More than 700,000 people have come to Europe seeking sanctuary or jobs so far this year.

The European Union is predicting that three million more migrants could arrive in the 28-nation bloc by the end of next year, with the refugee emergency already providing a stern test of EU capacities to provide shelter and welcome.

More than 700,000 people have come to Europe seeking sanctuary or jobs so far this year, overwhelming reception centers and border authorities.

EU autumn economic forecasts released on Thursday show that based on current migrant entries and a “technical assumption” about future flows, arrival rates are unlikely to slow before 2017.

The EU’s executive Commission said that “overall, an additional 3 million persons is assumed to arrive in the EU over the forecast period.”

The Commission says the refugee crisis has resulted in additional government spending but that it could have a small, positive impact on European economies within a few years.

Most people are arriving in Europe through Italy and Greece, while Hungary and Austria have been affected by heavy migrant flows. Germany and Sweden are also feeling the impact.

Those nations, among others, want the EU to apply its budget rules with flexibility, taking into account Europe’s biggest refugee emergency in well over half a century, and avoid reprimanding member states for excessive spending and deficits.

The Commission said Thursday that Sweden, which has the highest share of refugees per capita, is likely to feel the economic impact most, perhaps 0.5 per cent of its gross domestic product this year.

Other hard-hit migrant transit and destination countries are likely to see an impact of 0.2 per cent of their GDPs in 2015.

While acknowledging the potential short-term impact, the Commission did not clearly state whether it would be flexible on budget policy.

“This has been an asymmetrical shock for some member states,” said the official, briefing reporters on condition that he is not named.

As long as any help is “one-off, short-ish term,” members of the euro single currency bloc would agree to it, he said.