Public schools in Estonia will soon have a curriculum for teaching web and mobile application development to students as early as first grade.

According to an article published by UbuntuLife, the program begins this month with training for primary-school teachers. This will be followed by pilot programs. Eventually, the curriculum will be available to all public schools, with educational materials for all levels from grades 1 through 12.

Although nationwide standards for teaching programming in elementary schools is ambitious, there's no indication that the courses will be mandatory.

According to UbuntuLife, the program was created because of the difficulty Estonian companies face in hiring programmers. Estonia has a burgeoning tech industry thanks in part to the success of Skype, which was developed in Estonia in 2003. Other Estonian tech companies include Erply and Fortumo.

This Estonian program isn't the only one trying to reach kids with programming at a younger age. Educators have long sought to teach younger kids to program using tools like Scratch, but the code-literacy movement has been picking up steam in the past year. For example, the Mozilla Foundation has been sponsoring events dedicated to teaching web development to youth called Summer Code Party, as well as "Hack Jams" organized by youth.

Back in May, Mozilla executive director Mark Surman told Wired that kids start deciding whether to be content makers or mere consumers sometime around the age of 8 to 10 years old. "If we want kids to be makers rather than consumers (our goal), this is a critical age," he said.

To this end, Mozilla has developed Hackasaurus, a collection of tools that help kids learn how websites are composed and designed by letting them "remix" elements of any site.

And of course there's Lauren Ipsum, a children's book that introduces programming concepts through stories rather than code. The book is intended for kids who are old enough to read, but the stories can be understood by children as young as five.

This is all part of a larger code-literacy movement, which seeks to teach everyone, not just school kids, to code. It's a controversial idea. For example, StackOverflow co-founder Jeff Atwood (see our profile) has been outspoken in his opposition to universal teaching of programming. "Look, I love programming. I also believe programming is important ... in the right context, for some people. But so are a lot of skills," he wrote on his blog in May. "I would no more urge everyone to learn programming than I would urge everyone to learn plumbing."

But the movement is already starting to find some success and shows no signs of slowing down.