“But we know that in another 24 hours he will not be here,” Mr. Gabbay added. “He will be on his way to his next destination and we — I will let you in on a little secret — remain here. We remain with 4.5 million Palestinians, and this visit does not change this fact, and this visit also does not change our obligation to solve this problem and not to roll it over to our children.”

Mr. Pence was the first United States vice president to address the Knesset, or parliament, and members of Mr. Netanyahu’s right-wing government reached for superlatives to describe the event. Ayelet Shaked, the justice minister, thanked Mr. Pence on Twitter for what she called his “historic, unique” and “supremely Zionist” speech.

It was all in stark contrast to the discordant years of the Obama administration, when a 2010 visit by Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. ended in bitter recrimination. In an ill-timed move as Mr. Biden was pushing a peace agenda, Israel unveiled plans for 1,600 new housing units for Jews in East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians claim as their future capital.

Still, when Mr. Pence told the Israeli legislators that the Trump administration was committed to achieving a lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians and would support a two-state solution to the conflict if both sides agreed, Mr. Netanyahu, who jumped up for numerous standing ovations, did not applaud.

Neither did the Palestinians.

Enraged by Mr. Trump’s decision on Jerusalem, a move that overturned decades of American policy and defied international consensus on the holy city’s status, they boycotted Mr. Pence’s visit.

President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority was in Brussels to meet with the European Union’s 28 foreign ministers on Monday. There, he said the only way to achieve peace was through negotiations under international supervision, according to Wafa, the official Palestinian news agency.

Backtracking slightly on previous statements rejecting any American role in the peace process, Riad Malki, the Palestinian foreign minister, said on Tuesday that Mr. Abbas had ruled out any absolute American “monopoly” of the process. But he did suggest alternative sponsorship, such as the so-called Quartet of Middle East peacemakers made up of the United States, the United Nations, the European Union and Russia.