Despite calls from local community activists for supervised, or "safe" injection sites to help prevent overdose deaths and keep needles off the streets, a local addictions expert says he believes they may not work in Manitoba.

Ben Fry, CEO of the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba, said while sites in Vancouver have been effective, that is because they targeted a concentrated population in a small area — specifically, the Downtown Eastside.

In Winnipeg, the problem is more widespread than one neighbourhood, he said.

"The one thing that we believe from literature is that safe consumption sites do tend to be a model that's effective when there's a very narrow geographical area. What we see in Manitoba, that's not necessarily the case."

Addictions Foundation of Manitoba CEO Ben Fry says he's not sure supervised injection sites would be effective in Winnipeg, where the problem of drug abuse is more widespread than one neighbourhood. (Warren Kay / CBC Manitoba)

Manitoba, like all Canadian provinces, is dealing with the availability of cheap crystal meth and opioids like fentanyl. Overdose deaths from fentanyl have risen over the last number of years as the provincial health-care system strains to help addicts who have little access to resources.

"We have not seen evidence that it would be the most effective use of available funding to help those struggling with addiction in Manitoba," said a spokesperson for Health Minister Kelvin Goertzen.

"Manitoba, like other provinces, is still finalizing the terms of our bilateral agreement with the federal government, but we are currently working with stakeholders and department officials to develop proposals for the allocated federal funding. Those proposals must also consider the various forms of addiction in Manitoba, including addiction to alcohol."

The province is still anticipating reduced health funding from the federal government, said the spokesperson, which may impact addiction and mental health care.

Sites save lives, money: doc

If the province is struggling with health-care funding, then supervised injection sites should be a priority simply for the money and the lives they save, said Dr. M.J. Milloy.

Milloy was one of the principal investigators for Insite, Vancouver's largest supervised injection site and the first to open in Canada. He was mandated to do a scientific evaluation into the benefits of the Insite model — a freestanding, permanent site in the Downtown Eastside with multiple booths for drug users and which is dedicated specifically to supervised injection.

Insite does not administer drugs but provides users a safe place to inject them, and makes medical personnel available to provide addictions treatment and other help.

A man rests after injecting heroin at the Insite safe injection clinic in Vancouver, in this 2011 file photo. Dr. M.J. Milloy led a five-year evaluation on Insite that produced a body of scientific evidence showing it resulted in cost savings for the province of at least $14 million over 10 years. (Darryl Dyck/The Canadian Press)

The five-year evaluation produced a body of scientific evidence that showed Insite resulted in cost savings for the province of at least $14 million over 10 years. The study called those savings "conservative."

A second study looked at results in three specific areas, including overdose deaths, HIV and hepatits C infection rates, and methadone maintenance treatment.

There, researchers found a net savings of $18 million.

What we've learned over the past 10 years is there's a variety of different ways to implement supervised consumption services in ways that make sense for the local community. - Dr. M.J. Milloy

A third study also came to a similar conclusion, said Milloy.

The population density question is one he has heard often from municipalities hesitant to open injection sites.

"Certainly for a long time, we heard from people in Toronto, 'the problem is not like Vancouver, it's not like the Downtown Eastside, there are people spread out through the suburbs, so I don't think Insite is the best model.' And that may be true. A freestanding structure like Insite might not be the right solution for everybody.

"However, what we've learned over the past 10 years is there's a variety of different ways to implement supervised consumption services in ways that make sense for the local community."

Milloy said pop-up sites and smaller sites that have only one or two booths at existing health centres may be a better model for Winnipeg.

Toronto responds to crisis

Despite initial hesitancy, Toronto is the latest Canadian city to open supervised injection sites. Toronto Public Health has opened three sites over the past six months, two of them permanent. The other is a temporary or "pop-up" site that will move as needed. Toronto also had an unsupervised safe injection site.

Toronto has seen a rising number of overdose deaths, said Dr. Rita Shahin, associate medical officer of health for the City of Toronto. While she said the city and the province are looking at a number of different ways to help, including more prevention programs and treatment, supervised injection sites were needed to save lives immediately.

Dr. Rita Shahin says since opening in August, about 2,000 people have used Toronto's supervised injection sites. (CBC)

Shahin said the city was deliberate about where they opened their sites, adding that people "would not travel long distances to use the supervised injection sites."

Since opening in August, about 2,000 people have used the Toronto sites, said Shahin.

"We've definitely been able to respond to people who've overdosed. There have been over 30 overdoses in the facility since we opened. And we've also provided additional services in over 1,200 of the visits to the facility."

Province is reacting: Pallister

Manitoba has taken some steps and is currently developing a strategy to help deal with the province's addiction crisis, said Premier Brian Pallister, but he added root causes need to be targeted as well.

"Too often I think I've seen in the past … [governments] often throw significant resources at the problem, but they too often do that without addressing cause and effect.

"So we want to balance our investments to make sure we're addressing both the causes as well as the reality of the challenges that we face today as a consequence of this drug problem."

Premier Brian Pallister says the province is working on a health strategy that will help deal with mental health and addictions. (CBC News)

In addition to resources, more co-ordination is needed between agencies, added Fry.

"Not only addictions and mental health, but also law enforcement. And several years ago when crystal meth did hit a peak in Manitoba, there was in fact a task force established.

"So it may very well be something that is required right now in Manitoba to actually establish that level of response."

Dr. Milloy called addiction and overdose deaths one of the leading health crises of the decade.

"In terms of overdose, I'm happy to report that none of the thousands of overdoses which have occurred in the [Insite] facility have ever resulted in a fatality.… We also found that using the facility was also strongly associated with HIV prevention practices," with users 70 per cent less likely to share needles.

"We also found it was strongly associated with people accessing care for addiction, including going to rehab, going to detox, and starting methadone maintenance therapy."

The site was also associated with a significant decline in drug paraphernalia litter on the streets, and brought no increase in crime, said Milloy.

Shahin said they have also not seen an increase in crime in Toronto areas near the sites, either.

The B.C. Centre on Substance Use, where Milloy currently works, has recently published guidelines for municipalities that want to explore opening supervised injection sites, he added.

"Safe injection sites are no panacea and they're no magic bullet," he said.

"However, the scientific evidence is clear that they are an effective part of an evidence-based response to the risk of overdose, to HIV, and other drug-related harms."