Surgery is often required to evacuate the buildup of blood between the skull and the dura mater .

I would never have observed the pulsing of the dura mater during surgery if the surgeon had not performed the procedure in such a way that it preserved the integrity of the dural membrane, thus retaining the system's hydraulic properties.

Iatrogenic transmission of CJD has been reported from corneal transplantation, implantation of dura mater or electrodes in the brain and use of contaminated surgical instruments.

The suboccipital region is a complex anatomical structure with the rectus captis posterior major (RCPma), the rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPmi), and the obliquus capitis inferior (OCI) as part of an important anatomical structure in this region for connecting with the dura mater via the myodural bridge (MDB) (Hack et al, 1995; Pontell et al, 2013; Scali et al, 2013; Su et ail, 2013; Zheng et al., 2014).

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In addition, signal void and nodular enhancement of the dura mater were also identified.

In neck extension, the dura mater of the cervical spine is slack and thrown into transverse fold.

The additional indication allows surgeons in the European Union to use Hemopatch to address bleeding and seal suture lines in diverse, complex procedures such as sealing residual air leaks during lung surgery, or replacing dura mater during neurosurgery preventing the loss of cerebrospinal fluid.

On thoracic spinal MRI, a low-isointensity region was observed in the dorsal dura mater on T1-weighted imaging and an iso-high intensity mass lesion was observed on T2-weighted imaging at the T2-4 level; the lesion excluded the dural canal from the dorsal side (Figure 1).

The geometric model supposes that the subarachnoid space is a cylinder with a diameter of A cm, surrounded by the dura mater , and that the distance from the skin surface to the dura mater is B cm (Figure 1).

That year, in part to check for possible vCJD cases, a national survey was conducted in Japan; 821 CJD cases were identified, including 43 cases associated with receipt of cadaveric dura mater grafts (1).