Nike was created to address a new reality of warfare: The front lines had moved to the skies. While the coasts of the United States had traditionally been considered targets, new nuclear-equipped bombers (and later, missiles) made the American heartland equally vulnerable. War planners suspected that a Soviet bomber attack would come over the North Pole and focus on major industrial centers such as Chicago. And the guns previously used to shoot planes proved no match against high-flying bombers.

Experiments for what became the Nike missile program began in the mid-1940s, but it wasn’t until the early 1950s that the major industrial centers around the United States, including Chicago, had operational battalions of anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Mark A. Berhow, a research chemist with the USDA, happens to be a Nike missile history buff and co-wrote the book “Rings of Supersonic Steel,” which details the history of the more than 300 Nike missile sites that were peppered across the United States.

Chicago, being a major commercial and industrial hub, was among the best-protected cities. It had 22 Nike sites, two of which Berhow says had single radar systems that controlled multiple sets of launchers. Berhow says in the mid-1950s more than 600 Nike Ajax missiles were in the Chicago area. This first-generation weapon was designed to intercept a single bomber. A few year later the Ajax was replaced by the Nike Hercules, which would use a nuclear-tipped warhead to destroy multiple aircraft at once. In other words, the Hercules would use (nuclear) fire to fight (nuclear) fire.

The sites were strategically located to make the Nike Ajax missiles’ ranges overlap, meaning no area around Chicago would lie unprotected. These missiles, though, were not able to shoot down other missiles and it was this flaw that ultimately rendered the Nike obsolete. More on that in a bit.

The problem with Lake Michigan

The Chicago region has held Lake Michigan in high regard (yes, it’s both beautiful and useful), but according to Berhow, the lake created a Cold War security challenge, mostly because the radar at the time was limited. “A Soviet Bomber group could actually have flown over the Pole and across Canada, and if it was flying down Lake Michigan, because of the range of the radars, it would have had a difficult time picking it up,” he says.

The theory went that these enemy planes would approach undetected, at least until they were so close to Chicago that nothing could be done about any impending doom. That, Berhow says, is a big reason why the military placed three of Chicago’s 22 missile sites near the lake.

One missile launch site was at Chicago’s Belmont Harbor with radar control towers near Montrose. Another was at Burnham Park with radar towers at 37th Street, and the third was at Jackson Park with its radar towers at Promontory Point. According to a Chicago Tribune article from Aug. 30, 1958, the Belmont the first local site to receive the Hercules missiles upgrades.

Living through the Nike era

Curious citizen Ian Larkin, who prompted us to look into the Nike missiles in the first place, wanted more than just the facts, figures and a map; he was also interested in hearing from folks who lived through that tense time in the Chicago area. To foot that bill, we set up a “Cold War hotline” and opened it up to callers. Here’s a smattering of their recollections.

Thanks to Debra Rade, Diane Addams, Rich Hayes and Cheryl Albers for calling in with their memories.

Berhow says the Nike missile program consisted of equal parts defense and deterrence. The latter was coordinated through an enormous public relations effort that had two aims: make the Soviets think twice about an attack, and reassure Americans. The Army encouraged officers to be visible members of their communities, and the media wrote extensively about the missiles. The weapons were also showcased at public events, such as parades.

“The main thing was to get the word out that we have these defenses. And should the unthinkable happen, we the United States are prepared to defend you, the private citizen,” Berhow says.

Northwestern University Associate Professor of History Michael Allen says there was another strategy to comfort Americans — the preparedness drills performed by children during the ‘50s and ‘60s.

“The duck-and-cover drills and the civil defense drills did scare some people, but they were also designed principally to reassure people that they could survive a nuclear war, when in fact, the likelihood of surviving a nuclear war — especially if you lived in a metropolitan area — was slim,” Allen says.

Again, the Nikes’ high visibility was directed to the Soviet Union as well, to let them know the U.S. was armed to the teeth. It’s not clear, though, whether the defense strategy would have worked or whether it would have saved many lives, since the Soviets never provoked any action that warranted a Nike launch.

Detractors in Hyde Park

“Two unmistakable attributes of Cold War culture were conformity and fear. There was a great deal of centrism, as it was understood at the time,” Allen says, “because it was still thought that Americans must ban together, regardless of their differences, to beat a common foe.”

Still, there were citizens who raised concerns about the missile programs; some used the “not in my backyard” argument, calling the missile installations unsightly. Others questioned the need for the weapons.

The Hyde Park area was a hotbed for protest on both fronts, as Chicago’s southernmost lakefront missile site was, after all, in that neighborhood’s backyard. A 1955 Chicago Tribune article mentions that members of the Hyde Park-Kenwood Community Conference “vigorously protested” construction of a radar center on Promontory Point. That didn’t stop the Army from installing it, however.

And in 1961, the Hyde Park Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy protested the enlargement of that same anti-missile site. A Chicago Tribune article from June of that year quotes Mary Holmgren, executive secretary of the committee: “The sites are obsolete now according to many scientists. Inter-Continental ballistic missiles would not be stopped by the anti-missile rockets. So what good are they?”

Nike leaves Chicago, but she takes her time

Holmgren had a good point, one that — looking back — is validated.

In 1959 the Soviet Union had the first operational intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and it was a game-changer. That missile was capable of of traveling more than 3,000 miles and, unlike a plane that flies relatively flat, its trajectory could dramatically curve up and down . Radar systems at the time couldn’t lock beams on ICBMs, so Nike missiles couldn’t find their targets.

Berhow says “So once they [the U.S. Army] realized that the Soviets were no longer deploying large numbers of bombers, they were deploying large numbers of ICBMs. That’ss when it’s like: If these things are no good against missiles and the planes aren’t coming, why do we have them? Shut it down.”

That realization, Berhow says, was likely made in the early 1960s, but leaders didn’t decide to close and demolish the sites until the 1970s. Berhow says the last Chicago site was shut down in 1974. So why did it take so long to shutter the program and associated sites?

If you ask Allen, Nike was a “cash cow” and that “once it was started, it was very hard to stop.” Allen explains that it was more than a defense initiative, the Nike program was really “… a kind of jobs program that was very hard to challenge because it had a national security justification put on it.”

Berhow’s book, “ Rings of Supersonic Steel ” details the locations and fates of the sites across the United States. He says there was not really a common pattern as to what happened to Nike sites once they were razed and that most of the sites around Chicago have been obliterated and built over.

Berhow explains a lot of the Nike sites purchased in the late 1940s and early 1950s sat on government land. Take, for example, one on Ft. Sheridan on Chicago’s North Shore. Sometimes civic entities bought the sites and built libraries on them or parks. He says since the missile launcher areas were made of large paved surfaces, so it’s no wonder that in some places the mighty Nike missiles made way for parking lots.

Can I see what’s left of them?

Adventure seekers and history buffs who want to see remnants of old sites will get the most satisfaction at the only fully-intact site: SF-88 in San Fransicso. But you can get a more local flavor, too, albeit in various states of ruin. Berhow recommends the following spots:

If you know of other area sites to experience Nike history, please let us and other readers know by commenting.

Special thanks to Michael DeBonis for contributing to this report.