Ahmadi S, Nagpal R, Wang S, Gagliano J, Kitzman DW, Soleimanian-Zad S, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Read R, Yadav H (2019) Prebiotics from acorn and sago prevent high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance via microbiome-gut-brain axis modulation. J Nutr Biochem 67:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.011

Allaire JM, Crowley SM, Law HT, Chang SY, Ko HJ, Vallance BA (2018) The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity. Trends Immunol 39:677–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2018.04.002

Apovian CM et al (2008) Adipose macrophage infiltration is associated with insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction in obese subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1654–1659. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.170316

Azad MAK, Sarker M, Li T, Yin J (2018) Probiotic species in the modulation of gut microbiota: an overview. Biomed Res Int 2018:9478630. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9478630

Bagarolli RA et al (2017) Probiotics modulate gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity in DIO mice. J Nutr Biochem 50:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.006

Borta A, Schwarting RKW (2005) Inhibitory avoidance, pain reactivity, and plus-maze behavior in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity. Physiol Behav 84:387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.009

Buford TW (2017) (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. Microbiome 5:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0296-0

Capaldo CT, Powell DN, Kalman D (2017) Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med (Berl) 95:927–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-017-1557-x

Cornick S, Tawiah A, Chadee K (2015) Roles and regulation of the mucus barrier in the gut. Tissue Barriers 3:e982426. https://doi.org/10.4161/21688370.2014.982426

Crowther RS, Wetmore RF (1987) Fluorometric assay of O-linked glycoproteins by reaction with 2-cyanoacetamide. Anal Biochem 163:170–174

Dahl AK, Hassing LB, Fransson EI, Gatz M, Reynolds CA, Pedersen NL (2013) Body mass index across midlife and cognitive change in late life. Int J Obes 37:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.37

Dao MC et al (2016) Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut 65:426–436. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778

DeJesus RS et al (2016) Associations between anxiety disorder diagnoses and body mass index differ by age, sex and race: a population based study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 12:67–74. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010067

Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M (2016) The biology of the metabolic syndrome and aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 19:5–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000243

Ebke LA et al (2014) Tight association between macrophages and adipocytes in obesity: implications for adipocyte preparation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 22:1246–1255. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20634

Elderman M et al (2017) The effect of age on the intestinal mucus thickness, microbiota composition and immunity in relation to sex in mice. PLoS One 12:e0184274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184274

Everard A et al (2013) Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:9066–9071. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219451110

Franceschi C, Campisi J (2014) Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69(Suppl 1):S4–S9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu057

Heß N, Waldow F, Kohler TP, Rohde M, Kreikemeyer B, Gómez-Mejia A, Hain T, Schwudke D, Vollmer W, Hammerschmidt S, Gisch N (2017) Lipoteichoic acid deficiency permits normal growth but impairs virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Commun 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01720-z

Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Canani RB, Flint HJ, Salminen S, Calder PC, Sanders ME (2014) Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:506–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66

Hodes RJ et al (2016) Disease drivers of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1386:45–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13299

Jaul E, Barron J (2017) Age-related diseases and clinical and public health implications for the 85 years old and over population. Front Public Health 5:335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335

Johansson ME (2012) Fast renewal of the distal colonic mucus layers by the surface goblet cells as measured by in vivo labeling of mucin glycoproteins. PLoS One 7:e41009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041009

Kang C et al (2017) Gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of dietary capsaicin against chronic low-grade inflammation and associated obesity induced by high-fat Diet. MBio:8. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00470-17

Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11:373–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1863

Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP (2015) Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 9:392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00392

Kim JY, Woo HJ, Kim KH, Kim E-R, Jung H-K, Juhn H-N, Lee HJ (2002) Antitumor activity of Lactobacillus plantarum cytoplasm on teratocarcinoma-bearing mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 12:998–1001

Konig J et al (2016) Human intestinal barrier function in health and disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 7:e196. https://doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2016.54

Kumsta C, Hansen M (2012) C. elegans rrf-1 mutations maintain RNAi efficiency in the soma in addition to the germline. PLoS One 7:e35428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035428

Landete JM, Gaya P, Rodriguez E, Langa S, Peiroten A, Medina M, Arques JL (2017) Probiotic bacteria for healthier aging: immunomodulation and metabolism of phytoestrogens. Biomed Res Int 2017:5939818. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5939818

Mack HI, Heimbucher T, Murphy CT (2019) The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for aging research Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models

Mu Q, Kirby J, Reilly CM, Luo XM (2017) Leaky gut as a danger signal for autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 8:598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598

Nagpal R et al (2018a) Gut microbiome and aging: physiological and mechanistic insights. Nutr Healthy Aging 4:267–285. https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170030

Nagpal R, Wang S, Ahmadi S, Hayes J, Gagliano J, Subashchandrabose S, Kitzman DW, Becton T, Read R, Yadav H (2018b) Human-origin probiotic cocktail increases short-chain fatty acid production via modulation of mice and human gut microbiome. Sci Rep 8:12649. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30114-4

Naito Y, Uchiyama K, Takagi T (2018) A next-generation beneficial microbe: Akkermansia muciniphila. J Clin Biochem Nutr 63:33–35. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.18-57

Navas-Molina JA et al (2013) Advancing our understanding of the human microbiome using QIIME. Methods Enzymol 531:371–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407863-5.00019-8

Nunes-Souza V, Cesar-Gomes CJ, Da Fonseca LJ, Guedes Gda S, Smaniotto S, Rabelo LA (2016) Aging increases susceptibility to high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6 mice: improvement in glycemic and lipid profile after antioxidant therapy. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2016:1987960. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1987960

Nunez J (2008) Morris Water Maze Experiment. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/897

O'Toole PW, Marchesi JR, Hill C (2017) Next-generation probiotics: the spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics. Nat Microbiol 2:17057. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.57

Ottman N et al (2017) Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function. PLoS One 12:e0173004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173004

Pelaseyed T et al (2014) The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact with the immune system. Immunol Rev 260:8–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12182

Rea SL, Wu D, Cypser JR, Vaupel JW, Johnson TE (2005) A stress-sensitive reporter predicts longevity in isogenic populations of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Genet 37:894–898. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1608

Ribeiro CM, Hermsen T, Taverne-Thiele AJ, Savelkoul HF, Wiegertjes GF (2010) Evolution of recognition of ligands from Gram-positive bacteria: similarities and differences in the TLR2-mediated response between mammalian vertebrates and teleost fish. J Immunol 184:2355–2368. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0900990

Rodriguez A, Zhang H, Klaminder J, Brodin T, Andersson PL, Andersson M (2018) ToxTrac: a fast and robust software for tracking organisms. Methods Ecol Evol 9:460–464

Schiffrin EJ, Morley JE, Donnet-Hughes A, Guigoz Y (2010) The inflammatory status of the elderly: the intestinal contribution. Mutat Res 690:50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.07.011

Schroeder BO, Birchenough GMH, Stahlman M, Arike L, Johansson MEV, Hansson GC, Backhed F (2018) Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration. Cell Host Microbe 23(27-40):e27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.004

Shimizu Y (2018) Gut microbiota in common elderly diseases affecting activities of daily living. World J Gastroenterol 24:4750–4758. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i42.4750

Silverstein MG, Ordanes D, Wylie AT, Files DC, Milligan C, Presley TD, Kavanagh K (2015) Inducing muscle heat shock protein 70 improves insulin sensitivity and muscular performance in aged mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70:800–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu119

Solis GM, Petrascheck M (2011) Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans life span in 96 well microtiter plates. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/2496

Stehle JR Jr, Leng X, Kitzman DW, Nicklas BJ, Kritchevsky SB, High KP (2012) Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, a surrogate marker of microbial translocation, is associated with physical function in healthy older adults. J Gerontol Series A: Biomed Sci Med Sci 67:1212–1218

Tabloski PA (2004) Global aging: implications for women and women’s health. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 33:627–638

Tak PP, Firestein GS (2001) NF-kappaB: a key role in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest 107:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11830

Tissenbaum HA (2015a) Using C. elegans for aging research. Invertebr Reprod Dev 59:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2014.940470

Tissenbaum HA (2015b) Using C. elegans for aging research. Invertebr Reprod Dev 59:59–63

Ulluwishewa D, Anderson RC, McNabb WC, Moughan PJ, Wells JM, Roy NC (2011) Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. J Nutr 141:769–776. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.135657

Van der Sluis M et al (2006) Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection. Gastroenterology. 131:117–129. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.020

Vemuri R et al (2018) Gut microbial changes, interactions, and their implications on human lifecycle: an ageing perspective. Biomed Res Int 2018:4178607. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4178607

Virta JJ, Heikkila K, Perola M, Koskenvuo M, Raiha I, Rinne JO, Kaprio J (2013) Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and late cognitive impairment. Eur J Epidemiol 28:405–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9794-y

Wang YM, Ge XZ, Wang WQ, Wang T, Cao HL, Wang BL, Wang BM (2015) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant upregulates serotonin transporter expression in intestinal epithelial cells and mice intestinal tissues. Neurogastroenterol Motil 27:1239–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12615

Wijetunge S, Ratnayake R.M.C.J., Kotakadeniya H.M.S.R.B., Rosairo S., Albracht-Schulte K., Ramalingam L., Moustaid-Moussa N., Kalupahana N.S. (2019) Association between serum and adipose tissue resistin with dysglycemia in South Asian women. Nutr Diabetes 9:5 doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-019-0071-3,

Wrzosek L, Ciocan D., Borentain P., Spatz M., Puchois V., Hugot C., Ferrere G., Mayeur C., Perlemuter G., Cassard A.M. (2018) Transplantation of human microbiota into conventional mice durably reshapes the gut microbiota. Sci Rep 8:6854 doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25300-3

Yadav H et al (2011) Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metab 14:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.04.013

Zhou K (2017) Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies. J Funct Foods 33:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.045