This is the story of one of the greatest inventions our species has ever seen. And, this is the story of how that invention could be improved.

Cave people counting

The simplest way to write numbers is to use just one symbol. If you are a cave person, you could draw five lines on the wall to represent five buffalos you saw. If you are an anatomically modern human playing bean bag toss at the lake, you could use a tally mark to represent one point in the game. Each line represents just one.

Some dots to count Cave people counting • I •• II ••• III •••• IIII

The character “I” represents one. If you want to represent more than one, you just write more of the character representing one. Easy.

But it becomes difficult to interpret the count at a glance when it gets higher than four or five. For example, what number is IIIIIIIIIIIII?

If we group the lines into fives, usually in the form of tallies, we can see at a glance that the number is thirteen:

IIII IIII III

The additional complexity of crossing every fifth line over the last four lines plays to the strengths of our brain. We are good at recognizing patterns and understanding abstractions. We see the gate not just as five individual lines, each line symbolizing a value of one, but also as a unit itself: a symbol for five. It is a strong system and it is still used today by folks marooned on desert islands everywhere.

We run into a familiar problem pretty soon, though, when we reach numbers like IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII III.

The obvious next step is to add more symbols. Here are some:

Some dots to count Some symbols 0 • 1 •• 2 ••• 3 •••• 4 ••••• 5 •••••• 6 ••••••• 7 •••••••• 8 ••••••••• 9

Here we've moved away from a direct relationship between the count and a number of lines. Significantly more brain power is needed to understand the additional abstraction. Rote memorization is needed. But it's child's play for humans. Or, at least if you force a child to learn it, she or he will.

At first you’d think if we wanted to use these symbols to represent fourteen we’d write two of the characters that represent seven, like so: “77”. Seven and another seven make fourteen. That wouldn't be bad, but to interpret any number higher than nine would require arithmetic. The ultimate solution, another layer of abstraction in our numerical encoding, was one of the most significant breakthroughs our species has ever seen.

The way it works is we assign different meanings for the symbols depending on what position they occupy in a string of symbols. For example, in “107” the funny looking acute angley thing represents seven, but in “701” it represents seven hundred.

The encoding is interpreted by looking at the columns in these strings from right to left:

A symbol in the first column represents its native value, just like in the chart above.

A symbol in the second column represents groups of ten. The native value of the symbol is the number of groups of ten being represented.

A symbol in the third column represents groups of ten groups of ten.

A symbol in the fourth column represents groups of ten groups of ten groups of ten.

Etc.

This should be review for all the Grade One grads out there.

It takes up a lot less space than caveman tallies, vastly simplifies arithmetic and works well for counting old school on ten-digit monkey hands. It’s an ingenious system and it is used everywhere across the entire world. Its ubiquity is remarkable; there aren't too many other things we all seem to pretty much agree on.

But there's a better way.

Meet base-twelve counting

Here's a futuristic way of counting that's better than what we are all used to:

Some dots to count Base-Ten Base-Twelve 0 0 • 1 1 •• 2 2 ••• 3 3 •••• 4 4 ••••• 5 5 •••••• 6 6 ••••••• 7 7 •••••••• 8 8 ••••••••• 9 9 •••••••••• 10 X ••••••••••• 11 E •••••••••••• 12 10

As you can see, we've added two new symbols. One for ten and one for eleven. We're using X and E because X is like the Roman Numeral and E because it's like the word eleven, but we could use a fishing rod and an axe instead if we wanted.

This is new number alphabet is alien looking, which is good because who wouldn't want to feel like they're living in a futuristic society? But like all enduring great systems or designs, the aesthetic is way cooler if there's a functional excuse for it. And here it is...

Fractions

Ten divides into two sets of five. Two divides into ones. That's not a great showing for factors of the base number we've chosen to use for all of our math.

Twelve, on the other hand, has lots of useful factors. Twelve divides into two sets of six. Each pair of sixes divide into threes. Twelve also divides into three sets of four. Four divides into two sets of two. Each set of two divides into ones.

Here are some examples of fractions in each system, with the winner for each fraction highlighted:

Base-ten (supported by antique political parties) Base-twelve (suggested by the House Party of Canada) One half 0.5 0.6 One third 0.33333333333... 0.4 One quarter 0.25 0.3 One fifth 0.2 0.24972497... One sixth 0.16666666666667... 0.2 One seventh 0.14285714285714... 0.186X35186E35... One eighth 0.125 0.16 One ninth 0.11111111111111... 0.14 One tenth 0.1 0.1249724972497... One eleventh 0.09090909090909... 0.1111111111... One twelfth 0.08333333333333... 0.1

Base-twelve breaks down more evenly in six cases while base-ten only wins twice.

Time

We use two base units for time: The day (rotations of the Earth) and the year (revolutions of the Earth around the Sun). Both units are currently sub-divided into twelves.

Days (rotations of the Earth)

We subdivide days into two groups of 12 hours. Hours are subdivided into 60 minutes. Minutes are subdivided into 60 seconds. This schema looks like it was designed for base-twelve.

If we were going to adapt it for base-ten, we would subdivide days into two groups of 10 hours. Hours would be subdivided into 50 minutes. Minutes would be subdivided into 50 seconds. Or, we'd just go all the way and switch to a Metric time system.

The awkwardness of telling the time in base-ten is obvious when looking at an analogue clock-face:

Base-ten Base-twelve 1:15 1.3

In base-ten, you look at where the minute hand is pointing and then multiply by five. In base-twelve, no such multiplication is needed if we just use a familiar decimal rather than minutes. Just say whatever number the small hand is pointing at!

Years (revolutions around)

We already subdivide the year into twelve months 1

Language

Our language hints at base-twelve. Though our numerical alphabet only goes up to 9 before we start re-using symbols, our language goes up to twelve before we start re-using words like thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, etc.

Eggs

Eggs and doughnuts are sold in twelves. And, there's already a name for twelve dozen that is used by anyone dealing with large numbers of eggs: the gross. Here are some of the words we already have that we'd get used to using a lot more:

Base-ten Base-twelve 0.1 Tenth Twelfth 10 Ten Dozen 100 Hundred (Ten tens) Gross (Dozen dozens) 1000 Thousand (Ten hundreds) Great Gross (Dozen grosses)

We already also have inches, which are in twelves.

And there are twelve pence in a shilling.

Circles and navigation

360 degrees divides nicely into twelves. 12 x 3 = 36.

Geometry

Why do we use a numbering system that optimizes for the pentagon?

Tens Twelves



3 sides 10 / 3 = 0.3333333... 12 / 3 = 4



4 sides 10 / 4 = 2.5 12 / 4 = 3



5 sides 10 / 5 = 2 12 / 5 = 2.4



6 sides 10 / 6 = 1.6666666... 12 / 6 = 2

The Twelve Apostles

In the Bible, the number twelve is used over and over again to symbolize perfection, God's power and completeness. There's a reason for that. It's a great number.

Music

There are two primary dimensions of music: pitch and time. Both are typically in twelves or factors of twelve.

Pitch

Pitch is like a spiral staircase. You can continue to climb in pitch but you keep returning to the same note, only a higher version of the note.

There are twelve equally spaced steps on the spiral staircase from note to note (For example: A, Bb, B, C, C#, D, Eb, E, F, F#, G, G# and finally A). The octave is sub-divided into twelve notes.

Timing

Almost all the music you hear is counted in fours or threes, factors of twelve. A song counted in fives would sound strange to most of our ears.

Counting on your fingers

Finally, we will address the one reason it seems that we currently count in tens instead of twelves: We have monkey hands. We like to count on our monkey hands.

But take another look at your hands:

If you use your thumb as a pointer, you can count up to twelve on one hand. Plus, if you use your other hand to keep track of a second digit, you can count up to 144.

Making the transition

It will be easier to teach children base-twelve than base-ten, for all the reasons already discussed, so future generations will have no trouble. But how hard will it be to teach the old dogs the new trick?

Adults respond to two things very strongly: Getting paid and getting laid.

Those who count the number of times they get laid probably use caveman counting for that so let's focus on getting paid. The government makes a choice every day they print new money, a choice to print base-ten numbers on bills. Tomorrow, the Royal Canadian Mint could start pumping out money in base-twelve and folks would learn the system in a hurry.

In closing, we should acknowledge that this will all seem rather unimportant to most people. Who cares if math becomes easier in a world of computers? But, to those people we ask: What happens if space aliens visit and they ridicule us for our clumsy base-ten system? How will we feel then?