Majority of sea turtles born on Florida beaches are female, says Florida researcher

South Florida beaches are no longer "Where the Boys Are."

At least for sea turtles.

For more than a dozen years, the vast majority of sea turtles born on Florida beaches have been female, says Jeanette Wyneken, a biological sciences professor at Florida Atlantic University.

Not a single male loggerhead sea turtle hatchling was found at test beaches on the state's Atlantic and Gulf coasts from 2015 through 2017, Wyneken said. And in the past 13 years, there have been seven years with no male loggerhead hatchlings.

"That's alarming," she said. "There was never a year with a majority of males. The closest was 2013, when we had 68 percent females."

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It's a trend

Other sea turtle species nesting on Florida beaches aren't much different: Leatherbacks tend to be 80 percent to 85 percent female and green sea turtles from 90 percent to 95 percent female.

"I can't say that our data represents what's going on at 100 percent of Florida's beaches," Wyneken said, "but we're looking for trends. And I feel confident those trends are going on at a lot of beaches."

It’s hard to say whether Southwest Florida is faring much better than other Florida beaches, Collier County sea turtle program coordinator Maura Kraus said.

Hatchlings aren’t checked for gender in Collier, she said.

As for other parts of Florida, Wyneken doesn't know how long female hatchlings have outnumbered males, "but we can assume it's longer than we've been studying it."

"Each year we don't have male hatchlings has an impact," she said. "The real problem will be if we have one, two or three decades with no males."

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Cause: climate change

Wyneken, and other sea turtle experts, believe the predominance of female sea turtle hatchlings is linked to climate change.

Unlike humans, whose gender is determined by chromosomes passed down by parents, the sex of sea turtle hatchlings is determined by the temperature of the sand around the eggs. Generally, the hotter the sand, the more likely the hatchlings will be female.

"If a nest is really hot, say 88 degrees, it's going to be all females," Wyneken said.

At the other end of the spectrum, a 77-degree nest would be all males. An 84-degree nest will produce some males.

"In Florida, there are very few years where it's cool enough to produce males," Wyneken said.

Nesting season

Turtle nesting season begins in early March, and leatherbacks are the first to arrive. That could be why they have the highest percentage of males.

Loggerheads incubate during the hottest months of the year: June, July and August.

Green sea turtles incubate a little later: in July, August and September.

Sea turtles seem to be adapting a bit, laying eggs two to three weeks earlier than usual, Wyneken said, probably triggered by ocean water getting warmer earlier in the year.

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Rain also has an effect. A hot, damp nest is more likely to have a few males than a hot, dry nest. So nests laid later in the summer when the rainy season kicks in have a better chance at including males.

But they're also more likely to be impacted by tropical storms and hurricanes.

"If you have a nest with some males in it because of rain, and it gets wiped out in a hurricane," Wyneken said, "the end result is no males."

Other states

If you think beaches farther north might be producing more males, enough to maintain breeding stock, think again.

First: Florida produces the majority of sea turtles; and they're creatures of habit, almost always returning to the areas where they were born.

Second: Have you been to the Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina beaches in the summer?

"They're just as hot, if not hotter, than Florida beaches," Wyneken said.

In the first year of her study, "we found more males in Florida than on the beaches up north," she said.

'Looking under skirts'

When Wyneken started studying sea turtle gender in 2002, she looked at nests throughout the southeast United States.

Because of funding cuts, she now focuses on beaches around Boca Raton on the Atlantic Coast and Sanibel Island on the Gulf Coast.

A nest typically has about 110 eggs, and Wyneken usually takes about 10 percent of the hatchlings from a test nest to study. They're raised in a lab until palm-sized, anywhere from 3 to 7 months old, and big enough to determine the gender.

That's done through laparoscopic surgery, making a small incision and "looking under skirts" with a camera, Wyneken said.

The turtles aren't harmed in the process Wyneken developed.

"I didn't get into biology to hurt sea turtles," she said.

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Fewer hatchlings

Climate change may also be affecting the number of hatchlings that scamper out of nests.

"We have noticed a decrease in the number of hatchlings that emerge from nests, probably because of the hot, dry sand," said Niki Desjardin, senior scientist at Ecological Associates in Jensen Beach, which monitors sea turtle nests in sections of all three Treasure Coast counties.

Usually, 70 to 80 percent of the eggs in a nest hatch out, Desjardin said. In the particularly hot, dry summers of 2015 and 2016, the number dropped to 30 to 40 percent.

Results for 2017 aren't in yet, but Desjardin expects the rate rose to around 50 to 70 percent last year, when it was slightly cooler.

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Still enough males

There is a little bit of good news: "At this time there are still enough males" to mate with females and maintain genetic diversity, Wyneken said.

"But we don't know how long that will last," she added, "because we don't know how old the males are and how long they can keep breeding."

Sea turtles take from 25 to 35 years to reach sexual maturity and be able to breed.

Shading or watering turtle nests could help keep them cool so they produce more males, Wyneken said.

"But that's just buying time, and not a lot of it," she added.

"The big answer is a hard one," Wyneken said. "Cut down on greenhouse gases that cause climate change. We've got to keep the world from getting hotter."