research associate, Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California

Henry J. Kaiser Professor of Health Policy and Management, emeritus, and codirector, Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, Berkeley, California

Blue Cross of California Distinguished Professor of Health Policy and Management, emeritus, and codirector, Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, Berkeley, California

senior data analyst and project director, Center for Lean Engagement and Research in Healthcare, Berkeley, California

For more information regarding the concepts in this article, contact Dr. Rundall at trundall@berkeley.edu.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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