Arseneault , L , Cannon , M , Fisher , HL , Polanczyk , F , Moffitt , TE and Caspi , A ( 2011 ) Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study . The American Journal of Psychiatry 168 , 65 – 72 .

Bebbington , RE , Bhugra , D , Brugha , T , Singleton , N , Farrell , M , Jenkins , R et al. ( 2004 ) Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage . British Journal of Psychiatry 185 , 220 – 226 .

Bowes , L , Wolke , D , Joinson , C , Lereya , ST and Lewis , G ( 2014 ) Sibling bullying and risk of depression, anxiety, and self-harm: a prospective cohort study . Pediatrics 134 , e1032 – e1039 .

Boyd , A , Folding , J , Macleod , J , Lawlor , DA , Fraser , A , Henderson , J et al. ( 2013 ) Cohort profile: the ‘children of the 90s’-the index offspring of the avon longitudinal study of parents and children . International Journal of Epidemiology 42 , 111 – 127 .

Buist , KL , Dekovic , M and Prinzie , P ( 2013 ) Sibling relationship quality and psychopathology of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review 33 , 97 – 106 .

Campbell , ML and Morrison , AP ( 2007 ) The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14–16-year olds . Behavioral Research Therapy 4 , 65 – 79 .

Clemmensen , L , van Os , J , Drukker , M , Munkholm , A , Rimvall , MK , Væver , M et al. ( 2016 ) Psychotic experiences and hyper-theory-of-mind in preadolescence – a birth cohort study . Psychological Medicine 46 , 87 – 101 .

Collip , D , Wigman , JTW , Myin-Germeys , I , Jacobs , N , Derom , C , Thiery , E et al. ( 2013 ) From epidemiology to daily life: linking daily life stress reactivity to persistence of psychotic experiences in a longitudinal general population study . PLoS ONE 8 , e62688 .

Cox , JL , Holden , JM and Sagovsky , R ( 1987 ) Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item edinburgh postnatal depression scale . British Journal of Psychiatry 150 , 782 – 786 .

Cunningham , T , Hoy , K and Shannon , C ( 2016 ) Does childhood bullying lead to the development of psychotic symptoms? A meta-analysis and review of prospective studies . Psychosis 8 , 48 – 59 .

Eriksen , S and Jensen , V ( 2009 ) A push or a punch. Distinguishing the severity of sibling violence . Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24 , 183 – 208 .

Finkelhor , D , Turner , H and Ormrod , R ( 2006 ) Kid's stuff: the nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children . Child Abuse & Neglect 30 , 1401 – 1421 .

Fisher , HL , Jones , PB , Fearon , P , Craig , TK , Dazzan , P , Morgan , K et al. ( 2010 ) The varying impact of type, timing and frequency of exposure to childhood adversity on its association with adult psychiatric disorder . Psychological Medicine 40 , 1967 – 1978 .

Fraser , A , Macdonald-Wallis , C , Tilling , K , Brody , A , Golding , J , Davey-Smith , G et al. ( 2013 ) The avon longitudinal study of parents and children: ALSPAC mothers cohort . International Journal of Epidemiology 42 , 97 – 110 .

Garety , PA , Kuipers , E , Fowler , D , Freeman , D and Bebbington , PE ( 2001 ) A cognitive model of positive symptoms of psychosis . Psychological Medicine 31 , 189 – 195 .

Goodman , R ( 2001 ) Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 , 1337 – 1345 .

Goodman , R , Ford , T , Richards , H , Gatward , R and Meltzer , H ( 2000 ) The development and well-being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 41 , 645 – 655 .

Hepgul , N , Pariante , CM , Dipasquale , S , DiForti , M , Taylor , H , Marques , TR et al. ( 2012 ) Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased body mass index and increased c-reactive protein levels in first-episode psychosis patients . Psychological Medicine 42 , 1893 – 1901 .

Hodgins , S ( 2008 ) Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia: a framework for investigations of causes, and effective treatment, and prevention . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 363 , 2505 – 2518 .

Hodgins , S , Cree , A , Alderton , J and Mak , T ( 2008 ) From conduct disorder to severe mental illness: associations with aggressive behaviour, crime and victimization . Psychological Medicine 38 , 975 – 987 .

Holtzman , CW , Trotman , HD , Goulding , SM , Ryan , AT , Macdonald , AN , Shapiro , DI et al. ( 2013 ) Stress and neurodevelopmental processing in the emergence of psychosis . Neuroscience 249 , 172 – 191 .

Horwood , J , Salvi , G , Thomas , K , Duffy , L , Gunnell , D , Hollis , C et al. ( 2008 ) IQ and non-clinical psychotic symptoms in 12-year-olds: results from the ALSPAC birth cohort . British Journal of Psychiatry 193 , 185 – 191 .

Kelleher , I , Harley , M , Lynch , F , Arseneault , L , Fitzpatrick , C and Cannon , M ( 2008 ) Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample . British Journal of Psychiatry 193 , 378 – 382 .

Kennedy , JL , Altar , CA , Taylor , DL , Degtiar , I and Hornberger , JC ( 2014 ) The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia . International Clinical Psychopharmacology 29 , 63 – 76 .

Knack , JM , Jensen-Campbell , LA and Baum , A ( 2011 ) Worse than sticks and bones? Bullying is associated with altered HPA axis functioning and poor health . Brain and Cognition 77 , 183 – 190 .

Lardinois , M , Lataster , T , Mengelers , R , Van Os , J and Myin-Germeys , I ( 2011 ) Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123 , 28 – 35 .

Lereya , ST , Copeland , WE , Zammit , S and Wolke , D ( 2015 ) Bully/victims: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study of their mental health . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 24 , 1461 – 1471 .

Little , RJA and Rubin , DB ( 2002 ) Statistical Analysis with Missing Data , 2nd edn . New York, NY : Wiley .

Myin-Germeys , O , Delespaul , P and van Os , J ( 2005 ) Behavioral sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis . Psychological Medicine 35 , 733 – 741 .

Olweus , D ( 2007 ) The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire . Center City, MN : Hazelden .

Ouellet-Morin , I , Wong , CC , Danese , A , Pariante , CM , Papadopoulos , AS , Mill , J et al. ( 2013 ) Increased serotonin transporter gene (SERT) DNA methylation is associated with bullying victimization and blunted cortisol response to stress in childhood: a longitudinal study of discordant monozygotic twins . Psychological Medicine 43 , 1813 – 1823 .

Radford , L , Corral , S , Bradley , C and Fisher , HL ( 2013 ) The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: findings from a population survey of caregivers, children and young people and adults . Child Abuse & Neglect 37 , 801 – 813 .

Read , J , Fosse , R , Moskowitz , A and Perry , PD ( 2014 ) The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited . Neuropsychiatry 4 , 65 – 79 .

Schreier , A , Wolke , D , Thomas , K , Horwood , J , Hollis , C , Gunnell , D et al. ( 2009 ) Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years . Archives of General Psychiatry 66 , 527 – 536 .

Selten , J and Cantor-Graae , E ( 2005 ) Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia? British Journal of Psychiatry 187 , 101 – 102 .

Shevlin , M , Houston , JE , Dorahy , MJ and Adamson , G ( 2008 ) Cumulative traumas and psychosis: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British psychiatric morbidity survey . Schizophrenia Bulletin 34 , 193 – 199 .

Sourander , A , Gyllenberg , D , Klomek , AB , Sillanmäki , L , Ilola , AM and Kumpulainen , K ( 2016 ) Association of bullying behaviour at 8 years of age and use of specialized services for psychiatric disorders by 29 years of age . JAMA Psychiatry 73 , 159 – 165 .

Stowkowy , J and Addington , J ( 2012 ) Maladaptive schemas as a mediator between social defeat and positive symptoms in young people at clinical high risk for psychosis . Early Intervention in Psychiatry 6 , 87 – 90 .

Swanson , JW , Van Dorn , RA , Swartz , MS , Smith , A , Elbogen , EB and Monahan , J ( 2008 ) Alternative pathways to violence in persons with schizophrenia: the role of childhood antisocial behavior problems . Law and Human Behavior 32 , 228 – 240 .

Tippett , N and Wolke , D ( 2015 ) Aggression between siblings: associations with the home environment and peer bullying , Aggressive Behavior 41 , 14 – 24 .

Trotta , A , Di Forti , M , Mondelli , V , Dazzan , P , Pariante , C , David , A et al. ( 2013 ) Prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst first-episode psychosis patients and unaffected controls . Schizophrenia Research 150 , 1 – 17 .

Tucker , CJ and Finkelhor , D ( 2015 ) The state of interventions for sibling conflict and aggression . Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18 , 396 – 406 .

Tucker , CJ , Finkelhor , D , Turner , H and Shattuck , A ( 2013 ) Association of sibling aggression with child and adolescent mental health . Pediatrics 132 , 79 – 84 .

Tucker , CJ , Finkelhor , D , Turner , H and Shattuck , AM ( 2014 ) Sibling and peer victimization in childhood and adolescence . Child Abuse and Neglect 38 , 1599 – 1606 .

Van Nierop , M , Dorsselaer , S , Bak , M , Mayin-Gremeys , I and van Winkel , R ( 2014 ) Does social defeat mediate the association between childhood trauma and psychosis? Evidence from the NEMESIS-2 study . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 129 , 467 – 476 .

Varese , F , Smeets , F , Drukker , M , Lieverse , R , Lataster , T , Viechtbauer , W et al. ( 2012 ) Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies . Schizophrenia Bulletin 38 , 661 – 671 .

Wechsler , D , Golombok , S and Rust , J ( 1992 ) WISC-III UK Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children . Sidcup : Psychological Corp .

Wolke , D , Lereya , ST , Fisher , HL , Lewis , G and Zammit , S ( 2014 ) Bullying in elementary school and psychotic experiences at 18 years: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study . Psychological Medicine 44 , 2199 – 2211 .

Wolke , D and Samara , MM ( 2004 ) Bullied by siblings: association with peer victimisation and behaviour problems in Israeli lower secondary school children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 , 1015 – 1029 .

Wolke , D and Skew , AJ ( 2011 ) Bullied at home and at school: relationship to behaviour problems and unhappiness . In McFall , S (ed.), Understanding Society: Early Findings From the First Wave of the UKs Household Longitudinal Study . London : Economic and Social Research .

Wolke , D , Tippett , N and Dantchev , S ( 2015 ) Bullying in the family: sibling bullying . The Lancet Psychiatry 2 , 917 – 929 .

Wolke , D , Waylen , A , Samara , M , Steer , C , Goodman , R , Ford , T et al. ( 2009 ) Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behavioral disorders . British Journal of Psychiatry 195 , 249 – 256 .

World Health Organization ( 1994 ) Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry . Washington DC : American Psychiatric Research .