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Dear Crypto Natives,

The first time I opened a Maker loan was a magic moment for me. No paperwork. No bank. No permission. That’s the moment I realized this bankless stuff would change everything.

So it’s fitting that the first lending tactic we cover is Maker. And at this point, I’d say Maker is both the most important and most successful money protocol we’ve yet seen in open finance.

One note: the encouragement here is to try out a Maker loan with a very small amount. I don’t want you to margin-long ETH (unless you really know what you’re doing)—but to level up your skills and go deeper down the rabbit hole.

- RSA

P.S. I’ve asked Nodar from DeFiTutorials to help me with this tactical today—he’s got some great tutorials you should check out on protocols like Set, Compound, and Fulcrum

TACTICS TUESDAY:

Tactic #5:

How to open & manage a Loan on Maker

Guest post by: Nodar Janashia of DeFiTutorials

See how you can get access to an instant loan by opening a collateralized debt position (CDP) on MakerDAO. We’re going to learn how CDPs work, risks involved and whether you should consider opening one.

Goal: Learn how to open and manage a CDP to get an instant loan and avoid risks.

Skill: Intermediate

Effort: 1-2 hours

ROI: Positive ROI if value from loan > loan interest

What is a CDP?

A CDP is a MakerDAO smart contract that locks up collateral (currently ETH) and generates stablecoins (DAI). The value of the locked up collateral (locked ETH X current ETH price) must always be more than 150% of the amount of DAI that you generated. Otherwise locked up ETH gets sold on market (liquidated) to pay back:

Your generated DAI amount

Accrued stability fees - aka interest (currently set to 10.5% per year)

Liquidation penalty (currently 13%)

The DAI you generate is effectively a loan backed by the collateral value of your ETH. In order to get back your ETH, you need to pay back the DAI at some point in the future.

Generated DAI could be used anywhere it is accepted, similar to USD. It can even be traded for USD or other tokens on exchanges. Each generated DAI is backed by ETH locked in MakerDAO CDPs. There is around 80M DAI in circulation right now with over 1.5M ETH locked up in CDPs.

Think of MakerDAO as an open-source Federal Reserve built on top of Ethereum. MakerDAO (MKR) token holders govern the system by voting on development changes which determine things like collateral requirements, stabilities, and liquidation penalties.

All credit data such as how many loans were originated, how much ETH is locked up and DAI generated, is always available for anyone to view and verify anytime on-chain. Maker team created an awesome front-end to help us analyze this data at Mkr.tools.

Should you open a CDP?

The primary benefit of opening up a CDP at this time is getting instant liquidity without selling your ETH. But you have to be willing to accept liquidation risks and also believe that returns from staying invested in ETH (or returns generated from utilizing borrowed liquidity) will outpace liquidity borrowing costs.

Here’s how I would approach this:

Look up current CDP stability fee which is the annual interest rate—currently its 10.5% per year. Now, use historical data to project future stability fees. (RSA note: remember—this a variable rate loan that changes wkly—2.5% to 20.5% in the past). Estimate how long you will need to borrow DAI for. Decide if you think staying invested in ETH and the ROI generated from borrowed resources will beat accrued stability fees.

For example, if you want to borrow 1,000 DAI for 3 months, take the current annual stability fee of 10.5%, project the average stability fee for the next 3 months (say 14.5% avg) and divide by 4 to get 3.625% which is interest you’d pay for the 3 month loan. On 1,000 DAI for 3 months that’s an interest payment of $36.25. If you think the profit from utilizing the DAI loan will increase by more than $36.25 within 3 months, it could make sense to consider opening up a CDP.

Two things to watch out for:

If the stability fee increases above what you projected then the interest payments could be higher than you expect (RSA note: variable rate loan!) If your collateral value (locked ETH x Current ETH price) drops below 150% of your borrowed DAI amount anytime during those 3 months, your locked ETH will be liquidated (RSA note: do not underestimate how far ETH could drop).

It is important to keep a close eye on your collateralization level after you initiate a loan and ‘top up’ your locked ETH balance if it gets close to liquidation.

Here are tools I like for you to easily open and manage CDPs to avoid liquidations:

MakerDAO CDP Portal

MakerDAO team itself created the first user interface to help end-users open CDPs. To open a CDP:

Visit MakerDAO CDP Portal and connect with a Metamask, a hardware wallet, or a Coinbase Wallet which contains ETH you want to collateralize for your loan. Click OPEN CDP and enter how much ETH you want to lock up and how much DAI you want to generate against that ETH. You will notice your liquidation price gets higher as you increase your DAI to be generated. Typically, anything below 200% collateralization ratio is considered at risk so make sure you pay close attention to your liquidation price here and collateralize enough ETH.

(RSA note: have enough collateral for ETH to drop well below $80—seriously) Click COLLATERALIZE & GENERATE DAI, confirm your loan details and FINALIZE to send the transaction. Once it’s confirmed on Ethereum, you will see your ETH locked in CDP, and DAI appear in your wallet balance just like any other ERC20 token. Monitor price of ETH and its effects on your collateralization ratio. Lower your liquidation risk by locking up more ETH in your CDP.

👉Visit cdp.makerdao.com to get started.

Instadapp

Instadapp provides an even better user experience for opening and managing your CDPs. For example, if you use CDP Portal above, you’ll need to have MKR tokens to pay stability fees when you repay and close your CDP. But a big advantage of Instadapp is that you can repay stability fees in ETH (the ETH is automatically swapped with MKR via Kyber Network in the background). This removes friction and creates better experience for end-users.

Instadapp also has a popular bridge function which allows you to seamlessly migrate your CDP back and forth from Maker to Compound to take advantage of better rates.



(RSA note: a CDP on instadapp increases contract hack risk vs using the CDP portal though instadapp has passed security audits without major issues)

👉Visit instadapp.io to get started.

DeFiSaver

In addition to easily opening and managing your CDP, similar to Instadapp, DeFi Saver has a feature that allows you to automatically manage your CDP collateralization ratio. You just indicate which ratio you would like to maintain and DeFi Saver will automatically adjust if it ever falls below.

You should always try to monitor your CDP in addition to any automatic protections you set up in place. When the price crashes too fast, as we saw it happen on September 24, DeFi Saver Automatic CDP protection might not adjust your ratio fast enough and you could end up getting liquidated. 2 CDPs from Automatic CDP protection were liquidated as a result of this recent flash crash. But what I liked is how transparent the DeFi Saver team was about this situation, made quick changes, and even offered to compensate those 2 CDP owners for their liquidation losses. You can read more about what happened here.

(RSA note: while DeFiSaver uses the standard Maker proxy wallet and maintains compatibility with the Maker CDP portal, which is a plus, their smart contracts have not been externally audited and so features such as Boost/Repay can be considered as additional exposure to risk)

👉Visit defisaver.com to get started.

Uses Cases for these Loans

So what are these CDPs being used for?

Margin-long on ETH. Looking at the history of CDP originations, there’s a clear correlation between ETH’s price rebounce from mid-December 2018 lows and # of CDPs being originated. Most believed the price of ETH wouldn’t go lower so most of the generated DAI from opened CDPs was used to buy more ETH, effectively placing a margin trade.

Leverage for ICOs. Another popular use-case: I’ve noticed some projects lock up ETH raised from ICOs to generate DAI for employee salaries and business expenses.

In the long-run, I expect many more use-cases for CDPs as DAI adoption increases, stability fees decrease and additional layers measuring your ‘DeFi credit score’ emerge. This would enable borrowings that fund more use-cases with real economic outputs:

Small business loans

Personal loans

Student loans with income share agreements

Car loans

House mortgages



Final Thoughts

A CDP gives you an instant loan using ETH as collateral. Don’t open one unless you know what you’re doing and have seriously weighed the risks. The primary risks are liquidation risk due to falling price of ETH and the risk of higher than projected stability fee increases. As with any money protocol, there’s also the potential you could lose your collateral in the event of a catastrophic smart-contract hack.

There’s an emerging class of third-party tools like Instadapp and DeFiSaver that improves the user experience in opening and management of a CDP. These will continue to improve and you can try them out now.

Today, the primary use case for a Maker loan is speculative—going margin-long on ETH. But as the open finance lending market matures CDPs will underpin a far wider assortment of economic activity. You’ll want to get some experience with them now.



Action steps

Open a CDP with a small amount to try it out (tutorial on Coinbase Earn)

Consider: are you comfortable with the CDP risks to use it as a short-term loan?

Simulate your CDP with DeFi Strategies app before playing with real money

Author Blub

Nodar Janashia started making DeFi Tutorials to highlight best use-cases & risks involved when using Open Finance tools. Additionally he launched DeFi Strategies trading simulator app to help us analyze new investment opportunities by combining available DeFi tools. His goal is to bring more risk management tools to the ecosystem and he’s currently looking for smart contract developers to join his mission. Learn more.

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Filling out the skill cube

This week you leveled up on “Lend” and “Protocols” in the skill cube! The Maker system is one of the most important protocols to learn as you level up. Keep at it!