was born in Houston, Texas. He grew up in Lebanon, but left that country in 2006 during the war between Lebanon and Isr ael. Moudi came to Logan, Utah, where he received a B.S. in economics from Utah State University . He is currently enroll ed in a Master’s program in economics at the University of Utah. Derek testifies that he knew he was gay from a young age, but that he did no t come out publicly to his friends and famil y for several y ears while he struggled to define his identity. Moudi also knew he was gay when he was young and came out to his mother when he was sixteen. Moudi’s mother took him t o a psychiatris t because she thought he was confused, but the psychiatrist told her that t here was nothing wrong with Moudi. After that visit, Moudi’s mother found it easier to accept Moudi’s identity, and Moudi began telling his other friends and family members. Moudi testifies t hat he was careful about whom he told because he w as concerned that he might expose his mother to ridicule. Derek and Moudi met each other in 2009 and fell in love shortly after meeting. After dating for eighteen months, the two moved in together in Salt L ake City. Derek and Moudi run a business called “Laziz” that they j ointly started. Laziz produces and sells Middle Eastern sprea ds such as hummus, muhammara, and toum to Utah businesses like Harmon’s and the Avenues Bistro. Having maintained a committed relationship for over f our years, Dere k and Moudi desire to marry each other. They were denied a marri age license from the Salt Lake County Clerk’s office in March 2013. B . K a r e n A r c h e r a n d K a t e C a l l Karen Archer was born in Maryland in 1946, but spent most of he r life in Boulder, Colorado. She received a B.A. and an M.D. from the University of Texas, after which she 3

Case 2:13-cv-00217-RJS Document 90 Filed 12/20/13 Page 3 of 53