More than 500 Native American women have disappeared or been murdered in U.S. cities, many since the year 2000, according to a new report from Seattle’s Urban Indian Health Institute.

And that’s likely an undercount overall, since law enforcement tended to supply only more recent records. Annita Lucchesi and the institute's director Abigail Echo-Hawk co-authored the report. Lucchesi said they wanted to focus on the urban areas where most Native Americans live, since most research is focused on reservations. She said they contacted dozens of law enforcement agencies, and there was no one single cause of the violence they chronicled. “You know I don’t want to say ‘random violence’ because I don’t think it is random,” she said. “But it’s violence targeting indigenous women because they’re indigenous, because they know law enforcement will not hold them accountable.”

They found domestic violence and sexual violence were related to a relatively small percentage of the cases, just 66 out of the 506 overall. Seattle had 74 cases of indigenous women who were killed or reported missing, the most of any city. And Washington state had the second-highest number of any state.

Lucchesi, a doctoral student at the University of Lethbridge in Canada , said the findings are at odds with Seattle’s liberal reputation. (Read more about the research here.) “Most people don’t even realize that it’s actually not a safe place for Native people,” she said. “I think that’s tied to kind of a larger issue with, frankly, segregation. I think many cities in the Pacific Northwest are still segregated not only along racial lines but along class lines as well.”