Systematic Description of Gregg Simplified

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Section 0. Table of Contents

1. Definitions

2. The Shorthand Alphabet

3. Brief Forms and Other Arbitrary Abbreviations

4. Phrasing

5. Prefixes (Word Beginnings)

6. Suffixes (Word Endings and Word Families)

Section 1. Definitions

The writing system called Gregg Simplified is a version of Gregg Shorthand that was first published in 1949. Gregg Simplified was designed by John Robert Gregg, Louis A. Leslie and Charles E. Zoubek.

The following abbreviations are used to provide references to the relevant paragraphs of Gregg textbooks.

US : Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified, second edition, US version, 1955, ISBN 978-0-07-024548-8

: second edition, US version, 1955, ISBN 978-0-07-024548-8 UK : Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified, second edition, UK version, 1960 copyright - 1976 reprint, ISBN 0070944008

: second edition, UK version, 1960 copyright - 1976 reprint, ISBN 0070944008 FM : Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified – Functional Method, second edition, 1955

: second edition, 1955 DS : Gregg Dictation Simplified, second edition, 1955

The arrow symbol (→) stands for the phrase “is written in shorthand as…”

The following terminology is used.

shorthand: an organized system of fast handwriting using special symbols and/or abbreviations

longhand: ordinary (non-shorthand) handwriting

cursive, also called connected writing or joined-up writing: a style of handwriting in which each letter flows toward and is connected to the following letter

theory: the detailed rules of a shorthand system

outline: one or more shorthand symbols assembled to represent a word or phrase

stroke: a single movement of a pen, or a single symbol in a shorthand system

downstroke: a shorthand symbol that is written with a downward motion

blend: a combination of two symbols into a new, distinctive symbol

line of writing: the printed line on a sheet of notebook paper (or its imaginary equivalent) which serves as a point of reference for placing graphemes; similar to the typographical concept of “baseline”

joining: the precise arrangement or rules governing the connection of one shorthand symbol to another

disjoined: not connected to the rest of a word’s outline

truncate: to abbreviate a word by writing the first portion and omitting the remainder

Section 2. The Shorthand Alphabet

2.1 overview

In Gregg shorthand, all words are written based on their sound (as opposed to their conventional spelling) unless the system provides a way to abbreviate a given word.

The Gregg alphabet provides an approximately phonetic system of writing. The system is optimized for speed of writing and ease of learning at the expense of phonetic precision. The same symbol represents both /s/ and /z/, for example, and the shorthand outline consisting of the symbols for t, e, n might represent “ten” or “tin” or “teen” depending on context.

The textbooks define the following symbols.

2.2 consonants

horizontal lines: n, m

upward diagonal strokes: t, d

downward, slightly diagonal lines: sh, ch, j

downward, left-to-right diagonal strokes: ng, ngk

curved downward strokes: comma s/z, f, v, left s/z, p, b

curved upward strokes: over th (a.k.a. clockwise th), under th (a.k.a. counter-clockwise th)

left-to-right curved strokes: r, l, k, g

dot: h

Two symbols are provided for s/z to facilitate distinctive looking and easily written joinings. The rules for selecting the correct stroke are explained in [US 156-159, UK 131-135].

Clockwise th is used in the majority of joinings; counter-clockise th is used before or after o, r, l. [US 42, UK 40]

A specially tilted s/z stroke represents the longhand letter ‘x’ when it has the sound of /ks/ [US 32, UK 32, FM 34] – however, when the sound of /ks/ is written as ‘ks’ or ‘cks’ in longhand it is written as k-s in shorthand.

Each of the th strokes can represent either the voiced dental fricative as in “the” and “bathe” or its voiceless counterpart as in “think” and “bath.”

The sh stroke represents not only the voiceless sibilant as in “shop” and “bash” but also its voiced counterpart as in “azure, vision, beige, massage.”

2.3 blends and combinations

When one consonant is frequently followed by another particular consonant, Gregg often provides a special blend or combination to represent the pair. The reason why some of these strokes are classified as blends and others are called combinations is not well explained in the textbooks. Discerning the difference is left as an exercise for the reader.

ses [FM 32, US 30, UK 30]

xes (illustrated but not discussed in:) [FM 36, US 32, UK 32]

rd [FM 141, US 145, UK 124], writing tip: [US 355]

ld [FM 142, US 146, UK 125]

men [FM 166-167, US 176-177, UK 151-152]

ted/det [FM 164-165, US 174-175, UK 149-150]

nd/nt [FM 173-174, US 182-183, UK 156-157]

md/mt [FM 175-176, US 184-185, UK 158]

jent/pent [FM 223-224, US 233-234, UK 192-193]

def/tiv [FM 225-227, US 235-237, UK 194-196]

den/ten/tain [FM 273-275, US 283-285, UK 228-230]

dem/tem [FM 276-2777, US 286-287, UK 231-232]

bl, br, pl, pr [US 278, UK 140]

fl, fr [US 279]

Quirks:

k-r, r-k, g-l are slightly flattened and shortened [US 216, UK 137]

k-l, g-r retain their normal depth of curvature and length [UK 138]

v, b, f are somewhat “slimmed” (straightened) in some cases [UK 141]

oo-s is blended only when it occurs at the beginning of a word, after a downstroke, or after

k, g [US 155, UK 132] … Blended oo-s is the brief form for “us” and oo-s written with a distinct angle between the two strokes represents “yourself.”

2.4 vowels, semivowels and diphthongs

a (large circle) primarily represents the sounds of ‘a’ as in “day,” ‘a’ as in “cat,” and ‘a’ as in “calm” and “car.” It also represents schwa in words like “tuna” and “adopt.” Furthermore it represents the pronoun “I” when used as a brief form and it sometimes represents the word “able” in phrases.

Note: ‘a’ as in “day” is actually a diphthong but the Gregg textbooks refer to it as a vowel.

e (small circle) primarily represents ‘e’ as in “see,” ‘e’ as in “net,” and ‘i’ as in “kit.” It represents the pronoun “he” when used as a brief form.

The shapes of the circles vary: a may look roundish in “pay,” almost triangular in “gate,” flattened in “late” and squashed into a narrow ellipse in words like “tap” and “vague.” [UK 46]

o hook primarily represents ‘o’ as in “note,” ‘o’ as in “top,” and the vowels in words like “cause” and “call.” It represents the word “of” when used as a brief form.

The o hook is written on its side (rotated clockwise) before n, m, r, l unless a downstroke occurs before the o-hook. [US 41, UK 39]

oo hook primarily represents the sounds of ‘u’ as in “truth” and ‘oo’ as in “bloom,” as well as ‘oo’ as in “book” and “foot.” It sometimes represents schwa in words like “up” and “tug,” however schwa is often omitted from outlines – “sun” is written s-n rather than s-oo-n. The oo hook represents the word “you” or “your” when used as a brief form.

The oo hook is written on its side (rotated clockwise) after n, m.

ī or ‘long i’ is represented by a broken circle. This symbol represents the word “why” when used as a brief form.

‘long i’ followed by any other vowel is represented by a double circle.

‘long e’ followed by any other vowel is represented by a circle with a dot in it.

oi is represented by an oo hook flowing into an e.

ū in the Gregg textbooks sometimes refers to the diphthong heard at the beginning of “unit, unite, use.” Its shorthand symbol is an e flowing into an oo hook. This symbol is the brief form for the word “use.”

The ū symbol is sometimes replaced by an oo hook in words that contain the ‘yoo’ sound such as “amuse” and “mural.”

ow is represented by an a flowing into an oo hook above it. This symbol is also the brief form for “how.”

ow is omitted from outlines when it occurs before n or nd/nt [FM 194, US 202, UK 170] therefore the syllable “noun” is written as n-jog-n [FM 195, US 203, UK 171] and “moun” is written with the men blend [FM 196, US 204]

Schwa at the beginning of words that are written in longhand with ‘ah-’ or ‘aw-’ is represented by hovering dot. The outlines for “ahead” and “ahoy” begin with two dots, one for schwa and one for h. [FM 123, US 127, UK 112]

‘Y’ as in “yoyo” or “youth” is represented by e followed by the other vowel. The combination ‘ye-’ as in “yellow” is represented by a small loop; the combination ‘ya-’ as in “yard” or “Yale” is symbolized by a large loop. [FM 124, US 128, UK 113]

‘W’ at the beginning of a word is represented by the oo hook. ‘Sw-’ is written as s-oo. [FM 107, US 111, UK 104]

Words that begin with ‘wh’ are written in shorthand with a dot hovering above the oo hook. [FM 108, US 112, UK 105]

‘W’ within a word is represented by a short horizontal line under the vowel that comes after the ‘w.’ [FM 122, US 126, UK 111]

2.5 joinings

The individual strokes are combined in particular ways to form the outlines of words. While there might be several different ways to put the k, a, t strokes together to spell “cat,” only one of these joinings is considered correct.

Students who learn the rules of the joinings subconsciously by reading and writing many examples – rather than deliberately memorizing the rules – can write faster shorthand with fewer mistakes than those who try to consciously implement the rules while writing. This is according to Louis A. Leslie in his book Methods of Teaching Gregg Shorthand (1953) and his comments in the Functional Method teacher’s manuals.

The rules are defined in the textbooks as follows:

Circles are written inside curves. [US 38, UK 36]

Circles are written outside angles. [US 38, UK 36]

Circles are written clockwise on straight lines. [US 39, UK 37]

Circles are written clockwise between codirectional straight lines. [US 39, UK 37]

Between ‘opposite’ curves, a circle is written on the back of the first curve. [US 40, UK 38]

Hook and circle vowels can be joined together. [FM 93, US 93, UK 84] (But we rarely, if ever, see two circles joined directly together.)

2.6 arbitrary writings

omission of schwa (FM 132, UK 117, US 136)

syllabic n

syllabic r: sometimes er, sometimes r FM 9, FM 19

r omitted in tern derm UK 239 US 296 FM 286

r omitted from ort UK 240 US 297 FM 287

"minor vowel" omission of second vowel UK 163 US 191

t omitted from -CT/-kt words UK 248-250, FM 294, US 304

pertaining o words that end with -st

seven -st monosyllables written as -s UK 251, US 307, FM 297

t omitted > polysyllabic -st words written as -s FM 298, US 308

-est -ist written disj -st in some words FM 299, UK 253, US 309

d omitted from -nd in some words UK 258, US 317, Dicta 458, FM 307 (mind but not find etc)

-ul written oo in polysyllables before tnmkg UK 281, US 354, FM 338

“electric” as adjective = hovering el FM 236

arbitrary compound words UK 334, US 398, FM 380

2.7 the names and transliteration of symbols

To spell the symbols in a shorthand outline aloud when discussing the words in a classroom environment, it is helpful to have names for the symbols. Some of the Gregg strokes are given distinctive names in the textbooks. The th symbols are called “ith,” the g symbol is called “gay,” the ch symbol is called “chay” and the sh symbol is called “ish.”

The teacher’s handbook also mentions “ard” as a name for the rd blend and “eld” as a name for the ld blend. It suggests that the double circle be spelled aloud as it is heard in the word “dial” (eye-uh) and the dotted circle be named as heard in the word “guardian” (ee-uh). See pages 61-62 of Gregg Shorthand Manual Simplified Teacher’s Handbook (1949) for further information.

In textual discussions of Gregg Shorthand such as internet forums and blog posts it is helpful to have a distinctive way to represent each stroke. We see quite a bit of variation from person to person. For example the Simplified spelling of “youthful” might be transliterated as u-th-f, yoo-th-f or e-oo-th-f.

Devising a transliteration scheme for Gregg is complicated by the quirky phonetic scheme that permeates the official textbooks. For example, the Gregg textbooks use the single letter u to represent the sound of yoo in words like “youth” and “few,” and the term oo to represent the vowel in “truth.” This is extremely counter-intuitive to anyone who has used any other phonetic writing system such as dictionary phonetics or the International Phonetic Alphabet.

2.8 diacritical marks

2.9 punctuation

period

paragraph

question

hyphen

dash

parentheses

capitalization [FM 10]

avoidance of comma; workarounds

apostrophe in contractions FM 246

2.10 spacing, placement and size of outlines

spacing

base of first consonant on baseline except when word begins with s+downstroke

size of notes

line thickness

2.11 quantities, currency and times

references: FM 56, US 69, UK 343

hundred → number above "n"

"a hundred" → US 401

thousand → number with "th" to the lower right

"a thousand" → dot th

hundred thousand → number above n-th

million → floating m (UK 343), subscript m(US)

a million → US 405

hundred million → n jog m

billion → subsript b

o-clock → hovering "o" FM 56

percent → lower right "s"

dollar → lower right "d" FM 56

thousand $ → lower right th-d

hundred thousand dollars → lower right n-th-d

cents → s^

$5.50 → 5 / 50^ UK 343 differs from US 60, FM 56

pound → lower right "p"

gallon → subscript g

barrels → subscript br

bushels → subscript b-sh

feet → subscript f

Section 3. Brief Forms and Other Arbitrary Abbreviations

Like virtually all shorthand systems, Gregg Simplified provides abbreviations for the most frequent words. These abbreviations are arbitrary. Their precise form could not be guessed in advance based on any rules, therefore each one must be learned by brute force memorization. In early versions of Gregg Shorthand these logograms were originally called “word-signs” but later the more appealing term “brief forms” was adopted.

more than one word FM 21

explain and illustrate the idea of BF derivatives here

explain the annotations that will appear in this list

3.1 one-stroke brief forms

dot = a, an a = I b = be, by ch = which d = would DM = time e = he f = for g = go, good i = why k = can l = will, well m = am, more n = in, not (ambiguity alert) ND = and, end o = of o turned = all o^ = over p = put r = are, our, hour s = is, his sh = shall, ship t = it, at ted = did, date th (over) = the th (under) = their, there u = you, your u^ = under v = have

3.2 two-stroke brief forms

ab = about aj = agent ak = acknowledge al = allow ar = where au = how, out av = advantage be = believe, belief bg = big bl = bill bn = been bo = body bs = business bt = but bTN = between dl = deliver dm = dear madam (UK only) dr = doctor, during DIFk = difficult ek = week, weak en = when er = were, year (ear, err?) et = yet eth = with eu = use ev = ever fm = from gl = glad gn = gone gr = great gt = got gv = govern kd = could kf = confident, confidence kk = conclude kp = company, keep kr = correct ks = consider consideration ksh = question k*t = quantity kv = cover la = like le = letter, let lng = long ls = else mng = among mo = most mp = important, importance mr = Mr., market ms = must mendot = morning nb = unable ne = any nk = enclose NDv = individual ns = instant, instance nv = never ob = object od = order of = office og = organize oNT = want ot = what oTN = ordinary pb = public publication pl = please pn = upon pr = present presence pt = part re = regard rf = refer, reference ri = right, write (rye?) rk = work rr = railroad (rl = railway in UK) shd = should sch = such si = side sj = subject sn = soon sp = speak st = state sTN = stand tha = that the = they thm = them thn = than, then ths = this ths = those thdot = thing, think th_dot = thank tu = to, too, two un = one, won us = was ush = usual, wish ut = yours truly uu = world ve = very vl = value

3.3 multi-stroke brief forms

ade = idea aft = after avt = advertise drk = direct eme = immediate enb = enable est = yesterday ets = etc. eve = every ftr = future dot_us = house jen = general kak = charcter kksh = conclusion kres = correspond, correspondence lis = likewise mat = matter mecht = merchant mechdis = merchandise mrs = Mrs. nes = necessary neS = next (UK 110) nof = enough nsp = newspaper num = number nvl = envelope, nevertheless ols = always opn = opinion opr = opportunity othi = otherwise oTMb = automobile pat = particular prb = probable prch = purchase prg = progress prp = pupose prpt = property prsk = prosecute reg = regular rem = remit, remittance remen = remember remenr = remainder ret = return rkes ?? = request rknis = recognize sat = satisfy, satisfactory sekl ?? = circle sen = send sev = several sitsh = situation spe = experience str = street suj = suggest, suggestion suk = success throt = throughout uun = wonder uuth = worth

3.4 longhand index of words represented by brief forms

3.5 other abbreviations

days and months: UK 165,166; US 193-4 some are arbitrary

geographic abbreviations: UK 356, US 195, 467, pages 312-314, FM 451

the abbreviating principle:

UK 313, US 377, Fm 362

rules for adding suffixes to truncated words

past tense of truncated words → disjoined t [FM 57/295, US 61/305, UK 60]

-er -or added to truncated words → disjoined r [FM 57/295, US 61/305, UK 60]

-est -ist → disjoined s-t [FM 299, US 309, UK 253]

but most other suffixes may be joined to truncated words [FM 296, US 306]

shortcuts UK 343, US 411

intersection in shortcuts Fm 394, UK 344, US 411

Section 4. Phrasing

define phrasing and phrase debate over importance and optimal amount of phrasing ordinary BF combinations BF + normal word "to" before a downstroke > t US 31, FM 33 "to" becomes tn or dm blend UK 233 "able" is some phrases > a (also 89 UK, FM 66, US 68, 100) "ago" in phrases > g UK 213, FM 247, US 257 "been" in some phrases (66, 88 UK; FM 65, US 67, 99) > b "want" loses hook after pronoun UK 214, FM 248, US 258 "is not" "was not" in phrases FM 246, US 256 arbitrary phrases UK 211, US 255 phrases with NT blend UK 212, US 256 phrases with TM: US 288, Dicta 505, FM 278, UK 233 special business phrases UK 234, US 256, 289, FM 245, FM 279 omitting words UK 328, Dicta 466, FM 372, US 390, GADS page 422-3, DS 426 understand, understood etc US 391, 392, FM 373-4

Section 5. Prefixes (Word Beginnings)

Gregg Simplified provides abbreviations for syllables that frequently occur at the beginnings of words, for example pro-, post- and mis-. These abbreviations are used whenever it is reasonable to do so, however: “comb” is written phonetically rather than being written with the abbreviation for com-, and when “post” is a standalone word (rather than a prefix in a larger word) it is written p-o-s-t.

Compound word beginnings – When two or more prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, their abbreviations are written sequentially, joined or disjoined just as they would be if each one were the only prefix in the word. An example is misinterpret → m-s-n above PR-e-t. [FM 341, US 357, UK 295]

after- → a-f [FM 215, US 225, UK 183]

al- → o [FM 336, US 352, UK 321]

be- → b [FM 79, US 80, UK 76]

circum- → left s disjoined and elevated [FM 402, US 418, UK 324]

com- → k (but → km if followed by r/l/vowel) [FM 325, UK 269-70, US 339-340]

con- → k (but → kn if followed by r/l/vowel) [FM 325, UK 269-70, US 339-340]

de- → d (but → de if followed by k/g) [FM 80, US 81/102, UK 91]

des- → d-s [FM 81, US 82, UK 76]

dis- → d-s [FM 81, US 82, UK 76]

electr- → e-l elevated [FM 235, US 245, UK 201]

em- → m before consonant, e-m before vowel [FM 326-7, US 343-4, UK 273-4]

en- → n before consonant, e-n before vowel [FM 326-7, US 341-2, UK 271-2]

enter- → n disjoined and elevated [FM 238, US 247, UK 204]

entr- → n disjoined and elevated [FM 238, US 247, UK 204]

ex- → es [FM 46, US 50, UK 51]

for-, fore- → f (joined to consonant, disjoined before vowel; see footnote 5A) [FM 334, US 350, UK 319]

fur- → f (see footnote 5A) [FM 335, US 351, UK 320]

im- → m before consonant, e-m before vowel [US 343-4, UK 273]

in- → n before consonant, e-n before vowel [US 341-2, UK 273]

incl- → e^ [FM 313, US 323, UK 262]

inter- → n disjoined and elevated [FM 237, US 247, UK 203]

intr- → n disjoined and elevated (see footnote 5B) [US 247, UK 203]

mis- → m-s [FM 82, US 83, UK 76]

over- is written with the corresponding brief form [US 144, UK 123]

per- → PR [FM 197, US 205, UK 172]

post- → disjoined p [FM 314, US 324, UK 263]

pro- → PR [FM 197, US 205, UK 173]

pur- → PR [FM 197, US 205, UK 172]

re- → r or r-e (see footnote 5C) [FM 78, US 79/101, UK 76/90]

self- → left s disjoined and elevated [FM 401, US 417, UK 323]

ship- → sh disjoined and elevated [FM 239, US 249, UK 205]

short- → sh disjoined and elevated [FM 239, US 249, UK 205]

sub- → s [FM 337, US 353, UK 322]

super-, supr- → comma s disjoined and elevated (see footnote 5D) [FM 315, US 325, UK 264]

trans- → t disjoined and elevated [FM 316, US 326, UK 265]

un- → n before consonant, oo-n before vowel [FM 326, US 341, UK 271-2]

under- is written with the corresponding brief form (but see footnote 5E) [US 144, UK 123]



footnote 5A: When f (representing for-/fore-/fur-) is followed by l or r, it is written with a distinct angle between the two strokes rather than using the FL or FR combination stroke.

footnote 5B: In Gregg Shorthand Dictionary Simplified the elevated n is used to represent intra- (e.g. intramural), intre- (e.g intrepid), intri- (e.g. intricate), intro- (e.g. introduce), and intru- (e.g. intrusion). An elevated n-a is used in intrastate to distinguish it from interstate. An elevated NT is used in intransigent and intransitive.

footnote 5C: Paragraph 101 of the manual indicates that re- → r before a vowel or a downstroke but it fails to explicitly state that re- → r-e when followed by upward and horizontal strokes such as d, t, g, k, l, r, m, n.

footnote 5D: The abbreviation for supr- is used in obvious cases such as supranational and suprarenal but it will be encountered more frequently in words such as: disjoined s above t = support and s above s = suppress.

Footnote 5E: understand and understood are sometimes abbreviated by position [FM 373-4, US 391-2, UK 329]

Section 6. Suffixes (Word Endings and Word Families)

Gregg Simplified provides abbreviations for suffixes such as -ful, -less, -ment and other syllables that frequently occur at the ends of words. These are divided into three ranks: “word endings,” “word families” and “name terminations.”

“Word endings” are mandatory. In textbook-compliant shorthand the word endings are used whenever possible.

The textbooks imply that usage of the “word families” is optional. The word family abbreviations should be used when they spring to mind and seem helpful but the textbooks say “when in doubt, write it out!” [US 363, UK 304]

The “name terminations” are used to abbreviate the names of places, many of which have also become the names of human families.

Gregg Dictation Simplified illustrates many additional word families. Some of them do not seem noteworthy as they merely involve the standard omission of schwa between consonants within one syllable, or the standard method of writing syllables such as book and point. A dozen of the more interesting items are listed in the second part of subsection 6.2 below.

6.1 word endings

-ally → loop [FM 68, US 70, UK 69]

-ble → b [FM 199, US 207, UK 175]

-cal → disjoined k [FM 213, US 223, UK 181]

-cial → sh [FM 55, US 59, UK 58]

-cient → sh-t [FM 54, US 58, UK 57]

-ciency → sh-s-e [FM 54, US 58, UK 57]

-cle → disjoined k [FM 213, US 223, UK 181]

-er → r (as in “quicker, dealer” etc)

-est → e-s (as in “biggest, lightest” etc)

-ful → f [FM 256, US 265, UK 219]

-gram → disjoined g [FM 259, US 268, UK 206]

-hood → disjoined d [FM 339, US 355, UK 279]

-ical → disjoined k [FM 213, US 223, UK 181]

-ification → f [FM 258, US 267, UK 221]

-ify → f [FM 257, US 266, UK 220]

-ily → loop [FM 68, US 70, UK 69]

-ing → dot [FM 18, US 18, UK 18]

-ings → disjoined left s [FM 416, US 432, UK 292]

-ingly → disjoined e [FM 417, US 433, UK 293]

-ist → ?? (as in “monarchist, optimist” etc)

-less → l [FM 435, US 451, UK 294]

-lity → disjoined l [FM 261, US 270, UK 223]

-lty → disjoined l [FM 262, US 271, UK 224]

-ly → e [FM 67, US 69, UK 68]

-ment → m [FM 198, US 206, UK 174]

-ous → u-s with an angle between them [US 474]

-pose → p-o [FM 403, US 419, UK 282]

-position → p-o-sh [FM 404, US 420, UK 283]

-rity → disjoined r [FM 260, US 269, UK 222]

-self → s in most words (but → ses in “itself” and “oneself”) [FM 214, US 224, UK 182]

-selves → ses [FM 214, US 224, UK 182]

-ship → disjoined sh [FM 212, US 222, UK 180]

-sume → s-m [FM 425, US 441, UK 284]

-sumption → s-m-sh [FM 426, US 442, UK 285]

-ther → th [FM 115, US 118, UK 106]

-tial → sh [FM 55, US 59, UK 58]

-tient → sh-t [FM 54, US 58, UK 57]

-tion → sh [FM 53, US 57, UK 56] ; if root ends with t/d/n/m plus vowel, drop vowel [FM 363, US 378, UK 314]

-tual → t-l [FM 77, US 78, UK 75]

-ture → t-r [FM 76, US 77, UK 75]

-ual → l (but → u-l after a downstroke) [FM 77, US 78/154, UK 130]

-ulate → disjoined u [FM 427, US 443, UK 290]

-ulation → disjoined u-sh [FM 428, US 444, UK 291]

-ure → r (but → u-r after a downstroke) [FM 76, US 77/154, UK 130]

-ward → disjoined d [FM 340, US 356, UK 280]

6.2 word families

-cate → k [UK 304, FM 348, US 363]

-gate → g [UK 304, FM 348, US 363]

-iety → i [UK 309]

-ntic → NT [UK 309, FM 348, US 370]

-ology → o-l [UK 309, FM 348, US 370]

-quire → k-i [UK 309, FM 348, US 370]

-titude → t-e-t [FM 348, US 363, UK 304]

-titute → t-e-t (is used in US but only described in UK manual) [UK 304]

-tribute → t-r-e-b [FM 348, US 370, UK 309]

-use → yoo [FM 348, US 363, UK 304]

selected items from Gregg Dictation Simplified

-ary → r-e ~ primary, secretary [DS 88]

-acy, -esy, -icy → s-e ~ courtesy, policy [DS 122]

-ctor → k above disjoined r ~ instructor, director [DS 333]

-form → f-m ~ inform, reform [DS 122]

-ish → sh ~ furnish, accomplish [DS 442]

-let → l-e ~ bracelet, outlet [DS 225]

-mentary → m-r-e ~ elementary, documentary [DS 333]

-most → m-o ~ utmost, almost [DS 155]

-quent → k ~ frequent, eloquent [DS 155]

-side, -cide → s-i ~ hillside, decide [DS 261]

-sist → ses ~ assist, consist [DS 442]

-vent → v-NT ~ event, inventory [DS 483]

6.3 name terminations

-borough → b (joined or disjoined) [UK 350]

-burg → b (joined or disjoined) [FM 443, US 459]

-chester → ch (joined or disjoined) [UK 350]

-field → f (joined or disjoined) [FM 443, US 459, UK 350]

-ford → f-d [FM 450, US 456, UK 350]

-ingham → disjoined m [FM 450, US 456, UK 350]

-ington → disjoined TN [FM 450, US 456, UK 350]

-port → p (joined or disjoined) [FM 443, US 459, UK 350]

-ton → disjoined TN [FM 450, US 466]

-town → t-n [FM 450, US 466]

-ville → v (joined or disjoined) [FM 443, US 459]



end of file