For farmers, Miscanthus represents a big up-front investment. The large perennial grass must be established from vegetative pieces at great cost to farmers, but it promises a decade or more of massive biomass yields, starting in year two or three. If a cold winter happens to strike in the first year, however, all bets are off.

The cold-sensitivity of the crop has limited its adoption in northern climes, but new research from the University of Illinois shows a way forward for would-be Miscanthus growers in cold regions.

"Farmers are playing a game of chance: Will there be a severe winter or not? If they get poor establishment from winter die-back, they've lost out on their investment," says Erik Sacks, plant geneticist in the Department of Crop Sciences at U of I and co-author of two new studies published in Global Change Biology Bioenergy. "We wanted to find Miscanthus genotypes that could withstand the cold."

The majority of Miscanthus currently being grown for biomass is a single, cold-sensitive genotype, known commercially as 'Illinois' for the location of its introduction to the United States. For years, Sacks and other plant breeders around the world have been making crosses and exploring the native region of Miscanthus, trying to find and develop novel cultivars with more desirable agronomic traits.

In one of the new studies, Sacks and his colleagues planted 13 of these cultivars the May before an unusually cold winter in Urbana, Illinois. Most of the same cultivars were also planted further south in Dixon Springs, Illinois, and in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

"We had put out a bunch of new Miscanthus x giganteus hybrids that summer, most of them experimental crosses, but some from collections in southern Japan. We were looking for yield and other performance traits. But as it turns out, the 2013-2014 winter was extremely cold here in Urbana," Sacks says. "If you get lemons, you make lemonade, so we evaluated winter-hardiness."

In the spring of 2014, it was clear that first-year 'Illinois' plants had been decimated in Urbana, though there was little obvious damage to any of the plants in Dixon Springs or Jonesboro. In fact, most of the first-year cultivars were hit hard in Urbana that winter. However, one hybrid stood out.

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"The 'Nagara' hybrid didn't know there was a winter in 2013-2014. It was perfectly fine. And in Dixon Springs, its yields were high and not significantly different from 'Illinois,'" Sacks says. "Here in the north, I'd say something like 'Nagara' is a much safer bet for a farmer."

Hongxu Dong, lead author on the studies and former doctoral student in Sacks' research group, adds that experimental hybrid '10UI-032.004' and one of its parents, M. sacchariflorus 'Bluemel,' were comparable to 'Nagara' in terms of first-winter survival in Urbana.

"This is remarkable considering that the other parent, M. sinensis ssp. condensatus 'Cabaret', was the least hardy entry in this study," he says.

The researchers also noted that mature plants in other trials in Urbana had much less winter damage and recovered fully by late spring. That observation told them that first-year Miscanthus plants are much more susceptible to damage from cold winters than mature, established plants. The researchers continued to monitor the plants, including their survival rate and biomass yield until the spring of 2015.

Sacks notes, "The take-home lesson is that winter-hardiness is something we need to be very concerned about in the Midwest and New England and anywhere else with a harsh winter. We need to be selecting for hybrids that farmers don't have to worry about each time they plant. We already have an immediate solution to that problem here, 'Nagara,'and there are others coming along from my research group."

In the second study, the researchers evaluated the effect of Urbana's 2013-2014 winter on mature Miscanthus plants. The three-year-old plants were crosses between an ornamental Miscanthus variety originally collected in mild coastal regions of southern Japan -- Miscanthus sinensis ssp. condensatus 'Cosmopolitan' -- and one of three others collected in far-flung regions across Asia, from southern Japan to remote areas on the border between China and eastern Russia.

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Even though the plants were already mature, many of them were badly damaged or dead by spring of 2014, except the cross between 'Cosmopolitan' and the Russian variety, Miscanthus sacchariflorus 'Robustus.' Like 'Nagara,' these crosses didn't seem to notice there was a winter at all. They all survived and were highly vigorous in the following growing season.

The researchers created genetic maps for the plants and were able to identify a number of candidate genes correlated with winter-hardiness. They are now working with those genes to create hybrids that represent the best of both worlds.

"Genetic mapping to identify candidate genes associated with valuable traits is a critical step to enable marker-assisted selection, which can be especially valuable for breeding perennial crops like Miscanthus that have multi-year selection cycles," Dong says.

Sacks adds, "A main takeaway was if we cross something really non-hardy and something really hardy, their progeny survive here. That means we could take advantage of the high yield potential in the subtropical or tropical materials and combine it with the cold hardiness from the lower-yielding northern materials. Take extremes, combine them, and you've got something to work with. That was a good lesson."