Drivers spend as much as 40 per cent longer on the Capital’s choked roads during the average rush hour journey compared to the equivalent outside peak road use times, figures released by sat-nav manufacturer TomTom found.

Edinburgh topped the UK list ahead of London, Bournemouth, Hull and Belfast - placing it in the top 30 cities for worldwide congestion.

The report comes as debate continues to rage over a raft of radical new measures to greatly reduce car usage in some of the Capital’s most popular streets, including making many one-way or closed off to vehicles completely.

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Edinburgh has been cited as the most congested city in the UK by sat-nav manufacturer TomTom

Heiko Schilling, head of navigation at TomTom said an increase in job opportunities in the city was partly to blame for the rise of congested streets.

He added: “Data from Edinburgh Economy Watch shows that Scotland’s capital saw an increase in employment of 4.2 per cent over the course of 2018. That equates to 12,500 extra jobs over the previous year, but it also means more commuters, which is why we’re not surprised that Auld Reekie has seen an increase in congestion and longer journey times.”

Tentative discussions have recently re-emerged over the introduction of a “congestion charge” as the local authority continues to explore ways to take action on air pollution.

The idea was initially floated in 2005 when the introduction of fees for driving in certain parts of the city centre was put to the public, but soundly defeated in a referendum by more than 80,000 votes.

The ambitious introduction of a Low Emission Zone, effectively banning vehicles which fail to meet strict emission standards from the city centre, has also been touted.

Cllr Chas Booth, Edinburgh Greens’ transport spokesperson, said: “This is a shocking report, and underlines the urgent need to cut the number of cars on the capital’s streets. Congestion is bad for the economy, for air pollution, and for all of our health."

"The council is taking some steps in the right direction, with the recent City Centre Transformation project to deliver a more people-friendly city centre, but we urgently need bolder action, including an improved low-emission zone, a workplace parking levy and serious investment in walking, cycling and public transport.”

While Edinburgh rose to 27th in the world rankings for 2018, congestion in Glasgow fell by one per cent over the same time period.

However, the Capital was some way behind gridlocked Mumbai, Bogota and Lima in the global league table.

Friends of the Earth Scotland air pollution campaigner Gavin Thomson said more needed to be done to make the Capital’s streets safer to breathe in, adding: "Toxic and illegal levels of air pollution in Edinburgh cause 200 early deaths each year, with a number of streets across the city breaking legal limits that should have been met years ago. The fact that many of these pollution hotspots are amongst the most congested roads is not a surprise.

"For too long, cars have dominated transport in the city with damaging effects on our health and people's ability to move around quickly.

"Too many vehicles on the road slows down public transport, inhibits emergency vehicles and can discourage cyclists."

He added: "Edinburgh Council need to improve their current Low Emission Zone plans to ensure that they challenge the domination of our public spaces by cars. Clearly drivers will need a grace period to change their travel patterns, but the most polluting vehicles, including the dirtiest cars, must be restricted from our city.