Once flat and wide, Western cityscapes such as Denver's are becoming tall and sleek, changing the character of the cities

The Western skyline is rising.

From the Rockies to the Pacific, cities are seeking to accommodate increasing populations amid housing shortages by growing up instead of out. A number of them, including this mile-high city hard against the Front Range, are considering projects that would construct some of the tallest buildings in the West.

The towers are the showpieces, but across these urban centers, which have sprawled into suburbs for years, new housing and office projects also are being built taller than ever before. The construction is focused around public transportation centers, and, in some cases, cities are allowing heights to rise beyond original zoning rules as a reward for builders who contribute more to affordable housing.

The development that will take place across the West during the next few years will change the character of these cities, once as flat and wide as the original frontier. Structures, some of which will reach above 70 stories, will threaten mountain and ocean views, and historic neighborhoods are being squeezed by projects designed to attract new business and wealthier residents.

Downtown Denver is experiencing a construction boom, fueled by rapid city growth and a need for increased housing. (Chet Strange for The Washington Post)

Here in the Rockies, where housing costs are rising along with Denver’s population, there is mounting concern that height might soon come at the expense of its high-mountain character and neighborhood culture. Antique pockets of the changing downtown, such as Five Points, once called the “Harlem of the West” for its historic African American population, is increasingly falling into the shade of the skyline around it.

“People in Denver are happily spoiled by the fact that we can look left and right and see the mountains,” said Teague Bohlen, a Five Points resident and professor of creative writing at the University of Colorado at Denver. “That is certainly being threatened, and it will likely get worse.”

But even skeptics of the push for height are largely convinced that, given the inexorable growth, it is the right course to better protect the environment, increase apartment stock and add to affordable housing funds. Cranes loom over construction sites. Scaffolding around new-building skeletons has become an architectural signature of the city, if only a temporary one. Yet it is still possible to see the distant snow caps through the corridors of the rising urban canyons.

Denver

Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium Planned tallest building 650 17th Street 1,000 feet Current tallest building Republic Plaza 714 feet Mile High Stadium

DENVER 650 17th Street Mile High Stadium Republic Plaza Angle of skyline above Population change 705,000 467,000 1990 2017 Population change DENVER 705,000 650 17th Street Mile High Stadium 467,000 Republic Plaza Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 705,000 DENVER 650 17th Street Mile High Stadium 467,000 Republic Plaza Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 705,000 DENVER 650 17th Street Mile High Stadium 467,000 Republic Plaza Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 705,000 25 DENVER 650 17th Street Mile High Stadium 467,000 Republic Plaza Angle of skyline above 1990 2017

“There are very few cities that have faced the growth we’ve seen in recent years,” said Mayor Michael B. Hancock (D), who took office in 2011. The city has grown by 110,000 people, or 18 percent, since then, and it is now roughly 40,000 houses and apartments short of meeting demand. “So we’ve been in the laboratory,” Hancock said. “And there is no doubt that it’s more economically and environmentally efficient to go higher.”

Across the West, a thriving economy has attracted businesses and workers, drawn in part to the region’s natural beauty and outdoor ethic. The growth has driven up housing prices at a time when states, led by California, are seeking to slow suburban development to meet environmental goals undermined by long commutes and thick traffic.

The changing Western cityscape will bring some of its urban areas closer in appearance to those along the Eastern Seaboard, where height has long been a priority — “as much for ego as for functionality,” said Nicholas de Monchaux, a professor of architecture and urban design at the University of California at Berkeley.

He said the skyscraper, far from conflicting with the frontier design here, is “a quintessentially Western artifact.” The iconic building set within the dramatic natural settings of the West, he said, is consistent with the same design priorities behind the Golden Gate Bridge and the Hoover Dam, two of the nation’s great engineering feats.

“These buildings are also a quintessential vote of confidence in the city, which the West has often struggled with,” de Monchaux said. “The hazard is that we only create these skyscrapers as places to drive to rather than places to also live in. That will make these cities more livable, and making places more livable is what the West has always been about.”

As construction continues in downtown Denver, more and more developments are choosing to go up rather than that out, leading to a surge in skyscrapers and large multistory buildings being developed. (Chet Strange for The Washington Post)

But building inside crowded cities raises its own challenges and has prompted some radical proposals amid a deepening housing shortage. A bill in California last year would have allowed the state to overrule local government decisions on housing projects built near transportation hubs, the ideal “infill” developments that residents nonetheless often oppose.

The measure failed. Its author, State Sen. Scott Wiener, a San Francisco Democrat whose city has become the emblem of high housing costs and economic inequality, has reintroduced the legislation after spending time talking with local leaders in neighborhoods that could be affected, especially those with black and Latino majorities.

“This is an incredibly hard bill,” Wiener said. “But this extreme local control with no balance is not working anymore.”

Wiener said ideally the measure would allow more “three-, four-, five-, six-story buildings that fit nicely into middle-class neighborhoods,” many of them now consisting of the city’s trademark two-story Victorians and apartments. He said the intent is to increase “the diversity of housing” available in California cities, many of which are confronting widespread homelessness and accompanying public safety consequences.

“This applies across the West,” Wiener said. “We hear the same things from Denver, Seattle, Portland and others. If California can be seen as the historic example of how to meet growth and housing needs as badly as possible, then this discussion is going to be productive everywhere.”

Seattle

Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Space Needle Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Space Needle Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Space Needle Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Space Needle Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Space Needle Planned tallest building 4/C 1,029 feet Current tallest building Columbia Center 933 feet Space Needle

Space Needle SEATTLE 4/C building Columbia Center Angle of skyline above Population change 725,000 516,000 1990 2017 Population change Space Needle 725,000 SEATTLE 516,000 4/C building Columbia Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 725,000 Space Needle SEATTLE 516,000 4/C building Columbia Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 725,000 Space Needle SEATTLE 516,000 4/C building Columbia Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 725,000 Space Needle 516,000 SEATTLE 4/C building Columbia Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017

Seattle and San Diego are considering projects — mixes of housing and office space — that would rival the cities’ tallest buildings. David Boynton, a Seattle architect and photographer, began tracking the roughly 300 new building projects in his city with a visual computer program. He is modeling the city’s changing appearance and looking for how it translates into daily life.

“The character of a city to me is less about its skyline than it is about its street life,” said Boynton, who occasionally presents his computer visualizations to the City Council. “This is what big Western cities are trying to achieve — urbanity. And it comes with density.”

Los Angeles is considering a 77-story tower in the Bunker Hill neighborhood, a project that would be the city’s highest. To the south in Long Beach, developers are preparing to begin construction on a 40-story tower along the waterfront.

The Westside Gateway project also includes a 22-story tower and several “mid-rise” buildings. It eventually will exceed in height the 35-story tower under construction on the other end of Ocean Boulevard, seizing its briefly held title as the city’s tallest building when finished.

“We’re trying to make more productive use of our land,” said Alan Pullman, an architect with Studio One Eleven, the Long Beach firm that designed both projects. “There’s obviously a lot of pressure to do that, and the most efficient way to do it is vertically.”

Long Beach

Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center Current tallest building One World Trade Center 397 feet Planned tallest building Westside Gateway 420 feet Long Beach Convention Center

LONG BEACH Westside Gateway Convention center One World Trade Center Angle of skyline above Population change 469,000 430,000 1990 2017 Population change LONG BEACH 469,000 Westside Gateway 430,000 Convention center One World Trade Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 0.5 MILES Population change LONG BEACH 469,000 Westside Gateway 430,000 Convention center One World Trade Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 0.5 MILES Population change LONG BEACH 469,000 Westside Gateway 430,000 Long Beach Convention Center One World Trade Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change 469,000 LONG BEACH Westside Gateway 430,000 Long Beach Convention Center One World Trade Center Angle of skyline above 1990 2017

Some of these projects are echoes of past plans derailed by recession.

At the entrance to Sacramento, a largely low-rise government town that is among California’s oldest cities, is an empty lot that for more than a decade has been known derisively as “the hole in the ground.”

Before the 2008 recession, the California Public Employees’ Retirement System, or CalPERS, planned to build two, 53-story luxury condominium towers on the site, which city officials call “the front door” to the palm-lined Capitol Mall and the two-year-old Golden 1 Center, home of the Sacramento Kings NBA franchise.

The early advertising for The Towers on Capitol Mall showed an artist’s rendering of the buildings looming above the city, the Sacramento River just beneath its windows. Against a gold background, the marketing slogan read: “Where Donald Would Live.”

The faltering economy wiped out those Trump-scale plans. Now CalPERS has proposed a 30-story tower for the site at a cost of $550 million. The building, comprising apartments, shops and offices, would edge out the Wells Fargo Center as the city’s tallest at a time when an arriving exodus from the Bay Area is driving up housing costs and providing opportunities to diversify a mostly public-sector economy.

“This is a city in the midst of real transformation,” said Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg (D), who has been in office a little more than two years after a long career in the state legislature. “There is an intangible specialness about this place. But we’re changing as a necessity because a government base is no longer enough to provide opportunity for all our people.”

An exodus from the Bay Area is driving up housing costs and providing opportunities to diversify a mostly public-sector economy in Sacramento, a largely low-rise town. (Nick Otto for The Washington Post)

From Steinberg’s fifth-floor office window, the Sacramento skyline appears mostly flat, nothing but a church steeple or two rising higher than his view. Just out of sight is the State Capitol dome, a landmark that the new projects could obstruct from some vantages.

But the office space that will come with projects such as the CalPERS tower will help speed along Steinberg’s hoped-for economic transformation.

Sacramento has a homeless problem — tents and sleeping bags circle the courtyard at the entrance to city hall — and Steinberg said the development must be in service to the larger goals of increasing housing stock and preventing the kind of neighborhood displacement happening in many other California cities.

Sacramento

Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol Planned tallest building CalPERS 550 feet Current tallest building Wells Fargo Center 423 feet California State Capitol

CalPERS building Wells Fargo Center California State Capitol SACRAMENTO Angle of skyline above Population change 502,000 398,000 1990 2017 Population change CalPERS building 502, 000 California State Capitol Wells Fargo Center 398,000 Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change CalPERS building 502,000 California State Capitol Wells Fargo Center 398,000 Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change CalPERS building 502,000 California State Capitol Wells Fargo Center 398,000 Angle of skyline above 1990 2017 Population change CalPERS building 502,000 Wells Fargo Center California State Capitol 398,000 SACRAMENTO Angle of skyline above 1990 2017

“The ‘G’ word is not allowed in this office,” Steinberg said, referring to gentrification. “I want the city to have all of the great things that cosmopolitan cities have. But if that’s all we do, we’ll only be good. To be great, we have to be intentional about tying that prosperity and that growth to our neighborhoods, especially our disadvantaged neighborhoods, and housing affordability is a key element.”

More than a dozen hotel, office and residential buildings are under construction here in Denver’s greater downtown, a boom the scale of which many say is unprecedented. There are also designs on the drawing board that would alter the top of the Denver skyline.

Plans for a 1,000-foot skyscraper at 17th and California streets, which would dwarf the next-tallest building, were presented last year. But there has been a delay involving the purchase of the property. For now the project, a mix of luxury condominiums, a hotel, restaurants and shops, is on hold.

Michael Santora, the principal partner of Crown Architecture and Consulting, which is helping manage the project, said the plans went through a preliminary zoning review last year and is “still a go.” He traveled to Denver to see the site and was amazed by the amount of construction and renovation taking place across the city.

“It’s constantly changing now, all of these neighborhoods,” Santora said. “The Colorado lifestyle is a thing that people flock to. And businesses see a lot of talent and are now following it there.”

During his time in office, Mayor Hancock has established programs that encourage developers to build up — higher than previously permitted, in some cases — in exchange for larger contributions to the city’s affordable housing fund. It is an incentive that is lifting Denver’s skyline.

More than a dozen hotel, office and residential buildings are under construction in Denver’s greater downtown, a boom the scale of which many say is unprecedented. (Chet Strange for The Washington Post)

In December, the City Council approved plans to develop what is known as River Mile, a stretch of land along the South Platte River that at the moment is occupied by a rarely used amusement park surrounded by the Pepsi Center and the Broncos’ Mile High Stadium. The development could one day be home to 15,000 people.

Many will be living vertically. The agreement allows the developer to build apartment towers higher than five stories in exchange for a percentage of the additional housing to be affordable. The design calls for several buildings in the 30- to 40-story range and perhaps one as high as 59 stories, which would be the city’s highest.

“Denver is a place where now, if you don’t have a brand-new building, you don’t stand out anymore,” said Charles Bernard, a 45-year-old developer walking along the South Platte on a chilly recent morning. Bernard said he would lose the view from his sixth-floor apartment of the amusement park’s illuminated Ferris wheel when the work is complete. But he said the construction is essential to keep pace with Denver’s growth.

“This is a place people really don’t go to much now,” he said. “This will make it more useful.”

Hancock said planners are taking into consideration the mountain views that make Denver a city among the most evocative of the historic West. But with height comes obstruction, and some neighborhoods in the shadow of the most intensive development are experiencing it already.

Bohlen, the creative writing professor, chose Five Points as the place he wanted to raise his children because of its enduring ethnic diversity.

The construction and real estate speculation is changing the neighborhood, a process of gentrification easily identifiable in many other Western cities. Some longtime residents are moving out, newcomers taking their places in taller buildings.

It is the natural “push and pull of gentrification,” Bohlen said, but with the height and shifting demographics, he worries that “we are losing the texture and culture of these neighborhoods.”

“But I don’t know if we are at the stage yet where it is changing the culture of the whole city,” Bohlen said.

A previous version of the Denver map did not label I-70 as I-70 Business Loop. About this story Building models extracted from OpenStreetMap data. Map data from Maps4News/HERE. City populations from U.S. Census.

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