There’s something almost alchemical going on at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Scientists there have genetically transformed skin cells into heart cells and used them to 3D print mini-organs that beat just like your heart. Another darker organoid fused to a mini-heart mimics your liver.

The work, developed by Anthony Atala and his Wake Forest team for the “Body on a Chip” project, aims to simulate bodily systems by microfluidically linking up miniature organs—hearts, livers, blood vessels, and lungs—and testing new drug treatments and chemicals or studying the effects of viruses on them.

The research may reduce reliance on animal testing—a method that, in addition to being slow and costly, doesn’t necessarily yield results pertinent to humans. By screening drugs on human organoids prior to clinical trials, we may accelerate treatment discovery and increase the odds trials will prove successful.

Atala has been working on regenerative medicine for over 20 years. But he recently added 3D bioprinting to his arsenal. In a 2011 TED talk, he 3D printed a non-functioning kidney onstage (some 90% of patients on donor lists await a kidney). In addition to 3D printing, scientists like Atala are now able to genetically reprogram a patient’s cells (often skin cells) to grow new tissue sourced directly from their own body.

Atala’s team isn’t alone in their quest. Others are working to make tissues and organs using 3D printers and cultured cells. Organovo, for example, is 3D printing miniature strips of human liver, and a University of Louisville team aiming to construct an entire human heart has begun printing valves and vasculature.

The holy grail, still years away, is the creation of fully functional organs comprised of a patient’s own cells. These could end long waits on organ donor lists and eliminate transplant rejections in one fell swoop.

Here’s a taste of that future.

Image Credit: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine