Callow makes it stupidly simple to brute-force website login pages. It has been made with beginners in mind and is super intuitive. Callow is available free of charge under the GPL-3.0 license and can be used for both, commercial and non-commercial purposes.

What is a brute force attack?

A brute force attack is a trial-and-error method of trying many passwords to discover the correct one. More targeted brute-force attacks use a list of common passwords to speed this up.

Brute force attacks are relatively simple to perform and, given enough time and the lack of mitigation strategy of the target, they always work. Every password based security system can be cracked by brute force attacks.

Where Callow enters the game

Brute force attacks can be fairly easy for services like SSH or Telnet but for something like a website login page, we need much more information to execute the attack. Callow simplifies this process to a point that even beginners can do it. Callow automates a Chrome instance to host a brute force attack against the login form of (nearly) any website with a visible login forum.

Upon launching Callow, it asks for what site you want to brute-force, it will check to see if the page exists and is accessible. If it is, Callow asks for the CSS selectors for the username and password fields, so that it knows where to enter the username and password. Then it requests the target username and a list of passwords to try during the attack.

After Callow has the information it needs, it will open a browser window and begin automating the attack. In the terminal, you can watch each password attempt as it progresses down the list.

Installation

Before installing Callow, you’ll need to install a few requirements, including a driver, to be able to interact with Chrome.

Requirements

First, we’ll need to install a few things for this to work.

Python 3.5+

Google Chrome

Chrome Driver

Install Python

Python is an ideal language for automating these kinds of attacks. It also makes it easier for beginners to understand how it works.

You’ll need to install Python version 3.5 or above. You can download Python from python.org/downloads.

To check if Python is installed correctly, open up a terminal and type python -V (Uppercase V).

python -V

Download Callow

To install Callow, you have to clone the GitHub repo. It is frequently updated and bug fixes are easy to apply. You can also download the zipped files from the releases if you don’t want to keep the full source code. To clone the repository, run the git clone command.

Install Dependencies

Fire up a terminal and change the directory to cloned repo.

cd callow

Install the python modules required for Callow to work. You’ll need:

selenium

requests

You can install them using the following command.

python -m pip install --user -r requirements.txt

Install Chrome Driver

Next, you need to install the driver that allows us to control Chrome from the Python program. You need to get the version corresponding to the version of Google Chrome that you currently have. Callow currently ships with the Chrome Driver binaries for Chrome version 80, which should (in theory) work with any future versions of Chrome too. You can download Chrome Driver from chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads. Then put chromedriver.exe in the installation folder or a location that is in your PATH system variable.

Getting started

Now that we have Callow and all its dependencies installed on our system, it’s time to check out how it works. You can test this safely on our sandbox so that no one gets in trouble. Head over to callow.now.sh/sandbox to follow along.

Identifying the login form elements

We need some more information about the page in order to do this. Run Callow using the following command. Make sure you are in the same directory where Callow is installed.

python callow.py

Enter the URL for the target website’s login page into the first prompt. It will check to make sure the website exists and can be accessed. Make sure you have http:// or https:// in the URL.

Next, we’ll need to enter the CSS selectors of the login and password input elements of the target website. On the login page, right-click on the username field, then click on inspect.

Next, right click on the element’s code, and a menu will appear. Make sure it is an <input> tag. Now click on Copy > Copy selector to copy the CSS selector of the user input field, which Callow will use to interact with this element.

Enter the username selector into Callow, and then repeat the process with the password input field.

#username

#password

Now that we have the elements selected, we need to set the username that we’re trying to brute-force. In this case, we will use the username for sandbox.

testuser

The final step will be to select the password list. This can be any plaintext file with one password in each line. You can use any wordlist that you think can have the password. You can find many great password lists in the berzerk0/probable-wordlists Github repository. After downloading a password list of your choice, you can add it to the installation directory, and select it instead of the default list. Callow comes with a tiny example list which contains the password for the sandbox which we will use here.

pass.txt

Press Enter, and a new Google Chrome window will open and begin trying the passwords in the dictionary.

Let this run for as long as it takes and eventually, if the list has the password, it will find the correct password. Once Callow detects a successful login, it will output the password that succeeded, close the chrome window and exit. That’s how simple it is.

You can also pass those options in the form of arguments. Let’s look at the help menu using the following command. You can see the options for Callow here.

python callow.py -h

You can do all the previous steps in just one line and it will start the attack right away. you can do it as such:

py callow.py --site=https://callow.now.sh/sandbox --usel=#username --psel=#password --user=testuser --pass=pass.txt

Where this all goes down

Websites have the best ability to defend against these attacks by making sure to implement common safeguards for dictionary and other types of attacks. Some websites have hidden login forms that require you to scroll or click to show the form.

Many services now do some kind of rate-limiting, which detects too many failed login attempts and blocks further attempts for a period of time, which can substantially slow down a brute force attack.

The biggest downside to a dictionary attack is that if the password does not exist in the dictionary, the attack will fail. If the password used by the target is strong, brute-force attacks can be too time and resource expensive to use as we start having to try every possible combination of characters.

Disclaimer

The author of this article, under any circumstances, does not support or take responsibility for any form of unethical acts. This article is purely for educational purposes and is not intended to cause any harm.