PEP 421 -- Adding sys.implementation

PEP: 421 Title: Adding sys.implementation Author: Eric Snow <ericsnowcurrently at gmail.com> BDFL-Delegate: Barry Warsaw Status: Final Type: Standards Track Created: 26-April-2012 Post-History: 26-April-2012 Resolution: https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2012-May/119683.html

Abstract This PEP introduces a new attribute for the sys module: sys.implementation . The attribute holds consolidated information about the implementation of the running interpreter. Thus sys.implementation is the source to which the standard library may look for implementation-specific information. The proposal in this PEP is in line with a broader emphasis on making Python friendlier to alternate implementations. It describes the new variable and the constraints on what that variable contains. The PEP also explains some immediate use cases for sys.implementation .

Motivation For a number of years now, the distinction between Python-the-language and CPython (the reference implementation) has been growing. Most of this change is due to the emergence of Jython, IronPython, and PyPy as viable alternate implementations of Python. Consider, however, the nearly two decades of CPython-centric Python (i.e. most of its existence). That focus has understandably contributed to quite a few CPython-specific artifacts both in the standard library and exposed in the interpreter. Though the core developers have made an effort in recent years to address this, quite a few of the artifacts remain. Part of the solution is presented in this PEP: a single namespace in which to consolidate implementation specifics. This will help focus efforts to differentiate the implementation specifics from the language. Additionally, it will foster a multiple-implementation mindset.

Proposal We will add a new attribute to the sys module, called sys.implementation , as an object with attribute-access (as opposed to a mapping). It will contain implementation-specific information. The attributes of this object will remain fixed during interpreter execution and through the course of an implementation version. This ensures behaviors don't change between versions which depend on attributes of sys.implementation . The object has each of the attributes described in the Required Attributes section below. Those attribute names will never start with an underscore. The standard library and the language definition will rely only on those required attributes. This proposal takes a conservative approach in requiring only a small number of attributes. As more become appropriate, they may be added with discretion, as described in Adding New Required Attributes. While this PEP places no other constraints on sys.implementation , it also recommends that no one rely on capabilities outside those described here. The only exception to that recommendation is for attributes starting with an underscore. Implementers may use those as appropriate to store per-implementation data. Required Attributes These are attributes in sys.implementation on which the standard library and language definition will rely, meaning implementers must define them: name A lower-case identifier representing the implementation. Examples include 'pypy', 'jython', 'ironpython', and 'cpython'. version The version of the implementation, as opposed to the version of the language it implements. This value conforms to the format described in Version Format. hexversion The version of the implementation in the same hexadecimal format as sys.hexversion . cache_tag A string used for the PEP 3147 cache tag . It would normally be a composite of the name and version (e.g. 'cpython-33' for CPython 3.3). However, an implementation may explicitly use a different cache tag. If cache_tag is set to None, it indicates that module caching should be disabled. Adding New Required Attributes In time more required attributes will be added to sys.implementation . However, each must have a meaningful use case across all Python implementations in order to be considered. This is made most clear by a use case in the standard library or language specification. All proposals for new required attributes will go through the normal PEP process. Such a PEP need not be long, just long enough. It will need to sufficiently spell out the rationale for the new attribute, its use cases, and the impact it will have on the various Python implementations. Version Format A main point of sys.implementation is to contain information that will be used internally in the standard library. In order to facilitate the usefulness of the version attribute, its value should be in a consistent format across implementations. As such, the format of sys.implementation.version will follow that of sys.version_info , which is effectively a named tuple. It is a familiar format and generally consistent with normal version format conventions.

Rationale The status quo for implementation-specific information gives us that information in a more fragile, harder to maintain way. It is spread out over different modules or inferred from other information, as we see with platform.python_implementation(). This PEP is the main alternative to that approach. It consolidates the implementation-specific information into a single namespace and makes explicit that which was implicit. Type Considerations It's very easy to get bogged down in discussions about the type of sys.implementation . However, its purpose is to support the standard library and language definition. As such, there isn't much that really matters regarding its type, as opposed to a feature that would be more generally used. Thus characteristics like immutability and sequence-ness have been disregarded. The only real choice has been between an object with attribute access and a mapping with item access. This PEP espouses dotted access to reflect the relatively fixed nature of the namespace. Non-Required Attributes Earlier versions of this PEP included a required attribute called metadata that held any non-required, per-implementation data . However, this proved to be an unnecessary addition considering the purpose of sys.implementation . Ultimately, non-required attributes are virtually ignored in this PEP. They have no impact other than that careless use may collide with future required attributes. That, however, is but a marginal concern for sys.implementation . Why a Part of sys ? The sys module holds the new namespace because sys is the depot for interpreter-centric variables and functions. Many implementation-specific attributes are already found in sys . Why Strict Constraints on Any of the Values? As already noted in Version Format, values in sys.implementation are intended for use by the standard library. Constraining those values, essentially specifying an API for them, allows them to be used consistently, regardless of how they are otherwise implemented. However, care should be take to not over-specify the constraints.

Discussion The topic of sys.implementation came up on the python-ideas list in 2009, where the reception was broadly positive . I revived the discussion recently while working on a pure-python imp.get_tag() . Discussion has been ongoing . The messages in issue #14673 are also relevant. A good part of the recent discussion centered on the type to use for sys.implementation .

Use-cases platform.python_implementation() "explicit is better than implicit" The platform module determines the python implementation by looking for clues in a couple different sys variables . However, this approach is fragile, requiring changes to the standard library each time an implementation changes. Beyond that, support in platform is limited to those implementations that core developers have blessed by special-casing them in the platform module. With sys.implementation the various implementations would explicitly set the values in their own version of the sys module. Another concern is that the platform module is part of the stdlib, which ideally should minimize implementation details such as would be moved to sys.implementation . Any overlap between sys.implementation and the platform module would simply defer to sys.implementation (with the same interface in platform wrapping it). Cache Tag Generation in Frozen Importlib PEP 3147 defined the use of a module cache and cache tags for file names. The importlib bootstrap code, frozen into the Python binary as of 3.3, uses the cache tags during the import process. Part of the project to bootstrap importlib has been to clean code out of Python/import.c that did not need to be there any longer. The cache tag defined in Python/import.c was hard-coded to "cpython" MAJOR MINOR . For importlib the options are either hard-coding it in the same way, or guessing the implementation in the same way as does platform.python_implementation() . As long as the hard-coded tag is limited to CPython-specific code, it is livable. However, inasmuch as other Python implementations use the importlib code to work with the module cache, a hard-coded tag would become a problem. Directly using the platform module in this case is a non-starter. Any module used in the importlib bootstrap must be built-in or frozen, neither of which apply to the platform module. This is the point that led to the recent interest in sys.implementation . Regardless of the outcome for the implementation name used, another problem relates to the version used in the cache tag. That version is likely to be the implementation version rather than the language version. However, the implementation version is not readily identified anywhere in the standard library. Implementation-Specific Tests Currently there are a number of implementation-specific tests in the test suite under Lib/test . The test support module (Lib/test/support.py ) provides some functionality for dealing with these tests. However, like the platform module, test.support must do some guessing that sys.implementation would render unnecessary. Jython's os.name Hack In Jython, os.name is set to 'java' to accommodate special treatment of the java environment in the standard library . Unfortunately it masks the os name that would otherwise go there. sys.implementation would help obviate the need for this special case. Currently Jython sets os._name for the normal os.name value. The Problem With sys.(version|version_info|hexversion) Earlier versions of this PEP made the mistake of calling sys.version_info (and friends) the version of the Python language, in contrast to the implementation. However, this is not the case. Instead, it is the version of the CPython implementation. Incidentally, the first two components of sys.version_info (major and minor) also reflect the version of the language definition. As Barry Warsaw noted, the "semantics of sys.version_info have been sufficiently squishy in the past" . With sys.implementation we have the opportunity to improve this situation by first establishing an explicit location for the version of the implementation. This PEP makes no other effort to directly clarify the semantics of sys.version_info . Regardless, having an explicit version for the implementation will definitely help to clarify the distinction from the language version.

Feedback From Other Python Implementers IronPython Jeff Hardy responded to a request for feedback . He said, "I'll probably add it the day after it's approved" . He also gave useful feedback on both the type of sys.implementation and on the metadata attribute (which has since been removed from the PEP). Jython In 2009 Frank Wierzbicki said this (relative to Jython implementing the required attributes) : Speaking for Jython, so far it looks like something we would adopt soonish after it was accepted (it looks pretty useful to me). PyPy Some of the PyPy developers have responded to a request for feedback . Armin Rigo said the following : For myself, I can only say that it looks like a good idea, which we will happily adhere to when we migrate to Python 3.3. He also expressed support for keeping the required list small. Both Armin and Laura Creighton indicated that an effort to better catalog Python's implementation would be welcome. Such an effort, for which this PEP is a small start, will be considered separately.

The Bigger Picture It's worth noting again that this PEP is a small part of a larger on-going effort to identify the implementation-specific parts of Python and mitigate their impact on alternate implementations. sys.implementation is a focal point for implementation-specific data, acting as a nexus for cooperation between the language, the standard library, and the different implementations. As time goes by it is feasible that sys.implementation will assume current attributes of sys and other builtin/stdlib modules, where appropriate. In this way, it is a PEP 3137-lite, but starting as small as possible. However, as already noted, many other efforts predate sys.implementation . Neither is it necessarily a major part of the effort. Rather, consider it as part of the infrastructure of the effort to make Python friendlier to alternate implementations.

Alternatives Since the single-namespace-under-sys approach is relatively straightforward, no alternatives have been considered for this PEP.

Examples of Other Attributes These are examples only and not part of the proposal. Most of them were suggested during previous discussions, but did not fit into the goals of this PEP. (See Adding New Required Attributes if they get you excited.) common_name The case-sensitive name by which the implementation is known. vcs_url A URL for the main VCS repository for the implementation project. vcs_revision_id A value that identifies the VCS revision of the implementation. build_toolchain The tools used to build the interpreter. build_date The timestamp of when the interpreter was built. homepage The URL of the implementation's website. site_prefix The preferred site prefix for the implementation. runtime The run-time environment in which the interpreter is running, as in "Common Language Runtime" (.NET CLR) or "Java Runtime Executable". gc_type The type of garbage collection used, like "reference counting" or "mark and sweep".

Open Issues Currently none.

Implementation The implementation of this PEP is covered in issue #14673 .