British, US and French special forces and paratroopers support push by peshmerga from east and Iraqi army from south

Iraqi forces, supported by US-led airstrikes and special forces, advanced on Mosul from the east and the south on Monday in the first phase of a long-planned offensive to retake the city from Islamic State.

The advance on Monday evening aims to liberate Iraq’s second biggest city, an Isis stronghold where its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, declared the establishment of a caliphate two years ago.



The Kurdish forces, known as peshmerga, advanced steadily in long armoured columns across the Nineveh plain to the east of Mosul, pausing at each deserted village to allow engineers to search for mines and booby traps left by Isis.



Peshmerga officials claimed their tanks had destroyed two Isis suicide truck bombs. By the end of the first day in the attempt to oust the jihadi group from their last major Iraqi stronghold, Kurdish leaders said their forces had captured 200 sq km (77 sq miles).

Most of the local population on the Nineveh plain has fled since Isis seized the area in the summer of 2014.

Meanwhile, the Iraqi army has also moved into villages to the south of the city, where local tribes had ousted Isis on their own.

Early reports suggested the peshmerga advance from the east met relatively little resistance while the Iraqi army and Shia militias advancing from the south faced tougher opposition and more difficult terrain.



Battle for Mosul: Isis city under attack from Iraqi and Kurdish forces – live news Read more

Under a US-brokered agreement negotiated in the run-up to the offensive, the peshmerga and Shia militias such as the Iranian backed Hashd al-Shaabi are supposed to stop short of entering Mosul itself, which is mostly Sunni, allowing the Iraqi army’s counter-terrorism force, federal police and local tribal fighters to conduct the house-to-house fighting in the city, with the aim of minimising sectarian conflict in the aftermath of the battle against Isis.

US, British and French special forces are playing a supporting role in the offensive, some giving coordinates on enemy targets for airstrikes. The US has a total 5,000 troops in Iraq, many serving as advisors to the 12 Iraqi brigades that have been specifically trained for the battle of Mosul. An ABC correspondent covering the peshmerga advance reported that US troops from the 101st Airborne Division were operating openly with the Kurds.



“Early indications are that Iraqi forces met their objections and are ahead of schedule on this first day. Peter Cook, the Pentagon spokesman, said.

He said Isis has an estimated force of between three and five thousand inside the city, which has a population of about a million.

“They have had two years to dig in and to plan IED’s [improvised explosive devices- booby-traps],” Cook said. “This is an enemy with a capacity to make life difficult.”

He added that when Iraqi forces identify an Isis stronghold, they may pass on the coordinates to US “forward air controllers” serving behind the front line. Any subsequent air strike would have to be approved by the US command and the Iraqi authorities.

“There are Americans on the outskirts of the city, but Iraqis are in the lead, and the Americans are operating behind the forward line,” Cook said.

Why is the battle for Mosul significant? Mosul is Islamic State's last urban stronghold in Iraq, and the assault is the most critical challenge yet to the group's caliphate. Since Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the establishment of a caliphate from the city in June 2014, Mosul has been central to the group’s ambitions to spread its ruthless interpretation of Islamic law throughout the Arab world and beyond. Victory over Isis appears very likely, but there are concerns about what comes next: how to provide for up to 1.3 million refugees and how to re-establish governance in a city brutalised by tyranny.

Addressing his troops at Khazer, east of Mosul, the president of the Iraqi Kurdistan region, Masoud Barzani, said: “This is the first time the peshmerga and Iraqi forces have worked together against Daesh [Isis] … we hope this will become a concrete foundation for our future relations with Baghdad.



“The liberation of Mosul is not an end to terror and terrorism but this was a good lesson so in the future we will resolve our differences through understanding and working together. We reassure the people of Mosul that both the peshmerga and the Iraqi army will do everything not to cause any loss to the people and no revenge killing will take place.”



Lt Gen Stephen Townsend, the commander of US military operations against Isis, said in a statement: “This operation to regain control of Iraq’s second-largest city will likely continue for weeks, possibly longer. Iraq is supported by a wide range of coalition capabilities, including air support, artillery, intelligence, advisers and forward air controllers.

“But to be clear, the thousands of ground combat forces who will liberate Mosul are all Iraqis.”

“Everyone is staying at home because we don’t know what else to do. Daesh are mostly moving around on motorbike and have small and heavy guns,” said Abu Mohammed, a 35 year-old in the east Mosul. “The planes started bombing Mosul around one in the morning today and they are in the sky constantly and occasionally striking targets.”



“Daesh are moving into civilian houses and mixing with the population. For example Daesh has placed a large depot of IED’s in a house next to my cousin’s house. I begged him to leave his house and bring his family to stay with me as the house could be targeted by coalition. He refused and said: Whatever destiny brings,” said Mohammed (not his real name).

Another resident, Abu Sabra, aged 22, said: “Daesh is collecting tires in the city in order to burn them at Bashiqa junction to prevent the planes from targeting them.”

He added that the jihadists had lined up shipping containers along the sides of the roads in Mosul.

“There is no money and even though the food is cheap we can not buy. This evening we only had fried potatoes,” Abu Sabra said. He said Isis was shooting anyone seen trying to flee Mosul, but there were growing signs of potential resistance to Isis from inside the city.

“I can see sign that people want to resist Daesh because they have had enough. In my neighborhood , some people openly use their mobile phones which is forbidden. Others who still have their guns hidden, are preparing to join the peshmerga or the Iraqi army when they enter the city to fight Daesh.”



If the Mosul offensive is a success, what could this mean for Isis? Read more

The UN high commissioner for refugees (UNHCR) warned that up to 100,000 Iraqis may flee to Syria and Turkey to escape the battle for Mosul, and the organisation appealed for an additional $61m (£50m) to provide tents, camps, winter items and stoves for displaced people inside Iraq and new refugees needing shelter in the two neighbouring countries.

Josh Earnest, the White House spokesman, said the US had contributed more than $1bn since 2014 to address the humanitarian situation. “There’s a lot of investment that’s gone into this effort in advance of the operation and I think that will begin to pay dividends as we make progress against Isil in Mosul,” he said. “There has been an intense focus on making sure that when Isil is cleared from communities in Iraq there is a clear strategy for stabilising those communities.”



The Pentagon said seven million leaflets would be dropped over Mosul in the coming 48 hours advising civilians to stay in their homes and advising them on how to stay as safe as possible in the course of the looming battle.

The start of the offensive, which has been months in the planning, was announced in an address on state television by Iraq’s prime minister in the early hours of Monday morning. Haider al-Abadi said: “We have been battling Isis for more than two years. We started fighting Isis in the outskirts of Baghdad, and thank God we are now fighting them in the outskirts of Mosul and, God willing, the decisive battle will be soon.



“These forces that are liberating you today, they have one goal in Mosul, which is to get rid of Daesh and to secure your dignity. They are there for your sake.”

After a month-long buildup, the last urban stronghold of Isis in Iraq has for several days been almost completely surrounded by a 30,000-strong force.

On Monday morning just before dawn, columns of peshmerga fighters could be seen lined up for the offensive to the north-east of the city. The forces had taken control of seven villages and the main road linking Mosul with the Iraqi Kurdish regional capital, Irbil, by 10am BST, Turkey’s state-run news agency reported.

Soldiers had earlier stood by bonfires singing battle hymns while in the distance the sound of airstrikes reverberated along with a regular artillery barrage.

Five key questions about the battle for Mosul Read more

South of the city, Iraqi forces, which had driven hundreds of miles for what Baghdad has hailed as a last battle against the terrorist group, moved into their final positions on Friday.

Skirmishes have flared outside Mosul over the last few days with an airstrike on one of its main bridges on Sunday. It is not clear who was responsible for the strike on the al-Hurriya bridge but Amaq, the news agency associated with Isis, blamed US forces. It is thought that the destruction of the bridge could hinder Isis fighters trying to flee the city.



Early on Monday, a dense, noxious haze hung over the mountains and the plains leading to Mosul – caused by oil fires lit by Isis in anticipation of the attack.

Isis is believed to have heavily mined the roads leading into its territory with large numbers of improvised devices and the Iraqi government has previously warned Mosul residents to stay in their homes.



In a reflection of the widespread concern over potential sectarian conflict once Isis is ousted, the Saudi foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, said on Monday that Mosul would turn into a bloodbath and descend into mass killings if the Iraqi government allowed Shia militias to enter the city.

In a rare press conference in London, Jubeir said: “We oppose any kind of involvement by the Shia militias. If they go into Mosul ... I would expect the negative reaction will be tremendous and if there are mass killings, it could end up being a bonanza for violent extremists, and recruitment for Daesh. It could add fuel to the sectarian fires raging in the region and so we have urged the Iraqi government not to use the Shia militias. That is the greatest danger that we see.”

He said that although there had been reassurances from the Iraqi government about the deployment of Shia militias, he was not sure the Iraqi government was fully in control.