The protesters were targeting AMC’s Chinese owner. A sprawling Chinese real estate and entertainment company called Dalian Wanda had acquired AMC in 2012, creating the world’s largest theater empire. The message of the protest was that any attempt to extend Beijing’s control over American mass media must be stopped.

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But the protesters had not gathered on their own volition. They were paid to be there by a Washington lobbying firm, Berman and Co.

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It was one of the many unexpected turns in a quiet battle to halt a trend of Chinese businesses gobbling up American companies. Its reach now goes beyond traditional areas with obvious national security implications — such as President Obama’s recent decision to block the acquisition of Aixtron, a semiconductor company with sensitive technology. It has moved into more surprising areas such as movie theaters, where concerns about financial ownership collide with threats of censorship.

China tightly controls its domestic media to ensure that the press, film and other media portray the Communist Party in a positive light, and it allows only 34 foreign films to show in its cinemas each year.

Berman and Co., which uses a network of organizations to carry out campaigns on behalf of anonymous clients, is led by Rick Berman, a veteran lobbyist whom “60 Minutes” once called “Dr. Evil” for his defense of secondhand smoke, trans fats, tanning beds and payday loans. For decades, his firm has launched ad campaigns to attack targets such as the Humane Society of the United States, labor unions and Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

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The new campaign, called “China Owns Us,” is nominally run by the Center for American Security, a registered trade name for a 501(c)4 nonprofit called the Enterprise Action Committee, according to D.C. government records. A small group of people employed by Berman’s K Street lobbying office run these and dozens of other similarly structured organizations, Berman said in an interview.

To drum up opposition to Chinese acquisitions in Hollywood, Berman’s associates bought two billboards this summer calling AMC “China’s Red Puppet” — one on Los Angeles’s Sunset Boulevard, another outside AMC’s Kansas headquarters. Berman and his groups wrote opinion pieces, produced YouTube videos, appealed to think tanks and hired a lobbyist to reach out to Congress, Berman said, to warn people of China’s insidious influence. Berman says he launched the campaign because he fears that Dalian Wanda could use its theater screens to subtly influence people’s views about the United States and China.

“What I’m trying to do is stop somebody else from managing the culture here,” Berman says.

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AMC’s chief executive, Adam Aron, said those concerns were unwarranted. “AMC is completely run by its American management in Leawood, Kansas, as American as an American place in the heartland you can find,” he said. “We’re in the business of selling movie tickets and popcorn, and we don’t involve ourselves in what goes on in China.”

Berman says he has helped foster concern on Capitol Hill about the issue. In September, 16 congressmen sent a letter asking the government to reexamine the role of a federal committee known as the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., or CFIUS, in determining whether deals such as Dalian Wanda’s takeover of AMC and Carmike undermine national security.

Another congressman sent a letter urging the Justice Department to reconsider whether Chinese media influence should be regulated under the same rules as foreign lobbying. On Nov. 30, Democratic Sen. Charles E. Schumer (N.Y.) sent a letter to the treasury secretary and the U.S. trade representative urging the U.S. government to more closely examine Chinese acquisitions in the country, including by Dalian Wanda.

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“I am concerned that these acquisitions reflect the strategic goals of China’s government and may not be receiving sufficient review,” Schumer wrote.

Officials on Capitol Hill acknowledged meeting with Berman or his associates but said they were motivated by preexisting concerns about Chinese national security threats.

“It would be incomprehensible to me to turn a blind eye and think all is well with China,” said Rep. Robert Pittenger (R-N.C.), the lead signature on the CFIUS letter.

It is unclear who is funding Berman’s campaign. Berman says he launched it himself out of personal interest and only later received a “modest contribution” from two donors, whose names he won’t reveal but whom he describes as wealthy people who “care about national security issues.”

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“What matters is whether or not what I’m saying is right,” he said. “And if it’s right, it doesn’t matter that somebody gave me the money to go out and say it.”

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But several industry experts point to Berman’s past ties with Philip Anschutz, a conservative billionaire who has a controlling stake in Regal Entertainment Group, which owns what is now America’s largest cinema chain — at least until the AMC-Carmike deal goes through.

“The odds are that it’s the filmmaking community. They certainly have a dog in this fight,” John Carroll, a communications professor at Boston University who has blogged about Berman’s advertising tactics, said of Anschutz and Regal Entertainment. “But Berman resolutely refuses to reveal his donors.”

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Tax records indicate that the Anschutz Foundation has given hundreds of thousands of dollars to Berman’s nonprofits. Anschutz also owns the Weekly Standard and the Washington Examiner, where Berman has advertised and written about his China campaign.

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“The relationship I have had with Phil has generally been over employment/union issues. It does not extend into this area,” Berman said in an emailed response.

The Anschutz Foundation and Regal Entertainment did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

Shareholders have already approved the AMC-Carmike deal, and it is expected to close in late 2016 or early 2017 unless U.S. regulators intervene. In addition to an antitrust review by the Justice Department, CFIUS could rule that the deal threatens U.S. national security.

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Chinese investment in the U.S. entertainment industry skyrocketed to $3.7 billion in the first three quarters of 2016, up from $1.1 billion in 2015 and $2.7 billion in 2012, which was largely due to Dalian Wanda’s purchase of AMC, according to research and advisory firm Rhodium Group.

Dalian Wanda is the most prominent among the Chinese companies that have been on a buying spree in Hollywood in the past few years. Wanda bought Legendary Entertainment, one of Hollywood’s biggest movie production companies, for $3.5 billion in early 2016. The company has a pending deal to buy Dick Clark Productions, the TV producer for the Miss America pageant and the Golden Globe Awards. AMC inked a deal in July to acquire the Odeon & UCI Cinemas Group, the largest cinema chain in Europe. Executives at AMC and Dalian Wanda say Chinese political interests do not influence what’s shown in American movie theaters.

“There is no political point of view,” Wang Jianlin, the head of Dalian Wanda who is also China’s richest man, told a crowd in Los Angeles in October. “I am a businessman.”

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Others in the film industry, like Hollywood producer Janet Yang, attribute the backlash to Chinese media control to xenophobia and discomfort with China’s rising global power.

“If you grew up on John Wayne or Clint Eastwood or superhero movies, or these very powerful, iconic pieces of content, that does affect what you think the world order looks like,” she said. “That’s a paradigm shift; some people can’t handle it.”

But some film industry executives and academics say the acquisitions warrant more scrutiny, partly because of Wang's extensive ties with China’s military and top leaders.

China’s tight censorship prevents domestic and Hollywood films that are critical of Beijing or highlight sensitive topics such as Tibet or Taiwan from reaching its lucrative cinema market, which by some estimates overtook the United States as the world’s largest this year.

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Aynne Kokas, a media studies professor at the University of Virginia and the author of “Hollywood Made in China,” says Americans should consider the possibility that Dalian Wanda could one day use its massive distribution network to suppress a film that was critical of China.

“Would that happen? We can’t be certain,” she said. “But the fact is that the possibility is significant, and given the nature of film distribution in China, it’s not actually that far off.”

Some say China’s influence has already reshaped production in Hollywood. To cater to China’s lucrative audiences, some Hollywood filmmakers have added Chinese stars to the cast, as in “Iron Man 3,” or moved scenes to China, as in “Looper.” Concerns about Chinese censors led filmmakers to remove China as the origin of a zombie virus in “World War Z” and swap North Korea for China as the main antagonist in “Red Dawn.” It even led to the removal of a scene in “Skyfall” in which James Bond kills a Chinese security guard, a report by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission says.

Robert Daly, the director of the Kissinger Institute on China at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, says there is no evidence that Dalian Wanda is changing what Americans see. The push in Congress to regulate media investments is “a very dangerous notion,” he said. “It would be a gross infringement on our cultural freedom if we couldn’t see good Chinese films because Congress had determined that a Chinese film threatened our cultural security.”

On the other hand, Daly said, the United States has never confronted a potential security threat quite like this before: “With China, you’ve got authoritarianism and purchasing power in one nation.”