Crossing language barriers is hard… really hard!

If you have a React Native mobile UI and would like to call a library method written in Go, you theoretically need to cross JavaScript → Java → C → Go . Practically, if we add the tech layers too , it becomes UI (JavaScript) → Native Modules (JavaScript/Java) → Android (Java) → Native Interface (Java/C) → Shared library (C) → Go wrappers (C/Go) → Library (Go) .

Although there are amazing tools to help streamline the above, the user is still required to do a lot of manual gluing together. Even with all the effort put into it, every language crossed introduces restrictions and performance penalties. At some point, the whole system becomes too brittle to maintain.

The ghostbridge project aims to establish direct communication between the front-end and the app logic, omitting all the intermediate languages, hooking React Native straight into Go.

This project is not a silver bullet, it may be overkill or inappropriate for your use case. Before diving in, please consider the rationale behind it’s creation.

The platform model sucks

To put it bluntly, React Native is a glorified website. It may be a marvel of the modern world, but under the hood it’s still a dumb HTML&JavaScript combo. This makes data processing and shuffling between UI and device exceedingly hard: JavaScript is simply not suited to directly handle the sheer amount of data a modern application needs.

The React Native solution was the introduction of native modules: instead of touching the data directly (e.g. render a photo), the UI wraps OS components and delegates the heavy lifting to them instead. This works surprisingly well, as long as the OS components can short circuit the data between themselves, without it ever having to enter JavaScript.

Therein lies the problem. For this delicate equilibrium to hold, the underlying components need to be über-optimized and über-aware of each other. That of course holds true for Android components, but things start falling apart when users introduce libraries written in languages other than Java. Low level JNI interfaces are fine for simple operations, but tight integration with specialized data pathways is not realistic.

There are two classical ways out: a) invest an insane amount of time to create a tight enough integration to provide the performance guarantees; b) surface the library functionality straight into JavaScript and bear the performance hit:

Option (a) is unrealistic if the library itself is heavily changing.

Option (b) is unrealistic if large amounts of data are handled.

The website model works

As mentioned above, a React Native app is a website. It might have lots of bells and whistles and tight integrations, but at the end of the day, its core is just a website. This website model means, however, that HTTP is its native form of interaction with remote services.

This is an interesting edge: since most React Native applications access data from remote servers via HTTP, its implementation is both highly optimized and fairly flexible. Furthermore, since most developers rely on RESTful APIs and CDNs for their remote services, the React Native component ecosystem also evolved around HTTP.

Instead of fighting React Native’s mental model, we can embrace it. Instead of exposing a Go library across 4 languages (losing any hope of sanity), we can convert our library into an HTTP micro-service running on the device itself! Go excels at HTTP anyway, so this seems like a no-brainer.

Of course, I didn’t invent the wheel here. Many developers implemented such a communication model before, yet it never really got popular. Turns out, this seemingly simple idea has some painful security implications:

If you run an HTTP server on your mobile device, any application — even worse, any webpage running in any browser on the device — can interact with it.

If you run an HTTP server on localhost , by default there’s no encryption or authentication involved, so malicious applications can eavesdrop and execute man-in-the-middle attacks.

From prototype to production

Exposing a Go library as an HTTP service seems more like a tech demo than a working product. No serious publisher will permit such glaring security holes in their applications (one can only hope). Can we take this model and make it secure though? Turns out the answer is yes, but it needs some code-fu.

There are three individual problems that we must solve:

The UI must ensure it’s talking to the correct service before exchanging any sensitive data.

The Go library must ensure it’s talking to the correct UI before exchanging any sensitive data.

Both endpoints must establish an encrypted stream before exchanging any sensitive data.

This problem is already solved with real-world services: certificates and API tokens. With an HTTP service running on localhost however, things break:

If you ship a certificate within your app, that authenticates localhost , anyone can extract it and impersonate you, since your service is sharing the localhost domain with every other app.

, anyone can extract it and impersonate you, since your service is sharing the domain with every other app. Without a certificate, we’re out of luck. HTTP was designed around this form of security. If we want to use HTTP, we need to play by its rules.

The key realization here is that a TLS certificate for localhost is a perfectly workable solution, as long as nobody can copy it. The challenge is not to devise an alternative security protocol, but to devise a way to protect the certificate!

Ephemeral self-signed certificates

The drama in the above section was around certificates and the challenge of keeping them a secret, but the best way to keep something a secret, is not to create it in the first place! HTTP doesn’t care who creates a certificate, as long as it can validate it. Instead of shipping one, we can generate one on the fly!

The Go library we’d like to expose is a fully fledged Go program. As such, it is perfectly capable of not only running its own web-server, but also generating a random, one-shot, self-signed TLS certificate for it! Yes, there’s a catch: Go might be happy with its new certificate, but React Native will flat out reject it as untrusted. There are a few more tools in our shed!

Although we’re advocating that the best form of communication between Go and React Native is HTTPS, the messy platform APIs are still available. Since the Go library is still executing within the context of the Android application, it can also interact with the system and inject the ephemeral certificate into the application’s trusted certificate pool!

💥 Encryption and server authentication solved! 💥

Ephemeral authorization tokens

React Native is now protected against eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. No data will ever leak out from the UI to a malicious entity. We can’t state the same about the Go service yet. Without an authentication layer, any application and website can still access it (ignoring the certificate error).

The classical solution with real-world services is API tokens. If the connecting client knows a pre-agreed upon secret key, they can use the service. Obtaining this API token is usually done out-of-bounds on some other protocol. We can use this exact same mechanism!

Beside generating the self-signed certificate, the Go library can also generate a random, ephemeral access token. As with the certificate, the Go library can use the platform native interfaces ( Go → C → JNI → Java ) to inject the token into the Android application’s HTTP client!

💥 Client authentication solved! 💥

Ephemeral service endpoints

Although all security issues are addressed, there are still a few practicalities before the service model is complete. Starting an HTTP server on localhost cannot reliably use the same well defined port: it may be taken by some other program or the OS might be holding it for some reason.

The simplest solution is to let the operating system pick the socket port for the HTTPS server. That’s easy enough, just set the requested port to 0. A changing endpoint, however, means that the React Native UI needs to track which port the service is currently running on, which ruins the simplicity of stable URLs.

We can again abuse the fact that the Go library executes in the same process as the rest of the Android application and hook into the app’s network layer. Instead of having to constantly change the URLs on the UI, we can define a meta-endpoint (e.g https://ghost-bridge ), which gets silently redirected to the current live real endpoint by an HTTP interceptor!

💥 Seamless ephemeral endpoints solved! 💥

Assemble all the things

Q: Does the theory make sense?

A: Hell yeah!

Q: Do you want to implement it?

A: Erm…

I don’t blame you. Gluing together all these worlds in a secure way seems like a repetitive, error prone and frustrating experience (to me). Thus Ghost Bridge was born, with the aim of never having to do this again, ever. Ever!

The ghostbridge project is an automation layer between your Go library and your React Native UI, aiming to seamlessly solve all the security and usability challenges whilst, staying out of the effn way™.

Creating the Go-React Native bridge

ghostbridge assumes you already have a Go http.Handler that it can secure. Creating this RESTful API for your library is your task. The benefit of requiring an http.Handler is that you can test your code via the exact same HTTP APIs that React Native will call.

For a demo, let’s hack together an http.Handler to generate adorable avatars:

We need three things:

Running the http.Handler in a secure way described in this document.

in a secure way described in this document. Exposing the control mechanisms for Android to manage the Go service.

Bundle the package up as an Android archive to link together with the UI.

The ghostbridge package takes care of security. It has a method that wraps a simple Go http.Handler into a mutually authenticated and encrypted HTTPS server ghostbridge.New(handler http.Handler) . It can be started, stopped and its security parameters retrieved.

Although ghostbridge provides the control mechanisms (i.e. functions) on the created ghostbridge.Bridge object, gomobile does not support bundling up external methods into an archive. We need a tiny bit of boilerplate to force these methods into our own package:

We’re jumping through a few hoops so that the ghostbridge.Bridge object we created via ghostbridge.New is converted into a type local to the package (as gomobile will only export local types and methods). Although ugly, the above code is just boilerplate, independent of your http.Handler implementation, so copy-paste away!

Creating the Android library now boils down to calling a gomobile bind on it (I’m running from within the package folder that contains the above file):

$ gomobile bind -v -target=android .

[...half a minute later...] $ ls -l

total 17428

-rw-r--r--1 karalabe karalabe 17832115 Mar 2 16:18 avatars.aar

-rw-rw-r--1 karalabe karalabe 678 Mar 2 16:18 avatars.go

-rw-r--r--1 karalabe karalabe 7050 Mar 2 16:18 avatars-sources.jar

If you’ve never used gomobile before, its wiki pages are a good starting point and @eliasnaur a good followup! :D He’s a great guy!

Linking the Go-React Native bridge

Analogous to our demo Go library, we’ll create a new demo React Native UI. First thing’s first, let’s make a new project and make sure it runs correctly on our Android device or emulator.

$ react-native init avatardemo

[...a bit later...]

To run your app on Android:

cd /work/src/github.com/ipsn/avatardemo

Have an Android emulator running, or a device connected

react-native run-android $ cd avatardemo

$ react-native run-android

[...a bit later...]

Starting: Intent { cmp=com.avatardemo/.MainActivity }

This should get you the stock welcome view of React Native.

Let’s replace that with the avatars! First up, we need to link the avatars.aar to the React Native Android project. Although there are fancy ways to hook Go sources directly into the Gradle build system, we’ll add it manually now.

Open your project’s Gradle build file avatardemo/android/build.gradle and modify its repository section to allow local .aar archives. Add the flatDir section in the group below:

allprojects {

repositories {

mavenLocal()

google()

jcenter()

maven {

url "$rootDir/../node_modules/react-native/android"

}

flatDir {

dirs 'libs'

}

}

}

Open your application’s Gradle builder avatardemo/android/app/build.gradle and add a compile time dependency compile(name:'avatars', ext:'aar') to the generated archive (add this to the dependencies { ...} section).

Lastly, copy the generated avatars.aar into avatardemo/android/app/libs/ . All said and done, you should be able to rebuild your Android application and have the Go code linked:

$ react-native run-android

[...a bit later...]

Starting: Intent { cmp=com.avatardemo/.MainActivity }

Running the Go-React Native bridge

Linking the Go library to the React Native didn’t do much. We need to actually start the thing! We could attempt some magic startup on library load, but the app developer is better suited to decide when to run the Go service and where (background thread, foreground thread, application thread).

Since this is a demo, we won’t make it fancy: let’s start it when the application itself starts. Edit your MainApplication.java to import the bridge ( import avatars.Bridge; ) and to start it, add to onCreate :

Unfortunately gomobile is unable to fully expose the Android certificate APIs to Go, so instead of the Go bridge injecting the security configurations auto-magically into Android, we’ll delegate that to a Ghost Bridge java utility class. This may change in the future, but requires a bit of work on gomobile .

Please copy the GhostBridge.java file into your app’s source folder. You can import it via import io.ipsn.ghostbridge.GhostBridge; and finally modify the bridge creation to initialize the Android side of the crypto bridge:

Redeploy everything and verify that it all still builds:

$ react-native run-android

[...a bit later...]

Starting: Intent { cmp=com.avatardemo/.MainActivity }

Demo the Go-React Native bridge

Everything works in theory. But in practice? Let’s find out!

Modify the avatardemo/App.js React Native UI file so it also imports Image from react-native , and replace the boring welcome message with:

Moment of truth… refresh your app (double press R on your keyboard)…

💥 Seamless, mutually-authenticated, encrypted bridge! 💥

Explaining the magic

Wow, it worked! That said, https://ghost-bridge/avatar.png is one magical URL. Let’s break it down to see what goes on under the hood.

ghost-bridge is obviously a non existent domain (it doesn’t even have a TLD). When we initialized the Ghost Bridge via the Java utility, it inserted an interceptor into React Native’s okhttp3 library. Whenever React Native makes an HTTP request, the interceptor redirects ghost-bridge domain to the Go service running on localhost .

is obviously a non existent domain (it doesn’t even have a TLD). When we initialized the Ghost Bridge via the Java utility, it inserted an interceptor into React Native’s library. Whenever React Native makes an HTTP request, the interceptor redirects domain to the Go service running on . https:\\ requires a valid, trusted certificate, which we obviously don’t have. When the Ghost bridge initializes itself, it retrieves the randomly generated new certificate and injects it into the app’s TrustManager , which is then injected into React Native’s socket factory.

requires a valid, trusted certificate, which we obviously don’t have. When the Ghost bridge initializes itself, it retrieves the randomly generated new certificate and injects it into the app’s , which is then injected into React Native’s socket factory. Client authentication requires an API token, which we obviously didn’t specify. Ghost Bridge is again to blame: during initialization it injects another interceptor into okhttp3 , which adds an Authorization: Bearer header every HTTP request sent to the ghost-bridge domain.

The end result is that React Native remains completely oblivious to the fact that it’s actually talking to a local library and also remains oblivious to the seamless encryption and mutual authorization. Everything just works™.

Epilogue

This article was born out of the frustration of trying to create a mobile UI for a decentralized Android application, where there is no remote back-end server, no cloud component to attach to. All there is, is a large Go library that does its magic in the background and serves the UI.

I went over multiple iterations on how to make it work, originally attempting the platform API model through shared libraries and JNI, then via simulated JSON streams, fetch APIs and data URLs. My conclusion was that you cannot fight React Native. The entire ecosystem revolves so tightly around HTTP that you either play by those rules, or you use a different UI technology.

I cannot say this solution is perfect, I cannot say it will work for you, I cannot even say it will stand the test of time. All I can say is that it’s the best I myself have come up with until now, and I figured I’d share it with you.

Until next time…

Avatars, avatars everywhere! :)

PS: You can find the Ghost Bridge at https://github.com/ipsn/go-ghostbridge