Artist’s depiction of Galagadon swimming along the river floor. Image : Velizar Simeonovski, Field Museum

A newly described freshwater shark from the Cretaceous Period had teeth that resembled the iconic Galaga video game spacefighter. Remarkably, the remains of this shark were found in the same pile of debris that contained Sue the T. rex—the largest and most complete fossil of the species ever found.




Introducing Galagadon nordquistae, a newly discovered freshwater shark that swam in the Cretaceous rivers of South Dakota some 67 million years ago. It wasn’t very big, measuring around 12 to 18 inches in length, and it likely scoured the riverbed in search of small fish, snails, and crayfish, according to new research published today in the Journal of Paleontology. The scientists who discovered Galagadon said the shark is related to modern-day carpet sharks, the oddly shaped wobbegong shark being a good example.

All that’s left of Galagadon are two dozen tiny teeth, which were found in the same sediment that yielded Sue, the famous T. rex skeleton. The remains of this fearsome tyrannosaurus were uncovered 20 years ago in the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. Smartly, the leftover sediment from this work, called the matrix, wasn’t thrown away, and was instead stored at the Field Museum in Chicago for safekeeping. Recently, a team of scientists and volunteers decided to take a second look at this two-ton pile of dirt in hopes of finding some fossils—which turned out to be a good idea.


Left: One of the tiny fossilized teeth of Galagaon. Right: The Galaga starfighter. Image : Terry Gates/Gizmodo

As noted, only the teeth of Galagadon remain. Its other body parts are long gone, mostly because cartilage doesn’t preserve very well. Paleontologist Terry Gates, the lead author of the new study and a lecturer at North Carolina State University, and his colleagues inferred the size, shape, and behavior of Galagadon by comparing its teeth to those of similar shark species, both extinct and extant.



“Thankfully, the shark teeth in our study indicate a close relationship to living carpet sharks so we have reasonable inferences on their ancient lifestyles,” Eric Gorscak, a paleontologist at the Field Museum and a co-author of the new study, told Gizmodo. “Teeth are usually good indicators of diet for obvious reasons. These kinds of reconstructions are usually harder with other extinct animals, such as non-avian dinosaurs, in that they differ quite significantly from most living animal analogues.”

Galagadon’s teeth are less than a millimeter across, so they could’ve been easily overlooked.


“It was so tiny, you could miss it if you weren’t looking really carefully,” Karen Nordquist, a retired chemist and a volunteer who helped to find the teeth in the sediment, said in a statement. “To the naked eye, it just looks like a little bump, you have to have a microscope to get a good view of it.”

Nordquist was struck by the shape of these teeth, which reminded her of the spaceships in Galaga. Her colleagues appreciated the comparison, and they decided to name the shark after the classic video game and Nordquist herself.


An assortment of Galgadon teeth. Image : Terry Gates, NC State University

Galagadon and T. Rex, as this finding suggests, were contemporaries. The discovery of a freshwater shark in this part of the world, however, is challenging conventional thinking about the environment in South Dakota at the time. Sue, it was thought, lived and died near a lake that formed from an evaporating river, but the presence of Galagadon suggests the region was connected to the sea, likely by a river, allowing sea-based sharks to move inland and evolve a capacity to live in freshwater.


“It may seem odd today, but about 67 million years ago, what is now South Dakota was covered in forests, swamps and winding rivers,” said Gates in a statement. “Galagadon was not swooping in to prey on T. rex, Triceratops, or any other dinosaurs that happened into its streams. This shark had teeth that were good for catching small fish or crushing snails and [crayfish].”



The discovery is also important because it’ll help scientists “understand the diversity and potential dynamics of ancient ecosystems, especially in the context of non-avian dinosaurs such as world famous Sue the T. rex,” said Gorscak. “The sharks described in our paper help inform the evolutionary history of modern carpet sharks, a group of sharks that currently live around southeast Asia and Australia but we now know to have had a larger range in their millions of years history.”


Future discoveries could shed more light on Galagadon and its habitat, but for now, the discovery of an ancient shark within the same sediment that held Sue the T. rex seems unreasonably appropriate.

[Journal of Paleontology]