Summary: Antidepressants, such as the SSRI amitriptyline, antibiotics associated with developmental problems and sun cream components are contaminating water, and are being accumulated in fish. Exposure to the medications has effects on the molecular level to the fish. Researchers say this poses a problem as consumption of gilt-head bream is on the rise, and there could be a risk of the contaminants reaching humans via diet.

Source: University of the Basque Country

The UPV/EHU’s Department of Analytical Chemistry has developed analytical methods to measure the content of antidepressants, antibiotics and ultraviolet sunscreens in the water and in the fish. They have also analysed the build-up of these contaminants in fish tissue and fluids, their transformation and the effects they have on a molecular level.

Residues of drugs and personal care products are on the rise in aquatic ecosystems, and concern is growing across the scientific community and society surrounding the side effects that they may have in living aquatic organisms. Major efforts have been made to identify and monitor these types of contaminants and their sub-products in the outlets of treatment plants and in environmental surface waters, but one of the significant challenges continues to be how to evaluate the effect they have on the biota.

By means of environmental biomonitoring, the risk posed by the build-up of these contaminants in fish and other aquatic organisms has been proven, but there has been no in-depth research into the way in which drugs and personal care products are building up, being distributed, metabolised and eliminated in the tissue and biological secretions of these organisms. “The lack of knowledge surrounding the transformation and biodegradation of drugs and personal care products may lead to underestimating the true effects of fish exposure to these contaminants,” explained the UPV/EHU researcher Haizea Ziarrusta-Intxaurtza. “These by-products (resulting from transformations and metabolites) may be as hazardous as or more hazardous than their precursors.”

In this respect, in the research conducted in the Department of Analytical Chemistry, the researcher Haizea Ziarrusta has discovered that the antidepressant amitriptyline, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, and the UV filter oxybenzone can accumulate in fish and that these contaminants “are leading to side effects in the plasma, brain and liver of the fish, because they interfere in their metabolism and may even affect them on an organism level”, she added.

When seeking an answer, scores of questions emerge

To draw these conclusions, the research team firstly optimized various analytical methods “to be able to determine the drugs and personal care products in the water and in fish tissue”, said the researcher. By using these methods the team has confirmed the existence of these contaminants in various estuaries in Bizkaia and in the fish, but “we wanted to see the effects they had on fish by analysing the changes taking place in their metabolisms”, explained Ziarrusta.

They conducted experiments involving exposing gilt-head bream at the Plentzia Marine Station, where they evaluated the bioaccumulation of amitriptyline, ciprofloxacin, and oxybenzone and their distribution in the tissue of these animals. “We also investigated the biotransformation of these contaminants and characterised their degradation products; finally, we investigated the changes brought about by these contaminants on a molecular level by analysing the metabolism of the fish,” she added. They analysed the contaminants one by one, but Ziarrusta pointed out that the reality is in fact different: “Firstly, we have to understand things one by one so that we can then understand what is going on in general terms. In actual fact, there isn’t just one contaminant in the water and the fish are being continuously exposed.”

In this respect, the researcher says that much work remains to be done. “The concentration of contaminants of this type is worrying, because consumption is on the rise and we are unable to eliminate them at the treatment plants, so they reach the fish and are changing their metabolisms. We don’t know the extent to which this exerts an influence on an individual level, and the problem could reach stock levels. As we contaminate the sea, in other words, as the contaminants increase, the situation will get worse, and we need to know whether there is a risk of the contaminants that are building up in fish reaching humans.” In any case, as the researcher pointed out, “the analytical approaches we have developed can also be used to analyse other types of contaminants and species; and that way it will be possible to merge decisive information to assess the environmental risks and establish new regulatory measures”.

About this neuroscience research article

Source:

University of the Basque Country

Media Contacts:

Ronald van den Berg – University of the Basque Country

Image Source:

The image is in the public domain.

Original Research: Closed access.

Haizea Ziarrusta, Anton Ribbenstedt, Leire Mijangos, Sergio Picart-Armada, Alex Perera-Lluna, Ailette Prieto, Urtzi Izagirre, Jonathan P. Benskin, Maitane Olivares, Olatz Zuloaga, Nestor Etxebarria. “Amitriptyline at an environmentally relevant concentration alters the profile of metabolites beyond monoamines in gilt-head bream “. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry doi:10.1002/etc.4381

Abstract

Amitriptyline at an environmentally relevant concentration alters the profile of metabolites beyond monoamines in gilt-head bream

The antidepressant amitriptyline is a widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is found in the aquatic environment. The present study investigates alterations in the brain and the liver metabolome of gilt‐head bream (Sparus aurata) after exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (0.2 µg/L) of amitriptyline for 7 d. Analysis of variance–simultaneous component analysis is used to identify metabolites that distinguish exposed from control animals. Overall, alterations in lipid metabolism suggest the occurrence of oxidative stress in both the brain and the liver—a common adverse effect of xenobiotics. However, alterations in the amino acid arginine are also observed. These are likely related to the nitric oxide system that is known to be associated with the mechanism of action of antidepressants. In addition, changes in asparagine and methionine levels in the brain and pantothenate, uric acid, and formylisoglutamine/N‐formimino‐L‐glutamate levels in the liver could indicate variation of amino acid metabolism in both tissues; and the perturbation of glutamate in the liver implies that the energy metabolism is also affected. These results reveal that environmentally relevant concentrations of amitriptyline perturb a fraction of the metabolome that is not typically associated with antidepressant exposure in fish.

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