When I join my current company I saw in their git repos strange file. It wasn’t used by any python code. It just sits in the main directory of the project. I asked my colleagues what is this file for? They told me- to make your life easier. That’s why today I write about this file- Makefile.

What is makefile and what is it typical use

From this tutorial:

Makefiles are a simple way to organize code compilation.

Typically they are used in writing C programs to ease all stuff that needs to be done before code can be used as a program. You can specify rules to tell make how to compile your programs. Simple makefile for C code can be as follows:

helloword : helloword.c gcc -o hellword hellword.c -I.

Then running:

$ make helloword

you compile C code using gcc.

How is this even connected with python? This programming language is compiled itself while invoked so it doesn’t need any makefiles to work. As I said in the beginning in python projects you can ease your life and save a lot of keystrokes using makefile.

What specific to python you can put in makefile

Have you ever wanted to clean up .pyc files from your project or remove artifacts after building python packages? Or maybe you want to run tests with coverage? Use pep8, lint or isort? Maybe run the application in docker container and end up writing commands that are too long for your screen?

This is where makefile comes. You can have everything kept in one place and use only make clean to clean up unnecessary files or make tests to test your application.

Let start with some examples from makefile that I am using:

HOST = 127.0.0.1 TEST_PATH = ./ clean-pyc : find . -name '*.pyc' -exec rm --force { } + find . -name '*.pyo' -exec rm --force { } + name '*~' -exec rm --force { } clean-build : rm --force --recursive build/ rm --force --recursive dist/ rm --force --recursive *.egg-info isort : sh -c "isort --skip-glob=.tox --recursive . " lint : flake8 --exclude = .tox test : clean-pyc py.test --verbose --color = yes $ ( TEST_PATH ) run : python manage.py runserver docker-run : docker build \ --file = ./Dockerfile \ --tag = my_project ./ docker run \ --detach = false \ --name = my_project \ --publish = $ ( HOST ) : 8080 \ my_project

At the beginning, I add two variables HOST and TEST_PATH for every command to use them. Rule clean-pyc finds all files that end with *.pyc , *.pyo or *~ and delete them. The plus sign at the end of the command is for -exec command {} which means that the total number of invocations of the command will be much less than the number of matched files.

Next one clean-build is for removing build artifacts. In isort shell is executing isort command with proper attributes, -c flag is for reading commands from a string rather than from standard input. lint and run works on the same pattern. In test I added the additional rule to execute before actual tests- clean-pyc . Last docker-run rule builds and runs docker.

Additional things that you want to add is something called PHONY . By default, makefile operates on files so if there will be a file called clean-pyc it will try to use it instead of a command. To avoid this use PHONY at the beginning of your makefile:

.PHONY : clean-pyc clean-build

I also like to have help function for my makefile so I put this somewhere inside:

@ echo " clean-pyc" @ echo " Remove python artifacts." @ echo " clean-build" @ echo " Remove build artifacts." @ echo " isort" Sort import statements. @ echo " lint" @ echo " Check style with flake8." @ echo " test" @ echo " Run py.test" @ echo ' run' @ echo ' Run the `my_project` service on your local machine.' @ echo ' docker-run' @ echo ' Build and run the `my_project` service in a Docker container.'

There is @ before each echo because by default make prints every line to the console before it’s executed. At sign is to suppress this and @ is discarded before line is passed to the shell.

But what if I wanted to run my application on different host and port using makefile? It’s simple just add:

run : python manage.py runserver --host $ ( HOST ) --port $ ( PORT )

Then you can simply run:

$ make run HOST = 127.0 .0.1 PORT = 8000

Lastly be aware that indentation in makefile has to be made using TAB, not spaces.

What benefit you can have by using makefile in python projects

As you can see using makefile in python projects can bring many good things. If you are tired of writing complicated shell commands- put them under a rule in the makefile. Want other people easily run tests against your project? Put pytest calls in makefile. Ideas are endless.

Do you use makefile in your project? Do you find it useful or maybe not? What else you put inside? Please write it in comments!