Schematic view of the interaction between plasma and tungsten (left) and explanation of the necessity for thin film samples and "the nano-scale sculpture technique" for TEM observation (right). Credit: NIFS

A research team of fusion scientists has succeeded in developing a "nano-scale sculpture technique" to fabricate an ultra-thin film by sharpening a tungsten sample with a focused ion beam. This enables the nano-scale observation of a cross-section very near the top surface of the tungsten sample using a transmission electron microscope. The sculpture technique developed by this research can be applied not only to tungsten but also to other hard materials.

Hardened materials such as metals, carbons and ceramics are used in automobiles, aircraft and buildings. In a fusion reactor study, tungsten, which is one of the hardest metal materials, is the most likely candidate for the armour material of the device that receives the plasma heat/particle load. This device is called a divertor. In any hardened materials, nanometer scale damages or defects can be formed very near the top surface of the materials. For predicting material lifetime, it is necessary to know the types of damage and their depth profiles in a material. To do this, we must observe a cross-section of the region very near the top surface of the material at the nano-scale level.

For the observation of the internal structure of materials at the nano-scale level, transmission electron microscope (TEM), in which accelerated electrons are transmitted through the target materials, is commonly used as a powerful tool. In order to observe a cross-section very near the top surface of the tungsten with TEM, we firstly extract a small piece of the tungsten sample from its surface and then fabricate an ultra-thin film by cutting the extracted sample. The thickness of the film must be below ~100 nm to obtain high resolution due to the high transmission of the electron beam. However, it has been extremely difficult to fabricate such an ultra-thin film for hard materials such as a tungsten. Therefore, it has been almost impossible to obtain the ~100 nm thickness level by using conventional thin-film fabrication techniques.

Fabrication procedures of "the nano-scale sculpture technique" by using a focused ion beam - electron beam (FIB-SEM) device. The upper series shows the schematic view of the fabrication by Ga ion beam. The images of (1) and (4) in the bottom series are the electron microscope (SEM) image corresponding to image (1) and image (4) in the upper series. The region shown by the yellow rectangle in image (4) is suitable for TEM observation. Credit: NIFS

The research team of Dr. Masayuki Tokitani and Daisuke Nagata et al of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) have developed a superior nano-scale fabrication technique for tungsten, by using a focused ion beam—electron beam (FIB-SEM) device. They call this technique the "nano-scale sculpture technique." The FIB-SEM device enables us to cut materials by irradiating them with a focused Ga ion beam of ~30 nm in diameter. The research team previously tried to fabricate an ultra-thin film by sharpening a small piece of tungsten with FIB-SEM. However, they had the problem that the topmost surface was unfortunately lost because the beam intensity had to be relatively strong for the hard tungsten. To solve this problem, they have now produced a special Ga beam operation to maintain the topmost surface by adjusting the beam irradiation positions and directions. They also gradually sharpen the region near the surface, creating a shape that becomes thinner toward the bottom. Consequently, they obtain an ultra-thin film with the thickness of ~100 nm or less and with the top surface remaining intact.

In the image obtained by the TEM observation of the fabricated ultra-thin film, we can clearly identify the atomic level damage formed near the top surface of the tungsten sample. Thus, the "nano-scale sculpture technique" developed by this research team makes it possible to observe a cross-section near the top surface of tungsten sample at an atomic-scale. This sculpture technique can be applied not only to tungsten but also to other hard materials such as hardened alloys and ceramics. Currently, we are considering this sculpture technique for application in the automotive industry.

Cross-sectional TEM image of tungsten exposed to the helium plasma. The ultra-thin film TEM sample was fabricated by "the nano-scale sculpture technique." The bright spherical shaped images correspond to nanometer scale damages called helium bubbles. The top surface of the tungsten sample remains. Credit: NIFS

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Provided by National Institutes of Natural Sciences