The smallest lattice in the world is visible under the microscope only. Struts and braces are 0.2 µm in diameter. Total size of the lattice is about 10 µm. Credit: J. Bauer / KIT

3-D lattice with glassy carbon struts and braces of less than 200 nm in diameter has higher specific strength than most solids.

KIT scientists now present the smallest lattice structure made by man in the Nature Materials journal. Its struts and braces are made of glassy carbon and are less than 1 µm long and 200 nm in diameter. They are smaller than comparable metamaterials by a factor of 5. The small dimension results in so far unreached ratios of strength to density. Applications as electrodes, filters or optical components might be possible.

"Lightweight construction materials, such as bones and wood, are found everywhere in nature," Dr. Jens Bauer of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), the first author of the study, explains. "They have a high load-bearing capacity and small weight and, hence, serve as models for mechanical metamaterials for technical applications."

Metamaterials are materials whose micrometer-scale structures are planned and manufactured specifically to possess mechanical or optical properties that cannot be achieved by unstructured solids. Examples are invisibility cloaks that guide light, sound or heat around objects, materials that counterintuitively react to pressure and shear (auxetic materials) or lightweight nanomaterials of high specific stability (force per unit area and density).

The smallest stable lattice structure was produced by the existing 3D laser lithography technology. The desired micrometer-scale structure is hardened in a photoresist by laser beams in a computer-controlled manner. However, resolution of this process is limited to about five to ten µm length and one µm in diameter. In a subsequent step, the structure was shrunk and vitrified by pyrolysis. This represents the first time that pyrolysis has used for manufacturing microstructured lattices. The object is exposed to temperatures of around 900°C in a vacuum furnace. This causes chemical bonds to reorient themselves. Except for carbon, all elements escape from the resist. The unordered carbon remains in the shrunk lattice structure in the form of glassy carbon. The resulting structures were tested for stability under pressure by the researchers.

"According to the results, the load-bearing capacity of the lattice is very close to the theoretical limit and far above that of unstructured glassy carbon. Diamond is the only solid having a higher specific stability," said Prof. Oliver Kraft, co-author of the study. Until the end of last year, Kraft headed the Institute for Applied Materials of KIT. This year, he took over office as KIT Vice President for Research.

Microstructured materials are often used for insulation or shock absorption. Open-pored materials may be used as filters in chemical industry. Metamaterials also have extraordinary optical properties that are applied in telecommunications. Glassy carbon is a high-technology material made of pure carbon. It combines glassy, ceramic properties with graphite properties and is of interest for use in electrodes of batteries or electrolysis systems.

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More information: J. Bauer et al. Approaching theoretical strength in glassy carbon nanolattices, Nature Materials (2016). Journal information: Nature Materials J. Bauer et al. Approaching theoretical strength in glassy carbon nanolattices,(2016). DOI: 10.1038/nmat4561