A majority of BP PLC’s shareholders voted against the company’s executive pay policy, a stinging — though nonbinding — rebuke to Chief Executive Bob Dudley and his board.

At the company’s annual meeting Thursday, the oil giant said preliminary results showed 59% of investors voting by proxy rejected the company’s executive compensation decisions for 2015. That included a controversial 20% increase in Dudley’s total pay for the year, at a time when the company lost $5.2 billion.