This is the "South Pillar" region of the star-forming region called the Carina Nebula. Like cracking open a watermelon and finding its seeds, the infrared telescope "busted open" this murky cloud to reveal star embryos tucked inside finger-like pillars of thick dust. Credit: NASA

Is there life beyond Earth? The answer to that age-old question may be on a moon we can't yet see.

McMaster researchers who have modeled planetary systems far beyond our own solar system have found that massive moons larger than Mars might be the best bet.

Using data from our solar system and observations of huge planets far beyond the visual range of any telescope, astrophysicists Rene Heller and Ralph Pudritz have shown that some moons of those planets could be habitable.

Their findings, presented in two papers in the journals Astronomy and Astrophysics and Astrophysical Journal, suggest that some moons of exoplanets—planets beyond our solar system—are the right size, in the right position and have sufficient water to support life.

"We could be just a few decades from proving if there is life elsewhere," says Heller, a post-doctoral fellow at McMaster's Origins Institute who worked with Pudritz, a professor of physics and astronomy and director of the Origins Institute. "For all this time, we have been looking on other planets, when the answer could be on a moon."

Exoplanets are being counted in the thousands since the development of new, non-visual methods that allow scientists to prove their existence by measuring light patterns from sun-like stars that dim slightly as the planets pass in front of them in orbit.

Many planets outside the solar system are even more massive than Jupiter, and they orbit their Sun-like stars at an Earth-like distance, but these faraway super-Jupiters are effectively giant gas balls that cannot support life because they lack solid surfaces. Their moons, though, might have the right conditions for liquid surface water and therefore for life to emerge and evolve.

While recent research has focused on exoplanets, the McMaster authors are eager to study the moons of those giant Jupiter-like planets, which they believe to have migrated into more temperate ranges of distant stars, towing watery moons in their orbits.

Closer to home, Heller and Pudritz modeled the early life of Jupiter, revealing a pattern of ice distribution on Jupiter's moons that led them to predict the formation of moons around the super-Jupiters of other solar systems. Those moons could be twice as massive as Mars.

No moon around an exoplanet, a so-called exomoon, has been discovered as of today, but they are certainly there, Heller says. With about 4,000 exoplanets known to exist so far, and with increasing technological capabilities, an exomoon discovery is now looming on the horizon.

If these giant moons around giant planets exist, they might already be present in the available data of NASA's Kepler space telescope, or they could be detectable with the European Space Agency's upcoming PLATO space mission and European Southern Observatory's ground-based European Extremely Large Telescope.

Explore further Astrobiology research: Life possible on extrasolar moons

More information: "Conditions for Water Ice Lines and Mars-mass Exomoons Around Accreting Super-Jovian Planets at 1 - 20 AU from Sun-like Stars," René Heller & Ralph E. Pudritz, Astronomy & Astrophysics. arxiv.org/abs/1504.01668 "Conditions for Water Ice Lines and Mars-mass Exomoons Around Accreting Super-Jovian Planets at 1 - 20 AU from Sun-like Stars," René Heller & Ralph E. Pudritz, "Water Ice Lines and the Formation of Giant Moons Around Super-Jovian Planets," René Heller & Ralph Pudritz, Astrophysical Journal. arxiv.org/abs/1410.5802 Journal information: Astrophysical Journal , Astronomy & Astrophysics , Astronomy and Astrophysics