At Algolia, we are convinced that search queries need to be sent directly from the browser (or mobile app) to the search-engine in order to have a realtime search experience. This is why we have developed a search backend that replies within a few milliseconds through an API that handles security when called from the browser.

Cross domain requests

For security reasons, the default behavior of a web browser is to block all queries that are going to a domain that is different from the website they are sent from. So when using an external HTTP-based search API, all your queries should be blocked because they are sent to an external domain. There are two methods to call an external API from the browser:

JSONP

The JSONP approach is a workaround that consists of calling an external API with a DOM <script> tag. The <script> tag is allowed to load content from any domains without security restrictions. The targeted API needs to expose a HTTP GET endpoint and return Javascript code instead of the regular JSON data. You can use this jQuery code to dynamically call a JSONP URL:

$.getJSON( "https://api.algolia.io/1/indexes/users?query=test", function( data ) { .... }

In order to retrieve the API answer from the newly included JavaScript code, jQuery automatically appends a callback argument to your URL (for example &callback=method12 ) which must be called by the JavaScript code that your API generates.

This is what a regular JSON reply would look like:

{ "results": [ ...] }

Instead, the JSONP-compliant API generates:

method12({"results": [ ...]});

Cross Origin Resource Sharing

CORS (Cross Origin Resource Sharing) is the proper approach to perform a call to an external domain. If the remote API is CORS-compliant, you can use a regular XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object to perform the API call. In practice the browser will first perform an HTTP OPTIONS request to the remote API to check which caller domains are allowed and if it is authorized to execute the requested URL.

For example here is a CORS request issued by a browser. The most important lines are the last two headers that specify which permissions are checked. In this case, the method is POST and the three specific HTTP headers that are requested.

OPTIONS https://latency.algolia.io/1/indexes/*/queries > Host: latency.algolia.io > Origin: https://demos.algolia.com > Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch > Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8,fr;q=0.6 > User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_9_2) > Accept: */* > Referer: https://demos.algolia.com/eventbrite/ > Connection: keep-alive > Access-Control-Request-Headers: x-algolia-api-key, x-algolia-application-id, content-type > Access-Control-Request-Method: POST

The server reply will be similar to this one:

< HTTP/1.1 200 OK < Server: nginx/1.6.0 < Date: Tue, 13 May 2014 08:33:55 GMT < Content-Type: text/plain < Content-Length: 0 < Connection: keep-alive < Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * < Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, PUT, DELETE, POST, OPTIONS < Access-Control-Allow-Headers: x-algolia-api-key, x-algolia-application-id, content-type < Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: false < Expires: Wed, 14 May 2014 08:33:55 GMT < Cache-Control: max-age=86400 < Access-Control-Max-Age: 86400

This answer indicates that this POST method can be called from any domain (Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * ) and with the requested headers.

CORS has many advantages. First, it allows access to a real REST API with all HTTP verbs (mainly GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and it also allows to better handle errors in an API (bad requests, object not found, …). The major drawback is that it is only supported by modern browsers (Internet Explorer ≥ 10, Firefox ≥ 3.5, Chrome ≥ 3, Safari ≥ 4 & Opera ≥ 12; Internet Explorer 8 & 9 provides partial support via theXDomainRequest object).

Our initial conclusion

Because of the advantages of CORS in terms of error handling, we started with a CORS implementation of our API. We also added a specific support for Internet Explorer 8 & 9 using the XDomainRequest JavaScript object (they do not support XMLHttpRequest). The main difference is that XDomainRequest does not support HTTP headers so we added another way to specify user credentials in the body of the POST request (it was initially only supported via HTTP headers).

We were confident that we were supporting almost all browsers with this implementation, as only very old browsers could cause problems. But we were wrong!

CORS problems

The reality is that CORS still causes problems, even with modern browsers. The biggest problem we have found was with some firewalls/proxies that refuse HTTP OPTIONS queries. We even found software on some computers that were blocking CORS requests, as the Cisco AnyConnect VPN client, which is widely used in the enterprise world. We have found this issue when a TechCrunch employee was not able to operate search on crunchbase.com because the AnyConnect VPN client was installed on his laptop.

Even in 2014 with a large majority of browsers supporting CORS, it is not possible to have perfect service quality with a CORS-enabled REST API!

The solution

Using JSONP is the only solution to ensure great compatibility with old browsers and handle problems with a misconfigured firewall/proxy. However, CORS offers the advantage of proper error-handling, so we do not want to limit ourselves to JSONP.

In the latest version of our JavaScript client, we decided to use CORS with a fallback on JSONP. At client initialization time, we check if the browser supports CORS and then perform an OPTIONS query to check that there is no firewall/proxy that blocks CORS requests. If there is any error we fallback on JSONP. All this logic is available in our JavaScript client without any API/code change for our customers.

Having CORS support with automatic fallback on JSONP is the best way we have found to ensure great service quality and to support all corner case scenarios. If you see any other way to do it, your feedback is very welcome.