For nearly five years, the 110 Freeway’s carpool lanes have been open to solo drivers who want to avoid bumper-to-bumper traffic.

But that privilege comes at a price. Driving the 11-mile toll route from the 105 Freeway to downtown Los Angeles can cost $20 or more during the most congested periods of morning rush hour — for the drivers who actually pay, that is.

On any given morning, more than 25% of drivers in the toll lanes have evaded the single-driver toll, a problem that has become the top issue for Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s traffic officials. The high scofflaw rate has harmed the efficiency of the lanes, driving up prices and slowing down speeds for the customers who did pay to enter, they said.

Most drivers who cheat are alone in the car and switch their transponders to a carpool setting to avoid the toll, officials said. Drivers with two or more people in the vehicle are not charged for using the toll lanes.


Metro relies on California Highway Patrol officers who prowl the lanes to look for violators, and catching them en masse is next to impossible.

“It’s a threat to the validity of the whole program,” said Martin Wachs, a distinguished professor emeritus of urban planning at UCLA’s Luskin School of Public Affairs. “You can’t charge people to use a system that you’re not willing to enforce.”

It’s a threat to the validity of the whole program. You can’t charge people to use a system that you’re not willing to enforce. Martin Wachs, a UCLA distinguished professor emeritus

Los Angeles County toll lane drivers are charged a per-mile price that changes as often as every five minutes, based on the congestion in the paid lanes. As traffic slows down, the per-mile price rises until it hits a Metro-mandated ceiling of $1.90 per mile.


In theory, the highest prices will keep some users out of the lanes, or force others to exit, leaving zippier travel speeds for those who do pay. But so many drivers are using the lanes without considering the price that the algorithm isn’t regulating congestion as it should.

To tally the cheaters, Metro workers stood on overpasses, counted the number of occupants in each vehicle that went by and compared that figure to the transponder setting.

The findings — that 25% to 30% of drivers are driving alone and are not paying — have been fairly consistent for more than a year, surprising some Metro executives.

We thought people would be more honest. Metro deputy executive director Kathleen McCune


“We thought people would be more honest,” Metro deputy executive officer Kathleen McCune said.

When the highest tolls have no effect on congestion in the lanes, Metro turns to “carpool only” mode, barring solo drivers from entering the lanes until travel speeds rise. The use of “HOV Only” status rose 15% over the last fiscal year, to 352 hours — an average of more than one hour per workday.

Along the length of the 110 Freeway, toll lane speeds remained unchanged over the past year, hovering between 51 mph and 52 mph as vehicle volumes rose. But speeds along the northbound 110 between Slauson Avenue and downtown Los Angeles fell as low as 30 mph last year during morning rush hour.


All carpool and toll lanes that receive federal funds are required to maintain average speeds of 45 mph at least 90% of the time during peak periods. Currently, only one-third of the lanes in California meet that goal, according to Caltrans.

Rather than invest in more CHP enforcement, Metro is developing an automated system designed to detect the number of occupants in a car and issue a ticket if the transponder setting does not match. The system should be finished next year, officials said.

Each violation will be double-checked by a human employee during the first six months of the program, with the goal of teaching the automated system to become more accurate over time, said Shahrzad Amiri, a Metro executive officer.

Not all the drivers who are cheating the toll will leave the lanes once they get ticketed, but “a good chunk would,” Amiri said. She said that enforcement, combined with a slate of other possible policy changes aimed at pushing more drivers out of the lanes, will bring speeds back up.


That includes Metro’s push to raise the carpool requirement to three people per vehicle in Los Angeles County lanes. That decision lies with Caltrans, which is preparing a recommendation for next fall, spokeswoman Lauren Wonder said.

Metro also is planning to provide toll credits to some frequent toll lane users who have the flexibility to shift the time of their commutes by about an hour, to relieve some of the pressure during the most congested periods of the day.

This fall, or early next year, Metro also plans to start charging a toll to drivers in zero-emission vehicles, who can use the toll lanes for free. California allows agencies to charge discounted tolls to those drivers. Metro has not set a fee structure yet, Amiri said.

That idea has received some pushback from elected officials, including Los Angeles County Supervisor Sheila Kuehl, who said at a Metro meeting last month that the privilege to use the toll lanes without paying is an important incentive to shift drivers to more fuel-efficient vehicles.


But in its purest form, Wachs said, congestion pricing involves charging every road user to use the toll lanes, regardless of what vehicle is driven.

“The idea that we would give discounts based on what fuel the vehicles use is a distraction from the main purpose of the policy, which is to manage highway capacity,” Wachs said. “They’re competing goals.

× About 1 in 4 drivers using the 110 Freeway’s toll lane are cheating the toll during the morning rush hour, Metro officials say. (Irfan Khan / Los Angeles Times)

laura.nelson@latimes.com


Twitter: @laura_nelson

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