The Balmoral Hotel in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside has a well documented history of trouble.

For years, it was one of the most decrepit buildings in the neighbourhood and was well known for its mould, bugs and rat infestations. City inspectors finally shut it down in 2017, deeming it structurally unsafe and unfit for living in.

But in the midst of all the reports documenting the hotel's terrible conditions, I think we missed an opportunity for an interesting discussion: How can the private sector provide safe and affordable housing? If at all?

The Balmoral was a single-room occupancy (SRO) building, of which there are currently 156 in Vancouver. These SROs house some of the city's most vulnerable residents: people with disabilities, addictions and mental health issues as well as people on income assistance.

Uytae Lee stands in front of graffiti outside the closed Balmoral Hotel on East Hastings Street. (Maggie MacPherson/CBC)

Many people end up in an SRO because the rooms are dirt cheap (between $375 and $800 per month) and because SRO landlords aren't as picky about who they rent to. The rooms might not be glamorous but without them, many of their inhabitants would be homeless.

What fascinates me, though, is many of these SROs are privately owned and exist in the housing market without public subsidies. Landlords are able to make a profit while offering some of the lowest rents in the city — and the reason behind that lies in the design of their rooms.

Former Balmoral Hotel resident Rosemary Brown inside her seventh floor unit in October 2015. (CBC News)

SROs are like adult dorms. Tenants have their own bedroom but share bathrooms and kitchens with other tenants. Some SROs opt out of having a kitchen entirely, instead providing a hot-plate and mini-fridge in each room. By reducing and sharing amenities, the rent can be made much cheaper.

Typical floor layout of a single resident occupancy building. (Uytae Lee)

This design appears to be gaining popularity globally. Several trendy startups have popped up in New York and the Bay Area, offering housing under a similar model.

Investor-backed startups like Common , Starcity and WeLive (yes, WeWork is now a housing developer) offer housing branded as "dorms for adults" or "co-living," where kitchens, living rooms and bathrooms are shared. Starcity has a permit to build an 800-unit "co-living" building in San José — basically an SRO with better marketing.

Starcity recently received approval to construct an 800-unit 'co-living' building in San Jose, Calif. (Starcity)

The focus for these startups hasn't been about making rent cheaper but offering luxury amenities (like gyms, catered parties, furnished units and cleaning services) at reduced rates for tenants. Studios at WeLive's building in New York start at $3,091 US per month ($4,065 Cdn), slightly higher than the average rent for a studio in the same area.

But other co-housing initiatives do show potential for affordability. In New York, the local government recently launched ShareNYC , a pilot program that will pick private developers to build "shared housing" intended to be "substantially affordable".

Common space at a Starcity building in San Francisco. (Starcity)

However, Vancouver's case demonstrates there is a limit to the extent that the private sector can provide affordable housing, especially when property values in the city have skyrocketed in recent years.

The Balmoral was assessed at $3.9 million in 2007. Ten years later, it was worth $10 million. For a landlord, that means higher property taxes and a pressure to raise rents or redevelop.

But at the same time, the city made it nearly impossible for landlords to redevelop SRO buildings. In 2015, a new bylaw charged landlords a fee of $125,000 per room to redevelop an SRO.

The intention was to protect SRO residents from eviction, but I think it's resulting in a stalemate. There's really no financial incentive for a landlord to upgrade or repair a building except to keep it from being shut down. So they'll do bare-minimum maintenance to keep their buildings open and not much else.

The number of non-market and privately owned SROs in Vancouver between 1994 and 2016. (Uytae Lee)

With that in mind, the city's strategy for the last couple of decades has been to buy up SROs from landlords and replace them with social housing. We had 7,830 units in privately owned SROs in 1994, and we have 4,379 today. Most of those lost units have been replaced by social housing.

I think that strategy makes sense for the low-income residents of the Downtown Eastside.

Relying on the private sector to provide housing for some of the most vulnerable people in our city was probably never a good idea. That being said, the rebirth of SROs elsewhere suggests there is still some merit to this model, so let's not throw the key away quite yet.

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