It is an election already surrounded by questions over its integrity thanks to Republican candidate Donald Trump's refusal to promise to accept its outcome.

Claims that the public cannot trust that all votes are accurate and legal have been pushed back by the White House and by the Clinton campaign, who see it as a way to delegitimize the victory they expect in November.

And one academic's claim that there just 31 'credible' incidents of voter impersonation in one billion cast ballots - a claim made in 2014 in the Washington Post - has been posted repeatedly on social media.

But a snapshot survey of convictions for voting fraud committed in the last five years by DailyMail.com suggests that complacency about the integrity of the ballot may be misguided.

We uncovered a series of convictions. Many of them are not for voter impersonation - literally turning up at the polling place and claiming to be someone else - that has been the focus of much of the pushback.

In fact there are other offenses - including voters being paid for the way they cast a ballot, in one case with $10 bags of cocaine; absentee ballots being harvested; and campaign workers getting absentee ballots for voters who had no idea such an application was being made.

The findings also show that many cases are dealt with by plea bargain, with the offenders pleading guilty to a reduced number of charges.

And one intriguing aspect of our findings is about where the fraudulent votes may have been directed.

None of the convictions detailed which party the fraudulent vote had been or was intended to be cast, since to attempt to find out would violate the secrecy of the ballot box.

But supporters of both parties are found on the DailyMail.com list, suggesting neither Republicans nor Democrats have reason to be complacent that the electoral system which will be put to the test on November 8 is above question.

Here are the cases we found.

BUSINESS OWNER WHO VOTED OVER AND OVER

Multiple votes: Robert Monroe voted repeatedly in three elections, one of them the recall election of Wisconsin's Republican governor Scott Walker (right) whom he had supported

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin 2013. A lengthy investigation was launched into voting fraud - and six convictions followed

Robert Monroe, 52. Insurance firm owner. Shorewood, Wisconsin

Charge: 13 counts illegal voting

Conviction: Six counts of illegal voting

Sentence: Year in jail, five years probation

What happened: Cast five votes during recall election for Scott Walker in 2011, two in the 2012 presidential election and multiple times in other 2011 elections. Was said to be a supporter of Walker, the Republican governor of Wisconsin

Leonard K Brown, 56.

Charge: Six counts of illegal voting

Conviction: Five counts of illegal voting

Sentence: Nine months jail

What happened: Voted twice in 2012 presidential election, voted twice in five previous elections

Voting Chad: Gigowski got six months in jail

Chad Gigowski, 28.

Charge: Three counts illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: Six months in jail

What happened: Voted twice on the day in 2012 presidential election in two places

Andrew Shepherd, 32. Special voter registration worker

Charge: One count lying to election officials

Conviction: One count lying to election officials

Sentence: 30 days jail

What happened: Lied that he did not already have a felony record so he could be campaign worker. Registered six voters.

Engineering result: Todd Murray voted twice

Todd Murray, 34. Engineer. West Allis, Wisconsin.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: 90 days jail

What happened: Registered and voted on the day of 2012 election in New Berlin, then voted at his own polling place in New Berlin.

Brittany Rainey, 23.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: 45 days jail

What happened: Voted despite existing felony record for child cruelty

VOTED EARLY, VOTED AGAIN IN HER PRECINCT

Ohio fraudster: Virginia McMillan

Greene County, Ohio. February 2013.

Virginia McMilllan, 56. Beavercreek, Ohio.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: 20 days jail.

What happened: Cast an early ballot then voted in her precinct.

A POLL WORKER AND A NUN WHO USED OTHERS' VOTES

Round-up: Melowese Richardson (left) and Sister Marguerite Kloos (right) were both convicted of voting in other people's names. Kloos had to quit her job as dean at a Catholic university

Hamilton County, Ohio, 2013. 28 subpoenaed in 19 potential cases of voter fraud. Five prosecutions. Four convictions, two more arrest warrants issued.

Melowese Richardson, 58. Poll worker. Hamilton County, Ohio.

Charge: Eight counts of illegal voting

Conviction: Four counts of illegal voting

Sentence: Five years in prison. Freed after eight months.

What happened: Voted as herself, her granddaughter and her comatose sister in 2012. Her granddaughter voted again herself. Also voted for sister in 2008 and 2011. Said in her defense she would 'fight it for Mr Obama'.

Sister Marguerite Kloos, 55. Nun. Delhi Township, Ohio.

Dean of Division of Arts and Humanities at College of Mount Saint Joseph, a Catholic university in Cincinnati.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: Probation

What happened: Voted in name of nun who had died a month before. Quit as Dean of Division of Arts and Humanities.

Russell Glassop, 76. Retired. Symmes Township, Ohio.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: Probation

What happened: Used his dead wife's absentee ballot.

Margaret Allen, 64. Loveland. Ohio.

Charge: One count illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: Probation

What happened: Used absentee ballot despite being Florida resident

VOTING ACROSS STATE LINES AGAIN AND AGAIN

Kansas, 2015/2016. Secretary of State Kris Kobach said up to 100 cases of double voting had been identified. Four prosecutions have been successfully brought so far.

Plea deal: Oil boss Randal Kilian pleaded to one count of illegal voting

Randal Kilian, 62. Oil company executive. Colorado.

Charge: Three counts illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: $2,500 fine

What happened: Voted in Kansas and Colorado in 2012 election, caught by multi-state database

Ron Weems, 77. Retired. Wichita, Kansas.

Charge: Five counts related to voting fraud

Conviction: Two counts voting without being qualified, one count unlawful advance voting

Sentence: $5,500 fine

What happened: Voted in Wichita and Teller County, Colorado, in both 2012 and 2014 elections

Another plea: Steven Gaedtke was charged with three counts and accepted guilt on one

Steven Gaedtke. USAF Vietnam veteran. Yelville, Arkansas.

Charge: Three counts illegal voting

Conviction: One count illegal voting

Sentence: $500 fine

What happened: Got early voting paper in Kansas despite living in Arkansas - and used it.

Michael Hannum, 64. Omaha, Nebraska.

Charge: Four counts illegal voting

Conviction: Three counts illegal voting

Sentence: $5,500 fine

What happened: Voted in both Johnson County, Kansas, and Nebraska in 2012 election

ABSENTEE BALLOTS FILLED IN BY CAMPAIGNER

Felon: Samuel Jean filled in ballots

Samuel Jean, 43. Campaign worker. Homestead, Florida.

Charge: Two felony counts of unlawfully marking ballot

Conviction: No contest to two felony counts of unlawfully marking ballot

Sentence: Probation, no conviction on official record

What happened: Filled in absentee ballots during 2013 mayoral election in Homestead

CONGRESSMAN'S TOP AIDE AND THE 1,800 BALLOTS

Fake the vote: Jeffrey Garcia (left) was chief of staff to Joe Garcia (right), the unrelated Democratic Congressman, when he was involved in a bid to have 1,800 absentee ballot requests made for voters who had not asked for them

Jeffrey Garcia, 41. Chief of staff to Congressman Joe Garcia. Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Charge: Election fraud Conviction: Election fraud

Sentence: 90 day jail, banned from political campaign work or volunteering

What happened: Directed campaign for Congressman Joe Garcia (D) to submit 1,800 absentee-ballot requests on behalf of unsuspecting voters.

$10 COCAINE BAGS FOR VOTING RIGHT WAY

Texas 2012: A cocaine-bribery ring was discovered at a school board election and a major federal prosecution unfolded

Caught up in scam: Five people were convicted after federal investigation into the Donna School Board, Texas, elections on 2012. The FBI and US Attorney do not routinely release mugshots of convicts

Guadalupe Escamilla, 72. Weslaco, Texas.

Charge: One count vote-buying

Conviction: One count, federal election fraud

Sentence: Time served, three years probation

What happened: Part of a vote-buying ring which traded $10 bags of cocaine or cash equivalent for votes in 2012 Donna Independent School Board election.

Rebecca Gonzalez, 44. Donna, Texas.

Charge: One count vote-buying

Conviction: One count, federal election fraud

Sentence: Four months jail, two years probation

What happened: Part of a vote-buying ring which traded $10 bags of cocaine or cash equivalent for votes in 2012 Donna Independent School Board election.

Diana Balderas Castaneda, 48. Donna, Texas.

Charge: One count vote-buying

Conviction: One count, federal election fraud

Sentence: Not recorded

What happened: Part of a vote-buying ring which traded $10 bags of cocaine or cash equivalent for votes in 2012 Donna Independent School Board election.

Veronica Slavidar, 42. Donna, Texas.

Charge: One count vote-buying

Conviction: One count, federal election fraud

Sentence: Not recorded

What happened: Part of a vote-buying ring which traded $10 bags of cocaine or cash equivalent for votes in 2012 Donna Independent School Board election.

Francisco Garcia, 47. Donna. Texas.

Charge: Four counts total of buying votes, paying for votes, aiding abetting others to buy votes

Conviction: Conspiracy, three counts election fraud

Sentence: 18 months custody

What happened: Handed out the dime bag of cocaine and cash in return for votes in 2012 Donna Independent School Board election.

CHICKEN DINNER, VODKA FOR VOTING AS REQUESTED

Father and son fraud: Hudson Hallum (left) was a Democratic state representative in Arkansas; he, his father Kent and others schemed to buy bundled absentee ballots

Hudson Hallum, 31. State Representative (Democratic). Marion, Arkansas.

Charge: Conspiracy to commit election fraud Conviction: Conspiracy to commit election fraud

Sentence: Nine months home detention, three years probation

What happened: Schemed to buy bundled absentee ballots with chicken dinners and vodka as part of four-strong ring

Kent Hallum, 54. Father of state representative. Marion, Arkansas.

Charge: Conspiracy to commit election fraud Conviction: Conspiracy to commit election fraud

Sentence: Nine months year home detention, three years probation

What happened: Schemed to buy bundled absentee ballots with chicken dinners and vodka as part of four-strong ring

Sam Malone, 32. Police officer. West Memphis, Arkansas.

Charge: Conspiracy to commit election fraud Conviction: Conspiracy to commit election fraud

Sentence: 7.2 months home detention, three years probation

What happened: Schemed to buy bundled absentee ballots in 2011 statewide elections with chicken dinners and vodka as part of four-strong ring

Phillip Carter, 44. Councilman. West Memphis City, Arkansas.

Charge: Conspiracy to commit election fraud Conviction: Conspiracy to commit election fraud

Sentence: One year home detention, three years probation

What happened: Schemed to buy bundled absentee ballots with chicken dinners and vodka as part of four-strong ring

THE ABSENTEE BALLOT-FILLING RING

No Reynolds defense: Olivia Lee Reynolds, 66, and Daniel Webster Reynolds were part of a scheme to fill out absentee ballots illegally - some in favor of her boyfriend Amos Newsome

Olivia Lee Reynolds, 66. Girlfriend of district commissioner. Dothan City, Alabama

Charge: 24 counts absentee ballot fraud

Conviction: 24 counts absentee ballot fraud

Sentence: Two years prison reduced to six months jail

What happened: Filled out absentee ballots in 2013, at least four of them in favor of her boyfriend Amos Newsome who was running for district commissioner– against wishes of the voters.

Daniel Webster Reynolds 39. Dothan, Alabama.

Charge: Three counts absentee ballot fraud

Conviction: Three counts absentee ballot fraud

Sentence: Two years probation.

What happened: Schemed with Olivia Lee Reynolds to fill out absentee ballots for Reynolds' boyfriend, Amos Newsome in 2013

More of them: Lesa Coleman (left) and Janice Hart (right) were part of the same scheme to fill out absentee ballots

Lesa Coleman, 50. Dothan, Alabama.

Charge: Seven felony counts absentee ballot fraud

Conviction: Seven counts absentee ballot fraud

Sentence: 180 days jail, three years probation

What happened: Schemed with Olivia Lee Reynolds to fill out absentee ballots for Reynolds' boyfriend, Amos Newsome in 2013

Janice Hart, 65. Dothan. Alabama.

Charge: Felony absentee ballot fraud

Conviction: Misdemeanor absentee ballot fraud

Sentence: Two years probation, one year suspended jail

What happened: Schemed with Olivia Lee Reynolds to fill out absentee ballots for Reynolds' boyfriend, Amos Newsome in 2013

LISTS OF THE DEAD AND MULTIPLE ABSENTEE BALLOTS

Boletera: Deisy Cabrera helped campaign for Democratic Congressman Lincoln Diaz-Balart and State senator Rene Garcia - but was found with 12 absentee ballots and a list of voters

Deisy Cabrera, Hialeah, Miami, Florida. Helped campaign for Democratic Congressman Lincoln Diaz-Balart and State senator Rene Garcia

Charge: Felony absentee ballot fraud, two misdemeanor ballot frauds

Conviction: Two misdemeanor ballot frauds

Sentence: Year of probation

What happened: Found with 12 absentee ballots for 2012 Miami-Dade mayoral election and a list of 500 voters saying which were illiterate, blind, dead or had Alzheimer's. Cabrera was described in the Miami Herald as a boletera - a 'small-time ballot broker' who operate in a shady world of being paid to turn out or collect absentee mail-in votes. Under local laws the practice is legal. It is almost impossible to know if an absentee ballot has been filled in by the person whose name it is in, and done so in accordance with their wishes.

MAGISTRATE AND HIS WIFE WHO WENT VOTE-BUYING

Come home to roost: Gary 'Rooster' Risner was a magistrate in Kentucky - but he and his now ex-wife were part of a conspiracy to buy votes for $50 a voter

Gary 'Rooster' Risner. Magistrate. Salyersville, Magoffin County, Kentucky.

Charge: Vote-buying, conspiracy

Conviction: Seven counts of vote-buying

Sentence: Convicted in August 2016, awaiting sentence

What happened: :Democrat Risner was part of conspiracy to pay $50 to voters to back the right slate in county elections then submit absentee ballots for candidates including county Judge-Executive Charles 'Doc' Hardin

Tami Risner. Ex-wife of magistrate. Salyersville, Magoffin County, Kentucky.

Charge: Vote-buying, conspiracy

Conviction: Seven counts of vote-buying

Sentence: Convicted in August 2016, awaiting sentence

What happened: Risner recruited vote sellers as part of conspiracy to pay $50 to absentee voters to back the right slate in county elections

AND STILL AWAITING TRIAL: THE 'MEXICAN REPUBLICAN'

Rosa Maria Ortega, 35. Grand Prairie, Texas

Charge: Five counts of voting as a non-citizen

Conviction: Awaiting trial