Observations of Red Aurora over 1770 Kyoto Help Diagnose Extreme Magnetic Storm

Japanese researchers combine historic accounts of a rare red aurora with modern methods to describe an extreme magnetic storm over Kyoto in the 18th century

Released on September 20, 2017 (in Japanese)

Posted on September 28, 2017

National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)

National Institute of Japanese Literature (NIJL)

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Researchers used historic accounts of a rare red aurora over Kyoto, Japan, in the 18th century to support calculations of the strength of the associated magnetic storm. The September 1770 storm could be 3–10% stronger than the September 1859 storm, the greatest storm in the past 200 years. The research provides insights that could assist preparation for an unlikely, but possible, future intense magnetic storm.

Auroras are lightshows that typically occur at high latitudes such as the Arctic and Antarctic; however, they expand equatorward under severe magnetic storms. Past observations of such unusual auroras can therefore allow us to determine the frequency and severity of magnetic storms. The more information that can be gathered about historic intense magnetic storms, the greater the opportunity to mitigate disruption of power grids in a future event.

Historical documents are becoming much more accessible for research as newly discovered records surface from private collections across the world. Researchers centered at Tokyo’s National Institute of Japanese Literature (NIJL) and National Institute for Polar Research (NIPR) examined a detailed painting from a Japanese manuscript Seikai (“understanding comets”) with associated commentary describes a red aurora occurring over Kyoto on 17 September 1770. Also investigated were detailed descriptions of the event from a newly discovered diary of the Higashi-Hakura family of Kyoto.

Figure 1: The painting of the red aurora of 17 September 1770 in the premodern Japanese text “Seikai,” which is owned by the Matsusaka City Museum of History and Traditional Crafts. A radial structure of stripes is shown, comprising small-scale rays inside the stripes. The bottom section and eastern/western edges of the stripes are somewhat darkened. The caption on the right-hand side may be translated as follows, “On 17 September 1770, at night, red vapor was active at northern sky. The figure was as it watched at midnight.” Credit: Matsusaka city, Mie prefecture.

Figure 2. The diary of the Higashi-Hakura family (page 86a-b, call number B2-164), which is owned by the Azumamaro Jinja in Kyoto. The appearance of the zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770, is described in detail with references to the position of the Milky Way. Credit: Azumamaro Jinja.

“The enthusiasm and dedication of amateur astronomers in the past provides us an exciting opportunity,” Kiyomi Iwahashi of NIJL says. “The diary was written by a kokugakusha (scholar of ancient Japanese culture), and provides a sophisticated description of the red aurora, including a description of the position of the aurora relative to the Milky Way.”

Using astrometric calculations of the elevations of the Milky Way as it would have been viewed from Kyoto on 17 September 1770, the researchers were able to calculate the geometry of the red aurora and check the results against the details from the Seikai painting and the diary. The success of the description of the aurora according to the historical documents allowed the researchers to estimate the strength of the magnetic storm that caused the September 1770 aurora.

Figure 3. The geometry of the auroral appearance as seen from Kyoto on 17 September 1770, is calculated for its reconstruction. Diamonds show the positions of the red aurora tangentially mapped to the flat plane of the 60° by 80° field-of-view, plotted every 100 km in east-west direction and every 10 km in vertical direction. The main body of the emissions is assumed to be in the range of 200 km to 500 km, with an inclination angle of 45° along the local magnetic field. Elevation angles are shown by angle markings on the vertical axis with plus signs.

“The magnetic storm on 17 September 1770 was comparable with or slightly larger than the September 1859 magnetic storm that occurred under the influence of the Carrington solar flare. The 1859 storm was the largest magnetic storm on record, in which technological effects were widely observed,” Ryuho Kataoka of NIPR says. “It was lucky for us that the 1770 storm predated our reliance on electricity”

So how likely are such magnetic storms? “We are currently within a period of decreasing solar activity, which may spell the end for severe magnetic storms in the near future,” Kataoka says. “However, we actually witnessed an extremely fast coronal mass ejection only several days ago [10 September 2017] which might be powerful enough to cause extreme storms. Fortunately, it just missed the Earth.”

Regardless of the specific likelihood of another perfect magnetic storm, interdisciplinary historical and scientific collaborations are invaluable in providing important physical details that could help us to understand the greatest magnetic storms in history and prepare for any potential future event.

The article, “Inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical evidence of extreme magnetic storm” was published in Space Weather at DOI: 10.1002/2017SW001690

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The research was supported by the Center for the Promotion of Integrated Sciences of SOKENDAI, Project to Build an International Collaborative Research Network for Pre-modern Japanese Texts of NIJL, and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15H03242.

Published Paper

Journal: Space Weather

Title: Inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical evidence of extreme magnetic storm

Authors: Ryuho Kataoka and Kiyomi Iwahashi

DOI: 10.1002/2017SW001690

URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017SW001690/abstract

Contact

Public Relations Section, NIPR

E-mail: kofositu@nipr.ac.jp