As Queeny Jin mentioned in her article, TiDB in the Browser: Running a Golang Database on WebAssembly, we compiled TiDB into an in-browser database using WebAssembly (Wasm). We're very proud of this pilot project because it opens a door to an entirely new world for both Golang and Wasm:

It is probably the first Golang database that's been compiled to Wasm. As “Golang weekly (issue 287)” put it, “The author wonders if a database like TiDB written in Go can run in a web browser, what about other complex Go apps? Go's WebAssembly future is looking quite positive.”

Besides SQLite, Wasm has one more database example that can run inside the browser. As Database Weekly (issue 279) put it, ”If a database like TiDB written in Go can run in the browser, what about other complex Go apps or other database systems?”

What's most exciting is that beginning database users now have an easy way to learn to write SQL statements or test new databases. They don't have to download an entire database and go through the complex setup and configuration process to be able to write SQL. They can simply point their browser to https://tour.tidb.io/, wait a few seconds for the TiDB database to load, and then start to write SQL statements.

The time to experiment with SQL without pain has come. In fact, the community has started to hack on this project, and they've built a markdown-it plugin to run a TiDB Wasm instance on markdown. Now you can have an interactive playground to learn SQL in the browser: https://github.com/imiskolee/tidb-wasm-markdown

The source code for this project is in PR: #13069 - support compiling tidb to wasm. You are welcome to join us!

The rest of this blog will dive deep into how and why we built an in-browser database. By the end of the article, you'll know how to reproduce it yourself, create your own projects, and get inspired.

TL;DR

Want to make your own Golang apps run in a browser? Here's what we learned ...

We had a lot of fun—and learned a lot—from our little adventure at TiDB Hackathon 2019. If you want to make your own Golang applications run in a browser, here are some suggestions:

As WebAssembly Weekly - Issue #100 mentioned, "WebAssembly support for Go applications is very much in its infancy.” For example, Golang hasn't fully supported WASI, and goleveldb doesn't support Wasm/js. Be discreet before you go too deep, and clearly understand the use cases for your application.

Make sure your application doesn't have third-party platform-specific dependencies that can't be compiled to Wasm.

Browsers don't allow port listening and file operations, so you'll have to work around those limitations.

Why an in-browser database?

The idea came to us when we were planning our TiDB Hackathon 2019. The goal of participating in the Hackathon was very simple: hack something cool together! (So cool that we name ourselves: Ti-Cool.) What could be cooler than an in-browser database?

How we made it possible?

It's a hackathon, so we hack, of course. =)

Let's take a look at our goal again: building an in-browser TiDB database. Breaking it down, we got a few questions to answer:

Can TiDB be compiled to an in-browser application? If yes, how? How can users input the SQL statements and get their results just from the browser?

Let's find out.

Question #1: Can TiDB be compiled to an in-browser application? If yes, how?

What we knew: TiDB is written in Golang, and Go 1.11 added a port to WebAssembly.

What we didn't know: Does TiDB include any platform-specific libraries that can't be compiled to Wasm?

We started our adventure of compiling TiDB to Wasm by following getting started with WebAssembly. Here was our first setback:

Going through the goleveldb code and the storage package led to the heartbreaking fact that even though it had implementations for most platforms, it didn't have one for Wasm:

That's why we had the undefined error messages about newFileLock , rename , syncDir , etc.

As shown in the code below, we decided to add a file_storage_js.go file and leave those functions unimplemented:

package storage import ( "os" "syscall" ) func newFileLock ( path string , readOnly bool ) ( fl fileLock , err error ) { return nil , syscall . ENOTSUP } func setFileLock ( f * os . File , readOnly , lock bool ) error { return syscall . ENOTSUP } func rename ( oldpath , newpath string ) error { return syscall . ENOTSUP } func isErrInvalid ( err error ) bool { return false } func syncDir ( name string ) error { return syscall . ENOTSUP }

We compiled the code again and got this:

Um... What does missing function body mean?

Diving deep into the code, we found that there were function declarations in the arith_decl.go file but the functions weren't implemented in the system-specific files.

This problem was similar to the one we had before, and we could solve it the same way, except there was a problem: this code belonged to a third-party library and was not in our control. Besides, TiDB did not depend on the library directly—it depended on the mathutil library which depended on the bigfft library, and neither of these libraries was in our control. Two plans came to our minds:

Plan 1. File pull requests to the mathutil and bigfft libraries so that they can support Wasm.

Plan 2. Clone the mathutil and bigfft libraries, add the functions and leave them unimplemented, and change the TiDB dependency to our cloned libraries.

Plan 1 was quickly ruled out because we couldn't do it in time for the hackathon, not to mention we had no idea whether the maintainers of these two projects would approve our changes and merge them.

Plan 2 had its own problem because it meant we would probably detach ourselves from the upstreams.

Was there a third way? Could we make a special case where TiDB didn't depend on these two libraries when we compile the Wasm binary format, but when it came to the binary format for other platforms like Linux, it's business as usual?

With this goal in mind, we did some homework. We found that even though mathutil was called many times, only the following functions were used: MinUint64 , MaxUint64 ， MinInt32 ， MaxInt32 , etc. So we had an idea:

Create the mathutil directory, then the mathutil_linux.go and mathutil_js.go files. In the mathutil_linux.go file, re-export to the third party libraries. In the mathutil_js.go file, create these functions and leave them unimplemented, with no dependency on any third-party libraries. Switch all the dependency on third-party libraries to the mathutil directory so that only the mathutil directory included the third-party package that didn't support Wasm.

In this way, the mathutil directory provided all the functions in the original mathutil package. In addition, when compiling TiDB for other platforms (Linux), it could still go to the mathutil_linux.go file which led to the third-party libraries; when compiling TiDB for Wasm, it could go to the mathutil_js.go file.

Compiling again:

Yay! We made it! The main.wasm is the compiled TiDB Wasm file we wanted, and it proves that TiDB could be compiled to an in-browser application.

Ok. Now we have a compiled TiDB Wasm. Let's run it, and see what comes out!

Theoretically, because we were using os.Stdin as the input and the os.Stdout as the output, and we hadn't done anything with DOM yet, the output should be blank. However, TiDB outputs its log to os.Stdout , we expect a log message that TiDB started successfully. Unfortunately, this was what we got:

What we could derive from the error message was that the runtime didn't implement os.stat . We determined that this was because Golang hasn't fully supported WASI yet. As shown in the following code, it merely mocked an fs in wasm_exec.js :

global . fs = { writeSync ( fd , buf ) { ... } , write ( fd , buf , offset , length , position , callback ) { ... } , open ( path , flags , mode , callback ) { ... } , ... }

The mocked fs didn't implement the callbacks such as stat , lstat , unlink , mkdir . So we mocked these functions in the global fs object before the Wasm was started:

function unimplemented ( callback ) { const err = new Error ( "not implemented" ) ; err . code = "ENOSYS" ; callback ( err ) ; } function unimplemented1 ( _1 , callback ) { unimplemented ( callback ) ; } function unimplemented2 ( _1 , _2 , callback ) { unimplemented ( callback ) ; } fs . stat = unimplemented1 ; fs . lstat = unimplemented1 ; fs . unlink = unimplemented1 ; fs . rmdir = unimplemented1 ; fs . mkdir = unimplemented2 ; go . run ( result . instance ) ;

When we refreshed the page, the expected TiDB log was finally displayed:

Yay, we made it again!

At this point, we had cleared all the technical blockers. Now it was time to get inputs and outputs.

Question # 2: How can users input the SQL statements and get their results from the browser?

We all know that browsers cannot let the web applications within them do dangerous things such as port listening and file operations. However, TiDB lets users start a client and connect to TiDB using MySQL statements (mostly), which means users need to listen on a certain port. We want our users to have a built-in TiDB client in the Wasm file together with the TiDB sever: When the browser loads the Wasm file, the client is launched immediately to allow users to input SQL statements and output the SQL results.

Here is what we did:

Reuse what's already in the TiDB test code. We looked through the test code in TiDB and found the following: result = tk . MustQuery ( "select count(*) from t group by d order by c" ) result . Check ( testkit . Rows ( "3" , "2" , "2" ) ) Locate the tk function: func ( tk * TestKit ) Exec ( sql string , args ... interface { } ) ( sqlexec . RecordSet , error ) { var err error if tk . Se == nil { tk . Se , err = session . CreateSession4Test ( tk . store ) tk . c . Assert ( err , check . IsNil ) id := atomic . AddUint64 ( & connectionID , 1 ) tk . Se . SetConnectionID ( id ) } ctx := context . Background ( ) if len ( args ) == 0 { var rss [ ] sqlexec . RecordSet rss , err = tk . Se . Execute ( ctx , sql ) if err == nil && len ( rss ) > 0 { return rss [ 0 ] , nil } return nil , errors . Trace ( err ) } stmtID , _ , _ , err := tk . Se . PrepareStmt ( sql ) if err != nil { return nil , errors . Trace ( err ) } params := make ( [ ] types . Datum , len ( args ) ) for i := 0 ; i < len ( params ) ; i ++ { params [ i ] = types . NewDatum ( args [ i ] ) } rs , err := tk . Se . ExecutePreparedStmt ( ctx , stmtID , params ) if err != nil { return nil , errors . Trace ( err ) } err = tk . Se . DropPreparedStmt ( stmtID ) if err != nil { return nil , errors . Trace ( err ) } return rs , nil } Write a read-eval-print-loop (REPL) to take inputs, execute them using the above Exec function, return the result to standard output, and loop the entire process.

What about the terminal?

We now had an Exec function that could take SQL statements, output the result, and run in the browser. We also needed an SQL client to interact with the function. We considered the following options:

Use Golang to manipulate dom to implement this client.

Use Golang to expose the Exec function to the global, and find an existing SQL client/terminal in JavaScript(JS) to interact with the Exec function.

Our current team members have limited front-end knowledge, so we chose the second approach. We found the jquery.console.js library, which required only a callback from the SQL, and our Exec fit right in.

Here are the specific steps:

Exposed the Exec function globally to be called back by JS: js . Global ( ) . Set ( "executeSQL" , js . FuncOf ( func ( this js . Value , args [ ] js . Value ) interface { } { go func ( ) { sql := args [ 0 ] . String ( ) args [ 1 ] . Invoke ( k . Exec ( sql ) ) } ( ) return nil } ) ) Result: We can run SQL from the browser console: Built an SQL client using jquery.console.js and passed the executeSQL as callbacks: Result: Now you can run the Golang database the SQL directly in your browser!

One more thing: taking in local files

Our users now have an in-browser database where they can write SQL directly. However, there's a small problem: they can only write one SQL statement at one time.

Imagine if a user wanted to test the compatibility between TiDB and MySQL. It would be a nightmare to run the statements one by one.

However, in TiDB we have features such as load stats and load data to read and load content from files into the databases, see for more information. But as we mentioned earlier, this was not possible for a browser.

To resolve this issue, we did the following:

Opened the browser's upload window so users could choose a file and upload it to TiDB: js . Global ( ) . Get ( "upload" ) . Invoke ( js . FuncOf ( func ( this js . Value , args [ ] js . Value ) interface { } { go func ( ) { fileContent := args [ 0 ] . String ( ) _ , e := doSomething ( fileContent ) c <- e } ( ) return nil } ) , js . FuncOf ( func ( this js . Value , args [ ] js . Value ) interface { } { go func ( ) { c <- errors . New ( args [ 0 ] . String ( ) ) } ( ) return nil } ) ) Added a source command. Users can run the source command to upload a SQL file, and the TiDB Wasm executes the SQL statements in the file. For example, users could enter the source command. The browser displays a window for you to load an SQL file. If you load the test.sql file: CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS samp_db ; USE samp_db ; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS person ( number INT ( 11 ) , name VARCHAR ( 255 ) , birthday DATE ) ; CREATE INDEX person_num ON person ( number ) ; INSERT INTO person VALUES ( "1" , "tom" , "20170912" ) ; UPDATE person SET birthday = '20171010' WHERE name = 'tom' ; And then show the database, you see the following results:

What's next

Because of the limited time in Hackathon, TiDB Wasm could only serve as a pilot project. If you use TiDB Wasm, keep in mind these caveats. We also have a lot more work to do, including the following:

Persist data using IndexedDB, and implement a storage interface for IndexDB.

Apply P2P technologies such as WebRTC to provide service to other browsers. We believe there will be more and more applications migrating to Wasm and many of them will need databases like TiDB Wasm.

Make the Wasm files smaller. The current files are almost 80 MB and occupy too much memory. This is not friendly to browser. (Thanks a lot to Syrus Akbary for compiling TiDB to WASI; it's a pity that it's too large to run on any runtime.)

Publish TiDB to WAPM and run it in WebAssembly shell.

And more...

You are welcome to join us and build this project together at https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/projects/27 or contact us at info@pingcap.com.