Family of free n' open-source software operatin systems based on tha Linux kernel

This article be bout tha crew of operatin systems. Boy it's gettin hot, yes indeed it is. For tha kernel, peep Linux kernel . For other uses, peep Linux (disambiguation)

Linux ( LEEN-uuks or LIN-uuks[9]) be a cold-ass lil crew of open source Unix-like operatin systems based on tha Linux kernel,[10] a operatin system kernel first busted out on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.[11][12][13] Linux is typically packaged up in a Linux distribution.

Distributions include tha Linux kernel n' supportin system software n' libraries, nuff of which is provided by tha GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use tha word "Linux" up in they name yo, but tha Jacked Software Foundation uses tha name GNU/Linux ta emphasize tha importizzle of GNU software, causin some controversy.[14][15]

Popular Linux distributions[16][17][18] include Debian, Fedora, n' Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux n' SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowin system like fuckin X11 or Wayland, n' a desktop environment like fuckin GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended fo' servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack like fuckin LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, mah playas may create a gangbangin' finger-lickin' distribution fo' any purpose.[19]

Linux was originally pimped fo' personal computers based on tha Intel x86 architecture yo, but has since been ported ta mo' platforms than any other operatin system.[20] Because of tha dominizzle of Andrizzle on smartphones, Linux also has tha largest installed base of all general-purpose operatin systems.[21][22] Although it is used by only round 2.3 cement of desktop computers,[23][24] tha Chromebook, which runs tha Linux kernel-based Chrome OS, dominates tha US K�"12 ejaculation market n' represents nearly 20 cement of sub-$300 notebook salez up in tha US.[25] Linux is tha leadin operatin system on servers (over 96.4% of tha top 1 mazillion wizzy servers' operatin systems is Linux),[26] leadz other bangin' iron systems like fuckin mainframe computers, n' is tha only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, havin gradually eliminated all competitors).[27][28][29]

Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operatin system is typically built tha fuck into tha firmware n' is highly tailored ta tha system. This includes routers, automation controls, smart home technology (like Gizoogle Nest),[30] televisions (Samsung n' LG Smart TVs use Tizen n' WebOS, respectively),[31][32][33] automobilez (for example, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, n' Toyota all rely on Linux),[34] digital vizzle recorders, video game consolez, n' smartwatches.[35] Da Falcon 9z n' tha Dragon 2z avionics bust a cold-ass lil customized version of Linux.[36]

Linux is one of da most thugged-out prominent examplez of free n' open-source software collaboration. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da source code may be used, modified n' distributed commercially or non-commercially by mah playas under tha termz of its respectizzle licenses, like fuckin tha GNU General Public License.[19]

History [ edit ]

Precursors [ edit ]

Da Unix operatin system was conceived n' implemented up in 1969, at AT&Tz Bell Labs, up in tha United Hoodz by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, n' Joe Ossanna.[37] First busted out up in 1971, Unix was freestyled entirely up in assembly language, as was common practice all up in tha time. In 1973 up in a key, pioneerin approach, dat shiznit was rewritten up in tha C programmin language by Dennis Ritchie (with tha exception of some hardware n' I/O routines). Da availabilitizzle of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting ta different computa platforms easier.[38]

Cuz of a earlier antitrust case forbiddin it from enterin tha computa bidnizz, AT&T was required ta license tha operatin systemz source code ta mah playas whoz ass asked. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! As a result, Unix grew quickly n' became widely adopted by academic institutions n' bidnizzes. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs; freed of tha legal obligation requirin free licensing, Bell Labs fuckin started pushin Unix as a proprietary product, where playas was not legally allowed ta modify Unix. Da GNU Project, started up in 1983 by Slick Rick Stallman, had tha goal of bustin a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work fuckin started up in 1984.[39] Later, up in 1985, Stallman started tha Jacked Software Foundation n' freestyled tha GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) up in 1989. By tha early 1990s, nuff of tha programs required up in a operatin system (like fuckin libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, n' a windowin system) was completed, although low-level elements like fuckin device drivers, daemons, n' tha kernel, called GNU/Hurd, was stalled n' incomplete.[40]

Linus Torvaldz has stated dat if tha GNU kernel had been available all up in tha time (1991), da thug would not have decided ta write his own.[41] Although not busted out until 1992, cuz of legal complications, pimpment of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD n' FreeBSD descended, predated dat of Linux. Torvaldz has also stated dat if 386BSD had been available all up in tha time, he probably would not have pimped Linux.[42]

MINIX was pimped by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computa science pimp, n' busted out up in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operatin system targeted at hustlas n' others whoz ass wanted ta learn tha operatin system principlez fo' realz. Although tha complete source code of MINIX was freely available, tha licensin terms prevented it from bein free software until tha licensin chizzled up in April 2000.[43]

Creation [ edit ]

In 1991, while attendin tha Universitizzle of Helsinki, Torvaldz became curious bout operatin systems.[44] Frustrated by tha licensin of MINIX, which all up in tha time limited it ta ejaculationizzle use only,[43] his thugged-out lil' punk-ass fuckin started ta work on his own operatin system kernel, which eventually became tha Linux kernel.

Torvaldz fuckin started tha pimpment of tha Linux kernel on MINIX n' applications freestyled fo' MINIX was also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured n' further Linux kernel pimpment took place on Linux systems.[45] GNU applications also replaced all MINIX components, cuz dat shiznit was advantageous ta use tha freely available code from tha GNU Project wit tha fledglin operatin system; code licensed under tha GNU GPL can be reused up in other computa programs as long as they also is busted out under tha same or a cold-ass lil compatible license. Torvaldz initiated a switch from his original gangsta license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, ta tha GNU GPL.[46] Developers hit dat shiznit ta integrate GNU components wit tha Linux kernel, bustin a gangbangin' straight-up functionizzle n' free operatin system.[47]

Naming [ edit ]

Linus Torvaldz had wanted ta booty-call his crazy-ass muthafuckin invention "Freax", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", n' "x" (as a allusion ta Unix). Durin tha start of his work on tha system, a shitload of tha projectz makefilez included tha name "Freax" fo' bout half a year. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Torvaldz had already considered tha name "Linux" yo, but initially dissed n' dismissed it as too egotistical.[48]

In order ta facilitate pimpment, tha filez was uploaded ta tha FTP server ( ftp.funet.fi ) of FUNET up in September 1991 fo' realz. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker all up in tha Helsinki Universitizzle of Technology (HUT), whoz ass was one of tha volunteer administrators fo' tha FTP server all up in tha time, did not be thinkin dat "Freax" was a phat name. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. So, he named tha project "Linux" on tha server without consultin Torvalds.[48] Later, however, Torvaldz consented ta "Linux".

Accordin ta a newsgroup post by Torvalds,[9] tha word "Linux" should be pronounced ( LIN-uuks wit a gangbangin' finger-lickin' dirty-ass short ‘i’ as up in ‘print’ n' ‘u’ as up in ‘put’. To further demonstrate how tha fuck tha word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included a audio guide ( (help�.info) ) wit tha kernel source code.[49] Contradictory, up in dis recording, he pronounces ‘Linux’ ( LEEN-uuks wit a gangbangin' finger-lickin' dirty-ass short but close unrounded front vowel.

Commercial n' ghettofab uptake [ edit ]

Adoption of Linux up in thang environments, rather than bein used only by hobbyists, started ta take off first up in tha mid-1990s up in tha supercomputin hood, where crews like fuckin NASA started ta replace they mo' n' mo' n' mo' high-rollin' machines wit clusters of inexpensive commoditizzle computas hustlin Linux. Commercial use fuckin started when Dell n' IBM, followed by Hewlett-Packard, started offerin Linux support ta escape Microsoftz monopoly up in tha desktop operatin system market.[50]

Today, Linux systems is used all up in computing, from embedded systems ta virtually all supercomputers,[29][51] n' have secured a place up in server installations like fuckin tha ghettofab LAMP application stack. Use of Linux distributions up in home n' enterprise desktops has been growing.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58] Linux distributions have also become ghettofab up in tha netbook market, wit nuff devices shippin wit customized Linux distributions installed, n' Gizoogle releasin they own Chrome OS designed fo' netbooks.

Linuxz top billin success up in tha thug market is like tha mobile thang market, wit Android bein one of da most thugged-out dominant operatin systems on smartphones n' straight-up ghettofab on tablets and, mo' recently, on wearablez. Linux gamin be also on tha rise wit Valve showin its support fo' Linux n' rollin up SteamOS, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Linux distributions have also gained popularitizzle wit various local n' nationistic posses, like fuckin tha federal posse of Brazil.[59]

Current pimpment [ edit ]

Greg Kroah-Hartman is tha lead maintainer fo' tha Linux kernel n' guides its pimpment.[60] Lil' Willy Jizzy Sullivan is tha executizzle director of tha Jacked Software Foundation,[61] which up in turn supports tha GNU components.[62] Finally, dudes n' corporations pimp third-party non-GNU components, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work n' may include both kernel modulez n' user applications n' libraries.

Linux vendors n' communitizzles combine n' distribute tha kernel, GNU components, n' non-GNU components, wit additionizzle package pimpment software up in tha form of Linux distributions.

Design [ edit ]

Many open source pimpers smoke dat tha Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved all up in natural selection. Torvaldz considaz dat although tha design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew wit a shitload of mutations - n' cuz tha mutations was less than random, they was fasta n' mo' pimped up than alpha-particlez up in DNA." [63] Raymond considaz Linuxz revolutionary aspects ta be hood, not technical: before Linux complex software was designed carefully by lil' small-ass groups yo, but "Linux evolved up in a straight-up different way. From nearly tha beginning, it was rather casually jacked on by big-ass numbers of volunteers coordinatin only all up in tha Internet. Qualitizzle was maintained not by rigid standardz or autocracy but by tha naively simple game of releasin every last muthafuckin week n' gettin feedback from hundredz of playas within days, bustin a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on tha mutations introduced by pimpers."[64] Bryan Cantrill, a engineer of a cold-ass lil competin OS, agrees dat "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved" yo, but considaz dis ta be a limitation, proposin dat some features, especially dem related ta security,[65] cannot be evolved into, "this aint a astrological system all up in tha end of tha day, itz a software system." [66] A Linux-based system be a modular Unix-like operatin system, derivin much of its basic design from principlez established up in Unix durin tha 1970s n' 1980s. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, tha Linux kernel, which handlez process control, networking, access ta tha peripherals, n' file systems. Device drivers is either integrated directly wit tha kernel, or added as modulez dat is loaded while tha system is hustlin.[67]

Da GNU userland be a key part of most systems based on tha Linux kernel, wit Andrizzle bein tha notable exception. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da Projectz implementation of tha C library works as a wrapper fo' tha system callz of tha Linux kernel necessary ta tha kernel-userspace intercourse, tha toolchain be a funky-ass broad collection of programmin tools vital ta Linux pimpment (includin tha compilers used ta build tha Linux kernel itself), n' tha coreutils implement nuff basic Unix tools. Da project also pimps Bash, a ghettofab CLI shell. Da graphical user intercourse (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of a implementation of tha X Window System.[68] Mo' recently, tha Linux hood seeks ta advizzle ta Wayland as tha freshly smoked up display server protocol up in place of X11. Many other open-source software projects contribute ta Linux systems.

Installed componentz of a Linux system include tha following:[68][69]

User intercourse [ edit ]

Da user intercourse, also known as tha shell, is either a command-line intercourse (CLI), a graphical user intercourse (GUI), or controls attached ta tha associated hardware, which is common fo' embedded systems. For desktop systems, tha default user intercourse is probably graphical, although tha CLI is commonly available all up in terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console.

CLI shells is text-based user intercourses, which use text fo' both input n' output. Da dominant shell used up in Linux is tha Bourne-Again Shell (bash), originally pimped fo' tha GNU project. Most low-level Linux components, includin various partz of tha userland, use tha CLI exclusively. Da CLI is particularly suited fo' automation of repetitizzle or delayed tasks n' serves up straight-up simple inter-process communication.

On desktop systems, da most thugged-out ghettofab user intercourses is tha GUI shells, packaged together wit extensive desktop environments, like fuckin KDE Plasma, GNOME, MATE, Cinnamon, LXDE, Pantheon n' Xfce, though a variety of additionizzle user intercourses exist. Most ghettofab user intercourses is based on tha X Window System, often simply called "X". Well shiiiit, it serves up network transparency n' permits a graphical application hustlin on one system ta be displayed on another where a user may interact wit tha application; however, certain extensionz of tha X Window System aint capable of hustlin over tha network.[70] Several X display servers exist, wit tha reference implementation, X.Org Server, bein da most thugged-out popular.

Server distributions might provide a cold-ass lil command-line intercourse fo' pimpers n' administrators yo, but provide a cold-ass lil custom intercourse towardz end-users, designed fo' tha use-case of tha system. This custom intercourse be accessed all up in a cold-ass lil client dat resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based.

Yo, nuff muthafuckin typez of window managers exist fo' X11, includin tiling, dynamic, stacking n' compositing. Window managers provide means ta control tha placement n' appearizzle of individual application windows, n' interact wit tha X Window System. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Simpla X window managers like fuckin dwm, ratpoison, i3wm, or herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while mo' elaborate window managers like fuckin FVWM, Enlightenment or Window Maker provide mo' features like fuckin a funky-ass built-in taskbar n' themes yo, but is still lightweight when compared ta desktop environments, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Desktop environments include window managers as part of they standard installations, like fuckin Mutter (GNOME), KWin (KDE) or Xfwm (xfce), although playas may chizzle ta bust a gangbangin' finger-lickin' different window manager if preferred.

Wayland be a gangbangin' finger-lickin' display server protocol intended as a replacement fo' tha X11 protocol; az of 2014 , it has not received wider adoption. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Unlike X11, Wayland do not need a external window manager n' compositin manager n' shit. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes tha role of tha display server, window manager n' compositin manager n' shit. Weston is tha reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOMEz Mutta n' KDEz KWin is bein ported ta Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version 19.

Video input infrastructure [ edit ]

Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs fo' handlin vizzle input devices: V4L2 API fo' vizzle streams n' radio, n' DVB API fo' digital TV reception.[71]

Cuz of tha complexitizzle n' diversitizzle of different devices, n' cuz of tha big-ass number of formats n' standardz handled by dem APIs, dis infrastructure need ta evolve ta betta fit other devices fo' realz. Also, a phat userspace thang library is tha key of tha success fo' havin userspace applications ta be able ta work wit all formats supported by dem devices.[72][73]

Development [ edit ]

Simplified history of Unix-like operatin systems. Boy it's gettin hot, yes indeed it is. Linux shares similar architecture n' concepts (as part of tha POSIX standard) but do not share non-free source code wit tha original gangsta Unix or MINIX

Da primary difference between Linux n' nuff other ghettofab contemporary operatin systems is dat tha Linux kernel n' other components is free n' open-source software. Linux aint tha only such operatin system, although it is by far da most thugged-out widely used.[74] Some free n' open-source software licenses is based on tha principle of copyleft, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a cold-ass lil copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. Da most common free software license, tha GNU General Public License (GPL), be a gangbangin' form of copyleft, n' is used fo' tha Linux kernel n' nuff of tha components from tha GNU Project.[75]

Linux-based distributions is intended by pimpers fo' interoperability wit other operatin systems n' established computin standards. Linux systems adhere ta POSIX,[76] SUS,[77] LSB, ISO, n' ANSI standardz where possible, although ta date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.[78][79]

Jacked software projects, although pimped all up in collaboration, is often produced independently of each other n' shit. Da fact dat tha software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, serves up a funky-ass basis fo' larger-scale projects dat collect tha software produced by stand-alone projects n' make it available all at once up in tha form of a Linux distribution.

Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software n' application software packages available fo' downlizzle n' installation all up in a network connection. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. This allows playas ta adapt tha operatin system ta they specific needs. Distributions is maintained by dudes, loose-knit crews, volunteer organizations, n' commercial entitizzles fo' realz. A distribution is responsible fo' tha default configuration of tha installed Linux kernel, general system security, n' mo' generally integration of tha different software packages tha fuck into a cold-ass lil coherent whole. Distributions typically bust a package manager like fuckin apt, yum, zypper, pacman or portage ta install, remove, n' update all of a systemz software from one central location.[80]

Community [ edit ]

A distribution is largely driven by its pimper n' user communities. Put ya muthafuckin choppers up if ya feel dis! Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Some vendors pimp n' fund they distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian bein a well-known example. Others maintain a cold-ass lil hood version of they commercial distributions, as Red Hat do wit Fedora, n' SUSE do wit openSUSE.[81][82]

In nuff ghettos n' regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups (LUGs) seek ta promote they preferred distribution n' by extension free software. They hold meetings n' provide free demonstrations, hustlin, technical support, n' operatin system installation ta freshly smoked up users. Many Internizzle communitizzles also provide support ta Linux playas n' pimpers. Most distributions n' free software / open-source projects have IRC chatrooms or newsgroups. Online forums is another means fo' support, wit notable examplez bein LinuxQuestions.org n' tha various distribution specific support n' hood forums, like fuckin ones fo' Ubuntu, Fedora, n' Gentoo. Linux distributions host mailin lists; commonly there is ghon be a specific topic like fuckin usage or pimpment fo' a given list.

There is nuff muthafuckin technologizzle joints wit a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle cover disks dat carry software or even complete Linux distributions.[83][84]

Although Linux distributions is generally available without charge, nuff muthafuckin big-ass corporations sell, support, n' contribute ta tha pimpment of tha componentz of tha system n' of free software fo' realz. An analysiz of tha Linux kernel flossed 75 cement of tha code from December 2008 ta January 2010 was pimped by programmers hustlin fo' corporations, leavin bout 18 cement ta volunteers n' 7% unclassified.[85] Major corporations dat provide contributions include Dell, IBM, HP, Oracle, Sun Microsystems (now part of Oracle) n' Nokia fo' realz. A number of corporations, notably Red Hat, Canonical n' SUSE, have built a thugged-out dope bidnizz round Linux distributions.

Da free software licenses, on which tha various software packagez of a gangbangin' finger-lickin' distribution built on tha Linux kernel is based, explicitly accommodate n' encourage commercialization; tha relationshizzle between a Linux distribution as a whole n' individual vendors may be peeped as symbiotic. One common businizz model of commercial suppliers is chargin fo' support, especially fo' bidnizz playas fo' realz. A number of g-units also offer a specialized bidnizz version of they distribution, which addz proprietary support packages n' tools ta administa higher numberz of installations or ta simplify administratizzle tasks.

Another bidnizz model is ta give away tha software up in order ta push hardware. This used ta be tha norm up in tha computa industry, wit operatin systems like fuckin CP/M, Applez DOS n' versionz of Mac OS prior ta 7.6 freely copyable (but not modifiable) fo' realz. As computa hardware standardized all up in tha 1980s, it became mo' hard as fuck fo' hardware manufacturers ta profit from dis tactic, as tha OS would run on any manufacturerz computa dat shared tha same architecture.

Programmin on Linux [ edit ]

Most programmin languages support Linux either directly or all up in third-party hood based ports.[86] Da original gangsta pimpment tools used fo' buildin both Linux applications n' operatin system programs is found within tha GNU toolchain, which includes tha GNU Compila Collection (GCC) n' tha GNU Build System fo' realz. Amongst others, GCC serves up compilaz fo' Ada, C, C++, Go n' Fortran. Many programmin languages gotz a cold-ass lil cross-platform reference implementation dat supports Linux, fo' example PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python, Java, Go, Rust n' Haskell. First busted out up in 2003, tha LLVM project serves up a alternatizzle cross-platform open-source compila fo' nuff languages. Proprietary compilaz fo' Linux include tha Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, n' IBM XL C/C++ Compila n' shit. BASIC up in tha form of Visual Basic is supported up in such forms as Gambas, FreeBASIC, n' XBasic, n' up in termz of terminal programmin or QuickBASIC or Turbo BASIC programmin up in tha form of QB64.

A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditionizzle specific-purpose programmin languages targeted at scripting, text processin n' system configuration n' pimpment up in general. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. Linux distributions support shell scripts, awk, sed n' make. Many programs also have a embedded programmin language ta support configurin or programmin theyselves. For example, regular expressions is supported up in programs like grep n' locate, tha traditionizzle Unix MTA Sendmail gotz nuff its own Turin complete scriptin system, n' tha advanced text editor GNU Emacs is built round a general purpose Lisp interpreter.

Most distributions also include support fo' PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python n' other dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also supports C# (via Mono), Vala, n' Scheme. Guile Scheme acts as a extension language targetin tha GNU system utilities, seekin ta make tha conventionally small, static, compiled C programz of Unix design rapidly n' dynamically extensible via a elegant, functional high-level scriptin system; nuff GNU programs can be compiled wit optionizzle Guile bindings ta dis end yo, but it ain't no stoppin cause I be still poppin' fo' realz. A number of Java Virtual Machines n' pimpment kits run on Linux, includin tha original gangsta Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), n' IBMz J2SE RE, as well as nuff open-source projects like Kaffe n' JikesRVM.

GNOME n' KDE is ghettofab desktop environments n' provide a gangbangin' framework fo' pimpin applications. These projects is based on tha GTK n' Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of tha larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There is a fuckin shitload of Integrated pimpment environments available includin Anjuta, Code::Blocks, CodeLite, Eclipse, Geany, ActiveState Komodo, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, n' Qt Creator, while tha long-established editors Vim, nano n' Emacs remain popular.[87]

Hardware support [ edit ]

Linux is ubiquitously found on various typez of hardware.

Da Linux kernel be a widely ported operatin system kernel, available fo' devices rangin from mobile phones ta supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of computa architectures, includin tha hand-held ARM-based iPAQ n' tha IBM mainframes System z9 or System z10.[88] Specialized distributions n' kernel forks exist fo' less mainstream architectures; fo' example, tha ELKS kernel fork can run on Intel 8086 or Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors, while tha µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a memory pimpment unit. Da kernel also runs on architectures dat was only eva intended ta bust a manufacturer-created operatin system, like fuckin Macintosh computas (with both PowerPC n' Intel processors), PDAs, video game consolez, portable noize playas, n' mobile phones.

There is nuff muthafuckin industry associations n' hardware conferences devoted ta maintainin n' pimpin-out support fo' diverse hardware under Linux, like fuckin FreedomHEC. Over time, support fo' different hardware has improved up in Linux, resultin up in any off-the-shelf purchase havin a "phat chance" of bein compatible.[89]

In 2014, a freshly smoked up initiatizzle was launched ta automatically collect a thugged-out database of all tested hardware configurations.[90]

Uses [ edit ]

Besides tha Linux distributions designed fo' general-purpose use on desktops n' servers, distributions may be specialized fo' different purposes including: computa architecture support, embedded systems, stability, security, localization ta a specific region or language, targetin of specific user groups, support fo' real-time applications, or commitment ta a given desktop environment. Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include only free software fo' realz. Az of 2015 , over four hundred Linux distributions is actively pimped, wit on some thugged-out dozen distributions bein most ghettofab fo' general-purpose use.[91]

Desktop [ edit ]

Da popularitizzle of Linux on standard desktop computas n' laptops has been increasin over tha years.[92] Most modern distributions include a graphical user environment, with, az of February 2015 , tha two most ghettofab environments bein tha KDE Plasma Desktop n' Xfce.[93]

No single straight-up legit Linux desktop exists: rather desktop environments n' Linux distributions select components from a pool of free n' open-source software wit which they construct a GUI implementin some mo' or less strict design guide. GNOME, fo' example, has its human intercourse guidelines as a thugged-out design guide, which gives tha human�"machine intercourse a blingin role, not just when bustin tha graphical design yo, but also when thankin bout playas wit disabilities, n' even when focusin on security.[94]

Da collaboratizzle nature of free software pimpment allows distributed crews ta big-ass up language localization of some Linux distributions fo' use up in localez where localizin proprietary systems would not be cost-effective. For example, tha Sinhalese language version of tha Knoppix distribution became available hella before Microsizzlez translated Windows XP tha fuck into Sinhalese.[95] In dis case tha Lanka Linux User Group played a major part up in pimpin tha localized system by combinin tha knowledge of universitizzle pimps, linguists, n' local pimpers.

Performizzle n' applications [ edit ]

Da performizzle of Linux on tha desktop has been a cold-ass lil controversial topic;[96][97] fo' example up in 2007 Con Kolivas accused tha Linux hood of favorin performizzle on servers yo. Dude quit Linux kernel pimpment outta frustration wit dis lack of focus on tha desktop, n' then gave a "tell all" rap battle on tha topic.[98] Since then a thugged-out dope amount of pimpment has focused on pimpin-out tha desktop experience. Projects like fuckin systemd n' Upstart (deprecated up in 2014) aim fo' a gangbangin' fasta boot time; tha Wayland n' Mir projects aim at replacin X11 while enhancin desktop performance, securitizzle n' appearance.[99]

Many ghettofab applications is available fo' a wide variety of operatin systems. Boy it's gettin hot, yes indeed it is. For example, Mo'jizzle Firefox, OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice n' Blender have downloadable versions fo' all major operatin systems. Boy it's gettin hot, yes indeed it is. Furthermore, some applications initially pimped fo' Linux, like fuckin Pidgin, n' GIMP, was ported ta other operatin systems (includin Windows n' macOS) cuz of they popularity. In addition, a growin number of proprietary desktop applications is also supported on Linux,[100] like fuckin Autodesk Maya n' Da Foundryz Nuke up in tha high-end field of animation n' visual effects; peep tha list of proprietary software fo' Linux fo' mo' details. There is also several g-units dat have ported they own or other g-units' game ta Linux, wit Linux also bein a supported platform on both tha ghettofab Steam n' Desura digital-distribution skillz.[101]

Many other typez of applications available fo' Microsizzlez Windows n' macOS also run on Linux. Commonly, either a free software application will exist which do tha functionz of a application found on another operatin system, or dat application gonna git a version dat works on Linux, like fuckin wit Skype n' some video games like Dota 2 n' Team Fortress 2. Furthermore, tha Wine project serves up a Windows compatibilitizzle layer ta run unmodified Windows applications on Linux. Well shiiiit, it is sponsored by commercial interests includin CodeWeavers, which produces a cold-ass lil commercial version of tha software. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Since 2009, Gizoogle has also provided fundin ta tha Cristal project.[102][103] CrossOver, a proprietary solution based on tha open-source Cristal project, supports hustlin Windows versionz of Microsizzlez Office, Intuit applications like fuckin Quicken n' QuickBooks, Adobe Photoshop versions all up in CS2, n' nuff ghettofab game like fuckin Ghetto of Bullshit. In other cases, where there is no Linux port of some software up in areas like fuckin desktop publishing[104] n' professionizzle audio,[105][106][107] there is equivalent software available on Linux. Well shiiiit, it be also possible ta run applications freestyled fo' Android on other versionz of Linux rockin Anbox.

Components n' installation [ edit ]

Besides externally visible components, like fuckin X window managers, a non-obvious but like central role is played by tha programs hosted by freedesktop.org, like fuckin D-Bus or PulseAudio; both major desktop environments (GNOME n' KDE) include them, each offerin graphical front-endz freestyled rockin tha correspondin toolkit (GTK or Qt) fo' realz. A display server be another component, which fo' tha longest time has been communicatin up in tha X11 display server protocol wit its clients; prominent software poppin' off X11 includes tha X.Org Server n' Xlib. Frustration over tha cumbersome X11 core protocol, n' especially over its a shitload of extensions, has hustled ta tha creation of a freshly smoked up display server protocol, Wayland.

Installing, uppimpin n' removin software up in Linux is typically done all up in tha use of package managers like fuckin tha Synaptic Package Manager, PackageKit, n' Yum Extender. While most major Linux distributions have extensive repositories, often containin tenz of thousandz of packages, not all tha software dat can run on Linux be available from tha straight-up legit repositories fo' realz. Alternatively, playas can install packages from unstraight-up legit repositories, downlizzle pre-compiled packages directly from joints, or compile tha source code by theyselves fo' realz. All these methodz come wit different degreez of difficulty; compilin tha source code is up in general considered a cold-ass lil challengin process fo' freshly smoked up Linux playas yo, but it is hardly needed up in modern distributions n' aint a method specific ta Linux.

Netbooks [ edit ]

Linux distributions have also become ghettofab up in tha netbook market, wit nuff devices like fuckin tha Asus Eee PC n' Acer Aspire One shippin wit customized Linux distributions installed.[108]

In 2009, Gizoogle announced its Chrome OS as a minimal Linux-based operatin system, rockin tha Chrome browser as tha main user intercourse. Chrome OS initially did not run any non-web applications, except fo' tha bundled file manager n' media playa n' shiznit fo' realz. A certain level of support fo' Android applications was added up in lata versions.[109] Az of 2018, Gizoogle added tha mobilitizzle ta install any Linux software up in a cold-ass lil container,[110] enablin Chrome OS ta be used like any other Linux distribution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Netbooks dat shipped wit tha operatin system, termed Chromebooks, started appearin on tha market up in June 2011.[111]

Servers, mainframes n' supercomputers [ edit ]

Broad overview of tha LAMP software bundle , displayed here together wit Squid fo' realz. A high-performizzle n' high-availabilitizzle wizzy server solution providin securitizzle up in a straight-up shitty environment.

Linux distributions have long been used as server operatin systems, n' have risen ta prominence up in dat area; Netcraft reported up in September 2006, dat eight of tha ten (other two wit "unknown" OS) most reliable internizzle hostin g-units ran Linux distributions on they web servers,[112] wit Linux up in tha top position. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In June 2008, Linux distributions represented five of tha top ten, FreeBSD three of ten, n' Microsoft two of ten;[113] since February 2010, Linux distributions represented six of tha top ten, FreeBSD three of ten, n' Microsizzlez one of ten,[114] wit Linux up in tha top position.

Linux distributions is tha cornerstone of tha LAMP server-software combination (Linux, Apache, MariaDB/MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which has bigged up popularitizzle among pimpers, n' which is one of tha mo' common platforms fo' joint hosting.[115]

Linux distributions have become mo' n' mo' n' mo' ghettofab on mainframes, kinda cuz of pricin n' tha open-source model.[116] In December 2009, computa giant IBM reported dat it would predominantly market n' push mainframe-based Enterprise Linux Server.[117] At LinuxCon Uptown Tha Ghetto 2015, IBM announced LinuxONE, a seriez of mainframes specifically designed ta run Linux n' open-source software.[118][119]

Linux distributions is also dominant as operatin systems fo' supercomputers.[29] Az of November 2017, all supercomputas on tha 500 list run some variant of Linux.[120]

Smart devices [ edit ]

Andrizzle smartphones

Yo, nuff muthafuckin operatin systems fo' smart devices, like fuckin smartphones, tablet computers, home automation (like Gizoogle Nest),[30] smart TVs (Samsung n' LG Smart TVs use Tizen n' WebOS, respectively),[31] n' in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) systems[34] (for example Automotizzle Grade Linux), is based on Linux. Major platforms fo' such systems include Android, Firefox OS, Mer n' Tizen.

Andrizzle has become tha dominant mobile operatin system fo' smartphones, hustlin on 79.3% of units sold ghettowide durin tha second quarta of 2013.[123] Andrizzle be also a ghettofab operatin system fo' tablets, n' Andrizzle smart-ass TVs n' in-vehicle infotainment systems have also rocked up in tha market.

Although Andrizzle is based on a modified version of tha Linux kernel, commentators disagree on whether tha term "Linux distribution" applies ta it, n' whether it is "Linux" accordin ta tha common usage of tha term fo' realz. Andrizzle be a Linux distribution accordin ta tha Linux Foundation,[124] Googlez open-source chizzle Chris DiBona,[125] n' nuff muthafuckin journalists.[126][127] Others, like fuckin Gizoogle engineer Patrick Brady, say dat Andrizzle aint Linux up in tha traditionizzle Unix-like Linux distribution sense; Andrizzle do not include tha GNU C Library (it uses Bionic as a alternatizzle C library) n' a shitload of other components typically found up in Linux distributions.[128] Ars Technica freestyled dat "Although Andrizzle is built on top of tha Linux kernel, tha platform has straight-up lil up in common wit tha conventionizzle desktop Linux stack".[128]

Cellphones n' PDAs hustlin Linux on open-source platforms became mo' common from 2007; examplez include tha Nokia N810, Openmokoz Neo1973, n' tha Motorola ROKR E8. Continuin tha trend, Palm (lata acquired by HP) produced a freshly smoked up Linux-derived operatin system, webOS, which is built tha fuck into its line of Palm Pre smartphones.

Nokiaz Maemo, one of tha earliest mobile operatin systems, was based on Debian.[129] Dat shiznit was lata merged wit Intelz Moblin, another Linux-based operatin system, ta form MeeGo.[130] Da project was lata terminated up in favor of Tizen, a operatin system targeted at mobile devices as well as IVI. Tizen be a project within Da Linux Foundation. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Several Samsung shizzle is already hustlin Tizen, Samsung Gear 2 bein da most thugged-out dope example.[131] Samsung Z smartphones will use Tizen instead of Android.[132]

As a result of MeeGoz termination, tha Mer project forked tha MeeGo codebase ta create a funky-ass basis fo' mobile-oriented operatin systems.[133] In July 2012, Jolla announced Sailfish OS, they own mobile operatin system built upon Mer technology.

Mozilla's Firefox OS consistz of tha Linux kernel, a hardware abstraction layer, a web-standards-based runtime environment n' user intercourse, n' a integrated web browser.[134]

Canonical has busted out Ubuntu Touch, aimin ta brang convergence ta tha user experience on dis mobile operatin system n' its desktop counterpart, Ubuntu. Da operatin system also serves up a gangbangin' full Ubuntu desktop when connected ta a external monitor.[135]

Da Librem 5 be a smartphone pimped by Purism. By default, it runs tha company-made Linux-based PureOS yo, but it can also run other Linux distributions.[136] Like Ubuntu Touch, PureOS is designed wit convergence up in mind, allowin desktop programs ta run on tha smartphone fo' realz. An example of dis is tha desktop version of Mo'jizzle Firefox.[137]

Another smartphone is tha PinePhone, made by tha computa manufacturer Pine64. Da PinePhone can run a variety of Linux-based operatin systems like fuckin Ubuntu Touch n' PostmarketOS.[138]

Embedded devices [ edit ]

A ubiquitous router hustlin on tha linux kernel.

Cuz of its low cost n' ease of customization, Linux is often used up in embedded systems. In tha non-mobile telecommunications shiznit sector, tha majoritizzle of customer-premises shit (CPE) hardware runs some Linux-based operatin system. OpenWrt be a cold-ass lil hood-driven example upon which nuff of tha OEM firmware releases is based.

For example, tha ghettofab TiVo digital vizzle recorder also uses a cold-ass lil customized Linux,[139] as do nuff muthafuckin network firewalls n' routers from such makers as Cisco/Linksys. Da Korg OASYS, tha Korg KRONOS, tha Yamaha Motif XS/Motif XF noize workstations,[140] Yamaha S90XS/S70XS, Yamaha MOX6/MOX8 synthesizers, Yamaha Motif-Rack XS tone generator module, n' Roland RD-700GX digital piano also run Linux. Linux be also used up in stage lighting control systems, like fuckin tha WholeHogIII console.[141]

Gaming [ edit ]

In tha past, there was few game available fo' Linux. In recent years, mo' game done been busted out wit support fo' Linux (especially Indie games), wit tha exception of all dem AAA title games. Android, a ghettofab mobile platform which uses tha Linux kernel, has gained much pimper interest n' is one of tha main platforms fo' mobile game pimpment along wit iOS operatin system by Apple fo' iPhone n' iPad devices.

On February 14, 2013, Valve busted out a Linux version of Steam, a ghettofab game distribution platform on PC.[142] Many Steam game was ported ta Linux.[143] On December 13, 2013, Valve busted out SteamOS, a gamin oriented OS based on Debian, fo' beta testing, n' has plans ta shizzle Steam Machines as a gamin n' entertainment platform.[144] Valve has also pimped VOGL, a OpenGL debugger intended ta aid vizzle game pimpment,[145] as well as portin its Source game engine ta desktop Linux.[146] As a result of Valvez effort, nuff muthafuckin prominent game like fuckin DotA 2, Team Fortress 2, Portal, Portal 2 n' Left 4 Dead 2 is now natively available on desktop Linux.

On July 31, 2013, Nvidia busted out Shield as a attempt ta use Andrizzle as a specialized gamin platform.[147]

Yo, some Linux playas play Windows game all up in Wine or CrossOver Linux.

On August 22, 2018, Valve busted out they own fork of Cristal called Proton, aimed at gaming. Well shiiiit, it features some improvements over tha vanilla Cristal like fuckin Vulkan-based DirectX 11 n' 12 implementations, Steam integration, betta full screen n' game controlla support n' improved performizzle fo' multi-threaded games.[148]

Specialized uses [ edit ]

Cuz of tha flexibility, customizabilitizzle n' free n' open-source nature of Linux, it becomes possible ta highly tune Linux fo' a specific purpose. There is two main methodz fo' bustin a specialized Linux distribution: buildin from scratch or from a general-purpose distribution as a funky-ass base. Da distributions often used fo' dis purpose include Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu (which is itself based on Debian), Arch Linux, Gentoo, n' Slackware. In contrast, Linux distributions built from scratch aint gots general-purpose bases; instead, they focus on tha JeOS philosophy by includin only necessary components n' gittin tha fuck aaway from resource overhead caused by components considered redundant up in tha distributionz use cases.

Home theata PC [ edit ]

A home theata PC (HTPC) be a PC dat is mainly used as a entertainment system, especially a home theata system. Well shiiiit, it is normally connected ta a televizzle, n' often a additionizzle audio system.

OpenELEC, a Linux distribution dat incorporates tha media centa software Kodi, be a OS tuned specifically fo' a HTPC yo. Havin been built from tha ground up adherin ta tha JeOS principle, tha OS is straight-up lightweight n' straight-up suitable fo' tha confined usage range of a HTPC.

There is also special editionz of Linux distributions dat include tha MythTV media centa software, like fuckin Mythbuntu, a special edizzle of Ubuntu.

Digital security [ edit ]

Kali Linux be a Debian-based Linux distribution designed fo' digital forensics n' penetration testing. Well shiiiit, it comes preinstalled wit nuff muthafuckin software applications fo' penetration testin n' identifyin securitizzle exploits.[149] Da Ubuntu derivatizzle BackBox serves up pre-installed securitizzle n' network analysis tools fo' ethical hacking.

Da Arch-based BlackArch includes over 2100 tools fo' pentestin n' securitizzle researching.[150]

There is nuff Linux distributions pimped wit privacy, secrecy, network anonymitizzle n' shiznit securitizzle up in mind, includin Tails, Tin Hat Linux n' Tinfoil Hat Linux. Lightweight Portable Security be a gangbangin' finger-lickin' distribution based on Arch Linux n' pimped by tha United Hoodz Department of Defense. Tor-ramdisk be a minimal distribution pimped solely ta host tha network anonymitizzle software Tor.

System rescue [ edit ]

Linux Live CD sessions have long been used as a tool fo' recoverin data from a gangbangin' fucked up computa system n' fo' repairin tha system. Buildin upon dat idea, nuff muthafuckin Linux distributions tailored fo' dis purpose have emerged, most of which use GParted as a partizzle editor, wit additionizzle data recovery n' system repair software:

GParted Live – a Debian-based distribution pimped by tha GParted project.

Parted Magic – a cold-ass lil commercial Linux distribution.

SystemRescueCD – a Arch-based distribution wit support fo' editin Windows registry.

In space [ edit ]

SpaceX uses multiple redundant flight computers up in a fault-tolerant design up in its Falcon 9 rocket. Each Merlin engine is controlled by three voting computers, wit two physical processors per computa dat constantly check each otherz operation. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Linux aint inherently fault-tolerant (no operatin system is, as it aint nuthin but a gangbangin' function of tha whole system includin tha hardware) yo, but tha flight computa software make it so fo' its purpose.[151] For flexibility, commercial off-the-shelf parts n' system-wide "radiation-tolerant" design is used instead of radiation hardened parts.[151] Az of July 2019 , SpaceX has conducted over 76 launches of tha Falcon 9 since 2010, outta which all but one have successfully served up they primary payloadz ta tha intended orbit, n' has used it ta transhiznit astronauts ta tha Internationistic Space Station. Da Dragon 2 crew capsule also uses Linux up in conjunction wit Chromium OS fo' its user intercourse.[36]

Windows was deployed as tha operatin system on non-mission critical laptops used on tha space station yo, but dat shiznit was lata replaced wit Linux. Robonaut 2, tha straight-up original gangsta humanoid robot up in space, be also Linux-based.[152]

Da Jet Propulsion Laboratory has used Linux fo' a fuckin shitload of muthafuckin years "to help wit projects relatin ta tha construction of unmanned space flight n' deep space exploration"; NASA uses Linux up in robotics up in tha Mars rover, n' Ubuntu Linux ta "save data from satellites".[153]

Ejaculation [ edit ]

Linux distributions done been pimped ta provide hands-on experience wit codin n' source code ta hustlas, on devices like fuckin tha Raspberry Pi. In addizzle ta producin a practical device, tha intention is ta show hustlas "how thangs work under tha hood".[154]

Da Ubuntu derivatives Edubuntu n' Da Linux Schools Project, as well as tha Debian derivatizzle Skolelinux, provide ejaculation-oriented software packages. They also include tools fo' administerin n' buildin school computa labs n' computer-based classrooms, like fuckin tha Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP).

Others [ edit ]

Instant WebKiosk n' Webconverger is browser-based Linux distributions often used up in wizzy kiosks n' digital signage. Thinstation be a minimalist distribution designed fo' thin clients. Rocks Clusta Distribution is tailored fo' high-performizzle computin clusters.

There is general-purpose Linux distributions dat target a specific crew, like fuckin playaz of a specific language or geographical area. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Such examplez include Ubuntu Kylin fo' Chinese language playas n' BlankOn targeted at Indonesians. Profession-specific distributions include Ubuntu Studio fo' media creation n' DNALinux fo' bioinformatics. There be also a Muslim-oriented distribution of tha name Sabily dat consequently also serves up some Islamic tools. Certain crews use slightly specialized Linux distributions internally, includin GendBuntu used by tha French Nationizzle Gendarmerie, Goobuntu used internally by Google, n' Astra Linux pimped specifically fo' tha Russian army.

Market share n' uptake [ edit ]

Many quantitatizzle studiez of free/open-source software focus on topics includin market share n' reliability, wit a shitload of studies specifically examinin Linux.[155] Da Linux market is growin rapidly, n' tha revenue of servers, desktops, n' packaged software hustlin Linux was sposed ta fuckin[needz update] exceed $35.7 bazillion by 2008.[156] Analysts n' proponents attribute tha relatizzle success of Linux ta its security, reliability, low cost, n' freedom from vendor lock-in.[157][158]

Desktops n' laptops Accordin ta web server statistics, (that is, based on tha numbers recorded from visits ta joints by client devices,) az of November 2018 , tha estimated market share of Linux on desktop computers is round 2.1%. In comparison, Microsizzlez Windows has a market share of round 87%, while macOS covers round 9.7%.[23]

Web servers

W3Cook publishes stats dat use tha top 1,000,000 Alexa domains,[159] which az of May 2015 estimate dat 96.55% of wizzy servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, n' 1.72% run FreeBSD.[160]

W3Techs publishes stats dat use tha top 10,000,000 Alexa domains, updated monthly[161] n' az of November 2016 estimate dat 66.7% of wizzy servers run Linux/Unix, n' 33.4% run Microsizzlez Windows.[162]

In September 2008, Microsoftz then-CEO Steve Ballmer stated dat 60% of wizzy servers ran Linux, versus 40% dat ran Windows Server.[163]

IDCz Q1 2007 report indicated dat Linux held 12.7% of tha overall server market at dat time;[164] dis estimate was based on tha number of Linux servers sold by various g-units, n' did not include server hardware purchased separately dat had Linux installed on it later.

Mobile devices Android, which is based on tha Linux kernel, has become tha dominant operatin system fo' smartphones. Durin tha second quarta of 2013, 79.3% of smartphones sold ghettowide used Android.[123] Andrizzle be also a ghettofab operatin system fo' tablets, bein responsible fo' mo' than 60% of tablet salez az of 2013.[165] Accordin ta wizzy server statistics, az of December 2014 Andrizzle has a market share of bout 46%, wit iOS holdin 45%, n' tha remainin 9% attributed ta various niche platforms.[166]

Use up in posse Linux distributions have also gained popularitizzle wit various local n' nationistic posses. Da federal posse of Brazil is well known fo' its support fo' Linux.[173][174] Shit of tha Russian military bustin its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, n' has come ta fruizzle as tha G.H.ost Project.[175] Da Indian state of Kerala has gone ta tha extent of manpimpin dat all state high schools run Linux on they computers.[176][177] China uses Linux exclusively as tha operatin system fo' its Loongson processor crew ta big up technologizzle independence.[178] In Spain, some regions have pimped they own Linux distributions, which is widely used up in ejaculation n' straight-up legit institutions, like gnuLinEx up in Extremadura n' Guadalinex up in Andalusia. France n' Germany have also taken steps toward tha adoption of Linux.[179] Uptown Koreaz Red Star OS, pimped since 2002, is based on a version of Fedora Linux.[180]

Copyright, trademark, n' naming [ edit ]

Linux kernel is licensed under tha GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. Da GPL requires dat mah playas whoz ass distributes software based on source code under dis license, must make tha originatin source code (and any modifications) available ta tha recipient under tha same terms.[181] Other key componentz of a typical Linux distribution is also mainly licensed under tha GPL yo, but they may use other licenses; nuff libraries use tha GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a mo' permissive variant of tha GPL, n' tha X.Org implementation of tha X Window System uses tha MIT License.

Torvaldz states dat tha Linux kernel aint gonna move from version 2 of tha GPL ta version 3.[182][183] Dude specifically dislikes some provisions up in tha freshly smoked up license which prohibit tha use of tha software up in digital muthafuckin rights pimpment.[184] It would also be impractical ta obtain permission from all tha copyright holders, whoz ass number up in tha thousands.[185]

A 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found dat dis distribution contained 30 mazillion source linez of code.[186] Usin tha Constructizzle Cost Model, tha study estimated dat dis distribution required bout eight thousand person-yearz of pimpment time fo' realz. Accordin ta tha study, if all dis software had been pimped by conventionizzle proprietary means, it would have cost bout $1.6 bazillion (2020 US dollars) ta pimp up in tha United Hoods.[186] Most of tha source code (71%) was freestyled up in tha C programmin language yo, but nuff other languages was used, includin C++, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Python, Fortran, n' various shell scripting languages. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Slightly over half of all linez of code was licensed under tha GPL. Da Linux kernel itself was 2.4 mazillion linez of code, or 8% of tha total.[186]

In a lata study, tha same analysis was performed fo' Debian version 4.0 (etch, which was busted out up in 2007).[187] This distribution contained close ta 283 mazillion source linez of code, n' tha study estimated dat it would have required bout seventy three thousand man-years n' cost US$8.84 bazillion (in 2020 dollars) ta pimp by conventionizzle means.

[188] Da name "Linux" be also used fo' a laundry detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.

In tha United Hoods, tha name Linux be a trademark registered ta Linus Torvalds.[8] Initially, no muthafucka registered it yo, but on August 15, 1994, Lil' Willy R. Della Croce, Jr. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. filed fo' tha trademark Linux, n' then demanded royaltizzles from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvaldz n' some affected crews sued his ass ta have tha trademark assigned ta Torvalds, and, up in 1997, tha case was settled.[189] Da licensin of tha trademark has since been handled by tha Linux Mark Institute (LMI). Torvaldz has stated dat tha pimpin' muthafucka trademarked tha name only ta prevent one of mah thugs from rockin dat shit. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensin fee fo' use of tha Linux name as part of trademarks,[190] but lata chizzled dis up in favor of offerin a gangbangin' free, perpetual ghettowide sublicense.[191]

Da Jacked Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as tha name when referrin ta tha operatin system as a whole, cuz it considaz Linux distributions ta be variants of tha GNU operatin system initiated up in 1983 by Slick Rick Stallman, prez of tha FSF.[14][15] They explicitly take no issue over tha name Andrizzle fo' tha Andrizzle OS, which be also a operatin system based on tha Linux kernel, as GNU aint a part of dat shit.

A minoritizzle of hood figures n' software projects other than Stallman n' tha FSF, notably Debian (which had been sponsored by tha FSF up ta 1996),[192] also use GNU/Linux when referrin ta tha operatin system as a whole.[139][193][194] Most media n' common usage, however, refers ta dis crew of operatin systems simply as Linux, as do nuff big-ass Linux distributions (for example, SUSE Linux n' Red Hat Enterprise Linux). By contrast, Linux distributions containin only free software use "GNU/Linux" or simply "GNU", like fuckin Trisquel GNU/Linux, Parabola GNU/Linux-libre, BLAG Linux n' GNU, n' gNewSense.

Az of May 2011 , bout 8% ta 13% of a modern Linux distribution is made of GNU components (the range dependin on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU), as determined by countin linez of source code makin up Ubuntuz "Natty" release; meanwhile, 6% is taken by tha Linux kernel, increased ta 9% when includin its direct dependencies.[195]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]