The Unofficial Secret Hitler Strategy Guide Secret Hitler is a social deduction game for 5–10 people about finding and stopping the Secret Hitler. The majority of players are Liberals. If they can learn to trust each other, they have enough votes to control the table and win the game. But some players are Fascists. They will say whatever it takes to get elected, enact their agenda, and blame others for the fallout. The liberals must work together to discover the truth before the fascists install their cold-blooded leader and win the game. This is an unofficial strategy guide for Secret Hitler. We wrote it to immortalise the insight gained from our group’s 400+ games in the form of a living document. We will continue to update this guide as we butcher our metagame and reassemble it into some horrifying meta-Frankenstein’s monster. If you have suggestions for additions or improvements to this guide, please submit an issue or pull request to the repository.

Rules The year is 1932. The place is pre-WWII Germany. In Secret Hitler, players are German politicians attempting to hold a fragile Liberal government together and stem the rising tide of Fascism. Watch out though — there are secret Fascists among you, and one player is Secret Hitler. Secret Hitler doesn’t have many rules; the complexity of the game stems from the social situations the rules create. Each player is secretly assigned to a role and a party membership at the start of the game. There are two parties a player can be a part of - the Liberals and the Fascists. Every Liberal player also has the Liberal role and all but one Fascist has the Fascist role. The remaining Fascist player has the Hitler role. There are more Liberals than there are Fascists; this depends on the number of players in the game, as shown in the table below. No. of Players 5 6 7 8 9 10 No. of Liberals 3 4 4 5 5 6 No. of Fascists 1+H 1+H 2+H 2+H 3+H 3+H Hitler does not know who the other Fascists are, but the other Fascists know who all the Fascists are. There is a deck of Liberal and Fascist policies. There are eleven Fascist policies and six Liberal policies in the deck. An exception to this is that in a five player game, Hitler knows who the other Fascists are. In order to reveal party membership between players, at the start of the game, one player instructs all players to close their eyes and extend their hand. Then, Hitler is instructed to raise their thumb and the other Fascists are instructed to open their eyes. Once all Fascists have made eye contact and know who they are working with, Hitler is instructed to lower their thumb and the other Fascists are instructed to close their eyes. At this point, everyone can open their eyes and the game begins. The Liberal team wins when five Liberal policies are enacted or when Hitler is assassinated, whereas the Fascist team wins when six Fascist policies are enacted or Hitler is elected chancellor at any point after the third Fascist policy is enacted. One player is chosen to start as the first presidential candidate and has to choose another player to be their chancellor for the first election. All the other players must then vote to accept or reject the government. A majority is required to pass a government. Players that were part of the most recent previous government cannot be chosen as chancellor. The president and chancellor who are up for election can vote. If a government is elected, then the president takes the top three electoral policies from the deck and must discard one to the discard pile. The president then passes the remaining two policies to the chancellor, who must discard another policy and then enact whichever policy remains. The president and chancellor are under no requirement to say what policies they discarded and can lie. Once five Fascist policies have been enacted, the veto power is enabled. From this point onward, the president and chancellor can choose to discard all three policies if they both agree. However, doing so counts as a failed government and advances the failed government tracker forward. If three or more Fascist policies have been enacted at this point, electing Hitler as chancellor will win the game for the Fascists. When discarding policies, verbal and non-verbal communication between the president and the chancellor is forbidden. When Fascist policies are enacted, the president of the current government may be granted a one-time ability which must be used before the next election begins. Both Liberal and Fascist presidents can use the abilities. The ability granted depends on the number of players in the game and how many Fascist policies have previously been enacted - this is shown on the game board. See the below section on Presidential Powers for more information. If a government is not elected, then the next player clockwise is chosen to choose the next government as president and the game repeats. If three consecutive governments are rejected, then the topmost policy in the deck is played and the previous president and chancellor are eligible for selection again. If there are less than three policies remaining in the deck then the discard pile and deck are combined and shuffled. For more details, it is recommended that the official Secret Hitler rules are reviewed. Presidential Powers There are four special powers that can be obtained during the game through the enacting of Fascist policies. Some powers will not be available depending on how many players there are. Investigate Loyalty When a president obtains the Investigate Loyalty ability, they are able to choose another player and view their party membership card in secret. The president can choose to share the results of the investigation and may lie. No player can be investigated twice. Special Election The president can choose any other player to be the next president, even those who were in the previous government. The selected player can choose a chancellor and the election proceeds as normal. Once the election is over, the next president returns to the normal rules - ie. the next player clockwise to the president who obtained the ability. This can allow the player to the left of the president to become the nominated president twice in a row. Policy Peek The president can peek at the top three policies in the deck and return them in the same order. There is no requirement to share this information with anyone or be honest about the policies. Execution The President executes one player at the table by saying “I formally execute [player name].” If that player is Hitler, the game ends in a Liberal victory. If the executed player is not Hitler, the table will not know for sure if they have killed a Fascist or a Liberal; Liberals must try to work out for themselves whether the right person was killed. Executed players are removed from the game and may not speak, vote, or be elected as part of government. It is also recommended that Executed players do not interfere with the game in any way, including by looking at other players’ cards. These innocuous actions can often accidentally reveal your true party allegiance.

Strategy Overview Liberals As a Liberal, your aim is to ensure that Liberal policies are enacted and to discover Fascists in order to execute or soft-eliminate them. Liberals should tell the truth about what they see, play, and discard. This is useful so that the Liberals have the maximum amount of information available to them when making decisions. If a Liberal is caught lying about something, it can seriously undermine their trust and make it easier for Fascists to infiltrate the Liberal block. Where possible, you want to pass or play Liberal policies. As a President or Chancellor, you will want to ensure that a Liberal is played if you see one. As such, the default strategy is to simply pass one across or play one if you have been given it. This is a good all-round strategy that brings the liberals closer to victory. If you are a Liberal, don’t say that you’re Fascist. Some players do this to make it easier for them to be nominated when they are Fascist, but it just makes other players less likely to vote for their governments. If you do this as a Liberal, you are just harming your team. Regular Fascists Fascists want to sow as much dissent and chaos as possible, giving confused Liberals a path to bring about their own demise. However you must watch out that you do not trip up over your own lies. Most of the time Fascists should pretend they are Liberals, only furthering the Fascist agenda when they have plausible deniability. A player who does this well will be able to curry favour with the Liberals, allowing them to subtly continue with their deceit, biding their time for a merciless betrayal when it counts the most. Fascists should also do their best to help Hitler gain trust so that they can be elected chancellor and win the game. This usually involves allowing them to play Liberal policies and attempting to eliminate other players from the game to clear the way. But be careful not to support Hitler too much, or the Liberal players might catch on! Hitler Hitler has the most sensitive role, as they can bring about an early victory or defeat for the Fascists. A good Hitler player can worm their way into the Liberal block and get themselves nominated while still playing Fascist cards when they think they can get away with it. A poor one may get discovered and make themselves a prime target for execution powers, undermining any results the other Fascists have been achieving. The most basic Hitler strategy is to just play as a straight Liberal. Try to make all the same decisions you would make as a Liberal player; playing Liberal policies, discovering Fascists, voting conservatively. If you can do this well, you should have a reasonable amount of trust from the Liberal players to get you voted in as chancellor when it matters. Of course, with this strategy you are relying on the regular Fascists to enact the policies you need to win the game, but a straight Liberal Hitler play is a good idea if you aren’t comfortable trying more advanced tactics. When you are more familiar with the game, you can try selectively discarding Liberal policies when you can plausibly deny doing so. However, try not to get in disputes with other players, as you could quickly find yourself cut out of the game with no chance of being elected for that early victory.

Basic Strategy Chancellor nomination As a Liberal Since you want to ensure the play of as many Liberal policies as possible, you should nominate the player you trust the most to be chancellor. If you have little trust for any other player, you might want to pick a chancellor who has not been on a government yet to gather information on as many players as possible. Be careful when nominating a chancellor after three Fascist policies have been played, as the Fascists will win the game if Hitler is successfully nominated. Note that if Hitler is playing well, they may be one of the most trusted players in the game. As such, you need to be on the lookout for strange votes which might point to Fascists pushing for a Hitler nomination. As a Fascist As a Fascist, you are one of the few players who has full knowledge of everyone’s roles. However, you must be careful not to give away too much information with your nominations. At the early stages of the game when few governments have gone through, it is often best to stay undercover. One option is to not take sides and pick chancellors that the group considers reasonable. Sometimes this will allow you to put two Fascists into a government, but don’t worry too much if it doesn’t happen. After the placement of three Fascist policies, you must be more aware of your nominations. At this stage, watch out for Liberal players hunting for suspicious actions; if the other players are experienced, then all it takes is one bad vote to give yourself and Hitler away. As a Fascist, you must balance up your desire to nominate Hitler or a fellow Fascist with hiding your identity by putting through sub-optimal governments. All it takes to spoil trust gained for Hitler in the early stages of the game is for a Fascist to be too eager to get them nominated. You must also gauge the group’s suspicion of you at this stage and you may instead try to shift it onto unsuspecting Liberals, perhaps by acting as if a Liberal is Hitler by nominating them or voting for them when it is seemingly illogical to do so. As Hitler When playing as Hitler, you should nominate in the same way as a Liberal. Since you do not have knowledge of the roles of other players in the game, this should be easy. Do not worry too much about finding fellow Fascists; you should focus on making yourself a viable chancellor choice. It is usually advantageous to build trustworthy governments, as this will allow you to push for yourself to be chancellor later. If you have managed to work out the identity of your fellow Fascists, it can be useful to have them on a government. This will allow you to collaborate to ensure Fascist policies go down. The only thing to watch out for here is whether they have suspicion on them already. If they do, this can often reflect on yourself and lead to distrust. Presidential Actions The President has the most power in the Government because they get the first look at the cards and the possibility of activating a Fascist power. Other players will be aware of this, so your actions will be under scrutiny. As a Liberal When playing as a Liberal, your main choice when giving your cards to the Chancellor is whether you pass one or two Liberal cards when you draw 2L1F. Generally, passing two Liberals is only a good idea when the Liberals are behind near the end of the game; otherwise you can be denying the Liberal team of information on the Chancellor. Giving a choice to the Chancellor could result in a Fascist play, in which case you know the Chancellor is a Fascist. If you draw one Liberal you could decide to discard it in order to gain a Fascist power. This only really makes sense for the investigation and assassination powers; the others are not powerful enough to give up a Liberal play for. This should be done judiciously and not when the Liberals are already behind on the scoreboard (unless you are fairly sure you can kill Hitler). As a Fascist Your main choice as a Fascist President is whether to discard Liberal policies or not. On a draw of 1L2F, discarding the Liberal and forcing a Fascist play brings your team closer to victory (and maybe gives you a Fascist power), but it will also cast suspicion upon you. You need to carefully consider the current state of the game to decide whether you can get away with discarding a Liberal, or if it’s worth doing even if it’ll likely out you as a Fascist. It is easier to sell a 0L3F draw if lots of Liberal policies have been played since the last shuffle, since there will be fewer Liberals in the deck and you can call on the power of statistics to save you. It can also be profitable to force a Fascist play if a few Liberal Presidents have had unlucky 0L3F draws, as you add chaos to the game. If your Chancellor is also a Fascist, you could even play a Fascist policy on a draw of 2L1F. If you do this at the wrong time or aren’t convincing enough, this could out both of you as Fascists and effectively lose you the game, but it is profitable when it works. By discarding two Liberals from the deck, you make it much more likely for Liberal Presidents to draw 0L3F, thus covering up your lie somewhat. If you are going for this strategy, you should be sure to do it as soon as possible after a shuffle to get as much cover as you can. Of course, if the Fascist team is far behind, it may make sense to discard two Liberals just to give you a better chance of winning. As always, consider the trust of the table and state of the board. Chancellor action Being the Chancellor can be a dangerous place to be, as you are somewhat at the whim of chance and the President. You can easily find yourself in a dispute, either from your own choice or from the lies of a Fascist President. As a Liberal Just play a Liberal policy if you get one. Playing a Fascist card on a choice to give the President a Fascist power is the only possible reason for not doing this, but that strategy is incredibly risky and may well cost you the game. As a Fascist Deciding whether or not to discard a Liberal policy when given a choice can be difficult. It will put you up on the scoreboard, but will almost certainly result in a dispute, which may cut you out of the game. Consider how much chaos is currently at the table, how important a Fascist policy play is, how much trust the President has, and what Fascist power the President would get when making your choice. Aftermath After the card is revealed, it is usually useful to ask both players what cards they received and what they discarded. The players may not reveal this information, or they may lie, but it helps to get an idea of how many Fascists remain in the deck so that you can evaluate future governments. As a Liberal Telling the truth about what you saw is a good basic strategy for Liberals, as it ensures that the other Liberal players have the most information available to them when making decisions later on, and for evaluating the probability of a Fascist policy involving foul play. As a Fascist The aftermath is a key place for Fascists to inject chaos into the game. Telling the truth can gain you trust, but subtly changing the story can pay off later in the game. For example, if you draw 1L2F as a President and pass 1L1F to the Chancellor, it often makes sense to claim you drew 2L1F, as it will create the illusion that there are less Liberals in the deck then there actually are. This will make it easier for other Fascist players to justify Liberal policy discards until the cards are shuffled. If you give a Liberal Chancellor 2F, then you need to decide whether to say you drew 3F, or that you gave the player a choice and they discarded a Liberal policy. This can be even more profitable if you say that you drew 2L1F, discarded a Liberal to give them a choice, and were then betrayed, as this creates chaos and increases Liberal discard viability. If you decide to lie and throw the player under the bus, you need to be able to sell it with your body language and reaction as well. This can only really be learned by trying it out and watching how experienced players act. Note that in a high player-count game you may find yourself cut out of the game if there isn’t a lot of distrust already planted, so carefully consider whether the benefit is worth the soft elimination. Disputes When there is a dispute as a result of a governmental action (e.g. investigator claims to have seen a Fascist but the investigatee claims to be a Liberal, or president claims to have passed across a liberal that the chancellor discarded), this means that there is guaranteed to be at least one fascist within the pair. If there is a dispute, exclude both players from play where possible. This means do not elect them to government, do not investigate them, do not nominate as chancellors and do not assassinate. The reason for this is that there is too much risk following and trusting one.

Advanced Strategy Double dispute Sometimes it works for Fascists to create a double dispute. For example, if an investigation is coming up and the President is Fascist: The President forces the Chancellor to play a Fascist policy and then claims that they were given a choice. The President investigates a Liberal and claims that they are Fascist. Since three people are in dispute, it is more difficult to exclude them from the game and players would be forced to take sides. Self-downvoting When unsure about your Chancellor choice, voting against your own candidate can provide information through the other player’s votes. Where possible, have the next President (who you deem likely a Liberal) also vote for the same Chancellor. If unsure (Hitler has been enabled) get the next two Presidents to follow the tactic. Maximising Presidency If you are a possible choice for President (i.e. within two clockwise spaces of the initial president since the vote count reset), then it can often make sense to vote down governments to maximise your chance of getting the Presidency and therefore having more of an influence over the game. This is particularly important if a strong power will activate if a Fascist policy is enacted. This is a general strategy that applies to both teams as you can trust yourself more than the others to make the right decision. An exception to this rule is that Hitler may avoid becoming President. This can be for multiple reasons including allowing themselves to become Chancellor for victory in the future, they might not trust themselves with the assassination or they might prefer other players use the investigation. Reveal trickery As a Liberal president If the Chancellor plays a Liberal, then all is (mostly) well. If a Fascist is played, however, you have a choice to make. You could inform the table immediately that the Chancellor discarded a Liberal and is therefore Fascist; this will put you in dispute with the Chancellor and could result in a soft-elimination depending on the number of players and established meta. For the most part this is a good strategy, as the Liberals can be certain that they have cut out at least one Fascist. Alternatively you can keep the information to yourself until it becomes necessary to reveal it. This will put pressure on the Chancellor as they will be waiting for you to reveal their betrayal so that they can best counter your accusation. They may out themselves by reacting to your lack of reaction, or by making other mistakes due to them being on-edge. Regardless of the action you took, you need to decide whether or not to reveal what cards you drew and what you discarded. Generally, honesty as a Liberal is the best policy. However, if you draw more than one Liberal, it can make sense to lie and say that you only received one. This will create the illusion that there are more Liberals in the deck then there actually are, so the Fascists will be less likely to discard one for fear of being discovered. However, you should probably reveal this information when the deck is to be shuffled so that the plays can be correctly analysed by your fellow Liberals. Card Counting There are 17 cards in total: 6 Liberal and 11 Fascist. In the first round of governments, there can be 5 functional governments before the deck needs to be shuffled (3 cards x 5 = 15). As such, in the first round you will see 15 cards as a group, but the remaining two will be unknown as they get shuffled back in. For the second round after the deck is shuffled, there should now be 12 cards in the deck. In round two you have the possibility of 4 governments which will then see all the cards. If you get to the end of the second deck and the game isn’t over, there will only be one more government after the shuffle. Causing a failed government three times (also known as Brexit or breakfast) will disrupt this order. In round 1 if you vote past the governments twice you can see all the cards. In round 2 the failed vote will result in more cards being hidden. Avoiding power plays Until you have some information it is best to vote down a President nominating a Chancellor who could then be President in the next round. If someone is on the government two plays in a row then they have a lot of power to influence the game, and if you are Liberal you don’t know whether that person is Fascist or not. As such, Liberals should vote down such nominations to avoid giving Fascists power and Fascists should vote down such governments so as to not give themselves away. Our group tends to nominate the player directly counter-clockwise from them if they don’t have any better idea. When it is time for a Hitler nomination or there is some trust at the table, then you can feel free to vote in power plays.

Fascist Track Powers When a Fascist policy is played, the President may get a special power to enact. These powers can make or break the game, so a lot of attention should be payed to when the powers will be used, who will use them, and who you suspect they will use them on. Investigations When there is an investigation and the investigatee is called to be a Liberal, the probability of the investigatee being Liberal is slightly higher. The four possibilities are: Liberal President, Liberal investigatee: Should always result in a liberal call

FL: The Fascist President may accuse the investigatee in order to create chaos, or they might call a Liberal to maintain cover

LF: Should always result in a fascist call See the Experimental Strategy: The Slow Burn

FF: Most of the time the president will call liberal, but they might sometimes call fascist to cause chaos. When there is an investigation and the investigatee is called to be a Fascist, the probability of the investigator being Hitler is low. This is due to the fact that Hitler generally wouldn’t want to create a dispute and bring attention to themselves. Due to our current strategy of soft-eliminating those in a dispute, if Hitler was to create a dispute this would prevent a Hitler nomination victory. The investigation is almost always more useful than it is a hindrance. Do not Brexit and lose the power. Chain investigations in 9/10 player games are almost always a bad idea. They limit the amount of information you can get and can cause chaos late in the game if you draw incorrect conclusions from them. They are also difficult to trust, because at least two members of the chain will have been Fascist-playing presidents, since that’s how one gets the investigation power. You should keep this in mind when nominating presidents; if a player has been investigated and called a Liberal, you should not vote for them as president until the second investigation power has been used. If that player is nominated and happens to draw three Fascist policies (or pretends to), then the table will have inadvertently caused a chain investigation. Executions As a Liberal You must be careful when you have gained the power of Assassination. The Liberals only have a narrow majority, so you must make sure you do not shoot one of your teammates. There are two real choices to make as a Liberal with the Assassination power: shoot a known Fascist or try to shoot Hitler. There are only two ways to know for sure if someone is fascist: Investigation

Be in direct dispute over a policy It is often safest to shoot whoever you are in a dispute with as a result of investigations or policy disputes. They are less likely to be Hitler, so other Liberals may question your choice, but increasing the Liberal majority is worthwhile. The alternative is to go after Hitler instead, the hard part is identifying them. Some reasons to suspect someone of being Hitler are: Support from suspicious players with no prior justification.

As Fascists have extra knowledge, they may side with Hitler early on in an attempt to help them build trust. If you don’t know any Fascists, a more risky option is to kill the person you trust least from a dispute. As you know there is a guaranteed Fascist between them it is only a 50/50 chance of killing the wrong person. In the worst case you can use the second assassination power to kill the other member of the dispute. This ensures that you have killed at least one Fascist, and thus haven’t unbalanced the voting. If you pick wrong with the first kill or if you do not have a second assassination this can lead to issues. It’s still possible to get back in control if Hitler doesn’t know who the other Fascists are. As a Fascist Ideally you want to kill a Liberal if you get the execution power as a Fascist. This lowers the voting power of the Liberals and can equalize the player counts in a game with an odd number of players. As the Liberals’ voting power gets lower, the Fascists will have an easier time electing Fascist governments and Hitler. You need to consider whether or not you can justify killing a Liberal player to the others. If you can, then it’s safe to kill them. If not, you need to decide whether it’s more valuable to your team to kill an obvious Fascist to maintain trust, or to kill a Liberal and out yourself to the table. The latter can be a good choice if it will even the team counts, or if there is a strong Liberal block which can be disrupted. For example, if there are three Liberals who trust each other and keep cycling the governments between them, you could execute one so that the Liberals are forced to put trust in someone else – maybe Hitler. Choose president Choosing the next President can appear to be unimportant, but it can be the difference between an early Hitler nomination and a Liberal victory. As a Liberal If you have activated this power then Hitler can now be nominated for a Fascist victory. You might think that the obvious choice is to give the Presidency to the player you trust the most. The problem with that is the President then needs to choose a Chancellor who is not Hitler. As such, it will often make more sense to choose a President who is not quite as trusted so that the trusted player is eligible to be nominated as the Chancellor. Another interesting strategy is to select the players one or two spaces clockwise. This player will then have two chances at electing a successful Government, so the first choice can be used as a trial to look for strange votes or reactions, then the second choice can be voted through if it seems sound. As a Fascist A Fascist player should usually go along with the Liberal nomination strategy, but giving the Presidency to another Fascist if possible. If you do something suspicious with your nomination, then it could cast doubt on the player you elect as your President, and the government likely won’t go through either. If you are feeling particularly devious, you could try playing on suspicion to cast doubt on a Liberal player by nominating them with little justification. Look at top three cards This power is only available in 5/6 player games, but the version which is present in the rules is not particularly interesting for us. The problem is that if a Liberal looks at the top cards and says that there are Liberal policies at the top, then the Liberals can choose to just Brexit to get free Liberal plays. If a Fascist gets the power and lies, then it’s easy for them to be outed. This can be addressed somewhat by either making the examiner shuffle the three cards before they put them back on top, or (our favourite) barring them from communicating what the cards were before all three have been played or discarded.

Experimental Strategy The Flip-Flop Early voting can be unproportionally counted on compared to other votes. In the first round of voting, Fascists have the advantage and it is likely that Liberals will vote against, wasting a potential government. Flip-flopping between games can help mitigate this due to balancing skeptical Liberals to optimistic ones. WARNING: This has a side effect of unpredictable player meta; players may see you as untrustworthy because they cannot reason about your initial vote - especially if you were next in line to be President. The Slow Burn Here a liberal, investigating a fascist, claims the investigatee is a liberal. They sit on that information for a while and then reveal that the investigated player is a fascist later. The Maverick Investigator Liberal President forces their Chancellor to play a fascist to receive the investigation power (only available in 6+ player games) to investigate their Chancellor. An extension to this play happens when the Liberal President finds their Chancellor is a Fascist but informs the other players that they are Liberal. The reaction of the Fascist Chancellor may reveal if the Chancellor is a Fascist or Hitler. Hitler would not react to the move, whereas a Fascist may be startled by answer. The Boy that Cried Wolf Claiming to have accidentally played the wrong (i.e., fascist) policy. The Robin Hood Being Liberal president, discarding liberals and forcing chancellor to play fascist to get power. Doing this if the Liberals are not ahead on the board is usually a bad idea as it will reduce the trust for the president. Do not do this on the first turn of a 9/10 player game, as the Liberals will find it very difficult to bring back the deficit as Fascists will be able to hide more easily and the Liberals will likely not trust the investigation.

Etiquette Setup When examining your envelope, be sure to examine both your party membership and role cards even if you are a Liberal. Everyone should look at both their cards, otherwise you can tell who is a Fascist by whoever looked at both their cards. By looking at both cards, the game starts fairly for both teams and this cannot be used against anyone throughout. This is also important for all liberals to do since if a liberal does look at both cards you may be inclined to judge them as fascist for doing so. Voting We aim to make it the responsibility of the current President to call the vote. This allows the President to begin the countdown after the Chancellor has been selected. Sometimes conversations and discussions occur during and after selection is made but before the vote is called. This is generally allowed but it is important that the President ensures everyone knows who is nominated for Chancellor. Occasionally we have had games where a vote is called before everyone knows who the nominee is or a vote is called unclearly resulting in a late vote. Vote at the same time as everyone else. The president should count down from five, at which point everyone should flip their cards at the same time. The recommended way to vote is to decide in advance who you wish to vote for, take the appropriate card out (yes or no) and enqueue it, keeping it out, clearly in front of you and ready for flipping. This way others can see that you are ready to vote and also that you have not switched/made a decision based on any other visible cards. It is inconsiderate to vote late as you may see others votes and be influenced by this. As a house rule your group may decide that late votes automatically count as “nein” votes. It is also recommended that you do not leave votes lying out even if your intention is to vote that way. Direct Questioning Your group may decide to disallow direct questioning, such as asking “Are you a fascist?” and staring the player down until they answer. Some groups may see this as fair play, others – particularly those where some players do not have good poker faces – may see it as unfair. See what works for your group.

Statistics and Probabilities Liberal Draw Odds The first government of the policy deck is often the most important and most revealing about a player’s action. It is only during this point in the game that all players know the number of liberal cards in the deck. From this we can work out the odds of drawing at least one liberal card at these stages. After governments have passed this becomes harder due to the possibilities that players have lied. With the table below we can work out what the odds are that at least one liberal will be drawn based on any permutation of government. The y-axis is the number of presumed or known liberal cards still in the deck, the x-axis is the total number of cards currently in the deck. For example in the first round of the game we know that there will be 17 cards in total (6 liberal and 11 fascist). As a government draws three cards, the chances of them drawing at least one liberal is around 75%. Percentage Chance of Drawing at Least One Liberal Total Number of Cards 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3







Number

of

Liberal

Cards



0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 25.00% 27.27% 30.00% 33.33% 37.50% 42.86% 50.00% 60.00% 75.00% 100% 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a 42.31% 45.45% 49.09% 53.33% 58.33% 64.29% 71.43% 80.00% 90.00% 100.0% 100% 3 n/a n/a n/a 54.67% 58.04% 61.82% 66.06% 70.83% 76.19% 82.14% 88.57% 95.00% 100.0% 100.0% 100% 4 n/a n/a 63.74% 67.03% 70.63% 74.55% 78.79% 83.33% 88.10% 92.86% 97.14% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% n/a 5 n/a 70.54% 73.63% 76.92% 80.42% 84.09% 87.88% 91.67% 95.24% 98.21% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% n/a n/a 6 75.74% 78.57% 81.54% 84.62% 87.76% 90.91% 93.94% 96.67% 98.81% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% n/a n/a n/a