CHINA’S leaders seem, in public, to be on a permanent charm offensive towards foreign businesses. Multinational bosses, in turn, tend to praise the Communist Party’s long-term thinking. But in recent weeks, relations have become strained, leading some businessmen to express concern about government policies.

On September 11th Li Keqiang, the prime minister, welcomed ever-eager foreign investors to a forum in the north-eastern city of Dalian, promising that his new government will press on with a broad range of market-friendly economic reforms. He said he would ensure that all businesses have equal access to markets and legal protection. “Reform and innovation provide an inexhaustible driving force,” gushed Mr Li, pointing as an example to the pilot free-trade zone soon to be unveiled in Shanghai.

Jin Liqun, a former senior financial official, wrote in Global Times, an official mouthpiece, that “China is on the cusp of a new round of reforms [that]…could be compared to the decision to set up the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in the 1980s.” That is a tantalising vision, as Deng Xiaoping’s bold experiments with private enterprise in Shenzhen helped kick-start three decades of growth. Many expect a big reform push after an important party meeting in November, which is being compared to a seminal plenum, chaired by Deng, in 1978. Mr Jin insists the government has the “guts to crack hard nuts”.

Away from official newspapers and the soothing speeches in Dalian, however, a less flattering picture emerges of the relations between government and business. A harsh and apparently arbitrary crackdown on corruption is under way. In recent weeks the authorities have swooped on dozens of foreign companies in many industries, seizing documents and arresting businessmen. The most visible case involved GlaxoSmithKline, a British drugs giant; local executives and foreign private investigators hired by the firm have been arrested. Some have been paraded on television in prison jumpsuits. Violet Ho of Kroll, a risk consultancy, says more such cases are likely.

There is plenty of corruption to tackle in China, but the murky policies and heavy-handed tactics used in this latest offensive are troubling. Foreign firms are, in the words of one adviser, “freaking out”. No one knows who is next. Some suggest the campaign is a way to settle scores or to cripple specific foreign competitors. It has led many foreign businessmen to question the leadership’s commitment to economic reforms and to fear that law, far from being strengthened, is being abused. Multinationals would support an anti-corruption drive, says one Western lawyer, if it were transparent and if everyone received equal treatment.

The first prescription of a new paper released by the European Chamber of Commerce in China is to improve “regulatory implementation and enforcement”. Others include greater market access for foreign firms and ending “indigenous innovation” policies that force the transfer of intellectual property to local champions. Lawyers at large Western firms are fearful because of unnerving incidents such as antitrust officials recently convening a meeting of several dozen in-house lawyers. Reports suggest they were told to expect further investigations, and warned of dire consequences if they sought outside legal help to challenge regulatory action through the courts. Few dare to disobey, so important is China to their profitability.

As a result, many foreign firms have stopped doing deals for now and are reviewing their compliance policies, relationships with vendors and other potential targets of official investigators. Some foreign executives cancelled their summer holidays to do so. Law firms have been asked by clients to be on standby “in case of dawn raids anywhere in the country”, says Li Qiang, of O’Melveny & Myers, an American law firm. Ms Ho says life has become harder for investigative firms like hers as “there are no clear lines”.

Not just for big noses

Local entrepreneurs are feeling the pinch, too. Several dozen founders of leading Chinese private firms gathered last month in the central city of Hefei for the Yabuli China Entrepreneurs’ Forum. For over a decade the meeting has been attended by the bosses of firms such as Vanke, China’s biggest property company, and Wahaha, an enormous drinks conglomerate. This year the mood was bleak, with endless grumbling about government intrusion and the lack of rule of law. Participants were especially incensed by the recent execution of Zeng Chengjie, an entrepreneur, on charges of financial fraud, which they believed unfair. One member warned the group that “some of you sitting here today may go to jail”. There was surprisingly open talk of taking money out of the country to avoid confiscation by the state.

China’s new leaders clearly need to do more than make grand speeches if they are to win back trust. Ren Zhiqiang, the boss of Hua Yuan, a big property firm, who has 15m followers on Weibo, China’s equivalent of Twitter, stuck his neck out at the Yabuli event. He insisted this November’s plenum will not be as successful as the 1978 meeting that spawned reforms if the government does not do more to protect private assets and enhance the rule of law. No amount of charm offensives can make up for that.