Carbon dioxide grew by 2.87 parts per million (ppm) at the mountain top observatory during 2018, jumping from an average of 407.05 ppm on Jan. 1, 2018, to 409.92 on Jan. 1, 2019, according to a new analysis of air samples collected by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Division (GMD).

That means three of the four highest annual increases have occurred in the past four years, said Pieter Tans, senior scientist with GMD.

“At a time when there’s all this talk about how we should be decreasing CO 2 emissions, the amount of CO 2 we’re putting into the atmosphere is clearly accelerating,” Tans said. “It’s no coincidence that the last four years also had the highest CO 2 emissions on record.”

NOAA captures and analyzes air samples from a network of observatories and collecting stations around the world. Situated close to the top of Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano, NOAA’s observatory samples “background” samples of northern hemisphere air. Mauna Loa is the oldest in the network and has the longest record of CO 2 measurements.

The increase observed in 2018 ranks behind only 2016’s record jump of 3.01 ppm, 2015’s near-record increase of 2.98 ppm and 1998’s growth of 2.93 ppm/yr in the modern record. The record dates to March 1958 when David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography started measuring atmospheric CO 2 in what’s known as the Keeling Curve.

Globally averaged CO 2 levels increased by a similar amount to what was observed on Mauna Loa during 2018.

The most important greenhouse gas of them all

Carbon dioxide is by far the most important of these five primary greenhouse gases both in total amount and the rate of increase. When the first Mauna Loa samples were analyzed in 1958, CO 2 had already risen 35 ppm from the pre-industrial level of 280 ppm. In the past 60 years, CO 2 has increased by an additional 95 ppm to 410 ppm today.

In the last two decades, the rate of increase has been roughly 100 times faster than previous natural increases, such as those that occurred at the end of the last ice age 11,000-17,000 years ago.

“Today’s rise of CO 2 is dominated by human activities,” said Tans. “It’s not from natural causes”.

About NOAA greenhouse gas monitoring

NOAA tracks five primary greenhouse gases that warm the planet by trapping heat from Earth’s surface that would otherwise escape into space including two chlorofluorocarbons controlled by the Montreal Protocol that damage Earth’s ozone layer. All five gases account for about 96 percent of the atmosphere’s increased heat-trapping capacity since 1750, another climate indicator tracked by NOAA.