Stock prices have rebounded on the news that the COVID-19 pandemic is improving in New York and other parts of the U.S., and on the news that the Fed unveiled another $2.3 trillion bazooka of liquidity. Despite these positives, several important factors, including long-term market psychology, technical-cycle analysis, valuation, and smart investor behavior, suggest that this bear market has not yet seen its low point.

1. Investors are too bullish: Let's start with long-term investor psychology. In the past few weeks, I have received numerous questions from readers to the effect of, "I am a long-term investor, should I be putting some money to work in the stock market here?"

If we were to change our viewpoint from an anecdotal to a more formal data perspective, the New York Fed conducts a regular survey of consumer expectations. One of the survey questions asks if respondents expect higher stock prices in the next 12 months. Instead of fear, investors are exhibiting signs of greed. Investor psychology just doesn't behave that way at major market lows.

MarketWatch columnist Mark Hulbert made a similar point about his sample of market timing newsletter writers in a recent Wall Street Journal article. While market timers were fearful at the end of the March quarter, their fear level was nowhere near the levels seen at past market bottoms.

This is not time to relax. The bear market is not over.

Read: Goldman Sachs abandons its bearish near-term view on stocks, says the bottom is in

2. No technical signs of a long-term bottom: Putting on my technical analysis hat, I see no signs of a long-term bottom. Markets are inherently forward looking, and if stock prices are starting to discount a recovery, we should see hints in cyclical indicators, as well as commodity prices. None of those signals are present now.

Consider, for example, the copper/gold and platinum/gold ratios. Copper HG00, -0.28% , platinum PL00, -0.60% , and gold GC00, -0.25% are all commodities and have inflation hedge characteristics. Copper and platinum also have industrial uses, and the copper/gold and platinum/gold ratios should signal upturns in the global cycle. In the last two market bottoms, the platinum/gold ratio bottomed out ahead of the stock market bottom, while the copper/gold ratio was roughly coincident with stock prices. Currently, both of these ratios are plunging, and there is no early signal of a cyclical bottom.

Commodity prices also led or were coincident with stock prices at the last two major market bottoms. The CRB Index now is still weak, and shows no signs of a durable bottom.

Metal prices also show a similar lead-lag pattern with stock prices. While gold has its unique characteristics and bullion marches to the beat of its own drummer, silver SI00, -0.64% , copper , and platinum all turned up ahead of stock prices at the last two bear market bottoms. There is no evidence of any similar buy signals today from any of these commodities.

Market bottoms are also characterized by changes in leadership. Bear markets are forms of creative destruction. The old leaders from the last cycle, whose dominance become overdone, falter, and new market leaders emerge. Instead, the old leadership of U.S. over global stocks, growth over value, and large-cap over small-caps are all still in place.

I am doubtful that a new bull market can begin with technical conditions like this.

3. Valuation headwinds: Another challenge for the long-term bull case is valuation. The S&P SPX, -1.11% s currently trading at a forward P/E ratio of 17.3, which is above its 5-year average of 16.7 and 10-year average of 15.0. Moreover, we are entering first-quarter earnings season, and the “E” in the forward P/E ratio is going to be revised substantially downwards.

Read: This widely used stock valuation measure says the S&P 500 is 35% overpriced

More: Stocks will revisit their coronavirus crash low, and here’s when to expect it

How far down? Consider that FactSet reported consensus bottom-up estimate is 152.81 for 2020, and 178.03 for 2021. By contrast, most of the top-down estimates I have seen for 2020 is in the 115-120 range, and the 2021 estimate is about 150. Those are very wide spreads between top-down and bottom-up estimates. The gap will be closed mainly with falling bottom-up estimates, rather than rising top-down upward revisions.

As a quantitative equity strategist, I have learned that whenever a country experiences an unexpected shock, all quantitative factors stop working. They then begin to work again in the following order:

First the price technical factors start to convey information about the market. Next comes the top-down strategist estimates, followed by the bottom-up estimates. That's because everyone knows the shock is bad, but no one can quite quantify the effects. The top-down strategists first run their macro models and come up with some ballpark estimates, but the company analysts cannot revise their estimates until they have fully analyzed the companies and industries to be able to revise their earnings. That's where we are now in the market cycle.

The final stage of the adjustment occurs when most of the damage is known, and fundamental factors like value and growth start to work again. We are far from that phase.

With that preface, let's then consider the U.S. market's valuation. I went back to 1982 and analyzed the market's forward P/E ratio at major market bottoms. The 1982 bottom was an anomaly, as the market bottomed out at a forward P/E of about 6 because of the nosebleed interest rates of the Volcker era. The 2002-2003 bottom saw a forward P/E ratio of about 14. Those are the two outliers. The 1987, 1990, 2009, and 2011 bottoms all saw forward P/E ratios of about 10. All of these episodes occurred during backdrops of very different interest rate regimes. Can a new bull market begin today at a forward P/E of 15, with an uncertain “E” that is dropping quickly?

Look out below

Here is how I arrive at the downside potential for the S&P 500, assuming the top-down estimates of 120 for 2020, and 150 for 2021. Supposing that the market bottoms out today, or did at the end of March, then forward 12-month EPS would be 75% of 120 + 25% of 150 = 127.50. Applying a P/E multiple range of 10-12, we arrive at a range of 1275-1530 for the S&P 500. Using the same methodology, a June 2020 bottom yields a 12-month forward EPS of 135, and a price range for the S&P 500 of 1350-1620. A September 2020 bottom results in a forward EPS of 142.50, and price range of 1425-1710.

For investors who believe that P/E ratios should be adjusted for interest rates, Callum Thomas of Topdown Charts calculated the equity risk premium of the U.S. equity market based on CAPE. While current levels are starting to look cheap, they are nowhere near the compelling readings that are usually found at past major market bottoms.

4. What are smart investors doing? Here is another way of thinking about valuation. Insiders stepped up and bought heavily during the most recent downdraft, but this group of "smart investors" backed away as the market rose.

To be sure, insider buying is an inexact market timing signal. Insiders were too early and too eager to buy during the initial decline in 2008. They were also early in 2018.

For the last word on this topic, here is all you need to know about "smart investors". At the bottom of the market during the Great Financial Crisis, Warren Buffett stepped in to rescue Goldman Sachs when the Goldman sold an expensive convertible preferred to Berkshire Hathaway BRK.A, +0.36% , BRK.B, +0.07% with share purchase warrants attached to the deal. When the market recovered, Buffett made out like a bandit.

What has Berkshire done now? It is raising cash. It sold its airline stocks, and Bloomberg reported that it is borrowing $1.8 billion in a Yen bond offering. In the current economic environment, there are many companies who need to borrow to shore up their liquidity, cash-rich Berkshire Hathaway does not fit into that category.

Does this make you want to rush out to buy stocks?

Bulls and bears laid bare

This bear market was the result of an exogenous shock that led to a recession. Ryan Detrick of LPL Financial found that recessionary bear markets last an average of 18 months, mainly because recessions take time to snap back and cannot normalize instantly.

Read: America should be ready for 18 months of shutdowns in ‘long, hard road’ ahead, warns the Fed’s Neel Kashkari

While we have experienced an instant market, for stock prices to turn around back into an instant bull requires at least a light at the end of the tunnel; namely, that the circumstances that sparked the recessionary conditions are on their way to be resolved.

The markets began to take on a risk-on tone last week when the trajectory of COVID-19 cases and deaths began to improve, both in the U.S. and Europe. While such improvements are to be welcome, they are the necessary, but not sufficient conditions for a re-launch of a new bull. In the absence of a miracle medical breakthrough, it is difficult to envisage how the current recessionary conditions can be resolved quickly. Even if the virus were to be under control, no one can just flip a switch and restart businesses in an instant.

Based on the first-in-first-out principle, we can observe that Asia is beginning to see a second wave of infection as governments ease lockdown restrictions. As an example, Singapore, which was extremely successful at controlling its outbreak, saw new cases spike as soon as restrictions were eased.

“ Governments are going to be playing the game of whack-a-mole with this virus for some time. ”

Unless a population were to acquire herd immunity, either allowing COVID-19 to run rampant through its people, or through some medical treatment that controls the outbreak, governments are going to be playing the game of whack-a-mole with this virus for some time. Under such circumstances, even the top-down S&P 500 earnings estimates of 115-120 for 2020 and 150 for 2021 are only educated guesses, and subject to revision based on changes in public health policy.

Despite the gloomy outlook, I have some good news. This recession is not going to become a depression. Fed-watcher Tim Duy wrote a Bloomberg article explaining the prerequisites for a depression depends on three Ds: depth (of downturn); duration sufficient for a recession or depression, and deflation. Duy observed that we certainly have the depth to qualify as a downturn, though the duration of the weakness is unknown. However, global central banks have sufficiently taken notice that they are doing everything in their power to combat deflation. While this global recession is going to be ugly, it is unlikely to metastasize into a depression.

I would also like to clarify my reference that the shape of this recovery is likely to be a "square-root" shaped (see From V to L: What will the recovery look like?). The Oregon Office of Economic Analysis provided a stylized answer. Expect an initial partial V-shaped bounce back, followed by a slower pace of growth, whose shape will be subject to policy, demand, and the level of permanent economic damage inflicted.

Cam Hui is author of the investment blog Humble Student of the Markets.

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