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Researchers have identified a protein on tumor-derived extracellular vesicles that indicates if a non-small cell lung cancer tumor is likely to metastasize, according to a new study.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most commonly diagnosed cancer, is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. More than half of NSCLC patients die after developing metastases.

There are no tests currently that would allow doctors to identify patients where more aggressive therapy could reduce mortality.

“This information could help diagnose patients who are at high risk for having their cancer metastasize, and treatment could be tailored to account for that.”

Researchers could use the protein as a biomarker to develop a rapid, minimally invasive test to catch these cancers early when they are more treatable, says study author Tony Hu, chair in biotechnology innovation at Tulane University’s School of Medicine.

“The goal of any cancer diagnosis and treatment is to catch it early,” says Hu. “This information could help diagnose patients who are at high risk for having their cancer metastasize, and treatment could be tailored to account for that. Not all patients have the same type of tumor, and if you can target therapy to address a particular tumor, you can improve outcomes.”

Most patients with NCSLC don’t receive a diagnosis until their primary tumor has metastasized to other parts of the body. However, even patients diagnosed with non-metastatic NSCLC tumors of the same stage can often have very different treatment outcomes.

A marker that could identify which patients are likely to develop metastatic NSCLC, would aid in selecting those patients who should receive different treatment approaches to reduce their risk of metastasis and improve odds for long-term survival. However, no biomarkers identified to date have adequate sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility for this purpose, and most require tumor samples that require invasive procedures that are not suitable for repeated analyses.

All cells shed extracellular vesicles, small membrane particles that carry proteins, RNA, and other molecules. These vesicles can bind to and transfer their contents to specific cell types to change the behavior of these cells. Extracellular vesicles cancer cells shed can alter the environment of both adjacent and distant cells to establish metastatic niches that promote the invasion and growth of circulating tumor cells.

Researchers evaluated proteins carried by extracellular vesicles that NSCLC cells shed to determine which might serve as markers for metastatic NSCLC cells. Hu and his team identified a protein that was highly expressed on extracellular vesicles of metastatic but not nonmetastatic NSCLC cells. This could predict which NSCLC patients have an increased risk for metastasis when its expression was analyzed on extracellular vesicles isolated from their blood.

The next goal of Hu’s team is to incorporate the biomarker profiling with their well-developed nanoplasmonic detection assay for a rapid clinical translation.

The research appears in Science Advances.

Source: Tulane University