Hillary Clinton will officially become the Democratic nominee for president this week, at which point we’ll finally close the chapter on the 2016 primaries. But when we look back on the 2016 race, how should we think of it, as a close call or as a blowout? Could a few small changes have made Sanders the nominee — and could a higher-profile candidate such as Elizabeth Warren have beaten Clinton, when Sanders didn’t?

My view is that the race wasn’t really all that close and that Sanders never really had that much of a chance at winning. From a purely horse-race standpoint, in fact, the media probably exaggerated the competitiveness of the race. But that’s not to diminish Sanders’s accomplishments in terms of what they mean for the Democratic Party after 2016. It’s significant that Sanders in particular — and not Warren or Joe Biden or Martin O’Malley — finished in second place.

There’s no agreed-upon standard for determining whether a nomination campaign was close or lopsided. Delegates might seem like the logical starting point; Clinton beat Sanders by 359 pledged delegates, and 884 delegates overall (counting superdelegates). But delegates don’t make for easy historical comparisons because the rules for delegate allocation change from party to party and election to election. As FiveThirtyEight contributor Daniel Nichanian pointed out, Clinton would have had a gargantuan win in pledged delegates — perhaps in excess of 1,000 delegates more than Sanders — if the Democratic nomination had been contested under Republican primary rules, which are winner take all or winner take most in many states. There’s also that sticky question of how to count superdelegates.

An alternative is to look at the aggregate popular vote, which makes for easier comparisons to past elections. According to The Green Papers, Clinton won 16.8 million votes to 13.2 million for Sanders, or about 55 percent of the vote to his 43 percent, a 12 percentage point gap.

If Clinton had won by that sort of margin in a general election, we’d call it a landslide; her margin over Sanders was similar to Dwight D. Eisenhower’s over Adlai Stevenson in 1952, for example, when Eisenhower won the Electoral College 442-89. By the standard of a primary, however, Clinton’s performance was more pedestrian. The 55 percent of the popular vote she received is somewhat above average, in comparison to other open nomination races since 1972. Her 12-point margin of victory over her nearest opponent, Sanders, is below-average.

YEAR PARTY NOMINEE SHARE OF POPULAR VOTE POPULAR VOTE MARGIN OF VICTORY 2000 D Al Gore 75% +54 1988 R George H.W. Bush 68 +49 2000 R George W. Bush 62 +31 2004 D John Kerry 61 +42 1980 R Ronald Reagan 60 +24 1996 R Bob Dole 59 +38 2016 D Hillary Clinton 55 +12 1992 D Bill Clinton 52 +32 2012 R Mitt Romney 52 +32 2008 R John McCain 47 +25 2008 D Barack Obama 47 -1 2016 R Donald Trump 45 +20 1988 D Michael Dukakis 42 +13 1976 D Jimmy Carter 40 +26 1984 D Walter Mondale 38 +2 1972 D George McGovern 25 -1 Which candidates dominated their nomination races? Sources: The Green Papers, Rhodes Cook, US Election Atlas, Wikipedia

That potentially understates Clinton’s performance, however, because Sanders never dropped out when a lot of other candidates in his position did, allowing the eventual nominee to run up the score in uncontested races. For instance, if you look at George W. Bush’s performance in the 2000 primary, it at first appears utterly dominant: He won 62 percent of the popular vote and beat his nearest rival, John McCain, by 31 percentage points.

But McCain dropped out of the race relatively early, after losing seven of nine states on Super Tuesday. At the time McCain dropped out, Bush led the popular vote only 51-43, less than the margin by which Clinton beat Sanders. Because of Republicans’ winner-take-all rules, McCain didn’t stand much chance of a comeback. (Then again, as I’ll argue later, Sanders never had much of a chance, either, after Super Tuesday.)

So we can rerun the previous table, this time freezing the numbers if and when the second-place candidate dropped out after Super Tuesday. Paul Tsongas was second in the popular vote to Bill Clinton when Tsongas dropped out in mid-March 1992, for example, so we’ll consider the race to have ended there, even though Jerry Brown continued a quixotic bid against Clinton and eventually lapped Tsongas into second.

POPULAR VOTE YEAR PARTY NOMINEE SHARE MARGIN OF VICTORY TOTALS THROUGH 2000 D Al Gore 72% +46 Bradley dropping out 1996 R Bob Dole 59 +38 End of race 1988 R George Bush 55 +30 Dole dropping out 2016 D Hillary Clinton 55 +12 End of race 2004 D John Kerry 54 +29 Edwards dropping out 2000 R G.W. Bush 51 +8 McCain dropping out 1992 D Bill Clinton 50 +23 Tsongas dropping out 1980 R Ronald Reagan 50 +19 Bush dropping out 2008 D Barack Obama 47 -1 End of race 2012 R Mitt Romney 42 +15 Santorum dropping out 1988 D Michael Dukakis 42 +13 End of race 1976 D Jimmy Carter 40 +26 End of race 2016 R Donald Trump 40 +13 Cruz dropping out 2008 R John McCain 38 +6 Romney dropping out 1984 D Walter Mondale 38 +2 End of race 1972 D George McGovern 25 -1 End of race Which nominees were dominating when their top opponent quit? Sources: The Green Papers, Rhodes Cook, US Election Atlas, Wikipedia

Hillary Clinton’s performance is more impressive on this basis, given that Sanders contested the race to the end. Measured in this way, the 55 percent of the popular vote she received is tied for third-most out of 16 nominees, after Al Gore in 2000 and Bob Dole in 1996. And her 12-point margin over Sanders is roughly average, instead of below average.

But the calculation also potentially overstates the closeness of the Democratic race. College football stat geeks are fond of a concept called game control, which reflects how dominant the winning team was from start to finish. For instance, if Michigan State goes up two touchdowns early in a game against Ohio State, and Ohio State never makes it any closer than that, Michigan State will get a high game-control score even if they eventually win by “only” 17 points. By contrast, a team that trailed at halftime but eventually wins by 21 points after piling on in the fourth quarter won’t be considered all that dominant.

By this measure, Clinton was quite dominant. She trailed Sanders in pledged delegates only once, after Sanders won New Hampshire early on. But she regained the pledged delegate lead after Nevada and never looked back. After Super Tuesday on March 1, Clinton had a lead of 191 pledged delegates, and it never dropped below 187 pledged delegates the rest of the way:

Betting markets, although not a perfect measure, also remained extremely confident about Clinton’s chances from start to finish. According to Betfair, her probability of becoming the Democratic nominee shot up to 83 percent in October 2015 after Biden announced his intention not to run. From that point forward, her chances never dropped below 76 percent.

One reason for this confidence is that the Democratic race was quite predictable along demographic lines from start to finish. Polls and early results immediately made clear that Sanders would perform well in whiter states, while Clinton would perform well in states with substantial numbers of African-American and Hispanic voters. Before long, we also learned that Clinton tended to perform better in primaries — especially closed primaries — while Sanders did better in caucuses. Thus, once Clinton achieved victories in a series of diverse states in late February and early March — Nevada, South Carolina and the Super Tuesday states — it became fairly easy to extrapolate the rest of the race. Even states where the polls turned out to be wrong — underestimating Sanders in Michigan and Indiana or overestimating him in California, for example — weren’t that surprising on the basis of their demographics.

This game control concept matters because it allowed Clinton’s campaign to conserve resources, rather than running up the score against Sanders. As the primaries officially end this week, Clinton and her affiliated super PACs will begin the general election with a combined $84 million in cash on hand. She often spent less money than Sanders on advertising during the second half of the race, and she ran almost no negative ads against him at any point in the race. She also played prevent defense in other ways, such as by declining future debates even though she’s probably a better debater than Sanders is.

In other words, if Clinton’s goal had been to maximize her popular vote margin against Sanders, she probably could have widened it. But that wasn’t her objective. Instead, it was to win comfortably enough and to preserve resources for the general election. She accomplished both of those tasks with some ease.

And yet, the more we learn about Sanders voters, the more significant I think it is that Sanders, and not some other candidate, finished in a strong second place. In fact, although he was a ways behind Clinton, Sanders received the fifth-most votes of any candidate in a nomination race:

YEAR PARTY CANDIDATE VOTES 2008 D Hillary Clinton 17.9m 2008 D Barack Obama 17.6 2016 D Hillary Clinton 16.8 2016 R Donald Trump 14.0 2016 D Bernie Sanders 13.2 2000 R George W. Bush 12.1 2000 D Al Gore 10.6 1992 D Bill Clinton 10.5 2012 R Mitt Romney 10.0 1980 D Jimmy Carter 10.0 1980 D Michael Dukakis 10.0 2004 D John Kerry 10.0 Clinton, Sanders and Trump among top primary vote-getters Source: The Green Papers (2000-2016), Wikipedia (before 2000)

What’s interesting about those voters is that, as my colleague Harry Enten pointed out this week, they don’t fit the profile of typical Democratic primary and caucus voters. In particular, a lot of them don’t regularly turn out to vote, or they were young voters voting for the first time.

Furthermore, although Sanders voters are quite liberal, a lot of them aren’t Democrats, or at least don’t like to identify themselves as Democrats. Clinton crushed Sanders among self-identified Democrats, winning them by 27 percentage points, based on exit polls. But Sanders won independents who voted in the Democratic primary by 31 percentage points.

That’s why I’m skeptical that a liberal, capital “D” Democrat such as Warren, or Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown, would have done better than Sanders if they’d run against Clinton. Sanders’s disaffection from the Democratic Party, which he didn’t officially join until last year, may have been an asset to his voters. Sanders didn’t have to run as “an outsider”; he really is an outsider, someone who has been on the fringes of the two-party political system.

But it turned out that there were more than 13 million people who signed up for his “revolution.” A lot of those voters are young, furthermore, so their power may grow in the years ahead. That doesn’t mean the Democratic nomination was close this time around — it really wasn’t close at all. But Sanders accomplished something almost as important, unlocking a heretofore underappreciated political coalition that could determine a lot of future elections, possibly even including the general election this year.





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