Australia-China Business Week

Intercontinental Hotel, Sydney

6 August 2015

Without wanting to start my remarks on a melancholy note, today 6 August, is the seventieth anniversary of the atomic bomb being dropped on Hiroshima followed two days later by another atomic bomb on Nagasaki. A week later Japan surrendered and so ended the Second World War.

The quarter of a million lives lost in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were among the last of the more than fifty million people killed in that war of which more than ten million were Chinese.

And in this year of seventieth anniversaries of the end of World War II it is important not to forget that in Australia’s battle for survival against Japan our longest ally was China itself.

China had been invaded by Japan in 1937 and fought alone until the attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941.

Japan had 680,000 troops in China at the time it launched its Pacific offensive - four times the number it deployed to sweep through South East Asia until they were stopped in the jungles of New Guinea and in the Coral Sea.

Had China’s leaders, Chiang Kai Shek of the Nationalists and Mao Ze Dong of the Communist Party, chosen to reach an armistice with the Japanese, as Wang Jingwei chose to do, Japan would have been able to redeploy its armies in China in our direction. [1]

Without China’s endurance and courage in the face of Japan our war history may have ended very differently indeed.

It is vitally important for Australians, and Chinese, not to forget that in an epic struggle for the survival of our own nations, our own sovereignty, we were allies. It is important for Americans and Chinese to remember that too.

There is a tendency to see the sweep of Chinese Australian history solely through the prism of the cold war and then the opening up of China and the economic development that followed.

This is not the occasion for a history lecture, but we should never forget that the history of our two nations is long, rich and complex. We could not imagine modern Australia without China’s contribution to our people, our culture, our prosperity.

And, perhaps above all, in our darkest hour, when our foes were literally on our doorstep, when our cities were under direct military attack - then, at that tipping point in our history, China was our staunch, indefatigable ally.

When I addressed this forum last year we had a 20-strong negotiating team in Beijing for the 21st formal round of negotiations on the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA). That agreement was signed on 17 June 2015 in Canberra by Australia’s Minister for Trade and Investment Andrew Robb, and the Chinese Commerce Minister, Gao Hucheng.

Of course, before ChAFTA’s entry into force, both Australia and China must complete their domestic treaty-making processes.[2] However, we expect that the ChAFTA will be in force by the end of this year.

The ChAFTA lays a historic foundation for the next phase of Australia’s economic relationship with China. Most significantly, the unprecedented market access China has offered to Australia under ChAFTA puts our firms at a significant competitive advantage.

This year, services contributed around 80 per cent to Australia’s economic output and around 20 per cent to Australia’s export performance.[3]

China is already the largest single market for Australia’s service exports. To date, this has been dominated by education travel and tourism. In 2014, education travel and tourism exports to China constituted over 60 per cent of Australia’s total services export. China is our largest source of international students (about 29% of the total), and is our largest source of tourism expenditure (18% of the total). Australia’s export of other services to China has been less impressive to date, however ChAFTA lays the foundation for much faster export growth across many services.

This, coupled with China’s appetite for quality Australian products, was on display when I joined Mr Richard Liu, the Founder and CEO of JD.com, China’s second biggest retailer, for the Australian launch of JD Worldwide. Opportunities such a these mean that more Australian companies can now sell their products directly into the home’s of Chinese consumers.

Chinese consumers have not just burst into the middle class, they have embraced online retail more than just about any other country.

Online retail accounted for around 10 per cent of overall sales at the end of 2014, with spending at almost half a trillion dollars during the year. This means that the Chinese online retail market is now larger than that of the U.S.[4] It is forecast to rise to 13-14 per cent by the end of the year. By contrast, online retail accounts for around 7 per cent of sales in Australia and around the same portion of sales in the United States[5].

Never before has it been so easy for Australian businesses of all sizes, across just about every industry, to reach new and expanding markets in China.

An area of growing success is architecture and urban planning. Australian firms have capitalised on China’s rapid urbanisation, with over 80 Australian architectural studios currently active in China. A further 220 Australian firms have won work in China in recent years, with 1000 Australian architects employed across residential, commercial, tourism and leisure and sporting facility projects[6].

A notable example is the Brisbane firm Cox Rayner Architects, which two years ago won an international competition to design China’s $290 million National Maritime Museum, beating a field of 80 of the world's leading design firms[7]. The museum will be located in Tianjin, to the east of Beijing, with construction now underway.

As part of the the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement, Australian architectural and engineering firms will be allowed to obtain broader business licenses to carry out work on construction projects in China[8].

Innovation and the importance of openness

Right now we are seeing a lamentable failure of leadership on the part of the Labor Party which is supporting the union campaign critical of elements of the China Free Trade Agreement.

Now it’s important to have these debates in a society such as Australia’s. Few ideas are so brittle that they cannot be knocked into better shape from the crucible of political debate

And in so far as these debates revolve around bringing temporary labour into the country to plug skills shortages, we are balancing competing demands. On the one hand, there needs to be appropriate incentives to train and educate the local workforce who, after all, will be around long after a boom in construction is over. A good example of this was the announcement by NBN Co earlier this week to train an additional 4500 telecom technicians to speed the project’s completion. On the other hand, skills shortages can massively increase costs, create uncertainty and impede future investment in major projects.

So a flexible approach means that Australian workers will have a greater level of certainty than their global counterparts as the price of iron ore fluctuates. If the cost of iron ore does indeed fall below US$40/tonne[9], the vast majority of resource that is still economic to export to China will mostly be sourced from Australia[10].





So arrangements to plug temporary shortages benefit foreign investors, benefit Australians by boosting our national income and benefit workers by ensuring project costs are managed and there is ongoing work.

Now these ideas haven’t been plucked from thin air. Ironically, they were first implemented by Labor after a 2010 review[11] recommended that a new scheme be put in place for big resource projects to streamline the 457 process[12]. When in Government, Labor resisted the opposition of the unions to grant the first in-principle approval of the new agreements to the Roy Hill mine in Western Australia in 2012[13]. The main change to the ‘Investment Facilitation Agreements’ which accompany the ChAFTA[14] is that they lower the investment threshold for relevant projects from $2 billion to $150 million[15].

Labor introduced the new scheme in 2012. Since mid-2013, responding to the wind down in construction, the number of 457 workers in Australia has decreased[16], while the number of 457 visa holders from China account for only 6 per cent of the total[17].

And yet that hasn’t stopped some outrage outbursts of economic chauvinism from the Labor-side of politics. Some of the more egregious examples include:

AMWU NSW secretary Tim Ayres claimed that “this deal will mean that on very ordinary construction projects in our cities and our suburbs … [it] will allow the company to import Chinese workers at lower wages and conditions, denying young construction workers and young apprentices the opportunity for work.” [18] CFMEU national secretary Michael O’Connor was even more blunt when he said the union opposition was "about stopping greedy bastards trying to steal Australian jobs" [19]

CFMEU national secretary Michael O’Connor was even more blunt when he said the union opposition was "about stopping greedy bastards trying to steal Australian jobs" Queensland Trade Minister Jackie Trad complained about supposedly unskilled Chinese tradespeople being eligible for 457 visas [20] , despite the fact that they still need to go through skills testing and still need obtain state-based accreditation, from her own Government.

, despite the fact that they still need to go through skills testing and still need obtain state-based accreditation, from her own Government. ACTU President Ged Kearney stated that “workers from China can come under temporary work visas, just about in any category, and will not be subject to labour market testing … [they can] actually bring in labour from China with low levels of English, with lower skills”[21].

Subsequently, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade have put out a fact sheet dispelling myths and confirming that[22]:

Companies will have to proceed with labour market testing before bringing in foreign workers

They will have to abide by Australian laws and pay Australian wages to those workers and;

Foreign workers will have to undergo a skills assessment before working in Australia.

Now as I have said, I always welcome debate but I am very concerned that this particular debate is on the verge of becoming feral or as Trade Minister Andrew Robb said yesterday racist..

While the unions will advocate for what they believe to be in their members’ interests - and the fact is that the vast bulk of 457 visa holders choose not to be union members[23] - the Labor Party is supposed to be a party of Government, and that brings with it the responsibility to stand up for the national interest.

This is a litmus test for Labor’s current leadership. It is instructive that in Government, Labor resisted a union campaign against the original scheme and a host of Labor elders from Martin Ferguson, Simon Crean[24], Peter Beattie, John Brumby[25] and Bob Carr[26] have welcomed the agreements, as well as a raft of business leaders.

While Labor and the unions claim that there may be some benefits in delaying the agreement, or seeking to revisit provisions relating to the labour market in a few years, there are undoubtedly huge costs too. The National Farmers Federation have estimated that if an agreement is not put into force by the end of this year, it could cost the sector $300 million, mainly through having to pay additional tariffs[27]. And Australian industries will continue to suffer as major competitors, such as New Zealand, continue to enjoy preferential treatment after having already signed agreements[28].

So this campaign is not, by any measure, without cost to Australian business and workers.

Finally there is the psychological impact on Australia’s politics. Our relationship with China is well understood as being our most important economic partnership[29]. But Australia has a long history of ambivalence to foreign investment even though we are a country that is resource rich but capital poor[30].

All reform necessarily involves winners and losers - but in the ChAFTA context the winners overwhelmingly outnumber the losers.

China will be, perhaps already is, the world’s single largest market. Not just for iron and coal - but for everything. We already have few barriers to foreign trade and investment, so a greater opening up of China has to be a very big net gain for us and the limits of the win will be set only by the extent to which the imagination and energy of Australian businesses enable them to take advantage of it.

The astonishing pace of China’s economic transformation is well known to you all and I will not rehearse it other than to draw breath and reflect once more that never before in human history have so many people hauled themselves out of poverty so quickly.

Forty years ago China was closed to the world, and Deng Xiao Ping in his southern tour invoked the memory of 15th century Admiral Zheng He who led great fleets across the Indian Ocean to open up new traces. China then was strong, he said, but when later emperors closed China to foreign trade it became weak beginning a decline that ended with 150 years of humiliating invasion, colonialism and exploitation.

Mao recognised the Chinese people had to stand up, and they did. Deng, and his successors, have recognised that that is not enough. To be stronger still, China had not just to stand up but to reach out. And so it has.

China and Australia’s need for rebalancing

Once asked why he robbed banks, John Dillinger replied “Because that’s where the money is.” And the focus on money, and large amounts of it, is not limited to bank robbers.

There has been a natural tendency to view the economic relationship between China and Australia exclusively through our major exports of iron ore, coal and now increasingly LNG[31].





But the economic relationship is now and will become vastly broader than this. The ChAFTA will accelerate that broadening and deepening.

There are real headwinds for several of our traditional exports.

Let me make some specific observations about coal which has been in the news today. China’s imports of coal declined by 37.5% year on year in the first six months of this year. There are a number of factors which are not propitious for thermal coal exports to China.

First, China is working hard to reduce its energy intensity and increase the share of renewables and nuclear power in its energy mix[32].

Second, the phasing out of inefficient, costly state run heavy industry plants, especially steel-making, is reducing demand.

Third, China is the largest coal producer (and consumer) in the world. It made massive investments (RMB 1.69 trillion) since 2011 in increasing production. This has proved to be an overinvestment and 2015 production levels are only 160 mt higher than in 2011 indicating a considerable decline in capacity utilisation. That is why many analysts predict that China will become, once again, a net exporter of coal to avoid massive lay-offs in the coal industry [33].

Fourth, China is building a massive network of ultra high voltage transmission lines to link coal and hydro energy resources in the north west and south west of China with the industrial centres of the coast. This will reduce demand for coal imports to the coastal cities and of course have the added, and very considerable, advantage of reducing pollution and smog in the big cities near the coast including Beijing and Shanghai.[34]

As far as iron ore and metallurgical coal are concerned, they are the makings of steel, and China like any other developing country is an intensive user of steel as it builds its urban infrastructure and then over time that steel intensity declines especially if, as in China, population growth stabilises or even retreats. China's urban population accounted for 16% of the total in 1960 and is now close to 60%.

China’s high growth rate over many years now has been driven by policies which prioritise and incentivise investment not least by a policy of financial repression which has kept money far too cheap, especially for state owned or connected, enterprises.

The consequent over investment, mal-investment and unsustainable levels of debt were inevitable.

The rebalancing of the Chinese economy, which has been the goal of the national government for many years now, is starting to bear fruit. Consumption which a few years ago was about a third of GDP is now rising towards 50%. The challenge for Chinese leaders is to effect the rebalancing without creating unacceptable levels of economic hardship and unemployment.

The Government’s instincts are, predictably, interventionist, and often counter productive, as we saw with the recent forays into the stock market. The object surely must be to let the market work especially in financial markets so that capital is appropriately priced for risk and consumers have a fair return on their savings instead of subsidising often misguided real estate and other investment.[35] [36].

Next March, the Chinese leadership will release its 13th five-year plan. The clues as to what it will contain can be found in what has been realised to date in the current plan, much of which has already been achieved.

It contained lower growth targets from the stellar double-digit figures that had been achieved in the two decades to 2011; but you could say that it focussed heavily on the quality of economic growth, rather than just the quantity. As Xi Jinping argued earlier this year: “When looking at China's economy, one should not focus on growth rate only.”[37]

“As the economy continues to grow in size,” President Xi argued, “around 7 per cent growth would be quite impressive, and the momentum it generates would be larger than growth at double digits in previous years.”

Chiefly, the five year plan contained targets for an increase in the service sector’s share of output; an increase in scientific innovation; an increase of the welfare state, with a particular focus on providing adequate health care; and big improvements in eight key environmental benchmarks, such as the use of renewable energy and reduction in CO2 targets as a percentage of GDP

All of this has profound consequences for Australia. Australia’s exports in iron ore to China in 2014 accounted for $50 billion -- that’s more than 56 per cent of our exports to China or around 3.2 per cent of our GDP[38]. In others words, the more than halving of iron ore prices since 2011 has delivered a big hit to our national income.

In the 1990s, labour productivity contributed 2 percentage points to our national income growth; and the terms of trade virtually nothing. In the 2000s, labour productivity halved in terms of its contribution to income growth and the terms of trade accounted for more than a percentage point each year[39].





So clearly Australia’s next phase of growth cannot be reliant on terms of trade or external trade partners demanding more and more of our national resources.

We will need a renewed focus on domestic policy settings to ensure we are doing everything to make our exporters more competitive, our products more innovative, our workers more productive.

If we want to remain a prosperous, high wage, generous social welfare safety net, first world economy then, in this rapidly converging global economy, we have be more efficient, more imaginative, more innovative, more technologically sophisticated. We cannot rely on a few large commodities to grow our national income. Our greatest natural assets are not below the ground but walking around on top of it and every sinew of national policy must be dedicated to the vision of ensuring that our human capital becomes the smartest and nimblest to take advantage of the massively expanded global market.

We are in the most exciting, creative, disruptive time of human history. China is a big part of it - perhaps the biggest single part of it - and we need to be as mindful as the Chinese are of the need to rebalance our economy. And in this, the shift of the Chinese leadership to focus on the ‘qualitative’ features of its economy, presents a huge opportunity for Australian businesses.

Chinese Innovation

It is an easy trap to characterise Chinese business as lacking innovation or creativity. Too frequently we hear reference to China’s ‘copycat’ manufacturers, test-focused education system or the government’s failure to protect intellectual property rights. I believe such attitudes are outdated and misplaced and ignore China’s long history of innovation as well as the surge of R&D and entrepreneurship currently underway China.

Until the early 19th century, China’s economy was the world’s largest, most open advanced, and innovative.[40]

Long before the renaissance brought the printing press and the astrolabe to the West, the Song dynasty provided significant technological advances including the invention of printing, paper money, porcelain, tea, restaurants, gunpowder, and the compass.

Over the past 30 years, much of China’s economic growth has come from being an “innovation sponge”. China attempted to catch up with advanced economies by absorbing and adapting technology, best practices, and knowledge from overseas.[41]

In his January 2015 speech at Davos, Premier Li Keqiang emphasised that China is adopting “twin engines”. Firstly, mass entrepreneurship and innovation and secondly increasing the supply of public goods and services in China.

Li Keqiang quoted the proverb: “When the wind of change blows, some build walls while others build windmills.”[42]

In a more elegant way, he was making this point. In age of rapid technological change , disruption and volatility we must learn to make volatility our friend, not our foe. We must be agile to exploit the opportunities, rather than waiting behind the walls frightened of the new challenges.

As our traditional industries suffered during the 1980s and 1990s, Australia had the goal and clear policies of increasing spending on R&D to improve productivity. In its recent five year plan, China set the goal of increasing expenditure on R&D from 1.75 per cent of GDP in 2010 to 2.2 per cent. It has already hit that mark and - although the statistics for Australia lag by a few years - it would appear China has now caught up to Australia in terms of the portion of its economy spent on R&D.





China now accounts for 50 per cent more patent applications per year than the United States[43].

Some of China’s most thriving companies are in sectors requiring advanced manufacturing and customer service, such as online retail. Chinese companies account for 39 percent

of global revenue for trade in appliances, 15 per cent of global revenue for trade of Internet software and 10 per cent of global revenue for smartphones[44]. According to a study by McKinsey, China now ranks second in the world in its share of global trade that relies on knowledge inputs.[45]

Xiaomi, the Chinese smartphone producer, exemplifies China’s attitude to innovation and entrepreneurship. Four years ago Xiaomi launched its first mobile phone. Today it is the world's fourth largest smartphone company and the second most valuable private startup. (Last week it was the most valuable but has since been overtaken by Uber).

And Xiaomi shows the extent to which the spirit of innovation is being crowd-sourced from tens of millions of consumers around China. Every week Xiaomi releases a new version of its operating software, built with online customer input from a million of its users.

Australia’s Advantages

As China moves up the value chain of the world economy, there will be much greater opportunities for Australia.

China has a metaphor for the diaspora of students who have studied abroad, who return home to contribute to the country’s economic growth - Haigui, or sea turtles who take long migrations[46]. One of Australia’s most lucrative exports to China has been our education sector. As at June 2015, there were 124,000 Chinese on student visas in Australia - more than a quarter of the total[47].

Australia needs to do everything it can to build up the reputations of our universities and higher education sector in general to ensure we continue to be competitive. Crucially, a recent survey of Chinese business leaders found that while the Australian education system lags behind the U.S. in preparing students for the 21st Century world of work, we are ahead of both the U.K. and U.S. in terms of cost of living, lifestyle for students and providing an environment that is safe and most secure from crime[48].

Elsewhere, a range of Australian service industries stand to benefit from the shift of the Chinese economy towards consumption and

In 2013, the new Chinese leadership under Xi Jinping launched their new 60-point plan for economic growth to 2020, which included a list of sectors in the service industry that would be opened for international competition, including finance, education, culture, healthcare and other service sectors[49].

Earlier this year, the Australia-China Business Council released the results of a survey which found that the most optimistic sectors for the two year business outlook are mostly in the services sector – and the health sector in particular.

Expenditure on health care in China is forecast to go from US$295 billion in 2010 to US$1.02 trillion in 2018[50].

Australia is well placed to capitalise on this new wave of innovation and disruption emerging from China. However, we all have a role fostering a culture of innovation which must be driven by the private sector, educational institutions and government. In the innovation space, government must lead the way with clear and detailed education, innovation and technology policies that are funded adequately. Industry, too, must embrace disruptive change and most importantly continue to enhance its understanding and relationship with China and its economy.

Conclusion

For too many, that if ChAFTA meansChinese businesses and workers benefit, then Australians must lose.

This is a particular affliction for Australia, I think, because we are so small, we fear that we will are unable to negotiate equitable agreements and we will be left behind as the global economy grows.

But it was true of China that it has always been most prosperous, most innovative and most powerful when it has been open to the world. And the same is true of Australia, as our history post-reform has shown.

As Chinese Xi Jinping noted at the recent Boao Forum in March:

“Our friends in Europe say that a single tree cannot block the chilly wind. And Chinese people say that when big rivers have water, the small ones are filled; and when small rivers have water, the big ones are filled. All these sayings speak to one same truth, that is, only through win-win cooperation can we make big and sustainable achievements that are beneficial to all. The old mindset of zero-sum game should give way to a new approach of win-win and all-win cooperation.”[51]

Thank you very much.

ENDS

[1] See Rana Mitter “Forgotten Ally – China’s World War II 1937-1945” 2013

[2] Next steps in Australia’s processes: The Joint Standing Committee on Treaties (JSCOT) is conducting a public inquiry into ChAFTA and will table its report in Parliament, expected in the week beginning 19 October 2015. Implementation of ChAFTA will require changes to: the Customs Act 1901; the Customs Tariff Act 1995 and associated regulations; the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulations 1989; and Life Insurance Regulations 1995. in addition, a determination will be required under the Migration Act 1958. More information about this inquiry, including hearing dates and guidelines for public submissions, is available at the Committee’s website. After the JSCOT report is tabled, Parliament will consider amendments to relevant legislation, and relevant regulations would also be amended in due course.

[3] Australian Trade Commission, ‘Why Australia: Benchmark Report 2015’ (2015).

[4] FT Confidential Research, (2015), “Online Retail - Crucial Battlegrounds”. 9 Apr 15. The Chinese online retail market accounted for US$484 billion in 2014, compared to $307 billion in the U.S.

[5] NAD, (2015), “NAB Online Retail Sales Index”, available online at: http://business.nab.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NAB-Online-Retail-Sales-Index-Jun-15.pdf. U.S figures sourced from Census, (2015), “Quarterly e-Commerce Retail Sales”, available online at: https://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf

[6] Austrade, “Infrastructure and construction to China”. Last updated 19 Jan 15.

[7] Wheeldon, D., “Cox Rayner Architects design National Maritime Museum of China: international competition win”. 12 Apr 13.

[8] ANZ, (2015), “The ChAFTA and its implications for Australian Businesses”, https://bluenotes.anz.com/media/320138/CHAFTA_2.pdf, p.15

[9] Citi investment bank has forecast an iron ore price of US$42 a tonne in the third quarter of 2015 and $38 in the fourth quarter. See Thomson, J., (2015), “Lower Iron Ore Prices a Safe Bet”, available at: http://www.afr.com/business/mining/iron-ore/lower-iron-ore-prices-a-safe-bet-20150709-gi9746

[10] RBA, (2015), “The Effects of Changes in Iron Ore Prices”, available online at: http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/boxes/2015/feb/a.pdf

[11] DEEWR, (2010), “Resourcing the Future”, available online here, pp.62-64.

[12] Known as the Enterprise Migration Agreements. Around 4,000 457 visas were granted to mining/petroleum engineers and geoscientists in the five years to March 2010. However, Labour Agreements between employers and the Government took on average between six to nine months to process, with some taking more than 12 months.

[13] See for instance, Coorey, P., (2012), “Labor Sets Up Team to Look After Foreign Worker Deals”, available at http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/labor-sets-up-team-to-look-after-foreign-worker-deals-20120529-1zhfm.html

[14] https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/chafta/official-documents/Documents/chafta-mou-on-an-investment-facilitation-arrangement.pdf

[15] See for instance, Parliamentary Library, (2015), “Trade Agreements and Immigration Policy: Commitments in the ChAFTA”, available online at: http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2015/February/ChAFTA-IFAs

[16] As at 30 June, 2013, there were 107,970 457 visa holders in Australia, (source: DIBP, 2013, “Subclass 457 State/Territory Summary Report http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/statistics/457-stats-state-territory-june13.pdf) while as at March 31, 2015, there were 106,750 457 visa holders in Australia (Source: DIBP, 2015, http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/statistics/457-quarterly-report-2015-03-31.pdf)

[17] There were 6,700 Chinese 457 visa holders as at March 31, 2015, out of 106,750 total. Source: DIBP, 2015, http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/statistics/457-quarterly-report-2015-03-31.pdf, p.17

[18] Quoted in abc, (2015), “Trade Minister Reassures Australian Workers China FTA Won’t Threaten Australian Jobs”, available online at: http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2015/s4269434.htm

[19] CFMEU national secretary Michael O’Connor quoted in Hannan, E., (2015), “Labor to Seek to Rewrite China FTA if ALP Wins Election”, available at http://www.afr.com/news/economy/trade/labor-to-seek-to-rewrite-china-fta-if-alp-wins-election-20150724-gijunt, published July 24.

[20] Vogler, S., (2015), “FTA Removes China from Skills Criteria for 457 Visa”, available at: http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/fta-removes-china-from-skills-criteria-for-457-visas/story-fntuy59x-1227460104861

[21] ABC, (2015), available online at: http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2015/06/bst_20150618_0751.mp3

[22] DFAT, (2015), available online at: http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/chafta/fact-sheets/Pages/chafta-myths-versus-realities.aspx

[23] According to one survey, only 7 per cent of 457 visa holders are union members. Source: Migration Council, (2015), “More Than Temporary: Australia’s 457 Visa Program”, available online at: http://www.migrationcouncil.org.au/assets/files/8168a3189.pdf, p.4

[24] See Australian Livestock Association, (2015), available online here: http://auslivestockexport.com/livestock-exporters-welcome-australia-china-free-trade-agreement/

[25] Brumby, J., (2015), “Former Labor premier John Brumby calls on Parliament not to block the China FTA”, available at: http://www.afr.com/opinion/columnists/former-labor-premier-john-brumby-calls-on-parliament-not-to-block-the-china-fta-20150720-gigb4w

[26] See for instance, Hepworth, A., (2015), “‘Xenophobic’ attacks on China free-trade deal risk relations” http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/xenophobic-attacks-on-china-free-trade-deal-risk-relations/story-e6frg926-1227464021004

[27] National Farmers Federation, (2015), “China FTA - Promises Made, Promises Kept”, available online at: http://www.nff.org.au/read/5017/china-fta-promises-made-promises-kept.html

[28] Since the New Zealand - China Free Trade Agreement went into force in 2008, dairy exports from NZ to China have increased by 864 per cent, while Australian dairy exports increased only by 152 per cent.

[29] Lowy Institute, (2015), “The Lowy Institute Poll, 2015”, available at: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/final_2015_lowy_institute_poll.pdf, p.3. More than half of respondents identified China as our most important economic relationship.

[30] As the 2014 Lowy Poll found, 56 per cent of respondents said they felt that Australia allows too much investment from China. Lowy, (2014), “The Lowy Institute Poll, 2014”, available online at: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/2014_lowy_institute_poll.pdf, at p.3

[31] DFAT, (2015), “Australia’s Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) exports, 2003-04 to 2013-14 and beyond”, available online at: http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/australias-lng-exports-2003-04-to-2013-14.pdf

[32] According to a statement submitted to the U.N. as part of its Intended Nationally Determined Contibution to reduce carbon emissions, China stated it will reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60-65 per cent from 2005 levels and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in its primary energy consumption to 20 per cent by 2030 (Source: UNFCCC, 2015, “INDC, China”, available at: http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/China/1/China's%20INDC%20-%20on%2030%20June%202015.pdf)

[33] See for example Deutsche Bank research paper 3 August 2015 “Darker Days Ahead for China’s coal industry?”

[34] See Deutsche Bank research paper 23 March 2015 “How Will China UHV Boom affect materials demand?”

[35] For a good discussion of this see Pettis, M., (2014), Avoiding the Fall: China’s Economic Rebalancing, pp.12-20.

[36] The vast majority of infrastructure spending since 1998 in China has been funded by local Government spending, via Local Government Funding Vehicles (LGFVs), using public land as collateral (source: Chen, Z., 2015, “China’s Dangerous Debt”, in Foreign Affairs, Vol 94, No 3, p.15). Local Government debt has been estimated at between US$5 to $7 trillion. These vehicles have been adversely affected by a 30 per cent drop in land value and volumes on the market in 2015, with signs that local governments have created shell companies to buy land and artificially increase land prices. Since 1998, the proportion of infrastructure spending financed by Local Governments has increased from 77 per cent of total infrastructure spending to 86 per cent (source: FT Confidential, 2015, “China’s Infrastructure Financing Puzzle”, 15 Jan 15. Extra-budgetary funds for local Governments - that is, funding that comes from ‘land transfer fees’ as compared to normal tax revenues - has increased from 45 per cent of infrastructure funding to 58 per cent of infrastructure funding as at 2013.

[37] Xi Jinping, (2015), “Address to the Boao Forum”, available online at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-03/29/c_134106145.htm

[38] DFAT, (2015), “China Fact Sheet”, available online at: http://dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/chin.pdf

[39] Gruen, D., (2012). “The Importance of Productivity”, available online HERE

[40] John M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western CIvilisation (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

[41] McKinsey Global Institute, (2015), Global growth: Can productivity save the day in an aging world? . Indeed of the 1.25 million patents granted in China last year only around a fifth were awarded in the highest category for ‘invention’ as opposed to the ‘utility model’ and ‘design’ categories. Source: Waldmier, P., (2015) “China Fails to Live Up to its History as a Great Nation in Innovation”, in the Financial Times, available online at: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/406b5f62-b710-11e2-a249-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3hvoka46M

[42] Rosana She & Noric Dilanchian, ;China’s transition into a new innovation powerhouse’ (4 March 2015), http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2015/3/4/china/chinas-transition-new-innovation-powerhouse

[43] Angang, H., (2015), “Embracing China’s New Normal”, in Foreign Affairs, Vol 94, No 3, p.9

[44] McKinsey Global Institute, (2015), ‘The China Effect on Global Innovation’, p.9

45 McKinsey, (2015), “Global flows in a digital age: How trade, finance, people, and data connect the world economy”, p.10 http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights/Globalization/Global%20flows%20in%20a%20digital%20age/MGI_Global_flows_in_a_digial_age_Full_report.ashx

46 Chu, K., (2015), “Chinese Firms Lure Executives From Western Companies”, available online at:http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-firms-lure-native-executives-home-1409671081

47 DET, (2015), “International Student Data”, available online here: https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/International-Student-Data/Pages/InternationalStudentData2015.aspx#Pivot_Table

48 Zogby Research, (2015), “A Promising Partner: How Chinese Elites View Australia”, available online at: http://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/How%20Chinese%20Elites%20View%20Australia%20-%20Australia-China%20Relations%20Institute%20-%20Zogby%20Research%20Services.pdf

49 See http://www.china.org.cn/china/third_plenary_session/2014-01/16/content_31212602_7.htm

50 ANZ, (2015), “The ChAFTA and its implications for Australian Businesses”,https://bluenotes.anz.com/media/320138/CHAFTA_2.pdf

51 Xi Jinping, (2015), “Address to the Boao Forum”, available online at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-03/29/c_134106145.htm