* Corresponding authors

a Electrical Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA

b Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and The Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA

c Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA

d City University of New York Energy Institute, New York, New York 10031, USA

e Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA

f Sustainable Technologies Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

g National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

h Voltaiq, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA