When an Olympic medalist is caught doping, any medals he or she has won are usually ordered returned, to be awarded to the next finisher in line.

In many cases, however, a change to the official record does not take place until years after the medal ceremonies have ended. Some of the athletes here, later declared Olympic champions, went home from the Games with lesser medals. Others never got the chance to stand on the podium at all.

Since 1968, in at least 25 cases, athletes should have won gold but did not receive the medal until later.

Athletes Who Retroactively Won Gold 1972

Munich Brad Cooper Swimming Australia 1976

Montreal Pyotr Korol Weight Lifting Soviet Union Yuri Zaitsev Weight Lifting Soviet Union 1988

Seoul Joachim Kunz Weight Lifting East Germany Carl Lewis 100m U.S. Oksen Mirzoyan Weight Lifting Soviet Union 2000

Sydney Simona Amanar Gymnastics Romania Pauline Davis-Thompson 200m Bahamas Nigerian Team 4x400m Tara Nott Weight Lifting U.S. Brandon Slay Wrestling U.S. 2002

Salt Lake City Thomas Alsgaard Skiing Norway Frode Estil Skiing Norway Christian Hoffmann Skiing Austria Mikhail Ivanov Skiing Russia Gabriella Paruzzi Skiing Italy Beckie Scott Skiing Canada 2004

Athens American Team Equestrian Yumileidi Cumbá Shot-Put Cuba Koji Murofushi Hammer Throw Japan Adam Nelson Shot-Put U.S. Rodrigo Pessoa Equestrian Brazil 2008

Beijing Asbel Kiprop 1,500m Kenya 2012

London Valerie Adams Shot-Put New Zealand Jared Tallent 50km Walk Australia

In at least 41 cases, athletes were upgraded to the silver medal, sometimes long after the official medals ceremony.

Athletes Who Retroactively Won Silver 1972

Munich Steve Genter Swimming U.S. 1976

Montreal Krastiu Semerdzhiev Weight Lifting Bulgaria Daniel Senet Weight Lifting France Trendafil Stoitchev Weight Lifting Bulgaria 1984

Los Angeles Michael McLeod 10,000m Britain Refik Memisevic Wrestling Yugoslavia 1988

Seoul Linford Christie 100m Britain Yingqiang He Weight Lifting China Sven Loll Judo East Germany Israel Militosyan Weight Lifting Soviet Union Nicu Vlad Weight Lifting Romania 2000

Sydney Jamaican Team 4x400m Susanthika Jayasinghe 200m Sri Lanka Tayna Lawrence 100m Jamaica Eui-Jae Moon Wrestling Korea Maria Olaru Gymnastics Romania Raema Rumbewas Weight Lifting Indonesia Ekaterini Thanou 100m Greece Wenxiong Wu Weight Lifting China 2002

Salt Lake City Stefania Belmondo Skiing Italy Mikhail Botvinov Skiing Austria Katerina Neumannova Skiing Czech Republic Katerina Neumannova Skiing Czech Republic Beckie Scott Skiing Canada Julija Tchepalova Skiing Russia Andrus Veerpalu Skiing Estonia 2004

Athens Bobby Julich Cycling U.S. Chris Kappler Equestrian U.S. Nadine Kleinert Shot-Put Germany Igor Razoronov Weight Lifting Ukraine Swedish Team Equestrian Ivan Tsikhan Hammer Throw Belarus 2006

Turin Martina Beck Biathlon Germany 2008

Beijing Fabian Cancellara Cycling Switzerland Hyleas Fountain Heptathlon U.S. Zongliang Tan Shooting China Nicholas Willis 1,500m New Zealand 2012

London Evgeniia Kolodko Shot-Put Russia Yanfeng Li Discus Throw China Tianfeng Si 50km Walk China Trinidadian Team 4x100m

In at least 54 cases, athletes who were eventually awarded a bronze missed out on the chance to stand on the podium as an Olympic medalist.

Athletes Who Retroactively Won Bronze 1968

Mexico City French Team Pentathlon 1972

Munich Tom McBreen Swimming U.S. 1976

Innsbruck Nina Baldycheva Skiing Soviet Union 1976

Montreal Peter Baczako Weight Lifting Hungary Kazimierz Czarnecki Weight Lifting Poland Tadeusz Rutkowski Weight Lifting Poland 1984

Los Angeles Victor Dolipschi Wrestling Romania Mike Musyoki 10,000m Kenya 1988

Seoul Peter Immesberger Weight Lifting West Germany Jinhe Li Weight Lifting China Shoubin Liu Weight Lifting China Calvin Smith 100m U.S. Michael Swain Judo U.S. 2000

Sydney Bahamian Team 4x400m Adem Bereket Wrestling Turkey Andrey Chemerkin Weight Lifting Russia Sri Indriyani Weight Lifting Indonesia Tatyana Kotova Long Jump Russia Xuan Liu Gymnastics China Beverly McDonald 200m Jamaica Gennady Oleshchuk Weight Lifting Belarus Merlene Ottey 100m Jamaica Xiangxiang Zhang Weight Lifting China 2002

Salt Lake City Viola Bauer Skiing Germany Stefania Belmondo Skiing Italy Per Elofsson Skiing Sweden Odd-Bjorn Hjelmeset Skiing Norway Katerina Neumannova Skiing Czech Republic Benjamin Raich Skiing Austria Bente Skari Skiing Norway Kristen Skjeldal Skiing Norway Julija Tchepalova Skiing Russia 2004

Athens Esref Apak Hammer Throw Turkey Reyhan Arabacioglu Weight Lifting Turkey Australian Team Rowing German Team Equestrian Marco Kutscher Equestrian Germany Gleb Pisarevskiy Weight Lifting Russia V. Pospisilova-Cechlova Discus Throw Czech Republic Israel Rubio Weight Lifting Venezuela 2006

Turin Albina Akhatova Biathlon Russia 2008

Beijing Dylan Armstrong Shot-Put Canada Mehdi Baala 1,500m France Tatyana Chernova Heptathlon Russia Vladimir Isakov Shooting Russia Alexandr Kolobnev Cycling Russia Swiss Team Equestrian Jason Turner Shooting U.S. 2012

London Yarelys Barrios Discus Throw Cuba French Team 4x100m Lijiao Gong Shot-Put China Siripuch Gulnoi Weight Lifting Thailand Gabor Hatos Wrestling Hungary Rob Heffernan 50km Walk Ireland

Here are the athletes whose medals were taken away because of doping.

When gold medalists are caught doping, the effect of changing the official records is multiplied because every medal in their event is reassigned. Seven years after the 2000 Summer Olympics, Marion Jones was stripped of all five of her medals, three gold and two bronze. That ultimately affected the standing of seven other athletes.