It has been a decade since Liliane last saw her little girl. She fled Africa in fear for her life, leaving behind everything she knew and loved in the hope of a fresh start in Japan.

Today, she scrapes a living from dead-end jobs, and what Japanese she knows has been snatched from television shows. There is little government help for people like her: free language courses are limited, social housing is hard to find, discrimination is rife.

Yet Liliane is regarded as one of the lucky ones - she was granted refugee status in Japan, a country which refuses more than 99 percent of cases.

"It has not been easy," she tells AFP, speaking under a pseudonym.

She adds: "Here they do not pay for your studies, they do not help you to get bank loans, or give you social housing... we are left to ourselves, we have to fight alone."

Anti-refugee sentiment is rising in Europe and the United States but in Japan those seeking haven from tyranny and war have long faced daunting legal and social gauntlets.

One of the world's wealthiest countries, Japan accepted just 28 refugees in 2016 - one more than the previous year - out of the 8,193 applications reviewed by the Immigration Bureau.

Officials defend the low number, saying applicants are mainly from Asian countries seeking access to Japan solely for economic reasons.

"The number of applications from regions which generate lots of refugees, such as Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq, is small," said Yasuhiro Hishida, spokesman for the Immigration Bureau.

Assisted by the UN, Liliane was able to claim asylum on arrival in Japan stating that her life was in danger due to tribal conflict back home. It took two years for officials to accept her as a refugee, a period during which she received assistance from the Catholic Church and charities.

But she feels the status brought few benefits. She is no closer to reuniting with her child - now a teenager, her daughter has repeatedly been denied a permit to even visit.

For Liliane, further education and a stable life, seem out of reach.

Nonnon, a 47-year-old refugee and nail artist from Burma, holding a map of her country at a nail salon in Tokyo credit: AFP

She explains: "Japan is a very difficult country for foreigners. The language is really a handicap for us. You need to do absolutely everything to try to speak in Japanese but you don't know where to find free lessons."

"Sometimes I think refugee status has no meaning," she sighs.

But for Nonnon, being awarded refugee status would at least give her a sense of belonging.

She fled military persecution in her native Burma, also known as Myanmar, 25 years ago but remains in frustrating legal limbo, accepted only on a humanitarian stay visa, which allows for residence and work but traditionally only on annual temporary permits subject to anxiety-riven renewal.

"It's like I have no nationality," said the 47-year-old, who only gave her childhood nickname.

She has tried to forge a life in Japan, she married a man from Myanmar who was also claiming asylum and they have a son and a daughter. But their children are effectively stateless - not recognised in Burma, nor as Japanese citizens.

Refugee advocates say Japan's system is too harsh.

Lawyer Shogo Watanabe is helping a woman from Burma's Kachin minority who says she risks sexual assault by soldiers fighting ethnic minority militias if she goes home.

"To me, the risk of getting raped by someone who is a member of the military is a legitimate reason to be a refugee," he said of her plight.

"But immigration officials say you need to prove that she is actually targeted by the military."

Critics also say current government policy ignores the country's need for immigrants as the population shrinks.

"Japan has kept a mindset of closing doors to foreigners as it is an island nation that until recently had ample population," said Hidenori Sakanaka, a former Justice Ministry official who heads a pro-immigration think tank.

The population is set to decline to 87 million by 2060 from 127 million today.

An elderly man and woman sit on a bench in a park in Tokyo credit: AFP

He added that Japan must "accept more migrants, which would make society more open to multiple cultures and... to accepting more refugees".

The first Justice Ministry survey into discrimination against foreigners, released in March, found that 30 percent said they had been on the receiving end of discriminatory remarks.

One in four of the respondents that had sought employment, believed they did not get the job because they were not Japanese.

"For us with our black skin, it is a bit difficult. Sometimes when I sit on the train, some Japanese switch seats," Liliane reveals, though she adds she has never feared for her safety, which is a major concern for asylum seekers in Europe.

She says she was overlooked for teaching work, despite her fluency in English, when employers realised she is African.

Nonnon, who currently works in a nail salon, recalls being paid less than Japanese workers for doing the same job. She contrasts her situation to that of family members who escaped to other countries.

"My relatives in America and Australia were given refugee status and they are naturalised. They can get a job, buy a house and travel overseas," she said, adding: "They can live as normal people. I want to live like a normal person."