Alison Gopnik is a professor of psychology and affiliate professor of philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley. She received her BA from McGill University and her PhD. from Oxford University. She is an internationally recognized leader in the study of children’s learning and development and was the first to argue that children’s minds could help us understand deep philosophical questions. She is a columnist (every other week) for The Wall Street Journal. She is the author of over 100 journal articles and several books including “Words, thoughts and theories” (coauthored with Andrew Meltzoff), MIT Press, 1997, and the bestselling and critically acclaimed popular books The Scientist in the Crib (coauthored with Andrew Meltzoff and Patricia Kuhl) William Morrow, 1999, and The Philosophical Baby: What children’s minds tell us about love, truth and the meaning of life, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2009. She has also written widely about cognitive science and psychology for Science, The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, New Scientist and Slate, among others. And she has frequently appeared on TV and radio including “The Charlie Rose Show” and “The Colbert Report." She has three sons and lives in Berkeley, California with her husband Alvy Ray Smith.

Alison Gopnik: One of the problems that we always have is the kind of culture in which say children evolved it's hard to replicate in our current culture. So I always say sort of ideally what you'd have is a six to one ratio where you'd have six grownups taking care of each child. Maybe a better way of putting it is that you'd have a community of parents, you'd have a community of the caregivers. The children are there as part of that community, it's not as if anybody is sitting there and doing a bunch of special things that are just directed at the child. So the vision that we have from school there's someone who's got this special responsibility of shaping the education of the child is the vision of that is often imported into being a parent. So there's some special set of things you should do, some flashcards or video or something other than what you would normally do that's the thing that you are supposed to do to educate the child.

And what the data, the research shows is that children are learning from just observing and participating in the every day things that people are doing in an incredibly subtle and powerful way. The irony is that the unconscious things that you do when you're interacting with children are much more likely to shape and effect of the way they think than any of the things that you actually consciously decide to do. And I think we have some lovely models, for example, my personal favorite is cooking. So my grandchildren come and cook with me. Children love cooking. They love being involved. There's nothing that seems more interesting to them then an adult who's actually trying to do something, actually trying to bring something about and integrating them into that work. So in a sense in the village the line between here's work and here's children just wasn't there.

Now the question is what do we do now when that's no longer true we're no longer growing up in a village what can we do now to kind of re-create that situation? And I think the best preschools essentially re-create that village for children. So what they do is put children in a context with a lot of adults who really care about them, who are warm, who are supportive and lots of stuff in each place. Another thing I say sometimes is if you really wanted to know what preschool children, young children need to thrive they need mud, livestock and relatives. And those three things are in short supply but we can try and say we've got preschool to replace the mud, livestock and relative with good teachers and cocoons and caterpillars and sandboxes. But that's much more what young children are yearning for than all the kind of very scholastic academic activities that parents feel as if they need to engage in. And I think that also makes life as a working parent easier than if you think that you have one job and then you have another job to think that you have a job and then you have this relationship, this kind of form of love that you have with these children that you're engaged in it's not the same thing as work.

Part of the trouble in our culture in our society is that we measure everything,

we treat everything as if it's either a kind of production or a kind of consumption. So from that perspective either having children is an extremely badly paying job or else it's an extremely expensive luxury. And caregiving for children and for people in general just isn't a kind of production or a kind of conception, it's its own thing. It's a deep important part of being human beings that we make these profound commitments to other people; we care about those people; we do what we can to let these people thrive on their own terms and in their own way. That's a deep thing that we do specifically about children, but it's a part of our relationships with spouses, it's a part of our relationships with say our parents when they get older and we have to take care of them and it's something that's kind of invisible in our culture at large because it doesn't fit into the production bucket or a consumption bucket.

One way to think about it is instead of thinking about parenting we should be thinking about being a parent. And it's interesting we don't wive our husbands and we don't friend our friends and we don't child our parents, we wouldn't measure the quality of any of those relationships by saying oh let's see my husband, has he achieved his benchmarks? Is he better than he was when I married him? You work at relationships, you put time and energy into them but you don't think of them as in this kind of shaping process. And one of the things that makes caregiving so interesting so much more interesting than it is on the parenting model is these deep tensions, these kind of paradoxes that come in caregiving where we have to go from taking care of the most dependent creature we know of, a human baby who completely requires us to make a decision's for them, to keep them alive, and the outcome of all that is to try to create an adult who's completely independent on us, who's completely autonomous, who can make decisions, including making terrible decisions independently of us. In some sense if your children don't have the potential to fail then you haven't succeeded as a parent because what you want to do as a parent is make someone who's independent and autonomous enough so they can take risks and taking risks means the possibility of failure. That's a different kind of activity than almost any other kind of human activity and it's deep and profound and it's a big reason that human beings have been able to succeed as well as they have.