Introducing Ampersand.js a highly modular, loosely coupled, non-frameworky framework for building advanced JavaScript apps.

We <3 Backbone.js at &yet. It’s brilliantly simple code and it solves many common problems in developing clientside applications.

But we missed the focused simplicity of tiny modules in node-land. We wanted something similar in style and philosophy, but that fully embraced tiny modules, npm, and browserify.

So we made Ampersand.js, a well-defined approach to combining (get it?) a series of intentionally tiny, and loosely coupled modules for building JS apps.

Backbone has been praised for its flexibility and simplicity. The fact that Backbone’s author Jeremy Ashkenas and his fellow maintainers haven’t tried to solve every problem has kept it usable for a broad range of application types. Its effectiveness is evidenced by its incredible popularity.

I built my first Backbone app when it was still version 0.3.1, and our whole team has been an avid users/supporters of the project for quite some time. I even got a chance to speak at the first BackboneConf.

Philip Roberts, who has built a big portion of Ampersand.js, got a lot of experience building an incredibly complex Backbone app at his previous company Float. He certainly pushed Backbone to its limits in building complex spreadsheet-esque accounting tools for the web.

Not long after discovering Backbone at &yet, we got really into node.js, which brought with it a module approach and what became an awesome way of managing dependencies that we’ve have fallen deeply in like with: npm.

Nothing has done more for our team’s ability to write clean, maintainable clientside applications than having a really awesome dependency management system and substack’s browserify that allows us to quickly declare/install external dependencies and know that things will Just Work™.

npm has also been the catalyst that enables what has been referred to as the "tiny modules movement", the basic philosophy of which is that no matter how small or insignificant the problem, you shouldn’t have to solve it more than once.

By giving a module narrow scope and functionality you can actually maintain it without burning out. Also, knowing about and fixing gotchas in a single location means that all modules depending on it also benefit.

After getting addicted to this way of working, many developers, ourselves included, have developed an allergic reaction to libraries and plugins that don’t work that way. Unfortunately, despite its lightweight, flexible approach, Backbone itself doesn’t follow that pattern.

"What? I thought you said Backbone was flexible and modular?"

Yes, but only to a point.

"But, Backbone is on npm!"

Yes, but stay with me...

One of the problems we’ve had at &yet especially when working on large Backbone applications is a sane way to document the type of properties a model is supposed to contain.

Backbone models, by default, don’t enforce any structure. You don’t have to declare anywhere what properties you’re going to store. As a result, people inevitably start saving miscellaneous properties on models from within a view somewhere, and there’s no good way for a new dev starting in on the project to be able to read the models and see exactly what state is being tracked.

To solve this problem and to enforce additional structure, I wrote a replacement model called "HumanModel" that is consistent with the philosophy explored in depth in the book Human JavaScript. This model, which has now morphed into ampersand-model, forces you to declare the properties you’re going to store, and also allows you to declare derived properties, etc.

Originally we used our replacement models within Backbone Collections, but we started running into problems. Backbone generally assumes that you’re storing Backbone.Model models in collections. So when adding an instantiated model to a collection, Backbone would fail to realize that it’s already a model. My patch to Backbone was merged and fixed this, but there have been other areas where we’ve wanted more flexibility.

For example, at times we wanted RESTful collections where data is coming from an API, but other times, we just wanted something like a Backbone collection/model system for managing state in another module, that perhaps had nothing to do with getting data from a REST API. In those cases we didn’t want to make all of Backbone a dependency of our module, just to get evented models.

Over time while building a ton of apps with it, for clients and for ourselves, we’ve kept running into these same types of problems that we attributed to the coupling/bundling of Backbone.

So we started ripping things apart into their own independently published, managed, and versioned modules.

Thus, Ampersand.js was born.

Ampersand.js splits things apart as much as possible. For example, ampersand-collection makes no assumptions about how you’re going to put data into it, what types of objects you’re going to store, or what indices you’re going to want to use to retrieve them. It follows the tiny module pattern.

But, what if you want that stuff?

Well, that’s easy, we just have another tiny module that layers in that functionality.

There’s a RESTful ampersand-rest-collection we just pre-bundle and publish it as a module for convenience, the code that combines them is hilariously simple.

You see the exact same pattern in ampersand-state and ampersand-model. "State" is the base object that "model" is built on. But model goes the additional step of including the RESTful methods.

So what exactly is Ampersand.js? What makes it unique?

In starting to toy with the concept of building out these tools, we wrote a few guiding principles, some of which we’ll no doubt get some flack for. Here they are:

1. Everything is a CommonJS module

No AMD, UMD, or bundling of any kind is included by default. The clarity, simplicity, and flexibility of CommonJS just won. Clear dependencies, no unnecessary wrapping/indenting, no extra cruft. Just a clearly declared set of dependencies in package.json.

Any sort of bundling for any other module system is easy enough to do with any number of tools like grunt or gulp.

2. Everything is installed via npm

This isn’t a diss toward the other package management approaches, it’s just a choice to maximize simplicity. Especially given point #1.

3. Modern browsers by default

We’re unapologetically supporting only IE9+. There are many features of ES5 that enable dramatic simplifications of code that simply were not present in IE before IE9. For reference, check out kangax’s ES5 compatibility table. Not having to shim each and every feature and completely avoiding non-shimmable ones saves you so many headaches that we decided to just draw that line. Bring the haters :)

But again, remember this isn’t an all-or-nothing "framework". In fact, very arguably it’s not a framework at all. There are pieces here that don’t require IE9 and others that could be converted to solve those problems if they matter to you. It’s just a line we chose to draw in the sand so we could focus our efforts on building for the web’s present and future instead of its past.

4. Strict semver all the things

If you’re unfamiliar with semver, the semver homepage summarizes it in about three sentences. In short, it’s a strict adherence to a versioning scheme for modules that, if followed, allows you to trust minor and patch version updates to not break your code. So, for a dependency you can specify a version like this: "^1.1.0" and know that your code will not break if the underlying dependency is upgraded from 1.1.0 to 1.2.8 because the versioning scheme prohibits breaking changes without bumping the major version number.

This flexibility is very important in clientside code because we don’t want to send 5 different versions of the same dependency to the browser. Loosely declaring dependencies of the building blocks and strictly declaring them in your app’s main package.json can help you avoid a lot of these problems. Combining the way npm manages dependencies with this approach, we can get minimal duplication of shared dependencies.

5. Tiny module all the things!

The smaller the feature set of the low-level modules, the easier it is to avoid breaking changes. Higher-level modules should still exist, but, should primarily be pulling together small modules in a way that makes them more usable. For example: ampersand-rest-collection, component’s "events" module, or component’s "classes" module.

6. Expose the simplest API possible.

Simplicity is a core value. If you don’t actively fight for simplicity in software, complexity will win, and it will suck. This means things like pruning unneeded features and giving everything descriptive names even if they’re longer. That’s what minification is for. We are not compilers, so we should optimize for readability and use tools for optimizations.

While this is going to be a bit controversial, for us the focus on simplicity also means avoiding using promises. There are enough things that are new and intimidating to those building clientside apps. Adding promises makes for an unnecessarily tall cognitive leap.

Not that promises are bad, but the truth is there isn’t as much need for complex flow-control for most clientside things.

And, if you want to use promises it’d be easy enough to write a version of ampersand-sync or ampersand-router that used bluebird or another promise library and slip that into your app.

That’s the whole point of the modularity concept and still: you only include what you ultimately are using!

7. Optimize for minimal DOM manipulation and performance.

It should be easy to create rich user experiences.

There’s a lot of buzz and talk around rendering performance for JS apps. Mostly the answer to these types of performance issues is: "Don’t touch the DOM any more than you have to."

That’s one of the core premises of libraries like Facebook’s React: only performing minimal changes and batching those changes into RAF loops.

**note: You could very easily use React with Ampersand.js, btw.

In canonical Backbone apps you often re-render the contents of a view if the related model or models change. But, if you’re trying to do things like smooth dragging and dropping, you don’t want to re-render contents of a view each time properties change. Or even if you’re using CSS3 transitions, re-rendering a section of the DOM and adding a class won’t ever trigger the CSS3 transition, because it wasn’t actually transitioned, it was just replaced with another piece of DOM that had that class. So, pretty soon in those scenarios you find yourself writing a bunch of "glue code" to bind things to the DOM and only perform minimal edits.

The point is, there are valid uses of both approaches. So the goal with ampersand-view is a simple way to declare your bindings in your view code. Check out the declarative bindings section of the docs.

You can also just mix and match. In certain cases it may be easier to re-render everything, but declaring very specific binding behavior is also simple without tying you to a template system. It gives you ultimate control. Modularity FTW!

8. Mobile is in the DNA

Think small and light. Optimize and build tools for touch interfaces. Help build the web as the go-to platform for mobile. (You can expect more tools to be released here in the future toward this end.)

9. Unapologetically designed for rich "app" experiences.

These ain’t no websites, pal. If you’re building content sites or sites you want thoroughly crawled this is not the tool for you.

This is for clientside JavaScript applications where the browser is treated as a runtime, not as a document viewer. For more on that, you can read about how we believe the web has outgrown the browser.

10. Embrace offline-first mentality and ServiceWorker all the things as soon as we can.

Yup. These are apps, they should compete with native apps. The thing that’s missing for web to truly be a viable alternative to native apps is good tools for building offline web apps. Again, for more on that read the post mentioned above.

But the point is, in order for an app to work offline it needs to be a true self-contained JavaScript app so that it can run entirely in the client. Since that’s how Ampersand.js is aimed to work, it would be a nice compliment to an offline-first backend like hood.ie.

11. Everything is MIT licensed

Software licensing can suck. Especially when trying to manage licenses of dependencies for a large enterprise project. Picking MIT for all of this stuff simplifies things as much as we can.

12. Love the developer

Don’t ignore developer workflow! We’ve got a few nice things you can see in the app the cli builds that let you simply flip a "developmentMode" boolean to put your app into a live-reloaded, unminified mode, or conversely into a production mode (more below).

The problems with tiny modules

It’s not a silver bullet. One of the biggest challenges for the "tiny module approach" is knowing which tiny modules exist and which ones to use. This can be quite daunting for someone who’s used to grabbing a few jQuery plugins and is new to all of this.

Most of the tiny modules are, well... tiny. These are small pieces of code, not heavily marketed because they’re not necessarily the pride and joy of the developer. Many of them are rather boring and don’t do very much, plus they’re infrequently updated and often they even look unmaintained because frankly, they represent a solved problem that doesn’t need to be re-solved!

Seriously, having published a ton of tiny modules, I sometimes forget about my own modules!

This can make it incredibly hard to get started and this is where frameworks really shine.

So, we’re doing a couple of things to solve that problem for ourselves and others building Ampersand.js apps.

A better starting point: The ampersand cli is a scaffolding tool. It helps you build out a fully working starter app including a hapi or express node server to serve your application. It includes patterns and approaches that we use at &yet for structuring and serving single page apps which we’ve defined in Human JavaScript. The tools site: tools.ampersandjs.com. This is a site with quick-searchable, hand-picked tools for building Ampersand-style apps. A grab bag of "solved problems" for single page apps, if you will. In addition it updates its url as you search so it’s deep linkable. For example, if you’re looking to do WebRTC stuff: http://ampersandjs.github.io/tools.ampersandjs.com/?q=webrtc A book describing the philosophy: If you’re looking for deeper explanations of the philosophy and approaches used in the generated app, those are described in a lot more detail in my book Human JavaScript, which along with releasing the framework, we’ve now made available to read online for free.

Massive props to Jeremy Ashkenas and the rest of the Backbone.js authors

Many of the individual modules contain copy-and-pasted code from Backbone.js.

We’re incredibly grateful for Jeremy’s work and for the generous MIT licensing that made Ampersand.js possible.

The future

There’s still a lot to do.

Now that we’ve removed our dependency on Backbone we’re free to edit other things in "core" that we’ve had alternate ideas about.

With the flexibility that comes with the tiny modules approach, it’s easier to do a lot more exploration without having to change core items.

A few examples:

domthing - Philip Roberts has built an incredibly awesome DOM-based templating language and a mixin to work with Ampersand.js.

bind-transforms - A way to elegantly bind styles like CSS transforms to models. In combination with the cached, evented, derived properties of ampersand-state let’s you build amazing things, like smooth drag-n-drop views.

ampersand-forms - A set of tools for building rich, interactive forms.

We’d encourage you to get involved.

For simplicity all the "core" stuff is on Github as its own organization: https://github.com/ampersandjs.

Send pull requests, file issues, and tell the core team that we’re wrong on twitter: @HenrikJoreteg, @philip_roberts, @lynnandtonic, @lancestout, @lukekarrys, and @wraithgar.

For more cool stuff, follow the whole @andyet team on twitter.

Learning even more

To learn more about building advanced JavaScript applications that are as maintainable as they are awesome learn directly from the folks behind ampersand at our bound-to-be-memorable upcoming training adventure — JS for Teams: "It’s Aliiive!”