Great care is needed when interpreting claims about the genetic basis of human variation based on data from genome-wide association studies.

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Human height is the classic example of a quantitative trait: its distribution is continuous, presumably because it is influenced by variation at a very large number of genes, most with a small effect (Fisher, 1918). Yet height is also strongly affected by the environment: average height in many countries increased during the last century and the children of immigrants are often taller than relatives in their country of origin – in both cases presumably due to changing diet and other environmental factors (Cavalli-Sforza and Bodmer, 1971; Grasgruber et al., 2016; NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016). This makes it very difficult to determine the cause of geographic patterns for height, such as the ‘latitudinal cline’ seen in Europe (Figure 1).



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