A study led by Dr Christopher Karpowitz of Brigham Young University shows that having a seat at the table is very different than having a voice, for women.

Scientists from Brigham Young University, Portland State University and Princeton University examined whether women speak less than men when a group collaborates to solve a problem.

In most groups that they studied, the time that women spoke was significantly less than their proportional representation – amounting to less than 75 percent of the time that men spoke.

“Women have something unique and important to add to the group, and that’s being lost at least under some circumstances,” said Dr Karpowitz, lead author of the study published in the journal American Political Science Review.

There is an exception to this rule of gender participation, however. The time inequality disappeared when researchers instructed participants to decide by a unanimous vote instead of majority rule.

The results show that the consensus-building approach was particularly empowering for women who were outnumbered by men in their group.

“These findings apply to many different settings,” said study co-author Dr Tali Mendelberg of Princeton. “In school boards, governing boards of organizations and firms, and legislative committees, women are often a minority of members and the group uses majority rule to make its decisions. These settings will produce a dramatic inequality in women’s floor time and in many other ways. Women are less likely to be viewed and to view themselves as influential in the group and to feel that their voice is heard.”

For the study, the team recruited people to be part of a group and discuss the best way to distribute money they earned together from a hypothetical task. In all, the researchers observed 94 groups of at least five people.

On average, groups deliberated for 25 minutes before settling the matter. Participants voted by secret ballot, but half of the groups followed majority rule while the other half decided only with a unanimous vote.

Notably, the groups arrived at different decisions depending on women’s participation – swinging the group’s stance on the level of generosity given to the lowest member of the group.

“When women participated more, they brought unique and helpful perspectives to the issue under discussion,” Dr Karpowitz said. “We’re not just losing the voice of someone who would say the same things as everybody else in the conversation.”

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Bibliographic information: Karpowitz et al. 2012. Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation. American Political Science Review 106, issue 3, pp 533-547; doi: 10.1017/S0003055412000329