PARIS (Reuters) - The collapse of travel group Thomas Cook TCG.L and a trio of subsidiary airlines, leaving 600,000 holidaymakers stranded, is unlikely to be the last failure among Europe's struggling second-tier carriers.

Passengers are seen at Mallorca Airport after Thomas Cook, the world's oldest travel firm collapsed stranding hundreds of thousands of holidaymakers around the globe and sparking the largest peacetime repatriation effort in British history, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, September 23, 2019. REUTERS/Enrique Calvo

As Britain was activating plans for its biggest peacetime repatriation, two smaller operators, Aigle Azur and XL Airways, were before the French bankruptcy courts on Monday.

Shares in larger airlines rose on expectations that Thomas Cook’s demise would bring them more passengers, higher fares and new airport slots. But many are wrestling with similar problems.

“We expect all the airlines we cover to rally today but we caution investors not to get over-exuberant, given other challenges,” said J.P. Morgan analyst David Perry - citing higher fuel prices, a strong dollar and cut-throat competition.

The list of sector bankruptcies is growing: Monarch, Air Berlin and Alitalia failed in 2017, followed by Primera and Cobalt last year and Germania, Flybmi and Iceland’s WOW so far in 2019. Regional operator Flybe’s sale to a Virgin Atlantic-led consortium has narrowly averted its collapse.

Larger European carriers are not immune from the threat.

Third-ranked low-cost operator Norwegian Air NWC.OL, which has bled cash while making inroads in the transatlantic market, won a reprieve from creditors last week, postponing repayment on $380 million in debt for up to two years.

Last week’s oil price spike that followed attacks on Saudi infrastructure will have a knock-on effect for kerosene prices that were already running high.

BREXIT ‘LAST STRAW’

The strong dollar has further inflated prices for fuel and plane leases - two of the sector’s biggest costs that are usually billed in the U.S. currency.

For British operators the problem is exacerbated by the pound’s slide, amid worries over the country’s impending European Union exit. At Thomas Cook, currency effects likely increased some leasing costs averaging $250,000 per jet by about a quarter once converted into sterling, industry sources said.

The venerable travel brand also suffered from deliberate price-slashing by rivals TUI TUIGn.DE and Jet2 DTG.L, Bernstein analyst Richard Clarke said, and a "flood of cheap flights" from online-only operators.

But he added: “Brexit was likely the straw that broke the camel’s back.”

European airline traffic has grown 1.6% so far this year, according to air traffic control body Eurocontrol, about half the rate assumed in industry capacity plans. That has made it harder to fill planes or raise fares, adding earnings pressure that can be eased by bankruptcies or mergers.

The liquidation of Thomas Cook’s 1% share of the market for European flights is unlikely to bring much relief on its own.

Shares in easyJet EZJ.L, seen as one of the more likely airline beneficiaries, were nonetheless 3.2% higher at 1345 GMT, with Air France-KLM AIRF.PA up by 1.5%, Lufthansa LHAG.DE by 0.6% and Ryanair RYA.I 0.4%.

FRAGMENTED

Smaller airlines are more vulnerable in part because they struggle to cover fixed costs accounting for a sizeable share of their budgets for maintenance, training and other essentials.

XL Airways, which was in court to be placed under bankruptcy protection on Monday, last year transported 730,000 passengers, mainly to the West Indies and Reunion Island.

In another courtroom on the other side of Paris, bidders including IAG's ICAG.L Vueling and a former Air France executive were presenting offers for Aigle Azur. Between them, the two carriers employ 1,700 staff and operate 15 Airbus jets.

Europe’s fragmented market of small carriers reflects impediments to consolidation that prevent them merging to gain critical mass - including third-country flying rights deals that remain national - and can thwart rescues when they fail.

Air France withdrew an offer for Aigle Azur last week after it became clear absorbing the carrier would require a complex deal with its own unions. EasyJet also dropped out.

Phil Seymour, chief executive at UK aviation consulting firm IBA, believes the biggest single threat remains the strong dollar, “against the euro and particularly against the pound.”

Multiple strains on the sector will continue to push airlines toward bankruptcy, he said. “We expect to see more.”