My book “The Empathy Gap: Male Disadvantages and the Mechanisms of Their Neglect” is now available. It can be purchased from Amazon.co.uk and from Amazon.com, or, in the UK, from Waterstones. Non-UK people may find the bookdepository a cheaper option.

I apologise about the price, but at just short of 700 pages, this is the printers costs, not profit.

I have uploaded a number of readings from the book to my YouTube channel, as a taster…

Selected readings from chapter 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRtI_2qJerE

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Education

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Health and Longevity

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Male Genital Mutilation

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Work, Pay, Tax and Pensions

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Imprisonment

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Violence and Abuse

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in the Family Courts

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Alienation and Fatherlessness

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Men’s Fertility and Paternity Fraud

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Homelessness and Mental Health

From the last chapter, a summary of the empathy gap in Rape, False Allegations, and the Story Less Told about Sexual Assault

Finally, the Closing Section

The back cover of the book…(spot the typos – corrected in the production book, be assured)

Some accolades from the back cover

As an indication of the massive scope of the book, here is the complete Contents…

Preface

1. The Differently Gendered Society

1.1 Purpose of this Book

1.2 Equality?

1.3 What is the Origin of the Empathy Gap?

1.3.1 The Nine Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap

1.3.2 Discussion of the Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap

1.4 Aims and Limitations

2. Education

2.1 Primary School Attainment

2.2 Secondary School Attainment Aged 16

2.3 A Levels

2.4 University Entry

2.5 Gender Gap and the Nature of the Award

2.6 Innate Gender Difference? Adult Competencies

2.7 School Staff and Stereotyping

2.8 University Staff, STEMM and Athena Swan

2.9 Gender Skew in Provision

2.10 Perceptions and Expectations

2.11 Worldwide

2.12 Summary: The Education Empathy Gap

3. Physical Health and Longevity

3.1 Gender Disparity in Premature and Early Death

3.2 The Leading Causes of Premature Death (<75)

3.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases

3.2.2 Cancers

3.2.3 HIV-AIDS 93

3.3 The Leading Causes of Early Death (<45) 93

3.4 Occupational Health and Workplace Injuries and Deaths 94

3.4.1 Workplace Deaths in History 94

3.4.2 Workplace Deaths Now 96

3.4.3 Non-Fatal Injuries at Work 96

3.4.4 Occupational Health Issues 96

4. Men’s Access to Healthcare and Health Spending by Sex 99

4.1 Men’s Access to Healthcare 99

4.2 Global Health of Men 106

4.3 Healthcare and Health Research Spending 106

4.3.1 USA Healthcare Spending by Sex 107

4.3.2 USA Health Research Spending by Sex 108

4.4 The Empathy Gap in Men’s Health 109

5. Male Genital Mutilation: History and Harm 114

5.1 Anatomy, Histology and Function of the Foreskin 117

5.1.1 Foreskin Development: Retraction 120

5.2 The History of MGM 121

5.3 MGM Procedures, Practitioners and Risk 125

5.3.1 Risks of the Procedure 127

5.4 Prevalence and Incidence of MGM 128

5.5 The Harmful Effects of MGM 131

5.5.1 Studies of Sensitivity 131

5.5.2 Studies of Men’s Sexual Experience after Circumcision 134

5.5.3 Survey Evidence: Men’s Subjective Experience of Circumcision 138

6. MGM: Claimed Benefits and Legality 141

6.1 Background to the 2017 review of Morris et al 141

6.2 Critique of the claims of Morris et al, 2017. 143

6.2.1 Urinary Tract Infections 143

6.2.2 Phimosis 145

6.2.3 Balanitis / Candidiasis 146

6.2.4 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 146

6.2.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 146

6.2.6 Other Diseases 150

6.3 The Opinion of Medical Bodies Worldwide 152

6.4 Legal Issues 155

6.4.1 The Illegality of MGM in the UK 155

6.4.2 Attempts to Make MGM Illegal in Other Countries 158

6.5 The Male Genital Mutilation Empathy Gap 161

7. Work, Pay, Tax, Spending and Pensions 164

7.1 UK Unemployment Data 165

7.2 UK Economic Inactivity 167

7.3 Gendered Occupations 169

7.3.1 The Public Sector 171

7.3.2 Armed Forces 172

7.3.3 Apprenticeships 172

7.3.4 The Gender Equality “Paradox” 173

7.3.5 Diversity? 177

7.4 The UK Gender Pay Gap 179

7.5 Gender Pay Gap Reporting: Company Submissions 183

7.6 Working Hours: The Gender Pay Gap is a Work Gap 185

7.7 Spending and Wealth by Sex 189

7.7.1 UK in Year 1993/4 190

7.7.2 Wealth and Spending, UK and USA, 2008 to 2018 192

7.8 Income Taxes 194

7.9 Pensions 196

7.9.1 Occupational and Personal Pensions; the Private and Public Sectors 196

7.9.2 The State Pension 201

7.9.3 Numbers of Payees and Recipients 203

7.9.4 Gender Pension Inequality? 206

7.10 Housework and Unpaid Caring 207

7.10.1 Men and Housework 207

7.10.2 Men as Unpaid Carers 209

7.11 The Empathy Gap in Work, Pay, Wealth, Spending and Taxes 209

8. Imprisonment 213

8.1 Harsher Treatment for Men 213

8.1.1 Harsher Treatment Over Time 213

8.1.2 Harsher Treatment by Sex 215

8.2 Pop Goes the Woozle 233

8.3 Characteristics of Prisoners 235

8.3.1 Children in Prison 236

8.3.2 Prisoners’ IQ 238

8.4 Male Prisoners and Their Families 239

8.5 Self-Harming in Prison 239

8.6 Deaths in Prison 241

8.6.1 Suicide in Prison 241

8.6.2 Deaths in Prison from ‘Natural’ Causes 241

8.7 The Empathy Gap in Imprisonment 243

9. Violence and Abuse 245

9.1 All Violence 245

9.1.1 Victims 245

9.1.2 Perpetrators 251

9.2 Violence and Abuse Within the Home: Men as Victims 253

9.2.1 Incidence of Male Victims: Survey Data 255

9.2.2 Severe Force 258

9.2.3 Demographic Dependence of DA 258

9.2.4 Domestic Violence and Marital Status 259

9.2.5. Repeated Domestic Abuse 260

9.2.6 Reports to Police, Prosecutions and Convictions 260

9.2.7 Domestic Homicides 261

9.2.8 International Studies of Domestic Abuse 268

9.2.9 Dads as Victims of Domestic Violence 270

9.2.10 Domestic Abuse Services: The Sexes Compared 271

9.2.11 Perpetrator Programmes 272

9.3 The Empathy Gap for Men as Victims of Violence 275

10. Family Court Statistics 280

10.1 Family Court Statistics (England and Wales) 280

10.2 The Paramountcy Principle and the Perception of Risk 281

10.3 Legal Aid, LASPO and the Role of False Allegations 282

10.3.1 Legal Aid and LASPO 282

10.3.2 The Domestic Violence Legal Aid Gateway 283

10.3.3 Prevalence of Allegations of Domestic Abuse 285

10.3.4 Which Sex Gets Legal Aid in the Family Courts? 286

10.3.5 Routes through the Gateway 289

10.3.6 Statistics of Domestic Violence Remedy Orders 290

10.4 Lobbying and Serious Case Reviews 292

10.5 The Empathy Gap Against Fathers in the Family Courts 294

11. Are the Family Courts Biased Against Fathers? 296

11.1. Introduction 296

11.2 The 2008 Study of Hunt & MacLeod 297

11.3 Lawyers’, Judges’ and Court Officers’ Opinions 303

11.4 The 2015 Study of Harding and Newnham 304

11.5 Enforcement 308

11.6 What Proportion of Separating Couples Apply to Court? 312

11.7 Actual Contact Outcomes 313

11.8 Financial Issues 317

11.9 The Empathy Gap Against Non-Resident Fathers 318

12. Parental Alienation, ACEs and the Woozling of Shared Parenting 322

12.1 What is Parental Alienation? 322

12.1.1 Prevalence of Alienation 326

12.2 Adverse Childhood Experiences 329

12.2.1 Behaviour and Health Outcomes of ACEs 330

12.2.2 ACEs and Parental Involvement 332

12.3 Woozling Shared Parenting 333

12.4 Parental Conflict and the Benefit of Contact 341

12.5 Empathy Gap in Alienation and Shared Care 342

13. The Drivers of Fatherlessness 343

13.1 Marriage, Divorce, Cohabitation and Single Living: the Data 344

13.2 Statistics on Children’s Living Arrangements 349

13.3 The Decline of Marriage Drives Fatherlessness 351

13.4 The Socioeconomics of Marriage: The Marriage Gap 353

13.5 Summary of the Drivers of Fatherlessness 356

14. The Effect of Fatherlessness on Outcomes for Children 358

14.1 The Differing Perspectives on Fatherhood 359

14.2 Families Without Fatherhood, Dennis & Erdos, 1992 360

14.3 The Big Picture – A Selection of Studies 363

14.4 The Study of Radl, Salazar and Cebolla-Boado, 2017 368

14.5 The Study of McLanahan, Tach and Schneider, 2013 371

14.6 The Indirect Empathy Gap for Fatherless Children 373

15. Paternity and Its Enemies 375

15.1 Men’s Control Over Their Own Fertility 376

15.1.1 Male Contraception 376

15.1.2 Option Denied? 378

15.1.3 Men’s Fertility 380

15.2 Mispaternity and Paternity Fraud 384

15.2.1 Terminology and Perception 384

15.2.2 The Prevalence of Mispaternity 385

15.2.3 Men are Not Legally Entitled to Know if a Child is Theirs (UK) 391

15.2.4 A “Thin View” of Fatherhood? 395

15.3 The Empathy Gap Against Paternity and Male Fertility 402

16. Homelessness and Loneliness 403

16.1 Statutory Homelessness and “Single” Homelessness 403

16.1.1 Statutory Homelessness in England 406

16.1.2 Statutory Homelessness in Scotland 408

16.1.3 Statutory Homelessness in Wales 409

16.1.4 Statutory Homelessness in Northern Ireland 410

16.1.5 Statutory Homelessness: The Big Picture on Gender 410

16.2 Rough Sleepers 411

16.2.1 Rough Sleeper Counts in England 411

16.2.2 CHAIN Data for London 413

16.2.3 Rough Sleeper Counts in Wales 416

16.3 Deaths of Rough Sleepers 417

16.3.1 Bethany Thomas 2012 Data 417

16.3.2 ONS Data 417

16.3.3 Data from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism 419

16.4 Loneliness 421

16.4.1 Loneliness Survey in England 422

16.4.2 Loneliness Survey in Wales 424

16.5 The Empathy Gap in Homelessness and Loneliness 427

17. Mental Ill-Health and Substance Abuse 429

17.1 Mental Ill Health in Adults 430

17.1.1 Common Mental Disorders 430

17.1.2 Personality Disorders 432

17.1.3 Autism Spectrum Disorders 434

17.1.4 Psychotic Disorders 436

17.1.5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 437

17.1.6 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 438

17.1.7 Bipolar Disorder 439

17.1.8 Mental Disorders and Employment 440

17.1.9 Access to Treatment by Demographic 440

17.2 Mental Ill Health in Children and Young Adults 441

17.2.1 All Disorders 441

17.2.2 Emotional Disorders 443

17.2.3 Behavioural Disorders 444

17.2.4 Hyperactivity Disorders 445

17.2.5 Autism, Eating Disorders and Less Common Disorders 446

17.2.6 Mental Health Medication of Children 447

17.2.7 Demographic, Lifestyle and Sexuality Factors 448

17.2.8 Teenagers and Students in the USA 449

17.3 Substance Abuse 450

17.3.1 Alcohol Abuse 451

17.3.2 Drug Abuse 451

17.4 People Detained under the Mental Health Act 452

17.5 APA and BPS Guidelines for the Psychological Practice with Boys and Men 453

17.5.1 APA Versus Data 461

17.6 The Empathy Gap in Mental Health Perceptions 463

18. Suicide, Suicidality and Self-Harm 466

18.1 Self-Harm, Suicidality and Suicide Attempts (England) 466

18.2 Suicide 470

18.2.1 UK Suicide Statistics and Trends 470

18.2.2 The Suicide Paradox 476

18.2.3 Reasons for the High Male Suicide Rate 476

18.2.4 Methods of Suicide and Suicide Attempts 489

18.3 Male Suicide: Narratives, Rationalisations and Blaming 491

18.4 The Empathy Gap in Suicide 496

19. Rape and False Allegations 501

19.1 Definition of Sexual Offences 502

19.2 Prevalence of Rape and Police Reports 506

19.3 Conviction Statistics for Rape 510

19.3.1 Sex of Rape Victims and Defendants 516

19.4 Attrition 517

19.5 Rape Trials and Juries 521

19.5.1 Video Evidence by Complainants 522

19.5.2 “Training” Rape Trial Juries 522

19.5.3 Rape Trials Without Juries? 523

19.6 False Allegations of Rape 524

19.6.1 The Harm Done by False Allegations 531

19.7 Disclosure 533

19.8 The Empathy Gap in Accusations of Sexual Assault 540

20. Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told 543

20.1 Sex Offender Prisoner Statistics (UK) 544

20.2 Examples of Women’s Sexual Abuse of Minors 546

20.3 The Prevalence of Female Sexual Abuse of Minors (UK) 550

20.4 Male Offenders’ History of Childhood Sexual Abuse 552

20.5 Perceptions of Female Perpetration and the Damage Done 556

20.6 The Sex of the Victim 558

20.7 Female Offender Sentencing 559

20.8 Female Sexual Offending in Correctional Facilities in the USA 560

20.9 Sexual Assault of Adult Men by Women 563

20.10 Adult Prison Sexual Assault 568

20.11 War Rape 570

20.12 The Empathy Gap in Sexual Assault 572

21. Reprise: The Case for the Empathy Gap 575

21.1 Education 578

21.2 Health and Longevity 579

21.3 Male Genital Mutilation 581

21.4 Work, Pay, Tax and Pensions 582

21.5 Imprisonment 584

21.6 Violence and Abuse 585

21.7 Family Courts 588

21.8 Alienation, ACES and Shared Care 590

21.9 Drivers of Fatherlessness 591

21.10 Effects of Fatherlessness on Children 591

21.11 Men’s Fertility and Paternity Fraud 592

21.12 Homelessness and Loneliness 593

21.13 Mental Health 594

21.14 Suicide 595

21.15 Rape and False Allegations 598

21.16 Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told 599

21.17 In Conclusion 601

Acronyms 603

References 607

Index 671