Scientists at Amherst College (USA) and Aalto University (Finland) have made the first experimental observations of the dynamics of isolated monopoles in quantum matter

Scientists at Amherst College (USA) and Aalto University (Finland) have made the first experimental observations of the dynamics of isolated monopoles in quantum matter.

The new study provided a surprise: the quantum monopole decays into another analogue of the magnetic monopole. The obtained fundamental understanding of monopole dynamics may help in the future to build even closer analogues of the magnetic monopoles.

Unlike usual magnets, magnetic monopoles are elementary particles that have only a south or a north magnetic pole, but not both. They have been theoretically predicted to exist, but no convincing experimental observations have been reported. Thus physicists are busy looking for analogue objects.

- In 2014, we experimentally realized a Dirac monopole, that is, Paul Dirac's 80-year-old theory where he originally considered charged quantum particles interacting with a magnetic monopole, says Professor David Hall from Amherst College.

- And in 2015, we created real quantum monopoles, adds Dr. Mikko Möttönen from Aalto University.

Whereas the Dirac monopole experiment simulates the motion of a charged particle in the vicinity of a monopolar magnetic field, the quantum monopole has a point-like structure in its own field resembling that of the magnetic monopole particle itself.

From one quantum monopole to another in less than a second

Now the monopole collaboration led by David Hall and Mikko Möttönen has produced an observation of how one of these unique magnetic monopole analogues spontaneously turns into another in less than a second.

- Sounds easy but we actually had to improve the apparatus to make it happen, says Mr. Tuomas Ollikainen who is the first author of the new work.

The scientists start with an extremely dilute gas of rubidium atoms chilled near absolute zero, at which temperature it forms a Bose-Einstein condensate. Subsequently, they prepare the system in a non-magnetized state and ramp an external magnetic-field zero point into the condensate thus creating an isolated quantum monopole. Then they hold the zero point still and wait for the system to gradually magnetize along the spatially varying magnetic field. The resulting destruction of the quantum monopole gives birth to a Dirac monopole.

- I was jumping in the air when I saw for the first time that we get a Dirac monopole from the decay. This discovery nicely ties together the monopoles we have been producing over the years, says Dr. Möttönen.

Beyond Nobel physics

The quantum monopole is a so-called topological point defect, that is, a single point in space surrounded by a structure in the non-magnetized state of the condensate that cannot be removed by continuous reshaping. Such structures are related to the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics which was awarded in part for discoveries of topological phase transitions involving quantum whirlpools, or vortices.

- Vortex lines have been studied experimentally in superfluids for decades; monopoles, on the other hand, have been studied experimentally for just a few years, says Prof. Hall.

Although its topology protects the quantum monopole, it can decay since the whole phase of matter changes from non-magnetized to magnetized.

- No matter how robust an ice sculpture you make, it all flows down the drain when the ice melts, says Mr. Ollikainen.

- For the first time, we observed spontaneously appearing Dirac monopoles and the related vortex lines, says Dr. Möttönen.

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The research article

T. Ollikainen, K. Tiurev, A. Blinova, W. Lee, D. S. Hall, and M. Möttönen: Experimental realization of a Dirac monopole through the decay of an isolated monopole. Physical Review 7, 021023 (2017), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.7.021023

This research article should be credited as the source of information.

Free link: https:/ / journals. aps. org/ prx/ abstract/ 10. 1103/ PhysRevX. 7. 021023

Full-resolution images:

http://materialbank. aalto. fi:80/ public/ 07dcdf9ac8C1. aspx

Images may be used free of charge in stories related to these research results.

Related video on the creation of a quantum monopole, 2015 (not on the decay into a Dirac monopole): https:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v= jZeHFNWFElk

An article on previous purely theoretical studies on the phenomenon by the author: https:/ / journals. aps. org/ pra/ abstract/ 10. 1103/ PhysRevA. 93. 033638

Contact details

David S. Hall, Professor

Amherst College

tel. +1 413 542 2072 (Time zone: GMT -5)

dshall@amherst.edu

http://www3. amherst. edu/ ~halllab/

David S. Hall is the leader of the experimental part of the research. The monopoles were created in the Physics Laboratories at Amherst College, United States of America.

Mikko Möttönen, Docent, Doctor of Science

Aalto University

tel. +358 50 594 0950 (Time zone: GMT +2)

mikko.mottonen@aalto.fi

http://physics. aalto. fi/ en/ groups/ qcd/

Mikko Möttönen is the leader of the theoretical and computational part of the research. Theoretical insight and computational modelling was very important for the success of the experiments. The modelling was carried out using the facilities at CSC -- IT Center for Science Ltd and at Aalto University (Aalto Science-IT project).

Tuomas Ollikainen, Master of Science

Aalto University

tel. +358 50 435 4066 (Time zone: GMT +2)

tuomas.ollikainen@aalto.fi

http://physics. aalto. fi/ en/ groups/ qcd/

Tuomas Ollikainen is the first author of this work and has carried out most of the experiments and data analysis. He is currently pursuing his PhD, jointly instructed by Möttönen at Aalto University and Hall at Amherst College.

Captions

Figure 1 caption. Artistic view of the decay of a quantum-mechanical monopole into a Dirac monopole. See the instructions to access the full-resolution image. Credit: Heikka Valja.

Figure 2 caption. Experimental side image of the quantum monopole on the left. After 0.2 seconds, the quantum monopole has decayed into the Dirac monopole shown on the right. The different colors represent the direction of the internal magnetic state of the atoms and the brightness corresponds to particle density. See instructions below to access the full-resolution image. Credit: Tuomas Ollikainen.

Figure 3 caption. View towards the main experimental chamber of the apparatus, showing the magnetic field coils and optical components required to create the superfluid containing the quantum monopole. See instruction above to access the full-resolution image. Credit: Marcus DeMaio/Amherst College April 2015.

Figure 4 caption. Schematic illustration of the creation process of the quantum monopole. The blue arrows denote the spatially dependent direction of the external magnetic field which is rotationally symmetric about the z axis. The blue ellipse denotes the condensate. (a) The creation process starts with the magnetic field pointing almost up at the condensate. (b) After this the zero point of the field (black dot) is slowly brought into the condensate. (c) When the zero point is at the center of the condensate, the ramp is stopped and the magnetic field is kept still for the decay of the monopole to take place. Credit: Tuomas Ollikainen.

Figure 5 caption. Aalto members of the monopole collaboration from left to right: Konstantin Tiurev, Mikko Möttönen, and Tuomas Ollikainen. Credit: Mikko Raskinen/Aalto University.

Figure 6 caption. Tuomas Ollikainen. Credit: Mikko Raskinen/Aalto University.

Figure 7 caption. Mikko Möttönen. Credit: Mikko Raskinen/Aalto University.