Continued from part 2.

Everybody trying to make any sort of more complex game in Rust seems to gravitate towards entity component systems. I'm not an exception. ECS is the big new thing in game architecture these days, so this isn't necessarily a bad idea, but Rust goes out of its way to make it feel necessary.

First of all, Rust is pretty limited at polymorphism. The world of a complex game is a container for heterogeneous game objects. You have things like knights, pebbles and chests, which have very different data layouts and sets of operations, but who are also all physical objects in the game world, and have some common functionality like being present at a given point in the world. Textbook object-oriented modeling situation basically. Rust could let you store them as trait objects with the minimum shared interface, but that doesn't help things along very far. First of all, you don't get base implementation reuse for your actual object types, so you'd need to figure out some trick to get out of copy-pasting the shared functionality implementation for every actual entity type.

The next problem is that this sort of OO game world modeling is all about downcasting. You start with the generic entities, then you want to try downcasting one to a container (like a chest) to do container stuff with it and another to creature (like a knight) to do creature stuff with it. You can use the BoxAny trait to try downcasting to a concrete type, but what we really want here is casting to another trait object so that we still have the option to use different concrete implementations for Container and Creature , and at this point it seems that Rust's grudging concessions to an object-oriented style reach their limits.

Fortunately it turns out that language-level OO isn't really a good way to model video game worlds anyway. As the entity component system folk have observed, you want more runtime flexibility and data-drivenness than what standard OO's locking down the class of an object for good at source code level can get you.

Component structure

The basic idea of an entity component system is that a game world entity starts out with no information except its identity, and all the rest of the data and functionality is added at runtime by associating component values of different types to the entity. The way I do it with Rust is to have the entity identity be basically just an integer value and have the components be containers of plain old data structs. When assigning IDs to new entities, the smallest unused integer will be assigned so that the components can be tightly packed in an array instead of being accessed with an association map. (They're currently accessed with a HashMap anyway, since VecMap stopped being serializable.) Reusing IDs will cause aliasing errors if something holds on to the ID of a deleted entity, so at some point I probably need to turn the entity IDs into pairs of nonreusable primary ID and reusable component list index and only return components if the request handle has a valid UID.

The components are specified by their types, and each entity can have zero or one of a specific type of component. There are multiple ECS libraries for Rust that do the component sets using some sort of TypeId based runtime lookup. However, I'm using the standard serialization to do my save games, and couldn't see how you can easily serialize TypeId and Any based structures. Instead, I use a macro to generate a fixed encodable struct with container fields for all the components, accessor methods and an entity removal method that loops over every component. This struct can then just be added to the serializable overall game state. Each component type is made to implement the Component trait that specifies a method for adding a component value of that type to an object. This lets me do concise prototype entity initialization since the shared trait interface lets chain a list of component values together without needing to refer to their component accessors by name.

Prototype inheritance

The entities also have a prototype inheritance system, via the parent table in Ecs . If an entity does not have a specific type of component associated with it but does have a parent entity, the component is searched from the parent entity next. This lets me do things like having named entities without duplicating the concrete String for every individual instance by just having every entity have a parent prototype that has the Desc component. The system is also copy-on-write. If you ask for a mutable reference to a component that's inherited from a parent, the child entity will get a clone of the parent's component and the method will return a reference to the new cloned component. This way you can have most entities use a shared inherited description value, but you can give some entities custom names without needing any extra logic.

For roguelikes in particular, the prototype system also gets you the mechanics for the item identification subgame for free. The prototypes for potions, scrolls and the like can be given randomly permuted "glowing green potion" and "scroll of CROMULENT OSSIFRAGE" prototype descriptions at world initialization, and when a type of item is idenified, you can just modify the prototype to say "potion of necrotizing fasciitis" instead, and this will change the descriptions of all the potions inheriting that prototype from there on.

The inheritance system is also a potential source of bugs. The engine currently makes no difference between prototypes for entities and actual entities you want running around in the game world. Without some assertions in place, you could very well put a prototype entity in the game world and then watch everything get broken as the game mechanics start messing with it and mutating all the inherited entities along the way. A general theme with the ECS is that while it seems very useful for modeling the game world, it is also a very un-Rustlike system of things that depend on runtime data being set up just right with many possibilities to do incoherent things unless you are very careful to guard against it.

Entity behavior

The behavior of the entities is controlled through the implementation of the Entity type. Since the game world is globally accessible, methods in Entity can access the rest of the world state without having to carry a reference to the world value with them. Using the global world cell locking pattern for accessing the physical world data in the Entity methods, I can write pretty comfortable higher level behavior code as long as I wrap all the low-level accesses into methods.

There are a some parts of the ECS story that aren't quite clear here, since I don't have any type level discrimination between entities that do or don't have some necessary set of components. The first obvious problem is that all operations that work on a single entity go into Entity 's impl block, eventually turning it into the Blob antipattern as the game gets more involved. The other problem is that there isn't a consistent idiom for what to do when an entity does not have the components that the operation expects it to have. Some operations just no-op or return a default value if it makes logical sense ( is_hostile_to queries creatures for aggression, but it also makes sense to say that rocks and chests aren't aggressive enemies). Others just panic. Since I'm not making a library for other users, it might make sense to just fail hard and fast when I've made an error in setting up the entities being operated on, and hope that I catch the error before the users do.

A possible way out of both problems would be to create sub-interfaces like Creature or Container , which can only be instantiated for entities that have all the requisite components. There already are internal component-speficic accessors, but these are wired to the world state internals beyond the Cell airlock, so they can't be exposed to the outside API. They would also be inadequate because many of the logical entity subtype interfaces would depend on the presence of multiple components, out of the current components a creature is expected to have at least Desc , Stats , Health , Alignment and Brain .