Recently, we have been hearing of the multiple methods that 3D printing will provide for the construction of buildings and other large structures outside of the earth’s atmosphere. 3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) has just recently made its entry into space, with NASA and Made in Space teaming up to send an FDM/FFF-based 3D printer to the International Space Station (ISS). While this may be as good of a time as any to reuse Neil Armstrong’s famous quite, “This is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” we still remain years and perhaps even decades away from using 3D printing technology to begin creating habitats on non-terrestrial bodies.

The biggest obstacle that stands in our way of being able to 3D print large structures on the moon or on other planets is the fact that most of the technologies that work here on Earth require a large amount of supplies. Think about it for a moment. The 3D printer located on the ISS is a tremendous aid in creating tools as needed. It cuts down on supplies that astronauts need to bring with them. If a part breaks, a replacement can simply be 3D printed. This machine means that there is no longer a need to keep dozens of extra parts for every little scenario that is possible. With this said, it doesn’t completely eliminate the need for supplies. The plastic filament used to fabricate objects must still be brought up to the ISS as needed. There is no way that NASA will be able to 3D print buildings and other structures using FFF/FDM technology. It would require too many raw materials that would need to be bought into space. When you consider the fact that it costs $4,000 to $13,000 per kg to transport supplies from a spacecraft launched from the ground to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the government would quickly run out of money.

Recently at the American Society of Civil Engineers; (ASCE) St. Louis-based Earth and Space 2014 conference, a team from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) — which included Robert P. Mueller, Laurent Sibille, Paul E. Hintze, Thomas C. Lippitt, James G. Mantovani, Matthew W. Nugent, and Ivan I. Townsend — presented research that they conducted, and the results of this research are quite thought-provoking.

Continuing the thought that most of the 3D printing methods that we see here on Earth would not be suitable for the creation of large scale structures in space, let’s examine a few of these methods. Over the course of the past couple of years we have begun to see new methods that companies and individuals have been using to 3D print large structures. There are those 3D printers which print using concrete-like materials, in what is referred to as contour crafting. While this is a tremendous way of reducing costs, waste, and time, there is no way we could get the raw materials needed for this construction method to other planets or even the moon. There have been other methods like those used by D-shape where in-situ resources are used, such as sand, rock, and native soils, which are then mixed with a binding agent that forms a sandstone-like structure. This certainly would reduce the need to bring a ridiculous amount of raw materials into space, but still requires the binding material either launched from Earth or created/mined from these non-terrestrial surfaces. This would still mean very high transport costs, more time needed, and more resources required.

Because of these issues, researchers at NASA KSC have been studying a very intuitive method of 3D printing on the surfaces of other planets. Their method is very similar to that of large industrial selective laser sintering 3D printers, which lay down layers of material that are then sintered (melted and hardened) by heat lasers. This occurs one layer at a time until an object is completely built up. One caveat, however, is that these machines still require some sort of raw material. KSC researchers may have found a solution to this problem though.

As we all know, planet Earth frequently sees volcanic eruptions take place. When this occurs, molten lava flows from the Earth’s core, winding up on the surface as ash, volcanic glass, and basalt deposits. Basalt is also found on other planets, and is actually quite abundant. When this basalt is melted with extra high temperatures, it becomes that same glassy substance which is found around volcanoes here on Earth. So researchers decided to use this as a method of testing the feasibility of 3D printing on other planets.

“In an effort to reduce the import or in-situ fabrication of binder additives, we focused this work on in-situ processing of regolith for construction in a single-step process after its excavation. High-temperature melting of regolith involves techniques used in glassmaking and casting (with melts of lower density and higher viscosity than those of metals), producing basaltic glass with high durability and low abrasive wear. Most Lunar simulants melt at temperatures above 1100°C, although melt processing of terrestrial regolith at 1500°C is not uncommon,” explained the NASA researchers in their presentation entitled Additive Construction using Basalt Regolith Fines that was given at the ASCE Earth & Space 2014 conference in St. Louis in October. “Similar to volcanic magma, the cooling rate determines the crystallite size – slower cooling develops larger crystals, and rapid quenching can result in fully amorphous glass.”

Using basalt regolith (BP-1) and lunar basalt simulant (JSC-1A) as building materials for their robotic additive construction, they were able to test to see if this method of 3D printing the in-situ resources on the moon and other planets could be feasible. Researchers needed to come up with a way to take this regolith found on non-terrestrial surfaces and then harden it in a way that it could be used as a building material. Some of the methods available to do this include solar heat sintering, microwave sintering, polymer binders, compaction, regolith paste extrusion, and lunacrete forming. After careful examination, the KSC researchers “selected laser heating using an infrared laser as the most direct method to deliver a sufficient amount of energy into a small volume that will allow granular regolith particles to fuse together.”

The preliminary results are quite interesting:

“Flexural strength testing (3 point bending) was performed on test coupons of solid processed BP-1 and JSC-1A using an Instron load frame testing machine and 100 kN (22,480 lbf) load cell. Multiple samples and tests were conducted for repeatability. Test results indicated that the samples had strengths better than residential concrete, and similar to some weaker glasses (Bon,2003). Testing of useful shapes beyond test coupons has focused on structures with unsupported spans (which pose a challenge for any Additive Manufacturing process), including cones, hemispherical domes, and ogive domes.

As you can see in the image provided by NASA and ASCE below, it certainly looks as though their test prints were quite successful.

NASA KSC says that the results have been promising but we must consider the fact that they are only at a “bench top scale.” Researchers are continuing to work on the development of this innovative technique, as well as issues that they foresee arising.

“Future experimental work aims to improve the consistency of material properties throughout the build[,] and scale up the process to create larger structures in the order of several meters in height,” explained the research team. “By performing analysis, testing and lab scale, proof of concept demonstrations, this work has shown that the concept of 3D Additive Construction using basalt fines is feasible. The goal of this experimental investigation was to demonstrate that structures could be built using basalt powder fines, such as the regolith fines that are commonly found on planetary surfaces e.g. Earth’s Moon and Mars. “

Overall, we are still quite a ways off from scaling this technology up to be able to print the larger structures that NASA eventually hopes for. However, with the way things are advancing, I wouldn’t be surprised to see a workable model in the next few years. If all goes as planned, not only will we one day see 3D printed buildings being erected on the moon, Mars, and even asteroids, but the technology could be used for the construction of many more structures. NASA KSC outlines the following as candidates for 3D additive manufacturing:

Blast protection walls/structures

Consolidated/stabilized slopes for nearby habitat protection to prevent slides

Hangars for spacecraft and equipment storage

Radiation storm shelters at waypoints

Radiation shielding panels for spacecraft

Dust free surface stabilized zones (paved areas)

Thermal inertia pads (wadis) for capturing heat in the day and releasing it during the night with associated shade structures

Roof structures for sub-surface shelters

Ablative heat shields for planetary Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)

Fission power plant radiation shielding

Antenna towers for line of sight communication

Not only does this research shed light on the potential that this additive technology could have on non-terrestrial bodies, NASA KSC also noted the potential that it could have here on Earth, where basalt is widely available in volcanic regions around the planet. It could potentially allow for the creation of structures in regions with large amounts of basalt deposits, at greatly reduced costs, as transportation and mining of materials could be greatly reduced themselves or even completely eliminated. Basalt is extremely environmentally friendly, meaning less pollution to our environment as well.

It should be interesting to see how this technology evolves over the coming years. NASA is definitely on to something, as this currently seems like the best possible method for 3D additive construction outside of the Earth’s atmosphere. What do you think about the feasibility of this technology in creating large structures on Mars, the moon, and other celestial bodies? Discuss in the ‘3D Printing Structures on other Planets’ forum thread on 3DPB.com.

[Source: NASA and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) via presentation at the ASCE Earth & Space 2014 conference in St. Louis]

Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.