Celestial Eye Goldfish Stargazer Goldfish, Celestial Goldfish, Deme-Ranchu Family: Cyprinidae Carassius auratus auratus Photo © Animal-World: Courtesy David Brough

The Celestial Eye Goldfish's eyes are permanently looking skyward, so the Chinese named it the Stargazer!

The eerie eyes of the Celestial Eye Goldfish are mounted on the top sides of its head and constantly gaze upward. This makes it perhaps one of the most unusual of all the goldfish varieties. The Telescope Goldfish, with its extended eye stalks, and Bubble Eye Goldfish, which sports watery eyebags, are a close second and third.

Unlike the Common Goldfish and the Shubunkins, which have long slender bodies, the Celestial Eye Goldfish is one of the more rounded or egg-shaped fancy goldfish. Like the Lionhead Goldfish or the Bubble Eye Goldfish, the Celestial Eye Goldfish lacks a dorsal fin. Its colors are orange, black, and a pretty calico.



Stargazers! Always looking upwards

The Chinese called this fish the Stargazer. They are believed to have developed it in the later part of the nineteenth century, somewhere around 1870. During this time, its eyes were at least partially mobile. The Japanese further developed it in the early 1900s. Through selective breeding, the resulting goldfish had eyes that were permanently locked in an upward position. To the Japanese, this goldfish is known as the Deme-Ranchu.

In general form and size it is very similar to the Lionhead, but does not develop the Lionhead's characteristic raspberry looking growth on its head. It has a curved, contour shape to its back, a twin tail (caudal) fin, and a double anal fin. The caudal fin on both of these fish is quite similar to that of the Fantail Goldfish.

This rather delicate fish is not recommended for beginners. It has a lower tolerance to poor water quality than other goldfish species and is prone to disease. Its swimming ability is encumbered by its rounded body and further diminished by the lack of a stabilizing dorsal fin. Many of the elongated goldfish varieties, like the the Comet and Common Goldfish, or the Shubunkins, are not good companions for the Celestial Eye Goldfish because they are fast swimmers and too competitive during feeding time.

Better tankmates would be the similarly handicapped but less hardy Water-Bubble Eye Goldfish, Telescope Goldfish, and Lionhead Goldfish. It won't win any races, but if kept with other slow-moving varieties, the Celestial Eye Goldfish should get plenty to eat and do well in a properly maintained aquarium.

For more goldfish information, see:

Goldfish Care: Fancy Goldfish and Goldfish Diseases

Scientific Classification Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Cypriniformes

Family: Cyprinidae

Genus: Carassius

Species: auratus auratus

Celestial Eye Goldfish - Quick Aquarium Care Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Intermediate Size of fish - inches: 5.0 inches (12.70 cm)

5.0 inches (12.70 cm) Minimum Tank Size: 10 gal (38 L)

10 gal (38 L) Temperament: Peaceful

Peaceful Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately Difficult

Moderately Difficult Temperature: 65.0 to 72.0° F (18.3 to 22.2° C)

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Habitat: Distribution / Background

The goldfish of today are descendants of a species of wild carp known as the Prussian Carp, Silver Prussian carp, or Gibel Carp Carassius gibelio (syn: Carassius auratus gibelio), which was described by Bloch in 1782. These wild carp originated in Asia; Central Asia (Siberia). They inhabit the slow moving and stagnant waters of rivers, lakes, ponds, and ditches feeding on plants, detritus, small crustaceans, and insects.

For many years, it was believed that goldfish had originated from the Crucian Carp Carassius carassius described by Linnaeus in 1758. This fish has a wide range across the waters of the European continent, running west to east from England to Russia, north to Scandinavian countries in the Arctic Circle and as far south as the central France and the Black Sea. However, recent genetic research points to C. gibelio as a more likely ancestor.

Goldfish were originally developed in China. By the 1500s, goldfish were traded to Japan, arriving in Europe in the 1600s and America in the 1800s. The majority of the fancy goldfish were developed by Asian breeders. We can see the results of this centuries-long endeavor in the wonderful colors and shapes of goldfish today. Domesticated goldfish are now distributed world-wide.

The Celestial Eye Goldfish are believed to have developed in the later part of the nineteenth century, somewhere around 1870. During this time, its eyes were at least partially mobile. In the early 1900s, the Japanese further developed it. Through selective breeding, the Celestial Eye Goldfish developed eyes that are permanently locked in an upward position. This is one of more than 125 captive-bred fancy goldfish varieties.

Scientific Name: Carassius auratus auratus

Social Grouping: Groups

Groups IUCN Red List: NE - Not Evaluated or not listed - There are no wild populations of this captive-bred variety.

Description

The Celestial Eye Goldfish is an egg-shaped variety of goldfish. The body is short and stubby with a double caudal (tail) fin and a double anal fin. They will generally reach about 5" (13 cm) in length, though some hobbyists report them reaching 6" (15 cm) or more.



Eyes are locked in an upward position!

Their most distinctive feature are the eyes which extend out from the sides of the head and are locked into a permanent upward-looking position. In juveniles, the eyes are normal, but within a short time, the eyes begin to protrude. Then the upturned vision develops, and they become locked in place.

They are available in color varieties of orange, black, and calico.The average goldfish life span is 10 – 15 years, though living 20 years or more is not uncommon in well-maintained goldfish aquariums and ponds.

Size of fish - inches: 5.0 inches (12.70 cm) - This fish can exceed this by a few inches in optimal conditions.

5.0 inches (12.70 cm) - This fish can exceed this by a few inches in optimal conditions. Lifespan: 15 years - The average goldfish lifespan is 10 – 15 years, but they have been known to live 20 years of more when well maintained.

Fish Keeping Difficulty

Celestial Eye Goldfish are some of the more delicate species of goldfish. Unlike the flat-bodied types of goldfish, they have a lower tolerance for pollution and are prone to disease. They will need good care and plenty of space. When it comes to feeding, they will not thrive well with fast, competitive tankmates.

Many people will keep goldfish in an aquarium with no heater or filtration. But for the best success, provide goldfish with the same filtration, especially biological filtration, that other aquarium residents enjoy.

Aquarium Hardiness: Moderately Difficult - This is not one of the hardier types of goldfish. It is more sensitive to poor water quality than other goldfish and more prone to disease.

Moderately Difficult - This is not one of the hardier types of goldfish. It is more sensitive to poor water quality than other goldfish and more prone to disease. Aquarist Experience Level: Intermediate

Foods and Feeding

Since they are omnivorous, the Celestial Eye Goldfish will generally eat all kinds of fresh, frozen, and flake foods. To keep a good balance, give them a high quality flake food every day. Feed brine shrimp (either live or frozen), blood worms, Daphnia, or tubifex worms as a treat. It is usually better to feed freeze-dried foods as opposed to live foods to avoid parasites and bacterial infections that could be present in live foods. Due to their upturned eyes, the Celestial Eye Goldfish have poor vision and a harder time seeing their food, so they need extra time to feed.

Diet Type: Omnivore

Omnivore Flake Food: No

No Tablet / Pellet: No

No Live foods (fishes, shrimps, worms): Some of Diet

Some of Diet Vegetable Food: Some of Diet

Some of Diet Meaty Food: Some of Diet

Some of Diet Feeding Frequency: Several feedings per day - This fish has poor vision and is a poor swimmer. As such, it is easily be out-competed for food.

Aquarium Care

These goldfish need a well-maintained tank to stay healthy. Minimum tank size is 10 gallons, so make sure water changes are frequent. Regular weekly water changes of 1/4 to 1/3 are strongly recommended to keep these fish healthy. Snails can be added as they reduce the algae in the tank, helping to keep it clean.

Water Changes: Weekly - Goldfish produce more waste than most other freshwater fish and benefit greatly from more frequent water changes.

Aquarium Setup

Setting up a goldfish aquarium in a manner that will keep your fish happy and healthy is the first step to success. The shape and size of the aquarium is important and depends upon the number of goldfish you are going to keep. These fish need a lot of oxygen and produce a lot of waste.

Good filtration, especially biological filtration, is very helpful in maintaining the water quality of the aquarium. A filtration system will remove much of the detritus, excess foods, and waste, which keeps the tank clean and maintains the general health of the goldfish.

Tank parameters to consider when choosing a goldfish aquarium: Tank size

Ten gallons is the absolute minimum required to house a Celestial Eye Goldfish. It's best to start with a 20 - 30 gallon tank for your first goldfish and then increase the size of the tank by 10 gallons for each additional goldfish. Providing a large amount of water per fish will help dilute the amount of waste and reduce the number of water changes needed. Tank Shape

Always provide the maximum amount of surface area. A large surface area minimizes the possibility that the goldfish will suffer from an oxygen shortage. Surface area is determined by the shape of the tank. For example an elongated tank offers more surface area (and oxygen) than a tall tank. Oval or round tanks that are wide in the middle and narrower toward the top might be filled less than full to maximize the surface area. Number of fish

For juveniles, a general rule of thumb is 1 inch of fish (2.54 cm) per 1 gallon of water. However, this rule only applies to young fish. Larger gold fish consume much more oxygen than young fish, so maintaining this formula for growing fish will stunt them and could contribute to disease and even death. Fish size and growth

To allow for proper growth, either buy fewer fish than the maximum number or be prepared to get a larger tank. To prevent stunted growth and other health problems, don't overstock the aquarium.



Goldfish are a cold water fish and will do best at temperatures between 65 - 72° F (18°- 22° C). Unlike the flat-bodied types of goldfish, however, the Celestial Eye have a lower tolerance for pollution and cannot tolerate temperatures much below 60° F (16° C).

Provide a gravel substrate to help create a natural and comfortable environment for your fish. You can add some decor, but keep in mind that the eyes of the Celestial Eye Goldfish are a handicap and these fish have very poor vision. Make sure that all ornamentation is smooth with no protruding points or sharp edges. Smooth rocks or driftwood, should be used sparingly if at all. Aquarium plants would be the best choice of aquarium decor for goldfish, but unfortunately these fish are diggers. Consequently live plants may be uprooted. Artificial plants make a good substitute, and silk plants are safer than plastic ones.

Most aquariums come with a cover that includes lighting. A cover for the tank is desirable as it reduces evaporation and though they are not prone to jumping, on occasion some gold fish will jump out. Lighting is not essential for goldfish in general, but it can help the Celestial Eye Goldfish as these fish have such poor eyesight. It does makes the aquarium a nice showpiece and is needed if you have live plants.

Goldfish are freshwater fish, but they have some tolerance for slightly brackish water. The salinity level for C. auratus must be kept low, below 10% with a specific gravity of less than 1.002.

Minimum Tank Size: 10 gal (38 L) - Ten gallons is the absolute minimum required to house this fish. It has high oxygen requirements and produces a lot of waste. It will have very stunted growth if it is kept in a smaller aquarium.

10 gal (38 L) - Ten gallons is the absolute minimum required to house this fish. It has high oxygen requirements and produces a lot of waste. It will have very stunted growth if it is kept in a smaller aquarium. Suitable for Nano Tank: Sometimes

Sometimes Substrate Type: Any

Any Lighting Needs: Moderate - normal lighting

Moderate - normal lighting Temperature: 65.0 to 72.0° F (18.3 to 22.2° C) - While many goldfish can handle colder temperatures, the Celestial Eye Goldfish cannot tolerate much below 60° F (16° C).

65.0 to 72.0° F (18.3 to 22.2° C) - While many goldfish can handle colder temperatures, the Celestial Eye Goldfish cannot tolerate much below 60° F (16° C). Breeding Temperature: - In the wild, goldfish spawn in the spring when water temperatures reach about 68° F (20° C).

- In the wild, goldfish spawn in the spring when water temperatures reach about 68° F (20° C). Range ph: 6.0-8.0

6.0-8.0 Hardness Range: 5 - 19 dGH

5 - 19 dGH Brackish: Sometimes - Goldfish are freshwater fish, but they have some tolerance for slightly brackish water. Any salinity for must be kept low, below 10%, a specific gravity of less than 1.002.

Sometimes - Goldfish are freshwater fish, but they have some tolerance for slightly brackish water. Any salinity for must be kept low, below 10%, a specific gravity of less than 1.002. Water Movement: Moderate

Moderate Water Region: All - These fish will swim in all areas of the aquarium.

Social Behaviors

Goldfish are very social animals and thrive in a community. Not only are they a great community fish, but they are great scavengers as well. These goldfish cannot readily compete for food with fast moving types of goldfish, so may not fare well if kept with them. Because they are great scavengers, it is really not necessary to add other scavengers or other bottom feeders to the aquarium when you have goldfish.



Photo © Animal-World: Courtesy Molly Photo © Animal-World: Courtesy Molly

When choosing tankmates, keep in mind the physical traits of the Celestial Eye Goldfish. Like the Telescope Goldfish, Bubble Eye Goldfish, and the Lionhead Goldfish, it is visually handicapped. Further, its swimming ability is encumbered by its rounded body and lack of a stabilizing dorsal fin, a trait that is also seen in the Lionhead and the Water-Bubble Eye Goldfish. While the Celestial Eye cannot readily compete for food with fast swimming types of goldfish, these similarly handicapped varieties can make good companions.

Venomous: No

No Temperament: Peaceful

Peaceful Compatible with: Same species - conspecifics: Yes Peaceful fish (): Safe Semi-Aggressive (): Threat Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: Safe - not aggressive Plants: Threat - Goldfish will eat many kinds of aquatic plants. In their constant search for food, they can end up uprooting plants that they don't eat.



Sex: Sexual differences

During the breeding season the male has white prickles, called breeding tubercles, on its gill covers and head. Seen from above a female will have a fatter appearance when she is carrying eggs. It is impossible to sex Goldfish when they are young and not in breeding season, but generally the male is smaller and more slender than the female.

Breeding / Reproduction

Celestial Eye Goldfish are egg layers that spawn readily in the right conditions. They can be bred in groups as small as five individuals, but they are very social animals and likely to breed in larger groups as well. The only time Goldfish will spawn in the wild is when spring arrives. To spawn them in the aquarium, you will need to mimic the conditions found in nature.

Provide an aquarium that is at least 20 gallons and make sure the fish are healthy and disease free. Many breeders will separate the males and females for a few weeks prior to breeding to help increase their interest in spawning. Introduce the fish into the breeding tank at the same time. The tank will need a lush environment with solid surfaces for the spawning process and for the eggs to adhere to. Bushy, oxygenating plants, such as Anacharis, work well for this, though artificial plants or fibrous spawning mops can also be used.

To induce spawning, the temperature can be slowly dropped to around 60° F (11° C) and then slowly warmed at a rate of 3° F (2° C) per day until they spawn. Spawning generally begins when the temperatures are between 68° and 74° F (20°-23° C). Feeding lots of high protein food such live brine shrimp and worms during this time will also induce spawning. Feed small amounts three times a day, but don't overfeed. Uneaten scraps will sink to the bottom and foul the water. Maintain the breeding tank with partial water changes of up to about 20% per day.

Before spawning, as the temperature increases, the male will chase the female around the aquarium in a non-aggressive way. This can go on for several days, and the fish will intensify in color. During the spawn, the fish will gyrate from side to side, and the male will push the female against the plants. This stimulates the female to drop tiny eggs which the male will then fertilize. The eggs will adhere by sticky threads to the plants or spawn mop. Spawning can last two or three hours and can produce up to 10,000 eggs.

At this point the parents will start to eat as many eggs as they can find. For this reason, it is best to remove the parents after spawning is complete. The fertilized eggs will hatch in 4 to 7 days, depending on the temperature. You can feed the newly hatched goldfish specialty fry foods until they become big enough to eat flake or brine shrimp, or you can offer the same food as you feed the parents as long as it is crushed very small. At first, the fry are a dark brown or black color in order to better hide and not be eaten by larger fish. They gain their adult color after several months and can be put in with larger fish once they reach about 1 inch long. See Breeding Freshwater Fish - Goldfish for more information on breeding Goldfish.

Ease of Breeding: Moderate

Fish Diseases

In properly maintained goldfish aquariums or ponds, goldfish illness is largely preventable. Even so, goldfish illnesses can occur, and if left untreated, may prove fatal. Goldfish are hardy, though, and if treated in a timely manner, most will make a full recovery.

When treating individuals, it is usually best to move the afflicted fish into a separate tank with no gravel or plants and do regular partial water changes. However, if the disease is apparent throughout the main tank, it may be best to do the treatments there. Whether treating in a hospital tank or your main tank, read and follow the manufacturer's instructions for any medication. Some medications can adversely affect the water quality by destroying beneficial bacteria. You may also need to remove the carbon from the filtration system, as carbon will absorb many medications, making the treatment ineffective.

Goldfish diseases are mostly the same as those that afflict other freshwater fish, and the symptoms and treatment of goldfish are also similar. The main types of fish diseases include bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasites, and protozoa. There are also other ailments caused by injury, poor nutrition, or bad water conditions.

One of the more common problems is Ich, which is a protozoan disease. Ich is easy to identify because your fish looks like it is sprinkled with salt. Though Ich is easily treated, like other protozoan diseases, it can be fatal if not caught quickly. Some other protozoan diseases are Costia, which causes a cloudiness of the skin, and Chilodonella, which will cause a blue-white cloudiness on the skin.

External parasites are fairly common, too, but pretty easy to treat and usually not fatal when treated. These include flukes, which are flatworms about 1 mm long with hooks around their mouths. They infest the gills or body of the fish. Another type of parasite is fish lice (Argulus), flattened, mite-like crustaceans about 5 mm long that attach themselves to the body of the goldfish. Lastly, anchor worms look like threads coming out of the fish.

Some bacterial infections include Dropsy, an infection in the kidneys that can be fatal if not treated quickly. Fish Tuberculosis is indicated by the fish becoming emaciated (having a hollow belly). For this illness, there is no absolute treatment, and it can be fatal. Tail/Fin Rot may also be bacterial, though the reduced tail or fins can be caused by a number of factors as well. There is also fungus, a fungal infection, and Black Spot or Black Ich, which is a parasitic infection.

Swim Bladder Disease is an ailment indicated by fish swimming in abnormal patterns and having difficulty maintaining their balance. This can be caused by a number of things: constipation, poor nutrition, a physical deformity, or a parasitic infection. Feeding frozen peas (defrosted) has been noted to help alleviate the symptoms and correct the problem in some cases.

Other miscellaneous ailments include Cloudy Eye, which can be caused by a variety of things ranging from poor nutrition, bad water quality, and rough handling. It can also be the result of other illnesses, such as bacterial infections. Constipation is indicated by a loss of appetite and swelling of the body, and the cause is almost always diet. Then there are wounds and ulcers. Wounds can become infected, creating ulcers. Wounds can develop either bacterial or fungal infections, or both, and must be treated. There are treatments for each of these diseases individually and treatments that handle both. For more in-depth information about goldfish diseases and illnesses, see Goldfish Care; Fancy Goldfish and Goldfish Diseases.

Availability

The Celestial Eye Goldfish is occasionally available in fish stores and online and is not overly expensive.

References

Author: Clarice Brough CFS, David Brough CFS