Ingredient Amount Substitution

Allspice 1 teaspoon 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon, 1/4 teaspoon ginger, and 1/4 teaspoon cloves

Arrowroot starch 1 teaspoon 1 tablespoon flour OR 1 teaspoon cornstarch

Baking mix 1 cup 1 cup pancake mix OR 1 cup Easy Biscuit Mixture

Baking powder 1 teaspoon 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar OR 1/4 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup)

Baking soda 1 teaspoon 4 teaspoons baking powder OR 1 teaspoon potassium bicarbonate and 1/3 teaspoon salt. NOTE: If the recipe calls for an acidic liquid such as sour cream, yogurt, buttermilk, vinegar, molasses, or citrus juice, you should replace it with the same amount of whole milk

Beer 1 cup 1 cup nonalcoholic beer OR 1 cup chicken broth

Brandy 1/4 cup 1 teaspoon imitation brandy extract plus enough water to make 1/4 cup

Bread crumbs 1 cup 1 cup cracker crumbs OR 1 cup matzo meal OR 1 cup ground oats

Broth: beef or chicken 1 cup 1 bouillon cube plus 1 cup boiling water OR 1 tablespoon soy sauce plus enough water to make 1 cup OR 1 cup vegetable broth

Brown sugar 1 cup, packed 1 cup white sugar plus 1/4 cup molasses and decrease the liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup OR 1 cup white sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar

Butter (salted) 1 cup 1 cup margarine OR 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 teaspoon salt OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 teaspoon salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 teaspoon salt

Butter (unsalted) 1 cup 1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 7/8 cup lard

Buttermilk 1 cup 1 cup yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup

Cheddar cheese 1 cup shredded 1 cup shredded Colby cheddar OR 1 cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese

Chervil 1 tablespoon chopped fresh 1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley

Chicken base 1 tablespoon 1 cup canned or homemade chicken broth or stock. Reduce liquid in recipe by 1 cup

Chocolate(semisweet) 1 ounce 1 (1-ounce) square of unsweetened chocolate plus 4 teaspoons sugar OR 1 ounce semisweet chocolate chips plus 1 teaspoon shortening

Chocolate (unsweetened) 1 ounce 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa plus 1 tablespoon shortening or vegetable oil

Cocoa 1/4 cup 1 (1-ounce) square unsweetened chocolate

Condensed cream of mushroom soup 1 (10.75-ounce) can 1 (10.75-ounce) can condensed cream of celery, cream of chicken, or golden mushroom soup

Corn syrup 1 cup 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup honey OR 1 cup light treacle syrup

Cottage cheese 1 cup 1 cup farmer's cheese OR 1 cup ricotta cheese

Cracker crumbs 1 cup 1 cup bread crumbs OR 1 cup matzo mealOR 1 cup ground oats

Cream (half and half) 1 cup 7/8 cup milk plus 1 tablespoon butter

Cream (heavy) 1 cup 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter

Cream (light) 1 cup 1 cup evaporated milk OR 3/4 cup milk plus 3 tablespoons butter

Cream (whipped) 1 cup 1 cup frozen whipped topping, thawed

Cream cheese 1 cup 1 cup pureed cottage cheese OR 1 cup plain yogurt, strained overnight in a cheesecloth

Cream of tartar 1 teaspoon 2 teaspoons lemon juice or vinegar

Crème fraiche 1 cup Combine 1 cup of heavy cream and 1 tablespoon of plain yogurt. Let stand for 6 hours at room temperature

Egg 1 whole (3 tablespoons or 1.7 oz) 2 1/2 tablespoons of powdered egg substitute plus 2 1/2 tablespoons water OR 1/4 cup liquid egg substitute OR 1/4 cup silken tofu pureed OR 3 tablespoons mayonnaise OR half a banana mashed with 1/2 teaspoon baking powder OR 1 tablespoon powdered flax seed soaked in 3 tablespoons water

Evaporated milk 1 cup 1 cup light cream

Farmer's cheese 8 ounces 8 ounces dry cottage cheese OR 8 ounces creamed cottage cheese, drained

Fats for baking 1 cup 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree

Flour--Bread 1 cup 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 teaspoon wheat gluten (available at health food stores & some supermarkets)

Flour--Cake 1 cup 1 cup all-purpose flour minus 2 tablespoons

Flour--Self-Rising 1 cup 7/8 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder and 1/2 teaspoon of salt

Garlic 1 clove 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder OR 1/2 teaspoon granulated garlic OR 1/2 teaspoon garlic salt--reduce salt in recipe

Gelatin 1 tablespoon, granulated 2 teaspoons agar agar

Ginger--dry 1 teaspoon 2 teaspoons chopped fresh ginger

Ginger--fresh 1 teaspoon, minced 1/2 teaspoon ground dried ginger

Green onion 1/2 cup , chopped 1/2 cup chopped onion OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped shallots

Hazelnuts 1 cup whole 1 cup macadamia nuts OR 1 cup almonds

Herbs--fresh 1 tablespoon chopped fresh 1 teaspoon (chopped or whole leaf) dried herbs

Herring 8 ounces 8 ounces of sardines

Honey 1 cup 1 1/4 cup white sugar plus 1/3 cup water OR 1 cup corn syrup OR 1 cup light treacle syrup

Hot pepper sauce 1 teaspoon 3/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper plus 1 teaspoon vinegar

Ketchup 1 cup 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1 teaspoon vinegar plus 1 tablespoon sugar

Lard 1 cup 1 cup shortening OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil OR 1 cup butter

Lemon grass 2 fresh stalks 1 tablespoon lemon zest

Lemon juice 1 teaspoon 1/2 teaspoon vinegar OR 1 teaspoon white wine OR 1 teaspoon lime juice

Lemon zest 1 teaspoon 1/2 teaspoon lemon extract OR 2 tablespoons lemon juice

Lime juice 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon vinegar OR 1 teaspoon white wine OR 1 teaspoon lemon juice

Lime zest 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon lemon zest

Macadamia nuts 1 cup 1 cup almonds OR 1 cup hazelnuts

Mace 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon nutmeg

Margarine 1 cup 1 cup shortening plus 1/2 teaspoon salt OR 1 cup butter OR 7/8 cup vegetable oil plus 1/2 teaspoon salt OR 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 teaspoon salt

Mayonnaise 1 cup 1 cup sour cream OR 1 cup plain yogurt

Milk--whole 1 cup 1 cup soy milk OR 1 cup rice milk OR 1 cup water or juice OR 1/4 cup dry milk powder plus 1 cup water OR 2/3 cup evaporated milk plus 1/3 cup water

Mint--fresh 1/4 cup chopped 1 tablespoon dried mint leaves

Molasses 1 cup Mix 3/4 cup brown sugar and 1 teaspoon cream of tartar

Mustard--prepared 1 tablespoon Mix together 1 tablespoon dried mustard, 1 teaspoon water, 1 teaspoon vinegar and 1 teaspoon sugar

Onion 1 cup, chopped 1 cup chopped green onions OR 1 cup chopped shallots OR 1 cup chopped leeks OR 1/4 cup dried minced onion OR 1/4 cup onion powder

Orange juice 1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon other citrus juice

Orange zest 1 tablespoon 1/2 teaspoon orange extract OR 1 teaspoon lemon juice

Parmesan cheese 1/2 cup, grated 1/2 cup grated Asiago cheese OR 1/2 cup grated Romano cheese

Parsley 1 tablespoon chopped fresh 1 tablespoon chopped fresh chervil OR 1 teaspoon dried parsley

Pepperoni 1 ounce 1 ounce salami

Raisin 1 cup 1 cup dried currants OR 1 cup dried cranberries OR 1 cup chopped pitted prunes

Rice--white 1 cup, cooked 1 cup cooked barley OR 1 cup cooked bulgur OR 1 cup cooked brown or wild rice

Ricotta 1 cup 1 cup dry cottage cheese OR 1 cup silken tofu

Rum 1 tablespoon 1/2 teaspoon rum extract, plus enough water to make 1 tablespoon

Saffron 1/4 teaspoon 1/4 teaspoon turmeric

Salami 1 ounce 1 ounce pepperoni

Semisweet chocolate chips 1 cup 1 cup chocolate candies OR 1 cup peanut butter or other flavored chips OR 1 cup chopped nuts OR 1 cup chopped dried fruit

Shallots, chopped 1/2 cup 1/2 cup chopped onion, OR 1/2 cup chopped leek OR 1/2 cup chopped green onion

Shortening 1 cup 1 cup butter OR 1 cup margarine minus 1/2 teaspoon salt from recipe

Sour cream 1 cup 1 cup plain yogurt OR 1 tablespoon lemon juice or vinegar plus enough cream to make 1 cup OR 3/4 cup buttermilk mixed with 1/3 cup butter

Sour milk 1 cup 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice mixed with enough milk to make 1 cup: Let stand 5 minutes to thicken

Soy sauce 1/2 cup 1/4 cup Worcestershire sauce mixed with 1 tablespoon water

Stock--beef or chicken 1 cup 1 cube beef or chicken bouillon dissolved in 1 cup water

Sweetened condensed milk 1 (14-ounce) can 3/4 cup white sugar mixed with 1/2 cup water and 1 1/8 cups dry powdered milk: Bring to a boil and cook, stirring frequently, until thickened, about 20 minutes

Vegetable oil--for baking 1 cup 1 cup applesauce OR 1 cup fruit puree

Vegetable oil--for frying 1 cup 1 cup lard OR 1 cup vegetable shortening

Vinegar 1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon lemon or lime juice OR 2 teaspoons white wine

White sugar 1 cup 1 cup brown sugar OR 1 1/4 cups confectioners' sugar OR 3/4 cup honey OR 3/4 cup corn syrup

Wine 1 cup 1 cup chicken or beef broth OR 1 cup fruit juice mixed with 2 teaspoons vinegar OR 1 cup water

Yeast-active dry 1 (.25-ounce) package 1 cake compressed yeast OR 2 1/2 teaspoons active dry yeast OR 2 1/2 teaspoonsrapid rise yeast