Cruise ships thought to be abiding by tough new sewage and wastewater discharge standards in Alaska and voluntary Washington State rules actually aren't following all those regulations, instead legally dumping waste in Canadian waters between the two states.

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InvestigateWest found that if the ships simply don't choose to participate in either state's tougher set of guidelines, they can choose to hold their wastes and discharge in Canada where regulation is less stringent.

Cruising brings tourists and their money into the Pacific Northwest for the Alaskan cruise market. Passengers are eager for vacations on ships like the Carnival Spirit, which docks weekly in Victoria and is the biggest of the ships to call Seattle home, with its 13 decks, 16 lounges and bars, three restaurants and four swimming pools -- one with a cascading water slide. On board, passengers can detox in the spa, get their teeth whitened and their acne treated. Nearly 900,000 cruise passengers are expected to come through Seattle and about 600,000 through British Columbia before the season comes to a close this fall.

But revenue from the cruise industry -- which generates billions in profits every year -- trades on environmental health. The very attractions that draw tourists to Alaska-bound ships, such as pristine sanctuary waters, marine wildlife and mountainous seascapes, can be harmed by pollution from cruise ships.

In a single day, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates passengers aboard a typical cruise ship will generate:

21,000 gallons of sewage;

One ton of garbage;

170,000 gallons of wastewater from sinks, showers and laundry;

More than 25 pounds of batteries, fluorescent lights, medical wastes and expired chemicals;

Up to 6,400 gallons of oily bilge water from engines;

Four plastic bottles per passenger -- about 8,500 bottles per day for the 2,124 people on board the Carnival Spirit.



Cruise ships incinerate between 75 and 85 per cent of garbage according to the EPA in its 2008 study, contributing to smog in coastal communities and on the ocean. They also release incinerator ash and sewage sludge -- blobs of concentrated toxins from the bottom of waste treatment facilities -- into the ocean. They contribute nutrients, metals, ammonia, pharmaceutical waste, chemical cleaners and detergent to deep marine environments from sewage treatment systems that either don't work as planned or aren't able to remove such substances, according to tests in Washington and Alaska, interviews with state officials, the EPA study, and information provided by the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. It's legal to discharge untreated sewage in most areas of the United States farther than three miles from shore.

Cruise ships burn fuel, much of it a cheap grade, which will continue until new international fuel standards take effect in 2012. A 2005 study done by WashPIRG, a public interest advocacy group based in Washington, estimates that in a single day a cruise ship carrying 3,000 passengers and crew generates the air pollution equivalent of more than 12,000 cars.

"A lot of them burn what's called bunker-C, and it's so dirty and it's so black and it's so awful, they have to heat it until they can get it to the point where they can move it around the pipes. It's like tar," said Elizabeth Gilpin, an air resources associate for the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency.

States, including Washington and Alaska, are making efforts to increase oversight of cruise ships and assess their impacts on local environments. Absent consistent federal and international regulations for cruise ships, however, they are creating a patchwork of regulatory and sometimes voluntary systems that allow operators to pick and choose what rules they comply with and where to discharge waste. The situation is pushing some problems related to cruise pollution farther out to sea, where bad actors can cruise out of sight of regulators.

LOOKING TO CRUISE Friends of the Earth makes available this "environmental report card" of the cruise line industry, that is searchable by destination. FOE, a national, San Francisco-based environmental organization, recognized Holland America and Norwegian Cruise Lines -- two lines that send vessels from Seattle to Alaska -- as the cruise lines most attentive to environmental standards. Both companies earned a B- for their overall sustainability grades. But the Cruise Line Industry Association protests that the assessment is flawed, saying: "This 'report card' is not based on science, law, or the facts, and... is rooted in FOE's own arbitrary and flawed criteria." The worst environmental offender this year, FOE reports, is Crystal Cruises, a 22-year-old company which wasn't on the first report card issued in 2009. Crystal received an overall grade of an F, scoring low in environmental impact categories across the board. This year's most improved award goes to Disney Cruise Line, which rose from an F in 2009 to a C- in 2010. Disney scored higher this year, FOE said, because the line installed an advanced wastewater treatment system.

"The maritime business is sort of like the last under-regulated bastion of the corporate world. Because it falls between the borders of the world, it's been hard to figure out how to get our arms around it," said Fred Felleman, an environmental consultant specializing in the maritime realm and the northwest consultant for Friends of the Earth, an environmental group concerned with pollution from cruise ships.

Even cruise ships' harshest critics agree that discharge in the open ocean likely causes less harm than discharge to sensitive marine environments closer to shore. Experts like Felleman point to the algae that can be produced when a lack of circulation in a closed environment like Puget Sound allow nutrients to mix with pollution from land.

But a 2004 letter from Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary superintendent Carol Bernthal points to problems like nutrient accumulation across the big eddy on the outer edge of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and algal blooms on the open sea indicating that even bigger water has its limits. Cruise ship discharges -- even from the best water quality treatment systems -- have been shown to be high in ammonia, bacteria and some pollutants, in part owing to the concentration of waste from their low-flush toilets, a congressional report shows.

And water, unlike land, doesn't observe strict borders. Discharges in one territory's waters can and do affect marine life and ocean health in another's.

Crazy quilt of rules

While U.S. federal law says sewage treatment facilities on cruise ships must only meet standards for marine sanitation devices laid out by the U.S. Coast Guard in 1976, Washington and Alaska require participating cruise ships to meet stringent water quality standards, which call for higher quality sewage treatment than typically available on land in order to discharge. They also require that graywater -- water from sinks, showers, laundry, dishwashing and swimming pools -- be treated to the highest possible standard. Untreated sewage sludge discharge is banned in both states' waters, which end typically three nautical miles from shore except where extended around off-shore islands.

Washington State's jurisdiction also extends midway in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Alaska also has special authority granted to it from the federal government to regulate cruise vessel discharges in the waters of the Inside Passage. California also approved a ban on most large vessel wastewater discharges in 2005, and expects to have its request to ban large vessel sewage discharges federally sanctioned by federal EPA this year, a move that other interested states could emulate.

Rather than meet the difficult standards for discharging waste in Washington's and Alaska's waters, which include close monitoring and inspections, most ships don't apply and simply discharge in Canadian waters. Only Norwegian Cruise Line's two ships, Pearl and Star, applied for and met the Washington standards this year. The remaining 10 ships opt to meet Canada's lesser standards.

Canadian rules, which take effect midway through the Strait of Juan de Fuca at the Washington border, and wrap British Columbia as ships head north along its coastline to Alaska, set no standards for graywater. Canadian inspectors also don't test waste discharged from cruise ships for pollutants like inspectors in Alaska and Washington do. And Canada allows ships with lower-performing sewage treatment facilities to discharge in its water, setting limits primarily aimed at bacteria.

Those limits are higher than limits set for cruise ship discharges in federal waters of the United States, where rules still allow untreated sewage to be discharged further than three miles from shore. A section of an international treaty that sets higher standards in most other nations hasn't been ratified in the United States. In Canada, however, critics say cruise ships can break those rules without consequence.

"Canada isn't doing enforcement and [cruise ships] can discharge anywhere they want no matter what the regulations are because they know Canada isn't going to do any enforcement," charges Dr. Ross Klein, a professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland. Klein is an expert on cruise ship regulation who has become a well-known activist on the cruising issue.

"Environment Canada doesn't take responsibility of the environmental enforcement of cruise ships. It's resolved by Transport Canada."

Ironically, Klein says, pleasure boaters in Canada are more regulated than cruise ship operators.

"So if you go out to Vancouver on your 30-foot pleasure boat, you are more likely to be arrested and fined than any cruise ship," he said.

With the cruise ship industry in decline in Canada this year -- traffic is down an estimated 30 per cent this season -- regulators are even more fearful of getting tough, Klein said.

"They don't think about the fact that the cruise industry can't go to Alaska without traversing British Columbia," he said.

Officials in Canada say they are not concerned if cruise ships choose to use Canadian waters for discharge, as long as they follow the rules.

"As long as they are following our discharge regulations -- as long as they are complying with treating sewage and not going into areas that are prohibited, as long as they are lawfully discharging their sewage -- we don't have a concern. We're not advising changing our regulations at his stage," said Jillian Glover, spokeswoman for Transport Canada, which overseas marine programs.

John Hansen, president of the Northwest CruiseShip Association concedes the association's cruise ships now store waste on board until they can release it in Canadian waters. He notes, however, that nearly all of the ships that homeport in Seattle have advanced wastewater treatment systems, and there's no incentive for ships to turn them off once they get to Canada.

But Ed White, an environmental program specialist with the cruise ship program in the state of Alaska, said that of the cruise ships that visit Alaska, about half choose to discharge only outside of Alaska water because either their advanced wastewater systems aren't operational, or they want to avoid the sampling requirements, extra paperwork or potential fines for violations of the permit limits.

Despite Alaska's tough new rules adopted in 2000 and updated as recently as 2009, InvestigateWest discovered that six of the 12 ships that homeport in Seattle did not apply for sewage and graywater discharge permits in Alaska this year, leaving those ships also to dump exclusively in Canada. Norwegian appears to be the only cruise line still participating in both Washington and Alaska monitoring programs. The other cruise lines operate without oversight by one or both states, allowing potential problems to go unnoticed.

In 2009 in Alaska, for example, five of the six ships still participating in the Alaska permitting program struggled with repeat violations, and the sixth -- the Carnival Spirit -- dropped out with still unrepaired mechanical problems. The five ships accounted for about 25 of more than 60 formal violations issued. Had proposed new water quality standards once set to take effect in 2010 been in effect in 2009, the number of violations would have grown by about another 175.

"Some operators voluntarily withdrew from the permit process because they had issues and they knew in the future they probably wouldn't meet the standards," White said.

From acupuncture to recycling, all onboard

In addition to the simple acts of eating, drinking, doing laundry and showering for a week aboard a cruise ship, and the massive amounts of wastewater, sewage, food waste and garbage that produces, there's the waste generated by the luxury and spa factor. Massages and acupuncture are available, along with walks in a spectacular garden. Passengers can take cooking classes in a professional show kitchen.

While the cruise ship industry actively promotes these aspects of the cruise vacation, they are also keenly aware of growing concern about the importance of a greener image. In response, the Cruise Lines International Association has developed its own environmental standards, pushing recycling and waste management programs, burning cleaner fuels and boosting the efficiency of sewage and graywater treatment systems beyond those available on land.

"They always talk about water conservation, but I think this is really the first time I've heard about recycling," said Brian Burk, a Florida resident who has gone on five previous cruises.

Aboard Holland America's 15 ships, for example, excess cooking oil is now being burned to help power engines. Employees sort glass, cardboard, aluminum and other recyclables. The ships use environmentally friendly cleaning products, low-flow toilets and soy ink for materials printed on board. Some ships connect to shore power to avoid fuel burning in port. Others are trading X-ray machines for pollutant-free digital technology.

Passengers on the Carnival Spirit said the ship's crew put heavy emphasis on recycling and re-use.

"One thing I noticed was that [the ship] didn't have any paper towels," said Nora Sheetz, a California resident. "No disposable cups either. It seemed like [the crew] was reusing everything."

The Port of Seattle, responding to community concerns about pollution in Elliott Bay, now offers shore hook-ups that allow ships to connect to power while in port, curbing air pollution from running engines, and provides low-cost, low-sulfur fuels to those ships whose technologies don't allow them to connect. All of the 2010 cruise ship fleet made use of one of the two programs.

Hansen, of the Northwest CruiseShip Association, said with these efforts, the effects of what pollution remains from cruise ships are likely not at issue.

In a season of five months a year in Washington State, discharges from cruise ships are minimal, he said, compared to a land-based population of approximately 4 million people in the Puget Sound that funnels treated sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. He asks whether cruising makes more of a significant contribution to algae blooms and other negative marine life developments than that.

"I don't think it does at all," he said.

New US oversight proposed

Federal legislation, sponsored by Seattle Congressman Jim McDermott and Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois, whose state borders the Great Lakes cruising Mecca, aims to amend the Clean Water Act to prohibit cruise ship discharge of sewage, oily bilge water and graywater within 12 miles of the United States coast and set new standards on discharges within 200 miles of the coast. It would also prohibit dumping of incinerator ash, sewage sludge and hazardous waste within 200 miles of the coast, instead calling for land-based disposal. McDermott said he is optimistic after years of stalled progress in a Republican era.

"Most people think the ocean can absorb anything," McDermott said. "It's a huge issue. Nobody is totally to blame. But cruise ships play an important role."