Identifying H. pylori’s hideout

H. pylori has long been known to evade stomach acid by taking shelter in the protective mucus that covers the organ’s epithelial cell lining. The bacteria grow directly on the surface of the epithelial cells, injecting a signaling protein, called CagA, to trick the cells into delivering nutrients to where the bacteria are. The signaling protein also stimulates stem cells to divide faster, the researchers found.

Epithelial cells are short-lived and constantly replaced by new ones that originate from stem cells residing in tiny glands throughout the stomach: The stem cells divide into precursor cells, which populate the middle of the glands. Then precursor cells give rise to the mature epithelial cells.

The passage into and out of the gland is narrow: Its diameter is only about four times wider than a single H. pylori cell, and filled with mucus. Earlier research in mice by Sigal and Amieva showed that some H. pylori swam into the glands, but it wasn’t known if the bacteria actively grew there, or if this behavior occurred in humans. A more systematic study was necessary, but the difficulty lay in finding appropriate human stomach samples to image. While stomach biopsies are plentiful, they provide shallow samples from the top layer of the stomach and omit the deeper tissues the researchers needed.

“You don’t want to go all the way through — it would be like giving the patient a big ulcer,” Amieva said.

The researchers came up with the idea of sampling stomach tissues removed during weight-loss surgery. These samples came from healthy stomachs, in which H. pylori was not actively causing ulcers or cancer. After identifying tissue infected with particular strains of H. pylori, they used confocal microscopy to reconstruct 3-D images of the glands from four stomachs with H. pylori. All four showed colonies of the spiral-shaped bacteria clustered about two-thirds of the way into the gland, where fast-dividing precursor cells reside.

Unexpectedly, the researchers found a smaller number of bacterial colonies at the base of the glands, where the stem cells reside. When they went back to their mouse models, they discovered about 30 percent of the glands colonized by H. pylori had bacteria at the base of the glands.

H. pylori affects stem cells

This unanticipated finding shed light on how H. pylori could influence cells to turn cancerous. Cancer is thought to develop slowly as the cell acquires mutations in the DNA that override cellular controls and increase cell proliferation. Even though H. pylori had been shown to manipulate cellular controls, the mature stomach’s epithelial cells don’t live long enough to acquire mutations.

“Once they reach the surface of the stomach, the cells live for about 24 hours,” Amieva said. “It’s hard to imagine H. pylori doing something to those cells that would lead to cancer.”

But the stem cells are extremely long-lived, and H. pylori infections often start in childhood. So there would be plenty of time for the bacteria to interact and change the stem cells.

To observe how H. pylori might modify stem cell behavior, the researchers turned to a mouse strain used in developmental biology. The stem cells of the mouse express fluorescent markers, which allowed the scientists to identify the stem cells and track their daughter cells.

The research has opened up a new field of investigation.

Two weeks after infection with H. pylori, the mice’s glands were noticeably longer and more inflamed than those of uninfected mice. The stem cells in the glands of infected mice were also dividing more actively. The researchers suspected CagA might be involved. To confirm this hypothesis, they infected mice with H. pylori that can’t inject CagA, and while the bacteria still colonized the glands, they observed less inflammation and stem cell growth.

Richard Peek, MD, a professor of medicine and cancer biology at Vanderbilt University who was not involved in the study, said the paper was “beautiful, almost artistic” and that by “using cutting-edge technology to identify a subpopulation niche in the stomach, the research has opened up a new field of investigation.”

Other Stanford co-authors are former graduate student Josephine Lee, PhD; postdoctoral scholars Ryan Honaker, PhD, and Catriona Logan, PhD; life science technician Rachel Cooper; Ben Passarelli, director of computing; Roeland Nusse, PhD, professor of developmental biology; Michael Rothenberg, MD, PhD, instructor of medicine; and Donna Bouley, DVM, PhD, professor of comparative medicine.

This work was supported by the AGA-R. Robert & Sally Funderburg Research Award in Gastric Cancer, the Morgridge Faculty Scholar Award, the George Will Foundation Berlin and the German Research Foundation.