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This article was made available to The Outdoor Journal via a press release by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Glaciers are set to disappear completely from almost half of World Heritage sites if business-as-usual emissions continue, according to the first-ever global study of World Heritage glaciers, co-authored by scientists from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

“States must reinforce their commitments to combat climate”

The study, ‘Disappearing World Heritage glaciers as a keystone of nature conservation in a changing climate’, combines data from a global glacier inventory, a review of existing literature and sophisticated computer modelling to analyse the current state of World Heritage glaciers, their recent evolution, and their projected mass change over the 21st century. The authors predict glacier extinction by 2100 under a high emission scenario in 21 of the 46 natural World Heritage sites where glaciers are currently found. Even under a low emission scenario, 8 of the 46 World Heritage sites will be ice-free by 2100. The study also expects that 33% to 60% of the total ice volume present in 2017 will be lost by 2100, depending on the emission scenario.

“Losing these iconic glaciers would be a tragedy and have major consequences for the availability of water resources, sea level rise and weather patterns,” said Peter Shadie, Director of IUCN’s World Heritage Programme. “This unprecedented decline could also jeopardise the listing of the sites in question on the World Heritage list. States must reinforce their commitments to combat climate change and step up efforts to preserve these glaciers for future generations.”

Kilimanjaro National Park natural World Heritage site in Tanzania. Photo by IUCN/Elena Osipova Melting glaciers in Kilimanjaro National Park IUCN/Elena Osipova. Photo by M. Huss Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch natural World Heritage site. Photo by IUCN/Martin Price Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch natural World Heritage site. Photo by IUCN/Martin Price The glacier on the slopes of Marmolata, the highest peak of the Dolomites in Italy, is endangered by climate change. Photo by M. Huss. Peaks and glaciers in Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs). Photo by M. Huss Glaciers of Pik Lenin, located in Tajikistan’s Tajik National Park. Photo by M. Huss.

Several iconic landscapes found in World Heritage sites will be impacted by rising temperatures. Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina contains some of the largest glaciers on Earth and a very large ice loss – about 60% of the current volume – is predicted by 2100 within this site. In North America, Waterton Glacier International Peace Park, Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks and Olympic National Park could lose more than 70% of their current glacier ice by 2100, even under drastically lowered CO2 emissions. In Europe, the disappearance of small glaciers is projected in the Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage site before 2040. Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand, which contains three-quarters of New Zealand’s glaciers, is projected to lose 25% to 80% of the current ice volume over the course of this century.

Beyond these alarming results, the authors emphasise the key role that glaciers play for ecosystems and societies at a global scale. Glacier conservation could thus serve as a trigger to tackle the unprecedented issue of climate change.

Huascarán National Park World Heritage site in Peru. Photo by IUCN/Elena Osipova Huascarán National Park World Heritage site in Peru. Photo by IUCN/Elena Osipova Huascarán National Park World Heritage site in Peru. Photo by IUCN/Elena Osipova Huascarán National Park World Heritage site in Peru. Photo by IUCN/Elena Osipova Khangchendzonga National Park World Heritage site in India. Photo by: IUCN/Tilman Jaeger Khangchendzonga National Park World Heritage site in India. Photo by: IUCN/Tilman Jaeger Xinjiang Tianshan natural World Heritage site in China. Photo by IUCN/Pierre Galland Xinjiang Tianshan natural World Heritage site in China. Photo by IUCN/Pierre Galland Xinjiang Tianshan natural World Heritage site in China. Photo by IUCN/Pierre Galland

“To preserve the iconic glaciers found in World Heritage sites, we urgently need to see significant cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. This is the only way of avoiding long-lasting and irreversible glacier decline and the related major natural, social, economic and migratory cascading consequences,” said Jean-Baptiste Bosson, lead author of the study and member of IUCN’s World Commission on Protected areas. “This study on glacier decline further emphasises the need for individual and collective actions to achieve the mitigation and adaptation aspirations of the Paris Agreement on climate change.”

Climate change is the fastest growing threat to natural World Heritage sites, according to the IUCN World Heritage Outlook 2 report, with the number of sites threatened by climate change doubling between 2014 and 2017.

The authors of the study also developed the first-ever inventory of glaciers on the UNESCO World Heritage list, documenting about 19,000 glaciers present in 46 out of the 247 natural World Heritage sites.

The full study, published in the journal Earth’s Future, can be accessed here.

Cover Photo: Melting glaciers in Kilimanjaro National Park Photo by M. Huss