About the ES2015 Series This series, Understanding ES2015 In Depth, will give you a thorough understanding of some of the most recent additions to ECMAScript, the scripting language also known as JavaScript, which powers the modern Internet as we know and love it. About the Author Dan Wellman is an author and web developer from the UK. He’s written nine books on using JavaScript frameworks and libraries including YUI, jQuery, and jQuery UI, and is a regular contributor to Envato’s Tuts+ code courses. He is also Lead Front-End Developer at Bluedoor DST and Curriculum Director at Bov Academy of Programming, where he has written the highly acclaimed course Becoming a JavaScript Expert. Dan has previously worked as a Front-End Engineer at Microsoft.

About this Post This post, Block Scope with let and const , lays the foundation of your ES2015 knowledge by giving you a solid foundation in the fundamentals of the different scopes available in JavaScript, the different scenarios that cause scopes to be created, and the impact this has on variable access. Prerequisites: None Reading time: 15 minutes

Author: Dan Wellman

One of the major features introduced by ES2015 is a whole new scope. In this section, we’re going to start by learning what a scope is. We’ll then move on to look at how we can create the new type of scope, and the benefits it can bring to our code.

A Quick Introduction to Scope

The term scope describes an area in which variables and functions, or identifiers, can be accessed. JavaScript has traditionally had two types of scope: global scope and function scope, and the place in your code in which a variable is declared affects whether it can be accessed by other parts of your code. Let’s look at an example with some code to illustrate the concept of scope. Imagine that you have a JavaScript file containing only the following code:

var globalVariable = 'This is global'; function globalFunction1() { var innerVariable1 = 'Non-global variable 1'; } function globalFunction2() { var innerVariable2 = 'Non-global variable 2'; }

In the above code we first declare globalVariable . This statement is not inside a function so this variable will automatically be stored in the global scope. The browser creates the global scope, using the window object, so as well as accessing the variable using the identifier globalVariable , we could also access it through the window object using window.globalVariable . We can access this variable anywhere in the file, before or after the two functions, and even inside them, which is why we say that global variables are “visible” to all of our code—we can literally access them from anywhere, even in other JavaScript files attached to the same page.

Following the global variable we declare two functions, globalFunction1 and globalFunction2 , like the global variable, these function can be “seen” and invoked by code anywhere else in this file, or in other files loaded by the same page. However, when the JavaScript engine parses these functions, it will create two new function scopes, one for each of the functions. This is where things get interesting; scopes in JavaScript are nested so the two new function scopes become child scopes of the global scope. This means that the code inside each function can access the global globalVariable variable, as if it had been declared inside the function alongside the inner variables.

When trying to access an identifier in JavaScript, the browser will first look for the variable inside the current scope. If it is not found, the browser will then look in the parent scope of the current scope, and will keep moving up through the parent scopes until it either finds the variable, or reaches the global scope. If the variable still isn’t found in the global scope, the browser will generate a ReferenceError . The nested scopes are known as a scope chain, and this process of checking the current scope and then the parent scopes is known as a variable look-up. This look-up is only able to go up the scope chain, it will never look inside child scopes of the current scope.

What the direction of the look-up through the scope chain means for the above example is that innerVariable1 can only be accessed inside the globalFunction1 function, and innerVariable2 can only be accessed inside the globalFunction2 function. innerVariable1 cannot be accessed within the globalFunction2 function, or by the global scope, and innerVariable2 cannot be accessed by globalFunction1 or the global scope.

The following image shows an abstract representation of the scopes in the above code:

The global scope contains the globalVariable as well as the two nested function scopes. Each nested function scope contains its own variable, but these variables are not accessible to the global scope. The dotted lines represent the direction of the look-up through the scope chain.

Let’s look at another brief code example to hammer home the scope concepts that we’ve covered so far. Consider a JavaScript file which contains only the following code:

function outer() { var variable1; function inner() { var variable2; } }

In this code, we have an outer function named outer , which is defined in the global scope. As it’s a function, it creates a function scope which is nested within the global scope. Inside this scope we declare the variable variable1 and a new function called inner . As inner is also a function, a new scope is created, and nested within the outer function’s scope.

Inside the inner function, we can access both variable2 —which is in the inner function’s scope—and variable1 . When we access variable1 from inside the inner function, the browser will first look for the variable in its current scope; when the variable is not found, the look-up will navigate up to the parent scope, which is the outer function’s scope. The scopes in this code could be represented like this:

Function scopes may be nested within other function scopes, but the same rules around the scope-chain look-up apply, so the inner scope can access both variable1 and variable2 , but the outer scope can only access variable1 .

The scope chain is longer in this example, stretching from the inner function, through the outer function, and up to the global window object.

JavaScript’s New Scope

In JavaScript, a block is one or more statements within curly brackets. Conditional expressions, such as if , for , and while statements, all use blocks to execute statements based on certain conditions.

Other popular and common programming languages have block scope, so scope in JavaScript, which until now has only had global and function scope, has always been considered confusing. The ES2015 addition of block scope to JavaScript has important implications for our code and can also make the language more intuitive to developers familiar with other programming languages.

Block scope means that a block is able to create its own scope, rather than simply existing within the scope created by its nearest parent function, or the global scope. Let’s take a quick look at how scope has traditionally worked with blocks in JavaScript before we move on to look at how block scope now works:

function fn() { var x = 'function scope'; if (true) { var y = 'not block scope'; } function innerFn() { console.log(x, y); // function scope not block scope } innerFn(); }

The var statement is not able to create a block scope, even when used within a block, so the console.log statement is able to access both the x and y variables. The fn function creates a function scope and both the x and y variables are accessible via the scope chain within that scope.

Hoisting

Understanding the concept of hoisting is fundamental to understanding how JavaScript works. JavaScript has two phases: a parsing phase—where all of the code is read by the JavaScript engine—followed by an execution phase in which the code that has been parsed is executed. It is during this second phase that most things happen; for example, when you use a console.log statement, the actual log message is printed to the console during the execution phase.

However, some important things happen during the parsing phase as well, including memory allocation for variables and scope creation. The term hoisting describes what happens when the JavaScript engine encounters an identifier, such as a variable or function declaration; when it does this, it acts as if it literally lifts (hoists) that declaration up to the top of the current scope. In light of this, in the above code example, what really happens is this:

function fn() { var x; var y; x = 'function scope'; if (true) { y = 'not block scope'; } function innerFn() { console.log(x, y); // function scope not block scope } innerFn(); }

Only the variable declaration is hoisted to the top of its scope; the variable assignment still occurs at the place where we assigned the value, inside the if statement in this example. Of course, our variables aren’t literally moved around in our code, but the engine behaves as if this is what happens, so this is a useful device for understanding our code better.

In addition to variables, function declarations are also hoisted. Consequently, from the JavaScript engine’s perspective, the code actually looks like this:

function fn() { var x; var y; function innerFn() { console.log(x, y); // function scope not block scope } x = 'function scope'; if (true) { y = 'not block scope'; } innerFn(); }

The declaration of innerFn is also moved to the top of its scope. But remember, it is just the declaration of the function that is hoisted, not the invocation of the function. The above code won’t throw any errors because innerFn isn’t invoked until after the x and y variables have had values assigned to them.

Using let

Even when using ES2015, the var statement does not create block scope. In order to create block scope, we need to use either the let or const statements inside a block. We’ll come back to const shortly. For now, let’s focus on let .

Superficially, let is very similar to var —we use it to declare variables:

function fn() { var variable1; let variable2; }

In this simple example, the var and let statements both do the same thing—they initialise a new variable in the current scope, which is the scope created by the fn function. In order to create a new block scope, we need to use let inside a block:

function fn() { var variable1 = 'function scope'; if (true) { let variable2 = 'block scope'; } console.log(variable1, variable2); // Uncaught ReferenceError: variable2 is not defined } fn();

In this case the code throws a reference error; let’s explore why. The fn function creates a new scope within which variable1 is declared. We then have an if statement, which uses a block to declare variable2 . However, because we used the let statement within that block, a new block scope is created within the fn scope.

If the console.log statement had been inside the if block as well, it would be in the same scope as variable2 and would be able to use the scope chain to find variable1 . But because console.log is in the outer fn scope, it can’t access variable2 , so it throws a reference error.

Block scopes work the same as function scopes work, but they are created for blocks, rather than functions.

The Temporal Dead Zone

When a regular variable created using var is hoisted to the top of its scope, it’s initialized with the value undefined , which is what allows us to be able to reference a normal variable before it has a value declared through assignment:

console.log(x); // undefined var x = 10;

Remember, because of hoisting, the code is actually understood as this:

var x = undefined; console.log(x); // undefined x = 10;

This behavior prevents a ReferenceError from being thrown.

Variables declared with let are hoisted, but crucially, they are not automatically initialised with the value undefined , which means that the following code produces an error:

console.log(x); // Uncaught ReferenceError: x is not defined let x = 10;

This error is caused by the temporal dead zone (TDZ). The TDZ exists from the moment the scope is initialized to the moment the variable is declared. To fix the ReferenceError, we need to declare the variable before trying to access it:

let x; console.log(x); // undefined x = 10;

The TDZ was designed like this in order to make development easier—trying to reference a variable that has not been declared yet is more commonly an error than an intentional decision, so the error highlights this to us immediately.

Using const

The new const statement is used to declare a variable whose value cannot be reassigned. It behaves in a very similar way as let does with regard to the TDZ, but when being declared, a const variable must be initialised with a value:

const VAR1 = 'constant';

From this point on, the value of VAR1 will always be the string constant . If we try to change the value of the variable through reassignment, we’ll see an error:

TypeError: Assignment to constant variable

If we try to create a const variable without initializing it with a value, we’ll also see an error; this time a SyntaxError:

SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration

Simirlarly, a const variable cannot be redeclared. If we try to declare the same const variable more than once, we’ll see a different type of SyntaxError:

SyntaxError: Identifier ‘VAR1’ has already been declared

As with other programming languages, constants are useful for holding values that we do not expect to change over the life of our program.

It is important to note that let and const are both reserved words in JavaScript, and so cannot be used as identifier names in strict mode. As ES2015 becomes more and more common, a consensus is emerging that both let and const are superior to var because the scope of variables created with them is more aligned to other modern programming languages, and code behaves in a much more predictable way. Therefore, for most situations it is preferable to avoid the use of var if possible.

Immutability

While the value of a const variable cannot be changed with reassignment, const variables are not completely immutable. If we initialize a const variable with an object or an array, we will still be able to set the properties of the object and add and remove items to the array.