In the final shot of Kanye West’s video for his 2008 track Love Lockdown the rapper curls up into a foetal position in the middle of a bright white room, his head clutched desperately in his hands. It is a moment of vulnerability many might see as being at odds with the antagonistic, controversy-courting megastar, who declares himself a god, has snatched awards from the hands of Taylor Swift and makes dramatic outbursts on television chat shows.



Yet this week, as news broke of the singer’s hospitalisation in the psychiatric ward of UCLA, reportedly for stress and exhaustion following a week of erratic behaviour on stage and the subsequent cancellation of his tour, the pressures on hip-hop artists to conceal mental health vulnerabilities have come under almost unprecedented scrutiny.

West’s hospitalisation comes at a pivotal time for hip-hop’s complex relationship with mental health. Rather than distancing themselves from West’s possible mental health issues, fellow musicians such as Chance the Rapper, West’s recent collaborator, told the BBC he wanted to “extend a special prayer to my big brother Kanye West”.

Grammy-winning hip-hop producer 9th Wonder tweeted:

9th Wonder (@9thwonder) Been knowing the brother upwards of 13 years. Mental healing is a serious thing, no matter what. Stay strong Kanye West. ✊🏾

These responses suggest attitudes, and stigmas, are changing. The macho and often adversarial culture of hip-hop, coupled with the fact that African American men are significantly less likely to seek help for mental health issues, has meant, in the public arena at least, it was rarely discussed.

That is not to say it has been ignored entirely. Dr Akeem Sule, a consultant psychiatrist, and Dr Becky Inkster, a clinical neuroscientist, both at the University of Cambridge, recently set up an initiative, Hip Hop Psych, after their academic research proved how much hip-hop lyrics can help people open up about their own mental health issues.

“We have to look to the origins of hip-hop to really understand how much mental health has always been at its core,” said Sule and Inkster.

“It developed in the mid 70s in the South Bronx, where gangs were roaming the streets, there was a drug epidemic, there was extreme poverty, a housing crisis. You throw in absent fathers, losing family to crime, people with no support; all those are ingredients for mental health problems.”

The pair pointed to songs such as Tupac Shakur’s So Many Tears, where he speaks about the impact his environment has on his own mental health and the struggles he has coping, as well as Geto Boys’ early-90s track Mind Playing Tricks on Me, which is widely acknowledged to be about psychosis.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Tupac Shakur’s So Many Tears touches on the subject of the rapper’s mental health.

However, the disparity, Sule and Inkster pointed out, was that while the lyrics documented struggle and depression, it was a very different story when it came to artists giving interviews or performing.

“There was this very masculine culture of hip-hop where you had to be resilient and you couldn’t show any signs of weakness,” said Sule and Inkster.

“While the lyrics spoke of mental health problems covertly, there was a stigma, particularly with the black men living in these communities where rap and hip-hop was emerging from, about saying outright ‘I have depression’ or addressing mental health issues.”

But, as the conversation around mental health in the music industry has opened up over the past couple of years, particularly over the psychological toll of being in the public eye, hip-hop had “evolved and started owning depression as something other than a sign of weakness,” said Sule and Inkster.

In October, Ohio rapper Kid Cudi, made a public statement to say he had been hospitalised and admitted “anxiety and depression have ruled my life for as long as I can remember”.

“Its been difficult for me to find the words to what I’m about to share with you because I feel ashamed,” he wrote. “Yesterday I checked myself into rehab for depression and suicidal urges … I’m scared, I’m sad, I feel like I let a lot of people down and again, I’m sorry. It’s time I fix me. I’m nervous but … [I’m going to] get through this.”

The wave of support that Kid Cudi received from some of the biggest names in hip-hop, from A$AP Rocky and Travis Scott to Wiz Khalifa and even West himself – and the fact it gave rise to trending hashtag #YouGoodMan as a way to discuss race, masculinity and depression – was a clear indicator that the mental health stigma in hip-hop is dissipating.

According to Inkster and Sule it was a conversation that began to open up in 2011 when DMX admitted that many of his public struggles with addiction and crime were related to his bipolar disorder. More recently, it has been evident in rapper J Cole talking publicly about his struggle with depression, and fronting the #OKNotToBeOK campaign and in Grammy-nominated Chicago rapper Vic Mensa’s recent comments about his own suppressed mental health issues.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Kendrick Lamar’s Grammy-winning album To Pimp a Butterfly broke down barriers around depression, say experts. Photograph: John Salangsang/Invision/AP

“Mental health is something that a lot of people just aren’t ready to talk about, especially in the black community, especially black men. It’s very taboo, it’s very outside of the norm for black men to think it’s OK to see a therapist or anything like that,” said Mensa recently.

Charles Hamilton, a rapper who emerged to great acclaim in 2009, going on to collaborate with Eminem among others, very publicly unravelled and was later sectioned due to bipolar disorder. Returning to the public eye last year, he too spoke openly about his mental health issues.

“I just didn’t trust anybody. I didn’t leave my house, I just made music all the time. I was fighting depression, I shut myself in,” he admitted. “I wanted to commit career suicide, physical suicide, spiritual suicide, I didn’t care anymore.”

Yet for Inkster and Sule, the most significant figure breaking down this stigma around depression and revealing weakness is Kendrick Lamar. Arguably the world’s biggest hip-hop artist, they said Lamar’s public discussion of the inner demons and survivors’ guilt that fuelled his Grammy-winning album, To Pimp a Butterfly, have proved that depression is no longer perceived as a fallacy in the rap community.

“Back in the early days of hip-hop, that would never happen,” they said. “Yes, there are still braggadocio lyrics and attitudes but I would say hip-hop has made great strides.”