Summary: Researchers report genetic influences on head circumference remain stable during development and are correlated with genetic factors which contribute to intracranial volume..

Source: Max Planck Institute.

Children’s heads expand steadily to accommodate their growing brains and doctors routinely measure head circumference during the first years of life to assess healthy brain development. Children from around the world follow similar patterns of head growth and final head size has been largely achieved by the age of six years. “We know very little about genetic factors influencing head circumference scores beyond infancy”, says Beate St Pourcain, who is lead scientist on the study and group leader at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Psycholinguistics, Radboud University Nijmegen and the University of Bristol. “Studying head circumference in older children and adults is important, as it is a permanent measure of our peak brain size that is robust to aging”, she explains.

The research team carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 46,000 adults and children to find genetic variants that influence head circumference and intracranial volume (a measure of brain volume). In collaboration with the UK10K consortium, harnessing detailed information about the entire genome, the scientists were able to investigate common and relatively rare genetic variants in their study. The research involved many cohorts, including the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a prospectively collected sample where researchers can monitor the growth of children from birth onwards.

The team found that genetic influences on head circumference remain collectively stable during development and are also correlated with genetic factors that contribute to intracranial volume. Chin Yang Shapland, who is shared first author on the study and associated with the MPI for Psycholinguistics, says: “It came as a surprise to us that genetic factors in infancy explain more than 70% of the genetic variance at age 7, and more than 60% at age 15 years. This suggests that our final head circumference is already genetically predicted at a very early age.”

Understanding head circumference and intra-cranial volume as two measures of a shared underlying characteristic, which the authors call ‘final cranial dimension’, the team identified 9 associated novel loci. This includes relatively rare genetic variation of large effect within the TP53 gene that only occurs in ~2% of the population. TP53 encodes the p53 protein, nicknamed ‘guardian of the genome’, as it controls cell division and cell death. Many TP53 mutations, in addition to those identified in this study, have been linked to cancer, including tumours that form in certain types of nerve tissue. The authors argue that p53 could be important for the development of the meninges, the thick membranes that cover the brain and are directly located underneath the skull. During postnatal brain growth, the meninges expand and trigger the production of further skull bone. “The genetic associations offer a new perspective on the biological contributions of p53 to brain and skull development” says Simon Fisher, who is co-author on the study and Director of the Language and Genetics Department at the MPI for Psycholinguistics.

“Our findings show that genome-wide approaches combining genetically and developmentally related phenotypes may enhance the power to identify even relatively rare genetic variation with large effect” summarises Simon Haworth, who is shared first author on the study and associated with the University of Bristol. St Pourcain concludes that “using measures of the developing skull as accurate and easily accessible proxy for intracranial volume may enable us to investigate cost-effectively genetic factors that also affect brain growth”. The team is eager to follow up on these findings in cohorts with fine-grained head circumference measures to explore implications for disorders.

About this neuroscience research article

Source: Marjolein Scherphuis – Max Planck Institute

Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.

Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Wellcome Library, London.

Original Research: Open access research for “Low-frequency variation in TP53 has large effects on head circumference and intracranial volume” by Simon Haworth, Chin Yang Shapland, Caroline Hayward, Bram P. Prins, Janine F. Felix, Carolina Medina-Gomez, Fernando Rivadeneira, Carol Wang, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Martine Vrijheid, Mònica Guxens, Jordi Sunyer, Ioanna Tachmazidou, Klaudia Walter, Valentina Iotchkova, Andrew Jackson, Louise Cleal, Jennifer Huffmann, Josine L. Min, Lærke Sass, Paul R. H. J. Timmers, UK10K consortium, George Davey Smith, Simon E. Fisher, James F. Wilson, Tim J. Cole, Dietmar Fernandez-Orth, Klaus Bønnelykke, Hans Bisgaard, Craig E. Pennell, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, George Dedoussis, Nicholas Timpson, Eleftheria Zeggini, Veronique Vitart & Beate St Pourcain in Nature Communications. Published January 21 2019.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07863-x

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[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Max Planck Institute “Genes with Large Effect on Head and Brain Size Discovered.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 21 January 2019.

<https://neurosciencenews.com/genes-head-brain-size-10605/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Max Planck Institute (2019, January 21). Genes with Large Effect on Head and Brain Size Discovered. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved January 21, 2019 from https://neurosciencenews.com/genes-head-brain-size-10605/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Max Planck Institute “Genes with Large Effect on Head and Brain Size Discovered.” https://neurosciencenews.com/genes-head-brain-size-10605/ (accessed January 21, 2019).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]

Abstract

Low-frequency variation in TP53 has large effects on head circumference and intracranial volume

Cranial growth and development is a complex process which affects the closely related traits of head circumference (HC) and intracranial volume (ICV). The underlying genetic influences shaping these traits during the transition from childhood to adulthood are little understood, but might include both age-specific genetic factors and low-frequency genetic variation. Here, we model the developmental genetic architecture of HC, showing this is genetically stable and correlated with genetic determinants of ICV. Investigating up to 46,000 children and adults of European descent, we identify association with final HC and/or final ICV + HC at 9 novel common and low-frequency loci, illustrating that genetic variation from a wide allele frequency spectrum contributes to cranial growth. The largest effects are reported for low-frequency variants within TP53, with 0.5 cm wider heads in increaser-allele carriers versus non-carriers during mid-childhood, suggesting a previously unrecognized role of TP53 transcripts in human cranial development.

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