MORTGAGES The bill offers a number of new protections, many of which are a bit like closing the barn door after all of the animals escaped. Lenders, for instance, will have to check borrowers’ income and assets. Most lenders have learned that lesson by now or have ceased to exist.

Other rules include a ban on prepayment penalties for people with adjustable rate and other more complex types of mortgages. Mortgage brokers and bank employees will no longer be able to earn bonuses based on the type of loan they put you in. That will presumably eliminate any incentive to push high-interest loans on borrowers (who might otherwise qualify for a better deal) to inflate bank profits.

Image Barbara Roper, a consumer advocate, has called for policies requiring brokers to put clients’ interests first. Credit... Mike Theiler/European Pressphoto Agency

Julia Gordon, senior policy counsel for the Center for Responsible Lending, said there will now be a cap limiting mortgage origination fees to 3 percent of the loan. There are exceptions for required upfront mortgage insurance premiums, say for a Federal Housing Administration loan, and for points that borrowers elect to pay to lower the mortgage interest rate.

CREDIT AND DEBIT CARDS Hate those merchants that won’t let you use your credit card unless you spend more than a certain amount? Well, now they have Congress’s blessing, as long as the minimum is not higher than $10. The Federal Reserve can increase the minimum if it chooses. As for maximums, only the federal government and colleges and universities can limit what people spend. So if you are paying tuition on a credit card and earning a couple of free plane tickets each year, that fun may soon end.

Merchants are also free to offer discounts to people who pay cash instead of using cards, or use debit instead of credit cards. They will not, however, be able to charge one price for people using American Express cards and a lower price for people using Visa and MasterCard credit cards.

Merchants will also not be allowed to give discounts based on which bank issued the debit or credit card you are using. Why would a merchant want to do that? Because the bill gives the Federal Reserve the ability to set a limit on the fees that stores must pay to accept debit cards. The catch here, though, is that only banks with more than $10 billion in assets would be subject to the cap. As a result, merchants may have to pay more to accept debit cards from smaller banks and credit unions than big banks like Bank of America and Chase. And if that were to happen, stores might be tempted to offer discounts to people with big bank debit cards.