NEW YORK—A U.S. effort to derail a bid by the Palestinian Authority for acceptance in a United Nations-related body failed Monday, setting the stage for wider international recognition for the Palestinians from other U.N. agencies—while potentially complicating efforts to restart Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.

The vote by the Paris-based U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, or Unesco, to accept the Palestinian Authority as a full member—well exceeding the two-thirds majority needed for approval—was seen by U.S. and Israeli officials as undercutting attempts to relaunch those talks. Israel is worried as well that Palestinian membership in international organizations could be used to undermine legitimacy of the Jewish state.

"This decision will not turn the Palestinian Authority into an actual state, yet places unnecessary burdens on the route to renewing negotiations," said an Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman. The move is "tantamount to a rejection of the international community's efforts to advance the peace process."

The development could affect deliberations of the U.N. Security Council over a Palestinian application made in September for U.N. statehood status. It also threatens U.S. support of Unesco—and other U.N. agencies the Palestinians might seek to join—since a U.S. law prohibits U.S. funding for any body that admits them. The U.S. won't be making a $60 million payment due in November to Unesco, a U.S. State Department spokeswoman said on Monday.

The Palestinians say they expect a vote on the Security Council matter on Nov. 11. A meeting of the council's admissions committee is scheduled for that day, but U.N. council member diplomats have said they prefer to give some more time for international mediators to try to revive the peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority before taking action..