GOHATI/HELD SRINAGAR: The Indian government is building mass detention camps after almost two million people were told they could be effectively stripped of citizenship. Around 1.9m Muslims in the north-eastern state of Assam were excluded when India published the state’s final National Register of Citizens (NRC) list in August.

Those excluded from the register will have to appeal to prove they are citizens. The UN and other international rights groups have expressed concern that many could be rendered stateless.

The citizenship list is part of a drive to detect illegal immigrants in Assam. The Indian government claims that the migrants have arrived from neighbouring Muslim-majority Bangladesh. Critics say that the register has upended the lives of Muslims who have lived legally in the state for decades.

Record keeping in parts of rural India is poor and many, including those building the camps, have been caught out by the NRC’s stringent requirements. “We don’t have birth certificates,” Malati Hajong, one of the labourers working at a site near the village of Goalpara, said.

The Goalpara camp is one of at least 10 planned detention centres, according to local media reports. It is around the size of seven football pitches and designed to hold 3,000 people.

In Indian-held Kashmir, authorities have arrested nearly 4,000 people since the scrapping of its special status last month, government data shows, the most clear evidence yet of the scale of one of the region's biggest crackdowns.

India said the removal of the status that occupied Kashmir has held since independence from Britain in 1947 would help integrate it into the Indian economy, to the benefit of all. In an attempt to stifle the protests that the reform sparked in the occupied region, India cut internet and mobile services and imposed curfew-like restrictions in many areas.

It has also arrested more than 3,800 people, according to a government report, though about 2,600 have since been released.

A spokeswoman for India's interior ministry did not respond to a request for comment. Neither did Jammu and Kashmir police.

It was not clear on what basis most of the people were being held but an Indian official said some were held under the Public Safety Act, a law in occupied Kashmir that allows for detention for up to two years without charge.

The data for the first time shows the extent of the detentions, as well as indicating who was picked up and where. More than 200 politicians, including two former chief ministers of the region were arrested, along with more than 100 leaders and activists from an umbrella organisation of political groups.

The bulk of those arrested — more than 3,000 — were listed as "stone pelters and other miscreants". On Sunday, 85 detainees were shifted to a prison in Agra in northern India, a police source said.

Rights group Amnesty International said the crackdown was "distinct and unprecedented" in the recent history of the region and the detentions had contributed to "widespread fear and alienation".

"The communication blackout, security clampdown and detention of the political leaders in the region has made it worse," said Aakar Patel, head of Amnesty International India.

India says the detentions are necessary to maintain order and prevent violence, and points to the relatively limited number of casualties compared with previous bouts of unrest.

The government says only one person is confirmed to have died compared with dozens in 2016, when the killing of a Kashmiri fighter sparked widespread violence.

"The right to life is the most important human right," India's national security adviser Ajit Doval told reporters recently.

The report contains data from the 13 police districts that make up the Kashmir Valley, the most populous part of the Himalayan region where the main city of Srinagar is located.

The largest number of arrests have been in Srinagar, the data shows, at nearly 1,000. Earlier unrest often centred in rural areas.

Of the detained political leaders, more than 80 were from the People's Democratic Party, formerly in coalition in Jammu and Kashmir with the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.

About 70 are from the National Conference, which has for years dominated politics in occupied Kashmir, and more than a dozen from India's main opposition Congress party.

Police also arrested more than 150 people accused of association with armed groups fighting Indian rule.

An Indian official said it was likely that more than 1,200 people were still held, including all the high-profile politicians and separatists mentioned in the report, while dozens more are being arrested every day.

In the 24 hours before the report was compiled, more than two dozen people were arrested, mainly on suspicion of throwing stones at troops, the data showed.

Days before India's move to strip occupied Kashmir of special status, one prominent Kashmiri leader told reporters that more than 250 people with links to the movement were already in detention.