Donald Trump’s election victory is seen as a blow to Silicon Valley, putting the presidency in the hands of a vocal critic of several big technology companies and an advocate of policies tech executives have said could hurt the industry’s development.

During his campaign, Mr. Trump didn’t offer a specific plan for how he would tackle technology policy—unlike his Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton, who in June issued a detailed tech platform that executives broadly applauded. Meanwhile, Mr. Trump’s advocacy of tighter limits...