It was billed as one of the most important company-wide meetings in the history of Uber. Yet as staff gathered on Tuesday morning at Uber’s headquarters in San Francisco, there was one very conspicuous absence.

“Let us address the elephant in the room,” said Arianna Huffington, perhaps the most high-profile member of Uber’s board. “Where is Travis?”

The answer: Travis Kalanick, Uber’s 40-year-old co-founder and chief executive, was taking a leave of absence from the taxi-hailing app he has transformed into a global behemoth valued at almost $70bn. Huffington told Uber’s staff that the company would not await Kalanick’s return, choosing instead to act immediately on the findings of a damning investigation, accepted by the board, into the company’s workplace culture amid claims of sexual harassment.

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“Uber is his life,” she said of Kalanick. “He has taken full responsibility for what the company has gone through in the last few months and now he wants to be part of us turning a new page and together building the next chapter in Uber’s history.”



The embattled company had hit the reset button, without its controversial CEO, it would, Huffington declared, be “a new Uber”. It lasted all of six minutes and 45 seconds, when another board member, venture capitalist David Bonderman, interjected with a sexist joke, saying that more women on the board means “it’s much more likely to be more talking”.

Within a few hours, Bonderman had resigned, the latest in a seemingly never-ending stream of company leaders and senior executives who have either been forced out or, more often, simply abandoned ship.

Around the time Uber’s San Francisco staff was informed that their chief executive was taking an indefinite break from his company, Dante was waking up in his car on a quiet street not far from downtown Los Angeles. The 28-year-old rolled up his sleeping bag, put it in the trunk with his pillow and drove off to get breakfast before picking up his first Uber passenger.



Dante, who lives out of the car, knew little about the turmoil in the upper echelons of his employer, 350 miles away in northern California. “It is what it is,” he said. “I don’t really expect anything else from them.” He added: “It would be nice to make more money.”

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Uber CEO Travis Kalanick is taking an indefinite leave of absence from his company, which transformed the ride-sharing economy. Photograph: VCG/VCG via Getty Images

Yet the most remarkable aspect of Uber’s calamitous staff meeting was not necessarily Bonderman’s misogynistic remark, or even the findings of the review led by the law firm of the former US attorney general Eric Holder. It was a subject that was barely mentioned at the meeting: the increasingly frustrated and demoralised workforce of Uber drivers – some of whom, like Dante, have been rendered homeless.

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To some labor activists, the major ethical failing that should be inspiring bold promises of change at Uber is not so much the treatment of its well-paid tech workers, but the plight of its impoverished drivers, who are earning low and unstable wages in a job without security or benefits, or struggling to pay off loans for their Uber cars – debts that some have equated to dodgy subprime mortgages.

Classified as contractors, the drivers have little recourse to deal with a litany of workplace challenges and hazards, including wage cuts by the company, harassment and sexual assault by passengers and a rating system that some say is plagued by racial biases. It is well-known that Uber has done battle with labor organising efforts and traditional taxi regulations in markets across the world.

What is only now starting to become more apparent, however, is how Uber’s aggressive global expansion and alleged neglect of its workforce has left at least some of these workers with no option but to live in parking lots and on street corners. Including in LA, one of Uber’s most successful cities, and the place where Kalanick was born.

‘I felt like an Uber slave’

In an email to his staff this week, Kalanick said his departure was an opportunity to grieve the recent loss of his mother and work on “Travis 2.0”. His leave follows a months-long onslaught of negative publicity over a long list of controversies and scandals.

It was an account of sexual harassment and discrimination from former Uber engineer Susan Fowler, published in February as an instantly viral blogpost, which finally prompted the company to commission Holder to launch an investigation into the company’s workplace culture. (The inquiry resulted in the termination of more than 20 employees and recommendations that Uber overhaul its HR processes and leadership training.)

Like many Silicon Valley companies propelled by the personality of their founders, Uber’s culture seemed moulded around that of its abrasive leader, who famously used the term “Boob-er” to encapsulate his desirability among women and bemoaned the fact that, as CEO, he could not sleep with any of his employees.

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In March, he was caught on camera berating an Uber driver who raised with him the subject of declining wages and the profound financial struggles of drivers, prompting Kalanick to shout back: “Some people don’t like to take responsibility for their own shit.”

Critics argue that a dismissive attitude toward drivers is embedded in the company’s current business model, which is dependent on cheap labor. Yet Uber’s recent public discussions of reform have barely broached the issue of its relationship with drivers, which is often tested when workers are put in vulnerable positions.

Casmir Patterson, 32, found early on in her Uber-driving career that she preferred to work late nights, when the LA traffic was more tolerable and when she could provide rides to women looking for a safe way to get home. But on 13 June 2016, during her last ride of the night, three intoxicated men entered her vehicle in West Hollywood and she quickly sensed trouble.

One of her passengers sounded like he was going to vomit in her car. She pulled over and asked the trio to leave. They refused, and then dragged her into her backseat where they started punching her. “I thought I was going to die,” she told the Guardian.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Casmir Patterson says she was assaulted while working for Uber in LA. She ended up living out of her leased Uber vehicle as a result of mounting payments. Photograph: Brad Torchia/The Observer

The men eventually fled, but not before kicking the outside of her car and running off with her keys.

Patterson called police and reported the incident to Uber in the hope that the company could track down her attackers and help her with medical bills. But the criminal investigation went nowhere, and Uber, she said, did little to support her. LA police did not respond to repeated inquiries.

A week before the incident, Patterson had signed a lease through Uber’s vehicle loan program, known as Xchange. She was required to pay weekly fees of about $146. As a result, Patterson had no choice but to keep driving for Uber, despite suffering from post-traumatic stress stemming from the attack as well damaged vision in her right eye.



It’s just been a domino effect. It’s really ruined my life Casmir Patterson

“I just felt like I was trapped, like I was an Uber slave,” she said, noting that she could barely drive enough hours to make the car payments. Unable to keep up with her bills, she ended up living out of her leased Uber vehicle for about a month until, running of options, she moved back home to Chicago, where she fell further into debt before her car was repossessed. “It’s just been a domino effect,” she said. “It’s really ruined my life.”

An Uber spokesperson said in a statement to the Guardian that after Patterson reported the incident, the passenger who booked the ride was immediately blocked from the platform, and after further investigation was banned permanently.

“Uber does not tolerate any violence in our community and this incident was upsetting,” the spokesperson said.

Uber also noted that it has recently launched a pilot program to give drivers the option of purchasing injury protection insurance.

Patterson is just one of several women driving for Uber who have come forward in recent months to share stories of assault and harassment. But despite all of its promises of corporate reform, there appear to be few if any substantive changes that enhance the rights of victimized drivers.

‘We’re just going to replace them with robots’

That may be because Uber does not see its drivers as its future. Part of the company’s sky-high valuation stems from an assumption by investors that Uber will do away with its human workforce, and the company has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in a bid to lead the race for self-driving car technology.

Even that effort has been mired in controversy, because Uber is locked in a costly lawsuit with Google’s parent corporation, Alphabet, which has accused Kalanick’s company of stealing its proprietary self-driving technology.

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Uber recently fired the head of its autonomous car unit, Anthony Levandowski, an ex-Google engineer alleged to have stolen 14,000 internal documents from his ex-employer (In response to requests to hand over documents, Levandowski has invoked his fifth amendment right against self-incrimination.)



Though the lawsuit and departure of Levandowski could hamper Uber’s development of its own technology, the company has continued testing autonomous cars with pilot projects in Pittsburgh, Arizona and San Francisco, where Uber’s self-driving vehicles were caught driving through red lights and initially banned by regulators.

One senior Silicon Valley executive whom Uber tried and failed to poach last year told the Guardian that his job interview left him with the impression the company had little regard for its current fleet of human workers.

The executive said he asked Uber’s chief product officer, Jeff Holden, about the company’s long-term viability given the discontent he had observed among its drivers, and was shocked at the reply. “He said, ‘Well, we’re just going to replace them all with robots’. It was quite chilling.” (An Uber spokesman said that Holden does not recall making the comments.)

Facebook Twitter Pinterest A self-driving Uber in downtown Pittsburgh. The company sees a future in which human drivers are replaced by autonomous vehicles. Photograph: Gene J. Puskar/AP

“There was zero human empathy,” the executive said of his impression during the recruitment process. “It was as if he was saying ‘Duh. Who cares if they complain?’ That was the moment I thought, ‘I don’t want to work here.’”

Uber views its human drivers as a stopgap, a prelude to a roboticized and thus far more profitable era. In the meantime, Uber appears to be adopting sophisticated psychological tricks to manipulate its drivers into acting with the kind of efficiency it would expect from machines.

The New York Times recently reported that Uber’s social scientists and data scientists have tried techniques from video games, like incentivizing them to work longer hours with quirky – but worthless – digital achievement badges, even when it is not in their best interest. Some male Uber managers even adopted female personas when communicating with drivers, because they found it boosted the response rate.

Meanwhile the company has cut drivers’ wages and recently admitted to underpaying them by millions in New York City. Uber has also confessed to using smartphone sensors to monitor its drivers.



There was zero human empathy. It was as if he was saying ‘Duh. Who cares if they complain?' Silicon Valley executive

Often lost in the debate, however, is the poverty that can afflict Uber drivers, sometimes exacerbated by programs that the company created ostensibly to be of service to them.

Although there are no official statistics, there have been anecdotal cases documented across the US of Uber workers overnighting in their vehicles because they cannot afford to live where they drive.

Parking lots in LA reveal an even darker reality – drivers who have become homeless and live full-time in their cars. This is part of a larger trend. During this year’s count of homeless people in LA county, just over 2,000 cars were doubling as makeshift homes. The figure is 50% higher than in 2016.

Often known for its meager public transport options and status as the capital of car culture, LA also holds the distinction of most Uber drivers in the nation – more than 20,000, according to 2015 statistics.

This is not because it is an especially remunerative place to drive. LA is known for its low fares and high cost of living. One 2015 estimate put LA drivers’ take-home pay per ride at almost $2 below the national average, and drivers said Uber’s repeated readjustments and changes to the pricing system nationwide mean fares have only gone down since then.

“Sometimes it’s really bad,” said Dante, “because after gas, it’s like, I literally make $8 or $9 an hour.” The minimum hourly wage in Los Angeles is $10.50.

Before he started driving for Uber, Dante drove trucks. Like most of the homeless drivers who spoke with the Guardian, Dante asked not to use his full name because of the stigma associated with his situation, and also because of fears he could get into trouble with Uber.

Before taxes, he earns about $1,200 a month driving for Uber and $2,600 a month at another job, delivering medical cannabis products for a San Francisco-based company. But the car Dante rents through Uber and Enterprise costs more than $1,000 a month, including insurance. That, he said, was the best deal he could get with so little cash on hand and a low credit score. His other major expenses – gas, a storage unit, and a gym membership – come to about $1,000, and he struggles with debt.

“I’m just going to stay in my car to save my money, so I can get into a better situation as fast as possible,” he said.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Dante, 28, found himself homeless. So he put his stuff in a small storage locker, and sleeps in the car he rents from Enterprise to drive for Uber. Photograph: Melissa Lyttle/The Observer

Brandon, who has been driving more than a year for Uber and its rival app, Lyft, said he usually parks in a different neighborhood every night. He sleeps in his back seat, concealed behind tinted windows.

“I don’t think people look into it too much,” he said. “But, you know, if they do, I’d have to advocate for myself, and I’d tell the truth, which is that, I’m an Uber and Lyft driver, I make less than minimum wage. My option is to sleep in my backseat, or to sleep on the street. Which would you prefer?”

The Guardian provided Uber with detailed questions about homeless drivers and their struggles with car payments and low wages. The company’s response was a two-sentence statement, released through a spokesperson.

“With Uber people make their own decisions about when, where and how long to drive. We’re focused on making sure that driving with Uber is a rewarding experience, however you choose to work.”

‘Families end up homeless’

Uber, which reportedly has a very high turnover rate for drivers, has worked to find creative ways to attract enough drivers to support its rapid growth. That includes its Xchange leasing program, which offers short-term leases to drivers, taking payments directly out of their wages. The leases are expensive and even predatory, according to experts quoted in a Bloomberg investigation, which suggested the agreements resemble subprime lending programs that target risky borrowers with poor credit.



“Families end up homeless, because they literally cannot make enough money to pay for their vehicles and to fulfill any of their basic living needs,” said Veena Dubal, an associate law professor at the University of California, Hastings, whose research has involved interviewing Uber drivers.

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One case in point is Renee, a mother of three, who began driving for Uber in LA in May of 2015. She rented her car through the rideshare company and said she initially felt upbeat about her prospects.

“But then, when things got slow...” she trailed off.

When things got slow, Renee went on to explain, she started to feel the full bite of her rental fees, and the additional $.25/mile she owed if she ever drove more than 90 miles a day.

That was a problem. Renee had been living in Lancaster, a 140-mile round trip from LA, the place where she would find most business. Renee’s children moved in with family and friends in Lancaster, and Renee moved into her car.

“It ended up being like running up an escalator going down,” she said. “It was hell. It was horrible. It was uncomfortable, physically; mentally. It’s embarrassing; it was demoralising.”

She kept driving back and forth between Lancaster and LA, racking up hundreds of dollars in excess mileage fees. One evening, it all caught up with her.

“I was working that night, and I’d stopped to drop my daughter off at the babysitter. And the repo man was outside, and he repossessed the car,” she said. Eventually she was able to buy another one.

Now I know what people mean by two paychecks away from the street Renee, Uber driver

Just after 2am on a recent morning, Renee emerged from her car in a parking lot about two miles from Los Angeles international airport (LAX), eyes heavy with sleep.

“Most of these people here are fronting,” she said, meaning they were hiding the fact that they slept in their cars. She looked out at the lot, which is reserved for Uber and Lyft drivers, who colloquially refer to the parking zone as “Jenny lot” or the “pig pen”.

Most of the hundred-odd parking spots were taken. A handful of drivers stood around smoking and chatting. The rest were in their cars, most with the driver’s seat fully reclined.

“There’s no business right now,” said Renee, who used to stay overnight in the parking lot all the time when she was homeless, but now only does so when she is too tired to drive back to her mother’s house in Lancaster. “If you have a place to go, why are you going to sleep here?”

“Now I know what people mean by two paychecks away from the street,” she continued. “You’re like, I’m a whisper away from being [homeless]. So you drive, and drive, and drive.”

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About 20ft away, Gordon Swan stood alone outside his car, a black Grand Prix.

He recounted the winding series of events that has led to him living in the car that he’s driven for Uber for seven years – a greedy property management company upping his rent; a falling-out with his sister; the creeping realization that he could not afford $75 a night for a hotel.

A single dad with two kids in their early twenties – “they’re the best thing I’ve ever done,” he said – Swan is hoping to find work as an animator, and there is a large monitor built into the passenger side of his car.

For the moment, his whole life is in the car he drives for Uber.

“Remember Roosevelt, he said, ‘you have nothing to fear but fear itself’? I have a similar saying. ‘You have nothing to be embarrassed about but embarrassment itself’.”

Living in his car isn’t ideal, Swan said. But he is doing his best to stay optimistic about his life as a homeless Uber driver.

He smiled uncomfortably. “But it’s not like I would go around advertising it.”

Olivia Solon contributed reporting