Akerlof , George A. , and Shiller , Robert J. . 2009 . Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why it Matters for Global Capitalism . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .

Andeweg , Rudy B. , and Van Den Berg , Steef B. . 2003 . “ Linking Birth Order to Political Leadership: The Impact of Parents or Sibling Interaction? ” Political Psychology 24 ( 3 ): 605 –23.

Bernanke , Ben S. 2003 . “A Perspective on Inflation Targeting,” Remarks at the Annual Washington Policy Conference of the National Association of Business Economists, Washington, DC, March 25.

Boix , Carles . 2008 . “ Economic Roots of Civil Wars and Revolutions in the Contemporary World .” World Politics 60 ( 3 ): 390 – 437 .

Brands , H. W. 2008 . Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt . New York : Doubleday .

Brownlee , W. Elliot . 2004 . Federal Taxation in America: A Short History . New York : Cambridge University Press .

C-SPAN . 2009 . Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership. . Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership. http://legacy.cspan.org/PresidentialSurvey/Overall-Ranking.aspx

Denzin , Norman K. 1978 . The Research Act, 2d ed . New York : McGraw-Hill .

Dolan , Chris J. , Frendreis , John , and Tatalovich , Raymond . 2009 . “ A Presidential Economic Scorecard: Performance and Perception .” PS: Political Science and Politics 42 : 689 –94.

Eckes , Alfred E. Jr. 1995 . Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .

Economist . 2009 . “Deflation in America: The Greater of Two Evils.” May 7.

Eggertsson , Gauti B. 2008 . “ Great Expectations and the End of the Depression .” American Economic Review 98 ( 4 ): 1476 – 1516 .

Eland , Ivan . 2009 . Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty . Oakland, CA : Independent Institute .

Evans , Geoffrey , and Pickup , Mark . 2010 . “ Reversing the Causal Arrow: The Political Conditioning of Economic Perceptions in the 2000–2004 U.S. Presidential Election Cycle .” Journal of Politics 72 ( 4 ): 1236 –51.

Feinstein , Charles H. , and Thomas , Mark . 2002 . “ A Plea for Errors (Historical Data, Industrial Revolution) .” Historical Methods 35 ( 4 ): 155 –65.

Felzenberg , Alvin S. 2008 . The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game . New York : Basic Books .

Geys , Benny . 2006 . Explaining Voter Turnout: A Review of Aggregate-Level Research . Electoral Studies 25 ( 4 ): 637 –63.

Goff , Brian . 2010 . Do Differences in Presidential Economic Advisers Matter? Public Choice 142 : 279 –91.

Greenberg , David . 2006 . Calvin Coolidge . New York : Time Books .

Kaplan , G.A. , Pamuk , E. R. , Lynch , J. W. , et al. 1996 . “ Inequality in Income and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways .” British Medical Journal 312 ( 7037 ): 999 – 1003 .

Kelly , M. 2000 . “ Inequality and Crime .” Review of Economics and Statistics 82 ( 4 ): 530 –39.

Lewis-Beck , Michael S. , Nadeau , Richard , and Elias , Angelo . 2008 . “ Economics, Party, and the Vote: Causality Issues and Panel Data .” American Journal of Political Science 52 ( 1 ): 84 – 95 .

Lewis-Beck , Michael S. , and Stegmaier , M. . 2000 . “ Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes .” Annual Review of Political Science 3 : 183 – 219 .

Lovett , William A. , Eckes , Alfred E. Jr. , and Brinkman , Richard L. . 2004 . U.S. Trade Policy: History, Theory, and the WTO . Armonk, NY : M.E. Sharpe .

Lynch , G. Patrick . 2002 . “ US Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered .” Polity 25 ( 1 ): 29 – 50 .

Mankiw , N. Gregory . “ New Keynesian Economics .” In The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics , 2nd Edition . http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/NewKeynesianEconomics.html . “.” In

Mankiw , N. Gregory . 2011 . Principles of Macroeconomics 6th Edition . Stamford, CT : South-Western College Publishers .

Mukunda , Gautum . 2012 . Indispensable: When Leaders Make History . Cambridge, MA : Harvard Business Review Press .

Nadeau , Richard , and Lewis-Beck , Michael S. . 2001 . “ National Economic Voting in US Presidential Elections .” Journal of Politics 63 ( 1 ): 159 –81.

Officer , Lawrence H. , and Williamson , Samuel H. . 2011 . http://www.measuringworth.com/ , and

Ridings , William J. , and McIver , Stuart B. . 2000 . Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . New York : Citadel .

Rutkow , Ira . 2006 . James A. Garfield . New York : Times Books, Henry Holt & Co. 121 –22.

Samuels , D. 2004 . “ Presidentialism and Accountability for the Economy in Comparative Perspective .” American Political Science Review 98 ( 3 ): 425 –36.

Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr. 1997 . “ Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton .” Political Science Quarterly 112 ( 2 ): 179 – 190 .

Simonton , Dean Keith . 2006 . “ Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives .” Political Psychology 27 ( 4 ): 511 –26.

Singer , Matthew M. 2011 . “ Who Says ‘It's the Economy’? Cross-National and Cross-Individual Variation in the Salience of Economic Performance .” Comparative Political Studies 44 ( 3 ): 284 – 312 .

Smith , Elbert B. 1988 . The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas .

Summers , Lawrence . 1991 . “ How Should Long-Term Monetary Policy Be Determined? ” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 23 ( 3 ), part 2: 625 –31.

Taranto , James , and Leo , Leonard (eds.). 2005 . Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House . New York : Free Press .

Tashakkori , Abbas , and Teddlie , Charles (eds.). 2003 . Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .

Tilley , James , and Hobolt , Sara B. . 2011 . “ Is the Government to Blame? An Experimental Test of How Partisanship Shapes Perceptions of Performance and Responsibility .” The Journal of Politics 73 ( 2 ): 316 –30.

Uscinski , Joseph E. , and Simon , Arthur . 2011 . “ Partisanship as a Source of Presidential Rankings, ” White House Studies 11 ( 1 ): 79 – 92 .

Uscinski , Joseph E. , and Simon , Arthur . 2012 . “ Prior Experience Predicts Presidential Performance .” Presidential Studies Quarterly 42 ( 3 ): 514 –48.

Vavreck , Lynn . 2009 . The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .

Vedder , Richard , and Gallaway , Lowell . 2001 . “ Rating Presidential Performance .” In Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom . ed. John V. Denson. Auburn, AL : Ludwig von Mises Institute .

Williams , John C. 2009 . “ The Risk of Deflation .” FRBSF Economic Letter . Number 2009 – 12 . March 27. San Francisco: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Wood , B. Dan , Owens , Chris T. , and Durham , Brandy M. . 2005 . “ Presidential Rhetoric and the Economy .” Journal of Politics 67 ( 3 ): 627 –45.