Solar energy needs to be stored because it is diurnal and also subject to intermittency arising from variable atmospheric conditions. Accordingly, a 24/7 plentiful and large scale solar energy supply will only be possible if an inexpensive storage mechanism is developed. We concentrate on using solar energy to drive bond rearrangements to produce fuels. Of primary interest to us in recent years has been the production of solar fuels from HX and H2O.Read about our work with the bionic leaf here We have pioneered the study of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) by developing methods to discern how protons couple to electrons. These studies shed light on basic bioenergy and chemical energy conversion mechanisms.We control energy flow in molecules and materials. The power of this control is exemplified in our development of new methods to measure turbulent flow and nanocrystal (NC)-based optical sensors for the metabolic profiling of growing tumors, which in turn provides guidance in the development of new cancer treatment therapies.We create two-dimensional spin lattices that are highly frustrated, opening the way for new discovery of highly correlated spin systems. We synthesized the first quantum spin liquid from S = 1/2 spins on a kagomé lattice, a long sought holy grail in condensed matter physics.