ACDM (2013) Benzofurans: A review of the evidence of use and harm. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 2013

Adamowicz P, Zuba D, Byrska B (2014) Fatal intoxication with 3-methyl-N-methylcathinone (3-MMC) and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB). Forensic Sci Int 245C:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.016

Aninat C, Piton A, Glaise D, Le Charpentier T, Langouet S, Morel F et al (2006) Expression of cytochromes P450, conjugating enzymes and nuclear receptors in human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Drug Metab Dispos 34(1):75–83. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.105.006759

Arbo MD, Silva R, Barbosa DJ, Dias da Silva D, Silva SP, Teixeira JP et al (2016) In vitro neurotoxicity evaluation of piperazine designer drugs in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Appl Toxicol 36(1):121–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3153

Babany G, Larrey D, Pessayre D, Degott C, Rueff B, Benhamou JP (1987) Chronic active hepatitis caused by benzarone. J Hepatol 5(3):332–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(87)80039-9

Bailly Y, Oliver C, Raynaud G, Wegmann R (1981) Activation of melanogenesis in the beagle by a vasodilator, mecinarone. Toxicol Eur Res 3(1):45–50

Barcelo B, Gomila I, Rotolo MC, Marchei E, Kyriakou C, Pichini S et al (2017) Intoxication caused by new psychostimulants: analytical methods to disclose acute and chronic use of benzofurans and ethylphenidate. Int J Legal Med 131(6):1543–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1648-9

Beitia G, Cobreros A, Sainz L, Cenarruzabeitia E (1999) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-induced hepatotoxicity: effect on cytosolic calcium signals in isolated hepatocytes. Liver 19(3):234–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00041.x

Bouma ME, Rogier E, Verthier N, Labarre C, Feldmann G (1989) Further cellular investigation of the human hepatoblastoma-derived cell line HepG2: morphology and immunocytochemical studies of hepatic-secreted proteins. Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 25(3 Pt 1):267–275

Brown JM, Yamamoto BK (2003) Effects of amphetamines on mitochondrial function: role of free radicals and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 99(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00052-4

Carvalho F, Remiao F, Amado F, Domingues P, Correia AJ, Bastos ML (1996) d-Amphetamine interaction with glutathione in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 9(6):1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9501750

Carvalho F, Remiao F, Soares ME, Catarino R, Queiroz G, Bastos ML (1997) d-Amphetamine-induced hepatotoxicity: possible contribution of catecholamines and hyperthermia to the effect studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 71(7):429–436

Carvalho M, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2001) Is hyperthermia the triggering factor for hepatotoxicity induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)? An in vitro study using freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 74(12):789–793

Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remiao F et al (2012) Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol 86(8):1167–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5

Chan WL, Wood DM, Hudson S, Dargan PI (2013) Acute psychosis associated with recreational use of benzofuran 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and cannabis. J Med Toxicol. 9(3):278–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0306-y

Chandramani Shivalingappa P, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy A (2012) N-acetyl cysteine protects against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration via modulation of redox status and autophagy in dopaminergic cells. Parkinsons Dis 2012:424285. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/424285

Chen S, Dobrovolsky VN, Liu F, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Mei N et al (2014) The role of autophagy in usnic acid-induced toxicity in hepatic cells. Toxicol Sci 142(1):33–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu154

Chen S, Ren Z, Yu D, Ning B, Guo L (2018) DNA damage-induced apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway contribute to the toxicity of dronedarone in hepatic cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 59(4):278–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22173

Clemente CG, Chiappini S, Claridge H, Goodair C, Loi B (2012) Deaths involving ‘Benzo Fury’, United Kingdom, 2011–2012. International Centre for Drug Policy. University of London, St George’s

Connelly JC, Connor SC, Monte S, Bailey NJ, Borgeaud N, Holmes E et al (2002) Application of directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography-NMR-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies to the investigation of 2,3-benzofuran metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Metab Dispos 30(12):1357–1363. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.30.12.1357

De Letter EA, Piette MH, Lambert WE, Cordonnier JA (2006) Amphetamines as potential inducers of fatalities: a review in the district of Ghent from 1976–2004. Med Sci Law 46(1):37–65. https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.46.1.37

Dias da Silva D, Carmo H, Lynch A, Silva E (2013a) An insight into the hepatocellular death induced by amphetamines, individually and in combination: the involvement of necrosis and apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 87(12):2165–2185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-013-1082-9

Dias da Silva D, Carmo H, Silva E (2013b) The risky cocktail: what combination effects can we expect between ecstasy and other amphetamines? Arch Toxicol 87(1):111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0929-9

Dias da Silva D, Silva E, Carmo H (2013c) Cytotoxic effects of amphetamine mixtures in primary hepatocytes are severely aggravated under hyperthermic conditions. Toxicol In Vitro 27(6):1670–1678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.010

Dias da Silva D, Silva E, Carmo H (2014a) Combination effects of amphetamines under hyperthermia—the role played by oxidative stress. J Appl Toxicol 34(6):637–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2889

Dias da Silva D, Silva E, Carvalho F, Carmo H (2014b) Mixtures of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and its major human metabolites act additively to induce significant toxicity to liver cells when combined at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations. J Appl Toxicol 34(6):618–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2885

Dias da Silva D, Arbo MD, Valente MJ, Bastos ML, Carmo H (2015) Hepatotoxicity of piperazine designer drugs: Comparison of different in vitro models. Toxicol In Vitro 29(5):987–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.001

Dias da Silva D, Silva MJ, Moreira P, Martins MJ, Valente MJ, Carvalho F et al (2017) In vitro hepatotoxicity of ‘Legal X’: the combination of 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 91(3):1413–1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1777-9

Dias da Silva D, Ferreira B, Roque Bravo R, Rebelo R, Duarte de Almeida T, Valente MJ, Silva JP, Carvalho F, Bastos ML, Carmo H (2019) The new psychoactive substance 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC or metaphedrone) induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes at human-relevant concentrations. Arch Toxicol 93(9):2617–2634

Dinger J, Meyer MR, Maurer HH (2016) In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of methylenedioxy-derived designer drugs studied with a two-cocktail approach. Arch Toxicol 90(2):305–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1412-6

El-Tawil OS, Abou-Hadeed AH, El-Bab MF, Shalaby AA (2011) d-Amphetamine-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes. Pathophysiology 18(4):279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.04.001

EMCDDA (2018) European Drug Report: Trends and development. Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2018 June 2018. Report No.: 2314-9086

Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A (2009) Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 30(1–2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006

Galluzzi L, Vicencio JM, Kepp O, Tasdemir E, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G (2008) To die or not to die: that is the autophagic question. Curr Mol Med 8(2):78–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/156652408783769616

Garcia-Repetto R, Moreno E, Soriano T, Jurado C, Gimenez MP, Menendez M (2003) Tissue concentrations of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in three fatal cases of overdose. Forensic Sci Int 135(2):110–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00179-8

Geng X, Zhang X, Zhou B, Zhang C, Tu J, Chen X et al (2018) Usnic acid induces cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Med Sci Monit 24:556–566. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.908568

Gerets HH, Tilmant K, Gerin B, Chanteux H, Depelchin BO, Dhalluin S et al (2012) Characterization of primary human hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and HepaRG cells at the mRNA level and CYP activity in response to inducers and their predictivity for the detection of human hepatotoxins. Cell Biol Toxicol 28(2):69–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-011-9208-4

Griffiths EJ, Rutter GA (2009) Mitochondrial calcium as a key regulator of mitochondrial ATP production in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1787(11):1324–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.01.019

Guillouzo A, Corlu A, Aninat C, Glaise D, Morel F, Guguen-Guillouzo C (2007) The human hepatoma HepaRG cells: a highly differentiated model for studies of liver metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics. Chem Biol Interact 168(1):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2006.12.003

Han D, Matsumaru K, Rettori D, Kaplowitz N (2004) Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 67(3):439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.032

Hautekeete ML, Henrion J, Naegels S, DeNeve A, Adler M, Deprez C et al (1995) Severe hepatotoxicity related to benzarone: a report of three cases with two fatalities. Liver 15(1):25–29

Helander A, Beck O, Backberg M (2015) Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 53(5):446–453. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1033630

Hiramatsu M, Kumagai Y, Unger SE, Cho AK (1990) Metabolism of methylenedioxymethamphetamine: formation of dihydroxymethamphetamine and a quinone identified as its glutathione adduct. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254(2):521–527

Hofer KE, Faber K, Muller DM, Hauffe T, Wenger U, Kupferschmidt H et al (2017) Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel psychoactive benzofuran N-methyl-5-(2 aminopropyl)benzofuran. Ann Emerg Med 69(1):79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.03.042

Hsieh SL, Chen CT, Wang JJ, Kuo YH, Li CC, Hsieh LC et al (2015) Sedanolide induces autophagy through the PI3K, p53 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways in human liver cancer cells. Int J Oncol 47(6):2240–2246. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3206

Huang YN, Yang LY, Wang JY, Lai CC, Chiu CT, Wang JY (2017) L-ascorbate protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity of cortical cells via inhibiting oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 54(1):125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9561-z

Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R, Setola V, Huang XP, Roth BL (2013) Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances. Eur J Pharmacol 700(1–3):147–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006

Jaiswal P, Attar BM, Yap JE, Devani K, Jaiswal R, Wang Y et al (2018) Acute liver failure with amiodarone infusion: a case report and systematic review. J Clin Pharm Ther 43(1):129–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12594

Jebadurai J, Schifano F, Deluca P (2013) Recreational use of 1-(2-naphthyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone hydrochloride (NRG-1), 6-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran (benzofury/6-APB) and NRG-2 with review of available evidence-based literature. Hum Psychopharmacol 28(4):356–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2302

Kaufmann P, Torok M, Hanni A, Roberts P, Gasser R, Krahenbuhl S (2005) Mechanisms of benzarone and benzbromarone-induced hepatic toxicity. Hepatology 41(4):925–935. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20634

Krpo M, Luytkis HC, Haneborg AM, Hoiseth G (2018) A fatal blood concentration of 5-APB. Forensic Sci Int 291:e1–e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.044

Lin CW, Chen YS, Lin CC, Chen YJ, Lo GH, Lee PH et al (2015) Amiodarone as an autophagy promoter reduces liver injury and enhances liver regeneration and survival in mice after partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep 5:15807. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15807

Liu JF, Chen CY, Chen HT, Chang CS, Tang CH (2016) BL-038, a Benzofuran Derivative, Induces Cell Apoptosis in Human Chondrosarcoma Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species/Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Caspases Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091491

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193(1):265–275

Martins MJ, Roque Bravo R, Enea M, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Bastos ML et al (2018) Ethanol addictively enhances the in vitro cardiotoxicity of cocaine through oxidative damage, energetic deregulation, and apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 92(7):2311–2325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2227-7

McDonald MG, Rettie AE (2007) Sequential metabolism and bioactivation of the hepatotoxin benzbromarone: formation of glutathione adducts from a catechol intermediate. Chem Res Toxicol 20(12):1833–1842. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx7001228

McIntyre IM, Gary RD, Trochta A, Stolberg S, Stabley R (2015) Acute 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) intoxication and fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 39(2):156–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bku131

McMurtry RJ, Mitchell JR (1977) Renal and hepatic necrosis after metabolic activation of 2-substituted furans and thiophenes, including furosemide and cephaloridine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 42(2):285–300

Meyer MR, Vollmar C, Schwaninger AE, Wolf E, Maurer HH (2012) New cathinone-derived designer drugs 3-bromomethcathinone and 3-fluoromethcathinone: studies on their metabolism in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and their detectability in urine. J Mass Spectrom 47(2):253–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.2960

Monks TJ, Jones DC, Bai F, Lau SS (2004) The role of metabolism in 3,4-(+)-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(+)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) toxicity. Ther Drug Monit 26(2):132–136

Montiel-Duarte C, Varela-Rey M, Oses-Prieto JA, Lopez-Zabalza MJ, Beitia G, Cenarruzabeitia E et al (2002) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) induces apoptosis of cultured rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1588(1):26–32

Nakagawa Y, Suzuki T, Tada Y, Inomata A (2017) Cytotoxic effects of psychotropic benzofuran derivatives, N-methyl-5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran and its N-demethylated derivative, on isolated rat hepatocytes. J Appl Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3351

Navarro-Yepes J, Burns M, Anandhan A, Khalimonchuk O, del Razo LM, Quintanilla-Vega B et al (2014) Oxidative stress, redox signaling, and autophagy: cell death versus survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 21(1):66–85. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2014.5837

Ormerod MG, Sun XM, Brown D, Snowden RT, Cohen GM (1993) Quantification of apoptosis and necrosis by flow cytometry. Acta Oncol 32(4):417–424

Parmar KR, Jhajra S, Singh S (2016) Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 30(10):1242–1248. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7545

Pedersen AJ, Petersen TH, Linnet K (2013) In vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies on methylone. Drug Metab Dispos 41(6):1247–1255. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.050880

Perry SW, Norman JP, Barbieri J, Brown EB, Gelbard HA (2011) Mitochondrial membrane potential probes and the proton gradient: a practical usage guide. Biotechniques 50(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.2144/000113610

Pontes H, Santos-Marques MJ, Fernandes E, Duarte JA, Remiao F, Carvalho F et al (2008a) Effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the hepatotoxicity of ecstasy in mice: an ex vivo study. Toxicol In Vitro 22(4):910–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2008.01.010

Pontes H, Sousa C, Silva R, Fernandes E, Carmo H, Remiao F et al (2008b) Synergistic toxicity of ethanol and MDMA towards primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 254(1–2):42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.009

Ramesh Varkhede N, Jhajra S, Suresh Ahire D, Singh S (2014) Metabolite identification studies on amiodarone in in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat and human liver S9 fractions) and in vivo (rat feces, urine, plasma) matrices by using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and multiple-stage mass spectrometry: characterization of the diquinone metabolite supposedly responsible for the drug’s hepatotoxicity. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28(4):311–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6787

Ratz Bravo AE, Drewe J, Schlienger RG, Krahenbuhl S, Pargger H, Ummenhofer W (2005) Hepatotoxicity during rapid intravenous loading with amiodarone: description of three cases and review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 33(1):128–134. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000151048.72393.44(discussion 245–6)

Rickli A, Kopf S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2015) Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans. Br J Pharmacol 172(13):3412–3425. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13128

Roque Bravo R, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Bastos ML, Dias da Silva D, Benzo fury (2019) A new trend in the drug misuse scene. J Appl Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3774

Schneider JL, Cuervo AM (2014) Liver autophagy: much more than just taking out the trash. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(3):187–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.211

Seetohul LN, Pounder DJ (2013) Four fatalities involving 5-IT. J Anal Toxicol 37(7):447–451. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkt053

Smith GF (2011) Designing drugs to avoid toxicity. Prog Med Chem 50:1–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381290-2.00001-X

Takai S, Oda S, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T (2016) Establishment of a mouse model for amiodarone-induced liver injury and analyses of its hepatotoxic mechanism. J Appl Toxicol 36(1):35–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3141

Tsuda T, Tada H, Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Yoshida T, Sawada T et al (2018) Amiodarone-induced reversible and irreversible hepatotoxicity: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. 12(1):95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-018-1629-8

Turcant A, Deguigne M, Ferec S, Bruneau C, Leborgne I, Lelievre B et al (2017) A 6-year review of new psychoactive substances at the Centre antipoison Grand-Ouest d’Angers: Clinical and biological data. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique. 29(1):18–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.001

UNODC (2018) World Drug Report: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2018 June 2018

Valente MJ, Araujo AM, Bastos ML, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Guedes de Pinho P et al (2016) Characterization of hepatotoxicity mechanisms triggered by designer cathinone drugs (beta-Keto Amphetamines). Toxicol Sci 153(1):89–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfw105

Valente MJ, Amaral C, Correia-da-Silva G, Duarte JA, Bastos ML, Carvalho F et al (2017) Methylone and MDPV activate autophagy in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells: a new insight into the context of beta-keto amphetamines-related neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 91(11):3663–3676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1984-z

Vallersnes OM, Persett PS, Oiestad EL, Karinen R, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE (2017) Underestimated impact of novel psychoactive substances: laboratory confirmation of recreational drug toxicity in Oslo, Norway. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 55(7):636–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2017.1312002

Verhovez A, Elia F, Riva A, Ferrari G, Apra F (2011) Acute liver injury after intravenous amiodarone: a case report. Am J Emerg Med 29(7):843.e5-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2010.03.035

Waldhauser KM, Torok M, Ha HR, Thomet U, Konrad D, Brecht K et al (2006) Hepatocellular toxicity and pharmacological effect of amiodarone and amiodarone derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319(3):1413–1423. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.108993

Welter J, Brandt SD, Kavanagh P, Meyer MR, Maurer HH (2015a) Metabolic fate, mass spectral fragmentation, detectability, and differentiation in urine of the benzofuran designer drugs 6-APB and 6-MAPB in comparison to their 5-isomers using GC-MS and LC-(HR)-MS(n) techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 407(12):3457–3470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8552-2

Welter J, Kavanagh P, Meyer MR, Maurer HH (2015b) Benzofuran analogues of amphetamine and methamphetamine: studies on the metabolism and toxicological analysis of 5-APB and 5-MAPB in urine and plasma using GC-MS and LC-(HR)-MS(n) techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 407(5):1371–1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8360-0

Wu Q, Ning B, Xuan J, Ren Z, Guo L, Bryant MS (2016) The role of CYP 3A4 and 1A1 in amiodarone-induced hepatocellular toxicity. Toxicol Lett 253:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.04.016

Yuan L, Kaplowitz N (2013) Mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury. Clin Liver Dis 17(4):507–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.002