

"Our moonshee", from "Curry and Rice on Forty Plates"

by George Atkinson, 1859. An accidental resemblance to Burton?

The Highly Civilized Man. In the mid 1850s.

Life of Sir Richard Francis Burton

Useful summaries of Burton's overall career are provided by his Dictionary of National Biography entry, and his entry in the famous 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica .

The primary source of information about Burton's early career is is his autobiographical fragment, first published as a postscript to Falconry in the Valley of the Indus (1852). This provides much of the mysterious air which surrounds his early career in the Army of the East India Company, since he intimates that he operated undercover, perhaps as a spy. No independent corroboration of these claims has ever surfaced, but they feature in most mentions of Burton. Also useful are first-hand reminiscences, many of which are listed below. See for example the first reminiscences by his niece Georgiana Stisted from Temple Bar July 1891.

Burton has been the subject of a dozen or more biographies, several of which are available here in full. Despite its many flaws, the foundation of these is his wife Isabel Burton's worshipful two volume Life, which contains one long and one short autobiographical fragment by Burton (repeating the Falconry fragment noted above), and is again the only source for many of the stories which surround Burton.

The most important archival biography is Mary Lovell's A Rage to Live (1996). Jon Godsall's important biography of Burton, The Tangled Web (2008). is a useful dose of skepticism. Byron Farwell's crisp Burton (1963) is the most balanced and critically detached. Fawn Brodie's speculative psychobiography, The Devil Drives (1967) is very readable but has not aged well. All biographies of Burton should be read skeptically as many of his biographers tend to accept the stories that surround his life uncritically.

Biographies

186xx. Anonymous, Biography of Captain Burton Taken from 'Photographic Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art, with Biographical Memoires by Ernest Edwards, B.A.; from 'Extracts from the Press'; and 'The Anglo-Brazilian Times' of October 1865.

Privately printed (no place or date). pp.8.

Richards, Alfred Bate.

1880. A Sketch of the Career of Richard F. Burton.

Richards, Alfred Bate; Andrew Wilson and St. Clair Baddeley

1886. A Sketch of the Career of Richard F. Burton (2nd edition). London, Waterlow and sons.

The Bate Richards material is unchanged from the first edition of 1880. Richards knew Burton at Oxford.

Hitchman, Francis.

1887. Richard F. Burton 2 vols. London.

The first life, written partly with Burton's own cooperation, which was withdrawn after he became dissatisfied with the results. Much of volume 1 was simply reused by Isabel in her Life, e.g. the description of Burton's Crimean campaign.

Burton, Isabel.

1893. The Life of Sir Richard F. Burton. 2 vols. London, Chapman and Hall.

A primary source for many of the Burton 'facts'.

Stisted, Georgiana M.

1896. The True Life of Capt. Sir Richard F. Burton. London, H.S. Nichols.

By Burton's niece, a rejoinder to Isabel Burton's Life. (The Stisteds were convinced Protestants). Some original anecdotes not anywhere else but otherwise deriviative.

Wright, Thomas.

1906. The Life of Richard Burton. 2 vols. London, Everett.

Notorious for accusing Burton of plagiarizing Payne's edition of the Arabian Nights.

Has many anecdotes collected from Burton's contemporaries not available elsewhere.

Dodge, Walter Phelps

1907. The Real Sir Richard Burton. London, T. Fisher Unwin,.

Written as a defense of Burton, but introduces nothing new and makes several minor errors of fact.

Not worth bothering with.

Downey, Fairfax

1931. Burton, Arabian Nights Adventurer. New York, Scribner.

Derivative.

Schonfield, Hugh J.

1936. Richard Burton, Explorer. London, Herbert Joseph.

Dearden, Seton

1937. Burton of Arabia. New York, Robert M. McBride Co.

Derivative.

Bercovici, Alfred

1962. That Blackguard Burton! New York, Bobbs Merrill.

Written in historical novel form. Forgettable.

Farwell, Byron

1963. Burton: A Biography of Sir Richard Francis Burton . London, Longmans.

(Second edition, 1988 with a new preface).

Very balanced, based mostly on the printed sources.

Edwardes, Allen

1963. Death Rides a Camel. New York.

Derivative.

Brodie, Fawn

1967. The Devil Drives. New York, Norton.

Psychobiography, based on extensive research combined with speculation. Very well written.

See important corrections in Lovell, 1998.

Hastings, Michael

1978. Sir Richard Burton: a Biography. London, Hodder & Stoughton.

Emulates Farwell in its critical distance from its subject. Has the least tendentious treatment of the Nile controversy.

Rice, Edward.

1990. Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Biography. New York, Scribner.

Highly imaginative but dubious. Sold well, but seems to have used an interpolation technique to deduce 'facts'. See the profile of Edward Rice at Columbia College Today (or PDF). Rice died in 2001, at age 82, from Parkinson's disease (obit).

McLynn, Frank

1990. Burton: Snow upon the Desert. London, John Murray.

McLynn, Frank

1992. From the Sierras to the Pampas: Richard Burton's Travels in the America, 1860-69. London, Trafalgar Square.

Lovell, Mary

1998. A Rage to Live. a Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton New York, Norton.

The best archival biography. Considerable fresh material. An attempt to rehabilitate Isabel (this part fails to convince).

Cordiviola, Alfredo

2001. Richard Burton, a traveller in Brazil: 1865-1868. Edwin Mellen.

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Brazil.

Kennedy, Dane.

2005. The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press.

Godsall, Jon

2008. The Tangled Web

Leicester, Troubadour.

Isabel Burton

Wilkins, W. H.

1897. The Romance of Isabel Lady Burton, 2 vols. New York, Dodd Mead.

Burton, Jean

1941. Sir Richard Burton's Wife. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Reminiscences & Mentions:

Cameron, Vernon Lovett

1890. "Burton As I Knew Him"

Fortnightly Review LIV, 878-84, December, 1890.

Stisted, Georgiana

1891. "Reminiscences of Sir Richard Burton".

Temple Bar July 1891.

Linton, Eliza Lynn

1892. "The Partisans of Wild Women".

Nineteenth Century March, 1892.

Swinburne, Algernon Charles

1892. "Elegy".

Fortnightly Review Vol. 58, 1-5, July 1, 1892.

Friswell, Laura Hain

1898. James Hain Friswell: a Memoir. London, G. Redway.

McCarthy, Justin

1899. Reminiscences. London, Harper & Bros.

McCarthy, Justin

1903. Portraits of the Sixties. London, Harper & Bros.

Ouida

1906. "Richard Burton".

Fortnightly Review Vol. 85, 1039-45, June 1906.

Friswell, Laura Hain

1906. In the Sixties and Seventies. Boston, H. B. Turner & Co.

Stoker, Bram

1906. Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving, 2 vols. London, Heinemann.

Galton, Francis

1908. Memories of My Life. London, Methuen.

Stanley, Sir Henry Morton

1909. Autobiography. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

Chaille � ́-Long, Charles, Bey

1912. My Life in Four Continents. London: Hutchinson & co.

Contains letters from Burton re gold prospecting in the Juba (ii: 414ff).

Harris, Frank

1920. Contemporary Portraits. New York, Brentano's.

Harris, Frank

1922. My Life and Loves. Paris, Privately Published.

Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen

1921. My Diaries Part Two [1900-1914]. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Baker, F. Grenfell

1921. "Sir Richard Burton as I Knew Him".

Cornhill Magazine, No. 304, October 1921, 411-23.

Dunraven, Earl of (Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin)

1922. Past Times and Pastimes 2 vols. London, Hodder and Stoughton.

Ionides, Luke

1924. "Memories of Richard Burton".

Transatlantic Review March, 1924.

Nicolson, Harold

1930. Portrait of a Diplomatist. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

Hale, Richard Walden

1930. Sir Richard Burton, a footnote in history. Boston, A. C. Getchell.

Reminiscences from the Dana family, with whom Burton shared a coach on the route to Salt Lake City.

Russell, Mrs. Charles E. B. (Lilian Rigby)

1935. General Rigby, Zanzibar and the Slave Trade. London, George Allen & Unwin.

Written by Rigby's daughter this has many Speke/Rigby letters not published anywhere else.

Bertrand Russell (ed.)

1937. Amberley Papers 2 vols. New York, Norton.

Swinburne, Algernon Charles

1959. The Swinburne Letters. ed. Cecil Lang, 6 vols. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Goncourt, Edmond et Jules de

1956. Journal: Mémoires de la vie littéraire Vol 5., 1861-3. Paris, Fasquelle.

Didier, C.

1985. Sojourn with the Grand Sharif of Makkah [1854]. Cambridge, Oleander Press.

Contains description of journey with Burton in 1854. pp. ix and 6ff.