Mars’s once hospitable atmosphere could have become so dry and cold because bursts from the sun that battered it during its early history, according to new studies released by Nasa.

Measurements from Nasa’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (Maven) mission show that the atmosphere was ripped away by a huge burst of gas and magnetism from the Sun. The results of the mission bring far more detail to scientists’ understanding of how the Martian atmosphere changed during its early life.

When it was younger, Mars was much warmer and wetter — and so potentially far more hospitable to life. But at some point since, it has dried out and become far colder, making it harder to live there and leaving life very rare if it exists at all.

Instruments on board the Maven craft found that ions were escaping from the planet at a much quicker rate during solar bursts, or coronal mass ejections. Watching one such event in March, it saw huge magnetic rotations that were flying out thousands of miles into space — and that ions were spewing out into space along those huge magnetic ropes.

The ions that left the planet earlier in its life likely did so along the same route, getting flung out into the atmosphere and so making the planet the harsh landscape that it is today.

Another study looked at an aurora that could be seen on Mars’s northern hemisphere. It showed that aurora — which is akin to the Earth’s northern lights — dipped low into the Red Planet’s atmosphere.

Mars’s aurora is probably caused by the magnetic field in the crust, rather than the magnetism of the poles as it is in the Earth.

A third paper announced by Nasa supported the idea that magnetic fields related to the sun were changing the atmosphere on Mars. By analysing occasions when Maven dipped into the atmosphere of Mars and studied its makeup, it found that variations suggested magnetic fields were key to its changes — and that much of that magnetic field was being contributed by Mars’s surface.

A Martian's view of Mars Show all 3 1 /3 A Martian's view of Mars A Martian's view of Mars The jagged rim on the Victoria Crater on Mars: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/12/planet-mars/updike-text?pid=independent_mars NASA A Martian's view of Mars The rover Opportunity leaves tracks on the surface as it plots a route automatically, avoiding obstacles: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/12/planet-mars/updike-text?pid=independent_mars NASA A Martian's view of Mars Water/ice clouds drift over Mars' ancient volcanoes. The discovery of signs of water under the planet's surface suggest it was once hospitable to life: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/12/planet-mars/updike-text?pid=independent_mars NASA

Scientists said that the second study will allow scientists to explore the way that the solar wind and Mars’s atmosphere interact, and find what is keeping that atmosphere from escaping.