Autistic traits are not the same as having a diagnosis of autism; instead, these are characteristics of personality and behaviour that are found throughout the general population and are linked to what is seen in the clinical condition of autism. Everyone has some autistic traits – such as difficulty in taking another person’s point of view, difficulty in switching attention flexibly, and excellent attention to detail – and there is a wide range in the population. 15 years ago a team of scientists at the University of Cambridge developed a way of measuring these, using a questionnaire called the Autism Spectrum Quotient, or AQ. This comprises 50 questions, each one representing one autistic trait.



The AQ has been used in hundreds of studies, conducted in samples of a few hundred people. Previous work has found that, on average, men score higher than women, and those studying a STEM degree score higher than those who do not. On average, the male AQ score was 21.6, compared to a female score of 19.0. People working in a STEM-related job had an average AQ score of 21.9 compared to a score of 18.9 for individuals working in non-STEM jobs. This suggests autistic traits are linked to both sex and to having a ‘systems-thinking’ mind. The new research tested this in the largest study to date, in 450,395 individuals. The previous sex difference and the link to STEM were both strongly confirmed.



The study was led by Emily Ruzich, a PhD student, and Professor Simon Baron-Cohen at the Autism Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The huge sample size was made possible through a collaboration with the public service television broadcaster Channel 4 in the UK, which put the AQ on its website following a discussion of autism and autistic traits on its flagship health TV programme Embarrassing Bodies: Live from the Clinic. Viewers from all over the UK took the online test.



The half-a-million participants were on average aged in their thirties, included those as young as late teens up to their seventies, and were living all over the UK. This allowed the research team to also test two factors that they predicted would not be linked to AQ: age and geographical region. As predicted, neither age nor geography predicted a person’s number of autistic traits.



Emily Ruzich said “I am pleased that such big data was available to test these questions. They provide clear evidence that autistic traits are sex-linked and STEM-linked and this will encourage further research into why these associations are seen.”



Professor Baron-Cohen added: “Previous studies have found the number of autistic traits a person has is influenced by both genetic factors and prenatal testosterone levels. These may shed light on why we find males in the population on average have slightly more autistic traits than females do, and why fathers and grandfathers of children with autism are over-represented in STEM fields.”



Dr Carrie Allison, another member of the Cambridge research team, commented: “The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a valuable research instrument and AQ scores correlate with brain structure, brain function, social perception, and attention to detail, among other things. But it is important to underline that it is not diagnostic. A high score alone is not a reason to seek help: it is only if the high number of autistic traits is causing stress and difficulties that a person may need a referral to a specialist clinic.”



Adam Gee, Multiplatform Commissioner (Factual) at Channel 4 Television, added: “Primetime television cleverly combined with interactive media has proved to be a fantastic way to generate such a data set on this scale. Channel 4 is delighted with this concrete outcome of an innovative interactive show and our viewers will be very happy to have contributed to such important science. It has been a pleasure to work with the Cambridge team. This research is a terrific example of industry and academia collaborating to further our understanding of different medical conditions.”



The study was supported by the Wellcome Trust, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) CLAHRC for the East of England, and the Autism Research Trust.



The Channel 4 Television website including the Autism Spectrum Quotient self- test linked to the Embarrassing Bodies show can be found at www.channel4.com/mymindchecker.



Reference

Ruzich, E at al. Sex and STEM Occupation Predict Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Scores in Half a Million People. PLOS ONE; 21 October 2015