T he world this week...

18 March

In 1892, Canada’s Lord Stanley of Preston awarded the first Stanley Cup to the best amateur ice hockey team in Canada. The coveted prize now goes to the top team in the professional National Hockey League, which covers the US and Canada.

Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 when the Evian Accords were signed, ending the Algerian war.

Russian cosmonaut Alexei Leonov carried out the first spacewalk in 1965 – and nearly died after the lack of atmospheric pressure caused his suit to inflate like a balloon, causing him immense difficulty fitting back in the airlock.

East Germany held its only free parliamentary elections in 1990.

Deaths: Edward the Martyr, 978, English king; Jacques de Molay, 1314, Frankish knight and last Grand Master of the Knights Templar; Robert Walpole, 1745, first de facto UK prime minister; George I of Greece, 1913; Eleftherios Venizelos, 1936, former prime minister of Greece.

19 March

In 1895, the Lumiere brothers released the first motion picture, Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory.

The first International Women’s Day was celebrated in 1911. Today, the holiday is on 8 March.

Adolf Hitler issued the Nero Decree on this day in 1945, ordering the destruction of all industries in Germany in order to deny any accusations by advancing Allies. Germany was defeated in the Second World War before it could be officially executed.

Bob Dylan released his eponymous first album in 1962.

Deaths: Ibn Khaldun, 1406, Tunisian historian; Lloyd L Gaines, 1939, American activist; John DeLorean, 2005, founder of DeLorean Motor Company; Arthur C Clarke, 2008, English author; Fred Phelps, 2014, American pastor.

John Lennon and Yoko Ono, both dressed in white, hold up their marriage certificate after their wedding in Gibraltar in 1969 (Getty) (Getty Images)

20 March

Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.

John Lennon married Yoko Ono in 1969. The couple honeymooned in Amsterdam with a Bed-In for Peace for a whole week.

Twelve people died and thousands were wounded in a Japanese terrorist attack in 1995. Aum Shinrikyo, a religious cult, had members place containers of sarin on five underground trains.

The best of The Independent's photography Show all 48 1 /48 The best of The Independent's photography The best of The Independent's photography liverpool-protests-1989-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography wimbledon-1993-david-ashdown.jpg © David Ashdown The best of The Independent's photography williams-blackpool-1992-craig-easton.jpg © Craig Easton The best of The Independent's photography wilburton-social-club-2003-witold-krassowski.jpg © Witold Krassowski The best of The Independent's photography West-Side-Boys-Sierra-Leon-2000-David-Rose.jpg The best of The Independent's photography waterloo-station-1987-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography Vivienne-Westwood-Immo-Klink.jpg The best of The Independent's photography ve-day-anniversary-1995-david-sandison.jpg © David Sandison The best of The Independent's photography valletta-moss-harlow-1993-herbie-knott.jpg © Herbie Knott The best of The Independent's photography shane-macgowan-2012-dragana-jurisic.jpg © Dragana Jurisic The best of The Independent's photography tony-blair-1996-david-rose.jpg © David Rose The best of The Independent's photography stoppard-davies-2015-charlie-forgham-bailey.jpg © Charlie Forgham Bailey The best of The Independent's photography skegness-beach-1999-tom-pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography sikh-wedding-1996-kalpesh-lathigra.jpg © Kalpesh Lathigra The best of The Independent's photography tony-blair-2002-david-sandison.jpg © David Sandison The best of The Independent's photography seal-1996-david-sandison.jpg © David Sandison The best of The Independent's photography russian-soldiers-kabul-1989-john-voos.jpg © John Voos The best of The Independent's photography rebecca-fron-2014-charlie-forgham-bailey.jpg © Charlie Forgham-Bailey The best of The Independent's photography police-raid-brixton-1989-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography nigers-tuareg-2005-tom-pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography nigel-farage-2013-david-vintiner.jpg © David Vintiner The best of The Independent's photography michael-portillo-1997-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography marianne-faithfull-1990-anton-corbijn-getty.jpg © Anton Corbijn The best of The Independent's photography Margaret-Thatcher-Teesside-1987-John-Voos.jpg The best of The Independent's photography marcus-wareing-2013-rick-pushinsky.jpg © Rick Pushinsky The best of The Independent's photography magdalen-may-ball-oxford-1989-witold-krassowski.jpg Magdalen May Ball, Oxford 1989, by Witold Krassowski © Witold Krassowski The best of The Independent's photography yesodey-hatorah-school-2004-tom-pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography leonardo-dicaprio-1997-kalpesh-lathigra.jpg © Kalpesh Lathigra The best of The Independent's photography kwasi-afari-minta-1989-glynn-griffiths.jpg © Glynn Griffiths The best of The Independent's photography kosovo-1999-tom-pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography jacob-rees-mogg-1997-colin-mcpherson.jpg Colin McPherson The best of The Independent's photography irek-mukhamedov-1996-laurie-lewis.jpg © Laurie Lewis The best of The Independent's photography hong_kong-1997-david-rose.jpg © David Rose The best of The Independent's photography hit-for-six-hove-1996-david-ashdown.jpg © David Ashdown The best of The Independent's photography henry-kissinger-2014-daniel-p-shea.jpg © Daniel P Shea The best of The Independent's photography grimethorpe-colliery-1992-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography gradinari-hospital-bucharest-1990-mike-abrahams.jpg © Mike Abrahams The best of The Independent's photography gemma-arterton-2015-benjamin-mcmahon.jpg © Benjamin McMahon The best of The Independent's photography father-christmases-1988-john-sturrock.jpg © John Sturrock The best of The Independent's photography dr-sandie-logie-zimbabwe-1999-david-sandison.jpg © David Sandison The best of The Independent's photography david-cameron-tom-pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography common-riding-2014-robert-ormerod.jpg © Robert Ormerod The best of The Independent's photography by-election-yorkshire-1994-david-rose.jpg © David Rose The best of The Independent's photography bjork-1995-david-sandison.jpg © David Sandison The best of The Independent's photography birmingham-six-1991-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography berlin-wall-1989-brian-harris.jpg © Brian Harris The best of The Independent's photography Ascot-Ladies-Day-2000-Tom-Pilston.jpg © Tom Pilston The best of The Independent's photography albanians-korce-1990-barry-lewis.jpg © Barry Lewis

The Iraq War began in 2003, when the United States invaded with the help of the UK, Australia and Poland.

Deaths: William Murray, 1793, Scottish judge; Apollon Maykov, 1897, Russian poet; George Curzon, 1925, English politician; Juliana of the Netherlands, 2004.

21 March

The world’s first rock’n’roll concert took place in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1952. DJ Alan Freed played just one song before it was closed down due to overcrowding.

Police opened fire on a crowd of 5,000 protesting apartheid in South Africa. The Sharpeville Massacre left 69 people dead and 180 seriously wounded.

Jack Dorsey sent the first tweet in 2006. Today, there are more than 350,000 tweets per minute.

Deaths: Thomas Cranmer, 1556, English archbishop of Canterbury; Guadalupe Victoria, 1843, first president of Mexico; Klaus Dinger, 2008, German guitarist and songwriter; Chinua Achebe, 2013, Nigerian author, poet and academic.

Sir Joseph Lockwood, chair of EMI, presents The Beatles with two silver discs to mark the 250,000 plus sales of their records “Please, Please Me” and “With The Beatles” (Getty Images) (Getty)

22 March

In 1945, the Arab League was founded to promote political, economic and cultural collaboration among member states. It included 21 African, Asian and Middle Eastern countries.

Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard patented the laser in 1960.

The Beatles released their first album in 1963, Please Please Me – which included hit single “Love Me Do”.

Deaths: Stephen Decatur, 1820, American navy hero; Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, 1832, German writer and scientist; William Hanna, 2001, US animator of shows such as Tom and Jerry; Jade Goody, 2009, English reality TV star, nurse and author; Abismo Negro, 2009, Mexican wrestler.

James Cameron raises his Oscar after winning Best Director for Titanic at the 70th Academy Awards in 1998 (AFP/Getty Images) (AFP/Getty)

23 March

The Enabling Act of 1933 granted Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers in Germany.

Pakistan became the world’s first Islamic republic in 1956.

James Cameron’s film Titanic tied for most Oscar wins in 1998. The film won 11 Oscars, including Best Picture.

Deaths: Bhagat Singh, 1931, Indian activist; Friedrich Hayek, 1992, Austrian and English economist and Nobel Prize laureate; Elizabeth Taylor, 2011, English and American actress; Lee Kuan Yew, 2015, first prime minister of Singapore.

This image was taken by Ranger 7 and was the first close-up of the moon. It is similar to what Ranger 9 broadcast to Earth before it crashed into the moon in 1965 (Nasa/JPL)

24 March

Robert Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis in 1882.

Russian physicist Aleksandr Popov successfully transmitted sounds via radio for the first time in 1896. He chose to spell out “Heinrich Hertz” in morse code, the German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of electromagnetic waves.

An unmanned Nasa spacecraft, Ranger 9, crashed into the moon in 1965. The picture-gathering mission was successful and millions of people saw photos of the moon for the first time on their televisions in a live broadcast.

Nato bombed Yugoslavia in 1999 without a UN mandate during the Kosovo War. It was the first time Nato attacked a sovereign country.

Deaths: Elizabeth I of England, 1603; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1882, American poet; Jules Verne, 1905, French author; Alexander Alekhine, 1946, Russian chess player; Bernard Montgomery,1976, English army officer.