501 Fixing the jugular flow reduces ventricle volume and improves brain perfusion. P Zamboni, E Menegatti, C Cittanti, F Sisini, S Gianesini, F Salvin, F Mascoli Oct-2016 Abstract This study found fixing the flow in the jugular veins in people with CCSVI might significantly reduce brain ventricle volume and improve cerebral perfusion. The changes were more evident in people in earlier stages of neurodegenerative disease. 11-03-2016

505 Cerebrovascular pattern improved by ozone autohemotherapy: an entropy-based study on multiple sclerosis patients. F Molinari, D Rimini, W Liboni, UR Acharya, M Freanzini, S Pandolfi, G Ricevuti, F Vaiano, L Valdenassi, V Simonetti Oct-2016 Abstract This study found that ozone therapy improved the cerebrovascular pattern in people with MS. 11-03-2016

504 A comparison between the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and normal pressure hydrocephalus: is pulse wave encephalopathy a component of MS? GA Bateman, J Lechner-Scott, RA Lea Sep-2016 Full Content This was a study of 20 people with MS, aged matched controls and people with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) The blood flow and pulsation changes in people with MS were in the same direction as people with NPH. This finding is consistent with an underlying pulse wave encephalopathy component in MS. 11-03-2016

508 Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympo-Vascualar Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease? A Louveau, SD Mesquita, J Kipnis Sep-2016 Abstract With the discovery of lymphatic vascular drainage in the central nervous system (CNS) the authors propose that MS and Alzheimer's disease should be viewed as diseases with a neuro-lympo-vascular component and therapeutically targeted as such. 11-03-2016

502 Vascular Disease in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Review MG Caprio, C Russo, A Giugliano, M Ragucci, M Mancini Aug-2016 Full Content This review suggests recent evidence indicates vascular components may be initiating triggers for neuronal pathology and subsequent neurological manifestations of MS. 11-03-2016

506 Chronic iron overload induces gender-dependent changes in iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and clinical course of experimental autoiummune encephalomyelitis. B Curko-Cofek, TG Kezele, J Marinic, M Tota, NS Cizmarevic, C Milin, S Ristic, B Radosevic-Stasic, V Barac-Latas Aug-2016 Abstract This study of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice found that men and women during MS might be differentially vulnerable to external iron overload. 11-03-2016

503 “Venous congestion” as a cause of subcortical white matter T2 hypointensity on magnetic resonance images JH Kaamble, K Parameswaran Jul-2016 Full Content This article discusses cases in which “venous congestion” plays a major role in T2 hypointensity. T2 hypointensity is found in MS. 11-03-2016

495 Cerebral Microbleeds in Multiple Sclerosis Evaluated on Susceptibility-weighted Images and Quantitative Susceptibility Maps: A Case-Control Study. R Zivadinov, DP Ramasamy, RR Benedict, P Polak, J Hagemeier, C Magnano, MG Dwyer, N Bergsland, N Bertolino, B Weinstock-Guttman, C Kolb, D Hojnacki, D Utriainen, EM Haacke, F Schweser Jun-2016 Abstract Significantly more people with MS (19.8%) than healthy controls (HC) (7.49%) had evidence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Increased number of CMBs was significantly associated with increased physical disability. 11-03-2016

497 Cerebral blood flow modulation insufficiency in brain networks in multiple sclerosis: A hypercapnia MRI study. O Marshall, S Chavla, L Pap, Y Ge Jun-2016 Abstract This study of 28 people with MS and 28 controls found significantly less cerebrovascular reactivity in people with MS. Such blood flow regulation abnormalities may contribute to functional communication disruption in MS. 11-03-2016

509 Oscillatory flow suppression improves inflammation in chronic venous disease. P Zamboni, P Spath, V Tisato, M Tessari, PD Caneva, E Menegatti, S Occhionorelli, S Gianesini, P Secchriero Jun-2016 Abstract This study of 178 people with chronic venous disease (CVD) found that surgical suppression of the oscillatory component of reflux modulates the inflammatory phenotype suggesting a pivotal role of flow among factors concurring to inflammation in CVD. 11-03-2016

482 The effect of venous anatomy on the morphology of multiple sclerosis lesions: a susceptibility weighted imaging study B Oztoprak, I Oztoprak, OK Yildiz May-2016 Abstract The form and structure of MS lesions are associated with the orientation of central veins. 04-14-2016

493 Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulsatility in the Aqueduct of Sylvius: A Comparative Study between Healthy Subjects and Multiple Sclerosis Patients CB Beggs, C Magnano, P Belov, J Krawiecki, DP Ramasamy, J Hagemeier, R Zivadinov May-2016 Full Content This study of 65 people with RRMS and 74 healthy controls found the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid pulsatility (CSF) and internal jugular vein (IJV) cross-sectional area (CSA) was altered in people with MS. 05-06-2016

496 Investigation of cerebral microbleeds in multiple sclerosis as a potential marker of blood brain barrier dysfunction. P Eisele, A Alonso, M Griebe, K Szabo, MG Hennerici, A Gass May-2016 Abstract In this study of 186 people with MS none showed a cerebral microbleed (CMB) where the immune system was causing a functional change in the blood brain barrier (BBB). 11-03-2016

500 Detection of retinal blood vessel changes in multiple sclerosis with optical coherence tomography B Bhaduri, RM Nolan, RL Shelton, LA Pilutti, RW Motl, HE Moss, JH Pula SA Boppart May-2016 Full Content Optical coherence tomography (OCT) found eyes in people with MS had a lower blood vessel diameter (BVD) and blood vessel number (BVN) than control eyes. The effect was more pronounced with increased disability. Optic neuritis (ON) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) did not account for the findings. 11-03-2016

491 Clinical Applicability of Assessment of Jugular Flow over the Individual Cardiac Cycle Compared with Current Ultrasound Methodology. F Sisini, M Tessari, E Menegatti, ME Vannini, S Gianesini, V Tavoni, G Gadda, M Gambaccsini, A Taibi, P Zamboni Apr-2016 Abstract The authors developed and tested a new ultrasound method to assess jugular vein flow over the cardiac cycle. The new method is not operator dependent. 04-29-2016

498 Chronic cerebrovascular vein insufficiency: how and when jugular vein PTA can influence multiple sclerosis symptoms PM Bavera Apr-2016 Abstract People with MS (366) were treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the internal jugular veins. People with RRMS (264) were the most important group with significant results in all considered symptoms. Symptom results in 62 people with SPMS and 40 people with PPMS were important but had lower significance. 11-03-2016

499 Diagnosis of CCSVI in Meniere Syndrome. A Bruno, G Quarto, L Califano, D Mastrangelo, M DeVizia, F Salafia, B Bernardo Apr-2016 Abstract CCSVI diagnosis was positive in 90% (128 of 140) people with Meniere's Disease. 11-03-2016

488 Extracranial Venous abnormalities: A true pathological finding in patients with multiple sclerosis or an anatomical variant? C Torres, M Hogan, S Patro, S Chakraborty, T Nguven, R. Thornhill, M Freedman, M Bussiere, H Dabirzadeh, BA Schwartz, S Belanger, L Legault-Kingstone, M Schweitzer, C Lum Mar-2016 Abstract This study of 100 people found it was common to have stenoses and asymmetry of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) in people without MS. 04-14-2016

489 Variability in the Cross-Sectional Area and Narrowing of the Internal Jugular Vein in Patients Without Multiple Sclerosis. K Buch, R Groller, RN Nadgir, A Fujita, MM Qureshi, O Sakai Mar-2016 Abstract This study of the general population identified narrowing in 133 of 363 people (36.6%) at all levels of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Narrowing above 50% occurred primarily at the C4 level (upper cervical and skull base). 04-13-2016

492 Social Media Representation of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Intervention for Multiple Sclerosis S Ghahari, SJ Forwell Mar-2016 Full Content You Tube videos about CCSVI treatment posted by 621 people with MS and 238 health care professionals (HCP) were analyzed. Eighty-six percent of people with MS reported improvement in at least one symptom. Most HCPs recommended the procedure but called for continued research. 04-29-2016

467 Impaired retinal microcirculation in multiple sclerosis. H Jiang, S Delgado, J Tan, C Liu, KW Rammahan, DC DeBBuc, BL Lam, WJ Feuer, J Wang Feb-2016 Abstract This study of 17 people with RRMS and 17 matched healthy controls found impaired retinal microcirculation of the venules and arterioles of people with RRMS. This indicates microvascular dysfunction in MS. 04-12-2016

468 Why Current Doppler Ultrasound Methodology Is Inaccurate in Assessing Cerebral Venous Return: The Alternative of the Ultrasonic Jugular Venous Pulse P Zamboni Feb-2016 Full Content The author explains why it may be preferable to reliably assess the ultrasonic jugular venous pulse (US JVP) as a screening and prevention tool for neurocognitive disorders. 04-12-2016

469 CRT-300.04 Does An Endovascular Procedure Improve the Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis M Zorc, M Denistic, Z Milosevic, RZ Pleskovic, OV Porenta, A Pleskovic Feb-2016 Abstract This study of 94 people with MS (22 with RRMS, 44 with SPMS, 26 with PPMS) found only 2% did not have vascular abnormalities. Endovascular procedures reduced bladder dysfunction, improved fatigue and contributed to improved disability and quality of life. 04-12-2016

472 Neurovascular and immuno-imaging: from Mechanisms to Therapies. Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium. K Akassoglou, D Agalliu, CJ Chang, D Davalos, J Grutzendler, EM Hillman, BS Khakh, D Kleinfeld, DB McGavern, SJ Nelson, BV Zlokovic Feb-2016 Full Content These proceedings highlight how advances in imaging technology have changed the understanding of communication between the brain, immune, and vascular systems. This can help explain the coupling of neuronal activity to blood supply in the brain. 04-12-2016

475 Medical Tourism for CCSVI Procedures in People with Multiple Sclerosis: An Observational Study LM Metz, J Greenfield, RA Marrie, N Jette, G Blevins, LW Svenson, K Alikhani, W Wall, R Dhaliwal, O Suchoversky Feb-2016 Abstract Online questionnaires found the proportion of people reporting CCSVI procedures declined over time. CCSVI procedures were associated with longer disease duration, SPMS and greater disability status. 04-13-2016

483 Age-related brain atrophy may be mitigated by internal jugular vein enlargement in male individuals without neurologic disease P Belov, C Magnano, J Krawiecki, J Hagemeier, N Bergsland, C Beggs, R Zivadinov Feb-2016 Abstract This study of 193 healthy individuals found sex differences in the relationship between brain volume and internal jugular vein cross-sectional areas. 04-14-2016

487 Assessment of Internal Jugular Vein Size in Healthy Subjects with Magnetic Resonance and Semiautomatic Processing MM Lagna, L Pelizzari, E Scaccianoce, O Dipasquale, C Ricci, F Baglio, P Cecconi, G Baselli Feb-2016 Full Content Different internal jugular vein (IJV) cross-sectional areas (CSA) have been reported. This article introduces a semiautomatic method to measure and normalize the CSA and degree of circularity of IJVs along their whole length. 04-14-2016

507 Hypercapnia and hypoxaemia due to impaired venous blood draining and significant improvement after endovascular treatment in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency I Petrov, L Grozdinski, S Tsonev, M Iloska, I Tasheva Jan-2016 Full Content This study of 178 people with MS and CCSVI and 50 controls suggests that people with MS present with abnormal levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen in the brain and spinal cord that are at least partially caused by CCSVI. This can be improved with endovascular procedures. 11-03-2016

484 Imaging central veins in brain lesions with 3-T T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates multiple sclerosis from micronangiopathic brain lesions N Mistry, R Abdel-Fahim, A Samaraweera, O Mongin, E Tallantyre, C Tench, T Jaspan, P Morris, PS Morgan, N Evangelous Dec-2015 Abstract In this study of 40 people 3-T T2* weighted brain MRI distinguished perivenous MS lesions from small vessel disease lesions. 04-14-2016

485 The Oscillating Component of the Internal Jugular Vein Flow: The Overlooked Element of Cerebral Circulation F Sisini, E Toro, M Gambaccini, P Zamboni Dec-2015 Full Content This technical paper highlights the back and forth movement of the IJV (internal jugular vein) and its potential relevance in understanding the relationship between brain drainage and some neurological disorders. 04-14-2016

486 Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency A Rasman Dec-2015 Full Content This letter to the editor identifies why there may be such widespread discrepancies in studies attempting to identify and assess CCSVI. Reproducible and objective CCSVI assessment is warranted. 04-14-2016

474 The Pathology of the Internal Jugular Vein Wall in Multiple Sclerosis M Pedriali, P Zamboni Nov-2015 Full Content The authors discuss the pathology of internal jugular veins (IJV) and note that in people with MS the IJV shows significant changes in all venous layers as well as in the valve. 04-12-2016

471 May symptoms of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency be improved by venous angioplasty? An independent 4-year follow up on 366 cases PM Bavera Oct-2015 Full Content Significant positive results 4 years after vein angioplasty in 366 people with CCSVI (264 RRMS, 62 SPMS, 40 PPMS) were found in people with RRMS. Venous angioplasty appears to be safe. Venous angioplasty should be performed sooner rather than later. 04-12-2016

476 C1-C2 X-ray assessment of misalignment parameters in patients with Chronic Cerebra-spinal Venous Insufficiency and Multiple Sclerosis versus patients with other pathologies. S Mandolesi, G Marceca, A d'Alessandro, A Desogus, MM Ciccone, A Zito, E Manconi, T Niglio, D Mandolesi, A d'Alessandro, F Fedele Jul-2015 Abstract Data analysis of C1-C2 X-Ray parameters of 386 people with CCSVI and MS and 156 controls found significant severe anterior intrusion and right laterally misalignment in people with MS was two to three times more frequent than in controls. 04-13-2016

477 New acoustic wave therapy improves quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. A d'Alessandro, T Niglio, A d'Alessandro, D Mandolesi Jul-2015 Abstract A patient with MS and CCSVI treated with acoustic waves showed marked improvement with a follow-up of two years. 04-13-2016

479 Scientific Versus Experiential Evidence: Discourse Analysis of the Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Debate in a Multiple Sclerosis Forum J Koschak, L Weibezahl, T Friede, W. Himmel, P Makendonski, J Grabowski Jul-2015 Full Content Discourse analysis of an online forum of the German MS Society of 117 CCSVI threads and 1907 posts detected evidence in lay discourse is different from evidence in expert discourse. 04-13-2016

455 The discovery of the brain lymphatic system P Zamboni Jun-2015 Full Content This editorial notes that the discovery of a brain lymphatic system will require that the autoimmune etiology of several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, will need to be reconsidered. 06-27-2015

456 Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. A Louveau, I Smirnov, TJ Keyes, JD Eccles, SJ Rouhani, JD Peske, NC Derecki, D Castle, JW Mandell, KS Lee, TH Harris, J Kipnis Jun-2015 Abstract The discovery of the central nervous system lymphatic system may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in neuroimmunology . 06-27-2015

457 A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules A Spelund, S Antila, ST Proulx, TV Karlsen, S Karaman, M Detmar, H Wiig, K Alitalo Jun-2015 Abstract This study indicates that the mechanism of CSF flow into the direct cervical lymph nodes is directly via an adjacent dural lymphatic network, which may be important for the clearance of macromolecules from the brain. The results call for a reexamination of the role of the lymphatic system in CNS physiology and disease. 06-27-2015

458 An anatomy-based lumped parameter model of cerebrospinal venous circulation: can an extracranial anatomical change impact intracranial hemodynamics? S Marcotti, L Marchetti, P Cecconi, E Votta, GB Fiore, A Barberio, S Viotti, A Redaelli, MM Lagana Jun-2015 Full Content The authors present a hypothesis for modeling venous drainage in the brain and spinal column and simulating intracranial flow changes due to extracranial stenoses. 06-27-2015

459 Cerebral hypoperfusion: a new pathophysiologic concept in multiple sclerosis? M D'haeseleer, S Hostenbach, I Peeters, SE Sankari, G Nagels, J De Keyser, MB D'hooghe Jun-2015 Abstract There is evidence that reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) is MS is associated with chronic hypoxia, focal lesion formation, axonal degeneration, cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Restoring CBF may be a new therapeutic target in MS. 06-27-2015

460 Impact of CCSVI on cerebral haemodynamics: a mathematical study using MRI angiographic and flow data. LO Muller, EF Toro, EM Haacke, D Utrianen Jun-2015 Abstract This study suggests extra-cranial venous strictures can lead to pressure increases in intra-cranial veins of up to 1.3 mmHG. The long term clinical implications of the predicted pressure changes are unclear. 06-27-2015

473 Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Is It Venosclerosis? Z Sternberg Jun-2015 Full Content The author presents information suggesting CCSVI may be venosclerosis. 04-12-2016

490 An anatomy-based lumped parameter model of cerebrospinal venous circulation: can an extracranial anatomic change impact intracranial hemodrynamics? S Marcotti, L Marchetti, P Cecconi, E Votta, GB Fiore, A Barberio, S Viotti, A Redaelli, MM Lagana Jun-2015 Full Content This paper provides a model of the venous drainage in the brain and spinal column areas and simulates the intracranial flow changes due to extracranial stenosis. 04-14-2016

466 Inflammation, Iron, Energy Failure, and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis L Haider May-2015 Full Content This review highlights the possible sources of oxidative stress in people with MS. 06-27-2015

478 Preliminary results after upper cervical chiropractic care in patients with chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis S Mandolesi, G Marceca, J Moser, T Niglio, A d'Alessandro, MM Ciccone, A Zito, D Mandolesi, A d'Alessandro, F Fedele May-2015 Abstract Preliminary results of adjustments of C1-C2 on 77 people with MS and CCSVI suggest this may be the main non-invasive treatment of mechanical CCSVI in people with MS. 04-13-2016

463 Iron deposition in the gray matter in patients with relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study using three dimensional (3D)-enhanced T2*-weighted angiography (ESWAN) S Du, SK Sah, C Zeng, J Wang, Y Liu, H Xiong, Y Li Apr-2015 Abstract This study of 30 people with RRMS and 30 healthy controls found iron concentration increased in the gray matter of people with MS during a two year period. There was also a significant and substantial correlation of iron with disease severity. 06-27-2015

464 Predictors of chronic cerebrospinal venous procedure use among older people with multiple sclerosis: a national case-control study M Ploughman, OJ Manning, S Beaulieu, C Harris, SH Hogan, N Mayo, JD Fisk, P O'Connor, S Morrow, LM Metz, et al Apr-2015 Full Content Analysis of data on people with MS over 20 years and over 55 years of age found 12.8% (95/743) had the “liberation” procedure. 06-27-2015

465 Brain Hyperchogenicities are not Associated with Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Neurosonology Study. C Krogias, R Gold, A Chan, N Triantafyllou, K Voumvourakis, G Tsvigoulis Apr-2015 Abstract This study of 32 people with MS did not support the “venous hypothesis” resulting in iron accumulation. 06-27-2015

461 Neuroendocrine Responses to Transvascular Autonomic Modulation: A Modified Balloon Angioplasty in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. M Arata, Z Stemberg Mar-2015 Abstract Unexpected reductions in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol following balloon angioplasty need further investigation. 06-27-2015

462 Reflections on the Canadian study by Traboulsee et al. Prevalence of extracranial venous narrowing on catheter venography in people with multiple sclerosis, their siblings, and unrelated healthy controls: a blinded, case control study S Mandolesi, A d'Allessandro, T Niglio, M Rosse Mar-2015 Full Content The authors identify and list numerous concerns and questions about the Canadian study by Traboulsee et al. 06-27-2015

452 Cerebral Circulation Time is Prolonged and Not Correlated with EDSS in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Study Using Digital Subtracted Angiography L Monti, D, Donati, E Menci, S Cioni, M Bellini, I Grazzini, S Leonini, P Galluzzi, S Severi, L Burroni, A Casasco, L Morbidelli, E Santarnecchi, P Piu Feb-2015 Full Content This study of 80 people with MS (45 RRMS, 35 SP or PPMS) and 44 controls measuring cerebral circulation time (CCT) found blood flow in the brains of people with MS was significantly slower than in controls. Further, the study findings suggest the presence of microvascular dysfunction is not dependent on clinical and MRI findings. 03-05-2015

453 Italian Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency National Epidemiological Observatory methodology and preliminary data S Mandolesi, A d'Alessandro, MM Ciccone, A Zito, T Niglio, E Manconi, D Mandolesi, A d'Alessandro, A Bruno, F Fedele Feb-2015 Full Content The CCSVI National Epidemiological Observatory (NEO) and Mem-net software may be useful medical and research tools for recording, storing, analyzing and studying vascular data. Preliminary data utilizing this methodology identified CCSVI in 84.9% (937 people) out of a total of 1109 people with MS. 03-05-2015

454 An Ultrasonic Technique to Assess the Jugular Venous Pulse: A Proof of Concept F Sisini, M Tessari, G Gadda, G Di Domenico, A Taibi, E Menegatti, M Gambaccini, P Zamboni Feb-2015 Abstract This study found a diagram reflecting the jugular venous pulse (JVP) can be obtained by analyzing a B-mode sonogram of the internal jugular vein (IJV). This may result in new methodology to assess IJV functionality. 03-05-2015

470 CRT-301. Gait Speed and Quality of Life After Vein's Endovascular Procedures in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis M Zorc, M Denislic, J Ravnik, Z Milosevic, JY Al-Hashel, RZ Pleskovic, D Ravnik Feb-2015 Abstract Two years after angioplasty this study of 64 people with MS noted improvement in the clinical disability of people with RRMS. Gait speed significantly improved in 70% of people with MS, fatigue decreased and bladder function improved. 04-12-2016

449 Prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a blinded sonographic evaluation L Tromba, S Blasi, A Vestri, D Kiltzanidi, F Tartaglia, A Redler Jan-2015 Abstract In a blinded study the Zamboni ultrasound protocol combined with M-mode ultrasound examination identified CCSVI in 59.8% of 112 people with MS and no CCSVI in 67 healthy subjects. CCSVI is strongly associated with MS and is not found in healthy controls. 02-12-2015

450 Intracranial Relationship Between Arterioles and Venules Size P De Bonis, P Zamboni Jan-2015 Full Content This is a letter to the editor about reduced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in people with MS. The possible role of increased resistance in extracranial veins warrants further study. 02-12-2015

451 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: the end of “The Big Idea” ? E Stolz Jan-2015 Full Content This is an editorial comment on the status of CCSVI research. 02-12-2015

434 How to objectively assess jugular primary venous obstruction P Zamboni Dec-2014 Full Content The author explains why the study by Traboulsee, et al failed to find differences in CCSVI prevalence between people with MS and healthy controls. 12-27-2014

435 Cerebral venous outflow and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics CB Beggs Dec-2014 Full Content This review highlights the potential impact of restricted venous outflow on the biomechanics of the intracranial fluid system. 12-27-2014

436 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in Meniere's disease: diagnosis and treatment A Bruno, L Califano, D Mastrangelo, M De Vizia, B Bernardo, F Salafia Dec-2014 Full Content This study of 50 people with Meniere's disease (MD) found 45 (90%) had a diagnosis of CCSVI. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) improved symptoms and vestibular function in the majority of people with MD and CCSVI. 12-27-2014

437 Internal jugular vein narrowing and body mass index in healthy individuals and multiple sclerosis patients C Magnano, P Belov, J Krawiecki, J Hagemeier, R Zivadinov Dec-2014 Full Content This study of 194 people with MS and 194 healthy individuals (HI) found increased body mass index (BMI) was associated with internal jugular vein (IJV) widening at lower cervical levels in both people with MS and HI. BMI can obscure interpretation of IJV cross-sectional areas. 12-27-2014

438 Storms, hanged pirates, anemia, exsanguination: the contributions of Morro, Kellie and Abercrombie in understanding intracranial blood circulation P De Bonis, C Anile Dec-2014 Full Content The authors discuss several historical doctrines regarding intracranial blood circulation. 12-27-2014

439 Assessment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis by a Morphological-Hemodynamic Map software S Mandolesi, T Niglio, A d'Alessandro, D Mandolesi, L Agati, MM Ciccone, AP Zito, A Orsini, E Manconi, F Fedele Dec-2014 Abstract MEM-net software was utilized to analyze Echo-Color-Doppler (ECD) data from 552 people with MS. The software diagnosed 83% positive for CCSVI. CCSVI was classified into three different types. 12-28-2014

440 Comparison of brain vessel imaging from transtemporal and transcondylar approaches using contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography and Virtual Navigator D Skoloudik, M Kuliha, M Roubec, J Havelka, K Langova, R Herzig Dec-2014 Full Content In a comparison of approaches transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) was found to have serious limitations in the standard detection of intracranial venous reflux. 12-28-2014

441 Review of catheter venography protocols in the evaluation of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency H Ferrall Nov-2014 Full Content Technical details of catheter venography including venous access site selection, catheter selection, position, contrast injection techniques and interpretation of venographic findings are reviewed. 12-28-2014

442 Endothelin-1 concentrations in the internal jugular and azygous veins in multiple sclerosis patients: the results of a pilot study M Simka, T Ludyga, P Janas, M Kazibudzki, P Latacz Nov-2014 Full Content This pilot study of 9 people with MS and 5 healthy controls suggests it is unlikely that endothelin-1 is responsible for the symptoms of MS. 12-28-2014

443 A new hemodynamic model for the study of cerebral venous outflow G Gadda, A Taibi, F Sisini, M Gambaccini, P Zamboni, M Ursino Nov-2014 Abstract This mathematical model of cerebral venous outflow reproduces average physiological behavior of the jugular, vertebral and cerebral ducts in terms of pressure and flows. 12-28-2014

444 Relationship between iron accumulation and white matter injury in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. E Raz, B Branson, JH Jensen, M Bester, JS Babb, J Herbert, RI Grossman, M Inglese Nov-2014 Abstract This study of 31 people with MS found quantitative iron evaluation of white matter and gray matter may improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and may serve as a surrogate marker of disease progression. 12-28-2014

448 "Liberation treatment" for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: the truth will set you free G Tsivgoulis, S Faissner, K Voumvourakis, AH Katsanos, N Triantafyllou, N Grigoriadis, R Gold, C Krogias Nov-2014 Full Content The authors conclude CCSVI is a poorly reproducible and clinically irrelevant sonographic construct with no proven efficacy. Treatment should not be offered even in controlled clinical trials. 12-28-2014

431 Jugular Venous Flow Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Compared to Normal Controls. SK Sethi, DT Utriainen, AM Daugherty, W Feng, JJ Hewitt, N Raz, EM Haacke Oct-2014 Abstract MRI was used to assess the anatomy and function of major veins in the neck of 138 people with MS and 67 healthy controls (HCs). People with MS had lower normalized IJV blood flow than HCs. 10-19-2014

432 Calcium micro-depositions in jugular truncular venous malformations revealed by Synchroton-based XRF imaging L Pascolo, A Gianoncelli, C Rizzardi, V Tisato, M Salome, C Calligaro, F Salvi, D Paterson, P Zamboni Oct-2014 Full Content Truncular venous malformations (TVMs) of the IJVs were analyzed in 2 people with TVMS and 2 controls. Higher calcium deposits were identified in people with a TVM. 10-19-2014

445 In vitro study of the direct effect of extracellular hemoglobin on myelin components. VV Bamm, DK Lanthier, EL Stephenson, GS Smith, G Harauz Oct-2014 Abstract This work supports further research into the vascular pathology in MS to gain insight into the origin and role of iron deposits in disease pathology. 12-28-2014

424 Increased size of third ventricle in patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency A d'Alessandro, S Mandolesi, T Niglio, A Orsini, P Di Cello, F Pelle, F Mora, D Mandolesi, F Fedele Sep-2014 Full Content The size of the third ventricle was measured in 33 people with MS and CCSVI and 33 healthy controls. Twenty nine people with MS and CCSVI (88%) had an increase in third ventricle diameter. This could represent a criterion of positivity of neurological disease in people with CCSVI. 09-20-2014

425 Navigating the "liberation procedure": a qualitative study of motivating and hesitating factors among people with multiple sclerosis M Ploughman, C Harris, SH Hogan, C Murray, M Murdoch, MW Austin, M Stefanelli Sep-2014 Full Content Semistructured interviews of 7 people who underwent angioplasty for CCSVI and of 8 who did not identified factors impacting their respective decisions. 09-20-2014

430 Recommendations for Multimodal Noninvasive and Invasive Screening for Detection of Extracranial Venous Abnormalities of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: A Position Statement of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease R Zivadinov, S Bastianello, MD Dake, H Ferral, EM Haacke, ZJ Haskal, D Hubbard, N Liasis, K Mandato, S Sclafani, AH Siddiqui, M Simka, P Zamboni Sep-2014 Full Content This International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD) position paper presents the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and intravascular ultrasound (US) protocols and describes refined Color Doppler US and catheter venography (CV) protocols. 10-19-2014

433 "I knew what was going to happen if I did nothing and so I was going to do something"; Faith, hope and trust in the decisions of Canadians with multiple sclerosis to seek unproven interventions abroad J Snyder, K Adams, VA Crooks, D Whitehurst, J Vallee Sep-2014 Full Content An analysis of interviews with 15 Canadians who sought CCSVI treatment abroad found loss of faith in the Canadian health system and especially neurologists were underlying factors in their decisions to seek treatment. 10-19-2014

427 Impaired Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Multiple Sclerosis. O Marshall, H Lu, JC Brisset, F Xu, P Liu, J Herbert, RI Grossman, Y Ge Aug-2014 Abstract This study of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in 19 healthy controls (HCs) and 19 people with MS found a significant decrease of average global gray matter CVR in people with MS compared to HCs. There was also a significant positive correlation between global CVR and gray matter atrophy. Decreased CVR may be the underlying cause of neurodegeneration in MS. 09-20-2014

428 Collision or convergence?: beliefs and politics in neuroscience discovery, ethics, and intervention. B Paylor, H Longstaff, F Rossi, J Illes Aug-2014 Abstract The authors identify CCSVI as one of five cases where beliefs and politics prevailed over evidence and ethics. 09-20-2014

429 Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis Patients through Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging. MM Lagana, A Chaudhary, D Balagurunathan, D Utriainen, P Kokeny, W Feng, P Cecconi, D Hubbard, M Haacke Aug-2014 Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics at the cervical level in association with internal jugular vein (IJV) flows was examined in 92 people with MS. The results suggest alterations in IJV morphology affect both IJV flow and CSF flow timing but not CSF flow amplitude. 10-19-2014

426 Using the MEM-net program to report on mapping the Echo Color Doppler assessment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency S Mandolesi, A d'Alessandro, E Manconi, T Niglio, A Orsini, D Mandolesi Jul-2014 Full Content An internet based program, hemodynamic morphological map (MEM-NeT), reduces Echo Color Doppler (ECD) reporting time and makes a blind control for scientific research. 09-20-2014

413 Preliminary report on a new concept stent prototype designed for venous implant. M Lugli, O Maleti Jun-2014 Abstract The authors designed a stent to match characteristics required by vein implants rather than arteries. The stents were tested in the internal jugular vein of sheep and were flexible and easily and safely placed. 06-16-2014

414 Multiple sclerosis deep grey matter: the relation between demyelination, neurodegeneration, inflammation and iron L Haider, C Simeonidou, G Steinberger, S Hametner, N Grigoriadis, G Deretzi, GG Kovacs, A Kutzelnigg, H Lassmann, JM Frischer Jun-2014 Full Content Systematic studies of the white matter and cortex of 25 MS autopsy patients and 12 controls found focal lesions and diffuse neurodegeneration in deep grey matter appeared to contribute to neurological disability in people with MS. 06-16-2014

415 Transvascular Autonomic Modulation: A Modified Balloon Angioplasty Technique for the Treatment of Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis Patients M Arata, Z Sternberg Jun-2014 Full Content Transvascular autonomic modulation (TVAM) was performed on 21 people with MS who also had symptoms of cardiovascular autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. The combination of balloon angioplasty of normal veins coupled with external compression can improve indicators of ANS dysfunction. 06-16-2014

416 Validity of the diagnostic criteria for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and association with multiple sclerosis F Costello, J Modi, D Lautner, D Bhayan, JN Scott, WJ Davenport, J Trufyn, R Frayne, VA Gura, M Goyal, J Mah, MD Hill Jun-2014 Full Content In this ultrasound and MRV study of 120 people with MS and 60 healthy controls no differences in the proportion of venous outflow abnormalities were detected between people with MS and healthy controls. Methodological concerns challenge the validity of CCSVI diagnostic criteria. 06-16-2014

417 Is there any relation between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis? --a critical review W Jedynak, A Cieszanowski Jun-2014 Full Content This review of CCSVI concludes that given currently available information, routine treatment of CCSVI is not advisable. 06-16-2014

418 Ultrastructure of internal jugular vein defective valves P Zamboni, V Tisato, Z Menegatti, F Mascoli, S Gianesini, F Salvi, P Secchiero Jun-2014 Full Content Electron microscopy of intraluminal defects in the internal jugular veins of 7 people with MS and CCSVI found vein walls showed significant derangement of the endothelial layer. Endothelial cells were absent in defective cusps. These findings were not present in 3 controls. 07-02-2014

419 Cognitive functioning and subjective quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: a preliminary report C De Pasquale, ML Pistorio, M Veroux, A Giaquinta, P Veroux, M Fornaro Jun-2014 Full Content Preliminary findings of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) suggest a beneficial effect of PTA in those severe cases of MS followed for 24 months after treatment. The study has limitations that are noted. 07-02-2014

420 Iron and Volume in the Deep Gray Matter: Association with Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. CM Modica, R Zivadinov, MG Dwyer, N Bergsland, AR Weeks, RH Benedict Jun-2014 Abstract The relationship between iron and cognition in several deep gray matter structures was examined in 85 people with MS and 27 healthy volunteers. The findings suggest iron accumulation plays a significant, if minor, role in MS cognitive decline. 07-02-2014

422 Prospective randomized trial of venous angioplasty in MS (PREMiSE). AH Siddiqui, R Zivadinov, RH Benedict, Y Karmon, J Yu, ML Hartney, KL Marr, V Valnarov, CL Kennedy, M Ramanathan, et al, B Weinstock-Guttman Jun-2014 Abstract This was a blinded, sham controlled randomized trial of 30 people with MS and CCSVI to assess the safety and efficacy of venous angioplasty. The procedure was reasonably safe. However it failed to provide any sustained improvement in venous outflow as measured through duplex or clinical and MRI outcomes. 07-02-2014

423 Venous angioplasty for "CCSVI" in multiple sclerosis: Ending a therapeutic misadventure. DN Bourdette, JA Cohen Jun-2014 Title Only No abstract available. 07-02-2014

446 Cerebral Venous Outflow in Multiple Sclerosis Patients versus Fatigue and/or Depression MHJ Hagens, ELJ Hoogervorst, STFN Frequin, SC Tramp Jun-2014 Full Content This study of 20 people with MS and controls found no significantly impaired venous outflow differences in people with MS and controls. There was no correlation between anxiety and depression and impaired venous outflow. 12-28-2014

410 Endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro spinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis modifies circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction: a prospective study. M Napolitano, A Bruno, D Mastrangelo, M De Vizia, B Bernardo, B Rosa, D De Lucia May-2014 Abstract This study of 110 people with MS and CCSVI followed for 18 months after treatment for CCSVI found markers of endothelial dysfunction and coagulation activation were modified. 06-03-2014

421 Iron and Multiple Sclerosis JM Stankiewicz, M Neema, A Ceccarelli May-2014 Full Content This review summarizes the role of iron in the pathophysiology of MS. 07-02-2014

405 Bilateral Surgical Reconstruction for Internal Jugular Veins Disease in Patients With Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency and associated Multiple Sclerosis. S Spagnolo, F Scalise, L Barbato, MA Grasso, UF Tesler Apr-2014 Abstract Surgical reconstruction of internal jugular veins (IJV) in 3 people with MS and CCSVI improved symptoms. Benefits were maintained at one year. 04-10-2014

406 Human Internal Jugular Valve M-mode Ultrasound Characterization E Menegatti, M Tessari, S Gianesini, ME Vannini, F Sisini, P Zamboni Apr-2014 Full Content Evaluation of the opening and closing of internal jugular valves (IJVs) by B and M-mode ultrasound in 83 healthy volunteers found they were always mobile. M-mode ultrasound should be added to cerebral venous return research protocols. 05-01-2014

408 Cerebrospinal fluid transferrin levels are reduced in patients with early multiple sclerosis. M Khalil, B Riedlbauer, C Langkammer, C Enzinger, S Ropele, T Stojakovic, H Scharnagl, et al Apr-2014 Abstract This analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in 60 people with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 14 people with early MS, and 68 controls found evidence that altered iron homeostasis within the brain occurs very early in the disease process. 05-01-2014

409 Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis: The Hydrostatic-Immune Paradigm and the Flow Cytometry as a Diagnostic Tool NG Tsamopoulos, VE Kalodimou, S Vlachos Apr-2014 Full Content The authors propose a mechanism by which CCSVI could theoretically lead to pathological findings seen in MS. 06-03-2014

412 Determinants of iron accumulation in deep grey matter of multiple sclerosis patients. S Ropele, ID Kilsdonk, MP Wattjes, C Langkammer, WL de Graaf, JL Frederiksen, HB Larsson, et al Apr-2014 Abstract Iron accumulation in deep grey matter (GM) of people with MS is most strongly associated with severity and duration of disease. 06-03-2014

396 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: current perspectives M Simka Mar-2014 Full Content This review summarizes research to date on CCSVI and identifies factors contributing to conflicting evidence about the nature and prevalence of CCSVI in people with MS. Future research should take a multimodal approach. 03-09-2014

398 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in Meniere disease FD Berardino, DC Alpini, PM Bavera, P Cecconi, M Farabola, V Mattei, U Ambrosetti, A Cesarani Mar-2014 Abstract Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and venous echo-color Doppler (ECD) of 52 volunteers identified cerebrospinal drainage abnormalities in 83% of people with Meniere disease (MD) and 57% without MD. CCSVI might predispose people to MD. 03-09-2014

399 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive meta-analysis of case-control studies G Tsivgoulis, TN Sergentanis, A Chan, K Voumarkis, N Triantafyllou, T Psaltopoulou, R Gold, C Krogias Mar-2014 Full Content Analysis of 19 studies including 1950 people with MS and 899 healthy controls showed that CCSVI was associated with MS. When studies by researchers who were interested in CCSVI were omitted from analysis no association between MS and CCSVI was found. 03-09-2014

401 A Sonographic Quantitative Cutoff Value of Cerebral Venous Outflow in Neurologic Diseases: A Blinded Study of 115 Subjects. L Monti, E Menci, P Piu, S Leonini, U Arrigucci, M Bellini, A Zandonella, P Galluzzi, A Casascco Mar-2014 Abstract This blinded study of 54 people with MS, 32 healthy controls and 30 people with other neurological diseases (OND) found alterations of cerebral venous blood outflow discriminated MS from OND and MS from healthy controls. A difference in the value of supine and sitting positions of cerebral blood venous outflow was statistically associated with MS. 03-18-2014

402 Internal Jugular Vein Blood Flow in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Matched Controls M Mancini, R Lanzillo, R Liuzzi, O Di Donato, M Ragucci, S Monti, E Salvatore, VB Morra, M Salvatore Mar-2014 Full Content Internal jugular vein (IJV) drainage patterns were assessed in 58 people with MS (32 RRMS, 20 SPMS, 6 PPMS) and 13 healthy controls. A significant correlation was found between IJV drainage (wash out rate) and level of disability. The results suggest MS is associated with changes in the dynamics of the IJVs. 03-29-2014

403 Patterns of venous insufficiency in the dural sinuses and extracranial draining veins and the relationship with white matter hyperintensities for patients with Parkinson's disease M Liu, H Xu, Y Wang, Y Zhong, S Xia, D Utriainen, T Wang, EM Haacke Mar-2014 Abstract Assessment of 23 people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and 23 age matched controls found venous abnormalities in 57% of people with IPD and 30% of controls. Venous flow abnormalities correlated with white matter hyperintensities. 03-29-2014

404 Computational haemodynamics in stenotic internal jugular veins. A Caiazzo, G Montecinos, LO Muller, EM Haacke, EF Toro Mar-2014 Abstract This article offers a framework to assess the relevance of IJV stenoses through numerical simulation. 03-29-2014

395 Venous Hemodynamic Insufficiency Serverity Score variation after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. F Scalise, E Novelli, M Farina, L Barbato, S Spagnolo Feb-2014 Abstract Percutaneous venous angioplasty (PVA) was performed on 45 people with MS and CCSVI. Venous hemodynamic and insufficiency severity scores decreased significantly after PVA. Three months after PVA the EDSS score was significantly lower than baseline. 02-28-2014

397 Hemoglobin as a source of iron overload in multiple sclerosis: does multiple sclerosis share risk factors with vascular disorders? VV Bamm, G Hauruz Feb-2014 Abstract The origin of abnormal iron deposits in the brains of people with MS is unknown. Hemoglobin escaping from blood vessels may be one factor contributing to the iron overload. 03-09-2014

411 Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Malformations Consensus Document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP): updated 2013 BB Lee, I Baumgartner, P Berlien, G Bianchini, P Burrows, P Gloviczki, Y Huang, J Laredo, DA Loose, J Markovic, et al, P Zamboni Feb-2014 Abstract This consensus document updates changes as of 2013 in the diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations. 06-03-2014

389 Comment on "Internal jugular and vertebral vein volume flow in patients with clinically isolated syndrome or mild multiple sclerosis and healthy controls: results from a prospective sonographer-blinded study" F Sisini, A Taibi, M Gambaccini, P Zamboni Jan-2014 Title Only The authors question the validity of the method used to estimate blood volume flow in a specific study. Thus, the results of the study itself are questionable. 01-22-2014

390 Sources of Information and Behavioral Patterns in Online Health Forums: Qualitative Study F Sudau, T Friede, J Grabowski, J Korschack, P Pakedonski, W Himmel Jan-2014 Full Content This article analyzes information about CCSVI posted online between January 2008 and August 2012 in the largest German online forum on multiple sclerosis. 01-22-2014

392 Comment on "Reproducibility of Cerebrospinal Venous Blood Flow and Vessel Anatomy with the Use of Phase Contrast--Vastly Undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction and Contrast Enhanced MRA" F Sisini, A Taibi, M Gambaccini, E Menegatti, P Zamboni Jan-2014 Title Only No abstract available. 01-22-2014

393 A Swan Song for CCSVI. J Reekers Jan-2014 Title Only No abstract available. 01-22-2014

407 Magnetic Resonance Venography in Detection of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in Egyptian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis MS El-Tamawy, AS Saeed, M Farghaly, HA Mohamed Jan-2014 Full Content This magnetic resonance venography (MRV) study of 15 people with MS and 15 healthy controls found CCSVI in 40% of people with MS and 6.7% of healthy controls. CCSVI was not related to clinical characteristics of the disease or MRI load. 05-01-2014

380 Objective duplex ultrasound evaluation of the extracranial circulation in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing venoplasty of internal jugular vein stenoses: A pilot study. P Thibault, W Lewis, S Niblett Dec-2013 Abstract Examinations of 8 people with MS found all had internal jugular vein stensoses. After venoplasty treatment global arterial cerebral blood flow (GACBF) significantly improved. This supports the view that early symptomatic benefits after venoplasty may be the result of increased cerebral perfusion. 12-12-2013

382 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in meniere syndrome: diagnosis and treatment A Bruno, L Califano, D Mastrangelo, M De Vizia, B Bernardo Dec-2013 Abstract CCSVI was found in 24 of 25 people (95%) with Meniere's Syndrome. Percuntaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed with good results in all patients. Symptoms were reduced. 12-12-2013

384 Potential involvement of the extracranial venous system in central nervous system disorders and aging R Zivadinov, CP Chung Dec-2013 Full Content This review examines the anatomy, etiology and pathophysiology associated with venous abnormalities and the clinical correlates to various CNS disorders and aging. 01-01-2014

385 Is there a link between the extracranial venous system and central nervous system pathology? R Zivadinov Dec-2013 Full Content There is limited understanding of the pathophysiology of the extracranial venous system. Basic science and clinical studies utilizing non-invasive and invasive multimodal imaging techniques are needed. 01-01-2014

386 Transcranial brain photoplethysmography to study the venules of cerebral cortex in patients with multiple sclerosis. S Viola, P Viola, L Fiorelli, M Buongarzone, P Litterio Dec-2013 Abstract A safe and non-invasive technique was used to measure cerebral blood volume of the internal jugular veins in 38 people with MS and 20 matched healthy controls. It found a minor increase in cerebral blood volume in people with MS that might be a new marker for the disease. 01-01-2014

387 Observations on the brain vasculature in multiple sclerosis: A historical perspective AD Rae-Grant, C Wong, R Bernatowicz, RJ Fox Dec-2013 Abstract The controversy over venous disease in MS is new, but the perivenous distribution of MS lesions and venous theories about the pathology of MS are as old as the history of MS research. 01-01-2014

388 Hemodynamic evidence linking cognitive deficits in clinically isolated syndrome to regional brain inflammation. EZ Papadaki, PG Simos, T Panou, VC Mastorodemos, TG Maris, AH Karantanas, A Plaitakis Dec-2013 Abstract An evaluation of the hemodynamics of 40 people with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) found verbal memory in CIS correlated inversely with elevated cerebral blood volume values of brain structures involved in memory. This may be due to inflammation. 01-01-2014

391 MR venography in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis does not show increased prevalence of extracranial veins anomalies. E Jurkiewicz, K Kotulska, K Nowak, S Chelstowska, M Armata, D Chmielewski, M Bilska Dec-2013 Abstract MR venography of 20 children with MS and 19 age-matched controls found no evidence that children with MS have more extrancranial venous anomalies than healthy children. 01-22-2014

367 Cross-sectional area variations of internal jugular veins during supine head rotation in multiple sclerosis patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: a prospective diagnostic controlled study with duplex ultrasound investigation M Farina, E Novelli, R Pagani Nov-2013 Full Content The internal jugular veins (IJVs) of 313 people with MS and CCSVI and 298 healthy controls were examined before and after head rotation while they were lying down. Significant differences between the jugular cross sectional areas (CSA) before and after head rotation were observed only in people with MS with IJVs and wall collapse. There was a strong association between CCSVI scores and complexity of jugular morphological types. Wall miopragia (dysfunction) was mainly observed in people with MS: SPMS, 59.3 %; PPMS, 70.0%; and, RRMS, 48.3%. 11-12-2013

369 Aqueductal cerebral fluid pulsatility in healthy individuals is affected by impaired cerebral venous outflow CB Beggs, C Magnano, SJ Shepherd, K Marr, V Valnarov, D Hojnacki, N Bergsland, P Belov, S Grisafi, MG Dwyer, E Carl, B Weinstock-Guttman, R Zivadinov Nov-2013 Abstract Evaluation of 51 healthy people (32 CCSVI-negative and 19 CCSVI-positive) found that cerebrospinal fluid dynamics (CSF) are altered in CCSVI-positive healthy individuals and accompanied by enlargement of the aqueduct of Sylvius (AoS). Structural changes may be occurring in the brain parenchyma of CCSVI-positive healthy individuals. 11-12-2013

370 Prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a blinded sonographic evaluation. L Tromba, S Blasi, A Vestri, D Kiltzanidi, F Tartaglia, A Redler Nov-2013 Abstract Evaluation of 112 people with MS and 67 healthy people by Duplex and color doppler, transcranial color duplex sonography, and M-Mode study of the valve system and venous abnormalities found CCSVI in 59.8% of people with MS and 0 healthy people. Age, disease duration, sex, type of MS and EDSS did not predict the presence of CCSVI. 11-20-2013

371 A reliability study of colour-Doppler sonography for the diagnosis of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficency shows low inter-rater agreement MA Leone, O Raymkulova, A Lucenti, A Stecco, L Bolamperti, L Coppo, W Liboni, G Rivadossi, G Zaccala, M Maggio, F Melis, C Giaccone, A Carriero, P Lochner Nov-2013 Full Content Inter-rater agreement in evaluating CCSVI criteria was low in this blinded study of 38 people with MS and 55 age-matched controls. Zamboni -trained neurosonographers identified CCSVI more frequently than the non-trained neurosonographers. 11-20-2013

373 Blood pressure normalization post-jugular venous balloon angioplasty Z Sternberg, P Grewal, S Cen, F DeBarge-Igoe, J Yu, M Arata Nov-2013 Full Content Balloon angioplasty intervention corrected blood pressure deviations in people with 50% or more narrowing in one or both internal jugular veins and three or more symptoms of autonomic system dysfunction. 11-20-2013

374 Jugular Venous Reflux and White Matter Abnormalities in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study CP Chung, C Beggs, PN Wang, N Bergsland, S Shepherd, CY Cheng, DP Ramasamy, DG Swyer, HH Hu, R Zivadinov Nov-2013 Abstract This pilot study of 12 people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 24 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 17 elderly age- and gender-matched controls suggests there may be an association between jugular venous reflux (JVR) and cerebral white matter changes (WMC) in people with AD. 11-20-2013

375 The Fluctuating Natural Course of CCSVI in MS Patients and Controls, a Prospective Follow-Up PJ Van den Berg, LH Visser Nov-2013 Full Content An initial extra- and transcranial echo colour Doppler (ECD) examination followed by another ECD examination after a median time of 16 weeks in 52 people with MS and 28 healthy controls found a fluctuating natural course of extracranial venous hemodynamics, making determination of CCSVI by ECD unreliable. 11-20-2013

376 Multiple sclerosis: CCSVI deconstructed and discarded. F Barkhof, MP Wattjes Nov-2013 Title Only No abstract available. 11-20-2013

378 Contrast enhanced MR venography with gadofosveset trisodium: Evaluation of the intracranial and extracranial venous system. LA Kramer, AM Cohen, KM Hasan, JH Heimbigner, AD Barreto, SA Brod, PA Naravana, JS Wolinsky Nov-2013 Abstract Contrast enhanced MR venography (CEMRV) using gadofosveset trisodium is accurate in the evaluation of the venous system. 11-29-2013

379 Age-Related Vascular Differences Among Patients Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis. F Ciciarello, S Mandolesi, AI Galeandro, A Marceca, M Rossi, F Fedele, M Gesualdo, F Cortese, A Zito, F Frederico, P Livrea, M Trojano, P Scicchitano, MM Ciccone Nov-2013 Full Content Echo Color Doppler of 552 people with MS identified 83% (458) with alterations in the form and functional structures of cerebral veins. People 30 or younger had much more cerebral vein stenosis and blocked flow in the internal jugular veins and vertebral veins than people older than 30. People over 30 had longer disease duration and higher EDSS. Duration of disease may explain this finding. 11-29-2013

394 Reproducibility of Cerebrospinal Venous Blood Flow and Vessel Anatomy with the Use of Phase Contrast--Vastly Undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction and Contrast-Enhanced MRA EM Schrauben, KM Johnson, J Huston, AM del Rio, SB Reeder, A Field, O Wieben Nov-2013 Full Content This study examines flow variability in cerebrospinal veins using 4D MR flow and contrast-enhanced MRA in 10 healthy people. 01-22-2014

447 MR venography in patients with multiple sclerosis and correlation with clinical and MRI parameters. E Raz, S Pontecorvo, V Barra, BC Marincola, M Morreale, E Tinelli, L Saba, PL Di Paolo, A Aceti, C Catalano, A Francia, F Caramia Nov-2013 Abstract This 3T MRV evaluation of 29 people with MS found the presence/severity of jugular vein stenosis was not related to MR-visible tissue damage. No abnormal flow was found in stenosed veins. 12-28-2014

360 Prevalence of extracranial venous narrowing on catheter venography in people with multiple sclerosis, their siblings, and healthy controls: a blinded, case-control study. AL Traboulsee, KB Know, L Machan, Y Zhao, I Yee, A Rauscher, D Klass, P Szkup, R Otani, D Kopriva, S Lala, DK Li, D Sadovnick Oct-2013 Abstract Catheter venography performed on 79 people with MS, 55 siblings and 43 unrelated controls found CCSVI occurs rarely in people with MS and in healthy people. Extracranial venous narrowing of more than 50% occurs frequently in people with MS, siblings and healthy controls. The significance of venous narrowing on MS symptoms is unknown. 10-18-2013

361 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: the final curtain. F Paul, MP Wattjes Oct-2013 Title Only No abstract available. 10-18-2013

363 Multimodal noninvasive and invasive imaging of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI: results of the PREMiSe pilot study R Zivadinov, Y Karmon, K Dolic, J Hagemeier, K Marr, V Valnarov, CL Kennedy, D Hojnacki, EM Carl, LN Hopkins, EI Levy, B Weinstock-Guttman, AH Siddiqui Oct-2013 Full Content Internal jugular veins (IJVs) and azygous/vertebral veins (VV) were examined in 20 people with MS using 2 noninvasive techniques: doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and 2 invasive techniques: catheter venography (CV) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Noninvasive screening was inadequate to depict the total azygous vein/VVs anomalies. The two invasive techniques confirmed the existence of severe extracranial venous anomalies that significantly impaired normal blood outflow from the brain. 10-24-2013

364 Hydration status substantially affects chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency assessments CI Diaconu, RJ Fox, A Grattan, A Rae-grant, M Lu, HL Gornick, ESH Kim Oct-2013 Abstract Hydration status during Doppler ultrasound evaluations influences assessment of CCSVI criteria. 10-24-2013

365 Group specific vein-atlasing: An application for analyzing the venous system under normal and multiple sclerosis conditions. G Grabner, A Dal-Bianco, S Hametner, H Lassmann, S Tratttnig Oct-2013 Abstract Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) performed at 7 Tesla on 9 healthy controls and 9 people with MS found the venous volume in MS lesions was significantly higher than corresponding regions of controls. 10-24-2013

366 Jugular venous reflux and brain parenchyma volumes in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease C Beggs, CP Chung, N Bergsland, PN Wang, S Shepherd, CY Cheng, MG Dwyer, HH Hu, R Zivadinov Oct-2013 Full Content Sixteen people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), 33 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 18 healthy elderly controls were evaluated for jugular venous reflux (JVR) by duplex ultrasonography and MRI. Surprisingly, JVR in people with AD and MCI was associated with increased whole brain and gray matter volumes. 11-12-2013

368 Efficacy and safety of cutting balloons for the treatment of obstructive lesions in the internal jugular veins. M Kazibudzki, P Latacz, T Ludyga, M Simka Oct-2013 Abstract Endovascular treatment using cutting balloons during 70 procedures in 65 people with MS found they could be safely used for stenosed jugular veins, and in some cases may replace stents. 11-12-2013

372 Venous endothelial injury in central nervous system diseases JS Alexander, L Prouty, I Tsunoda, CV Ganta, A Minagar Oct-2013 Full Content This is a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology of MS, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), peudotumor cerebri, and optic neuritis, with an emphasis on the roles of the venous vascular system programming and dysfunction in their pathogenesis. 11-20-2013

377 Internal Jugular Veins Outflow in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Catheter Venography Study P Veroux, A Giaquinta, D Perricone, L Lupo, F Gentile, C Virgilio, A Carbonara, C DePasquale, M Veroux Oct-2013 Abstract Catheter venography of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) of 313 people with MS and 12 with end-stage renal disease found 89% of people had moderate or severe delayed blood flow in at least one IJV and 79% had moderate or severe delayed flow in both IJVs. Venous angioplasty was effective in a minority of people with severely delayed flow. 11-29-2013

383 The role of chronic venous insufficiency in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. A Wisniewski, B Ksiazkiewicz, A Wisniewska Oct-2013 Abstract This paper (in Polish) describes the role of venous circulatory disorders which may contribute to a number of nervous system diseases. 01-01-2014

481 CCSVI-A. A call to clinicians and scientists to vocalize in an Internet age AR Gafson, G Giovannoni Oct-2013 Abstract The author suggests clinicians and scientists engage with the public to ensure scientific discoveries are interpreted appropriately. 04-13-2016

352 Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Between Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency and Multiple Sclerosis BA Zwischenberger, MM Beasley, DL Davenport, ES Xenos Sep-2013 Abstract This meta-analysis of literature from January 2005 through February 2013 evaluated the frequency of CCSVI diagnosed by echo color Doppler. The analysis found a correlation between CCSVI and MS. There was no evidence CCSVI had a causative role. 09-07-2013

353 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency--pathophysiology and treatment. M Tuchendler, J Zwolinski, J Stankowski, N Zapotoczny, W Witkiewicz, M Piatkowski Sep-2013 Abstract This article in Polish describes CCSVI, the controversies and experimental treatment being performed to evaluate neurological outcomes. 09-07-2013

355 Observational case-control study of the prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: results from the CoSMo study G Comi, MA Battaglia, A Bertolotto, M Del Sette, A Ghezzi, G Malferrari, M Salvetti, MP Sormani, L Tesio, E Stolz, G Mancardi Sep-2013 Full Content Sonography was used to evaluate 1165 people with MS, 226 people with other neurological diseases (OND) and 376 healthy controls (HC) for CCSVI. CCSVI prevalence was 3.26% for people with MS, 3.10% for people with OND, and 2.13% for HC. CCSVI is not associated with MS. 09-30-2013

356 Goodbye to all that: a short history of CCSVI M Rasminsky, K terBrugge Sep-2013 Full Content This editorial argues that primarily in light of the CoSMos study and that of J Wolisnky, CCSVI clinical trials should not be pursued. 09-30-2013

357 Internal jugular and vertebral vein volume flow in patients with clincially isolated syndrome or mild multiple sclerosis and healthy controls: results from a prospective sonographer-blinded study. B Chambers, J Chambers, L Churilov, H Cameron, R Macdonell Sep-2013 Abstract Using ultrasound to assess internal jugular and vertebral vein volume researchers found no significant differences between people suspected of MS, or mild MS and controls. 09-30-2013

359 Cerebral arterial and venous blood flow in adolescent multiple sclerosis patients and age-matched controls using phase contrast MRI. CK Macgowan, KY Chan, S Laughlin, RA Marrie, B Banwell Sep-2013 Abstract Blood flow was measured in the left and right internal carotid arteries (IGA), vertebral arteries (VA), IJVs, and epidural veins (EV) of 26 adolescents with MS and 26 controls. A non significant trend to lower flow in the left IJV and higher flow pulsatility in the EV veins was noted in adolescents with MS. Two adolescents with MS had CCSVI. 10-18-2013

343 The controversy on chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency P Zamboni, E Menegatti, S Occhionorelli, F Salvi Aug-2013 Full Content This review notes: a) 12 studies which used catheter venography as the diagnostic tool demonstrated a greater than 90% prevalence of CCSVI in people with MS; (b) global hypoperfusion of the brain and reduced cerebral spinal fluid dynamics in people with MS are linked to CCSVI; (c) balloon angioplasty is safe; and,(d) the role of CCSVI in the pathology of neurological disorders is inconclusive. 08-13-2013

344 Longitudinal MR Imaging of Iron in Multiple Sclerosis: An Imaging Marker of Disease. AJ Walsh, G Blevins, RM Lebel, P Seres, DJ Emery, AH Wilman Aug-2013 Abstract This study of 17 people with MS and 17 controls examined twice (two years apart) found significant changes in deep gray matter iron content in people with MS that was strongly related to physical disability. 08-13-2013

345 Doppler Ultrasound Examination of Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Control Participants: Inter-observer Agreement and Association with Disease. SJ Laukontaus, T Kagayama, M Lepantolo, S Atulo, M Farkkila, A Alback, Y Inoue, P Tienari, M Venermo Aug-2013 Abstract This prospective, blinded controlled study of 82 people with MS and 40 controls found the feasibility of CCSVI criteria for common use was questionable because of low inter-observer agreement. Small caliber internal jugular veins (IJVs) were common in controls and people with MS. 08-13-2013

348 Feasibility and safety of endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. T Lupatelli, G Bellagamba, E Righi, V Di Donna, I Flaishman, R Faziolo, F Garaci, P Onorati Aug-2013 Abstract Venography was performed in 1999 people with MS and CCSVI. At 30 days the major complication rate was 0.6% and the minor complication rate 2.5%, suggesting endovascular treatment for CCSVI is safe. The vast majority of complications occurred in the first 400 procedures. 08-27-2013

349 Comparison of Intravascular Ultrasound with Conventional Venography for Detection of Extracranial Venous Abnormalities Indicative of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency. Y Karmon, R Zivadinov, B Weinstock-Guttman, K Marr, V Valnarov, K Dolic, CL Kennedy, D Hojnacki, EM Carl, J Hagemeier, LN Hopkins, EI Levy, AH Siddiqui Aug-2013 Abstract In a study of 30 people with RRMS intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) showed a higher rater of abnormalities than venography. IVUS provides a diagnostic advantage over conventional venography in detecting CCSVI. 08-27-2013

350 Careful Application of the Recommended Protocols Improve Reproducibility and Permit Comparison Among CCSVI Studies. P Zamboni, M Tessari Aug-2013 Full Content In this letter to the editor the authors identify factors that contributed to the findings by Canadian researchers that CCSVI was not associated with MS. 08-27-2013

351 Evidence against the Involvement of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis. A Case-Control Study IW Rodger, D Dilar, J Dwyer, J Bienenstock, A Coret, J Coret-Simon, G Foster, A Granchetto, S Franic, CH Goldsmith, D Koff, NB Konyer, M Levine, et al Aug-2013 Full Content This Canadian study of 100 people with MS and 100 controls utilizing ultrasound imaging of deep cerebral and neck veins as well as MRI imaging of the neck and brain found 1 person with MS and CCSVI. It concludes CCSVI is not involved in MS. 08-27-2013

354 Jugular Interventions for Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency JP Vachon, GP Siskin Aug-2013 Abstract This is a reference to a chapter in a book entitled Endovascular Interventions-A Case Based Approach, copyright 2014. 09-07-2013

381 Endothelial PDGF-BB produced ex vivo correlates with relevant hemodynamic parameters in patients affected by chronic venous disease V Tisato, P Zamboni, E Menegatti, S Gianesini, I Volpi, G Zauli, P Secchiero Aug-2013 Abstract This study found a relationship between chronic venous disease (CVD) and inflammatory and immune modulating cytokines that are seen in MS. 12-12-2013

329 Spiral vein graft for internal jugular bypass in a patient with multiple sclerosis and suspected chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. GT Fankhauser, WM Stone, R Fu, SR Money Jul-2013 Abstract This is a case report of a 45 year old man with suspected CCSVI who underwent venous reconstruction after repeated angioplasties were unsuccessful in keeping the vein open. Improvement was noted after surgery until the reconstructed vein occluded. 07-09-2013

330 "People power" or "pester power"? YouTube as a forum for the generation of evidence and patient advocacy. F Mazanderani, B O'Neill, J Powell Jul-2013 Full Content The authors conducted a content analysis of the 100 most viewed YouTube videos out of 4000 about CCSVI. Health professionals should engage with digital media content to understand 'experiential-evidence' and its importance. 07-09-2013

331 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: masked multimodal imaging assessment. SA Brod, LA Kramer, AM Cohen, AD Barreto, TT Bui, JR Jemelka, K Ton, JW Lindsey, F Nelson, PA Narayana, JS Wolinsky Jul-2013 Full Content Neurosonograhy (NS), magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and transluminal venography (TRV) were performed on subsets of people with MS. Findings do not support altered venous outflow dynamics as common in MS nor likely to contribute to the disease process. 07-09-2013

332 Prevalence of Incidental Narrowing of the Superior Segment of the Internal Jugular Vein in Patients Without Multiple Sclerosis. FE Diehn, KM Schwartz, CH Hunt, LJ Eckel, NG Campeau, RE Carter, JB Allred, DF Kallmes Jul-2013 Abstract An analysis of internal jugular veins (IJV) of 164 people without MS who underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) found the superior IJV appearance occlusive or near occlusive in approximately 1/4 of the people. 07-09-2013

333 An ultrasound model to calculate the brain blood outflow through collateral vessels: a pilot study P Zamboni, F Sisini, E Menegatti, A Taibi, AM Malagoni, S Morovic, M Gambaccini Jul-2013 Full Content In an ultrasound study model of 10 people with CCSVI and 10 healthy controls, blood flow in the internal jugular vein (IJV) junction was significantly lower in the supine position in people with CCSVI. This suggests collateral veins play a pivotal role in CCSVI conditions. 07-21-2013

334 Small internal jugular veins with restricted outflow are associated with severe multiple sclerosis: a songographer-blinded, case-control ultrasound study E Krsmanovi, M Ivkovi, T Lepi, A Stankovi, R Rai Evi, IE Din Jul-2013 Full Content In this ultrasound study of 67 people with MS and 21 healthy controls small internal jugular veins (IJVs) with restricted outflow were independently associated with the severity of MS. 07-21-2013

335 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. RH Benedict, B Weinstock-Guttman, K Marr, V Valnarov, C Kennedy, E Carl, C Brooks, D Hojnacki, R Zivadinov Jul-2013 Full Content Doppler ultrasound identified CCSVI in 58.7 % (64) of 107 people with MS. There was no evidence of an association between the presence and severity of CCSVI and cognitive impairment or depression.` 07-21-2013

336 A comparative study of magnetic resonance venography techniques for the evaluation of the internal jugular veins in multiple sclerosis patients. MT Rahman, SK Sethi, DT Utriainen, JJ Hewtt, EM Haacke Jul-2013 Full Content Specialized MR techniques were used to assess extra-cranial vasculature in 170 people with MS and 40 healthy controls. One technique was better at identifying vascular anatomy but it does not provide information about blood flow. 07-21-2013

337 No evidence for CCSVI in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with moderate disability. M Juenemann, M Yeniguen, E Stolz, M Berghoff Jul-2013 Title Only No abstract available. 07-21-2013

339 No Evidence for Impairment of Venous Hemodynamics in Children or Young Adults with Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. S Laughlin, CK Macgowan, J Traubici, K Chan, S Khan, DL Arnold, RA Marrie, B Banwell Jul-2013 Full Content CCSVI was rarely observed in 26 children or 13 young adults with pediatric onset MS. Venous outflow was intact in children with MS. 07-30-2013

340 Venocentric lesions: an MRI marker of MS? MP Quinn, M Kremenchutzky, RS Menon Jul-2013 Full Content The presence of veins in MS lesions was noted in the earliest descriptions of the disease. Early presentation of venocentric lesions highly predicts a future diagnosis of MS. More research is needed to determine if this is a unique biomarker for MS. 07-30-2013

341 Internal jugular venous abnormalities in transient monocular blindness CY Cheng, FC Chang, AC Chao, CP Chung, HH Hu Jul-2013 Full Content Comparing 23 people with transient monocular blindness (TMB) and 23 healthy controls, researchers found significantly more moderate or severe internal jugular vein (IJV) compression or stenosis in people with TMB. Cerebral venous outflow abnormality is one of the etiologies of TMB. 07-30-2013

346 Cognitive impairment and "invisible symptoms" are not associated with CCSVI in MS C Leone, E D'Amico, S Cilia, A Nicoletti, L Di Pino, F Patti Jul-2013 Full Content This study of 61 people with MS (27 CCSVI positive) did not find a significant association between the presence of CCSVI and cognitive impairment or other MS symptoms such as fatigue, depression, bladder and sexual disorders or self-reported quality of life. 08-13-2013

317 Endovascular diagnosis and management of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: retrospective analysis of 30-day morbidity and mortality in 95 consecutive patients. H Ferra, G Behrens, Y Tumer, M Riemenschneider Jun-2013 Abstract Venous lesions requiring treatment were found in 94.7% (90) of 95 consecutive people with MS. Evaluation and management of CCSVI 30 days post treatment found it was safe. 05-28-2013

321 Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: Commentary. M Hutchinson Jun-2013 Full Content This commentary argues that there is no logic to the hypothesis of CCSVI and MS. 06-02-2013

322 Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: No. R Zivadinov, B Weinstock-Guttman Jun-2013 Full Content This article presents arguments supporting the need to continue to pursue research on CCSVI in MS and other neurological diseases. 06-02-2013

323 Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: Yes. A Ghezzi Jun-2013 Full Content This article presents arguments for not pursuing research on CCSVI. A scientific cause and effect relationship between CCSVI and MS has not been proven. 06-02-2013

324 The role of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic imaging techniques for detection of extra-cranial venous system anomalies and developmental variants K Dolic, AH Siddiqui, Y Karmon, K Marr, R Zivadinov Jun-2013 Full Content This review (with numerous illustrations) summarizes current knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of both invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities to detect extra-cranial venous anomalies and developmental variants associated with CCSVI. The role of the anomalies in MS, other neurological diseases and aging remains unproven. 06-30-2013

325 Percutaneous transluminal angiplasty for treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in people with multiple sclerosis: a summary of a Cochrane systematic review. EJ van Zuuren, Z Fedorowicz, E Pucci, V Jagannath, EW Robak Jun-2013 Abstract A Cochrane review found there is currently no high level of evidence to support or refute the safety or effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for treatment of CCSVI in people with MS. 06-30-2013

326 Cerebrovascular hemodynamic changes in multiple sclerosis patients during head-up tilt table test: effect of high-dose intravenous sterioid treatment. Z Mezei, L Olah, L Kardos, RK Kovacs, L Csiba, T Csepany Jun-2013 Abstract In 30 people with MS (11 with acute relapses treated with corticosteroids) compared to 10 healthy controls, researchers found cerebrovascular autoregulation impairments were detectable in early MS. Steroid treatment had a signifcant effect on hemodynamic changes in acute relapses. 06-30-2013

327 Concomitant analysis of arterial, venous, and CSF flows using phase-contrast MRI: a quantitative comparison between MS patients and healthy controls. S Elsankari, O Baledent, V van Pesch, C Sindic, Q de Broqueville, T Duprez Jun-2013 Abstract Phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) compared CSF, venous and arterial flows of 19 people with MS and 21 healthy controls. No significant differences in venous cerebral or cervical outflow were observed. There was an unexpected decrease in arterial perfusion in people with MS which needs further study. 06-30-2013

328 Multiple sclerosis, blood flow, and CSF circulation. J Wuerfel Jun-2013 Title Only No abstract available. 06-30-2013

358 Cerebral venous circulatory system evaluation by ultrasonography. I Zavoreo, V Basic-Kes, L Zadro-Matovina, M Lisak, L Coric, T Cvjeticanin, D Ciliga, TT Bobic Jun-2013 Abstract Possible intracranial and extracranial ultrasound evaluations of the head and neck venous circulation are presented. 10-18-2013

316 The omohyoid muscle entrapment of the internal jugular vein. A still unclear pathogenetic mechanism S Gianesini, E Menegatti, F Mascoli, F Salvi, S Bastianello, P Zamboni May-2013 Full Content In this case report of a person with MS and CCSVI the omohyoid muscle was externally compressing the internal jugular vein. Two years after surgical correction no relapses,an improved EDSS and absence of chronic fatigue were noted. 05-28-2013

313 Incidence and distribution of extravascular compression of extracranial venous pathway in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis R Djordje, I Nenad, K Jovo, S Dragan, A Želimar, T Slobodan, A Nikola, B Srdjan, O Petar May-2013 Abstract In 51 people with MS and CCSVI significant (> 70%) extravascular compression was found in 26 people (51%). This compression was primarily caused by a specific area of cervical vertebrae. 05-14-2013

314 Catheter venography for the assessment of internal jugular veins and azygous vein: Position statement by expert panel of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease M Simka, D Hubbard, AH Siddiqui, MD Dake, SJA Sclafani, M Al-Omari, CG Eisele, ZJ Haskal, T Ludyga, ZV Miloševič, H Sievert, MK Stehling, S Zapf, M Zorc May-2013 Abstract This article by members of the International Society of Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD) presents current technique and interpretation of catheter venography of the internal jugular veins, azygous vein and other veins draining the central nervous system. 05-14-2013

315 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: dichotomy between subjective and objective outcome scores. S Zagaglia, S Balestrini, E Perticaroli, MC Danni, S Luzzi, M Silvestrini, L Provinciali May-2013 Abstract Objective and subjective outcome measures utilized 12 months after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in 44 people with MS and CCSVI reflect different outcomes of PTA. For example, the objective measures noted disability worsening after PTA, but the Multiple Sclerosis-Quality of Life-54 Scale (MS-QoL-54) found improvements in physical and mental health. 05-14-2013

318 Venous hemodynamics in neurological disorders: an analytical review with hydrodynamic analysis CB Beggs May-2013 Full Content This paper reviews venous abnormalities in MS, leukoaraiosis, and normal- pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). CCSVI appears to be associated with MS but its role in the pathology of MS is unclear. 06-02-2013

320 On the Historical Succession of Vessel-Based Therapies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis A Ganesh, FW Stahnisch May-2013 Full Content This is an exploration of vascular hypotheses regarding MS since the 1930s. Vessel based therapies that have been studied include anti-coagulation drugs,vasodilatory drugs, surgical interventions, the Swank low fat diet and CCSVI. 06-02-2013

308 Percutaneous angioplasty of internal jugular and azygous veins in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: early and mid-term results. D Radak, J Kolar, D Sagic, N Llijevski, S Tanaskovic, N Aleksic, J Marinkovic, A Mitrasinovic, S Radak, S Babic, P Matic, H Vlajinac Apr-2013 Abstract Endovascular treatment of the azygous and internal jugular veins (IJV) of 72 people with MS and CCSVI found that the procedure was safe, signifcantly improved flow of the IJVs and reduced EDSS scores. 04-11-2013

309 Performance on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and cerebral blood flow in multiple sclerosis. M D'haeseleer, C Steen, JM Hoogduin, MJ van Osch, Y Fierens, M Cambron, MW Koch, J DeKeyser Apr-2013 Abstract This study of 18 people with MS and 10 healthy controls suggests that performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) was linked to cerebral blood flow (CBF) of a specific part of the brain involved in information processing speed and working memory. 04-11-2013

312 Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in multiple sclerosis: A pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MRI study. M Ota, N Sato, Y Nakata, K Ito, K Kamiya, N Maikusa, M Ogawa, T Okamoto, S Obu, T Noda, M Araki, T Yamamura, H Kunugi Apr-2013 Abstract Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 27 people with MS and 24 healthy volunteers using a special MRI technique, arterial spin labeling (ASL). Reduced CBF bilaterally in the thalami and right frontal region of the brain was found in people with MS. 04-21-2013

319 Relation between bilateral differences in internal jugular vein caliber and flow patterns of dural venous sinuses K Saiki, T Tsurumoto, K Okamoto, T Wakebe Apr-2013 Full Content The internal jugular veins (IJV), sizes of the left and right transverse sinuses (TS), and the drainage patterns of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) were evaluated in 91 cadavers. A relationship was found among these components that impact the diameter of the IJVs. 06-02-2013

302 An observational study of venoplasty in patients with multiple sclerosis. W Pryse-Phillips, M Stefanelli, K Murphy-Peddle, B Barrett Mar-2013 Abstract Objective, semi-objective and subjective measures found no objective improvement at one year in 30 people who had venoplasty. Many people (about half) reported a degree of subjective improvement. 03-02-2013

303 Iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis: an early pathogenic event. SM Levine, M Bilgen, SG Lynch Mar-2013 Abstract Iron deposition is an early pathological event in MS. Identifying the mechanisms of iron accumulation and determining if it promotes MS pathogenesis are important areas of future research. 03-02-2013

304 Clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients following venous angioplasty. J Oh, P O'Connor Mar-2013 Title Only No abstract available. 03-02-2013

306 Changes of Cine Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty: Case-control Study. R Zivadinov, C Magnano, R Galeotti, C Schirda, E Menegatti, B Weinstock-Guttman, K Marr, I Bartolomei, J Hagemeier, M Malagoni, D Hojnacki, C Kennedy, E Carl, C Beggs, F Salvi, P Zamboni Mar-2013 Abstract Angioplasty improved cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and decreased CSF velocity in this study of 15 people with RRMS and CCSVI. The changes in CSF flow and velocity were linked to better clinical and MR outcomes and were indicative of improved venous drainage. 04-03-2013

307 Iron Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions V Mehta, W Pei, G Yang, S Li, E Swamy, A Boster, P Schmalbrock, D Pitt Mar-2013 Full Content In an exploration of the role of lesional iron in MS, researchers found iron was a specific biomarker for inflammation. This may provide important information on disease status and treatment efficacy. 04-03-2013

310 The Evidence for Hypoperfusion as a Factor in Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Development BHJ Juurlink Mar-2013 Full Content This article reviews the evidence on reduced blood flow (hypoperfusion) in the brain as a factor in the development of MS lesions. Clinical trials addressing vascular issues should examine the impact of interventions on white matter perfusion recovery and functional clinical outcomes. 04-11-2013

311 Central Veins in Brain Lesions Visualized With High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pathologically Specific Diagnostic Biomarker for Inflammatory Demyelination in the Brain. N Mistry, J Dixon, E Tallantyre, C Tench, R Abdel-Fahim, T Jaspan, PS Morgan, P Morris, N Evangelou Mar-2013 Abstract After a diagnosis of possible MS, 7 Telsa MRI revealed central veins in the majority of lesions in people who were eventually diagnosed with MS. Central veins were not present in the majority of lesions of people who were not diagnosed with MS. 7-T MRI had 100% positive and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of MS. 04-11-2013

291 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a highly prevalent age-dependent phenomenon R Lanzillo, M Mancini, R Liuzzi, O Di Donato, E Salvatore, V Maglio, G Vacca, L Amato, G D'Anna, A Brunetti, V Brescia Morra Feb-2013 Full Content Three independent examiners evaluated 146 people with MS (CIS, RRMS, SPMS and PPMS) and 38 healthy controls (HC) using Doppler sonography. CCSVI was found in 76% of people with MS and 16% of HCs. CCSVI in people with MS appeared to be associated with age but not with the clinical course of the disease. 02-17-2013

292 The value of Doppler cerebral parameters to assess a group of patients with multiple sclerosis A Coteanu, S Gusti, C Coteanu Feb-2013 Full Content This study of cerebral venous hemodynamics in 27 people with MS and 30 healthy controls found 60% of people with MS had persistent reflux in the internal jugular vein. This was significant in the pathology of MS. 02-17-2013

293 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: A sonographer-blinded case-control study. D Imperiale, F Melis, C Giaccone, M Guido, E Milano, C Buffa, L Appendino Feb-2013 Abstract This doppler ultrasound study of 80 people with MS, 41 healthy controls and 40 people with other neurological diseases found no association between CCSVI and MS. A weak association between internal jugular vein stenosis and MS was found. 02-17-2013

294 "Media, politics and science policy: MS and evidence from the CCSVI Trenches" D Pullman, A Zarzeczny, A Picard Feb-2013 Full Content A health journalist, health law and policy scholar and a medical ethicist present perspectives on the CCSVI debate. 02-17-2013

295 Adverse events after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis. A Ghezzi, P Annovazzi, M Amato, E Capello, P Cavallo, E Cocco, M Falcini, A Gallo, F Patti, P Perini, M Rodegher, M Rovaris, M Rottoli, G Comi, the MS Study Group--Italian Society of Neurology Feb-2013 Abstract This study to evaluate clinical outcomes after endovascular treatment (ET) for CCSVI found 15 of 462 people exerienced serious adverse events (SAE). Jugular vein thrombosis (in 7 people) appeared to be the most prevalent SAE. There was 1 death 10 weeks after ET. 02-17-2013

300 The "central vein sign": is there a place for susceptibility weighted imaging in possible multiple sclerosis? T Kau, M Taschwer, H Deutschmann, M Schönfelder, JR Weber, KA Hausegger Feb-2013 Abstract Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) adds diagnostic information in people with possible MS. The "central vein sign" (CVS) was found predominantly in MS lesions and helps discriminate between MS and non-MS lesions. 03-02-2013

301 What went wrong? The flawed concept of cerebrospinal venous insufficiency JM Valdueza, F Doepp, SJ Schreiber, BW van Oosten, K Schmierer, P Friedemann, MP Wattjes Feb-2013 Full Content This is a comprehensive review and overview of the methodological flaws and pathophysiological implausibility of the 'CCSVI' concept. There is no basis to diagnose or treat 'CCSVI' outside of scientific research. 03-02-2013

298 Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Is Not Associated with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Severity: A Blind-Verified Study MA Leone, O Raymkulova, P Naldi, P Lochner, L Bolamperti, L Coppo, A Stecco, W Liboni Feb-2013 Full Content Blinded Doppler exams of 68 people with MS and 68 healthy controls detected CCSVI in 21 people with MS (30.9%) and 23 (33.8%) of controls. Prevalence of CCSVI was related to age in people with MS but not in controls. 02-24-2013

286 Endovascular treatment of CCSVI in patients with multiple sclerosis: clinical outcome of 462 cases. A Ghezzi, P Annovazzi, E Cocco, G Coarelli, A Lugaresi, M Rovaris, F Patti, E Capello, ME Rodegher, L Moiola, S Malucchi, G Salemi, N De Rossi, L Provinciali, P Perini, R Bergamaschi, et al, The MS Study Group--Italian Society of Neurology Jan-2013 Abstract Endovascular treatment (ET) of 462 people with MS was assessed by structured questionnaire before and an average of 31 weeks after ET. The average EDSS remained unchanged and 98 people (21%) experienced a relapse. Serious adverse events were recorded in 3.2% of cases. 02-03-2013

285 Venous embryology: the key to understanding anomalous venous conditons BB Lee Jan-2013 Full Content This is a detailed review of the development of venous malformations in embryos. They can explain many defects resulting in venous anomalies later in life that may have serious hemodynamic consequences. 01-24-2013

287 MR imaging of the yucatan pig head and neck vasculature. CA Habib, D Utriainen, J Peduzzi-Nelson, E Dawe, J Mattei, Z Latif, K Casey, EM Haacke Jan-2013 Abstract The cerebral venous drainage of 3 pigs was assessed to evaluate them for use as a probable model to test whether extracranial venous abnormalities may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. 02-03-2013

289 Italian multicentre observational study of the prevalence of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis (CoSMo study): rational, design, and methodology. G Comi, MA Battaglia, A Bertolotto, M Del Sette, A Ghezzi, G Malferrari, M Salvetti, MP Sormani, L Tesio, E Stolz, G Mancardi Jan-2013 Abstract This is a description of the methodology and design of the Italian blinded CoSMo study to identify the prevalence of CCSVI in 2000 adults. 02-03-2013

290 Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Cerebro-Spinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis: A retrospective study. R Alroughani, S Lamdhade, A Thussu Jan-2013 Abstract 45 people with RRMS who had percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were followed for 1 year after the procedure. PTA was not associated with any neurological improvement. 02-03-2013

338 Mystery of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: Identical Venographic and Ultrasound Findings in Patients with MS and Controls. W McAuliffe, AG Kermode Jan-2013 Abstract No differences were detected in 30 people with MS and 10 controls who underwent sonography. Normal physiological narrowing is very common in the internal jugular veins of healthy people. 07-30-2013

347 Intracranial nonjugular venous pathways: a possible compensatory drainage mechanism. M Kopelman, A Glik, S Greenberg, I Shelef Jan-2013 Abstract This study of 64 people without neurological diseases found nonjugular venous pathways may serve as a compensatory drainage compartment in the brain that may become less significant with age. 08-27-2013

276 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis patients. EJ van Zuuren, Z Fedorowicz, E Pucci, VA Jagannath, EW Robak Dec-2012 Abstract This Cochrane Review found there is currently no high level of evidence to support or refute the efficacy or safety of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for CCSVI in people with MS. Well designed controlled trials are needed. 12-22-2012

277 Initial investigation of the blood-brain barrier in MS lesions at 7 telsa. MI Gaitán, P Sati, SJ Inati, DS Reich Dec-2012 Abstract An MRI study of lesion formation in 8 people with MS found most lesions (73%) formed around a vein. Data support the idea that lesions grow outward from a central vein. 12-22-2012

278 Multiple sclerosis shrinks intralesional, and enlarges extralesional, brain parenchymal veins. MI Gaitán, MP de Alwis, P Sati, G Nair, DS Reich Dec-2012 Abstract The size of some veins examined in the brains of 19 people with MS and 9 healthy controls found smaller veins within MS lesions. Veins located around and outside lesions in people with MS were larger than the veins in people without MS. 12-22-2012

279 Serious Complication of Percutaneous Angioplasty with Stent Implantation in so Called "Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency" in Multiple Sclerosis Patient O Dolezal, D Horzkovz, Z Gdovinovz, J Szilasiovz Dec-2012 Full Content This is a case report of a 51 year old woman treated for CCSVI. Two implanted stents dislocated on the right and thrombosis occurred in the left stent. Her EDSS worsened after the procedure. Furthur complications are possible. Restricting treatment is urged. 12-22-2012

281 Optic Nerve and its Arterial-Venous Vascularization: An Ultrasonologic Study in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls. N Carraro, G Servillo, VM Sarra, A Bignamini, G Pizzolato, M Zorzon Dec-2012 Abstract Optic nerve arteries and veins were examined by ultrasound in 46 people with RRMS (22 with previous optic neuritis, ON) and 37 healthy controls. No significant differences in flow variables were found between people with MS (including those with previous ON) and healthy controls. 01-04-2013

288 Results from 823 consecutive Duplex exams for CCSVI in a Vascular Centre PM Bavera, GB Agus, D Alpini, P Cecconi, A Guazzoni, A Tori, E Constantin, T Lupatelli Dec-2012 Abstract In a study of 823 people with MS and 60 controls, CCSVI was diagnosed in 90% of people with MS and 0% of controls. Of the 127 people examined after treatment for CCSVI, 69% (88) were negative for CCSVI. This was associated with symptom improvement. 02-03-2013

299 Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: Case-Control Neurosonography Results AD Baretto, SA Brod, TT Bui, J Jemelka, L Kramer, K Ton, A Cohen, JW Lindsey, F Nelson, PA Narayana, JS Wolinsky Dec-2012 Full Content Examinations found 3.88% of 206 people with MS had CCSVI and 7.14% of 70 people without MS had CCSVI. No significant differences were found between people with and without MS for extracranial or intracranial venous flow rates. 02-24-2013

305 Dexmedetomidine for monitored anesthesia care in patients undergoing liberation procedure for multiple sclerosis: An observational study S Anand, A Bhatia, Rajkumar, H Sapra, V Gupta, Y Mehta Dec-2012 Full Content Dexmedetomidine, an anesthetic, was used in 60 people with MS who underwent angioplasty. Continuous monitoring found it could be used as the sole sedative for the procedure. 03-21-2013

342 Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency diagnostics L Grozdinski, I Petrov, M Iloska Dec-2012 Abstract Doppler ultrasound examinations of 138 people with MS and 40 controls, identified CCSVI in 89% of people with MS and 10% of controls. Ultrasound was highly sensitive and accurate for a diagnosis of CCSVI. 07-30-2013

268 Increased iron accumulation occurs in the earliest stages of demyelinating disease: an ultra-high field susceptibility mapping study in Clinically Isolated Syndrome. AM Al-Radaideh, SJ Wharton, SY Lim, CR Tench, PS Morgan, RW Bowtell, CS Constantinescu, PA Gowland Nov-2012 Abstract The amount of iron in the deep gray matter of 19 people with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS was compared to that of 20 healthy controls. People with CIS showed increased accumulation of iron, suggesting that iron changes occur in early CIS. 11-19-2012

269 Occurrence of CCSVI in patients with MS and its relationship with iron metabolism and varicose veins. PJ Van den Berg, GB Van den Berg, LW Westerhuis, LH Visser Nov-2012 Abstract Colour Doppler showed CCSVI in 8 (9%) of 90 people with MS and 0 in 41 healthy controls. No relationship was found between CCSVI and impaired iron metabolism. CCSVI is uncommon and related to more neurological disability and the presence of varicose veins. 11-19-2012

270 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in a patient with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and persistent left superior vena cava. T Lupattelli, F Benassi, E Righi, P Bavera, G Bellagamba Nov-2012 Abstract This is a case report of a 57 year old person with CCSVI in whom the drainage from the left IJV to the right atrium occurred through a venous anomaly, the persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). 11-19-2012

271 Assessment of jugular endovascular malformations in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: colour-Doppler scanning and catheter venography compared with intravascular ultrasound. F Scalise, M Farina, M Manfredi, C Auguadro, E Novelli Nov-2012 Abstract 45 people with MS and CCSVI diagnosed by colour- Doppler (CD) underwent catheter venography (CV) during angioplasty. 25 of them also underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). CV was significantly inferior to CD in detecting jugular endoluminal malformations (JEM). CD was useful for correct treatment. 11-19-2012

272 Disability caused by multiple sclerosis is associated with the number of extra cranial venous stenoses: possible improvement by venous angioplasty. Results of a prospective study. M Denislic, Z Milosevic, M Zorc, IZ Ravnik, O Mendiz Nov-2012 Abstract This open label study of 94 people with MS and CCSVI who underwent catheter venography dilation found the number of venous narrowings was associated with more disabilty. A significant improvement in clinical disability was observed in people with RRMS who were treated. 12-06-2012

273 Fibrinogen-induced perivascular mircroglial clustering is required for the development of axonal damage in neuroinflammation D Davalos, JK Ryu, M Merlini, KM Baeten, N Le Moan, MA Petersen, TJ Deerinck, DS Smirnoff, C Bedard, H Hakozaki, S Gonias Murrary, JB Ling, H Lassman, JL Degen, MH Ellisman, K Akassoglou Nov-2012 Full Content In a study of mice, researchers found fibrinogen, a marker of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and regulator of inflammatory demyelination, was required for perivascular cluster formation, preceded demyelination, and, was required for axonal damage in neuroinflammation. These vascular changes (leakage of fribrin) may be the trigger for MS. 12-06-2012

274 Tissue similarity maps (TSMs): A new means of mapping vascular behavior and calculating relative blood volume in pefusion weighted imaging. EM Haacke, M Li, F Juvvigunta Nov-2012 Abstract Tissue similarity maps (TSMs) may be a new way to study blood flow patterns in brain tissue and to better diagnose vascular differences between tissue and lesions. 12-06-2012

251 Vascular pathology of multiple sclerosis R Zivadinov, SJ Alexander, A Minagar Oct-2012 Full Content This editorial identifies current concepts and recent findings concerning the evaluation, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of the vascular pathology of MS. 09-16-2012

252 CCSVI is associated with multiple sclerosis. S Morovic, P Zamboni Oct-2012 Abstract A recent meta-analysis assessed an over 13 times increased prevalence of CCSVI in MS. Global hypoperfusion of the brain and reduced cerebral spinal fluid dynamics were shown to be related to CCSVI. Autopsy studies show a higher prevalence of intraluminal defects in the main extracranial vein in people with MS compared to controls. 09-16-2012

253 Magnetic resonance imaging signatures of vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis. D Utriainen, G Trifan, S Sethi, S Elias, J Hewe