A group of blind readers, complaining of what they called ''blatant, paternalistic censorship,'' filed a lawsuit today in Federal District Court here seeking to overturn a Congressional ban on publishing a Braille edition of Playboy magazine at the Government's expense.

The target of the suit is an amendment approved by the House on a 216-to-193 roll-call vote last July 18 intended to halt the Library of Congress' publication of Braille editions of Playboy, one of 36 magazines distributed in Braille under its 54-year-old National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.

Representative Chalmers P. Wylie, an Ohio Republican who sponsored the amendment, complained in the floor debate of ''talk about wanton idleness, of wanton and illicit sex and so forth'' in Playboy articles.

Mr. Wylie said that ''most of the blind people in my district think there is a better way to use their money'' at a time when Congress is trying to reduce the Federal budget deficit.