We have talked about the val­ue of med­i­ta­tion before (see Mind­ful­ness and Med­i­ta­tion in Schools), as a form of well-direct­ed men­tal exer­cise than can help train atten­tion and emo­tion­al self-reg­u­la­tion. Which oth­er stud­ies have shown how it strength­ens spe­cif­ic parts of the brain, main­ly in the frontal lobe.

Dr. Rabin­er shares with us, below, an excel­lent review of a new study that ana­lyzes the ben­e­fits of mind­ful­ness for ado­les­cents and adults with atten­tion deficits. He writes that “although this is clear­ly a pre­lim­i­nary study, the results are both inter­est­ing and encour­ag­ing.”

- Alvaro

Does Mind­ful­ness Med­i­ta­tion Help Adults & Teens with ADHD

– By Dr. David Rabin­er

Although med­ica­tion treat­ment is effec­tive for many indi­vid­u­als with ADHD, includ­ing ado­les­cents adults, there remains an under­stand­able need to explore and devel­op inter­ven­tions that can com­ple­ment or even sub­sti­tute for med­ica­tion. This is true for a vari­ety of rea­sons includ­ing:

1) Not all adults with ADHD ben­e­fit from med­ica­tion.

2) Among those who ben­e­fit, many have resid­ual dif­fi­cul­ties that need to be addressed via oth­er means.

3) Some adults with ADHD expe­ri­ence adverse effects that pre­vent them from remain­ing on med­ica­tion.

Because of the wide­spread inter­est in new ADHD inter­ven­tions — par­tic­u­lar­ly non-phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal approach­es — I try to cov­er cred­i­ble research in this area when­ev­er I come across it. I was thus pleased to learn about a very inter­est­ing study of mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion as a treat­ment for adults and ado­les­cents with ADHD that was pub­lished in the Jour­nal of Atten­tion Dis­or­ders [Zylowka, et al. (2008). Mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion train­ing in adults and ado­les­cents with ADHD. Jour­nal of Atten­tion Dis­or­ders, 11, 737–746.]

Accord­ing to the authors, “…mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion involves expe­ri­en­tial learn­ing via silent peri­ods of sit­ting med­i­ta­tion or slow walk­ing and pur­pose­ful atten­tion to dai­ly activ­i­ties. Relax­ation, although often induced dur­ing the train­ing, is not the sole goal of the activ­i­ty; rather, the main activ­i­ty is a cog­ni­tive and inten­tion-based process char­ac­ter­ized by self-reg­u­la­tion and atten­tion to the present moment with an open and accept­ing ori­en­ta­tion towards one’s expe­ri­ences.”

In recent years, mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion has a new approach for stress reduc­tion and has been incor­po­rat­ed into the treat­ment for a vari­ety of psy­chi­atric dis­or­ders, includ­ing depres­sion, anx­i­ety, and sub­stance abuse. Of spe­cial rel­e­vance to the treat­ment of ADHD are find­ings that med­i­ta­tion has the poten­tial to reg­u­late brain func­tion­ing and atten­tion. For exam­ple, research has demon­strat­ed that mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion can mod­i­fy atten­tion­al net­works, mod­u­late EEG pat­terns, alter dopamine lev­els, and change neur­al activ­i­ty.

As con­cep­tu­al­iza­tions of ADHD now increas­ing­ly rec­og­nize the impor­tance of exec­u­tive func­tion­ing and self-reg­u­la­tion in the dis­or­der, mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion — which can be thought of as a type of attention/cognitive exer­cise pro­gram that is focused in improv­ing self-reg­u­la­tion — is a com­ple­men­tary treat­ment that is well worth inves­ti­gat­ing. How­ev­er, although a few small stud­ies of med­i­ta­tion train­ing in chil­dren with ADHD have yield­ed promis­ing results, no research on the use of mind­ful­ness train­ing in ado­les­cents and adults with ADHD has been pub­lished.

- Par­tic­i­pants —

Par­tic­i­pants were 24 adults and 8 ado­les­cents (62% female) diag­nosed with ADHD fol­low­ing a com­pre­hen­sive eval­u­a­tion. Eight par­tic­i­pants fell 1 symp­tom short of meet­ing full diag­nos­tic cri­te­ria and were con­sid­ered to have “prob­a­ble ADHD.” The aver­age age was 48.5 for adults and 15.6 for ado­les­cents. About two-thirds were being treat­ed with stim­u­lant med­ica­tion and con­tin­ued on med­ica­tion dur­ing the study. As with many adults and ado­les­cents diag­nosed with ADHD, the major­i­ty had strug­gled with oth­er psy­chi­atric dis­or­ders in their life­time, with mood dis­or­ders being par­tic­u­lar­ly com­mon.

- Mind­ful­ness Train­ing -

Mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion is described as involv­ing 3 basic steps: 1) bring­ing atten­tion to an “atten­tion­al anchor” such as breath­ing; 2) not­ing that dis­trac­tion occurs and let­ting go of the dis­trac­tion; and, 3) refo­cus­ing back to the “atten­tion­al anchor”.

This sequence is repeat­ed many times dur­ing the course of each med­i­ta­tive ses­sion. As the indi­vid­ual becomes bet­ter able to main­tain focus on the atten­tion­al anchor, the notion of “pay­ing atten­tion to atten­tion” is intro­duced and indi­vid­u­als are encour­aged to bring their atten­tion to the present moment fre­quent­ly dur­ing the course of the day.

By direct­ing one’s atten­tion to the process of pay­ing atten­tion, to notic­ing notice when one becomes dis­tract­ed, and to refo­cus­ing atten­tion when dis­trac­tion occurs, mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion train­ing can be thought of as an “atten­tion train­ing” pro­gram. As such, exam­in­ing the impact of such train­ing on indi­vid­u­als with ADHD becomes a very inter­est­ing ques­tion to pur­sue.

- Mind­ful­ness Train­ing Pro­gram —

The mind­ful­ness train­ing pro­gram last­ed for 8 weeks; each week includ­ed one 2.5 hour train­ing ses­sion and dai­ly at-home prac­tice ses­sions.

Week­ly train­ing ses­sions fol­lowed a con­sis­tent for­mat. The ses­sions began with a short med­i­ta­tion, fol­lowed by a dis­cus­sion of at-home prac­tice, the intro­duc­tion and prac­tic­ing of new exer­cis­es, plan­ning for at-home prac­tice ses­sions for the fol­low­ing week, and a clos­ing sit­ting med­i­ta­tion. The at-home prac­tice ses­sions con­sist­ed of “…grad­u­al­ly increas­ing for­mal med­i­ta­tion and var­i­ous mind­ful aware­ness in dai­ly liv­ing exer­cis­es.” For the at-home prac­tice ses­sions, par­tic­i­pants received 3 CDs con­tain­ing guid­ed sit­ting med­i­ta­tions that began at 5 min­utes and increased to 15 min­utes.

To adapt tra­di­tion­al mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion prac­tice to the unique needs of ado­les­cents and adults with ADHD, sev­er­al mod­i­fi­ca­tions to tra­di­tion­al prac­tice were made. First, the 8‑week pro­gram includ­ed edu­ca­tion­al infor­ma­tion on the symp­toms, eti­ol­o­gy, and biol­o­gy of ADHD. Sec­ond, sit­ting med­i­ta­tions were short­er than required in sim­i­lar pro­grams (45 min­utes of at-home prac­tice is typ­i­cal­ly rec­om­mend­ed) and walk­ing med­i­ta­tion could be sub­sti­tut­ed for sit­ting med­i­ta­tion. Third, visu­al aids were incor­po­rat­ed to help explain mind­ful aware­ness con­cepts. And, fourth, a lov­ing-kind­ness medi­a­tion, i.e., an exer­cise of wish­ing well to self and oth­ers) was incor­po­rat­ed at the end of each ses­sion to address the low self-esteem often asso­ci­at­ed with ADHD.

- Mea­sures -

Pre- and posttest assess­ments includ­ed indi­vid­ual self-report scales of ADHD, depres­sion, and anx­i­ety as well as sev­er­al cog­ni­tive tests that were admin­is­tered when par­tic­i­pants were off med­ica­tion. Atten­tion was assessed using a com­put­er­ized assess­ment called the Atten­tion Net­work Test that mea­sures 3 aspects of atten­tion: alert­ing (main­tain­ing a vig­i­lant state of pre­pared­ness), ori­ent­ing (select­ing a stim­u­lus among mul­ti­ple inputs), and con­flict (pri­or­i­tiz­ing among com­pet­ing tasks). Neu­ropsy­cho­log­i­cal tests that assessed work­ing mem­o­ry and the abil­i­ty to shift atten­tion sets (Trails A and B) were also includ­ed. At the end of the train­ing, par­tic­i­pants were also asked to rate their over­all sat­is­fac­tion with the train­ing.

- Results -

Sev­en­ty-eight per­cent of par­tic­i­pants (25 of 33) com­plet­ed the study. On aver­age, par­tic­i­pants attend­ed 7 of the 8 week­ly train­ing ses­sions. Adults report­ed an aver­age of 90 min­utes and 4.6 ses­sions per week of at-home med­i­ta­tion prac­tice; ado­les­cents aver­aged 43 min­utes and 4 ses­sions of week­ly at-home prac­tice. Both ado­les­cents and adults who com­plet­ed the pro­gram report­ed high lev­els of sat­is­fac­tion with it — aver­age scores above 9 on a 1 to 10 sat­is­fac­tion scale.

Sev­en­ty-eight per­cent of par­tic­i­pants report­ed a reduc­tion in total ADHD symp­toms, with 30% report­ing at least a 30% symp­tom reduc­tion (a 30% reduc­tion in symp­toms is often used to iden­ti­fy clin­i­cal­ly sig­nif­i­cant improve­ment in ADHD med­ica­tion tri­als). Because the major­i­ty of par­tic­i­pants were receiv­ing med­ica­tion treat­ment, for many these declines rep­re­sent improve­ment above and beyond what ben­e­fits were already being pro­vid­ed by med­ica­tion.

On neu­rocog­ni­tive test per­for­mance, sig­nif­i­cant improve­ments were found on the mea­sure of atten­tion­al con­flict and on sev­er­al oth­er neu­ropsy­cho­log­i­cal tests (i.e., Stroop col­or-word test and Trails A and B) but not for mea­sures of work­ing mem­o­ry.

For adults, sig­nif­i­cant reduc­tions in depres­sive and anx­i­ety symp­toms were report­ed. Com­pa­ra­ble reduc­tions in these symp­toms were not evi­dent in ado­les­cents.

- Sum­ma­ry and Impli­ca­tions -

Results from this study indi­cate that mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion train­ing may be a ben­e­fi­cial com­ple­men­tary treat­ment approach for ado­les­cents and adults with ADHD. Pos­i­tive find­ings include: 1) the absence of any report­ed adverse events; 2) high­ly favor­able rat­ings of the treat­ment by par­tic­i­pants; 3) reduc­tions in self-report­ed ADHD symp­toms report­ed by over three quar­ters of par­tic­i­pants, even though the major­i­ty were already being treat­ed with med­ica­tion; 4) sig­nif­i­cant improve­ment on sev­er­al of the neu­ropsy­cho­log­i­cal mea­sures; and, 5) reduc­tions in depres­sive and anx­i­ety symp­toms for the adults.

The authors are appro­pri­ate­ly cau­tious in dis­cussing their find­ings and sug­gest that the study sup­ports the “…fea­si­bil­i­ty and poten­tial util­i­ty of mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion in at least a sub­set of adults and ado­les­cents with ADHD.” They are care­ful to note, how­ev­er, that this was a pilot study with a small sam­ple, and that the report­ed pre-post changes in behav­ioral and neu­rocog­ni­tive mea­sures should be “…con­sid­ered explorato­ry giv­en the absence of a con­trol group and reliance on self-report mea­sures of psy­chi­atric symp­toms.”

Giv­en the promis­ing results obtained in this pilot study, there is a clear need for a more exten­sive research on mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion train­ing as an inter­ven­tion for ADHD. In the mean­time, although mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion could not be con­sid­ered a sci­en­tif­i­cal­ly sup­port­ed treat­ment for ADHD, it may have ben­e­fits as a com­ple­men­tary treat­ment and is high­ly unlike­ly to have any adverse effects.

I find it both encour­ag­ing and excit­ing that there seems to be grow­ing inter­est among ADHD researchers to explore the sci­en­tif­ic sup­port for com­ple­men­tary approach­es such as mind­ful­ness med­i­ta­tion train­ing and to sub­ject a wider range of treat­ments sub­ject­ed to rig­or­ous sci­en­tif­ic research. This has not always been the case and it would be won­der­ful if this trend were to con­tin­ue. I hope that the authors of this study are already in the midst of the con­trolled tri­al that they call for and will cer­tain­ly con­tin­ue to cov­er these kinds of inter­est­ing inves­ti­ga­tions in Atten­tion Research Update as they appear in the lit­er­a­ture.

– Dr. David Rabin­er is a child clin­i­cal psy­chol­o­gist and Direc­tor of Under­grad­u­ate Stud­ies in the Depart­ment of Psy­chol­ogy and Neu­ro­science at Duke Uni­ver­sity. He pub­lishes Atten­tion Research Update, an online newslet­ter that helps par­ents, pro­fes­sion­als, and edu­ca­tors keep up with the lat­est research on ADHD, and teach­es the online course How to Nav­i­gate Con­ven­tion­al and Com­ple­men­tary ADHD Treat­ments for Healthy Brain Devel­op­ment.

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