The text was small and serious-looking, each line corralled inside densely packed, numbered columns devoid of imagery — like citations at the end of a biology textbook. Inside, the pages were toilet paper thin. Outside, the cover was solid black and intimidating.

For an artistic college student studying communications, design and advertising, the “good book” looked surprisingly bad.

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“There were 20 pages before you actually got to Genesis,” Chung said, remembering how impatient he felt. “As an artist and designer and a reader, I was thinking, ‘This is not good design.’ ”

Over the past 2,000 years, scholars say, no other book has been reimagined and reinterpreted as many times as the Bible. Each iteration — from the first translations in Greek to the King James edition more than 1,500 years later — was created to reach a new audience.

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Five hundred years after the modern printing press spread biblical text worldwide, the book is struggling to reach one of its toughest audiences yet: millennials, a generation of expressive, digital natives who are increasingly more likely to read on a tablet than open a book. They are also far less likely to read or trust the Bible than older generations, surveys show, and their skepticism is at the forefront of Americans’ deteriorating relationship with the ancient text.

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Now, Christian publishers are scrambling to repair that relationship by making the Bible more accessible and attractive to a generation of young people for whom the written word no longer resonates as strongly. Their efforts are a way of embracing the present but also a nod to the church’s medieval past, when an illiterate populace relied on beautiful frescoes, sculptures and majestic cathedrals to understand the Christian message.

A decade after his failed attempt at reading, Chung has turned his early aversion to the Bible into a growing business. He’s one half of a duo attempting to make the Bible “millennial-friendly,” sharing their ancient faith with a new generation shaped by an unending stream of visual content and social media stimulation.

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To do that, his Los Angeles-based start-up, called Alabaster, places the full text of biblical books, including two from the Old Testament, inside publications that resemble chic, indie lifestyle and design magazines — like those you might find on your most fashionable friend’s coffee table. Alabaster uses the New Living Translation of the Bible.

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Negative space is plentiful, and the text is a stylish sans serif font, dwarfed by the kind of moody, still-life images that proliferate on Instagram.

For inspiration, the partners didn’t look to contemporary Christian artists or the Catholic Church but urbane magazines such as Kinfolk and Drift . They also studied hip, era-defining brands such as Warby Parker, Harry’s , Shinola and Swedish watchmaker Daniel Wellington . Those companies, they say, understand something that the discerning millennial mind treats as, well, Gospel: The quality of a product’s visual packaging is just as important as the quality of the product itself.

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The Bible may be a holy book, Chung realized, but it’s also a “content-rich lifestyle brand” — one in desperate need of a modern upgrade.

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“Visual culture is everything for millennials,” Alabaster co-founder Bryan Ye-Chung said. “That’s what is important to us, too, so we wondered, why can’t a faith-based product take advantage of that space, as well?”

The start-up is not without competition. Absorbing Christian teachings without opening a Bible or stepping inside a church has never been easier. Instagram has helped turn megachurch pastors such as Carl Lentz and Steven Furtick into fashion-forward “influencers” with millions of followers. The number of people who have downloaded mobile apps offering thousands of biblical translations, texts and access to podcasts is now in the hundreds of millions. Ancient manuscripts such as the Dead Sea scrolls have been digitized for online consumption, and now anyone with Internet access can listen to Bible readings in the book’s original languages — Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek.

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Why read about the Holy Land when you can strap on a virtual-reality headset that offers 3-D tours of sacred Christian sites? If VR isn’t your thing, you can download apps that pair smartphone photos with Bible verses, creating shareable content for social media. If you don’t want to read the Bible, then Alexa, Amazon’s virtual assistant, can do it for you. (Amazon CEO Jeffrey P. Bezos owns The Washington Post.) As faith-based organizations seek to share their message in new ways, even their job postings have begun to resemble those from Silicon Valley tech firms, with organizations recruiting product designers and software engineers.

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“We’ll do anything short of sin to reach people who don’t know Christ,” Life.Church writes on its website. “For us, that means leveraging the latest technology, pursuing new ideas, and staying close to God’s Word.”

The digital products may be new, but the sensibility is not, according to Matthew Engelke, a professor of religion at Columbia University . The Protestant impulse has always been to expand outward, Engelke said, finding new ways to engage new groups of people. The rise of digital culture over the past 20 years has heightened that impulse, he said.

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For today’s evangelicals, Engelke said, a rising tide of secular atheism is no longer considered the greatest threat to the church.

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“It’s the stuck-in-the-mud old Christian who doesn’t move with the times and refuses to recognize that you can’t get people into church reading the King James version in the evenings on the radio anymore,” Engelke said. “Times have changed, and many Christians recognize they need to change with the times.”

As millions of Christians find new avenues to explore their faith online, companies such as Thomas Nelson, the largest Christian publishing house in the world, say the appetite for physical copies of the Bible remains strong but customer expectations are rapidly changing because of digital culture. No longer interested in their grandparents’ plain black Bibles, younger customers have begun requesting books with sewn binding, environmentally friendly paper, gold gilding and pricey goatskin covers. Bible publisher Zondervan has introduced hand-painted covers inspired by Etsy artists, as well as shimmering images that change when the page is turned.

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“It’s a renaissance in craftsmanship,” said Daniel Marrs, publisher of Thomas Nelson Bibles. “It’s amazing that we can sit down with a little app and see hundreds of different translations and then pick up a Bible bound in the old leather style with beautiful typography and engage with scripture that way, as well.”

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The company has also developed proprietary typefaces designed to reduce eye fatigue for customers who spend their days staring at digital screens. If they’re not going to access scripture via a mobile app, publishers say, Bible readers want a customized product that makes them feel unique.

“It’s all about the experience,” said Doug Lockhart, senior vice president of Bible marketing and outreach at HarperCollins Christian Publishing . “Even the packaging of the premier collection Bibles, the unboxing experience is similar to an iPhone experience.”

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Last year, its second on the market, Alabaster sold about 10,000 books, netting the company $318,000 in sales. It was enough for Chung and Ye-Chung to quit their jobs in recent weeks to focus on Alabaster full time. This year, both men said, the company hopes to triple last year’s sales figures. Their customers, they said, are primarily women, 21 to 35 years old. Though they have customers as far away as Singapore and Australia, most are city-dwellers from places such as Los Angeles, New York, Dallas, Chicago and Atlanta.

Both men said they believe their individually packaged biblical texts — which start at $30 for single books but cost as much as $155 for packages of six books — tap into millennials’ more casual approach to religion. Instead of letting the Book of Romans collect dust on a shelf, they said, the idea is to bring the words out into the open, turning them into an enticing work of art whose pages feel more interactive than intimidating.

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“We’ve become a culture that cares about beauty and visual stimulation,” Chung said. “We want to use that to create a dialogue and a fresh perspective of the scripture.”

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Harvey Cox, Hollis Research Professor of Divinity at Harvard, said Chung and Ye-Chung have unearthed an age-old marketing tactic perfected by the church. Christianity, like many religions, has long relied on beautiful packaging to sell its ideas. That was especially true, he said, during the Middle Ages, when the overwhelming majority of Christians couldn’t read.

“You’d walk into any cathedral or church,” he said, “and the whole idea was to capture the meaning of the Gospel and the Bible visually with stained-glass windows and frescoes, all kinds of paintings and just a lot of visual material.”

At a time in which many of his own students appear to respond more strongly to imagery than text, a period in which the written word arouses less passion than a “likable” photo online, Cox said, he isn’t surprised that Bible publishers are doing what they’ve always done: adapting to the times.