Cong zi wu bi, zhi shi, 从子无臂，指事 (From the character “baby” without arms, an abstract symbol)

According to many students of the Chinese language, the particle le (了) is among the most difficult Chinese grammatical particles to master. 了is not an element to represent the past tense (like many think); it is a particle that does not have a meaning or a concrete term. In structural terms, 了 can show up in two different positions within a phrase.

When 了represents the action expressed by the verb as a realized event

了can be found right after a verb. In this position, 了 indicates the perfect aspect of the verb, or represents the action expressed by the verb as a realized event; the realized event can be situated in the past or in the future. If the verb in question is the main one of the phrase, it means that the action was realized in the past.

Past

他看了一本书。

Tā kàn le yī běn shū.

He read a book.

Future

到了中国，给我写一封信。

Dào le Zhōngguó, gěi wǒ xiě yī fēng xìn.

Once you arrive in China, write me a letter.

When 了represents a change of situation

了 placed at the end of a phrase indicates a change of situation or a new condition. In this case,了 becomes a modal particle.

下雨了。

Xià yǔ le.

It began to rain (the particle 了 implies that it wasn’t raining before and at the moment of the wording it is).

Here are some other examples:

他瘦了。

Tā shòu le.

He lost weight.

车来了。

Chē lái le. .

The bus came.

我决定不跟他说话了。

Wǒ juédìng bù gēn tā shuōhuà le.

I decided not to speak to him anymore.

别哭了。

Bié kū le.

Don’t cry anymore.

When 了expresses the meaning “already/by now”

The particle 了 can be used with adverbs such as yǐjing (已经) and dōu (都) (when this last one is used with value of “already/by now”) to express a phrase that implies the meaning of “already/by now”.

都九点了。

Dōu jiǔ diǎn le.

It’s already 9.

他学中文已经四年了

Tā xué zhōngwén yǐjing sì nián le.

He’s been learning Chinese for four years already.

Note that the adverbs yǐjing (已经) and dōu(都) when used with the value of “already/by now”, can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the phrase.

他七十岁了

Tā qī shí suì le.

He’s already seven years old.

When 了 is used in a subordinate sentence and jiu (就) in the principal one

When the verb followed by the perfect particle 了 is found in a subordinate sentence – which depends on the principal one – one can derive that the there is an existing relationship between the action expressed in the subordinate sentence and that which is expressed in the main sentence. When the second action takes place immediately after the completion of the first, the particle 了 is used to indicate its completion.

In the principal phrase you’ll find the adverb (就) “then” to underscore the consequence between the two actions. Jiù (就) also implies a certain immediacy.

看了书，她就去睡觉。

Kàn le shū, tā jiù qù shuìjiào.

After having read, she goes to sleep.

看了书，她就去睡觉了。

Kàn le shū, tā jiù qù shuìjiào le.

After having read, she went to sleep.

他吃了饭就走。

Tā chī le fàn jiù zǒu.

After eating, he’ll go.

他吃了饭就走了。

Tā chī le fàn jiù zǒu le.

After eating, he went.

我妈妈吃了饭就吃药。

Wǒ māma chī le fàn jiù chī yào.

My mother eats and then takes her medicine.

我妈妈吃了饭就吃药了。

Wǒ māma chī le fàn jiù chī yào le.

My mother ate and then took her medicine.

The construction with jiù 就 can also refer to the future.

他们明天学了中文就去玩。

Tāmen míngtiān xué le zhōngwén jiù qù wán.

Tomorrow, after studying Chinese, they’ll go have a good time.

我后天看了比赛就到餐厅去吃饭。

Wǒ hòutiān kàn le bǐsài jiù dào cāntīng qù chī fàn.

After tomorrow, after watching the race I’ll go eat at the restaurant.

我明天做了练习就去打篮球。

Wǒ míngtiān zuò le liànxí jiù qù dǎ lánqiú.

Tomorrow, after doing the exercises, I’ll go play basketball.

The imminence of the action

There are particular constructions that allow for the expression of imminent action, or something that is about to happen:

就要 (jiù yào) + VERB + 了

快要 (kuài yào) + VERB +了

要 (yào) + VERB + 了

快 (kuài) + VERB 了

Here are some examples:

火车就要出发了。

Huǒ chē jiù yào chūfā le.

The train is about to leave.

快要下雨了。

Kuài yào xià yǔ le.

It’s about to rain.

他快要吃饭了。

Tā kuài yào chī fàn le.

He’s about to eat.

就要下雪了。

Jiù yào xià xuě le.

It’s about to snow.

要放假了。

Yào fàngjià le.

The vacations are about to arrive.

圣诞节快到了。

Shèng dàn jié kuài dào le.

Christmas is about to arrive.

小孩子们要哭了。

Xiǎo háizi men yào kū le.

The babies are about to cry.

When the action took place in the past

When one indicates an action that took place in the past, we must use méi (没), without the particle 了, as you saw in the examples above. Méi (没) is, moreover, the only adverb that can negate the verb yǒu (有) “to have/to be there”.

在这里没有书。

Zài zhèlǐ méi yǒu shū.

There are no books here.

他没有钱。

Tā méi yóu qián.

He doesn’t have any money.

When yǒu (有) is negated by méi (没) , assuming the value of “not to have/not to be there”, you can omit yǒu有.

他没钱。

Tā méi qián.

He doesn’t have any money.

他没钱了。

Tā méi qián le.

He no longer has any money.

Curiosity

According to some scholars, the particle 了 comes from the character liao (了) which means “to end, conclude” and the two syllable word liao jie (了结), which means, to the point, “to bring to an end, to conclude, to finish” but also “to be deceased”.

Although these characters (with this function) are now considered archaic, it is worth mentioning them since, most likely, it is from these ancient meanings that we get the current function of 了: the mark of the perfect aspect of the verb, that is the realized aspect (and for which is ended) of the verb.