Ice giant differences

Perhaps the most obvious difference between the ice giants is their rotation angles. The spin of the planet Uranus is tilted by about 98 degrees compared to its orbital plane. Meanwhile, Neptune and most of the solar system's other planets have rotations that are more or less aligned with their orbits (though Venus likewise rotates the "wrong" way).

The two ice giants have other major differences too, like the fact that Neptune seems to have some heat source warming it from the inside, while Uranus probably does not.

Past studies have suggested that giant impacts might explain the tilted spin of Uranus, while also accounting for other differences between the ice giants. So Christian Reinhardt of the University of Zurich and other researchers decided to test whether today’s state-of-the-art 3D simulations would support these ideas.

Two kinds of collisions

The researchers found that if Neptune experienced a head-on collision with some large rocky body in its past, it could have deposited some extra energy deep inside the planet that's been slowly seeping out as heat over time. This, they think, could be the source of the extra warmth that's radiating out of Neptune's interior.

For Uranus, the models show that a grazing or oblique impact from another rocky object could explain the planet's tilt, as well as the odd orbital properties of its moons. Researchers think that the moons of Uranus likely formed out of a disk of debris that was once around the planet, and the new models show that such a debris disk could have been the byproduct of a glancing blow.

It’s exciting that the new models show support for collision hypotheses, Reinhardt wrote in an email. But he also notes they still have plenty more work to do for this project. For example, the researchers still need to connect these potential collisions to simulations of the solar system’s formation, as well as model how the planet's insides would have evolved over longer periods of time.

“Understanding the formation and evolution of Uranus and Neptune is not only a missing puzzle piece when trying understand how ‘our’ planets formed," Reinhardt wrote, "but also provides a better understanding of the formation of the many observed exo-planets in this mass regime."

The researchers presented their findings in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.