aMedical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

bDivision of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany

cCentre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom

dAcademic Unit of Palliative Care, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

eDepartment of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States

fSt Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

gDepartment of Neurology, Krankenhaus Lindenbrunn, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

hDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

iDepartment of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

jDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States

kDepartment of Medicine and Science of Aging, CeSI-MeT, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

lEuropean Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC)

mDepartment of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

nUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

oDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

pDepartment of Anesthesiology, Acute Postoperative Pain Service, Saint Luc Hospital, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

qUniversity of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia

rPain Clinic, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

sDepartments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States

tDiscipline of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

uDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia

vDivision of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Scotland

wSection of Clinical Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

xDepartment of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden

yResearch Group Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

zTRACE, Center for Translational Health Research, KU Leuven, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium

aaDepartment of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

bbThe Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

ccBrain Research Center and Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

*Corresponding author. Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str.13–17, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0)621 383 71 400; fax: +49-(0)621 383 71 401. E-Mail address: Rolf-Detlef.Treede@medma.uni-heidelberg.de (R.-D. Treede).

Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.

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R.-D. Treede, W. Rief, and A. Barke contributed equally to this manuscript.