Insurers setting rates for health coverage options on the 2018 individual market have faced substantial uncertainty regarding whether or not the federal government would continue to make payments for cost-sharing reduction subsidies to insurers, as well as whether or not the administration would continue to enforce the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate. Following the September 27th deadline for insurers planning to offer coverage on the ACA’s federal marketplace to finalize premiums and sign

contracts, the federal government announced on October 12th that cost-sharing reduction (CSR) payments would end, effective immediately, unless Congress appropriated the funds. In some cases insurers also increased rates due to concerns that the individual mandate might not be enforced, although no formal change in enforcement has been announced.

Regardless of whether the federal government reimburses insurers for CSR subsidies, insurers are still legally required under the ACA to offer reduced cost-sharing via silver-level plans to low-income consumers with incomes up to 250% of the poverty level. Many insurers anticipated that the CSR payments might not continue and built the loss of payments into their premiums for 2018. In some cases, state insurance departments directed insurers what to assume regarding CSR payments, and in other cases regulators were silent. Some state insurance regulators approved two sets of rates, one to be used if CSR payments continued and another if they did not.

Following the October 12th cessation of CSR payments, many insurers that had assumed the payments would continue were able to adjust their 2018 rates upward, under the review of the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), state insurance departments, and state-based marketplaces.

Insurers – often under the guidance or direction of state regulators – have taken one of four general approaches to the end of CSR payments:

Not adjust rates at all in response to the termination of CSR payments. Only two states (North Dakota and Vermont) are known to have prevented insurers from adjusting rates. Increase premiums for all ACA-compliant individual market policies across-the-board, both inside and outside the marketplace. Increase premiums for silver-level plans inside and outside the marketplace. Silver plans are relevant because cost-sharing reductions for low-income marketplace enrollees are only available in those plans. Increase premiums only for silver-level plans inside the marketplace, under the logic that cost-sharing reductions are only available in marketplace silver plans.

Premiums for silver plans have particular significance in the ACA marketplace not only because they are the only plans that offer reduced cost-sharing, but also because the second-lowest cost silver plan in each area is the benchmark for tax credits provided to subsidize premiums for low and moderate income enrollees.

A crowd-sourced compilation of the strategies used in different states is available here.

This analysis seeks to quantify the impact of the termination of cost-sharing subsidy payments, based on publicly available data for 32 states and the District of Columbia. Table 1 below highlights those insurers that have explicitly factored into their final premiums the fact that cost-sharing subsidy payments will not be made and have specified the degree to which that assumption is influencing their premiums in public filings.

Insurers are not always consistent in how they report the premium effect of the end of CSR payments. In some cases insurers report the average impact across all ACA-compliant individual market plans, even though they have applied an increase only to silver plans, which is the approach most insurers seem to have taken. In other cases, insurers specifically cite how much of a surcharge they have applied to silver plans.

As shown in Table 1, among those insurers that specify the surcharge on silver plans for the discontinuation of CSR payments, the amount of the surcharge ranges from 7.1% to 38%.

For those insurers that report the impact on average across all plans – whether increases were actually applied to all plans or only to silver plans – the surcharge ranges from 0.1% to 27.2%. (Note that New York’s insurers, at the low end of the range, are outliers. The basic health program in that state, known as the Essential Plan, covers people with incomes from 138% to 200% of the poverty level, meaning that few people in the marketplace are in the income range to receive cost-sharing reductions.)

These results are generally consistent with a KFF estimate released in April projecting that silver marketplace premiums would have to increase by 19% on average to compensate for the loss of CSR payments, with the amount varying substantially by state.

Table 1: Examples of 2018 Insurer Strategies and Rate Increases Attributed to

Cost-Sharing Reduction Payments Ending, by State and Insurer State Insurer Plans with CSR surcharges Amount of CSR surcharge Arkansas Celtic Insurance Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 11.5% added to the overall rate increase QCA Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 15.53% added to the overall rate increase QualChoice Life & Health Insurance Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 16% added to the overall rate increase USAble Mutual Insurance Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 6.4% added to the overall rate increase California L.A. Care Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 21% added to silver exchange plans Blue Shield of California Silver – Exchange only 8% or 16% added to silver exchange plans Health Net Silver – Exchange only 12% or 13% added to silver exchange plans Molina Healthcare Silver – Exchange only 12% or 20% added to silver exchange plans Kaiser Permanente Silver – Exchange only 15% added to silver exchange plans Oscar Health Plan of California Silver – Exchange only 10% added to silver exchange plans Sharp Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 27% added to silver exchange plans Valley Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 12% added to silver exchange plans Chinese Community Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 16% added to silver exchange plans Western Health Advantage Silver – Exchange only 17% or 18% added to silver exchange plans Anthem Silver – Exchange only 11% added to silver exchange plans Colorado Bright Health Insurance Company All metals levels 2.6% added to the overall rate increase Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company All metals levels 8.5% added to the overall rate increase Colorado Choice Health Plans All metals levels 6.1% added to the overall rate increase Denver Health Medical Plan All metals levels 12% added to the overall rate increase HMO Colorado All metals levels 1.6% added to the overall rate increase Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Colorado All metals levels 8.2% added to the overall rate increase Rocky Mountain HMO All metals levels 14% added to the overall rate increase Connecticut Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Connecticut Silver – Exchange only 16.7% added to silver exchange plans ConnectiCare Benefits Silver – Exchange only 16.7% added to silver exchange plans Georgia Blue Cross Blue Shield Healthcare Plan of Georgia Not specified 16.9% added to the overall rate increase Alliant Health Plans Silver – Exchange only 22.3% added to the overall rate increase Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia Silver – Exchange only 26.1% added to the overall rate increase Ambetter of Peach State Not specified 27.2% added to the overall rate increase Iowa Medica Insurance Company Silver – Unclear if all or exchange only 13.3% added to the overall rate increase Indiana Celtic Insurance Company All metal levels 16.6% added to the overall rate increase Kentucky CareSource Kentucky Silver – Both on and off-exchange 10.4% added to the overall rate increase Maryland CareFirst BlueChoice Silver – Exchange only 20.14% added to silver exchange plans Group Hospitalization and Medical Services Silver – Exchange only 15% added to silver exchange plans CareFirst of Maryland Silver – Exchange only 15% added to silver exchange plans Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States Silver – Exchange only 16.86% added to silver exchange plans Maine Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Silver – Both on and off-exchange 17.3% added to silver plans Maine Community Health Options Silver – Exchange only 22% added to silver exchange plans Michigan Blue Care Network of Michigan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 14.8% added to silver plans Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 9.9% added to silver plans McLaren Health Plan Community Silver – Exchange only 19% added to silver exchange plans Meridian Health Plan of Michigan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 38% added to silver plans Molina Healthcare of Michigan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 28.1% added to silver plans Physicians Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 20% added to silver plans Priority Health Silver – Both on and off-exchange 21.7% added to silver plans Montana Montana Health Cooperative Silver – Both on and off-exchange 22% added to silver plans PacificSource Health Plans Silver – Both on and off-exchange 12.1% added to silver plans North Carolina Blue Cross & Blue Shield of North Carolina Not specified 14% added to the overall rate increase New Mexico CHRISTUS Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 12.6% added to the overall rate increase Nevada Health Plan of Nevada Silver – Exchange only 11% added to silver exchange plans New York Capital District Physicians Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.3% added to the overall rate increase Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.4% added to the overall rate increase Excellus Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.2% added to the overall rate increase New York State Catholic Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.6% added to the overall rate increase HealthNow New York Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.4% added to the overall rate increase Independent Health Benefits Corporation Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0% added to the overall rate increase MetroPlus Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 1.1% added to the overall rate increase MVP Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 1.1% added to the overall rate increase Oscar Insurance Corporation Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.1% added to the overall rate increase UnitedHealthcare of New York Silver – Both on and off-exchange 0.5% added to the overall rate increase Healthfirst PHSP Silver – Both on and off-exchange 1.1% added to the overall rate increase Ohio CareSource Silver – Unclear if all or exchange only 12.2% added to the overall rate increase Medical Health Insuring Corporation of Ohio Silver – Exchange only 20% added to silver exchange plans Molina Healthcare of Ohio Silver – Unclear if all or exchange only 21.4% added to silver plans Oscar Insurance Corporation of Ohio Silver – Exchange only 14% added to silver exchange plans Paramount Insurance Company Silver – Exchange only 23.5% added to silver exchange plans Summa Insurance Company Silver – Exchange only 17.9% added to silver exchange plans Oregon BridgeSpan Health Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 7.1% added to silver plans Moda Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 7.1% added to silver plans PacificSource Health Plans Silver – Both on and off-exchange 7.1% added to silver plans Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest Silver – Both on and off-exchange 7.1% added to silver plans Providence Health Plan Silver – Both on and off-exchange 7.1% added to silver plans Pennsylvania Capital Advantage Assurance Company Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans First Priority Health Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Highmark Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Highmark Choice Company Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Highmark Health Insurance Company Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Geisinger Health Plan Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Keystone Health Plan East Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans QCC Insurance Company Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans UPMC Health Options Silver – Exchange only 34.29% added to silver exchange plans Rhode Island Neighborhood Health Plan of Rhode Island Silver – Exchange only 22.4% to 22.8% added to silver exchange plans Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Rhode Island Silver – Exchange only 19.5% added to silver exchange plans South Carolina Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Carolina Silver – Exchange only 24% added to silver exchange plans Tennessee BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee Silver – Both on and off-exchange 14% added to the overall rate increase Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 17.4% to 21.4% added to silver plans Oscar Insurance Company of Tennessee Silver – Exchange only 17% added to silver exchange plans Utah University of Utah Health Insurance Plans Silver – Exchange only ~30% added to silver exchange plans SelectHealth Silver – Exchange only ~30% added to silver exchange plans Virginia HealthKeepers Silver – Exchange only 12% added to silver exchange plans CareFirst BlueChoice Silver – Exchange only 21% added to silver exchange plans Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company Silver – Both on and off-exchange 18.8% – 20.5% added to silver plans Group Hospitalization and Medical Services Silver – Exchange only 24% added to silver exchange plans Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States Silver – Exchange only 12.4% added to silver exchange plans Washington BridgeSpan Silver – Exchange only 27% added to silver exchange plans Coordinated Care Corporation Silver – Exchange only 10% added to silver exchange plans Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington Silver – Exchange only 23% added to silver exchange plans Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest Silver – Exchange only 18% added to silver exchange plans LifeWise Health Plan of Washington Silver – Exchange only 14% added to silver exchange plans Molina Healthcare of Washington Silver – Exchange only 12% added to silver exchange plans Premera Blue Cross Silver – Exchange only 10% added to silver exchange plans NOTES: “Not specified” indicates the insurer stated the amount of their overall average rate increase attributed to CSR payments ending but did not explicitly state how the increase was applied. Data for Colorado, Montana, and Pennsylvania were confirmed by state insurance departments.

SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation analysis of insurer rate filings to state regulators; state insurance regulators.

Discussion

Data on 2018 marketplace premiums indicate premiums will increase substantially for the vast majority of insurers due to the discontinuation of cost-sharing reduction payments. In many cases, the premium surcharges are only for silver-level plans.

How consumers themselves will be affected by these premium increases, if at all, will depend in some cases on the approach taken by insurers (sometimes at the direction of state regulators).

Eighty-four percent of marketplace enrollees receive premium subsidies through tax credits, and those tax credits will increase dollar for dollar along with benchmark silver premiums. These enrollees should not be affected financially by the premium surcharges. Lower-income consumers eligible for cost-sharing reductions will likely want to continue to enroll in silver plans to qualify for those reductions.

Marketplace enrollees with incomes 250-400% of the poverty level – who are eligible for premium subsidies but not cost-sharing subsidies – could in some instances be better off. They will receive bigger premium subsidies, and could use those to pay less than they would now for a bronze plan (with higher patient cost-sharing) or a gold plan (with lower patient cost-sharing).

How middle and upper income people ineligible for premium subsidies will be affected will depend largely on the approach taken by insurers and states. Where premiums are increasing across-the-board to offset the loss of cost-sharing subsidies payments, they will be unable to avoid higher premiums. Where only silver premiums are increasing, they can avoid paying a surcharge by enrolling in a bronze or gold plan. And, where only silver premiums inside the marketplace are increasing, they can avoid paying more by enrolling in a bronze or gold marketplace plan or any type of plan outside the marketplace.

While consumers will generally be protected, the federal government could end up paying more in premium subsidies than it is saving in discontinuing the cost-sharing reduction payments.

Methods

Data were collected from health insurer rate filing submitted to state regulators. These submissions are publicly available for the states we analyzed. Most rate information is available in the form of a SERFF filing (System for Electronic Rate and Form Filing) that includes a base rate and other factors that build up to an individual rate. For some states where approved filings were unavailable, we gathered data from information released by state insurance departments. Premium data are current as of October 24, 2017; however, filings may still be updated before open enrollment for some states and insurers included in this analysis.