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Washington, DC—The release this fall of several new reports on the effects of climate change has given a new sense of urgency to the climate movement. Even though some say the reports may still be too conservative in their findings, scientists finally seem to be hitting the panic button, concluding that the next decade is humanity’s last chance to avert the most dire effects of climate change.

Worse news piles upon bad. The emissions targets set forth in the Paris Agreement won’t achieve the goal of limiting warming to 2° C, and few countries are keeping their commitments anyway. Even worse, the 2° C goal is too high to begin with; the IPCC report makes the case that there’s a big difference between 1.5° and 2° C of warming, with the higher limit meaning extreme suffering and death for hundreds of millions of people and the extinguishing of vital life-sustaining ecosystems. And if we really want to get serious about it, our entire global economic system has to be transformed.

As the climate science has piled up and hurricanes and wildfires have raged, people have become more and more angry, not only at the climate deniers, but at the moribund climate movement led by “Big Greens.” For years, it has put climate change far in the future and used hope as a motivator (“if we act now, we can prevent climate change”), and offered little for people to do besides write donation checks, change their light bulbs and vote Democratic.

Out of this anger and frustration, new movements are rising. One of them is Extinction Rebellion (XR), which originated in the UK last spring. It’s re-framing the climate movement as a battle for survival. “This is our darkest hour,” XR’s Resolution begins. “The science is clear: we are in the sixth mass extinction event and we will face catastrophe if we do not act swiftly and robustly.” The shorter version was written on a banner and hung from the Westminster Bridge in London. “Climate change: We’re fucked,” it said.

Some are criticizing XR as nihilistic and “privileged” for abandoning optimism (those living on the frontlines of climate change impacts don’t have the luxury of giving up hope, says Jamie Henn of 350.org), but a bolder approach grounded in realism and appealing to moral responsibility seems to be taking root.

Even Greenpeace, which has grown large over the years but still executes daring actions to block fossil fuel projects, doesn’t meet the standards of Extinction Rebellion. It has called on Greenpeace to “up its game.”

“We understand that positivity used to be a call to action. But it does not work when faced with ecological and societal collapse … business as usual is no longer an option, least of all for our movement,” read a missive delivered to Greenpeace offices in London.

XR UK exploded in London last month with a series of protests aimed at getting attention with large numbers and bold action. At least 6,000 people staged demonstrations, blocked roads and bridges, while some glued themselves to government buildings.

XR is growing into an international movement and putting resources into sparking the rebellion in the U.S. On December 2, the First People’s Climate Emergency Congress of Extinction Rebellion U.S. convened in Washington, DC. Its organizers brazenly declared the start of a new chapter in climate resistance, one “where half-measures end” and “full-measures begin.”

The U.S. government has voided the social contract by its “criminal inaction on climate change,” said organizer Russell Gray. “Already we can see the effects of the climate crisis, with unprecedented wildfires, super-powerful storms, widespread drought, extinction rates off the charts–and our government still refuses to act.”

“Our government knows of the climate crisis, they know that it’s happening, they have known for the past 30 years, yet they still facilitate the expansion of the fossils fuel economy,” he continued. “Our president refuses to even acknowledge that the climate crisis exists. We have a right and obligation to rebel against the government and demand that it takes action at the scale necessary to preserve life on earth.”

Gray said that other organizations have tried to work within the system to make change, but that has gotten us nowhere. There’s been little progress, and the fossil fuel lobby still controls the government. “We’re saying we will change the system itself through nonviolent civil disobedience,” he said.

XR wants to pressure the U.S. government to act, not appeal to it. If the movement in the U.S. gains steams, we might see road closures, blocked infrastructure and “gunking up of the system,” as Gray puts it.

The People’s Climate Emergency Congress convened at the intersection of First and South Capitol Streets on the east side of the Capitol building, or more accurately, in the middle of the intersection to block traffic. (Some had prepared to be arrested in case police took action. They were more preoccupied, however, with cordoning off preparations for President George H.W. Bush’s state funeral.) Some of the roughly fifty people attending wore symbols of the Extinction Rebellion on their shirts: green hour-glass with a black outline–a representation of time that is running out on humans’ opportunity to stop the climate crisis before it ends life on the planet as we know it.

The Congress unanimously passed the XR Resolution and its three demands:

“We declare nonviolent rebellion against the government of the United States for criminal inaction on the climate crisis.

We demand:

That the government tell the truth about the climate crisis That the government initiate a World War II-scale mobilization to reach carbon neutrality by 2025. That a system of People’s Climate Emergency Congresses be established to oversee the mobilization”

They broke into seven issue committees representing conservation, carbon capture, labor, justice, transportation, agriculture and energy. After discussion, they each presented measures to address the climate crisis. Unsurprisingly, many of the committees overlapped in their recommendations. Energy measures included transitioning to renewable energy sources by 2025, leaving fossil fuels in the ground, banning new fossil fuel infrastructure, eliminating fossil fuel subsidies, and a carbon tax. $1 billion should be invested every year in carbon capture technology and make protecting the Amazon a high priority. Justice and labor issues included full employment, guaranteed basic income, promotion of indigenous rights and the right to organize. Agricultural transformation included promoting veganism, eliminating pesticides, promoting soil health and insect proliferation, promoting “ugly” fruits and vegetables, and incentivizing “victory gardens.” For transportation, electric cars and high-speed rail are a priority while banning short air travel and enforcing congestion charges in every city. Conservation measures included a ban on single use plastics, a ban on mining, logging and fracking on public lands, and a green jobs program.

They will bring these demands to the government, Gray said, and “we will not rest until they are fulfilled.”

XR contrasts with the Sunrise Movement, a group organizing young people on the climate issue to work within the system, focusing their efforts on voter registration, GOTV and “electing real leaders everywhere.” After some electoral success in the midterms, Sunrise now seems wedded to the new Democratic progressives and the Green New Deal touted by Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY).

Extinction Rebellion, on the other hand, has formed to work outside the system but pressure government to do what it ought to address the climate crisis. It will need more numbers and a great deal more diversity to achieve disruption on a large enough scale. Given the energy behind XR UK, though, the small People’s Congress convened in Washington on Sunday may have been an auspicious beginning.

Extinction Rebellion U.S. is planning a national day of action on January 26, 2019.