zsh-lovers

この文書について

http://grml.org/zsh/zsh-lovers.html の和訳です

誤字, 誤訳など有りましたら http://twitter.com/hamano まで

名前

zsh-lovers - Z shell の為のチップスやトリックや用例

概要

これを読んでね. ;-)

要約

私たちが zsh のマニュアルを読む度、用例やシェル生活における単純な通例が無いことに驚嘆します。 zshは多くの機能を持ちます、しかしmanページには(procmailex(5)の様な)用例が在りません。 それが私たちがこのmanページを書いた理由です。

大部分のトリックとonelinerはzsh-usersメーリングリスト、zsh-workers、google、ニュースグーループと私たちから生まれました。 詳しくはLINKSセクションを見てください。

注意: この manページ(zsh-lovers(1))は Z shell の公式の一部では在りません! これはまさに冗談半分の manページです ;) コメントやバグレポートやフィードバックに関してはバグセクションにざっと目を通してください。

シェルスクリプティング

このセクションでは度々必要になるちょっとしたシェルスクリプトの用例を載せています。 ほとんどの用例はうまく動かなかったり、使ってはいけないことに注意してください。

シェルスクリプトでオプションを解析してください。 用例はAdam ChodorowskiさんのZWSからの引用です (http://www.chodorowski.com/projects/zws/):

parse_options() { o_port=(-p 9999) o_root=(-r WWW) o_log=(-d ZWS.log) zparseopts -K -- p:=o_port r:=o_root l:=o_log h=o_help if [[ $? != 0 || "$o_help" != "" ]]; then echo Usage: $(basename "$0") "[-p PORT] [-r DIRECTORY]" exit 1 fi port=$o_port[2] root=$o_root[2] log=$o_log[2] if [[ $root[1] != '/' ]]; then root="$PWD/$root"; fi } # now use the function: parse_options $*

用例

利用可能なサブセクションは、エイリアス、補完、未分類で種々様々な用例、(再帰的な)グロビング用例、モディファイアの使い方、リダイレクション用例、ZMV用例、モジュール用例などです。

エイリアス

接尾辞のエイリアスはzshのversion 4.2.0以降でサポートされます。 幾つかの例:

alias -s tex=vim alias -s html=w3m alias -s org=w3m

これによって、foobar.texを入力したのちリターンキーを押すとfoobar.texと共にvimが起動します。 htmlファイルを呼ぶことでw3mブラウザが起動します。 www.zsh.orgと入力しエンターを押すと、引数www.zsh.orgと共にw3mが起動します。 グローバルエイリアスはコマンドラインのどこでも使用することが出来ます。 例:

$ alias -g C='| wc -l' $ grep alias ~/.zsh/* C 443

以下は, そこそこ便利なグローバルエイリアスです (あなたにとって便利かそうでないものを自分で選んでください)

alias -g ...='../..' alias -g ....='../../..' alias -g .....='../../../..' alias -g CA="2>&1 | cat -A" alias -g C='| wc -l' alias -g D="DISPLAY=:0.0" alias -g DN=/dev/null alias -g ED="export DISPLAY=:0.0" alias -g EG='|& egrep' alias -g EH='|& head' alias -g EL='|& less' alias -g ELS='|& less -S' alias -g ETL='|& tail -20' alias -g ET='|& tail' alias -g F=' | fmt -' alias -g G='| egrep' alias -g H='| head' alias -g HL='|& head -20' alias -g Sk="*~(*.bz2|*.gz|*.tgz|*.zip|*.z)" alias -g LL="2>&1 | less" alias -g L="| less" alias -g LS='| less -S' alias -g MM='| most' alias -g M='| more' alias -g NE="2> /dev/null" alias -g NS='| sort -n' alias -g NUL="> /dev/null 2>&1" alias -g PIPE='|' alias -g R=' > /c/aaa/tee.txt ' alias -g RNS='| sort -nr' alias -g S='| sort' alias -g TL='| tail -20' alias -g T='| tail' alias -g US='| sort -u' alias -g VM=/var/log/messages alias -g X0G='| xargs -0 egrep' alias -g X0='| xargs -0' alias -g XG='| xargs egrep' alias -g X='| xargs'

補完

man 1 zshcompctl zshcompsys zshcompwid を参照してください。 zshcompctlはzshプログラマブル補完の古いスタイルです、zshcompsysは新しい補完システムです、zshcompwidはzsh補完ウィジェットです。

_apt や _dpkgといった幾つかの関数は非常に遅いです. あなたはキャッシュされた結果リストを代理で使用する事が出来ます (有効な debian パッケージのリストの様な) キャッシュを使用してください:

zstyle ':completion:*' use-cache on zstyle ':completion:*' cache-path ~/.zsh/cache

CVSファイル/ディレクトリの補完を抑制します:

zstyle ':completion:*:(all-|)files' ignored-patterns '(|*/)CVS' zstyle ':completion:*:cd:*' ignored-patterns '(*/)#CVS'

あなたがミスタイプをした時の為の曖昧マッチ補完:

zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _match _approximate zstyle ':completion:*:match:*' original only zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:*' max-errors 1 numeric

もしあなたが今までタイプした長さで増加させた _approximateによってエラー回数を許容したければ:

zstyle -e ':completion:*:approximate:*' \ max-errors 'reply=($((($#PREFIX+$#SUFFIX)/3))numeric)'

あなたの持っていないコマンドの補完を無視します:

zstyle ':completion:*:functions' ignored-patterns '_*'

ヘルパー関数の様に:

xdvi() { command xdvi ${*:-*.dvi(om[1])} }

あなたは殆どの場合に補完を回避できます。しかしその場合、あなたは直ぐにメニューセレクションに入り、単語を時刻でソートしたいと望むかもしれません:

zstyle ':completion:*:*:xdvi:*' menu yes select zstyle ':completion:*:*:xdvi:*' file-sort time

メニューセレクションを使ったプロセスIDの補完:

zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*' menu yes select zstyle ':completion:*:kill:*' force-list always

もし引数の最後としてディレクトリが使用された場合、最後のスラッシュを削除します(lnを使用する際に便利です)

zstyle ':completion:*' squeeze-slashes true

cd は親ディレクトリから選択しないでしょう (例: cd ../ ):

zstyle ':completion:*:cd:*' ignore-parents parent pwd

迅速にディレクトリを変更するもう一つの方法です。 これをあなたの ~/.zshrc に追記し, “cd …./dir” を入力してください

rationalise-dot() { if [[ $LBUFFER = *.. ]]; then LBUFFER+=/.. else LBUFFER+=. fi } zle -N rationalise-dot bindkey . rationalise-dot

未分類で種々様々な用例

ヒント: 有効な glob修飾子の一覧は zshexpn(1) で見つけることが出来ます。 “man 1 zshexpn | less -p” で 修飾子の詳細を参照してください。

# Get the names of all files that *don't* match a pattern *anywhere* on the # file (and without ``-L'' because its GNUish) $ print -rl -- *(.^e{'grep -q pattern $REPLY'}) # or $ : *(.e{'grep -q pattern $REPLY || print -r -- $REPLY'}) # random numbers $ echo $[${RANDOM}%1000] # random between 0-999 $ echo $[${RANDOM}%11+10] # random between 10-20 $ echo ${(l:3::0:)${RANDOM}} # N digits long (3 digits) # reverse a word $ echo "${(j::)${(@Oa)${(s::):-hello}}}" # Show newest directory $ ls -ld *(/om[1]) # random array element $ FILES=( .../files/* ) $ feh $FILES[$RANDOM%$#FILES+1] # cat first line in all files in this dir $ for file (*(ND-.)) IFS= read -re < $file # test if a parameter is numeric $ if [[ $1 == <-> ]] ; then echo numeric else echo non-numeric fi # Show me all the .c files for which there doesn't exist a .o file. $ print *.c(e_'[[ ! -e $REPLY:r.o ]]'_) # All files in /var/ that are not owned by root $ ls -ld /var/*(^u:root) # All files for which the owner hat read and execute permissions $ echo *(f:u+rx:) # The same, but also others dont have execute permissions $ echo *(f:u+rx,o-x:) # brace expansion - example $ X=(A B C) $ Y=(+ -) $ print -r -- $^X.$^Y A.+ A.- B.+ B.- C.+ C.- # Fetch the newest file containing the string 'fgractg*.log' in the # filename and contains the string 'ORA-' in it $ file=(fgractg*.log(Nm0om[1])) $ (($#file)) && grep -l ORA- $file # without Zsh $ files=$( find . -name . -o -prune -name 'fgractg*>log' -mtime 0 -print ) > if [ -n "$files" ]; then > IFS=' > ' > set -f > file=$(ls -td $files | head -1) > grep -l ORA- "$file" > fi # keep specified number of child processes running until entire task finished $ zsh -c 'sleep 1 & sleep 3 & sleep 2& print -rl -- $jobtexts' # Remove zero length and .bak files in a directory $ rm -i *(.L0) *.bak(.) # print out files that dont have extensions $ printf '%s

' ^?*.* $ printf '%s

' ^?*.[^.]*(D) $ ls -d -- ^?*.*(D) # Finding files which does not contain a specific string $ print -rl file* | comm -2 -3 - <(grep -l string file*)' $ for f (file*(N)) grep -q string $f || print -r $f' # Show/Check whether a option is set or not. It works both with $options as # with $builtins $ echo $options[correct] off $ $options[zle] on # Count the number of directories on the stack $ print $((${${(z)${(f)"$(dirs -v)"}[-1]}[1]} + 1)) # or $ dirs -v | awk '{n=$1}END{print n+1}' # Matching all files which do not have a dot in filename $ ls *~*.*(.) # Show only the ip-address from ``ifconfig device'' # ifconfig from net-tools (Linux) $ print ${${$(LC_ALL=C /sbin/ifconfig eth0)[7]}:gs/addr://} # ifconfig from 4.2BSD {Free,Net,Open}BSD $ print ${$(/sbin/ifconfig tun0)[6]} # Ping all the IP addresses in a couple of class C's or all hosts # into /etc/hosts $ for i in {1..254}; do ping -c 1 192.168.13.$i; done or $ I=1 $ while ( [[ $I -le 255 ]] ) ; do ping -1 2 150.150.150.$I; let I++; done or $ for i in $(sed 's/#.*//' > /etc/hosts | awk '{print $2}') : do : echo "Trying $i ... " : ping -c 1 $i ; : echo '=============================' : done # load all available modules at startup $ typeset -U m $ m=() $ for md ($module_path) m=($m $md/**/*(*e:'REPLY=${REPLY#$md/}'::r)) $ zmodload -i $m # Rename all files within a directory such that their names get a numeral # prefix in the default sort order. $ i=1; for j in *; do mv $j $i.$j; ((i++)); done $ i=1; for f in *; do mv $f $(echo $i | \ awk '{ printf("%03d", $0)}').$f; ((i++)); done $ integer i=0; for f in *; do mv $f $[i+=1].$f; done # Find (and print) all symbolic links without a target within the current # dirtree. $ $ file **/*(D@) | fgrep broken $ for i in **/*(D@); [[ -f $i || -d $i ]] || echo $i $ echo **/*(@-^./=%p) $ print -l **/*(-@) # List all plain files that do not have extensions listed in `fignore' $ ls **/*~*(${~${(j/|/)fignore}})(.) # see above, but now omit executables $ ls **/*~*(${~${(j/|/)fignore}})(.^*) # Print out files that dont have extensions (require *setopt extendedglob* # and *setopt dotglob*) $ printf '%s

' ^?*.* # List files in reverse order sorted by name $ print -rl -- *(On) or $ print -rl -- *(^on) # Synonymic to ``ps ax | awk '{print $1}''' $ print -l /proc/*/cwd(:h:t:s/self//) # Get the PID of a process (without ``ps'', ``sed'', ``pgrep'', .. # (under Linux) $ pid2 () { > local i > for i in /proc/<->/stat > do > [[ "$(< $i)" = *\((${(j:|:)~@})\)* ]] && echo $i:h:t > done > } # for X in 'n' 'o' 'p' 'q' 'r' 's' 't' 'u' 'v' 'w' 'x' 'y'; do ... $ for (( i = 36#n; i <= 36#y; i++ )); do > print ${$(([##36]i)):l} > done # or in combination with ``dc'' $ print {$((##n))..$((##y))}P\ 10P | dc # or with ``eval'' $ eval print '${$(([##36]'{$((36#n))..$((36#y))}')):l}' # foreach in one line of shell $ for f (*) print -r -- $f # copy a directory recursively without data/files $ dirs=(**/*(/)) $ cd -- $dest_root $ mkdir -p -- $dirs # or without zsh $ find . -type d -exec env d="$dest_root" \ sh -c ' exec mkdir -p -- "$d/$1"' '{}' '{}' \; # If `foo=23'', then print with 10 digit with leading '0'. $ foo=23 $ print ${(r:10::0:)foo} # find the name of all the files in their home directory that have # more than 20 characters in their file names print -rl $HOME/${(l:20::?:)~:-}* # Save arrays $ print -r -- ${(qq)m} > $nameoffile # save it $ eval "m=($(cat -- $nameoffile)" # or use $ m=("${(@Q)${(z)"$(cat -- $nameoffile)"}}") # to restore it # get a "ls -l" on all the files in the tree that are younger than a # specified age (e.g "ls -l" all the files in the tree that where # modified in the last 2 days) $ ls -tld **/*(m-2) # This will give you a listing 1 file perl line (not a la ls -R). # Think of an easy way to have a "ls -R" style output with # only files newer than 2 day old. $ for d (. ./**/*(/)) { > print -r -- $'

'${d}: > cd $d && { > l=(*(Nm-2)) > (($#l)) && ls -ltd -- $l > cd ~- > } > } # If you also want directories to be included even if their mtime # is more than 2 days old: $ for d (. ./**/*(/)) { > print -r -- $'

'${d}: > cd $d && { > l=(*(N/,m-2)) > (($#l)) && ls -ltd -- $l > cd ~- > } # And if you want only the directories with mtime < 2 days to be listed: $ for d (. ./**/*(N/m-2)) { > print -r -- $'

'${d}: > cd $d && { > l=(*(Nm-2)) > (($#l)) && ls -ltd -- $l > cd ~- > } > } # print 42 ``-'' $ echo ${(l:42::-:)} # or use ``$COLUMS'' $ echo ${(l:$COLUMNS::-:)} # and now with colors (require autoload colors ;colors) $ echo "$bg[red]$fg[black]${(l:42::-:)}" # Redirect STDERR to a command like xless without redirecting STDOUT as well. $ foo 2>>(xless) # but this executes the command asynchronously. To do it synchronously: $ { { foo 1>&3 } 2>&1 | xless } 3>&1 # Rename all MP3-Files from name with spaces.mp3 to Name With Spaces.mp3 $ for i in *.mp3; do > mv $i ${${(C)i}:s/Mp3/mp3/} > done # Match file names containing only digits and ending with .xml (require # *setopt kshglob*) $ ls -l [0-9]##.xml $ ls -l <0->.xml # Remove all "non txt" files $ rm ./^*.txt # Move 200 files from a directory into another $ mv -- *([1,200]) /another/Dir # Convert images (foo.gif => foo.png): $ for i in **/*.gif; convert $i $i:r.png # convert a collection of mp3 files to wave or cdr, # e.g. file.wav -> file.mp3) $ for i (./*.mp3){mpg321 --w - $i > ${i:r}.wav} # Download with LaTeX2HTML created Files (for example the ZSH-Guide): $ for f in http://zsh.sunsite.dk/Guide/zshguide{,{01..08}}.html; do > lynx -source $f >${f:t} > done # Move all files in dir1 and dir2 that have line counts greater than 10 to # another directory say "/more10" $ mv dir[12]/**/*.cr(-.e{'((`wc -l < $REPLY` > 10))'}) /more10 # Make with dpkg a master-list of everyfile that it has installed $ diff <(find / | sort) <(cat /var/lib/dpkg/info/*.list | sort) # Replace this fucking Escape-Sequences: $ autoload colors ; colors $ print "$bg[cyan]$fg[blue]You are a idiot" >> /dev/pts/3 # Get ASCII value of a character $ char=N ; print $((#char)) # Filename "Erweiterung" # Note: The (N) says to use the nullglob option for this particular # glob pattern. $ for i in *.o(N); do > rm $i > done # Rename files; i. e. FOO to foo and bar to BAR $ for i in *(.); mv $i ${i:l} # `FOO' to `foo' $ for i in *(.); mv $i ${i:u} # `bar to `BAR' # Show all suid-files in $PATH $ ls -latg ${(s.:.)PATH} | grep '^...s' # or more complex ;) $ print -l ${^path}/*(Ns,S) # or show only executables with a user given pattern $ print -l ${^path}/*vim*(*N) # gzip files when containing a certain string $ gzip ${(ps:\0:)"$(grep -lZ foobar ./*.txt(.))"} # A small one-liner, that reads from stdin and prints to stdout the first # unique line i. e. does not print lines that have been printed before # (this is similar to the unique command, but unique can only handle # adjacent lines). $ IFS=$'



'; print -rl -- ${(Oau)${(Oa)$(cat file;echo .)[1,-2]}} # Lists every executable in PATH $ print -l ${^path}/*(-*N) # Match all .c files in all subdirectories, _except_ any SCCS subdirectories? $ ls **/*.c~(*/)#SCCS/* # List all `README' - files case-insensitive with max. one typo $ ls **/*(#ia2)readme # case insensitive checking for variables $ if [[ $OSTYPE == (#i)LINUX*(#I) ]]; then > echo "Penguin on board." > else > echo "Not a Linux." > fi

(再帰的な)グロビング用例

有効なglob修飾子の一覧はzshexpn(1)で見つけることが出来ます。 注意: **/ は (*/)# と等価です! 例えば:

$ print (*/)#zsh_us.ps zsh-4.2.3/Doc/zsh_us.ps $ print **/zsh_us.ps zsh-4.2.3/Doc/zsh_us.ps

.

# Search for `README' in all Subdirectories $ ls -l **/README # find directories that contain both "index.php" and "index.html", or in # general, directories that contain more than one file matching "index.*" $ ls **/*(D/e:'[[ -e $REPLY/index.php && -e $REPLY/index.html ]]':) # or $ ls **/*(D/e:'l=($REPLY/index.*(N)); (( $#l >= 2 ))':) # Find command to search for directory name instead of basename $ print -rl /**/*~^*/path(|/*) # or - without Zsh $ find / | grep -e /path/ -e '/path$' # Print he path of the directories holding the ten biggest C regular files # in the current directory and subdirectories. $ print -rl -- **/*.c(D.OL[1,10]:h) | sort -u # Find files with size == 0 and send a mail $ files=(**/*(ND.L0m+0m-2)) > (( $#files > 0 )) && print -rl -- $files | \ mailx -s "empty files" foo@bar.tdl # recursive chmod $ chmod 700 **/(.) # Only files $ chmod 700 **/(/) # Only directories # print out all of the files in that directory in 2 columns $ print -rC2 -- ${1:[...]}/*(D:t) # ^- number ob columns # or - if you feel concerned about special characters - use $ list=(${1:[...]}/*(ND:t)) $ (($#list)) && print -rC2 -- ${(V)list} # Search all files in /home/*/*-mail/ with a setting ``chmod -s'' flag # (recursive, include dotfiles) remove the setgid/setuid flag and print # a message $ chmod -s /home/*/*-mail(DNs,S) /home/*/*-mail/**/*(DNs,S)) # or with a small script $ for file (/home/*/*-mail(DNs,S) /home/*/*-mail/**/*(DNs,S)) { > print -r -- $file > chmod -s $file && print -r fixed $file > } # or use ``zargs'' (require autoload zargs) prevent the arg list too # long error $ zargs /home/*/*-mail(DNs,S) /home/*/*-mail/**/*(DNs,S)) -- chmod -s # List files beginning at `foo23' upwards (foo23, foo24, foo25, ..) $ ls -l foo<23-> # get all files that begin with the date strings from June 4 through # June 9 of 2004 $ ls -l 200406{04..10}*(N) # or if they are of the form 200406XX (require ``setopt extended_glob'' $ ls -l 200306<4-10>.* # remove spaces from filenames $ for a in ./**/*\ *(Dod); do mv $a ${a:h}/${a:t:gs/ /_}; done # Show only all *.c and *.h - Files $ ls -l *.(c|h) # Show only all *.c - files and ignore `foo.c' $ ls *.c~foo.c # show data to *really* binary format $ zsh -ec 'while {} {printf %.8x $n;repeat 8 \ > {read -ku0 a printf \ %.8d $(([##2]#a))};print;((n+=8))}' < binary # Show only world-readable files $ ls -l *(R) # List files in the current directory are not writable by the owner $ print -l ~/*(ND.^w) # find and delete the files which are older than a given parameter # (seconds/minutes/hours) # deletes all regular file in /Dir that are older than 3 hours $ rm -f /Dir/**/*(.mh+3) # deletes all symlinks in /Dir that are older than 3 minutes $ rm -f /Dir/**/*(@mm+3) # deletes all non dirs in /Dir that are older than 30 seconds $ rm -f /Dir/**/*(ms+30^/) # deletes all folders, sub-folders and files older than one hour $ rm ./**/*(.Dmh+1,.DL0) # deletes all files more than 6 hours old $ rm -f **/*(mh+6) # removes all files but the ten newer ones (delete all but last 10 # files in a directory) $ rm ./*(Om[1,-11]) Note: If you get a arg list too long, you use the builtin rm. For example: $ zmodload zsh/files ; rm -f **/*(mh+6) or use the zargs function: $ autoload zargs ; zargs **/*(mh+6) -- rm -f # A User's Guide to the Z-Shell /5.9: Filename Generation and Pattern # Matching find all files in all subdirectories, searching recursively, # which have a given name, case insensitive, are at least 50 KB large, # no more than a week old and owned by the root user, and allowing up # to a single error in the spelling of the name. In fact, the required # expression looks like this: $ ls **/(#ia1)name(LK+50mw-1u0) # Change the UID from 102 to 666 $ chown 666 **/*(u102) # List all files which have not been updated since last 10 hours $ print -rl -- *(Dmh+10^/) # delete only the oldest file in a directory $ rm ./*filename*(Om[1]) # Sort the output from `ls -l' by file size $ ls -fld *(OL) # find most recent file in a directory $ setopt dotglob ; print directory/**/*(om[1]) # Show only empty files which nor `group' or `world writable' $ ls *(L0f.go-w.) # find - and list - the ten newest files in directories and subdirs # (recursive) $ print -rl -- **/*(Dom[1,10]) # Print only 5 lines by "ls" command (like ``ls -laS | head -n 5'') $ ls -fl *(DOL[1,5]) # display the 5-10 last modified files $ print -rl -- /path/to/dir/**/*(D.om[5,10]) # find all files without a valid owner $ chmod someuser /**/*(D^u:${(j.:u:.)${(f)"$(</etc/passwd)"}%%:*}:) # find all the empty directories in a tree $ for f in ***/*(/l2); do foo=($f/*(N)); [[ -z $foo ]] && print $f; done # Note:Since Zsh 4.2.1 the glob qualifier F indicates a non-empty directory. # Hence *(F) indicates all subdirectories with entries, *(/^F) means all # subdirectories with no entries. $ ls -ld *(/^F) # remove empty directories afterwards $ rmdir ./**/*(/od) 2> /dev/null # Show only files are owned from group `users' $ ls -l *(G[users])

モディファイアの使い方

モディファイヤはあなたに返す結果をパラメータ、ファイル名、ヒストリー展開によって変更させるパワフルなメカニズムです。 詳細はzshexpn(1)を参照してください。

# NOTE: Zsh 4.3.4 needed! $ autoload -U age # files modified today $ print *(e:age today now:) # files modified since 5 pm $ print *(e-age 17:00 now-) # ... since 5 o'clock yesterda $ print *(e-age yesterday,17:00 now-) # ... from last Christmas before today $ print *(e-age 2006/12/25 today-) # ... before yesterday $ print *(e-age 1970/01/01 yesterday-) # all files modified between the start of those dates $ print *(e:age 2006/10/04 2006/10/09:) # all files modified on that date $ print *(e:age 2006/10/04:) # Supply times. $ print *(e-age 2006/10/04:10:15 2006/10/04:10:45-) # Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head. This works like # `dirname'. $ echo =ls(:h) /bin # Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. This works # like `basename'. $ echo =ls(:t) ls # Remove the suffix from each file (*.sh in this example) $f:e is $f file extension :h --> head (dirname) :t --> tail (basename) :r --> rest (extension removed) $ for f (*.sh) mv $f $f:r # Remove a filename extension of the form `.xxx', leaving the root name. $ echo $PWD /usr/src/linux $ echo $PWD:t linux # Remove all but the extension. $ foo=23.42 $ echo $foo 23.42 $ echo $foo:e 42 # Print the new command but do not execute it. Only works with history # expansion. $ echo =ls(:h) /bin $ !echo:p $ echo =ls(:h) # Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. $ bar="23'42" $ echo $bar 23'42 $ echo $bar:q 23\'42 # Convert the words to all lowercase. $ bar=FOOBAR $ echo $bar FOOBAR $ echo $bar:l foobar # Convert the words to all uppercase. $ bar=foobar $ echo $bar foobar $ echo $bar:u FOOBAR # convert 1st char of a word to uppercase $ foo="one two three four" $ print -r -- "${(C)var}" One Two Three Four

リダイレクション用例

さらなる情報はzshmisc(1)を参照してください (あるいは less${^fpath}/zmv(N))

# Append `exit 1' at the end of all *.sh - files $ echo "exit 1" >> *.sh # adding files to foobar.tar.gz $ eval set =(gunzip < foobar.tar.gz) ' tar rf $1 additional.txt &&gzip < $1 > foobar.tar.gz' # Redirect output to a file AND display on screen $ foobar >&1 > file1 > file2 > .. # pipe single output to multiple inputs $ zcat foobar.Z >> (gzip -9 > file1.gz) \ >> (bzip2 -9 > file1.bz2) \ >> (acb --best > file1.acb) # Append /etc/services at the end of file `foo' and `bar' $ cat /etc/services >> foo >> bar # Pipe STDERR $ echo An error >&2 2>&1 | sed -e 's/A/I/' # send standard output of one process to standard input of several processes # in the pipeline $ setopt multios $ process1 > >(process1) > >(process2) # initializing a variable and simultaneously keeping terminal output $ setopt multios $ { a=$(command >&1 >& 3 3 > &- 2>&1);} 3>&1 # redirect stderr two times $ setopt multios ; program 2> file2 > file1 2>&1 # Duplicating stdout and stderr to a logfile $ exec 3>&1 > logfile 2>&2 2>&1 >&3 3>&- # redirect stderr (only) to a file and to orig. stderr: $ command 2>&2 2>stderr # redirect stderr and stdout to separate files and both to orig. stdout: $ command 2>&1 1>&1 2>stderr 1>stdout # redirect stderr and stdout to separate files and stdout to orig. stdout # AND stderr to orig. stderr: $ command 2>&2 1>&1 2>stderr 1>stdout # More fun with STDERR ;) $ ./my-script.sh 2> >(grep -v moron >error.log)|process-output >output.log $ echo "Thats STDOUT" >>(sed 's/stdout/another example/' > foobar)

ZMV用例 (要 autoload zmv)

注意 -n は非実行を意味します(表示を行うのみで何も起こりません)。

# remove round bracket within filenames # i. e. foo-(bar).avi -> foo-bar.avi $ zmv '*' '${f//[()]/}' # serially all files (foo.foo > 1.foo, fnord.foo > 2.foo, ..) $ autoload zmv $ ls * 1.c asd.foo bla.foo fnord.foo foo.fnord foo.foo $ c=1 zmv '*.foo' '$((c++)).foo' $ ls * 1.c 1.foo 2.foo 3.foo 4.foo foo.fnord # Rename "file.with.many.dots.txt" by substituting dots (exept for the last # one!) with a space $ touch {1..20}-file.with.many.dots.txt $ zmv '(*.*)(.*)' '${1//./ }$2' # Remove the first 4 chars from a filename $ zmv -n '*' '$f[5,-1]' # NOTE: The "5" is NOT a mistake in writing! # Rename names of all files under the current Dir to lower case, but keep # dirnames as-is. $ zmv -Qv '(**/)(*)(.D)' '$1${(L)2}' # replace all 4th character, which is "1", with "2" and so on $ autoload -U zmv $ zmv '(???)1(???[1-4].txt)' '${1}2${2}' # Remove the first 15 characters from a string $ touch 111111111111111{a-z} $ autoload zmv $ zmv '*' '$f[16,-1]' # Replace spaces (any number of them) with a single dash in file names $ autload zmv $ zmv -n '(**/)(* *)' '$1${2//( #-## #| ##)/-}' # or - with Bash $ find . -depth -name '* *' -exec bash -c ' > shopt -s extglob > file=$1 > dir=${file%/*} > name=${file##*/} > newname=${name//*([ -]) *([ -])/-} > mv -i -- "$file" "$Dir/$newname"' {} {} \; # Clean up file names and remove special characters $ autoload zmv $ zmv -n '(**/)(*)' '$1${2//[^A-Za-z0-9._]/_}' # Add *.py to a bunch of python scripts in a directory (some of them end # in *.py and give them all a proper extension $ autoload zmv $ zmv -n '(**/)(con*)(#qe,file $REPLY | grep "python script",)' '$1$2.py' # lowercase all extensions (i. e. *.JPG) incl. subfolders $ autoload zmv $ zmv '(**/)(*).(#i)jpg' '$1$2.jpg' # Or - without Zsh $ find Dir -name '*.[jJ][pP][gG]' -print | while read f > do > case $f in > *.jpg) ; > *) mv "$f" "${f%.*}.jpg" ; > esac > done # remove leading zeros from file extension $ autoload zmv $ ls filename.001 filename.003 filename.005 filename.007 filename.009 filename.002 filename.004 filename.006 filename.008 filename.010 $ zmv '(filename.)0##(?*)' '$1$2' $ ls filename.1 filename.10 filename.2 filename.3 filename.4 filename.5 .. # renumber files. $ autoload zmv $ ls * foo_10.jpg foo_2.jpg foo_3.jpg foo_4.jpg foo_5.jpg foo_6.jpg .. $ zmv -fQ 'foo_(<0->).jpg(.nOn)' 'foo_$(($1 + 1)).jpg' $ ls * foo_10.jpg foo_11.jpg foo_3.jpg foo_4.jpg foo_5.jpg ... # adding leading zeros to a filename (1.jpg -> 001.jpg, .. $ autoload zmv $ zmv '(<1->).jpg' '${(l:3::0:)1}.jpg' # See above, but now only files with a filename >= 30 chars $ autoload zmv $ c=1 zmv "${(l:30-4::?:)}*.foo" '$((c++)).foo' # Replace spaces in filenames with a underline $ autoload zmv $ zmv '* *' '$f:gs/ /_' # Change the suffix from *.sh to *.pl $ autoload zmv $ zmv -W '*.sh' '*.pl' # Add a "".txt" extension to all the files within ${HOME} # ``-.'' is to only rename regular files or symlinks to regular files, # ``D'' is to also rename hidden files (dotfiles)) $ autoload zmv $ zmv -Q '/home/**/*(D-.)' '$f.txt' # Or to only rename files that don't have an extension: $ zmv -Q '/home/**/^?*.*(D-.)' '$f.txt' # Recursively change filenames with characters ? [ ] / = + < > ; : " , - * $ autoload zmv $ chars='[][?=+<>;",*-]' $ zmv '(**/)(*)' '$1${2//$~chars/%}' # Removing single quote from filenames (recursively) $ autoload zmv $ zmv -Q "(**/)(*'*)(D)" "\$1\${2//'/}" # When a new file arrives (named file.txt) rename all files in order to # get (e. g. file119.txt becomes file120.txt, file118.txt becomes # file119.txt and so on ending with file.txt becoming file1.txt $ autoload zmv $ zmv -fQ 'file([0-9]##).txt(On)' 'file$(($1 + 1)).txt' # lowercase/uppercase all files/directories $ autoload zmv $ zmv '(*)' '${(L)1}' # lowercase $ zmv '(*)' '${(U)1}' # uppercase # Remove the suffix *.c from all C-Files $ autoload zmv $ zmv '(*).c' '$1' # Uppercase only the first letter of all *.mp3 - files $ autoload zmv $ zmv '([a-z])(*).mp3' '${(C)1}$2.mp3' # Copy the target `README' in same directory as each `Makefile' $ autoload zmv $ zmv -C '(**/)Makefile' '${1}README' # Removing single quote from filenames (recursively) $ autoload zmv $ zmv -Q "(**/)(*'*)(D)" "\$1\${2//'/}" # Rename pic1.jpg, pic2.jpg, .. to pic0001.jpg, pic0002.jpg, .. $ autoload zmv $ zmv 'pic(*).jpg' 'pic${(l:4::0:)1}.jpg' $ zmv '(**/)pic(*).jpg' '$1/pic${(l:4::0:)2}.jpg' # recursively

モジュール用例

最初に zshmodules(1) を読んでください!

zsh/pcre (要 zmodload zsh/pcre)

# Copy files of a certain period (date indicated in the filenames) $ zmodload zsh/pcre $ ls -d -- *(e:'[[ $REPLY -pcre-match pcre-regexp ]]':) # or $ m() { [[ $1 -pcre-match pcre-regexp ]] } $ ls -d -- *(+m)

zsh/clone (要 zmodload zsh/clone)

# Creates a forked instance of the current shell ($! is set to zero) and # execute ``command'' on /dev/tty8 (for this example). $ zmodload zsh/clone $ clone /dev/tty8 && (($! == 0)) && exec command

$ zmodload zsh/datetime $ alias datereplacement='strftime "%Y-%m-%d" $EPOCHSECONDS' $ export DATE=`datereplacement` $ echo $DATE # strip date from filename $ $ zmodload zsh/datetime $ setopt extendedglob $ touch aaa_bbb_20041212_c.dat eee_fff_20051019_g.dat $ strftime -s pattern \ '???_???_<0-%Y%m%d>_?.dat' $((EPOCHSECONDS - 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 / 2)) $ print -rl -- $~pattern aaa_bbb_20041212_c.dat $ print -rl -- $pattern ???_???_<0-20050815>_?.dat # Search files size == 0, to be based on the file name containing a date # rather than the "last modified" date of the file $ zmodload -i zsh/datetime $ strftime -s file "abc_de_%m%d%Y.dat" $((EPOCHSECONDS - 24 * 60 * 60 )) $ files=(**/$file(N.L0)) $ (( $#files > 0 )) && print -rl -- $files | \ mailx -s "empty files" foo@bar.tdl

zsh/stat (require zmodload zsh/stat)

# test if a symbolic link links to a certain file $ zmodload -i zsh/stat $ ! stat -LH s foo.ln || [[ $s[link] != "foo.exe" ]] || ln -sf foo.exe foo.ln # comparing file dates $ zmodload zsh/stat $ file1=foo $ file2=bar $ touch bar & sleep 5 & touch foo $ echo $file1 is $(($(stat +mtime $file2) - \ $(stat +mtime $file1))) seconds older than $file2. bar is 5 seconds older than foo # list the files of a disk smaller than some other file $ zmodload zsh/stat $ stat -A max +size some-other-file $ print -rl ./**/*(D.L-$max) # List the top 100 biggest files in a disk $ zmodload zsh/stat $ ls -fld ./**/*(d`stat +device .`OL[1,100]) # Get only the user name and the file names from (like # ls -l * | awk '{print $3" " $8}') $ zmodload zsh/stat $ for file; do > stat -sA user +uid -- "$file" && > print -r -- "$user" "$file" > done # get the difference between actual bytes of file and allocated bytes of file $ zmodload zsh/stat $ print $(($(stat +block -- file) * 512 - $(stat +size -- file))) # Find largest file # ``D'' : to include dot files (d lowercase is for device) # ``O'' : reverse Ordered (o lowercase for non-reverse order) # ``L'' : by file Length (l is for number of links) # ``[1]'': return only first one $ zmodload zsh/stat $ stat +size ./*(DOL[1]) # file size in bytes $ zmodload zsh/stat $ stat -L +size ~/.zshrc 4707 # Delete files in a directory that hasn't been accessed in the last ten days # and send ONE mail to the owner of the files informing him/her of the files' # deletion. $ zmodload zsh/stat zsh/files $ typeset -A f; f=() $ rm -f /path/**/*(.a+10e{'stat -sA u +uidr $REPLY; f[$u]="$f[$u]$REPLY"'}) $ for user (${(k)f}) {print -rn $f[$user]|mailx -s "..." $user} # Get a "ls -l" on all the files in the tree that are younger than a # specified age $ zmodload zsh/stat $ for d (. ./**/*(N/m-2)) > print -r -- $'

'$d: && cd $d && { > for f (*(Nm-2om)) > stat -F '%b %d %H:%M' -LsAs -- $f && > print -r -- $s[3] ${(l:4:)s[4]} ${(l:8:)s[5]} \ > ${(l:8:)s[6]} ${(l:8:)s[8]} $s[10] $f ${s[14]:+-> $s[14]} > cd ~- > } # get file creation date $ zmodload zsh/stat $ stat -F '%d %m %Y' +mtime ~/.zshrc 30 06 2004 $ stat -F '%D' +mtime ~/.zshrc 06/30/04

zsh/files (要 zmodload zsh/files)

# search a directory for files containing a certain string then copy those # files to another directory. $ zmodload zsh/files $ IFS=$'\0' $ cp $(grep -lZr foobar .) otherdirectory

zsh/mapfile (要 zmodload zsh/mapfile)

# grepping for two patterns $ zmodload zsh/mapfile $ pattern1="foo" $ pattern2="bar foo" $ print -l ./**/*(DN.e{'z=$mapfile[$REPLY] && [[ $z = *$pattern1* && \ $z = *$pattern2* ]]'}) # or a solution in combination with zsh/pcre $ zmodload -i zsh/mapfile zsh/pcre $ pattern1="foo" $ pattern2="bar foo" $ pcre_compile "(?s)(?=.*?$pattern1).*?$pattern2" $ pcre_study $ print -l ./**/*(DN.e{'pcre_match $mapfile[$REPLY]'}) # equivalent for ``less /etc/passwd | grep -v root'' $ zmodload zsh/mapfile $ IFS=$'



' $ print -rl -- ${${=mapfile[/etc/passwd]}:#*root*} # or - for case insensitive $ setopt extendedglob $ print -rl -- ${${=mapfile[/etc/passwd]}:#*(#i)root*} # If a XML-file contains stuff like ``<TAGA/>'' and ``<TAGB/>'', number # this empty tags (ones ending in '/>') so if encountered in the same # order, the preceeding tags would become ``<TAGA/>1</TAGA>'' and # ``<TAGB/>2</TAGB>'' $ zmodload zsh/mapfile $ cnt=0 $ apfile[data.xml.new]=${(S)mapfile[data.xml]//\ > (#im)<TAGA>*<\/TAGA>/<TAGA>$((++cnt))<\/TAGA>} # removing all files in users Maildir/new that contain ``filename="gone.src'' $ zmodload zsh/{files,mapfile} $ rm -f /u1/??/*/Maildir/new/100*(.e{'[[ $mapfile[$REPLY] == \ *filename=\"gone.scr\"* ]]'}) # Grep out the Title from a postscript file and append that value to the # end of the filename $ autoload -U zmv $ zmodload zsh/mapfile $ zmv '(*).ps' '$1-${${${mapfile[$f]##*%%Title: }%% *}//[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/}.ps'

zsh/termcap (要 zmodload zsh/termcap)

$ zmodload -ab zsh/termcap echotc $ GREEN=`echotc AF 2` $ YELLOW=`echotc AF 3` $ RED=`echotc AF 1` $ BRIGHTRED=`echotc md ; echotc AF 1` $ print -l ${GREEN}green ${YELLOW}yellow ${RED}red ${BRIGHTRED}brightred

zsh/zpty (要 zmodload zsh/zpty)

$ zmodload zsh/zpty $ zpty PW passwd $1 $ zpty PW passwd $1 # ``-r'': read the output of the command name. # ``z'' : Parameter $ zpty -r PW z '*password:' # send the to command name the given strings as input $ zpty -w PW $2 $ zpty -r PW z '*password:' $ zpty -w PW $2 # The second form, with the -d option, is used to delete commands # previously started, by supplying a list of their names. If no names # are given, all commands are deleted. Deleting a command causes the HUP # signal to be sent to the corresponding process. $ zpty -d PW

zsh/net/socket (要 zmodload zsh/net/socket)

# ``-l'': open a socket listening on filename # ``-d'': argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the # connection # ``3'' : file descriptor. See ``A User's Guide to the Z-Shell'' # (3.7.2: File descriptors) $ zmodload zsh/net/socket $ zsocket -l -d 3 # ``-a'': accept an incoming connection to the socket $ zsocket -a -d 4 3 $ zsocket -a -d 5 3 # accept a connection $ echo foobar >&4 $ echo barfoo >&5 $ 4>&- 5>&- 3>&

zsh/zftp (要 zmodload zsh/zftp)

$ autoload -U zfinit $ zfinit $ zfparams www.example.invalid myuserid mypassword $ zfopen $ zfcd tips $ zfls -l zshtips.html $ zfput zshtips.html $ zfls -l zshtips.html # Automatically transfer files using FTP with error checking $ autoload -U zfinit ; zfinit $ zftp open host.name.invalid user passwd || exit $ zftp get /remote/file > /local/file; r=$? $ zftp close && exit r # compress and ftp on the fly $ autoload -U zfinit ; zfinit $ zftp open host.name.invalid user password $ zftp get $file | bzip2 > ${file}.bz2 $ zftp close # Recursice ``get'' $ autoload -U zfinit ; zfinit $ zfanon cr.yp.to $ zfcd daemontools $ for file in `zfls` ; do > zfget $file $ done $ zfclose # Upload all regular files in $HOME/foobar (recursive) that are newer than # two hours to ftp.foobar.invalid/path/to/upload $ autoload -U zfinit ; zfinit $ zfopen ftp.foobar.invalid/path/to/upload $ cd $HOME/foobar $ zfput -r **/*(.mh-2) $ zfclose # long list of files on a ftp $ autoload -U zfinit ; zfinit $ zfopen some-host $ zfcd /some/remote/Dir $ cd /some/local/Dir # If the list.txt is located on the remote host, change to # zfget ${(f)"$(zftp get /path/to/remote/list.txt)"} $ zfget ${(f)"$(cat list.txt)"} $ zfclose

zsh/zselect (要 zmodload zsh/zselect)

# It's similar to ,---- | $ sg=$(stty -g) | $ stty -icanon min 0 time 50 | $ read yesno | $ stty "$sg" | $ case "$yesno" in | > yes) command1;; | > *) command2;; | > esac `---- $ zmodload zsh/zselect $ if zselect -t 500 -r 0 && read yesno && [ yes = "$yesno" ]; then > command1 > else > command1 > fi

オプション

ナビゲーションオプション

auto_cd (ディレクトリをコマンドで入力することによってディレクトリ移動することを許可します)。 auto_pushd (自動的にディレクトリを push/popリストに追加します) pushd_ignore_dups (は重複した物を除きます)。

その他

no_hup (zsh が終了した時に, バックグラウンドジョブに HUPシグナルを送りません)。 print_exit_value (コマンドがゼロ以外の終了コードが返した時に終了コードを表示します)

履歴オプション

hist_verify (let the user edit the command line after history expansion (e.g. !ls) instead of immediately running it) Use the same history file for all sessions : setopt SHARE_HISTORY hist_verify (は履歴展開の後にコマンドラインを編集させます (たとえば !ls)

プライバシー / セキュリティ

no_clobber (もしくは -C を設定すると、> リダイレクトによる既存ファイルの上書きを防ぎます)

スペリングコレクション

correct (コマンドのスペルを自動的に修正します)。 correct_all (コマンドラインの単語毎に、自動的に修正します) dvorak (dvorak layout)

未分類

単純な複数のメールパス:

mailpath=($HOME/Mail/mbox'?new mail in mbox' $HOME/Mail/tux.u-strasbg'?new mail in tux' $HOME/Mail/lilo'?new mail in lilo' $HOME/Mail/ldap-fr'?new mail in ldap-fr')

リンク

一次サイト

http://www.zsh.org/

プロジェクトページ

http://sourceforge.net/projects/zsh/

Z shell page at sunsite.dk

http://zsh.sunsite.dk/

From Bash to Z Shell: Conquering the Command Line - the book

http://www.bash2zsh.com/

メーリングリストアーカイブ

http://www.zsh.org/mla/

ZSH-FAQ

http://www.zsh.org/FAQ/

ユーザーガイド

http://zsh.sunsite.dk/Guide/

ZSH-Wiki

http://www.zshwiki.org/

Die Zsh als interaktive Shell

http://cssun.rrze.uni-erlangen.de/~sipakale/zshreferat.html

A short introduction from BYU

http://docs.cs.byu.edu/docs/zsh/index.php

マウスサポート ;)

http://stchaz.free.fr/mouse.zsh

Shell Corner: Zsh Suite of “keeper” Functions

http://www.unixreview.com/documents/s=9513/ur0501a/ur0501a.htm

The Z Shell (A Fan Page)

http://www.princeton.edu/~kmccarty/zsh.html

Making the Transition to Zsh

http://www.linux-mag.com/cgi-bin/printer.pl?issue=2002-05&article=power

Curtains up: introducing the Z shell

http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-z.html?dwzone=linux

ZSH-Liebhaberseite

http://michael-prokop.at/computer/tools_zsh_liebhaber.html

ZSH-Seite von Michael Prokop

http://www.michael-prokop.at/computer/tools_zsh.html

A Case for the Z Shell on http://www.daemonnews.org/

http://ezine.daemonnews.org/199910/zsh.html

ZSH-Section from Dotfiles.com

http://www.dotfiles.com/index.php?app_id=4

Writing Zsh Completion Functions

http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-07/power_01.html

ZSH Prompt introduction

http://aperiodic.net/phil/prompt/

Adam’s ZSH page

http://www.adamspiers.org/computing/zsh/

Zzappers Best of ZSH Tips

http://www.rayninfo.co.uk/tips/zshtips.html

Zsh Webpage by Christian Schneider

http://strcat.de/wiki/zsh/

http://strcat.de/wiki/zsh-german (German translation. Help needed!)

zsh-lovers WEBページ

http://grml.org/zsh/

IRCチャンネル

#zsh at irc.freenode.org

Z shell リファレンスカード (debian-package の zsh-lovers に含まれています)

http://www.bash2zsh.com/zsh_refcard/refcard.pdf

= AUTHORS = この manページは Michael Prokop, Christian strcat Schneider and Matthias Kopfermann によって書かれました。 しかし多くのアイディアは zshギーク達から頂きました。 例えば、zshメーリングリスト(zsh-users と zsh-workers)、google、ニュースグループ、zsh-Wiki などです。 あなたのクールで素晴らしいチップスをありがとう。 私たちはあなたたちから多くを学びました！

アルファベット順で:

Andrew 'zefram' Main - http://www.fysh.org/~zefram/ Barton E. Schaefer - http://www.well.com/user/barts/ Matthias Kopfermann - http://www.infodrom.north.de/~matthi/ Oliver Kiddle - http://people.freenet.de/opk/ Paul Falstad - http://www.falstad.com/ Peter Stephenson - http://homepage.ntlworld.com/p.w.stephenson/ Richard Coleman Stephane Chazelas - http://stephane.chazelas.free.fr/ Sven Guckes - http://www.guckes.net/ Sven Wischnowsky - http://w9y.de/zsh/zshrc

参考文献

zsh の manページ:

zsh Zsh overview zshall Tthe Z shell meta-man page zshbuiltins Zsh built-in commands zshcalsys zsh calendar system zshcompctl zsh programmable completion zshcompsys Zsh completion system zshcompwid Zsh completion widgets zshcontrib User contributions to zsh zshexpn Zsh expansion and substitution zshmisc Anything not fitting into the other sections zshmodules Zsh loadable modules zshoptions Zsh options zshparam Zsh parameters zshroadmap Informal introduction to the zsh manual zshtcpsys Zsh tcp system zshzle Zsh command line editing zshzftpsys Zsh built-in FTP client zshall Meta-man page containing all of the above

ノート 得に、man zshcontrib はとても便利な話題をカバーします！ 本 From Bash to Z Shell by Oliver Kiddle, Jerry Peck and Peter Stephenson. ISBN 1590593766. - bash2zsh.com

この manページのリンクセクションも見てください。

バグ

恐らく、この manページは完全ではないと思います。 ですからバグ、フィードバック、提案を zsh-lovers@michael-prokop.at へを送ってください。 ありがとう！

コピーライト

Copyright (C) Michael Prokop, Christian Schneider and Matthias Kopfermann.