Drained by a 17-month crude rout, some U.S. shale oil companies are merely hanging on for life as oil prices lurch further away from levels that allow them to profitably drill new wells and bring in enough cash to keep them in business.



The slump has created dozens of oil and gas "zombies," a term lawyers and restructuring advisers use to describe companies that have just enough money to pay interest on mountains of debt, but not enough to drill enough new wells to replace older ones that are drying out.



Though there is no single definition of a zombie, most investors and analysts consulted by Reuters say they tend to have exceptionally high debt loads and face the prospect of shrinking oil reserves.



About two dozen oil and gas companies whose debt Moody's (MCO) rates toward the bottom of its junk bond scale broadly fit that description. Investors and analysts mentioned SandRidge Energy Inc (SDRXP.PK)., Comstock Resources, and Goodrich Petroleum Co as some of that group's more prominent members.



To stay alive, zombie companies have curbed costly drilling and are using revenue from existing production to pay interest and other expenses in a process some describe as "slow-motion liquidation."



Bankruptcies and defaults loom because the cutbacks in new drilling have been so deep that many companies risk getting caught in a vicious circle of shrinking oil reserves, falling revenue and declining access to credit, experts say.



As long as oil prices stay below the estimated break-even level of $50 a barrel, the zombie group is set to grow. In fact, so many oil companies are struggling that "zombies" are the topic of a keynote address at a big energy conference in Houston on Thursday.



Thomas Califano, vice chair of the restructuring practice at the law firm DLA Piper, said banks that have loosened loan terms to avoid defaults might be just allowing companies to postpone "their day of reckoning."



"They can just be zombies. They can pay their interest, there's no growth and they are cannibalizing their assets," he said.



Consider SandRidge, which is one of at least 25 U.S. exploration and production companies rated by Moody's at B3 negative or lower, a category for speculative investments with significant credit risks. Many of these companies are small, with output of less than 10,000 barrels per day.



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"SandRidge is an example where they have enough cash on the balance sheet to service debt for next three years and likely can't grow their assets in this price environment," Michael Roberts, a principal at the Carlyle Group which invests in energy companies, said at a recent seminar in Houston.



A spokesman for SandRidge, which is working to reduce its interest payments and recently spend $190 million to add some production and reserves, declined to comment for this article.



At the end of the third quarter, SandRidge had $790 million in cash - based on its past interest expenses enough to cover 10 more quarters - but not enough to greatly expand drilling. The company's rig count is down about 80 percent this year.



By one common measure for shale companies, SandRidge's interest payments in the third quarter equaled two-thirds of its cash flow. During a market upswing, investments in new wells take up the vast majority of shale companies' budgets.



CapitalOne projects Goodrich will hit a liquidity shortfall by the end of 2017. Representatives from Goodrich did not respond to an email seeking comment.



Analysts at Baird have taken the unusual step of saying Comstocks's oil reserves are worth less than the debt it owes.



Comstock declined to comment.



LAYOFFS, OFFICE SHUTDOWNS AND NO FREE SODA

Squeezed, companies are taking a knife to operations. Goodrich reported in its third-quarter filing that it had frozen salaries and laid off 30 percent of its workers.



To raise cash, SandRidge put its 30-story tower up for sale in May, but has yet to find a buyer. In April, it laid off at least 130 employees, or 20 percent of its workers based there, records show.



To pinch pennies, SandRidge has eliminated free sodas from break rooms, one employee said.



Some companies that have halted nearly all drilling and fracking are now warning in regulatory filings their output could drop, which could make cash even tighter and hasten an expected decline in U.S. crude output.



Stopping new drilling is risky because shale wells decline much faster - up to 90 percent in their first year - than conventional wells.



For example, Magnum Hunter Resources Corp, based in Irving, Texas, one of the first this year to completely halt all fracking to save cash, told regulators in November the absence of new wells would "eventually lead to a decline in our production and reserves."



A spokesman for Magnum Hunter did not respond to a request for comment.



Comstock has only one rig running in Texas' Eagle Ford Shale. GoodRich reported a 37 percent production drop after it sold production properties in the Eagle Ford to raise cash.



Credit rating agency Fitch says defaults for oil and gas companies are already at the highest since 1999. Since the start of the third quarter, at least 12 oil and gas companies have defaulted on their debt.



The "zombies" bet that by shifting into survival mode they can hang on until oil prices recover, but the outlook is grim.



With oil prices near new seven year lows below $37 a barrel , crude futures now forecast prices will not return above $50 until early 2018, prompting many to ask the same vexing question: "How long can you survive without having a new well come on?" says Deborah Williamson, a Dykema restructuring attorney in San Antonio.



Reporting by Anna Driver and Tracy Rucinski