With summer ending, the 2016 elections are starting to heat up. And, as usual, tax policy is a hot-button issue, as political candidates from both sides of the aisle claim their plan is more “fair.” But what does a fair tax system look like? Which states actually have the fairest tax systems?

WalletHub analyzed and ranked the 50 states based on the fairness of their state and local tax systems — including income taxes, sales and excise taxes, and property taxes. To rank the states, Wallethub used the results of a nationally representative online survey of 1,050 individuals to assess what Americans think a fair state and local tax system looks like. Our analysts then compared public perception to data on the real structure of tax systems in all 50 states.

We believe this is the first ever ranking of state and local tax fairness that matches representative data on what Americans consider “fair” with real data on the structure of state and local tax systems.

State Rankings

Ranking State/Local Tax Fairness: Overall Ranking Ranking State/Local Tax Fairness: Overall Ranking 1 Montana 26 Massachusetts 2 Oregon 27 Nebraska 3 South Carolina 28 Wyoming 4 Delaware 29 Oklahoma 5 Idaho 30 Louisiana 6 Minnesota 31 South Dakota 7 Utah 32 Rhode Island 8 Virginia 33 Alabama 9 Colorado 34 Kentucky 10 Maryland 35 Pennsylvania 11 Maine 36 New York 12 Nevada 37 Alaska 13 West Virginia 38 New Mexico 14 Connecticut 39 Tennessee 15 Wisconsin 40 Ohio 16 Vermont 41 Arizona 17 California 42 Indiana 18 New Jersey 43 Texas 19 North Dakota 44 Mississippi 20 New Hampshire 45 Florida 21 Michigan 46 Illinois 22 Missouri 47 Arkansas 23 North Carolina 48 Hawaii 24 Iowa 49 Georgia 25 Kansas 50 Washington





Embed on your website <a href="https://wallethub.com/edu/most-least-fair-tax-systems/6598/"> <img src="//cdn.wallethub.com/wallethub/images/posts/15804/states-with-most-least-fair-tax-systems-artwork-2.png" width="700" height="1250" alt="States with Most & Least Fair Tax Systems Artwork 2015" /> </a> <div style="width:700px;font-size:12px;color:#888;">Source: <a href="https://wallethub.com/edu/most-least-fair-tax-systems/6598/">WalletHub</a></div>

State and Local Taxes: What’s Fair?

What do Americans think is a fair amount to pay in state and local taxes? The chart below shows results from our national survey, asking respondents from different income levels how much they think is fair to pay. Answers ranged from a low of 2.5 percent tax for households earning $5,000 annually to a high of 16.36 percent tax for households making $2.5 million per year. There is a clear upward trend: respondents think state and local tax systems are fair when higher-income households pay a greater percentage of their income in taxes than lower-income households.

'Fair' State & Local Tax Rate by Household Income

Data averaged from the full sample of respondents shows a strong preference for a progressive state and local tax structure. When examining the data by income of respondents, we find the same pattern: low-income, middle-income, and high-income respondents all assert that a progressive tax structure is most fair.

But what if we look by political ideology? Do economic liberals and conservatives feel the same way? The chart below shows the same data broken down between respondents who self-identify as economically liberal (blue) and economically conservative (red). Although conservatives appear to support higher taxes on the poor and lower taxes on the rich, the general trend is the same: all Americans believe a fair state and local tax system imposes higher tax rates on wealthy households than on lower- and middle-income households.

'Fair' State & Local Tax Rate by Household Income Views of Economic Liberals & Conservatives

So how does the actual structure of state and local tax systems compare to what Americans consider “fair”? The chart below presents the average real state and local tax burden by income level across the 50 states, as estimated by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP). The data show that the real relationship between household income and state and local tax burden is negative — that is, as income goes up, state and local tax burden goes down — the exact opposite of what Americans think is fair.

Average Real State and Local Tax Burden by Income Level

Source: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy



Overall Ranking State Dependency on Property Taxes (1=least) Dependency on Sales & Excise Taxes (1=least) Dependency on Income (Personal & Corp.) Taxes (1=least) Dependency on Other Taxes (1=least) 1 Montana 42 4 28 46 2 Oregon 32 3 46 40 3 South Carolina 34 24 15 33 4 Delaware 2 2 42 48 5 Idaho 22 25 33 30 6 Minnesota 18 23 37 20 7 Utah 20 34 31 13 8 Virginia 33 8 38 28 9 Colorado 30 29 19 18 10 Maryland 16 10 45 21 11 Maine 45 15 25 16 12 Nevada 17 49 N/A 45 13 West Virginia 9 32 26 43 14 Connecticut 40 11 36 2 15 Wisconsin 41 14 34 9 16 Vermont 47 19 11 8 17 California 19 17 40 25 18 New Jersey 49 7 17 11 19 North Dakota 1 12 5 49 20 New Hampshire 50 5 6 26 21 Michigan 38 28 13 12 22 Missouri 21 30 29 19 23 North Carolina 13 26 39 17 24 Iowa 31 22 22 23 25 Kansas 28 35 21 6 26 Massachusetts 39 6 43 7 27 Nebraska 37 18 20 29 28 Wyoming 35 27 N/A 47 29 Oklahoma 3 37 16 44 30 Louisiana 11 46 7 34 31 South Dakota 36 45 1 39 32 Rhode Island 48 16 14 3 33 Alabama 6 40 18 37 34 Kentucky 10 31 41 22 35 Pennsylvania 24 20 32 35 36 New York 27 9 44 14 37 Alaska 4 1 4 50 38 New Mexico 8 42 9 42 39 Tennessee 12 48 3 38 40 Ohio 23 21 35 36 41 Arizona 25 41 8 4 42 Indiana 14 36 27 5 43 Texas 46 39 N/A 41 44 Mississippi 15 38 10 27 45 Florida 43 44 2 32 46 Illinois 44 13 30 15 47 Arkansas 7 43 23 10 48 Hawaii 5 47 12 24 49 Georgia 29 33 24 1 50 Washington 26 50 N/A 31

Fairer Tax Systems Rely Less on Sales & Excise Taxes

Ask the Experts

As our analysis reflects, public perception regarding taxation of various income levels is distorted when compared with hard data. For additional insight into such discrepancies as well as other tax-related issues, we turned to a panel of leading experts in such fields as economics and public taxes. Click on their profiles below to read their bios and thoughts on the following key questions:

Why is there such a large difference between what people think is fair and the real structure of state and local tax systems? How do state and local tax systems influence economic growth? What policies should states and localities consider to increase tax fairness? Have state and local tax policies become more or less fair since the start of the great recession?

Methodology

The aim of this study is to determine what Americans think a fair state and local tax system looks like and use that information to rank the tax systems of the 50 states. To get an accurate picture of what Americans consider a fair state and local tax system to be, we conducted an original online survey of 1,050 Americans. The sample was designed to be nationally representative by age and sex and has substantial variation across income levels, racial and ethnic categories, and political beliefs.

Respondents were asked: “In thinking about the fairest possible tax system, what percentage of income do you think households at each income level should pay in state and local taxes?” Respondents were then presented with 10 different income levels ranging from $5,000 to $2.5 million and asked to enter a number between 0 and 25 corresponding to the percentage of income they think would be fair for that household to pay in state and local taxes. We then averaged responses at each income level to determine the master “fair tax burden” at each income level for the overall sample.

To compare what Americans think is fair to the structure of real state and local tax systems, we used data from the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP). ITEP has estimates of the total state and local tax burden of households at seven different points in the income distribution of each of the 50 states (e.g., bottom 20 percent, top 1 percent, etc.). Because every state has a unique income distribution, the corresponding household income at each point in the distribution varies by state (e.g., top 1 percent earns more in Connecticut than in Mississippi). Using linear interpolation, we generated estimates of what Americans consider a fair tax burden at each of these unique income levels. This allowed us to compare the real state and local tax burden of households — including income taxes, sales and excise taxes, and property taxes — at different income levels relative to what Americans think is fair at various income levels for each of the 50 states:

Abs(Survey Estimate of Fair Tax Burden – Real Tax Burden) = abs(Difference)

We then took the mean of the absolute value of the difference between the fair tax burden and the real tax burden for the five income quintiles for each of the 50 states. States were then ranked, with higher ranking corresponding to lower mean difference between fair tax burden and real tax burden.

Sources: Data used to create these rankings were obtained from the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, U.S. Census Bureau and WalletHub survey data.

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