American Civil Liberties Union . 2017 . “On Eve of Trial, Psychologists Agree to Historic Settlement in ACLU Case on Behalf of Three Torture Victims,” August 17. Available at . “On Eve of Trial, Psychologists Agree to Historic Settlement in ACLU Case on Behalf of Three Torture Victims,” August 17. Available at https://www.aclu.org/news/cia-torture-psychologists-settle-lawsuit

Amnesty International . 2000 . Amnesty International Report 2000 . New York, NY : Amnesty International Publications .

Amnesty International . 2006 . “Incommunicado Detention/Fear of Torture or Ill-Treatment.” AI Index: AFR 27/005/2006, April 25.

Association of the Bar of the City of New York & Center for Human Rights and Global Justice . 2004 . Torture by Proxy: International and Domestic Law Applicable to “Extraordinary Renditions .” New York : ABCNY and New York University School of Law .

Baldwin , David A. 2000 . “ Success and Failure in Foreign Policy .” Annual Review of Political Science 3 : 167 -82.

Barnett , Michael and Duvall , Raymond . 2005 . “ Power in International Politics .” International Organization 59 ( 1 ): 39 – 75 .

Blanton , Shannon L. 1999 . “ Instruments of Security or Tools of Repression? Arms Imports and Human Rights Conditions in Developing Countries .” Journal of Peace Research 36 ( 2 ): 233 –44.

Blanton , Shannon L. 2000 . “ Promoting Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing World: U.S. Rhetoric versus U.S. Arms Exports .” American Journal of Political Science 44 ( 1 ): 123 –31.

Blanton , Shannon L. 2005 . “ Foreign Policy in Transition? Human Rights, Democracy, and US Arms Exports .” International Studies Quarterly 49 ( 4 ): 647 –67.

Bueno De Mesquita , Bruce , Downs , George W. , Smith , Alastair , and Feryal Marie Cherif . 2005 . “ Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Democracy and Human Rights .” International Studies Quarterly 49 ( 3 ): 439 –58.

Bureau of Investigative Journalism . 2017 . “TRP-TBIJ CIA Prisoner Database.” Available at . “TRP-TBIJ CIA Prisoner Database.” Available at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1putZoc-DSftqXzZPOegNFX0cpDk3XJ2i3qEyI2JkgBI/edit#gid=135022344

Byman , Daniel L. 2006 . “ Friends Like These: Counterinsurgency and the War on Terrorism .” International Security 31 ( 2 ): 79 – 115 .

Carson , Austin. 2016 . “ Facing Off and Saving Face: Covert Intervention and Escalation Management in the Korean War .” International Organization 70 ( 1 ): 1 – 29 .

Carter , Barry E. 2008 . International Economic Sanctions . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .

Choi , Seung-Whan and James , Patrick . 2016 . “ Why Does the United States Intervene Abroad: Democracy, Human Rights Violations, and Terrorism .” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60 ( 5 ): 899 – 926 .

Cingranelli , David L. and Pasquarello , Thomas E. . 1985 . “ Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of U.S. Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries .” American Journal of Political Science 29 ( 3 ): 539 –63.

Cingranelli , David L. and Richards. , David L. 1999 . “ Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights .” International Studies Quarterly 43 ( 2 ): 407 –17.

Cingranelli , David L. , Richards , David L. , and Chad Clay , K. . 2014 . “The CIRI Human Rights Dataset.” Dataset Version 2014.04.14. Available at , and. “The CIRI Human Rights Dataset.” Dataset Version 2014.04.14. Available at http://www.humanrightsdata.com

Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar . 2006 . Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar . Ottawa, ON : Minister of Public Works and Government Services .

Committee Against Torture . 2000 . “Consideration of Reports Submitted By States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention, Initial reports of States parties due in 1995, Addendum, United States of America.” February 9. Available at . “Consideration of Reports Submitted By States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention, Initial reports of States parties due in 1995, Addendum, United States of America.” February 9. Available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/100296.pdf

Committee Against Torture . 2006 . “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention, Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture, United States of America.” 36th sess., May 1-19. Available at . “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention, Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture, United States of America.” 36th sess., May 1-19. Available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/133838.pdf

Corera , Gordon . 2016 . “CIA Chief Warns Trump: Scrapping Iran Deal ‘Height of Folly’.” BBC , November 30.

Davenport , Christian . 2007 . “ State Repression and Political Order .” Annual Review of Political Science 10 : 1 – 23 .

Davenport , Christian and Armstrong , David A. . 2004 . “ Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996 .” American Journal of Political Science 48 ( 3 ): 538 –54.

Dempster , A. P. , Laird , N. M. , and Rubin , D. B. . 1977 . “ Maximum Likelihood Estimation from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm .” Journal of the Royal Statistical Association 39 ( 1 ): 1 – 38 .

European Court of Human Rights . 2016 . “Factsheet - Secret Detention Sites.” June. Available at . “Factsheet - Secret Detention Sites.” June. Available at http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Secret_detention_ENG.PDF

Fariss , Christopher J. 2014 . “ Respect for Human Rights Has Improved over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability .” American Political Science Review 108 ( 2 ): 297 – 318 .

Federal Anti-Torture Statute , 1994 . 18 U.S. Code § 2340.

Frontline . 2007 . “Extraordinary Rendition.” Public Broadcasting Service. November 4. Available at . “Extraordinary Rendition.” Public Broadcasting Service. November 4. Available at http://www.pbs.org/ frontlineworld/stories/rendition701/

Gellman , Barton . 2008 . Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency , New York : Penguin Press .

Gibney , Mark , Cornett , Linda , Wood , Reed , Peter , Haschke , and Arnon , Daniel . 2016 . “The Political Terror Scale 1976–2015.” Available at , and. “The Political Terror Scale 1976–2015.” Available at http://www.politicalterrorscale.org

Gibson , Janice T. and Haritos-Fatouros , Mika . 1986 . “ The Education of a Torturer .” Psychology Today 20 ( 11 ): 50 – 58 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M . 2005 . “ Trading Human Rights: How Preferential Trade Agreements Influence Government Repression .” International Organization 59 ( 3 ): 593 – 629 .

Hill , Daniel W. Jr. and Jones. , Zachary M. 2014 . “ An Empirical Evaluation of Explanations for State Repression .” American Political Science Review 108 ( 3 ): 661 –87.

Holley , Peter . 2016 . “Former CIA Director: Military May Refuse to Follow Trump’s Orders If He Becomes President.” Washington Post , February 28.

Honaker , James and King , Gary . 2010 . “ What to Do about Missing Values in Time-Series Cross-Section Data .” American Journal of Political Science 54 ( 2 ): 561 –81.

Human Rights Watch . 2008 . “‘Why Am I Still Here?’ The 2007 Horn of Africa Renditions and the Fate of Those Still Missing.” Report. ISBN: 1-56432-380-3.

Human Rights Watch . 2012 . “Delivered Into Enemy Hands: US-Led Abuse and Rendition of Opponents to Gaddafi’s Libya.” Report. ISBN: 1-56432-940-2.

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance . 2006 . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Available at . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CED/Pages/ConventionCED.aspx

International Crisis Group . 2005 . “Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and Minds?” Crisis Group Africa Report No. 95, July 11. Available at . “Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and Minds?” Crisis Group Africa Report No. 95, July 11. Available at https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/counter-terrorism-somalia-losing-hearts-and-minds

Jervis , Robert . 2015 . “ The Torture Blame Game .” Foreign Affairs 94 ( 3 ): 120 –27.

Johnson , Douglas A. , Mora , Alberto , and Schmidt. , Averell 2016 . “The Strategic Costs of Torture: How ‘Enhanced Interrogations’ Hurt America .” Foreign Affairs 95 ( 5 ): 121 –32.

Johnson , Jenna . 2016 . “Trump Says ‘Torture Works,’ Backs Waterboarding and ‘Much Worse’.” Washington Post , February 17.

Kaempfer , William H. and Lowenberg , Anton D. . 1999 . “ Unilateral versus Multilateral International Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective .” International Studies Quarterly 43 ( 1 ): 37 – 58 .

King , Gary , Honaker , James , Joseph , Anne , and Scheve , Kenneth . 2001 . “ Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation .” American Political Science Review 95 ( 1 ): 49 – 69 .

Knack , Stephen . 2004 . “ Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy? ” International Studies Quarterly 48 ( 1 ): 251 –66.

Krasner , Stephen D. 1993 . “ Sovereignty, Regimes, and Human Rights .” In Regime Theory and International Relations , ed. Rittberger , Volker . Oxford, UK : Clarendon .

Lall , Ranjit . 2016 . “ How Multiple Imputation Makes a Difference .” Political Analysis 24 ( 4 ): 414 –33.

Levinson , Sanford , ed. 2006 . Torture: A Collection . New York : Oxford University Press .

Luban , David. 2005 . “ Liberalism, Torture, and the Ticking Bomb .” Virginia Law Review 91 : 1425 -61.

Marshall , Monty G. , Gurr , Ted Robert , and Jaggers , Keith . 2016 . “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2015.” Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Available at , and. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2015.” Vienna, VA: Center for Systemic Peace. Available at http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html

Martin , Lisa L. and Sikkink. , Kathryn 1993 . “ US Policy and Human Rights in Argentina and Guatemala .” In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics , ed. Evans , Peter , Jacobson , Harold K. , and Putnam , Robert D. . Berkeley : University of California Press .

Mayer , Jane . 2008 . The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideal . New York : Anchor Books .

Mayerfeld , Jamie . 2016 . The Promise of Human Rights: Constitutional Government, Democratic Legitimacy, and International Law . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .

Meernik , James D. , Poe , Steven , and Shaikh , Erum . 2006 . “ The Use of Military Force to Promote Human Rights .” In Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in Post-War Societies: Sustaining the Peace , ed. David Mason , T. and Meernik , James D. . London : Routledge Press .

Michel , Werner E . 1992 . “Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense: Improper Material in Spanish Language Intelligence Training Manuals.” March 10. Available at . “Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense: Improper Material in Spanish Language Intelligence Training Manuals.” March 10. Available at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB122/920310%20Imporper%20Material%20in%20Spanish-Language%20Intelligence%20Training%20Manuals.pdf

Murray , Mark J. 2011 . “ Extraordinary Rendition and U.S. Counterterrorism Policy .” Journal of Strategic Studies 4 ( 3 ): 15 – 28 .

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism . 2016 . “Global Terrorism Database.” Available at . “Global Terrorism Database.” Available at https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd

Pape , Robert . 2015 . “Review by Robert Pape.” H-Diplo/ISSF Forum on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) Report and the United States’ Post-9/11 Policy on Torture, No. 5, 18-42. Available at . “Review by Robert Pape.” H-Diplo/ISSF Forum on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) Report and the United States’ Post-9/11 Policy on Torture, No. 5, 18-42. Available at http://issforum.org/ISSF/PDF/ISSF-Forum-5.pdf

Peksen , Dursun . 2009 . “ Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights .” Journal of Peace Research 46 ( 1 ): 59 – 77 .

Peksen , Dursun . 2012 . “ Does Foreign Military Intervention Help Human Rights? ” Political Research Quarterly 65 ( 3 ): 558 –71.

Poe , Steven C. 2004 . “ The Decision to Repress: An Integrative Theoretical Approach to the Research on Human Rights and Repression .” In Understanding Human Rights Violations: New Systematic Studies , ed. Carey , Sabine C. and Poe , Steven C. . Burlington, VT : Ashgate .

Raphael , Sam , Black , Crofton , Blakeley , Ruth , and Kostas , Steve . 2016 . “ Tracking Rendition Aircraft as a Way to Understand CIA Secret Detention and Torture in Europe .” International Journal of Human Rights 20 ( 1 ): 78 – 103 .

Regan , Patrick M . 1995 . “ U.S. Economic Aid and Political Repression: An Empirical Evaluation of U.S. Foreign Policy .” Political Research Quarterly 48 ( 3 ): 613 –29.

Savage , Charlie . 2017 . “Trump Poised to Lift Ban on C.I.A. ‘Black Site’ Prisons.” New York Times , January 25.

Schmidt , Sebastian . 2014 . “ Foreign Military Presence and the Changing Practices of Sovereignty .” American Political Science Review 108 ( 4 ): 817 –29.

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . 2014 . Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program together with Foreword by Chairman Feinstein and Additional Minority Views . 113th Cong., 2d sess., S. Report 113–288. Available at . 113th Cong., 2d sess., S. Report 113–288. Available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-113srpt288/pdf/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf

Shear , Michael D. , Davis , Julie Hirschfeld , and Haberman , Maggie . 2016 . “ Trump , in Interview, Moderates Views but Defies Conventions.” New York Times , November 22.

Sifton , John . 2010 . “The Get Out of Jail Free Card for Torture: It’s Called a Declination, Just Ask the CIA.” Slate , March 29.

Sikkink , Kathryn . 2004 . Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .

Sikkink , Kathryn . 2008 . “ The Role of Consequences, Comparison and Counterfactuals in Constructivist Ethical Thought .” In Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics , ed. Price , Richard M. . New York : Cambridge University Press .

Sikkink , Kathryn . 2011 The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics . New York : W.W. Norton & Company .

Singh , Amrit . 2013 . Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition . New York : Open Society Justice Initiative .

Sislin , John . 1994 . “ Arms as Influence: The Determinants of Successful Influence .” Journal of Conflict Resolution 38 ( 4 ): 665 –89.

Subcommittee on International Organization of the Committee on International Relations of the United States House of Representatives . 1977 . The Status of Human Rights in Selected Countries and the United States Response . 95th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .

Teorell , Jan , Dahlberg , Stefan , Holmberg , Sören , Rothstein , Bo , Khomenko , Anna , and Svensson , Richard . 2016 . “The Quality of Government Standard Dataset.” Version January 2016. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. Available at , and. “The Quality of Government Standard Dataset.” Version January 2016. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. Available at http://www.qog.pol.gu.se

The Rendition Project . 2017 a. “Abu Zubaydah.” University of Kent. Available at a. “Abu Zubaydah.” University of Kent. Available at http://www.therenditionproject.org.uk/prisoners/zubaydah.html

The Rendition Project . 2017 b. “Documents.” University of Kent. Available at b. “Documents.” University of Kent. Available at https://www.therenditionproject.org.uk/documents/index.html

The Rendition Project . 2017 c. “Prisoners.” University of Kent. Available at c. “Prisoners.” University of Kent. Available at http://www.therenditionproject.org.uk/prisoners/index.html

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) . 2017 . “Country Summary Dataset.” Foreign Aid Explorer: The Official Record of U.S. Foreign Aid . Available at . Available at https://explorer.usaid.gov/prepared/us_foreign_aid_country.csv

U.S. Census Bureau . 2017 . “U.S. Trade in Goods by Country.” Available at . “U.S. Trade in Goods by Country.” Available at https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/country.xlsx

U.S. Department of State . 2001 . “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.” February 23. Available at . “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.” February 23. Available at https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/665.htm

U.S. Embassy Banjul . 2006 . “ The Gambia: DAS Thomas-Greenfield Discusses Human Rights Concerns.” Wikileaks . July 14. Available at . “. July 14. Available at https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BANJUL444_a.html

U.S. Embassy Damascus . 2007 . “CODEL Specter Meets with Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem.” Wikileaks . December 31. Available at . December 31. Available at https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07DAMASCUS4_a.html

U.S. Embassy Tashkent . 2007 . “ Uzbek Officials Show A Hint of Flexibility in Talks with Ambassador-At-Large Hanford .” Wikileaks . July 16. Available at . “.”. July 16. Available at https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07TASHKENT1300_a.html

Valentine , Benjamin A . 2014 . “ Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians .” Annual Review of Political Science 17 : 89 – 103 .

Way , Lucan A. and Levitsky. , Steven 2006 . “ The Dynamics of Autocratic Coercion after the Cold War .” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 ( 3 ): 387 – 410 .

Weiss , Thomas G. 1999 . “ Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: Weighing Humanitarian Impulses .” Journal of Peace Research 36 ( 5 ): 499 – 509 .

Whitlock , Craig . 2009 . “ Italian Court Convicts 23 Americans in CIA Rendition Case; Extradition Undecided.” Washington Post , November 4.

Wood , Elisabeth Jean . 2008 . “ The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks .” Annual Review of Political Science 11 : 546 –47.