X-ray image of a macaque monkey. (Image: Asif Ghazanfar, Princeton Neuroscience Institute)

New research shows that macaques have a vocal tract capable of emitting human-like speech, but they lack the brain circuitry to make words happen. That may be a good thing, because their simulated speech is creepy as hell.




For nearly four decades, scientists have thought that the inability of nonhuman primates to produce human speech sounds had to do with anatomical limitations in their vocal tracts. Autopsies done on monkey cadavers seemed to indicate a very limited vocal range compared to humans. A new study published in the journal Science Advances suggests this thinking is wrong, and that at least one monkey, the macaque, possesses the vocal anatomy to produce clearly intelligible speech. As the Princeton Neuroscience Institute researchers point out in their paper, the apparent inability to produce human sounds has more to do with limits to monkey brain power.

Illustration by Tecumseh Fitch, University of Austria


To show this, neuroscientist Asif Ghazanfar and his colleagues investigated the range of movements that the macaque vocal anatomy could produce. The researchers used X-ray videos to capture and then trace the movements of the different parts of a macaque’s vocal anatomy, including the tongue, lips, and larynx, as the test subject made various sounds and facial movements. Scientists at the VUB Artificial Intelligence Lab in Belgium fed this data into a computer model capable of predicting and then simulating a macaque’s vocal range.

The results, while a bit unsettling, demonstrated that a macaque, if it did have the neural capability for speech, wouldn’t sound precisely like a human, but it would be understandable to the human ear. In the example below, a simulated macaque can be heard saying, “will you marry me?”

Here’s a simulation of human speech was added for comparison:


Human speech is produced by the larynx, which is changed by the position of other vocal anatomy, including the lips and tongue. For example, think about how your face changes when you say the words “bat” and “bot.” Macaques, this research suggests, have this same capacity.

“Now, the interesting question is, what is it in the human brain that makes it special?”


The researchers suspect that the presence of a human-like vocal tract in an old species like the macaque suggests that other primates, including apes like the chimpanzee, have one as well. It may very well be a good idea to study chimps to see if they have certain neural networks that their monkey cousins do not, and to compare any differences to humans. Consequently, primates could be used as models for understanding early human speech development and human speech evolution.

“Now nobody can say that it’s something about the vocal anatomy that keeps monkeys from being able to speak—it has to be something in the brain,” said Ghazanfar in a statement. “Even if this finding only applies to macaque monkeys, it would still debunk the idea that it’s the anatomy that limits speech in nonhumans. Now, the interesting question is, what is it in the human brain that makes it special?”


The answer to this question may not be simple. Human speech, along with the attendant capacity for language, involves a huge number of mental capacities, such as the ability to convert an object or concept into a word, the application of grammar, and the capacity for recursive language in which concepts are embedded within concepts. Humans and primates share a lot in common, but when it comes to our use of language, we’re clearly set apart.

[Science Advances]