China plans to ramp up efforts to integrate Hong Kong with the mainland by strengthening patriotic education and retooling the city’s political and economic system, amid continuing protests against Beijing’s growing influence in the former British colony.

In a Friday briefing elaborating on policies issued by the Communist Party elite, a senior official said Beijing plans to refine its mechanisms for governing Hong Kong, such as by revamping how the city’s leader and other top officials are appointed and removed, as well as...