WARSAW—A former senior Polish intelligence official, arrested here with a Huawei Technologies Co. employee last week, has been charged with spying for China while he worked in government with top-level access to Polish and allied intelligence, according to an official familiar with the matter.

Last week, Polish authorities arrested the ex-official, currently employed by French telecommunications carrier Orange SA, along with the Huawei executive. They have both been charged with espionage. Polish officials didn’t provide further...