When you start working for a new pilot employer you will be issued two numbers. The first number will be your part number (employee number) and will be used by your employer to identify you. The second number, and more important to you, will be your seniority number. Your pilot seniority number will have a significant impact on your quality of life and many aspects of your career. There will often be a large difference in the quality of career for two pilots at the same employer based on seniority - even if the hire dates don’t vary by much.

Pilot seniority numbers are used at both employers with pilot unions and employers without unions. Your seniority number will determine your schedule, compensation, the airplane you fly, and whether you are safe from job displacement during lean times.

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Seniority Number Assignment

Seniority numbers are assigned based on date of hire. How an employer breaks ties pilots having the same date of hire varies. Common tie breaking methods include numerically ordering based on a part of social security number, date of birth, who completes parts of training first, or random.

What Pilot Seniority Number Controls

Pilot Domiciles

Some crew bases (domiciles) are more preferred than others. Domiciles can be more desirable for livability, affordability, ability to commute to, or places where large concentrations of flight crew already live. Within large operations schedules can vary significantly between domiciles. New pilots are usually assigned to junior domiciles.

Airplane Type

The type of airplane will determine schedules, quality of life, and pay. Most operators have different pay rates depending on airplane type with the larger airplanes paying more. Airplanes that average longer leg lengths have fewer takeoffs and landings in a day (less work), and pilots that fly these planes usually get more days off each month as they accrue pay faster.

Upgrading to Captain

Upgrading from First Officer to Captain is based on seniority. There is a significant pay difference between the pilot positions at most employers. When tracking upgrade time at each employer this is typically expressed in terms of years and is found by the hire date of the most junior captain.

With the pilot shortage regional airlines are bypassing the normal seniority progression for upgrades as some junior first officers have the required flight experience to upgrade to captain while some senior first officers lack the experience to upgrade.

Average Upgrade Time in Years

Alaska Airlines American Airlines Delta Air Lines Fedex JetBlue Airways Southwest Airlines United Airlines UPS Upgrade Time 6 1 2 2 4 10 11 13

Pilot Schedules and Days Off

Schedules are created as lines of flying. A schedule for a period of time, usually a month, is created and assigned a number. Each schedule period pilots bid on the schedule lines they want in order they want them.

The lines are awarded to pilots starting at the top of the seniority list and moving down. Each pilot will be awarded their top chosen line that is remaining. Where a person is awarded a line in this system has significant impact on their quality of life. Lines are built so that some are desirable schedules while others are considered not desirable. More seniority means pilots consistently get better schedules and are better able to get specific days off.

Vacation weeks are bid on within the seniority system. Each week during the year will have a set amount of slots available for vacation. The system goes down the order of preferences for the pilots and awards weeks based on their top choices remaining. Senior pilots will get desirable weeks off for vacation such as holidays and summer time. Junior pilots get the vacation weeks that are left.

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Pilot Furloughs

When pilot employers encounter difficult economic times they will cut back operations and furlough employees. These furloughs start at the bottom of the seniority list and work their way upwards. Captains will be downgraded to First Officer starting at the bottom of the captain seniority list until the positions are appropriately balanced.

Seniority number not only determines who stays employed but also which mid-level seniority pilots keep higher paying captain positions.

Evaluating a Potential Employer’s Seniority List

It is important to be aware of the condition of an employer’s seniority list when considering applying. Each pilot employer goes through cycles where there will be significant movement within their ranks and there will be other times when that movements stops. Things to be aware of are upcoming mandatory retirements, fleet growth plans, and where an employer is at in a hiring cycle.

Mandatory Pilot Retirements

One of the more reliable indicators of seniority movement is mandatory retirements. Mandatory retirements are not avoidable and are mostly pilots at the upper end of the seniority list.

Employers can have multi-year spurts of mandatory retirements. These are especially important to be aware of as they can mean gaining significant seniority fast.

Evaluate retirement numbers as a percentage of total pilot group. Seniority movement is more a percentage game and less absolute numbers as it will be your relative seniority within a list that determines your quality of life.

Airline's Mandatory Pilot Retirements by Year

Alaska Airlines American Airlines Delta Air Lines Fedex JetBlue Airways Southwest Airlines United Airlines UPS 2019 49 637 448 134 19 135 411 72 2020 55 772 549 102 40 164 420 94 2021 57 840 751 158 38 206 509 93 2022 56 861 822 190 37 195 466 96 2023 50 957 783 196 65 239 550 85 2024 60 932 784 220 75 289 491 134 2025 57 951 711 228 56 313 606 139 2026 52 908 611 215 70 378 652 174 2027 77 770 515 242 113 399 634 157 2028 55 676 509 211 135 395 740 184 2029 76 637 521 210 130 393 689 174 2030 51 557 556 192 135 391 668 156 2031 58 572 485 171 130 380 655 437 2032 69 499 438 176 148 381 491 126 2033 56 475 373 180 170 381 411 117

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Airplane Fleet Growth

When airplanes are added to a fleet additional pilot jobs are created. A pilot group increasing in size will cause upward movement in seniority.

Be aware that total aircraft orders are not an indicator of airplane fleet growth. Many airplane orders are intended to replace existing airplanes.

When pilot employers switch airplane types this can cause an increase in need for pilots during the transition time. After the transition is finished the airline may then move towards lower pilot employment numbers - depending on economic conditions and other fleet plans. Pilot employers are frequently in both growth mode and fleet transition mode at the same time, so decreases in numbers are not as common after fleet transitions are complete.

Pilot Hiring Cycles

Pilot employers will go through spurts of pilot hiring. Timing these spurts correctly can significantly impact seniority. If you are hired at the beginning of a hiring spurt you can gain seniority quickly. If you are hired at the end of a spurt you may stagnate at a low seniority number for a while.

Timing cycles can be difficult, especially knowing when a hiring boom is drawing down. An employer can have lofty plans to hire pilots over prolonged period but outside economic factors can change these plans dramatically. The best practice is to be aware of pilot hiring plan announcements and consider employers when they are just beginning to hire large amounts of pilots.