A gaggle of tea-slurping men sat around a small patch of grass in Kayseri, an industrial city in Turkey's heartland, planning to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Nearby, a few of their comrades slept in tattered tents pitched next to a makeshift library, displaying Dostoyevsky's "The Humiliated and Insulted" and a patchwork of revolutionary texts. The 20-odd chain-smoking protesters have been assembled here since the end of May to support the demonstrations in Istanbul's Gezi Park—ground zero for the antigovernment movement that has made international headlines and has led many...