When debugging JavaScript bugs, web developers have Web Inspector which provides a debugger and many introspective tools to examine their code with. But when the bug is at a lower level in WebKit’s JavaScript engine, JavaScriptCore (JSC), WebKit engineers will need to use a different set of tools to diagnose the issue.

Today, I’ll describe some of these tools that WebKit engineers use by telling the story of how we diagnosed a real bug in the JSC virtual machine (VM). This story will take us through …

The Crash ∞

We use the WebKit Layout Tests as our primary regression tests for the full WebKit stack. While running this test suite on an AddressSanitizer (ASan) build of WebKit, and we discovered a crash on one of the layout tests:

$ ./ Tools / Scripts / run - webkit - tests LayoutTests / inspector / debugger / regress - 133182. html -- no - retry

The crash stack trace is as follows:

== 94293 == ERROR : AddressSanitizer : heap - use - after - free on address 0x61e000088a40 at pc 0x00010f9536a1 bp 0x7fff575795d0 sp 0x7fff575795c8 READ of size 8 at 0x61e000088a40 thread T0 #0 0x10f9536a0 in JSC :: VM :: exception () const (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x3276a0 ) #1 0x110fce753 in JSC :: JITCode :: execute ( JSC :: VM *, JSC :: ProtoCallFrame *) (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x19a2753 ) #2 0x110ee9911 in JSC :: Interpreter :: executeCall ( JSC :: ExecState *, JSC :: JSObject *, JSC :: CallType , JSC :: CallData const &, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: ArgList const &) (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x18bd911 ) #3 0x10fc5d20a in JSC :: call ( JSC :: ExecState *, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: CallType , JSC :: CallData const &, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: ArgList const &) (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x63120a ) #4 0x10fc5d6c5 in JSC :: call ( JSC :: ExecState *, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: CallType , JSC :: CallData const &, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: ArgList const &, WTF :: NakedPtr < JSC :: Exception >&) (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x6316c5 ) #5 0x10fc5e1ed in JSC :: profiledCall ( JSC :: ExecState *, JSC :: ProfilingReason , JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: CallType , JSC :: CallData const &, JSC :: JSValue , JSC :: ArgList const &, WTF :: NakedPtr < JSC :: Exception >&) (/ Volumes / Data / Build / Debug / JavaScriptCore . framework / Versions / A / JavaScriptCore + 0x6321ed ) ...

From the stack trace, it appears that the crash is in the JSC VM. The original bug has already been fixed in revision 200879. This post will recount how we fixed the bug.

Preparation Work for Debugging the Crash ∞

The first thing we should do in our investigation is to check if this crash still reproduces on the latest tip of tree of WebKit source. At the time of this investigation, that would be revision 200796.

Since the crash was on an ASan build, we need to build WebKit with the ASan configuration:

$ svn co -r 200796 http://svn.webkit.org/repository/webkit/trunk webkitDir $ cd webkitDir $ ./Tools/Scripts/set-webkit-configuration --asan $ ./Tools/Scripts/build-webkit --debug

Next, we re-run the test:

$ ./Tools/Scripts/run-webkit-tests --debug LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html --no-retry

Fortunately, the crash reproduces reliably.

run-webkit-tests is a test harness script that ultimately invokes either the WebKitTestRunner (WKTR) or DumpRenderTree (DRT) executables to run the tests. WKTR runs on WebKit2, which is a multi-process architecture. DRT runs on WebKit1 (a.k.a. WebKitLegacy), which is single processed. By default, run-webkit-tests runs WKTR because WebKit2 is what all modern WebKit browsers should be built on. But for our debugging purpose, it would be simpler to work with DRT instead.

Here, we will try to reproduce the crash by running the test with DRT directly instead of going through the run-webkit-tests test harness:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Result: the crash still reproduces. Yay! Now we’re ready to dive in and diagnose what went wrong.

Inspecting the Bug with a Debugger ∞

The first thing to do is to see what a debugger (lldb) can tell us about the crash:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ lldb $VM/DumpRenderTree -- LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html (lldb) run

The debugger runs DRT and quickly stops due to a bad memory access here:

frame #0: 0x000000010262193e JavaScriptCore ` JSC :: JITCode :: execute ( this =, vm = 0x00007fff5fbf6450 , protoCallFrame = 0x00007fff5fbf63c0 ) + 926 at JITCode . cpp : 81 78 } else 79 entryAddress = addressForCall ( MustCheckArity ). executableAddress (); 80 JSValue result = JSValue :: decode ( vmEntryToJavaScript ( entryAddress , vm , protoCallFrame )); -> 81 return vm -> exception () ? jsNull () : result ; 82 } 83

At line 81 (where the debugger stopped), jsNull() is effectively a constant, and result should be a variable in a register. The only memory access we see there is the read of vm->exception() which accesses the VM’s m_exception field (see VM.h). Looking at the source code (in JITCode.cpp), we see that vm is an argument that is passed into JITCode::execute() by its caller:

( lldb ) up frame #1: 0x0000000102507b58 JavaScriptCore ` JSC :: Interpreter :: executeCall ( this =, callFrame =, function =, callType =, callData =, thisValue = JSValue @ 0x00007fff5fbfa380 , args =) + 2968 at Interpreter . cpp : 1020 1017 { 1018 1019 if ( isJSCall ) -> 1020 result = callData . js . functionExecutable -> generatedJITCodeForCall ()-> execute (& vm , & protoCallFrame );

Looking at the code for Interpreter::executeCall() (in Interpreter.cpp), we see that vm ’s value was used without triggering a crash before execution reached JITCode::execute() . This means vm had a valid value previously. JITCode::execute() also does not have any code that alters vm (note that vmEntryToJavaScript() takes a VM* not a VM& ).

This is strange indeed. vm should be valid, but is not. Let’s look at what the machine code is actually doing at this crash site:

( lldb ) disassemble ... 0x10262192e <+ 910 >: callq 0x10376994c ; symbol stub for : __asan_report_store8 0x102621933 <+ 915 >: movq 0x80 (% rbx ), % rax 0x10262193a <+ 922 >: movq 0x18 (% rbx ), % rcx -> 0x10262193e <+ 926 >: movq % rcx , (% rax ) ...

We see that we’re crashing while trying to store to the address in the %rax register. The value in %rax was computed using register %rbx just two instructions before. Let’s look at the register values:

( lldb ) reg read General Purpose Registers : rax = 0x0000000045e0360e rbx = 0x00007fff5fbf6300 ... rbp = 0x00007fff5fbfa230 rsp = 0x00007fff5fbfa050 ...

Notice that %rbx contains a value that is close to the value of the stack pointer, %rsp . Comparing their values, we see that %rbx ( 0x00007fff5fbf6300 ) is pointing to a lower address than the stack pointer ( 0x00007fff5fbfa050 ). Since the stack grows from high to low addresses, that means %rbx is pointing to a part of the stack that is not allocated for use by this frame. That explains why ASan flags this memory access as invalid, thereby yielding a crash.

This test run is on X86_64 hardware. Based on X86_64’s application binary interface (ABI), the %rbx register is a callee save register. For example, let’s say we have the following functions:

void goo () { ... } void foo () { ... goo (); ... }

Because %rbx is a callee save register, the ABI states that function goo() must save %rbx ’s value before using it, and, accordingly, restore the value before returning to its caller. From function foo() ’s perspective, it doesn’t have to save %rbx first before calling goo() because it is the callee goo() ’s responsibility to preserve the value of the register, hence the term callee save register.

Searching for %rbx in the full disassembled machine code for JITCode::execute(), we see that %rbx is set to the stack pointer at the top of the function:

0x10262162c <+ 12 >: pushq % rbx ... 0x102621638 <+ 24 >: movq % rsp , % rbx

… and never set again until it is restored at the end of the function:

0x102621abe <+ 1182 >: popq % rbx

Throughout the function (including before the crash point), %rbx is used to compute stack addresses that are read from and written to. We didn’t crash on any of these prior uses of %rbx .

Because %rbx is a callee save register and there are no other writes to it in this function (between the top of the function and the crash point), we know that some callee of JITCode::execute() must have modified %rbx and failed to restore it before returning. JSC does have code to save and restore callee save registers in LLInt interpreter and Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler generated code. Since JITCode::execute() serves as the entry point to LLInt or JIT generated code, maybe the bug is in LLInt or JIT code.

Isolating the Bug ∞

JSC comes with multiple tiers of execution engines. You may have read about them here. To recap, there are 4 tiers:

tier 1: the LLInt interpreter

tier 2: the Baseline JIT compiler

tier 3: the DFG JIT

tier 4: the FTL JIT (now with our new B3 backend)

One way we can reduce the search area for the bug is by checking to see which of these tiers are required for the bug to reproduce.

Disabling JIT tiers with JSC Options ∞

In JSC’s Options.h, you will find a list of options that can be used to configure how the JSC VM behaves at runtime. We can use these options by setting them as environmental variables when we invoke DRT like so:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_someOption=someValue \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

To test if any of the JIT tiers have any effect on the bug, we would like to disable each of the tiers and re-test for the bug. For that, we need the following options:

Option Description Tiers that can run Tiers that cannot run JSC_useJIT=false Disables all JITs LLInt Baseline, DFG, FTL JSC_useDFGJIT=false Disables the DFG and above LLInt, Baseline DFG, FTL JSC_useFTLJIT=false Disables the FTL LLInt, Baseline, DFG FTL

Let’s start from the lowest tier and move upwards from there i.e. let’s only allow JavaScript (JS) code to run with the LLInt interpreter:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_useJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Result: the crash does not reproduce. That means the bug must lie in one or more of the JITs. Next, allow up to the baseline JIT tier:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_useDFGJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Result: the crash still does not reproduce. Looks like the bug may lie in the DFG or above. Next, allow up to the DFG JIT tier:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Result: the crash reproduces. Ah hah! We have a crash when we allow up to the DFG tier to run. So, let’s continue to leave the FTL out to simplify our debugging work. The next thing to do is to reduce our search area by compiling only a minimum set of functions. Hopefully, that minimum set will consist of only 1 function.

Increasing JIT Predictability ∞

But before we do that, let’s add one more useful option:

Option Description JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false Disables concurrent compilation.

The DFG and FTL JITs may do their compilations in background threads. We can disable the use of these concurrent background threads, and force all DFG and FTL compilations to be synchronous with the execution of the JS code as follows:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Result: the crash still reproduces. Good. The bug is not due to any race conditions with JIT compilation threads. Now, we can proceed with investigating which compiled JS function is triggering the crash.

Reporting Compiled Functions ∞

We can reduce the set of compiled functions by applying compilation filters. But before we can apply a filter, we must first know which functions are being compiled. We can find this out by telling the JITs to report their compile times for each function:

Option Description JSC_reportCompileTimes=true Report all JIT compile times. JSC_reportBaselineCompiletimes=true Report only baseline JIT compile times. JSC_reportDFGCompileTimes=true Report only DFG and FTL compile times. JSC_reportFTLCompileTimes=true Report only FTL compile times.

Since we think the bug lies in the DFG, let’s only report the DFG compile times. We do this by using JSC_reportDFGCompileTimes=true in combination with JSC_useFTLJIT=false:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_reportDFGCompileTimes=true \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

If any functions are DFG compiled, we should see logging on stderr for each compiled function that looks like the following:

Optimized foo #BAbkxs:[ 0x62d0000eb840 -> 0x62d0000eba60 -> 0x62d00007d700 , NoneFunctionCall , 12 ( NeverInline )] using DFGMode with DFG into 951 bytes in 56.254306 ms .

We read this logging like this:

Optimized < function name > # < function hash > :[ < pointers to internal data structures representing this function > , NoneFunctionCall, < bytecode size of the function > (NeverInline)] using < JIT that compiled the function > into < size of compiled function > bytes in < time used to compile the function > ms.

The <function name>#<function hash> together is called the function signature. The <bytecode size of the function> is the size of the interpreter bytecode that JSC generated for this function. We will be using these below.

Going back to our test case, we actually see no such DFG compile time logs. That’s strange. We needed the DFG enabled in order to reproduce the crash, but no function was DFG compiled.

Let’s go down a tier to the baseline JIT and see what functions get compiled there:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_reportBaselineCompileTimes=true \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

This time around, we get a few compile time logs:

Optimized isSymbol #BTGpXV:[ 0x62d000214100 -> 0x62d0001f8aa0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 48 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 1617 bytes in 0.440446 ms . Optimized toString #D57Jzo:[ 0x62d000214dc0 -> 0x62d0001f8d60 , BaselineFunctionCall , 65 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 1772 bytes in 0.356497 ms . Optimized endsWith #AfTryh:[ 0x62d00028e300 -> 0x62d0001f8b50 , BaselineFunctionCall , 166 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 3428 bytes in 0.628524 ms . Optimized processDescriptor #DsYIGz:[ 0x62d00028e0e0 -> 0x62d0002afee0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 402 ] with Baseline JIT into 6243 bytes in 0.891232 ms . Optimized createFakeValueDescriptor #BPpnwK:[ 0x62d00028dec0 -> 0x62d000234100 , BaselineFunctionCall , 530 ] with Baseline JIT into 9933 bytes in 1.286554 ms . Optimized processProperties #CgNq2F:[ 0x62d00028e520 -> 0x62d0002afe30 , BaselineFunctionCall , 1031 ] with Baseline JIT into 14777 bytes in 2.026135 ms . Optimized isPrimitiveValue #BLrwAH:[ 0x62d000215420 -> 0x62d0001f87e0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 113 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 2708 bytes in 0.488067 ms . ... Optimized _isHTMLAllCollection #BlkszW:[ 0x62d000215200 -> 0x62d000236ba0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 88 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 2029 bytes in 0.408096 ms . Optimized _subtype #DYV24q:[ 0x62d000214320 -> 0x62d000236af0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 375 ] with Baseline JIT into 7250 bytes in 0.974044 ms . Optimized next #EXE83Q:[ 0x62d000217840 -> 0x62d000235390 , BaselineFunctionCall , 158 ( StrictMode )] with Baseline JIT into 3065 bytes in 0.711777 ms . Optimized arrayIteratorValueNext #A7WxpW:[ 0x62d0002171e0 -> 0x62d000086570 , BaselineFunctionCall , 127 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined ) ( StrictMode )] with Baseline JIT into 3981 bytes in 0.651072 ms .

The next step is to reduce this set of functions down to a minimum.

Filtering Functions to Compile by Bytecode Size ∞

From the baseline compile times logging, we can see that the functions that were baseline compiled are in a range of bytecode sizes from 48 to 1031.

We can filter functions to compile by limiting the bytecode size range to compile. We can do this using the following options:

Option Description JSC_bytecodeRangeToJITCompile=N:M Only JIT compile functions whose bytecode size is between N and M (inclusive). JSC_bytecodeRangeToDFGCompile=N:M Only DFG compile functions whose bytecode size is between N and M (inclusive). JSC_bytecodeRangeToFTLCompile=N:M Only FTL compile functions whose bytecode size is between N and M (inclusive).

Let’s try starting with the range 1:100:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_bytecodeRangeToJITCompile=1:100 \ JSC_reportBaselineCompileTimes=true \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

Now, we only get the following logs:

Optimized isSymbol #BTGpXV:[ 0x62d000214100 -> 0x62d0001f8aa0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 48 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 1617 bytes in 0.444351 ms . Optimized toString #D57Jzo:[ 0x62d000214dc0 -> 0x62d0001f8d60 , BaselineFunctionCall , 65 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 1772 bytes in 0.462039 ms . Optimized _isHTMLAllCollection #BlkszW:[ 0x62d000215200 -> 0x62d000236ba0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 88 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 2029 bytes in 0.479594 ms .

… and the crash still reproduces. We’re on the right track.

We can continue to filter using reduced bytecode ranges, but let me take this opportunity to introduce you to another way to filter functions to compile …

Filtering Functions to Compile using a Whitelist ∞

There are times when the minimum set of compiled functions needed to reproduce an issue is more than 1, and the bytecode sizes of those functions may not fit nicely in a contiguous range that excludes all other functions.

For example, let’s say we have filtered a list of functions down to 3:

foo #Abcdef with bytecode size 10 goo #Bcdefg with bytecode size 50 hoo #Cdefgh with bytecode size 100

… and we want to check if we can reproduce an issue with only foo and hoo . For that, we can’t use the bytecode range filter since the range that contains foo and hoo (10:100) will also allow goo to be compiled. Instead, for such cases, we need to be able to filter by function signature instead:

Option Description JSC_jitWhitelist=<whitelist file> Only JIT compile functions whose signatures are in the whitelist file. JSC_dfgWhitelist=<whitelist file> Only DFG compile functions whose signatures are in the whitelist file.

Let’s apply this to the list of functions in our investigation. First, we’ll create a file with the remaining function signatures we saw from the compile time logs:

$ vi whitelist . txt isSymbol #BTGpXV

Each of the signatures must be on their own line in the whitelist file, and each entry must start on the first character of the line. The whitelist mechanism supports C++ style comments that start with // . When used, the // must also start on the first character of the line. Notice that we commented out the 2nd and 3rd function signatures. This is so that we can test for one signature at a time. We’ll start with testing only the 1st one: isSymbol#BTGpXV .

Since we’re looking at baseline JIT compilations, let’s use the JSC_jitWhitelist option:

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_jitWhitelist=whitelist.txt \ JSC_reportBaselineCompileTimes=true \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

… and it still crashes. That’s exactly what we’re hoping for i.e. we only need to debug one compiled function: isSymbol#BTGpXV .

Dumping Compiled Functions ∞

Next, we can dump the compilation artifacts of the compiled function, and see if we spot anything wrong in them. We can do this using the following options:

Option Description JSC_dumpDisassembly=true Dumps disassembly of all JIT compiled functions. JSC_dumpDFGDisassembly=true Dumps disassembly of DFG and FTL compiled functions. JSC_dumpFTLDisassembly=true Dumps disassembly of FTL compiled functions. JSC_dumpSourceAtDFGTime=true Dumps the source of the DFG / FTL compiled functions. JSC_dumpBytecodeAtDFGTime=true Dumps the bytecode of the DFG / FTL compiled functions. JSC_dumpGraphAfterParsing=true Dumps the DFG graph after parsing the function bytecode at DFG / FTL compilation time. JSC_dumpGraphAtEachPhase=true Dumps the DFG graph after each phase of DFG / FTL compilation.

Let’s use JSC_dumpDisassembly=true to see what is being generated by the baseline JIT for our function isSymbol#BTGpXV .

$ VM=WebKitBuild/Debug/ && \ JSC_dumpDisassembly=true \ JSC_jitWhitelist=whitelist.txt \ JSC_reportBaselineCompileTimes=true \ JSC_useConcurrentJIT=false \ JSC_useFTLJIT=false \ DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH=$VM \ $VM/DumpRenderTree LayoutTests/inspector/debugger/regress-133182.html

We get a dump for isSymbol#BTGpXV that looks something like this (for brevity, I have shortened this dump by omitting many sections of generated code):

Generated Baseline JIT code for isSymbol #BTGpXV:[ 0x62d000287400 -> 0x62d0001f8890 , BaselineFunctionCall , 48 ], instruction count = 48 Source : function isSymbol ( obj ) { return typeof obj === "symbol" ;} Code at [ 0x374dbee009a0 , 0x374dbee00ff0 ): 0x374dbee009a0 : push % rbp 0x374dbee009a1 : mov % rsp , % rbp ... [ 0 ] enter 0x374dbee00a5f : mov $ 0xa , - 0x20 (% rbp ) ... [ 1 ] log_shadow_chicken_prologue 0x374dbee00b5e : mov $ 0x2 , 0x24 (% rbp ) ... [ 2 ] get_scope loc3 0x374dbee00bc9 : mov 0x18 (% rbp ), % rax ... [ 4 ] mov loc4 , loc3 0x374dbee00bd5 : mov - 0x20 (% rbp ), % rax 0x374dbee00bd9 : mov % rax , - 0x28 (% rbp ) [ 7 ] create_lexical_environment loc5 , loc3 , Cell : 0x62d00029bd60 ( 0x62d000007700 :[ SymbolTable , {}, NonArray , Leaf ]), ID : 18 ( const0 ), Undefined ( const1 ) 0x374dbee00bdd : mov $ 0x8 , 0x24 (% rbp ) ... [ 12 ] mov loc3 , loc5 0x374dbee00c21 : mov - 0x30 (% rbp ), % rax 0x374dbee00c25 : mov % rax , - 0x20 (% rbp ) [ 15 ] put_to_scope loc5 , obj (@ id0 ), arg1 , 2052 < ThrowIfNotFound | LocalClosureVar | NotInitialization >, < structure >, 0 0x374dbee00c29 : mov 0x30 (% rbp ), % rax ... [ 22 ] debug didEnterCallFrame , 0 ... [ 25 ] debug willExecuteStatement , 0 ... [ 28 ] get_from_scope loc7 , loc5 , obj (@ id0 ), 1050627 < DoNotThrowIfNotFound | ClosureVar | NotInitialization >, 0 predicting Stringident ... [ 36 ] typeof loc8 , loc7 ... [ 39 ] stricteq loc8 , loc8 , String ( atomic ) ( identifier ): symbol , ID : 4 ( const2 ) ... [ 43 ] debug willLeaveCallFrame , 0 ... [ 46 ] ret loc8 ... 0x374dbee00e4d : ret ( End Of Main Path ) ( S ) [ 39 ] stricteq loc8 , loc8 , String ( atomic ) ( identifier ): symbol , ID : 4 ( const2 ) 0x374dbee00e4e : mov $ 0x28 , 0x24 (% rbp ) ... 0x374dbee00ea0 : jmp 0x374dbee00dd8 ( End Of Slow Path ) 0x374dbee00ea5 : mov $ 0x62d000287400 , % rsi ... 0x374dbee00fee : jmp *% rsi Optimized isSymbol #BTGpXV:[ 0x62d000287400 -> 0x62d0001f8890 , BaselineFunctionCall , 48 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 1616 bytes in 17.329743 ms .

Note: we will also get dumps for lots of other pieces of code that aren’t our function (not shown in my excerpt above). This is because JSC_dumpDisassembly=true literally dumps all disassembly. The other dumps comes from JIT thunk code that we compile but are not generated by the baseline JIT. We can ignore those for now.

Looking at the dump for isSymbol#BTGpXV , we see sections of code generated for each bytecode in the function. It’s a lot of code to inspect manually (324 lines in the dump).

We need to reduce the search area further.

Debugging with Logging ∞

Let’s take a moment to regroup and think through the facts that we have so far. In the beginning, we saw a callee save register, %rbx , corrupted in JITCode::execute() . JITCode::execute() is where JSC calls into JS code. It does this by calling a thunk named vmEntryToJavaScript . Immediately after returning from vmEntryToJavaScript , it did an exception check, and that’s where it crashed.

Here’s the relevant code:

JSValue JITCode :: execute ( VM * vm , ProtoCallFrame * protoCallFrame ) { ... JSValue result = JSValue :: decode ( vmEntryToJavaScript ( entryAddress , vm , protoCallFrame )); return vm -> exception () ? jsNull () : result ; }

vmEntryToJavaScript is implemented in LLInt assembly using the doVMEntry macro (see LowLevelInterpreter.asm and LowLevelInterpreter64.asm). The JSC VM enters all LLInt or JIT code via doVMEntry , and it will exit either via the end of doVMEntry (for normal returns), or via _handleUncaughtException (for exits due to uncaught exceptions).

Here’s an idea … we should probe the value of %rbx at these entry and exit points. After all, the value of %rbx that we want to preserve comes from JITCode::execute() , which is the caller of vmEntryToJavaScript / doVMEntry .

One way to probe the value of %rbx is to set a debugger breakpoint at the points of interest in code, and inspect the register value when the debugger breaks. However, this technique is only good when we already know that the bug will manifest within the first few times that the debugger breaks.

But if we’re not sure when the bug will manifest, we should probe the value of %rbx by logging it at the points of interest instead. This allows us to get a bird’s eye view of when the bug manifests. If necessary, we can go back and apply breakpoints thereafter in a more targeted way. Since we don’t know yet which VM entry/exit the bug will manifest on, let’s do some logging.

A LLInt Probe and Counting VM Entries ∞

For logging from LLInt code (which is hand written assembly), we’ll need a probe mechanism that preserves CPU registers, calls to a C++ function to do our logging, and then restores the CPU registers after the call. This way we can insert the probes in the LLInt code without perturbing its operation.

Here’s a snippet of LLInt code (for X86_64 on OSX only) that will do the job:

macro probe(func) push a0, a1 push a2, a3 push t0, t1 push t2, t3 push t4, t5 emit "mov %rbx, %rdi" move sp, a1 call func pop t5, t4 pop t3, t2 pop t1, t0 pop a3, a2 pop a1, a0 end

We add this LLInt probe macro at the top of LowLevelInterpreter64.asm. Next, we insert probes at various locations in LowLevelInterpreter.asm:

_vmEntryToJavaScript: ... doVMEntry(makeJavaScriptCall, _jsEntryEnterProbe, _jsEntryExitProbe) ... _vmEntryToNative: ... doVMEntry(makeHostFunctionCall, _hostEnterProbe, _hostExitProbe)

… and LowLevelInterpreter64.asm:

macro doVMEntry(makeCall, entryProbe, exitProbe) functionPrologue() pushCalleeSaves() probe(entryProbe) ... probe(exitProbe) popCalleeSaves() functionEpilogue() ret end _handleUncaughtException: probe(_uncaughtExceptionEnterProbe) loadp Callee[cfr], t3 ... probe(_uncaughtExceptionExitProbe) popCalleeSaves() functionEpilogue() ret

… and add the corresponding callback functions for these probes at the bottom of LLIntSlowPaths.cpp:

extern int vmEntryCount ; extern "C" void jsEntryEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void jsEntryEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] jsEntry ENTER: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); } extern "C" void jsEntryExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void jsEntryExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] jsEntry EXIT: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); } extern "C" void hostEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void hostEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] host ENTER: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); } extern "C" void hostExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void hostExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] host EXIT: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); } extern "C" void uncaughtExceptionEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void uncaughtExceptionEnterProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] uncaughtException ENTER: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); } extern "C" void uncaughtExceptionExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void uncaughtExceptionExitProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] uncaughtException EXIT: rbx=" , RawPointer ( rbx ), " rsp=" , RawPointer ( rsp ), "

" ); }

dataLog() (see DataLog.h and DataLog.cpp) is WebKit’s equivalent of printf() except that:

1. it prints to stderr , or to a file.

2. it doesn’t take a formatting string. It just takes a variable list of items to print.

3. it knows how to print any WebKit class that implements a dump() method (e.g. ScopeOffset::dump() ) or has an associated printInternal() function (e.g. this one for CodeType ).

We should also add a few lines to JITCode::execute() to count how deep we have entered into the VM:

int vmEntryCount = 0 ; ... JSValue JITCode :: execute ( VM * vm , ProtoCallFrame * protoCallFrame ) { ... vmEntryCount ++; JSValue result = JSValue :: decode ( vmEntryToJavaScript ( entryAddress , vm , protoCallFrame )); vmEntryCount --; return vm -> exception () ? jsNull () : result ; }

With this, we can now see the values of %rbx at each level of VM entry and exit. So, we rebuild WebKit and re-run the test. Here is an excerpt of the resultant logs:

... ENTRY [ 1 ] jsEntry ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbfa0a0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf9f70 ... ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf5a00 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf58d0 ENTRY [ 2 ] host ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2cc0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2940 ENTRY [ 2 ] host EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2cc0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2940 ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf5a00 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf58d0 ... ENTRY [ 2 ] host ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2ca0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2920 ENTRY [ 2 ] host EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2ca0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2920 Optimized isSymbol #BTGpXV:[ 0x62d000214100 -> 0x62d0001f8aa0 , BaselineFunctionCall , 48 ( ShouldAlwaysBeInlined )] with Baseline JIT into 2177 bytes in 1.188317 ms . ... ENTRY [ 2 ] host ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2ca0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2920 ENTRY [ 2 ] host EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf2ca0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf2920 ... ENTRY [ 2 ] host ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf4860 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf44e0 ENTRY [ 2 ] host EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf4860 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf44e0 ... ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf6920 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf67f0 ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf6920 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf67f0 ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf5380 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf5250 ... ENTRY [ 2 ] jsEntry EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf5380 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf5250 ENTRY [ 1 ] uncaughtException ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff5fbfa0a0 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf9ec0 ENTRY [ 1 ] uncaughtException EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff5fbf6280 rsp = 0x7fff5fbf9f70 *** CRASHED here ***

Looking at the logs from the crash point going backwards, we find the following:

1. The last exit point before we crashed in JITCode::execute() is from the _handleUncaughtException handler for ENTRY[1] .

2. The value of %rbx when we entered _handleUncaughtException is 0x7fff5fbfa0a0 , which matches the %rbx at the last time we entered the VM at ENTRY[1] .

3. However, the value of %rbx when we exited _handleUncaughtException is a different (and incorrect) value, 0x7fff5fbf6280 .

How did the value of %rbx get corrupted between the entry to and exit from _handleUncaughtException ?

Looking in _handleUncaughtException (in LowLevelInterpreter64.asm), we see that there’s a call to a restoreCalleeSavesFromVMCalleeSavesBuffer() macro. restoreCalleeSavesFromVMCalleeSavesBuffer() (in LowLevelInterpreter.asm) basically copies values from the VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer buffer to the callee save register. That explains why %rbx ’s value changed while in _handleUncaughtException . What remains unanswered is how that bad value got into the VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer buffer.

Who is Modifying VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer? ∞

A quick search for calleeSaveRegistersBuffer in the source code later, and we see that VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer is written to in only a few places:

The copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() macro in LowLevelInterpreter.asm. UnwindFunctor::copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() in Interpreter.cpp. compileStub() in FTLOSRExitCompiler.cpp emits code to write to the buffer. AssemblyHelpers::copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() and AssemblyHelpers::copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() in AssemblyHelpers.h emits code to write to the buffer.

Logging the Modifications to VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer ∞

The next thing to do is to log the values that are written to VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer . First of all, we can rule out the one in FTLOSRExitCompiler.cpp because we’ve disabled the FTL for our test.

For the copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() macro in LowLevelInterpreter.asm, we can add a LLInt probe like so:

macro copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer(vm, temp) if ARM64 or X86_64 or X86_64_WIN leap VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer[vm], temp if ARM64 probe(_llintSavingRBXProbe) storep csr0, [temp] storep csr1, 8[temp] ...

… and the following at the bottom of LLIntSlowPath.cpp:

extern "C" void llintSavingRBXProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ); void llintSavingRBXProbe ( void * rbx , void * rsp ) { dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] LLInt set the saved %rbx to " , RawPointer ( rbx ), "

" ); }

UnwindFunctor::copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() is C++ code. So we can just adds some logging like so:

extern int vmEntryCount ; ... void copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer ( StackVisitor & visitor ) const { ... unsigned registerCount = currentCalleeSaves -> size (); for ( unsigned i = 0 ; i < registerCount ; i ++) { RegisterAtOffset currentEntry = currentCalleeSaves -> at ( i ); ... vm . calleeSaveRegistersBuffer [ vmCalleeSavesEntry -> offsetAsIndex ()] = *( frame + currentEntry . offsetAsIndex ()); auto reg = currentEntry . reg (); if ( reg . isGPR () && reg . gpr () == X86Registers :: ebx ) { void * rbx = reinterpret_cast < void *>( vm . calleeSaveRegistersBuffer [ vmCalleeSavesEntry -> offsetAsIndex ()]); dataLog ( "ENTRY[" , vmEntryCount , "] UnwindFunctor set the saved %rbx to " , RawPointer ( rbx ), "

" ); } } ... }

Printing from JIT code ∞

For AssemblyHelpers::copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() and AssemblyHelpers::copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() , we’re dealing with JIT generated code.

JSC has its own macro assembler that the JITs use to emit machine instructions for the compiled JS functions. The macro assembler provides emitter functions for generating a machine instruction or a pseudo-instruction made up of a sequence of machine instructions.

The print emitter is one such pseudo-instruction emitter for debugging use only:

template < typename ... Arguments > void print ( Arguments ... args );

print takes a comma separated list of arguments that it will concatenate and print to stderr . In addition to printing the usual data types (like const char* strings, and int s), it also knows how to print the runtime values of CPU registers, memory locations, or dump all registers. See MacroAssemblerPrinter.h for more details.

To use print , set ENABLE_MASM_PROBE (in Platform.h) to a non-zero value, and include MacroAssemblerPrinter.h in your file. Here’s how we use it in AssemblyHelpers.h:

#include "MacroAssemblerPrinter.h" ... void copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer ( const TempRegisterSet & usedRegisters = { RegisterSet :: stubUnavailableRegisters () }) { #if NUMBER_OF_CALLEE_SAVES_REGISTERS > 0 ... for ( unsigned i = 0 ; i < registerCount ; i ++) { RegisterAtOffset entry = allCalleeSaves -> at ( i ); ... if ( entry . reg (). isGPR ()) { auto entryGPR = entry . reg (). gpr (); if ( entryGPR == X86Registers :: ebx ) { print ( "ENTRY[" , MemWord ( AbsoluteAddress (& vmEntryCount )), "] AH::copyCalleeSavesToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved %rbx to " , entryGPR , "

" ); } storePtr ( entry . reg (). gpr (), Address ( temp1 , entry . offset ())); } else ... void copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer ( const TempRegisterSet & usedRegisters = { RegisterSet :: stubUnavailableRegisters () }) { #if NUMBER_OF_CALLEE_SAVES_REGISTERS > 0 ... RegisterAtOffsetList * currentCalleeSaves = codeBlock ()-> calleeSaveRegisters (); ... for ( unsigned i = 0 ; i < registerCount ; i ++) { RegisterAtOffset vmEntry = allCalleeSaves -> at ( i ); ... if ( vmEntry . reg (). isGPR ()) { GPRReg regToStore ; if ( currentFrameEntry ) { regToStore = temp2 ; loadPtr ( Address ( framePointerRegister , currentFrameEntry -> offset ()), regToStore ); } else regToStore = vmEntry . reg (). gpr (); if ( vmEntry . reg (). gpr () == X86Registers :: ebx ) { print ( "ENTRY[" , MemWord ( AbsoluteAddress (& vmEntryCount )), "] AH::copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved %rbx to " , regToStore , "

" ); } storePtr ( regToStore , Address ( temp1 , vmEntry . offset ())); } else { ...

In the above, we’re using print to log a string that looks like this:

ENTRY [ 0x10cddf280 :< 0x00000002 2 >] AH :: copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved % rbx to ebx :< 0x7fff57a75bc0 140734663973824 >

Note that in copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() , the MemWord(AbsoluteAddress(&vmEntryCount)) argument passed to print is printed as 0x10cddf280:<0x00000002 2> instead. 0x10cddf280 is the address &vmEntryCount , and <0x00000002 2> is the runtime int value found at that address at the time that the code generated for print was executed.

Similarly, the regToStore variable was printed as ebx:<0x7fff57a75bc0 140734663973824> . Though regToStore is a variable at JIT compilation time, print captures its value as the id of the register to print. In this example, that would be the %rbx register. It is printed as ebx because ebx is the id that the macro assembler uses to represent both the %ebx register on 32-bit x86 and the %rbx register on 64-bit X86_64 ports of WebKit (see the RegisterID enum list in X86Assembler.h). 0x7fff57a75bc0 is the value in the %rbx register at the time the code generated for print was executed.

Following the Trail ∞

With all this logging code added, the interesting parts of the logging output now looks like this:

... ENTRY [ 0x10a92d280 :< 0x00000002 2 >] AH :: copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved % rbx to ebx :< 0x7fff59f212e0 140734702424800 > ... ENTRY [ 0x10a92d280 :< 0x00000002 2 >] AH :: copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved % rbx to ebx :< 0x7fff59f212e0 140734702424800 > ... ENTRY [ 0x10a92d280 :< 0x00000002 2 >] AH :: copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer set the saved % rbx to ebx :< 0x7fff59f212e0 140734702424800 > ... ENTRY [ 1 ] uncaughtException ENTER : rbx = 0x7fff59f25100 rsp = 0x7fff59f24f20 ENTRY [ 1 ] uncaughtException EXIT : rbx = 0x7fff59f212e0 rsp = 0x7fff59f24fd0 ASAN : SIGSEGV

It appears that copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() is the only one who is writing to VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer , and overwriting the saved value for %rbx with 0x7fff59f212e0 (which matches the corrupted value that we restored to %rbx in _handleUncaughtException later just before the crash point). The logging also shows that the corruption happened more than once (in fact, a lot more than the 3 times I chose to include in the above excerpt of the logs).

A quick search for copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() reveals that it is only called from 2 functions: JIT::emitEnterOptimizationCheck() and JIT::emitSlow_op_loop_hint() . Both of which generate code for the baseline JIT.

Adding some print s to these, we find that JIT::emitEnterOptimizationCheck() is the source of our corruption.

From here, with a bit more logging and code searching, we will uncover the rest of the details needed to piece together the whole story of how the corruption happened. So, here’s the story of how the crash came to be:

The test code enters the VM 2 levels deep. During the 1st level entry, an uncaught JS exception is thrown. This leads to %rbx being saved in VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer . The 2nd level entry is for Web Inspector, which is inspecting the thrown exception. During the 2nd level entry, Web Inspector calls isSymbol#BTGpXV a lot thereby making it a hot function. Because isSymbol#BTGpXV is hot, the VM tries to DFG compile it (via JIT::emitEnterOptimizationCheck() ), but fails to. This is why the DFG has to be enabled, though no functions are DFG compiled. The code emitted by JIT::emitEnterOptimizationCheck() first saves callee save registers to VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer (via copyCalleeSavesFromFrameOrRegisterToVMCalleeSavesBuffer() ). Hence, the value %rbx in the buffer is overwritten here. When execution returns to _handleUncaughtException on the 1st level entry, it copies the now corrupted value in VM::calleeSaveRegistersBuffer to %rbx , and we later get a crash when we try to use %rbx ’s value.

In other words, the bug is that the VM needs a calleeSaveRegistersBuffer buffer for each level of entry into the VM, but it only provided one that is used by all levels. If you’re interested, you can check out the fix here.

We have seen how we can use the JSC options, in combination with logging to diagnose the root cause of a bug. We saw that the print pseudo-instruction is available for doing logging from JIT generated code. These tools enables us to isolate VM bugs to specific tiers of execution engines, to do dumps that let us peek into the artifacts that the JITs generate, and also to easily add logging to do fine grain inspection of registers and values used by JIT compiled code at runtime.

If you’re working on a port of JavaScriptCore or are simply interested in exploring how JSC works under the covers, I hope you’ll find these tools helpful in your adventure with JavaScriptCore.

As always, if you encounter any bugs in the tools or have requests for enhancements, please file bugs at bugs.webkit.org. You’re also welcome to join the WebKit community and contribute fixes for the bugs or implement the enhancements yourself.

Cheers.