Putin, power and poison: Russia’s elite FSB spy club Published duration 3 February 2018

image copyright AFP image caption President Putin met FSB special forces in troubled Chechnya in 2011

FSB. The letters are not just familiar to fans of spy thrillers. They have come to symbolise Vladimir Putin's grip on power in Russia.

Russia's secretive security agency has gained notoriety around the world with its intelligence and counter-terror operations.

But with roots in the Soviet Union's KGB secret police, allegations of state-sanctioned killings and close ties to the president, it faces questions about its true nature and ambitions.

What does the FSB do?

Counter-terrorism and counter-espionage

It co-operates with foreign police forces in fighting jihadists and some organised crime gangs.

image copyright Reuters image caption FSBs vehicles near a supermarket following an explosion in St Petersburg in December

The FSB poured resources into fighting separatist rebels from Chechnya in two wars, in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Russia has tense relations with several of its ex-Soviet neighbours. Part of the FSB's job is to prevent any pro-Western "colour" uprisings in Russia like Georgia's 2003 Rose Revolution and Ukraine's 2004 Orange Revolution.

Targeting enemies

In 2002 the assassination of an Arab jihadist commander in Chechnya, known as Khattab, was attributed to the FSB. His Chechen comrades said he had received a letter laced with poison.

But the Alexander Litvinenko murder case really put the FSB in the international spotlight.

image copyright Reuters image caption Litvinenko (right) publicly accused fellow FSB officers of corruption in 1998

Russia rejected the charges and made the main suspect, Andrei Lugovoi, an MP and national hero.

Litvinenko had accused the FSB of running a top-secret hit squad called URPO for assassinating enemies. One of its targets, he said, was the powerful oligarch Boris Berezovsky, who died in the UK years after Litvinenko in 2013 in an apparent suicide.

Just weeks before Litvinenko died, Russia passed a law giving the FSB authority to act against "extremists" and "terrorists" abroad.

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Some other prominent opponents of Mr Putin, including journalists, have died mysteriously, fuelling speculation about FSB "hits". Often the victims had other enemies, however, who could have targeted them.

image caption The TV thriller McMafia links Russian spies to organised crime

Spying abroad

In their book on the FSB, called The New Nobility, Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan say Mr Putin expanded the FSB's powers by enabling it to send agents abroad for special operations, including intelligence gathering.

But Russia's equivalent of the British MI6 - the main overseas spy service - is the External Intelligence Service (SVR).

Agents of the military spy service GRU also gather intelligence abroad.

Cyber spying and interference

The FSB is integral to Russia's new doctrine of information warfare, which includes shaping public opinion abroad via social media.

The FSB has powerful legal tools to monitor internet traffic. A technology called Sorm lets it snoop on emails and phone calls; data has to be kept for 12 hours, by law, for possible inspection; virtual private networks (VPNs) and other anonymisation tools are restricted.

image copyright AFP image caption The Lubyanka - infamous during the Soviet terror - is now the FSB headquarters

Mr Soldatov says Russian telecoms providers have to give the FSB direct access to data. The real scope of FSB surveillance at any one time is not clear.

The journalist says that, as with the Communist KGB, the fear of being spied on is a powerful weapon in itself.

How close is the FSB to Putin?

The headquarters in central Moscow is the Lubyanka - a symbol of FSB power. The KGB interrogated political prisoners there in Soviet times.

The FSB's head Alexander Bortnikov reports directly to President Putin.

In 2000, Mr Bortnikov's predecessor Nikolai Patrushev called his FSB operatives "modern nobles". On becoming president, Mr Putin gave top posts to former spies from St Petersburg.

Olga Kryshtanovskaya, a leading Russian sociologist, says that "we are witnessing a restoration of the power of the KGB" under Mr Putin.

During his first term as president, about one-third of government officials were "siloviki" - or "security guys", she said.

Most of the elite - including Mr Bortnikov - are now subject to EU and/or US sanctions because of Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea. Most have acquired huge fortunes and control key Russian resources.

image copyright AFP image caption The FSB's vintage car collection includes a 1922 Rolls Royce Silver Ghost

In the 1990s Mr Putin oversaw foreign trade in St Petersburg and some of his associates from that time have been linked to organised crime. Those links are documented by US researcher Karen Dawisha in her book Putin's Kleptocracy.