“We thought: This is it. Things are going to change,” said Mvemba Dizolele, a Congolese professor, author and activist. “Now, it’s like: What just happened?”

Instead of a free and fair election, Congo’s people appear to have participated in a fait accompli. The election was marred by irregularities, and voting data from the election commission ­database, leaked to the Financial Times and other outlets, showed that another candidate, Martin Fayulu, won around 60 percent of the vote.

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The announced winner was not Kabila’s chosen successor — who was deeply unpopular — but Félix Tshisekedi, an opposition leader. Tshisekedi was inaugurated at Congo’s National Palace on Thursday.

“The genius of it is that they rigged it in favor of an opposition candidate who they could co-opt,” said Jason Stearns, who leads a Congo-focused think tank in New York. “This isn’t the worst that could have happened, but it’s a big blow to the idea of democracy in Congo.” Kabila’s government denied allegations of vote rigging.

The unexpectedness of Tshise­kedi’s ascent has riven the country’s opposition into factions and left many Congolese in a disenchanted daze.

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They have not come out on the street in violent backlash as some had feared but instead hunkered down, pleased that Kabila is out of office yet unsure whether he is still in power. Kabila’s party, astonishingly for having lost the presidency, won three-quarters of the seats in Congo’s Senate.

“The question remains open,” Dizolele said. “Can we ever have a real transition, a president that represents the will of the people that is fully legitimate?”

Full-fledged democracy in Congo has been a distant dream since the 1961 assassination of Patrice Lumumba, independent Congo’s first prime minister. He fell afoul of Cold War-era fears in the United States and Belgium, Congo’s colonizer, which both supported his killing just one year after Congo became free.

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Tshisekedi, 55, was born shortly after Lumumba’s assassination and grew up in relative comfort as the son of Étienne Tshisekedi, the founder of Congo’s longest-running opposition party, who was alternately jailed and given official positions by the three leaders Congo has had over the past half-century.

Félix bears a striking resemblance to his adored father, earning him points among the party faithful. But he is a political novice and now enters office hamstrung by Kabila’s control of the legislature.

Kabila will continue to play a major role in Congolese politics. He retains the vague but official title of “moral authority” of his political party, which indicates he will “orchestrate most of Congo’s big decisions behind the scenes,” Stearns said. And he has not ruled out a return to power in the 2023 elections.

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Fayulu, the opposition candidate who led in opinion polls ahead of the vote, campaigned vociferously as the anti-Kabila candidate. While Tshisekedi stayed mostly silent as widespread irregularities and disenfranchisement hollowed out trust in the election, Fayulu denounced them in front of crowds of tens of thousands.

To his supporters, Fayulu was the one who would hold Kabila accountable for the corruption that many allege enriched his family while most of the country remains extremely impoverished and mostly without electricity or clean water. Kabila has denied allegations of corruption.

Before the election, Tshisekedi sounded a similar tone to Fayulu, often stressing his belief that Congo needed a “truth and reconciliation commission” similar to Rwanda’s or South Africa’s that would hold Kabila to account.

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But as rumors swirled around Congo’s capital, Kinshasa, in the days after the election, Tshisekedi began to make previously unthinkable overtures to Kabila.

“It is clear that he will be able to live peacefully in his own country and carry out his business, he has nothing to fear,” Tshisekedi told Belgium’s Le Soir newspaper.

His first speech upon being named winner was even more conciliatory. “Today we should no longer see [Kabila] as an adversary, but rather as a partner in the democratic change in our country,” he told supporters.

At Thursday’s inauguration ceremony, Tshisekedi stood beside Kabila, who looked years younger after having shaved his beard. The outgoing president wore aviator sunglasses.

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Tshisekedi’s running mate, formerly Kabila’s campaign manager, stood beside Kabila’s erstwhile presidential candidate, Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary. Representatives of Fayulu’s coalition were absent, as were leaders of Congo’s Catholic Church, to which almost half the country belongs.

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Only one foreign head of state, Kenya’s Uhuru Kenyatta, was in attendance.

From afar, spokesmen for ­nations and organizations that had criticized aspects of the election offered acknowledgment of ­Tshisekedi’s presidency.

“We are committed to working with the new DRC government,” State Department spokesman Robert Palladino said in a statement, referring to the country by the acronym for its full name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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The African Union and European Union both issued statements saying they had “taken note” of the election’s final results but did not congratulate Tshise­kedi.

After ceremonially handing a Congolese flag to Tshisekedi on Thursday, Kabila left the stage, walking with the same conviction with which he had delivered his valedictory speech the night before.