ANNAPOLIS, Md. (Mar. 16, 2020) – Yesterday, the Maryland Senate gave final approval to a bill that would ban the use of “stingrays” to track the location of phones without a warrant and prohibit police from sweeping up electronic communications. It now goes to the Governor’s desk for a signature or veto.

Del. David Moon (D), along with three fellow Democrats, introduced House Bill 499 (HB499) on Jan. 24. The legislation would help block the use of cell-site simulators, known as “stingrays.” These devices essentially spoof cell phone towers, tricking any device within range into connecting to the stingray instead of the tower. This allows law enforcement to sweep up communications content, as well as locate and track the person in possession of a specific phone or other electronic device.

HB499 would add provisions to existing Maryland statutes limiting warrantless location tracking through electronic devices to address the use of cell-site simulators. Under the proposed law, police would be required to get a court order based on probable cause before deploying a stingray device. The proposed law would bar police from using a stingray to obtain communication content and spells out explicit criteria law enforcement must meet in order to justify such an order.

On Feb. 27, the House passed HB499 by a 132-4 vote. Yesterday, the Senate concurred with a unanimous vote of 45-0.

The proposed law includes limitations on the use of stingrays even with a court order. These restrictions would require police to restrict the investigative use of any third–party or non-target data without a further court order. The proposed law would require the deletion of any incidentally gathered information on persons not named in the court order immediately upon the expiration of the order.

Information gathered in violation of the law would be subject to the exclusionary rule as judicially determined. Information gathered on non-targeted devices would not be admissible in court under any circumstances.

The proposed law would not only protect privacy in Maryland, but it would also hinder one aspect of the federal surveillance state.

IMPACT ON FEDERAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS

The federal government funds the vast majority of state and local stingray programs, attaching one important condition. The feds require agencies acquiring the technology to sign non-disclosure agreements. This throws a giant shroud over the program, even preventing judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys from getting information about the use of stingrays in court. The feds actually instruct prosecutors to withdraw evidence if judges or legislators press for information. As the Baltimore Sun reported in April 2015, a Baltimore detective refused to answer questions on the stand during a trial, citing a federal non-disclosure agreement.

Defense attorney Joshua Insley asked Cabreja about the agreement.

“Does this document instruct you to withhold evidence from the state’s attorney and Circuit Court, even upon court order to produce?” he asked.

“Yes,” Cabreja said.

As privacysos.org put it, “The FBI would rather police officers and prosecutors let ‘criminals’ go than face a possible scenario where a defendant brings a Fourth Amendment challenge to warrantless stingray spying.”

The experience of a Pinellas County, Florida, man further highlights the shroud of secrecy around the use of stingray devices, along with the potential for abuse of power inherent in America’s law enforcement community.

The feds sell the technology in the name of “anti-terrorism” efforts. With non-disclosure agreements in place, most police departments refuse to release any information on the use of stingrays. But information obtained from the Tacoma Police Department revealed that it uses the technology primarily for routine criminal investigations.

Some privacy advocates argue that stingray use can never happen within the parameters of the Fourth Amendment because the technology necessarily connects to every electronic device within range, not just the one held by the target. And the information collected by these devices undoubtedly ends up in federal databases.

The feds can share and tap into vast amounts of information gathered at the state and local level through fusion centers and a system known as the “information sharing environment” or ISE. In other words, stingrays create the potential for the federal government to track the movement of millions of Americans with no warrant, no probable cause, and without the people even knowing it.

Fusion centers were sold as a tool to combat terrorism, but that is not how they are being used. The ACLU pointed to a bipartisan congressional report to demonstrate the true nature of government fusion centers: “They haven’t contributed anything meaningful to counterterrorism efforts. Instead, they have largely served as police surveillance and information sharing nodes for law enforcement efforts targeting the frequent subjects of police attention: Black and brown people, immigrants, dissidents, and the poor.”

Fusion centers operate within the broader ISE. According to its website, the ISE “provides analysts, operators, and investigators with information needed to enhance national security. These analysts, operators, and investigators…have mission needs to collaborate and share information with each other and with private sector partners and our foreign allies.” In other words, ISE serves as a conduit for the sharing of information gathered without a warrant. Known ISE partners include the Office of Director of National Intelligence which oversees 17 federal agencies and organizations, including the NSA. ISE utilizes these partnerships to collect and share data on the millions of unwitting people they track.

The federal government encourages and funds stingrays at the state and local level across the U.S., thereby undoubtedly gaining access to a massive data pool on Americans without having to expend the resources to collect the information itself. By placing restrictions on stingray use, state and local governments limit the data available that the feds can access.

In a nutshell, without state and local cooperation, the feds have a much more difficult time gathering information. Enactment of HB246 would strike a major blow to the surveillance state and would be a win for privacy.

WHAT’S NEXT

The Maryland General Assembly will adjourn Wednesday due to concerns about the coronavirus, Senate President Bill Ferguson announced Sunday. The General Assembly is required to be in session for 90 days each year. The current session was scheduled to adjourn Sine Die at midnight on the evening of Monday, April 6. Legislation transmitted to the governor within 6 days of session adjournment must be acted upon by the governor within 30 days of transmittal from the legislature, or it becomes law without being signed.