The acting head of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) has called Russian athletes using performance-enhancing drugs an "institutional conspiracy" in an interview with the New York Times.

Anna Antseliovich said she was “shocked” by the revelations made in the course of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) investigation, which uncovered years’ of doping schemes. However, Antseliovich emphasized that the government’s top officials were not involved.

Vitaly Smirnov, head of Russia’s independent anti-doping commission, echoed Antseliovich's statements.

“From my point of view as a former minister of sport and president of the Olympic committee, we made a lot of mistakes,” he said.

However, Smirnov also denied that there was a state-sponsored doping system and said he would defer to the global governing bodies of each sport to rule on the evidence.

WADA's independent investigation revealed that more than a thousand Russian athletes spanning 30 different sports were connected with the use of performance-enhancing drugs or the concealment of positive urine samples.

The investigation also found evidence that 12 Russian athletes who won medals at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi had substituted their drug test samples.