FROZEN FROGS

PBS Airdate: April 1, 2005

ROBERT KRULWICH: Well, as we all know, it is finally springtime. So before we go, I wanted to celebrate the season. And I can think of no better way than to introduce you to a creature who is, again, very, very small, and lives down here somewhere, close to the ground, doing things that I think you will find very surprising.

Here's the thing about North American wood frogs. They're small...

JOHN COSTANZO: So it might be difficult to spot a frog.

ROBERT KRULWICH: ...very small. But they're everywhere, just out of view, hiding on the forest floor.

JOHN COSTANZO: He's camouflaged. His coloration is the same as the soil around him. You see him here? He's cold.

ROBERT KRULWICH: You can find them here in southern Ohio, all the way up to the Arctic Circle. But, wherever they are, once it gets cold, with the first sprinkle of ice, this frog does something I didn't know was possible. As soon as the frog touches, just touches, an ice crystal...

JOHN COSTANZO: This animal is going to freeze.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Freeze, freeze?

JOHN COSTANZO: Freeze solid, freeze.

ROBERT KRULWICH: That touch of ice immediately sets off signals inside the frog, says Professor John Costanza, that pull water away from the center of its body. So the frog's internal organs are now wrapped in a puddle of water that then turns to solid ice.

JOHN COSTANZO: I still can't get over it. It's really an amazing, amazing thing.

ROBERT KRULWICH: There is no breathing, no kidney function, the heart stops.

JOHN COSTANZO: And there will be no heartbeat for a long period of time.

ROBERT KRULWICH: You mean as in no heartbeat? Nothing?

JOHN COSTANZO: Right. Flat line.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Flatline. For an hour or two?

JOHN COSTANZO: It could be for days, perhaps even weeks.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Really? Sounds like it's virtually dead, no?

JOHN COSTANZO: We know that the frog isn't dead, but he's probably about as close as you can get.

ROBERT KRULWICH: To being dead?

JOHN COSTANZO: Yes.

ROBERT KRULWICH: So, from the outside, this little frog feels like a rock except that as it froze, the frog flooded itself with a kind of sugar.

JOHN COSTANZO: The frog's blood sugar is distributed through the circulatory system and works like an antifreeze.

ROBERT KRULWICH: It's harder for water to freeze, so cells stay just damp enough for the animal to hold itself together, until the springtime, when the days grow a little longer and the ground gets a little warmer and then, well, a kind of miracle happens.

After weeks or months of no heartbeat, none, suddenly there's a pulse. And that first heartbeat leads to another and then another and then, within a day, and—in the case of this little frog, it took about 10 hours—the animal literally comes back to life.

JOHN COSTANZO: Spontaneous resumption of function.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Why?

JOHN COSTANZO: We don't know. We don't know what triggers that event.

ROBERT KRULWICH: And think how elegant a business this is, because although the sun is warming up the outside of this little guy, somehow his insides, his heart, his brain, they thaw first. His insides warm up before his outsides. But somehow, it all happens in perfect synchrony every spring.

JOHN COSTANZO: Yes, and it's going to undertake a very energetic activity. It's mating time.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Oh, you mean hours after it thaws it's going to do it with a lady?

JOHN COSTANZO: It's going to perform.

ROBERT KRULWICH: Uh-huh. What an animal!

JOHN COSTANZO: Can we say that on TV?

ROBERT KRULWICH: I don't know if we can or not.

Well, we just did.