Introduction

Charles Koch in 2015. Patrick T. Fallon/The Washington Post via Getty Images

The Koch brothers are supersizing their already hefty investments into college students’ hearts and minds.

A pair of private foundations led by the billionaire industrialists poured more than $23.4 million into U.S. colleges and universities during 2014, according to a Center for Public Integrity analysis of tax documents recently filed with the Internal Revenue Service.

That’s several million dollars more than the $19.3 million the Charles Koch Foundation and Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation together spread among schools during 2013 — and nearly double the $12.7 million they spent in 2012.

This increased funding in 2014 follows a recent Center for Public Integrity investigation that revealed the Koch brothers, Charles and David, consider the higher educational programs they fund a “fully integrated” part of a massive organizational network fighting to enact deregulatory government policies and elect conservative political candidates.

Meanwhile, private foundations led by liberal political bankroller George Soros — the Kochs’ de facto Democratic foil who also heavily funds higher education — spent slightly more money on a smaller number colleges and universities than the Koch foundations did during 2014.

The most notable difference: While some of Soros’ higher education grants go to programs aligning with his domestic policy priorities, the majority are focused overseas, tax records show.

Almost all of the higher education programs the Koch foundations fund cleave to the brothers’ philosophy of promoting free markets and laissez-faire capitalism in the United States.

In some cases, the Koch foundations have attempted, or succeeded, in attaching certain strings to their contributions, such as control over curriculum, and more recently, obtaining personal information about students. Dozens of college officials interviewed this year by the Center for Public Integrity assert that their professors retain full academic freedom and may teach as they see fit, regardless of who is funding their programs.

The vast number of agreements between wealthy donors and the college and universities they fund are never made public, so it’s impossible to comprehensively assess the conditions attached by such benefactors.

George Mason University, a public school in Northern Virginia about 15 miles from Washington, D.C., received almost $16.8 million — the majority of the money Koch foundations last year directed at higher education in 2014, and by far the most of any recipient.

Charles Koch has long maintained close personal and financial ties to the university, which hosts a pair of research centers specializing in free market economics and individual liberty: the Mercatus Center and Institute for Humane Studies.

Thirteen schools received six-figure amounts last year, led by Florida State University; The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.; Creighton University in Nebraska; Troy University in Alabama and Indiana University.

Top 2014 recipients of Koch foundation cash California and Virginia, with 15 schools each, account for the greatest number of schools receiving Koch foundation contributions, federal tax documents for 2014 show. They’re followed by Georgia and North Carolina (14 schools each); Pennsylvania and Texas (12 each); Illinois (10); Florida, Kansas and New York (nine each); and Ohio and South Carolina (eight each). Below are those schools that received at least $25,000 in Koch foundation funding last year: School State Money received Foundation making contribution George Mason University Virginia $16,761,330 Charles Koch Foundation Florida State University Florida $626,247 Charles Koch Foundation The Catholic University of America District of Columbia $610,000 Charles Koch Foundation Creighton University Nebraska $300,000 Charles Koch Foundation Troy University Alabama $298,500 Charles Koch Foundation Indiana University Indiana $291,500 Charles Koch Foundation West Virginia University West Virginia $239,025 Charles Koch Foundation Arizona State University Arizona $230,700 Charles Koch Foundation Florida Southern College Florida $200,000 Charles Koch Foundation Southern Methodist University Texas $192,000 Charles Koch Foundation Brooklyn Law School New York $150,000 Charles Koch Foundation University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill North Carolina $139,100 Charles Koch Foundation Ohio State University Ohio $132,000 Charles Koch Foundation University of Kentucky Kentucky $119,500 Charles Koch Foundation University of Wisconsin Wisconsin $99,000 Charles Koch Foundation Wake Forest University North Carolina $87,000 Charles Koch Foundation Purdue University Indiana $84,000 Charles Koch Foundation Texas A&M University Texas $84,000 Charles Koch Foundation The George Washington University District of Columbia $70,062 Charles Koch Foundation Claremont Graduate University California $70,000 Charles Koch Foundation Patrick Henry College Virginia $68,500 Charles Koch Foundation Utah State University Utah $65,000 Charles Koch Foundation University of Indiana Indiana $60,000 Charles Koch Foundation Clemson University South Carolina $55,000 Charles Koch Foundation Ohio State University Ohio $52,228 Charles Koch Foundation Emporia State University Kansas $50,000 Fred C. & Mary R. Koch Foundation Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts $49,990 Charles Koch Foundation Regent University Virginia $45,500 Charles Koch Foundation Florida Gulf Coast University Florida $42,000 Charles Koch Foundation California State University California $41,100 Charles Koch Foundation College of Charleston South Carolina $40,000 Charles Koch Foundation Duke University North Carolina $40,000 Charles Koch Foundation Stanford University California $40,000 Charles Koch Foundation Grove City College Pennsylvania $36,500 Charles Koch Foundation University of Missouri, Columbia Missouri $36,000 Charles Koch Foundation New York University New York $35,500 Charles Koch Foundation Hillsdale College Michigan $35,000 Charles Koch Foundation San Jose State California $30,000 Charles Koch Foundation University of Arkansas Arkansas $30,000 Charles Koch Foundation Kansas State University Kansas $30,000 Fred C. & Mary R. Koch Foundation College of William and Mary Virginia $29,960 Charles Koch Foundation North Dakota State University North Dakota $27,500 Charles Koch Foundation Christopher Newport University Virginia $27,000 Charles Koch Foundation Claremont McKenna College California $27,000 Charles Koch Foundation James Madison University Virginia $26,000 Charles Koch Foundation Sources: Internal Revenue Service tax filings. Note: Contributions to George Mason University include those earmarked for the Institute for Humane Studies, a nonprofit research institute affiliated with the school.

“Like many charities, the Charles Koch Foundation recognizes the importance of supporting a diversity of ideas so scholars and students can continue to push the frontiers of knowledge and help people discover new and better ways to live fulfilling lives,” Charles Koch Foundation spokesperson Trice Jacobson wrote in a statement. “Our giving has expanded to support new research and programs on critical issues ranging from criminal justice reform to corporate welfare.”

Beyond sheer dollars, the Koch foundations are also giving money to more U.S. colleges and universities than ever: 216 of them during 2014. That’s up from 210 schools in 2013 and 163 schools in 2012.

In all, 41 states and the District of Columbia house at least one college or university that received Koch foundation funding during 2014. (That represents a modest dip from 2013, when schools in 46 states and the District of Columbia got Koch foundation cash.)

In addition to direct college funding, the Charles Koch Foundation and Fred C. & Mary G. Koch Foundation also provided dozens of educational scholarships and grants — most valued between $2,000 and $4,000 each — to college students, tax records show.

The Charles Koch Foundation in 2014 also spread several million dollars more among various think tanks, educational centers and media organizations.

Soros also gives big

In contrast to the Koch foundations, Soros’ cash typically went to foreign schools, U.S. colleges and universities for use toward international or international-focused programs or to U.S. colleges for no earmarked purpose at all.

Take Bard College, a tiny school along New York’s Hudson River that Soros foundations last year gave more cash than any other. Of the more than $11.6 million Bard received, $6 million went toward general support while more than $4.1 million specifically helped fund the school’s international programs.

Soros’ Foundation to Promote Open Society last year gave Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, more than $1 million last year to “establish a formal debate association in China.”

The University of Maryland received $200,000 to support programs improving medical and public health systems in Myanmar, while Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., got $100,000 to host Guatemala’s former attorney general as a visiting scholar at the school’s Institute for Women, Peace and Security.

Some of Soros’ domestic contributions are, however, directed at interests here at home.

There are those that are decidedly noncontroversial, like the $100,000 Soros’ Open Society Institute gave Wesleyan University in Connecticut to fund military veteran scholarships.

But some contributions closely align with Soros’ domestic political and policy leanings, such as campaign finance regulation.

Soros’ Foundation to Promote Open Society directed $400,000 at Fordham University in New York City to conduct “field experiments on the role of money in the Democratic process.” The Ohio State University received $50,000 for a similar purpose — conducting research to “better understand the role that independent expenditures play in contemporary federal election campaigns.”

The Soros-backed foundations, which collectively operate as the Open Society Foundations, “put our money where our values are — promote human rights, strengthen the rule of law, make political and legal systems fairer—to meet our priorities the world over, including in the United States,” spokesman Jonathan Kaplan said in a statement.

“We constantly examine and fine-tune our grantmaking as situations and needs change,” he added. “We do not compete with or judge what other philanthropies do with their resources.”

(The Center for Public Integrity receives funding from the Open Society Foundations, which Soros funds. A complete list of Center for Public Integrity funders is found here.)

Soros remains one of the nation’s most significant and reliable liberal political donors, having this year personally contributed $1 million to Priorities USA Action, a super PAC that is supporting Democratic presidential candidate, and another $1 million to American Bridge 21st Century, a super PAC that advocates against Republicans.

The Koch network, by Charles Koch’s own estimate, plans to spend about $750 million during the 2016 election cycle.

Despite controversy, full speed ahead

The Charles Koch Foundation, the main Koch-led foundation to support higher education, ended 2014 with $527.7 million in its account, according to federal tax records.

There are a few schools, however, that are no longer interested in getting a piece of that money.

The University of Dayton in Ohio confirmed to the Center for Public Integrity that it is no longer accepting Koch-connected money.

And earlier this month, Suffolk University in Massachusetts split with the Beacon Hill Institute, a conservative think tank it helped fund — along with the Charles Koch Foundation. Beacon Hill Institute plans to continue operating without a college affiliation.

These developments should “make other schools take pause and move them to be more transparent” about their relationships with Koch-led foundations, said Kalin Jordan, a student at Suffolk University who helps lead the anti-Koch activist group UnKoch My Campus.

They did at Western Carolina University in North Carolina, where numerous faculty members fought against the school creating a center for free enterprise that’s slated to receive Charles Koch Foundation support. Nevertheless, the school’s board of trustees this month approved the center.

The Koch foundations aren’t likely to submit tax returns covering their 2015 contributions until November 2016.

But the Charles Koch Foundation did indicate on its 2014 tax filing that it had already committed to divide more than $4 million among 11 schools, booking those payments in 2015.

Among them are West Virginia University ($2.32 million), Arizona State University ($831,000), Florida State University ($265,948), Purdue University ($184,000) and Emporia State University in Kansas ($100,000).

A copy of a grant agreement obtained by the Center for Public Integrity also indicates that the Charles Koch Foundation on April 13 agreed to pay Utah State University up to $1.54 million over three years to support the Institute of Political Economy in the university’s Jon M. Huntsman School of Business.

Utah State University received a comparatively modest $65,000 from the Charles Koch Foundation in 2014.

This story was co-published with TIME and Al Jazeera America.

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