Perinatal mortality

Peelen (2016) 58 Peelen MJ

Sheikh A

Kok M

et al. Tobacco control policies and perinatal health: a national quasi-experimental study. * * Both smoke-free laws were accompanied by a tobacco tax increase and mass-media campaign. First smoke-free law: workplaces and public transport except for restaurants and bars † † Exceptions to this smoke-free law were: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, arts and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, international passenger transport systems, private spaces, open air, and designated areas for smoking within each facility.

Second smoke-free law: expansion of first smoke-free law to include restaurants and bars ‡ ‡ The smoke-free law now included hospitality venues: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, art and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, and international passenger transport systems. Designated smoking areas within each facility were still allowed. 1 980 727 13 027 NA because of non-linear time trend First smoke-free law: −1·99% (−8·95 to 5·96)

Second smoke-free law: −5·96% (−12·93 to 1·99) NA National smoke-free workplaces and public transport, and smoke-free restaurants and bars, were not associated with significant changes in perinatal mortality

Preterm birth

Bakolis (2016) 30 Bakolis I

Kelly R

Fecht D

et al. Protective effects of smoke-free legislation on birth outcomes in England—a regression discontinuity design. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 1 800 906 126 527 NR Analysis of a 1, 2, 3, or 5 month time window around the intervention cutoff date (July 1, 2007): ±1 month, −4·67% (−16·00 to −0·93); ±2 months, −8·42% (−15·05 to −1·86); ±3 months, −5·60% (−10·31 to −0·93); ±5 months, −3·73% (−7·48 to −0·93) NA National comprehensive smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 4–9% decrease in preterm births

Bartholomew (2016) 31 Bartholomew KS

Abouk R The effect of local smokefree regulations on birth outcomes and prenatal smoking. Comprehensive (workplaces, restaurants, and bars)

Restrictive (workplaces and restaurants, no restriction in bars)

Moderate (workplaces, partial restriction in restaurants, and no restriction in bars)

Limited (partial restriction in workplaces, any restriction in restaurants, and no restriction in bars) 293 715 32 250 NR Comprehensive: −0·015% § § Percentage point change.

Restrictive: 0·003% § § Percentage point change.

Moderate: 0·004% § § Percentage point change.

Limited: 0·001% § § Percentage point change. NA County-wide, comprehensive smoke-free legislation was associated with a 0·015 percentage point decrease in preterm births, whereas less restrictive laws were not associated with changes in incidence of preterm births

Bharadwaj (2014) 34 Bharadwaj P

Johnsen JV

Loken KV Smoking bans, maternal smoking and birth outcomes. Restaurants and bars (in addition to existing smoke-free laws in public places and workplaces) 822 (intervention group), 3185 (control group) 46 (intervention group), 189 (control group) NR −2·55% § § Percentage point change. NA National smoke-free restaurants and bars were not associated with significant changes in preterm births among women working in restaurants and bars

Cox (2013) 37 Cox B

Martens E

Nemery B

Vangronsveld J

Nawrot TS Impact of a stepwise introduction of smoke-free legislation on the rate of preterm births: analysis of routinely collected birth data. Public places and workplaces (excluding catering industry); restaurants (in addition to existing smoke-free laws in public places and workplaces); and bars serving food (in addition to existing smoke-free laws in public places and workplaces, including restaurants) 606 877 36 663 NR Public places and workplaces: single smoke-free law ¶ ¶ The single smoke-free law model includes either the step or slope change of a single smoke-free law into the model. ‖ ‖ The final was obtained by including all three step changes and all three slope changes in one model and removing the least significant factors one at a time.

Restaurants (in addition to public places and workplaces): single smoke-free law ¶ ¶ The single smoke-free law model includes either the step or slope change of a single smoke-free law into the model. ‖ ‖ The final was obtained by including all three step changes and all three slope changes in one model and removing the least significant factors one at a time.

Bars serving food (in addition to restaurants and public places and workplaces): single smoke-free law ¶ ¶ The single smoke-free law model includes either the step or slope change of a single smoke-free law into the model. ‖ ‖ The final was obtained by including all three step changes and all three slope changes in one model and removing the least significant factors one at a time. Public places and workplaces: single smoke-free law † † Exceptions to this smoke-free law were: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, arts and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, international passenger transport systems, private spaces, open air, and designated areas for smoking within each facility. ‡ ‡ The smoke-free law now included hospitality venues: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, art and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, and international passenger transport systems. Designated smoking areas within each facility were still allowed.

Restaurants (in addition to public places and workplaces): single smoke-free law † † Exceptions to this smoke-free law were: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, arts and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, international passenger transport systems, private spaces, open air, and designated areas for smoking within each facility. ‡ ‡ The smoke-free law now included hospitality venues: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, art and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, and international passenger transport systems. Designated smoking areas within each facility were still allowed. † † Exceptions to this smoke-free law were: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, arts and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, international passenger transport systems, private spaces, open air, and designated areas for smoking within each facility. ‡ ‡ The smoke-free law now included hospitality venues: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, art and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, and international passenger transport systems. Designated smoking areas within each facility were still allowed. National smoke-free public places and workplaces were not associated with significant changes in preterm births; expansion of national smoke-free legislation to include restaurants was associated with an immediate 3·2% reduction in preterm births; and expansion of national smoke-free legislation to include bars was associated with a gradual 4% per year decrease in preterm births

Hade (2011) 43 Hade E Analysis of the association between birth outcomes and the Ohio tobacco ban. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 583 530 NR NR No significant changes ** ** No association measures were reported. No significant changes ** ** No association measures were reported. State-wide, smoke-free public places and workplaces were not associated with significant changes in preterm birth

Hajdu (2017) 44 Hajdu T

Hajdu G Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 18 755 NR NR –1·9% § § Percentage point change. NA National smoke-free legislation was not associated with significant changes in preterm birth among female restaurant and bar workers compared with women working in places other than restaurants and bars

Hankins (2016) 45 Hankins S

Tarasenko Y Do smoking bans improve neonatal health?. Workplaces, restaurants, and bars NR NR NR Workplaces: 0·07% § § Percentage point change.

Restaurants: 0·09% § § Percentage point change.

Bars: −0·29% § § Percentage point change. NA State-wide or county smoke-free workplaces and restaurants were not associated with significant changes in preterm births; state-wide or county smoke-free bars were associated with an immediate 0·3 percentage point decrease in preterm births

Hawkins (2014) 46 Hawkins SS

Baum CF

Oken E

Gillman MW Associations of tobacco control policies with birth outcomes. 100% smoke-free workplaces and restaurants 16 198 654 1 555 071 NR 0·72% § § Percentage point change. NA State-wide smoke-free workplaces and restaurants were not associated with significant changes in preterm births

Mackay (2012) 52 Mackay DF

Nelson SM

Haw SJ

Pell JP Impact of Scotland's smoke-free legislation on pregnancy complications: retrospective cohort study. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 709 756 41 998 NR Crude: −11·07% (−15·15 to −6·79)

Adjusted: −11·72% (−15·87 to −7·35) Crude: 2·28% (−0·03 to 4·66)

Adjusted: 3·83% (1·42 to 6·30) National smoke-free public places and workplaces were associated with an immediate 12% decrease in preterm births, and a subsequent gradual 4% increase per year

Markowitz (2013) 53 Markowitz S

Adams EK

Dietz PM

Kannan V

Tong VT Tobacco control policies, birth outcomes, and maternal human capital. Workplaces with complete smoke-free law

Workplaces with smoking restrictions (requiring designated smoking areas)

Restaurants with complete smoke-free laws

Restaurants with smoking restrictions (requiring designated smoking areas) Maternal age <20 years: 54 132Maternal age 20–24 years: 101 723Maternal age 25–34 years: 183 763Maternal age >34 years: 53 109 Maternal age <20 years: 5413Maternal age 20–24 years: 7120Maternal age 25–34 years: 11 026Maternal age >34 years: 3718 NR Workplaces with complete smoke-free laws: NRWorkplaces with smoking restrictions: NRRestaurants with complete smoke-free laws: maternal age <20 years, 0·7% § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change.

Restaurants with smoking restrictions: maternal age <20 years, −0·6% § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change. § § Percentage point change. NA State-wide complete smoke-free laws were not associated with significant changes in preterm births, but state-wide restaurant smoking restrictions were associated with a 0·8 percentage point decrease in preterm births among women aged 25–34 years

McKinnon (2015) 54 McKinnon B

Auger N

Kaufman JS The impact of smoke-free legislation on educational differences in birth outcomes. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 470 199 19 321 NR Crude: −6% (−10 to −1)

Adjusted: −5% (−10 to 0) NA State-wide smoke-free legislation was associated with a 5% decrease in preterm births 9 months after its implementation

Page (2012) 56 Page RL

Slejko JF

Libby AM A citywide smoking ban reduced maternal smoking and risk for preterm births: a colorado natural experiment. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 6717 (intervention group), 32 293 (control group) 515 (intervention group), 2767 (control group) NR Crude: −20·6% (−34·7 to −3·4)

Adjusted: −23·1% (−40·1 to −1·3) NA City-wide smoke-free public places and workplaces were associated with a 23% decrease in preterm births

Peelen (2016) 58 Peelen MJ

Sheikh A

Kok M

et al. Tobacco control policies and perinatal health: a national quasi-experimental study. * * Both smoke-free laws were accompanied by a tobacco tax increase and mass-media campaign. First smoke-free law † † Exceptions to this smoke-free law were: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, arts and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, international passenger transport systems, private spaces, open air, and designated areas for smoking within each facility.

Second smoke-free law ‡ ‡ The smoke-free law now included hospitality venues: hotels, bars and restaurants, sports, art and culture venues, amusement arcades, tobacconist shops, and international passenger transport systems. Designated smoking areas within each facility were still allowed. 1 972 163 116 043 NA because of non-linear time trend First smoke-free law: 0·94% (−1·89 to 3·77)

Second smoke-free law: −0·94% (−3·78 to 2·83) NA National smoke-free workplaces and public transport, and smoke-free restaurants and bars, were not associated with significant changes in preterm births

Simón (2017) 62 Simón L

Pastor-Barriuso R

Boldo E

et al. Smoke-free legislation in Spain and prematurity. First smoke-free law: complete smoke-free workplaces and partial smoke-free restaurants and bars

Second smoke-free law: public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 5 302 374 416 595 NR First smoke-free law: 4·6% (2·9 to 6·2)

Second smoke-free law: −4·5% (–6·1 to −2·9) NA National partial smoke-free legislation was associated with a 5% increase in preterm births; the subsequent national comprehensive smoke-free legislation was associated with a 5% decrease in preterm births

Vicedo-Cabrera (2016) 63 Vicedo-Cabrera AM

Schindler C

Radovanovic D

et al. Benefits of smoking bans on preterm and early-term births: a natural experimental design in Switzerland. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars), with several exceptions in the hospitality sector †† Authorised smoking in establishments smaller than 80 m2 and designated smoking areas in larger establishments. 446 492 24 482 NR −3·56% (−9·29 to 2·53) NA Federal smoke-free legislation was not associated with a significant change in preterm births

Asthma exacerbations requiring hospital attendance

Ciaccio (2016) 36 Ciaccio CE

Gurley-Calvez T

Shireman TI Indoor tobacco legislation is associated with fewer emergency department visits for asthma exacerbation in children. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) 13 246 809 335 588 NR –17% (–18 to −15) NA State or local smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 17% decrease in emergency department visits for asthma

Croghan (2015) 38 Croghan IT

Ebbert JO

Hays JT

et al. Impact of a countywide smoke-free workplace law on emergency department visits for respiratory diseases: a retrospective cohort study. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR 1531 1·1% (0·2 to 2·0) −24·9% (−40·5 to −5·3) −1·5% (−2·9 to −0·1) National smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 25% decrease in emergency department visits for children with asthma, and a subsequent gradual 1·5% decrease per year

Galán (2017) 40 Galán I

Simón L

Boldo E

et al. Changes in hospitalizations for chronic respiratory diseases after two successive smoking bans in Spain. First smoke-free law: complete smoke-free workplaces and partial smoke-free restaurants and bars

Second smoke-free law: public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR NR NR First smoke-free law: 25·0% (–2·6 to 60·4)

Second smoke-free law: −11·0% (–28·6 to 11·1) NA Partial and comprehensive national smoke-free legislation were not associated with significant immediate changes in asthma-related hospital admissions via emergency departments

Gaudreau (2013) 42 Gaudreau K

Sanford CJ

Cheverie C

McClure C The effect of a smoking ban on hospitalization rates for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars), allowing designated smoking areas NR 3050 NR 11% (−37 to 95) 0% (−2 to 2) Provincial smoke-free public places and workplaces were not associated with significant changes in hospital admissions for paediatric asthma

Hawkins (2016) 18 Hawkins SS

Hristakeva S

Gottlieb M

Baum CF Reduction in emergency department visits for children's asthma, ear infections, and respiratory infections after the introduction of state smoke-free legislation. State or local 100% smoke-free workplaces or restaurants, or both NR 128 807 NR State: −3% (−8 to 2)

Local: 2% (−6 to 11) NA State or local smoke-free workplaces or restaurants were not associated with significant changes in emergency department visits for paediatric asthma

Landers (2014) 49 Landers G The impact of smoke-free laws on asthma discharges: a multistate analysis. 100% smoke-free workplaces, restaurants, and bars ‡‡ Different states passed different 100% smoke-free laws: workplaces, restaurants, and bars (eight states); restaurants and bars (two states); workplaces and restaurants (one state); and workplaces (one state). NR NR Mean rate across all states and years: 9·02 per 10 000 per quarter (SD 9·66; range 0·00–144·47) Any state law: 0·12% § § Percentage point change.

Any county law: −1·32% § § Percentage point change.

Interaction term of state law and county law: 0·51% § § Percentage point change. NA County-level smoke-free laws were associated with a one percentage point decrease in discharge rates among children admitted for asthma; state smoke-free laws were not associated with significant changes in discharge rates among children admitted for asthma, besides the effect of county laws

Mackay (2010) 51 Mackay D

Haw S

Ayres JG

Fischbacher C

Pell JP Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for childhood asthma. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR 21 415 4·4% (3·3 to 5·5) NA −19·5% (−22·4 to −16·5) National smoke-free public places and workplaces were associated with a gradual 20% decrease per year in paediatric emergency asthma admissions

Millett (2013) 55 Millett C

Lee JT

Laverty AA

Glantz SA

Majeed A Hospital admissions for childhood asthma after smoke-free legislation in England. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR 217 381 2·2% (2 to 3) −8·9% (−11 to −7) −3·4% (−4 to −2) National smoke-free public places and workplaces were associated with an immediate 9% decrease in emergency admissions to hospital for paediatric asthma, and a subsequent gradual 3% decrease per year

Rayens (2008) 59 Rayens MK

Burkhart PV

Zhang M

et al. Reduction in asthma-related emergency department visits after implementation of a smoke-free law. Most businesses open to the public (including restaurants and bars) §§ Including, but not limited to restaurants, bars, bowling alleys, bingo halls, convenience stores, laundromats, and other business open to the public. 395 116 5322 12·7% −18·0% (−29·0 to −4·0) NA The county-wide smoke-free law in most public places was associated with an 18% decrease in emergency department visits for paediatric asthma

Shetty (2011) 61 Shetty KD

DeLeire T

White C

Bhattacharya J Changes in U.S. hospitalization and mortality rates following smoking bans. All workplaces except restaurants and bars: 100% smoke-free

Any smoke-free workplace, restaurant, or bar law NR NR NR 100% smoke-free workplaces: 14·6% (3·7 to 25·5)

Any smoke-free law: 9·0 (−1 to 19·1) NA State-wide or region-wide 100% smoke-free workplaces were associated with a 15% increase in hospital admissions for children with asthma; there was no evidence for an association between any state-wide or region-wide smoke-free legislation and asthma admissions

RTI admissions (upper and lower)

Been, Millett (2015) 16 Been JV

Millett C

Lee JT

van Schayck CP

Sheikh A Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections. Public places and workplace (including restaurants and bars) NR 1 651 675 NR −3·5% (−4·7 to −2·3) −0·5% (−0·9 to −0·1) National smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 4% reduction and an additional 0·5% annual reduction in childhood acute RTI hospital admissions

Vicedo-Cabrera (2017) 64 Vicedo-Cabrera AM

Röösli M

Radovanovic D

et al. Cardiorespiratory hospitalisation and mortality reductions after smoking bans in Switzerland. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars), with several exceptions in the hospitality sector †† Authorised smoking in establishments smaller than 80 m2 and designated smoking areas in larger establishments. NR 29 345 NR 2·7% (–9·7 to 16·7) NA Federal smoke-free legislation was not associated with a significant change in RTI hospital admissions

Upper RTI admissions

Been, Millett (2015) 16 Been JV

Millett C

Lee JT

van Schayck CP

Sheikh A Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR 979 370 NR 1·9% (0·5 to 3·2) −1·9 (−2·3 to −1·5) National smoke-free legislation was associated with an initial immediate 2% increase in childhood upper RTI hospital admissions, followed by a gradual decrease of 2% per year

Hawkins (2016) 18 Hawkins SS

Hristakeva S

Gottlieb M

Baum CF Reduction in emergency department visits for children's asthma, ear infections, and respiratory infections after the introduction of state smoke-free legislation. State or local 100% smoke-free workplaces or restaurants, or both NR 410 686 NR State: −2% (−6 to 2)

Local: 6% (−2 to 14) NA State or local smoke-free workplaces or restaurants were not associated with significant changes in emergency department visits for upper RTIs

Lower RTI admissions

Been, Millett (2015) 16 Been JV

Millett C

Lee JT

van Schayck CP

Sheikh A Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections. Public places and workplaces (including restaurants and bars) NR 672 305 NR −13·8% (−15·6 to −12·0) 0·2% (−0·6 to 0·9) National smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 14% reduction in childhood lower RTI hospital admissions

Hawkins (2016) 18 Hawkins SS

Hristakeva S

Gottlieb M

Baum CF Reduction in emergency department visits for children's asthma, ear infections, and respiratory infections after the introduction of state smoke-free legislation. State or local 100% smoke-free workplaces or restaurants, or both NR 139 239 NR State: −8% (−13 to −4)

Local: 3% (−6 to 12) NA State-wide smoke-free workplaces or restaurants were associated with an 8% decrease in emergency department visits for lower RTIs