JAKARTA, Indonesia—For 13 years, Samadikun Hartono lived on the run from an Indonesian conviction for embezzling $13 million from his family’s bank here. He lived in a luxury apartment in Singapore and owned factories in Vietnam and China, officials said.

Last week, Mr. Hartono’s luck ran out: Chinese police working in coordination with Indonesia’s government arrested him as he went to watch a Formula One Grand Prix auto race in Shanghai.

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