When you ask a developer, what is a “link”, they may quickly answer “a URL” or “a URI”, but this is not the whole truth.

A URL is only an address that you can find to build a resource. A “link” connects one resource to another.

My goal is to create a PHP interface that describes the abstract data-model behind a link.

To do this job correctly, I felt I had to dig through all the relevant hypermedia specifications and extract for each what their definition of a link is.

This blogpost is quite literally me making progress through all the specs. It might be boring, and not well written. If you want to skip the details, you can jump straight to the conclusion.

History

The oldest instance of the link I could find, was a reference in the html 1.2 draft. That draft (from 1993), defines both the <a> and the <link> html tags. I’m not sure if there’s earlier work, I’d love to know about it!

HTML 1.2 adds the following attributes to the <a> element:

href - The target of the link.

- The target of the link. name - Used for linking to specific bits in the document using a URI fragement ( # ).

- Used for linking to specific bits in the document using a URI fragement ( ). rel - The relationship type.

- The relationship type. rev - The reverse relationship.

- The reverse relationship. urn - A URN that identifies the document. This is some kind of ID.

- A URN that identifies the document. This is some kind of ID. title - The title of the linked document, which should actually correspond to the <title> element in that document.

- The title of the linked document, which should actually correspond to the element in that document. method - A list of accepted HTTP methods.

All of these attributes are optional, but either href or name must be specified.

The <link> element appears in the <head> of a HTML document, and could have all the same attributes. The difference between a <link> and <a> is that a <a> may contain text and usually appears in a document, whereas the <link> element doesn’t have content.

<link href= "/index.html" rel= "index" >

HTML5

In HTML5, the link fundamentally has not changed, although it lost and gained a few attributes.

href , title , and rel are still there.

, , and are still there. There’s now a target attribute, which is really a UI concern that leaked into the HTML datamodel. If it wasn’t for target , there may have never been pop-ups.

attribute, which is really a UI concern that leaked into the HTML datamodel. If it wasn’t for , there may have never been pop-ups. download , triggers a link being opened as a ‘download’ in a browser, rather than opening it the normal way.

, triggers a link being opened as a ‘download’ in a browser, rather than opening it the normal way. hreflang is a hint that specifies what the language will be of the target resource. ( hreflang="en-US" ).

is a hint that specifies what the language will be of the target resource. ( ). type , another hint that tells the agent what the target resource’s content-type might be. (e.g.: type="text/css" ).

HTML gained an <area> element that also functions as a link, embedded in an “image map”.

The <link> element gained crossorigin , media and sizes . All of these are very specific to HTML ‘as an application’, but kind of go away from the conceptual idea of HTML ‘as a document’.

REL

The rel attribute is the relationship type between two resources. This blog for instance has a link relationship to a css file. The contents of the rel attribute will be stylesheet .

<link href= "/css/stylesheet.css" type= "text/css" rel= "stylesheet" />

Keywords such as ‘stylesheet’ are formalized and accurately described in the HTML5 specification.

Popular ones you may recognize are ‘alternate’, ‘author’, ‘stylesheet’ and ‘icon’.

The full list of relationship types defined in HTML5 can be found in the spec, but the specification also refers to a microformats.org wiki document as the official registry for additional relationship types. What’s interesting, is that anyone is free to edit this list and add their own.

On that document, there’s a huge list of valid, recognized keywords.

In HTML5, you are allowed to specify more than one relationship in the rel= attribute, each separated with space.

It’s possible to create your own relationship types, by:

Simply defining a new keyword. If the keyword contains a colon ( : ), it must actually be an Absolute URI.

REV

HTML5 no longer supports the rev= attribute. But what is it?

The rev attribute is the reverse relationship type. For instance, I might have written a document that lives on /article.html . That document might have the following link:

<link href= "/evert.html" rel= "author" />

On /evert.html , there could be a reverse-link such as this:

<link href= "/article.html" rev= "author" />

Various sources on the web tend to describe rev as a ‘bad idea’, because it’s rarely used, and when it is used, often used incorrectly.

An article from 2005 from developer.google.com says

…An interesting thing to note from this is that the … only <link rev=""> link to appear is rev="made" (to point to the author’s page) — and the latter is not used that much more than the more sensible rel="author" . Also, ironically, just off the graph in position 21 is rel="made" , probably showing that the distinction between rel and rev may be too subtle for many authors. More evidence of this is at position 29 on the list, with <link rev="stylesheet"> …

The HTTP ‘Link’ header

It is also possible to specify links by just using a HTTP link header. For example, the following HTML link:

<link href= "/evert.html" rel= "author" />

Could also appear in a HTTP header as:

Link: </evert.html>; rel="author";

The benefit of using the Link: HTTP header, is that it would allow you to add links to resources that normally don’t support it. For instance, you could add a copyright link relationship to a javascript file:

Content-Type: text/javascript Link: </copyright.html>; rel="copyright";

The Link header is defined in RFC5988. While this RFC mostly talks about the Link: header, it also describes the abstract concept of a link of the web. The title of the document is “Web Linking”, and is also referred to as the canonical reference by many other specifications that describe links.

The IANA Link Relation Types is the official list of relationship types for the Link header. Any user-defined relationship types can be specified by using an absolute URL instead of a short keyword.

The Link header also has support for hreflang , media and type parameters. hreflang may appear more than once.

The Link header defines both a title and title* header. When the extra asterisk is added, the title might be a in a non-ascii character set, such as UTF-8.

Similar to HTML, the link header can also convey multiple relations in the same header:

Link: <http://example.org/>; rel="start http://example.net/relation/other"

Atom

The Atom Syndication Format, defined by RFC4287 is well known as the successor of RSS. It’s also a great hypermedia data format, and used for example throughout the Google Data Protocol.

Even more famous, this blog also sports an atom feed, which you should totally subscribe to.

Atom also has its own interpretation of a link. The <link> element appears in the http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom xml namespace.

The atom link element may have the following attributes:

href

rel

type

hreflang

title

length

Unlike HTML, in Atom there is always a relationship type ( rel ). If rel is omitted, it defaults to alternate .

Another big difference is that the Atom rel always refers to a URI, unlike HTML or the HTTP variant.

If the value of rel= is a simple keyword, such as self , alternate or enclosure , an implementor should automatically append that value to the string http://www.iana.org/assignments/relation/ .

So this implies that the following are equivalent:

<link href= "http://evertpot.com/" /> <link href= "http://evertpot.com/" rel= "alternate" /> <link href= "http://evertpot.com/" rel= "http://www.iana/assignments/relation/" />

Atom also introduces a length attribute, which allows someone who produces a feed to give an agent a hint about how large the target URI will be, in bytes.

XRD/JRD

The “Extensible Resource Descriptor” is another XML-based hypermedia format.

A simple XRD file might look a little bit like this:

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <XRD xmlns= 'http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/xri/xrd-1.0' > <Subject> http://evertpot.com/ </Subject> <Property type= 'http://evertpot.com/props/authorname' > Evert Pot </Property> <Link rel= 'stylesheet' href= 'http://evertpot.com/css/stylesheet.css' type= "text/css" /> </XRD>

And it’s little brother, JRD:

{ "subject" : "http://evertpot.com/" , "properties" : { "http://evertpot.com/props/authorname" : "Evert Pot" }, "links" : [ { "rel" : "stylesheet" , "href" : "http://evertpot.com/css/stylesheet.css" , "type" : "text/css" } ] }

XRD largely refers to the “Web Linking” document to describe its links, and therefore they follow the same rules for rel and how to extend it. JRD is used as the base format for the WebFinger protocol.

One small difference however is that it’s not allowed to specify multiple relationship types in the rel attribute or JSON key.

Another difference between XRD and all the previous documents, is that XRD is a “description of a resource”. An XRD document is used used to describe a different resource, specifically the resource specified in the <Subject> element.

So for all the previous documents we’ve discussed, the links always establishes a link between the current resource and some other resource, XRD establishes a link between the resource identified by <Subject> and some other resource.

XRD also includes a secondary way to use the <Link> element, by providing a template="" attribute instead of a href="" attribute.

While template is not specifically defined, it can effectively be used by a format to automatically replace a ‘variables’ in a URI by new values.

Example

<Link rel="author" template="http://example.org/authors/{lastname}/{firstname}/" />

Lastly, XRD allows an implementor to specify 0 or more additional namespaced properties to links, effectively allowing implementors to add an infinite amount of meta-data.

HAL

Hypertext Application Language or “HAL” is a popular new media type for creating hypermedia applications in a friendly JSON format. HAL appears to borrow several ideas from XRD/JRD.

Dispite HAL still being a work in progress, it’s already in use in various places.

{ "_links" : { "self" : { "href" : "/orders/523" }, "warehouse" : { "href" : "/warehouse/56" }, "invoice" : { "href" : "/invoices/873" } }, "currency" : "USD" , "status" : "shipped" , "total" : 10.20 }

We only really care about the _links property. This property contains an object whose keys are relationship types (equivalent of rel ) and values information about a link.

HAL refers to the IANA registry for its relationship types.

If there are multiple links with the same relationship type (for example, two links with “stylesheet”), the link object can be replaced with an array:

{ "_links" : { "self" : { "href" : "http://evertpot.com/" }, "stylesheet" : [ { "href" : "/css/stylesheet.css" , "type" : "text/css" }, { "href" : "/css/desert.css" , "type" : "text/css" } ] } }

Links in HAL have a href , hreflang and title property, but there are also a few new ones:

HAL links may have a templated property, which may be true. This is very similar to how templates work in XRD . When a link is templated, it is no longer a URI, but it is a URI Template.

I think the naming convention is a bit poor, because the implication is that this entity is a ‘templated URI’ and not a ‘URI template’. Each of those have specific connotations, but the one chosen in HAL seems to imply that the contents of href is still a valid URI.

The XRD/JRD syntax is in my opinion better. It uses a separate template key, which really makes it stand out as a different thing.

HAL also has a deprecation property, which allows an author to indicate that a link may in the future get removed.

HAL has a name property, which works as a ‘secondary method’ to get the relationship type.

Lastly, HAL links may have a profile property, which is a a field that contains a URI. The profile property is an indicator that the target of the link may support certain conventions. It’s a hint about how the target resource may behave.

Collection+JSON

Collection+JSON is another JSON Hypermedia format. It is much more strict, but also has a lot more features.

In Collection+JSON links will appear either in the “links” property, which looks a bit like this:

"links" : [ { "rel" : "icon" , "href" : "/favicon.ico" } ]

Links in Collection+JSON may have the rel and href properties which are well known at this point. Collection+JSON adds prompt , render and name , each influencing how a client may display the link.

Collection+JSON refers to the microformats wiki as its source for rel .

SIREN

SIREN is another JSON-based format that solves similar problems.

A link in SIREN is pretty straightforward:

"links" : [ { "rel" : [ "self" ], "href" : "http://api.x.io/orders/1234" } ]

The rel property is specified as an array, for multiple relationship types. SIREN also mentions a type property.

SIREN refers to RFC5988 “Web Linking”, which would imply that it also follows the IANA registry for relationship types.

Conclusion

The question I hoped to answer today was: is there a common data-model behind the concept ‘link’.

So far I’ve learned the following:

A link always has a source URI. A link always has a destination URI. A link may have a “relationship type”.

Relationship type

Relationship types are indicated as a simple keyword or an absolute URI. If you invent new relationship types, you should just use a URI.

If you’re implementing a link in HTML or Collection+JSON, you can use the microformats.org wiki to find existing and claim new relationship types.

If you are implementing a HTTP Link header, Atom, XRD, JRD, HAL or SIREN, you should refer to the IANA registry for link relations.

The IANA registry is a subset of the microformats.org list, so if you use the former, you are always right.

Furthermore, if you are writing Atom, every relationship type is a URI, the short keywords simply get prefixed by http://www.iana.org/assignments/relation/ .

A relationship type is optional and can be empty. This indicates a relationship between two resources without a further context given.

Except in Atom, where the default relationship type is “alternate” and empty rel="" attributes are not allowed.

When specifying a link, you may include some information about the target of the link, such as a target content-type.

This information is considered ‘not normative’, which means that the information may be incorrect and you should really just fetch the resource to find out for sure.

These are the most common:

Format hreflang title type HTML5 Yes Yes Yes HTTP Link Yes Yes Yes Atom Yes Yes Yes XRD/JRD No No Yes HAL Yes Yes Yes Collection+JSON No No No Siren No No No

Are these actually part of the ‘link’ as an abstract data type? I’m not sure… They appear all over the place, but I think their primary intention is to simply reduce HTTP requests. If a consumer knows in advance they won’t be able to support the link by inspecting the type , they can ignore it and skip a network round-trip.

In addition to the previous attributes, there are also many others, most of which only appear in one specification. A non-exhaustive list:

media (HTML, HTTP)

(HTML, HTTP) target (HTML)

(HTML) download (HTML)

(HTML) sizes (HTML)

(HTML) length (Atom)

(Atom) depreciation (HAL)

(HAL) profile (HAL)

One common trend is that all of these are simple key-value structures.

URI templates

There’s a separate concept of URI templates. XRD separates them effectively, but HAL confuses them with links. I don’t think these should be considered part of the base Link model.

The PHP interface

Based on this research, I think this PHP interface will suffice to describe a hyperlink:

<?php interface Link { /** * Returns the target of the link. * * The target must be a URI or a Relative URI reference. * * @return string */ function getHref (); /** * Returns the relationship type(s) of the link. * * This method returns 0 or more relationship types for a link, expressed * as an array of strings. * * The returned values should be either a simple keyword or an absolute * URI. In case a simple keyword is used, it should match one from the * IANA registry at: * * http://www.iana.org/assignments/link-relations/link-relations.xhtml * * Optionally the microformats.org registry may be used, but this may not * be valid in every context: * * http://microformats.org/wiki/existing-rel-values * * Private relationship types should always be an absolute URI. * * @return string[] */ function getRel (); /** * Returns a list of attributes that describe the target URI. * * The list should be specified as a key-value list. * * There is no formal registry of the values that are allowed here, and * validity of values is depdendent on context. * * Common values are 'hreflang', 'title', and 'type'. Implementors * embedding a serialized version of a link are responsible for only * encoding the values they support. * * Any value that appears that is not valid in the context in which it is * used should be ignored. * * Some attributes, (commonly hreflang) may appear more than once in their * context. Attributes such as those may be specified as an array of * strings. * * @return array */ function getAttributes (); }

These 3 functions describe most links, but I’ve deliberately only included the link target, and not the link source.

With all link examples, the source of the link is never embedded directly, but always inferred from the context in which it appears.

A PHP link interface should therefore behave the same way.