Alexanderson, H. , C. Hjort , P. Möller , O. Antonov , and M. Pavlov ( 2001 ), The North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone, Arctic Siberia—A preliminary overview and dating , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 427 – 445 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00133-3.

Alexanderson, H. , L. Adrielsson , C. Hjort , P. Möller , O. Antonov , S. Eriksson , and M. Pavlov ( 2002 ), Depositional history of the North Taymyr ice‐marginal zone, Siberia‐a landsystem approach , J. Quat. Sci., 17 ( 4 ), 361 – 382 , doi:10.1002/jqs.677.

Alexanderson, H. , J. Y. Landvik , and H. T. Ryen ( 2011 ), Chronology and styles of glaciation in an inter‐fjord setting, northwestern Svalbard , Boreas, 40 ( 1 ), 175 – 197 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00175.x.

Anandakrishnan, S. , G. A. Catania , R. B. Alley , and H. J. Horgan ( 2007 ), Discovery of till deposition at the grounding line of Whillans Ice Stream , Science, 315 ( 5820 ), 1835 – 1838 , doi:10.1126/science.1138393.

Andersen, E. S. , T. M. Dokken , A. Elverhøi , A. Solheim , and I. Fossen ( 1996 ), Late Quaternary sedimentation and glacial history of the western Svalbard continental margin , Mar. Geol., 133 ( 3–4 ), 123 – 156 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(96)00022-9.

Andersson, T. , S. L. Forman , Ó. Ingólfsson , and W. F. Manley ( 1999 ), Late Quaternary environmental history of central Prins Karls Forland, western Svalbard , Boreas, 28 ( 2 ), 292 – 307 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00221.x.

Andersson, T. , S. L. Forman , Ó. Ingólfsson , and W. F. Manley ( 2000 ), Stratigraphic and morphologic constraints on the Weichselian glacial history of Northern Prins Karls Forland, Western Svalbard , Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, 82 ( 4 ), 455 – 470 , doi:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00134.x.

Andreassen, K. , and M. Winsborrow ( 2009 ), Signature of ice streaming in Bjørnøyrenna, Polar North Atlantic, through the Pleistocene and implications for ice‐stream dynamics , Ann. Glaciol., 50 ( 52 ), 17 – 26 , doi:10.3189/172756409789624238.

Andreassen, K. , T. O. Vorren , and K. B. Johansen ( 1985 ), Pre‐Late Weichselian glacimarine sediments at Arnøy, North Norway , Geol. Föreningen i Stock. Förhandlingar, 107 ( 1 ), 63 – 70 , doi:10.1080/11035898509452615.

Andreassen, K. , L. C. Nilssen , B. Rafaelsen , and L. Kuilman ( 2004 ), Three‐dimensional seismic data from the Barents Sea margin reveal evidence of past ice streams and their dynamics , Geology, 32 ( 8 ), 729 – 732 , doi:10.1130/G20497.1.

Andreassen, K. , E. G. Nilssen , and C. M. Ødegaard ( 2007a ), Analysis of shallow gas and fluid migration within the Plio‐Pleistocene sedimentary succession of the SW Barents Sea continental margin using 3D seismic data , Geo‐Mar. Lett., 27 ( 2–4 ), 155 – 171 , doi:10.1007/s00367-007-0071-5.

Andreassen, K. , C. M. Odegaard , and B. Rafaelsen ( 2007b ), Imprints of former ice streams, imaged and interpreted using industry three‐dimensional seismic data from the south‐western Barents Sea , Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 277 ( 1 ), 151 – 169 , doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.277.01.09.

Andreassen, K. , J. S. Laberg , and T. O. Vorren ( 2008 ), Seafloor geomorphology of the SW Barents Sea and its glaci‐dynamic implications , Geomorphology, 97 ( 1–2 ), 157 – 177 , doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.050.

Andreassen, K. , M. C. M. Winsborrow , L. R. Bjarnadóttir , and D. C. Rüther ( 2014 ), Ice stream retreat dynamics inferred from an assemblage of landforms in the northern Barents Sea , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 246 – 257 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.015.

Arkhipov, S. , L. Isayeva , V. G. Bespaly , and O. Glushkova ( 1986 ), Glaciation of Siberia and north‐east USSR , Quat. Sci. Rev., 5 , 463 – 474 .

Arneborg, L. , A. K. Wåhlin , G. Björk , B. Liljebladh , and A. H. Orsi ( 2012 ), Persistent inflow of warm water onto the central Amundsen shelf , Nat. Geosci., 5 ( 12 ), 876 – 880 , doi:10.1038/ngeo1644.

Arnold, N. S. , T. H. van Andel , and V. Valen ( 2002 ), Extent and dynamics of the Scandinavian ice sheet during oxygen isotope stage 3 (65,000–25,000 yr B.P.) , Quat. Res., 57 ( 1 ), 38 – 48 , doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2298.

Astakhov, V. I. ( 2006 ), Evidence of Late Pleistocene ice‐dammed lakes in West Siberia , Boreas, 35 ( 4 ), 607 – 621 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2006.tb01167.x.

Astakhov, V. I. , J. I. Svendsen , A. Matiouchkov , J. Mangerud , O. Maslenikova , and J. Tveranger ( 1999 ), Marginal formations of the last Kara and Barents ice sheets in northern European Russia , Boreas, 28 ( 1 ), 23 – 45 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00205.x.

Bartholomaus, T. C. , C. F. Larsen , and S. O'Neel ( 2013 ), Does calving matter? Evidence for significant submarine melt , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 380 , 21 – 30 , doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.014.

Batchelor, C. L. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2014 ), The physiography of High Arctic cross‐shelf troughs , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 68 – 96 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.025.

Batchelor, C. L. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2015 ), Ice‐sheet grounding‐zone wedges (GZWs) on high‐latitude continental margins , Mar. Geol., 363 , 65 – 92 , doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2015.02.001.

Batchelor, C. L. , J. A. Dowdeswell , and K. A. Hogan ( 2011 ), Late Quaternary ice flow and sediment delivery through Hinlopen Trough, Northern Svalbard margin: Submarine landforms and depositional fan , Mar. Geol., 284 ( 1–4 ), 13 – 27 , doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.005.

Baumann, K.‐H. , K. S. Lackschewitz , J. Mangerud , R. F. Spielhagen , T. C. W. Wolf‐Welling , R. Henrich , and H. Kassens ( 1995 ), Reflection of Scandinavian ice sheet fluctuations in Norwegian Sea sediments during the past 150,000 years , Quat. Res., 43 ( 2 ), 185 – 197 , doi:10.1006/qres.1995.1019.

Berger, A. , and M. F. Loutre ( 1991 ), Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years , Quat. Sci. Rev., 10 ( 4 ), 297 – 317 , doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q.

Bindschadler, R. ( 1997 ), Actively surging West Antarctic ice streams and their response characteristics , Ann. Glaciol., 24 , 409 – 414 .

Bingham, R. G. , and M. J. Siegert ( 2009 ), Quantifying subglacial bed roughness in Antarctica: Implications for ice‐sheet dynamics and history , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 3–4 ), 223 – 236 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.014.

Bintanja, R. , and F. M. Selten ( 2014 ), Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea‐ice retreat , Nature, 509 ( 7501 ), 479 – 82 , doi:10.1038/nature13259.

Birgel, D. , and H. Hass ( 2004 ), Oceanic and atmospheric variations during the last deglaciation in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean): A coupled high‐resolution organic‐geochemical and sedimentological study , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 1–2 ), 29 – 47 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.10.001.

Bischof, J. F. ( 1994 ), The decay of the Barents ice sheet as documented in nordic seas ice‐rafted debris , Mar. Geol., 117 ( 1–4 ), 35 – 55 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90005-1.

Bjarnadóttir, L. R. , D. C. Rüther , M. C. M. Winsborrow , and K. Andreassen ( 2013 ), Grounding‐line dynamics during the last deglaciation of Kveithola, W Barents Sea, as revealed by seabed geomorphology and shallow seismic stratigraphy , Boreas, 42 ( 1 ), 84 – 107 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00273.x.

Bjarnadóttir, L. R. , M. C. M. Winsborrow , and K. Andreassen ( 2014 ), Deglaciation of the central Barents Sea , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 208 – 226 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.012.

Blatter, H. , R. Greve , and A. Abe‐Ouchi ( 2011 ), Present state and prospects of ice sheet and glacier modelling , Surv. Geophys., 32 ( 4–5 ), 555 – 583 , doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9128-0.

Bolshiyanov, D. Y. , M. Ryazanova , L. Savilieva , and Z. Pushina ( 2000 ), Peatbog at the shoreline of Cape Oskar (Taymyr Peninsula) , in Quaternary Environments of the Eurasian North (QUEEN) , fourth workshop, Lund, Sweden , p. 9 , European Science Foundation.

Bondevik, S. , J. Mangerud , L. Ronnert , and O. Salvigsen ( 1995 ), Postglacial sea‐level history of Edgeøya and Barentsøya, eastern Svalbard , Polar Res., 14 ( 2 ), 153 – 180 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1995.tb00687.x.

Boulton, G. S. ( 1979 ), Glacial history of the Spitsbergen archipelago and the problem of a Barents Shelf ice sheet , Boreas, 8 ( 1 ), 31 – 57 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1979.tb00429.x.

Boulton, G. S. , and C. D. Clark ( 1990 ), The Laurentide ice sheet through the last glacial cycle: The topology of drift lineations as a key to the dynamic behaviour of former ice sheets , Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci., 81 ( 04 ), 327 – 347 , doi:10.1017/S0263593300020836.

Bradwell, T. , et al. ( 2008 ), The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: Maximum extent and demise , Earth Sci. Rev., 88 ( 3–4 ), 207 – 226 , doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.01.008.

Briggs, R. D. , and L. Tarasov ( 2013 ), How to evaluate model‐derived deglaciation chronologies: A case study using Antarctica , Quat. Sci. Rev., 63 , 109 – 127 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.021.

Briggs, R. D. , D. Pollard , and L. Tarasov ( 2014 ), A data‐constrained large ensemble analysis of Antarctic evolution since the Eemian , Quat. Sci. Rev., 103 , 91 – 115 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.003.

Briner, J. P. , G. H. Miller , P. T. Davis , and R. C. Finkel ( 2006 ), Cosmogenic radionuclides from fiord landscapes support differential erosion by overriding ice sheets , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118 ( 3–4 ), 406 – 420 , doi:10.1130/B25716.1.

Brückner, H. , and G. Schellmann ( 2003 ), Late Pleistocene and Holocene shorelines of Andréeland, Spitsbergen (Svalbard): Geomorphological evidence and palaeo‐oceanographic significance , J. Coast. Res., 19 ( 4 ), 971 – 982 .

Brückner, H. , G. Schellmann , and K. van der Borg ( 2002 ), Uplifted beach ridges in northern Spitsbergen as indicators for glacio‐isostasy and palaeo‐oceanography , Z. Geomorphol., 46 ( 3 ), 309 – 336 .

Bueler, E. , and J. Brown ( 2009 ), Shallow shelf approximation as a “sliding law” in a thermomechanically coupled ice sheet model , J. Geophys. Res., 114 , F03008, doi:10.1029/2008JF001179.

Butt, F. A. , A. Elverhøi , A. Solheim , and C. F. Forsberg ( 2000 ), Deciphering Late Cenozoic development of the western Svalbard Margin from ODP Site 986 results , Mar. Geol., 169 ( 3–4 ), 373 – 390 , doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00088-8.

Butt, F. A. , H. Drange , A. Elverhøi , O. H. Otterå , and A. Solheim ( 2002 ), Modelling Late Cenozoic isostatic elevation changes in the Barents Sea and their implications for oceanic and climatic regimes: Preliminary results , Quat. Sci. Rev., 21 ( 14–15 ), 1643 – 1660 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00018-5.

Cadman, V. ( 1996 ), Glacimarine Sedimentation and Environments during the Late Weichselian and Holocene in the Bellsund Trough and Van Keulenfjorden , Svalbard, PhD thesis, p. 250, Univ. of Cambridge.

Charbit, S. , C. Ritz , and G. Ramstein ( 2002 ), Simulations of Northern Hemisphere ice‐sheet retreat: Sensitivity to physical mechanisms involved during the last deglaciation , Quat. Sci. Rev., 21 ( 1–3 ), 243 – 265 .

Chauché, N. , A. Hubbard , J.‐C. Gascard , J. E. Box , R. Bates , M. Koppes , A. Sole , P. Christoffersen , and H. Patton ( 2014 ), Ice‐ocean interaction and calving front morphology at two west Greenland tidewater outlet glaciers , Cryosphere, 8 ( 4 ), 1457 – 1468 , doi:10.5194/tc-8-1457-2014.

Chauhan, T. , T. L. Rasmussen , R. Noormets , M. Jakobsson , and K. A. Hogan ( 2014 ), Glacial history and paleoceanography of the southern Yermak Plateau since 132 ka BP , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 155 – 169 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.023.

Chauhan, T. , T. L. Rasmussen , and R. Noormets ( 2015 ), Palaeoceanography of the Barents Sea continental margin, north of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, during the last 74 ka , Boreas, doi:10.1111/bor.12135, early view.

Christoffersen, P. , R. I. Mugford , K. J. Heywood , I. Joughin , J. A. Dowdeswell , J. P. M. Syvitski , A. Luckman , and T. J. Benham ( 2011 ), Warming of waters in an East Greenland fjord prior to glacier retreat: Mechanisms and connection to large‐scale atmospheric conditions , Cryosphere, 5 ( 3 ), 701 – 714 , doi:10.5194/tc-5-701-2011.

Clark, C. D. ( 1993 ), Mega‐scale glacial lineations and cross‐cutting ice‐flow landforms , Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 18 ( 1 ), 1 – 29 .

Clark, C. D. ( 1999 ), Glaciodynamic context of subglacial bedform generation and preservation , Ann. Glaciol., 28 ( 1 ), 23 – 32 , doi:10.3189/172756499781821832.

Clark, P. U. , A. M. McCabe , A. C. Mix , and A. J. Weaver ( 2004 ), Rapid rise of sea level 19,000 years ago and its global implications , Science, 304 ( 5674 ), 1141 – 1144 , doi:10.1126/science.1094449.

Clark, P. U. , A. S. Dyke , J. D. Shakun , A. E. Carlson , J. Clark , B. Wohlfarth , J. X. Mitrovica , S. W. Hostetler , and A. M. McCabe ( 2009 ), The Last Glacial Maximum , Science, 325 ( 5941 ), 710 – 714 , doi:10.1126/science.1172873.

Clason, C. , P. Applegate , and P. Holmlund ( 2014 ), Modelling Late Weichselian evolution of the Eurasian ice sheets forced by surface meltwater‐enhanced basal sliding , J. Glaciol., 60 ( 219 ), 29 – 40 .

Conway, H. , G. Catania , C. F. Raymond , A. M. Gades , T. A. Scambos , and H. Engelhardt ( 2002 ), Switch of flow direction in an Antarctic ice stream , Nature, 419 ( 6906 ), 465 – 467 .

Davis, P. T. , J. P. Briner , R. D. Coulthard , R. W. Finkel , and G. H. Miller ( 2006 ), Preservation of Arctic landscapes overridden by cold‐based ice sheets , Quat. Res., 65 ( 1 ), 156 – 163 , doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.019.

Day, J. J. , J. L. Bamber , R. J. Valdes , and J. Kohler ( 2012 ), The impact of a seasonally ice free Arctic Ocean on the temperature, precipitation and surface mass balance of Svalbard , Cryosphere, 6 , 35 – 50 , doi:10.5194/tc-6-35-2012.

De Angelis, H. , and P. Skvarca ( 2003 ), Glacier surge after ice shelf collapse , Science, 299 ( 5612 ), 1560 – 1562 , doi:10.1126/science.1077987.

Demidov, I. , M. Houmark‐Nielsen , K. Kjær , and E. Larsen ( 2006 ), The last Scandinavian Ice Sheet in northwestern Russia: Ice flow patterns and decay dynamics , Boreas, 35 ( 3 ), 425 – 443 , doi:10.1080/03009480600781883.

G. H. Denton , and T. J. Hughes (Eds.) ( 1981 ), The Last Great Ice Sheets , John Wiley, New York .

Deschamps, P. , N. Durand , E. Bard , B. Hamelin , G. Camoin , A. L. Thomas , G. M. Henderson , J. Okuno , and Y. Yokoyama ( 2012 ), Ice‐sheet collapse and sea‐level rise at the Bølling warming 14,600 years ago , Nature, 483 ( 7391 ), 559 – 564 , doi:10.1038/nature10902.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , and A. Elverhøi ( 2002 ), The timing of initiation of fast‐flowing ice streams during a glacial cycle inferred from glacimarine sedimentation , Mar. Geol., 188 ( 1–2 ), 3 – 14 , doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00272-4.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , and E. M. G. Fugelli ( 2012 ), The seismic architecture and geometry of grounding‐zone wedges formed at the marine margins of past ice sheets , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124 ( 11–12 ), 1750 – 1761 , doi:10.1130/B30628.1.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , and M. J. Siegert ( 1999 ), Ice‐sheet numerical modeling and marine geophysical measurements of glacier‐derived sedimentation on the Eurasian Arctic continental margins , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111 ( 7 ), 1080 – 1097 .

Dowdeswell, J. A. , N. H. Kenyon , A. Elverhøi , J. S. Laberg , F.‐J. Hollender , J. Mienert , and M. J. Siegert ( 1996 ), Large‐scale sedimentation on the glacier‐influenced polar North Atlantic Margins: Long‐range side‐scan sonar evidence , Geophys. Res. Lett., 23 ( 24 ), 3535 – 3538 , doi:10.1029/96GL03484.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , D. Ottesen , and L. Rise ( 2006 ), Flow switching and large‐scale deposition by ice streams draining former ice sheets , Geology, 34 ( 4 ), 313 – 316 , doi:10.1130/G22253.1.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , D. Ottesen , J. Evans , C. Ó. Cofaigh , and J. B. Anderson ( 2008 ), Submarine glacial landforms and rates of ice‐stream collapse , Geology, 36 ( 10 ), 819 – 822 , doi:10.1130/G24808A.1.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , et al. ( 2010a ), High‐resolution geophysical observations of the Yermak Plateau and northern Svalbard margin: Implications for ice‐sheet grounding and deep‐keeled icebergs , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 25–26 ), 3518 – 3531 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.002.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , K. A. Hogan , J. Evans , R. Noormets , C. O. Cofaigh , and D. Ottesen ( 2010b ), Past ice‐sheet flow east of Svalbard inferred from streamlined subglacial landforms , Geology, 38 ( 2 ), 163 – 166 , doi:10.1130/G30621.1.

Dowdeswell, J. A. , D. Ottesen , and L. Rise ( 2010c ), Rates of sediment delivery from the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet through an ice age , Geology, 38 ( 1 ), 3 – 6 , doi:10.1130/G25523.1.

Dupont, T. K. , and R. B. Alley ( 2005 ), Assessment of the importance of ice‐shelf buttressing to ice‐sheet flow , Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 , L04503, doi:10.1029/2004GL022024.

Ebbing, J. , C. Braitenberg , and S. Wienecke ( 2007 ), Insights into the lithospheric structure and tectonic setting of the Barents Sea region from isostatic considerations , Geophys. J. Int., 171 ( 3 ), 1390 – 1403 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03602.x.

Elverhøi, A. , W. Fjeldskaar , A. Solheim , M. Nyland‐Berg , and L. Russwurm ( 1993 ), The Barents Sea ice sheet—A model of its growth and decay during the last ice maximum , Quat. Sci. Rev., 12 ( 10 ), 863 – 873 , doi:10.1016/0277-3791(93)90025-H.

Elverhøi, A. , E. S. Andersen , T. Dokken , D. Hebbeln , R. Spielhagen , J. I. Svendsen , M. Sørflaten , A. Rørnes , M. Hald , and C. F. Forsberg ( 1995 ), The growth and decay of the Late Weichselian Ice Sheet in Western Svalbard and adjacent areas based on provenance studies of marine sediments , Quat. Res., 44 ( 3 ), 303 – 316 , doi:10.1006/qres.1995.1076.

Emery, K. O. , and D. G. Aubrey ( 1991 ), Sea Levels, Land Levels and Tide Gauges , Springer, New York .

Engelhardt, H. ( 2004 ), Thermal regime and dynamics of the West Antarctic ice sheet , Ann. Glaciol., 39 ( 1 ), 85 – 92 , doi:10.3189/172756404781814203.

Engelhardt, H. , and B. Kamb ( 2013 ), Kamb Ice Stream flow history and surge potential , Ann. Glaciol., 54 ( 63 ), 287 – 298 , doi:10.3189/2013AoG63A535.

Evans, D. J. A. , and B. R. Rea ( 1999 ), Geomorphology and sedimentology of surging glaciers: A land‐systems approach , Ann. Glaciol., 28 ( 1 ), 75 – 82 , doi:10.3189/172756499781821823.

Evans, D. J. A. , and B. R. Rea ( 2005 ), Late Weichselian deglaciation and sea level history of St Jonsfjorden, Spitsbergen: A contribution to ice sheet reconstruction , Scott. Geogr. J., 121 ( 2 ), 175 – 201 , doi:10.1080/00369220518737230.

Fabel, D. , A. P. Stroeven , J. Harbor , J. Kleman , D. Elmore , and D. Fink ( 2002 ), Landscape preservation under Fennoscandian ice sheets determined from in situ produced 10Be and 26Al , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 201 ( 2 ), 397 – 406 , doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00714-8.

Fahl, K. , and R. Stein ( 2012 ), Modern seasonal variability and deglacial/Holocene change of central Arctic Ocean sea‐ice cover: New insights from biomarker proxy records , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 351–352 , 123 – 133 , doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.009.

Faleide, J. I. , A. Solheim , A. Fiedler , B. O. Hjelstuen , E. S. Andersen , and K. Vanneste ( 1996 ), Late Cenozoic evolution of the western Barents Sea‐Svalbard continental margin , Global Planet. Change, 12 ( 1–4 ), 53 – 74 , doi:10.1016/0921-8181(95)00012-7.

Fastook, J. L. ( 1984 ), West Antarctica, the sea‐level controlled marine instability: Past and future , in Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity , vol. 29 , edited by J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi , pp. 275 – 287 , AGU, Washington, D. C .

Fetterer, F. , K. Knowles , W. Meier , and M. Savoie ( 2002 ), Sea Ice Index. Arctic Median September 1981–2010 , National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colo ., doi:10.7265/N5QJ7F7W.

Fjeldskaar, W. ( 1994 ), Viscosity and thickness of the asthenosphere detected from the Fennoscandian uplift , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126 ( 4 ), 399 – 410 , doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90120-1.

Flament, T. , and F. Rémy ( 2012 ), Dynamic thinning of Antarctic glaciers from along‐track repeat radar altimetry , J. Glaciol., 58 ( 211 ), 830 – 840 , doi:10.3189/2012JoG11J118.

Flower, B. P. ( 1997 ), Overconsolidated section on the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean: Ice sheet grounding prior to ca. 660 ka? , Geology, 25 ( 2 ), 147 – 150 , doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025.

Forman, S. L. ( 1999 ), Infrared and red stimulated luminescence dating of late Quaternary near‐shore sediments from Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 31 ( 1 ), 34 – 49 .

Forman, S. L. , and G. H. Miller ( 1984 ), Time‐dependent soil morphologies and pedogenic processes on raised beaches, Bröggerhalvöya, Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago , Arct. Alp. Res., 16 ( 4 ), 381 – 394 .

Forman, S. L. ( 1990 ), Post‐glacial relative sea‐level history of northwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 102 ( 11 ), 1580 – 1590 , doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102.

Forman, S. L. , D. Lubinski , G. H. Miller , J. Snyder , G. Matishov , S. Korsun , and V. Myslivets ( 1995 ), Postglacial emergence and distribution of late Weichselian ice‐sheet loads in the northern Barents and Kara seas, Russia , Geology, 23 ( 2 ), 113 – 116 , doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023.

Forman, S. L. , D. Lubinski , G. H. Miller , G. G. Matishov , S. Korsun , J. Snyder , F. Herlihy , R. Weihe , and V. Myslivets ( 1996 ), Postglacial emergence of western Franz Josef Land, Russian, and retreat of the Barents Sea ice sheet , Quat. Sci. Rev., 15 ( 1 ), 77 – 90 .

Forman, S. L. , R. Weihe , D. Lubinski , G. Tarasov , S. Korsun , and G. Matishov ( 1997 ), Holocene relative sea‐level history of Franz Josef Land, Russia , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109 ( 9 ), 1116 – 1133 , doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109.

Forman, S. L. , D. J. Lubinski , J. J. Zeeberg , L. Polyak , G. H. Miller , G. Matishov , and G. Tarasov ( 1999 ), Postglacial emergence and late Quaternary glaciation on northern Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia , Boreas, 28 ( 1 ), 133 – 145 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00210.x.

Forman, S. L. , D. J. Lubinski , Ó. Ingólfsson , J. J. Zeeberg , J. A. Snyder , M. J. Siegert , and G. G. Matishov ( 2004 ), A review of postglacial emergence on Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, northern Eurasia , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1391 – 1434 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.007.

Forman, S. , D. Mann , and G. H. Miller ( 1987 ), Late Weichselian and Holocene relative sea‐level history of Bröggerhalvöya, Spitsbergen , Quat. Res., 27 , 41 – 50 .

Forsström, P.‐L. , and R. Greve ( 2004 ), Simulation of the Eurasian ice sheet dynamics during the last glaciation , Global Planet. Change, 42 ( 1–4 ), 59 – 81 , doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.11.003.

Forsström, P.‐L. , O. Sallasmaa , R. Greve , and T. Zwinger ( 2003 ), Simulation of fast‐flow features of the Fennoscandian ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum , Ann. Glaciol., 37 , 383 – 389 .

Forwick, M. , and T. O. Vorren ( 2009 ), Late Weichselian and Holocene sedimentary environments and ice rafting in Isfjorden, Spitsbergen , Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 280 ( 1–2 ), 258 – 274 , doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.06.026.

Gagliardini, O. , et al. ( 2013 ), Capabilities and performance of Elmer/Ice, a new‐generation ice sheet model , Geosci. Model Dev., 6 ( 4 ), 1299 – 1318 , doi:10.5194/gmd-6-1299-2013.

Gataullin, V. , and L. Polyak ( 1997 ), Morainic Ridge Complex, Eastern Barents Sea , in Glaciated Continental Margins: An Atlas of Acoustic Images , edited by T. A. Davis et al., pp. 82 – 83 , Chapman and Hall, London .

Gataullin, V. , L. Polyak , O. Epstein , and B. Romanyuk ( 1993 ), Glacigenic deposits of the Central Deep: A key to the late Quaternary evolution of the eastern Barents Sea , Boreas, 22 ( 1 ), 47 – 58 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1993.tb00163.x.

Gataullin, V. , J. Mangerud , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2001 ), The extent of the Late Weichselian ice sheet in the southeastern Barents Sea , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 453 – 474 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00135-7.

Gildor, H. , and E. Tziperman ( 2000 ), Sea ice as the glacial cycles' climate switch: Role of seasonal and orbital forcing , Paleoceanography, 15 ( 6 ), 605 – 615 , doi:10.1029/1999PA000461.

Gjermundsen, E. F. , J. P. Briner , N. Akçar , O. Salvigsen , P. Kubik , N. Gantert , and A. Hormes ( 2013 ), Late Weichselian local ice dome configuration and chronology in Northwestern Svalbard: Early thinning, late retreat , Quat. Sci. Rev., 72 , 112 – 127 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.006.

Goldberg, D. , D. M. Holland , and C. Schoof ( 2009 ), Grounding line movement and ice shelf buttressing in marine ice sheets , J. Geophys. Res., 114 , F04026, doi:10.1029/2008JF001227.

Golledge, N. R. , A. Hubbard , and D. E. Sugden ( 2008 ), High‐resolution numerical simulation of Younger Dryas glaciation in Scotland , Quat. Sci. Rev., 27 ( 9–10 ), 888 – 904 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.019.

Golledge, N. R. , A. N. Mackintosh , B. M. Anderson , K. M. Buckley , A. M. Doughty , D. J. A. A. Barrell , G. H. Denton , M. J. Vandergoes , B. G. Andersen , and J. M. Schaefer ( 2012 ), Last Glacial Maximum climate in New Zealand inferred from a modelled Southern Alps icefield , Quat. Sci. Rev., 46 , 30 – 45 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.004.

Graham, A. G. C. , R. D. Larter , K. Gohl , J. A. Dowdeswell , C.‐D. Hillenbrand , J. A. Smith , J. Evans , G. Kuhn , and T. Deen ( 2010 ), Flow and retreat of the late Quaternary Pine Island‐Thwaites palaeo‐ice stream, West Antarctica , J. Geophys. Res., 115 , F03025, doi:10.1029/2009JF001482.

Greenwood, S. L. , and C. D. Clark ( 2009 ), Reconstructing the last Irish Ice Sheet 2: A geomorphologically‐driven model of ice sheet growth, retreat and dynamics , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 27–28 ), 3101 – 3123 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.014.

Greve, R. ( 1997 ), A continuum‐mechanical formulation for shallow polythermal ice sheets , Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A, 355 ( 1726 ), 921 – 974 , doi:10.1098/rsta.1997.0050.

Grosswald, M. G. ( 2001 ), The late Weichselian Barents‐Kara ice sheet: In defense of a maximum reconstruction , Russ. J. Earth Sci., 3 ( 6 ), 427 – 452 .

Grosswald, M. G. , and T. J. Hughes ( 2002 ), The Russian component of an Arctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum , Quat. Sci. Rev., 21 ( 1–3 ), 121 – 146 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00078-6.

Grousset, F. E. , E. Cortijo , S. Huon , L. Hervé , T. Richter , D. Burdloff , J. Duprat , and O. Weber ( 2001 ), Zooming in on Heinrich layers , Paleoceanography, 16 ( 3 ), 240 – 259 , doi:10.1029/2000PA000559.

Gudlaugsson, E. , A. Humbert , M. Winsborrow , and K. Andreassen ( 2013 ), Subglacial roughness of the former Barents Sea ice sheet , J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118 , 2546 – 2556 , doi:10.1002/2013JF002714.

Gudmundsson, G. H. , J. Krug , G. Durand , L. Favier , and O. Gagliardini ( 2012 ), The stability of grounding lines on retrograde slopes , Cryosphere, 6 ( 6 ), 1497 – 1505 , doi:10.5194/tc-6-1497-2012.

Gyllencreutz, R. , J. Mangerud , J. I. Svendsen , and Ø. S. Lohne ( 2007 ), DATED—A dating database and GIS‐based reconstruction of the Eurasian deglaciation , Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap., 46 , 113 – 120 .

Hahne, J. , and M. Melles ( 1997 ), Late‐ and post‐glacial vegetation and climate history of the south‐western Taymyr Peninsula, central Siberia, as revealed by pollen analysis of a core from Lake Lama , Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 6 ( 1 ), 1 – 8 , doi:10.1007/BF01145880.

Hald, M. , J. Sættem , and E. Nesse ( 1990 ), Middle and Late Weichselian stratigraphy in shallow drillings from the southwestern Barents Sea: Foraminiferal, amino acid and radiocarbon evidence , Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr., 70 , 241 – 257 .

Hättestrand, C. , and C. D. Clark ( 2006 ), The glacial geomorphology of Kola Peninsula and adjacent areas in the Murmansk Region, Russia , J. Maps, 2 ( 1 ), 30 – 42 , doi:10.4113/jom.2006.41.

Hebbeln, D. ( 1992 ), Weichselian glacial history of the Svalbard area: Correlating the marine and terrestrial records , Boreas, 21 ( 3 ), 295 – 302 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00035.x.

Hebbeln, D. , T. Dokken , E. S. Andersen , M. Hald , and A. Elverhøi ( 1994 ), Moisture supply for northern ice‐sheet growth during the Last Glacial Maximum , Nature, 370 ( 6488 ), 357 – 360 , doi:10.1038/370357a0.

Helmens, K. ( 2000 ), The Last Interglacial‐Glacial cycle in NE Fennoscandia: A nearly continuous record from Sokli (Finnish Lapland) , Quat. Sci. Rev., 19 ( 16 ), 1605 – 1623 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00004-4.

Helmens, K. F. , and S. Engels ( 2010 ), Ice‐free conditions in eastern Fennoscandia during early Marine Isotope Stage 3: Lacustrine records , Boreas, 39 ( 2 ), 399 – 409 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00142.x.

Helsen, M. M. , M. R. van den Broeke , R. S. W. van de Wal , W. J. van de Berg , E. van Meijgaard , C. H. Davis , Y. Li , and I. Goodwin ( 2008 ), Elevation changes in Antarctica mainly determined by accumulation variability , Science, 320 ( 5883 ), 1626 – 1629 , doi:10.1126/science.1153894.

Henriksen, M. , H. Alexanderson , J. Y. Landvik , H. Linge , and G. Peterson ( 2014 ), Dynamics and retreat of the Late Weichselian Kongsfjorden ice stream, NW Svalbard , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 235 – 245 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.035.

Hindmarsh, R. C. A. ( 1993 ), Modeling the dynamics of ice sheets , Prog. Phys. Geogr., 17 ( 4 ), 391 – 412 .

Hiscott, R. N. , and A. E. Aksu ( 1996 ), Quaternary sedimentary processes and budgets in Orphan Basin, southwestern Labrador Sea , Quat. Res., 45 ( 2 ), 160 – 175 , doi:10.1006/qres.1996.0017.

Hogan, K. A. , J. A. Dowdeswell , R. Noormets , J. Evans , and C. Ó. Cofaigh ( 2010a ), Evidence for full‐glacial flow and retreat of the Late Weichselian Ice Sheet from the waters around Kong Karls Land, eastern Svalbard , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 25–26 ), 3563 – 3582 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.026.

Hogan, K. A. , J. A. Dowdeswell , R. Noormets , J. Evans , C. Ó. Cofaigh , and M. Jakobsson ( 2010b ), Submarine landforms and ice‐sheet flow in the Kvitøya Trough, northwestern Barents Sea , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 25–26 ), 3545 – 3562 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.015.

Holland, D. M. , R. H. Thomas , B. de Young , M. H. Ribergaard , and B. Lyberth ( 2008 ), Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbræ triggered by warm subsurface ocean waters , Nat. Geosci., 1 ( 10 ), 659 – 664 , doi:10.1038/ngeo316.

Hormes, A. , N. Akçar , and P. W. Kubik ( 2011 ), Cosmogenic radionuclide dating indicates ice‐sheet configuration during MIS 2 on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard , Boreas, 40 ( 4 ), 636 – 649 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00215.x.

Hormes, A. , E. F. Gjermundsen , and T. L. Rasmussen ( 2013 ), From mountain top to the deep sea—Deglaciation in 4D of the northwestern Barents Sea ice sheet , Quat. Sci. Rev., 75 , 78 – 99 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.009.

Hostetler, S. , P. Bartlein , P. Clark , E. Small , and A. Solomon ( 2000 ), Stimulated influences of Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago , Nature, 405 ( 6784 ), 334 – 337 , doi:10.1038/35012581.

Howat, I. M. , and A. Eddy ( 2011 ), Multi‐decadal retreat of Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers , J. Glaciol., 57 ( 203 ), 389 – 396 , doi:10.3189/002214311796905631.

Howell, D. , M. J. Siegert , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2000 ), Modelling the influence of glacial isostasy on Late Weichselian ice‐sheet growth in the Barents Sea , J. Quat. Sci., 15 ( 5 ), 475 – 486 .

Hubbard, A. , T. Bradwell , N. Golledge , A. Hall , H. Patton , D. Sugden , R. Cooper , and M. Stoker ( 2009 ), Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British–Irish ice sheet , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 7–8 ), 758 – 776 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.026.

Hubbard, B. , M. J. Siegert , and D. McCarroll ( 2000 ), Spectral roughness of glaciated bedrock geomorphic surfaces: Implications for glacier sliding , J. Geophys. Res., 105 ( B9 ), 21,295 – 21,303 , doi:10.1029/2000JB900162.

Hubberten, H. W. , et al. ( 2004 ), The periglacial climate and environment in northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1333 – 1357 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.012.

Hughes, A. L. C. , R. Gyllencreutz , Ø. S. Lohne , J. Mangerud , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2015 ), The last Eurasian Ice Sheets—A chronological database and time‐slice reconstruction, DATED‐1 , Boreas, doi:10.1111/bor.12142, in press.

Hughes, T. ( 1987 ), The marine ice transgression hypothesis , Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, 69 , 237 – 250 .

Hughes, T. ( 2011 ), A simple holistic hypothesis for the self‐destruction of ice sheets , Quat. Sci. Rev., 30 ( 15–16 ), 1829 – 1845 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.004.

Hughes, T. , G. H. Denton , and M. G. Grosswald ( 1977 ), Was there a late‐Würm Arctic Ice Sheet? , Nature, 266 ( 5603 ), 596 – 602 , doi:10.1038/266596a0.

Hulton, N. R. J. , and M. J. Mineter ( 2000 ), Modelling self‐organization in ice streams , Ann. Glaciol., 30 ( 1 ), 127 – 136 , doi:10.3189/172756400781820561.

Ingólfsson, Ó. , and J. Y. Landvik ( 2013 ), The Svalbard–Barents Sea ice‐sheet—Historical, current and future perspectives , Quat. Sci. Rev., 64 , 33 – 60 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.034.

Ingólfsson, Ó. , F. Rögnvaldsson , H. Bergsten , L. Hedenäs , G. Lemdahl , J. M. Lirio , and H. P. Sejrup ( 1995 ), Late Quaternary glacial and environmental history of Kongsøya, Svalbard , Polar Res., 14 ( 2 ), 123 – 139 , doi:10.3402/polar.v14i2.6659.

Ingólfsson, Ó. , P. Möller , and H. Lokrantz ( 2008 ), Late Quaternary marine‐based Kara Sea ice sheets: A review of terrestrial stratigraphic data highlighting their formation , Polar Res., 27 ( 2 ), 152 – 161 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00060.x.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ( 2013 ), Summary for Policymakers , in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , edited by T. F. Stocker et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge .

Ivy‐Ochs, S. , H. Kerschner , M. Maisch , M. Christl , P. W. Kubik , and C. Schlüchter ( 2009 ), Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier variations in the European Alps , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 21–22 ), 2137 – 2149 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.009.

Jakobsson, M. , et al. ( 2011 ), Geological record of ice shelf break‐up and grounding line retreat, Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica , Geology, 39 ( 7 ), 691 – 694 , doi:10.1130/G32153.1.

Jakobsson, M. , J. B. Anderson , F. O. Nitsche , R. Gyllencreutz , A. E. Kirshner , N. Kirchner , M. O'Regan , R. Mohammad , and B. Eriksson ( 2012a ), Ice sheet retreat dynamics inferred from glacial morphology of the central Pine Island Bay Trough, West Antarctica , Quat. Sci. Rev., 38 , 1 – 10 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.12.017.

Jakobsson, M. , et al. ( 2012b ), The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 3.0 , Geophys. Res. Lett., 39 , L12609, doi:10.1029/2012GL052219.

Jakobsson, M. , et al. ( 2014a ), Arctic Ocean glacial history , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 40 – 67 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.033.

Jakobsson, M. , Ó. Ingólfsson , A. J. Long , and R. F. Spielhagen ( 2014b ), The dynamic Arctic , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 1 – 8 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.022.

Jamieson, S. S. R. , A. Vieli , C. Ó. Cofaigh , C. R. Stokes , S. J. Livingstone , and C.‐D. Hillenbrand ( 2014 ), Understanding controls on rapid ice‐stream retreat during the last deglaciation of Marguerite Bay, Antarctica, using a numerical model , J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119 , 247 – 263 , doi:10.1002/2013JF002934.

Jansen, E. , T. Fronval , F. Rack , and J. E. T. Channell ( 2000 ), Pliocene‐Pleistocene ice rafting history and cyclicity in the Nordic Seas during the last 3.5 Myr , Paleoceanography, 15 ( 6 ), 709 – 721 , doi:10.1029/1999PA000435.

Jessen, S. P. , T. L. Rasmussen , T. Nielsen , and A. Solheim ( 2010 ), A new Late Weichselian and Holocene marine chronology for the western Svalbard slope 30,000–0 cal years BP , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 9–10 ), 1301 – 1312 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.020.

Jones, G. A. , and L. D. Keigwin ( 1988 ), Evidence from Fram Strait (78°N) for early deglaciation , Nature, 336 ( 6194 ), 56 – 59 , doi:10.1038/336056a0.

Joughin, I. , and R. B. Alley ( 2011 ), Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world , Nat. Geosci., 4 ( 8 ), 506 – 513 , doi:10.1038/ngeo1194.

Junttila, J. , S. Aagaard‐Sørensen , K. Husum , and M. Hald ( 2010 ), Late Glacial–Holocene clay minerals elucidating glacial history in the SW Barents Sea , Mar. Geol., 276 ( 1–4 ), 71 – 85 , doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.07.009.

Kirchner, N. , K. Hutter , M. Jakobsson , and R. Gyllencreutz ( 2011 ), Capabilities and limitations of numerical ice sheet models: A discussion for Earth‐scientists and modelers , Quat. Sci. Rev., 30 ( 25–26 ), 3691 – 3704 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.012.

Kjær, K. , E. Larsen , S. Funder , I. Demidov , M. Jensen , L. Håkansson , and A. Murray ( 2006 ), Eurasian ice‐sheet interaction in northwestern Russia throughout the late Quaternary , Boreas, 35 ( 3 ), 444 – 475 , doi:10.1080/03009480600781891.

Kjær, K. H. , I. N. Demidov , E. Larsen , A. Murray , and J. K. Nielsen ( 2003 ), Mezen Bay—A key area for understanding Weichselian glaciations in northern Russia , J. Quat. Sci., 18 ( 1 ), 73 – 93 , doi:10.1002/jqs.700.

Kjær, K. H. , et al. ( 2012 ), Aerial photographs reveal late‐20th‐century dynamic ice loss in northwestern Greenland , Science, 337 ( 6094 ), 569 – 573 , doi:10.1126/science.1220614.

Kleiber, H. P. , J. Knies , and F. Niessen ( 2000 ), The Late Weichselian glaciation of the Franz Victoria Trough, northern Barents Sea: Ice sheet extent and timing , Mar. Geol., 168 ( 1–4 ), 25 – 44 , doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00047-5.

Kleman, J. ( 1992 ), The palimpsest glacial landscape in northwestern Sweden. Late Weichselian deglaciation landforms and traces of older west‐centered ice sheets , Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, 74 ( 4 ), 305 – 325 .

Kleman, J. ( 1994 ), Preservation of landforms under ice sheets and ice caps , Geomorphology, 9 ( 1 ), 19 – 32 , doi:10.1016/0169-555X(94)90028-0.

Kleman, J. , and C. Hattestrand ( 1999 ), Frozen‐bed Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum , Nature, 402 ( 6757 ), 63 – 66 , doi:10.1038/47005.

Knies, J. , C. Vogt , and R. Stein ( 1999 ), Late Quaternary growth and decay of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet and paleoceanographic evolution in the adjacent Arctic Ocean , Geo‐Mar. Lett., 18 ( 3 ), 195 – 202 , doi:10.1007/s003670050068.

Knies, J. , N. Nowaczyk , C. Müller , C. Vogt , and R. Stein ( 2000 ), A multiproxy approach to reconstruct the environmental changes along the Eurasian continental margin over the last 150 000 years , Mar. Geol., 163 ( 1–4 ), 317 – 344 , doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00106-1.

Knies, J. , H.‐P. Kleiber , J. Matthiessen , C. Müller , and N. Nowaczyk ( 2001 ), Marine ice‐rafted debris records constrain maximum extent of Saalian and Weichselian ice‐sheets along the northern Eurasian margin , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 45 – 64 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00112-6.

Knies, J. , J. Matthiessen , C. Vogt , J. S. Laberg , B. O. Hjelstuen , M. Smelror , E. Larsen , K. Andreassen , T. Eidvin , and T. O. Vorren ( 2009 ), The Plio‐Pleistocene glaciation of the Barents Sea–Svalbard region: A new model based on revised chronostratigraphy , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 9–10 ), 812 – 829 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.002.

Koç, N. , D. Klitgaard‐Kristensen , K. Hasle , C. F. Forsberg , and A. Solheim ( 2002 ), Late glacial palaeoceanography of Hinlopen Strait, northern Svalbard , Polar Res., 21 ( 2 ), 307 – 314 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00085.x.

Krabill, W. , et al. ( 2004 ), Greenland ice sheet: Increased coastal thinning , Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L24402, doi:10.1029/2004GL021533.

Krinner, G. , J. Mangerud , M. Jakobsson , M. Crucifix , C. Ritz , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2004 ), Enhanced ice sheet growth in Eurasia owing to adjacent ice‐dammed lakes , Nature, 427 ( 6973 ), 429 – 432 , doi:10.1038/nature02233.

Kristensen, D. K. , T. L. Rasmussen , and N. Koç ( 2013 ), Palaeoceanographic changes in the northern Barents Sea during the last 16 000 years—New constraints on the last deglaciation of the Svalbard‐Barents Sea ice sheet , Boreas, 42 ( 3 ), 798 – 813 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00307.x.

Kvasov, D. D. ( 1978 ), The Barents ice sheet as a relay regulator of glacial‐interglacial alternation , Quat. Res., 9 ( 3 ), 288 – 299 , doi:10.1016/0033-5894(78)90034-0.

Laberg, J. S. , and T. O. Vorren ( 1995 ), Late Weichselian submarine debris flow deposits on the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan , Mar. Geol., 127 ( 1–4 ), 45 – 72 .

Laberg, J. S. , and T. O. Vorren ( 1996a ), The glacier‐fed fan at the mouth of Storfjorden trough, western Barents Sea: A comparative study , Geol. Rundschau, 85 ( 2 ), 338 – 349 , doi:10.1007/BF02422239.

Laberg, J. S. , and T. O. Vorren ( 1996b ), The Middle and Late Pleistocence evolution and the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan , Global Planet. Change, 12 ( 1–4 ), 309 – 330 , doi:10.1016/0921-8181(95)00026-7.

Laberg, J. S. , K. Andreassen , J. Knies , T. O. Vorren , and M. Winsborrow ( 2010 ), Late Pliocene‐Pleistocene development of the Barents Sea ice sheet , Geology, 38 ( 2 ), 107 – 110 , doi:10.1130/G30193.1.

Laberg, J. S. , K. Andreassen , and T. O. Vorren ( 2012 ), Late Cenozoic erosion of the high‐latitude southwestern Barents Sea shelf revisited , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124 ( 1–2 ), 77 – 88 , doi:10.1130/B30340.1.

Łącka, M. , M. Zajączkowski , M. Forwick , and W. Szczuciński ( 2015 ), Late Weichselian and Holocene palaeoceanography of Storfjordrenna, southern Svalbard , Clim. Past, 11 ( 3 ), 587 – 603 , doi:10.5194/cp-11-587-2015.

Lambeck, K. ( 1995 ), Constraints on the Late Weichselian ice sheet over the Barents Sea from observations of raised shorelines , Quat. Sci. Rev., 14 ( 1 ), 1 – 16 , doi:10.1016/0277-3791(94)00107-M.

Lambeck, K. ( 1996 ), Limits on the areal extent of the Barents Sea ice sheet in Late Weichselian time , Global Planet. Change, 12 ( 1–4 ), 41 – 51 , doi:10.1016/0921-8181(95)00011-9.

Lambeck, K. , A. Purcell , S. Funder , K. Kjær , E. Larsen , and P. Möller ( 2006 ), Constraints on the Late Saalian to early Middle Weichselian ice sheet of Eurasia from field data and rebound modelling , Boreas, 35 ( 3 ), 539 – 575 , doi:10.1080/03009480600781875.

Lambeck, K. , A. Purcell , J. Zhao , and N.‐O. Svensson ( 2010 ), The Scandinavian Ice Sheet: From MIS 4 to the end of the Last Glacial Maximum , Boreas, 39 ( 2 ), 410 – 435 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00140.x.

Landvik, J. Y. , A. Hansen , M. Kelly , O. Salvigsen , Ø. Slettemark , and O. P. Stubrup ( 1992 ), The last deglaciation and glacimarine/marine sedimentation on Barentsøya and Edgeøya, eastern Svalbard , Lundqua Rep., 35 , 61 – 83 .

Landvik, J. Y. , S. Bondevik , A. Elverhøi , W. Fjeldskaar , J. Mangerud , O. Salvigsen , M. J. Siegert , J. I. Svendsen , and T. O. Vorren ( 1998 ), The Last Glacial Maximum of Svalbard and the Barents Sea Area: Ice sheet extent and configuration , Quat. Sci. Rev., 17 ( 1–3 ), 43 – 75 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00066-8.

Landvik, J. Y. , E. J. Brook , L. Gualtieri , G. Raisbeck , O. Salvigsen , and F. Yiou ( 2003 ), Northwest Svalbard during the last glaciation: Ice‐free areas existed , Geology, 31 ( 10 ), 905 – 908 , doi:10.1130/G19703.1.

Landvik, J. Y. , Ó. Ingólfsson , J. Mienert , S. J. Lehman , A. Solheim , A. Elverhøi , and D. Ottesen ( 2005 ), Rethinking Late Weichselian ice‐sheet dynamics in coastal NW Svalbard , Boreas, 34 ( 1 ), 7 – 24 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2005.tb01001.x.

Landvik, J. Y. , E. J. Brook , L. Gualtieri , H. Linge , G. Raisbeck , O. Salvigsen , and F. Yiou ( 2013 ), 10 Be exposure age constraints on the Late Weichselian ice‐sheet geometry and dynamics in inter‐ice‐stream areas, western Svalbard , Boreas, 42 ( 1 ), 43 – 56 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00282.x.

Landvik, J. Y. , H. Alexanderson , M. Henriksen , and Ó. Ingólfsson ( 2014 ), Landscape imprints of changing glacial regimes during ice‐sheet build‐up and decay: A conceptual model from Svalbard , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 258 – 268 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.023.

Larour, E. , H. Seroussi , M. Morlighem , and E. Rignot ( 2012 ), Continental scale, high order, high spatial resolution, ice sheet modeling using the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) , J. Geophys. Res., 117 , F01022, doi:10.1029/2011JF002140.

Larsen, E. , S. Funder , and J. Thiede ( 1999 ), Late Quaternary history of northern Russia and adjacent shelves—A synopsis , Boreas, 28 ( 1 ), 6 – 11 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00203.x.

Larsen, E. , K. Kjær , I. Demidov , S. Funder , K. Grøsfjeld , M. Houmark‐Nielsen , M. Jensen , H. Linge , and A. Lyså ( 2006 ), Late Pleistocene glacial and lake history of northwestern Russia , Boreas, 35 ( 3 ), 394 – 424 , doi:10.1080/03009480600781958.

Lehman, S. J. , and S. L. Forman ( 1992 ), Late Weichselian glacier retreat in Kongsfjorden, west Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Quat. Res., 37 ( 2 ), 139 – 154 , doi:10.1016/0033-5894(92)90078-W.

Li, Y. , J. Napieralski , and J. Harbor ( 2008 ), A revised automated proximity and conformity analysis method to compare predicted and observed spatial boundaries of geologic phenomena , Comput. Geosci., 34 ( 12 ), 1806 – 1814 , doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2008.01.003.

Linge, H. , E. Larsen , K. Kjær , I. Demidov , E. Brook , G. Raisbeck , and F. Yiou ( 2006 ), Cosmogenic 10Be exposure age dating across Early to Late Weichselian ice‐marginal zones in northwestern Russia , Boreas, 35 ( 3 ), 576 – 586 , doi:10.1080/03009480600781909.

Lubinski, D. J. , S. Korsun , L. Polyak , S. L. Forman , S. J. Lehman , F. A. Herlihy , and G. H. Miller ( 1996 ), The last deglaciation of the Franz Victoria Trough, northern Barents Sea , Boreas, 25 ( 2 ), 89 – 100 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1996.tb00838.x.

Lubinski, D. J. , S. L. Forman , and G. H. Miller ( 1999 ), Holocene glacier and climate fluctuations on Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia, 80°N , Quat. Sci. Rev., 18 ( 1 ), 85 – 108 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00105-4.

Lucchi, R. G. , et al. ( 2013 ), Postglacial sedimentary processes on the Storfjorden and Kveithola trough mouth fans: Significance of extreme glacimarine sedimentation , Global Planet. Change, 111 , 309 – 326 , doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.10.008.

Lundqvist, J. ( 2004 ), Glacial history of Sweden , in Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology Part 1: Europe , edited by J. Ehlers and P. L. Gibbard , pp. 401 – 412 , Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam .

Mahaffy, M. W. ( 1976 ), A three‐dimensional numerical‐model of ice sheets: Tests on Barnes Ice Cap, Northwest Territories , J. Geophys. Res., 81 ( 6 ), 1059 – 1066 , doi:10.1029/JC081i006p01059.

Mangerud, J. ( 2004 ), Ice sheet limits in Norway and on the Norwegian continental shelf , in Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology Part 1: Europe2 , edited by J. Ehlers and P. L. Gibbard , pp. 271 – 294 , Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam .

Mangerud, J. , and J. I. Svendsen ( 1990 ), Deglaciation chronology inferred from marine sediments in a proglacial lake basin, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Boreas, 19 ( 3 ), 249 – 272 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1990.tb00450.x.

Mangerud, J. , and J. I. Svendsen ( 1992 ), The last interglacial‐glacial period on spitsbergen, Svalbard , Quat. Sci. Rev., 11 ( 6 ), 633 – 664 , doi:10.1016/0277-3791(92)90075-J.

Mangerud, J. , and J. Y. Landvik ( 2007 ), Younger Dryas cirque glaciers in western Spitsbergen: Smaller than during the Little Ice Age , Boreas, 36 ( 3 ), 278 – 285 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.tb01250.x.

Mangerud, J. , M. Bolstad , A. Elgersma , D. Helliksen , J. Y. Landvik , I. Lønne , A. K. Lycke , O. Salvigsen , T. Sandahl , and J. I. Svendsen ( 1992 ), The Last Glacial Maximum on Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Quat. Res., 38 ( 1 ), 1 – 31 , doi:10.1016/0033-5894(92)90027-G.

Mangerud, J. , T. Dokken , D. Hebbeln , B. Heggen , Ó. Ingólfsson , J. Y. Landvik , V. Mejdahl , J. I. Svendsen , and T. O. Vorren ( 1998 ), Fluctuations of the Svalbard‐Barents sea ice sheet during the last 150 000 years , Quat. Sci. Rev., 17 ( 1–3 ), 11 – 42 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00069-3.

Mangerud, J. , J. I. Svendsen , and V. I. Astakhov ( 1999 ), Age and extent of the Barents and Kara ice sheets in Northern Russia , Boreas, 28 ( 1 ), 46 – 80 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00206.x.

Mangerud, J. , V. Astakhov , M. Jakobsson , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2001a ), Huge Ice‐age lakes in Russia , J. Quat. Sci., 16 ( 8 ), 773 – 777 , doi:10.1002/jqs.661.

Mangerud, J. , V. I. Astakhov , A. Murray , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2001b ), The chronology of a large ice‐dammed lake and the Barents–Kara Ice Sheet advances, Northern Russia , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 321 – 336 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00127-8.

Mangerud, J. , V. Astakhov , and J.‐I. Svendsen ( 2002 ), The extent of the Barents–Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum , Quat. Sci. Rev., 21 ( 1–3 ), 111 – 119 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00088-9.

Mangerud, J. , et al. ( 2004 ), Ice‐dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1313 – 1332 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.009.

Mangerud, J. , S. Bondevik , S. Gulliksen , A. Karin Hufthammer , and T. Høisæter ( 2006 ), Marine 14C reservoir ages for 19th century whales and molluscs from the North Atlantic , Quat. Sci. Rev., 25 ( 23–24 ), 3228 – 3245 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.010.

Mangerud, J. , J. Gosse , A. Matiouchkov , and T. Dolvik ( 2008a ), Glaciers in the Polar Urals, Russia, were not much larger during the Last Global Glacial Maximum than today , Quat. Sci. Rev., 27 ( 9–10 ), 1047 – 1057 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.015.

Mangerud, J. , D. Kaufman , J. Hansen , and J. I. Svendsen ( 2008b ), Ice‐free conditions in Novaya Zemlya 35 000–30 000 cal years B.P., as indicated by radiocarbon ages and amino acid racemization evidence from marine molluscs , Polar Res., 27 ( 2 ), 187 – 208 , doi:10.3402/polar.v27i2.6176.

Mann, D. H. , R. S. Sletten , and F. C. Ugolini ( 1986 ), Soil development at Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen , Polar Res., 4 ( 1 ), 1 – 16 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1986.tb00513.x.

Marsiat, I. , and P. J. Valdes ( 2001 ), Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere climate of the Last Glacial Maximum to sea surface temperatures , Clim. Dyn., 17 ( 2–3 ), 233 – 248 , doi:10.1007/s003820000108.

Martrat, B. , J. O. Grimalt , J. Villanueva , S. van Kreveld , and M. Sarnthein ( 2003 ), Climatic dependence of the organic matter contributions in the north eastern Norwegian Sea over the last 15,000 years , Org. Geochem., 34 ( 8 ), 1057 – 1070 , doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00084-6.

Mattingsdal, R. , J. Knies , K. Andreassen , K. Fabian , K. Husum , K. Grøsfjeld , and S. De Schepper ( 2014 ), A new 6 Myr stratigraphic framework for the Atlantic–Arctic Gateway , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 170 – 178 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.022.

Miller, G. H. , H. P. Sejrup , S. J. Lehman , and S. L. Forman ( 1989 ), Glacial history and marine environmental change during the last interglacial‐glacial cycle, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Boreas, 18 ( 3 ), 273 – 296 .

Möller, P. , et al. ( 2006 ), Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia: A nucleation area for Kara Sea ice sheets during the Middle to Late Quaternary , Quat. Sci. Rev., 25 ( 21–22 ), 2894 – 2936 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.016.

Möller, P. , J. Anjar , and A. S. Murray ( 2013 ), An OSL‐dated sediment sequence at Idre, west‐central Sweden, indicates ice‐free conditions in MIS 3 , Boreas, 42 ( 1 ), 25 – 42 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00284.x.

Möller, P. , H. Alexanderson , S. Funder , and C. Hjort ( 2015 ), The Taimyr Peninsula and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, Arctic Russia: A synthesis of glacial history and palaeo‐environmental change during the Last Glacial cycle (MIS 5e–2) , Quat. Sci. Rev., 107 , 149 – 181 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.018.

Müller, J. , and R. Stein ( 2014 ), High‐resolution record of late glacial and deglacial sea ice changes in Fram Strait corroborates ice–ocean interactions during abrupt climate shifts , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 403 , 446 – 455 , doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.016.

Murton, J. , M. Bateman , and S. Dallimore ( 2010 ), Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean , Nature, 464 , 740 – 743 , doi:10.1038/nature08954.

Napieralski, J. , A. Hubbard , Y. Li , J. Harbor , A. P. Stroeven , J. Kleman , G. Alm , and K. N. Jansson ( 2007 ), Towards a GIS assessment of numerical ice‐sheet model performance using geomorphological data , J. Glaciol., 53 ( 180 ), 71 – 83 , doi:10.3189/172756507781833884.

Nesje, A. ( 2009 ), Latest Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 21–22 ), 2119 – 2136 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.016.

Nygård, A. , H. P. Sejrup , H. Haflidason , W. A. H. Lekens , C. D. Clark , and G. R. Bigg ( 2007 ), Extreme sediment and ice discharge from marine‐based ice streams: New evidence from the North Sea , Geology, 35 ( 5 ), 395 – 398 , doi:10.1130/G23364A.1.

Ó Cofaigh, C. , J. Taylor , J. A. Dowdeswell , and C. J. Pudsey ( 2003 ), Palaeo‐ice streams, trough mouth fans and high‐latitude continental slope sedimentation , Boreas, 32 ( 1 ), 37 – 55 .

Ó Cofaigh, C. , J. A. Dowdeswell , J. Evans , and R. D. Larter ( 2008 ), Geological constraints on Antarctic palaeo‐ice‐stream retreat , Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 33 ( 4 ), 513 – 525 .

Ó Cofaigh, C. , D. J. A. Evans , and I. R. Smith ( 2010 ), Large‐scale reorganization and sedimentation of terrestrial ice streams during late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122 ( 5–6 ), 743 – 756 , doi:10.1130/B26476.1.

O'Regan, M. , M. Jakobsson , and N. Kirchner ( 2010 ), Glacial geological implications of overconsolidated sediments on the Lomonosov Ridge and Yermak Plateau , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 25–26 ), 3532 – 3544 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.009.

Olsen, L. ( 2010 ), A buried late MIS 3 shoreline in northern Norway—Implications for ice extent and volume , Norges Geol. Undersøkelse Bull., 450 , 1 – 14 .

Ottesen, D. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2009 ), An inter‐ice‐stream glaciated margin: Submarine landforms and a geomorphic model based on marine‐geophysical data from Svalbard , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121 ( 11–12 ), 1647 – 1665 , doi:10.1130/B26467.1.

Ottesen, D. , J. A. Dowdeswell , L. Rise , K. Rokoengen , and S. Henriksen ( 2002 ), Large‐scale morphological evidence for past ice‐stream flow on the mid‐Norwegian continental margin , Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 203 ( 1 ), 245 – 258 .

Ottesen, D. , J. A. Dowdeswell , and L. Rise ( 2005 ), Submarine landforms and the reconstruction of fast‐flowing ice streams within a large Quaternary ice sheet: The 2500‐km‐long Norwegian‐Svalbard margin (57°–80°N) , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117 ( 7 ), 1033 – 1050 , doi:10.1130/B25577.1.

Ottesen, D. , J. A. Dowdeswell , J. Y. Landvik , and J. Mienert ( 2007 ), Dynamics of the Late Weichselian ice sheet on Svalbard inferred from high‐resolution sea‐floor morphology , Boreas, 36 ( 3 ), 286 – 306 .

Pattyn, F. ( 2003 ), A new three‐dimensional higher‐order thermomechanical ice sheet model: Basic sensitivity, ice stream development, and ice flow across subglacial lakes , J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( B8 ), 2382, doi:10.1029/2002JB002329.

Pattyn, F. , A. Huyghe , S. De Brabander , and B. De Smedt ( 2006 ), Role of transition zones in marine ice sheet dynamics , J. Geophys. Res., 111 , F02004, doi:10.1029/2005JF000394.

Pattyn, F. , et al. ( 2008 ), Benchmark experiments for higher‐order and full‐Stokes ice sheet models (ISMIP–HOM) , Cryosphere, 2 ( 2 ), 95 – 108 , doi:10.5194/tc-2-95-2008.

Pattyn, F. , et al. ( 2012 ), Results of the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project, MISMIP , Cryosphere, 6 ( 3 ), 573 – 588 , doi:10.5194/tc-6-573-2012.

Pausata, F. S. R. , C. Li , J. J. Wettstein , M. Kageyama , and K. H. Nisancioglu ( 2011 ), The key role of topography in altering North Atlantic atmospheric circulation during the last glacial period , Clim. Past, 7 ( 4 ), 1089 – 1101 , doi:10.5194/cp-7-1089-2011.

Payne, A. J. , and P. W. Dongelmans ( 1997 ), Self‐organization in the thermomechanical flow of ice sheets , J. Geophys. Res., 102 ( B6 ), 12,219 – 12,233 , doi:10.1029/97JB00513.

Peltier, W. R. ( 2004 ), Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice‐age Earth: The ICE‐5G (VM2) Model and GRACE , Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32 ( 1 ), 111 – 149 , doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359.

Peltier, W. R. , and R. G. Fairbanks ( 2006 ), Global glacial ice volume and Last Glacial Maximum duration from an extended Barbados sea level record , Quat. Sci. Rev., 25 ( 23–24 ), 3322 – 3337 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.010.

Peltier, W. R. , D. F. Argus , and R. Drummond ( 2015 ), Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) model , J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120 , 450 – 487 , doi:10.1002/2014JB011176.

Peyaud, V. , C. Ritz , and G. Krinner ( 2007 ), Modelling the Early Weichselian Eurasian Ice Sheets: Role of ice shelves and influence of ice‐dammed lakes , Clim. Past, 3 , 375 – 386 , doi:10.5194/cp-3-375-2007.

Polyak, L. , and A. Solheim ( 1994 ), Late‐and postglacial environments in the northern Barents Sea west of Franz Josef Land , Polar Res., 13 ( 2 ), 197 – 207 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1994.tb00449.x.

Polyak, L. , S. J. Lehman , V. Gataullin , and A. J. Timothy Jull ( 1995 ), Two‐step deglaciation of the southeastern Barents Sea , Geology, 23 ( 6 ), 567 – 571 , doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023.

Polyak, L. , S. L. Forman , F. A. Herlihy , G. Ivanov , and P. Krinitsky ( 1997 ), Late Weichselian deglacial history of the Svyataya (Saint) Anna Trough, northern Kara Sea, Arctic Russia , Mar. Geol., 143 ( 1–4 ), 169 – 188 , doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00096-0.

Polyak, L. , V. Gataullin , O. Okuneva , and V. Stelle ( 2000 ), New constraints on the limits of the Barents‐Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum based on borehole stratigraphy from the Pechora Sea , Geology, 28 ( 7 ), 611 – 614 , doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28.

Polyak, L. , M. H. Edwards , B. J. Coakley , and M. Jakobsson ( 2001 ), Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep‐sea bedforms , Nature, 410 ( 6827 ), 453 – 457 , doi:10.1038/35068536.

Polyak, L. , M. Levitan , T. Khusid , L. Merklin , and V. Mukhina ( 2002 ), Variations in the influence of riverine discharge on the Kara Sea during the last deglaciation and the Holocene , Global Planet. Change, 32 ( 4 ), 291 – 309 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00072-3.

Polyak, L. , F. Niessen , V. Gataullin , and V. Gainanov ( 2008 ), The eastern extent of the Barents‐Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum based on seismic‐reflection data from the eastern Kara Sea , Polar Res., 27 ( 2 ), 162 – 174 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00061.x.

Pritchard, H. D. , R. J. Arthern , D. G. Vaughan , and L. A. Edwards ( 2009 ), Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets , Nature, 461 ( 7266 ), 971 – 975 , doi:10.1038/nature08471.

Pritchard, H. D. , S. R. M. Ligtenberg , H. A. Fricker , D. G. Vaughan , M. R. van den Broeke , and L. Padman ( 2012 ), Antarctic ice‐sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves , Nature, 484 ( 7395 ), 502 – 5 , doi:10.1038/nature10968.

Raab, A. ( 2003 ), Non‐glacial paleoenvironments and the extent of Weichselian ice sheets on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic , Quat. Sci. Rev., 22 ( 21–22 ), 2267 – 2283 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00139-2.

Rasmussen, T. L. , and E. Thomsen ( 2008 ), Warm Atlantic surface water inflow to the Nordic seas 34–10 calibrated ka B.P , Paleoceanography, 23 , PA1201, doi:10.1029/2007PA001453.

Rasmussen, T. L. , and E. Thomsen ( 2014 ), Brine formation in relation to climate changes and ice retreat during the last 15,000 years in Storfjorden, Svalbard, 76–78°N , Paleoceanography, 29 , 911 – 929 , doi:10.1002/2014PA002643.

Rasmussen, T. L. , E. Thomsen , M. A. Ślubowska , S. Jessen , A. Solheim , and N. Koç ( 2007 ), Paleoceanographic evolution of the SW Svalbard margin (76°N) since 20,000 14C yr BP , Quat. Res., 67 ( 1 ), 100 – 114 , doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.002.

Rasmussen, T. L. , E. Thomsen , K. Skirbekk , M. Ślubowska‐Woldengen , D. Klitgaard Kristensen , and N. Koç ( 2014 ), Spatial and temporal distribution of Holocene temperature maxima in the northern Nordic seas: Interplay of Atlantic‐, Arctic‐ and polar water masses , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 280 – 291 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.034.

Rebesco, M. , et al. ( 2011 ), Deglaciation of the western margin of the Barents Sea ice sheet—A swath bathymetric and sub‐bottom seismic study from the Kveithola Trough , Mar. Geol., 279 ( 1–4 ), 141 – 147 , doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.018.

Rebesco, M. , J. S. Laberg , M. T. Pedrosa , A. Camerlenghi , R. G. Lucchi , F. Zgur , and N. Wardell ( 2014 ), Onset and growth of trough‐mouth fans on the North‐Western Barents Sea margin—Implications for the evolution of the Barents Sea/Svalbard Ice Sheet , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 227 – 234 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.015.

Reeh, N. , H. H. Thomsen , A. K. Higgins , and A. Weidick ( 2001 ), Sea ice and the stability of north and northeast Greenland floating glaciers , Ann. Glaciol., 33 ( 1 ), 474 – 480 , doi:10.3189/172756401781818554.

Reimer, P. , et al. ( 2013 ), IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP , Radiocarbon, 55 ( 4 ), 1869 – 1887 , doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947.

Renssen, H. , R. F. B. Isarin , D. Jacob , R. Podzun , and J. Vandenberghe ( 2001 ), Simulation of the Younger Dryas climate in Europe using a regional climate model nested in an AGCM: Preliminary results , Global Planet. Change, 30 ( 1–2 ), 41 – 57 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00076-5.

Reusche, M. , et al. ( 2014 ), 10Be surface exposure ages on the late‐Pleistocene and Holocene history of Linnébreen on Svalbard , Quat. Sci. Rev., 89 , 5 – 12 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.01.017.

Rignot, E. ( 2008 ), Changes in West Antarctic ice stream dynamics observed with ALOS PALSAR data , Geophys. Res. Lett., 35 , L12505, doi:10.1029/2008GL033365.

Rignot, E. , D. G. Vaughan , M. Schmeltz , T. Dupont , and D. MacAyeal ( 2002 ), Acceleration of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica , Ann. Glaciol., 34 ( 1 ), 189 – 194 , doi:10.3189/172756402781817950.

Rignot, E. , I. Velicogna , M. R. van den Broeke , A. Monaghan , and J. Lenaerts ( 2011 ), Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise , Geophys. Res. Lett., 38 , L05503, doi:10.1029/2011GL046583.

Rippin, D. M. , D. G. Vaughan , and H. F. J. Corr ( 2011 ), The basal roughness of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica , J. Glaciol., 57 ( 201 ), 67 – 76 , doi:10.3189/002214311795306574.

Ritzmann, O. , N. Maercklin , J. Inge Faleide , H. Bungum , W. D. Mooney , and S. T. Detweiler ( 2007 ), A three‐dimensional geophysical model of the crust in the Barents Sea region: Model construction and basement characterization , Geophys. J. Int., 170 ( 1 ), 417 – 435 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03337.x.

Rüther, D. C. , R. Mattingsdal , K. Andreassen , M. Forwick , and K. Husum ( 2011 ), Seismic architecture and sedimentology of a major grounding zone system deposited by the Bjørnøyrenna Ice Stream during Late Weichselian deglaciation , Quat. Sci. Rev., 30 ( 19–20 ), 2776 – 2792 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.06.011.

Rüther, D. C. , L. R. Bjarnadóttir , J. Junttila , K. Husum , T. L. Rasmussen , R. G. Lucchi , and K. Andreassen ( 2012 ), Pattern and timing of the northwestern Barents Sea ice sheet deglaciation and indications of episodic Holocene deposition , Boreas, 41 ( 3 ), 494 – 512 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00244.x.

Rüther, D. C. , K. Andreassen , and M. Spagnolo ( 2013 ), Aligned glaciotectonic rafts on the central Barents Sea seafloor revealing extensive glacitectonic erosion during the last deglaciation , Geophys. Res. Lett., 40 , 6351 – 6355 , doi:10.1002/2013GL058413.

Sættem, J. , D. A. R. Poole , L. Ellingsen , and H. P. Sejrup ( 1992 ), Glacial geology of outer Bjørnøyrenna, southwestern Barents Sea , Mar. Geol., 103 ( 1–3 ), 15 – 51 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(92)90007-5.

Salvigsen, O. ( 1977 ), Radiocarbon Datings and the Extension of the Weichselian Ice‐sheet in Svalbard , Norsk Polarinstitutt Arbok, Oslo .

Salvigsen, O. ( 1979 ), The last deglaciation of Svalbard , Boreas, 8 , 229 – 231 .

Salvigsen, O. ( 1981 ), Radiocarbon dated raised beaches in Kong Karls Land, Svalbard, and their consequences for the glacial history of the Barents Sea area , Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, 63 ( 3/4 ), 283 – 291 .

Salvigsen, O. , and J. Mangerud ( 1991 ), Holocene shoreline displacement at Agardhbukta, eastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard , Polar Res., 9 ( 1 ), 1 – 7 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00398.x.

Salvigsen, O. , L. Adrielsson , C. Hjort , M. Kelly , J. Y. Landvik , and L. Ronnert ( 1995 ), Dynamics of the last glaciation in eastern Svalbard as inferred from glacier‐movement indicators , Polar Res., 14 ( 2 ), 141 – 152 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1995.tb00686.x.

Scambos, T. A. , J. A. Bohlander , C. A. Shuman , and P. Skvarca ( 2004 ), Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica , Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L18402, doi:10.1029/2004GL020670.

Scherer, R. P. ( 1998 ), Pleistocene collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet , Science, 281 ( 5373 ), 82 – 85 , doi:10.1126/science.281.5373.82.

Schoof, C. ( 2007 ), Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis , J. Geophys. Res., 112 , F03S28, doi:10.1029/2006JF000664.

Schytt, V. , G. Hoppe , W. Blake Jr. , and M. G. Grosswald ( 1968 ), The extent of the Würm glaciation in the European Arctic: A preliminary report about the Stockholm University Svalbard Expedition 1966 , International Association of Scientific Hydrology, General Assembly in Bern 1967, Publ. 79, pp. 207–216.

Scourse, J. D. , A. I. Haapaniemi , E. Colmenero‐Hidalgo , V. L. Peck , I. R. Hall , W. E. N. Austin , P. C. Knutz , and R. Zahn ( 2009 ), Growth, dynamics and deglaciation of the last British–Irish ice sheet: The deep‐sea ice‐rafted detritus record , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 27–28 ), 3066 – 3084 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.08.009.

Sejrup, H. P. , E. Larsen , J. Landvik , E. L. King , H. Haflidason , and A. Nesje ( 2000 ), Quaternary glaciations in southern Fennoscandia: Evidence from southwestern Norway and the northern North Sea region , Quat. Sci. Rev., 19 ( 7 ), 667 – 685 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00016-5.

Serebryanny, L. , A. Andreev , E. Malyasova , P. Tarasov , and F. Romanenko ( 1998 ), Lateglacial and early‐Holocene environments of Novaya Zemlya and the Kara Sea Region of the Russian Arctic , Holocene, 8 ( 3 ), 323 – 330 , doi:10.1191/095968398677085532.

Shakun, J. D. , P. U. Clark , F. He , S. A. Marcott , A. C. Mix , Z. Liu , B. Otto‐Bliesner , A. Schmittner , and E. Bard ( 2012 ), Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation , Nature, 484 ( 7392 ), 49 – 54 , doi:10.1038/nature10915.

Shaw, J. , D. J. W. Piper , G. B. J. Fader , E. L. King , B. J. Todd , T. Bell , M. J. Batterson , and D. G. E. Liverman ( 2006 ), A conceptual model of the deglaciation of Atlantic Canada , Quat. Sci. Rev., 25 ( 17–18 ), 2059 – 2081 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.002.

Shepherd, A. , D. J. Wingham , and J. A. D. Mansley ( 2002 ), Inland thinning of the Amundsen Sea sector, West Antarctica , Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 ( 10 ), 1364, doi:10.1029/2001GL014183.

Shepherd, A. , D. Wingham , and E. Rignot ( 2004 ), Warm ocean is eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet , Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 , L23402, doi:10.1029/2004GL021106.

Siegert, M. J. , and I. Marsiat ( 2001 ), Numerical reconstructions of LGM climate across the Eurasian Arctic , Quat. Sci. Rev., 20 ( 15 ), 1595 – 1605 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00017-8.

Siegert, M. J. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 1996 ), Topographic control on the dynamics of the Svalbard‐Barents Sea ice sheet , Global Planet. Change, 12 ( 1–4 ), 27 – 39 , doi:10.1016/0921-8181(95)00010-0.

Siegert, M. J. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2002 ), Late Weichselian iceberg, surface‐melt and sediment production from the Eurasian Ice Sheet: Results from numerical ice‐sheet modelling , Mar. Geol., 188 ( 1–2 ), 109 – 127 .

Siegert, M. J. , and J. A. Dowdeswell ( 2004 ), Numerical reconstructions of the Eurasian Ice Sheet and climate during the Late Weichselian , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1273 – 1283 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.010.

Siegert, M. J. , J. A. Dowdeswell , and M. Melles ( 1999 ), Late Weichselian Glaciation of the Russian High Arctic , Quat. Res., 52 ( 3 ), 273 – 285 , doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2082.

Siegert, M. J. , J. A. Dowdeswell , M. Hald , and J.‐I. Svendsen ( 2001 ), Modelling the Eurasian Ice Sheet through a full (Weichselian) glacial cycle , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 367 – 385 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00130-8.

Skirbekk, K. , D. K. Kristensen , T. L. Rasmussen , N. Koc , and M. Forwick ( 2010 ), Holocene climate variations at the entrance to a warm Arctic fjord: Evidence from Kongsfjorden trough, Svalbard , Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 344 ( 1 ), 289 – 304 , doi:10.1144/SP344.20.

Ślubowska, M. A. , N. Koç , T. L. Rasmussen , and D. Klitgaard‐Kristensen ( 2005 ), Changes in the flow of Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean since the last deglaciation: Evidence from the northern Svalbard continental margin, 80°N , Paleoceanography, 20 , PA4014, doi:10.1029/2005PA001141.

Ślubowska‐Woldengen, M. , T. L. Rasmussen , N. Koç , D. Klitgaard‐Kristensen , F. Nilsen , and A. Solheim ( 2007 ), Advection of Atlantic Water to the western and northern Svalbard shelf since 17,500 cal yr BP , Quat. Sci. Rev., 26 ( 3–4 ), 463 – 478 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.09.009.

Snyder, J. A. , S. L. Forman , W. N. Mode , and G. A. Tarasov ( 1997 ), Postglacial relative sea‐level history: Sediment and diatom records of emerged coastal lakes, north‐central Kola Peninsula, Russia , Boreas, 26 ( 4 ), 329 – 346 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1997.tb00859.x.

Solheim, A. , and A. Elverhøi ( 1993 ), Gas‐related sea floor craters in the Barents Sea , Geo‐Mar. Lett., 13 ( 4 ), 235 – 243 , doi:10.1007/BF01207753.

Solheim, A. , L. Russwurm , A. Elverhøi , and M. Nyland‐Berg ( 1990 ), Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: Direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation , in Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments , edited by J. A. Dowdeswell and J. D. Scourse , pp. 253 – 268 , Geol. Soc., London .

Sollid, J. L. , S. Andersen , N. Hamre , O. Kjeldsen , O. Salvigsen , S. Sturød , T. Tveitå , and A. Wilhelmsen ( 1973 ), Deglaciation of Finnmark, North Norway , Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. ‐ Nor. J. Geogr., 27 ( 4 ), 233 – 325 , doi:10.1080/00291951.1973.9728306.

Stein, R. , B. Boucsein , K. Fahl , T. Garcia de Oteyza , J. Knies , and F. Niessen ( 2001 ), Accumulation of particulate organic carbon at the Eurasian continental margin during late Quaternary times: Controlling mechanisms and paleoenvironmental significance , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 87 – 104 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00114-X.

Stein, R. , F. Niessen , K. Dittmers , M. Levitan , F. Schoster , J. Simstich , T. Steinke , and O. V. Stepanets ( 2002 ), Siberian river run‐off and late Quaternary glaciation in the southern Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean: Preliminary results , Polar Res., 21 ( 2 ), 315 – 322 , doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00086.x.

Stokes, C. R. , and C. D. Clark ( 2002 ), Are long subglacial bedforms indicative of fast ice flow? , Boreas, 31 ( 3 ), 239 – 249 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01070.x.

Stokes, C. R. , G. D. Corner , M. C. M. Winsborrow , K. Husum , and K. Andreassen ( 2014 ), Asynchronous response of marine‐terminating outlet glaciers during deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet , Geology, 42 ( 5 ), 455 – 458 , doi:10.1130/G35299.1.

Stokes, C. R. , et al. ( 2015 ), On the reconstruction of palaeo‐ice sheets: Recent advances and future challenges , Quat. Sci. Rev., 125 , 15 – 49 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.016.

Stokes, C. , C. Clark , and R. Storrar ( 2009 ), Major changes in ice stream dynamics during deglaciation of the north‐western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet , Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 ( 7–8 ), 721 – 738 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.019.

Stuiver, M. , and P. Reimer ( 1993 ), Extended 14C data base and revised Calib 3.0 14C age calibration program , Radiocarbon, 35 ( 1 ), 215 – 230 .

Svendsen, J. I. , and J. Mangerud ( 1992 ), Paleoclimatic inferences from glacial fluctuations on Svalbard during the last 20 000 years , Clim. Dyn., 6 ( 3 ), 213 – 220 , doi:10.1007/BF00193533.

Svendsen, J. I. , J. Mangerud , A. Elverhøi , A. Solheim , and R. T. Schüttenhelm ( 1992 ), The Late Weichselian glacial maximum on western Spitsbergen inferred from offshore sediment cores , Mar. Geol., 104 ( 1–4 ), 1 – 17 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(92)90081-R.

Svendsen, J. I. , et al. ( 1999 ), Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian , Boreas, 28 ( 1 ), 234 – 242 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00217.x.

Svendsen, J. I. , et al. ( 2004a ), Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1229 – 1271 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.008.

Svendsen, J. I. , V. Gataullin , J. Mangerud , and L. Polyak ( 2004b ), The glacial history of the Barents and Kara Sea region , in Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology Part 1: Europe , edited by J. Ehlers and P. L. Gibbard , Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam .

Svendsen, J. I. , L. C. Krüger , J. Mangerud , V. I. Astakhov , A. Paus , D. Nazarov , and A. Murray ( 2014 ), Glacial and vegetation history of the Polar Ural Mountains in northern Russia during the Last Ice Age, Marine Isotope Stages 5–2 , Quat. Sci. Rev., 92 , 409 – 428 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.008.

Tarasov, L. , A. S. Dyke , R. M. Neal , and W. R. Peltier ( 2012 ), A data‐calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling , Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 315–316 , 30 – 40 , doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.010.

Tarasov, P. E. , O. Peyron , J. Guiot , S. Brewer , V. S. Volkova , L. G. Bezusko , N. I. Dorofeyuk , E. V. Kvavadze , I. M. Osipova , and N. K. Panova ( 1999 ), Last Glacial Maximum climate of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data , Clim. Dyn., 15 ( 3 ), 227 – 240 , doi:10.1007/s003820050278.

Thiede, J. , et al. ( 2004 ), What was QUEEN? Its history and international framework—An introduction to its final synthesis issue , Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 ( 11–13 ), 1225 – 1227 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.006.

Thomas, R. H. , and C. R. Bentley ( 1978 ), Model for Holocene retreat of West Antarctic ice sheet , Quat. Res., 10 ( 2 ), 150 – 170 .

Thomas, R. H. , W. Abdalati , E. Frederick , W. B. Krabill , S. Manizade , and K. Steffen ( 2003 ), Investigation of surface melting and dynamic thinning on Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland , J. Glaciol., 49 ( 165 ), 231 – 239 , doi:10.3189/172756503781830764.

Thomas, R. , E. Frederick , W. Krabill , S. Manizade , and C. Martin ( 2009 ), Recent changes on Greenland outlet glaciers , J. Glaciol., 55 ( 189 ), 147 – 162 , doi:10.3189/002214309788608958.

Truffer, M. , and K. A. Echelmeyer ( 2003 ), Of Isbræ and ice streams , Ann. Glaciol., 36 , 66 – 72 .

Ukkonen, P. , J. P. Lunkka , H. Jungner , and J. Donner ( 1999 ), New radiocarbon dates from Finnish mammoths indicating large ice‐free areas in Fennoscandia during the Middle Weichselian , J. Quat. Sci., 14 ( 7 ), 711 – 714 .

Ukkonen, P. , L. Arppe , M. Houmark‐Nielsen , K. H. Kjær , and J. A. Karhu ( 2007 ), MIS 3 mammoth remains from Sweden—Implications for faunal history, palaeoclimate and glaciation chronology , Quat. Sci. Rev., 26 ( 25–28 ), 3081 – 3098 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.021.

Vasil'chuk, Y. , J.‐M. Punning , and A. Vasil'chuk ( 1997 ), Radiocarbon ages of mammoths in northern Eurasia: Implications for population development and late Quaternary environment , Radiocarbon, 39 ( 1 ), 1 – 18 .

Vaughan, D. G. ( 2008 ), West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse—The fall and rise of a paradigm , Clim. Change, 91 ( 1–2 ), 65 – 79 , doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9448-3.

Vaughan, D. G. , H. F. J. Corr , A. M. Smith , H. D. Pritchard , and A. Shepherd ( 2008 ), Flow‐switching and water piracy between Rutford Ice Stream and Carlson Inlet, West Antarctica , J. Glaciol., 54 ( 184 ), 41 – 48 , doi:10.3189/002214308784409125.

Velichko, A. A. , Y. M. Kononov , and M. A. Faustova ( 1997 ), The last glaciation of earth: Size and volume of ice‐sheets , Quat. Int., 41–42 , 43 – 51 , doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(96)00035-3.

Vogt, C. , J. Knies , R. F. Spielhagen , and R. Stein ( 2001 ), Detailed mineralogical evidence for two nearly identical glacial/deglacial cycles and Atlantic water advection to the Arctic Ocean during the last 90,000 years , Global Planet. Change, 31 ( 1–4 ), 23 – 44 , doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00111-4.

Vogt, P. R. , K. Crane , and E. Sundvor ( 1994 ), Deep Pleistocene iceberg plowmarks on the Yermak Plateau: Sidescan and 3.5 kHz evidence for thick calving ice fronts and a possible marine ice sheet in the Arctic Ocean , Geology, 22 ( 5 ), 403 – 406 , doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022.

Vorren, T. O. , and J. S. Laberg ( 1997 ), Trough mouth fans—Palaeoclimate and ice‐sheet monitors , Quat. Sci. Rev., 16 ( 8 ), 865 – 881 , doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00003-6.

Vorren, T. O. , and L. Plassen ( 2002 ), Deglaciation and palaeoclimate of the Andfjord‐Vågsfjord area, North Norway , Boreas, 31 ( 2 ), 97 – 125 , doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01060.x.

Vorren, T. O. , I. F. Strass , and O. W. Lind‐Hansen ( 1978 ), Late Quaternary sediments and stratigraphy on the continental shelf off Troms and west Finnmark, northern Norway , Quat. Res., 10 ( 3 ), 340 – 365 , doi:10.1016/0033-5894(78)90026-1.

Vorren, T. O. , M. Hald , and E. Thomsen ( 1984 ), Quaternary sediments and environments on the continental shelf off northern Norway , Mar. Geol., 57 ( 1–4 ), 229 – 257 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(84)90201-9.

Vorren, T. O. , E. Lebesbye , K. Andreassen , and K.‐B. Larsen ( 1989 ), Glacigenic sediments on a passive continental margin as exemplified by the Barents Sea , Mar. Geol., 85 ( 2–4 ), 251 – 272 , doi:10.1016/0025-3227(89)90156-4.

Vorren, T. O. , G. Richardsen , S.‐M. Knutsen , and E. Henriksen ( 1991 ), Cenozoic erosion and sedimentation in the western Barents Sea , Mar. Pet. Geol., 8 ( 3 ), 317 – 340 , doi:10.1016/0264-8172(91)90086-G.

Vorren, T. O. , J. S. Laberg , F. Blaume , J. A. Dowdeswell , N. H. Kenyon , J. Mienert , J. Rumohr , and F. Werner ( 1998 ), The Norwegian‐Greenland Sea continental margins: Morphology and late Quaternary sedimentary processes and environment , Quat. Sci. Rev., 17 ( 1–3 ), 273 – 302 .

Wadham, J. L. , et al. ( 2012 ), Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica , Nature, 488 ( 7413 ), 633 – 637 , doi:10.1038/nature11374.

Walker, D. P. , M. A. Brandon , A. Jenkins , J. T. Allen , J. A. Dowdeswell , and J. Evans ( 2007 ), Oceanic heat transport onto the Amundsen Sea shelf through a submarine glacial trough , Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 , L02602, doi:10.1029/2006GL028154.

Weertman, J. ( 1974 ), Stability of the junction of an ice sheet and ice shelf , J. Glaciol., 13 , 3 – 11 .

Wingham, D. J. , A. J. Ridout , R. Scharroo , R. J. Arthern , and C. K. Shum ( 1998 ), Antarctic elevation change from 1992 to 1996 , Science, 282 ( 5388 ), 456 – 458 , doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.456.

Winkelmann, D. , C. Schäfer , R. Stein , and A. Mackensen ( 2008 ), Terrigenous events and climate history of the Sophia Basin, Arctic Ocean , Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9 , Q07023, doi:10.1029/2008GC002038.

Winsborrow, M. C. M. , K. Andreassen , G. D. Corner , and J. S. Laberg ( 2010 ), Deglaciation of a marine‐based ice sheet: Late Weichselian palaeo‐ice dynamics and retreat in the southern Barents Sea reconstructed from onshore and offshore glacial geomorphology , Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 ( 3–4 ), 424 – 442 , doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.001.

Winsborrow, M. C. M. , C. R. Stokes , and K. Andreassen ( 2012 ), Ice‐stream flow switching during deglaciation of the southwestern Barents Sea , Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 124 ( 3–4 ), 275 – 290 , doi:10.1130/B30416.1.

Zeeberg, J. , D. J. Lubinski , and S. L. Forman ( 2001 ), Holocene relative sea‐level history of Novaya Zemlya, Russia, and implications for late Weichselian ice‐sheet loading , Quat. Res., 56 ( 2 ), 218 – 230 , doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2256.

Zeeberg, J. , D. J. Lubinski , and S. L. Forman ( 2002 ), Size and extent of the last ice sheets in the Barents Sea: Evidence from Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach , in Climate and Glacial History of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic , pp. 49 – 60 , Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam .