U.S. leaders took swipes at China on Thursday, as the Senate voted to advance a bill to penalize countries said to be manipulating their currencies and President Barack Obama accused the country of manipulating the yuan.

U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk separately demanded that China disclose details to the World Trade Organization on a large number of government subsidies to ensure it is complying with global trade rules. The U.S. notified the WTO of almost 200 subsidy programs...