No, Pope Francis didn't endorse Donald Trump. And no, Trump didn't beat Hillary Clinton in the popular vote. But a surge in fake news sites would like you to think that both those things are true.

A growing number of websites are espousing misinformation or flat-out lies, raising concerns that falsehoods are going viral over social media without any mechanism to separate fact from fiction. And there is a legitimate fear that some readers can't tell the difference. A study released by Stanford University found that 82 percent of middle schoolers couldn't spot authentic news sources from ads labeled as "sponsored content."

The disconnect between true and false has been a boon for companies trying to turn a quick profit.

“There are more of these sites now because there’s an awareness that people can create fake news sites and make money from the ads,” explained Claire Wardle, an expert from the Tow Center for Digital Journalism. “A few years ago, we were mostly dealing with people who were misinformed, but not malicious.”

The rise of scammers has ensnared two of the world’s largest internet companies, Facebook and Google, in controversy over their role in giving fake news such an influential platform.

Melissa Zimdars, a communications and media professor at Merrimack College, compiled a comprehensive take down of fake news sites after she discovered that one of the top stories on Google News was spreading false information from a fake website.

Here are some tips from Zimdars on how to spot fake news: