BEIJING—China’s former internet regulator, Lu Wei, received a 14-year prison sentence after being convicted of corruption, a punishment the court said it lessened because he confessed.

The sentencing Tuesday of Mr. Lu brings to a close a high-profile corruption case that has been intently watched in part because Mr. Lu was closely associated with China’s strict policing of the internet. As head of China’s Cyberspace Administration, he was often by turns friendly but uncompromising in his dealings with Western companies like...