You can tell a lot about a person from their shoes, but you can tell even more about them from their poos — including how wealthy they are, scientists say. It may sound gross, but a new analysis from Australia has revealed how the varying income levels in different communities are linked to different food and drug consumption habits.

This fact on its own may not be that remarkable, but scientists showed that these habits show up as noticeable differences in wastewater.

In a study published on Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team of scientists shows that socioeconomic advantage can be mapped by wastewater. Specifically, the wastewater from wealthier communities where people had higher educational achievement showed higher levels of vitamins, citrus, and fiber, while the waste from poorer communities where people were generally less educated showed higher levels of prescription pain relievers and antidepressant medications.

Wastewater can hold many clues about a community's consumption habits. Shutterstock

“Although [wastewater-based epidemiology] has primarily been used for measuring drug consumption, our results demonstrate that it can be used to identify sociodemographic patterns or disparities which associate with consumption of specific chemicals or food components,” writes the team, led by Phil Choi, a Ph.D. student at the Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences in Australia.

By examining samples from 22 water treatment plants in six Australian states over seven consecutive days in 2016, then comparing the results to 40 different socioeconomic factors from Australia’s national census (factors like rent price and education level), Choi’s team drew a handful of correlations that can be observed in the urine and feces of residents.

Prescription drugs

One of the strongest correlations Choi’s team identified was between socioeconomic status and prescription drug use. In the wastewater treatment plants associated with Australians of lower socioeconomic status, there were higher levels of the following prescription drugs:

tramadol, an atypical opioid pain reliever

desvenlafaxine, an antidepressant

mirtazapine, an antidepressant

pregabalin, a prescription pain reliever

atenolol, a blood pressure drug

And while the team notes that this finding is consistent with higher reported pharmaceutical use among people of lower socioeconomic status, it helps validate the study method of examining wastewater to understand trends in a community.

Dietary fiber and citrus fruits

Among the factors identified in the study, dietary fiber and citrus fruit consumption were closely correlated with socioeconomic status. Samples from wastewater plants that treated the waste from wealthier areas showed higher levels of proline betaine, a component of citrus flesh, as well as enterodiol and enterolactone, which are components found in the waste of people who eat plants.

Together, these three molecules were found in significantly higher levels in the wastewater from wealthier communities, indicating that people in those communities were eating more fresh fruits and vegetables.

Vitamins

In areas with higher rent — over $470 a week — wastewater contained evidence of significantly higher levels of vitamins B3, E, and B6. To identify these vitamins, the researchers looked for their metabolites in wastewater, the substances produced when people break the vitamins down in their bodies.

Conversely, they observed lower levels of these vitamins in areas where people of lower socioeconomic status live — unemployed people and disabled people under 70, specifically.

What does it all mean?

Wastewater-based epidemiology has become a growing field in recent years, mostly focusing on illicit drug use. It’s a controversial research method, since critics suggest it can be a way to gather data on people without their consent — some have gone so far as to call it a new form of mass surveillance.

Regardless of privacy concerns, though, it has turned up some interesting results.

For instance, in June a study used sewage data to show that Washington’s legal marijuana market had taken a bite out of the black market.

The future will tell how public opinion comes down on these wastewater epidemiology studies, and while this latest one basically just confirms previous research on wealth — richer people eat better and have fewer health problems — it also suggests that this type of work can reveal an awful lot about a community, all without needing anyone’s consent.

Abstract: Wastewater is a potential treasure trove of chemicals that reflects population behavior and health status. Wastewater-based epidemiology has been employed to determine population-scale consumption of chemicals, particularly illicit drugs, across different communities and over time. However, the sociodemographic or socioeconomic correlates of chemical consumption and exposure are unclear. This study explores the relationships between catchment specific sociodemographic parameters and biomarkers in wastewater generated by the respective catchments. Domestic wastewater influent samples taken during the 2016 Australian census week were analyzed for a range of diet, drug, pharmaceutical, and lifestyle biomarkers. We present both linear and rank-order (i.e., Pearson and Spearman) correlations between loads of 42 biomarkers and census-derived metrics, index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (IRSAD), median age, and 40 socioeconomic index for area (SEIFA) descriptors. Biomarkers of caffeine, citrus, and dietary fiber consumption had strong positive correlations with IRSAD, while tramadol, atenolol, and pregabalin had strong negative correlation with IRSAD. As expected, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide correlated positively with median age. We also found specific SEIFA descriptors such as occupation and educational attainment correlating with each biomarker. Our study demonstrates that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to study sociodemographic influences and disparities in chemical consumption. population behavior and health status. Wastewater-based epidemiology has been employed to determine population-scale consumption of chemicals, particularly illicit drugs, across different communities and over time. However, the sociodemographic or socioeconomic correlates of chemical consumption and exposure are unclear. This study explores the relationships between catchment specific sociodemographic parameters and biomarkers in wastewater generated by the respective catchments. Domestic wastewater influent samples taken during the 2016 Australian census week were analyzed for a range of diet, drug, pharmaceutical, and lifestyle biomarkers. We present both linear and rank-order (i.e., Pearson and Spearman) correlations between loads of 42 biomarkers and census-derived metrics, index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (IRSAD), median age, and 40 socioeconomic index for area (SEIFA) descriptors. Biomarkers of caffeine, citrus, and dietary fiber consumption had strong positive correlations with IRSAD, while tramadol, atenolol, and pregabalin had strong negative correlation with IRSAD. As expected, atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide correlated positively with median age. We also found specific SEIFA descriptors such as occupation and educational attainment correlating with each biomarker. Our study demonstrates that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to study sociodemographic influences and disparities in chemical consumption.