Last spring, the Liberal government doubled the amount of money available to subsidize student wages under the Canada Summer Jobs program.

But despite the boost, Statistics Canada found student summer employment rates for 2016 stuck roughly where they were in 2015.

What happened?

In February, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau — who serves as his government's minister of youth — marked the end of his first 100 days in office by announcing an extra $113 million a year for the next three years for the Canada Summer Jobs program, doubling its annual budget of $107.5 million.

In June, Trudeau was out touting the results.

Thanks to an "unprecedented response from employers" (30 per cent more applications, from small businesses in particular), the money was backstopping 77,000 jobs — 7,000 more than originally expected.

The 2015 funding subsidized 34,179 jobs.

Employment and Social Development Canada says it won't report its final 2016 numbers until December.

Rosy press releases

The job numbers quoted by Trudeau — and in a series of "best summer ever" announcements from regional ministers and Liberal MPs through late July — weren't official.

But press releases touting a "record number of jobs and opportunities" created by the program said doubling spending paid off across Canada: from 19 per cent more jobs in Newfoundland and Labrador to 231 per cent more jobs in the three territories combined.

Alberta and B.C.'s Canada Summer Jobs announcements touted 135 and 133 per cent more jobs, respectively, while Ontario had a 159 per cent increase.

Rosy releases aside, did the new jobs subsidized by the program actually boost the country's overall student employment rate?

In short: No.

'Artificial' jobs?

The Statistics Canada labour force survey released early last month found that for students aged 15-24 returning to full-time studies this fall, the average summer employment rate (May to August) was 48.8 per cent, down slightly from 49.1 per cent in 2015.

The average unemployment rate for students aged 20-24 was 10.2 per cent, virtually unchanged from the 10.1 per cent observed in 2015. For those aged 17-19, it declined to 15.3 per cent from 17.3 per cent in 2015, and for 15-16-year-olds, it was 28.1 per cent, compared with 29.7 per cent the previous summer.

Trudeau made himself the cabinet minister responsible for youth. He used a Toronto event in February to mark his first 100 days in office and announce the Liberals would double spending on the Canada Summer Jobs program. (Aaron Vincent Elkaim/The Canadian Press)

Would things have been worse for students without this spending?

While one can speculate, that kind of counter-factual argument is very difficult to prove, says Morley Gunderson, the CIBC chair of youth employment at the University of Toronto.

He says a "stable, growing economy is the best tonic" for student employment.

When the economy is struggling, student jobs are often the first to go. They can also be the last to benefit from a recovery.

"There's a real danger in artificially creating jobs," he said. "That's generally not sustainable ... We need employers making their own hiring decisions."

And then there are the possible trade-offs with a targeted program like Canada Summer Jobs.

"Are students taking the job of someone else who could do the work?" he said.

Riding budgets didn't simply double

Recently tabled responses to questions put on the House of Commons order paper by both Conservative and New Democrat MPs reveal how $107.4 million in new money was allocated across Canada. (Employment and Social Development Canada says the difference between this and the $113 million announced is the cost of administration.)

The government didn't just double the budget for each riding.

The new money was divvied up based on student unemployment data from Statistics Canada and riding-specific data from the 2011 census. (Employment information that year was collected in the voluntary survey that replaced the long-form census.)

Trudeau and Labour Minister MaryAnn Mihychuk toured a lab at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario to promote the Canada Summer Jobs program in June. An 'unprecedented response' from employers, and small businesses in particular, led to the creation of 7,000 more jobs than expected, he announced. (Adrian Wyld/Canadian Press)

For example, in 2015, four ridings had over $1 million budgeted — all of them in Newfoundland and Labrador. Many Atlantic Canadian ridings had large budgets, in line with the region's employment challenges.

With the new funding formula, 13 ridings had million-dollar budgets in 2016: four in Newfoundland and Labrador, but also other places likely to have many students looking for work like Halifax, Montreal and London, Ont.

'Tiny drop in the bucket'

University of Ottawa labour economist David Gray says the effectiveness of the program is about more than the unemployment rate.

This spending is a "tiny drop in the bucket" of the total Canadian economy, he said. What may count more is the meaningful training or skills experience students gain.

While economists debate whether it's a government's role to create jobs, "there's no doubt that 77,000 young people benefited," he said.

The program is a targeted wage subsidy for selected employers. It also pads the bottom line of small businesses at a time when this government may have needed an olive branch to extend.

"Politics always matters," Gray said.

How the Canada Summer Jobs program works:

Public sector, not-for-profit organizations and small businesses with 50 or fewer employees can apply for wage subsidies to hire full-time students aged 15-30.

For-profit businesses and public sector employers can receive funding worth up to half of their province or territory's minimum wage for full-time work lasting between six and 16 weeks. Not-for-profit organizations can apply for 100 per cent of the minimum wage. (Employers can offer higher salaries, at their own expense.)

Employers must attest that they could not create the job without help. A points system evaluates applications based on federal government priorities, such as: