If a Millimeter Were a Year/Light-Year

Various intuitive methods have been used to present cosmological distances, or cosmological and geological time. Carl Sagan's "cosmic year" was one way: We take the entire history of the universe to consist of one year, which leaves all of human history to some fraction of the last second.

The following table does this a different way. If a millimeter is taken to represent a light-year, and if the Hubble Constant is 50 km/s/MPC, making the Hubble Time 19.5 billion years (Gy), the entire universe would fit on the surface of the earth: the semi-circumference of a great circle, started at Los Angeles, is 20,002 km, or 20 billion millimeters. Similarly, if a millimeter is taken to represent a year, the history of the universe fits on the surface of the earth, the history of the earth reaches out to about Nome, Alaska or to Haiti, and recorded human history would not get outside the classroom that I use.

This device gives us a comprehensible scale to relate human history, even a single lifetime, to the age and size of the entire universe. A millimeter is a small but familiar unit of distance. As a year, it means that moving across the room gets out out of human history, down the street, outside the existence of homo sapiens, and not too far down the freeway to the Jurassic. We can go all the way back to the beginning of the Paleozoic without leaving California. As a light year, a millimeter gives us the entire Milky Way Galaxy on about the same scale as the Campus Center building at Valley College. The Local Group is easily contained in the area of Sherman Oaks, while the Virgo Cluster is little more than the distance to Palmdale. The closest bright quasar, 3C 273, is then about as far away as Nashville, Tennessee. The truly distant quasars are nearly as far as Mauritius.

A millimeter as a year enables us to relate the scale of our own lives (a few inches) to historical (the room), anthropological (across campus), geological (down the road), and cosmological (across the continent) time. A millimeter as a light year gives us a corresponding astronomical scale, but a light year as a unit of distance is really larger, in a sense, than a year as a unit of time. Light takes a year to go a light year, but even travelling at the speed of sound, it would take us a million years to go the same distance. Four millimeters as the distance to the closest star is good for a map of the galaxy, but it gives us no sense of how much further that is than the distance from the earth to the moon, the sun, or Jupiter. If a millimeter were an astronomical unit, the mean distance from the earth to the sun, then the closest star (Alpha Centauri, at 4.24 light years), would be 268 meters away (across campus). There are 63,240 astronomical units to a light year. Unfortunately this scale then puts even the Andromeda Galaxy (2.38 million light years) at 150,512 kilometers away, almost halfway to the moon. This is well outside of what we can intuitively relate to. A millimeter as a light year thus keeps the universe with reach, even if we lose the finest detail.

All distances are calculated starting with the classroom, in the Campus Center building of Los Angeles Valley College, in Van Nuys, California. To those unfamiliar with the Los Angeles area, distances starting at about 300 m will become mysterious with references to local streets and nearby communities and cities. At about 200 km we start getting to major cities in California and beyond. Entries that merely note distances and times on the geological or cosmological scale, are indented slightly.

Basic information on galaxies for this list is derived from the Nearby Galaxies Catalog, by R. Brent Tully, Cambridge University Press, 1988. This uses 75 km/s/MPC for the Hubble Constant. The distances of the most distant galaxies and quasars that follow have been calculated on the basis of a Hubble Constant of 50 km/s/MPC. However, the distances for many nearer galaxies have not yet been recalculated from Tully's Constant of 75. Such distances are therefore liable to be too small by up to several million light-years. Some duplicate entries occur, so the differences can be compared. Although it is not important for the purpose of this demonstration, this inconsistency should be kept in mind; and the following figures should not be used as an independent source for galactic distances.

I must say that I prefer 50 km/s/MPC for this exercise, since it makes the universe fill the surface of the earth so neatly. However, estimates of Hubble Constant have been growing steadily larger since the 70's. I am informed by astronomers at UCLA that their best estimate for the Constant now is 71 km/s/MPC. If it is as large as 75 km/s/MPC, then the Hubble Radius is only as far as 13040 km, which on this chart gets us as far as the open universes -- the distance to Chad or St. Helena.

Within the galaxy, the best source found was The Guide to the Galaxy, by Nigel Henbest and Heather Couper, Cambridge University Press, 1994. It is hard to keep track of where all the stellar and deep space distances came from, but the Sky Catalogue 2000.0, Vols. 1 & 2, edited by Alan Hirshfeld and Roger W. Sinnott, Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press, 1982, was used extensively. Some Quasar distances were just plucked out of Sky & Telescope at different times, often as they were discovered.

Most of the terrestrial distances listed were calculated with a program called "BEARINGS," 1982, 1986, Zephyr Services, 1900 Murray Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15217. Many other distances in the United States, especially the local ones, were determined by using the CD-ROM "MapExpert," Version 2.0 for Windows, 1993, DeLorme Mapping, Lower Main Street, P.O. Box 298, Freeport, Maine 04032. Sometimes different results for the distances were obtained, since measuring the distance to a city or a country depends on where you pick to measure to. So occasionally alternate distances are given.

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.....309 LY, Betelgeuse

.....408 LY, Pleiades Open Cluster

.....522 LY, Beehive Open Cluster

.....783 LY, M 7 Open Cluster [6]

.....913 LY, Rigel

.....1000 LY, M 42 Great Orion Nebula [Orion Arm] [7]

.....1.83 kLY [8], Deneb [9]

.....2.61 kLY, M 67 Open Cluster [Orion Arm]

.....4.08 kLY, M 29 Open Cluster [Sagittarius Arm] [10]

.....5.22 kLY, M 8 Lagoon Nebula [Sagittarius Arm]

.....7.34 kLY, NGC 869/884 Open Clusters [Perseus Arm] [11]

.....9.39 kLY, M 24 Open Cluster [Sagittarius Arm]

PLEISTOCENE EPOCH, 10 ky-2 My

.....17.9 kLY, M 12 Globular Cluster [13]

18 m = 18 ky, time since height of the Wisconsin Glacial

.....25.0 kLY, NGC 3603 Nebula [Sagittarius Arm]

.....27.7 kLY, Center of the Milky Way Galaxy

35 m = 35 ky, time since the origin of Homo sapiens sapiens

.....36.9 kLY, M 2 Globular Cluster

.....56.1 kLY, M 53 Globular Cluster

.....75 kLY, far edge of the Milky Way Galaxy

85 m = 85 ky, Campus Center to the Physics Building = time since beginning of Wisconsin Glacial [14]

.....113 kLY, NGC 7006 Globular Cluster

100 m = 100 ky, approximate length of Campus Center building

.....100 kLY, approximate diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy

125 m = 125 ky, Campus Center to the Engineering Building = time since the origin of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

.....163 kLY, Large Magellanic Cloud (0524-69, Local Group) [15]

.....196 kLY, Small Magellanic Cloud (0051-73, Local Group)

200 m = 200 ky, Campus Center to the Planetarium = time since "Eve" (origin of all present human mitochondrial DNA) [16]

.....219 kLY, Draco Dwarf Galaxy (U 10822, Local Group)

.....274 kLY, Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy (0057-33, Local Group)

300 m = 300 ky, Campus Center to Burbank Blvd = time since the origin of archaic Homo sapiens

.....304 kLY, NGC 2419 Globular Cluster

445 m = 445 ky, Campus Center Room 205 to the corner of Burbank & Fulton

.....450 ky, age of Kohala volcano, Island of Hawaii

.....500 ky, age of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawaii

.....613 kLY, Fornax Dwarf Galaxy (0237-34, Local Group)

.....860 ky, age of East Maui volcano (Haleakala), Island of Maui

1 kilometer = 1000 m = 1,000,000 y = 1 My, distance to the corner of Fulton & Weddington

.....1.03 My, age of volcano, Island of Kahoolawe

.....1.46 My, age of volcano, Island of Lanai

.....1.6 My, time since origin of Homo erectus

.....1.63 My, age of West Maui volcano, Island of Maui

1.7 km = 1.7 My, Campus Center to the corner of Fulton & Addison

.....1.50 MLY, NGC 6822 Barnard's Galaxy (Local Group)

.....1.70 MLY, 2044-13 Aquarius Dwarf Galaxy (Local Group)

.....1.75 My, age of East Molokai volcano, Island of Molokai

.....1.84 My, age of West Molokai volcano, Island of Molokai

.....2 My, time since the origin of Homo habilis and the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch and the Quaternary Period



TERTIARY PERIOD, 2 My-65 My

2.1 km = 2.1 My, Campus Center to the corner of Riverside Drive and Fulton

.....2.25 MLY, M 32 Galaxy (NGC 221, Local Group)

.....2.38 MLY, M 31 Great Andromeda Galaxy (NGC 224, Local Group) [17]

.....2.6 My, age of East Oahu (Koolau) volcano, Island of Oahu

.....2.94 MLY, M 33 Galaxy (NGC 598, Local Group)

3.0 km = 3.0 My, distance on Fulton to the Los Angeles River = time since beginning of Nevadan Orogeny--uplift of Sierra Nevada

.....<3.26 MLY, edge of the Local Group of Galaxies

.....3.8 My, age of West Oahu (Waianae) volcano, Island of Oahu

.....4.0 My, time since the origin of Australopithecus

4.1 km = 4.1 My, corner of Cedros & Ventura Blvd in downtown Sherman Oaks

4.3 km = 4.3 My, Harvard School on Coldwater Canyon

5 km (3.11 mi) = 5 My, the I-405 bridge across Ventura Blvd = time since beginning of the Pliocene Epoch

.....5.22 MLY, NGC 1569 Galaxy (M 81 Group)

.....5.72 My, age of volcano, Island of Kauai

.....7.5 My, age of volcano, Island of Nihoa

.....7.83 MLY, NGC 404 Galaxy (Local Outlier)

.....9.78 MLY, NGC 253 Galaxy (Sculptor Group)

10.5 km = 10.5 My, Hollywood Bowl

.....11.3 My, age of volcano, Necker Island

11.7 km = 11.7 My, Royce Hall, UCLA

13.9 km = 13.9 My, La Brea Tar Pits

.....14.0 MLY (.001c) [18], M 94 (Canes Venatici I Group)



.....22.2 MLY (.002c), M 106 (Canes Venatici II Group)

.....31.6 MLY (.003c), NGC 4274 Galaxy (Coma I Cluster)

.....[Edge of the Coma-Sculptor Cloud of Galaxies]

.....54.8 MLY (.004c), M 87 Galaxy (Virgo Cluster of Galaxies) [19]

MESOZOIC ERA, 65 My-248 My

.....68.2 MLY (.006c), NGC 157 Galaxy (Telescopium-Grus Cloud)

69.3 km = 69.3 My, Huntington Beach

70.0 km = 70.0 My, Oxnard

72.0 km = 72.0 My, Ontario

75.4 km = 75.4 My, Costa Mesa

.....89.3 MLY (.007c), NGC 2577 Galaxy (Cancer-Leo Cloud)

.....100 My, time since the beginning of the Gulfian Age (Late Cretaceous)

100.2 km = 100.1 My, Mojave

103.1 km = 103.1 My, San Bernardino

104.0 km = 104.0 My, Carpinteria

.....106 MLY (.009c), NGC 474 Galaxy (Cetus-Aries Cloud)

135.2 km = 135.1 My, Isla Vista, California



.....149 MLY (.011c), Abell 1060 (Hydra I) Cluster [20]

.....186 MLY (.014c), NGC 145 Galaxy

.....195.6 MLY, 1% of the Hubble Radius (c/H) [21]

.....239 MLY (.018c), Abell 426 (Perseus) Cluster

PALEOZOIC ERA, 590 My-248 My (= 367 mi-154 mi)

252.6 km = 252.6 My, Visalia, California

258.7 km = 258.7 My, Morro Bay

.....286 My, time since the beginning of the Permian Period

.....303 MLY (.023c .023) [22], Ab. 1656 (Coma Berenices) Cluster

311.5 km = 311.5 My, Fresno, California [318 km]

.....312 MLY (.016c), Abell 3627 (The Great Attractor?) [23]

357.1 km = 357.1 My, Needles, California

358.9 km = 358.9 My, Blythe, California

.....360 My, time since the beginning of the Carboniferous Period

371 km = 371 My, Las Vegas, Nevada

404.6 km = 404.6 My, Salinas, California

407.3 km = 407.3 My, Panorma Point, Yosemite Valley, California

.....408 My, time since the beginning of the Devonian Period

415.0 km = 415.0 My, Monterey, California

415.4 km = 415.4 My, Kingman, Arizona



.....432 MLY (.033c .034), Abell 2506 Cluster

.....542 MLY (.042c .043), Abell 76 Cluster

PRECAMBRIAN TIME, PROTEROZOIC EON, 590 My-2.6 Gy

592.4 km = 592.4 My, Phoenix, Arizona [598]

.....600 My, time since formation of Pannotia Supercontinent

605 km = 605 My, Reno, Nevada

.....645 MLY (.033c .034), Abell 2506 Cluster

.....670 MLY (.051c .053), Abell 1377 (Ursa Major I) Cluster

724 km = 724 My, Tucson, Arizona

.....724 MLY (.037c .038), Abell 2151 Hercules Cluster

.....750 My, time since breakup of Rodinia Supercontinent

.....800 My, time since end of Grenville & Beltian Orogenies

.....821 MLY (.042c 0.043), Abell 76 Cluster

.....823 MLY (.063c .065), Abell 1452 Cluster

870.8 km = 870.8 My, Mt. Shasta Pk., California

896.4 km = 896.4 My, Gallup, New Mexico

.....900 My, time since beginning of Neoproterozoic Era

920 km = 920 My, Salt Lake City, Utah

.....940 MLY (.072c .075), Ab. 2065 (Corona Borealis) Cluster

991 km = 991 My, Guaymas, Mexico

.....997 MLY (.051c 0.053), Abell 1377 Ursa Major I Cluster



.....1.232 GLY (.063c 0.065), Abell 1452 Cluster

.....1.26 GLY (.097c .102), Abell 1346 Cluster

.....1.408 GLY (.072c 0.075), Abell 2065 Corona Borealis Cluster

.....1.897 GLY (.097c 0.102), Abell 1346 Cluster

.....1.956 GLY, 10% of Hubble Radius (c/H) [24]

.....2.542 GLY (.130c 0.140), Boötes Cluster

ARCHAEAN EON [25], 2.6 Gy-3.9 Gy

2623 km = 2.623 Gy, Jackson, Mississippi

2661 km = 2.661 Gy, Acapulco, Mexico

2705 km = 2.705 Gy, Veracruz, Mexico

2707 km = 2.707 Gy, New Orleans, Lousiana

2796 km = 2.796 Gy, Chicago, Illinois

2808 km = 2.808 Gy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

2813 km = 2.813 Gy, Clipperton Is. (Fr.)

.....2.855 GLY (.146c 0.158), 3C 273 Quasar [26]

2869 km = 2.869 Gy, Mobile, Alabama

2869 km = 2.869 Gy, Nashville, Tennessee

2886 km = 2.886 Gy, Thunder Bay, Canada

2908 km = 2.908 Gy, Birmingham, Albama

2911 km = 2.911 Gy, Indianapolis, Indiana

2935 km = 2.935 Gy, Juneau, Alaska

2945 km = 2.945 Gy, Louisville, Kentucky

.....3.0 Gy, time since end of Saganagan Orogeny

3018 km = 3.018 Gy, Chattanooga, Tennessee

3056 km = 3.056 Gy, Cincinatti, Ohio

3082 km = 3.082 Gy, Dayton, Ohio

3095 km = 3.095 Gy, Columbus, Georgia

3121 km = 3.121 Gy, Knoxville, Tennessee

3123 km = 3.123 Gy, Atlanta, Georgia

3152 km = 3.152 Gy, Lansing, Michigan

3178 km = 3.178 Gy, Merida, Mexico

3185 km = 3.185 Gy, Columbus, Ohio

3196 km = 3.196 Gy, Detroit, Michigan

3196 km = 3.196 Gy, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

.....3.3 Gy, time since beginning of Saganagan Orogeny

3306 km = 3.306 Gy, Cleveland, Ohio

3313 km = 3.313 Gy, Akron, Ohio

3380 km = 3.380 Gy, Wheeling, West Virginia

3414 km = 3.414 Gy, Sudbury, Canada

3423 km = 3.423 Gy, Charlotte, North Carolina

3425 km = 3.425 Gy, Columbia, South Carolina

3428 km = 3.428 Gy, Niagara Falls, New York

3439 km = 3.439 Gy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

3460 km = 3.460 Gy, Jacksonville, Florida

3461 km = 3.461 Gy, Guatemala

3461 km = 3.461 Gy, Savannah, Georgia

3482 km = 3.482 Gy, Belize

3499 km = 3.499 Gy, Toronto, Canada

.....3.5 Gy, time since oldest Stromatolites

3535 km = 3.535 Gy, Buffalo, New York

3556 km = 3.556 Gy, Charleston, South Carolina

3560 km = 3.560 Gy, Orlando, Florida

3641 km = 3.641 Gy, Rochester, New York

3684 km = 3.684 Gy, Richmond, Virginia

3700 km = 3.700 Gy, Havana, Cuba

3702 km = 3.702 Gy, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

3704 km = 3.704 Gy, Washington, DC



HADEAN EON [27], 3.9 Gy-5.0/4.6 Gy

3969 km = 3.969 Gy, Montreal, Quebec

.....3.970 GLY (.203c 0.229), Hydra II Cluster

3989 km = 3.989 Gy, Burlington, Vermont

4007 km = 4.007 Gy, Bridgeport, Connecticut

4009 km = 4.009 Gy, Bahamas

4031 km = 4.031 Gy, New Haven, Connecticut

4044 km = 4.044 Gy, Hartford, Connecticut

4051 km = 4.051 Gy, Springfield, Massachusetts

4065 km = 4.065 Gy, Nicaragua

4068 km = 4.068 Gy, Cayman Is.

4111 km = 4.111 Gy, Honolulu, Hawaii

4115 km = 4.115 Gy, Worcester, Massachusetts

4136 km = 4.136 Gy, Manchester, New Hampshire

4152 km = 4.152 Gy, Providence, Rhode Island

4160 km = 4.160 Gy, Quebec, Quebec

4181 km = 4.181 Gy, Boston, Massachusetts

4230 km = 4.230 Gy, Portland, Maine

.....4.28 Gy, time since oldest contintental rocks on Earth (Porpoise Cove, Canada)

.....4.3-4.1 Gy, time since the emergence of continents

.....4.381 GLY (.224c 0.256), 3C 79 Radio Galaxy

4390 km = 4.390 Gy, San Andres (Colum.)

.....4.44-4.41 Gy, time since formation of atmosphere

4409 km = 4.409 Gy, Costa Rica

4414 km = 4.414 Gy, Bajo Nuevo (Colum.)

4451 km = 4.451 Gy, Jamaica

.....4.498 GLY (.230c 0.264), 3C 323.1 Quasar

4512 km = 4.512 Gy, Guantanamo Bay (U.S.)

4537 km = 4.537 Gy, Cocos Is.

4563 km = 4.563 Gy, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada

.....4.6 Gy, lower limit for the time since the origin of the Earth and the Moon



PRE-HADEAN TIME, COSMOLOGICAL TIME, 5.0 Gy-19.556 Gy

5088 km = 5.088 Gy, Cartegena, Columbia

5177 km = 5.177 Gy, Barranquila, Columbia

5299 km = 5.299 Gy, St. Pierre (Fr.)

5364 km = 5.364 Gy, East Kiribati

5371 km = 5.371 Gy, Medellin, Columbia

5377 km = 5.377 Gy, Thule, Greenland

5400 km = 5.400 Gy, Maracaibo, Venezuela

5430 km = 5.430 Gy, Desecheo Is. (U.S.)

5430 km = 5.430 Gy, Puerto Rico

5436 km = 5.436 Gy, Johnston Is. (U.S.)

5451 km = 5.451 Gy, Kingman Reef (U.S.)

5471 km = 5.471 Gy, Palmyra Is. (U.S.)

5514 km = 5.514 Gy, Cali, Columbia

5545 km = 5.545 Gy, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

5546 km = 5.546 Gy, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles

5561 km = 5.561 Gy, Virgin Is. (U.S.)

5577 km = 5.577 Gy, British Virgin Islands

5578 km = 5.578 Gy, Midway Is. (U.S.)

5628 km = 5.628 Gy, Bogata, Columbia

5641 km = 5.641 Gy, Quito, Ecuador

5655 km = 5.655 Gy, Barquisimto, Venezuela

5656 km = 5.656 Gy, Kure Is. (U.S.)

5687 km = 5.687 Gy, Aves Is.

5731 km = 5.731 Gy, Anguilla

5742 km = 5.742 Gy, St. Martin Is.

5742 km = 5.742 Gy, Saint Martin (Fr.)

5797 km = 5.797 Gy, Nevis, St. Kitts

5827 km = 5.827 Gy, Caracas, Venezuela

5862 km = 5.862 Gy, Barbuda, Antigua

5888 km = 5.888 Gy, Montserrat

.....5.925 GLY (.303c 0.367), 3C 48 Quasar

5964 km = 5.964 Gy, Guadeloupe (Fr.)

6066 km = 6.066 Gy, Dominica

6125 km = 6.125 Gy, Martinique (Fr.)

6172 km = 6.172 Gy, St. Lucia

6202 km = 6.202 Gy, St. Vincent

6210 km = 6.210 Gy, Grenada

6335 km = 6.335 Gy, Tinidad & Tobago

6430 km = 6.430 Gy, Barbados

6594 km = 6.594 Gy, French Polynesia



.....7.079 GLY (.362c 0.461), 3C 295 Radio Galaxy

.....8.018 GLY (.410c 0.545), 3C 147 Quasar

.....8.707 GLY (.445c 0.614), 3C 95 Quasar

.....9.242 GLY (.473c 0.671), 3C 37 Quasar

.....9.675 GLY (.495c 0.720), 4C 19.44 Quasar

.....10.052 GLY (.514c 0.765), 3C 39 Quasar

.....10.682 GLY (.546c 0.846), 3C 179 Quasar

.....10.873 GLY (.556c 0.871), 3C 196 Quasar

.....11.108 GLY (.568c 0.905), 3C 309.1 Quasar

.....11.968 GLY (.612c 1.037), 3C 2 Quasar

.....13.037 GLY (.666c), 2/3 Hubble Radius (c/H), Limit of Closed Universes

OPEN UNIVERSES [28]

.....13.044 GLY (.667c 1.238), 3C 68.1 Quasar

13054 km = 13.054 Gy, Chad

13059 km = 13.059 Gy, St. Helena

13086 km = 13.086 Gy, Calcutta, India

13098 km = 13.098 Gy, Bangladesh

13111 km = 13.111 Gy, Saigon, Vietnam

13128 km = 13.128 Gy, Sao Tome

13147 km = 13.147 Gy, Adelaide, Australia

13151 km = 13.151 Gy, Cameroon

13170 km = 13.170 Gy, Annobon

13189 km = 13.189 Gy, Bahrain

13205 km = 13.205 Gy, Jabal at Tair, Abu Ail

13258 km = 13.258 Gy, South Sandwich Is. (Brit.)

13263 km = 13.263 Gy, Rangoon, Burma

13278 km = 13.278 Gy, Bangkok, Thailand

13282 km = 13.282 Gy, Qatar

13320 km = 13.320 Gy, Eastern Malaysia

13330 km = 13.330 Gy, Equatorial Guinea

13384 km = 13.384 Gy, Antarctica

13401 km = 13.401 Gy, Saudi Arabia

13424 km = 13.424 Gy, Karachi, Pakistan

13428 km = 13.428 Gy, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

13494 km = 13.494 Gy, Tristan & Gough Is. (Br.)

13518 km = 13.518 Gy, United Arab Emirates

13590 km = 13.590 Gy, Gabon

13674 km = 13.674 Gy, Khartoum, Sudan

13781 km = 13.781 Gy, Central African Republic

13852 km = 13.852 Gy, Andaman & Nicobar Is. (Ind.)

13929 km = 13.929 Gy, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia

13954 km = 13.954 Gy, Oman

13972 km = 13.972 Gy, Congo

13975 km = 13.975 Gy, Bombay, India

.....14002 MLY (.716c 1.459), 3C 43 Quasar

14009 km = 14.009 Gy, Hyderabad, India

14096 km = 14.096 Gy, Singapore

14286 km = 14.286 Gy, Yemen

14399 km = 14.399 Gy, Madras, India

14417 km = 14.417 Gy, Jakarta, Indonesia

14417 km = 14.417 Gy, Bali, Indonesia

14558 km = 14.558 Gy, Djibouti (Fr.)

14564 km = 14.564 Gy, Zaire

14633 km = 14.633 Gy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

.....14706 MLY (.752c 1.659), 3C 280.1 Quasar

14750 km = 14.750 Gy, Southern Sudan

14825 km = 14.825 Gy, Christmas Is. (Aus.)

14852 km = 14.852 Gy, Laccadive Is. (Ind.)

14933 km = 14.933 Gy, Sri Lanka

14969 km = 14.969 Gy, Angola

15008 km = 15.008 Gy, Perth, Australia

15120 km = 15.120 Gy, Uganda

15130 km = 15.130 Gy, Rwanda

15259 km = 15.259 Gy, Burundi

15506 km = 15.506 Gy, Namibia

15535 km = 15.535 Gy, Nairobi, Kenya

.....15547 MLY (.795c 1.956), 3C 191 Quasar

15568 km = 15.568 Gy, Somalia

15609 km = 15.609 Gy, Maldive Is.

.....15664 MLY (.801c 2.012), 3C 9 Quasar

15682 km = 15.682 Gy, Tanzania

15682 km = 15.682 Gy, Cocos Is. (Aus.)

.....15782 MLY (.807c 2.064), PHL 1305 Quasar

15892 km = 15.892 Gy, Zambia

16068 km = 16.068 Gy, Cape Town, South Africa

.....16114 MLY (.824c 2.223), PHL 8462 Quasar

16127 km = 16.127 Gy, Zanzibar, Tanzania

16377 km = 16.377 Gy, Malawi

16422 km = 16.422 Gy, Gaborone, Bostwana

16485 km = 16.485 Gy, Kimberley, South Africa

16625 km = 16.625 Gy, Zimbabwe

16646 km = 16.646 Gy, Seychelles

16651 km = 16.651 Gy, Chagos

16669 km = 16.669 Gy, Johannesburg, South Africa

16823 km = 16.823 Gy, Lesotho

.....16877 MLY (.863c 2.69), PHL 957 Quasar

16994 km = 16.994 Gy, Comoros

17006 km = 17.006 Gy, Swaziland

17008 km = 17.008 Gy, Mozambique

17075 km = 17.075 Gy, Mayotte (Fr.)

17094 km = 17.094 Gy, Durban, South Africa

17097 km = 17.097 Gy, Glorioso Is. (Fr.)

17313 km = 17.313 Gy, Agalega & St. Brandon

17325 km = 17.325 Gy, Juan de Nova Is. (Fr.)

17583 km = 17.583 Gy, Marion Is.

17713 km = 17.713 Gy, Heard Island (Aus.)

.....17737 MLY (.907c 3.53), OQ 172 Quasar

17817 km = 17.817 Gy, Malagasy Republic

17838 km = 17.838 Gy, Tromelin Is. (Fr.)

.....17.933 GLY (.917c 3.80), 4C 41.17 Galaxy [29]

.....18.070 GLY (.924c 4.03), PC 0910+5625 Quasar

.....18.109 GLY (.926c 4.11), Q0000-26 Quasar

18345 km = 18.345 Gy, Kerguelen Is. (Fr.)

18384 km = 18.384 Gy, Rodriguez Is.

18412 km = 18.412 Gy, Mauritius

18436 km = 18.436 Gy, Reunion Is. (Fr.)

18479 km = 18.479 Gy, Crozet (Fr.)

18494 km = 18.494 Gy, Amsterdam-St. Paul Is. (Fr.)

.....19.556 My, Hubble Time, 19556 MLY (1.00c [infinite]), Hubble Radius [30]



20002 km = 20.002 Gy, Antipode (61.6 degrees East by 34.2 degrees South)

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