An appearance by Donald Trump Jr. on ABC’s “The View” to promote his new book quickly spiraled out of control on Thursday as he and the show’s politically outspoken hosts traded shouts and accusations that spilled over into the partisan echo chamber of social media.

Mr. Trump and his girlfriend, the Fox News host turned Trump campaign adviser Kimberly Guilfoyle, went on the show to discuss his book, “Triggered: How the Left Thrives on Hate and Wants to Silence Us.”

But the interview went off the rails when the hosts assailed him for sharing a Breitbart article on Twitter on Wednesday that claimed to name the whistle-blower whose complaint set off the House impeachment inquiry.

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“I don’t regret doing that,” Mr. Trump said. “I don’t think I should have to forgo my First Amendment rights. It’s out there, I read it in an article, I’ve been reading it for a week, I saw it on the Drudge Report. This is not some secret.”