AMD Is Born

From its conception in 1969, AMD focused on producing microprocessors and similar computer components. Initially, it merely licensed processor designs from other companies like Fairchild Semiconductor. Although it started producing other PC components developed entirely in-house early on as well, AMD wouldn't produce a processor it designed itself for several years.

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AM9080 And AM2900

In 1975, AMD created its first two non-licensed processor products. Technically, its AM2900 wasn't a processor; rather, it was a series of components used to build a 4-bit modular processor. It also produced the AM9080, which was a reverse-engineered clone of Intel's 8080 8-bit microprocessor.

The IBM Agreement

AMD's entry into the x86 processor market began in the early 1980s following an agreement between IBM and Intel. At the time, IBM was one of the largest computer manufacturers in the world and quite possibly the single largest producer of computer products. IBM was deliberating on several different processor designs to use in its upcoming products when it entered into negotiations with Intel. If Intel won the contract, it would secure a massive order for the company's processors for use inside of IBM-compatible PCs.

IBM was concerned, however, that the sheer number of processors that it needed would exceed the production capabilities of any single manufacturer, so it required Intel to license its technology to third-party manufacturers to ensure sufficient total volume. Intel, not wanting to lose the contract with IBM to a competitor, agreed to IBM's terms in 1981.

Following the agreement, AMD began producing licensed identical clones of Intel's 8086 processors in 1982.

Code Name N/A Release Date 1982 Architecture 16-bit Data Bus 16-bit Address Bus 20-bit Maximum Memory Support 1 MB L1 Cache None L2 Cache None Frequency 4 - 10 MHz FSB 4 - 10 MHz FPU 8087 (Sold Separate) SIMD None Fab 3000 nm Transistor Count 29,000 Power Consumption N/A Voltage 5 V Die Area 33 mm² Socket 40 pins

AM29000 32-Bit RISC Processors

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, AMD also produced a line of 32-bit RISC processors known as the AM29000 series. These processors were essentially the next generation of its earlier AM2900 products, however, and they were targeted more at the embedded market than high-performance computers. AMD designed the AM29000 using a variation of the Berkeley RISC architecture. Eventually, AMD discontinued work on the AM29000 series to focus on its x86 processor line.

AMD AM286

AMD's second x86 processor was the AM286, a licensed clone of Intel's 80286. Although the chip was architecturally identical, it had one advantage over its Intel counterpart: higher clock speeds. Where Intel capped the 80286 at 12.5 MHz, AMD pushed the AM286 as high as 20 MHz.

AMD AM286

Code Name N/A Release Date 1983 Architecture 16-bit Data Bus 16-bit Address Bus 24-bit Maximum Memory Support 16 MB L1 Cache None L2 Cache None Frequency 8 - 20 MHz FSB 8 - 20 MHz FPU 80287 (sold separately) SIMD None Fab 1500 nm Transistor Count 134,000 Power Consumption N/A Voltage 5 V Die Area 49 mm² Socket 68 pins

AMD AM386: Legal Battles With Intel

In 1985, Intel released its first 32-bit x86 processor design, the 80386. AMD planned to release its variation, the AM386, not long after, but Intel held it up in court. Intel claimed that its cross-licensing agreement permitted AMD to produce copies of only the 80286 and older processor designs, but AMD argued that the contract permitted it to create clones of the 80386 and future x86 derivatives, as well. After years of legal battles, the courts sided with AMD, and the company was able to release its AM386 in 1991.

Although the AM386 is an 80386 clone, AMD released AM386 processors with clock speeds up to 40 MHz, whereas Intel's 80386 tapped out at 33 MHz. This gave AMD a performance advantage, and as it used the same socket and platform as the 80386, it gave customers an upgrade path to their aging systems.

AMD AM386

Code Name N/A Date 1991 Architecture 32-bit Data Bus 32-bit Address Bus 32-bit Maximum Memory Support 4 GB L1 Cache None L2 Cache None Frequency 12 - 40 MHz FSB 12 - 40 MHz FPU 80387 SIMD None Fab 1500 - 1000 nm Transistor Count 275,000 Power Consumption 2 W (@33 MHz) Voltage 5 V Die Area 42 mm² Socket 132 pins

AM486 And AMD 5x86: The Final Clone

The last processor designed by Intel that AMD produced was the AM486 (80486), and it was released in 1994. Due to ongoing legal disputes between Intel and AMD, some versions of the AM486 use Intel microcode whereas others use microcode developed in-house by AMD. AMD followed a similar strategy with its AM486 as it did with the AM386, by pushing clock speed considerably higher than Intel. Although Intel's fastest 80486 processors were capped at 100 MHz, AMD went as high as 120 MHz on the AM486.

Not long after, in 1995, AMD also released its AMD 5x86. This processor used the same architecture as the AM486 and 80486, but it pushed the clock speed even higher. Retail models ran at 133 MHz, and OEMs had access to an even faster 150 MHz version.

Other notable changes in this line of processors was the addition of L1 cache, which helped to increase performance compared to the older 80386/AM386 CPUs. It also moved the FPU into the same package as the CPU, which also significantly improved performance. Prior to this, all FPUs were sold as separate hardware units and connected to the CPU through the motherboard.

Following the release of Intel's first Pentium processor around the same time also lead AMD and other competing CPU designers to introduce the PR or "Pentium Rating" system. This gave companies a simple way to advertise their products against each other and against Intel's Pentium. An example of this is the AMD 5x86 PR 75, which was advertised as having equivalent performance to a 75 MHz Pentium CPU.

AM486 And AMD 5x86

Code Name N/A X5 Date 1993 1995 Architecture 32-bit 32-bit Data Bus 32-bit 32-bit Address Bus 32-bit 32-bit Maximum Memory Support 4 GB 4 GB L1 Cache 8 - 16 KB 16 KB L2 Cache None None Clock Speed 16 - 120 MHz 133 -150 MHz FSB 16 - 50 MHz 33 - 50 MHz FPU Integrated Integrated SIMD None None Fab 800 - 1000 nm 350 nm Transistor Count 1,185,000 N/A Power Consumption N/A N/A Voltage 5 V - 3.3 V 3.45 V Die Area 67 - 81 mm² N/A Socket 168 pins 168 pins

K5: AMD's First x86 Processor

In 1996, AMD released its first x86 processor designed entirely in-house. The fifth-generation x86 K5 processor used an innovative design that combined the execution hardware from AMD's discontinued AM29000 RISC processors with an x86 front end. Because the execution back-end hardware was based on a RISC design, instructions were decoded into micro-instructions that could be fed into one of five integer execution units or an integrated FPU.

AMD implemented an out-of-order speculative execution design as well, which helped to boost performance. The overall design was fairly complex, however, which limited AMD's ability to push up the clock speed, and the K5 was not able to surpass Intel's Pentium in terms of performance. It was considered relatively efficient, however, and AMD advertised 100 MHz K5 processors with a PR133 rating, meaning that AMD considered it to have equivalent performance to a 133 MHz Pentium.

AMD K5

Code Name SSA/5, 5k86 Date 1996 Architecture 32-bit Data Bus 32-bit Address Bus 32-bit Maximum Memory Support 4 GB L1 Cache 16 KB + 8 KB L2 Cache None Clock Speed 75 - 133 MHz (PR75 - PR200) FSB 50 - 66 MHz SIMD None Fab 500 - 350 nm Transistor Count 4.3 Million Power Consumption 11 - 16 W Voltage 3.52 V Die Area 181 - 251 mm² Connection Socket 5 & Socket 7

K6: AMD's NexGen Processor

Instead of developing a new architecture to succeed the K5, AMD opted to purchase NexGen, a competing manufacturer of processors, and use its upcoming Nx686 design for the K6. Although the design was completely different than the K5, it was somewhat similar at a high level.

For example, like the K5, the K6 also used an x86 front-end to decode instructions into micro-operations that were then executed on internally RISC-like hardware. The K6 was released in 1997, and it was compatible with Socket 7 motherboards; clock-for-clock, it matched the performance of Intel's Pentium II, while also being considerably less expensive. It also included the important MMX SIMD instruction set.

The Pentium II did have one major advantage in that its FPU performance was better than the K6.

AMD K6

Code Name K6 (350 nm), Little Foot (250 nm) Date 1997/1998 Architecture 32-bit Data Bus 32-bit Address Bus 32-bit Maximum Memory Support 4 GB L1 Cache 32 KB + 32 KB L2 Cache None L3 Cache None Clock Speed 266 - 350 MHz FSB 50 - 66 MHz SIMD MMX Fab 350 - 250 nm Transistor Count 8.8 Million Power Consumption 12 - 28 W Voltage 2,2 - 3,2 V Die Area 68 - 157 mm² Socket Socket 7

AMD K6-II

AMD's next processor was the K6-II. It was essentially an extended version of the K6 that could use a faster 100 MHz FSB, higher clock speeds, and new SIMD instructions. AMD introduced its 3DNow! SIMD instruction set as a competitor to Intel's MMX. Similar to AMD's older processors, the K6-II gave customers a clear upgrade path from the aging Pentium MMX processors, and as a result they were highly successful.

AMD K6-II

Code Name K6-3D, Chomper Date 1998 Architecture 32-bit Data Bus 32-bit Address Bus 32-bit Maximum Memory Support 4 GB L1 Cache 32 KB + 32 KB L2 Cache None L3 Cache None Clock Speed 300 - 550 MHz FSB 66 - 100 MHz SIMD MMX, 3DNow! Fab 250 nm Transistor Count 9.3 Million Power Consumption 13 - 25 W Voltage 2.2 - 2.4 V Die Area 81 mm² Socket Socket 7/Super Socket 7

AMD K6-III: Integration Of L2 Cache

In 1999, AMD released its third-generation K6 processor, the K6-III. It was architecturally similar to the K6 and K6-II, but AMD added 256 KB of L2 cache on the CPU die. Prior to this, L2 was placed on the motherboard and accessed over the FSB, but the tighter integration significantly reduced latency and increased bandwidth. The K6-III was relatively expensive, however, and AMD quickly replaced it with the Athlon processor.

AMD K6-III