I like making tutorials where you build a small application completely from scratch with plain JavaScript. A to-do list is a common app idea, but without having a database to store the to-dos, it's not particularly useful, and that adds a bit of complexity beyond beginner territory.

However, even without any sort of database, we can use the local storage built into a web browser to save to-do items. This could be actually useful for taking quick notes. Set the app as your "new tab" page in your browser and the to-dos will persist on your local computer as long as you don't clear the cache.

So that's what we're going to learn to do today.

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of HTML and CSS.

Basic knowledge of JavaScript syntax and datatypes.

Basic knowledge of working with the DOM (optional). The How to Connect to an API article will teach you how to make a simple web app, otherwise you can learn with this small tutorial as well.

Goals

Create a "new tab page" application that stores to-do items locally in the browser's local storage and displays them on the front end. View example.

Overview of web storage

Web storage is data stored locally in a user's browser. There are two types of web storage:

Local storage - data with no expiration date that will persist after the browser window is closed.

Session storage - data that gets cleared after the browser window is closed.

This is useful for saving data such as user preferences (light or dark color theme on a website), remembering shopping cart items, or remembering a user is logged into a website.

Previously, cookies were the only option for remembering this type of local, temporary data. Local storage has a significantly higher storage limit (5MB vs 4KB) and doesn't get sent with every HTTP request, so it can be a better option for client-side storage.

Here is an overview of localStorage methods.

Method Description setItem() Add key and value to local storage getItem() Retrieve a value by the key removeItem() Remove an item by key clear() Clear all storage

You can test out what's in local storage by going to the JavaScript console and typing it in. Actually do this, don't just read it.

localStorage

Storage {length: 0}

Adding some data to localStorage is as easy as using the setItem() method. I'll use a generic key and value for the names, but they can be any strings.

localStorage . setItem ( 'key' , 'value' )

Now if you test localStorage in the console again, you'll find your new key and value.

Storage {key: "value", length: 1}

If you want to get the value for a particular key, you'll use the getItem() method.

localStorage . getItem ( 'key' )

value

Finally, you can remove the data with removeItem() .

localStorage . removeItem ( 'key' )

Using clear() will clear all local storage.

localStorage . clear ( )

Now we can begin setting up the app.

Setting up the front end

First, we'll create a simple HTML front end with index.html. I'm loading in Primitive (my minimalist CSS framework) for styles, because that's what I always use when I need a quick front end.

index.html

<! DOCTYPE html > < html lang = " en " > < head > < meta charset = " utf-8 " /> < meta name = " viewport " content = " width=device-width, initial-scale=1 " /> < title > New Tab App </ title > < link rel = " stylesheet " href = " https://unpkg.com/primitive-ui/dist/css/main.css " /> </ head > < body > < div class = " small-container " > < h1 > New Tab App </ h1 > </ div > < script src = " js/scripts.js " > </ script > </ body > </ html >

We're going to set up with three things:

A text input - for adding new items.

- for adding new items. A list - where the items will be added on the front end.

- where the items will be added on the front end. A button - to clear all items.

Add this code where the "more will go here" comment is.

index.html

< form > < input id = " item " type = " text " placeholder = " New " required /> </ form > < h2 > Items </ h2 > < ul > </ ul > < button > Clear All </ button >

Here's what it looks like:

And that's all for the front end. From here, we'll focus on adding functionality with JavaScript.

The HTML presented here is simplified for demonstrative purposes, and does not account for accessibility concerns.

Setting up JavaScript functionality

Before we integrate this into local storage, let's just get the form and list working - we want anything we submit in the input to appear in the ul .

First, I'm just going to set up some variables for the elements on the page - the form, the unordered list, the button, and the text input.

scripts.js

const form = document . querySelector ( 'form' ) const ul = document . querySelector ( 'ul' ) const button = document . querySelector ( 'button' ) const input = document . getElementById ( 'item' )

Next, I'm going to make a function that creates an li element, since I'll be doing that more than once. I'll call the function liMaker() . It just creates an li element, sets the text of the element to the parameter, and appends the list item to the ul .

scripts.js

const liMaker = ( text ) => { const li = document . createElement ( 'li' ) li . textContent = text ul . appendChild ( li ) }

I'm going to add an event listener to the form that watches for a submit event - which will be any time you press enter on the form. The e.preventDefault() will prevent the form from the default submit action, which we don't want, since we're not sending any data to a server.

Instead, the form will submit the value of the input . We're going to call the liMaker() function, which will create the item with the text of the input value and append it to the DOM. Finally, we'll set the input value to an empty string so you don't have to erase the last item entered manually.

scripts.js

form . addEventListener ( 'submit' , function ( e ) { e . preventDefault ( ) liMaker ( input . value ) input . value = '' } )

Now with paltry few lines of code, we have a little app that adds to-do items to a list.

Since we're not saving the items anywhere, when you close or refresh the browser, the items will be gone. The final step is to integrate it into local storage so that the data persists.

Integrating local storage

Now we're going to add a few more bits of functionality to the app. First, every time the form is submitted, the input value should be added to the localStorage as well as appear on the front end. We'll also want to loop through all the existing local storage items and display them at the top of the list. Last, we want the "Clear All" button to remove all items from local storage as well as the front end.

Let's create an empty array to start, and create a localStorage key called "items". Now, localStorage only supports strings as values, and want to store our to-dos in an array.

We can get around this by using JSON.stringify() to convert a data array to a string. We'll use JSON.parse() to convert the contents of localStorage back into something we can work with later in the data variable. Put this code below all the constant declarations we set earlier.

scripts.js

let itemsArray = [ ] localStorage . setItem ( 'items' , JSON . stringify ( itemsArray ) ) const data = JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) )

In the form event listener, let's push any new input value into the array, then set the localStorage to the new, updated value.

scripts.js

e . preventDefault ( ) itemsArray . push ( input . value ) localStorage . setItem ( 'items' , JSON . stringify ( itemsArray ) )

We're going to loop through everything in our data variable above, which contains all the existing localStorage data in a form JavaScript can understand and work with, and we'll run the liMaker() again. This will display all existing stored information on the front end every time we open the app.

scripts.js

data . forEach ( ( item ) => { liMaker ( item ) } )

Last, we'll add a click event to the button that will clear all data from localStorage , as well as removing every child node from the ul .

scripts.js

button . addEventListener ( 'click' , function ( ) { localStorage . clear ( ) while ( ul . firstChild ) { ul . removeChild ( ul . firstChild ) } } )

If all went well, everything will save to storage as well as appear on the front end, which you can check by testing localStorage in the console.

Storage {items: "["Welcome","to","the","Thunderdome"]", length: 1}

There's one final problem: after closing the browser or reloading the page, all the existing information in localStorage is gone, and nothing remains on the front end. Why?

Our itemsArray is being reset to an empty array every time the script runs. We could fix this by making a conditional statement that checks if localStorage already exists, such as in the below example.

scripts.js

let items if ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ) { items = JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ) } else { items = [ ] }

A little more concise would be to use a ternary operator to do the same thing.

scripts.js

let itemsArray = localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ? JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ) : [ ]

With that, our app is complete! Now when you enter in some information and refresh or close the browser window, the data will persist until you manually clear the data in Developer Tools (under Application -> Storage) or by running the localStorage.clear() command. Here is the full JavaScript code.

scripts.js

const form = document . querySelector ( 'form' ) const ul = document . querySelector ( 'ul' ) const button = document . querySelector ( 'button' ) const input = document . getElementById ( 'item' ) let itemsArray = localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ? JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ) : [ ] localStorage . setItem ( 'items' , JSON . stringify ( itemsArray ) ) const data = JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem ( 'items' ) ) const liMaker = ( text ) => { const li = document . createElement ( 'li' ) li . textContent = text ul . appendChild ( li ) } form . addEventListener ( 'submit' , function ( e ) { e . preventDefault ( ) itemsArray . push ( input . value ) localStorage . setItem ( 'items' , JSON . stringify ( itemsArray ) ) liMaker ( input . value ) input . value = '' } ) data . forEach ( ( item ) => { liMaker ( item ) } ) button . addEventListener ( 'click' , function ( ) { localStorage . clear ( ) while ( ul . firstChild ) { ul . removeChild ( ul . firstChild ) } } )

Here is the demo and source code once again.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we learned how to make a simple to-do based application that can potentially be used to keep quick notes as a new tab page by using HTML5 web storage. I hope you have a better understanding of local storage and how to integrate it into a simple app now! Please share this article if you found it helpful so that others can benefit as well.