The US Department of Justice has extracted $12.5bn in settlements from Deutsche Bank and Credit Suisse for a decade-old toxic bond mis-selling scandal. It has also started legal proceedings against Barclays, which, in an unprecedented move, has refused to settle with the authorities.

Deutsche, Germany’s biggest bank, will pay $7.2bn (£5.9bn) to the DoJ. The sum is considerably less than the $14bn originally demanded. Credit Suisse has agreed to pay $5.3bn. Both settlements relate to the complex packaging of home loans, which was a lucrative business for the banking industry until the 2008 crisis.

The DoJ did not disclose the size of penalty it wanted to levy on Barclays, but it is understood to be $4bn. It accused the bank of “plainly irresponsible and dishonest” conduct.

The flurry of announcements just hours before the markets closed for the Christmas holiday came weeks before Donald Trump takes over as US president and follows months of negotiation between the banks and the DoJ, led by the US attorney general, Loretta Lynch.

The scandal dates back to 2005 and 2007, when banks packaged up home loans and used them to help create bonds – known as residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) – which were sold to investors. The mortgage repayments made by borrowers then provided a yield to the investor, so long as the borrower kept paying. The schemes fell apart when loans were made to borrowers who were unable to repay.

The penalties are part of Barack Obama’s efforts to hold banks accountable, and the first major agreements to be reached with non-US banks. JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Citi have all been punished already.

There are further penalties to come, notably for Royal Bank of Scotland. The bank could face a bill of as much as £9bn, analysts have said. Its shares rose 1% on hopes that it might soon be able to reach a settlement with the DoJ – which it had hoped would take place this year – or at least start to estimate its own bill.

Deutsche shares, which initially jumped 4%, ended almost 1% higher. Credit Suisse and Barclays slipped 1% in thin pre-holiday trading.

Barclays Capital Bank building near Times Square in New York. Photograph: Alamy Stock Photo

Under the settlement, Deutsche will pay $3.1bn and provide $4.1bn in customer relief, such as loan modifications and other assistance to homeowners and borrowers, spread over five years. Credit Suisse will pay $2.5bn and compensation of $2.8 bn over five years.

Much of the focus was on Deutsche, run by Briton John Cryan, which had been contesting the authorities’ original $14bn fine. When that news first leaked, its shares plunged to 31-year lows over fears about its ability to withstand such a high bill.

There had been fears that Deutsche would need to embark on a cash call or even ask the German government for assistance, but the fact that $4.1bn of its payout for customer relief was not a lump sum helped soothe some of the anxiety.

“A key area of concern has been removed,” analysts at Goldman Sachs said, noting that the $1.2bn hit Deutsche would take in its fourth quarter was “towards the lower end of market expectations”.

Some analysts said Deutsche would need to press on with its restructuring to avoid a cash call. “Positively, the deal is settled and out of the way, as it was thought that the issue could drag on into 2017,” said Thomas Kinmonth, an analyst at ABN Amro, who added that without restructuring a cash call would have to be undertaken before 2019.

Deutsche’s shares have been pummelled on stock markets during 2016 over fears about its financial position. It had already set aside billions of euros in anticipation of the fine.

Barclays is the first bank to fail to reach a settlement and now faces lengthy court proceedings in New York to defend itself against claims it said were “disconnected from the facts”.



Two of its executives, Paul Menefee and John Carroll, are named by the DoJ. Crowell & Moring partner Glen McGorty, representing Carroll, said he would challenge “these ill-conceived and baseless allegations, and expects to be fully vindicated”. Menefee was not available for comment.

The DoJ did not comment on the announcements by Deutsche and Credit Suisse, but as it filed legal papers against Barclays, Lynch said: “As alleged in this complaint, Barclays jeopardised billions of dollars of wealth through practices that were plainly irresponsible and dishonest. With this filing, we are sending a clear message that the Department of Justice will not tolerate the defrauding of investors and the American people.”

Where the money will go

The precise detail of the $6.9bn in “customer relief”, or redress, that Deutsche Bank and Credit Suisse will have to pay for their misdemeanours is yet to be finalised with the DoJ. The schemes, however, are likely to match those agreed with other banks for the mis-selling of residential mortgage bond securities..

Goldman Sachs agreed in April to pay $1.8bn in consumer relief as part of its $5bn settlement. This was described as writing off loans “for underwater homeowners and distressed borrowers” and making other payments “for construction, rehabilitation and preservation of affordable housing”. It also had to provide cash to support debt restructuring, to prevent foreclosure, and to back housing quality improvement programmes. Goldman was also told to put $240m into community projects to finance affordable homes for rent and sale.

The DoJ typically deploys monitors, lawyers or housing experts to police the terms of the customer relief. The banks involved in the DoJ settlements do not necessarily have direct relationships with the homeowners, but have packaged up their loans to back the bonds.