A new cellular signal discovered by a team of scientists at the University of Chicago with scientists from Tel Aviv University provides a promising new lever in the control of gene expression.

The study, published online in the journal Nature, describes a small chemical modification that can significantly boost the conversion of genes to proteins. Together with other recent findings, the discovery enriches a critical new dimension to the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology: the epitranscriptome.

"This discovery further opens the window on a whole new world of biology for us to explore," said Chuan He, John T. Wilson Distinguished Service Professor in Chemistry, Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at UChicago and senior author of the study. "These modifications have a major impact on almost every biological process."

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the cellular pathway where genetic information from DNA is copied into temporary RNA "transcripts," which provide the recipe for the production of proteins. Since the theory was first postulated by Francis Crick in 1956, scientists have discovered a multitude of modifications to DNA and proteins that regulate this process.

Only recently, however, have scientists focused on investigating dynamic modifications that specifically target the RNA step. In 2011, He's group discovered the first RNA demethylase that reverses the most prevalent mRNA methylation N6-methyladenosine (m6A), implying that the addition and removal of the methyl group could dramatically affect these messengers and impact the outcome of gene expression, as also seen for DNA and histones. Subsequently, scientists discovered that the dynamic and reversible methylation of m6A dramatically controlled the metabolism and function of most cellular messenger RNA (mRNA), and thus, the production of proteins.

In the new Nature study, researchers from UChicago and Tel Aviv University describe a second functional mRNA methylation, N1-methyladenosine (m1A). Like m6A, the small modification is evolutionarily conserved and common, present in humans, rodents, and yeast, the authors found. But its location and effect on gene expression reflect a new form of epitranscriptome control, and suggest an even larger cellular "control panel."

"The discovery of m1A is extremely important, not only because of its own potential in affecting biological processes, but also because it validates the hypothesis that there is not just one functional modification," He said. "There could be multiple modifications at different sites where each may carry a distinct message to control the fate and function of mRNA."

The researchers estimated that m1A was present on transcripts of more than one out of three expressed human genes. Methylated genes exhibited enhanced translation compared to unmethlyated genes, producing protein levels nearly twice as high in all cell types. This increase suggests that m1A, like m6A, may be a mechanism by which cells rapidly boost the expression of hundreds or thousands of specific genes, perhaps during important processes such as cell division, differentiation, or under stress.

"mRNA is the perfect place to regulate gene expression, because they can code information from transcription and directly impact translation; you can add a consensus sequence to a group of genes and use a modification of the sequence to readily control several hundred transcripts simultaneously," He said. "If you want to rapidly change the expression of several hundred or a thousand genes, this offers the best way."

However, despite their complementary effects, m1A and m6A exert their influence on mRNA through different pathways. While studies have found that m6A localizes predominantly to the tail of messenger RNA molecules, increasing their translation and turnover rate, m1A was found largely near the start codon of mRNA transcripts, where protein translation begins. The different mechanisms could allow for finer tuning of post-transcriptional gene expression, or the selective activation of particular genes in different physiological situations.

"This study represents a breakthrough discovery in the exciting, nascent field of the 'epitranscriptome,' which is how RNAs are regulated, akin to the genome and the epigenome," said Christopher Mason, associate professor at Weill Cornell Medicine, who was not affiliated with the study. "What is important about this work is that m6A was recently found to enrich at the ends of genes, and now we know that m1A is what is helping regulate the beginning of genes, and this opens up many questions about revealing the 'epitranscriptome code' just like the histone code or the genetic code. "

Future studies will examine the role of m1A methylation in human development, diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and its potential as a target for therapeutic uses.