Frida 9.0 Released ∞

release

Some big changes this time. We now use our Duktape-based JavaScript runtime by default on all platforms, iOS app launching no longer piggybacks on Cydia Substrate, and we are bringing some massive performance improvements. That, and some bugfixes.

Let’s talk about Duktape first. Frida’s first JS runtime was based on V8, and I’m really happy about that choice. It is however quite obvious that there are use-cases where it is a bad fit.

Some systems, e.g. iOS, don’t allow RWX memory1, and V8 won’t run without that. Another example is resource-constrained embedded systems where there just isn’t enough memory. And, as reported by users from time to time, some processes decide to configure their threads to have tiny stacks. V8 is however quite stack-hungry, so if you hook a function called by any of those threads, it won’t necessarily be able to enter V8, and your hooks appear to be ignored2.

Another aspect is that V8 is way more expensive than Duktape for the native ⇔ JS transitions, so if your Frida agent is all about API hooks, and your hooks are really small, you might actually be better off with Duktape. Garbage collection is also more predictable with Duktape, which is good for hooking time-sensitive code.

That said, if your agent is heavy on JavaScript, V8 will be way faster. It also comes with native ES6 support, although this isn’t too big a deal since non-trivial agents should be using frida-compile, which compiles your code to ES5.

So the V8 runtime is not going away, and it will remain a first-class citizen. The only thing that’s changing is that we pick Duktape by default, so that you are guaranteed to get the same runtime on all platforms, with a high probability that it’s going to work.

However, if your use-case is JS-heavy, all you have to do is call Session#enable_jit() before the first script is created, and V8 will be used. For our CLI tools you may pass –enable-jit to get the same effect.

That was Duktape. What’s the story about app launching and Substrate, then? Well, up until now our iOS app launching was piggybacking on Substrate. This was a pragmatic solution in order to avoid going into interoperability scenarios where Frida and Substrate would both hook posix_spawn() in launchd and xpcproxy, and step on each other.

It was however on my long-term TODO to fix this, as it added a lot of complexity in other areas. E.g. an out-of-band callback mechanism so our Substrate plugin could talk back to us at load time, having to manage temporary files, etc. In addition to that, it meant we were depending on a closed source third-party component, even though it was a soft-dependency only needed for iOS app launching. But still, it was the only part of Frida that indirectly required permanent modifications to the running system, and we really want to avoid that.

Let’s have a look at how the new app launching works. Imagine that you ran this on your host machine that’s got a jailbroken iOS device connected to it over USB:

$ frida-trace -U -f com.atebits.Tweetie2 -i open

We’re telling it to launch Twitter’s iOS app and trace functions named open. As a side-note, if you’re curious about the details, frida-trace is written in Python and is less than 900 lines of code, so it might be a good way to learn more about building your own tools on top of Frida. Or perhaps you’d like to improve frida-trace? Even better!

The first part that it does is that it gets hold of the first USB device and launches the Twitter app there. This boils down to:

import frida device = frida . get_usb_device () pid = device . spawn ([ "com.atebits.Tweetie2" ])

What now happens behind the scenes is this:

We inject our launchd.js agent into launchd (if not done already). Call the agent’s RPC-exported prepareForLaunch() giving it the identifier of the app we’re about to launch. Call SBSLaunchApplicationWithIdentifierAndLaunchOptions() so SpringBoard launches the app. Our launchd.js agent then intercept launchd’s __posix_spawn() and adds POSIX_SPAWN_START_SUSPENDED, and signals back the identifier and PID. This is the /usr/libexec/xpcproxy helper that will perform an exec()-style transition to become the app. We then inject our xpcproxy.js agent into this so it can hook __posix_spawn() and add POSIX_SPAWN_START_SUSPENDED just like our launchd agent did. This one will however also have POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC, so that means it will replace itself with the app to be launched. We resume() the xpcproxy process and wait for the exec to happen and the process to be suspended.

At this point we let the device.spawn() return with the PID of the app that was just launched. The app’s process has been created, and the main thread is suspended at dyld’s entrypoint. frida-trace will then want to attach to it so it can load its agent that hooks open. So it goes ahead and does something similar to this:

session = device . attach ( pid ) script = session . create_script ( """ Interceptor.attach(Module.findExportByName(null, 'open'), { onEnter: function () { console.log('open()'); } }); """ ) script . load ()

Now that it has applied the instrumentation, it will ask Frida to resume the process so the main thread can call main() and have some fun:

device . resume ( pid )

Note that I did skip over a few details here, as the attach() operation is actually a bit more complicated due to how uninitialized the process is, but you can read more about that here.

Finally, let’s talk about footprint and performance. First, let’s examine how much disk space is required when Frida is installed on an iOS device and is in a fully operational state:

That’s the 64-bit version, which is only 1.87 MB xz-compressed. The 32-bit version is obviously even smaller. Quite a few optimizations at play here:

We used to write the frida-helper binary out to a temporary file and spawn it. The meat of the frida-helper program is now statically linked into frida-server, and its entitlements have been boosted along with it. This binary is only necessary when Frida is used as a plugin in an unknown process, i.e. where we cannot make any guarantees about entitlements and code-signing. In the frida-server case, however, it is able to guarantee that all such constraints are met.

The library that we inject into processes to be instrumented, frida-agent.dylib, is no longer written out to a temporary file. We use our own out-of-process dynamic linker to map it from frida-server’s memory and directly into the address space of the target process. These mappings are made copy-on-write, so that means it is as memory-efficient as the old dlopen() approach was.

V8 was disabled for the iOS binaries as it’s only really usable on old jailbreaks where the kernel is patched to allow RWX pages. (If V8 is important to your use-case, you can build it like this: make server-ios FRIDA_DIET=no )

) The iOS package has been split into two, “Frida” for 64-bit devices, and “Frida for 32-bit devices” for old devices.

Getting rid of the Substrate dependency for iOS app launching also meant we got rid of FridaLoader.dylib. This is however a very minor improvement.

Alright, so that’s disk footprint. How about memory usage?

Nice. How about performance? Let’s have a look:

Note that these measurements include the time spent communicating from the macOS host to the iOS device over USB.

Enjoy!

1 Except if the process has an entitlement, although that’s limited to just one region. ↩

2: It is technically possible to work around this by having a per-thread side-stack that we switch to before calling into V8. We did actually have this partially implemented in the past. Might be something we should revive in the longer term. ↩