Recently I saw the following Ruby code:

content = + "

" content << "## #{ title }

" content << "

" content

My initial reaction was WTF! The + before "

" seemed like some potential typo to me. A moment later I was enlightened and I told myself - “Wow! That’s weird enough for Weird Ruby!”. And here we are:

Turns out that when frozen string literals were introduced in Ruby 2.3 a couple of unary methods were added to the String class - namely unary + and - . They made it possible to have “positive” and “negative” string literals. What does this mean exactly? Let’s figure this out together!

Positive Strings

Let’s first take a look at String#+@ . Here’s its description from the official API docs:

If the string is frozen, then return duplicated mutable string. If the string is not frozen, then return the string itself.

Simple enough, right? Here are a couple of examples to help illustrate this:

# frozen_string_literal: true foo = "string" foo . upcase! # => FrozenError - can't modify frozen String ( + foo ). upcase! # => "STRING"

What’s the practical application of this weird notation? I think the number one usage would to be to give you an unfrozen string that you can use as the receiver for mutating string methods (e.g. concatenation):

# frozen_string_literal: true # Doesn't work because you can't modify a frozen string literal content = "

" content << "## #{ title }

" content << "

" content # Common workaround content = "

" . dup content << "## #{ title }

" content << "

" content # The new method in action content = + "

" content << "## #{ title }

" content << "

" content # A non-destructive alternative content = "

" content += "## #{ title }

" content += "

" content

You’ll be the judge of how useful this is for you. Concatenation is obviously more memory efficient, but in simple scenarios you don’t gain much by using it.

Negative Strings

Now, let’s turn our attention to String#-@ . Here’s its description from the official API docs:

If the string is frozen, then return the string itself. If the string is not frozen, return a frozen, possibly pre-existing copy of it.

And here are a few examples:

foo = "string" foo . upcase! # => "STRING" ( - foo ). downcase! # => FrozenError - can't modify frozen String

Generally, I don’t think you’ll find any use for it if you’re leveraging the frozen_string_literals pragma, but it’s an useful shorthand to freeze a string otherwise.

Closing Thoughts

A word of caution - the positive and negative string literals result in code that’s pretty weird, so you should use them sparingly.

Until next time! Keep hacking!

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