“You need to earn trust,” Pamela Rendi-Wagner, the leader of the Socialist Party, told lawmakers before calling for the no-confidence vote. “Cooperation and dialogue are the ground basis for trust, and trust is required for a majority in Parliament,” she said. “Mr. Chancellor, you and your government do not enjoy our trust.”

Mr. Kurz had defended his recent actions as necessary and said they had been made in consultation with Mr. van der Bellen, who will now be called to name an interim chancellor who will govern until elections can be held.

“To want to oust the whole government, a few weeks before an election, that is something that I don’t think anyone in this country can understand,” Mr. Kurz said to resounding applause from lawmakers from his party.

Austrian lawmakers often use no-confidence votes as a form of protest, but until Monday, none had succeeded. Since the republic was founded after World War II, 185 previous votes have been brought against chancellors or their ministers; Mr. Strache faced one, and Mr. Kickl six.

The vote was a severe blow to Mr. Kurz, a well-dressed, smart, young politician who turned the fortunes of Austria’s conservatives by rebranding the party as a movement and swapping out its flagship black color for turquoise.

Mr. Kurz’s approach, which included a savvy campaign platform that called for cracking down on illegal migration and embracing patriotism, ushered the conservatives into power with more than 31 percent of the vote.

Even though he has been ousted as chancellor, political observers believe that Mr. Kurz will remain his party’s leading candidate for the upcoming election. That view was supported by voting on Sunday for the European Parliament, in which Mr. Kurz’s party won more than 35 percent of the vote, drawing supporters from both the Socialists, the leading opposition party in Parliament, and the Freedom Party.