Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt. Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed.

Tensile Modulus is defined as the

"ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis"

It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield strength of the material. More about the definitions below the table.

Material Tensile Modulus

(Young's Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity)

- E -

(GPa)

Ultimate Tensile Strength

- σ u -

(MPa)

Yield Strength

- σ y -

(MPa)

ABS plastics 1.4 - 3.1 40 A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade A 331 207 A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe - Grade B 414 241 A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade A 400 248 A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade B 483 345 A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade C 483 276 A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 1 345 207 A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 2 414 241 A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 3 455 310 A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade A 400 248 A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing - Grade B 483 345 A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade A 331 207 A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade B 414 241 A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade Ia & Ib 483 345 A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade II 414 345 A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing - Grade III 448 345 API 5L Line Pipe 310 - 1145 175 - 1048 Acetals 2.8 65 Acrylic 3.2 70 Aluminum Bronze 120 Aluminum 69 110 95 Aluminum Alloys 70 Antimony 78 Aramid 70 - 112 Beryllium (Be) 287 Beryllium Copper 124 Bismuth 32 Bone, compact 18 170

(compression) Bone, spongy 76 Boron 3100 Brass 102 - 125 250 Brass, Naval 100 Bronze 96 - 120 CAB 0.8 Cadmium 32 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 150 Carbon nanotube, single-walled 1000 Cast Iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 170 Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated 80 - 240 Cellulose acetate, molded 12 - 58 Cellulose acetate, sheet 30 - 52 Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 50 Chlorinated polyether 1.1 39 Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) 2.9 Chromium 248 Cobalt 207 Concrete 17 Concrete, High Strength (compression) 30 40

(compression) Copper 117 220 70 Diamond (C) 1220 Douglas fir Wood 13 50

(compression) Epoxy resins 3-2 26 - 85 Fiberboard, Medium Density 4 Flax fiber 58 Glass 50 - 90 50

(compression) Glass reinforced polyester matrix 17 Gold 74 Granite 52 Graphene 1000 Grey Cast Iron 130 Hemp fiber 35 Inconel 214 Iridium 517 Iron 210 Lead 13.8 Magnesium metal (Mg) 45 Manganese 159 Marble 15 MDF - Medium-density fiberboard 4 Mercury Molybdenum (Mo) 329 Monel Metal 179 Nickel 170 Nickel Silver 128 Nickel Steel 200 Niobium (Columbium) 103 Nylon-6 2 - 4 45 - 90 45 Nylon-66 60 - 80 Oak Wood (along grain) 11 Osmium (Os) 550 Phenolic cast resins 33 - 59 Phenol-formaldehyde molding compounds 45 - 52 Phosphor Bronze 116 Pine Wood (along grain) 9 40 Platinum 147 Plutonium 97 Polyacrylonitrile, fibers 200 Polybenzoxazole 3.5 Polycarbonates 2.6 52 - 62 Polyethylene HDPE (high density) 0.8 15 Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET 2 - 2.7 55 Polyamide 2.5 85 Polyisoprene, hard rubber 39 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 2.4 - 3.4 Polyimide aromatics 3.1 68 Polypropylene, PP 1.5 - 2 28 - 36 Polystyrene, PS 3 - 3.5 30 - 100 Polyethylene, LDPE (low density) 0.11 - 0.45 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.4 Polyurethane cast liquid 10 - 20 Polyurethane elastomer 29 - 55 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 2.4 - 4.1 Potassium Rhodium 290 Rubber, small strain 0.01 - 0.1 Sapphire 435 Selenium 58 Silicon 130 - 185 Silicon Carbide 450 3440 Silver 72 Sodium Steel, High Strength Alloy ASTM A-514 760 690 Steel, stainless AISI 302 180 860 502 Steel, Structural ASTM-A36 200 400 250 Tantalum 186 Thorium 59 Tin 47 Titanium Titanium Alloy 105 - 120 900 730 Tooth enamel 83 Tungsten (W) 400 - 410 Tungsten Carbide (WC) 450 - 650 Uranium 170 Vanadium 131 Wrought Iron 190 - 210 Wood Zinc 83

1 Pa (N/m 2 ) = 1x10 -6 N/mm 2 = 1.4504x10 -4 psi

1 MPa = 10 6 Pa (N/m 2 ) = 0.145x10 3 psi (lb f /in 2 ) = 0.145 ksi

1 GPa = 10 9 N/m 2 = 10 6 N/cm 2 = 10 3 N/mm 2 = 0.145x10 6 psi (lb f /in 2 )

1 Mpsi = 10 6 psi = 10 3 ksi



1 psi (lb/in2) = 0.001 ksi = 144 psf (lb f /ft2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2

Note! - this online pressure converter can be used to convert between units of Tensile modulus.

Strain - ε

Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the dimension - and can be expressed as

ε = dL / L (1) where ε = strain (m/m, in/in) dL = elongation or compression (offset) of object (m, in) L = length of object (m, in)

Stress - σ

Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as

σ = F / A (2) where σ = stress (N/m2, lb/in2, psi) F = applied force (N, lb) A = stress area of object (m2, in2)

tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area

the material - acts normal to the stressed area compressible stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal to the stressed area

the material - acts normal to the stressed area shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed area at right-angles to compressible or tensile stress

Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E

Young's modulus can be expressed as

E = stress / strain = σ / ε

= (F / A) / (dL / L) (3) where E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (Pa, N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young

Elasticity

Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion.

A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's Law.

Hooke's Law

It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as

F s = -k dL (4) where F s = force in the spring (N) k = spring constant (N/m) dL = elongation of the spring (m)

Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading).

Yield strength - σ y

Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.

Yielding - a material deforms permanently

The Yield Point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load. In other steels and in nonferrous metals this phenomenon is not observed.

Ultimate Tensile Strength - σ u

The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with a sudden release of the stored elastic energy.