Things are not as easy as they seem

Every year around Christmas there is one event that I am always looking forward to: the chaos communication congress in Germany which is broadcasted live over the internet.

This year that congress was called 27c3 and one of the talks there was entitled “Desktop on the Linux… (and BSD, of course)” and delivered by a raging man condemning everything about the desktop development in the last few years. It's not uncommon to see talks where people try to claim that everybody but themselves are wrong and misguided. The interesting thing this time was that Lennart Poettering was in the audience and at a specific point started to domination the talk. Now it is seen as rude if the presenter does not get a chance to hold his talk, but this time this was entirely justified. Every single point made by the talk was either partially or completely wrong and this actually made the talk fun to watch because it showed greatly how our world is more complex than some people want to acknowledge.

This talk for me was a prime example of what might be wrong with Open Source development and an idea of how to improve it. But before I want to do that, I want to share a little story with you.

Primes and Circles The story is about prime numbers. Now I really suck at mathematics, so bear with me when this story does not make too much sense or is not told properly. However even with the little bit of knowledge about mathematics I can understand how prime numbers are defined: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself. It's a wonderful definition in that it is a single sentence of clearly written English and everybody can interpret it. And with that definition you can easily probe the first few prime numbers. 1 is not a prime because from that definition it does not have two natural number divisors. It only has one and that is the number one itself. The first prime is 2 because the only natural divisors are 2 and 1 and nothing else. The next is 3, the following is 5 and so on. Now unfortunately for our little minds, prime numbers don't have a clear pattern. It's not even that all prime numbers are odd because there is one prime number (two) that is even. Leonard Euler said this about the pattern of prime numbers: Mathematicians have tried in vain to this day to discover some order in the sequence of prime numbers, and we have reason to believe that it is a mystery into which the mind will never penetrate. Now with everything that the mind cannot fully understand there will always be people that think to know better. In case of the prime numbers we have a person called Peter Plichta who thinks to know better. He “discovered” that if you put the prime numbers on rings of 24 items each, that prime numbers will all be on certain positions on the ring. However that by itself is not very interesting. That's because prime numbers in the senary system (to the base 6) will always have 5 or 1 as last digit, besides the first two. Why is that the case? That's a surprisingly simple proof. Remember how numbers are represented in a system of a specific base. In senary a number is of the following form: With that it is easy to factorize this expression: And because what we have in the parentheses there will always be a natural number we can simplify it to this (k is an integer): And because of that if is divisible by 2 or 3, then is divisble by 2 or 3 (because 6 is). Now obviously that does not work for 2 and 3 and if you want to plot them on a ring of 24 numbers and then another ring of another 24 rings and so on. Now that imperfection is not helpful for Plichta and he tries to solve the problem by declaring 1 a prime and to declare 2 and 3 as not being prime. On top of that, he needs another prime to close the circle and declares -1 a prime number. This does not solve any problems at all. The main problem with primes is not that 2 or 3 would not fit nice into a plot in the senary system but that we cannot predict the holes between prime numbers. Maybe Plichta has some more behind his sleeves but when you try to read his book it's more a story of a wicked mind than a scientific book. And it appears that he has the idea that nobody takes him serious because of a big conspiracy. And this is totally where the simple rules of prime numbers end. Everything else about them is complex and why past anything I could understand in my little mind. A lot of things around prime numbers are unsolved and if you want to make yourself a name, that's a place where things are yet to be discovered. However it looks a lot like people want really simple solutions, independently of how clever they are. Plichta is probably an intelligent man, at least he got a couple of patents registered on his name. However he seems to be that he's obsessed with the idea that simple solutions exist. They certainly exist in a couple of fields — that however does not mean that every solution is simple or might even exist. There are still people out there that are looking for the possibility of the mathematical problem of squaring the circle. If things are easy to understand (the concept of prime numbers, constructing a square with the same area as a circle) everybody has an opinion on that — independently of if they know what the hell they are doing. This went as far as one mathematician trying to pass a bill in the state of Indiana to declare π = 4.

Simple Solutions versus the Complex World Unfortunately our world is not nearly as simple as people think it is, and this brings me back to the problem of Open Source. If you look at the development of Linux on the desktop there are a couple of new developments in recent years that attempted to solve a whole bunch of problems. Pulse Audio was developed to solve the problem of multiple independent audio sources, D-Bus was developed to provide a standard inter-process communication tool, HAL was an attempt to hide the ugly hardware layer from higher level applications, Wayland is in the process of replacing the X11 infrastructure which is just not up to date for todays tasks. Now whenever someone attempted to replace an existing piece of technology there will be a lot of people instantly complaining that it worked better before. But only in the open source community this might become an actual problem. And here is why: If Apple decides to deprecate Carbon, a whole bunch of developers will complain. However Apple will not step back from that plan and after a few painful months for developers, Apple will end up with an ultimately better system. In the Open Source world, this does not work. If people complain, the developer motivation will vanish and the system will stay in a semi broken state where the new technology is not yet at the point where it could replace the old one and the old one will continue to not solve the specific use case the developer of the new solution had in mind. And because everybody can easily complain that the old solution worked for them and the new one does not, because they only have their specific use case in mind. Let's take GDM as example, because this is what the talk at 27c3 was complaining about initially. GDM since a few versions will use a small gnome session and start a few applications for you that might seem unnecessary (it will load your audio stack, the network manager daemon, console kit, bluetooth and more). However there are good reasons people are doing that. And if you plan on starting a Gnome session later on there is not even a downside in doing that. Of course at the talk the presenter got applauded for hating Gnome in general which is just sad. The reasons for starting all these services is that GDM is much more than just an application responsible for starting an X session for you after it authenticates you. If you are a handicapped person you might need a screen reader, the audio stack for audio output of the labels and input fields. The Bluetooth stack might be necessary to enable Bluetooth audio devices for that exact purpose and much more. The power manager applet is necessary because you might want to properly suspend your notebook when it's idle on the login screen or running low on battery. Clearly it went a lot of work into the design of GDM and how it operates. The same is true for Pulse Audio. Of course such a complex system will not work instantly, but unfortunately that's how Open Source software development works. We tend to share our improvements much earlier with other people than competing proprietary software vendors. The advantage is that we can share that much earlier with other people, the downside is that many developers will be exposed to not working software and start complaining instantly. If your horizon is not very large you will of course miss out understanding why certain changes are necessary. The sad part is that it's so incredible easy to become a part of the hating crowd. X11 is the prime example of how requirements changed over time. Back in the days it made a lot of sense to have network connectivity in the protocol. However it turns out, this was not such a clever idea all along because you don't just need the graphics system and input devices over the network, but also audio, clipboard and more. And the design of the past days no longer works well for today's standards. Also X11 restricts the application in how it renders parts of the window in that window decorations were meant to be controlled by the window decorator and not the actual applications. This makes it impossible to make more radical changes to the way applications are designed on the desktop. Fortunately GTK nowadays can draw window decorations itself without the help of the window decorator. But I am pretty sure this change did not go without a lot of discussions and flamewars either (“Applications are not mean to draw the window decorations”). The presenter also pointed out that Gnome's applets were a bad idea and the old method worked so much better. However what he was missing was that while the old system was easier, it was completely opaque from the rest of the user experience making it impossible to let the applet respond to key commands, focus, or many other aspects of the user experience.

From Simple to Complex Whenever you look at something that seems unnecessarily complex it's an interesting experience reimplementing it the easiest way possible. Over time you will realize why things are often more complex than you thought they would be. I certainly made that experience more than once and I always feel a little bad afterwards because I was dismissing the original developer's implementation as too complex. Of course, sometimes things are much more complex then they have to be. But finding out when things are too complex or not is not a straightforward process and cannot be answered easily. The point here is that what holds back Linux on the desktop is (besides the incredible stupid hatred over Mono and other technologies with a corporate background) that people will dismiss new and bold advances as unnecessary and stupid. Prime numbers are not straightforward; so isn't audio processing, internationalization, font rendering, window managing, networking and pretty much everything else. Before we had Pulse Audio, sound on the Linux desktop was not unsolved. It did work for a couple of setups in one way, but it was neither a clear nor consistent experience. When it comes to drawing desktops it is certainly true that Linux was the first operating system that had rotating cubes, but it is currently far from the window drawing experience of OS X and Windows and its drawing system as a large hack instead of nice design. Plichta's concept of prime numbers works well for small prime numbers and when you make a few modifications to make them suit your limited horizon. But it falls flat on the floor when presented with data from the real world.