The robot’s design consists of five main components: controller, sensors, manipulator or robot arm, end effector and drive.

Fig. 3: Example of an articulated robot

Controller

The controller can be seen as the brain of the robot. It can be connected to a computer and serves as the interface between the person that sets up the system and the robot itself.

Sensors

The robot perceives its surrounding via sensors. These may be microphones, cameras or pressure sensors. Feedback of the sensors may be used by an industrial robot to perform its programmed task.

Manipulator/Robot arm

A robotic arm is used to position its end effector. In our example of the articulated robot, the arm is modelled of the human arm and mimics shoulder, elbow and wrist. It has six degrees of freedom and therefore exhibits a wide range of possible motion.

End effector

The end effector acts like the robot’s hand and is located at the end of the arm. Depending on the purpose of the robot, the effector may be a welding torch or a gripper.

Drive

The robotic drive is the motor that moves the robot parts. Common drives are powered hydraulically, electrically or pneumatically.

Systems integrators

Reading this post, you may think: “Nice! Where can I buy a robot to automate my every task?”. But be aware! This industry is very advanced and complicated.

In an ideal world, you would be able to buy a controller from ABB, sensors and a robot arm from Yaskawa, your favourite end effector from KUKA and a drive from Siasun and combine your eclectic robots to serve your very specific needs. In the real world though, most companies use different programming languages and not all of their APIs are open. Robot manufacturers do want to be more than mere producers of robotic parts and aim to push the software side of their businesses. That is why in a production line you mostly see complete robots from different vendors working next to each other. Fortunately, there are attempts like the Robot Operating System (ROS), which despite its name is rather a middleware than an OS, aim to unify the software level. Nonetheless, it is pretty unclear at the moment how its market adoption will develop.

Companies that keep a cool head and help you with setting up your production line are the system integrators. They will come to your facility, understand your needs and make the hardware of different providers work together. Their business is to get your production line ready and they get paid like kings. If you are interested in the largest system integrators and their revenue, feel free to consult this list by Control Engineering.

Automation scenarios

There are different use cases and strategies for automated manufacturing. They all have strengths and weaknesses and involve very different costs and timelines.

Special purpose machines

Custom machines have been the enablers of mass production and, in many cases, it still makes sense for factories to design and build special-purpose machines. A good example is a factory for cigarettes which almost certainly uses specialized cigarette-making machines. Product lines in such factory change about once every two decades and the high initial investments are recovered in the long run. Because of specialized machines, very few labourers are needed to produce vast amounts of cigarettes. Such bespoke robotic systems make sense for high-throughput systems with a long lifetime.

Traditional robotic systems

A slightly different case is the production of cars where a new model may be produced every couple of years. In this case, production lines will need to be adapted to every new model. It is not economical to design and produce bespoke machinery for every part of every new car. Automotive companies, therefore, make uses of more flexible robots like our articulated robot depicted above. This flexibility, however, does come with a price tag. Because such robots can be re-used, setting up a new assembly line is complex. System integrators may invest months to set up and program the robots in a complex production line. The initial high investment for this has to be amortized over the years. Such a use case is characterized by standardized parts and production lifecycles in the order of magnitude of several years. Traditional robotics are designed to work autonomously with safety assured by isolation from human contact.

High-mix, low-volume manufacturing

While mass production is an obvious case of robotic automation, currently high-mix and low-volume scenarios are mostly performed manually. In this area, the initial investment of programming and setting up robots in the traditional way may not pay off. Here is where we see lots of development: the usability of robotics software is simplified considerably and technologies like machine learning are used to teach the robot tasks that are not clearly defined. A nascent trend are the so-called cobots — collaborative robots. Currently, they represent about 3% of the robotic market, growing slowly. Cobots are intended to interact with humans and work near them. A company fielding this long tail of robotics is the Danish Universal Robots. As an example, their UR5e is shown in Fig. 4. Isn’t she a beauty?

Fig. 4: Cobot UR5e by Universal Robots

Interesting things ahead

Even only scratching the surface of the topic of industrial robots, it already becomes clear that robotics is a fascinating field. Interesting things are bound to happen if robots become more versatile and intelligent. I am especially excited to see how the flexible cobots will be used and adopted within smaller productions lines and how robots will find their way into our everyday lives.

In follow-up posts, I will dive a bit deeper into the competitive landscape, the overall market and the startups that appear to change robotics for the better.