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A glance at a map and a little knowledge of the region suggest that the real reasons for Western military involvement may be largely hidden.



Afghanistan is adjacent to Middle Eastern countries that are rich in oil and natural gas. And though Afghanistan may have little petroleum itself, it borders both Iran and Turkmenistan , countries with the second and third largest natural gas reserves in the world. ( Russia is first.)



Turkmenistan is the country nobody talks about. Its huge reserves of natural gas can only get to market through pipelines. Until 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union and its gas flowed only north through Soviet pipelines. Now the Russians plan a new pipeline north. The Chinese are building a new pipeline east. The U.S. is pushing for "multiple oil and gas export routes." High-level Russian, Chinese and American delegations visit Turkmenistan frequently to discuss energy. The U.S. even has a special envoy for Eurasian energy diplomacy.



Rivalry for pipeline routes and energy resources reflects competition for power and control in the region. Pipelines are important today in the same way that railway building was important in the 19th century. They connect trading partners and influence the regional balance of power. Afghanistan is a strategic piece of real estate in the geopolitical struggle for power and dominance in the region.



Since the 1990s, Washington has promoted a natural gas pipeline south through Afghanistan . The route would pass through Kandahar province. In 2007, Richard Boucher, U.S. assistant secretary of state, said: "One of our goals is to stabilize Afghanistan ," and to link South and Central Asia "so that energy can flow to the south." Oil and gas have motivated U.S. involvement in the Middle East for decades. Unwittingly or willingly, Canadian forces are supporting American goals.



The proposed pipeline is called TAPI, after the initials of the four participating countries ( Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , Pakistan and India ). Eleven high-level planning meetings have been held during the past seven years, with Asian Development Bank sponsorship and multilateral support (including Canada 's). Construction is planned to start next year. . .



Ukraine is the main gateway for gas from Russia to Europe . The United States has pushed for alternate pipelines and encouraged European countries to diversify their sources of supply. Recently built pipelines for oil and gas originate in Azerbaijan and extend through Georgia to Turkey . They are the jewels in the crown of U.S. strategy to bypass Russia and Iran .



The rivalry continues with plans for new gas pipelines to Europe from Russia and the Caspian region. . . Meanwhile, Iran is planning a pipeline to deliver gas east to Pakistan and India . Pakistan has agreed in principle, but India has yet to do so. It's an alternative to the long-planned, U.S.-supported pipeline from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to Pakistan and India .



A very big game is underway, with geopolitics intruding everywhere. U.S. journalist Steven LeVine describes American policy in the region as "pipeline-driven." Other countries are pushing for pipeline routes, too. . .



John Foster is an energy economist and author of "A Pipeline Through A Troubled Land - Afghanistan , Canada , and the New Great Energy Game," published by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.





THE BACK STORY





Islamabad

US

Afghanistan

Pakistan

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republic

Turkmenistan

port of Gawadar

Middle East

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Kabul

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

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Central Asia

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Turkmenistan

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India

Turkmenistan

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Saudi Arabia

Pakistan

Turkmenistan

Japan

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Afghanistan

Daniel Fisher Forbes, 2002

Afghanistan

Turkmenistan

Pakistan

U.S.

Argentina

U.S.

Afghanistan

Georgetown University

Iran

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan

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Afghanistan

Central Asia

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Turkmenistan

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Turkey

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Frank Viviano, San Francisco Chronicle, 2001:

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