The Four Noble Truths

Dukkha exists – unsatisfactoriness, suffering, discontent, stress (to be Investigated) The cause or origin of dukkha is craving (tanha-lit. thirst) or clinging (to be Abandoned) Dukkha ceases with the relinquishment of that craving (to be Realized) The path leading to the cessation of dukkha is the Noble Eightfold Path (to be Developed)

The Eightfold Path (ariya-magga)

Wisdom/Discernment (pañña)

Wise or Right View/Understanding (samma-ditthi) – Knowledge of the Four Noble Truths Wise or Right Intention/Resolve (sammá-sankappa) – Renunciation, Loving-kindness, Harmlessness

Virtue (sila)

Wise or Right Speech (sammá-vácá) – abstaining from lying, malicious or divisive speech, abusive or harsh speech, and idle chatter Wise or Right Action (sammá-kammanta) – abstaining from killing, stealing and sexual misconduct Wise or Right Livelihood (sammá–ájíva) – abstaining from dishonest and harmful means of livelihood

Concentration/Meditation (samadhi)

Wise or Right Effort (samma-vayama) – the effort of avoiding and overcoming unskillful qualities, and of developing and maintaining skillful qualities Wise or Right Mindfulness (samma-sati) – The Four Foundations of Mindfulness Wise or Right Concentration (samma-samadhi) – The Four Form Jhanas

Three Characteristics of Existence (of Conditioned Phenomena)

Impermanence (anicca) Unsatisfactoriness (dukkha) Not-self (anatta) – empty of inherent existence; not “me”, “myself”, nor “what I am”

Three Pillars of Dhamma (dharma) or Grounds for Making Merit

Generosity (dana) Moral restraint (sila) Meditation (bhavana) – consists of Concentration (samadhi) and Mindfulness (sati)

Three Poisons/Defilements (Kilesas – lit. torments of the mind)

Greed (lobha) – mindfulness transforms this into Faith Aversion/hatred (dosa) – mindfulness transforms this into discriminating Wisdom Delusion (moha) – mindfulness transforms this into Equanimity

Three Refuges (Triple Gem, Three Jewels)

Buddha – both the historical Buddha and one’s own innate potential for Awakening Dhamma – the Buddha’s teaching of liberation and the ultimate Truth towards which it points Sangha – the monastic community, those who have achieved at least some degree of Awakening, and more recently the community of followers of the Buddhist path (traditionally called the Parisa)

Three Types of Dukkha

Dukkha as pain (dukkha–dukkhata) – body or mental pain Dukkha that is inherent in formation (sankhara-dukkhata) – maintenance of body and things, oppressive nature of continuous upkeep Dukkha of change (viparinama-dukkhata) – pleasant and happy conditions in life are not permanent

Four Bases of Power or Success (Iddhipada)

Desire (chanda) Persistence/Energy/Effort (viriya) Intention, Mind, Thoughtfulness (citta) Investigation/Discrimination (vimamsa or panna)

Four Brahma-viharas (Highest Attitudes/Emotions)

Heavenly or sublime abodes (best home). Near enemy is a quality that can masquerade as the original, but is not the original. Far enemy is the opposite quality.

Lovingkindness, good-will (metta): Near enemy – attachment; far enemy – hatred Compassion (karuna): Near enemy – pity; far enemy – cruelty Sympathetic joy, Appreciation (mudita), joy at the good fortune of others: Near enemy – comparison,hypocrisy, insincerity, joy for others but tinged with identification (my team, my child); far enemy – envy Equanimity (upekkha): Near enemy – indifference; far enemy – anxiety, greed

Four Foundations of Mindfulness

(from the Satipatthana Sutta)

Mindfulness of the body (kaya) Mindfulness of feeling (vedana)-pleasant, unpleasant, neutral; initial reactions to sensory input Mindfulness of mind/consciousness (citta), of the mind-states, moods (greed, aversion, delusion and their opposites) Mindfulness of mind objects-mental events (dharmas); Five categories of dhammas: Five hindrances, Five aggregates, 6 sense bases, Seven factors of enlightenment, Four Noble Truths

Four Form Jhanas (rupa jhanas) or Meditative Absorptions

First Jhana, characterized by intense pleasure, has five jhanic factors: applied thought (vittaka), sustained thought(vicara), joy (piti), happiness (sukha), one-pointednesss (ekkagata) Second Jhana, characterized by joy, has 3 factors: joy (piti), happiness (sukha) , and one–pointedness (ekkagata) Third Jhana, characterized by contentment, has 2 factors: contentment and one-pointedness (ekkagata) Fourth Jhana, characterized by equanimity and stillness, has 1 factor: one-pointedness (ekkagata)

Four Heavenly Messengers

An old person A sick person A corpse A wandering monk

Four Right Efforts (sammappadhana)

Not to let an unwholesome-unskillful thought arise, which has not yet arisen-Guarding Not to let an unwholesome-unskillful thought continue, which has already arisen-Abandon To make a wholesome-skillful thought arise, which has not yet arisen-Develop To make a wholesome-skillful thought continue, which has already arisen-Sustain

Four Taints (asavas)

Obstructions to Enlightenment (most suttas don’t include the 4th taint)

attachment to sensuality attachment to existence/to becoming ignorance of the dhamma (of the way things are) attachment to opinions/views (most Suttas do not include this one-Abhidhamma does)

Five Aggregates (khandhas or skandas or heaps)

Physical and mental components of the personality (ego) and of sensory experience in general

Form/physical phenomena, body (rupa ) Feeling (vedana ) pleasant, unpleasant, neutral. Feelings arise when there is contact between the 6 internal organs and the 6 external objects: (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind & corresponding: sight, sound, odor, taste touch, mental object) Perception (sañña) – recognition Mental Formations (sankhara) – includes mental states, emotions, volition (fabrications) Consciousness (viññana) – grasps the characteristics of the 6 external objects

Five Faculties (indriya) and Five Strengths or Powers

Faith & Wisdom balance each other, as do Energy & Concentration.

The Five Faculties are ‘controlling’ faculties because they control or master their opposites.

The faculties and powers are two aspects of the same thing.

Faith (saddha) – controls doubt Energy/Effort/Persistence (viriya) – controls laziness Mindfulness (sati); – controls heedlessness Concentration (samadhi) – controls distraction Wisdom (panna)/Discernment – controls ignorance

Five Hindrances (nivarana)

Sensual Desire (kámacchanda) Aversion or Ill-will (vyápáda) Sleepiness – sloth (thina), torpor (middha), sluggishness Restlessness – worry about the future, regret of the past, anxiety (uddhacca-kukkucca) Doubt (skeptical doubt)(vicikicchá)

Five Precepts

To refrain from killing To refrain from stealing (taking that which is not offered) To refrain from sexual misconduct To refrain from lying, harsh speech, idle speech, and slander To refrain from taking intoxicants that cloud the mind and cause heedlessness

Five Daily Recollections

I am of the nature to grow old; I cannot avoid aging. I am of the nature to become ill or injured; I cannot avoid illness or injury I am of the nature to die; I cannot avoid death. All that is mine, dear and delightful, will change and vanish. I am the owner of my actions;

I am born of my actions;

I am related to my actions;

I am supported by my actions;

Any thoughts, words or deeds I do, good or evil, those I will inherit.

from AN V.57 Upajjhatthana Sutta: Subjects for Contemplation

Five Things that lead to Awakening

Admirable friends Sila (morality, virtue) Hearing the dharma Exertion. Effort in abandoning unskillful qualities and cultivating skillful ones Awareness of impermanence (anicca) – Insight into impermanence

Six Senses

Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Touching Thinking

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (bojjhanga)

Three arousing, Three calming, mindfulness is neutral

Neutral

Mindfulness (sati)

Arousing Investigation of Phenomena (dhamma vicaya)-Wisdom Factor: seeing anicca, anatta, dukkha; how mind body operates Energy/Effort (viriya) Rapture, Joy-intense interest in object (piti)

Calming Calm/tranquility (passaddhi) Concentration (samadhi) Equanimity (upekkha)

Eight Worldly Dhammas (Conditions, Concerns)

These conditions are inconstant & impermanent.

Gain and Loss

Pleasure and Pain

Praise and Blame

Fame and Disrepute (status/disgrace)

Ten Perfections (Paramis/Paramitas)

Ten qualities leading to Buddhahood

Generosity (dana) Morality (sila)-virtue, integrity Renunciation (nekkhamma) Wisdom (pañña) Energy/Strength (viriya)- effort Patience (khanti) Truthfulness (sacca) Resolution – determination (adhitthana) Lovingkindness (metta) Equanimity (upekkha)

Ten Fetters (samyojana)

Note: The first 3 fetters are cognitive (understanding), the next 2 are affective (emotional), the last 5 are Transcendent

Self-identity beliefs Doubt Clinging to rites and rituals Sensual craving Ill will Attachment to the form Attachment to formless phenomena Conceit (mána, literally measuring-as measuring oneself and comparing to others)- (a subtle sense of self) Restlessness Ignorance (with regard to the Four Noble Truths)

Four Stages of Enlightenment

The Stream-enterer (sotapanna)-has eradicated the first three fetters; will be enlightened in Seven lives or less (cognitive, understanding) The Once-returner (sakadagami) has eradicated the first three & weakened the fourth and fifth (affective, emotional) The Non-returner (anagami) has eradicated the first five fetters The Arahat has eradicated all ten fetters. (transcendent-has eliminated attachment to altered states)

Twelve Links of Dependent Origination-

Dependent Co-arising (Paticca-Samuppada)

The doctrine of the conditionality of all physical & mental phenomena; how ignorance conditions old age,disease and death

From ignorance (avijja) come karma formations/fabrications/volitional formations (sankhara)

From karma formations comes consciousness (viññana)

From consciousness comes mind and matter (nama-rupa)

From mind and matter come the six senses (salayatana)

From the six senses comes contact (phassa)

From contact comes feeling (vedana)

From feeling comes craving (tanha)

From craving comes clinging (upadana)

From clinging comes becoming/existence (bhava)

From becoming/existence comes birth (jati)

From birth, then aging & death

Twelve Links of Transcendental Dependent Arising

This continues from the 12 “mundane” links of dependent origination, the last one being dukkha (or suffering) instead of “birth, aging and death”.

Suffering (dukkha)

Faith (saddha)

Joy (pamojja)

Rapture (piti)

Tranquility (passaddhi)

Happiness (sukha)

Concentration (samadhi)

Knowledge and vision of things as they are (yathabhutañanadassana)

Disenchantment (nibbida)

Dispassion (viraga)

Emancipation (vimutti)

Knowledge of destruction of the cankers (asavakkhaye ñana)

37 Factors of Enlightenment or Wings of Awakening

(bodhipakkhiya-dhammá)

The set of teachings that the Buddha himself said formed the heart of his message.

Four Foundations of Mindfulness (satipatthana)

Four Right Efforts (sammappadhana)

Four Bases of Power (iddhipada)

Five Faculties (indriya)

Five Strengths (bala)

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (bojjhanga)

Eight Fold Path (ariya-magga)

Pali Terms

anapanasati: mindfulness of breathing

anatta: not-self

anicca: impermanence; inconstancy

Arahat: Liberated one

bhavana: meditation

bhikku: monk

bhikkuni: nun

bodhi: awakening; enlightenment

bodhicitta: awakened heart-mind

Bodhisatta (Sanskrit-Bodhisattva) A future Buddha

Buddha: an Enlightened being

citta: mind, consciousness

Dhamma (Skt. dharma)-liberating law discovered by the Buddha, summed up in the Four Noble Truths, the Truth, Reality, natural law, all physical and mental phenomena

dosa: aversion

dukkha– unsatisfactoriness, suffering, pain, distress, discontent, stress,

jhana: (Skt. dhyana) meditative absorption, a state of strong concentration.

kalyana mitta– spiritual friend

kamma (Skt. karma): (lit.-action) The law of cause and effect; intentional acts

karuna: compassion

khanda (skandha):Five aggregates which form the raw material for one’s sense of self: form/body, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness

kilesa (defilements)- greed, aversion, delusion

lobha: greed

magga: path

metta: Lovingkindness, good will

mindfulness (sati) the quality of noticing, of being aware of what’s happening in the moment, not allowing the mind to be forgetful

moha: (lit.-to be stupified) delusion

nibbana (Skt. nirvana): the cessation of suffering, enlightenment, liberation

pañña: wisdom

papañca: Complication, proliferation; tendency of the mind to proliferate issues from the sense of “self.”

parami: perfections, virtues necessary for the realization of Awakening

sacca: truth

saddha: faith, confidence (Lit.-to place one’s heart on)

samadhi: concentration; meditative absorption

sampajañña: alertness

samsára: (lit.-perpetual wandering) ocean of worldly suffering; round of rebirth; pursuit of renewed existence

samvega– spiritual urgency

sangha: the community of Buddhist monks & nuns; recently: “the community of followers on the Buddhist path.”

sati: mindfulness, awareness

sila: moral conduct; precept; virtue; moral restraint

sukha: happiness; pleasure; ease; bliss

sutta: (lit. thread; Skt. sutra) discourse of the Buddha or one of his leading disciples

tanha: (lit. thirst) craving

Tathagata: (Lit. thus gone) an Enlightened person

Theravada: (Doctrine of the elders)- school of Buddhism that draws its inspiration from the Pali Canon, or Tipitaka, the oldest surviving record of the Buddha’s teachings. Has been the predominant religion of southeast Asia (Thailand, Sri Lanka, Burma)

Tipitaka (Literally Three baskets)- The Pali Canon- has Three divisions:

Sutta Pitaka- discourses of the Buddha, (Five collections-nikayas- 10,000 suttas) Abhidhamma Pitaka- treatises offering systematic treatment of topics in the suttas Vinaya Pitaka- rules for ordained monks and nuns

upekkha: equanimity

Vipassana: literally, “to see clearly”; insight; insight into the truth of anicca (impermanence), anatta (not-self), & dukkha (unstatisfactoriness), to see things as they really are

viriya: effort; persistence; energy

Tipitika: The Pali Canon

The Tipitaka (Pali ti, “three,” + pitaka, “baskets”), or Pali Canon, is the collection of primary Pali language texts which form the doctrinal foundation of Theravada Buddhism.

Theravada (Pali: thera “elders” + vada “word, doctrine”), the “Doctrine of the Elders”

The 3 divisions of the Tipitaka are:

Vinaya Pitaka : Rules and origin of rules for monks (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis). There are 227 rules for the bhikkhus, 311 for the bhikkhunis. Sutta Pitaka: The collection of discourses, attributed to the Buddha and a few of his closest disciples, containing all the central teachings of Theravada Buddhism Abhidhamma Pitaka: The Buddhist analysis of mind and mental processes; a wide-ranging systemization of the Buddha’s teaching that combines philosophy, psychology, and ethics into a unique and remarkable synthesis. Consists of 7 books.

SUTTA PITAKA

The Sutta Pitaka, the second division of the Tipitaka, consists of over 10,000 suttas, or discourses, delivered by the Buddha and his close disciples during the Buddha’s forty-five year teaching career, as well as verses by other members of the Sangha.

Grouped into 5 NIKAYAS or collections: