Daniel Siebert Speaks…

Interviewed by Will Beifuss. The Entheogen Review. Vol. 8 No. 3, Autumn 1999.

The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Reduce Inflammation-Induced Hypermotility in Mice.

by Capasso R, Borrelli F, Zjawiony J, Kutrzeba L, Aviello G, Sarnelli G, Capasso F, Izzo AA.

Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 20(2): 142-148 (2008).



Salvinorin A Inhibits Colonic Transit and Neurogenic Ion Transport in Mice by Activating Kappa-Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors.

by Fichna J, Schicho R, Andrews CN, Bashashati M, Klompus M, McKay DM, Sharkey KA, Zjawiony JK, Janecka A, Storr MA.

Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 21(12): 1326–e128 (2009).



Selective Natural Kappa Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists with a Potential Role in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction.

by Fichna J, Schicho R, Janecka A, Zjawiony JK, Storr M.

Drug News and Perspectives. 22(7): 383–392 (2009).



Salvinorin A Exerts Opposite Presynaptic Controls on Neurotransmitter Exocytosis from Mouse Brain Nerve Terminals.

by Grilli M, Neri E, Zappettini S, Massa F, Bisio A, Romussi G, Marchi M, Pittaluga A.

Neuropharmacology. 57(5–6): 523–530.



2-Methoxymethyl-Salvinorin B is a Potent Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist with Longer Lasting Action In Vivo than Salvinorin A.

by Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu W, Lee DY, Ma Z, Rawls SM, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY.

The Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics. 324(3): 1073-1083.



Comparison of the Diuretic Effects of Chemically Diverse Kappa Opioid Agonists in Rats: Nalfurafine, U50,488H, and Salvinorin A

by Inan S, Lee DY, Liu-Chen LY, Cowan A.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 379(3): 263-270 (2009).



Salvinorin A: The ‘Magic Mint’ Hallucinogen Finds a Molecular Target in the Kappa Opioid Receptor.

by Sheffler DJ and Roth BL. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. Vol.24 No.3 March 2003.

Salvinorin A: A Novel and Highly Selective Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist.

by Yan F and Roth BL. Life Sciences. Vol.75 No.22 (2004).

Salvinorin A: From Natural Product to Human Therapeutics.

by Vortherms TA and Roth BL. Molecular Interventions. Vol.6 No.5 (2006).

CoMFA Analyses of C-2 Position Salvinorin A Analogs at the Kappa-Opioid Receptor Provides Insights Into Epimer Selectivity.

by McGovern DL, Mosier PD, Roth BL, Westkaemper RB.

Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modeling. 28(7): 612–625 (2010).

Acute Physiologic and Chronic Histologic Changes in Rats and Mice Exposed to the Unique Hallucinogen Salvinorin A.

by Mowry M, Mosher M, Briner W. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 35(3): 379–382 (2003).

The Discriminative Effects of the Kappa-Opioid Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Nonhuman Primates: Dissociation from Classic Hallucinogen Effects.

by Butelman ER, Rus S, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). ePublished ahead of print January 19, 2010.

Comparison of the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Salvinorin A and its Derivatives to U69,593 and U50,488 in Rats.

by Baker LE, Panos JJ, Killinger BA, Peet MM, Bell LM, Haliw LA, Walker SL. Psychopharmacology (Berl).

203(2): 203–211 (2009).

Discriminative Stimulus Effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in Rhesus Monkeys.

by Li JX, Rice KC, France CP.

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 324(2): 827–833 (2008).



A New Species of Salvia from Mexico.

by Carl Epling and Carlos D. Játiva–M. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University (1962).

Salvinorin, A New trans-Neoclerodane Diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae).

by Ortega A, Blount JF, Manchand PS. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkins Transactions I (1982).

Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.).

by L.J. Valdés J III, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1983).

Etnofarmacologia di Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.) An Italian translation of the above.

Divinorin A, a Psychotropic Terpenoid, and Divinorin B from the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint, Salvia divinorum.

by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1984).

Loliolide from Salvia divinorum.

by L.J. Valdés III. Journal of Natural Products (1986).

Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic Mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico.

by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Economic Botany (1987).

Salvia divinorum and the Unique Diterpene Hallucinogen, Salvinorin (Divinorin) A.

by L.J. Valdés III. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (1994).

"Divinorin C," a New Neoclerodane Diterpene from a Bioactive TLC Fraction of Salvia divinorum.

Lab notes from the desk of L. J. Valdés III. The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center (2000).

Salvinorin C, a New Neoclerodane Diterpene from a Bioactive Fraction of the Hallucinogenic Mexican Mint Salvia divinorum.

by L.J. Valdés III, et al. Organic Letters (2001).

The Early History of Salvia divinorum.

by L. J. Valdés III. The Entheogen Review (2001) X(2): [73-75]

Some photos of Salvia divinorum from the Sierra Mazateca. by L.J. Valdés III

The Absolute Stereochemistry of Salvinorins. Also available in PDF format here.

by Koreeda, M., et al. Chemistry Letters (1990).

Kappa-Opioid Receptor-Mediated Effects of the Plant-Derived Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, on Inverted Screen Performance in the Mouse.

by Fantegrossi WE, Kugle KM, Valdιs LJ III, Koreeda M, Woods JH.

Behavioural pharmacology. 16(8): 627-633 (2005).

Autoxidation of Salvinorin A under Basic Conditions.

And supporting information.by Munro T, Goetchius G, Roth BL, Vortherms T, Rizzacasa M.

Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70(24): 10057-10061 (2005).

8-epi-Salvinorin B: Crystal Structure and Affinity at the Kappa Opioid Receptor.

by Munro TA, Duncan KK, Staples RJ, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Béguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM.

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. [ePublished ahead of print 2007].

The Chemistry of Salvia divinorum.

by Thomas Munro. PhD dissertation. This is a large (283 pages - 6.32 MB) document.

Standard Protecting Groups Create Potent and Selective Kappa Opioids: Salvinorin B Alkoxymethyl Ethers

by Munro TA, Duncan KK, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM, Béguin C.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. 16(3): 1279-1286 (2008).

Antidepressant Effects of the Herb Salvia divinorum: a Case Report.

by Karl R. Hanes, PhD. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2001).

Salvia divinorum: Clinical and Research Potential.

by Hanes KR. MAPS Bulletin 13(1): 18–20 (2003).

Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A: An Update on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology.

by Grundmann O, Phipps SM, Zadezensky I, Butterweck V.

Planta Medica 73(10): 1039–1046 (2007).

A Facile Method for the Preparation of Deuterium Labeled Salvinorin A: Synthesis of [2,2,2-2H 3 ]-Salvinorin A

by Kevin Tidgewell, Wayne W. Harding, Mark Schmidt, Kenneth G. Holden, Daryl J. Murry, and Thomas E. Prisinzano.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 14(20): 5099-5102 (2004).



Salvinicins A and B, New Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum.

by Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Schmidt M, Shah K, Dersch CM, Snyder J, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.

Organic Letters. 7(14): 3017–3020 (2005).



Neoclerodane Diterpenes as a Novel Scaffold for Mu Opioid Receptor Ligands.

by Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48(15): 4765–4771 (2005).



An Opioid Agonist That Does Not Induce Mu-Opioid Receptor–Arrestin Interactions or Receptor Internalization.

by Groer CE, Tidgewell K, Moyer RA, Harding WW, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM.

Molecular Pharmacology. 71(2): 549–557 (2007).



Salvinorin A: Allosteric Interactions at the Mu-Opioid Receptor.

by Rothman RB, Murphy DL, Xu H, Godin JA, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Tidgewell K, Schmidt M, Prisinzano TE.

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 320(2): 801–810 (2007).



Determination of Salvinorin A in Body Fluids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization.

by Schmidt MS, Prisinzano TE, Tidgewell K, Harding W, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, and Murry DJ.

Journal of Chromatography. B. 818(2): 221–225 (2005).



Pharmacokinetics of the Plant-Derived Kappa-Opioid Hallucinogen Salvinorin A in Nonhuman Primates.

by Schmidt MD, Schmidt MS, Butelman ER, Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Murry DJ, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE.

Synapse. 58(3): 208–210 (2005).



Psychopharmacology of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia divinorum.

by Prisinzano TE.

Life Sciences. 78(5): 527-531 (2005).



Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Selective Modification of the Furan Ring.

by Harding WW, Schmidt M, Tidgewell K, Kannan P, Holden KG, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(12): 3170–3174.



Synthesis of Salvinorin A Analogues as Opioid Receptor Probes.

by Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Lozama A, Cobb H, Shah K, Kannan P, Dersch CM, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.

Journal of Natural Products. 69(6): 914–918 (2006).



Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Preparation and Opioid Receptor Activity of Salvinicin Analogues.

by Simpson DS, Katavic PL, Lozama A, Harding WW, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50(15): 3596-3603 (2007).



Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Exploration of the 1-Position.

by Holden KG, Tidgewell K, Marquam A, Rothman RB, Navarro H, Prisinzano TE.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17(22): 6111–6115 (2008).



Synthetic Studies of Neoclerodane Diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: Role of the Furan in Affinity for Opioid Receptors.

by Simpson DS, Lovell KM, Lozama A, Han N, Day VW, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE.

Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. 7(18): 3748–3756 (2009).



Salvinorin A Analogs as Probes in Opioid Pharmacology.

by Prisinzano TE, Rothman RB.

Chemical Reviews. 108(5): 1732–1743. (2008).



Herkinorin Analogues With Differential β-Arrestin-2 Interactions.

by Tidgewell K, Groer CE, Harding WW, Lozama A, Schmidt M, Marquam A, Hiemstra J, Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Bohn LM, Prisinzano TE.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51(8): 2421–2431. (2008).



Differential Effects of Opioid Agonists on G Protein Expression in CHO Cells Expressing Cloned Human Opioid Receptors.

by Xu H, Wang X, Partilla JS, Bishop-Mathis K, Benaderet TS, Dersch CM, Simpson DS, Prisinzano TE, Rothman RB.

Brain Research Bulletin. 77(1): 49–54. (2008).



The Effects of Herkinorin, the First μ-Selective Ligand from a Salvinorin A-Derived Scaffold, in a Neuroendocrine Biomarker Assay in Non-Human Primates.

by Butelman ER, Rus S, Simpson DS, Wolf AK, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ.

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 327(1): 154–160 (2008).



Unconditioned Behavioral Effects of the Powerful κ-Opioid Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A: Fast Onset and Entry Into Cerebrospinal Fluid.

by Butelman ER, Prisinzano TE, Deng H, Rus S, Kreek MJ.

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 328(2): 588-597.



Chemical Methods for the Synthesis and Modification of Neoclerodane Diterpenes.

by Lozama A, Prisinzano TE.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19(18): 5490–5495 (2009).



Simple Preparative Isolation of Salvinorin A from the Hallucinogenic Sage, Salvia divinorum, by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography.

by Shirota O, Nagamatsu K, Sekita S.

Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies. 30(8): 1105–1114. (2007).



Asymmetric Synthesis of Salvinorin A, a Potent Kaapa Opioid Receptor Agonist.

by Scheerer JR, Lawrence JF, Wang GC, Evans DA.

Supporting information here (4 MB file).

Journal of the American Chemical Society. [ePublished ahead of print June 30, 2007].



Total Synthesis of the Hallucinogenic Neoclerodane Diterpenoid Salvinorin A.

by Nozawa M, Suka Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki T, Hagiwara H.

Organic Letters. 10(7): 1365-1368 (2008).



Total Synthesis of 20-Norsalvinorin A. 1. Preparation of a Key Intermediate.

by Bergman YE, Mulder R, Perlmutter P.

Journal of Organic Chemistry. 74(6): 2589-2591 (2009).



Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Salvinorin A Analogues Modified at C(2).

by Béguin C, Richards MR, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu-Chen LY, Ma Z, Lee DY, Carlezon WA Jr, and Cohen BM.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15(11): 2761–2765 (2005).



Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of New C(2) Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.

by Lee DY, Karnati VV, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Kondareti L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Béguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15(16): 3744–3747 (2005).



Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of C(4) Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.

by Lee DY, He M, Kondaveti L, Liu-Chen LY, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li JG, Béguin C, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. [ePublished ahead of print Jul 25, 2005].



New Neoclerodane Diterpenoids Isolated From the Leaves of Salvia divinorum and Their Binding Affinities for Human Kappa Opioid Receptors.

by Lee DY, Ma Z, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Chen Y, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. [ePublished ahead of print Aug 3, 2005].



Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Studies of New C(4)-Modified Salvinorin A Analogues.

by Lee DY, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Li JG, Xu W, Ma Z, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen B

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(21): 5498–5502 (2006).



Depressive-like Effects of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A on Behavior and Neurochemistry in Rats.

by Carlezon Jr WA, Béguin C, Dinieri JA, Baumann MH, Richards MR, Todtenkopf MS, Rothman RB, Ma Z, Lee DY, Cohen BM.

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 316(1): 440–447 (2006).



Depressive-like Effects of the Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A are Associated with Decreased Phasic Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens.

by Ebner SR, Roitman MF, Potter DN, Rachlin AB, Chartoff EH.

Psychopharmacology. ePublished ahead of print April 7, 2010.

Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Salvinorin A Analogues: Effect of Configuration at C(2) and Substitution at C(18).

by Béguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 16(17): 4679–4685 (2006).



Revised Structure of Deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G.

by Ma Z, Lee DYW.

Tetrahedron Letters. 48(31): 5461–5464 (2007).



Synthesis of Deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G.

by Ma Z, Lee DYW.

Tetrahedron Letters. 49(11): 1782–1785 (2008).



N-Methylacetamide Analogue of Salvinorin A: A Highly Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist with Oral Efficacy.

by Béguin C, Potter DN, Dinieri JA, Munro TA, Richards MR, Paine TA, Berry L, Zhao Z, Roth BL, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon Jr WA, Cohen BM.

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 324(1): 188–195 (2008).



Modification of the Furan Ring of Salvinorin A: Identification of a Selective Partial Agonist at the Kappa Opioid Receptor.

by Béguin C, Duncan KK, Munro TA, Ho DM, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. 17(3): 1370–1380 (2009).



Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of C-12 Triazole and Oxadiazole Analogs of Salvinorin A.

by Yang L, Xu W, Chen F, Liu-Chen LY, Ma Z, Lee DY.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemestry Letters. 19(5): 1301–1304 (2009).



Exposure to the Selective Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonist Salvinorin A Modulates the Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Cocaine in Rats.

by Chartoff EH, Potter D, Damez-Werno D, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA Jr.

Neuropsychopharmacology. 33(11): 2676–2687 (2008).

Effect of Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonists U69593, U50488H, Spiradoline and Salvinorin A on Cocaine-Induced Drug-Seeking in Rats.

by Morani AS, Kivell B, Prisinzano TE, and Schenk S.

Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 94(2): 244–249 (2009).

Identification of the Molecular Mechanisms by Which the Diterpenoid Salvinorin A Binds to Kappa-Opioid Receptors.

by Yan F, Mosier PD, Westkaemper RB, Stewart J, Zjawiony JK, Vortherms TA, Sheffler DJ, Roth BL.

Biochemistry. 44(24): 8643–8651 (2005).



Unambiguous NMR Spectral Assignments of Salvinorin A.

by Giner JL, Kiemle DJ, Kutrzeba L, Zjawiony J.

Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 45(4): 351–354 (2007).



Biosynthesis of Salvinorin A Proceeds via The Deoxyxylulose Phosphate Pathway.

by Kutrzeba L, Dayan FE, Howell J, Feng J, Giner JL, Zjawiony JK.

Phytochemistry. 68(14): 1872–1881 (2007).



Salvinorins J from Salvia divinorum: Mutarotation in the Neoclerodane System.

by Kutrzeba LM, Ferreira D, Zjawiony JK.

Journal of Natural Products. 72(7): 1361-1363.



Intramolecular Transacetylation in Salvinorins D and E.

by Kutrzeba LM, Li X-C, Ding Y, Ferreira D, Zjawiony JK.

Journal of Natural Products. ePublished ahead of print March 25, 2010.



Convenient synthesis and in vitro pharmacological activity of 2-thioanalogs of salvinorins A and B.

by Bikbulatov RV, Yan F, Roth BL, Zjawiony JK.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17(8): 2229–2232 (2007).



Short Synthesis of a Novel Class of Salvinorin A Analogs with Hemiacetalic Structure.

by Bikbulatov RV, Stewart J, Jin W, Yan F, Roth BL, Ferreira D, Zjawiony JK.

Tetrahedron Letters. 49: 937–940 (2008).



Studies Towards the Synthesis of Salvinorin A.

by Lingham AR, Hόgel HM, Rook TJ.

Australian Journal of Chemistry. 59(5): 340–348 (2006).



Determination of Salvinorins and Divinatorins in Salvia divinorum Leaves by Liquid Chromatography/Multistage Mass Spectrometry.

by Medana C, Massolino C, Pazzi M, Baiocchi C.

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 20(2): 131–136 (2005).



Analysis of the Psychoactive Terpenoid Salvinorin A Content in Five Salvia divinorum Herbal Products.

by Wolowich WR, Perkins AM, Cienki JJ.

Pharmacotherapy. 26(9): 1268–1272(2006).



Determination of Salvinorin A and Salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-Related Products Circulated in Japan.

by Tsujikawa K, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Yoshida T, Inoue H.

Forensic Science International 180(2-3): 105-109 (2008).



In Vitro Stability and Metabolism of Salvinorin A in Rat Plasma.

by Tsujikawa K, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H.

Xenobiotica 39(5): 391-398 (2009).



Evaluation of the Transport, In Vitro Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Salvinorin A, a Potent Hallucinogen.

by Teksin ZS, Lee IJ, Nemieboka NN, Othman AA, Upreti VV, Hassan HE, Syed SS, Prisinzano TE, Eddington ND.

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72(2): 471–477 (2009).



The Antinociceptive Effect of Salvinorin A in Mice.

by Trentini, John F., Larry G. French, and Joseph S. Erlichman.

European Journal of Pharmacology. 545 (2–3): 129–133 (2006).



Antinociceptive Profile of Salvinorin A, a Structurally Unique Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.

by McCurdy CR, Sufka KJ, Smith GH, Warnick JE, Nieto MJ.

Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. [ePublished ahead of print Jan 20, 2006].



A Unique Binding Epitope for Salvinorin A, a Non-Nitrogenous Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist.

by Kane BE, Nieto MJ, McCurdy CR, Ferguson DM.

FEBS Journal. 273(9): 1966–1974 (2006).



Toward a Structure-Based Model of Salvinorin A Recognition of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor.

by Kane BE, McCurdy CR, Ferguson DM.

Journal of Medicinal Chemestry. 51(6): 1824-1830.



Intramolecular Diels-Alder/Tsuji Allylation Assembly of the Functionalized Trans-Decalin of Salvinorin A.

by Burns AC, Forsyth CJ.

Organic Letters. 10(1): 97–100 (2008).



PCR and PCR-RFLP of the 5S-rRNA-NTS Region and Salvinorin A Analyses for the Rapid and Unequivocal Determination of Salvia divinorum.

by Bertea CM, Luciano P, Bossi S, Leoni F, Baiocchi C, Medana C, Azzolin CM, Temporale G, Lombardozzi MA, Maffei ME.

Phytochemistry. 67(4): 371–378 (2006).



DNA Internal Standard for the Quantitative Determination of Hallucinogenic Plants in Plant Mixtures.

by Luciano P, Bertea CM, Temporale G, Maffei ME.

Forensic Science International: Genetics. 1(3–4): 262–266 (2007).



Authentication and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)/MS Analysis of Magic Mint, Salvia divinorum and Its Related Plants.

by Maruyama T, Kamakura H, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y.

Yakugaku Zasshi. 128(1): 179–183 (2008).



Analytical data of Designated Substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) Controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, Part I: GC-MS and LC-MS.

by Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Uchiyama N, Ogata J, Kamakura H, Saisho K, Goda Y.

Yakugaku Zasshi. 128(6): 971–979 (2008).



Simple and Rapid Screening for Psychotropic Natural Products Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS.

by Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y.

Yakugaku Zasshi. 129(6): 719–725 (2009).



Analyzing Salvia divinorum and its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Utilizing Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.

by Jermain JD, Evans HK.

Journal of Forensic Sciences. 54(3): 612–616 (2009).



Hallucinatory and Rewarding Effect of Salvinorin A in Zebrafish: Kappa-Opioid and CB1-Cannabinoid Receptor Involvement.

by Braida D, Limonta V, Pegorini S, Zani A, Guerini-Rocco C, Gori E, Sala M.

Psychopharmacology. 190(4): 441–448 (2007).



Involvement of Kappa-Opioid and Endocannabinoid System on Salvinorin A-Induced Reward.

by Braida D, Limonta V, Capurro V, Fadda P, Rubino T, Mascia P, Zani A, Gori E, Fratta W, Parolaro D, Sala M.

Biological Psychiatry. 63(3): 286–292 (2008).



Kappa Opioid Mediation of Cannabinoid Effects of the Potent Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, in Rodents.

by Walentiny DM, Vann RE, Warner JA, King LS, Seltzman HH, Navarro HA, Twine CE Jr, Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, Gilmour BP, Carroll FI, Wiley JL.

Psychopharmacology. ePublished ahead of print March 31, 2010.



Potential Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-Like Effects of Salvinorin A, the Main Active Ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in Rodents.

by Braida D, Capurro V, Zani A, Rubino T, Vigano D, Parolaro D, Sala M.

British Journal of Pharmacology. 157(5): 844-853.



Opioid Receptors and Legal Highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom.

by Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW.

Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, PA). 46(2): 146–152 (2008).



Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A.

by Jonathan Ott. Curare. 18(1): 103-129 (1995).

Scheda Psicoattiva IV. Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva: Foglie della Pastora An Italian translation of the above.

Dose-Response Effects of Salvinorin A on Basal Dopamine Levels in the Caudate Putamen of C57BL/6J Mice.

by Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ.

From Local to Global—Fifty Years of Research on Salvia divinorum

by Casselman I, Nock CJ, Wohlmuth H, Weatherby R, Heinrich M.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151(2): 768–783 (2014).

Pharmacokinetics of the Potent Hallucinogen, Salvinorin A in Primates Parallels the Rapid Onset and Short Duration of Effects in Humans.

by Hooker JM, Xu Y, Schiffer W, Shea C, Carter P, Fowler JS.

Neuroimage. 41(3): 1044-1050.

Metabolic Changes in the Rodent Brain After Acute Administration of Salvinorin A.

by Hooker JM, Patel V, Kothari S, Schiffer WK.

Molecular Imaging and Biology. 11(3): 137-143 (2009).

Salvinorin A and Derivatives: Protection from Metabolism Does Not Prolong Short-Term, Whole-Brain Residence.

by Hooker JM, Munro TA, Beguin C, Alexoff D, Shea C, Xu Y, Cohen BM.

Neuropharmacology. 57(4): 386–391. (2009).

Effects of Acute and Repeated Administration of Salvinorin A on Dopamine Function in the Rat Dorsal Striatum.

by Gehrke BJ, Chefer VI, Shippenberg TS.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 197(3): 509-517 (2008).

A Select Set of Opioid Ligands Induce Up-Regulation by Promoting the Maturation

and Stability of the Rat Kappa Opioid Receptor in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells.

by Wannemacher KM, Yadav PN, Howells RD.

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapies. 323(2): 614–625.

Kappa Opioids Promote the Proliferation of Astrocytes via Gβγ and β-Arrestin 2-Dependent MAPK-Mediated Pathways.

by McLennan GP, Kiss A, Miyatake M, Belcheva MM, Chambers KT, Pozek JJ, Mohabbat Y, Moyer RA, Bohn LM, Coscia CJ.

Journal of Neurochemistry. 107(6): 1753–1765 (2008).

Pharmacological Characterization of the Novel Kappa Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in the Mouse

This study demonstrates that salvinorin A is active in vivo at kappa opioid receptors.

The Rise of a New Psychoactive Agent: Salvia divinorum.

by Appel J, Kim-Appel D.

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 5: 248–253 (2007).

Use of Salvia divinorum, an Unscheduled Hallucinogenic Plant: A Web-Based Survey of 500 Users.

This survey characterized the reasons, methods, and reported consequences of Salvia divinorum use.

Pattern of Use and Subjective Effects of Salvia divinorum Among Recreational Users.

by González D, Riba J, Bouso JC, Gómez-Jarabo G, Barbanoj MJ.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 85(2): 157–162 (2006).

Salvia divinorum–Prësenz einer neuen Droge im Internet. [Salvia divinorum—Representation of a New Drug in the Internet.]

[Abstract in English and German. Article in German only].

by Siemann H, Specka M, Schifano F, Deluca P, Scherbaum N.

Gesundheitswesen. 68(5): 323–327 (2006).

Internet Access to Salvia divinorum: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment.

by Hoover V, Marlowe DB, Patapis NS, Festinger DS, Forman RF.

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 35(1): 22-27 (2008).

College Student Use of Salvia divinorum.

by Lange JE, Reed MB, Croff JM, Clapp JD.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 94(1-3): 263-266 (2008).

Salvia divinorum: Effects and Use Among YouTube Users.

by Lange JE, Daniel J, Homer K, Reed MB, Clapp JD.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 108(1-2): 138-140 (2010).

Salvia divinorum Use Among a College Student Sample.

by Khey DN, Miller BL, Griffin OH.

Journal of Drug Education. 38(3): 297–306 (2008).

Legally High? Legal Considerations of Salvia divinorum.

by Griffin III OH, Miller BL, Khey DN.

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 40(2): 183-191 (2008).

Trippin’ on Sally D: Exploring Predictors of Salvia divinorum Experimentation.

by Miller BL, Griffin III OH, Gibson CL, Khey DN.

Journal of Criminal Justice. 37(4): 396–403 (2009).

Salvia divinorum: Exposures Reported to a Statewide Poison Control System Over 10 Years.

by Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, and Clark RF.

Journal of Emergency Medicine. [ePublished ahead of print September 16, 2009].

Salvia divinorum Epling et Játiva-M. (Labiatae): An Ethnopharmacological Investigation.

by Sherry A. Rovinsky. McNair Scholarly Review (1998).

Salvia divinorum: An Hallucinogenic Mint Which Might Become a New Recreational Drug in Switzerland.

by Giroud et al.

Forensic Science International. 112(2–3): 143–150 (2000).

Hallucinatory Telepathic Experiences Induced by Salvia divinorum.

by Juszczak GR

Journal of Scientific Exploration. 26(2): 33–43 (2012).

Salvinorin: The Psychedelic Essence of Salvia divinorum. An extraordinary book by D.M.Turner (1996).

The Mushrooms of Language by Henry Munn. This essay provides valuable insight into the Mazatec shamanic world.



Sage Wisdom: Salvia divinorum Branches Out. by Robert Campbell. An article from TRP Magazine (1997).

Cultivating Diviner's Sage by Will Beifuss. An article from TRP Magazine (1997).

Under the Spell of the Magic Mint. by Christopher Ketcham. Published in GQ magazine. June, 2007.









Additional Information on Salvia divinorum and Related Topics

Wikipedia article on Salvia divinorum. This webpage is continuously evolving. Anyone can participate in its development.

Some basic information about Salvia divinorum. From the DEA's list of Drugs and Chemicals of Concern.

A report on Salvia divinorum From the April 2003 edition of the Information Bulletin of the National Drug Intelligence Center.

Unfortunately, this document contains a lot of misinformation. It portrays all use of salvia as "abuse" and makes many false and inaccurate statements.

This report has been reprinted in the June 2003 edition of Microgram Bulletin, a monthly newsletter

published by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration's Office of Forensic Sciences.

Lagochilus inebrians. An intriguing psychoactive member of the Labiatae.

Salvia splendens. A psychoactive sage???

Salvia Research Network. An international research group interested in improving our understanding of the genus Salvia.









Relevant Organizations

The Drug Policy Alliance. The leading organization working to broaden the public debate on drug policy and to promote realistic alternatives to the

war on drugs based on science, compassion, public health, and human rights. I strongly urge you to visit thier web site and make a generous financial

contribution to support the important work that this organization is doing.

MAPS (The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies). Supporting psychedelic research since 1986.

Student Resources. Are you interested in entering the field of "psychedelic studies"?

Useful advice and a list of academic programs that may be friendly to psychedelic–related topics.

Erowid. The world's most comprehensive resource for information about psychoactive drugs.

We urge you to become a supporter. By joining or contributing, you can help ensure that this quality information remains freely available.

The Council on Spiritual Practices. Dedicated to making direct experience of the sacred more available to more people.

The Media Awareness Project. A worldwide network dedicated to drug policy reform.

The Drug Reform Coordination Network. A national network of more than 21,000 activists and concerned citizens, including parents,

educators, students, lawyers, health care professionals, academics, and others working for drug policy reform.

DRCNet supports rational policies consistent with the principles of peace, justice, freedom,

compassion, and truth. Each of these has been compromised in the name of the Drug War.

Students for Sensible Drug Policy. Students for Sensible Drug Policy is committed to providing education on harms caused by the War on Drugs working

to involve youth in the political process, and promoting an open, honest, and rational discussion of alternative solutions to our nation's drug problems.

The American Civil Liberties Union. Useful drug policy links.









Mail Center

I am always interested in hearing reports from people regarding their experiences with this herb. Click here to send me your thoughts, comments, experiences, and suggestions. I do read most of the email I receive; however, I receive more email than I have time to reply to. When replying to email, I give priority to correspondence that is particularly important or interesting. Share this web site with a friend. This link opens a blank email window on most browsers. Please send your friends a note and let them know about The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center. Don't forget to send them the URL: (http://sagewisdom.org).





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