Lebanon Officially known as the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. Capital: Beirut.



The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. Greater Lebanon became the current Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 04 July 1938 and Turkish forces under Colonel Şükrü Kanatlı entered İskenderun on July 05, 1938. On 02 September 1938, as the Second World War loomed over Europe, the assembly proclaimed the Republic of Hatay. The Republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. In 1939, following a popular referendum, Hatay (Sanjak of Alexandretta) became a Turkish province. Syrian President Hashim al-Atassi resigned in protest at continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936. The remaining areas became Syria. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946. Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the country experienced a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, and banking. Because of its financial power and diversity, Lebanon was known in its heyday as the "Switzerland of the East". It attracted large numbers of tourists, such that the capital Beirut was referred to as "Paris of the Middle East." At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. Ethnic groups: Lebanese Arab 71.2%, Palestinian Arab 12.1%, Armenian 6.8%, Kurd 6.1%, other 2.6% (2000).

Religions: Muslim 55.3% (of which Shi'a 34%, Sunni 21.3%, Isma'ilite, Alawite, Nusayri); Christian 37.6% (of which

Catholic 25.1%[Maronite 19%, Greek Catholic or Melakite 4.6%]; Orthodox 11.7% [Greek Orthodox 6%, Armenian Apostolic 5.2%]; Protestant 0.5%), Druze 7.1% (1995). 17 religious sects are recognized. c.1800 BC - 332 BC Location of Phoenician cities of Byblos (Jubayl), Tyre, Sidon,

and Beyryt (Beirut); subsequently ruled by the Babylonians,

Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Arabs.

1118 Emirs of the Banu Ma`n replace the (somewhat legendary)

Al Tanukh emirs.

1287 Part of Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt.

1516 Part of the Ottoman Empire.

1585 - 1590 Direct Ottoman rule.

1698 Banu Shihab replace Banu Ma`n.

27 May 1832 Annexed by Egypt (both nominally Ottoman).

10 Oct 1840 Ottoman rule restored.

16 Jan 1842 Mount Lebanon emirate ended, Ottomans divide Lebanon

administratively, creating a Christian district in the

north and an area under Druze control in the south.

16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861 Occupation by France.

09 Jun 1861 Special status of Mount Lebanon within Ottoman Empire

(autonomy revoked by Ottomans in 1915).

01 Oct 1918 Annexed by Syria.

07 Oct 1918 Occupied by France and Britain (to 24 Oct 1918).

01 Sep 1920 State of Great Lebanon (part of French Syria mandate

[headquartered in Beirut]).

01 Sep 1926 Lebanese Republic (under separated from Syrian state,

remains part of French Syria mandate).

10 Jun 1940 - 15 Jul 1941 Administration loyal to Vichy France.

(after 15 Jul 1941 Free French).

15 Jul 1941 - 31 Dec 1946 Anglo-French occupation (U.K. exits 17 Apr 1946).

26 Nov 1941 Independence from France declared (Lebanese Republic).

22 Nov 1943 Independence recognized by France.

30 Oct 1948 - 23 Mar 1949 Israeli troops occupy 13 villages in a strip of land around

(and including) the Lebanese town of Houla.

02 Nov 1975 - 25 Apr 2005 Syrian troops garrison Lebanon.

14 Mar 1978 - 13 Jun 1978 Southern Lebanon occupied by Israel.

06 Jun 1982 - 22 May 2000 Southern Lebanon occupied by Israel.

22 Jul 2006 - 01 Oct 2006 Southern Lebanon occupied by Israel.

14 Oct 2008 Syria recognizes Lebanon's sovereignty, establishing

diplomatic relations. Territorial Disputes: Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978. BYBLOS (Modern Jubayl)

An ancient port on the Lebanese coast, about 20 miles (32 km.) north of Beirut. It's name has spanned the globe from it being the principal port through which papyrus was exported into Greece: "Byblos" is the Greek transliteration of the term for papyrus, hence "Bible", "bibliography", etc. A community of some sort has been located here since at least 4000 BCE.

Egypt................................................c. 2000 - c. 1800

Abichemou I....................................................fl. 1800's

Yapachemou Abi I...............................................fl. 1790's

Rib-Hadda......................................................fl. 1700's

Yakin

Yantin-Ammu....................................................fl. 1500's

Abichemou II

Yapachemou Abi II

Eglia

Egypt................................................c. 1550 - c. 1050 Rib-Addi..................................................fl. 1300's Ilirabi...................................................fl. 1300's Unknown rulers

Zakar Baal.....................................................fl. 1100's

Ahiram.........................................................fl. 1000's

Zakar Baal.....................................................fl. c. 1000

Ithobaal.......................................................fl. early 900's

Yahimilik......................................................fl. mid 900's

Abi-Baal.......................................................fl. c. 930

Elibaal........................................................fl. late 900's

Tyre..............................................10th cent. - 7th cent. ? Urumilki..................................................fl. c. 740 Sibiti Baal...................................fl. 740's - 730's Milkiashapa...............................................mid 600's

Tyre.............................................7th cent. ? - 573

Babylonia................................................573 - 539

Persia...................................................539 - 332 Yehawmilk.................................................fl. 450's Paltibaal.................................................fl. mid 400's Batnoam ( female )..........................................fl. 400's Ozbaal....................................................fl. late 400's Malcander.................................................fl. later 300's ? Enylus............................................... ? - 332

Macedon..................................................332 - 323

Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301

Egypt....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - ? Cinyrus.............................................. ? - 68

Roman Republic............................................68 - 27

Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 612

Persia...................................................612 - 628

Byzantine Empire.........................................628 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1071

Seljuqs.................................................1071 - 1099

Jerusalem...............................................1099 - 1109

Lordship of GIBELET - de St. GILES Raymund............................................1104 - c. 1109

Genoa...................................................1109 - 1187

di EMBRIACO William I.................................................fl. c. 1109 Ugo I...........................................c. 1109 - 1135 William II.........................................1135 - 1157 Ugo II.............................................1163 - 1179 Ugo III............................................1181 - 1186 Guido I ( 1st time ).................................1186 - 1187 d. 1233

Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty).................................1187 - 1196

Genoa...................................................1196 - 1282 Guido I ( 2nd time ).................................1196 - 1233 Henry I............................................1233 - 1252 Bertrand II.......................................... ? - 1258 Henry II...........................................1258 - 1271 Guido II...........................................1271 - 1282

Tripoli.................................................1282 - 1287

Genoa...................................................1287 - 1289 Bartholomew........................................1287 - 1289

Egypt, and general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1289... Peter..............................................1289 - 1298 ANTIOCH John...............................................1298 - 1300

ITUREA (The Bekaa Valley)

A region in southern Lebanon, near the current border with Israel. The capital of the region was the city of Chalcis; historically Chalcis was very Hellenized, even when under the rule of Jewish kings. The Itureans were a people of uncertain origin. They were probably Aramean in origin but may have been Canaanites or even a northern branch of the Nabataeans. They were expert archers and were frequently incorporated as auxiliaries in Roman armies. The region of Iturea is centered on what is today called the Bekaa valley, a region well known for being the birthplace of several Shi'ite terrorist groups as well as one of the most prolific heroin-poppy production areas in the world. See also, Amurru, an important city located in this region.

AMURRU

A city-state in southern Lebanon, not far from Tyre, and located within Iturea. It was governed by an early Semitic people whose influence was felt all over the Middle East and to which it has given an overall name to; the Amorites.

Abdi-Ashirta....................................................early 1300's

Pubahla ben Abdi-Ashirta ( in Ullaza )............................early 1300's

Aziru...........................................................early 1300's

Duppi-Teshub....................................................1300's

Shaushgamuwa I.....................................fl. 1270's - 1240's

Ben-Teshina.....................................................late 1200's

Shaushgamuwa (II ?)

Sacked and destroyed by the Sea Peoples

Jetur ( eponymous ancestor king )

ARAM-ZOBAH - An Aramean kingdom in central Syria. For a time it was the dominant Aramean kingdom before the ascendency of Damascus.

- Unknown rulers

Rehob...........................................................fl. late 1000's BCE

Hadad-ezer bar Rehob............................................fl. early 900's

Israel................................................c.980's - 920's

Damascus................................................920's - 732

Assyria...................................................732 - 612

Babylon...................................................612 - 539

Persia....................................................539 - 332

Macedon...................................................332 - 323 Menon, son of Krydems............................fl. 330 - 320

Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301

Egypt.....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - 168 Seleucid governors of Coele-Syria Apollonius the Samaritan, or, of Tarsus...........c. 180 - 175 Apollonius Taos, son of Appolonius.........................fl. c. 147

Independent........................................late 160's - 105

In 105 BCE Iturea was invaded and partially conquered by Judah Aristobulus, the Hasmonean king of Judea. Its Hellenistic kings probably paid tribute to Judea until the imposition of Roman rule. Unknown rulers Ptolemy Mennaeus......................................85 - 40 Lysanias...........................................c. 40 - 36

To Rome thereafter...

With direct Roman control, Augustus transferred Chalcis into the care of the Herodian dynasty of Judea. Judea...............................................30's - 4 HERODIAN Philip.............................................4 BCE - 34 CE

To Rome directly...........................................34 - 41 Herod II..............................................41 - 48

Rome directly..............................................48 - 50 Herod Agrippa II ( in Batanaea 52-c. 100 )..............50 - 52 d. c. 100 Aristobulus III.......................................52 - 92 Unknown rulers

Roman Empire..................................c. 2nd cent. CE - 395

Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors.....................638 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate.........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate.........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)...................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate.........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty).................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)...................................969 - 1071

Seljuqs..................................................1071 - 1124

Jerusalem................................................1124 - 1244

Tripoli..................................................1244 - 1292

Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1292 - 1390

Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1516

Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918

In the 18th century, the area around Baalbek was occupied by the Metawali, a sect that probably migrated to the Levant from Persia - they are basically Shi'ite, but their worship practices include pilgrimage to the ruins of a temple honouring Ishtar (Ashtaroth) at Apheca where they address vows to the Sayyidat al-Kabirah, ("the Great Lady"); as such, they are sometimes accused by more orthodox Muslims of heresy. For almost a hundred years Ottoman jurisdiction was purely nominal, and the Metawali ruled a virtually independent enclave from which they warred against neighboring Maronite, Druze, and Sunni tribes. They remain today, both in the Bekaa and also in northern Lebanon, around Kesrawan and Batroun.

general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1918

Although this region retains international recognition as a part of the Lebanese state, day-to-day authority has been in the hands of non-Lebanese military and paramilitary factions, notably Hesbollah and elements of the Syrian Army, since the 1970's. LIBAN "Lebanon proper"

It consisting of the Lebanon mountain range in the center of the country. Historically this has been the center of Maronite Christian dominance in the country.

KUNDI AND SIZU - A pair of city-states ruled as a single kingdom, located in the Lebanon Mountain range. The populace were probably Arameans.

- Unknown rulers

Sanduarri..........................................late 700's - 680

Assyria...................................................680 - 612 BCE

Babylon...................................................612 - 539

Persia....................................................539 - 332

Macedon...................................................332 - 323

Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301

Egypt.....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - 68

Silas the Jew ( Tyrant of Lysias )...........................68 - 63

Roman Republic.............................................63 - 27

Roman Empire...........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 612

Persia....................................................612 - 628

MARADA STATES (628-1305).

(628-1305). With the Muslim conquest of the Levant, an island of Christian dominance was maintained around Mt. Lebanon and the surrounding mountains. Ruled by a Maronite Christian, Syriac Aramaic-speaking warrior elite called the Mardaites, the tiny Marada states survived for almost six hundred years. Though the Mardaites had no king per se, they all acknowledged the supremacy of the Maronite patriarch. As an interesting aside, it should be noted that Mardaite communities existed elsewhere in the Levant, and that in the late 600's Justinian II relocated a large number of these as part of a peace treaty with the Caliphate. One of the relocated "Isaurians", as they were called, would eventually become Emperor Leo III the Isaurian.

Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1305 - 1516

Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918

In 1861 Mount Lebanon was granted special status as an autonomous province jointly governed by the Maronites and their Druze neighbors. Governors of Mount Lebanon Davud Pasha.........................................1861 - 1868 d. 1873 Franko Pasha........................................1868 - 1873 Rustem Pasha........................................1873 - 1883 d. 1885 Vasa Pasha..........................................1883 - 1892 Naum Pasha..........................................1892 - 1902 d. 1911 Muzaffar Pasha......................................1902 - 1907 Yusuf Pasha.........................................1907 - 1912 Yohannes Kuyumjian Pasha............................1912 - 1915 Ali Munif Bey.......................................1915 - 1916 Ismail Haqqi........................................1916 - 1918 Mumtaz Bey.................................................1918 Omar al-Dauk...............................................1918

Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920

France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943

The French gave the Maronites of Lebanon a choice between a small nation consisting primarily of Maronite-majority areas or a "greater Lebanon" comprising regions where Sunnis, Shi'ites and Druze were dominant. The Maronite leaders opted for the latter choice, leading to the rampant "armed diversity" that characterizes Lebanon today.

general Lebanese sequence, thereafter from 1943. MARONITE PATRIARCHS

The Maronites are a Christian community of the Levant. Their liturgy is of the Antiochene type, but conducted in Syriac. Their head has always resided in Lebanon, though he bears the title "Patriarch of Antioch and the East". The Maronites trace their beginnings to St. Maron, a 5th-century monk, but did not officially become a distinct religious community until the 7th century, when they adopted the doctrine of Monotheletism (that Jesus had one will, despite having both human and divine natures). During the crusades the Maronites recognized the supremacy of the Pope and are currently in communion with the Roman Catholic church. As in other Eastern Catholic rites, the parish priests are usually married. The Maronite Patriarchs exerted enormous secular power over the Christians of Lebanon, particularly during the period of the Marada States (see Liban). In the 19th cent., massacres of Maronites by the Druze brought French intervention; this gave France its modern hold in Lebanon and Syria. Besides the Maronites there are two other groups in Syria in communion with the pope - the Melkites and the Syrian Catholics.

Patriarchs during the Marada State (676-1099)

John Maron I Agathonides ( 1st Maronite Patr. of Antioch )..676 - 707

63rd after Saint Peter. First of the Maronite patriarchs. He was born in 628.

Cyr (Kyros)...............................................707 - ?

Son of Saint Maron's sister.

Gabriel I

Last patriarch to reside in Kfarhi monastery.

John Maron II...................................................mid 700's

Gregory I (Gregorius I)

Stephan (Stephanos I)

Mark

Eusebius (Hoaushab)

John I

Joshua I (Yeshu I)

David (Daoud I)

Theofelix (Theophilactus) - Also known as John II Habib

Joshua II (Yeshu II) of Damascus

Dumith (Domitius) of Beirut

Isaac (Ishaq)...................................................mid 1000's

John III (Youhanna III).........................................late 1000's

Simon I (Sham'un I or Semaan)...................................late 1000's

Urmia I (Jeremiah I)

John IV (Youhanna IV)

Sham'un II (Simon II)

Sham'un III (Simon III)

Gregory II................................................. ? - 1110

Patriarchs during the Crusades (1099–1305)

Joseph al-Gergessi [Youssif al Jirjissi].................1110 - 1120

Joseph was the first Patriarch to enter into communion with Rome. He also was first to contact with the Crusaders.

Peter I (Butros I).......................................1121 - 1130

Patriarcate moves to Mayfuq, Jbeil.

Gregory III of Halate....................................1130 - 1141

Jacob I (Yaqub I) of Ramate..............................1141 - 1151

John V of Lehfed.........................................1151 - 1154

Peter II.................................................1154 - 1173

Peter III of Lehfed......................................1173 - 1199

Urmia II (Jeremiah II) of Amshit.........................1199 - 1230

Daniel I of Shamat.......................................1230 - 1239

John VI of Jaje..........................................1239 - 1245

Simon IV (Sham'un IV) of Bilaouza Jibbet.................1245 - 1277

Jacob II (Yaqub II)......................................1277 - 1278

Daniel II of Hadchit.....................................1278 - 1282

Luqa I of Benahran..............................................1282

Urmia III (Jeremiah III) of Demalsa......................1282 - 1297

Patriarchs during the Mumluks (1305-1516)

Sham'un V (Simon V)......................................1297 - 1339

John VII of Aqura........................................1339 - 1357

Gabriel II of Hjula......................................1357 - 1367

Daoud II.................................................1367 - 1404

John VII of Jaje.........................................1404 - 1445

Jacob III of Hadeth......................................1445 - 1468

Joseph II of Hadeth......................................1468 - 1492

Patriarchs during the Ottomans (1516-1918)

Semaan of Hadeth.........................................1492 - 1524

Mousa Saaed el-Akari of Barida/Kafroun...................1524 - 1567

Michael (Mikhail) Rizzi of Bkoufan.......................1567 - 1581

Sarkis el-Rizzi of Bkoufan...............................1581 - 1597

Joseph III el-Rizzi of Bkoufan...........................1597 - 1608

John IX Maklouf of Ehden................................ 1608 - 1633

Gewargios (George) Omaira of Ehden.......................1633 - 1644

Joseph IV Halib of Aqoura................................1644 - 1648

John X Bawab Safrawy of Safra............................1648 - 23 Dec 1656

George II (Jirjis) Rizqallah of Beseb'el..........01 Jan 1657 - 12 Apr 1670

He was son of Hadj Rizqallah. After the death of Patriarch Safrawy happened on December 23, 1656, the bishops elected as patriarch the monk George Habquq, who anyway for humility refused and escaped in a cave of the Kadisha Valley to live as an hermit. So a second election was held and on January 1, 1657 the Archbishop George Beseb'ely was elected patriarch. His election was confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on May 26, 1659, and he received the pallium on August 30, 1660.

Estephen II Boutros El Douaihy of Ehden...........20 May 1670 - 03 May 1704

Almost immediately after his death, he was considered by many Maronites of Lebanon, but particularly in North Lebanon in Zgharta and Ehden to have been a saint.

Gabriel of Blaouza................................12 May 1704 - 31 Oct 1705

Jacob IV Awad of Hasroun..........................06 Nov 1705 - 12 Feb 1733

The election of Jacob Awad as patriarch was opposed by a number of bishops, who in the next years built a fierce opposition to him, spreading rumors about inadmissible behaviors of the Patriarch in his residence of Qannubin Monastery. These rumors turned into a large scandal, and finally the bishops, advised by some Latin missionaries, in particular by the Carmelite Elias Giacinto, sent for Jacob Awad and summoned a brief trial in the church of Saint Serge and Bacchus in Rayfoun. Here, on May 1710, Jacob Awad was declared guilty and deposed. In his place it was elected patriarch the bishop of Saida, Youssef Moubarak Al Rayfouni and Awad was confined in the monastery of Our Lady of Louiaze. However, to fully enforce the decisions taken, it was necessary to obtain the approval of Pope: with this aim the opponents of Awad sent to Rome Georges Benjamin bishop of Ehden. In Rome, contrary to Benjamin's hopes, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on December 16, 1710 ruled in favor of Awad.

Joseph V Dergham Khazen of Ghosta.................25 Feb 1733 - 13 May 1742

The reign of Joseph Dergham El Khazen is remembered for the 1736 Maronite Synod of Mount-Lebanon, which laid the foundations for the modern Maronite Church. At the death of Patriarch Joseph Khazen, who died on May 13, 1742, the bishops who attended the funeral met and elected Simon Awad as Patriarch, but Simon refused for humility. The bishops so elected the bishop of Arka, Elias Mohasseb. Bishops Tobias El Khazen and Ignace Chrabai were absent from the meeting, perhaps not invited, and opposed the election of Elias. These two bishops ordained two new bishops and held a new election among themselves, electing Tobias El Khazen as Patriarch and splitting the Church. To keep the Church united, the Pope Benedict XIV took the extraordinary initiative to deal directly into the affairs of the Maronite Church, and on March 16, 1743 he choose Simon Awad in place of the two pretenders.

Simon VII Awad of Hasroun.........................16 Mar 1743 - 12 Feb 1756

Tobias (Tubiya) El Khazen of Bekaata Kanaan.......28 Feb 1756 - 29 May 1766

Joseph VI Estephan of Ghosta......................09 Jun 1766 - 22 Apr 1793

Michael Fadel of Beirut...........................10 Sep 1793 - 17 May 1795

Philip Gemayel of Bikfaya.........................14 Jun 1795 - 12 Apr 1796

Joseph VII Peter Tyan of Beirut...................28 Apr 1796 - 24 Sep 1808

John XI Helou of Ghosta...........................08 Jun 1809 - 12 May 1823

After the turbulent years in which the previous Patriarch Joseph Tyan supported Napoleon in the Siege of Acre (1799) and came in conflict with the emir Bashir II, Patriarch John Helou chose a low and neutral course of action, and from 1811 he retreated in the Qannubin Monastery, the ancient and abandoned patriarchal residence, located in the deep gorge of Kadisha Valley, which he restored.

Joseph VIII (Youssef) Peter Hobaish of SahelAlma..25 May 1823 - 23 May 1845

Joseph IX (Youssef) Ragi El Khazen of Ajaltoun....18 Aug 1845 - 03 Nov 1854

Paul I Peter (Boulos Boutros) Massad of Ashkout...12 Nov 1854 - 18 Apr 1890

John XII Peter Hanna El Hajj of Dlebta............28 Apr 1890 - 24 Dec 1898

Patriarchs after World War I

Elias Peter Hoayek of Hilta.......................06 Jan 1899 - 24 Dec 1931

Anthony II Peter Arida of Bsharri.................08 Jan 1932 - 19 May 1955

Paul II Peter (Boulos Boutros) Meoushi of Jezzine.25 May 1955 - 11 Jan 1975

Anthony III Peter Khoraish of Ain Ibl.............03 Feb 1975 - 03 Apr 1986

On April 03, 1986, he resigned as Maronite Patriarch of Antioch. He died on August 19, 1994 in Beirut and was buried at the see of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate in Bkerké, Lebanon.

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of Reyfoun................19 Apr 1986 - 26 Feb 2011

He was elected to the primacy of the Maronite Church by the Council of Maronite Bishops, on April 19, 1986, and he was confirmed by Pope John Paul II on May 07, 1986. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on April 27, 1986, and his resignation was accepted on February 26, 2011. He is the third Maronite Cardinal and he was the 76th Patriarch of the Maronite Church with the official title of "His Beatitude and Eminence the seventy-sixth Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".

Bechara Boutros al-Rahi of Himlaya................15 Mar 2011 - date SIDON

The oldest and, for a time, most powerful of Phoenician cities. Located equidistant between Tyre (Sur) to the south and modern Beirut to the north, it still exists as a bustling Mediterranean seaport under the name of Saydah.

Zimrida.........................................................18th cent.

Unknown rulers

Zimr-Hadda (Zimrida II).........................................1300's BCE

Iab-nilu........................................................1300's

Unknown rulers

Tyre...............................................10th cent. - 7th cent. ? Ethbaal (Etzel-Baal).................................940 - 908 Ethbaal was the father of Jezebel (Eyezevel), who married King Ahab of Israel. Unknown rulers Tubaal.....................................................fl. c. 740 Luli..........................................late 700's - early 600's Luli may be identical to Elulaios, King of Tyre......729 - 694.

Abd Melkarth....................................................early 600's

Abdimilkutte (same as above ?)..................................fl. 660's

Tyre..............................................7th cent. ? - 573

Babylon...................................................573 - 539

Persia....................................................539 - 332 Eshmunazzar I Tabnit I...................................................fl. early 400's Amastoreth (Anysus)........................................fl. c. 480's Eshmunazzar II Tetramnestus Ba'al Sillem II......................................407 - 374 Bodastart I Strato................................c. 374 - 363 Tabnit II (Tennes)...................................363 - 358 In 358, Tabnit II raised the standard of rebellion in Sidon, but was crushed by Persia later the same year. The city was razed, and had to be rebuilt. Bodastart II Yaton Melik Abdiashirta................................................fl. mid 300's Unknown rulers

Macedon...................................................332 - 323 Abdalonymous (also in Tyre)..........................332 - ?

Kingdom of Antigonus......................................323 - 301 Philoclos.........................................c. 312 - c. 310

Egypt.....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire...........................................198 - c. 112

Aristocratic Republic..................................c. 112 - 68

Roman Republic.............................................68 - 27

Roman Empire...........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

Byzantine Empire..........................................395 - 612

Persia....................................................612 - 628

Byzantine Empire..........................................628 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors.....................638 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate.........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate.........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)...................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate.........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty).................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)...................................969 - 1110

Jerusalem................................................1110 - 1244 Lordship of Sagette GRENIER Eustace I...........................................1110 - 1124 Eustace II..........................................1124 - c. 1131 Gerard...........................................c. 1131 - 1164 To Jerusalem directly (1164-c. 1171) BOFOR Reynald..........................................c. 1171 - c. 1187

Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty)..................................1187 - 1229

Jerusalem................................................1229 - 1244 d'IBELIN Balian ( Lord of Beirut & Nablus )....................1229 - 1247

Tripoli..................................................1244 - 1292 GRENIER Julian..............................................1247 - 1260 Balian II...........................................1260 - 1291 Eustace III ? ......................................1291 - 1292

Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1292 - 1390

Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1516

Ottoman Empire...........................................1516 - 1918 Under the control of the Emirs of Lebanon (see Tripoli below), 1660-1772 Ottoman Walis in Sa`ida (Sidon) and Acre (Akko) Umar az-Zahir ibn Umar az-Zaydani...................1772 - 1775 Ahmad Pasha the Butcher (al-Djazzar)................1775 - 1804 Süleyman Pasha......................................1804 – 1809 Ismail..............................................1809 – 1820 Abdullah Pasha......................................1820 - 1831

Egypt (Muhammad Ali - Khedivate Dynasty)..........27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840

Ottoman Empire....................................10 Oct 1840 - 1918 Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha.......................Nov 1840 - Mar 1841 Eneste/Haseki Mehmed Selim Pasha................Mar 1841 - Dec 1841 Mehmed Izzet Pasha..............................Dec 1841 - Jul 1841 Mustapha Pasha.............................................1842 Selim Pasha................................................1842 Ömer Pasha (Mihaylo Lattas).........................1842 - 07 Dec 1842 Ayasli Asad Mehmed Muhlis Pasha.................Aug 1842 - 09 Apr 1845 Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha.................09 Apr 1845 – Jan 1846 Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha.....................Jan 1846 - Sep 1847 Mustafa Sherifi Pasha...........................Sep 1847 - Jul 1848 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha ( 1st )...Aug 1848 - Sep 1851 Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha .........................Sep 1851 – Sep 1852 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha ( 2nd )...Sep 1852 – Mar 1855 Mahmud Nedim Pasha..............................Mar 1855 - Dec 1855 Serhalifizade Vamik (Femiq) Salih Pasha ( 3rd )...Dec 1855 - Jun 1857 Arnavud Mehmed Kurshid Pasha....................Jun 1857 – 17 Jul 1860 Fuad Pasha...................................17 Jul 1860 - 09 Jun 1861 and... Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul.16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861 d. 1890 He was a French Commander. He is especially known for leading in 1860, the French expedition in Syria in the Ottoman territory, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle-East, following massacres of Maronite Christians. Kaysarli Ahmad Pasha............................Aug 1861 – Feb 1863 Mehmed Kabuli Pasha.............................Feb 1863 - Feb 1864 d. 1877 Mehmed Kurshid Pasha............................Feb 1864 – Apr 1865 Within Vilayet of Beirut thereafter...

Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920

France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943

Lebanon sequence afterwards... TORON (Tibneen)

A town in southern Lebanon, 49 miles (79 km.) south of Beirut, 14 miles (22 km.) east of Tyre, and 10 miles (16 km.) west of Qiryat Shemona, in Israel. The castle of Toron was built by Hugh of St. Omer, Prince of Galilee, to help capture Tyre. After Hugh's death it was made an independent seigneury, given to Humphrey I in 1107. The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in the kingdom; Humphrey II was constable of Jerusalem and Humphrey IV was married to Isabella, Amalric I's daughter (Toron passed under royal control during their marriage). It was also one of the few to have a hereditary lordship, at least for a few decades. The lords of Toron were also connected to the Lordship of Outrejordain. Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre. Toron had two vassals of its own, the Lordship of Castel Neuf and the Lordship of Toron Ahmud. Castel Neuf was built by Hugh of St. Omer around 1105 but was later given to the Hospitallers, until it fell to Nur ad-Din in 1167. Toron Ahmud remained in the Lordship of Beirut until John of Ibelin sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1261.

Kingdom of Jerusalem.....................................1100 - 1187 de FAQUEMBERG Hugh of St. Omer (Pr. of Galilee)..................... ? - 1107 de TORON Humphrey I..........................................1107 - 1136 Humphrey II.........................................1136 - 1178 with... Humphrey III.....................................c. 1160 - c. 1170 Humphrey IV......................................c. 1179 - 1183 d. 1192 ? Royal domain........................................1183 - 1187

Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty)..................................1187 - 1229

Toron was dismantled by Sultan al-Muazzam in 1219 along with the defenses of Jerusalem and the castles of Safed and Banyas. This was done in case it was necessary to exchange these for Damietta on the Nile Delta, which had been captured by the forces of the Fifth Crusade who were now threatening Cairo. Al-Mu'azzam was not prepared to give strong defendable cities to the Crusaders if he could avoid it. Although the exchange proved unnecessary, al-Mu'azzam's caution was justified. In 1229, just two years after al-Mu'azzam's death on November 11, 1227, Frederick II recovered Toron in a treaty with Sultan al-Kamil. Frederick then had the fortifications of Toron and Montfort rebuilt.

Kingdom of Jerusalem.....................................1229 - 1283 de MONTFORT Philip ( and Lord of Tyre )...........................1229 - 1270 John ( and Lord of Tyre ).............................1270 - 1283

Egypt (Bahri Mamluq).....................................1283 - 1390

Egypt (Burji Mamluq).....................................1390 - 1517

Ottoman Empire...........................................1517 - 1917

Great Britain............................................1917 - 1918

Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920

France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943

Lebanon sequence afterwards... TRIPOLI (Arabic Tarabulus, Phoen. Athar?)

An important seaport located in northern Lebanon; a County during Crusader times. In it's origins, Tripoli consisted of three cities (founded as colonies of Sidon, Tyre, and Arvad), each a Greek stadia's distance from each other. The city was the center of a loose federation between these three dominant Phoenician states.

1400–1200 BC: Recent discovery of pottery fragments: evidence of late Bronze Age settlement. Historical written records mention the settlement of the Had'teen Tribe (Cana'anian) after migrating from Palestine (13th BC); later on they were known as Tripolitans. Greeks named the Cana'anians 'the Phoenicians.'

14th–8th century BC: Phoenician trading station. Later on, Phoenicians started sailing to shores of Northern Africa and South Europe and establishing cities in many Mediterranean localities.

Founded c. 700

Joint rule by Sidon, Tyre, and Arvad..................c. 700 - 539 BCE

Persia...................................................539 - 332

Phoenicia became a province of the Persian Empire.

351 BC: Full independence proclaimed by Phoenician states from the Persian Empire.

358 BC: Triple city coalesced into one entity; became the center of Phoenician confederation and neutral meeting ground for the governors of the three main Phoenician cities/seaports: Aradus (modern Ruad in Syria), Sidon, and Tyre.

Macedon..................................................332 - 323

333 BCE: Alexander the Great in Phoenicia following victory over Persian king at Issus, arsenals of Tripolis harbor burned down. In 323 BCE, Alexander's death and break-up of his empire into three parts: Macedon, Egypt (ruled by the Ptolemies), and the Seleucid Empire. Struggle between the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucid kings of Antioch; Tripolis passed back and forth between the two powers.

Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301

Egypt....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - ?

Dionysius ( as tyrant ? )................................... ? - 68

Roman Republic............................................68 - 27

In 64 BCE, Phoenicia and the rest of Syria became a Roman province; Tripoli, Tyre and Sidon granted privileges of self-government (secondary role of Tripolis compared to Beirut and Sidon); Roman general Pompey beheaded Dionysius, the ruler of Tripolis, judged as tyrant. In 37–36 BCE, Tripolis is a part of the donations by Marc Antony to Cleopatra.

Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

In 117–138, under Emperor Hadrian, Tripolis was granted the right of asylum and assigned a naval command; it became an important religious center with a temple for imperial cult; from numismatic evidence it must have had temples dedicated to Astarte, the Dioscuri and Zeus Haghios.

Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661

In 645/646, Muslim army laid siege to Tripoli. General Sufyan built a fort on Abu Samra hilltop to survey the city; population fled to Cyprus; Tripoli captured and resettled with Persians and Jewish population. From 646–1070, Tripoli subject to Byzantine incursions during the Ummayad, Abassid and Fatimid rule aimed at the control of the coastal road.

Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1070

Seljuqs.................................................1070 - 1101 From 1070–1109, Tripoli politically independent from the Fatimids under the Banu Ammar emirs, who built the famous Dar Al-Ilm (a library that contained around 3,000,000 manuscripts).

BANU 'AMMAR Amin ud-Dawlah Hassan..............................1070 - 1072 Djalal ul-Malik Ali................................1072 - 1099 Fakhr ul-Mulk......................................1099 - 1109 opposed by...

Principality of Tripoli

TOULOUSE

Raymond I ( Count of Toulouse 1088-1105 ).................1101 - 1105

1099 beginning of a ten years siege of Tripoli by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Count of Toulouse (d. 1105 prior to the ending of the siege). Beginning of the construction of the Citadel in 1103. Fall of Tripoli to the Crusaders and its rebuilding over Muslim town in 1109.

Alphonse-Jordan.........................................1105 - 1109 William-Jordan ( regent )............................1105 - 1109

Bertrand................................................1109 - 1112

Pons....................................................1112 - 1137

Raymond II..............................................1137 - 1152

Raymond III (Prince of Galilee as well).................1152 - 1187

CHATILLON

Bohemond IV ( in Antioch 1163-1201 )......................1187 - 1233

Bohemond V..............................................1233 - 1251

Bohemond VI ( in Antioch 1251-1268 )......................1251 - 1275

In 1268, the castle and the Crusaders burg occupied and destroyed by Baibars.

Bohemond VII............................................1275 - 1287

Sybilla ( female )...............................................1287

Republic (commune)......................................1287 - 1288

Lucia ( female )..........................................1288 - 1289

In 1289, Fall of Crusader Tripoli (harbor city: El Mina) to Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun; city site transferred inland at the foot of Mount Peregrinus (Abu Samra) for protection against the return of the knights still on Cyprus and Rhodes; Arab Tripoli or medina built around inland citadel (the castle of saint-Gilles) over Crusader bourg and along the banks of Qadisha River (Abu Ali).

Egypt (Bahri Mamluq)....................................1289 - 1390

Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1390 - 1412 MA'ANID Ali Bashir I Muhammad Sa'ad ad-Din..........................................? - 1349 Othman.............................................1349 - ?

Nawruz al-Harzi.........................................1412 - 1414

Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1414 - 1516 Ahmed I Mulhim I............................................. ? - 1480 Yusuf II...........................................1480 - 1516 At the end of the 15th century, the governor of Tripoli (Lebanon) Youssef Bek Sayfa established Khan Al Saboun (the hotel of soap traders). This market was finished at the beginning of the 16th century, the last days of the Mamlouks ruling. The manufacture of soap was very popular in Tripoli. There, the market became a trade center where soap was produced and sold. Afterwards, traders of Tripoli began to export their soap to Europe.

Ottoman Empire..........................................1516 - 1832 Fakhr ad-Din I.....................................1516 - 1544 Qurqumaz I ibn Fakhr ad-Din I......................1544 - 1585 To the Ottomans directly 1585-1590 Fakhr ad-Din II ibn Qurqumaz I ( 1st time )..........1590 - 1613 d. 1635 In 1612, flood destroyed Mamluk monuments. Yunus II ibn Qurqumaz I............................1613 - 1617 Fakhr ad-Din II ibn Qurqumaz I ( 2nd time )..........1617 - 1635 In 1623, Fakhr ad-Din attacked the forces of Pasha of Tripoli at Anjar; Tripoli fell to Fakhr-ed-Din, (Sultan al-Barr or Sultan of the Land). Ali ibn Fakhr ad-Din I.....................................1635 Mulhim I ibn Yunus II..............................1635 - 1657 Ahmad ibn Mulhim I.................................1657 - 1697 with... Qurqumaz II........................................1658 - 1665 SHIHABID Sunni Muslims until Yusuf III, Maronite Christians thereafter. Bashir I ibn al-Husayn.............................1697 - 1706 Haidar I ibn Musa..................................1706 - 1732 Mulhim II ibn Haidar I.............................1732 - 1754 al-Mansur ibn Haidar I.............................1754 - 1770 with... Ahmad ibn Haidar I.................................1758 - 1770 with... al-Qasim ibn Umar ( in rebellion )..........................1760 Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II ( 1st time ).................1770 - 1778 d. 1790 Ahmad IV ibn Mulhim II.............................1778 - 1780 with... Afandi ibn Mulhim II...............................1778 - 1780 Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II ( 2nd time ).................1780 - 1789 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 1st time )..................1789 - 1790 d. 1840 Yusuf III ibn Mulhim II ( 3rd time )........................1790 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 2nd time ).........................1790 Haidar II ibn Mulhim II............................1790 - 1793 with... Qaädan ibn Muhammad ( 1st time ).....................1790 - 1793 al-Husein ibn Yusuf ( 1st time )............................1793 with... Salim ibn Yusuf ( 1st time )................................1793 and... Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf ( 1st time )..........................1793 d. c. 1800 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 3rd time )..................1793 - 1795 al-Husein ibn Yusuf ( 2nd time )............................1795 with... Salim ibn Yusuf ( 2nd time )................................1795 and... Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf ( 2nd time )..........................1795 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 4th time )..................1795 - 1799 al-Husein ibn Yusuf ( 3rd time ).....................1799 - 1800 with... Salim ibn Yusuf ( 3rd time ).........................1799 - 1800 and... Saäd ad-Din ibn Yusuf ( 3rd time )...................1799 - 1800 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 5th time )..................1800 - 1801 al-Abbas ibn Asaad ( 1st time ).............................1801 d. c. 1822 Qaädan ibn Muhammad ( 2nd time )............................1801 with... Salman ibn Ahmad ( 1st time )...............................1801 d. c. 1822 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 6th time )..................1801 - 1821 al-Hasan ibn Ali ( 1st time )...............................1821 with... Salman ibn Ahmad ( 2nd time )...............................1821 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 7th time )..................1821 - 1822 al-Hasan ibn Ali ( 2nd time )...............................1822 with... Salman ibn Ahmad ( 3rd time )...............................1822 al-Abbas ibn Asaad ( 2nd time ).............................1822 Bashir II ibn al-Qasim ( 8th time )..................1822 - 1840 From 1798–1835, Mustafa Agha Barbar ruled as governor of Tripoli on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt (Muhammad Ali - Khedivate Dynasty).........27 May 1832 - 08 Oct 1840

Ottoman Empire...................................08 Oct 1840 - 16 Aug 1860 Bashir III..................................08 Oct 1840 - 16 Jan 1842 d.1851

Ottoman governors Mustapha Pasha............................................1842 Omar Pasha................................................1842 Mohammed Pasha.....................................1842 - ? Assad Pasha.......................................... ? - 1845 Wahaji Pasha.......................................1845 - 1847 Wamiq Pasha Amin...................................1847 - ? Ahmad Pasha Kurshid Pasha........................................ ? - 1860 Fuad Pasha.........................................1860 - 1861 opposing...

France...........................................16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861 Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul...16 Aug 1860 - 05 Jul 1861

Ottoman Empire...................................05 Jul 1861 - 1918 Governors ( mutassarifs ) of Mount Lebanon Daoud Efendi Pasha.............................Jun 1861 - May 1868 Franko Kusa Nasri Pasha........................Jun 1868 - 02 Feb 1873 R ü stem Pasha...................................Mar 1873 - Mar 1882 Wassa (or Vasa) Pasha.......................09 May 1883 - 26 Jun 1892 Duhani Naum Nimetullah Pasha ................15 Aug 1892 - 02 Aug 1902 Muzaffar Pasha (Wladyslaw Czajkowski) ......27 Sep 1902 - 28 Jun 1907 Franco Kusa Yusuf Pasha........................Jul 1907 - Dec 1912 Yohannes Kuyumjian Pasha....................23 Dec 1912 - Sep 1915 Yegenaga Ali M ü nif Bey......................25 Sep 1915 - 15 May 1916 Ismail Haqqi Bey...............................May 1916 - Aug 1918 M ü mtaz Bey..................................15 Aug 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Omar al-Dauk................................30 Sep 1918 - 07 Oct 1918

Great Britain..................................................1918

Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920

France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943

Lebanon sequence afterwards... TYRE

Tyre, as the primary Phoenician port, was an extremely important city and the primary source of the purple dye used throughout the classical world. The seven-month siege that it took Alexander the Great to conquer the place is also legendary.

Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic tales.

Agenor.........................................................c. 1500 ?

Phoenix

Eri-Aku (Herakles).............................................1400's

Eri Aku may be the model for such figures as the Greek Heracles, the Biblical Arioch king of Ellaser, and the

Homeric Erichthonius king of Troy and Pontus.

Abimilki.......................................................1300's

Aribas.........................................................fl. c. 1230

Baal-Termeg....................................................fl. c. 1220

Baal...........................................................c. 1193

Pummay................................................c.1163 - 1125

Unknown Rulers

Phoenician State

Abibaal..................................................990 - 978

Hiram I the Great........................................978 - 944

Baal-Eser I..............................................944 - 927

Abdastratus..............................................927 - 918

Methusastartus...........................................918 - 906

Astarymus................................................906 - 897

Phelles..................................................897 - 896

Eshbaal I................................................896 - 863

Baal-Eser II.............................................863 - 829

Mattan I.................................................829 - 820

Pygmalion................................................820 - 774

Unknown Ruler 774-750.

Eshbaal II...............................................750 - 739

Hiram II.................................................739 - 730/29

Mattan II.............................................730/29 - 729

Elulaios.................................................729 - 694

Abd Melqart..............................................694 - 680

Baal I...................................................680 - 660

Unknown Rulers 660-590

Eshbaal III............................................591/0 - 573/2

Babylon..................................................573 - 539 Baal II...........................................573/2 - 564 Yakinbaal...........................................564 - 564/3 In the 560's the monarchy was overthrown and a oligarchic government established, headed by "judges" or shoftim (cf. Carthage). Shoftim of Tyre Chelbes...........................................564/3 - 563 Abbar...............................................563 - 562 Mattan (III)........................................562 - 556 with... Ger-Asthari.........................................562 - 556 Baal-Eser III.......................................556 - 555 Mahar-Baal..........................................555 - 551 The monarchy was restored with the ascension of Hiram III to the throne. Hiram III...........................................551 - 532

Persia...................................................539 - 420 Unknown Rulers Mattan IV....................................fl. c. 490 - 480 Unknown Rulers Boulomenus................................................fl. c. 450 Unknown Rulers Abdemon..........................................c. 420 - 411

(Cypriot) Salamis........................................411 - 374

Persia...................................................374 - 332 Unknown Rulers Eugoras ( grandson of Salamis King )........................fl. 340's Azemilki Straton.................................c. 340 - 332

Macedon..................................................332 - 323 Abdalonymus ( also in Sidon ).........................332 - ?

Kingdom of Antigonus.....................................323 - 301

Egypt....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - c. 140

Aristocratic Republic.................................c. 140 - 64

Roman Republic............................................64 - 27 Marion....................................................c. 42

Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1124

Jerusalem...............................................1124 - 1244 MONTFERRAT Conrad.............................................1188 - 1192 CHAMPAGNE Henry ( II of Champagne )............................1192 - 1198 de LUSIGNAN Amalric ( II of Jerusalem )..........................1198 - 1205 de MONTFORT Philip ( and Lord of Toron ).........................1229 - 1268 John ( and Lord of Toron )...........................1268 - 1283 Humphrey...........................................1283 - 1284 Margarete ( female ).................................1284 - c. 1291 Roupen ( titular 1291-1313 ).........................1284 - 1291 Amaury ( Amalric of Lusignan; titular only ).........1290 - 1310

To Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty) from 1244, and general Lebanese sequence thereafter... LEBANON This list will focus on Beirut. For other important Lebanese communities in the region, see Sidon and Tyre and, at a much later period, Tripoli. This list finishes with an account of the modern Lebanese State, known as Beyryt (place of wells) to the Phoenicians and Berytus to the Greeks. Beirut was a center of trade from ancient times.

Founded c.1600 BCE by Phoenicians of Byblos

Independent c. 1400 BCE

Unknown rulers

Ammunira.......................................................c. 1300's BCE

Abibal.........................................................fl. c. 1250

Unknown rulers

Tyre.................................................c. 1000 - 609 BCE

Egypt....................................................609 - 605

Babylonia................................................605 - 539

Persia...................................................539 - 332

Macedon..................................................332 - 323

The Kingdom of Antigonus.................................323 - 301

Egypt....................................................301 - 198

Seleucid Empire..........................................198 - 68

Roman Republic............................................68 - 27

Roman Empire..........................................27 BCE - 395 CE

Byzantine Empire.........................................395 - 612

On 09 July 551, Beirut city till Tripoli were destroyed by earthquake and tsunami and rebuilt with the help of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It triggered a devastating tsunami which affected the coastal towns of Phoenicia, causing great destruction and sinking many ships. Overall large numbers of people were reported killed, with one estimate of 30,000 by Antoninus of Piacenza for Beirut alone.

Persia...................................................612 - 628

Byzantine Empire.........................................628 - 638

Prophet Muhammad's elected successors....................638 - 661

Umayyad Caliphate........................................661 - 750

Abbasid Caliphate........................................750 - 868

Egypt (Tulunid Dynasty)..................................868 - 905

Abbasid Caliphate........................................905 - 935

Egypt (Ikhshidid Dynasty)................................935 - 969

Egypt (Fatamid Dynasty)..................................969 - 1071

Seljuqs.................................................1071 - 1110

Jerusalem...............................................1110 - 1187 de GUINES Lords of Beirut. Fulk...............................................1110 - ? Peter Walter I Brisebarre................................1125 - 1166 COMNENUS Andronicus ( Byz. Emperor 1183-85 )..................1166 - 1166/7 d. 1185 de GUINES Walter II........................................1166/7 - 1178 Walter III......................................c. 1178 - c. 1187

Egypt (Ayyubid Dynasty).................................1187 - 1197

Jerusalem...............................................1197 - 1244 d'IBELIN John I the Old ( also Lord of Nablus )...............1197 - 1236 Balian ( Lord of Nablus and Sidon )..................1236 - 1247 Tripoli............................................1244 - 1292 John II............................................1247 - 1264 Isabelle ( female )..................................1264 - c. 1283 Eschiva ( female )................................c. 1283 - 1292 d. 1312

Egypt (Bahri Mamluq)....................................1292 - 1390

Egypt (Burji Mamluq)....................................1390 - 1516

Ottoman Empire..........................................1516 - 1918

In 1516, Syria and Egypt fell to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. Ma'anid and Shihabi Emirs are listed under Tripoli (1516-1842). Beirut was a separate vilayet 1875-1918. In 1535, Signature of treaty by Suleiman the Magnificent and Francois I, King of France, giving France favors and privileges in the Levant. Ottoman Walis of Beirut Uzenetek Ali Beg...................................1875 - 1877 Rauf Efendi (Rauf Pasha)...........................1877 - 1879 Ibrahim Pasha......................................1880 - 1883 Nassuhi Bey........................................1883 - 1887 Örfi Pasazade Sarabçi Ali Pasha................Dec 1887 - Mar 1889 Mehmed Sherif Rauf Pasha.......................Apr 1889 – Jul 1889 Ahmed Aziz Pasha...............................Jul 1889 - Dec 1891 Vlora Ismail Kemal Bey.........................Apr 1891 - Jul 1892 Babanzade Khalil Khalid Bey....................Jul 1892 - Aug 1894 Abdulhalik Nasuhi Bey..........................Aug 1894 - Mar 1897 Huseyni Nazim Pash.............................Mar 1897 - Jul 1897 Reshid Mumtaz Bey..............................Jul 1897 – Sep 1903 Ibrahim Halil Pasha............................Sep 1903 - Dec 1908 Dirvana Ibrahim Edhem Bey......................Dec 1908 - May 1910 Mehmed Nureddin Bey............................May 1910 - Sep 1911 Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran ( 1st time ).........Sep 1911 - Aug 1912 Ebubekir Hazim Bey Tepeyran ( 2nd time ).........Jan 1913 - Sep 1913 Ali Munif Bey..................................Jun 1913 - Sep 1913 Bekir Sami Bey.....................................1913 – 1915 Akalin Mustafa Azim Bey........................Jun 1915 - Jun 1918 Muftuzade Ismail Hakki Bey .....................Jun 1918 - 30 Sep 1918

Syria............................................01 Oct 1918 - 01 Sep 1920 Head of Government Muhammad Said al-Jazairi..................................30 Sep 1918 Ali Rida Pasha al-Rikabi....................30 Sep 1918 - 05 Oct 1918 Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali..................05 Oct 1918 - 08 Mar 1920 al- Hashemi Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali ( continued )......08 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 On 23 October 1916 at Hamra in the Wadi Safra, the first encounter took place between Faisal and Captain Thomas Edward Lawrence, a relatively junior British intelligence officer from Cairo. Lawrence already had a vision of an independent post-war Arabian state, and knew it was essential to find precisely the right man to lead the Arab forces to achieve this. Faisal also worked with the Allies during World War I in their conquest of Greater Syria and the capture of Damascus, where he became part of a new Arab government in 1918. Faisal was made for a short time King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria (or Greater Syria) in 1920, and later he became the King of the Kingdom of Iraq from 1921 to 1933. Acting head of State Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha..................28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi..............................06 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 French Military Governors Marie Antoine Philpin de Piépape............08 Oct 1918 - Nov 1918 Hamelin........................................Nov 1918 - 1919 ? François Georges Barb............................1919 ? - 01 Sep 1920

France...........................................01 Sep 1920 - 22 Nov 1943

The French General Gouraud announced a declaration by France of the independence of Lebanon on September 01, 1920. He outlined the nation's boundaries to include the area from Ras-al-Naqurah (Naqurah peninsula) in the South to Nahr-el-Kabir (The Large River) in the North and from the summits of the Anti-Lebanon mountain in the East to the Mediterranean sea in the West. This was the first time Lebanon had these boundaries and was called The State of Greater Lebanon. Constitution in force: 23 May 1926. French Governors Albert Trabaud..............................01 Sep 1920 - Apr 1923 Privat-Aubouard ( interim ) ......................Apr 1923 - 27 Jun 1924 Charles Alexis Vandenberg...................27 Jun 1924 - 13 Jan 1925 Léon Henri Charles Cayla....................13 Jan 1925 - 26 May 1926 Provisional till 16 July 1925. Charles Debbas ( honorary President ) .........26 May 1926 - 01 Sep 1926 Presidents - Lebanese Republic Charles Debbas ( continue )...................01 Sep 1926 - 02 Jan 1934 Antoine Privat-Aubouard ( acting )............02 Jan 1934 - 30 Jan 1934 Habib Pacha Es-Saad.........................30 Jan 1934 - 20 Jan 1936 Émile Eddé ( 1st time ).......................20 Jan 1936 - 04 Apr 1941 Pierre Georges Arlabosse ( acting )...........04 Apr 1941 - 09 Apr 1941 Alfred Georges Naccache.....................09 Apr 1941 - 18 Mar 1943 He served as acting Preident till 01 Dec 1941. Independence from France declared (Lebanese Republic) on 26 Nov 1941. Ayub Thabit ( acting )........................19 Mar 1943 - 21 Jul 1943 Petro Trad..................................22 Jul 1943 - 20 Sep 1943 Béchara Khalil El-Khoury ( 1st time ).........21 Sep 1943 - 11 Nov 1943 Émile Eddé ( 2nd time ).......................11 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1943

French High Commissioner for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia) [headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon]

François Georges Picot..............................Oct 1918 - 26 Nov 1919

French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)

French High Commissioners

Henri-Joseph-Eugène Gouraud......................26 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922

Robert de Caix ( acting )..........................23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923

Maxime Weygand...................................19 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924

Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail....................29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925

Baron Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins...............23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926

Auguste Henri Ponsot................................Aug 1926 - Jul 1933

Damien de Martel, comte de Martel................16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939

Gabriel Puaux.......................................Jan 1939 - Nov 1940

Jean Chiappe ( did not take office )...............24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940

Henri Fernand Dentz..............................06 Dec 1940 - 16 Jun 1941

Delegates-general

Georges Albert-Julien Catroux....................24 Jun 1941 - 07 Jun 1943

He was also chief of Free French in Levant states.

Jean Helleu......................................07 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943

Yves Chataigneau.................................23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944

Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet..................23 Jan 1944 - 01 Sep 1946 British Military Commander

Henry "Jumbo" Maitland Wilson....................21 Jun 1941 - 1945

British Resident Ministers for Lebanon and Syria

Sir Edward L. Spears ( 1st time ) .................25 Mar 1943 - 1944

Walter Edward Guinness, Lord Moyne...............28 Jan 1944 - 06 Nov 1944

Sir Edward L. Spears ( 2nd time ).........................1944 - 1945

Sir Terence Allen Shone.................................1945 - 1946 French Mandate/Protectorate coinage of Etat du Grand Liban (State of Grand Lebanon) / Republique Libanaise (Lebanese Republic) Currency: Livre (Pound) = 100 piastres. Before World War I, the Ottoman lira was used. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the currency became the Egyptian pound in 1918. Upon gaining control of Syria and Lebanon, the French replaced the Egyptian pound with a new currency for Syria and Lebanon, the Syrian pound, which was linked to the French franc at a value of 1 pound = 20 francs. Lebanon issued its own coins from 1924 and banknotes from 1925. In 1939, the Lebanese currency was officially separated from that of Syria, though it was still linked to the French franc and remained interchangeable with Syrian money. In 1941, following France's defeat by Nazi Germany, the currency was linked instead to the British pound sterling at a rate of 8.83 Lebanese pounds = 1 pound sterling. A link to the French franc was restored after the war but was abandoned in 1949. Lebanon's first coins were issued in 1924 in denominations of 2 and 5 girush with the French denominations given in "piastres syriennes" (Syrian piastres). Later issues did not include the word "syriennes" and were in denominations of ½, 1, 2, 2½, 5, 10, 25 and 50 girsha. During World War II, rather crude ½, 1 and 2½ girsh coins were issued. The Arabic spelling girsh (غرش) was used from 1924 to 1941. 1924 KM#1 2 piastres . Year: 1924. Weight: 1.93g [2.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at the left side clockwise. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic on right side anti-clockwise. Cedar Tree with divided date in center circle. Date at bottom. Reverse: "2 PIASTRES SYRIENNES" on the top. Value "2" in center with one star on each side. Paris privy mark on both sides. "Piastres" in Arabic at bottom. Mintage: 1,800,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#2 5 piastres . Year: 1924. Weight: 3.74g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at the left side clockwise. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic on right side anti-clockwise. Cedar Tree with divided date in center circle. Date at bottom. Reverse: "PIASTRES 5 SYRIENNES" on the top. Value "5" in center with one star on each side. Paris privy mark on both sides. "Piastres" in Arabic at bottom. Mintage: 1,500,000. Minted Years: One year type. 1925 KM#4 2 piastres . Year: 1925. Weight: 1.97g [2.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "2 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#3 1 piastre . Year: 1925. Weight: 4.94g [5.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm with hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "One Piastre" in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "1 PIASTRE 1" and dates below. Paris privy mark on both sides. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Wreath around the center hole . Mintage: 1,500,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933 and 1936. KM#5.1 5 piastres . Year: 1925. Weight: 3.91g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy marks both on left side. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 1,500,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#5.2 5 piastres . Year: 1925. Weight: 4.02g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: including above coin. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933, 1936 and 1940. 1929 KM#6 10 piastres . Year: 1929. Weight: 1.96g [2.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 17.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Reverse: "10 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 880,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#7 25 piastres . Year: 1929. Weight: 4.99g [5.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Reverse: "25 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 200,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. KM#8 50 piastres . Year: 1929. Weight: 9.79g [10.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 27.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Reverse: "50 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 500,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. 1931 KM#3 1 piastre . Year: 1931. Weight: 4.89g [5.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm with hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "One Piastre" in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "1 PIASTRE 1" and dates below. Paris privy mark on both sides. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Wreath around the center hole . Mintage: 300,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933 and 1936. KM#5.2 5 piastres . Year: 1931. Weight: 3.65g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 400,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933, 1936 and 1940. 1933 KM#3 1 piastre . Year: 1933. Weight: 4.88g [5.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm with hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "One Piastre" in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "1 PIASTRE 1" and dates below. Paris privy mark on both sides. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Wreath around the center hole . Mintage: 500,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933 and 1936. KM#5.2 5 piastres . Year: 1933. Weight: 3.88g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 500,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933, 1936 and 1940. KM#7 25 piastres . Year: 1933. Weight: 4.96g [5.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Privy mark on both sides of "REPUBLIQUE". Reverse: "25 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 200,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. KM#8 50 piastres . Year: 1933. Weight: 9.92g [10.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 27.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Privy mark on both sides of "REPUBLIQUE". Reverse: "50 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 100,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. 1934 KM#9 ½ piastre . Year: 1934. Weight: 3.85g [4.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 21.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at top. Value "½ piastre" within sprigs in center. Date at bottom. Reverse: Value in center within roped wreath flanked by oat sprigs above date. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at top. Date at bottom. Mintage: 200,000. Minted Years: 1934 and 1936. 1936 KM#9 ½ piastre . Year: 1936. Weight: 4.15g [4.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 21.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at top. Value "½ piastre" within sprigs in center. Date at bottom. Reverse: Value in center within roped wreath flanked by oat sprigs above date. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at top. Date at bottom. Mintage: 1,200,000. Minted Years: 1934 and 1936. KM#3 1 piastre . Year: 1936. Weight: 4.94g [5.00g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 24.00 mm with hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "One Piastre" in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "1 PIASTRE 1" and dates below. Paris privy mark on both sides. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Wreath around the center hole . Mintage: 2,200,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933 and 1936. KM#5.2 5 piastres . Year: 1936. Weight: 3.89g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 900,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933, 1936 and 1940. KM#7 25 piastres . Year: 1936. Weight: 4.94g [5.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Privy mark on both sides of "REPUBLIQUE". Reverse: "25 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 400,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. Same as above coin but "25 piastres" written on obverse side is in thicker legend and the edge of the coin is different. Probably a fake coin. KM#8 50 piastres . Year: 1936. Weight: 9.99g [10.00g]. Metal: 0.680 silver. Diameter: 27.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree on rectangular box. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic within rectangular box. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French below the rectangular box in two lines. Date on both sides of the rectangular box. Privy mark on both sides of "REPUBLIQUE". Reverse: "50 PIASTRES" written in Arabic at top and in English at bottom. Crossed cornucopia in center. Mintage: 100,000. Minted Years: 1929, 1933 and 1936. 1940 KM#3a 1 piastre . Year: 1940. Weight: 3.50g [3.50g]. Metal: Zinc. Diameter: 24.25 mm with hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "One Piastre" in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "1 PIASTRE 1" and dates below. Privy marks above lion heads. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Wreath around the center hole . Mintage: 2,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#10 2½ piastres . Year: 1940. Weight: 3.06g [3.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 21.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: " ½ piastres " in Arabic at top. Hole in center flanked by lion heads with value "2 PIASTRES ½ " and dates below. Privy marks above lion heads. Reverse: Wreath around the center hole . "الجمهورية اللبنانية" written in Arabic at top. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" written in French at bottom. Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#5.2 5 piastres . Year: 1940. Weight: 4.02g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "5 Piastres" in Arabic at top. Traditional boat in center. "5 PIASTRES" below the boat with Paris privy mark on both sides. Dates at bottom. Reverse: "ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN" in French at bottom. "دولة لبنان الكبير" in Arabic at top. Cedar Tree in center . Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: 1925, 1931, 1933, 1936 and 1940. 1941 KM#9 ½ piastre . Year: 1941. Weight: 4.00g ? [4.00g ?]. Metal: Zinc. Diameter: 21.00 mm. Edge: Plain ?. Alignment: Coin ?. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at top. Value "½ piastre" within sprigs in center. Date at bottom. Reverse: Value in center within roped wreath flanked by oat sprigs above date. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at top. Date at bottom. Mintage: 1,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. ND (1941) - World War II Coinage KM#11 ½ piastre . Year: ND (1941). Weight: 2.15g [2.17g]. Metal: Brass. Diameter: 17.25 mm; hole in center. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "LIBAN" at top. Value "½" on both sides. "PIASTRE" at the bottom. Reverse: "LUBNAN" in arabic at top. Value "½" on both sides. "PIASTRE" in Arabic at the bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Note: Three varieties are known. Usually crudely struck, off-center, etc. Perfectly struck, centered uncirculated specimens command a considerable premium. Finely struck coins appear with medal rotation while crude examples have coin rotation. Size of letters also vary. Probably another variety. Same as above coin but with thick legends and rotated as shown. Weight: 2.15g. KM#12 1 piastre . Year: ND (1941). Weight: 2.56g. Metal: Brass. Diameter: 17.25 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "LIBAN" at top. Value "1" in center and "PIASTRE" at the bottom. Reverse: "LUBNAN" in arabic at top. Value "1" in center. "PIASTRE" in Arabic at the bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Note: Two varieties are known. Usually crudely struck, off-center, etc. Perfectly struck, centered unc. specimens command a considerable premium. KM#12a/Lecompte-47 exits in Aluminum is extremely rare (estimated value: $3000). One of such Aluminum piece brought €3,700 in iNumis Mail Bid Sale 29, Lot 1034. Probably another variety. Same as above coin but with thin legends on obverse side and rotated as shown. Weight: 2.40g. KM#13 2½ piastres . Year: ND (1941). Weight: 1.21g. Metal: Aluminum. Diameter: 17.25 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "LIBAN" at top. Value "2½" in center and "PIASTRES" at the bottom. Reverse: "LUBNAN" in arabic at top. Value "2½" in center. "PIASTRE" in Arabic at the bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Note: Seven varieties are known. Usually crudely struck, off-center, etc. Perfectly struck, centered unc. specimens command a considerable premium. Probably another variety. Same as above coin but with thick legends, off-center from reverse side and rotated as shown. Weight: 1.27g. Another coins also exists in this series: KM#13a 2½ piastres . Year: ND (1941). Weight: N/A. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 17.25 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "LIBAN" at top. Value "2½" in center and "PIASTRES" at the bottom. Reverse: "LUBNAN" in arabic at top. Value "2½" in center. "PIASTRE" in Arabic at the bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Note: Scarce coin.

KM# A14 5 piastre s. Year: ND (1941). Weight: N/A. Metal: Aluminum. Diameter: probably 21.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "LIBAN" at top. Value "5" in center and "PIASTRES" at the bottom. Reverse: "LUBNAN" in arabic at top. Value "5" in center. "PIASTRE" in Arabic at the bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: One year type. Note: 5 piastres did not enter circulation in significant numbers, therefore are expense and considered rare. Independent Presidents - Lebanese Republic

Béchara Khalil El-Khoury ( 2nd time )..............22 Nov 1943 - 18 Sep 1952

On 22 Nov 1943, France recognized the independence.

Fouad Abdallah Chehab ( 1st time - acting )........18 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1952

Camille Nimer Chamoun............................23 Sep 1952 - 22 Sep 1958

Fouad Abdallah Chehab ( 2nd time ).................23 Sep 1958 - 22 Sep 1964

Charles Alexandre Hélou..........................23 Sep 1964 - 22 Sep 1970

Suleiman Kabalan Franjieh........................23 Sep 1970 - 22 Sep 1976

Although the Government of Lebanon retains international recognition as a sovereign entity, it needs to be noted that since 1975, the country has been occupied by a large number of foreign military organizations (notably the Israeli Army in the south until 2000, the Syrian Army in the east, and many different terrorist and/or nationalist groups in the center and the south since 2000). The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 and resulted in an estimated 150,000 to 230,000 civilian fatalities. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded, and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. Taif Agreement (Christian 6:5 ascendancy replaced by 1:1 representation Muslim prime-ministerial powers strengthened), PLO expulsion from Lebanon, Syrian de facto occupation almost all Lebanon (1976–2005) with 30,000 soldiers and Israeli occupation of South Lebanon were the aftermath of this war.

In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese army began to break up. Major Saad Haddad, commanding an army battalion in the south that had been part of the Army of Free Lebanon, broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA was initially based in the towns of Marjayoun and Qlayaa in southern Lebanon, later known as SLA. South Lebanon Army (SLA) was supported by Israel during the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict to fight against various groups including the Amal Movement, Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and Hezbollah. SLA was no longer under the direct control of the Lebanese army, but from 1976-1979 its members were still paid as Lebanese soldiers by the government.

Elias Sarkis.....................................23 Sep 1976 - 22 Sep 1982

The Israeli-Lebanese conflict started on 06 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defence Minister Ariel Sharon invaded southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee" started the Lebanese civil war. On 14 September 1982, Bachir Gemayel, the newly elected President of Lebanon, was assassinated by Habib Shartouni of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as the Phalangists, were allied with Israel. The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, claiming there was a remaining force of approximately "2000 PLO terrorists" in the camps. The result was the Sabra and Shatila massacre in which at least 800 civilians were killed by the Phalangists between September 16 and September 18, 1982. Various forces (Israeli, Phalangist and possibly SLA) were in the vicinity. The actual killers were "the Young Men", a gang (Kataeb Party militia) recruited by Elie Hobeika, the Lebanese Forces intelligence chief, from men who had been expelled from the Lebanese Forces for insubordination or criminal activities. The massacre took place under Hobeika's direct orders. Hobeika's family and fiancée had been murdered by Palestinian militiamen at the Damour massacre of 1976. Hobeika later became a long-serving Member of the Parliament of Lebanon and served in several ministerial roles. On 17 May 1983, Lebanon's Amine Gemayel, Israel, and the United States signed an agreement text on Israeli withdrawal that was conditioned on the departure of Syrian troops; reportedly after the US and Israel exerted severe pressure on Gemayel. The agreement stated that "the state of war between Israel and Lebanon has been terminated and no longer exists." Thus, the agreement in effect amounted to a peace agreement with Israel, and was additionally seen by many Lebanese Muslims as an attempt for Israel to gain a permanent hold on the Lebanese South.

Some parts Occupied by the PLO...................06 Jun 1982 - 17 May 1983

After Palestine Liberation Organization founding in 1964 and the radicalization among Palestinians, which followed the Six Day War, the PLO became a powerful force, then centered in Jordan. The large influx of Palestinians from Jordan after “Black September” caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society and its democratic institutions established earlier by the National Pact. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the PLO in effect created an unofficial state-within-a-state, particularly in Southern Lebanon, which then played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War. The PLO had around 15,000 – 18,000 fighters (of whom about 5,000–6,000 were alleged to be foreign mercenaries (or volunteers) from such countries as Libya, Iraq, India, Sri Lanka, Chad and Mozambique) and they were disposed as follows: 6,000 in the Beirut, Ba'abda and Damour area, 1,500 in Sidon, 1,000 between Sidon and Tyre, 1,500 in Tyre, 1,000 deployed from Nabatiyeh to Beaufort Castle, 2,000 in Fatahland, and around 1,000 in the UNIFIL Zone. PLO were were expulsed on 17 May 1983 from Lebanon.

Amin Pierre Gemayel..............................23 Sep 1982 - 22 Sep 1988

On 16 February 1985, Shia Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin declared a manifesto in Lebanon, announcing a resistance movement called Hezbollah, whose goals included combating the Israeli occupation. During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict the Hezbollah militia waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon and their South Lebanon Army proxies. Throughout the period of 1985-1992, there were very few limited exchanges between Israeli and Hezbollah or Amal forces in southern Lebanon. Currency: Livre (Pound) = 100 piastres. After the war, the Arabic spelling was changed from girsh (غرش) to qirsh (قرش). Coins were issued in the period 1952 to 1986 in denominations of 1, 2½, 5, 10, 25 and 50 qirsh and 1 lira. No coins were issued between 1986 and 1995. 1952 KM#14 5 piastres . Year: 1952. Weight: 0.95g [1.00g]. Metal: Aluminum. Diameter: 20.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Dates on top at left and right. Cedar tree in center. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic below the Cedar tree. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Reverse: Traditional boat in center. "خمسة 5 قروش" in Arabic at top. "5 PIASTRES" in English with Paris privy marks on both sides at bottom . Mintage: 3,600,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#15 10 piastres . Year: 1952. Weight: 1.29g [1.30g]. Metal: Aluminum. Diameter: 21.80 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Dates below the Cedar tree in center. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at the top. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Reverse: Lion head in center with numeral 10 on both sides. "قروش" in Arabic at top. "PIASTRES" in English with Paris privy marks on both sides at bottom . Mintage: 3,600,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#16.1 25 piastres . Year: 1952. Weight: 3.94g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.25 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Medal. Mint: Utrecht, Netherlands. Obverse: Value within rectangular box divides wreath and dates. Reverse: Cedar tree. " الجمهورية اللبنانية " [al-Jumhuriya(t) al-Lubnaniya(t)] in Arabic and "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" in French below the tree. Mintage: 7,200,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#17 50 piastres . Year: 1952. Weight: 3.95g [4.9710g]. Metal: 0.600 silver. Diameter: 24.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Medal. Mint: Utrecht, Netherlands. Obverse: Dates below Cedar tree. " الجمهورية اللبنانية " [al-Jumhuriya(t) al-Lubnaniya(t)] in Arabic on top and "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" in French below the tree. Reverse: Value within wreath. Mintage: 7,200,000. Minted Years: One year type. 1954 KM#18 5 piastres . Year: 1954. Weight: 1.00g [1.00g]. Metal: Aluminum. Diameter: 20.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Date below Cedar tree in center. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at top. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Reverse: Wreath in center with value "خمسة 5 قروش" in Arabic at top and "5 PIASTRES" in English at bottom . Mintage: 4,400,000. Minted Years: One year type. 1955 KM#19 1 piastre . Year: 1955. Weight: 2.01g [2.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Hole in center surrounded by wreath and Date below it. "قرشا 1 واحد " at the top. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. Reverse: Hole in center surrounded by wreath with Date below it. Paris privy marks on both sides of the date. "1 PIASTRE" at the top. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: 4,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#20 2 ½ piastres . Year: 1955. Weight: 2.75g [2.75g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 20.00 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Hole in center surrounded by wreath and Date below it. Value in Arabic at the top. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. Reverse: Hole in center surrounded by wreath with Date below it. Paris privy marks on both sides of the date. " 2 ½ PIASTRE 2 ½ " at the top. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: 5,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. KM#21 5 piastres . Year: 1955. Weight: 2.79g [2.85g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 19.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree in center with and Date below it. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. "5 قروش" at the top. Reverse: Lion head in center. "5 PIASTRES" at top. Paris privy marks on both sides of the date below lion head. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: 3,000,000. Minted Years: 1955 and 1961. KM#22 10 piastres . Year: 1955. Weight: 3.57g [3.60g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Medal. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Traditional boat at the top, "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic below the boat with date between them. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Reverse: Cedar Tree on the right side with value in Arabic "10 قروش" at the left side. "10 PIASTRES" at the bottom. Mintage: 2,175,000. Minted Years: One year type. It has the same weight of 3.57g with slightly more thicker edge and probably slightly different reeding. KM#23 10 piastres . Year: 1955. Weight: 3.42g [3.45g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree in center with and Date below it. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. "10 قروش" at the top. Reverse: Traditional boat in center. "10 PIASTRES" at top. Paris privy marks on both sides of the date below the boat. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: 6,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. 1961 KM#21 5 piastres . Year: 1961. Weight: 2.89g [2.85g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 19.50 mm. Edge: Plain. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: Cedar tree in center with and Date below it. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. "5 قروش" at the top. Reverse: Lion head in center. "5 PIASTRES" at top. Paris privy marks on both sides of the date below lion head. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: N/A. Minted Years: 1955 and 1961. KM#24 10 piastres . Year: 1961. Weight: 3.45g [3.45g]. Metal: Copper-Nickel. Diameter: 21.50 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Cedar tree in center with and Date below it. "الجمهورية اللبنانية" in Arabic at bottom. "10 قروش" at the top. Reverse: Traditional boat in center. "10 PIASTRES" at top. Date below the boat. "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" at bottom. Mintage: 7,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. Note: This coin also exists in Proof. KM#16.2 25 piastres . Year: 1961. Weight: 3.99g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.25 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Medal. Mint: Utrecht, Netherlands. Obverse: Value within rectangular box divides wreath and dates. Reverse: Cedar tree. "al-Jumhuriya(t) al-Lubnaniya(t)" in Arabic and "REPUBLIQUE LIBANAISE" in French below the tree. Mintage: 5,000,000. Minted Years: One year type. Note: Larger date than the 1952 coin. 1968 KM#25.1 5 piastres . Year: 1968. Weight: 2.17g [2.20g]. Metal: Nickel-Brass. Diameter: 18.00 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: "مصرف لبنان" [Masraf Lubnan] in Arabic and "BANQUE DU LIBAN" in French below the Cedar tree. Dates between both languages. Reverse: Value within wreath. Mintage: 2,000,000. Minted Years: 1968-1970. KM#26 10 piastres . Year: 1968. Weight: 3.13g [3.20g]. Metal: Nickel-Brass. Diameter: 20.25 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: Paris with privy marks. Obverse: "مصرف لبنان" [Masraf Lubnan] in Arabic and "BANQUE DU LIBAN" in French below the Cedar tree. Dates between both languages. Paris privy mark on both sides of Cedar Tree. Reverse: Value within wreath. Mintage: 2,000,000. Minted Years: 1968-1970, 1972 and 1975. KM#27.1 25 piastres . Year: 1968. Weight: 3.96g [4.00g]. Metal: Aluminum-Bronze. Diameter: 23.30 mm. Edge: Reeded. Alignment: Coin. Mint: N/A. Obverse: Cedar tree. "مصرف لبنان" [Masraf Lubnan] in Arabic and "BANQUE DU LIBAN" in French below the tree. Dates between both languages. Reverse: Value within wreath. Mintage: 1,50