Each of these conditions can be at least partially managed by good eating habits. Your overall diet matters, though many people pay little heed. Most guidelines say we should eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables, but only 1 in 4 people actually does.

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What are the dietary guidelines for health — and how might they differ for specific health conditions? And perhaps more important, how can people successfully change their eating patterns?

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“From a clinical perspective, we do recommend diets based on somebody’s condition,” says Donald Hensrud, a physician at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., who specializes in nutrition and weight management.

The various diets supported by scientific evidence have greater similarities than differences, Hensrud says. They emphasize real food — as opposed to processed food — and they’re mostly plant-based. These include the DASH diet, the Mediterranean diet and a vegetarian diet.

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The DASH diet — Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension — may be the most widely researched, beginning with a 1997 study that showed the diet lowered blood pressure in people with hypertension.

Restricting sodium in the DASH diet produced greater reductions in blood pressure, although interpretation of that data is somewhat controversial, says Marla Heller, a registered dietitian who has written extensively about the diet.

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“Some scientists noted that if you slice the data, the decreased sodium helped only one group — black women,” Heller says.

The first DASH diet trial allowed 3,500 milligrams of sodium a day, which is about 1½ teaspoons of table salt, and showed benefits. And in the salt-restricted study, a high-sodium group was included for comparison and those people also benefited from the diet.

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(The current recommendation for salt intake from the American Heart Association is 2,300 milligrams, which is about 1 teaspoon.)

Sodium may be important, but it’s not the only thing that matters. “We’ve medicalized food too much. People eat real food,” says Heller, who wrote “The DASH Diet Action Plan.” She says it’s better to advise people on foods to eat, rather than be hyper-focused on nutrients and calories.

Heller also stresses foods to include, rather than what to avoid: Eat more fruits and vegetables, choose low-fat dairy, and include beans, nuts and seeds. “I focus on meal plans to provide examples of how to put together a healthy diet — and what you stock your fridge and cabinet with,” she says.

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In addition to her five books, Heller hosts a Facebook group that has more than 29,000 members. “They support each other,” she says, such as offering ways they incorporate more vegetables into their meals.

Hensrud wrote “The Mayo Clinic Diabetes Diet,” which recommends lots of fruits and vegetables and few animal products. There’s a two-week “lose it” phase, in which people try to add five good habits and break five habits. Habits to break include no eating while watching TV and no sugar, except for what’s in fruit.

After that, the guidelines are more general: Eat breakfast, eat fruits and vegetables, eat healthy fats, and move your body. “We’re not telling people what not to eat,” he says.

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The DASH diet also is good for diabetes, Hensrud says, as long as overall calories are limited. That’s because the main controllable factor for diabetes management is body weight, he says.

Karen Swanson was diagnosed with high cholesterol in 2010. Her doctor wanted to put her on a statin drug, but she parried. Could she try diet and exercise first? Her doctor recommended the DASH diet — which has been shown to be effective at reducing cholesterol levels. That prompted Swanson to do some research.

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She discovered the importance of exercising 30 minutes per day and limiting her intake of saturated fats. Saturated fats are animal fats — from meat and full-fat dairy products. Also some oils, such as coconut oil and palm oil, are high in saturated fats.

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A review of 15 studies found that cutting down on saturated fats lowered people’s cholesterol levels and decreased their risk of cardiovascular disease.

“Personally I find the DASH diet overwhelming,” Swanson says. For her, it felt easier to lower saturated fats than salt.

And it has worked for her — her cholesterol numbers went down in the first six months and have stayed relatively level in the nine years since. “It’s not perfect,” she says, but she has avoided statins.

Swanson began blogging about the strategies she’s learned, such as using soy creamer in her coffee instead of half-and-half, and eating gelato instead of ice cream. She also has a few go-to sauces — a green sauce and a mustard vinaigrette that she’ll put on everything from salad to a “boring chicken breast.”

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There’s a misconception that dietary cholesterol is bad, which has led to confusion about eggs. “They’re high in cholesterol but not in saturated fat,” Swanson says. Indeed, the current USDA dietary guidelines do not set a limit on cholesterol consumption.

Heller, a dietitian, says she has been getting more referrals from physicians. “Doctors don’t have the time to go through the hows and whys, or to problem-solve with people,” she says. However, nutrition services are not always covered by health insurance.

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Changing habits can be hard, but once people see results, such as lower blood pressure or looser clothes, those habits become self-reinforcing, Heller says.

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