This is part 6 of a 7 part guide on how to start a small business. In this lesson, you’ll learn about small business accounting and bookkeeping.

Probably the most boring and tedious part of running a business is keeping track of earnings, expenses and maintaining “the books”. For me personally, I hate tallying up the numbers and documenting all of my expenditures, mileage etc…

Hell, I have enough problems making sure that my checking account is balanced every month! But over the past few years running our online wedding business, I have come to realize that while keeping accurate numbers is boring, analyzing the numbers is actually fun and eye opening!

That’s why I let my wife take care of the books while I just look at the reports:)

Rather than bore you to death defining mundane accounting terminology or explaining the nitty gritty of accounting and bookkeeping, I thought that it would be more interesting to let you in on how we keep track of and utilize the data we maintain for our online wedding linens business.

Two Main Ways To Keep The Books

First off, there two main ways to maintain your books, the cash method and the accrual method. In general, a business that carries inventory must use the accrual method of accounting which is why we use this method for our wedding linens business.

What this means is that income and expenses are treated and taxed when it is earned rather than when the money is actually received.

For our wedding linens business, let’s say that I received a $10000 deposit in 2009 to make 100 dozen handkerchiefs for a customer to be delivered in 2010.

Under the accrual method, I can’t declare this money as income in 2009 because I haven’t delivered yet. Conversely, if I need to spend $2000 dollars upfront on the materials in 2009, I must take this as an expense in 2009 and not 2010.

The opposite of accrual accounting is called cash accounting in which income and expenses are taken when things are actually paid for.

In general, the cash method is only used for service oriented businesses but can be used for any business that is unincorporated and has annual receipts of less than a million bucks.

The cash method is a more intuitive way of keeping track of the books because it represents an accurate assessment of your cashflow.

Why does all of this matter? Because the IRS says so. We chose the accrual method because my wife used to use the accrual method while working as a financial analyst for a Fortune 500 company.

How We Track Expenses

The way we keep track of expenses is extremely high tech and requires a Masters degree in Electrical Engineering to implement. In our office, we have 3 bins. One bin is labeled entertainment, one bin is labeled cash expenses and the third one is labeled assets.

Whenever we travel, go out to eat or spend any money on entertainment, we throw our receipts into the “entertainment” bin.

The date and amount is usually already printed on the receipt but on the back, we also jot down the business purpose and the business relationship with the person we are entertaining. This extra information is important in case you ever get audited.

Whenever we make a business related expense outside of entertainment, we throw the receipt into the “cash” bin. This includes things like office supplies, ISP bills, internet charges, thread etc…

Finally, the third bin is reserved for business expenses that fall under the category of capital equipment or furniture. Leafing through this bin right now, we have a receipt in there for a sewing machine, a desk chair and some computer equipment.

Basically, anything in this bin is an asset that might potentially need to be depreciated over time. Under normal circumstances though, we don’t have to depreciate anything thanks to section 179(You can read about section 179 in our small business taxes article).

In each of our cars, we carry a notebook where we jot down the number of miles we’ve driven on behalf of our business. For each entry, we make sure to write down the date, the beginning odometer reading, the ending odometer reading and the place that we drove to.

Each mile is worth around 50 cents(check the IRS for the exact deduction), so we make sure we write down every last mile. For more information on how to expense a vehicle, please refer to my article on How To Deduct Your Vehicle On Your Taxes.

How We Track Income

All of our income is tracked automatically in our shopping cart software. At the end of the month, our website creates a report itemizing everything that we sold, at what price and to which customer.

Our shopping cart also lists any related fees associated with each transaction such as paypal fees, credit card fees and shipping fees.

My wife then takes this data and imports this information into her master spreadsheet which includes the cost of goods and other information extracted from our receipts in the expense bins.

Everything outside of manually entering and scanning expense data from receipts is more or less completely automated.

What We Do With The Data

The fun part about having all of this data is that you can use it to recognize trends with your business. Here are some of the useful ways we use the data that we gather from our business numbers.

Pricing – Every quarter, we analyze our top selling products to see if there are any obvious trends. At this time, we also play around with the prices a little bit by increasing prices of items that are selling well and reducing the prices of products that aren’t moving that well. By analyzing the results of our pricing experiments, we then make corresponding adjustments. It’s an iterative process, but over time we can usually get a good idea what the optimal pricing sweet spot is for the majority of our products.

– Every quarter, we analyze our top selling products to see if there are any obvious trends. At this time, we also play around with the prices a little bit by increasing prices of items that are selling well and reducing the prices of products that aren’t moving that well. By analyzing the results of our pricing experiments, we then make corresponding adjustments. It’s an iterative process, but over time we can usually get a good idea what the optimal pricing sweet spot is for the majority of our products. Seasonality – Certain items in our store sell better during certain times of the year. For example during Thanksgiving, sales of our linen napkins go through the roof. We discover these trends by creating product trend graphs with our numbers. By analyzing these graphs, we know when to stock up on certain items during certain times of the year so we can carry less inventory.

– Certain items in our store sell better during certain times of the year. For example during Thanksgiving, sales of our linen napkins go through the roof. We discover these trends by creating product trend graphs with our numbers. By analyzing these graphs, we know when to stock up on certain items during certain times of the year so we can carry less inventory. Reducing Taxes – By knowing the finances inside and out for our business, we can usually make well timed purchases. For example, if our business profits are especially high for the year, we will sometimes push up the timetable for some of our purchases. Depending on our profit level, I might decide to go ahead and upgrade my computer or purchase that laptop a little bit early to offset our business earnings.

– By knowing the finances inside and out for our business, we can usually make well timed purchases. For example, if our business profits are especially high for the year, we will sometimes push up the timetable for some of our purchases. Depending on our profit level, I might decide to go ahead and upgrade my computer or purchase that laptop a little bit early to offset our business earnings. Avoiding Tax Penalties – By keeping track of our profit level, we can make sure that we don’t get penalized come tax time. Since I have a full time job, my wife and I don’t actually pay estimated taxes for our business at the present time. Instead, I increase the withholdings from my paycheck in order to cover the tax bill for the business. Keeping accurate profit/loss statements are essential in order for me to know how much to withhold.

– By keeping track of our profit level, we can make sure that we don’t get penalized come tax time. Since I have a full time job, my wife and I don’t actually pay estimated taxes for our business at the present time. Instead, I increase the withholdings from my paycheck in order to cover the tax bill for the business. Keeping accurate profit/loss statements are essential in order for me to know how much to withhold. Demographic Data – By analyzing our sales, we’ve noticed that many of our customers live in specific areas of the United States. While we don’t currently use this data, we might choose to launch demographic based advertising in the future to target local customer sweet spots.

– By analyzing our sales, we’ve noticed that many of our customers live in specific areas of the United States. While we don’t currently use this data, we might choose to launch demographic based advertising in the future to target local customer sweet spots. Experimentation – Keeping accurate numbers allows us to see the direct effect of any experiments we choose to run. For example, last year we added cross selling to our list of strategies and noticed a quantifiable increase in order size. Sometime in the future, I plan on implementing a plugin to recover lost sales and keeping accurate data will allow us to analyze the impact on our top line

– Keeping accurate numbers allows us to see the direct effect of any experiments we choose to run. For example, last year we added cross selling to our list of strategies and noticed a quantifiable increase in order size. Sometime in the future, I plan on implementing a plugin to recover lost sales and keeping accurate data will allow us to analyze the impact on our top line Outsourcing – We are currently looking into hiring an answering service to take some of our phone orders. Since we keep track of all of our phone conversations including time, date and length of call, we can easily make an accurate assessment of how much it’s going to cost us and whether outsourcing makes economic sense.

Tools Of The Trade

Here are some tools to help with your small business bookkeeping

Quickbooks – The defacto standard for small business accounting

Intuit Online Payroll – This is company we use for payroll

Turbo Tax – This is what we use to do our taxes

Running Reports Is Fun

Keeping the books is boring, but recognizing and taking advantage of patterns with your numbers is quite fun and fulfilling! Bookkeeping is not just for the IRS.

Maintaining accurate numbers is essential for the livelihood of your business as well!

Next up: Small Business Resources And Where To Find Help

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