Since October, nearly one million Iraqis have fled their homes in Mosul and its surroundings, according to the UN.

However, the situation in the wider country is improving. “In Iraq, 1.7 million Iraqis are now back in their homes; no longer displaced, no longer refugees or migrants seeking to flee,” Brett McGurk, the U.S. envoy for the counter-ISIS campaign, said May 19. “That record is historically unprecedented in a conflict of this nature, and we give tremendous credit to the government of Iraq and local leaders who have worked cooperatively to stabilize local areas and return local populations.”

By March, the effort to free Mosul had killed more than 7,000 Iraqi civilians and wounded another 22,000, estimated Middle East observer Joel Wing, who has been tracking developments in Iraq since 2008. “The vast majority—6,340 of those killed and 17,124 of the injured—were civilians," Wing wrote.

How many of these deaths were caused by errant coalition munitions? By early July, Iraqis had accused the coalition of killing more than 7,000 civilians. The monitoring group Airwars said the number was more likely between 900 and 1,200. For their part, coalition officials said that its entire anti-ISIS bombing campaign since 2014 had killed just 603 civilians, including the 105 who died in the March 17 strike on Al-Jadida.

The offensive took a heavy toll on Iraqi security forces as well. Through mid-May, nearly 1,000 had died and 6,000 wounded, Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Joe Dunford said. And that’s an important, if often overlooked point about all of this, Witty said. “There's a lot of coalition air support a lot of advisers and ground trainers, but Iraqis are ones that are bleeding and dying every day. And I think that's what a lot of Americans don't understand.”

And ISIS itself? No one knows. Iraqi official estimates of the group's troop strength were all over the map; one officer claimed that more than 16,000 militants died in the battle for Mosul. But official U.S. estimates generally held that ISIS had begun its defense of the city with no more 6,000 ISIS fighters.