why GNU grep is fast

Hi Gabor, I am the original author of GNU grep. I am also a FreeBSD user, although I live on -stable (and older) and rarely pay attention to -current. However, while searching the -current mailing list for an unrelated reason, I stumbled across some flamage regarding BSD grep vs GNU grep performance. You may have noticed that discussion too... Anyway, just FYI, here's a quick summary of where GNU grep gets its speed. Hopefully you can carry these ideas over to BSD grep. #1 trick: GNU grep is fast because it AVOIDS LOOKING AT EVERY INPUT BYTE. #2 trick: GNU grep is fast because it EXECUTES VERY FEW INSTRUCTIONS FOR EACH BYTE that it *does* look at. GNU grep uses the well-known Boyer-Moore algorithm, which looks first for the final letter of the target string, and uses a lookup table to tell it how far ahead it can skip in the input whenever it finds a non-matching character. GNU grep also unrolls the inner loop of Boyer-Moore, and sets up the Boyer-Moore delta table entries in such a way that it doesn't need to do the loop exit test at every unrolled step. The result of this is that, in the limit, GNU grep averages fewer than 3 x86 instructions executed for each input byte it actually looks at (and it skips many bytes entirely). See "Fast String Searching", by Andrew Hume and Daniel Sunday, in the November 1991 issue of Software Practice & Experience, for a good discussion of Boyer-Moore implementation tricks. It's available as a free PDF online. Once you have fast search, you'll find you also need fast input. GNU grep uses raw Unix input system calls and avoids copying data after reading it. Moreover, GNU grep AVOIDS BREAKING THE INPUT INTO LINES. Looking for newlines would slow grep down by a factor of several times, because to find the newlines it would have to look at every byte! So instead of using line-oriented input, GNU grep reads raw data into a large buffer, searches the buffer using Boyer-Moore, and only when it finds a match does it go and look for the bounding newlines. (Certain command line options like -n disable this optimization.) Finally, when I was last the maintainer of GNU grep (15+ years ago...), GNU grep also tried very hard to set things up so that the *kernel* could ALSO avoid handling every byte of the input, by using mmap() instead of read() for file input. At the time, using read() caused most Unix versions to do extra copying. Since GNU grep passed out of my hands, it appears that use of mmap became non-default, but you can still get it via --mmap. And at least in cases where the data is already file system buffer caches, mmap is still faster: $ time sh -c 'find . -type f -print | xargs grep -l 123456789abcdef' real 0m1.530s user 0m0.230s sys 0m1.357s $ time sh -c 'find . -type f -print | xargs grep --mmap -l 123456789abcdef' real 0m1.201s user 0m0.330s sys 0m0.929s [workload was a 648 megabyte MH mail folder containing 41000 messages] So even nowadays, using --mmap can be worth a >20% speedup. Summary: - Use Boyer-Moore (and unroll its inner loop a few times). - Roll your own unbuffered input using raw system calls. Avoid copying the input bytes before searching them. (Do, however, use buffered *output*. The normal grep scenario is that the amount of output is small compared to the amount of input, so the overhead of output buffer copying is small, while savings due to avoiding many small unbuffered writes can be large.) - Don't look for newlines in the input until after you've found a match. - Try to set things up (page-aligned buffers, page-sized read chunks, optionally use mmap) so the kernel can ALSO avoid copying the bytes. The key to making programs fast is to make them do practically nothing. ;-) Regards, Mike