UNITED NATIONS  After grappling with a fundamental deadlock between rich and poor nations over climate change, a high-level United Nations panel on Friday proposed a smorgasbord of ways to raise $100 billion annually to help developing countries cope with global warming.

The standoff over who should pay the bill for environmental degradation has bedeviled efforts to forge an international agreement to address climate change. The panel did not fully answer the question, but said potential revenue sources included raising up to $10 billion from some manner of tax on airline flights and international shipping, $10 billion from a tax on financial transactions and $10 billion taken from the fuel subsidies provided by some developed nations.

The solutions face considerable hurdles, not least the United States’ resistance to putting a market price on carbon emissions, a cornerstone of the panel’s report.

“We have narrowed down the different options,” Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway, co-chairman of the panel, said in an interview. “We have not made a blueprint where we solve all issues related to climate financing.”