Even as China struggles to curb domestic coal-fired power and the deadly pollution it produces, the world's top carbon emitter is aggressively exporting the same troubled technology to Asia, Africa and the Middle East, an investigation by AFP has shown.

The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from these Chinese-backed plants could cripple global efforts to rein in global warming caused by the burning of fossil fuels -- especially coal, analysts warn.

"China is a world leader in terms of embracing the policy and investment needs to progressively decarbonise its economy," said Tim Buckley, director of energy finance studies at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).

"But internationally, China continues to invest in a range of coal project in direct contradiction to its domestic energy strategy."

Globally, coal use accounts for 40 percent of CO2 emissions, and is on the rise after declining slightly from 2014 to 2016.

More than two-fifths of the world's electricity is generated by coal-fired power, nearly double the share of natural gas and 15 times as much as solar and wind combined.

A quarter of coal plants in the planning stage or under construction outside China are backed by Chinese state-owned financial institutions and corporations, according to research by IEEFA, an energy finance think-tank based in Cleveland, Ohio.

Remove India from the picture, and the share of coal development supported by China rises to above a third.

As China tries to draw down its domestic coal use, it has aggressively pushed coal power outside its borders. By Sanjib DUTTA (AFP/File)

"The risk is locking these countries into something that won't be good for them in the long-run, and that is incompatible with the Paris climate agreement's temperature goals," said Christine Shearer, an energy analyst for CoalSwarm and lead author of the research, which is slated for publication later this month.

Many of the recipients of China's largesse -- Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, Senegal, Zimbabwe and half a dozen others -- currently have little or no coal-fired power, and no coal to fuel future plants.

"That means they will have to build import infrastructure, or even coals mines," Shearer told AFP.

The 2015 Paris treaty calls for capping global warming at "well under" two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and a by the UN's climate science panel warned last month that even the 2C target may not be ambitious enough to avert catastrophic impacts.

With only one 1C of warming so far, the planet has seen a crescendo of lethal heatwaves, flooding, drought and storms surges made worse by rising seas.

SE Asian coal boom

And yet, Chinese banks and investment agencies have committed more than $21 billion (18.5 billion euros) to developing 31 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity in a dozen countries, and an additional $15 billion is on offer to support projects that would generate 71 GW in 24 nations, for a total of more than 101 GW, IEEFA found.

Globally, coal use accounts for 40 percent of CO2 emissions, and is on the rise. By GREG BAKER (AFP/File)

Worldwide, there are nearly 2,500 30-megawatt-or-larger coal-fired stations in operation, with a combined capacity of about 2000 GW, according to the .

"A glut of new coal infrastructure would bury our chances of keeping global warming well below 2C," Heffa Schuecking, director of Urgewald, an environmental NGO based in Germany which tracks the coal sector, told AFP.

"The Chinese government needs to stop bankrolling new coal plants both at home and abroad."

Any pathway to a 1.5C world -- even one that allows for "overshooting" the target and depends heavily on extracting CO2 from the air -- requires the near elimination of coal from the energy mix by mid-century, according to the UN.

A "sustainable development" scenario laid out by the International Energy Agency (IEA) sees coal power dropping 60 percent by 2040.

Coal use within China -- nearly half the world total -- has declined slightly in recent years, as has CO2 emissions, though both are likely to tilt upward this year.

In the rest of Asia, however, soaring demand for electricity has translated into a sharp jump in coal consumption.

In Vietnam, Bangladesh and the Philippines, for example, electricity generation shot up more than 20 percent from 2014 to 2017 -- triple the global average -- with China-backed coal powering a significant part of the increase.

China is not alone in peddling the most carbon-intensive of fossil fuels beyond its borders.

The world's biggest producers and consumers of coal. By Sophie RAMIS (AFP/File)

As of last month, South Korea and its export credit agencies were positioned to back 12 GW of coal-fired power abroad, and Japan was behind another 10, according to a research note from Han Chen, international energy policy manager at the Natural Resources Defense Council.

During the 2013-2018 period, South Korea and Japan financed 8 GW and 20 GW, respectively.

Spectre of stranded assets

But their shares were dwarfed by China's, whose financing covered as much power generation as Japan and South Korea combined. The three East Asian rivals supported 90 percent of the 135 GW built since 2013 or in the pipeline.

"China is winning more bids, and Chinese firms are more willing to consider countries and markets with high risk profiles," Chen told AFP.

All this external funding comes at a time when financial institutions in the rest of the world are starting to shy away from coal.

Cheap solar and wind energy combined with mounting concern about climate impacts have cast a shadow over coal-fired power, raising the spectre of stranded assets.

Three possible scenarios for the future of the world's energy production. By Sophie RAMIS (AFP/File)

At least 19 major insurers with more than $6 trillion in assets -- 20 percent of the global total -- have divested from coal, up from $4 trillion a year ago, the Unfriend Coal Scorecard, which tracks divestment in the insurance sector, reported this week.

Insurers Generali, Lloyd's, Hannover Re, AG2R La Mondiale and Groupama all announced new divestment policies this year.

Investors, pension funds, export credit agencies, and multilateral development banks -- including the World Bank -- have also pulled back, as have many private banks.

An by the Washington DC-based World Resources Institute of China's energy sector financing under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) -- which seeks to boost $6 trillion in infrastructure across 68 nations -- shows that very little went towards renewables.

"Most Chinese deals from 2014 to 2017 in energy and transportation" -- totalling $250 billion in loans and financing -- "were tied to carbon-intensive sectors," said lead author Lihuan Zhou, an associate at the WRI's Sustainable Finance Center.

China is acutely aware of mounting criticism of its drive to export coal-fired power, said Laurence Tubiana, CEO of the European Climate Foundation and -- as France's top climate negotiator -- one of the main architects of the .

'China has to choose'

An anti-coal protest in Lamu, Kenya, where China has financed a coal-fired project. By TONY KARUMBA (AFP/File)

"Every conference, every discussion is about how to green the Belt and Road Initiative," she told AFP upon returning from a round of meetings in Beijing.

Domestically, the barriers to rapidly drawing down coal use -- despite a cap on coal production -- are evident.

"China has built up an enormous coal-power generation industry -- workers, companies, technology manufacturing -- and now they have a lot of surplus," said energy analyst Shearer.

At the same time, China's juggernaut economy is slowing, which has left these state-run behemoths "looking for new markets".

But a dozen experts interviewed for this article pointed out that -- outside its borders -- Beijing could opt for a different path.

"They do have a choice," said Oliver Sartor, a senior research fellow at the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations in Paris.

"It looks hypocritical to clean up at home and then be investing in coal abroad."

Tubiana said that "China's dynamic private sector -- which is very much involved in renewables, electric vehicles -- would be a perfect vehicle for outside influence".

Several coal-fired projects in the pipeline financed by China have met fierce resistance.

Three of them -- the Sendou plant in Senegal, the Rampal project in Bangladesh, and the Lamu plant in Kenya -- are in countries where little or no energy is currently produced by coal.

The Sendou and Rampal developments are in coastal areas where local communities have already been devastated by climate impacts.

"China has to choose whether it will offload abroad what it is trying to leave behind at home, or secure a far bigger market share over the next few decades in clean energy," said Renato Redentor Constantino, executive director of the Institute for Climate and Sustainable Cities in Manila.

"I think it will choose clean energy, but it won't do it alone," he added. "Pressure has to come from other countries and civil society."