• J.E. Ashworth, The Tradition of Medieval Logic and Speculative Grammar from Anselm to the End of the Seventeenth Century (Toronto: 1977).

• G.L. Bursill-Hall, Speculative Grammars of the Middle Ages: The Doctrine of the partes orationis of the Modistae (The Hague: 1971).

• S. Ebbesen, Collected Papers of Sten Ebbesen, 2 vols (Aldershot: 2008-9).

• S. Ebbesen and R.L. Friedman (eds), Medieval Analyses in Language and Cognition (Copenhagen: 1999).

• J.L. Fink, H. Hansen and A.M. Mora-Márquez (eds), Logic and Language in the Middle Ages: a Volume in Honour of Sten Ebbesen (Leiden: 2013).

• C. Marmo, Semiotica e linguaggio nella Scolastica (Rome: 1994).

• A.M. Mora-Márquez, The Thirteenth-Century Notion of Signification (Leiden: 2015).

• J. Pinborg, Die Entwicklung der Sprachtheorie im Mittelalter (Münster: 1967).

• I. Rosier, La grammaire spéculative des Modistes (Paris: 1983).

Stanford Encyclopedia: Medieval Semiotics, Thomas of Erfurt, Simon of Faversham

Thanks to Ana María Mora-Márquez for her advice on this episode!