This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Etymology [ edit ]

Usually explained as a derivation from the words for "fist" and "finger":

Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), but which is not attested in any of the daughter languages. According to Blažek (1999: 229) however, the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.[1] Relation has been suggested to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”), possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning "the whole (hand)".[2]

Pronunciation [ edit ]

(Sihler 1995): IPA(key): /ˈpen.kʷe/ , [ˈpeŋ⁽ʷ⁾.kʷe] [2]

Numeral [ edit ]

*pénkʷe

Declension [ edit ]

Uninflected.

Descendants [ edit ]

Albanian: *penče Old Albanian: pensë Albanian: pesë

Anatolian: Luwian: [script needed] ( paⁿta )

Armenian: Old Armenian: հինգ ( hing ) Armenian: հինգ ( hing )

Balto-Slavic: *penke Lithuanian: penki Latvian: pieci Sudovian: pank Slavic: *pętь (< *penkti- ) ( see there for further descendants )

Celtic: *kʷenkʷe ( see there for further descendants )

( ) Germanic: *fimf ( see there for further descendants )

( ) Hellenic: *pénkʷe ( see there for further descendants )

( ) Indo-Iranian: *pánča ( see there for further descendants )

( ) Italic: *kʷenkʷe Latin: quīnque Vulgar Latin: *cīnque ( see there for further descendants ) Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 ( pumpe ) Latin: Pompēiī , Pompēius Pontius Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 ( pumpe )

Messapic: [Term?] ( penka- )

Phrygian: πινκε ( pinke )

Tocharian: *p'äñś Tocharian A: päñ Tocharian B: piś



References [ edit ]

^ Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.” WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association, 43(3), 411-419. 2.0 2.1 New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction , Oxford: Blackwell