TL;DR Spring Boot was initially conceived with microservices applications in mind. But, as it excelled as a starting point for applications based on the Spring framework, many have started to wondering how to integrate JavaServer Faces (JSF) with Spring Boot. In this article we are going to put all the moving pieces together, and build a small application that enable users to list and persist products to a database.

What is JavaServer Faces (JSF)

JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification that promotes component-based user interface development for web applications. Views, on JSF, are described through XML files called view templates and usually rely on server-side sessions to store the state of UI components. For example, let's say that we wanted to show an HTML table of products. To do so, we would need an XML file with the following content:

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ui="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/facelets" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core"> <ui:composition template="base-layout.xhtml"> <ui:define name="content"> <h:form id="form"> <h:dataTable id="table" var="product" value="#{productListController.products}"> <h:column> <f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet> <h:outputText value="#{product.name}" /> </h:column> <h:column> <f:facet name="header">Action</f:facet> <h:commandButton id="delete" action="#{productListController.delete(product)}" label="Delete" /> </h:column> </h:dataTable> </h:form> </ui:define> </ui:composition> </html>

In this case, the view would be rendered by using the h:dataTable component, with the help of a backing bean called productListController , which would generate the HTML response for the requester. After rendering the webpage, JSF would retain the state of the view on the server-side to allow future interaction.

Integrating JSF with Spring Boot

For starters, we will fork and clone the GitHub repo specially created for this article. We could also use the Spring Initilizr webpage, which is easy and intuitive. But, as the application that we will build will have some other dependencies (like HSQLDB and Flyway), it will be easier to start with the fork.

JSF Dependencies

After forking the repository, open your preferred IDE (Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, Netbeans, etc) and import the initial project as a Maven project. Having the application properly imported on our IDE, the first thing we will do is to add a few dependencies. Let's open the pom.xml file and add the following elements nested in the <dependecies/> element:

<dependency> <groupId>org.apache.myfaces.core</groupId> <artifactId>myfaces-impl</artifactId> <version>2.2.12</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.myfaces.core</groupId> <artifactId>myfaces-api</artifactId> <version>2.2.12</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-jasper</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.ocpsoft.rewrite</groupId> <artifactId>rewrite-servlet</artifactId> <version>3.4.1.Final</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.ocpsoft.rewrite</groupId> <artifactId>rewrite-integration-faces</artifactId> <version>3.4.1.Final</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.ocpsoft.rewrite</groupId> <artifactId>rewrite-config-prettyfaces</artifactId> <version>3.4.1.Final</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.primefaces</groupId> <artifactId>primefaces</artifactId> <version>6.1</version> </dependency>

From top to bottom, let's demystify what these dependencies are. The first two dependencies, myfaces-api and myfaces-impl , are the JSF interface specification ( -api ) and implementation ( -impl ). The third dependency, tomcat-embed-jasper , is needed so the JVM can parse and execute JSF view on runtime.

After that there are three dependencies with org.ocpsoft.rewrite as the value of groupId . These dependencies are related to Rewrite, an open-source routing and URL rewriting solution for Servlet and Java Web Frameworks. Using JSF without a tool like Rewrite would lead us to ugly and non RESTful-friendly URLs that heavily use query parameters to navigate. Therefore we will use Rewrite to achieve intuitive, bookmarkable, and pretty URLs.

The last dependency added, primefaces , is an open source UI framework for JSF that features over a hundred components, like data tables, drag & drop, overlay dialogs, and etc. This framework will help us to create beautiful user interfaces easily.

While we have the pom.xml file opened, let's change the build process by adding the following line to it:

<build> <outputDirectory>src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/classes</outputDirectory> <!-- plugins... --> </build>

This configuration is important because Rewrite isn't prepared to scan for configurations on non-classical web applications (i.e. on embedded applications like Spring Boot). So we need to tweak the build process a little to help Rewrite fulfill its purpose.

JSF Configuration

Next, we will create two XML files. The first one, called web.xml , is quite popular among seasoned Java web developers. Usually, on a regular Spring Boot application, we wouldn't need this file. But, since we are going to use JSF, we need to configure the FacesServlet servlet and a couple of listeners. Let's create this file under a new directory called src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/ and add the following content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" version="3.1"> <servlet> <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.jsf</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener</listener-class> </listener> </web-app>

The first two elements in this file are responsible for setting FacesServlet up and configuring it. The servlet-mapping element instructs this servlet to handle requests to *.jsf URLs and deal with them in the context of JSF. The last two elements, the listener elements, are responsible for integrating JSF into the Spring context.

The second XML file that we need is called faces-config.xml . Let's create this file under the src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/ folder with the following content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <faces-config xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-facesconfig_2_2.xsd" version="2.2"> <application> <el-resolver>org.springframework.web.jsf.el.SpringBeanFacesELResolver</el-resolver> </application> </faces-config>

All this file does is to register an ELResolver (i.e. an Expression Language resolver) that delegates to the WebApplicationContext context of Spring the responsibility to resolve name references. With it we can use Spring managed beans in the JSF context.

As the last step to configure JSF with Spring Boot, we need to update the Application class of our project to create two more beans. This is done by configuring this class as follows:

package com.auth0.samples.bootfaces; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.servlet.RewriteFilter; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration; import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.FilterRegistrationBean; import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletRegistrationBean; import org.springframework.boot.web.support.SpringBootServletInitializer; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet; import javax.servlet.DispatcherType; import java.util.EnumSet; @EnableAutoConfiguration @ComponentScan({"com.auth0.samples.bootfaces"}) public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } @Bean public ServletRegistrationBean servletRegistrationBean() { FacesServlet servlet = new FacesServlet(); return new ServletRegistrationBean(servlet, "*.jsf"); } @Bean public FilterRegistrationBean rewriteFilter() { FilterRegistrationBean rwFilter = new FilterRegistrationBean(new RewriteFilter()); rwFilter.setDispatcherTypes(EnumSet.of(DispatcherType.FORWARD, DispatcherType.REQUEST, DispatcherType.ASYNC, DispatcherType.ERROR)); rwFilter.addUrlPatterns("/*"); return rwFilter; } }

Having both XML files created, the dependencies properly imported, and the Application class configured, we are ready to start developing JSF applications on Spring Boot.

Creating a JSF App on Spring Boot

As we are going to develop a simple application that lists and persists products, we are going to start by creating the Product entity. For starters, create the Product.java file in the com.auth0.samples.bootfaces package. This entity will have the following code:

package com.auth0.samples.bootfaces; import lombok.Data; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.GenerationType; import javax.persistence.Id; import java.math.BigDecimal; @Data @Entity public class Product { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) private Long id; @Column private String name; @Column private BigDecimal price; protected Product() { } public Product(String name, BigDecimal price) { this.name = name; this.price = price; } }

This is a very simple Product entity, with only three properties:

id , which holds the entity's primary key

, which holds the entity's primary key name , which holds the name of the product

, which holds the name of the product and price , which holds its price

You probably noted that your IDE started complaining about the @Data annotation. This annotation comes from the lombok library, which we still need to import into our application. Project Lombok aims on reducing the boilerplate code that is repeated in many parts of a Java application, like getters and setters. In the entity above, we used @Data to take out the burden of defining a lot of accessor methods for the entity's properties. There are many other features that Lombok brings to the table, take a look at its docs.

To import it, add the following element as a child of dependecies in the pom.xml file:

<dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <version>1.16.16</version> </dependency>

Now, we are going to create the application.properties file, that Spring Boot uses, to configure HSQLDB connection String , and Spring Data to disable the auto-create feature of Hibernate. Note that Hibernate is a transitive dependency of Spring Data, and by default it reads classes annotated with Entity and tries to create tables for them. But, as mentioned before, in our application we are going to use Flyway. The application.properties file must be created in the src/main/webapp/ folder with the following content:

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:hsqldb:file:data/products spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=none

The first property configures HSQLDB to persist data to the data folder of the root directory of our application, and the second one is the property that disables the Hibernate auto-create feature. Since we have disabled this feature, we now need to add a Flyway script to create the product table. Let's do that by creating a file called V1__products.sql in the src/main/resources/db/migration/ folder. This file will contain the following script:

create table product ( id identity not null, name varchar (255) not null, price double not null );

Now that we have finished defining the Product entity and a table to persist it on HSQLDB, we can now extend the JpaRepository Spring Boot interface to provide a managed bean to communicate with the database. To achieve this, let's create an interface called ProductRepository , in the com.auth0.samples.bootfaces package, with the following content:

package com.auth0.samples.bootfaces; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; public interface ProductRepository extends JpaRepository<Product, Long> { }

One might wonder, is the code above correct or useful? The answer is yes! JpaRepository interface comes with some predefined methods that allows developers to findAll instances of an entity ( Product in this situation), getOne entity by its id, delete entities, and save new ones. All without having to define a single method on the interface that extends this one.

We are now ready to work on the front-end code. To enable users to create products through our application, we will need to create three elements:

A template that contains the base layout of our JSF application. A JSF interface ( xhtml file) that contains the form to create new products. A Spring controller to work as a backing bean to the form interface.

Building the JSF Interface to Create Products

To start, let's create the template of our application. This template will be quite simple. First, create a file called layout.xhtml in the src/main/webapp/ folder, and then add the following code to it:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:ui="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/facelets" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core" xmlns:p="http://primefaces.org/ui"> <f:view> <h:head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Product</title> </h:head> <h:body> <div class="ui-g"> <div class="ui-g-12"> <p:toolbar> <f:facet name="left"> <p:button href="/" value="List of Products" /> <p:button href="/product" value="New Product" /> </f:facet> </p:toolbar> </div> <div class="ui-g-12"> <ui:insert name="content" /> </div> </div> </h:body> </f:view> </html>

Defining a view on JSF is almost like defining a regular HTML file, but with a few different elements, as we can see above. These elements come from namespaces defined on JSF and related frameworks (like PrimeFaces). The most important elements in the layout above are the p:toolbar element and the ui:insert element. The first one is a component provided by PrimeFaces, and we use it to define a navigation menu in our template. This menu will enable users to go to a view that allows them to create products, and another view that allows them to list the products already created.

The second element, ui:insert , defines the exact place of the template that will allow subviews to define their contents. A template can have multiple ui:insert elements, if they are defined with different names, but ours will have just one.

Note, JSF uses a technology called Facelets to define templates. You can read all about it in the JavaEE 7 tutorial on Oracle's website.

After defining our template, let's create the Spring controller that will support the interface that we will create next. Let's create a class called ProductController in the com.auth0.samples.bootfaces package and add the following code:

package com.auth0.samples.bootfaces; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.annotation.Join; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.el.ELBeanName; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Scope(value = "session") @Component(value = "productController") @ELBeanName(value = "productController") @Join(path = "/product", to = "/product-form.jsf") public class ProductController { @Autowired private ProductRepository productRepository; private Product product = new Product(); public String save() { productRepository.save(product); product = new Product(); return "/product-list.xhtml?faces-redirect=true"; } public Product getProduct() { return product; } }

This class has only two methods: save , which will be called by a JSF button to save a new product; and getProduct , that will be used by the interface to tie the inputs on the form to an instance of Product . This instance is created at the same time that ProductController instance is, and a new one is created right after the user saves a new product. Also note that the save method redirects to product-list.xhtml , the interface that lists products persisted in our database.

What is even more important to talk about is the four annotations that this class has:

@Scope is a Spring annotation that defines that a single instance of this class will exist per user.

is a Spring annotation that defines that a single instance of this class will exist per user. @Component defines this class as a Spring component and names it as productController —name that will be used in the form's interface.

defines this class as a Spring component and names it as —name that will be used in the form's interface. @ELBeanName is an annotation provided by Rewrite that configures the name of the bean on its scope.

is an annotation provided by Rewrite that configures the name of the bean on its scope. @Join —another annotation provided by Rewrite—configures the /product URL to respond with the contents of product-form.xhtml .

Lastly, let's create the form that will use the controller above. We will create a file called product-form.xhtml in the src/main/webapp/ folder, with the following content:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:ui="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/facelets" xmlns:p="http://primefaces.org/ui"> <ui:composition template="layout.xhtml"> <ui:define name="content"> <h:form id="productForm"> <p:panel header="Product Details"> <h:panelGrid columns="1"> <p:outputLabel for="name" value="Name: " /> <p:inputText id="name" value="#{productController.product.name}" /> <p:outputLabel for="price" value="Price: " /> <p:inputNumber id="price" value="#{productController.product.price}" /> <h:commandButton value="Save" action="#{productController.save}" /> </h:panelGrid> </p:panel> </h:form> </ui:define> </ui:composition> </html>

This file uses the ui:composition element to explicitly define layout.xhtml as the template for this view. After that it uses ui:define to inform that this view must be rendered in the content area of the template. And then it starts defining the form to create new products. This form is composed of one p:inputText where the user can define the name of the product, and a p:inputNumber element where the user can define the price of the new product. This last element was specifically created to handle numerical properties, as it blocks non-numerical characters and adds a mask to the input.

Lastly, the view defines a h:commandButton that renders an HTML button in the view that triggers the save method of the ProductController component. In this view we can see that we tie the new product and the behavior defined in the ProductController component through the productController name, which was defined in the @Component and @ELBeanName annotations of this component.

If we run our application now, through our IDE or through the mvn spring-boot:run command, we will be able to reach it in a browser going to http://localhost:8080/product . We will also be able to create new products through the form that is shown to us, but we won't be able to list the products created. Let's tackle that feature now.

Building the JSF Interface for Products' List

To enable our users to see a list of created products, we will first define a backing bean that will handle the logic behind the interface. This backing bean will be called ProductListController , and we will create it in the com.auth0.samples.bootfaces package with the following code:

package com.auth0.samples.bootfaces; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.annotation.Join; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.annotation.RequestAction; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.el.ELBeanName; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.faces.annotation.Deferred; import org.ocpsoft.rewrite.faces.annotation.IgnorePostback; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import java.util.List; @Scope (value = "session") @Component (value = "productList") @ELBeanName(value = "productList") @Join(path = "/", to = "/product-list.jsf") public class ProductListController { @Autowired private ProductRepository productRepository; private List<Product> products; @Deferred @RequestAction @IgnorePostback public void loadData() { products = productRepository.findAll(); } public List<Product> getProducts() { return products; } }

Similar to ProductController , this class has four annotations:

@Scope (value = "session") defines that there will be only a single instance of this class per user.

defines that there will be only a single instance of this class per user. @Component defines this class as a Spring component and names it as productList .

defines this class as a Spring component and names it as . @ELBeanName configures the name of the bean on Rewrite scope.

configures the name of the bean on Rewrite scope. @Join configures that the / URL will respond with the /product-list.jsf interface.

Note that this controller has a method called loadData that is annotated with @Deferred , @RequestAction , and @IgnorePostback . These annotations are needed to load the collection of products before rendering the interface. We could also load this collection in the getProducts , but this would make the process of rendering slow, as this method will be called a lot of times in the JSF lifecycle.

And to finish, as the companion of the backing bean defined above, we will create the interface that lists products. This interface will reside in the product-list.xhtml file, in the src/main/webapp/ folder, and will contain the following code:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ui="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/facelets" xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core" xmlns:p="http://primefaces.org/ui"> <ui:composition template="layout.xhtml"> <ui:define name="content"> <h:form id="form"> <p:panel header="Products List"> <p:dataTable id="table" var="product" value="#{productList.products}"> <p:column> <f:facet name="header"># Id</f:facet> <h:outputText value="#{product.id}" /> </p:column> <p:column> <f:facet name="header">Name</f:facet> <h:outputText value="#{product.name}" /> </p:column> <p:column> <f:facet name="header">Price</f:facet> <h:outputText value="#{product.price}"> <f:convertNumber type="currency" currencySymbol="$ " /> </h:outputText> </p:column> </p:dataTable> </p:panel> </h:form> </ui:define> </ui:composition> </html>

The interface created above renders the collection of product with the help of the p:dataTable component provided by PrimeFaces. This component receives a collection of objects, through the value property, from a backing bean ( ProductListController in this case), and iterate over it creating the rows of an HTML table. The columns of this table are defined with the p:column element, also provided by PrimeFaces. Note that in this interface we used an element called f:convertNumber to properly format the price of the products.

Running the application, and reaching the http://localhost:8080 URL, will show us the following screen.

Aside: Securing Spring APIs with Auth0

Securing Spring Boot APIs with Auth0 is easy and brings a lot of great features to the table. With Auth0, we only have to write a few lines of code to get solid identity management solution, single sign-on, support for social identity providers (like Facebook, GitHub, Twitter, etc.), and support for enterprise identity providers (like Active Directory, LDAP, SAML, custom, etc.).

In the following sections, we are going to learn how to use Auth0 to secure APIs written with Spring Boot.

Creating the API

First, we need to create an API on our free Auth0 account. To do that, we have to go to the APIs section of the management dashboard and click on "Create API". On the dialog that appears, we can name our API as "Contacts API" (the name isn't really important) and identify it as https://contacts.blog-samples.com (we will use this value later).

Registering the Auth0 Dependency

The second step is to import a dependency called auth0-spring-security-api . This can be done on a Maven project by including the following configuration to pom.xml (it's not harder to do this on Gradle, Ivy, and so on):

<project ...> <!-- everything else ... --> <dependencies> <!-- other dependencies ... --> <dependency> <groupId>com.auth0</groupId> <artifactId>auth0-spring-security-api</artifactId> <version>1.0.0-rc.3</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>

Integrating Auth0 with Spring Security

The third step consists of extending the WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter class. In this extension, we use JwtWebSecurityConfigurer to integrate Auth0 and Spring Security:

package com.auth0.samples.secure; import com.auth0.spring.security.api.JwtWebSecurityConfigurer; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.method.configuration.EnableGlobalMethodSecurity; import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity; import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity; import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter; @Configuration @EnableWebSecurity @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true) public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter { @Value(value = "${auth0.apiAudience}") private String apiAudience; @Value(value = "${auth0.issuer}") private String issuer; @Override protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception { JwtWebSecurityConfigurer .forRS256(apiAudience, issuer) .configure(http) .cors().and().csrf().disable().authorizeRequests() .anyRequest().permitAll(); } }

As we don't want to hard code credentials in the code, we make SecurityConfig depend on two environment properties:

auth0.apiAudience : This is the value that we set as the identifier of the API that we created at Auth0 ( https://contacts.blog-samples.com ).

: This is the value that we set as the identifier of the API that we created at Auth0 ( ). auth0.issuer : This is our domain at Auth0, including the HTTP protocol. For example: https://blog-samples.auth0.com/ .

Let's set them in a properties file on our Spring application (e.g. application.properties ):

auth0.issuer:https://blog-samples.auth0.com/ auth0.apiAudience:https://contacts.blog-samples.com/

Securing Endpoints with Auth0

After integrating Auth0 and Spring Security, we can easily secure our endpoints with Spring Security annotations:

package com.auth0.samples.secure; import com.google.common.collect.Lists; import org.springframework.security.access.prepost.PreAuthorize; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.util.List; @RestController @RequestMapping(value = "/contacts/") public class ContactController { private static final List<Contact> contacts = Lists.newArrayList( Contact.builder().name("Bruno Krebs").phone("+5551987654321").build(), Contact.builder().name("John Doe").phone("+5551888884444").build() ); @GetMapping public List<Contact> getContacts() { return contacts; } @PostMapping public void addContact(@RequestBody Contact contact) { contacts.add(contact); } }

Now, to be able to interact with our endpoints, we will have to obtain an access token from Auth0. There are multiple ways to do this and the strategy that we will use depends on the type of the client application we are developing. For example, if we are developing a Single Page Application (SPA), we will use what is called the Implicit Grant. If we are developing a mobile application, we will use the Authorization Code Grant Flow with PKCE. There are other flows available at Auth0. However, for a simple test like this one, we can use our Auth0 dashboard to get one.

Therefore, we can head back to the APIs section in our Auth0 dashboard, click on the API we created before, and then click on the Test section of this API. There, we will find a button called Copy Token. Let's click on this button to copy an access token to our clipboard.

After copying this token, we can open a terminal and issue the following commands:

# create a variable with our token ACCESS_TOKEN=<OUR_ACCESS_TOKEN> # use this variable to fetch contacts curl -H 'Authorization: Bearer '$ACCESS_TOKEN http://localhost:8080/contacts/

Note: We will have to replace <OUR_ACCESS_TOKEN> with the token we copied from our dashboard.

As we are now using our access token on the requests we are sending to our API, we will manage to get the list of contacts again.

That's how we secure our Node.js backend API. Easy, right?

Conclusion

Spring Boot enables developers to be highly productive through convention over configuration. In this article we showed that combining this framework with JSF is easy and empowers developers, makes them even more productive. JSF has been around for many years now, and there is a very good community and a lot of content written on the web that can help on the development of enterprise applications.

But, one problem that plagues developers quite often, is scalability. As JSF applications usually heavily depend on server-side sessions, developers struggle to scale these applications properly. In the next article, I'm going to address this issue by using Spring Session, a Spring module that helps managing users' session information.