Just a few decades ago, Indians across the nation would walk down to the local stream or river to collect drinking water, wash their clothes, take a bath or just swim and enjoy themselves. Today, doing anything of this sort is out of the question and can have serious health consequences. Like many other rivers around the world, India’s rivers – which have always been given a position of sanctity in the culture – have become polluted bodies of water. And yet, Indians cannot turn away from these rivers. They are the lifelines of the nation, and the future of India is in many ways tied to the health of our rivers.

But this is not an insurmountable problem. It can be addressed in a short period and with technologies that already exist. What is needed are stringent laws and the necessary determination to implement them. We do not have to go and clean the rivers; if we stop polluting them, they will clean themselves in one flood season.

Eliminating agricultural pollution

Pollution in our rivers is either “point source” – such as industrial sewage, which enters the river in high volumes from a few locations – or “non-point source”, such as agricultural runoff, which can enter the river from thousands of locations along its course.

Agricultural runoff is harmful to rivers because of the use of chemicals for cultivation, which has become the norm today. This can be rectified if farmers are supported to move to organic cultivation. This is not only good for the river; it is also good for the soil, the farmer’s income and public health.

If our farmers are to get good yields and make a living out of agriculture, the soil does not need chemical inputs, it needs organic content. Soil will be healthy only if we can put leaves from the trees and animal waste back into it. To call soil as soil, it has to have a minimum of 2% organic content. If you take away this organic content, we are effectively turning soil into sand and making it unfit for cultivation. In many Indian states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, the organic content in the soil is 0.05%. This is a sure recipe for the desertification of the land that has provided us with food for thousands of years.

Incentivizing farmers to shift to organic cultivation is therefore not just a necessity for our rivers; it is also essential to ensure the food security of the nation and the well-being of hundreds of millions of farmers.

Treating industrial and chemical waste

Point source pollution is generally chemical and industrial waste from industries or domestic sewage from towns and cities. One important aspect in towns and cities is that just as electricity, water and gas are metered, sewage should be too, with households and industries paying according to the meter.

Right now the way chemical and industrial waste is handled in India is that the polluting industry itself is expected to clean its effluent before letting it out into the river. In effect, this just leads to many industries treating their effluent only when the inspectors are present. When there is no one overseeing them, many industries release untreated effluent into the rivers. If we want this treatment process to be effective, it is important that effluent treatment itself be made into a lucrative business proposition. If your effluent is my business, I will not let you release your untreated waste into the river. I will make it my business to get your effluent and treat it. The government, in this case, will only have to set the norm on the water quality being released into the river.

Filth to wealth

There is no such thing as waste. It is just earth we have turned into filth. It is our responsibility to put it back into the earth as earth. This can be a journey from filth to wealth. It is just a question of whether we know how to use something or not. A time has come when we have to learn to use everything for our wellbeing. The necessary technologies are already available.

A few years ago, the Prime Minister of Singapore demonstrated this by drinking the treated water that came from Singapore’s sewage treatment plant, just to prove how pure the water was. Of course, in India we still have enough water to drink if we manage our resources prudently, so we can afford to lower the cost of treatment by treating water only to the point needed for industrial and agricultural purposes.

For example, a city like Mumbai generates 2,100 million litres of sewage a day. Right now, most of it ends up in the sea but if this is treated and used for micro-irrigation it can water thousands of hectares of agriculture. Adding up sewage from 200 Indian cities and towns amounts to 36 billion litres which can micro-irrigate 3 to 9 million hectares.

If India as a nation is serious about tackling river pollution, public-private partnerships need to be established and run sustainably and efficiently. The way the roads in India have been developed in such a short span of time is a case in point to show that such initiatives are possible. It is just that these aspects have not been prioritized. This doesn’t take decades to fix. With the technologies at hand, what is needed is intent and a commitment to execute.