Inko 0.4.0 released

Inko 0.4.0 has been released, with features such as: a new scheduler, support for non-blocking sockets, and a simplified API for sending messages to processes.

Noteworthy changes in 0.4.0

The full list of changes can be found in the CHANGELOG.

New scheduler implementation

For 0.4.0 we rewrote the process scheduler from the ground up. The old scheduler was written over two years ago, and was not built with today's requirements in mind. Internally it made heavy use of explicit locking, which made it inefficient.

The new scheduler's code is easier to understand, more efficient, and should be easier to extend in the future if necessary. This new scheduler also made it possible to add support for non-blocking network IO, which is discussed in greater detail below.

The old scheduler used a separate thread to reschedule processes whenever they received a message. The data structure used for storing suspended processes was a list that was scanned linearly. This could result in processes taking a long time to be rescheduled, if a large number of processes were suspended. In the new setup, a process sending a message to a suspended process will try to reschedule it right away, using atomic operations instead of explicit locking.

A separate thread is still used for processes suspended with a timeout. The structures used by this thread are optimised in such a way that the time to reschedule a process stays short, and no explicit locking is used when adding new entries to these data structures.

A side-effect of these changes is that processes now require an extra word of memory per process. The extra memory is used to more efficiently suspend and resume processes concurrently, removing the need for explicit locking.

More information about these changes can be found in commit 3e5882.

Support for non-blocking sockets

Inko now supports non-blocking TCP, UDP, and Unix domain sockets. This is provided using three modules:

std::net::socket : provides TCP and UDP sockets. std::net::unix : provides Unix domain sockets. std::net::ip : provides types and methods for parsing and building IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

The socket libraries provide various high-level socket types, as well as low-level types. For example, a TCP server can be created using std::net::socket::TcpListener , which wraps a std::net::socket::Socket . The Socket type in turn can be used when more control over the socket is necessary.

For example, to create a simple TCP server that just writes back the message sent, you would write the following:

import std :: net :: socket :: TcpListener let listener = try ! TcpListener . new ( ip : '0.0.0.0' , port : 40 _000 ) { let client = try ! listener . accept let message = try ! client . read_string ( 32 ) try ! client . write_string ( message ) try ! client . shutdown client . close }. loop

This server would read up to 32 bytes sent by a client, then write the message back to it.

Sockets can be sent across processes, allowing for different processes to listen on the same socket. This allows for writing of efficient socket servers, instead of the server being limited by how fast a single process can accept new connections.

Checking if certain sockets are ready for reading and/or writing (using select(2) for example) is not possible yet. We aim to add support for such an API in a future release. More information about this can be found in issue "Checking if sockets are ready for reading, writing, or both".

Reduced Immix block sizes

In 0.4.0 we reduced the size of every Immix block from 32KB to 8KB. This allows for spawning of more processes, using less memory.

Rust 2018 is now required

The VM now requires the 2018 edition of Rust to build, which is available starting with Rust 1.31.

Processes no longer use PIDs

Before 0.4.0, Inko assigned every process a unique process identifier (PID). When sending a message you would use a PID to determine what process to send the data to. Generating PIDs could be extensive when all available PID were used at least once. Explicit locking was also required, as the data structures used were not concurrent data structures.

In 0.4.0 we removed the use of PIDs altogether. Process communication is now done using the Process type, and std::process.current will return an instance of this type, instead of returning an Integer . This makes spawning processes faster, and leads to a more pleasant to use process API.

In short, instead of this:

import std :: process import std :: stdio :: stdout let pid = process . spawn { let message = process . receive as String stdout . print ( message ) } process . send ( pid : pid , message : 'ping' )

You now write this:

import std :: process import std :: stdio :: stdout let child = process . spawn { let message = process . receive as String stdout . print ( message ) } child . send ( 'ping' )

std::process.channel has been removed

The method std::process.channel has been removed. The API in question was not pleasant to use, and provided limited use. We intend to reintroduce a different type-safe process communication API in a future release.

Faster bytecode parsing

The time the VM spends parsing bytecode files has been reduced by reading data in chunks, instead of reading bytecode one byte at a time. In some cases this can lead to bytecode being parsed ten times faster.

More information about this change can be found in commit d80c4c.

std::time has been reorganised

The module std::time has been broken up into two modules:

std::time std::time::duration

The MonotonicTime type has been renamed to Instant .

More information about these changes can be found in commit 7f0cb4.