In an attempt to grasp complex concepts, humans have tried to represent abstractions like power and dominance through visually-stimulated metaphors such as pyramids and steeples. And dominance especially has been measured socially, linguistically and artistically on a vertical dimension, as with upper and lower class divisions in hierarchical structures.

While this may be considered a commonly recognized phenomenon, it proved to be an under-researched theory until recently when psychologists from North Dakota State University found a method to understand personality processes through the measurement of metaphoric representations. Specifically, Sara Moeller, Michael Robinson and Darya Zabelina discovered that individuals high in dominance paid closer attention to stimuli in vertical positions than other participants.

The findings, which appear in the April 2008 issue of Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, imply that a person's level of dominance could be measured based on their biases favoring vertical representations of power.

"Simply stated, more dominant individuals think in dominance-related terms to a greater extent than do less dominant individuals," the authors wrote. "That is, their thoughts more often involve power, powerlessness and relative dominance."

The scientists supported this theory using a simple computer program that prompted participants to press the 'p' or 'q' key when it appeared on the screen. The letters were displayed on the right, left, top or bottom part of the screen. Those individuals who responded quickly when the letters were on the top or bottom of the screen also had high scores in dominance on a personality inventory. The other participants did not show a significant preference for the vertically-arranged letters.

"Our results are among the first to establish the benefits of the metaphor representation perspective for understanding personality processes," explained Moeller, "and they specifically suggest that thinking dominantly predisposes one to see vertically."

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Author Contact: Sara Moeller sara.moeller@ndsu.edu

Psychological Science is ranked among the top 10 general psychology journals for impact by the Institute for Scientific Information. For a copy of the article "Personality Dominance and Preferential Use of the Vertical Dimension of Space Evidence From Spatial Attention Paradigms" and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact Katie Kline at 202.293.9300 x133 or kkline@psychologicalscience.org.