March 31 polls seen as test for Turkish leader and AK Party amid economic downturn triggered by 2018 currency crisis.

Istanbul, Turkey – Millions of Turkish voters are preparing to elect mayors and local officials on March 31 in a race seen as a new test for President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s ruling party in the wake of last year’s currency crisis.

Campaigning in Istanbul visibly picked up mere weeks before the polls, with political discussions intensifying in the country’s largest city.

Political parties are making their last efforts to appeal to voters, raising national and local matters during the election and canvassing on the squares and streets of the economic capital of Turkey.

In addition to city and district mayors, Turkey’s more than 57 million registered voters are expected to pick members of district councils and neighbourhood heads in the elections – the seventh one in five years.

Erdogan’s Justice and Development (AK) Party has joined hands with its ally in the previous two polls, the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), in a bloc known as the People’s Alliance.

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The main challenger to Erdogan’s bloc is the Nation’s Alliance, comprising the centre-left main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) and the right-wing Good (IYI) Party.

Both alliances have come up with dozens of joint mayoral candidates in the 81 provinces of Turkey.

Istanbul and the capital, Ankara are seen as the most intense arenas to battle over for the two alliances.

Al Jazeera examines the main issues dominating the political agenda before the critical polls.

Economic downturn

The Turkish economy, which slipped into its first recessionin a decade, has topped the election agenda so far.

The economy has been hit hard since the Turkish lira plummeted against the US dollar last year, losing as much as 40 percent of its value amid macroeconomic and structural worries, investor concerns over the independence of the Central Bank, and a diplomatic spat with the United States.

Although the government’s move to increase interest rates helped the currency regain some of its value, it also caused a massive decline in bank loans and a loss of business confidence.

The depreciating currency has put pressure on businesses hit by foreign currency-nominated debt, while high inflation has decreased citizens’ purchasing power, curbing consumer spending.

Turkish gross domestic product (GDP) per capita fell to $9,632 in 2018 from $10,597 in 2017 at nominal prices due to the lira crash.

Political parties have set up stalls in the squares and streets of Istanbul [Umut Uras/Al Jazeera]

The Turkish government, confronted with high inflation before the local polls, has set up stalls through municipalities to sell fruits and vegetables at prices lower than the market rate as the government blamed speculators and middlemen for the skyrocketing prices.

“The government sees the economic problems common people are facing and is trying to help through these grocery stalls. I do not see any harm with these tents. They are set up to help citizens,” Nedime Sahin, a 36-year-old housewife, told Al Jazeera.

But Faruk Kuzu, a 22-year-old university student, disagreed: “This will not fix anything. The government is giving people cheap food to be able to get votes in the local elections, while the general economy is suffering.”

Fatigue

Government officials admit the problems facing the economy need to be addressed, but claim voters still believe the government and its mayors will solve them.

“We know that some of our voters are not happy with the recent economic developments. We cannot ignore that,” Yasin Aktay, an Erdogan adviser, told Al Jazeera.

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He added: “However, people do not believe any opposition party will address the problems. They believe the AK Party is the party to address these problems as they look at the overall performance of 17 years. The indicators show that the country developed immensely under AK Party rule.”

Erdogan, who has ruled the country as prime minister and then president since 2003, has led the emerging-market country’s economic transition and growth.

The opposition, on the other hand, says the government is to blame for the current economic situation and for trying to cover it up.

Gamze Akkus Ilgezdi, deputy chairwoman of the CHP, believes it is not possible for a government that led the country for 17 years and created the current economic crisis, to solve it.

“Turkey has never felt poverty this much. People only buy essential needs from groceries. People want action from the people who hold the power, not promises, and they surely do not believe the solution lies with this government,” she told Al Jazeera.

In 2017, Erdogan himself said the AK Party was suffering from what he called “metal fatigue”, and forced some mayors and officials to resign after a key referendum allowed him to claim the chair of the party as the Turkish president.

Some citizens believe a lack of alternatives to the AK Party is a large contributor to its success.

“It is not that the leading party is doing great, but there have been various internal struggles within the CHP, which make people vote for the AK Party instead. Also, it is the only running party with governing experience in the last two decades,” Beyazit Kocaoglu, a 24-year-old university student, told Al Jazeera.

Debate on the state’s ‘survival’

The political discussions over the state’s “beka,” which means survival and abidance in old Turkish language, refer to internal and external threats against the Turkish state and has generally been brought up by government officials to criticise opposition parties.

AK Party officials claim that parties in the Nation’s Alliance are cooperating with the pro-Kurdish People’s Democracy Party (HDP), which they say is the political wing of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), a group that has fought Turkey for independence and then autonomy for over 30 years. The Nation’s Alliance leaders have denied these claims.

The HDP, which has denied having links with the PKK, has decided not to put forward any candidates in Turkey’s six largest provinces: Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Antalya and Adana. Instead, it has thrown its support behind candidates running against Erdogan’s People’s Alliance.

The Nation’s Alliance calls the “beka” debate a government effort to divert attention away from the suffering economy.

“This is part of the government rhetoric aimed at polarising our society. Turkey does not have any ‘beka’ problem, Turkey’s problems are about economy, production and welfare,” CHP’s Ilgezdi told Al Jazeera.

The AK Party also says the main opposition CHP is cooperating with the outlawed organisation of preacher and businessman Fethullah Gulen, blamed for a failed coup attempt in July 2016 that killed hundreds of people.

CHP officials have repeatedly called the claims baseless.

Government officials say members of the Gulen movement, a former ally of the AK Party, have been running “a parallel state” within the civilian and military bureaucracy and pursuing their own agenda. Gulen, who lives in exile in the US, rejects the claims.

Tens of thousands of people have been arrested and civil servants suspended or sacked over suspected links to Gulen since 2016. A state of emergency imposed following the failed coup was lifted last July.

The Nation’s Alliance made up of centre-left main opposition Republican People’s Party and right-wing Good Party, is the main challenger to Erdogan’s bloc [Umut Uras/ Al Jazeera]

Officials say, in addition to internal threats such as the PKK and the Gulen movement, the government faces multiple threats from the outside, including countries who have supported the opposition in past elections and are trying to undermine the AK Party.

“Past several elections have been used as instruments by foreign powers as well as internal groups to intervene into Turkish national politics. The coup attempt, PKK terror, and rise of far-right in the West have contributed to this,” Aktay told Al Jazeera.

“We saw some European countries openly giving support to the HDP while banning AK Party activities within their borders. We also know that some Gulf-Arab countries work to see the AK Party fail,” the adviser added, without elaborating.

Trustee municipalities

After a ceasefire and talks between the PKK and the state broke down in July 2015, the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region descended into violence, and several cities across the country witnessed bomb attacks. The violence has subsequently abated after major security operations in the region were carried out.

The government has detained hundreds of HDP officials on “terrorism charges” since then and placed scores of trustees in the vast majority of town and city municipalities held by the HDP under emergency rule.

During election campaigns, government officials, including Erdogan, said they might do the same if candidates linked to “terrorism” claim office in the upcoming polls.

But HDP officials said this was not easy as the state of emergency was not in force any more.

AK Party’s Yasin Aktay, who is from the region, believes people in southeastern Turkey are happy with trustee services and peace after years of violence, although the government had to remove elected mayors in order to achieve this “during the height of terrorism”.

Follow Umut Uras on Twitter: @Um_uras