John Greim/LightRocket via Getty Images The Cuyahoga River in 2016.

On June 20, 1969, the Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire.

It wasn’t the first time: At least a dozen other fires, sparked by pollution in the water, broke out on the river in the late 1800s and 1900s.

The 1969 fire was quickly extinguished, but it sparked political action that led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1970.

Here’s what the river looked like before pollution was regulated.

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Fifty years ago today, on June 22, 1969, the Cuyahoga river in Cleveland, Ohio caught fire.

At the time, the river was one of the most polluted in the US. Journalists filled glasses with pitch-black river water, while politicians dipped cloth into the waves that came up oil-soaked.

The river fire lasted roughly 20 minutes, but it sparked public outrage that in part led to the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency, the federal office tasked with making sure “Americans have clean air, land, and water.”

Take a look at what the Cuyahoga River – and other waters around the US – looked like before the EPA existed.

The 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga was not the first. Flames broke out somewhat often on the water in Ohio in those days, sparked by oil and other contaminants dumped into the river.

Getty Images Firemen stand on a bridge over the Cuyahoga River as a fire, which started in an oil slick, sweeps the docks at the Great Lakes Towing Company site in Cleveland, November, 1952.

“I remember watching blood and animal parts pouring out of the outfall and into the river,” Bob Wysenski, former assistant chief of the EPA’s Northeast Ohio District office, told Cleveland.com, referring to the regular dumping that occurred in the 60s.

Source: Cleveland.com

“There were other days that the river was just orange from the pickling acid used by the steel mills,” Wysenski said. “Depending on the day, you would routinely see oil slicks on the river.”

Courtesy of Cleveland State University, Michael Schwartz Library, Special Collections. Councilman Katalinas, Henry Sinkiewicz, and John Pilch examine a cloth soaked in oil from the Cuyahoga River on September 21, 1964.

Source: Cleveland.com

“But the really amazing thing was that no one really noticed much,” he added. “Today those would be considered a major spill. Then, it was a regular thing.”

Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images Semi-submerged automobile wreckage lining the shore of a curve of the Cuyahoga River near Jaite, Ohio, 1968.

Source: Cleveland.com

At least 13 fires broke out on the river between 1868 and 1969. The largest river fire caused more than $US1 million in damage to boats and a riverfront building in 1952.

Source: US EPA

There were no fish to be found in the stretch of water from Akron to Cleveland in the 1950s and 1960s.

Courtesy of Cleveland State University, Michael Schwartz Library, Special Collections. Betty Klaric, environmental reporter for the Cleveland Press, on a boat holding a wine glass of Cuyahoga River water in the 1960s.

Source: US EPA

By 1968, the pollution had gotten so bad that foam was sprouting up on the surface of the water.

Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images Close-up of the heavily polluted water on Cuyahoga River, Ohio, 1968.

Foam can form on water naturally as a result of fats and oils deposited from dead plants. But that wasn’t the case on the Cuyahoga: The foam was from detergent chemicals and factory discharge.

Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images Polluted water on the Cuyahoga River, Ohio, 1968.

Sources: University of Alaska, Cleveland Memory Project,New Hampshire Public Radio

Parts of the river’s bank were essentially junkyards by 1968.

Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images The Cuyahoga shore, lined with semi-submerged automobile wreckage, near Jaite, Ohio in 1968.

But in 1969, the river caught fire for the last time. No one knows for sure what started the blaze, but sparks from a passing train might have lit oil in the water on fire. The flames were extinguished in about 20 minutes, before any photos (that we know of) were taken.

Sources: Time, “Not Enough to Drink“

But the nation took note. “It jelled people,” Bill Zawiski, an environmental scientist at the Ohio EPA, told ABC News 5 in Cleveland in 2014. “It was the right place at the right time historically and the environmental movement, many say, started here.”

Andrew Burton/Getty Images People protest for greater action to address climate change during the People’s Climate March on September 21, 2014 in New York City.

Source: News 5 Cleveland

So in 1970, President Richard Nixon proposed creating the EPA. “We still think of air as free. But clean air is not free, and neither is clean water,” Nixon said in his 1970 State of the Union address. “The price tag on pollution control is high. Through our years of past carelessness we incurred a debt to nature, and now that debt is being called.”

Dirck Halstead/Getty Images Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon in a parade on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 1968.

Source: Business Insider

The US Clean Water Act, which the EPA says “established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States,” was passed in 1972. But things didn’t get better immediately. Plenty of air pollution was still visible on the Clark Avenue Bridge above the Cuyahoga River in 1973.

National Archives/Frank Aleksandrowicz The Clark Avenue Bridge obscured by smoke in 1973.

Source: EPA

And contamination in rivers and air wasn’t limited to Ohio, of course. Here’s a look at other industrial areas of the US in the 1970s. The image below shows orange-ish water in a drainage ditch in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

National Archives/Marc St. Gil Contaminated water in a drainage ditch behind Pittsburgh Glass Co., June 1972.

In Maine, effluent gushed from the International Paper Company Mill into Allen Brook, near its intersection with the Androscoggin River.

National Archives/Charles Steinhacker Effluent from the International Paper Company Mill near the Androscoggin River, June 1973.

You could see the Androscoggin pollution from the air.

National Archives/Charles Steinhacker Androscoggin River as seen from the air in June, 1973.

Toxic sulphur fumes continued to pour out of a chemical plant on Lake Charles in Louisiana in the summer of 1972 …

National Archives/Marc St. Gil The smokestacks of the Olin Mathieson Chemical Plant in July 1972.

… While swimmers floated nearby in the mercury-laden waters.

National Archives/Marc St. Gil Polluted Lake Charles with the Olin-Mathieson Plant in the background, June 1972.

Along the Mississippi, more watery junkyards could be found.

But by 1978, the Cuyahoga River had started to look a little better.

Ted Spiegel/Corbis via Getty Images Cuyahoga River and the waterfront in Cleveland in June, 1978.

It’s not perfectly clean today, but you’re more likely to see floating winter ice than toxic foam.

The EPA recently announced that people can now safely eat fish caught in the area from Gorge Dam to Lake Erie on the Cuyahoga River. “If you safely can eat the fish, we know that’s a great indication that water quality is improving,” Ohio EPA Director Laurie Stevenson said.

Jeff Swensen/Getty Images Leroy Berts, 60, fishes in the Cuyahoga River on July 8, 2014 in Cleveland, Ohio.

Source: Ohio EPA

But the work isn’t done. “We need to continue to invest in our water resources so that we can see additional improvements,” Ohio Governor Mike DeWine said.

Source: Ohio EPA

As President Ronald Reagan put it in his 1984 State of the Union address: “Preservation of our environment is not a liberal or conservative challenge, it’s common sense.”

Source: Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation

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