It only took a decade for traditional automakers to take electric cars seriously and offer more than a smattering of test-the-water models.

Now comes the hard part: Getting consumers to buy them.

At Frankfurt’s 2019 auto show, Volkswagen Group CEO Herbert Diess laid it on thick, calling on governments to give up coal-fired power as he unveiled the electric ID3 car-for-the-masses.

At the Mercedes-Benz stand, where the Daimler was showing the prototype of an electric S class, real beech trees framed massive screens displaying schools of digital fish.

The message to environmentally conscious consumers: we are with you. But a marketing blitz alone will not wash away the deep uncertainties facing electric cars -- obstacles little changed since automakers’ initial forays with models like the Nissan Leaf and BMW i3. Customers do not like paying up for new technology they are unsure about, and they are worried they will not reliably get to where they want to go.

“The next big thing is not going to be about the cars, because they will come,” Carlos Tavares, president of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association and CEO of PSA Group, said Wednesday. “The next big thing is about affordable mobility. The next big thing is about how we make this work for the biggest number of people.”

So far, electric vehicles have only proliferated in countries with significant subsidies. Once they go, sales of battery models crater. Demand in China, the world’s biggest electric car market, fell 16 percent in August -- its second straight decline -- after the government scaled back subsidies. Automakers can reduce prices, but then only cut into profitability that in most cases has been nonexistent.

Consumers are similarly sensitive elsewhere. Demand in Denmark collapsed when the government phased out tax breaks in 2016.

“We’ve been talking about EVs for years, but this year the real production cars showed up,” Max Warburton, an analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein, wrote in a note. “Should we be celebrating these cars, given the poor margins that most will have?”

Across Europe, sales of new plug-in hybrids and fully-electric cars last year made up 2 percent of total registrations.

That’s a tiny market to tussle over for the likes of VW’s ID3, with a price below 30,000 euros ($33,127), Tesla’s Model 3 and Mercedes’s gleaming lineup of plug-ins. Yet automakers have little choice but to boost their offering to keep pace with regulation, or face fines.

Consumer demand “can’t be mandated,” Daimler CEO Ola Kallenius said at the show. Mercedes is adding at least 10 purely battery-powered cars through 2022 at a cost of more than 10 billion euros ($11 billion), starting with last year’s EQC SUV, so the automaker’s lineup can meet stricter emission limits.

A lot of factors are moving in the right direction. The ID3’s price and basic range of 330 kilometers (205 miles) sets the car apart from previous efforts that needed meticulous pre-planning for longer trips.

At the top end, there is now the 185,456-euro Porsche Taycan Turbo S, and a mid-range that’s rapidly filling out from SUVs such as the Jaguar I-Pace and Audi e-tron.

Patchy charging infrastructure is improving, too. Ionity, a consortium of Daimler, VW, Ford, BMW and now Hyundai, is on track to finish building a network of 400 European fast-charging stations by next year to make long-distance travel easier.

Lean Years

For automakers, this will mean some lean years -- at least to 2025 when battery prices are expected to come down -- during which lucrative conventional SUVs must subsidize poor returns from their electric cousins. VW will need “patience” until the ID3 brings significant profit “joy,” Chairman Hans Dieter Poetsch said.

To bridge the gap, the industry is lobbying hard for governments to step up incentives to get to the oft-cited tipping point where driving without a combustion engine becomes normal.

In Germany, home to VW, Mercedes and BMW as well as world-leading suppliers like Continental, the government sits down next week to discuss broad climate measures. Automakers are hoping for a bigger slice of subsidies than they got so far.

The ACEA on Wednesday called on national governments to boost charging points in Europe to 2.8 million by 2030, a 20-fold increase from 2018.

“We need strong support, because if we don’t do it,” simply offering electric cars won’t be enough for sales to take off, PSA’s Tavares said.