Less than a year after Colorado voters gave the governorship and control of the legislature to Democrats, some Republicans are hoping they have already had enough.

Conservative activists in recent weeks have launched efforts to recall Gov. Jared Polis, who took office in January, and two Democratic state senators they believe could be vulnerable. The GOP has been struggling to regain power in a once closely divided state that has been shifting left.

Recall organizers are betting that voters, particularly in rural and swing areas, may be easier to rally after Mr. Polis and state Sens. Pete Lee and Brittany Pettersen helped pass new laws restricting oil-and-gas drilling and a red-flag law allowing authorities to confiscate a gun from someone deemed a danger.

“People here are tired of being slapped in the face,” said Tom Good, a Colorado political activist leading the recall effort against Mr. Polis.

“The governor is focused on governing for all of Colorado,” a spokeswoman for Mr. Polis said of the recall effort.