China is finally making progress in curing its coal addiction, but the withdrawal symptoms are starting to hit some of its most vulnerable citizens. The government said on Monday that 1.8 million workers in the coal and steel industries will be laid off this year, representing more than 10 percent of the total steel workforce and fully one-fifth of the workers in the coal industry, according to economic research firm IHS Insights. The central government says it will invest more than $15 billion in retraining and job placement for laid-off workers.

The damage will be most keenly felt in places like Shanxi Province, where I traveled extensively for my book Coal Wars. Many sizable cities there are totally dependent on the coal economy, and the job losses will have ripple effects that could cause massive social unrest. Already coal miners in Anyuan, the scene of the Great Strike of 1922 that helped launch Mao and the Communist Party on the road to power, are turning out by the hundreds to protest layoffs and pay cuts, the Washington Post reported.

Coal use was down nearly 4 percent in 2015 from the year before, a slowdown being driven both by market forces and by Beijing’s determination to curb toxic air pollution and shift to cleaner sources of power. Already, China is the world’s largest producer of wind power, and a massive push in wind, solar, and nuclear power is planned for the next 10 years.

Workers load coal onto railcars in Jiujiang, China.

(Read more: Reuters, Washington Post, “Witnessing Climate Change Everywhere”)