotsky on the Soviet Purge Trials. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1974. Microfilm. Spitzer, Alan B. Historical Truth and Lies About the Past: Reflections on Dewey, Dreyfus, de Man, and Reagan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Discusses the Dewey Commission’s inquiry on the USSR’s charges against Trotsky and the vicious attacks on the commission by Communists and their allies. Trotsky, Leon. The Stalin School of Falsification. Translated by John G. Wright, introduction and commentary Max Shachtman. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1962. Wald, Alan M. “Memorials of the John Dewey Commission: Forty Years Later.” Antioch Review 38 (1977) **************************************************************** Trotskyist Reference Works “Encyclopedia of Trotskyism On-Line,” 2002. <http://www.trotskyism.org> Lubitz, Wolfgang, comp. and ed. Trotsky Bibliography: A Classified List of Published Items About Leon Trotsky and Trotskyism. New York: K.G. Saur, 1988. Lubitz, Wolfgang, and Petra Lubitz, comps. and eds. Trotsky Bibliography: An International Classified List of Publications About Leon Trotsky and Trotskyism 1905-1998. München New York: K.G. Saur, 1999. **************************************************************** Trotskyist Records and Documents Alexander, Robert Jackson. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. Breitman, George, ed. The Founding of the Socialist Workers Party: Minutes and Resolutions, 1938-39. New York: Monad Press, distr. by Pathfinder Press, 1982. Cannon, James Patrick. The Struggle for a Proletarian Party. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1943. Documentary record of Communist factionalism. Communist League of America. Internal Bulletin. New York: National Committee, 1932. Journal, 1932-1934. Communist League of America, and International Communist League. International Bulletin of the League of Communist Internationalists. [New York, N.Y.]: Communist League of America, 1934. Communist League of America (Opposition). War and the 4th International Draft Theses Adopted by the International Secretariat of the International Communist League. Edited by Sara Weber. [New York]: Communist League of America, 1934. Communist League of America (Opposition) National Youth Committee. Young Spartacus. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1970. Reprint of the journal of the Communist League of America (Opposition) National Youth Committee, Spartacus Youth Clubs of America and Spartacus Youth League. Four volumes. Left Wing Group, Workers Party U.S.A. International News. New York: Left Wing Group, Workers Party U.S.A., 1935. Journal, 1935, of a Trotskyist faction. Opposition Group in the Workers (Communist) Party of America. Militant. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. reprint, with an introduction by Joseph Hansen added, of a periodical edited by James P. Cannon originally published in New York November. 15, 1928-March 1, 1929 by the Opposition Group in the Workers (Communist) Party of America; March 15-May 1/15, 1929 by the Opposition Group in the Communist Party of America; June 1, 1929-March 17, 1934 by the Communist League of America (Opposition); March 24-December. 8, 1934, by the Communist League of America. Seven volumes. Turnbull, Emily. “Prometheus Library.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. Workers Party of the United States. Workers Party Internal Bulletin. The Committee, 1935. Journal, 1935. Workers Party of the United States. New Militant. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. Reprint of a periodical, 1934-1936, edited by James P. Cannon and published weekly in New York as the organ of the Workers Party of the U.S. **************************************************************** Lovestone and the Right Opposition Alexander, Robert Jackson. The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930’s. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. Surveys the fate of the Right Opposition led by Jay Lovestone in America and in other nations after its expulsion from the Communist party. Communist Party of the U.S.A. (Majority Group). Revolutionary Age. New York, N.Y.: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. Reprint of the journal of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. (Majority Group), 1929-1932, in three volumes. Communist Party of the United States of America (majority group). The Crisis in the Communist Party of the United States of America. Pamphlet. New York, NY: Revolutionary Age, 1930. Statement of principles of the Lovestoneist splinter. Communist Party U.S.A. (Opposition). Where We Stand. New York: Communist Party of United States (Opposition), 1934. v. 1. Platform and programmatic documents of the International Communist Opposition -- v. 2. Programmatic documents of the Communist Party, USA (Opposition). Communist Youth Opposition (U.S.). Young Communist. [New York, N.Y.?]: Communist Youth Opposition, 1932. Journal, 1932-. Independent Labor League of America. Discussion Bulletin of the Independent Labor League of America. [New York]: The League, 1939. Journal, 193 Independent Labor League of America. Workers Age. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. Reprint. Originally published as the official organ of the Independent Labor League of America. Organ of the National Council of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. (Majority Group), 1932; of the National Council of the Communist Party of the U.S.A. (Opposition), 1932-1934; of the National Committee, Communist Party U.S.A. (Opposition), 1935-1937; of the National Council, Independent Communist Labor League of America, 1937-1938; of the National Council, Independent Labor League of America, 1938-1941. International Communist Opposition, and Communist Party (Opposition) (U.S.). The International Class Struggle. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1936. Lovestone, Jay. The People’s Front Illusion: From “Social Fascism” to the “People’s Front.” New York: Workers Age Publishers, 1937. Mangold, Tom. Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA’s Master Spy Hunter. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. Says that Jay Lovestone was a paid CIA contact until 1974 when Colby ordered review on Angleton activities and closed the case. Lovestone information was called JX by CIA, run directly by Angleton, with payment to Lovestone through Mario Brod, Angleton’s lawyer. Tom Braden handled Lovestone from 1950 to 1954, then when Braden left, replaced by Angleton. Morgan, Ted. A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone, Communist, Anti-Communist, and Spymaster. New York: Random House, 1999. Comprehensive journalistic biography covering Lovestone’s leadership of the CPUSA in the 1920s, his expulsion by Moscow in 1929, leadership of a C.P. opposition group in the 1930s, his shift toward a social democratic stance and his taking on a major role as a publicly little-known but highly influential anti-Communist figure in the labor movement both in the U.S. and abroad. Discusses his covert relationship with the CIA in the Cold War. Tosstorff, Reiner. “The Secret World of American Communism -- Eine Marginalie Zur Martin-Lovestone-Connection.” The International Newsletter of Historical Studies on Comintern, Communism and Stalinism 4&5, no. 9-13 (1997-98). U.S. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (Dies Committee). Testimony of Jay Lovestone, Secretary, Independent Labor League of America. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1939-40. Wolfe, Bertram David. What is the Communist Opposition? Pamphlet. New York: Workers Age Publishing Association, 1933. Wolfe, Bertram David. Marx and America. Pamphlet. New York: John Day Company, 1934. **************************************************************** Monthly Review Phelps, Christopher. “[Anniversary Issue]” Monthly Review, May 1999. Anniversary issue edited by Phelps. Includes photos and assessment of Monthly Review’s and its editors’s critical relationship to Communist Party and opposition to McCarthyism. Includes “An Interview with Paul M. Sweezy,” “An Interview with Harry Magdoff,” and “An Interview with Ellen Meiksins Wood.” Simon, John J. “Leo Huberman: Radical Agitator, Socialist Teacher.” Monthly Review 55, no. 5 (2003) Sweezy, Paul, and Harry Magdoff. “Marxism in America: The Monthly Review Experience -- An Interview by Michael Hillard and Claude Misukiewicz.” Rethinking Marxism 1 (Spring 1988) **************************************************************** Communist League of Struggle Communist League of Struggle (U.S.), and Albert Weisbord. Class Struggle. New York: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1968. Reprint. Originally issued: New York Communist League of Struggle, 1931-1937 Weisbord, Albert. The Conquest of Power. New York: Covici-Friede, 1937. Weisbord, a leading Communist labor organizer in the mid-1920, split from the party, was briefly associated with the Trotskyists, and then founded the Communist League of Struggle. The Conquest of Power expressed Weisbord’s philosophy and interpretation of the history of the Communist movement in America. **************************************************************** Communist Workers Party and Greensboro Bacigal, Ronald J., and Margaret Ivey Bacigal. “When Racists and Radicals Meet.” Emory Law Journal 38 (Fall 1989). Discusses the violent 1979 clash between the Communist Worker’s party and the KKK and American Nazis in Greensboro, NC. Bermanzohn, Sally Avery. “Survivors of the 1979 Greensboro Massacre: A Study of the Long Term Impact of Protest Movements On the Political Socialization of Radical Activists.” Ph.D. diss. CUNY, 1994. Discusses activists of the Communist Workers Party. Bryant, Pat. “Justice Vs. the Movement.” Radical America 14, no. 6 (1980). Outraged that in connection with the November 1979 Klan shooting of Communist Workers Party members in Greensboro, North Carolina, that the federal government’s Community Relations Service cooperated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Eastland, Terry. “The Communists and the Klan.” Commentary 69, no. 5 (1980). Discusses the violent confrontation between the Ku Klux Klan and the Communist Workers’ Party (Workers’ Viewpoint Organization) in November 1979 in Greensboro, North Carolina. Institute for Southern Studies. “The Third of November.” Southern Exposure 9, no. 3 (1981). On the murders of five Communist Workers Party demonstrators in Greensboro, North Carolina, on 3 November 1979 in a clash with members of the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi Party and the acquittal one year later of the six men charged with the crime. Klehr, Harvey. “Maoists Move in on Manhattan Dems.” Our Town, 2 August 1987. Documents the entrance of members of the Communist Workers Party (renamed the New Democratic Movement in 1985) into Democratic Party political clubs in New York City using the CWP-linked Asian-Americans for Equality. Parenti, Michael, and Carolyn Kazdin. “The Untold Story of the Greensboro Massacre.” Monthly Review 33, no. 6 (1981). Accuses local, state, and federal law enforcement officials of complicity with the Klan and Nazis in the killings of Communist Workers’ Party militants. Waller, Signe. Love and Revolution: A Political Memoir: People’s History of the Greensboro Massacre, Its Setting and Aftermath. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. Wheaton, Elizabeth. Codename GREENKIL: The 1979 Greensboro Killings. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987. Discusses in detail the murderous gun battle between activists of the Communist Workers Party, the KKK, and American Nazis. Wheaton, Liz. “The Third of November.” Southern Exposure, Summer 1981. **************************************************************** Independent Socialist Party Rubinstein, Annette. “The Independent Socialist Party.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. **************************************************************** Maoists Alexander, Robert Jackson. Maoism in the Developed World. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. Surveys Maoist organizations in the U.S. Avakian, Bob. From Ike to Mao and Beyond: My Journey from Mainstream America to Revolutionary Communist: A Memoir. Chicago, IL: Insight Press, 2005. Chang, Nien-chen. “Maoists’ Infiltration and Subversive Activities in the U.S.A.” Issues & Studies [Taiwan] 7, no. 7 (1971). Clecak, Peter. Radical Paradoxes; Dilemmas of the American Left: 1945-1970. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Offers a rehabilitation of Stalinism and an endorsement of Maoism. Kampen, Thomas. Chinese Communists and the West: A Concise Biographical Handbook of Chinese Communists and Western Supporters. Copenhagen London: NIAS Taylor & Francis, 2002. Miller, William J. The People’s Republic of China’s United Front Tactics in the United States, 1972-1988. Bakersfield, CA: C. Schlacks, Jr., 1988. U.S. House Committee on Internal Security. America’s Maoists: The Revolutionary Union, the Venceremos Organization Report. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1972. **************************************************************** Marxist-Leninist Party Central Organization of U.S. Marxist-Leninists. U.S. Marxist-Leninists, Unite in Struggle Against Social-Chauvinism! Proletarian Revolution in the U.S. is Our Sacred Internationalist Duty!: Two Articles on the Path Forward in Party Building. Chicago: Central Organization of U.S. Marxist-Leninists, 1977. McLemee, Scott. “Nothing To Be Done.” In These Times, 21 March 1994. On the dissolution of the Marxist-Leninist Party USA, descendent of the late-1960s era American Communist Workers Movement (Marxist-Leninist) and the Central Organization of U.S. Marxist-Leninists. The party upheld Marxism-Leninism as interpreted by Enver Hoxha of the Party of Labor of Albania. **************************************************************** Progressive Labor Benin, Leigh David. “A Red Thread In Garment: Progressive Labor And New York City’s Industrial Heartland In The 1960s And 1970s.” Ph.D. diss. New York University, 1997. Progressive Labor Party. Marxist Leninist Quarterly MLQ. Brooklyn, NY: Progressive Labor Co., 1963. Journal. **************************************************************** Proletarian Party Cochran, David. “A Socialist Publishing House.” History Workshop Journal [U.K.], no. 24 (1987). Notes that control of Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company and International Socialist Review were passed to persons who had aligned with the Proletarian Party in the 1920s. Johnson, Oakley C. “1919 Crucial Year on the Left: A Study of the Proletarian Party.” Political Affairs 53 (December 1974). Ruff, Allen. “A Path Not Taken: The Proletarian Party and the Early History of Communism in the United States.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, 1991. A faction of the left-wing of the Socialist Party in Michigan took part in the founding of the Communist Party of America. But it split within a year, arguing that the C.P. had overestimated the readiness of American workers for Bolshevik-style revolution. This group formed the Proletarian Party. Ruff, Allen. “A Path Not Taken: The Proletarian Party and the Early History of Communism in the United States.” In Culture, Gender, Race, and U.S. Labor History, edited by Ronald Charles Kent. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. A faction of the left-wing of the Socialist Party in Michigan took part in the founding of the Communist Party of America. But it split within a year, arguing that the C.P. had overestimated the readiness of American workers for Bolshevik-style revolution. This group formed the Proletarian Party. **************************************************************** Proletarian Unity League Sarkis, Charles, ed. What Went Wrong? Articles and Letters on the U.S. Communist Left in the 1970’s. New York: United Labor Press, 1982. Proletarian Unity League. **************************************************************** Revolutionary Communist League (Internationalist) Anton, Peter. Internationalist News Letter. New York: Revolutionary Communist League-(Internationalist), 1972. Journal. **************************************************************** Revolutionary Communist Party Goldstein, Robert Justin. “The Revolutionary Communist Party and Flag Burning During Its Forgotten Years, 1974-1989.” Raven: A Journal of Vexillology, no. 6 (1999). On the RCP’s adoption of burning the American flag as a tactic. Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Revolution. [Chicago, IL]: The Party, 1975. Journal. Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Revolution and Counter-Revolution the Revisionist Coup in China and the Struggle in the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Chicago: RCP Publications, 1978. **************************************************************** Third Camp Socialism Johnson, Alan. “‘Neither Moscow Nor Washington’: The Third Camp as History and a Living Legacy.” New Politics 7, no. 3 (n.s.) (Summer 1999). Johnson, Alan. “Hal Draper & Third Camp Socialism.” Paper presented at “Explorations in the History of U.S. Trotskyism” conference. New York University, Tamiment Library, 2000. ****************************************************************













‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Return to Table of Contents – Chapter Titles Only Return to Table of Contents - Chapter Titles with Sections and Subsections Chapter 6 Communism, Farmers, and Farm Workers Dann, Jim. “In the Great Depression -- 1930-1940: Communists Try to Organize ‘Factories in the Fields.” Progressive Labor 6 (February 1969). Dyson, Lowell. “The Milk Strike of 1939 and the Destruction of the Dairy Farmers Union.” New York History 51, no. 5 (October 1970). After the DFU, which had a significant element of Communist leadership, led a successful milk strike, anticommunism was used to discredit and destroy it. Dyson, Lowell. “The Red Peasant International in America.” Journal of American History 58, no. 4 (March 1972): 958-73. Discusses the difficulty Communists had deciding upon a strategy for approaching American farmers. Dyson, Lowell. “The Farmer and the Left: The Influence of Radical Farm Organizations.” In Farmers, Bureaucrats, and Middlemen Historical Perspectives in American Agriculture, edited by Trudy Huskamp Peterson. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1980. Discusses the importance of Communist-influenced farm organizations in the 1930s. Dyson, Lowell. “The American Left and Farmers in the 20th Century.” Paper presented at Austrian Association for American Studies “America and the Left” conference. University of Graz, Austria, 1992. Dyson, Lowell K. “Radical Farm Organizations and Periodicals in America, 1920-1960.” Agricultural History 45, no. 2 (April 1971). Dyson, Lowell K. Red Harvest: The Communist Party and American Farmers. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Well written and well researched history of the Communist party’s efforts, largely unsuccessful, to organize farmers in the 1920s and 1930s. Emphasizes the period prior to the Popular Front. Dyson, Lowell K. Farmers’ Organizations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986. Guide to farmers’ organizations, including radical ones. Fitzgerald, Deborah K. “Collective Farms as Models for American Agriculture.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting. St. Louis, Missouri, 2000. Harris, Lement. Harold M. Ware (1890-1935): Agricultural Pioneer, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. New York: American Institute for Marxist Studies, 1978. Admiring biography of the Party’s pioneering agricultural specialist by another of the Party’s agricultural specialists. Harris, Lement. My Tale of Two Worlds: USA and USSR. New York: International Publishers, 1986. Autobiography by a leading figure in the C.P.’s agricultural work. Pratt, William C. “Rethinking the Farm Revolt of the 1930s.” Great Plains Quarterly 8, no. 3 (Summer 1988). Discusses the role of the C.P.’s United Farmers League in the farm revolt on the northern Plains, C.P. support among farmers in areas of NE South Dakota and eastern Montana, and the disruptive effect on C.P. support of the growth of popular anti-Communism in the mid-1930s and of key defections to Trotskyism. Pratt, William C. “Using History to Make History? Progressive Farm Organizing During The Farm Revolt of the 1980s.” Annals of Iowa 55 (Winter 1996). Discusses the connection of the rural protest movement of the 1980s with the U.S. Farmers Association which had been expelled from the National Farmers Union in the 1950s. But that connection was relatively short-lived, and the young protesters went on to organize a series of grass-roots movements which looked back on the Farm Holiday Movement of the 1930s as their model. U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities. Hearings Regarding Communist Activities Among Farm Groups. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951. Covers the activities of Lement Harris. **************************************************************** National Farmers Union Chambers, Steven A. “Relations Between Leaders of the Iowa and National Farmers Union Organizations, 1941 to 1950.” Undergraduate honor’s essay. University of Iowa, 1961. Notes the leadership of the Iowa Farmers Union by Popular Front adherents in the 1940s. Crampton, John A. “‘Yours for Humanity...’: The Role of Ideology in the Farmers Union.” Ph.D. diss. University of California, 1962. Crampton, John A. The National Farmers Union: Ideology of a Pressure Group. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965. Briefly discusses factionalism in the NFU involving those close to the Communist party. Field, Bruce E. “The Price of Dissent: The Iowa Farmers Union and the Early Cold War, 1945-54.” Annals of Iowa 55 (Winter 1996). The Iowa Farmers Union became the main battlefield between the Popular Front and the anti-Communist left forces in the National Farmers Union during this period. Field, Bruce E. Harvest of Dissent: The National Farmers Union and the Early Cold War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998. Field, Bruce Edward. “From Critics to Casualties: The National Farmers Union and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1953.” Ph.D. diss. College Of William And Mary, 1994. Critical of the Farmers Union shift from a Popular front to a Cold War liberal stance. Chronicles the change in the foreign policy of the National Farmers Union brought about by U.S. involvement in the Korean War. Abandoning its criticisms of Truman’s Cold War initiatives, the NFU embraced not only American actions in Korea but on a larger scale attempts to further the “American Century.” The Iowa and Northeastern divisions objected to the shift as a capitulation to the corporate-military domination of American society that threatened the family farmer. These affiliates became Cold War casualties when the NFU revoked their charters for their failure to endorse American activities in Korea. Sees the national organization’s embrace of American foreign policy as making it, too, a casualty of the Cold War. Geller, Marc. “Fred Stover and the Farmers Union in Cold War America.” Grinnell College unpublished essay. Special Collections, Parks Library, Iowa State University, Ames., 1976. Mast, Charles Anthony. “Farm Factionalism Over Agricultural Policy: The National Farmers Union, 1926-1937 .” Master’s thesis. University of Maryland, 1967. Notes Communist attempts to influence agricultural organizations. Pratt, William C. “The National Farmers Union and the Cold War.” Paper presented at Northern Great Plains History Conference. Duluth, Minn., 1980. Discusses the elimination of Popular Front elements from the NFU in the early 1950s. Pratt, William C. “The Farmers Union and the 1948 Henry Wallace Campaign.” Annals of Iowa 49, no. 5 (Summer 1988). Finds that National Farmers Union leaders, although sympathetic to Wallace, regarded the third party as poor strategy and saw the C.P. role in the campaign as a liability. Pratt, William C. “Glenn J. Talbott, the Farmers Union, and American Liberalism After World War II.” North Dakota History 55, no. 1 (Winter 1988). Glenn Talbott, leader of the North Dakota Farmers Union from 1938 until 1961, along with James Patton and M.W. Thatcher, dominated the National Farmers Union. Talbott, Patton and Thatcher were inclined to support Popular Front liberalism after World War II but held back from the Wallace movement in 1948 because of fear that it threatened liberal chances to control Congress. Although hostile to anti-Communism, after the Korean war inflamed popular opinion the three expelled those in the Farmers Union most closely aligned with the Communists. By the mid-1950s Talbott and the Farmers Union were firmly aligned with the Democratic party. Pratt, William C. “Farmers Union, McCarthyism and the Demise of the Agrarian Left.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, 1991. Pratt, William C. “The Montana Farmers Union and the Cold War, 1945-1954.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 83 (April 1992). The Montana Farmers Union was one of the most liberal state affiliates and many of its leaders supported the left-wing Montana People’s Voice and the Montana Council for Progressive Political Action; the latter evolved into the Montana Progressive party. In 1948, however, the Wallace candidacy divided the dominant liberal-left alliance. Don Chapman, MFU head and a leading liberal-left spokesman, took an ambiguous position. In 1949 the MFU opposed NATO and aided Farmers Union staffers under attack by the National Farmers Union’s anti-Communist faction. The Korean war, however, broke the left-liberal alliance in the Farmers Union. The MFU fired John Hellman, a fieldman and Communist, who distributed leaflets attacking America’s role in the Korean War while on MFU business. The MFU left wing turned against Chapman and unsuccessfully opposed his reelection in 1950. Pratt, William C. “The Farmers Union, McCarthyism, & the Demise of the Agrarian Left.” Historian 58 (Winter 1996): 330-42. The National Farmers Union had been an important part of the liberal-left coalition in the Democratic Party in the 1940s. Although the majority of its leaders and members refused to support Henry Wallace in 1948, the NFU continued its criticism of President Truman’s foreign policy until the sudden outbreak of war in Korea in 1950. Only one national board member, Fred Stover of Iowa, voted against supporting Truman’s Korean policy, and by 1952 the NFU had moved decisively into the anti-Communist liberal camp and began expelling its left-wing affiliates. Wortman, Roy. “Gender Issues in the National Farmers Union in the 1930s.” Midwest Review 15 (1993). Discusses the National Farmers Weekly: “for whatever its new vision in the 1930s, the C.P. failed to criticize dominant male attitudes and roles which hampered the advancement of women in the home, at work, or even in Communist environments.” Wortman, Roy. “Coughlin in the Countryside: Father Charles Coughlin and the National Farmers Union.” U.S. Catholic Historian 13 (Summer 1995) **************************************************************** United Farmers League Mathews, Allan. “The History of the United Farmers League in South Dakota, 1923-1936: A Study in Farm Radicalism.” Master’s thesis. University of South Dakota, 1972. Mathews, Allan. “Agrarian Radicals: The United Farmers League of South Dakota.” South Dakota History 3, no. 4 (1973). Recounts the brief popularity of the Communist-linked United Farmers League in northeastern South Dakota in the early 1930s. McDonald, Verlaine Stone. “‘A Paper of, by, and for the People’: The Producers News and the Farmers’ Movement in Northeastern Montana, 1918-1937.” Montana 48, no. 4 (1998). Founded in 1915 by Nonpartisan League organizer and later Communist Charles Taylor, the paper was the official voice of a succession of radical agrarian organizations. In 1931 the paper became an official organ of the CPUSA’s United Farmers League, the content became more ideological and strident, and the paper lost touch with its readership and folded in 1937. McDonald, Verlaine Stoner. “Red Waves of Grain: An Analysis of Radical Farm Movement Rhetoric in Montana, 1918-1937.” Ph.D. diss. University of Southern California, 1994. Analysis of the rhetoric of The Producers News of the United Farmers League. **************************************************************** Communists and Midwestern Agriculture Dyson, Lowell. “Militia and Martial Law During the Great Depression: The Iowa Farm Revolt of 1933.” Paper presented at 19th International Colloquium on Military History. Istanbul, Turkey, 1993. Dyson, Lowell K. “The Farm Holiday Movement.” Ph.D. diss. Columbia University, 1968. Ford, Linda. “Women, Leadership and the Farm Holiday: Gender and Midwest Agrarian Activism in the 1930s.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, 1994. Pratt, William C. “Communists and the Farm Revolt of the 1930s.” Paper presented at Northern Great Plains history Conference, Grand Forks, ND, 11 October 2001. Pratt, William. “Radicals, Farmers and Historians: Some Recent Scholarship About Agrarian Radicalism in the Upper Midwest.” North Dakota History 52, no. 4 (Fall 1985). Historiography on farm movements and agrarian radicalism in the upper Midwest: Populism, the Farmers Alliance, the Nonpartisan League, and the Communist Party. Pratt, William. “Farmers, Communists, and the FBI in the Upper Midwest.” Agricultural History 63, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 61-80. Discusses C.P. rural organizing and FBI surveillance of it in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota in the 1940s and 1950s. Reports organizing trips to small towns and visits to scattered farmer Communists by C.P. organizers Alfred Knutson, Clarence Sharp, and John Soltis. Notes evidence suggesting that Ole H. Olson, a former Acting Governor of North Dakota, may have been briefly a C.P. member in the 1930s and reports that one Communist farmer, Lewis Tvelt, served for many years as a county commissioner in Dickey County, SD, while publicly identified as a C.P. member. Notes role of Communists in encouraging North Dakota’s farmers’ Nonpartisan League (NPL), which traditionally worked through Republican party primaries, to align with the state’s Democratic Party in 1944-45. Finds that C.P. members were active in the Farmers Union, the NPL, and the powerful Grain Terminal Association until the Korean War resulted in C.P. isolation. Judges that most rural Communists were settled farmers with families, local attachments, and often came out of a tradition of agrarian radicalism (Populism, S.P., NPL and Farmers Union). Pratt, William. “When the Old Agrarian Left Meets the New: Fred Stover and the U.S. Farmers Association, 1959-1990.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, 1994. Pratt, William. “From Montana to Moscow: Researching Rural Radicalism on the Northern Plains.” North Dakota History 65, no. 1 (Winter 1998). Pratt, William C. “The Decline of Agrarian Radicalism in the Upper Midwest.” Paper presented at Third University of Wyoming American Studies Conference, 1982. Notes occasional Communist party participation in midwestern farm agitation. Pratt, William C. “Rural Radicalism on the Northern Plains, 1912-1950.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 42 (Winter 1992). Notes one or two C.P. members in the Montana legislature in the 1920s and the domination of Sheridan county government by radicals led by Charles E. (“Red Flag”) Taylor, a state senator and secret C.P. member. “Sheridan County radials were a pretty wild bunch. When they controlled the courthouse, bootlegging was tolerated, and Taylor and Sheriff Rodney Salisbury were involved in a scheme to cure cancer. In the late 1920s the FBI investigated activities in Plentywood for possible violation of postal laws and for stolen cars.” Taylor and his followers left the C.P. (or were expelled) in 1935 and aligned with Trotskyism. Notes C.P. adherents in Finnish communities in Belden, North Dakota (John Husa) and Frederick, South Dakota. Discuses Clarence Sharp, South Dakota C.P. secretary in the 1930s, who organized a number of rural C.P. clubs including four C.P. branches in Roberts county that lasted into the 1940s. At its peak in the early 1930s the South Dakota C.P. had between 300 and 500 members. Pratt, William C. “Women and the Farm Revolt of the 1930’s.” Agricultural History 67, no. 2 (1993). Discusses the role of women in the Communist-aligned United Farmers League in western Nebraska and North Dakota. Rowley, William D. “‘Grass Roots’ and Imported Radicalism in Nebraska, 1932-1934.” Master’s thesis. University of Nebraska, 1963. Discusses the importance of Communist farm organizations in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Shover, John. “The Communist Party and the Midwest Farm Crisis of 1933.” Journal of American History 51, no. 2 (September 1964). Discusses Communists attempts, largely unsuccessful, to gain a major role in the farmers protests of the early 1930s. Shover, John. “The Farmers’ Holiday Association Strike, August 1932.” Agricultural History 39 (1965). Shover, John. “The Penny-Auction Rebellion: Western Farmers Fight Against Foreclosure, 1932-1933.” American West 2 (Fall 1965). Shover, John L. Cornbelt Rebellion; the Farmers’ Holiday Association. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965. Notes Communist party role in the FHA protests of the early 1930s. Vindex, Charles. “Radical Rule in Montana.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 18, no. 1 (January 1968). Reviews the political activity of “Red Flag” Charley Taylor, editor of a rural Montana newspaper and longtime Communist party member. Walter, Dave. “Montana’s Prairie Radicals, 1918-1937.” Montana Magazine, November/December 1996. Zahavi, Gerald. “‘Who‘s Going to Dance with Somebody Who Calls You a ‘Main Streeter?’’: Communism, Culture and Community in Sheridan County, Montana.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians annual meeting. Washington, DC, 1995. Discusses the social and cultural background of the powerful role of Communists in Sheridan County politics in the mid-and late-1920s. Zahavi, Gerald. “‘Who’s Going to Dance with Somebody Who Calls You a Mainstreeter’: Communism, Culture and Community in Sheridan County, Montana, 1918-1934.” Great Plains Quarterly 16, no. 4 (Fall 1996) **************************************************************** Communists and Southern Agriculture Conrad, David Eugene. The Forgotten Farmers: The Story of Sharecroppers in the New Deal. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965. Canton, Louis. “A Prologue to the Protest Movement: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration of 1939.” Journal of American History 55 (March 1965). De Jong, Greta. “‘With the Aid of God and the F.S.A.’: The Louisiana Farmers’ Union and the African American Freedom Struggle in the New Deal Era.” Journal of Social History 34, no. 1 (2000). The Louisiana Farmers’ Union was Communist-led in this era. Halpern, Rich. “The CIO and the Limits of Labor-Based Civil Rights: The Case of Louisiana Sugar Workers.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians annual meeting. Washington, DC, 1995. Nelson-Cisneros, Victor B. “UCAPAWA Organizing Activities in Texas, 1935-50.” Aztlan 9 (1978). Notes that concerns about Communists in the union may have damaged its growth. Shofner, Jerrell H. “Communists, Klansmen, and the CIO in the Florida Citrus Industry.” Florida Historical Quarterly 71, no. 3 (January 1993). Describes the violent conflict between the CIO’s United Cannery, Agriculture, Packing, and Allied Workers of America, a union with a significant Communist presence, and the Ku Klux Klan in Florida’s citrus industry in the 1930’s. Stepenoff, Bonnie. “St. Louis and the Sharecroppers: Urban Connections to a Rural Protest.” Agricultural History 82, no. 1 (Winter 2008). Discusses Marcus “Al” Murphy, an African-American member of the Communist Party and his association with the St. Louis Committee for the Rehabilitation of the Sharecroppers. **************************************************************** Alabama Sharecroppers Union Kelley, Robin D.G. “Black Women and the Alabama Share Croppers’ Union.” Paper presented at Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, 1990. Sees a “womanist consciousness” in the C.P.-led SCU despite the C.P.’s masculine image of black self-determination as a drive for manhood. Black women did most of the secretarial and writing tasks of the SCU because they generally had more education and literary skills. Attributes consistent SCU support for nine-month schooling and transportation to schools to women insisting on the importance of children’s education. Suggests that Marxist education in the SCU offered black women an “empowering language” that would bear fruit in leftist feminism and C.P. opposition to male chauvinism. Naison, Mark. “All God’s Dangers and Oral History.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 4, no. 4 (1977). Review article prompted by Theodore Rosengarten’s All God’s Dangers. Discusses the Communist-linked Alabama Sharecroppers union. Rosen, Dale. “The Alabama Share Croppers Union.” Undergraduate honor’s essay. Radcliffe College, 1969. Rosen, Dale, and Theodore Rosengarten. “Shoot-Out at Reeltown: The Narrative of Jess Hull, Alabama Tenant Farmer.” Radical America 6, no. 6 (November-December 1972). Discusses the Alabama Sharecroppers Union, a Communist-aligned organization active in the early 1930s. Shaw, Nate. All God’s Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw. Compiled by Theodore Rosengarten. New York: Knopf; distr. by Random House, 1974. Edited oral history memoir of Nate Shaw, an activist in the Alabama Sharecropper’s Union in 1931. **************************************************************** Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union Auerbach, Jerold S. “Southern Tenant Farmers: Socialist Critics of the New Deal.” Labor History 7 (1966). The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, although largely led by Socialist, had a Communist element. Cantor, Louis. “A Prologue to the Protest Movement: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration of 1939.” Journal of American History 55, no. 4 (1969). Notes conflict within the Southern Tenant Farmers Union over tactics between Communists and others. Dyson, Lowell K. “The Southern Tenant Farmers Union and Depression Politics.” Political Science Quarterly 88, no. 2 (1973). Discusses its troubled relationship with the CPUSA. Fannin, Mark. Labor’s Promised Land: Radical Visions of Gender, Race, and Religion in the South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003. Grubbs, Donald H. “Gardner Jackson, That ‘Socialist’ Tenant Farmers’ Union, and the New Deal.” Agricultural History 42 (1968). Grubbs, Donald H. Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union and the New Deal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971. Notes the Communist role in the STFU. Kester, Howard. Revolt Among the Sharecroppers. New York: Covici, Friede, 1936. On the Southern Tenant Farmers Union, a Socialist Party initiative that the CPUSA attempt to takeover. Mitchell, H. L. The Reminiscences of H. L. Mitchell. With Donald Francis Shaughnessy. [Glen Rock, N. J.: Microfilming Corp. of America], 1972. 3 microfiches. Mitchell, H.L. “Founding and Early History of the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 32 (1973). Memoir by the principal STFU leader noting Communist involvement. Mitchell, H. L. Mean Things Happening in This Land: The Life and Times of H. L. Mitchell, co-Founder of the Southern Tenant Farmers Union. Montclair, NJ: Allanheld, Osmun, 1979. Naison, Mark. “Great Depression: The Threads of a Lost Tradition.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 1 (Fall 1973). Discusses the affiliation of the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union with the CIO’s UCAPAWA. Payne, Elizabeth Anne. “African American Activism in the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union.” Paper presented at American Historical Association Annual Meeting, 1995. Thrasher, Sue, and Leah Wise. “The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union.” Southern Exposure 1, no. 3/4 (Winter 1973/74). Interviews with union participants. Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. Some discussion of Communists and the STFU. Yard, Alexander. “‘They Don’t Regard My Rights at All:’ Arkansas Farm Workers, Economic Modernization, and the Southern Tenant Farmers Union.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 47, no. 3 (August 1988): 201-28. **************************************************************** Communists and West Coast Agriculture Alamillo, Jose. “Sunkist Growers, the CIO and Mexican Workers Struggles in a Southern California Citrus Town Before World War II.” Paper presented at Southwest Labor Studies Association. San Francisco, CA, 1999. Barajas, Frank P. “Resistance, Radicalism, and Repression on the Oxnard Plain: The Social Context of the Betabelero Strike of 1933.” Western Historical Quarterly 35, no. 1 (2004). Discusses a California farm workers strike (sugar) involving the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) of the TUUL. Chambers, Clarke A. California Farm Organizations: A Historical Study of the Grange, the Farm Bureau, and the Associated Farmers, 1929-1941. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952. Daniel, Cletus E. “Labor Radicalism in Pacific Coast Agriculture.” Ph.D. diss. University of Washington, 1972. Scholarly examination of the success and failures of the Communist party’s Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (Trade Union Unity League) in 1930-1934 as well as of earlier efforts by the Industrial Workers of the World. Daniel, Cletus E. “Radicals on the Farm in California.” Agricultural History 49, no. 4 (October 1975). Discusses Communist-controlled Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union during the Depression. Daniel, Cletus E. “Agricultural Unionism and the Early New Deal: The California Experience.” Southern California Quarterly 59, no. 2 (1977). Argues that New Deal policies undermined prospects for Communist-led agricultural unionism. Discusses San Joaquin cotton strike of October 1933 and labor disputes in the Imperial Valley in 1934. Daniel, Cletus E. Bitter Harvest, a History of California Farmworkers, 1870-1941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981. Thoroughly researched and comprehensive history which includes coverage of Communist activity. deVera, Arleen. “Without Parallel: The Local 7 Deportation Cases, 1949-1955.” Amerasia Journal 20, no. 2 (1994). On the ultimately unsuccessful attempt to use the Internal Security Act of 1950 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 to deport Filipino leaders of the Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7, accused of belonging to the Communist Party. Holcomb, Ellen Lois. “Efforts to Organize the Migrant Workers by the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union in the 1930’s.” Master’s thesis. California State University, Chico, 1963. Jamieson, Stuart Marshall. Labor Unionism in American Agriculture... Washington: U.S. Govt. Print Off., 1946. Notes a Trade Union Unity League role in several California farm worker strikes in the 1930s. Matthews, Glenna. “The Fruit Workers of the Santa Clara Valley: Alternative Paths to Union Organization during the 1930s.” Pacific Historical Review 54, no. 1 (February 1985). On the role of the AFL, the CIO, the International Longshoremen’s Association, the Teamsters Union, the Communist Party, and a company union. Matthews, Glenna. “‘A Pale Shadow of Its Former Self’: Cold-War Paranoia, Teamster Strong-Arm Tactics, and the Santa Clara Valley Labor Movement.” Paper presented at American Historical Association Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA, 2002. McWilliams, Carey. Factories in the Field. Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1939. Notes Communist role in several California farm worker strikes. Monfross, John. “The Associated Farmers of California.” Paper presented at Southwest Labor Studies Conference, 1976. Discusses the antiunion and anti-Communist activities in the 1930s of the Associated Farmers. Piscopo, Holly. “The ‘Good White’ American Versus Farm Workers and Reds: Race and Anti-Communism in California’s Imperial Valley.” Paper presented at Southwest Labor Studies Association. San Francisco, CA, 1999. Ruiz, Vicki Lynn. “UCAPAWA, Chicanas, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1937-1950.” Ph.D. diss. Stanford University, 1982. Ruíz, Vicki. Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1930-1950. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987. Discusses the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America, CIO, a union with significant Communist leadership. Schwantes, Carlos A. “Farmer-Labor Insurgency in Washington State: William Bouck, the Grange, and the Western Progressive Farmers.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 76, no. 1 (January 1985). Bouck led a succession from the Grange in 1921 and formed the WPF. “The WPF was in reality a strange amalgam of Methodism and communism, big-city labor and small-time farmers. In some ways it was a throwback to populism; in others it foreshadowed the Popular Front of the 1930s.” In 1926, with Communist assistance, Bouck converted the WPF into a national organization called the Progressive Farmers of America, but the organization quickly collapsed. Watson, Don. “The Cold War and UPWA in California Agriculture 1954-1961.” Paper presented at Southwest Labor Studies Association. San Francisco, CA, 1999. Weber, Devra Anne. “The Struggle for Stability and Control in the Cotton Fields of California: Class Relations in Agriculture, 1919-1942.” Ph.D. diss. University of California, Los Angeles, 1986. **************************************************************** The El Monte Berry Strike Hoffman, Abraham. “The El Monte Berry Pickers’ Strike, 1933: International Involvement in a Local Labor Dispute.” Journal of the West 12, no. 1 (1973). Account of the 1933 involving “Mexican laborers, Communist agitators, Japanese employers, Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce and business representatives, and state and federal mediators . . . over issues of wages, hours, and working conditions. . . . The El Monte strike, however, claimed the distinction of direct involvement by the government of Mexico, in the form of diplomatic pressure, monetary assistance, and consular intervention. . . .” Lopez, Ronald W. “The El Monte Berry Strike of 1933.” Aztlan (1970). Notes Communist involvement in a strike by Mexican-American workers. Wollenberg, Charles. “Race and Class in Rural California: The El Monte Berry Strike of 1933.” California Historical Quarterly 51, no. 2 (1972). The Communist-affiliated Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union initiated the strike, but was displaced by Mexican organizers c