By Tyler Cooper

Politicians have a well-earned reputation for misunderstanding the Internet.

…So it’s no surprise that candidate stances on tech issues are all over the map as we approach the 2016 presidential election.

From Clinton’s email server scandal to Trump’s proposal of “closing that Internet up” to fight ISIS , Internet users have plenty of reason to be concerned about how either candidate might alter the landscape of “InternetLand” if they take office.

There’s a lot more than our YouTube addiction at stake for the American public: Net Neutrality, municipal broadband, and data privacy are all on the chopping block.

Let’s take a close look at where the candidates stand on Internet and broadband issues. I’ll start with a brief overview of each candidate, then dive into the specific debates.





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Hillary Clinton Clinton has gotten a lot of attention from the tech community this year thanks to her detailed briefing on technology and innovation — described in the media as “a love letter to Silicon Valley.” She’s gotten less-positive attention for the ongoing debate about her use of private email servers to send and receive classified emails. Net Neutrality : Supports it.

: Supports it. Internet Infrastructure : Wants to expand it with government support in the form of grants and regulation.

: Wants to expand it with government support in the form of grants and regulation. Municipal Broadband : Supports it.

: Supports it. Digital Privacy & Encryption: Supports the gathering of metadata, with increased transparency.

Donald Trump The Internet has been instrumental to Trump’s unexpected rise, but he hasn’t made many concrete statements on broadband issues. Trump described the tech sector as a “bubble” and suggested that he would shut parts of the Internet down to fight ISIS . Net Neutrality : Opposes it.

: Opposes it. Internet Infrastructure : No direct statements, but presumably believes that dismantling Net Neutrality will promote expansion. Plans to borrow heavily to rebuild US infrastructure, but opposition to Net Neutrality suggests he does not consider Internet a government responsibility and that Internet access would be fully privatized — for better or worse.

: No direct statements, but presumably believes that dismantling Net Neutrality will promote expansion. Plans to borrow heavily to rebuild US infrastructure, but opposition to Net Neutrality suggests he does not consider Internet a government responsibility and that Internet access would be fully privatized — for better or worse. Municipal Broadband : No direct statements, presumably will follow the Republican position against it.

: No direct statements, presumably will follow the Republican position against it. Digital Privacy & Encryption: Values security above privacy.

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

Gary Johnson Johnson follows the Libertarian philosophy to the letter: small government, free industry. He’s a vocal supporter of the innovation economy and describes legislation against companies like Uber and AirBnB as “shortsighted .” He maintains an anti-Net Neutrality stance, although his plan for dealing with cable monopolies has yet to be discussed. Net Neutrality : Opposes it.

: Opposes it. Internet Infrastructure :Would leave it to free market forces.

:Would leave it to free market forces. Municipal Broadband : No direct statements, but Libertarian view suggests it would be permitted at the state level (it’s currently difficult to implement due to complex legislation and telecom lobbying).

: No direct statements, but Libertarian view suggests it would be permitted at the state level (it’s currently difficult to implement due to complex legislation and telecom lobbying). Digital Privacy & Encryption: Supports it, describes NSA as “wrong.”

Jill Stein Stein draws close to the Democratic line on all tech issues, though more liberal than Clinton on all counts. She drew some negative press recently for suggesting that Wi-Fi is bad for children . Net Neutrality : Supports it.

: Supports it. Internet Infrastructure : No direct statement, expansion would presumably be included in her “Green New Deal” to generate jobs by transitioning infrastructure to solar/wind power. Given the enormous energy expense of “the cloud,” this would be no easy feat.

: No direct statement, expansion would presumably be included in her “Green New Deal” to generate jobs by transitioning infrastructure to solar/wind power. Given the enormous energy expense of “the cloud,” this would be no easy feat. Municipal Broadband : No direct statement.

: No direct statement. Digital Privacy & Encryption: Supports it — described NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden as a “hero. ”

The Issues:

Let’s take a closer look at the individual issues:

Net Neutrality The biggest problem facing Net Neutrality isn’t necessarily Democratic or Republican policies, but rather the lack of understanding of what Net Neutrality is on both sides. In short, Net Neutrality is the concept that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must treat content passing over the Internet equally, without favoring or blocking any of that content. Net Neutrality supporters view Internet access as an essential utility like electricity, which the government has a responsibility to make available to consumers at a fair price. Net Neutrality opponents get a bad rap thanks to merciless cable lobbyists, but there are legitimate concerns about over-regulating digital information infrastructures. Chief among these is the fear that it could lead to a “legalized monopoly” situation like electricity and water, where the government essentially “grants” monopolies to specific companies in exchange for regulatory power over those company’s operations and pricing. This is fine for electricity and water because the cost for multiple companies to service a single house is prohibitively high for multiple companies to compete. It’s less than ideal for broadband because Internet technologies are rapidly evolving, benefiting from free market competition between cable companies, DSL providers, and upstarts like Google Fiber and fixed wireless providers. Unlike electric and water utilities, it’s logistically possible for multiple providers to service a residence. Whether you like it or not, Net Neutrality has become a necessity to offset the current monopoly on service — as of 2013, half of American households only had one option for home broadband, and in spite of legislative actions like Net Neutrality, the picture is far from rosy. Even with regulation stepping in, ISPs often find loopholes (like drawing up territories or striking exclusive deals with apartment landlords) to keep consumers stuck with high prices. Former Republican contender Marco Rubio may actually have provided the voice of reason on this issue, when he warned that classifying Internet as a utility is is a double-edged sword that gives power to “an unelected, unaccountable board that every lobbyist, lawyer and crony capitalist with a vested interest in the Internet will seek to manipulate .” Clinton’s promises to expand broadband sound good to Silicon Valley, but critics point out that the candidate accepted over $350,000 in campaign contributions from cable lobbyists — a conflict of interest worth noting. Trump, for his part, hasn’t made any statements that indicate his stance on Net Neutrality, other than that he is against it. In a 2014 tweet, he seemed to confuse Net Neutrality with censorship, which is ironic considering his suggestion that censoring parts of the web would be an effective measure against ISIS recruiters: Obama’s attack on the internet is another top down power grab. Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine. Will target conservative media. — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) November 12, 2014 He also has yet to describe how he’d prevent all-out monopolies from increasing if Net Neutrality is repealed, especially in rural areas where building infrastructure is prohibitively expensive with current technologies. If he holds true on his stance against corporate lobbying, we could at least see the current roadblocks against municipal broadband lifted, allowing towns to deploy their own networks when private companies fail them.

Internet Infrastructure Clinton has some compelling proposals for expanding broadband, including government investments in public Wi-Fi. She also proposes a “model digital communities” grant program in her Technology and Innovation briefing, which would give money to state and city-level initiatives to develop innovative high-quality low-cost broadband. Trump proposes a trillion dollar infrastructure program backed by bonds and loans in his book Crippled America . However, Internet infrastructure goes unnamed in this roadmap. Considering that he also suggests doing away with the Rural Utilities Service, it’s unlikely dark fiber or public broadband would be included in the project.

Municipal Broadband Municipal broadband is generally supported on both sides of the partisan lines, whether the rational is state rights or Net Neutrality. Unfortunately, municipal broadband — which has driven huge economic rewards for cities like Chattanooga — faces equally huge legal hurdles, mostly in the form of local laws pushed by telecom lobbyists to prevent government-funded competition. Clinton voiced support for municipal broadband in her technology briefing, and promises to give grants to support individual initiatives. Again, though, her relationship with telecom lobbyists has some voters suspicious of how she would act on these promises as president. Trump, meanwhile, has made no statements on the issue.

Privacy & Encryption The stances of the 2016 candidates on privacy and encryption are best demonstrated in their opinions of NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden. tl;dr: Trump suggests execution, Clinton suggests trial, Johson suggests pardoning, and Stein suggests giving him a promotion. In case you’re unfamiliar: Snowden leaked documents that revealed the alarming extent of warrantless US digital surveillance on citizens and foreign governments. Since then, he has been on the run and currently lives in hiding in Russia . Clinton describes Snowden as a “law-breaker,” going on to say that “if he is … secure in his belief that what he did was the right thing, he should come home and defend it. ” Trump is predictably extreme: “This guy’s a bad guy. There is still a thing called execution. ” Johnson takes a lighter approach and regards him as a whistleblower above all else, valuing the exposure of US government law-breaking over Snowden’s individual law-breaking: I don’t want to see him in prison … This is someone who has divulged information that we would not know about currently — and that’s the United States government spying on all of us as U.S. citizens.[ref]https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/johnson-on-snowden#.cnQqlvZVNe Stein not only promises to pardon Snowden, but stated that she would appoint him as a member of her cabinet, citing his service as whistleblower and patriot.





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The big picture: Internet for all

One thing we can all agree on, regardless of partisan alliance or economic theories: Internet is more than just a “nice-to-have” luxury. It’s quickly become the go-to communication tool for our culture, and as such is an absolute necessity.

Data supports the notion that Internet access boosts employment — without it, consumers are left on the dark side of a “digital divide,” cut off from information, education, and economic opportunity. White House reports have consistently highlighted the positive effects broadband access has in underserved communities .

Whoever takes over the White House in the coming year, consumers are reasonably skeptical that Capitol Hill will prioritize universal Internet access over partisan ideology. Let’s hope to be proven wrong on this one.