CHICAGO—A federal jury on Monday found former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich guilty on 17 counts of corruption, including trying to sell the U.S. Senate seat vacated by President Barack Obama.

The jury deadlocked on two counts and found him not guilty on one count. The verdicts came more than two years after Mr. Blagojevich was arrested by federal agents, and after a trial last year in which he was convicted on just one of 24 counts—lying to federal agents.

"Among...