WASHINGTON — Orbion Space Technology announced Aug. 28 it raised a $9.2 million Series A round to develop and mass produce Hall-effect plasma thrusters for small satellites.

Material Impact, a venture capital firm focused on early-stage investments, led the round, with Invest Michigan, Invest Detroit, Wakestream Ventures, Ann Arbor Spark, and Boomerang Catapult also participating.

Orbion, a Houghton, Michigan-based company founded in 2016, joins a list of firms that have secured investor dollars for electric smallsat propulsion systems over the past two years, including Accion Systems in Boston, Indian startup Bellatrix Aerospace, and French startups ExoTrail and ThrustMe.

Orbion’s distinction is in its approach to manufacturing, CEO Brad King said in an interview. The company is modelling its Aurora thruster production after the approach defense contractors use to build tactical missiles, he said.

“Tactical missiles are built a few hundred per year, they cost a few hundreds of thousands of dollars each, they have to operate in space, and they have to be incredibly reliable,” King said. “We modelled our manufacturing on the tactical missile strategy, and in so doing, the infrastructure and design that allows us to develop these products in days rather than many, many months.”

Orbion aims to eventually build and ship thrusters in six to eight days from receiving an order.

Orbion plans to use its new capital to fully test and qualify its Aurora thruster system ahead of a third-quarter 2020 customer delivery, King said. He declined to name the customer, but said Orbion’s Hall-effect plasma thrusters have commercial and government buyers.

The capital will also go toward completing its mass manufacturing infrastructure in the U.S., he said. Orbion plans to refit an existing factory in partnership with an unnamed aerospace and defense company to enable volume production in 18 to 24 months, he said.

By focusing on Hall thrusters, a type of electric thruster that large satellites have long used for stationkeeping, King argues that Orbion won’t have to overcome challenges of new technologies like other startups.

“The key really is just adopting manufacturing developed for scale,” King said. “We designed from scratch a Hall thruster system that was intended for mass production.”

Orbion will have to compete with other Hall thruster companies, however, such as Busek in Massachusetts, Sitael in Italy and Silicon Valley startup Apollo Fusion.

Peter Hruby, Busek’s business and strategy lead, said that as of 2018, 30 U.S.-built Hall thrusters have launched on various spacecraft, of which 28 were from Busek or from Aerojet Rocketdyne under technology license from Busek. Hruby said Busek is ramping production of Hall thrusters for smallsats from 6-unit cubesats and larger, believing success in that market won’t be as heavily dependent on robotics as Orbion claims.

“Thruster lead-times are driven by the supply chain and test regiment, not assembly processes,” Hruby said by email. “If one has parts [all] in-house, assembly of thrusters is relatively rapid, whether work is performed by robots or people.”

Orbion’s target market doesn’t include cubesats or multi-ton geostationary satellites like Busek’s. King said Orbion is focused on spacecraft between 80 and 350 kilograms, citing industry growth in synthetic aperture radar and broadband constellations.

Orbion has raised $12 million in total, and has 10 full time employees, supported by another 15 part-time workers, King said. Though the company hasn’t flown any of its thrusters in space, its team has worked on dozens of other electric propulsion systems through previous employers, he said.