Abramson , Paul R. , Aldrich , John H. , and Rohde , David W. . 1998 . Change and Continuity in the 1996 Elections . Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .

Adams , William C. , and Smith , Dennis J. . 1980 . “ Effects of Telephone Canvassing on Turnout and Preferences: A Field Experiment .” Public Opinion Quarterly 44 (Autumn): 389 –95.

Anderson , Barbara A. , Silver , Brian D. , and Abramson , Paul R. . 1988 . “ The Effects of Race of the Interviewer on Measures of Electoral Participation by Blacks in SRC National Election Studies .” Public Opinion Quarterly 52 (Spring): 53 – 83 .

Angrist , Joshua D. , Imbens , Guido W. , and Rubin , Donald B. . 1996 . “ Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables .” Journal of the American Statistical Association 91 (June): 444 –55.

Ansolabehere , Stephen , and Iyengar , Shanto . 1995 . Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate . New York : Free Press .

Blydenburgh , John C. 1971 . “ A Controlled Experiment to Measure the Effects of Personal Contact Campaigning .” Midwest Journal of Political Science 15 (May): 365 –81.

Broder , David S. 1971 . The Party's Over: The Failure of Politics in America . New York : Harper and Row .

Cain , Bruce E. , and McCue , Ken . 1985 . “ The Efficacy of Registration Drives .” Journal of Politics 47 (November): 1221 –30.

Caldeira , Gregory A. , Clausen , Aage R. , and Patterson , Samuel C. . 1990 . “ Partisan Mobilization and Electoral Participation .” Electoral Studies 9 ( 3 ): 191 – 204 .

Christensen , Colleen , Fierst , Deborah , Jodocy , April , and Lorenz , Dennis N. . 1998 . “ Answering the Call for Prosocial Behavior .” The Journal of Social Psychology 138 ( 5 ): 564 –71.

Eldersveld , Samuel J. 1956 . “ Experimental Propaganda Techniques and Voting Behavior .” American Political Science Review 50 (March): 154 –65.

Eldersveld , Samuel J. , and Dodge , Richard W. . 1954 . “ Personal Contact or Mail Propaganda? An Experiment in Voting and Attitude Change .” In Public Opinion and Propaganda , ed. Katz , Daniel , Cartwright , Dorwin , Eldersveld , Samuel , and Lee , Alfred M. . New York : Dryden .

Gosnell , Harold F. 1927 . Getting-Out-the-Vote: An Experiment in the Stimulation of Voting . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .

Gosnell , Harold F. 1937 . Machine Politics: Chicago Model . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .

Granberg , Donald , and Holmberg , Soren . 1992 . “ The Hawthorne Effect in Election Studies: The Impact of Survey Participation on Voting .” British Journal of Political Science 22 (April): 240 –7.

Huckfeldt , Robert , and Sprague , John . 1992 . “ Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass .” American Political Science Review 86 (March): 70 – 86 .

Jason , Leonard A. , Rose , Thomas , Ferrari , Joseph R. , and Barone , Russ . 1984 . “ Personal Versus Impersonal Methods for Recruiting Blood Donations .” Journal of Social Psychology 123 (June): 139 –40.

Kramer , Gerald H. 1970 . “ The Effects of Precinct-Level Canvassing on Voting Behavior .” Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (Winter): 560 –72.

Kraut , Robert E. , and McConahay , John B. . 1973 . “ How Being Interviewed Affects Voting: An Experiment .” Public Opinion Quarterly 37 (Spring): 398 – 406 .

Lau , Richard R. , Sigelman , Lee , Heldman , Caroline , and Babbitt , Paul . 1999 . “ The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment .” American Political Science Review 93 (December): 851 –76.

Lupfer , Michael , and Price , David E. . 1972 . “ On the Merits of Face-to-Face Campaigning .” Social Science Quarterly 53 (December): 534 –43.

Miller , Roy E. , Bositis , David A. , and Baer , Denise L. . 1981 . “ Stimulating Voter Turnout in a Primary: Field Experiment with a Precinct Committeeman .” International Political Science Review 2 ( 4 ): 445 –60.

Price , David E. , and Lupfer , Michael . 1973 . “ Volunteers for Gore: The Impact of a Precinct Level Canvass in Three Tennessee Cities .” Journal of Politics 35 (May): 410 –38.

Putnam , Robert C. 2000 . Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Renewal of American Community . New York : Simon and Schuster .

Reams , Margaret A. , and Ray , Brooks H. . 1993 . “ The Effects of Three Prompting Methods on Recycling Participation Rates: A Field Study .” Journal of Environmental Systems 22 ( 4 ): 371 –9.

Riker , William , and Ordeshook , Peter C. . 1968 . “ A Theory of the Calculus of Voting .“ American Political Science Review 62 (March): 25 – 42 .

Rivers , Douglas , and Vuong , Q. H. . 1988 . “ Limited Information Estimators and Exogeneity Tests for Simultaneous Probit Models .” Journal of Econometrics 39 ( 3 ): 347 –66.

Rosenstone , Steven J. , and Hansen , John Mark . 1993 . Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America . New York : Macmillan .

Sayre , Wallace , and Kaufman , Herbert . 1960 . Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis . Philadelphia : Russell Sage .

Spaccarelli , Steve , Zolik , Edwin , and Jason , Leonard A. . 1989 . “ Effects of Verbal Prompting and Block Characteristics on Participation in Curbside Newspaper Recycling .” Journal of Environmental Systems 19 ( 1 ): 45 – 57 .

Traugott , Michael W. , and Katosh , John P. . 1979 . “ Response Validity in Surveys of Voting Behavior .” Public Opinion Quarterly 43 (Fall): 359 –77.

Wang , Theodore H. , and Katzev , Richard D. . 1990 . “ Group Commitment and Resource Conservation: Two Field Experiments on Promoting Recycling .” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20 ( 4 ): 265 –75.

Ware , Alan . 1985 . The Breakdown of Democratic Party Organization, 1940–1980 . Oxford : Clarendon .

Wielhouwer , Peter W. , and Lockerbie , Brad . 1994 . “ Party Contacting and Political Participation .” American Journal of Political Science 38 (February): 211 –29.

Wolfinger , Raymond E. 1974 . The Politics of Progress . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .