25 Nobel Laureates have been born in Africa. Of those, 10 have been from South Africa, and another six were born in Egypt. The other countries to have produced a Nobel Laureate are (French) Algeria, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, and Nigeria. Scroll down for a full list of winners.

The Early Winners

The first person from Africa to win a Nobel Prize was Max Theiler, a South African man who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951. Six years later, the famed absurdist philosopher and author Albert Camus won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Camus was French, and so many people assume he was born in France, but he was in fact born, raised, and educated in French Algeria.

Both Theiler and Camus had emigrated out of Africa at the time of their awards, however, making Albert Lutuli the first person to be awarded a Nobel Prize for work completed in Africa. At the time, Lutuli (who was born in Southern Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe) was the President of the African National Congress in South Africa and was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role leading the non-violent campaign against apartheid.

Africa’s Brain Drain

Like Theiler and Camus, many African Nobel Laureates have emigrated from their countries of birth and spent most of their working careers in Europe or the United States. As of 2014, not one African Nobel Laureate has been affiliated with an African research institution at the time of their award as determined by the Nobel Prize foundation. (Those winning awards in Peace and Literature are not typically affiliated with such institutions. Many winners in those fields were residing and working in Africa at the time of their award.)

These men and women provide a clear example of the much-discussed brain drain from Africa. Intellectuals with promising research careers frequently end up living and working at better-funded research institutions beyond Africa’s shores. This is largely a question of economics and the power of institutions’ reputations. Unfortunately, it is hard to compete with names like Harvard or Cambridge, or the facilities and intellectual stimulation that institutions like these can offer.

Female Laureates

Including the 2014 awardees, there have been 889 total Nobel Laureates, meaning that individuals from Africa make up only about 3% of Nobel Prize winners. Of the 46 women to ever win a Nobel Prize, however, five have been from Africa, making 11% of female awardees African. Three of those awards were Peace Prizes, while one was in Literature and one in Chemistry.

African Noble Prize Winners

1951 Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine

1957 Albert Camus, Literature

1960 Albert Lutuli, Peace

1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry

1978 Anwar El Sadat, Peace

1979 Allan M. Cormack, Physiology or Medicine

1984 Desmond Tutu, Peace

1985 Claude Simon, Literature

1986 Wole Soyinka, Literature

1988 Naguib Mahfouz, Literature

1991 Nadine Gordimer, Literature

1993 F.W. de Klerk, Peace

1993 Nelson Mandela, Peace

1994 Yassir Arafat, Peace

1997 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Physics

1999 Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry

2001 Kofi Annan, Peace

2002 Sydney Brenner, Physiology or Medicine

2003 J. M. Coetzee, Literature

2004 Wangari Maathai, Peace

2005 Mohamed El Baradei, Peace

2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace

2011 Leymah Gbowee, Peace

2012 Serge Haroche, Physics

2013 Michael Levitt, Chemistry