WASHINGTON—The furloughing of hundreds of Food and Drug Administration inspectors has sharply reduced inspections of the nation’s food supply — one of many repercussions of the partial government shutdown that make Americans potentially less safe.

The agency, which oversees 80 per cent of the food supply, has suspended all routine inspections of domestic food-processing facilities, FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in an interview. He said he’s working on a plan to bring back inspectors as early as next week to resume inspections of high-risk facilities, which handle foods such as soft cheese or seafood, or have a history of problems.

“We are doing what we can to mitigate any risk to consumers through the shutdown,” Gottlieb said.

The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a non-profit advocacy group, described the reductions as unacceptable.

“That puts our food supply at risk,” said Sarah Sorscher, deputy director of regulatory affairs at the group. “Regular inspections, which help stop food-borne illness before people get sick, are vital.”

Food-borne illness is a major problem in the United States, sickening 48 million people each year and killing 3,000, estimates the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Food inspections are just one of many public health and safety efforts that have been stopped or curtailed during the shutdown, now deep into its third week.

Much of what the federal government does involves risk management: It keeps airplanes from colliding, inspects food and drugs, pursues criminals and defends against possible terrorist and cyberattacks. It’s a 24-7-365 effort to make Americans safer.

But a shutdown upends the calculus of risk management as agencies including the FBI, Coast Guard, Secret Service, FDA, Federal Aviation Administration and Agriculture Department face drastically reduced resources.

“You can’t shut down the United States government at this magnitude and expect that everything’s going to be hunky-dory,” said Bruce McIndoe, founder and president of WorldAware, a risk management firm with corporate clients around the globe. “You’re going to see a much higher risk of a failure in the system.”

Every federal agency has to make a judgment call about what to go without. Who’s essential? Who’s not? This is not simply about people, but about functions. The government has operational mandates.

Some of the results are clearly visible, as in the much-publicized cases of trash piling up in national parks. But there are subtler and more significant effects involving government functions that are unseen by most Americans but have far greater effects.

The FDA, for example, typically conducts about 160 routine food inspections a week in the United States, with about a third involving high-risk processing facilities, Gottlieb said.

He said that 2013 legal guidance said the agency couldn’t do regular food inspections during a funding shortfall. But after cancelling more than 50 high-risk inspections, he said he has obtained new guidance that he believes will allow him to call back about 150 furloughed inspectors to focus on high-risk facilities.

In the meantime, the agency is continuing to inspect foreign manufacturers, imports and domestic producers involved in recalls or outbreaks, or where inspectors suspect there may be a problem.

Normally, the agency’s inspectors look for such problems as unsanitary conditions, insect infestations and salmonella, and E. coli contamination — as it did, for instance, in the recent investigation of romaine lettuce. The U.S. Agriculture Department operates in parallel, inspecting meat, poultry and egg products, and those inspections have continued, according to a shutdown plan forwarded by a USDA representative.

Gottlieb said he is trying to relieve the financial burden on inspectors who would be recalled to work but would not be paid until the shutdown is over. He has set up a central FDA travel account for those workers to keep large balances off their personal credit cards.

About 60 per cent of the FDA is funded by user fees, which enable the agency to continue many operations, at least for now, including drug and device reviews. About 40 per cent of the agency’s activities, including most of its food-related work, are paid for by appropriations, which have not been approved by Congress.

Even by the standards of previous shutdowns, this shutdown has been chaotic. It came on quickly, amid false expectations that a political deal over the budget was close. The Trump administration was not fully prepared for the cascading effects of closing major departments and halting the gears of the bureaucracy.

The Secret Service is mostly at work. But even there, according to the Department of Homeland Security shutdown plan approved last year, 1,242 of the 7,222 employees are deemed non-essential.

In DHS’ Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 1,523 of the 3,531 employees are considered non-essential.

DHS’ Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office is two-thirds empty. The DHS shutdown guide states that only 65 of the 204 employees of the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office will remain on the job during a funding shortfall. The rest go home.

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McIndoe, the WorldAware president, listed multiple areas of concern for his clients who rely on commercial aviation, including stress on the Transportation Security Administration, where employees may quit if not paid and where there have been media reports of workers calling in sick in unusually large numbers — reports denied by TSA.

Another concern is air traffic control, a system that McIndoe said was chronically underfunded before the FAA ran out of money during the shutdown. He noted that the FAA’s functions are highly specialized and that if the agency’s workers quit, they cannot quickly be replaced.

As the shutdown continues, questions about safety and security issues are drawing more attention. On Tuesday, Rep. Bennie Thompson, D-Miss., chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security, issued 10 questions for DHS, all touching on security.

Among the questions: “Is the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office able to share bioterrorism and nuclear threat information with state and local officials?”

And: “Is the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency still inspecting high-risk chemical facilities [during] the shutdown?”

DHS officials did not immediately respond to Thompson’s questions. The bulk of the department’s legislative affairs team has been furloughed.

But Tyler Houlton, the department’s press secretary, said that most of the agency remains on duty and is “fully prepared to protect the homeland and keep Americans safe during this lapse in government funding.”

Unions representing federal workers, and non-profit organizations aligned with progressive causes, are less sanguine. The Air Line Pilots Association, International, the union representing pilots, sent a letter to President Donald Trump saying the FAA has fewer inspectors on duty than are required “to ensure the air traffic control infrastructure is performing at its peak levels of performance.”

The letter, signed by Capt. Joe DePete, president of the union, urged the president to “immediately end the shutdown of government agencies that is affecting the safety, security and efficiency of our national airspace system.”

Paul Light, a New York University political scientist, noted the federal government does a great deal of risk monitoring, ideally to anticipate major problems and be prepared to react to them. That work is compromised during a shutdown, he said.

“Shutdowns are a perfect way to force a breakdown,” Light said. He has spent much of his career studying these breakdowns, which include the failure to anticipate the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the slow response to the 2014 Ebola crisis.

“They have to be totally alert. This shutdown is producing enormous distraction even for agencies that are open,” Light said.

That thought was echoed by David Berteau, president and chief executive of the Professional Services Council, which represents about 400 companies that have contracts with the federal government.

“Under the shutdown, the government is forced to shift from detection and prevention to after-the-fact response — which more than likely is going to be too little, too late,” Berteau said.

One government function that does not seem imperiled at the moment is asteroid monitoring. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory is operated by the California Institute of Technology under a contract and remains open for now. The JPL’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies — which tracks objects that might slam into the Earth — is still keeping tabs on space rocks. Paul Chodas, manager of the centre, said his operation “should be able to continue working for several more months.”

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