The late rush to settle on a punishment is a repeat of events ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Then, in the wake of Dr. Rodchenkov’s revelations, the I.O.C. ordered individual sports federations to determine the eligibility of Russian athletes for those Games. Some, like cycling, rowing, and track and field, adopted blanket bans, while others admitted athletes who could prove they were clean.

Last week at a meeting of the 205 eligible Olympic nations and territories, Mr. Bach said that any manipulation of samples at Sochi would constitute a “direct attack on the integrity of the Olympic Games and on the I.O.C.” But since the start of the crisis he has emphasized his opposition to “collective punishment,” preferring that each athlete have a chance to establish his innocence.

Mr. Bach has forcefully pushed back at calls for the I.O.C. to act more swiftly against Russia. He has said that punishments cannot be determined before the I.O.C.’s inquiries have been completed. The I.O.C. also commissioned an investigation by the head of its disciplinary commission, Denis Oswald, into possible doping violations by individual athletes at the Sochi, London and Beijing Games.

“In the Olympic movement, everybody — when we say everybody, it is everybody — everybody enjoys the same rights and obligations, and everyone enjoys the right to a fair and due procedure,” Mr. Bach said. “I call all of you to respect this fair procedure for all our colleagues, because we always think how you would react if you were accused of some wrongdoings and what you would expect from your colleagues.”

No winter sports federation has publicly supported a total ban of Russian athletes at the Pyeongchang Games.

Last week the I.O.C. penalized the first two athletes following Oswald’s investigation. The Russian cross-country skiers Alexander Legkov and Evgeniy Belov were barred for life for doping violations at the Sochi Games.

Dr. Rodchenkov said Russia tampered with urine samples that would have failed drug tests in Sochi. Mr. Oswald’s commission has taken longer than first anticipated to reach verdicts after it struggled to come up with a suitable method of detecting whether bottles — previously considered tamper-proof — had been manipulated.