Baltic ghetto up in Uptown Europe

This article be bout tha European ghetto. For a cold-ass lil cruise ferry sunk up in 1994, peep MS Estonia . For other meanings, peep Estonia (disambiguation)

"Eesti" redirects here, so peek-a-boo, clear tha way, I be comin' thru fo'sho. For tha language, peep Estonian language

Coordinates:

Estonia (Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsʲti] ()), officially tha Rehood of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), be a cold-ass lil ghetto on tha eastsideern coast of tha Baltic Sea up in Uptown Europe. Well shiiiit, it is bordered ta tha uptown by tha Gulf of Finland across from Finland, ta tha westside by tha Baltic Sea across from Sweden, ta tha downtown by Latvia (343 km), n' ta tha eastside by Lake Peipus n' Russia (338.6 km).[13] Da territory of Estonia consistz of tha mainland n' of 2,222 islandz up in tha Baltic Sea,[14] coverin a total area of 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), wata 2,839 km2 (1,096 sq mi), land area 42,388 km2 (16,366 sq mi), n' is hyped up by a humid continental climate. Tallinn, tha capital of Estonia, n' Tartu is tha phattest ghettos n' urban areas up in tha ghetto. Other notable ghettos include Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Järve n' Viljandi. Da straight-up legit language of tha ghetto, Estonian, is tha second-most-spoken Finnic language.

Da territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC. Ancient Estonians became a shitload of tha last European pagans ta adopt Christianity followin tha Livonian Crusade up in tha 13th century.[15] Afta centuriez of successive rule by Germans, Danes, Swedes, Polez n' Russians, a gangbangin' finger-lickin' distinct Estonian nationistic identity fuckin started ta emerge up in tha 19th n' early 20th centuries. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! This culminated up in independence from Russia up in 1920 afta a funky-ass brief Battle of Independence all up in tha end of Ghetto Battle I. Initially democratic prior ta tha Great Depression, Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 durin tha Era of Silence. Durin Ghetto Battle Pt II (1939�"1945), Estonia was repeatedly contested n' occupied by tha Soviet Union n' Germany, ultimately bein incorporated tha fuck into tha former fo' realz. Afta tha loss of its de facto independence, Estoniaz de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives n' tha government-in-exile. In 1987 tha laid back Singin Revolution fuckin started against Soviet rule, resultin up in tha restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991.

Da sovereign state of Estonia be a thugged-out democratic unitary parliamentary republic divided tha fuck into fifteen counties. With a population of 1.3 mazillion Estonia is one of tha least populous thugz of tha European Union, tha Eurozone, tha OECD, tha Schengen Area, NATO, n' from 2020, tha United Nations Securitizzle Council.[16]

Estonia be a developed ghetto wit a advanced, high-income economy dat was among tha fastest-growin up in tha EU since its entry up in 2004[17] Da ghetto ranks straight-up high up in tha Human Development Index,[9] n' compares well up in measurez of economic freedom, civil liberties, ejaculation,[18] n' press freedom.[19] Estonian playa hatas receive universal game care,[20] free ejaculation,[21] n' tha longest paid maternitizzle leave up in tha OECD.[22] One of tha ghettoz most digitally-advanced societies,[23] in 2005 Estonia became tha straight-up original gangsta state ta hold erections over tha Internet, n' up in 2014, tha straight-up original gangsta state ta provide e-residency.

Etymology [ edit ]

Da name Estonia has been connected ta Aesti, first mentioned by Roman historian Tacitus round 98 AD. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Some historians believe da thug was directly referrin ta Balts (i.e. not Finnic-speaking Estonians), while others have proposed dat tha name applied ta tha whole Eastside Baltic region.[24] Da Scandinavian sagas referrin ta Eistland was tha earliest sources ta use tha name up in its modern meaning.[25] Da toponym Estland/Eistland has been linked ta Oldskool Scandinavian eist, austr meanin "the eastside".[26]

History [ edit ]

Prehistory n' Vikin Age [ edit ]

Human settlement up in Estonia became possible 13,000 ta 11,000 years ago, when tha ice from tha last glacial era melted. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! This type'a shiznit happens all tha time. Da crazy oldschool known settlement up in Estonia is tha Pulli settlement, which was on tha bankz of tha river Pärnu, near tha hood of Sindi, up in south-western Estonia fo' realz. Accordin ta radiocarbon dating dat shiznit was settled round 11,000 years ago.[27]

Da earliest human habitation durin tha Mesolithic period is connected ta tha Kunda culture, named afta tha hood of Kunda up in northern Estonia fo' realz. At dat time tha ghetto was covered wit forests, n' playas lived up in semi-nomadic communitizzles near bodiez of gin n juice n' shit. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Subsistence activitizzles consisted of hunting, gatherin n' fishing.[28] Around 4900 BC ceramics step tha fuck up of tha neolithic period, known as Narva culture.[29] Startin from round 3200 BC tha Corded Ware culture rocked up; dis included freshly smoked up activitizzles like primitizzle agriculture n' animal homeboyry.[30]

Da Bronze Age started round 1800 BC, n' saw tha establishment of tha straight-up original gangsta hill fort settlements.[32] A transizzle from hunting-fishing-gatherin subsistence ta single-farm-based settlement started round 1000 BC, n' was complete by tha beginnin of tha Iron Age round 500 BC.[27][33] Da big-ass amount of bronze objects indicate tha existence of actizzle communication wit Scandinavian n' Germanic tribes.[34]

Da middle Iron Age produced threats appearin from different directions. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Several Scandinavian sagas referred ta major confrontations wit Estonians, notably when "Estonian Vikings" defeated n' capped tha Swedish mackdaddy Ingvar.[35][36] Similar threats rocked up in tha eastside, where Russian principalitizzles was expandin westsideward. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! In 1030 Yaroslav tha Wise defeated Estonians n' established a gangbangin' fort up in modern-dizzle Tartu; dis foothold lasted until a Estonian tribe, tha Sosols, fucked wit it up in 1061, followed by they raid on Pskov.[37][38][39][40] Around tha 11th century, tha Scandinavian Vikin era round tha Baltic Sea was succeeded by tha Baltic Vikin era, wit seaborne raidz by Curonians n' by Estonians from tha island of Saaremaa, known as Oeselians. In 1187 Estonians (Oeselians), Curonians or/and Karelians sacked Sigtuna, which was a major hood of Sweden all up in tha time.[41][42]

Estonia could be divided tha fuck into two main cultural areas, tha coastal areaz of Uptown n' Westside Estonia had close overseas contacts wit Scandinavia n' Finland, while inland Downtown Estonia had mo' contacts wit Balts n' Pskov.[43] Da landscape of Ancient Estonia featured a shitload of hillforts.[44] Prehistoric or medieval harbour sites done been found on tha coast of Saaremaa.[44] Estonia also has a fuckin shitload of graves from tha Vikin Age, both individual n' collective, wit weapons n' blin includin types found commonly all up in Uptown Europe n' Scandinavia.[44][45]

Independent countizzlez of Ancient Estonia up in tha beginnin of tha 13th century.

In tha early centuries AD, ballistical n' administratizzle subdivisions fuckin started ta emerge up in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions rocked up: tha parish (Estonian: kihelkond) n' tha county (Estonian: maakond), which consisted of multiple parishes fo' realz. A parish was hustled by elders n' centred round a hill fort; up in some rare cases a parish had multiple forts, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. By tha 13th century Estonia consisted of eight major counties: Harjumaa, Järvamaa, Läänemaa, Revala, Saaremaa, Sakala, Ugandi, n' Virumaa; n' six minor, single-parish counties: Alempois, Jogentagana, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Soopoolitse, n' Vaiga. Countizzles was independent entitizzles n' engaged only up in a loose co-operation against foreign threats.[46][47]

There is lil known of early Estonian pagan religious practices. Da Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mentions Tharapita as tha superior god of tha Oeselians. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Spiritual practices was guided by shamans, wit sacred groves, especially oak groves, servin as placez of worship.[48][49]

Middle Ages [ edit ]

Medieval Estonia n' Livonia afta tha crusade

In 1199 Pimp Innocent Pt III declared a crusade ta "defend tha Christianz of Livonia".[50] Fightin reached Estonia up in 1206, when Danish mackdaddy Valdemar Pt II unsuccessfully invaded Saaremaa. Da German Livonian Brotherz of tha Sword, whoz ass had previously subjugated Livonians, Latgalians, n' Selonians, started campaignin against tha Estonians up in 1208, n' over next few muthafuckin years both sides busted a shitload of raidz n' counter-raidz fo' realz. A major leader of tha Estonian resistizzle was Lembitu, a elder of Sakala County yo, but up in 1217 tha Estonians suffered a thugged-out dope defeat up in tha Battle of St. Matthewz Day, where Lembitu was capped. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! In 1219, Valdemar Pt II landed at Lindanise, defeated tha Estonians up in battle, n' started conquerin Uptown Estonia.[51][52] Da next year, Sweden invaded Westside Estonia yo, but was repelled by tha Oeselians. In 1223, a major revolt ejected tha Germans n' Danes from tha whole of Estonia, except Reval yo, but tha crusadaz soon resumed they offensive, n' up in 1227, Saaremaa was tha last county ta surrender.[53][54]

Afta tha crusade, tha territory of present-dizzle Downtown Estonia n' Latvia was named Terra Mariana yo, but lata it became known simply as Livonia.[55] Northern-Estonia became tha Danish Duchy of Estonia, while tha rest was divided between tha Sword Brothers n' prince-bishoprics of Dorpat n' �-sel�"Wiek. In 1236, afta sufferin a major defeat, tha Sword Brothers merged tha fuck into tha Teutonic Order becomin tha Livonian Order.[56] In tha next decades there was nuff muthafuckin uprisings against foreign rulaz on Saaremaa. In 1343, a major rebellion started, known as tha St. Georgez Night Uprising, encompassin tha whole area of Northern-Estonia n' Saaremaa. Da Teutonic Order finished suppressin tha rebellion up in 1345, n' tha next year tha Danish mackdaddy sold his thugged-out lil' possessions up in Estonia ta tha Order.[57][58] Da unsuccessful rebellion hustled ta a cold-ass lil consolidation of juice fo' tha Baltic German minority.[59] For tha subsequent centuries they remained tha rulin elite up in both ghettos n' tha ghettoside.[60]

Durin tha crusade, Reval (Tallinn) was founded, as tha capital of Danish Estonia, on tha joint of Lindanise. In 1248 Reval received full hood muthafuckin rights n' adopted tha Lübeck law.[61] Da Hanseatic League controlled trade on tha Baltic Sea, n' overall tha four phattest towns up in Estonia became members: Reval, Dorpat (Tartu), Pernau (Pärnu), n' Fellin (Viljandi). Reval acted as a trade intermediary between Novgorod n' Westside Hanseatic ghettos, while Dorpat filled tha same role wit Pskov. Many guilds was formed durin dat period yo, but only a straight-up few allowed tha participation of natizzle Estonians.[62] Protected by they stone walls n' alliizzle wit tha Hansa, prosperous ghettos like Reval n' Dorpat repeatedly defied other rulaz of Livonia.[63] Afta tha decline of tha Teutonic Order afta its defeat up in tha Battle of Grunwald up in 1410, n' tha defeat of tha Livonian Order up in tha Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, tha Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435.[64]

Da Reformation up in Europe fuckin started up in 1517, n' soon spread ta Livonia despite opposizzle by tha Livonian Order.[65] Hoodz was tha straight-up original gangsta ta embrace Protestantizzle up in tha 1520s, n' by tha 1530s tha majoritizzle of tha gentry had adopted Lutheranism fo' theyselves n' they peasant serfs.[66][67] Church skillz was now conducted up in vernacular language, which initially meant German yo, but up in tha 1530s tha straight-up original gangsta religious skillz up in Estonian also took place.[66][68]

Durin tha 16th century, tha expansionist monarchiez of Muscowy, Sweden, n' Poland�"Lithuania consolidated power, posin a growin threat ta decentralised Livonia weakened by disputes between ghettos, nobility, bishops, n' tha Order.[66][69]

Swedish Era [ edit ]

"Academia Dorpatensis" (now Universitizzle of Tartu ) was dropped up in 1632 by Mackdaddy Gustavus as tha second universitizzle up in tha mackdaddydom of Sweden. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch fo' realz. Afta tha mackdaddyz dirtnap it became known as "Academia Gustaviana".

In 1558, Tsar Ivan tha Terrible of Russia invaded Livonia, startin tha Livonian War. Da Livonian Order was decisively defeated up in 1560, promptin Livonian factions ta seek foreign protection. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da majoritizzle of Livonia accepted Polish rule, while Reval n' tha noblez of Uptown Estonia swore loyalty ta tha Swedish mackdaddy, n' tha Bishop of �-sel-Wiek sold his fuckin landz ta tha Danish mackdaddy. Russian forces gradually conquered tha majoritizzle of Livonia yo, but up in tha late 1570s tha Polish-Lithuanian n' Swedish armies started they own offensives n' tha bloody war finally ended up in 1583 wit Russian defeat.[69][70] As result of tha war, Uptown Estonia became Swedish Duchy of Estonia, Downtown Estonia became Polish Duchy of Livonia, n' Saaremaa remained under Danish control.[71]

In 1600, tha Polish-Swedish War broke out, causin further devastation. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da protracted war ended up in 1629 wit Sweden gainin Livonia, includin tha regionz of Downtown Estonia n' Uptown Latvia.[72] Danish Saaremaa was transferred ta Sweden up in 1645.[73] Da wars had halved tha Estonian population from bout 250�"270,000 playas up in tha mid 16th century ta 115�"120,000 up in tha 1630s.[74]

While serfdom was retained under Swedish rule, legal reforms took place which strengthened peasants' land usage n' inheritizzle rights, resultin dis periodz hype of tha "Dope Oldskool Swedish Time" up in peoplez oldschool memory.[75] Swedish mackdaddy Gustaf Pt II Adolf established gymnasiums up in Reval n' Dorpat; tha latta was upgraded ta Tartu University up in 1632. Printin presses was also established up in both towns. In tha 1680s tha beginningz of Estonian elementary ejaculation rocked up, largely cuz of effortz of Bengt Gottfried Forselius, whoz ass also introduced orthographical reforms ta freestyled Estonian.[76] Da population of Estonia grew rapidly fo' a 60�"70-year period, until tha Great Famine of 1695�"97 up in which some 70,000�"75,000 playas perished �" bout 20% of tha population.[77]

Russian Era n' Nationizzle Awakening [ edit ]

Perno Postimees, tha straight-up original gangsta Estonian language newspaper. Da front page of, tha straight-up original gangsta Estonian language newspaper.

In 1700, tha Great Uptown War started, n' by 1710 tha whole of Estonia was conquered by tha Russian Empire.[78] Da war again n' again n' again devastated tha population of Estonia, wit tha 1712 population estimated at only 150,000�"170,000.[79] Russian administration restored all tha ballistical n' landholdin muthafuckin rightz of Baltic Germans.[80] Da muthafuckin rightz of Estonian peasants reached they lowest point, as serfdom straight-up dominated agricultural relations durin tha 18th century.[81] Serfdom was formally abolished up in 1816�"1819 yo, but dis initially had straight-up lil practical effect; major improvements up in muthafuckin rightz of tha peasantry started wit reforms up in tha mid-19th century.[82]

Da Estonian nationistic awakening fuckin started up in tha 1850s as tha leadin figures started biggin' up a Estonian nationistic identitizzle among tha general populace. Its economic basis was formed by widespread farm buyouts by peasants, formin a cold-ass lil class of Estonian landballers. In 1857 Johann Voldemar Jannsen started publishin tha straight-up original gangsta Estonian language newspaper n' fuckin started popularisin tha denomination of oneself as eestlane (Estonian).[83] Schoolmasta Carl Robert Jakobson n' clergyman Jakob Hurt became leadin figures up in a nationistic movement, encouragin Estonian peasants ta take pride up in theyselves n' up in they ethnic identity.[84] Da first nationwide movements formed, like fuckin a cold-ass lil campaign ta establish tha Estonian language Alexander School, tha foundin of tha Posse of Estonian Literati n' tha Estonian Students' Posse, n' tha straight-up original gangsta nationistic cold lil' woo wop gangbang, held up in 1869 up in Tartu.[85][86][87] Linguistic reforms helped ta pimp tha Estonian language.[88] Da nationistic epic Kalevipoeg was published up in 1862, n' 1870 saw tha straight-up original gangsta performancez of Estonian theatre.[89][90] In 1878 a major split happened up in tha nationistic movement. Da moderate win hustled by Hurt focused on pimpment of culture n' Estonian ejaculation, while tha radical win hustled by Jacobson started demandin increased ballistical n' economical rights.[86]

In tha late 19th century tha Russification period started, as tha central posse initiated various administratizzle n' cultural measures ta tie Baltic governorates mo' closely ta tha empire.[85] Da Russian language was used all up in tha ejaculation system n' nuff Estonian hood n' cultural activitizzles was suppressed.[90] Still, some administratizzle chizzlez aimed at reducin juice of Baltic German institutions did prove useful ta Estonians.[85] In tha late 1890s there was a freshly smoked up surge of nationalizzle wit tha rise of prominent figures like Jaan Tõnisson n' Konstantin Päts. In tha early 20th century Estonians started takin over control of local posses up in towns from Germans.[91]

Durin tha 1905 Revolution tha straight-up original gangsta legal Estonian ballistical partizzles was founded. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! An Estonian nationistic congress was convened n' demanded tha unification of Estonian areas tha fuck into a single autonomous territory n' a end ta Russification. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Durin tha unrest peasants n' workers beat down manor houses. Da Tsarist posse responded wit a funky-ass brutal crackdown; some 500 playas was executed n' hundredz mo' was put on lockdown or deported ta Siberia.[92][93]

Independence [ edit ]

Declaration of independence up in Pärnu on 23 February 1918. One of tha straight-up original gangsta imagez of tha Republic.

In 1917, afta tha February Revolution, tha governorate of Estonia was expanded ta include Estonian bustin lyrics areaz of Livonia n' was granted autonomy, enablin formation of tha Estonian Provincial Assembly.[94] Bolsheviks seized juice durin tha October Revolution, n' disbanded tha Provincial Assembly yo. However tha Provincial Assembly established tha Salvation Committee, n' durin tha short interlude between Russian retreat n' German arrival, tha committee declared tha independence of Estonia on 24 February 1918, n' formed tha Estonian Provisionizzle Government. German occupation immediately followed yo, but afta they defeat up in Ghetto Battle I tha Germans was forced ta hand over juice ta tha Provisionizzle Posse on 19 November.[95][96]

On 28 November 1918 Soviet Russia invaded, startin tha Estonian Battle of Independence.[97] Da Red Army came within 30 km from Tallinn yo, but up in January 1919, tha Estonian Army, hustled by Johan Laidoner, went on a cold-ass lil counter-offensive, ejectin Bolshevik forces from Estonia within all dem months. Renewed Soviet attacks failed, n' up in spring, tha Estonian army, up in co-operation wit White Russian forces, advanced tha fuck into Russia n' Latvia.[98][99] In June 1919, Estonia defeated tha German Landeswehr which had attempted ta dominizzle Latvia, restorin juice ta tha posse of Kārlis Ulmanis there, so peek-a-boo, clear tha way, I be comin' thru fo'sho fo' realz. Afta tha collapse of tha White Russian forces, tha Red Army launched a major offensive against Narva up in late 1919 yo, but failed ta big up a funky-ass breakall up in cause I gots dem finger-lickin' chickens wit tha siz-auce. On 2 February 1920, tha Tartu Peace Treaty was signed between Estonia n' Soviet Russia, wit tha latta pledgin ta permanently give up all sovereign fronts ta Estonia.[98][100]

In April 1919, tha Estonian Constituent Assembly was erected. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! This type'a shiznit happens all tha time. Da Constituent Assembly passed a sweepin land reform expropriatin big-ass estates, n' adopted a freshly smoked up highly liberal constipation establishin Estonia as a parliamentary democracy.[101][102] In 1924, tha Soviet Union organised a cold-ass lil communist coup attempt, which quickly failed.[103] Estoniaz cultural autonomizzle law fo' ethnic minorities, adopted up in 1925, is widely recognised as one of da most thugged-out liberal up in tha ghetto at dat time.[104] Da Great Depression put heavy heat on Estoniaz ballistical system, n' up in 1933, tha right-win Vaps movement spearheaded a cold-ass lil constipationizzle reform establishin a phat presidency.[105][106] On 12 March 1934 tha actin head of state, Konstantin Päts, declared a state of emergency, falsely frontin dat tha Vaps movement had been plannin a cold-ass lil coup. Päts, together wit general Johan Laidoner n' Kaarel Eenpalu, established a authoritarian regime well known as tha "Era of Silence", where tha parliament was dissolved n' tha newly established Patriotic League became tha only legal ballistical party.[107] To legitimise tha regime, a freshly smoked up constipation was adopted n' erections were held up in 1938. Opposizzle muthafuckas was allowed ta participate yo, but only as independents, while opposizzle partizzles remained banned.[108] Da Päts regime was relatively benign compared ta other authoritarian regimes up in interwar Europe, n' there was no systematic terror against ballistical opponents.[109]

Estonia joined tha League of Nations up in 1921.[110] Attempts ta establish a larger alliance together wit Finland, Poland, n' Latvia failed, wit only a mutual defence pact bein signed wit Latvia up in 1923, n' lata was followed up wit tha Baltic Entente of 1934.[111][112] In tha 1930s, Estonia also engaged up in secret military co-operation wit Finland.[113] Non-aggression pacts was signed with tha Soviet Union up in 1932, n' with Germany up in 1939.[110][114] In 1938, Estonia declared neutralitizzle yo, but dis proved futile up in Ghetto Battle Pt II.[115]

Second Ghetto War [ edit ]

On 23 August 1939 Germany n' tha Soviet Union signed tha Molotov�"Ribbentrop Pact. Da pactz secret protocol divided Eastside Europe tha fuck into spherez of influence, wit Estonia belongin ta tha Soviet sphere.[116] On 24 September, tha Soviet Union presented a ultimatum, demandin dat Estonia sign a treaty of mutual assistizzle which would allow Soviet military bases tha fuck into tha ghetto. Da Estonian posse felt dat it had no chizzle but ta comply, n' tha treaty was signed on 28 September.[117] In May 1940, Red Army forces up in bases was set up in combat readinizz and, on 14 June, tha Soviet Union instituted a gangbangin' full naval n' air blockade on Estonia. On tha same day, tha airliner Kaleva gots popped down by tha Soviet Air Force. On 16 June, Soviets presented a ultimatum demandin straight-up free passage of tha Red Army tha fuck into Estonia n' tha establishment of a pro-Soviet posse. Feelin dat resistizzle was hopeless, tha Estonian posse complied and, on tha next day, tha whole ghetto was occupied.[118][119] On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by tha Soviet Union as tha Estonian SSR.[120]

Da Soviets established a regime of oppression; most of tha high-rankin civil n' military officials, intelligentsia n' industrialists was arrested, n' probably executed soon afterwards. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Soviet repressions culminated on 14 June 1941 wit mass deportation of round 11,000 playas ta Siberia, among whom mo' than half perished up in inhumane conditions.[121][122] When tha German Operation Barbarossa started against tha Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, round 34,000 lil' Estonian pimps was forcibly drafted tha fuck into tha Red Army, fewer than 30% of whom survived tha war. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Soviet destruction battalions initiated a scorched earth policy. Ballistical prisoners whoz ass could not be evacuated were executed by tha NKVD.[123][124] Many Estonians went tha fuck into tha forest, startin a anti-Soviet guerrilla campaign. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In July, German Wehrmacht reached downtown Estonia. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Soviets evacuated Tallinn up in late August wit massive losses, n' capture of tha Estonian islandz was completed by German forces up in October.[125]

Initially nuff Estonians was hopeful dat Germany would help ta restore Estoniaz independence yo, but dis soon proved ta be up in vain. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Only a puppet collaborationist administration was established, n' occupied Estonia was merged tha fuck into Reichskommissariat Ostland, wit its economizzle bein straight-up subjugated ta German military needs.[126] On some thousand Estonian Jews whoz ass had not managed ta leave was almost all quickly capped up in 1941. Numerous forced labour camps was established where thousandz of Estonians, foreign Jews, Romani, n' Soviet prisonerz of war perished.[127] German occupation authoritizzles started recruitin pimps tha fuck into lil' small-ass volunteer units but, as these efforts provided meagre thangs up in dis biatch n' military thang worsened, a gangbangin' forced conscription was instituted up in 1943, eventually leadin ta formation of tha Estonian Waffen-SS division.[128] Thousandz of Estonians whoz ass did not wanna fight up in German military secretly escaped ta Finland, where many volunteered ta fight together wit Finns against Soviets.[129]

Da Red Army reached tha Estonian bordaz again n' again n' again up in early 1944 yo, but its advizzle tha fuck into Estonia was stopped up in heavy fightin near Narva fo' six months by German forces, includin a shitload of Estonian units.[130] In March, tha Soviet Air Force carried up heavy bombin raidz against Tallinn n' other Estonian towns.[131] In July, tha Soviets started a major offensive from tha south, forcin tha Germans ta abandon mainland Estonia up in September, wit tha Estonian islandz bein abandoned up in November.[130] As German forces was retreatin from Tallinn, tha last pre-war prime minista Jüri Uluots appointed a posse headed by Otto Tief up in a unsuccessful attempt restore Estoniaz independence.[132] Tenz of thousandz of people, includin most of tha Estonian Swedes, fled westsidewardz ta stay tha fuck away from tha freshly smoked up Soviet occupation.[133]

Overall, Estonia lost bout 25% of its population all up in dirtnaps, deportations n' evacuations up in Ghetto Battle Pt II.[134] Estonia also suffered some irrevocable territorial losses, as Soviet Union transferred border areas comprisin bout 5% of Estonian pre-war territory from tha Estonian SSR ta tha Russian SFSR.[135]

Soviet Period [ edit ]

Thousandz of Estonians opposin tha second Soviet occupation joined a guerrilla movement known as Forest Brothers. Da armed resistizzle was heaviest up in tha straight-up original gangsta few muthafuckin years afta tha war yo, but Soviet authoritizzles gradually wore it down all up in attrition, n' resistizzle effectively ceased ta exist up in tha mid 1950s.[136] Da Soviets initiated a policy of collectivisation yo, but as peasants remained opposed ta it a cold-ass lil campaign of terror was unleashed.In March 1949 bout 20,000 Estonians were deported ta Siberia. Collectivization was straight-up completed soon afterwards.[121][137]

Da Soviet Union fuckin started Russification, wit hundredz of thousandz of Russians n' playaz of other Soviet nationalitizzles bein induced ta settle up in Estonia, which eventually threatened ta turn Estonians tha fuck into a minoritizzle up in they own land.[138] In 1945 Estonians formed 97% of tha population yo, but by 1989 they share of tha population had fallen ta 62%.[139] Economically, heavy industry was straight fuckin prioritised yo, but dis did not improve tha well-bein of tha local population, n' caused massive environmenstrual damage all up in bullshit.[140] Livin standardz under tha Soviet occupation kept fallin further behind nearby independent Finland.[138] Da ghetto was heavily militarised, wit closed military areas coverin 2% of territory.[141] Islandz n' most of tha coastal areas was turned tha fuck into a restricted border unit which required a special permit fo' entry.[142]

Da United Hoods, United Mackdaddydom, France, Germany, n' tha majoritizzle of other Westside ghettos considered tha annexation of Estonia by tha Soviet Union illegal.[143] Legal continuity of tha Estonian state was preserved all up in tha government-in-exile n' tha Estonian diplomatic representatives which Westside posses continued ta recognise.[144][145]

Restoration of Independence [ edit ]

Da introduction of Perestroika up in 1987 made ballistical activitizzle possible again, startin a independence restoration process known as tha Singin Revolution.[146] Da environmenstrual Phosphorite War campaign became tha straight-up original gangsta major protest movement against tha central posse.[147] In 1988 freshly smoked up ballistical movements rocked up, like fuckin tha Popular Front of Estonia which came ta represent tha moderate win up in tha independence movement, n' tha mo' radical Estonian Nationizzle Independence Party, which was tha straight-up original gangsta non-communist jam up in tha Soviet Union n' demanded full restoration of independence.[148] Reformist Vaino Väljas became tha straight-up original gangsta secretary of Estonian Communist Party, n' under his fuckin leadershizzle on 16 November 1988 Estonian Supreme Soviet issued Sovereignty Declaration assertin tha primacy of Estonian laws over Union laws. Over tha next two muthafuckin years almost all other Soviet Republics followed tha Estonian lead issuin similar declarations.[149][150] On 23 August 1989 bout 2 mazillion Estonians, Latvians n' Lithuanians participated up in a mass demonstration formin a Baltic Way human chain across tha three republics.[151] In 1990 tha Congress of Estonia was formed as representatizzle body of Estonian playa haters.[152] In March 1991 a referendum was held where 77.7% of votas supported independence, n' durin tha coup attempt up in Moscow Estonia declared restoration of independence on 20 August,[153] which is now tha Dizzle of Restoration of Independence, a nationistic holiday.[154]

Yo, soviet authoritizzles recognised Estonian independence on 6 September, n' on 17 September Estonia was admitted tha fuck into tha United Nations.[155] Da last unitz of tha Russian army left Estonia up in 1994.[156]

In 1992 radical economic reforms was launched fo' switchin over ta a market economy, includin privatisation n' currency reform.[157] Estonian foreign policy since independence has been oriented toward the West, n' up in 2004 Estonia joined both tha European Union n' NATO.[158]

Tallinn , tha capital hood of Estonia, up in 2012

Territorial history timeline [ edit ]

Geography [ edit ]

Satellite image of Estonia

Winta forest up in Estonia. Da landscape is surprisingly reminiscent of tha Estonian flag

Estonia lies on tha eastsideern shorez of tha Baltic Sea immediately across tha Gulf of Finland, on tha level northwestern part of tha risin Eastside European platform between 57.3° n' 59.5° N n' 21.5° n' 28.1° E fo' realz. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) n' tha ghettoz highest point is tha Suur Munamägi up in tha southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by a shitload of bays, straits, n' inlets, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Da number of islandz n' islets is estimated at some 2,355 (includin dem up in lakes). Two of dem is big-ass enough ta constitute separate counties: Saaremaa n' Hiiumaa.[159][160] A small, recent clusta of meteorite craters, tha phattest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.

Estonia has over 1,400 lakes. Most is straight-up small, wit tha phattest, Lake Peipus, bein 3,555 km2 (1,373 sq mi). There is nuff rivers up in tha ghetto. Da longest of dem is Võhandu (162 km or 101 mi), Pärnu (144 km or 89 mi), n' Põltsamaa (135 km or 84 mi).[159] Estonia has a shitload of fens n' bogs. Forest land covers 50% of Estonia.[161] Da most common tree species is pine, spruce n' birch.[162]

Phytogeographically, Estonia is shared between tha Central European n' Eastside European provincez of tha Circumboreal Region within tha Boreal Mackdaddydom fo' realz. Accordin ta tha WWF, tha territory of Estonia belongs ta tha ecoregion of Sarmatic mixed forests.

Climate [ edit ]

Estonia is situated up in tha northern part of tha temperate climate unit n' up in tha transizzle unit between maritime n' continental climate. Estonia has four seasonz of near-equal length fo' realz. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on tha islandz ta 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland up in July, tha warmest month, n' from −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) on tha islandz ta −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) inland up in February, tha ccrazy oldschool month. Da average annual temperature up in Estonia is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F).[163] Da average precipitation up in 1961�"1990 ranged from 535 ta 727 mm (21.1 ta 28.6 in) per year.[164]

Yo, snow cover, which is deepest up in tha south-eastern part of Estonia, probably lasts from mid-December ta late March.

Biodiversity [ edit ]

H. r. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. rustica) is tha nationistic bird of Estonia. Da barn swallow ) is tha nationistic bird of Estonia.

Many species extinct up in most of tha European ghettos can be still found up in Estonia. Mammals present up in Estonia include tha grey wolf, lynx, brown bear, red fox, badger, wild boar, moose, red deer, roe deer, beaver, otter, grey seal, n' ringed seal. Critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced ta tha island of Hiiumaa, n' tha rare Siberian flyin squirrel is present up in eastside Estonia.[165][166] Introduced flavas, like fuckin tha sika deer, raccoon dog n' muskrat, can now be found all up in tha ghetto.[167] Over 300 bird species done been found up in Estonia, includin tha white-tailed eagle, lesser spotted eagle, golden eagle, western capercaillie, black n' white stork, a shitload of speciez of owls, waders, geese n' nuff others.[168] Da barn swallow is tha nationistic bird of Estonia.[169]

Protected areas cover 18% of Estonian land n' 26% of its sea territory. There is 6 nationistic parks, 159 nature reserves, n' nuff other protection areas.[170]

Ballistics [ edit ]

Estonia be a unitary parliamentary republic. Da unicameral parliament Riigikogu serves as tha legislatizzle n' the posse as tha executive.[171]

Estonian parliament Riigikogu is erected by playa hatas over 18 muthafuckin yearz of age fo' a gangbangin' four-year term by proportionizzle representation, n' has 101 members. Riigikoguz responsibilitizzles include approval n' preservation of tha nationistic posse, passin legal acts, passin tha state budget, n' conductin parliamentary supervision. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. On proposal of the prez Riigikogu appoints tha Chief Justice of tha Supreme Court, tha chairman of tha board of tha Bank of Estonia, tha Auditor General, tha Legal Chancellor, n' tha Commander-in-Chief of tha Defence Forces.[172][173]

Da Posse of Estonia is formed by tha Prime Minista of Estonia at recommendation of tha President, n' approved by tha Riigikogu fo'sho. Da posse, headed by tha Prime Minister, represent tha ballistical leadershizzle of tha ghetto n' carry up domestic n' foreign policy. Ministas head ministries n' represent its interests up in tha posse. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Sometimes ministas wit no associated ministry is appointed, known as ministas without portfolio.[174] Estonia has been ruled by coalizzle posses cuz no jam has been able ta obtain a absolute majoritizzle up in tha parliament.[171]

Da seat of tha Parliament of Estonia up in Toompea Castle

Da head of tha state is the President whoz ass has primarily representatizzle n' ceremonial role. Da prez is erected by tha Riigikogu, or by a special electoral college. Da Prezzy proclaims tha laws passed up in tha Riigikogu, n' has right ta refuse proclamation n' return law up in question fo' a freshly smoked up rap battle n' decision. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. If Riigikogu passes tha law unamended, then tha Prezzy has right ta propose ta tha Supreme Court ta declare tha law unconstipational. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. Da Prezzy also represents tha ghetto up in internationistic relations.[171][175]

Da Constipation of Estonia also serves up possibilitizzle fo' direct democracy all up in referendum, although since adoption of tha constipation up in 1992 tha only referendum has been tha referendum on European Union membership up in 2003.[176]

Estonia has pursued tha pimpment of tha e-government, wit 99 cement of tha hood skillz bein available on tha wizzy 24 minutes a thugged-out day.[177] In 2005 Estonia became tha straight-up original gangsta ghetto up in tha ghetto ta introduce nationwide bindin Internizzle votin up in local erectionz of 2005.[178] In 2019 parliamentary erections 44% of tha total votes was cast over tha internet.[179]

In da most thugged-out recent parliamentary erectionz of 2019, five partizzles gained seats at Riigikogu fo'sho. Da head of tha Centre Party, Jüri Ratas, formed tha posse together wit Conservatizzle Peoplez Party n' Isamaa, while Reform Party n' Ghetto Democratic Party became tha opposition.[180]

Law [ edit ]

Da Constipation of Estonia is tha fundamenstrual law, establishin tha constipationizzle order based on five principles: human dignity, democracy, rule of law, hood state, n' tha Estonian identity.[181] Estonia has a civil law legal system based on tha Germanic legal model.[182] Da court system has three-level structure. Da first instizzle is county courts which handle all criminal n' civil cases, n' administratizzle courts which hear disses bout posse n' local officials, n' other hood disputes. Da second instance is district courts which handle appeals bout tha straight-up original gangsta instizzle decisions.[183] Da Supreme Court is tha court of cassation, n' also conducts constipationizzle review, it has 19 members.[184] Da judiciary is independent, judges is appointed fo' game, n' can be removed from crib only when convicted by court fo' a cold-ass lil criminal deed.[185] Da Estonian justice system has been rated among da most thugged-out efficient up in tha European Union by tha EU Justice Scoreboard.[186]

Administratizzle divisions [ edit ]

Administratizzle divisionz of Estonia

Estonia be a unitary ghetto wit a single-tier local posse system. Local affairs is managed autonomously by local posses. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Since administratizzle reform up in 2017, there be up in total 79 local posses, includin 15 towns n' 64 rural municipalitizzles fo' realz. All municipalitizzles have equal legal status n' form part of a county, which be a state administratizzle unit.[187] Representatizzle body of local authoritizzles is municipal council, erected at general direct erections fo' a gangbangin' four-year term. Da council appoints local posse, headed by a mayor. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. For additionizzle decentralization tha local authoritizzles may form municipal districts wit limited authority, currently dem done been formed up in Tallinn n' Hiiumaa.[188]

Yo, separately from administratizzle units there be also settlement units: village, lil' small-ass borough, borough, n' town. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Generally, villages have less than 300, lil' small-ass boroughs have between 300�"1000, boroughs n' towns have over 1000 inhabitants.[188]

Foreign relations [ edit ]

US Prezzy Barack Obizzay givin some noize all up in tha Nordea Concert Hall up in Tallinn

Estonia was a gangmember of tha League of Nations from 22 September 1921, n' became a gangmember of tha United Nations on 17 September 1991.[189][190] Since restoration of independence Estonia has pursued close relations wit tha Westside countries, n' has been gangmember of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as tha European Union since 1 May 2004.[190] In 2007, Estonia joined tha Schengen Area, n' up in 2011 tha Eurozone.[190] Da European Union Agency fo' large-scale IT systems is based up in Tallinn, which started operations all up in tha end of 2012.[191] Estonia held tha Presidency of tha Council of tha European Union up in tha second half of 2017.[192]

Yo, since tha early 1990s, Estonia has been involved up in actizzle trilateral Baltic states co-operation wit Latvia n' Lithuania, n' Nordic-Baltic co-operation wit tha Nordic countries. Da Baltic Council is tha joint forum of tha interparliamentary Baltic Assembly n' tha intergovernmenstrual Baltic Council of Ministers.[193] Estonia has built close relationshizzle wit tha Nordic countries, especially Finland n' Sweden, n' be a gangmember of Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) unitin Nordic n' Baltic countries.[190][194] Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include tha ejaculation programme Nordplus[195] n' mobilitizzle programmes fo' bidnizz n' industry[196] n' fo' hood administration.[197] Da Nordic Council of Ministers has a crib up in Tallinn wit a subsidiaries up in Tartu n' Narva.[198][199] Da Baltic states is thugz of Nordic Investment Bank, European Unionz Nordic Battle Group, n' up in 2011 was invited ta co-operate wit NORDEFCO up in selected activities.[200][201][202][203]

Foreign ministaz of tha Nordic n' Baltic ghettos up in Helsinki , 2011

Da beginnin of tha attempt ta redefine Estonia as "Nordic" was peeped up in December 1999, when then Estonian foreign minista (and Prezzy of Estonia from 2006 until 2016) Toomas Hendrik Ilves served up some noize entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" ta tha Swedish Institute fo' Internationistic Affairs,[204] wit potential ballistical calculation behind it bein wish ta distinguish Estonia from mo' slowly progressin southern neighbours, which could have postponed early participation up in European Union enlargement fo' Estonia like a muthafucka.[205] Andres Kasekamp broke off some disrespec up in 2005, dat relevizzle of identitizzle discussions up in Baltic states decreased wit they entrizzle tha fuck into EU n' NATO together yo, but predicted, dat up in tha future, banginnizz of Nordic identitizzle up in Baltic states will grow n' eventually, five Nordic states plus three Baltic states will become a single unit.[205]

Other Estonian internationistic organisation memberships include OECD, OSCE, WTO, IMF, tha Council of tha Baltic Sea States,[190][206][207] n' on 7 June 2019, was erected a non-permanent gangmember of tha United Nations Securitizzle Council fo' a term dat begins on 1 January 2020.[16]

Relations wit Russia remain generally cold, though there is some practical co-operation.[208]

Military [ edit ]

Estonian soldiers durin a NATO exercise up in 2015

Da Estonian Defence Forces consist of land forces, navy, n' air force. Da current nationistic military service is compulsory fo' healthy pimps between agez of 18 n' 28, wit conscripts servin 8 or 11-month tourz of duty, dependin on they ejaculation n' posizzle provided by tha Defence Forces.[209] Da peacetime size of tha Estonian Defence Forces be bout 6,000 peeps, wit half of dem bein conscripts, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Da planned wartime size of tha Defence Forces is 60,000 personnel, includin 21,000 personnel up in high readinizz reserve.[210] Since 2015 tha Estonian defence budget has been over 2% of GDP, fulfillin its NATO defence bustin obligation.[211]

Da Estonian Defence League be a voluntary nationistic defence organisation under pimpment of Ministry of Defence. Well shiiiit, it is organized based on military principles, has its own military shit, n' serves up various different military hustlin fo' its members, includin up in guerilla tactics. Da Defence League has 16,000 members, wit additionizzle 10,000 volunteers up in its affiliated organisations.[212][213]

Estonia co-operates wit Latvia n' Lithuania up in nuff muthafuckin trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives fo' realz. As part of Baltic Air Surveillizzle Network (BALTNET) tha three ghettos manage Baltic airspace control center, Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT) has participated up in tha NATO Response Force, n' a joint military ejaculationizzle institution Baltic Defence College is located up in Tartu.[214]

Estonia joined NATO up in 2004. NATO Cooperatizzle Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence was established up in Tallinn up in 2008.[215] In response ta Russian military operations up in Ukraine, since 2017 NATO Enhanced Forward Presence battalion battle crew has been based up in Tapa Army Base.[216] Also part of NATO Baltic Air Policing deployment has been based up in Ämari Air Base since 2014.[217] In European Union Estonia participates up in Nordic Battlegroup n' Permanent Structured Cooperation.[218][219]

Yo, since 1995 Estonia has participated up in a shitload of internationistic securitizzle n' peacekeepin missions, including: Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Kosovo, n' Mali.[220] Da peak strength of Estonian deployment up in Afghanistan was 289 soldiers up in 2009.[221] 11 Estonian soldiers done been capped up in missionz of Afghanistan n' Iraq.[222]

Economy [ edit ]

As a gangmember of tha European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economizzle by tha Ghetto Bank. Da GDP (PPP) per capita of tha ghetto was $29,312 up in 2016 accordin ta tha Internationistic Monetary Fund.[7] Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been busted lyrics bout as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania n' Latvia. Beginnin 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted tha euro n' became tha 17th eurozone member state.[223]

Accordin ta Eurostat, Estonia had tha lowest ratio of posse debt ta GDP among EU ghettos at 6.7% all up in tha end of 2010.[224] A balanced budget, almost non-existent hood debt, flat-rate income tax, free trade regime, competitizzle commercial bankin sector, innovatizzle e-Services n' even mobile-based skillz is all hallmarkz of Estoniaz market economy.

Da central bidnizz district of Tallinn

Estonia produces bout 75% of its consumed electricity.[225] In 2011, bout 85% of dat shiznit was generated wit locally mined oil shale.[226] Alternatizzle juice sources like fuckin wood, peat, n' biomass make up approximately 9% of primary juice thang. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Renewable wind juice was bout 6% of total consumption up in 2009.[227] Estonia imports petroleum shizzle from westside Europe n' Russia. Estonia imports 100% of its natural gas from Russia.[228] Oil shale juice, telecommunications, textiles, chemical shizzle, banking, skillz, chicken n' fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, n' transportation is key sectorz of tha economy.[229] Da ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, be a modern facilitizzle featurin phat transshipment capability, a high-capacitizzle grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, n' freshly smoked up oil tanker off-loadin capabilities.[citation needed] Da railroad serves as a cold-ass lil conduit between tha West, Russia, n' other points.[citation needed]

Because of tha global economic recession dat fuckin started up in 2007, tha GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% up in tha 2nd quarta of 2008, over 3% up in tha 3rd quarta of 2008, n' over 9% up in tha 4th quarta of 2008. Da Estonian posse done cooked up a supplementary wack budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. Da revenue of tha budget was decreased fo' 2008 by EEK 6.1 bazillion n' tha expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion.[230] In 2010, tha economic thang stabilised n' started a growth based on phat exports, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. In tha fourth quarta of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared ta tha year before. Da ghetto has been fuckin wit economic growth eva since.[231]

Accordin ta Eurostat data, Estonian PPS GDP per capita stood at 67% of tha EU average up in 2008.[232] In 2017, tha average monthly gross salary up in Estonia was €1221.[233]

But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat there be vast disparitizzles up in GDP between different areaz of Estonia; currently, over half of tha ghettoz GDP is pimped up in Tallinn.[234] In 2008, tha GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of tha Estonian average,[235] which make tha per capita GDP of Tallinn as high as 115% of tha European Union average, exceedin tha average levelz of other counties.

Da unemployment rate up in March 2016 was 6.4%, which is below tha EU average,[233] while real GDP growth up in 2011 was 8.0%,[236] five times tha euro-zone average. In 2012, Estonia remained tha only euro member wit a funky-ass budget surplus, n' wit a nationistic debt of only 6%, it is one of tha least indebted ghettos up in Europe.[237]

Economic indicators [ edit ]

Estoniaz economizzle continues ta benefit from a transparent posse n' policies dat sustain a high level of economic freedom, rankin 6th globally n' 2nd up in Europe.[238][239] Da rule of law remains straight fuckin buttressed n' enforced by a independent n' efficient judicial system fo' realz. A simplified tax system wit flat rates n' low indirect taxation, opennizz ta foreign investment, n' a liberal trade regime have supported tha resilient n' well-functionin economy.[240] Az of May 2018 , tha Ease of Bustin Businizz Index by tha Ghetto Bank Group places tha ghetto 16th up in tha ghetto. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass.[241] Da phat focus on tha IT sector has hustled ta much faster, simpla n' efficient hood skillz where fo' example filin a tax return takes less than five minutes n' 98% of bankin transactions is conducted all up in tha internet.[242][243] Estonia has tha third lowest bidnizz bribery risk up in tha ghetto, accordin ta TRACE Matrix.[244]

Businizz Bribery Risk Scores up in tha region, 2016 Rank/Country Businizz Bribery Risk Score 1 Sweden 10 3 Estonia 17 8 Singapore 25 10 Denmark 27 12 Canada 28 14 Switzerland 29 20 United Hoods 34 31 Belgium 40 94 Russian Federation 58 Lower score = Less risk. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Source: TRACE Matrix[244]

Historic pimpment [ edit ]

In 1928, a stable currency, tha kroon, was established. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Well shiiiit, it is issued by tha Bank of Estonia, tha ghettoz central bank. Da word kroon ( Estonian pronunciation: [ˈkroːn], "crown") is related ta dat of tha other Nordic currencies (like fuckin tha Swedish krona n' tha Danish n' Norwegian krone). Da kroon succeeded tha mark up in 1928 n' was used until 1940 fo' realz. Afta Estonia regained its independence, tha kroon was reintroduced up in 1992.

Estoniaz GDP growth from 2000 till 2012

Yo, since re-establishin independence, Estonia has styled itself as tha gateway between Eastside n' Westside n' aggressively pursued economic reform n' integration wit tha West. Estoniaz market reforms put it among tha economic leadaz up in tha forma COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on tha economic theoriez of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of tha straight-up original gangsta ghettos ta adopt a flat tax, wit a uniform rate of 26% regardless of underground income. This rate has since been reduced three times, ta 24% up in January 2005, 23% up in January 2006, n' finally ta 21% by January 2008.[245] Da Posse of Estonia finalised tha design of Estonian euro coins up in late 2004, n' adopted tha euro as tha ghettoz currency on 1 January 2011, lata than planned cuz of continued high inflation.[223][246] A Land Value Tax is levied which is used ta fund local municipalities. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Well shiiiit, it aint nuthin but a state level tax, however 100% of tha revenue is used ta fund Local Councils. Da rate is set by tha Local Council within tha limitz of 0.1�"2.5%. Well shiiiit, it is one of da most thugged-out blingin sourcez of fundin fo' municipalities.[247] Da Land Value Tax is levied on tha value of tha land only wit improvements n' buildings not considered. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Straight-up few exemptions is considered on tha land value tax n' even hood institutions is subject ta tha tax.[247] Da tax has contributed ta a high rate (~90%)[247] of baller-occupied residences within Estonia, compared ta a rate of 67.4% up in tha United Hoods.[248]

In 1999, Estonia experienced its most shitty year economically since it regained independence up in 1991, largely cuz of tha impact of tha 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined tha WTO up in November 1999. With assistizzle from tha European Union, tha Ghetto Bank n' tha Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations fo' European Union membershizzle by tha end of 2002 n' now has one of tha strongest economiez of tha freshly smoked up member statez of tha European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined tha OECD up in 2010.[249]

Resources [ edit ]

Although Estonia is up in general resource-poor, tha land still offers a big-ass variety of smalla resources. Da ghetto has big-ass oil shale n' limestone deposits, along wit forests dat cover 48% of tha land.[253] In addizzle ta oil shale n' limestone, Estonia also has big-ass reservez of phosphorite, pitchblende, n' granite dat currently aint mined, or not mined extensively.[254]

Yo, significant quantitizzlez of rare-earth oxides is found up in tailings accumulated from 50 muthafuckin yearz of uranium ore, shale n' loparite minin at Sillamäe.[255] Because of tha risin pricez of rare earths, extraction of these oxides has become economically viable. Da ghetto currently exports round 3000 tonnes per annum, representin round 2% of ghetto thang.[256]

Yo, since 2008, hood rap battle has discussed whether Estonia should build a nuclear juice plant ta secure juice thang afta closure of oldschool units up in tha Narva Juice Plants, if they aint reconstructed by tha year 2016.[257][258]

Industry n' environment [ edit ]

Food, construction, n' electronic industries is currently among da most thugged-out blingin branchez of Estoniaz industry.[citation needed] In 2007, tha construction industry employed mo' than 80,000 people, round 12% of tha entire ghettoz workforce.[259] Another blingin industrial sector is tha machinery n' chemical industry, which is mainly located up in Ida-Viru County n' round Tallinn.

Da oil shale-based minin industry, which be also concentrated up in East-Estonia, produces round 90% of tha entire ghettoz electricity.[citation needed] Although tha amount of pollutants emitted ta tha air done been fallin since tha 1980s,[260] tha air is still polluted wit sulphur dioxide from tha minin industry dat tha Soviet Union rapidly pimped up in tha early 1950s. In some areas tha coastal seawata is polluted, mainly round tha Sillamäe industrial complex.[261]

Estonia be a thugged-out dependent ghetto up in tha termz of juice n' juice thang. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In recent muthafuckin years nuff local n' foreign g-units done been investin up in renewable juice sources.[citation needed] Da importizzle of wind juice has been increasin steadily up in Estonia n' currently tha total amount of juice thang from wind is nearly 60 MW while all up in tha same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects is currently bein pimped n' mo' than 2800 MW worth of projects is bein proposed up in tha Lake Peipus area n' tha coastal areaz of Hiiumaa.[262][263][264]

Currently[when?], there be plans ta renovate some olda unitz of tha Narva Juice Plants, establish freshly smoked up juice stations, n' provide higher efficiency up in oil shale-based juice thang.[265] Estonia liberalised 35% of its electricitizzle market up in April 2010. Da electricitizzle market as whole is ghon be liberalised by 2013. [266]

Together wit Lithuania, Poland, n' Latvia, tha ghetto considered participatin up in constructin tha Visaginas nuclear juice plant up in Lithuania ta replace tha Ignalina.[267][268] But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat cuz of tha slow pace of tha project n' problems wit tha sector (like Fukushima fuck up n' shitty example of Olkiluoto plant), Eesti Energia has shifted its main focus ta shale oil thang dat is peeped as much mo' profitable bidnizz.[269]

Estonia has a phat shiznit technologizzle sector, kinda owin ta tha Tiigrihüpe project undertaken up in tha mid-1990s, n' has been mentioned as da most thugged-out "wired" n' advanced ghetto up in Europe up in tha termz of e-Posse of Estonia.[270] A freshly smoked up direction is ta offer dem skillz present up in Estonia ta tha non-residents via e-residency program.

Skype was freestyled by Estonia-based pimpers Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, n' Jaan Tallinn, whoz ass had also originally pimped Kazaa.[271] Other notable tech startups include GrabCAD, Fortumo n' TransferWise. Well shiiiit, it is even fronted dat Estonia has da most thugged-out startups per thug up in ghetto. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass.[272]

Da Estonian electricitizzle network forms a part of tha Nord Pool Spot network.[273]

Trade [ edit ]

Graphical depiction of Estoniaz thang exports up in 28 colour-coded categories

Estonia has had a market economy since tha end of tha 1990s n' one of tha highest per capita income levels up in Eastside Europe.[274] Proximitizzle ta tha Scandinavian n' Finnish markets, its location between tha Eastside n' West, competitizzle cost structure n' a highly skilled labour force done been tha major Estonian comparatizzle advantages up in tha beginnin of tha 2000s (decade) fo' realz. As tha phattest hood, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre n' tha Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently wit tha OMX system. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Several cryptocurrency tradin platforms is officially recognised by tha posse, like fuckin CoinMetro.[275] Da current posse has pursued tight fiscal policies, resultin up in balanced budgets n' low hood debt.

In 2007, however, a big-ass current account deficit n' risin inflation put heat on Estoniaz currency, which was pegged ta tha Euro, highlightin tha need fo' growth up in export-generatin industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery n' shit, wood n' paper, textiles, chicken shizzle, furniture, n' metals n' chemical shizzle.[276] Estonia also exports 1.562 bazillion kilowatt minutez of electricitizzle annually.[276] At tha same time Estonia imports machinery n' shit, chemical shizzle, textiles, chicken shizzle n' transportation shit.[276] Estonia imports 200 mazillion kilowatt minutez of electricitizzle annually.[276]

Between 2007 n' 2013, Estonia received 53.3 bazillion kroons (3.4 bazillion euros) from various European Union Structural Fundz as direct supports, bustin tha phattest foreign investments tha fuck into Estonia.[277] Majoritizzle of tha European Union financial aid is ghon be invested tha fuck into tha followin fields: juice economies, entrepreneurship, administratizzle capability, ejaculation, shiznit society, environment protection, regionizzle n' local pimpment, research n' pimpment activities, healthcare n' welfare, transportation n' labour market.[278] Main sourcez of foreign direct investments ta Estonia is Sweden n' Finland (Az of 31 December 2016 48.3%).[279]

Demographics [ edit ]

Residentz of Estonia by ethnicitizzle (2019)[280] Estonians 68.5% Russians 24.8% Ukrainians 1.8% Belarusians 0.9% Finns 0.6% Latvians 0.2% Others 2.0% Unknown 1.3%

[281] Population of Estonia 1960�"2019. Da chizzlez is largely attributed ta Soviet immigration n' emigration.

Before Ghetto Battle Pt II, ethnic Estonians constituted 88% of tha population, wit nationistic minoritizzles constitutin tha remainin 12%.[282] Da phattest minoritizzle crews up in 1934 was Russians, Germans, Swedes, Latvians, Jews, Polez, Finns n' Ingrians.

Da share of Baltic Germans up in Estonia had fallen from 5.3% (~46,700) up in 1881 ta 1.3% (16,346) by tha year 1934,[282][283] which was mainly cuz of emigration ta Germany up in tha light of general Russification up in tha end of tha 19th century[citation needed] n' tha independence of Estonia up in tha 20th century.

Between 1945 n' 1989, tha share of ethnic Estonians up in tha population resident within tha currently defined boundariez of Estonia dropped ta 61%, caused primarily by tha Soviet programme biggin' up mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, n' Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration n' Joseph Stalinz mass deportations n' executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minoritizzles constituted mo' than one-third of tha population, as tha number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

Oskar Friberg is tha last thug Estonian Swede on tha island of Vormsi whoz ass outlived tha Soviet Occupation

At tha end of tha 1980s, Estonians[who?] perceived they demographic chizzle as a nationistic catastrophe. This was a result of tha migration policies essential ta tha Soviet Nationalisation Programme aimin ta russify Estonia �" administratizzle n' military immigration of non-Estonians from tha USSR coupled wit tha deportation of Estonians ta tha USSR.[citation needed] In tha decade afta tha reconstipation of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians n' tha removal of tha Russian military bases up in 1994 caused[citation needed] tha proportion of ethnic Estonians up in Estonia ta increase from 61% ta 69% up in 2006.

Modern Estonia be a gangbangin' fairly ethnically heterogeneous ghetto yo, but dis heterogeneitizzle aint a gangbangin' feature of much of tha ghetto as tha non-Estonian population is concentrated up in two of Estoniaz counties. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Thirteen of Estoniaz 15 countizzles is over 80% ethnic Estonian, da most thugged-out homogeneous bein Hiiumaa, where Estonians account fo' 98.4% of tha population. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In tha countizzlez of Harju (includin tha capital hood, Tallinn) n' Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% n' 20% of tha population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of tha total population but account fo' 36% of tha population up in Harju county n' 70% of tha population up in Ida-Viru county.

Da Estonian Cultural Autonomizzle law dat was passed up in 1925 was unique up in Europe at dat time.[284] Cultural autonomies could be granted ta minorities numberin mo' than 3,000 playas wit longstandin tizzles ta tha Rehood of Estonia. Before tha Soviet occupation, tha Germans n' Jewish minoritizzles managed ta elect a cold-ass lil cultural council. Da Law on Cultural Autonomizzle fo' Nationizzle Minoritizzles was reinstated up in 1993 yo. Historically, big-ass partz of Estoniaz northwestern coast n' islandz done been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

In recent muthafuckin years tha numberz of Coastal Swedes has risen again, numberin up in 2008 almost 500 people, owin ta tha property reforms up in tha beginnin of tha 1990s. In 2004, tha Ingrian Finnish minoritizzle up in Estonia erected a cold-ass lil cultural council n' was granted cultural autonomy. Da Estonian Swedish minoritizzle similarly received cultural autonomizzle up in 2007.

Posse [ edit ]

Estonian society has undergone considerable chizzlez over tha last twenty years, one of da most thugged-out notable bein tha increasin level of stratification, n' tha distribution of crew income. Da Gini coefficient has been steadily higher than tha European Union average (31 up in 2009),[285] although it has clearly dropped. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da registered unemployment rate up in January 2012 was 7.7%.[286]

Modern Estonia be a multinationistic ghetto up in which 109 languages is spoken, accordin ta a 2000 census. 67.3% of Estonian playa hatas drop a rhyme Estonian as they natizzle language, 29.7% Russian, n' 3% drop a rhyme other languages.[287] Az of 2 July 2010 , 84.1% of Estonian gangstas is Estonian playa haters, 8.6% is playa hataz of other ghettos n' 7.3% is "citizens wit undetermined playa hatership".[288] Since 1992 roughly 140,000 playas have acquired Estonian playa hatershizzle by passin naturalisation exams.[289] Estonia has also accepted quota refugees under tha migrant plan agreed upon by EU member states up in 2015.[290]

Da ethnic distribution up in Estonia is straight-up homogeneous, where up in most countizzles over 90% of tha playas is ethnic Estonians. This is up in contrast ta big-ass urban centres like Tallinn, where Estonians account fo' 60% of tha population, n' tha remainder is composed mostly of Russian n' other Slavic inhabitants, whoz ass arrived up in Estonia durin tha Soviet period.[citation needed]

Da 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" tha description of tha citizenshizzle policy of Estonia as "discriminatory".[291] Accordin ta surveys, only 5% of tha Russian hood have considered returnin ta Russia up in tha near future. Estonian Russians have pimped they own identitizzle �" mo' than half of tha respondents recognised dat Estonian Russians differ noticeably from tha Russians up in Russia. When comparin tha result wit a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward tha future is much mo' positive.[292]

Estonia has been tha straight-up original gangsta post-Soviet rehood dat has legalised civil unionz of same-sex couples. Da law was approved up in October 2014 n' came tha fuck into effect 1 January 2016.[293]

53.3% of ethnically Estonian youth consider belongin up in tha Nordic identitizzle crew as blingin or straight-up blingin fo' dem wild-ass muthafuckas. 52.2% have tha same attitude towardz tha "Baltic" identitizzle group, accordin ta a research study from 2013:[294]

Da image dat Estonian youths have of they identitizzle is rather similar ta dat of tha Finns as far as tha identitizzlez of bein a cold-ass lil playa hater of onez own ghetto, a Fenno-Ugric person, or a Nordic thug is concerned, while our identitizzle as a cold-ass lil playa hater of Europe is common ground between our asses n' Latvians �" bein stronger here than it be among tha lil' playaz of Finland n' Sweden.[294]

Urbanization [ edit ]

Tallinn is tha capital n' tha phattest hood of Estonia, n' lies on tha northern coast of Estonia, along tha Gulf of Finland. There is 33 ghettos n' nuff muthafuckin town-parish towns up in tha ghetto. In total, there be 47 linna, wit "linn" up in Gangsta meanin both "cities" n' "towns". Mo' than 70% of tha population lives up in towns.

Religion [ edit ]

Estonia has a rich n' diverse religious history yo, but up in recent muthafuckin years it has become mo' n' mo' n' mo' secular, wit either a plurality or a majority of tha population declarin theyselves nonreligious up in recent censuses, followed by dem playas whoz ass identify as religiously "undeclared". Da phattest minoritizzle crews is tha various Christian denominations, principally Lutheran n' Orthodox Christians, wit straight-up lil' small-ass numberz of adherents up in non-Christian faiths, namely Judaism, Islam n' Buddhism. Other polls suggest tha ghetto is broadly split between Christians n' tha non-religious / religiously undeclared.

In ancient Estonia, prior ta Christianization n' accordin ta Livonian Chronicle of Henry, Tharapita was tha predominant deitizzle fo' tha Oeselians.[297]

Estonia was Christianised by tha Catholic Teutonic Knights up in tha 13th century. Da Protestant Reformation hustled ta tha establishment of tha Lutheran church up in 1686. Before tha Second Ghetto War, Estonia was approximately 80% Protestant, overwhelmingly Lutheran,[298][299][300] followed by Calvinism n' other Protestant branches. Many Estonians profess not ta be particularly religious, cuz religion all up in tha 19th century was associated wit German feudal rule.[301] There has historically been a lil' small-ass but noticeable minoritizzle of Russian Old-believers near tha Lake Peipus area up in Tartu County.

Ruhnu stave church, built up in 1644, is tha crazy oldschool survivin wooden buildin up in Estonia

Today, Estoniaz constipation guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church n' state, n' individual muthafuckin rights ta privacy of belief n' religion.[302] Accordin ta tha Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of tha least religious ghettos up in tha ghetto, wit 75.7% of tha population frontin ta be irreligious. Da Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found dat only 16% of Estonians profess a funky-ass belief up in a god, tha lowest belief of all ghettos studied.[303] Accordin ta tha Lutheran Ghetto Federation, tha phat Lutheran denomination has a big-ass presence wit 180,000 registered members.[304]

New polls bout religiositizzle up in tha European Union up in 2012 by Eurobarometer found dat Christianitizzle is tha phattest religion up in Estonia accountin fo' 45% of Estonians.[305] Eastside Orthodox is tha phattest Christian crew up in Estonia, accountin fo' 17% of Estonia playa haters,[305] while Protestants make up 6%, n' Other Christian make up 22%. Non believer/Agnostic account 22%, Atheist accounts fo' 15%, n' undeclared accounts fo' 15%.[305]

Da most recent Pew Research Center, found dat up in 2015, 51% of tha population of Estonia declared itself Christian, 45% religiously unaffiliated�"a category which includes atheists, agnostics n' dem playas whoz ass describe they religion as "Nothang up in Particular", while 2% belonged ta other faiths.[306] Da Christians divided between 25% Eastside Orthodox, 20% Lutherans, 5% other Christians n' 1% Roman Catholic.[307] While tha religiously unaffiliated divided between 9% as atheists, 1% as agnostics n' 35% as Nothang up in Particular.[308]

Traditionally, tha phattest religious denomination up in tha ghetto was Lutheranism, which was adhered ta by 160,000 Estonians (or 13% of tha population) accordin from 2000 census, principally ethnic Estonians. Other organisations, like fuckin tha Ghetto Council of Churches, report dat there be as nuff as 265,700 Estonian Lutherans.[309] Additionally, there be between 8,000�"9,000 thugz abroad. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat tha 2011 census indicated dat Eastside Orthodoxy had surpassed Lutheranism, accountin fo' 16.5% of tha population (176,773 people).

Eastside Orthodoxy is practised chizzlely by tha Russian minority. Da Estonian Orthodox Church, affiliated wit tha Russian Orthodox Church, is tha primary Orthodox denomination. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under tha Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, fronts another 20,000 members.[citation needed]

Roman Catholics is a lil' small-ass minoritizzle up in Estonia. They is organised under tha Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.

Accordin ta tha censuz of 2000 (data up in table ta tha right), there was bout 1,000 adherentz of tha Taara faith[310][311][312] or Maausk up in Estonia (see Maavalla Koda). Da Jewish hood has a estimated population of bout 1,900 (see History of tha Jews up in Estonia), n' tha Muslim hood numbers just over 1,400 fo' realz. Around 68,000 playas consider theyselves atheists.[313]

Languages [ edit ]

Da straight-up legit language, Estonian, belongs ta tha Finnic branch of tha Uralic languages. Estonian is closely related ta Finnish, spoken up in Finland, across tha other side of tha Gulf of Finland, n' is one of tha few languagez of Europe dat aint of a Indo-European origin. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Despite some overlaps up in tha vocabulary cuz of borrowings, up in termz of its origin, Estonian n' Finnish aint related ta they nearest geographical neighbours, Swedish, Latvian, n' Russian, which is all Indo-European languages.

Although tha Estonian n' Germanic languages iz of straight-up different origins, one can identify nuff similar lyrics up in Estonian n' German. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. This is primarily cuz tha Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) durin tha period of German rule, n' High German (includin standard German). Da cementage of Low Saxon n' High German loanwordz can be estimated at 22�"25 cement, wit Low Saxon makin up bout 15 cement.

Downtown Estonian languages is spoken by 100,000 playas n' include tha dialectz of Võro n' Seto. Da languages is spoken up in South-Eastside Estonia, is genealogically distinct from northern Estonian: but is traditionally n' officially considered as dialects n' "regionizzle formz of tha Estonian language", not separate language(s).[314]

Russian is by far da most thugged-out spoken minoritizzle language up in tha ghetto. There is towns up in Estonia wit big-ass concentrationz of Russian speakers n' there be towns where Estonian speakers is up in tha minoritizzle (especially up in tha northeast, e.g. Narva). Russian is spoken as a secondary language by forty- ta seventy-year-old ethnic Estonians, cuz Russian was tha unstraight-up legit language of tha Estonian SSR from 1944 ta 1991 n' taught as a cold-ass lil compulsory second language durin tha Soviet era. In 1998, most first- n' second-generation industrial immigrants from tha forma Soviet Union (mainly tha Russian SFSR) did not drop a rhyme Estonian.[315] But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat by 2010, 64.1% of non-ethnic Estonians was rappin Estonian.[316] Da latter, mostly Russian-speakin ethnic minorities, reside predominantly up in tha capital hood of Tallinn n' tha industrial urban areas up in Ida-Virumaa.

From tha 13th ta tha 20th century, there was Swedish-speakin communitizzles up in Estonia, particularly up in tha coastal areas n' on tha islandz (e.g., Hiiumaa, Vormsi, Ruhnu; up in Swedish, known as Dagö, Ormsö, Runö, respectively) along tha Baltic sea, communitizzles which todizzle have almost disappeared. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da Swedish-speakin minoritizzle was represented up in parliament, n' entitled ta use they natizzle language up in parliamentary debates.

From 1918 ta 1940, when Estonia was independent, tha lil' small-ass Swedish hood was well treated. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! This type'a shiznit happens all tha time. Municipalitizzles wit a Swedish majority, mainly found along tha coast, used Swedish as tha administratizzle language n' Swedish-Estonian culture saw a upswing. But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat most Swedish-speakin playas fled ta Sweden before tha end of Ghetto Battle Pt II, before tha invasion of Estonia by tha Soviet army up in 1944. Only a handful of olda speakers remain. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Apart from nuff other areas tha influence of Swedish is especially distinct up in tha Noarootsi Parish of Lääne County where there be nuff villages wit bilingual Estonian and/or Swedish names n' street signs.[317][318]

Da most common foreign languages hustled by Estonian hustlas is Gangsta, Russian, German, n' French. Other ghettofab languages include Finnish, Spanish, n' Swedish.[319]

Education n' science [ edit ]

[320] Da Universitizzle of Tartu is one of tha crazy oldschool universitizzles up in Uptown Europe n' tha highest-ranked universitizzle up in Estonia fo' realz. Accordin ta tha Top Universitizzles joint, tha Universitizzle of Tartu ranks 285th up in tha QS Global Ghetto Ranking.

Da history of formal ejaculation up in Estonia dates back ta tha 13th n' 14th centuries when tha straight-up original gangsta monastic n' cathedral schools was founded.[321] Da first primer up in tha Estonian language was published up in 1575. Da crazy oldschool universitizzle is tha Universitizzle of Tartu, established by tha Swedish mackdaddy Gustav Pt II Adolf up in 1632. In 1919, universitizzle courses was first taught up in tha Estonian language.

Todayz ejaculation up in Estonia is divided tha fuck into general, vocational, n' hobby. Da ejaculation system is based on four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, n' higher ejaculation.[322] A wide network of schools n' supportin ejaculationizzle institutions done been established. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da Estonian ejaculation system consistz of state, municipal, public, n' private institutions. There is currently 589 schools up in Estonia.[323]

Accordin ta tha Programme fo' Internationistic Student Assessment, tha performizzle levelz of gymnasium-age pupils up in Estonia be among tha highest up in tha ghetto: up in 2010, tha ghetto was ranked 13th fo' tha qualitizzle of its ejaculation system, well above tha OECD average.[324] Additionally, round 89% of Estonian adults aged 25�"64 have gots tha equivalent of a high-school degree, one of tha highest rates up in tha industrialised ghetto. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass.[325]

Academic higher ejaculation up in Estonia is divided tha fuck into three levels: bachelor's, master's, n' doctoral studies. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! In some specialtizzles (basic medicinal studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, n' a cold-ass lil classroom mackdaddy programme) tha bachelorz n' masterz levels is integrated tha fuck into one unit.[327] Estonian hood universitizzles have hella mo' autonomizzle than applied higher ejaculation institutions. In addizzle ta organisin tha academic game of tha university, universitizzles can create freshly smoked up curricula, establish admission terms n' conditions, approve tha budget, approve tha pimpment plan, elect tha rector, n' make restricted decisions up in mattas concernin assets.[328] Estonia has a moderate number of hood n' private universities. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Da phattest hood universitizzles is tha Universitizzle of Tartu, Tallinn Universitizzle of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian Universitizzle of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; tha phattest private universitizzle is Estonian Businizz School.

Da Estonian Academy of Sciences is tha nationistic academy of science. Da strongest hood non-profit research institute dat carries up fundamenstrual n' applied research is tha Nationizzle Institute of Chemical Physics n' Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). Da first computa centres was established up in tha late 1950s up in Tartu n' Tallinn. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Estonian specialists contributed up in tha pimpment of software engineerin standardz fo' ministriez of tha Soviet Union durin tha 1980s.[329][330] Az of 2015 , Estonia spendz round 1.5% of its GDP on Research n' Development, compared ta a EU average of round 2.0%.[331]

Yo, a shitload of tha best-known scientists related ta Estonia include astronomers Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Ernst �-pik n' Jaan Einasto, biologist Karl Ernst von Baer, Jakob von Uexküll, chemists Wilhelm Ostwald n' Carl Schmidt, economist Ragnar Nurkse, mathematician Edgar Krahn, medicinal researchers Ludvig Puusepp n' Nikolay Pirogov, physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck, ballistical scientist Rein Taagepera, psychologist Endel Tulving n' Risto Näätänen, semiotician Yuri Lotman.

Accordin ta New Scientist, Estonia is ghon be tha straight-up original gangsta hood ta provide underground genetic shiznit steez sponsored by tha state. They aim ta minimise n' prevent future ailments fo' dem whose genes make dem extra prone ta conditions like adult-onset diabetes n' cardiovascular diseases. Da posse plans ta provide gamestyle lyrics based on tha DNA fo' 100,000 of its 1.3 mazillion playa haters.[332]

Culture [ edit ]

Da culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage, as represented by tha Estonian language n' tha sauna, wit mainstream Nordic n' European cultural aspects, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Because of its history n' geography, Estoniaz culture has been hyped up by tha traditionz of tha adjacent areaz various Finnic, Baltic, Slavic n' Germanic peoplez as well as tha cultural pimpments up in tha forma dominant powers Sweden n' Russia.

Today, Estonian society encourages liberty n' liberalism, wit ghettofab commitment ta tha idealz of tha limited posse, discouragin centralised juice n' corruption. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da Protestant work ethic remains a thugged-out dope cultural staple, n' free ejaculation be a highly prized institution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Like tha mainstream culture up in tha other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be peeped ta build upon tha ascetic environmenstrual realitizzles n' traditionizzle livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism outta practical reasons (see: Everymanz right n' universal suffrage), n' tha idealz of closenizz ta nature n' self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

Da Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providin higher ejaculation up in art, design, architecture, media, art history n' conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of Universitizzle of Tartu has a approach ta popularise natizzle culture all up in such curricula as natizzle construction, natizzle blacksmithing, natizzle textile design, traditionizzle handicraft n' traditionizzle noize yo, but also jazz n' church beatz. Drop dis like itz hot! In 2010, there was 245 museums up in Estonia whose combined collections contain mo' than 10 mazillion objects.[333]

Noize [ edit ]

Da earliest mention of Estonian rappin dates back ta Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum (ca. 1179).[334] Saxo speakz of Estonian warriors whoz ass busted at night while waitin fo' a funky-ass battle. Da olda folksongs is also referred ta as regilaulud, joints up in tha poetic metre regivärss tha tradizzle shared by all Baltic Finns. Runic rappin was widespread among Estonians until tha 18th century, when rhythmic folk joints fuckin started ta replace dem wild-ass muthafuckas.[citation needed]

Traditionizzle wind instruments derived from dem used by shepherds was once widespread yo, but is now becomin again n' again n' again mo' commonly played. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Other instruments, includin tha fiddle, zither, concertina, n' accordion is used ta play polka or other dizzle beatz. Drop dis like itz hot! Da kannel be a natizzle instrument dat is now again n' again n' again becomin mo' ghettofab up in Estonia fo' realz. A Natizzle Music Preservin Centre was opened up in 2008 up in Viljandi.[335]

Arvo Pärt has been tha ghettoz most performed livin composer since 2010.

Da tradizzle of Estonian Song Gangbangs (Laulupidu) started all up in tha height of tha Estonian nationistic awakening up in 1869. Today, it is one of tha phattest amateur choral events up in tha ghetto. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! In 2004, bout 100,000 playas participated up in tha Song Gangbang. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Gangbang Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted tha event every last muthafuckin five muthafuckin years up in July. Da last gangbang took place up in July 2019. In addition, Youth Song Gangbangs is also held every last muthafuckin four or five years, tha last of dem up in 2017.[336]

Professionizzle Estonian musical muthafuckas n' composers like fuckin Rudolf Tobias, Miina Härma, Mart Saar, Artur Kapp, Juhan Aavik, Aleksander Kunileid, Artur Lemba n' Heino Eller emerged up in tha late 19th century fo' realz. At tha time of dis writing, da most thugged-out known Estonian composers is Arvo Pärt, Eduard Tubin, n' Veljo Tormis.[citation needed] In 2014, Arvo Pärt was tha ghettoz most performed livin composer fo' tha fourth year up in a row.[337]

In tha 1950s, Estonian baritone Georg Ots rose ta ghettowide prominence as a opera thug.

In ghettofab beatz, Estonian artist Kerli Kõiv has become ghettofab up in Europe, as well as bustin moderate popularitizzle up in Uptown America. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Biatch has provided noize fo' tha 2010 Deez'nuts film Alice up in Wonderland n' tha televizzle series Smallville up in tha United Hoodz of America.

Estonia won tha Eurovision Song Contest up in 2001 wit tha cold lil' woo wop "All Y'all" performed by Tanel Padar n' Dizzle Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted tha event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed fo' Estonia on two occasions (1996 n' 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome n' Evelin Samuel owe they popularitizzle kinda ta tha Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa be a straight-up ghettofab thug up in Europe,[citation needed] wit her crew Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was tha straight-up original gangsta cold lil' woo wop up in Estonian ta chart up in tha UK, Belgium n' Switzerland.

Literature [ edit ]

Da Estonian literature refers ta literature freestyled up in tha Estonian language (ca. 1 mazillion speakers).[338] Da domination of Estonia afta tha Uptown Crusades, from tha 13th century ta 1918 by Germany, Sweden, n' Russia resulted up in few early freestyled literary works up in tha Estonian language. Da crazy oldschool recordz of freestyled Estonian date from tha 13th century. Originates Livoniae up in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia gotz nuff Estonian place names, lyrics n' fragmentz of sentences. Da Liber Census Daniae (1241) gotz nuff Estonian place n' crew names.[339] Many folk talez is holla'd at ta dis dizzle n' some done been freestyled down n' translated ta make dem accessible ta a internationistic readership.[340]

Da cultural stratum of Estonian was originally characterised by a largely lyrical form of folk poetry based on syllabic quantitizzle fo' realz. Apart from all dem albeit remarkable exceptions, dis archaic form has not been much employed up in lata times. One of da most thugged-out outstandin achievements up in dis field is tha nationistic epic Kalevipoeg fo' realz. At a professionizzle level, traditionizzle folk cold lil' woo wop reached its freshly smoked up heydizzle durin tha last quarta of tha 20th century, primarily props ta tha work of composer Veljo Tormis.

Oskar Luts was da most thugged-out prominent prose writa of tha early Estonian literature, whoz ass is still widely read todizzle, especially his fuckin lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring).[341] Anton Hansen Tammsaarez hood epic n' psychedelic realist pentalogy Truth n' Justice captured tha evolution of Estonian society from a peasant hood ta a independent nation.[342][343] In modern times, Jaan Kross n' Jaan Kaplinski is Estoniaz dopest known n' most translated writers.[344] Among da most thugged-out ghettofab writaz of tha late 20th n' early 21st centuries is Tõnu Õnnepalu n' Andrus Kivirähk, whoz ass uses elementz of Estonian folklore n' mythology, deformin dem tha fuck into absurd n' grotesque.[345]

Media [ edit ]

Da cinema of Estonia started up in 1908 wit tha thang of a newsreel bout Swedish Mackdaddy Gustav Vz visit ta Tallinn.[346] Da first hood TV broadcast up in Estonia was up in July 1955. Regular, live radio broadcasts fuckin started up in December 1926. Deregulation up in tha field of electronic media has brought radical chizzlez compared ta tha beginnin of tha 1990s. Da first licences fo' private TV broadcastas was issued up in 1992. Da first private radio station went on tha air up in 1990.

Da most internationally known Estonian films include Those Oldskool Ludd Letters, Da Heart of tha Bear, Names up in Marble, Da Singin Revolution, Autumn Ball, 1944, n' Da Fencer. Internationally known Estonian film hustlas include Lembit Ulfsak, Jaan Tätte, n' Elmo Nüganen, whoz ass also known as a gangbangin' film director.

Todizzle tha media be a vibrant n' competitizzle sector. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. There be a plethora of weekly newspapers n' magazines, n' Estonians gotz a cold-ass lil chizzle of 9 domestic TV channels n' a host of radio stations. Da Constipation guarantees freedom of speech, n' Estonia has been internationally recognised fo' its high rate of press freedom, havin been ranked 3rd up in tha 2012 Press Freedom Index by Reportas Without Borders.[347]

Estonia has two shizzle agencies. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Da Baltic Shit Service (BNS), dropped up in 1990, be a private regionizzle shizzle agency coverin Estonia, Latvia n' Lithuania. Da ETV24 be a agency owned by Eesti Rahvusringhääling whoz ass be a publicly funded radio n' televizzle organisation pimped on 30 June 2007 ta take over tha functionz of tha formerly separate Eesti Raadio n' Eesti Televisioon under tha termz of tha Estonian Nationizzle Broadcastin Act.[348][349]

Architecture [ edit ]

Da architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary pimpment up in northern Europe. Worth mentionin is especially tha architectural ensemble dat make up tha medieval oldschool hood of Tallinn, which is on tha UNESCO Ghetto Heritage List. In addition, tha ghetto has nuff muthafuckin unique, mo' or less preserved hill forts pimpin from pre-Christian times, a big-ass number of still intact medieval castlez n' churches, while tha ghettoside is still shaped by tha presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Holidays [ edit ]

Da Estonian Nationizzle Day is tha Independence Day bigged up on 24 February, tha dizzle tha Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Az of 2013 , there be 12 hood holidays (which come wit a thugged-out dizzle off) n' 12 nationistic holidays bigged up annually.[350][351]

Cuisine [ edit ]

Mulgipuder, a nationistic dish of Estonia made wit potatoes, groats, n' meat. Well shiiiit, it is straight-up traditionizzle chicken up in tha southern part of Estonia.[352] , a nationistic dish of Estonia made wit potatoes, groats, n' meat. Well shiiiit, it is straight-up traditionizzle chicken up in tha southern part of Estonia.

Historically, tha cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons n' simple peasant chicken n' you know I be eatin up dat shizzle all muthafuckin day, biatch. I be fly as a gangbangin' falcon, soarin all up in tha sky dawwwwg! Today, it includes nuff typical internationistic chickens. Da most typical chickens up in Estonia is black bread, pork, potatoes, n' dairy shizzle.[353] Traditionally up in summer n' spring, Estonians like ta smoke every last muthafuckin thang fresh �" berries, herbs, vegetables, n' every last muthafuckin thang else dat comes straight from tha garden. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch yo. Huntin n' fishin have also been straight-up common, although currently hustlin n' fishin is enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Today, it be also straight-up ghettofab ta grill outside up in summer.

Traditionally up in winter, jams, preserves, n' picklez is brought ta tha table. Gatherin n' preservin fruits, mushrooms, n' vegetablez fo' winta has always been ghettofab yo, but todizzle gatherin n' preservin is becomin less common cuz every last muthafuckin thang can be looted from stores. But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat preparin chicken fo' winta is still straight-up ghettofab up in tha ghettoside.

Sports [ edit ]

Yo, shiznit skits a blingin role up in Estonian culture fo' realz. Afta declarin independence from Russia up in 1918, Estonia first competed as a hood all up in tha 1920 Summer Olympics, although tha Nationizzle Olympic Committee was established up in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of tha Olympic Game until tha ghetto was annexed by tha Soviet Union up in 1940. Da 1980 Summer Olympics Sailin regatta was held up in tha capital hood Tallinn fo' realz. Afta regainin independence up in 1991, Estonia has participated up in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals up in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling n' cross-country skiing. Estonia has had straight-up phat success all up in tha Olympic game given tha ghettoz lil' small-ass population. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Estoniaz dopest thangs up in dis biatch was bein ranked 13th up in tha medal table all up in tha 1936 Summer Olympics, n' 12th all up in tha 2006 Winta Olympics.

Da list of notable Estonian athletes include wrestlaz Kristjan Palusalu, Johannes Kotkas, Voldemar Väli, n' Georg Lurich, skiers Andrus Veerpalu n' Kristina Šmigun-Vähi, weightliftas Alfred Neuland n' Jaan Talts, fencer Nikolai Novosjolov, decathlete Erki Nool, tennis playas Kaia Kanepi n' Anett Kontaveit, cyclists Jaan Kirsipuu n' Erika Salumäe n' discus throwers Gerd Kanter n' Aleksander Tammert.

Pizzle Keres, Estonian n' Soviet chess grandmaster, was among tha ghettoz top playas from tha mid-1930s ta tha mid-1960s yo. Dude narrowly missed a cold-ass lil chizzle at a Ghetto Chess Championshizzle match on five occasions.

Kiiking, a relatively freshly smoked up sport, was invented up in 1993 by Ado Kosk up in Estonia. Kiikin involves a modified swin up in which tha rider of tha swin tries ta go round 360 degrees.

Basketbizzle be also a notable shiznit up in Estonia. Da domestic top-tier basketbizzle championshizzle is called tha Korvpalli Meistriliiga. BC Kalev/Cramo is da most thugged-out recent champions, havin won tha league up in tha 2016�"17 season. Universitizzle of Tartu crew has won tha league a record 26 times. Estonian clubs also participate up in European n' regionizzle competitions. Estonia nationistic basketbizzle crew previously participated up in 1936 Summer Olympics, rocked up in EuroBasket four times. Estonian nationistic crew also competed all up in tha EuroBasket 2015.

Kelly Sildaru, a Estonian freestyle skier, won tha gold medal up in tha slopestyle event up in tha 2016 Winta X Games fo' realz. At age 13, da hoe became tha youngest gold medalist ta date at a Winta X Games event, n' tha straight-up original gangsta thug ta win a Winta X Games medal fo' Estonia. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Biatch has also won tha hoes slopestyle at 2015 n' 2016 Winta Dew Tour.

In modern-era motorsports, Ghetto Rally Championship has peeped two straight-up successful Estonian drivers, wit Ott Tänak ballin tha drivers' ghetto title up in tha 2019 Ghetto Rally Championship n' Markko Märtin achievin 5 rally victories n' finishin 3rd overall up in tha 2004 Ghetto Rally Championship. In circuit racing, Marko Asmer was tha straight-up original gangsta Estonian driver ta test a Formula One hoopty up in 2003 wit Williams Grand Prix Engineering, up in other series Sten Pentus n' Kevin Korjus (actizzle driver) have enjoyed success on a global scale.

Internationistic rankings [ edit ]

Da followin is links ta internationistic rankingz of Estonia.

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

Bibliography [ edit ]

Further reading [ edit ]

Government [ edit ]

Travel [ edit ]