Fears grow authoritarian leaders will use new laws on 'fake news' to target legitimate news outlets that are critical of their rule.

Governments across Southeast Asia have been using laws and the judiciary to curb press freedoms - now, they have found a handy crutch to lean on as they intensify clampdowns: US President Donald Trump's "fake news" mantra.

Most worrying to media rights advocates is that several countries are promoting new legislation or expanding existing regulations to make publishing fake news an offence. The fear is that, rather than focusing on false stories published on social media, authoritarian leaders will use the new laws to target legitimate news outlets that are critical of them.

"When the leadership of the United States consistently targets legitimate media reporting as fake, it opens the way for leaders the world over to do the same," said Shawn Crispin, who represents the Committee to Protect Journalists in the region. "It's a dangerous trend that is giving authoritarian and democratic regimes alike justification for targeting or shutting down reporting they don't like."

The term "fake news" has entered the lexicon of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), whose leaders commended the work done by their governments in countering its spread, in a statement issued at the end of a November summit.

Like everywhere else, Southeast Asia does sometimes have a problem with information on social media that is intentionally false. But there is little sign that the problem has been anywhere as bad as it was, for example, in the run-up to the November 2016 US presidential election.

Last week, after the Philippines' corporate regulator revoked the operating license of Rappler, a news site whose scrutiny of President Rodrigo Duterte's deadly war on drugs has been a thorn in his side, Duterte told reporters it was "a fake news outlet" that had been "throwing trash and shit all along".

Duterte denied influencing the regulator's decision, which was followed by the justice minister ordering an investigation into Rappler for possible criminal liability, and the National Bureau of Investigation summoning its CEO to answer a complaint related to cybercrime.

John Nery, associate editor and columnist at the Philippine Daily Inquirer, which has also come under attack from the government, said "fake news" is now glibly used by people who don't like what they hear.

"Unfortunately for us, those parties include the government of the Philippines. So it is used to intimidate," he said.

Anti-fake news legislation, which would impose fines and prison terms of up to 20 years for spreading false information, is under consideration in the Philippines.

Philippines presidential spokesman Harry Roque said the legislation was being promoted by two senators, not the Duterte administration.

Asked if the government felt the need to regulate fake news, Roque said: "We believe in free marketplace of ideas."

"Like poison or a gun"

Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen regularly accuses critical media outlets of spreading "fake news".

Huy Vannak, undersecretary of state in Cambodia's Interior Ministry, told Reuters: "Everyone, including ordinary citizens, has to fight against fake news because fake news is like poison or a gun and it can kill our beautiful society."

Singapore's Straits Times newspaper this month cited seven cases of "fake news" that came up in a parliament discussion: Three were about other countries and one was about an image of "halal pork" allegedly being sold in supermarkets that went viral in 2007.

Law and Home Affairs Minister Kasiviswanathan Shanmugam told legislators that combating falsehoods is not contrary to the exercise of freedom of speech but, rather, it "enables freedom of speech to be meaningfully exercised".

A Singapore government spokesperson, asked to comment, referred Reuters to Shanmugam's speech and to a paper presented to parliament that said "the dissemination of deliberate falsehoods ... attacks the very heart of democracy" and, if unchecked, undermines faith in the country and its institutions.

In Malaysia, Prime Minister Najib Razak has accused opponents of using the media to spread fake news on a scandal over state fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).

1MDB is being investigated in at least six countries for money laundering and misappropriation of funds, including an alleged $681 million transfer into Najib's personal account. The US Department of Justice filed several lawsuits last year to seize more than $1.7bn in assets, believed to have been stolen from the sovereign fund that was set up by Najib.

The prime minister denies any wrongdoing.

Najib's government has suspended media and blocked websites that hounded him over 1MDB, and - with elections looming - he recently launched a website to counter "fake news".

Locking up reporters

Thailand already has a cybersecurity law under which the spread of false information carries a jail sentence of up to seven years, and the military government strictly enforces lese-majesty laws that shield the royal family from insult.

Still, military government leader Prayuth Chan-ocha has warned that tough action will be taken to enforce laws against "fake news and hate speech".

Myanmar has assailed foreign news organizations for "fake news" about a military crackdown in Rakhine state that triggered the exodus of more than 650,000 Rohingya Muslims to Bangladesh.

It has jailed at least 29 journalists since Nobel peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi came to power in 2016, including two Reuters reporters who had covered the attacks on minorities in Rakhine and are being investigated for alleged breaches of the Official Secrets Act.

Philip Bowring, a former editor of the news magazine Far Eastern Economic Review, which closed in 2009, said "fake news" is "a convenient phrase" for governments that would, in any case, find ways to crimp press freedom. He sees the mantra as "just a new gimmick" that allows governments to justify their behaviour.