Burket’s three-in-one warbler. Photo : Lowell Burket

A Pennsylvania birder spotted the bird of a lifetime in his backyard this past spring—it was a hybrid of three species across two genera in a single bird. He’d found a three-in-one warbler.


Natural hybrids can be of conservation concern, since animals mating with the wrong species can give birth to sterile offspring or birds that no one wants to mate with. But one hybrid warbler seems to have found love, albeit with a bird from a completely different genus, leading to the strange results.

“It tells us that warblers in general appear to be reproductively compatible over millions of years of independent evolution,” Dave Toews, postdoctoral associate at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, told Gizmodo. “The things that really define them, their distinct colors and their songs, are likely mating barriers, and that they don’t interbreed because they can’t, but because they choose not to.”


Burket’s warbler. Photo : Lowell Burket

Birder Lowell Burket knew something strange had arrived at the bird-watching spot on his property this past May. The bird looked like a hybrid well-known among birders, called the Brewster’s warbler, which is a mix between the golden-winged and blue-winged warbler. But it sang like a bird from a different genus, called the chestnut-sided warbler, and had a twinge of the chestnut-sided’s signature red patch on its side. Burket observed the bird a few times and eventually emailed Cornell researchers.

“I tried to make the email sound somewhat intellectual so they wouldn’t think I was a crackpot,” Burke t told the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in a release. “Having the photos and video helped.”

Toews was skeptical at first, given all of the false alarms he’s received—someone once told him she’d seen the hybrid offspring of a pigeon and a duck, when in fact she’d just seen the common American coot. But he’d long been looking for a hybrid between the Vermivora genus, containing the blue-winged and golden-winged warblers as well as their hybrids, and the Setophaga genus, containing the chestnut-sided warbler. Male chestnut-sided warblers regularly fight the Vermivora warblers over territory, but it’s unclear how they’d interact with females, according to the paper published in Biology Letters. Burket’s report, bolstered by his birding know-how, seemed to fit the bill.




A female Brewster’s warbler hybrid in 2017 (left) and a male chestnut sided warbler (right), both taken from Burket’s pond. Perhaps that’s where the three-in-one warbler’s parents met. Photo : Lowell Burket

Toews paid Burket a visit. They successfully caught the bird in a net and took a blood sample before letting it free. Toews ran an analysis of the bird’s mitochondrial DNA, and found what he was looking for—a Vermivora warbler mother—he presumed a golden-winged warbler—had mated with the chestnut-sided warbler. But when he shared his results with his colleagues and Twitter followers, they asked him to keep going. Mitochondrial DNA only stores information on the maternal lineage, so it wouldn’t reveal whether the strange bird’s mother was a hybrid herself or not.


Further testing revealed that Toews’ Twitter followers were right: The mother was a hybrid herself. Burket’s bird was thus three species and two genera in a single bird. As far as Toews could tell, it was the first record of an interspecies hybrid reproducing with a bird from a different genus, according to the paper.

The three-in-one warbler’s presumed family tree. Graphic : Blue-winged, Golden-winged, and Brewster’s Warblers by Liz Clayton Fuller; Chestnut-sided Warbler from del Hoyo et al. (2018) Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive; new hybrid by Jillian Ditner. Graphic courtesy of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.


The existence of a three-in-one warbler doesn’t teach us much, other than that an incredible mistake happened someplace up north. But hybrids in general are interesting to study for conservation reasons—female birds might hybridize when they’re low on mates and might be “making the best of a bad situation,” according to the paper. But if other birds don’t want to mate with the hybrids, or if the hybrids are sterile, then the offspring might be considered “wasted reproductive effort” and “exacerbate population declines.”

It’s unclear whether the three-in-one warbler successfully mated with another bird, or whether it could mate at all, though it returned to Burket’s patch on its way south this fall.


Birds are just looking for love. Sometimes, if they can’t find the right mate, they’ve got to settle.

[Biology Letters via Cornell Lab of Ornithology]