Voting began on the mainland in 66,546 polling stations. Most will close at 1700 GMT, except those in big cities which will stay open an hour longer.

Turnout in France's presidential election stood at 28.23 per cent at midday on Sunday, down from 30.66 per cent at the same point in the 2012 presidential ballot, the interior ministry said.

Sunday's figure was just slightly off the midday participation rate of 28.54 per cent recorded during the first round of the election on April 23.

Earlier, French voters started to vote to choose between young centrist Emmanuel Macron and far-right leader Marine Le Pen in a watershed election for the country and Europe.

Polling day follows an unprecedented campaign marked by scandal, repeated surprises and a last-minute hacking attack on Macron, a 39-year-old who has never held elected office.

The run-off vote pits the pro-Europe, pro-business Mr. Macron against anti-immigration and anti-EU Le Pen, two radically different visions that underline a split in western democracies.

Ms. Le Pen, 48, has portrayed the ballot as a contest between the "globalists" represented by her rival —those in favour of open trade, immigration and shared sovereignty — versus the "nationalists" who defend strong borders and national identities.

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Voting will begin on the mainland at 0600 GMT in 66,546 polling stations. Most will close at 1700 GMT, except those in big cities which will stay open an hour longer.

A first estimate of the results will be published around 1800 GMT.

“The political choice the French people are going to make is clear,” Ms. Le Pen said in her opening remarks during an often vicious debate between the pair on Wednesday night.

The last polling showed Macron — winner of last month's election first round — with a widening lead of around 62 per cent to 38 per cent before the hacking revelations on Friday evening. A campaigning blackout entered into force shortly after.

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Hundreds of thousands of emails and documents stolen from the Mr. Macron campaign were dumped online and then spread by anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks, leading the candidate to call it an attempt at “democratic destabilisation.”

France's election authority said publishing the documents could be a criminal offence, a warning heeded by traditional media organisations but flouted by Mr. Macron's opponents and far-right activists online.

“We knew that there were these risks during the presidential campaign because it happened elsewhere. Nothing will go without a response,” French President Francois Hollande told AFP on Saturday.

Winds of change

US intelligence agencies believe state-backed Russian operatives were behind a massive hacking attack on Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton's campaign ahead of America's presidential election last November.

There has been no claim of responsibility for the French hack, but the government and Mr. Macron's team previously accused the Kremlin of trying to meddle in the election — accusations denied in Moscow.

Whoever wins Sunday's vote it is set to cause profound change for France, the world's sixth-biggest economy, a permanent member of the UN security council and a global military power.

It is the first time neither of the country's traditional parties has a candidate in the final round of the presidential election under the modern French republic, founded in 1958.

Mr. Macron would be France's youngest-ever leader and was a virtual unknown three years ago when he was named economy minister, the launching pad for his sensational presidential bid.

He left Hollande's Socialist government in August and formed En Marche, a political movement he says in neither of the left or the right and which has attracted 250,000 members.

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The ex-investment banker's programme pledges to cut state spending, ease labour laws, boost education in deprived areas and extend new protections to the self-employed.

He is also fervently pro-European and wants to re-energise the 28-member European Union, following Britain's referendum vote last summer to leave.

“France is not a closed country. We are in Europe and in the world,” Macron said during Wednesday's debate.

But Ms. Le Pen is hoping to spring a shock that would resonate as widely as Britain's decision to withdraw from the EU or the unexpected triumph of US President Donald Trump.

First round winners

National Front leader Le Pen sees herself as part of the same backlash against globalisation that has emerged as a powerful theme in the US and in recent ballots in Britain, Austria and the Netherlands.

She has pledged to organise a referendum on withdrawing France from the EU and wants to scrap the euro, which she has dubbed a "currency of bankers."

She has also vowed to reduce net immigration to 10,000 people a year, crack down on outsourcing by multinationals, lower the retirement age and introduce hardline measures to tackle Islamic extremists.

Many voters still see her party as anti-semitic and racist despite her six-year drive to improve its image.

Mr. Macron topped the first round of the presidential election on April 23 with 24.01 per cent, followed by Ms. Le Pen on 21.30 per cent, in a crowded field of 11 candidates.

The results revealed Macron was favoured among wealthier, better educated citizens in cities, while Le Pen drew support in the countryside as well as poverty-hit areas in the south and rustbelt northeast.

Voting for the run-off started for French voters in north America and some overseas territories on Saturday.