NOTE: Last year, I posted three new GotWs numbered #103-105. I decided leaving a gap in the numbers wasn’t best after all, so I am renumbering them to #89-91 to continue the sequence. Here is the updated version of what was GotW #103.

There’s a lot to love about standard smart pointers in general, and unique_ptr in particular.



Problem



JG Question



1. When should you use shared_ptr vs. unique_ptr? List as many considerations as you can.

Guru Question



2. Why should you almost always use make_shared to create an object to be owned by shared_ptrs? Explain.

3. Why should you almost always use make_unique to create an object to be initially owned by a unique_ptr? Explain.

4. What’s the deal with auto_ptr?

Solution



1. When should you use shared_ptr vs. unique_ptr?



When in doubt, prefer unique_ptr by default, and you can always later move-convert to shared_ptr if you need it. If you do know from the start you need shared ownership, however, go directly to shared_ptr via make_shared (see #2 below).

There are three major reasons to say “when in doubt, prefer unique_ptr.”

First, use the simplest semantics that are sufficient: Choose the right smart pointer to most directly express your intent, and what you need (now). If you are creating a new object and don’t know that you’ll eventually need shared ownership, use unique_ptr which expresses unique ownership. You can still put it in a container (e.g., vector<unique_ptr<widget>>) and do most other things you want to do with a raw pointer, only safely. If you later need shared ownership, you can always move-convert the unique_ptr to a shared_ptr.

Second, a unique_ptr is more efficient than a shared_ptr. A unique_ptr doesn’t need to maintain reference count information and a control block under the covers, and is designed to be just about as cheap to move and use as a raw pointer. When you don’t ask for more than you need, you don’t incur overheads you won’t use.

Third, starting with unique_ptr is more flexible and keeps your options open. If you start with a unique_ptr, you can always later convert to a shared_ptr via move, or to another custom smart pointer (or even to a raw pointer) via .get() or .release().

Guideline: Prefer to use the standard smart pointers, unique_ptr by default and shared_ptr if sharing is needed. They are the common types that all C++ libraries can understand. Use other smart pointer types only if necessary for interoperability with other libraries, or when necessary for custom behavior you can’t achieve with deleters and allocators on the standard pointers.

2. Why should you almost always use make_shared to create an object to be owned by shared_ptrs? Explain.



Note: If you need to create an object using a custom allocator, which is rare, you can use allocate_shared. Note that even though its name is slightly different, allocate_shared should be viewed as “just the flavor of make_shared that lets you specify an allocator,” so I’m mainly going to talk about them both as make_shared here and not distinguish much between them.

There are two main cases where you can’t use make_shared (or allocate_shared) to create an object that you know will be owned by shared_ptrs: (a) if you need a custom deleter, such as because of using shared_ptrs to manage a non-memory resource or an object allocated in a nonstandard memory area, you can’t use make_shared because it doesn’t support specifying a deleter; and (b) if you are adopting a raw pointer to an object being handed to you from other (usually legacy) code, you would construct a shared_ptr from that raw pointer directly.

Guideline: Use make_shared (or, if you need a custom allocator, allocate_shared) to create an object you know will be owned by shared_ptrs, unless you need a custom deleter or are adopting a raw pointer from elsewhere.

So, why use make_shared (or, if you need a custom allocator, allocate_shared) whenever you can, which is nearly always? There are two main reasons: simplicity, and efficiency.

First, with make_shared the code is simpler. Write for clarity and correctness first.

Second, using make_shared is more efficient. The shared_ptr implementation has to maintain housekeeping information in a control block shared by all shared_ptrs and weak_ptrs referring to a given object. In particular, that housekeeping information has to include not just one but two reference counts:

A “strong reference” count to track the number of shared_ptr s currently keeping the object alive. The shared object is destroyed (and possibly deallocated) when the last strong reference goes away.

s currently keeping the object alive. The shared object is destroyed (and possibly deallocated) when the last strong reference goes away. A “weak reference” count to track the number of weak_ptr s currently observing the object. The shared housekeeping control block is destroyed and deallocated (and the shared object is deallocated if it was not already) when the last weak reference goes away.

If you allocate the object separately via a raw new expression, then pass it to a shared_ptr, the shared_ptr implementation has no alternative but to allocate the control block separately, as shown in Example 2(a) and Figure 2(a).

// Example 2(a): Separate allocation

auto sp1 = shared_ptr<widget>{ new widget{} };

auto sp2 = sp1;

Figure 2(a): Approximate memory layout for Example 2(a).

We’d like to avoid doing two separate allocations here. If you use make_shared to allocate the object and the shared_ptr all in one go, then the implementation can fold them together in a single allocation, as shown in Example 2(b) and Figure 2(b).

// Example 2(b): Single allocation

auto sp1 = make_shared<widget>();

auto sp2 = sp1;

Figure 2(b): Approximate memory layout for Example 2(b).

Note that combining the allocations has two major advantages:

It reduces allocation overhead, including memory fragmentation. First, the most obvious way it does this is by reducing the number of allocation requests, which are typically more expensive operations. This also helps reduce contention on allocators (some allocators don’t scale well). Second, using only one chunk of memory instead of two reduces the per-allocation overhead. Whenever you ask for a chunk of memory, the system must give you at least that many bytes, and often gives you a few more because of using fixed-size pools or tacking on housekeeping information per allocation. So by using a single chunk of memory, we tend to reduce the total extra overhead. Finally, we also naturally reduce the number of “dead” extra in-between gaps that cause fragmentation.

It improves locality. The reference counts are frequently used with the object, and for small objects are likely to be on the same cache line, which improves cache performance (as long as there isn’t some thread copying the smart pointer in a tight loop; don’t do that).

As always, when you can express more of what you’re trying to achieve as a single function call, you’re giving the system a better chance to figure out a way to do the job more efficiently. This is just as true when inserting 100 elements into a vector using a single range-insert call to v.insert( first, last ) instead of 100 calls to v.insert( value ) as it is when using a single call to make_shared instead of separate calls to new widget() and shared_ptr( widget* ).

There are two more advantages: Using make_shared avoids explicit new and avoids an exception safety issue. Both of these also apply to make_unique, so we’ll cover them under #3.

3. Why should you almost always use make_unique to create an object to be initially owned by a unique_ptr? Explain.



As with make_shared, there are two main cases where you can’t use make_unique to create an object that you know will be owned (at least initially) by a unique_ptr: if you need a custom deleter, or if you are adopting a raw pointer.

Otherwise, which is nearly always, prefer make_unique.

Guideline: Use make_unique to create an object that isn’t shared (at least not yet), unless you need a custom deleter or are adopting a raw pointer from elsewhere.

Besides symmetry with make_shared, make_unique offers at least two other advantages. First, you should prefer use make_unique<T>() instead of the more-verbose unique_ptr<T>{ new T{} } because you should avoid explicit new in general:

Guideline: Don’t use explicit new, delete, and owning * pointers, except in rare cases encapsulated inside the implementation of a low-level data structure.

Second, it avoids some known exception safety issues with naked new. Here’s an example:

void sink( unique_ptr<widget>, unique_ptr<gadget> );



sink( unique_ptr<widget>{new widget{}},

unique_ptr<gadget>{new gadget{}} ); // Q1: do you see the problem?

Briefly, if you allocate and construct the new widget first, then get an exception while allocating or constructing the new gadget, the widget is leaked. You might think: “Well, I could just change new widget{} to make_unique<widget>() and this problem would go away, right?” To wit:

sink( make_unique<widget>(),

unique_ptr<gadget>{new gadget{}} ); // Q2: is this better?

The answer is no, because C++ leaves the order of evaluation of function arguments unspecified and so either the new widget or the new gadget could be performed first. If the new gadget is allocated and constructed first, then the make_unique<widget> throws, we have the same problem.

But while just changing one of the arguments to use make_unique doesn’t close the hole, changing them both to make_unique really does completely eliminate the problem:

sink( make_unique<widget>(), make_unique<gadget>() ); // exception-safe

This exception safety issue is covered in more detail in GotW #56.

Guideline: To allocate an object, prefer to write make_unique by default, and write make_shared when you know the object’s lifetime is going to be managed by using shared_ptrs.

4. What’s the deal with auto_ptr?



auto_ptr is most charitably characterized as a valiant attempt to create a unique_ptr before C++ had move semantics. auto_ptr is now deprecated, and should not be used in new code.

If you have auto_ptr in an existing code base, when you get a chance try doing a global search-and-replace of auto_ptr to unique_ptr; the vast majority of uses will work the same, and it might expose (as a compile-time error) or fix (silently) a bug or two you didn’t know you had.

Acknowledgments



Thanks in particular to the following for their feedback to improve this article: celeborn2bealive, Andy Prowl, Chris Vine, Marek.