CREDITS

Written by Melina Kolb

Edited by Madona Devasahayam, Helen Hillebrand, and Steven R. Weisman

Graphics by William Melancon

Videos by Daniel Housch

Chart data collected by Christopher G. Collins and Soyoung Han

Additional research by Anjali Bhatt, Cathleen Cimino-Isaacs, and Zhiyao (Lucy) Lu



Special thanks to C. Fred Bergsten, Chad P. Bown, Cullen S. Hendrix, Gonzalo Huertas, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Douglas A. Irwin, Fredrick Toohey, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Eitan Urkowitz for their contributions.

This feature was first published on October 29, 2018 and last updated on February 4, 2019.

© 2019 Peterson Institute for International Economics. All rights reserved.

The Peterson Institute for International Economics is an independent nonprofit, nonpartisan research organization dedicated to strengthening prosperity and human welfare in the global economy through expert analysis and practical policy solutions. The Institute discloses all sources of funding, which comes through donations and grants from corporations, individuals, private foundations, and public institutions, as well as income on the Institute’s capital fund and from publishing revenues. Donors do not influence the conclusions or policy implications drawn from Institute research. All Institute research is held to strict standards of replicability and academic integrity. Visit piie.com to learn more.

For more updates from the Peterson Institute, subscribe to the newsletter.



PHOTOS

Associated Press/Abe Fox

Flickr/Levan Ramishvili and Leon Yaakov

Library of Congress

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Archives and Records Administration

Reuters/Daniel Acker, Russell Boyce, Marcos Brindicci, Larry Chan, Kevork Djansezian, Regis Duvignau, Gary Hershorn, Leah Millis, Charles Platiau, John Sommers II, and Piroschka van de Wouw

Senate of Berlin

US Air Force

US Army

US Census

US Marine Corps

William Henry Fox Talbot, Public Domain

World Trade Organization

WTO/Jay Louvion, Studio Casagrande

SOURCES

Autor, David H., David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson. 2016. The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade [pdf]. Annual Review of Economics 8: 205–240.

Bartley Johns, Marcus, Paul Brenton, Massimiliano Cali, Mombert Hoppe, and Roberta Piermartini. 2015. The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty. Geneva: World Trade Organization.

Bergsten, C. Fred. 2017. Trade Balances and the NAFTA Renegotiation. PIIE Policy Brief 17-23. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Bergsten, C. Fred. 2018. How Not to Mobilize Against China. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (March 6). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Bialik, Kristen. 2017. Number of U.S. workers employed by foreign-owned companies is on the rise. Pew Research Center (December 14).

Blinder, Alan. 2017. Why, After 200 Years, Can’t Economists Sell Free Trade? Interview given at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, May 25.

Bown, Chad P. 2016. The Truth about Trade Agreements—and Why We Need Them. PBS News Hour (November 21).

Bown, Chad P. 2018. Why the U.S. Needs Allies in a Trade War Against China. Harvard Business Review (December 11).

Bown, Chad P., and Melina Kolb. 2018. Trump’s Trade War Timeline: An Up-to-Date Guide. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (September 24). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Bradford, Scott C., Paul L. E. Grieco, and Gary Clyde Hufbauer. 2005. Chapter 2 [pdf] of The United States and the World Economy: Foreign Economic Policy for the NextDecade. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen. 2016. Preserving Manufacturing Jobs One Company at a Time. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (December 2). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Congressional Research Service. 2016. The U.S. Income Distribution:Trends and Issues [pdf]. Washington.

Desilver, Drew. 2018. For most U.S. workers, real wages have barely budged in decades. Pew Research Center (August 7).

Freund, Caroline. 2017. Public Comment on Trump Administration Report on Significant Trade Deficits. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (May 8). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Freund, Caroline. 2017. Three Ways to Reduce a Trade Deficit. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (November 6). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Furman, Jason. 2015. Trade, Innovation, and Economic Growth [pdf]. Speech given at the Brookings Institution, April 8.

Furman, Jason. 2018. The real reason you’re not getting a pay raise. Vox (August 11).

Ghose, Ajit K. 2004. Global inequality and international trade. Cambridge Journal of Economics Volume 28, Issue 2 (March): 229–52.

Hendrix, Cullen S. 2016. Protectionism in the 2016 Election: Causes and Consequences, Truths and Fictions. PIIE Policy Brief 16-20. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hendrix, Cullen S. 2016. US Trade Agenda Requires Greater Focus on Social Concerns. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (November 7). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde. 2016. Ivory Tower Economists, Free Trade, and Workplace Woes. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (June 14). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Euijin Jung. 2017. “Buy American” Is Bad for Taxpayers and Worse for Exports. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (September 5). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Euijin Jung. 2019. Navarro Asks Congress to Give Trump Absolute Authority over the US Tariff Schedule. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (January 18). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Sean Lowry. 2012. US Tire Tariffs: Saving Few Jobs at High Cost. PIIE Policy Brief 12-9. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Zhiyao (Lucy) Lu. 2016. Increased Trade: A Key to Improving Productivity. PIIE Policy Brief 16-15.Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Zhiyao (Lucy) Lu. 2017. The Payoff to America from Globalization: A Fresh Look with a Focus on Costs to Workers. PIIE Policy Brief 17-16. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Hull, Cordell. 1948. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume 1. New York: Macmillan.

Initiative on Global Markets. 2018. Steel and Aluminum Tariffs. IGM Forum (March 12). University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Irwin, Douglas A. 2011. Peddling Protectionism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Irwin, Douglas A. 2017. Clashing over Commerce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jensen, J. Bradford. 2011. Global Trade in Services: Fear, Facts, and Offshoring. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Keynes, Soumaya, and Chad P. Bown. 2018. It's Fun to Discuss the USMCA—the New NAFTA. Trade Talks Episode 57 (October 5). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Kirkegaard, Jacob Funk. 2017. Tax Overhaul Risks Making the US Tax and Transfer System (Even) More Regressive. PIIE Policy Brief 17-28. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Kirkegaard, Jacob Funk. 2018. Prospects for Economic Reform and Medium-Term Growth in the United States. Chapter 7 of US-China Economic Relations: From Conflict to Solutions. PIIE Briefing 18-1. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Kletzer, Lori G., and Robert E. Litan. 2001. A Prescription to Relieve Worker Anxiety. PIIE Policy Brief 01-2. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics and Brookings Institution.

Lawrence, Robert Z. 2017. Recent US Manufacturing Employment: The Exception that Proves the Rule. Working Paper 17-12. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Lawrence, Robert Z. 2018. Five Reasons Why the Focus on Trade Deficits Is Misleading. PIIE Policy Brief 18-6. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Lawrence, Robert Z., and Tyler Moran. 2016. Adjustment and Income Distribution Impacts of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. PIIE Working Paper 16-5. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Lovely, Mary E., and Yang Liang. 2018. Trump Tariffs Primarily Hit Multinational Supply Chains, Harm US Technology Competitiveness. PIIE Policy Brief 18-12. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Lu, Zhiyao (Lucy), and Gary Clyde Hufbauer. 2017. Has Global Trade Fueled US Wage Inequality? A Survey of Experts. Trade and Investment Policy Watch (August 30). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Lu, Zhiyao (Lucy), and Gary Clyde Hufbauer. 2017. Section 301: US investigates allegations of forced technology transfers to China. East Asia Forum (October 3).

Moran, Theodore H., and Lindsay Oldenski. 2016. How Offshoring and Global Supply Chains Enhance the US Economy. PIIE Policy Brief 16-5. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Newport, Frank. 2016. American Public Opinion on Foreign Trade. Gallup (April 1).

Nye Jr., Joseph S. 2017. Will the Liberal Order Survive? The History of an Idea. Foreign Affairs (January/February).

Oldenski, Lindsay, and Theodore H. Moran. 2016. Misconceptions on the Campaign Trail: US Manufacturing. RealTime Economic Issues Watch (April 11). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2011. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising. OECD Publishing.

Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, Diana Beltekian, and Max Roser. 2018. Trade and Globalization. Published online at OurWorldInData.org (accessed on November 7, 2018).

Payosova, Tetyana, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, and Jeffrey J. Schott. 2018. The Dispute Settlement Crisis in the World Trade Organization: Causes and Cures. PIIE Policy Brief 18-5. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Petri, Peter A., Michael G. Plummer, Shujiro Urata, and Fan Zhai. 2017. Going It Alone in the Asia-Pacific: Regional Trade Agreements Without the United States. PIIE Working Paper 17-10. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Posen, Adam S. 2018. The Post-American World Economy: Globalization in the Trump Era. Foreign Affairs (March/April).

Results of Pew Research Center’s Global Trade Survey. Event held at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, September 27, 2018.

Revenga, Ana. 2017. Trade has been a global force for less poverty and higher incomes. Let’s Talk Development (February 2). Washington: World Bank.

Rodrik, Dani. 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington: Peterson Institute of International Economics.

Schott, Jeffrey J., and Melina Kolb. 2017. Nearly All US Trade Deals Were Negotiated, Signed, and Implemented by Republicans. PIIE Chart (August 16). Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Senator Orrin Hatch Argues Against Auto Tariffs. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Finance hearing "Current and Proposed Tariff Actions Administered by the Department of Commerce," June 20, 2018.

Thompson, Robert L. 2007. Globalization and the Benefits of Trade. Chicago Fed Letter, No. 236. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2013. Global Value Chains and Development: Investment and Value Added Trade in the Global Economy. New York: United Nations.

Wandner, Stephen A. 2016. Wage Insurance as a Policy Option in the United States. Washington: Urban Institute.

Weisman, Steven R. 2016. The Great Tradeoff: Confronting Moral Conflicts in the Era of Globalization. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2017. Employment Projections Program. Accessed on October 4, 2018.