Facebook, Twitter, and Google will need to get used to new rules in Germany from Monday, as a new law comes into effect designed to clamp down on hate speech and illegal content on the internet.

January 1 marks the end of the transitional period of the "network enforcement law" (NetzDG), which forces any internet platform with more than 2 million users to implement more efficient and effective ways to report and delete potentially illegal content. Facebook, Twitter, Google, YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram will all come under the new law, though professional networks like LinkedIn and Xing are expressly excluded, as are messaging services like WhatsApp.

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NetzDG has been in force since October, but the government gave companies a three-month grace period to install the new complaint management systems. As of Monday, content such as threats of violence and slander must be deleted within 24 hours of a complaint being received, or within seven days if cases are more legally complex. The companies are also obliged to produce a yearly report detailing how many posts they deleted and why.

Justice Minister Heiko Maas believes the law is a vital tool against hate speech

If the deadlines are breached, companies can be fined up to €50 million ($60 million), and people can report violations to Germany's Federal Office of Justice (BfJ), which has made an online form available for the purpose.

Google has also created an online form to report content, while Twitter has added an option to its existing report function that specifies "comes under the NetzDG." Facebook has set up a more complex system, independent of its reporting options, which requires users to find a special page, take a screenshot of the offending post, and choose one of 20 offenses that the post is allegedly committing. People do not have to be registered users of the network to report content.

Meanwhile, some internet platforms have engaged outside companies like Arvato and the Competence Call Center to handle complaints - which is likely to be a major challenge: Facebook says it already receives hundreds of thousands of reports per week.

The online hate scourge

The law has received plenty of resistance, particularly from the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), who have branded NetzDG as a "censorship law." One of the party's deputy leaders, Beatrix von Storch, fell foul of the law on its first day, and was temporarily suspended from Twitter. Her account was restored within a few hours, minus a highly displeased tweet in response to Cologne police sending out a message in Arabic.

But journalist organizations like Reporters Without Borders and internet activists have also raised objections, not least because the government has deliberately left the task of deleting content or blocking users to the internet platforms themselves, rather than having courts make decisions. Some critics argue that that means it will become difficult to tell why individual posts have been deleted.

Meanwhile, lawyers testifying at parliamentary hearings expressed concerns that NetzDG would violate government neutrality codes in the German Basic Law. "It is certainly possible that the head of state could take direct influence," lawyer Simon Assion told the Süddeutsche Zeitung. "The Justice Ministry has access to how social networks implement their deleting mechanisms."

In a statement released earlier last year, when the draft of the law was being passed through parliament, the non-profit internet rights organization Digitale Gesellschaft ("digital society") said the law had been hastily conceived and did no more than push a huge social problem onto the plate of internet companies.

AfD politician Beatrix von Storch had her Twitter account temporarily suspended

"Fighting prosecutable hate speech is a task for the whole of society, tackling it can only succeed on the basis of a thought-through, coherent concept via a joint effort by civil society," said Volker Tripp, political director of Digitale Gesellschaft. "Unilaterally shifting this responsibility onto companies is legally questionable and on top of that not productive."

Read more — EU internet policing proposals spark free speech concerns

False reports

Another criticism has been that the companies simply delete the posts without informing authorities, which means the people actually posting them will go unpunished (unless a user threatens to commit a violent crime or posts child pornography – in which case the companies are supposed to pass on details to police).

There are also plenty of mistakes. Most recently, Mike Samuel Delberg, a representative of Germany's Jewish community organization, had his Facebook account suspended after he uploaded a much-publicized video of restaurant owner Yorai Feinberg facing an anti-Semitic rant on the streets of Berlin. Facebook only reinstated the account after a flood of complaints.

The German Justice Ministry has been putting increasing pressure on social media sites since 2015, when many people began posting racist and xenophobic content in the aftermath of the refugee influx.

Though Facebook initially promised to deal with the problem itself by setting up its own task force, Justice Minister Heiko Maas eventually decided that a law was necessary.