Rafael Nadal, considered one of the best tennis players of all time, is known for his many zany rituals. For example, he always has two drinks with him, a sports drink and a bottle of water. The two bottles are placed at his feet by the sideline bench. One in front of the chair to his left, the other neatly placed behind it on a diagonal towards the side of the court he’s playing on.

According to Nadal, “It’s a way of placing myself in a game, ordering my surroundings to match the order I seek in my head.”

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There are countless examples of these peculiar athlete rituals. But it’s not limited to just the professional sporting world. Anywhere performance happens, a ritual will be found. From military to medicine to business and , it’s clear that rituals are an important part of our day to day functioning, helping us improve our focus, concentration, and attention.

Ritual as a tool to boost performance

Why are these seemingly irrational and silly behaviors so pervasive? There’s now mounting scientific evidence to show that despite their surface level irrationality, rituals play a crucial role in regulating our performance behaviors.

They help us run faster, jump higher, think more deeply, and solve more quickly. But how exactly does this happen? The answer, according to my new research, lies in the brain and its ability to handle performance and failure.

The experiment

Along with my collaborators at the University of Toronto, we conducted a study where we hypothesized that rituals help us perform better by controlling our anxiety and minimizing the brain’s sensitivity to personal failure.

To test this, we had participants complete a ritual at home, once a day for a week. The ritual, which we created in the lab, was comprised of a series of highly repeated and ordered action sequences. The actions were meant to approximate the rituals we see in real life, similar to Nadal’s bottle placement practice.

After the one week, participants came into the lab where we measured their brain activity. While hooked up, they completed two rounds of a reaction-time task—one round before the ritual and another after. We told them that they would earn more money the better they did on the task. But each time they made an error, which everyone did because the task was designed to be difficult, they would lose money.

As they performed the task, we tracked their brain activity, specifically in response to making a performance failure (the times when they lost money). As we recorded the brain’s response, we pinpointed the signal related to performance anxiety and the experience of failure.

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The question for us was whether or not doing the ritual was enough to “turn down” the dial on the brain’s performance anxiety system during the money-losing failures.

Ritual and reducing performance anxiety

In support of our hypothesis, we found the brain showed reduced activation in response to these personal failures, but only after completing the ritual.

In other words, we show that rituals desensitize the brain’s anxiety-related reaction to error, mitigating the negative experience of personal failure.

In most contexts, worrying about possible failure can hinder performance. It’s what happens when world-class athletes end up “choking.” But failure, at some level, is almost always inevitable. So the way in which we (and our brains) respond to such setbacks is crucial for our success.

When things get tough, a ritual can be good to turn down the brain’s anxiety dial. It helps performers push on in the face of adversity.

Creating a ritual

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Rituals aren’t reserved for world-class athletes. We all perform on some level every single day—as employees, managers, teammates, and parents. Whatever your performance role, having a ritual can be a highly effective tool to ensure your brain responds to failure in an adaptive way. If you’re looking to drive , then consider creating your own personal ritual.

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