Illing H.P. Techniques for microfloral and associated metabolic studies in relation to the absorption and enterohepatic circulation of drugs. Xenobiotica. 11 : 815-830 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Boxenbaum H.G.

Bekersky I.

Jack M.J.

Kaplan S.A. Influence of gut microflora on bioavailability. Drug Metab Rev. 9 : 259-279 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Nicholson J.K.

Wilson I.D. Understanding ‘global’ systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2 : 668-676 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Saad R.

Rizkallah M.R.

Aziz R.K. Gut pharmacomicrobiomics: the tip of an iceberg of complex interactions between drugs and gut-associated microbes. Gut Pathog. 4 : 16 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Klaassen C.D.

Cui J.Y. Mechanisms of how the intestinal microbiota alters the effects of drugs and bile acids. Drug Metab Dispos. 43 : 1505-1521 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Gingel R.

Bridges J.W.

Williams R.T. The role of the gut flora in the metabolism of prontosil and neoprontasil in the rat. Xenobiotica. 1 : 143-156 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Peppercorn M.A.

Goldman P. The role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 181 : 151-162 View in Article Google Scholar

Rafii F.

Cerniglia C.E. Reduction of azo dyes and nitroaromatic compounds by bacterial enzymes from the human intestinal tract. Environ Health Perspect. 103 : 17-19 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Takeno S.

Sakai T. Involvement of the intestinal microflora in nitrazepam-induced teratogenicity in rats and its relationship to nitroreduction. Teratology. 44 : 209-214 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Fujii J.

Inotsume N.

Nakanoi M. Degradation of bromazepam by the intestinal microflora. Chem Pharm Bull. 35 : 4338-4341 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Koch R.L.

Goldman P. The anaerobic metabolism of metronidazole forms n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 208 : 406-410 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Wise A.

Gilburt D.J. Dietary influence on caecal microbial nitroreduction of a drug: metronidazole. Drug Nutr Interact. 1 : 229-236 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Yunis A.A. Chloramphenicol toxicity: 25 years of research. Am J Med. 87 : 44N-48N View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Jimenez J.J.

Arimura G.K.

Abou-Khalil W.H.

lsildar M.

Yunis A.A. Chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow injury: potential role of bacterial metabolites of chloramphenicol. Blood. 70 : 1180-1185 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Antila S.

Huuskonen H.

Nevalainen T.

Kanerva H.

Vanninen P.

Lehtonen L. Site dependent bioavailability and metabolism of levosimendan in dogs. Eur J Pharm Sci. 9 : 85-91 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Antila S.

Pesonen U.

Lehtonen L.

et al. Pharmacokinetics of levosimendan and its active metabolite OR-1896 in rapid and slow acetylators. Eur J Pharm Sci. 23 : 213-222 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Deng Y.

Rogers M.

Sychterz C.

et al. Investigations of hydrazine cleavage of eltrombopag in humans, investigations of hydrazine cleavage of eltrombopag in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 39 : 1747-1754 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kitamura S.

Sugihara K.

Kuwasako M.

Tatsumi K. The role of mammalian intestinal bacteria in the reductive metabolism of zonisamide. J Pharm Pharmacol. 49 : 253-256 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Stiff D.D.

Robicheau J.T. Reductive metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide, a 1,2-benzisoxazole derivative. Xenobiotica. 22 : 1-11 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Meuldermans W.

Hendrickx J.

Mannens G.

et al. The metabolism and excretion of risperidone after oral administration to rats and dogs. Drug Metab Dispos. 22 : 129-138 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Lavrijsen K.

Van Dyck D.

Van Houdt J.

et al. Reduction of the prodrug loperamide oxide to its active drug loperamide in the gut of rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 23 : 354-362 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Basit A.W.

Newton J.M.

Lacey L.F. Susceptibility of the H 2 -receptor antagonists cimetidine, famotidine and nizatidine, to metabolism by the gastrointestinal microflora. Int J Pharm. 237 : 23-33 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Yoshisue K.

Masuda H.

Matsushima E.

Ikeda K.

Nagayama S.

Kawaguchi Y. Tissue distribution and biotransformation of potassium oxonate after oral administration of a novel antitumor agent (drug combination of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine, and potassium oxonate) to rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 28 : 1162-1167 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Dobkin J.F.

Saha J.R.

Butler Jr., V.P.

Neu H.C.

Lindenbaum J. Inactivation of digoxin by Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobe of the human gut flora. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 95 : 22-29 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Butler Jr., V.P.

Saha J.R.

Lindenbaum J. Digoxin inactivation by the gut flora in infancy and childhood. Pediatrics. 79 : 544-548 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Bennet R.G.

Beamer B.A.

Greenough W.B.

Lindenbaum J.

Bartlett J.G. Colonisation with digoxin reducing strains of Eubacterium lentum and Clostridium difficile infection in nursing home patients. J Diarrheol Dis Res. 10 : 87-92 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Mathan V.I.

Wiederman J.

Dobkin J.F.

Lindenbaum J. Geographic differences in digoxin inactivation, a metabolic activity of the human anaerobic gut flora. Gut. 30 : 971-977 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Haiser H.J.

Gootenberg D.B.

Chatman K.

Sirasani G.

Balskus E.P.

Turnbaugh P.J. Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthellalenta. Science. 341 : 295-298 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Haiser H.J.

Seim K.L.

Balskus E.P.

Turnbaugh P.J. Mechanistic insight into digoxin inactivation by Eggerthellalenta augments our understanding of its pharmacokinetics. Gut Microbes. 5 : 233-238 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Caldwell J.

Hawksworth G.M. The demethylation of methamphetamine by intestinal microflora. J Pharm Pharmacol. 25 : 422-424 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Sweeny D.J.

Li W.

Clough J.

et al. Metabolism of fostamatinib, the oral methylene phosphate prodrug of the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor R406 in humans: contribution of hepatic and gut bacterial processes to the overall biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos. 38 : 1166-1176 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Harris E.

Manning B.W.

Federle T.W.

Diasio R.B. Conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil by human intestinal microflora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 29 : 44-48 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Vermes A.

Kuijper E.J.

Guchelaar H.J.

Dankert J. An in vitro study on the active conversion of flucytosine to fluorouracil by microorganisms in the human intestinal microflora. Chemotherapy. 49 : 17-23 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Calne D.B.

Karoum F.

Ruthven C.R.J.

Sandler M. The metabolism of orally administered l-DOPA in Parkinsonism. Br J Pharmacol. 37 : 57-68 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Bakke O.M. Degradation of dopa by intestinal microorganisms in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 30 : 115-121 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Goldin B.R.

Peppercorn M.A.

Goldman P. Contribution of host and intestinal microflora in the metabolism of L-dopa by the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 186 : 160-166 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Peppercorn M.A.

Goldman P. Drug-bacteria interaction. Rev Drug Metab Drug Interact. 11 : 75-88 View in Article Google Scholar

Hashim H.

Azmin S.

Razlan H.

et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection improves levodopa action, clinical symptoms and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 9 : e112330 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Niehues M.

Hense A. In vitro interaction of l-dopa with bacterial adhesins of Helicobacter pylori: an explanation for clinical differences in bioavailability?. J Pharm Pharmacol. 61 : 1303-1307 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Shu Y.Z.

Kingston D.G.

Van Tassall R.L.

Wilkins T.D. Metabolism of levamisole, an anti-colon cancer drug by human intestinal bacteria. Xenobiotica. 21 : 737-750 View in Article Scopus (0)

Crossref

Google Scholar

Valerino D.M.

Johns D.G.

Zaharko D.S.

et al. Studies of the metabolism of methotrexate by intestinal flora-I: identification and study of biological properties of the metabolite 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 21 : 821-831 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Tozaki H.

Emi Y.

Horisaka E.

et al. Metabolism of peptide drugs by the microorganisms in rat cecal contents. Biol Pharm Bull. 18 : 929-931 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Tozaki H.

Emi Y.

Horisaka E.

et al. Degradation of insulin and calcitonin and their protection by various protease inhibitors in rat caecal contents: implications in peptide delivery to the colon. J Pharm Pharmacol. 49 : 164-168 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Sasaki I.

Tozaki H.

Matsumoto K.

et al. Development of an oral formulation of azetirelin, using n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside as an absorption enhancer. Biol Pharm Bull. 22 : 611-615 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kim D.H.

Hyun S.H.

Shim S.B.

et al. The role of intestinal bacteria in the transformation of sodium picosulfate. Jpn J Pharmacol. 59 : 1-5 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Cole C.B.

Fuller R.

Mallet A.K.

et al. The influence of the host on expression of intestinal microbial enzyme activities involved in metabolism of foreign compounds. J Appl Bacteriol. 59 : 549-553 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Akao T.

Kawabata K.

Yanagisawa E.

et al. Baicalin, the predominant flavone glucuronide of scutellariae radix, is absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract as the aglycone and restored to its original form. J Pharm Pharmacol. 52 : 1563-1568 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Bowey E.

Adlercreutz H.

Rowland I. Metabolism of isoflavones and lignans by the gut microflora: a study in germ-free and human flora associated rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 41 : 631-636 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Turner N.J.

Thomson B.M.

Shaw I.C. Bioactive isoflavones in functional foods: the importance of gut microflora and bioavailability. Nutr Rev. 6 : 204-213 View in Article Scopus (0)

Crossref

Google Scholar

Takasuna K.

Hagiwara T.

Hirohashi M.

et al. Inhibition of intestinal microflora beta-glucuronidase modifies the distribution of the active metabolite of the antitumor agent, irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 42 : 280-286 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kodawara T.

Higashi T.

Negoro Y.

et al. The inhibitory effect of ciprofloxacin on the β-glucuronidase-mediated deconjugation of the irinotecan metabolite SN-38-G. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 118 : 333-337 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Wallace B.D.

Roberts A.B.

Pollet R.M.

et al. Cell, structure and inhibition of microbiome β-glucuronidases essential to the alleviation of cancer drug toxicity. Cell. 22 : 1238-1249 View in Article Google Scholar

Ahmad S.

Williams A.L.

Phan A.T.

et al. Old drug new use—amoxapine and its metabolites as potent bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibitors for alleviating cancer drug toxicity. Clin Cancer Res. 20 : 3521-3530 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Saitta K.S.

Carmen Z.

Lee K.K.

et al. Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Xenobiotica. 44 : 28-35 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Nakayama H.

Kinouchi T.

Kataoka K.

et al. Intestinal anaerobic bacteria hydrolyse sorivudine, producing the high blood concentration of 5-(E)-(2-bromovinyl)uracil that increases the level and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. Pharmacogenetics. 7 : 35-43 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Okuda H.

Ogura K.

Kato A.

Takubo H.

Watabe T. A possible mechanism of eighteen patient deaths caused by interactions of sorivudine, a new antiviral drug, with oral 5-fluorouracil prodrugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287 : 791-799 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Mikov M.

Caldwell J.

Dolphin C.T.

Smit R.L. The role of intestinal microflora in the formation of the methylthio adduct metabolites of paracetamol. Studies in neomycin-pretreated and germ-free mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 37 : 1445-1449 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Grant D.M.

Josephy P.D.

Lord H.L.

Morrison L.D. Salmonella typhimurium strains expressing human arylamineN-acetyltransferases: metabolism and mutagenic activation of aromatic amines. Cancer Res. 52 : 3961-3964 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Hein D.W.

Doll M.A.

Rustan T.D.

Gray K.

Feng Y.

Ferguson R.J. Metabolic activation and deactivation of arylamine carcinogens by recombinant human NAT1 and NAT2 acetyltransferases. Carcinogenesis. 14 : 1633-1638 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Dull B.J.

Salata K.

Goldman P. Role of the intestinal flora in the acetylation of sulfasalazine metabolites. Biochem Pharmacol. 36 : 3772-3774 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

van Hogezand R.A.

Kennis H.M.

van Schaik A.

et al. Bacterial acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid in faecal suspensions cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 43 : 189-192 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Takasuna K.

Hagiwara T.

Hirohashi M.

et al. Involvement of beta-glucuronidase in intestinal microflora in the intestinal toxicity of the antitumor camptothecin derivative irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) in rats. Cancer Res. 15 : 3752-3757 View in Article Google Scholar

Garau P.

Orenstein S.R.

Neigut D.A.

et al. Pancreatitis associated with olsalazine and sulfasalazine in children with ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 18 : 481-485 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Clayton T.A.

Baker D.

Lindon J.C.

Everett J.R.

Nicholson J.K. Pharmaco-metabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 : 14728-14733 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Dawson L.F.

Donahue E.H.

Cartman S.T.

et al. The analysis of para-cresol production and tolerance in Clostridium difficile 027 and 012 strains. BMC Microbiol. 11 : 86 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Rowland I.R.

Mallet A.K.

Cole C.B.

Fuller R. Mutagen activation by hepatic fractions from conventional, germ free and monoassociated rats. Arch Toxicol. 11 : 261-263 View in Article Google Scholar

Aura A.M.

O'Leary K.A.

Williamson G.

Ojala M.

Bailey M.

Puupponen-Pimiä R. Quercetin derivatives are deconjugated and converted to hydroxyphenylacetic acids but not methylated by human fecal flora in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 50 : 1725-1730 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Xue H.

Xie W.

Jiang Z. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, a microbiota-derived metabolite of quercetin, attenuates acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury through activation of Nrf-2. Xenobiotica. 46 : 931-939 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hubbard T.D.

Murray I.A.

Bisson W.H.

et al. Adaptation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to sense microbiota-derived indoles. Sci Rep. 5 : 12689 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hubbard T.D.

Murray I.A.

Perdew G.H. Indole and tryptophan metabolism: endogenous and dietary routes to Ah receptor activation. Drug Metab Dispos. 43 : 1522-1535 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Einarsson K.

Gustafsson J.E.

Gustafsson B.E. Differences between germ-free and conventional rats in liver microsomal metabolism of steroids. J Biol Chem. 248 : 3623-3630 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Duncan A.M.

Wangen K.E.

Kurzer M.S. Soy consumption alters endogenous estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9 : 781-786 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Meinl W.

Sczesny S.

Brigelius-Flohé R.

Blaut M.

Glatt H. Impact of gut microbiota on intestinal and hepatic levels of phase 2 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 37 : 1179-1186 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Lhoste E.F.

Ouriet V.

Bruel S.

et al. The human colonic microbiota influences the alterations of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by catechins in male F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 41 : 695-703 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Edalat M.

Mannervik B.

Axelsson L.G. Selective expression of detoxifying glutathione transferases in mouse colon: effect of experimental colitis and the presence of bacteria. Histochem Cell Biol. 122 : 151-159 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Selwyn F.P.

Cheng S.L.

Klaassen C.D.

Cui J.Y. Regulation of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in germ-free mice by conventionalization and probiotics. Drug Metab Dispos. 44 : 262-274 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Dethlefsen L.

Relman D.A. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 Suppl 1 : 4554-4561 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Toda T.

Ohi K.

Kudo T.

Ikarashi N.

Ito K.

Sugiyama K. Ciprofloxacin suppresses Cyp3a in mouse liver by reducing lithocholic acid-producing intestinal flora. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 24 : 201-208 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Vesper B.J.

Jawdi A.

Altman K.W.

Haines 3rd, G.K.

Tao L.

Radosevich J.A. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the human microbiota. Curr Drug Metab. 10 : 84-89 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Seto C.T.

Jeraldo P.

Orenstein R.

Chia N.

DiBaise J.K. Prolonged use of a proton pump inhibitor reduces microbial diversity: implications for Clostridium difficile susceptibility. Microbiome. 2 : 42 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Clooney A.G.

Bernstein C.N.

Leslie W.D.

et al. A comparison of the gut microbiome between long-term users and non-users of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 43 : 974-984 View in Article Scopus (0)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Liang X.

Bittinger K.

Li X.

Abernethy D.R.

Bushman F.D.

FitzGeral G.A. Bidirectional interactions between indomethacin and the murine intestinal microbiota. Elife. 4 : e08973 View in Article Crossref

Google Scholar