Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg were the three scientists who rediscovered Mendel's laws in 1900. They were all working independently on different plant hybrids, and came to the same conclusions about inheritance as Mendel. Robert Hooke was one of the first scientists to describe a cell. Theodor Schwann redefined the cell as a living unit.



Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Robert Hooke was born in Freshwater, England, on the Isle of Wight. Hooke was educated at Westminster, and in 1658, attended Christ Church at Oxford University. Presumably he paid for his education with some money he inherited on the death of his father. At Oxford, he met Robert Boyle who became his patron. Boyle hired Hooke to work in his laboratory, and also sponsored Hooke for membership in the Royal Society of London.

The Royal Society was started for the purpose of discussion and promotion of subjects in natural sciences. Members gathered on a regular basis, and it was at one of these meetings in 1663 that Hooke showed them the power of his newly designed microscope. In 1665, Hooke published Micrographia which contained drawings and descriptions of all sorts of material he examined under his microscope including the famous cork cells. In the same year, Hooke became professor of geometry at Gresham College, a post he occupied until his death.

Hooke was a practical and theoretical genius in almost all fields of science. Long before Darwin, Hooke recognized that fossils were remains of ancient life, and were historical life records. He was mechanically adept, and invented and improved many useful instruments besides the microscope. He invented the conical pendulum, spiral springs used in watches, the quadrant, the Gregorian telescope and the air pump used by Boyle for his experiments on gases. Hooke also designed (though never built) the steam engine, and described a working telegraph system.

As a mathematician, Hooke worked on the problem of gravity and planetary orbits. He fought with Sir Isaac Newton over the origin of the inverse square law of gravity — Hooke accused Newton of having stolen the idea from him and often engaged him in very public and very loud debates.

After the Great Fire of 1666, Hooke was chosen to design New Bethlehem Hospital in London, better known as Bedlam. He also designed a number of private houses in London.

No known portrait of Hooke exists. He was described as a lean, ugly man, which may be a reason why he never sat for his portrait. Hooke died in London in 1703 at the age of 68.