We recently released a new and improved version of Connect, our suite of tools designed for platforms and marketplaces. Stripe’s design team works hard to create unique landing pages that tell a story for our major products. For this release, we designed Connect’s landing page to reflect its intricate, cutting-edge capabilities while keeping things light and simple on the surface.

In this blog post, we’ll describe how we used several next-generation web technologies to bring Connect to life, and walk through some of the finer technical details (and excitement!) on our front-end journey.

CSS Grid Layout

Earlier this year, three major browsers (Firefox, Chrome, and Safari) almost simultaneously shipped their implementation of the new CSS Grid Layout module. This specification provides authors with a two-dimensional layout system that is easy-to-use and incredibly powerful. Connect’s landing page relies on CSS grids pretty much everywhere, making some seemingly tricky designs almost trivial to achieve. As an example, let’s hide the header’s content and focus on its background:

Historically, we’ve created these background stripes (as we obviously call them) by using absolute positioning to precisely place each stripe on the page. This approach works, but fragile positioning often results in subtle issues: for example, rounding errors can cause a 1px gap between two stripes. CSS stylesheets also quickly become verbose and hard to maintain, since media queries need to be more complex to account for background differences at various viewport sizes.

With CSS Grid, pretty much all our previous issues go away. We simply define a flexible grid and place the stripes in their appropriate cells. Firefox has a handy grid inspector allowing you to visualize the structure of your layout. Let’s see how it looks:

We’ve highlighted three stripes and removed the tilt effect to make things easier to understand. Here’s what the CSS for our grid looks like:

header .stripes { display: grid; grid: repeat(5, 200px) / repeat(10, 1fr); } header .stripes :nth-child(1) { grid-column: span 3; } header .stripes :nth-child(2) { grid-area: 3 / span 3 / auto / -1; } header .stripes :nth-child(3) { grid-row: 4; grid-column: span 5; }

We can then just transform the entire .stripes container to produce the tilted background:

header .stripes { transform: skewY(-12deg); transform-origin: 0; }

And voilà! CSS Grid might look intimidating at first sight as it comes with an unusual syntax and many new properties and values, but the mental modal is actually very simple. And if you’re used to Flexbox, you’re already familiar with the Box Alignment module, which means you can reuse the properties you know and love such as justify-content and align-items .

CSS 3D

The landing page’s header displays several cubes as a visual metaphor for the building blocks that compose Connect. These floating cubes rotate in 3D at random speeds (within a certain range) and benefit from the same light source, which dynamically illuminates the appropriate faces:

These cubes are simple DOM elements that are generated and animated in JavaScript. Each of them instantiate the same HTML template :

<!-- HTML --> <template id="cube-template"> <div class="cube"> <div class="shadow"></div> <div class="sides"> <div class="back"></div> <div class="top"></div> <div class="left"></div> <div class="front"></div> <div class="right"></div> <div class="bottom"></div> </div> </div> </template> // JavaScript const createCube = () => { const template = document.getElementById("cube-template"); const fragment = document.importNode(template.content, true); return fragment; };

Pretty straightforward. We can now easily turn these blank and empty elements into a three-dimensional shape. Thanks to 3D transforms, adding perspective and moving the sides along the z-axis is fairly natural:

.cube, .cube * { position: absolute; width: 100px; height: 100px } .sides { transform-style: preserve-3d; perspective: 600px } .front { transform: rotateY(0deg) translateZ(50px) } .back { transform: rotateY(-180deg) translateZ(50px) } .left { transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px) } .right { transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px) } .top { transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px) } .bottom { transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px) }

While CSS makes it trivial to model the cube, it doesn’t provide advanced animation features like dynamic shading. The cube’s animation instead relies on requestAnimationFrame to calculate and update each side at any point in the rotation. There are three things to determine on every frame:

Visibility. There are never more than three faces visible at the same time, so we can avoid any computations and expensive repaints for hidden sides.

There are never more than three faces visible at the same time, so we can avoid any computations and expensive repaints for hidden sides. Transformation. Each visible side of the cube needs to be transformed based on its initial rotation, current animation state, and the speed of each axis.

Each visible side of the cube needs to be transformed based on its initial rotation, current animation state, and the speed of each axis. Shading. While CSS lets you position elements in a three-dimensional space, there are no traditional concepts from 3D environments (e.g. light sources). In order to mimic a 3D environment, we can render a light source by progressively darkening the sides of the cube as they move away from a particular point.

There are other considerations to take into account (such as improving performance using requestIdleCallback in JavaScript and backface-visibility in CSS), but these are the main pillars behind the logic of the animation.

We can calculate the visibility and transformation of each side by continually tracking their state and updating them with basic math operations. With the help of pure functions and ES2015 features such as template literals, things become even easier. Here are two short excerpts of JavaScript code to compute and define the current transformation:

const getDistance = (state, rotate) => ["x", "y"].reduce((object, axis) => { object[axis] = Math.abs(state[axis] + rotate[axis]); return object; }, {}); const getRotation = (state, size, rotate) => { const axis = rotate.x ? "Z" : "Y"; const direction = rotate.x > 0 ? -1 : 1; return ` rotateX(${state.x + rotate.x}deg) rotate${axis}(${direction * (state.y + rotate.y)}deg) translateZ(${size / 2}px) `; };

The most challenging piece of the puzzle is how to properly calculate shading for each face of the cube. In order to simulate a virtual light source at the center of the stage, we can gradually increase each face’s lighting effect as they approach the center point—on all axes. Concretely, that means we need to calculate the luminosity and color for each face. We’ll perform this calculation on every frame by interpolating the base color and the current shading factor.

// Linear interpolation between a and b // Example: (100, 200, .5) = 150 const interpolate = (a, b, i) => a * (1 - i) + b * i; const getShading = (tint, rotate, distance) => { const darken = ["x", "y"].reduce((object, axis) => { const delta = distance[axis]; const ratio = delta / 180; object[axis] = delta > 180 ? Math.abs(2 - ratio) : ratio; return object; }, {}); if (rotate.x) darken.y = 0; else { const {x} = distance; if (x > 90 && x < 270) directions.forEach(axis => darken[axis] = 1 - darken[axis]); } const alpha = (darken.x + darken.y) / 2; const blend = (value, index) => Math.round(interpolate(value, tint.shading[index], alpha)); const [r, g, b] = tint.color.map(blend); return `rgb(${r}, ${g}, ${b})`; };

Phew! The rest of the code is fortunately far less hairy and mostly composed of boilerplate code, DOM helpers and other elementary abstractions. One last detail that’s worth mentioning is the technique used to make the animations less obtrusive depending on the user’s preferences:

On macOS, when Reduce Motion is enabled in System Preferences, the new prefers-reduced-motion media query will be triggered (only in Safari for now), and all decorative animations on the page will be disabled. The cubes use both CSS animations to fade in and JavaScript animations to rotate. We can cancel these animations with a combination of a @media block and the MediaQueryList Interface :

/* CSS */ @media (prefers-reduced-motion) { #header-hero * { animation: none } } // JavaScript const reduceMotion = matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion)").matches; const tick = () => { cubes.forEach(updateSides); if (reduceMotion) return; requestAnimationFrame(tick); };

More CSS 3D!

We use custom 3D-rendered devices across the site to showcase Stripe customers and apps in situ. In our never-ending quest to reduce file sizes and loading time, we considered a few options to achieve a soft three-dimensional look and feel with lightweight and resolution-independent assets. Drawing the devices directly in CSS fulfilled our objectives. Here’s the CSS laptop:

Defining the object in CSS is obviously less convenient than exporting a bitmap, but it’s worth the effort. The laptop above weighs less than 1KB and is easy to tweak. We can add hardware-acceleration, animate any part, make it responsive without losing image quality, and precisely position DOM elements (e.g. other images) within the laptop’s display. This flexibility doesn’t mean giving up on clean code—the markup stays clear, concise and descriptive:

<div class="laptop"> <span class="shadow"></span> <span class="lid"></span> <span class="camera"></span> <span class="screen"></span> <span class="chassis"> <span class="keyboard"></span> <span class="trackpad"></span> </span> </div>

Styling the laptop involves a mix of gradients, shadows and transforms. In many ways, it’s a simple translation of the workflow and concepts you know and use in your graphic tools. For example, here’s the CSS code for the lid:

.laptop .lid { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; border-radius: 20px; background: linear-gradient(45deg, #E5EBF2, #F3F8FB); box-shadow: inset 1px -4px 6px rgba(145, 161, 181, .3) }

Choosing the right tool for the job isn’t always obvious—between CSS, SVG, Canvas, WebGL and images the choice isn’t as clear as it used to be. It’s easy to dismiss CSS as something exclusively meant for presenting documents, but it’s just as easy to go overboard and abuse its visual capabilities. No matter the technology you choose, optimize for the user! This means paying close attention to client-side performance, accessibility needs, and fallback options for older browsers.

Web Animations API

The Onboarding & Verification section showcases a demo of Express, Connect’s new user onboarding flow. The whole animation is built in code and relies for the most part on the new Web Animations API. The Web Animations API provides the performance and simplicity of CSS @keyframes in JavaScript, making it easy to create smooth, chainable animation sequences. As opposed to the requestAnimationFrame low-level API, you get all the niceties of CSS animations for free, such as native support for cubic-bezier easing functions. As an example, let’s take a look at the code for our keyboard sliding animation:

const toggleKeyboard = (element, callback, action) => { const keyframes = { transform: [100, 0].map(n => `translateY(${n}%)`) }; const options = { duration: 800, fill: "forwards", easing: "cubic-bezier(.2, 1, .2, 1)", direction: action == "hide" ? "reverse" : "normal" }; const animation = element.animate(keyframes, options); animation.addEventListener("finish", callback, {once: true}); };

Nice and simple! The Web Animations API covers the vast majority of typical UI animation needs without requiring a third-party dependency (as a result, the whole Express animation is about 5KB all included: scripts, images, etc.). That being said, it is not a downright replacement for requestAnimationFrame which still provides finer control over your animation and allows you to create effects otherwise impossible, such as spring curves and independent transform functions. If you’re not sure about the right technology to use for your animations, you can probably prioritize your options like this:

CSS transitions. This is the fastest, easiest, and most efficient way to animate. For simple things like hover effects, this is the way to go. CSS animations. These have the same performance characteristics as CSS transitions: they’re declarative animations that can be highly optimized by the browsers and run on a separate thread. CSS animations are more powerful than transitions and allow for multiple steps and multiple iterations. They’re also more intricate to implement as they require named @keyframes declaration and often need an explicit animation-fill-mode . (And naming things is always one of the hardest things in computer science!) Web Animations API. This API offers almost the same performance as CSS animations (these animations are driven by the same engine, but JavaScript code will still run on the main thread) and nearly the same ease of use. This should be your default choice for any animation where you need interactivity, random effects, chainable sequences, and anything richer than a purely declarative animation. requestAnimationFrame. The sky is the limit, but you have to engineer the rocket ship. The possibilities are endless and the rendering methods unlimited (HTML, SVG, canvas—you name it), but it’s a lot more complicated to use and may not perform as well as the previous options.

No matter the technique you use, there are a few simple tips you can apply everywhere to make your animations look significantly better:

Custom curves. You almost never want to use a built-in timing-function like ease-in , ease-out and linear . A nice time-saver is to globally define a number of custom cubic-bezier variables.

You almost never want to use a built-in like , and . A nice time-saver is to globally define a number of custom variables. Performance. Avoid jank in your animations at all costs. In CSS, this means exclusively animating cheap properties ( transform and opacity ) and offloading animations to the GPU when you can (using will-change ).

Avoid jank in your animations at all costs. In CSS, this means exclusively animating cheap properties ( and ) and offloading animations to the GPU when you can (using ). Speed. Animations should never get in the way. The very goal of animations is to make a UI feel responsive, harmonious, enjoyable and polished. There’s no hard limit on the exact animation duration as it depends on the effect and the curve, but in most cases you’ll want to stay under 500 milliseconds.

Intersection Observer

The Express animation starts playing automatically as soon as it’s visible in the viewport (you can try it by scrolling the page). This is usually accomplished by observing scroll movements to trigger some callback, but historically this meant adding expensive event listeners, resulting in verbose and inefficient code.

Connect’s landing page uses the new Intersection Observer API which provides a much more robust and performant way to detect the visibility of an element. Here’s how we start playing the Express animation:

const observeScroll = (element, callback) => { const observer = new IntersectionObserver(([entry]) => { if (entry.intersectionRatio < 1) return; callback(); // Stop watching the element observer.disconnect(); },{ threshold: 1 }); // Start watching the element observer.observe(element); }; const element = document.getElementById("express-animation"); observeScroll(element, startAnimation);

The observeScroll helper simplifies our detection behavior (i.e. when an element is fully visible, the callback is triggered once) without executing anything on the main thread. Thanks to the Intersection Observer API, we’re now one step closer to buttery-smooth web pages!

Polyfills and fallbacks

All these new and shiny APIs are exciting, but they’re unfortunately not yet available everywhere. The common workaround is to use polyfills to feature-test for a particular API and execute only if the API is missing. The obvious downside to this approach is that it penalizes everyone, forever, by forcing them to download the polyfill regardless of whether it’s used. We decided on a different solution:

For JavaScript APIs, Connect’s landing page feature-tests whether a polyfill is necessary and can dynamically insert it in the page. Scripts that are dynamically created and added to the document are asynchronous by default, which means the order of execution isn’t guaranteed. That’s obviously a problem, as a given script may execute before an expected polyfill. Thankfully, we can fix that by explicitly marking our scripts as not asynchronous and therefore lazy-load only what’s required:

const insert = name => { const el = document.createElement("script"); el.src = `${name}.js`; el.async = false; // Keep the execution order document.head.appendChild(el); }; const scripts = ["main"]; if (!Element.prototype.animate) scripts.unshift("web-animations-polyfill"); if (!("IntersectionObserver" in window)) scripts.unshift("intersection-observer-polyfill"); scripts.forEach(insert);

For CSS, the problem and solution are pretty much the same as for JavaScript polyfills. The typical way to use modern CSS features is to write the fallback first and override it when possible:

div { display: flex } @supports (display: grid) { div { display: grid } }

CSS feature queries are easy, reliable, and they should likely be your default choice. However, they weren’t suited to our audience since close to 90% of our visitors already use a Grid-friendly browser (❤️). In our case, it didn’t make sense to penalize the overwhelming majority of our users with hundreds of fallback rules for a small and decreasing percentage of browsers. Given these statistics, we chose to dynamically create and insert a fallback stylesheet when needed:

// Some browsers not supporting Grid don’t support CSS.supports // either, so we need to feature-test it the old-fashioned way: if (!("grid" in document.body.style)) { const fallback = "<link rel=stylesheet href=fallback.css>"; document.head.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend", fallback); }

That’s a wrap!

We hope you enjoyed (and maybe even learned) some of these front-end tips! Modern browsers provide us with powerful tools to create rich, fast and engaging experiences, letting our creativity shine on the web. If you’re as excited as we are about the possibilities, we should probably experiment with them together.

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