Meaningful production is unlikely to emerge until well into the next decade at the earliest. But, Joyner says, the challenges will eventually be overcome. “I think you will get commercial production from there in quite large volumes – in the US, potentially in Greenland, and certainly in Norway and Russia. Technology is moving on all the time and the industry is becoming more capable. It is within the competencies of the industry to get to a position where we can get commercial discoveries.”