Though Italy has one of the lowest percentages of migrants per capita in Europe, immigration emerged as the campaign’s major theme. The issue was highlighted by an act of violence last month: the shooting of six African migrants by a right-wing sympathizer who ran with the League in a local election.

Candidates across the political spectrum have played up fears of immigrants in Italy, a country that has struggled with a wave of people arriving by the Mediterranean in search of a better life. Recent polls indicated that 70 percent of Italians were concerned about safety, partly because of fears of undocumented migrants.

Another major concern was the economy. Even as Italy has seen a slight uptick in growth over the past year, the national debt is at 130 percent of the gross domestic product, the second-highest level in the euro area, after Greece. But campaign speeches had mostly steered clear of any belt-tightening measures that might be required to lower that debt.

Fiscal promises, nevertheless, blossomed during the campaign, including in the League and Forza Italia’s proposal for a single income and corporate tax rate of 23 percent, the Democrats’ tax breaks for families and Five Star’s guaranteed minimum income for millions of Italians.

Some Italians see the European Union’s budget deficit limit of 3 percent of G.D.P. as one of the major factors dragging down the economy, since it affects spending. Support in for the bloc’s common currency is among the lowest in Europe, and there is a lingering nostalgia for the lira, which some parties, including Forza Italia, have considered reintroducing.