Bai et al (2004) 9 Bai Y

Lin C-C

Lin C-Y

Chen J-Y

Chue C-M

Chou P Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Taiwan Cross-sectional 338 hospital staff 9 days because of contact with suspected SARS cases Study-specific survey; SARS-related stress survey composed of acute stress disorder criteria according to the DSM-IV and related emotional and behavioural changes

Blendon et al (2004) 10 Blendon RJ

Benson JM

DesRoches CM

Raleigh E

Taylor-Clark K The public's response to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto and the United States. Canada Cross-sectional 501 Canadian residents Length unclear; exposure to SARS Study-specific survey

Braunack-Mayer et al (2013) 11 Braunack-Mayer A

Tooher R

Collins JE

Street JM

Marshall H Understanding the school community's response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. Australia Qualitative 56 school community members Length unclear; H1N1 influenza Interview

Caleo et al (2018) 12 Caleo G

Duncombe J

Jephcott F

et al. The factors affecting household transmission dynamics and community compliance with Ebola control measures: a mixed-methods study in a rural village in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone Mixed methods 1161 residents of a rural village; 20 of whom took part in an interview study Length unclear; entire village on restricted movement because of Ebola Interview

Cava et al (2005) 13 Cava MA

Fay KE

Beanlands HJ

McCay EA

Wignall R The experience of quarantine for individuals affected by SARS in Toronto. Canada Qualitative 21 Toronto residents 5–10 days because of SARS contact Interview

Desclaux et al (2017) 14 Desclaux A

Badji D

Ndione AG

Sow K Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts' perceptions in Senegal. Senegal Qualitative 70 Ebola contact cases 21 days because of Ebola contact Interview

DiGiovanni et al (2004) 15 DiGiovanni C

Conley J

Chiu D

Zaborski J Factors influencing compliance with quarantine in Toronto during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Canada Mixed methods 1509 Toronto residents Duration of quarantine was the difference between the incubation period of SARS (taken as 10 days) and the time that had elapsed since their exposure to a SARS patient Interviews, focus groups, and telephone polls

Hawryluck et al (2004) 16 Hawryluck L

Gold WL

Robinson S

Pogorski S

Galea S

Styra R SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Canada Cross-sectional 129 Toronto residents Median of 10 days because of potential SARS exposure IES-R to assess post-traumatic stress and CES-D to assess depression

Jeong et al (2016) 17 Jeong H

Yim HW

Song Y-J

et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East respiratory syndrome. South Korea Longitudinal 1656 residents of four regions in Korea 2 weeks because of contact with MERS patients GAD-7 to assess anxiety and STAXI-2 to assess anger

Lee et al (2005) 18 Lee S

Chan LY

Chau AM

Kwok KP

Kleinman A The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region, China) Mixed methods 903 residents of Amoy Gardens (the first officially recognised site of community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong) took surveys; 856 of whom were not diagnosed with SARS; 2 of whom were interviewed Length unclear; residents of a SARS outbreak site Study-specific survey

Liu et al (2012) 19 Liu X

Kakade M

Fuller CJ

et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. China Cross-sectional 549 hospital employees; 104 (19%) of whom had been quarantined Length unclear; home or work quarantine because of potential SARS contact CES-D to assess depressive symptoms and IES-R to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms

Marjanovic et al (2007) 20 Marjanovic Z

Greenglass ER

Coffey S The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Canada Cross-sectional 333 nurses Length unclear; SARS exposure MBI-GS to assess burnout; STAXI-2 to assess anger; six study-specific questions to assess avoidance behaviour

Maunder et al (2003) 21 Maunder R

Hunter J

Vincent L

et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. Canada Observational Health-care workers (sample size unavailable) 10 days voluntary quarantine because of potential SARS contact Observations of health-care staff

Mihashi et al (2009) 22 Mihashi M

Otsubo Y

Yinjuan X

Nagatomi K

Hoshiko M

Ishitake T Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. China Retrospective cross-sectional 187 printing company workers, university faculty members and their families, and non-medicine students Length unclear; citywide isolation because of SARS GHQ-30 to assess psychological disorders

Pan et al (2005) 23 Pan PJD

Chang S-H

Yu Y-Y A support group for home-quarantined college students exposed to SARS: learning from practice. Taiwan Observational 12 college students Length unclear; asked to limit interactions outside the home because of potential SARS contact Observations of a support group for home-quarantined students

Pellecchia et al (2015) 24 Pellecchia U

Crestani R

Decroo T

Van den Bergh R

Al-Kourdi Y Social consequences of Ebola containment measures in Liberia. Liberia Qualitative 432 (focus groups) and 30 (interviews) residents of neighbourhoods with incidence of Ebola 21 days because neighbourhoods had epidemiological incidence of Ebola Interviews and focus groups

Reynolds et al (2008) 25 Reynolds DL

Garay JR

Deamond SL

Moran MK

Gold W

Styra R Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Canada Cross-sectional 1057 close contacts of potential SARS cases Mean 8·3 days; range 2–30 days because of contact with potential SARS cases IES-7 to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms

Robertson et al (2004) 26 Robertson E

Hershenfield K

Grace SL

Stewart DE The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Canada Qualitative 10 health-care workers 10 days home quarantine, or continually wearing a mask in the presence of others, or required to attend work but had to travel in their own vehicle and wear a mask, because of SARS exposure Interviews

Sprang and Silman (2013) 27 Sprang G

Silman M Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. USA and Canada Cross-sectional 398 parents Length unclear; lived in areas severely affected by H1N1 or SARS PTSD-RI Parent Version and PCL-C

Taylor et al (2008) 28 Taylor MR

Agho KE

Stevens GJ

Raphael B Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epidemic: data from Australia's first outbreak of equine influenza. Australia Cross-sectional 2760 horse owners or those involved in horse industry Several weeks because of equine influenza K10 to assess distress

Wang et al (2011) 29 Wang Y

Xu B

Zhao G

Cao R

He X

Fu S Is quarantine related to immediate negative psychological consequences during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic?. China Cross-sectional 419 undergraduates 7 days; non-suspected H1N1 influenza cases SRQ-20 to assess general mental health and IES-R to assess post-traumatic stress

Wester and Giesecke (2019) 30 Wester M

Giesecke J Ebola and healthcare worker stigma. Sweden Qualitative 12: six health-care workers who worked in west Africa during the Ebola outbreak and one close contact for each of them 3 weeks because of working in west Africa during the Ebola crisis Interview

Wilken et al (2017) 31 Wilken JA

Pordell P

Goode B

et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among members of households actively monitored or quarantined to prevent transmission of Ebola virus disease–Margibi County, Liberia: February–March 2015. Liberia Qualitative 16 residents of villages who were quarantined 21 days because of living in a village in which someone had died of Ebola Interview

Wu et al (2008, 2009) 32 Wu P

Liu X

Fang Y

et al. Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. , 33 Wu P

Fang Y

Guan Z

et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. China Cross-sectional 549 hospital employees Length unclear; either because of SARS diagnosis, suspected SARS, or having had direct contact with SARS patients 7 questions adapted from NHSDA to assess alcohol dependence and abuse; IES-R to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms; CES-D to assess depression