BEIJING—A slew of sexual-misconduct allegations is surfacing in China, a sign of pent-up frustration about the treatment of women and a testament to the rise of a generation increasingly willing to speak up.

Allegations in China have largely centered on universities, but the emerging #MeToo movement appears to be spreading. In recent days, some two dozen women have stepped forward on social media, mostly anonymously, to make sexual misconduct allegations against men, including a well-known charity leader and a host on China’s...