Question: My city just started putting in rain gardens. How do rain gardens help with storm water?

Answer: Since the 19th century, most urbanized areas collect and move wastewater to Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs) using a connected collection system. In many areas, WRPs collect both storm water and wastewater in combined sewer systems. In some cities, like Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York, about 90% of the surface is “impervious.” This means that the surface does not let rainfall through.

The “Greenest Street in America” is located near Benito Juarez Community Academy, Chicago. The project is an unprecedented demonstration of cutting-edge sustainable design. The sidewalks, bike lanes, and part of the roadway were reconstructed using permeable pavement. The streetscape includes vegetated planters (shown), bioswales, rain gardens and below-ground infiltration basins. In simulated results, the sustainable streetscape project could capture 80% of the rainfall for a Chicago storm of ¾” in five hours. Credit: Dan Wendt, Chicago MWRD.

Rainfall and snow melt make up most of the water that flows over these impervious surfaces and into the storm water system.

You may notice that during heavy rains, water collects by storm water drains. The development of cities has changed the drainage system that handles rainfall and snow melt. As a result, the amount of storm water runoff increases. During large storms, water also flows at higher heights. This can cause flooding, and burdens the WRP system. It’s very expensive to change the WRP system to support the larger amount of water.

In the last few decades, the focus has shifted from “capture, convey, and treat” traditional drainage systems. Instead, cities focus on more sustainable systems to manage storm water runoff. They are often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’. Rain gardens are one example of green infrastructure.

Cities examine green infrastructure in terms of their ability to reduce the total volume of water. Cities also look at their ability to delay the arrival of water that reaches the sewer system. This reduces the burden on the WRPs that receive the water. Reducing the water flow is also helpful because it reduces combined sewer overflows and localized flooding.

Another benefit of green infrastructure is that they can potentially reduce pollutants entering the storm water system. Pollutants like nutrients (from fertilizers), road salt, and bacteria, can negatively affect aquatic life and public health. Green infrastructure captures these pollutants, especially those that might run off at the beginning of a storm, called “first flush.”

Green based technologies collect, treat, and filter any surface runoff to recharge groundwater, helping the storm water to avoid the collections system. Green roofs, rain gardens, and other systems collect water and keep it out of storm water. Compared to traditional drainage systems, cities believe green infrastructure technologies are sustainable and will cost less for urban areas. Recently, cities are using retention ponds or vegetated swales to retain storm water runoff However; they were not suitable for older developments or metropolitan cities because they are difficult to install.

To learn more about green infrastructure and rain gardens, visit https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/green-infrastructure.

For further reading about rain gardens and sustainable landscapes, visit this site to download the city of Omaha’s guide: http://www.omahastormwater.org/download/sustainable-landscapes-home-owner-manual/?wpdmdl=2591

We hope you will be seeing more rain gardens, green roofs, and green infrastructure in your city!

-Answered by Kuldip Kumar and Lakhwinder Hundal, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

To view SSSA’s Soils Support Urban Life video, visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkJ7H9DMEX4

More educational materials can be found on various SSSA websites:

http://soils4teachers.org/ (K-12 Lesson Plans and Activities)

http://soils4kids.org (Just for kids!)

http://soils.org/iys (International Year of Soils, with a coloring book and monthly ideas for teachers and scientists!)

Subscribe to SSSA’s Soils Matter blog posts to get monthly answers to common soils-related questions: https://soilsmatter.wordpress.com/

Become a Friend of Soil Science (no charge) at: https://www.soils.org/membership/friends-of-soil-science/

Dig in further with a free trial membership at https://www.soils.org/membership/become-a-member/trial/

Further Reading For Runoff Volume Reduction Quantification Case Studies:

Barr Engineering Company. Burnsville Stormwater Retrofit Study: Prepared for City of Burnsville. Minneapolis, MN. June 2006.

Davis, A.P. 2008. Field performance of bioretention: hydrology impacts. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 13, 90-95.

Dietz, M.E., and J.C. Clausen. 2005. A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 167, 123-138.

Dietz, M.E., and J.C. Clausen. 2006. Saturation to improve pollutant retention in a rain garden. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 1335-1340.

Hunt, W.F., A.R. Jarrett, J.T. Smith, and L.J. Sharkey. 2006. Evaluating bio retention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 132, 600-608.

Hunt, W.F., J.T. Smith, S,J, Jadlocki, J.M. Hathaway, and P.R. Eubanks. 2008. Pollutant removal and peak flow mitigation by a bio retention cell in urban Charlotte, NC. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134, 403-408.

Yang, H., D.C. Florence, E.L. McCoy, W.A. Dick, and P.S. Grewall. 2009. Design and hydraulic characteristics of a field-scale bi-phasic bio retention rain garden system for storm water management. Water Science and Technology, 59, 1863-1872. 64