The president said the current rates on businesses were the highest in the developed world and were putting American companies at a significant disadvantage as they tried to compete with businesses in other countries.

“We want our companies to hire and grow in America,” Mr. Trump said. “That is how we will all succeed and grow together.”

Pitching his plan as something that should have bipartisan appeal, Mr. Trump noted that President Ronald Reagan won passage of a major tax plan with a Congress led by Democrats.

“Are you listening, Heidi?” Mr. Trump joked, motioning toward Senator Heidi Heitkamp, the state’s Democratic senator, who joined the president on Air Force One for the flight to her state. “Yes, Heidi is listening.”

“Thank you, Heidi,” he added. “We’re not going to put her on the spot.”

Ms. Heitkamp, who faces a difficult re-election campaign next year in the heavily Republican state, has been coy about whether she will support Mr. Trump’s tax plan. But the president made clear on Wednesday that he wants to persuade her.