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When scientists very precisely trapped fluorescent molecules between a silver nanocube and a thin sheet of gold, the molecules emitted photons of light 1,000 times faster than normal.

They say that record-breaking speed could pave the way for superfast LEDs and hack-proof communications.

“If we can precisely place molecules like this, it could be used in many more applications than just fast LEDs,” says Gleb Akselrod, a postdoc at Duke University and lead author of the study published in Nature Photonics. “We could also make fast sources of single photons that could be used for quantum cryptography.

“This technology would allow immediate communications across vast distances that could not be hacked—at least not without breaking the laws of physics.”

Slow vs. fast LEDs

Maiken Mikkelsen, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at Duke, says one application they’re targeting is ultrafast LEDs.

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“While future devices might not use this exact approach, the underlying physics will be crucial.”

In an LED, atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye. Modern telecommunications systems, however, operate nearly a thousand times faster.

To make future light-based communications using LEDs practical, researchers must get photon-emitting materials up to speed.

This year’s Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for the discovery of how to make blue LEDs, allowing everything from more efficient light bulbs to video screens. While the discovery has had an enormous impact on lighting and displays, the slow speed with which LEDs can be turned on and off has limited their use as a light source in light-based telecommunications.

It’s all about the gap

For the experiment, the researchers manufactured 75-nanometer silver nanocubes and trapped light between them, greatly increasing the light’s intensity.

When fluorescent molecules are placed near intensified light, the molecules emit photons at a faster rate through an effect called Purcell enhancement.

The researchers found they could achieve a significant speed improvement by placing fluorescent molecules in a gap between the nanocubes and a thin film of gold.

To attain the greatest effect, Mikkelsen’s team needed to tune the gap’s resonant frequency to match the color of light that the molecules respond to. They used computer simulations to determine the exact size of the gap needed between the nanocubes and gold film to optimize the setup.

That gap turned out to be just 20 atoms wide. But that wasn’t a problem for the researchers.

“We can select cubes with just the right size and make the gaps literally with nanometer precision,” says Akselrod. “When we have the cube size and gap perfectly calibrated to the molecule, that’s when we see the record 1,000-fold increase in fluorescence speed.”

Because the experiment used many randomly aligned molecules, the researchers believe they can do even better. They plan to design a system with individual fluorescent molecule placed precisely underneath a single nanocube.

According to Akselrod, they can achieve even higher fluorescence rates by standing the molecules up on edge at the corners of the cube.

The Lord Foundation of North Carolina and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research funded the project.

Source: Duke University