The study, conducted by Imperial College London on data from 2009 to 2018, looked at a third of a million passenger responses to Customer Satisfaction Surveys (CSSs) from 28 cities across four continents.

They found that on average, women are ten per cent more likely than men to feel unsafe on metro trains (trains that go underground) and six per cent more likely than men to feel unsafe on buses.

The largest difference between women and men's perceptions of safety was in Europe, where women were 12 per cent more likely to report feeling unsafe than men.

The smallest difference was in South America, where women were nine per cent more likely to report feeling unsafe than men. The researchers say the findings highlight an important social issue that could be preventing some women from thriving both personally and professionally.

Lead author Laila Ait Bihi Ouali, of Imperial's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, said: "Feeling unsafe can lead to social, professional, economic, and health problems for those affected. In this case, women who feel unsafe on public transport might turn down shift work at certain times of day, or avoid social or work events that require travelling a certain route."

"Our study was conducted on data from before the coronavirus outbreak, but its message will be just as important when life resumes as normal."

The results are published today in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A.

Safety and satisfaction

Public transport operators send online CSSs every year to passengers that are designed to measure general feelings of satisfaction with their networks. The surveys ask passengers their level of agreement with various statements about availability, time, information, comfort, security, customer care, accessibility, environment, and overall satisfaction.

The response options are usually: agree strongly; agree; neither agree nor disagree; disagree; or disagree strongly.

To carry out the study, the researchers looked at 327,403 completed responses to CSSs from 2009 to 2018.

As well as measuring overall satisfaction scores, they focussed on responses to three questions [see notes to Eds] pertaining to feelings of 'security' and assigned numbers from one to five for each potential response (one for 'agree strongly; five for 'disagree strongly') to quantify the responses.

They then compared the scores between men and women, and looked at whether they differed alongside characteristics of the transport network like rates of violence on the network, numbers of cars per train, and busyness of vehicles and stations.

They found that around half of women surveyed felt safe on urban public transport (45 per cent felt safe in metro trains and stations; 55 per cent felt safe in buses), but that women were ten per cent more likely than men to report feeling unsafe in metro trains and stations, and six per cent more likely than men to feel unsafe in buses.

The study also showed that women were overall less satisfied than men with public transport services, but the gap between genders for satisfaction was far less than for safety (gap of three per cent gap for satisfaction on metros; 2.5 per cent gap for satisfaction on buses). The researchers say that this demonstrates that safety is an important part of overall passenger satisfaction.

Carriage characteristics

The team found that having more staff on metro trains doesn't seem to be correlated with feelings of safety, but that more staff at stations were correlated with increased feelings of safety, as were metro trains, metro stations, and buses with more passengers onboard.

Higher rates of violence on transport networks - particularly robberies - were linked to decreased feelings of safety, as were having more carriages per train, and carriages that were larger.

The researchers say that quantifying feelings of safety on public transport with operators' own data could help contribute towards creating tangible goals, which operators could use to improve people's feelings of safety.

Laila said: "Our research exposes a gap in passenger safety levels that's often overlooked. We hope that by putting a figure on feelings of safety, urban metro and bus companies can take measures to boost women's feelings of safety and reduce the gap between genders."

Study co-author Professor Dan Graham, also of Imperial's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, said: "Feeling unsafe on public transport can prevent people from living as they otherwise would at certain times or on certain routes. We hope our results will highlight the gender gap in feelings of safety and nudge transport companies to implement changes to help women feel safer using public transport."

Next, the researchers will look more closely at the links between transport characteristics and feelings of safety to try to decipher which characteristics companies might change to boost feelings of safety in passengers. They will also look at how far the gap between men and women's perceptions of safety reflects the wider urban environment.

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For more information contact:

Caroline Brogan

Research Media Officer (Engineering)

Email: caroline.brogan@imperial.ac.uk

Tel: +44(0)20 7594 3415

Out of hours duty media officer: +44 (0)7803 886 248

NOTES TO EDITORS:

1) "Gender differences in the perception of safety inpublic transport" by Laila Ait Bihi Ouali, Daniel J. Graham, Alexander Barron and Mark Trompet. Published 25 March 2020 in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A.

2) The paper can be downloaded from https:/ / rss. onlinelibrary. wiley. com/ doi/ full/ 10. 1111/ rssa. 12558

3) The statements they examined were:

"(Train) stations are a secure place for me"

"Trains are a secure place for me"

"Buses are a secure place for me

4) The metro networks studied were: Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG, Berlin), Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), Mass Transit Railway (MTR, Hong Kong), the Underground (London), Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC, Mexico City), Metro de Madrid, Moscow Metro, New York City Transit (NYCT, New York), the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP, Paris) that include both the Metro and the Réseau Express Régional (RER), Metro de Santiago and the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (SMRT, Singapore). The Nova group is a consortium of small to medium sized metros including: Buenos Aires Metrovias, Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB, Barcelona), Société des Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB, Brussels), Bangkok Expressway and Metro Public Company (BEM, Bangkok), Docklands Light Railway (DLR, London), Istanbul Ulasim, RapidKL / Prasarana (Kuala Lumpur), Metropolitano de Lisboa, Société de Transport de Montréal (STM, Montréal), Newcastle Nexus, Metro Rio (Rio de Janeiro), Toronto Transit Commission (TTC, Toronto) and Vancouver SkyTrain (Vancouver, Canada).

5) The bus networks studied were: Transport Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB, Barcelona), Société des Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB, Brussels), Dublin Bus (Dublin), IETT Isletmeleri Genel Müdürlügü (IETT, Istanbul), Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd (Rapid KL, Kuala Lumpur), Companhia Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris, Lisbon), London Buses (LBSL, London), Société de Transport de Montréal (STM, Montréal), MTA New York City Transit and MTA Bus (New York), the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP, Paris), King County Metro (KCM, Seattle), SMRT Buses (Singapore), State Transit (Sydney), and Coast Mountain Bus Company (CMBC, Vancouver).

6) Data collection was facilitated through collaboration between the Transport Strategy Centre (TSC) at Imperial and several major public transport operators, organised in the form of two consortia of urban metros, CoMET (Community of Metros) and Nova, and with bus operators through the IBBG (International Bus Benchmarking Group).

7) About Imperial College London

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