Pepper spray is a hotly debated topic in juvenile incarceration. Around the nation, it’s rare for pepper spray to be used inside juvenile facilities. But in California some large counties, like Los Angeles and San Diego, allow the chemical spray to be used on incarcerated minors. Alameda County is one of just three counties in the Bay Area that allow guards to use pepper spray in juvenile hall.

According to the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators, while staff at Alameda County’s juvenile hall use pepper spray about twice a week, nationally nearly 90 percent of state-run youth jails don’t allow guards to carry it.

Mark Soler, executive director of the Center for Children’s Law and Policy in Washington, D.C., has helped set national standards for youth jails that include a strict ban on the use of pepper spray. So far, 300 counties have signed on.

Soler says juvenile facilities in the U.S. that use pepper spray are outliers, far outside the mainstream of juvenile justice practices.

“I don’t really give much credence to the argument that kids in some states are so out of control that the staff have to use this kind of chemical restraint,” Soler says. “It’s just not true.”

Juvenile justice is designed to practice rehabilitation. But Soler believes that pepper spray does just the opposite, teaching the lesson that “whoever controls the most force is the one who resolves the dispute.”

“That’s the last lesson we want young people to learn,” Soler says.

According to LaDonna Harris, the chief probation officer of Alameda County, the use of pepper spray is necessary. “It’s a tool that we use because we have no other good option,” Harris says.

Her department manages juvenile hall. Instead of using pepper spray, she says guards could tackle youth to the ground to restrain them. But, she argues, that’s more dangerous for both staff and young people.

Harris acknowledged that other facilities have decided not to use pepper spray, but says “we believe that it is appropriate here.”

“We are open to all conversations and we modify our processes and our procedures, but there needs to be something more compelling that just the fact that people don’t like it,” she says.

During the reporting of this story, Harris announced she will be stepping down from the Alameda County Probation Department later this year. Some officials in Alameda disagree with her perspective.

Richard Valle is a member of the Alameda County Board of Supervisors and sits on the board’s two-person public protection committee. Valle worries that pepper spray could be counterproductive to rehabilitation. When the board appoints the next probation chief, Valle says he wants to make a change.

“I’m really interested in recruiting somebody who is progressive and forward-thinking. Maybe somebody who is not necessarily in the field -- a field that I think has been controlled by people in law enforcement,” Valle says.

The debate about the best way to rehabilitate young people has been ongoing for the past 15 years. Overwhelming evidence shows that incarceration has a disproportionate effect on young people of color. Many counties have shifted toward a more therapeutic approach to juvenile justice, and this year Alameda County officials will decide to what extent they will join in those reforms.

Additional reporting by Brett Myers and Sara Hossaini.