Scientific research into psychedelics runs an interesting current alongside the social environment that experiments with them. Take the 1960s, where LSD and its potential treatment for alcoholism leapt from the lab and became a hallmark drug associated with countercultural politics and the anti-war movement. Political pressure and backlash in the 1970s stopped promising scientific inquiry into psychedelics dead in its tracks. But after decades of prohibition, psychedelic science is having a renaissance moment. Propelled by MAPS, a nonprofit privately funding psychedelic research, efforts are underway to explore the therapeutic potential of MDMA. The therapy focus runs right next to a widely popular electronic dance music experience, where MDMA is part of the culture. Thirty-two million people attend music festivals annually and those experiences generate billions in revenue. There's growing concern over the number of drug-related incidents happening at festivals, and a need for accurate information to reach the masses. MDMA is a drug about potential: potential for therapy and potential for misuse, and on this upcoming episode of TechKnow, we explore both sides. Here's a rundown on what's known about MDMA. How MDMA works in the brain MDMA is a unique psychoactive drug that has chemical and structural similarities to the classic hallucinogen mescaline and the stimulant amphetamine. MDMA acts on the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters. When taking an acceptable dose of MDMA, the brain releases more serotonin and generates feelings of happiness and empathy. MDMA stimulates the dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters, creating increased energy and delays the need to sleep, which may explain why MDMA is a popular party drug.

MDMA as a therapeutic catalyst MDMA stimulates oxytocin and prolactin, which are the hormones of nurturing and bonding. This can help participants in a clinical setting develop a trusting relationship with their therapist and creates a sense of safety and openness. MDMA is a particularly interesting compound for therapy because it reduces activity in the amygdala, which is where the brain processes fear. It may help participants with complex PTSD revisit and explore their personal trauma without being overwhelmed by negative emotions.

Lindsay Moran speaks with Dr. Michael Mithoefer, a psychiatrist using MDMA in his practice in Charleston, South Carolina.

MDMA is not the same thing as Ecstasy or Molly MDMA, scientifically known as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic drug found in a white crystalline powder. Michael Mithoefer, a private psychiatrist using MDMA in psychotherapy to treat PTSD, uses pure MDMA made in a university lab that's registered with the FDA. He has a special Schedule I license to obtain MDMA and use it therapeutically. Ecstasy, on the other hand, is the popular name for MDMA sold on the street. Because of the deregulated market, MDMA and the people who deal them have a financial incentive to manipulate their batch with dangerous analogues, like DXM, rat poison, and mephedrone. Molly used to be the keyword for pure MDMA, but even today, what someone thinks is pure by word of mouth could be misleading, and likely isn’t. If you’re going to partake, know what you’re taking first Most of the harm from recreational MDMA occurs because individuals rarely have a clue what they’re taking. Groups like the Bunk Police, Dance Safe, and Zendo Project, are part of the harm reduction movement, providing testing kits and info to help inform and empower festivalgoers.

There are other factors that compound the risk beyond the drug and its questionable content. Set and setting is one of them. There is a difference between taking pure MDMA in a highly monitored, therapeutic environment versus taking an illegal drug in an adverse setting – a packed club, limited access to water, loud blaring music, dancing for hours among strangers. It can raise body temperature and heart rate, and cause a heat stroke. Another risk is dual use, that’s combining recreational MDMA with alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and/or marijuana. Those choices can enhance the effects, but can also be dangerous without proper care and awareness.