This brings us to Dr. Peterson’s argument. Consider sponges. They are simple organisms which have no nervous system. They have a single receptor and a single action, a single fact they can perceive and a single action they can take. They open and close their pores to the rhythm of the weaves of the ocean. A one-to-one fact-to-action mapping. More complicated creatures however evolved nervous systems to mediate between facts and actions, this is essentially our tool that creates value. This is because - consider humans for example - the number of our receptors and possible actions we can take are close to infinity. That makes the number of their possible mappings between the two in theory infinity squared (not even considering layering and weighting). This is incomprehensible. It is the case not only to us humans but to all the computational power at our disposal. This is why in case of AI (Artificial intelligence) systems - which model the neural network of the mind - we cannot determine the output of the system even with all the input available (without running them through the system). This is the reason we created them: they solve problems far too complicated for regular logic based systems, like winning games of chess consisting of more possible scenarios than number of atoms in the observable universe.