Rails and SOA: Do I really need to have this big app?

Developing complex web applications (not particularly Rails apps) is a tricky task. You write your models, controllers, services and optimize application architecture iteratively. But even with the great architecture when your application starts to be huge, bad things happen. Every little feature you’ll add will cost you precious time - tests must pass on your CI and workers needs to be reloaded every time you deploy. In addition, you begin to realize that mental overhead with keeping modules separated is huge - you have to remember a lot of things to keep it in right fashion. Ultimately, working on a project is hard, TDD technique is inefficient to use and you’re not happy at all with your code.

Have something gone wrong? No. You just didn’t notice that you need more applications than just one.

What is Service Oriented Architecture?

Complex applications tend to create whole ecosystems inside of them - we can think of such applications as of galaxies. Inside these galaxies we have stars - our services and adapters. They should be separated, but they’re still in the one galaxy which is our big application. What glues these stars together is their purpose - they’re created by us to solve certain problems.

Service Oriented Architecture takes different approach. We can put the same stars into different galaxies and add an explicit communication between them. This way we create a solid boundaries between our services and make our solution simpler to maintain - working on a small Rails application is easy, right?

Why it’s good?

The most attractive thing about this kind of architecture is an ease of working with smaller applications - you have a small subset of tests and external libraries. Your mini-application has a narrow scope, business domain is singular (as opposed to your previous approach, where you had payments and business logic inside a single app - maybe separated, but still inside one app) and you don’t need to have such sophisticated architecture inside - when you choose Rails to implement it, you can even be fine with your ActiveRecord and tight coupling with a framework.

What is more, when it comes to replication of your app, you have much more control about which part and how much you want to replicate it. You can distribute your API within some kind of CDN or cloud, keeping your data processing app centralized. Small application is not as heavy as your previous monolithic application - you can spawn more workers with the same resources you had before.

As a developer, you would certainly appreciate that with this approach you’re absolutely technology agnostic. With this approach you can create your API app in Rails with a traditional RDBMS like PostgreSQL and payments processing application in Haskell with MongoDB as a persistence layer. It’s your choice and service oriented architecture allows you to have such flexibility.

When you change something in one part of your system, you don’t have to reload all subcomponents - deploys are separated from each other and you have zero downtime with API when you only update a data processing app. That makes your system more reliable and clients happier. When something goes wrong and one subsystem hangs, you can defer message passing to it and go on - before you had single point of failure, now your system is much more durable.

You can define or choose protocols you choose, not just HTTP - you can tailor your message passing to suit your needs. You can provide reliable or unreliable communication, use different data formats - it’s your choice. When it comes to optimalisation, it’s a huge improvement compared to monolithic Rails app, which is adjusted to work with a HTTP protocol and simple, stateless request-response cycle. In chillout, our application which gathers metrics about creation of a certain models within your Rails app, we use ZMQ sockets for internal communication thorough our system and only use HTTP to get requests from our clients. That allowed us to be flexible about reliability of our transmission. We certainly want to be sure when someone pays us, but we don’t need to be exactly sure that 1 of 100 gathered metric won’t be delivered.

When it comes to coupling, there is less possibilities to couple independent components of your system - in fact, you can’t be more explicit about saying “Hey, now we’re dealing with a completely different domain”!

Of course, there is no perfect solution - and SOA have its flaws.

Nothing is perfect (SOA too)

Unfortunately, with this approach you have to provide code for internal communication between subsystems. Often it would imply that your total codebase (sum of codebase of all subcomponents of your system) will be bigger. To overcome this issue I recommend to put this communication code as an external library, shared between your components.

Another issue is that every application which wants to communicate with a certain subsystem needs to know a message format - thus, knows something about a domain of the receiving app. This can be fixed, but with a cost - you can provide a “mediator” app, which is reponsible for translating a message from a sender domain to (possibly multiple) recievers domain format. It’s nothing new, though - you made it before when you introduced an adapter to your application. This issue induced a nice discussion inside Arkency team, and it’s the only solution we’ve found so far. It’s good, but not as good - we have to provide more code to do so. I would recommend creating a simple adapter first - when you feel it’s not enough, you can easily extract it as a new application.

If you’re ready to pay this price, SOA is a viable architecture to work with your system. And the best part is that…

It’s not all or nothing

Very good thing about SOA is that it’s not all-or-nothing - we can iteratively transform the code from a certain point to the stand-alone mini-application. In fact, when we transform our business logic into services it’s quite simple. Let’s define steps of this extraction, and I’ll provide a simple example.

(If you have not done it before) Create a service object from a given business process inside your app. My previous post can be helpful with this. Choose a service OR adapter which you want to be a separate app. Copy the code (with dependencies) to a separate directory. Copy external dependencies (gems) used and include it into your brand-new app. Create the code which processes requests. We can use Rails for it. In my example, I’ll use webmachine for simplicity. If an action needs to send back some kind of message, introduce the code which creates it. Inside your old application, change your controller action’s code to the new code which makes communication with your new application. Remove external dependencies which were exclusive to your service from your complex application. Remove copied code from complex application’s codebase. Move unit service tests (if any) to your new application.

Step one:

Let’s introduce our example. We have a simple service object which processes payment creation requests - it communicates with an external service to delegate the payment processing and handles response from this service.

It’s important to see it’s a boundary context of our application - it’s not tightly related with what our application does and it’s business rules - it’s only providing an additional (but needed) feature. These kind services are the most viable choice for extraction, because we can easily build an abstraction around it (more about this later).

The callback object here is usually a controller in a Rails application. If you’re unfamiliar with this kind of handling outcoming messages from service within Rails controller, here’s an example how the code may look inside the controller:

def action service = PaymentCreationService . new ( PaymentsDB . new , PaymentsProviderAdapter . new , PaymentsMailer . new , self ) service . call ( params [ :payment ]) end def payment_successful ( uuid ) # code processing successful payment request end def payment_data_invalid ( reason ) # code processing invalid data within request end def payment_unknown_error ( payment_request ) # code processing unknown error end

Here’s how our code might look like:

class PaymentCreationService def initialize ( payments_db , payments_provider_adapter , payments_mailer , callback ) @payments_db = payments_db @payments_provider_adapter = payments_provided_adapter @payments_mailer = payments_mailer @callback = callback end def call ( payment_request ) payment = payments_provider_adapter . request ( payment_request ) if payment . accepted? payments_db . store ( payment . uuid , payment_request ) payments_mailer . send_confirmation_of ( payment_request ) callback . payment_successful ( payment . uuid ) end if payment . data_invalid? callback . payment_data_invalid ( payment . reason ) end if payment . unknown_error? callback . payment_unknown_error ( payment ) end end private attr_reader :payments_db , :payments_provider_adapter , :payments_mailer , :callback end

We put this file (with it’s dependencies, but without a callback object - it’s not a dependency!) to the separate directory.

Step two:

Here we create the code which processes our requests. It’s a lie it’s only for a request processing - in our example it’s also setting up a HTTP server - but it’s all about a protocol. We use HTTP, so we need a HTTP server for this. We can use many technologies - like raw sockets, ZMQ and such.

You can really skip this code if you don’t want to learn about webmachine internals. In short it creates HTTP server which processes /payments POST calls and binds methods read and render appropiate JSON to it. Since webmachine is really small compared to Rails, we have to create resources (we can think about it as controllers) by ourselves.

require 'webmachine' require 'multi_json' require 'payment_creation_service' require 'payments_db' require 'payments_provider_adapter' require 'payments_mailer' class ResourceCreator def ecall ( route , request , response ) resource = route . resource . new ( request , response ) service = PaymentsCreationService . new ( PaymentsDB . new , PaymentsProviderAdapter . new , PaymentsMailer . new , resource ) resource . payments_creation_service = service resource end end class PaymentResource < Webmachine :: Resource attr_accessor :payments_creation_service , :rendered_data def allowed_methods %w(POST) end def content_types_accepted [[ 'application/vnd.your-app.v1+json' , :accept_resource ]] end def content_types_provided [[ 'application/vnd.your-app.v1+json' , :render_resource ]] end def accept_resource body = MultiJson . load ( request . body . to_s ) payments_creation_service . call ( body ) end def payment_unknown_error ( payment ) self . rendered_data = MultiJson . dump ( message: "UNKNOWN_ERROR" , inspect: payment . inspect ) end def payment_data_invalid ( reason ) self . rendered_data = MultiJson . dump ( message: "DATA_INVALID" , reason: reason ) end def payment_successful ( id ) self . rendered_data = MultiJson . dump ( message: "SUCCESS" , uuid: id ) end def render_resource self . rendered_data end end @webmachine = Webmachine :: Application . new do | app | app . routes do add [ 'payments' ], PaymentResource end app . configure do | config | config . adapter = :Rack config . ip = '127.0.0.1' config . port = 5555 config . adapter = :Webrick end app . dispatcher . resource_creator = ResourceCreator . new end @webmachine . run

Step three:

We did it already. The #render_resource , #payment_data_invalid , #payment_unknown_error and #payment_successful methods is the response creation code.

All it does is providing an interface for a service and creating a JSON response based on callback service calls. When it gets bigger, I recommend putting response creation code into a separate object.

Step four:

Now we have to change our old controllers code. It can now look like this, using Faraday library:

def action response = Faraday . post ( "http://127.0.0.1:5555/payments" , params [ :payment_request ]) # response handling code end

This ends our tricky parts of extraction. Step five is dependent on your application and it’s fairly easy. Now we have the tiny bit of our complex application as a separate application instead. We can run our new application and check out if everything works fine.

More abstraction

Remember that I mentioned this is a great candidate for extraction due it’s a boundary context? You always have this kind of context in your application - for example, controllers are managing boundary context of Rails applications, like logging or rendering responses.

Coming back to our cosmic metaphor - after our step we have a brand-new created galaxy which contains exactly one star. It’s not quite efficient to leave a one-star galaxy - we just added some code and separated one particular action away from our old, big galaxy. But added code/profit ratio is poor for now. Your next step should be finding stars which share similar dependencies and nature of actions, like PaymentNotificationService and transfer this kind of stars to your new galaxy.

How SOA works in Arkency?

We have used an service-oriented approach in our product called Chillout. It’s a relatively simple app which is gathering metrics about model creations within clients’ Rails applications. We are sending a mail report each day/week/month, containing changes and charts which shows trends of model creations.

During development, 6 applications were created:

api - responsible for receiving data from clients. It takes HTTP requests, and communicates with brain part using ZMQ sockets.

- responsible for receiving data from clients. It takes HTTP requests, and communicates with brain part using ZMQ sockets. brain - responsible for aggregating data and making it persistent.

- responsible for aggregating data and making it persistent. reporter - responsible for creating reports from a given interval (day, month, year) from the data aggregated by brain.

- responsible for creating reports from a given interval (day, month, year) from the data aggregated by brain. mailer - responsible for generating and sending mails from reports generated by reporter.

- responsible for generating and sending mails from reports generated by reporter. dashboard - provides a front-end for our clients - they can manage their payments and add new projects to track within this application.

- provides a front-end for our clients - they can manage their payments and add new projects to track within this application. artisan - it’s responsibility is to generate a chart from a given interval, using aggregated data.

These application have narrow scopes and totally separate domains. With this kind of logical separation, we can distribute our system whatever we want. In future we can, for example, provide more brains without a hassle.

Further read

I would greatly recommend a video by Fred George about micro-services. It’s a great example how SOA can improve thinking and development of your systems.

Also, Clean Architecture is a great start to organize monolithic app to create a SOA from it in the future. You can read more about it here.

Conclusion

Service oriented architecture can be a great alternative for maintaining a big, complex singular application. When we were developing chillout we had lots of fun with this kind of architecture - features adding were simple, tests were quick and thinking about an application was simpler.

What do you think about this kind of architecture? Have you tried it before? I really looking forward for your opinions.