War by nonmilitary means is nothing new: Arms races, alliance jockeying, intelligence operations, trade wars, ideological and religious competitions have been around for centuries. Cyberwarfare, however, has become the latest and most potent component of full spectrum warfare, in its power to destabilize other countries and degrade their most fundamental rights — to choose their own governments and defend themselves.

In Europe, the Russians have been working to extend their influence in overt and covert ways, in key countries like the NATO allies Hungary and Turkey; in the Middle East and North Africa — Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somaliland, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen; in sub-Saharan Africa — Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda and Zimbabwe. With leaders from many of those countries, Russia conducted an Africa summit meeting last month in Sochi, Russia, to bolster standing relationships with Moscow. Each already has a natural-resource relationship or receives military training. The former Soviet republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus have also been caught up in Moscow’s orbit or interfered with, as have Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela in Latin America.

Few countries around the world are immune from Russian interference, as Mr. Putin actively attempts to supplant the United States as a trustworthy ally and economic partner. Russia has even waged full spectrum warfare in an election on tiny, remote Madagascar, an island country off the coast of eastern Africa. Russia deploys a full panoply of means either to displace the United States in relations with its allies, or to gain access to natural resources to help it improve its woeful sanctions-ridden economy. In Madagascar, where an oligarch and crony of Mr. Putin, Yevgeny Prigozhin, has a large stake in a chromium mine, Russia pulled out all the stops to try to swing the electoral campaign of the incumbent president.

Britain, too, is facing Russian interference — for the second time. Its prime minister, the populist Boris Johnson, recently kicked off his new election campaign with his Conservative Party flush with Russian donations, amid reports that the winning Leave campaign three years ago was also largely funded by Russia, alongside tens of thousands of Russian bot hits on the eve of the Brexit vote, like the effort it orchestrated in the United States.

Full spectrum warfare by Russia has recently taken the following forms: taking over the bases Mr. Trump recently evacuated in Syria; jamming American F-35 fighters; setting up military helipads on an island between Finland and Estonia; sending hundreds of mercenary troops to fight against forces of Libya’s internationally recognized government; delivering S-400 antiaircraft missile batteries to Serbia; and, along with China, violating the airspace of America’s allies Japan and South Korea. Mr. Trump even canceled a patrol of a United States Navy destroyer in the Black Sea after calling John Bolton to complain that the routine foray in international waters was anti-Russian.