Author notes

A list of participants and their affiliations appears in the online version of the paper.

Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA B. S. Steidinger, M. E. Van Nuland & K. G. Peay

Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland T. W. Crowther, D. Routh & Jean-Francois Bastin

Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA J. Liang & M. Zhou

Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China J. Liang, X. Zhao & C. Zhang

Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK G. D. A. Werner

Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA P. B. Reich

Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia P. B. Reich

Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands G. J. Nabuurs, Mathieu Decuyper, Geerten Hengeveld, Martin Herold, Lourens Poorter & Mart-Jan Schelhaas

Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - Agrotecnio Center (UdL-Agrotecnio), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain S. de-Miguel

Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Solsona, Spain S. de-Miguel

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy N. Picard, Luca Birigazzi & Javier G. P. Gamarra

Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France B. Herault & Plinio Sist

Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire B. Herault & Irie Casimir Zo-Bi

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland Meinrad Abegg & Markus Huber

UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire C. Yves Adou Yao

Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy Giorgio Alberti

Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council (CNR-IBIMET), Florence, Italy Giorgio Alberti

Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Angelica Almeyda Zambrano

Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia Esteban Alvarez-Davila

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Kuswata Kartawinata & Nigel C. A. Pitman

Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Luciana F. Alves

Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Christian Ammer & Peter Schall

Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway Clara Antón-Fernández

Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Luzmila Arroyo, Timothy Killeen & Alexander Parada-Gutierrez

European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Valerio Avitabile

UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Gerardo Aymard

School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Timothy Baker, Roel Brienen, Simon Lewis & Oliver Phillips

Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland Radomir Bałazy & Krzysztof Stereńczak

Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands Olaf Banki & Hans ter Steege

Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil Jorcely Barroso

Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA Meredith Bastian

Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda Robert Bitariho

Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Pascal Boeckx

Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania Olivier Bouriaud

Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Ricardo Cesar & Vanessa Moreno

Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany Susanne Brandl

Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Francis Q. Brearley

Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Helge Bruelheide

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Helge Bruelheide

Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy Filippo Bussotti

Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia Roberto Cazzolla Gatti

Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Goran Cesljar

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Robin Chazdon & Cory Merow

Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia Robin Chazdon, John Herbohn, Andrew Robert Marshall & Sharif A. Mukul

Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada Han Y. H. Chen & Eric Searle

Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China Han Y. H. Chen

Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland Chelsea Chisholm

IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic Emil Cienciala

Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic Emil Cienciala

Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Connie J. Clark & John R. Poulsen

Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA David Clark

Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil Carlos A. Joly

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama Richard Condit & Ervan Rutishauser

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK David Coomes

Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru Fernando Cornejo Valverde

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico Jose J. Corral-Rivas

Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA Philip Crim

Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA Philip Crim & Jonathan Cumming

Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Selvadurai Dayanandan

Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil André L. de Gasper

Cirad, UMR EcoFoG, Kourou, French Guiana Géraldine Derroire & Aurélie Dourdain

Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Ben DeVries

Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia Ilija Djordjevic & Radovan Nevenic

National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil Amaral Iêda

IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Brian Enquist & Brian Maitner

The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA Brian Enquist

Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, Queensland, Australia Teresa Eyre, Victor Neldner & Michael Ngugi

Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Ketou, Benin Adandé Belarmain Fandohan

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Tom M. Fayle

Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Ted R. Feldpausch

Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland Leena Finér

Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Markus Fischer

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Christine Fletcher

Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Umea, Sweden Jonas Fridman & Bertil Westerlund

Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy Lorenzo Frizzera, Damiano Gianelle & Mirco Rodeghiero

School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Henry B. Glick & Peter Umunay

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK David Harris & Axel Dalberg Poulsen

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Andrew Hector

Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany Andreas Hemp

Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK Annika Hillers

Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado

Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Cang Hui

Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa Cang Hui

Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea Hyunkook Cho & Ilbin Jung

Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg), Nouméa, New Caledonia Thomas Ibanez

Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan Nobuo Imai

Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland Andrzej M. Jagodzinski & Jacek Oleksyn

Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań, Poland Andrzej M. Jagodzinski

Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland Bogdan Jaroszewicz

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Vivian Johannsen & Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas

Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia Tommaso Jucker

Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia Viktor Karminov, Olga Martynenko & Petr Ontikov

CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Elizabeth Kearsley & Hans Verbeeck

CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama David Kenfack

Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA Deborah Kennard

School of Natural and Built Environments and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Gunnar Keppel

Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India Mohammed Latif Khan

Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Hyun Seok Kim & Minjee Park

Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Hyun Seok Kim

National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea Hyun Seok Kim

Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Hyun Seok Kim

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Kanehiro Kitayama

Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Michael Köhl & Philip Mundhenk

Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Henn Korjus, Diana Laarmann & Mait Lang

Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria Florian Kraxner, Dmitry Schepaschenko & Anatoly Shvidenko

Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK Simon Lewis

Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China Huicui Lu

Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Natalia Lukina & Elena Tikhonova

School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Yadvinder Malhi

UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Kourou, France Eric Marcon

Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil Beatriz Schwantes Marimon & Ben Hur Marimon-Junior

Department of Environment & Geography, University of York, York, UK Andrew Robert Marshall

Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania Emanuel Martin

Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Jorge A. Meave

Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia Omar Melo-Cruz

Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia Casimiro Mendoza

Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru Abel Monteagudo Mendoza & Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez

Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru Abel Monteagudo Mendoza

Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Science and Management, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Sharif A. Mukul

Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico Maria G. Nava-Miranda

Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador David Neill

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Pascal Niklaus, Philippe Saner & Bernhard Schmid

Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi

Climate, Fire, and Carbon Cycle Sciences, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NC, USA Yude Pan

Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Alain Paquette

V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Elena Parfenova & Nadja Tchebakova

Department of Forestry, World Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA Marc Parren

Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Rio Gallegos, Argentina Pablo L. Peri

School of Social Sciences and Psychology (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia Sebastian Pfautsch

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil Maria Teresa Piedade, Jochen Schöngart & Natalia Targhetta

Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil Daniel Piotto & Samir Rolim

Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia Irina Polo

Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Hans Pretzsch

Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru Freddy Ramirez Arevalo

Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación Con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia Zorayda Restrepo-Correa

Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA Anand Roopsind

Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy Francesco Rovero

Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Francesco Rovero

Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India Purabi Saikia

Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Michael Scherer-Lorenzen

National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia Vladimír Seben

Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, Silva, Nancy, France Josep M. Serra-Diaz

Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Josep M. Serra-Diaz & Jens-Christian Svenning

Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile Javier Silva-Espejo

Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil Marcos Silveira

Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana James Singh

Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam Ferry Slik

Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon Bonaventure Sonké

Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Alexandre F. Souza

Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Jens-Christian Svenning

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Miroslav Svoboda

Systems Ecology, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hans ter Steege

Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana Raquel Thomas

Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Ekaterinburg, Russia Vladimir Usoltsev

LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Fernando Valladares

Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Fons van der Plas

Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam Tran Van Do

Cirad, UMR-AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Philippe Birnbaum

Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal Helder Viana

Agricultural High School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal Helder Viana

Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil Simone Vieira

Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa Klaus von Gadow

Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China Hua-Feng Wang & Zhi-Xin Zhu

Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA James Watson

Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand Susan Wiser

Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Florian Wittmann

Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname Verginia Wortel

Tropenbios International, Wageningen, The Netherlands Roderick Zagt

Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland Tomasz Zawila-Niedzwiecki

Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil Gabriel Colletta

Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Eben Broadbent

Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, UK Andrew Robert Marshall

Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy Mirco Rodeghiero

Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia Annika Hillers

Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile Christian Salas-Eljatib

Laboratorio de Biometria, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile Christian Salas-Eljatib

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway Douglas Sheil