I’ve been co-maintaining the Ruby library hashie for a few years now. It’s a wonderful set of extensions written by some of the best Ruby developers. But sometimes, a piece of code turns rogue and starts hurting people. It becomes evil. In this post I will tell a story about how Hashie::Mash became the garbage can of recurrent problems that ranged from educational to psychotic.

The story of the Hashie::Mash class began like all useful classes. We decided that writing hash[:key] was annoying, and hash['key'] was confusing. It was obvious that hash.key was better, that developers wanted hash.key? and even hash.key = value . We made that happen with some help from method_missing .

The invariant key access was borrowed from Merb’s Mash, which had the following comment on top of the file.

This class has dubious semantics and we only have it so that people can write params[:key] instead of params['key'] .

This warning was ignored, and became the first thing to be removed from Hashie::Mash . A lot of new features, such as method access, were added instead.

def method_missing ( method_name , * args ) if ( match = method_name . to_s . match ( /(.*)=$/ )) && args . size == 1 self [ match [ 1 ]] = args . first elsif ( match = method_name . to_s . match ( /(.*)\?$/ )) && args . size == 0 key? ( match [ 1 ]) elsif ( match = method_name . to_s . match ( /(.*)!$/ )) && args . size == 0 initializing_reader ( match [ 1 ]) elsif key? ( method_name ) self [ method_name ] elsif match = method_name . to_s . match ( /^([a-z][a-z0-9A-Z_]+)$/ ) default ( method_name ) else super end end def default ( key = nil ) if key . is_a? ( Symbol ) && key? ( key . to_s ) self [ key ] else key ? super : super () end end

The new Hashie::Mash was born as a pure example of Ruby metaprogramming. Some really smart people pitched in on Mash , including @mbleigh and @hassox, authors of Grape and Warden respectively. We were winning!

There were only small challenges in the early days of Mash , such as overwriting nil values, having to figure out how to convert a Mash to Hash , preserving sub-mashes in conversion, or making to work with to_json . Nothing that couldn’t be easily fixed with a bit of code. More features were added, including shallow updates by @mislav, author of rbenv and will_paginate. Everybody who is who in the Ruby world wanted a bit of Hashie::Mash action!

But what could go wrong when you suddenly overrode id ? Ruby 1.8 had an Object#id method that was called when the Mash didn’t have an id key. This caused unexpected failures, since there was no id key-value, but Mash was still returning a value. Same went for type . So this change got undone in #77, with a nice warning in the documentation (that everybody naturally read).

Do not use the following keys: type , object_id , and id . These are Ruby Object methods. Overriding them means you’re going to have a Bad Time™.

We weren’t having a Bad Time™ at all. Everyone had their favorite way of fetching values. Some wanted to write hash[:key] , others hash.key or even hash.fetch(:key, 123) . Unfortunately, it didn’t always work as one might have expected.

1.9 . 3 p392 : 001 > require 'hashie' true 1.9 . 3 p392 : 002 > h = Hashie :: Mash . new {} 1.9 . 3 p392 : 003 > h [ :key ] = nil nil 1.9 . 3 p392 : 004 > h . fetch ( :key , 123 ) 123

Whoops. Fixed in #93.

Have we dealt with respond_to? ? Probably not. You were in for a treat.

def respond_to? ( method_name , include_private = false ) return true if key? ( method_name ) || method_name . to_s . slice ( /[=?!_]\Z/ ) super end

Unfortunately this broke Rails 4 strong_parameters. Can you see why? This code always responded true to permit? . Take a look at the following example.

settings = { foo: "1" , attributes: { title: "Value" } } record . attributes = settings . attributes # raises ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributes

Whoops. When a key was a Hash , it was automatically converted into a Mash . The Mash instance responded to :permit? , thus it triggered the ActiveModel forbidden attribute check.

module ForbiddenAttributesProtection def sanitize_for_mass_assignment ( * options ) new_attributes = options . first if ! new_attributes . respond_to? ( :permitted? ) || new_attributes . permitted? super else raise ActiveModel :: ForbiddenAttributes end end end

Well, you couldn’t have permit? work both ways. A workaround that broke everything was carelessly applied in #104, reverted, and an extension added in #147 by creating Hashie::Extensions::Mash::ActiveModel . For Rails users, @MaximFilimonov even made hashie_rails to inject the extension for scenarios in which Rails could not be auto-detected. We also had to worry about nested hashes, and made sure those worked in #219.

As another proof that you just cannot have nice things was Mash#deep_merge . It was being really slow, unnecessarily converting values. With a fix in #107, a Hashie::Mash.new on a big hash went from 1200 seconds to to less than 2 seconds. This wasn’t the last time we faced serious performance problems. We were just warming up.

One day someone had a great idea to profile an application that relied on Hashie::Mash and discovered that we allocated a String, (.*?)([?!=_]?)$ , 50,000 times. Was that string familiar? Fixed in #221.

At the same time Hashie was being refactored into separate extensions. Unfortunately they didn’t play well with a backwards compatible Mash at all.

require 'hashie' class TestHash < Hashie :: Trash include Hashie :: Extensions :: Coercion include Hashie :: Extensions :: MergeInitializer include Hashie :: Extensions :: Dash :: IndifferentAccess end class Bar < TestHash property :a end class Foo < TestHash property :bar coerce_key :bar , Bar end test = Foo . new Hashie :: Mash . new ( bar: Hashie :: Mash . new ( a: 42 )) p test

Yes, this is actual, broken code. It uses Hashie::Mash , three extensions and Hashie::Trash (at least that name accurately represented what the class was trying to be). Obviously, this caused a stack overflow. Fixed in #164.

Furthermore, when using an ActiveRecord::HashWithIndifferentAccess that was nested (i.e. {a: {b: 1}} ) to create a Hashie::Mash with the IndifferentAccess extension, an ArgumentException was raised. This was because the IndifferentAccess method convert_value overrode ActiveRecord::HashWithIndifferentAccess ’s method of the same name. Changing the method name in IndifferentAccess solved the issue in #277, until next time.

I once was using Hashie for a throwaway project, and noticed this incredibly unexpected and annoying behavior. With a normal Hash, you can specify a default value for newly-accessed keys.

hsh = Hash . new { | h , k | h [ k ] = [] } hsh [ :hello ] << 100 # => { :hello => [100] }

This was very useful for quick inject operations.

collection . inject ( Hash . new { | h , k | h [ k ] = [] }) do | h , x | h [ x ] << somefoo ( x ) if x > foo ( x ) end

I wanted to do this with Hashie::Mash . It wasn’t possible, sorry.

hsh = Hashie :: Mash . new { | h , k | h [ k ] = [] } hsh [ :hello ] << 100 # => {"hello"=>[]}

Fixed in #259.

Did you know that Hashie::Mash translated all keys into strings? A brave man, @michaelherold fixed this in #296. We have seen him a lot more since, as he has then become the defacto primary maintainer of Hashie, and the most active contributor to this craziness. In that PR he left the following note.

There is one interesting thing that pops out from this. Checking for equality between Mashes (and Hashes with Mashes) now fails unless the keys are equivalent. For example: Hashie::Mash.new(p: 'test') == Hashie::Mash.new('p' => 'test') #=> false .

This is pretty awesome, as both instances behaved the exact same in every possible way, but weren’t equal.

Also, a surprisingly high number of libraries out there require 'hashie/mash' and not hashie . What could possible go wrong?

Bundler::GemRequireError: There was an error while trying to load the gem 'omniauth-oauth2'. Gem Load Error is: uninitialized constant Hashie::Extensions::RubyVersionCheck::ClassMethods::RubyVersion

This happened to omniauth via #391, #392 fixed this and was released as 3.5.1. It happened again in #401, fixed in #402, this time with rather complicated integration tests.

One of the most common issues we have reported was when a Hashie::Mash attempted to override a built-in method and failed to do so. To prevent this from being an issue in the future, @michaelherold added a logging layer accessible at Hashie.logger that was user-configurable. This should have helped report the error to the user before it became a problem in #381.

What could possibly go wrong? In elasticsearch-ruby#398, we saw this.

I updated our bundle today which included hashie@3.5.1, and found our logs are now completely overwhelmed with warnings. I believe this is being caused by the sort key that comes back in the response body.

That was nothing, we were just warming up.

Our log rotation was not aggressive enough for the flood of this warning, ultimately taking our servers down.

Yes, sort was a function. And Hashie::Mash was used as a “freeform” wrapper around deeply structured Hashes coming from Elasticsearch, enabling method access to the said structures.

Connecting the logger to Rails.logger and adding Hashie::Mash.disable_warnings was surprisingly tedious in #400, and was released as 3.5.2.

What could possibly go wrong? In #407 we read the following.

bundler/runtime.rb:94:in `rescue in block (2 levels) in require': There was an error while trying to load the gem 'omniauth-twitter'. (Bundler::GemRequireError) Gem Load Error is: private method `warn' called for nil:NilClass Backtrace for gem load error is: hashie/mash.rb:334:in `log_built_in_message'

So we broke omniauth adapters in two different ways, a new record. Fixed in #406 by making sure Hashie::Mash.disable_warnings carried into subclasses, and released as 3.5.3.

But wait. Omniauth has not finished suffering. In #410 we found out that there was a performance regression on Mash ’s method accessors. We switched include? to respond_to? to lookup method collisions in #411 and the problem went away. Released as 3.5.4.

What could possibly go wrong? In #413 we discovered that we could no longer assign a value to a key more than once.

foo = Hashie :: Mash . new foo [ 'foobar' ] = Array . new foo [ 'foobar' ] = Array . new

This was pretty trivial stuff, right? Well, that broke.

# hashie/mash.rb:344:in `method': undefined method `foobar' for class `Hashie::Mash' (NameError) from hashie/mash.rb:344:in `log_built_in_message' from hashie/mash.rb:151:in `custom_writer' from bug.rb:6:in `<main>'

The issue was that we changed the code that logged warnings to use respond_to? to check if the call to Hashie::Mash[]= overrode a method that existed on Hashie::Mash , or the class that was subclassing it. The documentation for Object#respond_to? said that if the method was not defined, respond_to_missing? method was called and the result was returned. Unfortunately Hashie::Mash overrode respond_to_missing? to return true if a key with that name existed in the hash. In the previous version this worked because methods.include? excluded the “magical” methods that Hashie::Mash would have responded to.

Again, @michaelherold fixed this in #415 by avoiding logging multiple times, released as 3.5.5.

We couldn’t wait long enough for the next issue and 3.5.6!

The good news was that we built an integration test suite for any bizarre regression. And a huge community of people were around to help. I also suggested everyone stop using Hashie::Mash and mix-in well-defined and clearly scoped extensions, one-by-one, such as Hashie::Extensions::MethodAccess or Hashie::Extensions::MergeInitializer on a need-by-need basis.