Introduction

SmallVCM is a small physically based renderer that implements the vertex connection and merging algorithm described in the paper

Light Transport Simulation with Vertex Connection and Merging

Iliyan Georgiev, Jaroslav Křivánek, Tomáš Davidovič, and Philipp Slusallek

ACM Transactions on Graphics 31(6) (SIGGRAPH Asia 2012)

as well as a number of other algorithms, notably including progressive photon mapping, (progressive) bidirectional photon mapping, and bidirectional path tracing. The code compiles to a command line program that can render images of a number of predefined scenes using the provided algorithms.

Report (10 sec), Report (60 sec)

SmallVCM can generate HTML reports that compare 6 global illumination algorithms on 4 Cornell box variants. We have put two such reports on this web site for demonstration.

Disclaimer

Unless you really care, you can safely ignore all licenses in the source code.

This code is meant for educational purposes, and is not the code that was used to render the images in the aforementioned paper. The provided scenes are too simple to provide a complete understanding of the performance of every implemented rendering algorithm and the differences between them.

We are aware that the description below is not as detailed as it can be, and apologize for any errors and confusion.

If you have any questions and/or input w.r.t. improving and adding explanations, feel free to contact Tomáš Davidovič (@tomas-davidovic), the primary maintainer of this project, or Iliyan Georgiev (@iliyang), the primary author of the above paper, and we will figure out whatever you might need.

With that out of the way, let's go over the usual stuff.

Compilation and Installation

Synopsis: Compile smallvcm.cxx with OpenMP. If you don't have C++11 support, define LEGACY_RNG (automatic for VS2008, found in rng.hxx).

The whole program consists of one C++ source file and a multiple header files. It was developed in VS2010, however we did some limited testing on Linux, and the provided Makefile works for g++ 4.4 and 4.6.3 at least.

The major hurdle can come from the fact that the C++11 library is used, but an alternative random number generator is also provided ( make old_rng on Linux). The code expects OpenMP is available, but getting rid of that is very straightforward (simply comment out the few #pragma omp directives in the code).

Other than that, there are no dependencies, so simply compile smallvcm.cxx.

Operation

Quick start: Run smallvcm --report -t 10 . In about 5-6 minutes it will generate an index.html file that compares 7 different algorithms on 4 different Cornell box variants (listed below).

The features and settings of the program can be explored by running smallvcm --help , which outputs the following information:

Usage: smallvcm [ -s <scene_id> | -a <algorithm> | -t <time> | -i <iteration> | -o <output_name> | --report ] -s Selects the scene (default 0): 0 glossy small spheres + sun (directional) 1 glossy large mirror sphere + ceiling (area) 2 glossy small spheres + point 3 glossy small spheres + background (env. lighting) -a Selects the rendering algorithm (default vcm): el eye light pt path tracing lt light tracing ppm progressive photon mapping bpm bidirectional photon mapping bpt bidirectional path tracing vcm vertex connection and merging -t Number of seconds to run the algorithm -i Number of iterations to run the algorithm (default 1) -o User specified output name, with extension .bmp or .hdr (default .bmp) --report Renders all scenes using all algorithms and generates an index.html file that displays all images. Obeys the -t and -i options, ignores the rest. Recommended usage: --report -i 1 (fastest preview) Recommended usage: --report -t 10 (takes 5.5 min) Recommended usage: --report -t 60 (takes 30 min) Note: Time `-t` takes precedence over iterations `-i` if both are defined

glossy applies to the floor of the Cornell box.

small spheres variants have one mirror and one glass spheres in the box.

The program can run in two modes:

If --report is not set, a single image of the specified scene will be rendered using the specified algorithm. If no option is specified, the output is a 512x512 image of scene 0 is rendered using vertex connection and merging with 1 iteration. Setting the --report option renders all scenes using all algorithms, obeying the (optional) number of iterations and/or maximum runtime for each scene-algorithm configuration, ignoring the other options.

All default settings are set in the ParseCommandline function in config.hxx. Some settings have no command line switch, but can be changed in the code:

mNumThreads Number of rendering threads (default 0, means 1 thread/core) mBaseSeed Seed for random number generators (default 1234) mMinPathLength Minimal path length (i.e. number of segments) (default 0) mMaxPathLength Maximal path length (i.e. number of segments) (default 10) mResolution Image resolution (default 512x512) mRadiusFactor Scene diameter fraction for the merging radius (default 0.003) mRadiusAlpha Merging radius reduction parameter (default 0.75)

VertexCM Renderer

The VertexCM renderer implements a number of algorithms that share almost identical code paths. The main differences between the algorithms lie in the multiple importance sampling (MIS) weight computation, as well as shortcuts through unused code. In order to make the understanding of the code easier, below we describe how the VertexCM renderer operates. On a high level, it runs in three stages:

Light sub-path tracing ( ppm , bpm , bpt , vcm ) Range search hash grid construction over light vertices ( ppm , bpm , vcm ) Camera sub-path tracing (all but lt )

PathVertex (also PathElement variant and typedefs CameraVertex and LightVertex ) is the basic structure describing the state of a random walk. The only unusual members are dVCM , dVC , dVM , which are used for iterative MIS weight computation:

dVCM used for both connections (bpt, vcm) and merging (bpm, vcm) dVC used for connections (bpt, vcm) dVM used for merging (bpm, vcm)

Note: All bidirectional algorithms sample the same number of light and camera sub-paths per iteration, which is the number of pixels in the image.

Light tracing ( lt ) utilizes only light sub-path tracing. Each path vertex is directly connected to camera and then discarded (i.e. not stored). No MIS, hash grid, or camera tracing are used.

utilizes only light sub-path tracing. Each path vertex is directly connected to camera and then discarded (i.e. not stored). No MIS, hash grid, or camera tracing are used. Progressive photon mapping ( ppm ) traces light sub-paths, storing their vertices (as LightVertex objects) on surfaces with non-specular (i.e. non-delta) materials, and building a hash grid over them. The camera sub-paths are traced until hitting a non-specular surface, where merging with light vertices (i.e. photon lookup) is performed, terminating the camera sub-path thereafter. No MIS is used, and the radiance from directly hit lights is accounted for only when all surface interactions on the path are specular.

traces light sub-paths, storing their vertices (as objects) on surfaces with non-specular (i.e. non-delta) materials, and building a hash grid over them. The camera sub-paths are traced until hitting a non-specular surface, where merging with light vertices (i.e. photon lookup) is performed, terminating the camera sub-path thereafter. No MIS is used, and the radiance from directly hit lights is accounted for only when all surface interactions on the path are specular. Bidirectional photon mapping ( bpm ) is an extension to ppm , which terminates camera sub-paths stochastically (unlike ppm ) and performs merging at all non-specular vertices. MIS is used ( dVCM and dVM ) to weight the different possible ways of constructing the same path by merging at any (non-specular) interior path vertex.

is an extension to , which terminates camera sub-paths stochastically (unlike ) and performs merging at all non-specular vertices. MIS is used ( and ) to weight the different possible ways of constructing the same path by merging at any (non-specular) interior path vertex. Bidirectional path tracing ( bpt ) Light sub-paths are traced, their non-specular vertices are first connected to the camera (as in light tracing) and then stored (without a hash grid). Next, the camera sub-paths are traced, connecting each non-specular vertex to a light source and to all non-specular vertices of the light sub-path corresponding to the current pixel. MIS is used ( dVCM , dVC ).

Light sub-paths are traced, their non-specular vertices are first connected to the camera (as in light tracing) and then stored (without a hash grid). Next, the camera sub-paths are traced, connecting each non-specular vertex to a light source and to all non-specular vertices of the light sub-path corresponding to the current pixel. MIS is used ( , ). Vertex connection and merging ( vcm ) is effectively a combination of bidirectional photon mapping and bidirectional path tracing. Light sub-path tracing projects and stores the non-specular vertices, and also builds a hash grid over them. In the camera sub-path tracing, each vertex is connected to a light source, to the vertices of the corresponding light sub-path, and also merged with the nearby vertices of all light sub-paths. MIS is used ( dVCM , dVM , dVC ).

Features and Limitations

The renderer was originally intended to be a compact reference implementation, akin to SmallPT, however it grew over time. Here is a list of the features and the limitations of the framework:

Infrastructural features:

All basic light source types -- area, point, directional, and env. map -- are supported, although the current env. map implementation uses a constant radiance distribution.

Basic surface scattering models are implemented, including diffuse, glossy (Phong), as well as specular reflection and refraction. It should be fairly straightforward to implement new materials. Also, the material interfaces should suffice for most purposes, as the bidirectional algorithms provided are already quite demanding on them.

The material/shading instance for a given ray hit point is represented by a BSDF object. In addition to storing the the surface scattering properties, this object also holds the local shading frame, as well we the incoming (fixed) direction; all its methods (sample, evaluate, pdf) compute their results always w.r.t. this direction.

Rendering features:

A simple renderer with eye light (dot normal) shading for fast previews. Red color denotes backface orientation. Implementation is in eyelight.hxx.

Traditional path tracing with next even estimation (area and env. map). Kept as a separate implementation is in pathtracer.hxx.

Light tracing ( lt ), progressive photon mapping ( ppm ), bidirectional photon mapping ( bpm ), bidirectional path tracing ( bpt ), and our vertex connection and merging ( vcm ). All these are implemented in the VertexCM renderer, with code path switches for the different algorithms.

Limitations: