After this you’ll want to say some version of “How are you?” or “How’s it going”, here’s your list of options in order of most formal to least:

¿Cómo está? or ¿Cómo está usted? ¿Comó le va? ¿Qué tal? or ¿Qué tal tu? ¿Cómo estamos? ¿Cómo estás? ¿Qué hay de nuevo? ¿Qué pasó? or ¿Qué pasa? (varies depending on country) ¿Qué me cuentas? or ¿Qué me dices? ¿Qué onda? or ¿Quiúbole? (Mexico and Carribean) And last, my favorite and also from Mexico: ¿Qué pedo?, which literally means “What fart?”. You don’t believe me, do you? Good, I wouldn’t either, because it sounds ridiculous…however…it’s true! Source 1, Source 2, and Source 3.

Please note that every one of those except the first one (“¿Cómo está?” and “Cómo está usted?”) are informal to some degree or another and imply that you have some level of friendship/familiarity with the person.

Nicknames

Obviously, if you’re using someone’s nickname with them, you’re being informal and friendly with them, but another thing to note is whether or not anyone else does the same, just like in English: if no one else calls José “Pepe”, then you shouldn’t either. Use generic nicknames only when you know the person well enough that you’re certain they won’t be offended (e.g. in some places, calling someone “viejo” which translates to “old man”, or “compadre” is like the U.S. English equivalent of “buddy” or “dude” or the British English equivalent of “mate”).

An interesting cultural note is that in Latin America women in the work place will often be referred to with affectionate, pet names by the men, such as “linda” (“cutie”) or “cariño” (“dear”) – this is one of many things that’s frequently looked down on in North America but isn’t in Latin America. Just be aware of it.

Greeting Everyone

One of the most common manners in Spanish-speaking countries, especially Latin America, is this, though I’d argue that this is a common manner in general (I try to do this wherever I am). Make sure you greet and say goodbye to everyone, even if they’re in a large group, whenever possible – to not do so can be seen as rude.

Also, on a related sidenote, shopkeepers and retail employees will frequently answer the phone with “A sus ordenes!” (“at your service” or, literally, “at your orders”). I know this is extremely common in Colombia, though I can’t comment on elsewhere. Edit: In Argentina they’ll frequently answer with “¿Qué desea?” or “¿En qué lo puedo ayudar?” (thanks, cuentanueva 😉 ).

Should you use “Usted”, “Vos”, or “Tú”?

This is something that depends greatly on the region that you’re in or the one which the person you’re speaking to is from. I strongly recommend you see my recent post, A Brief Guide to Regional Variation of the Forms of Address (Tú, Vos, Usted) in Spanish, for further information including a detailed breakdown by country. This particular problem can, however, be solved most of the time with one very simple rule: if you would use “Mr.”, “Mrs.”, or “Ms.” with the person, then you use “usted”, if you would use their first name, then use “tú”, that’s it.

If you move into a new apartment or house, you may initially greet your neighbor as “Señor Garcia”, and you would certainly use “usted” for the time being, but if you later began addressing each other by first names and he became “Juan” to you, that is precisely when you would start using “tú” with him.

This applies even when you don’t know the person’s name, such as with a bartender, taxi driver, or cop: would you call your bartender “Mr. Smith” or would you call him “Joe”? “Joe”, right? Then you use “tú” with him. A police officer you would almost always address as “Officer Smith”, and therefore you would use “usted” with them.

The one thing that will throw this rule awry is a significant age difference, this is the only time that it might not apply and/or you could end up in a situation where you are calling the them “usted” and they are calling you “tú”, or vice-versa. If their is a significant age difference, the younger person will almost always continue to use “usted” with the older person even after the older person has started calling them “tú”, such as would be the case with someone and their friend’s grandmother, or between you and a young child (you would use “tú” with them while they would continue using “usted” with you). You’ll notice, however, that this still obeys the “Mr./Mrs./Ms.” rule that we established earlier.

People will not hesitate to tell you to use “tú” with them (“Tuteame!”), but they will almost never tell you to use “usted” with them because it would seem rude, so if you’re really uncertain then yes, “usted” is definitely the safe bet. The best way, though, to really determine what to do is to listen to those around you and how they are addressing the person in question, and then simply follow their lead.

Again, if you’d like more information and certainly if you’re going to be using your Spanish in a Spanish-speaking country in the future then do consult with my guide to forms of address in Spanish. Also, if you’re going to a Spanish-speaking country, the best way to prepare is by working with native speakers and the best way to do that is with a one-on-one tutor, I recommend a service called iTalki (you’re looking at about $8-15/hour for informal conversation practice/instruction, more for a formal course or test prep.), however that’s too expensive for many people and in that case there’s an excellent service called GoSpanish that provides unlimited online classes with a native speaker (live, on a video call similar to Skype) for as little as $39 per month. Their class size is typically just 3-5 students per teacher and, having taken classes with them myself, I can tell you they’re excellent. See my review of GoSpanish here for more information. Also, if you’re interested, I’ve reviewed iTalki as well.

Titles and Old People

Titles are a bit more important in Latin cultures than they are in the English-speaking world, and, oddly, a bit more loosely used: in some regions, anyone in a position of importance or, sometimes, with at least a university degree, will be referred to as “doctor”, e.g. a secretary will very frequently tend to refer to her boss as “Doctor ____” even though they’re very rarely actually a doctor, they get this title simply by being in a position of importance or authority. Lawyers are frequently given the title of “doctor”, as well. Engineers get the title “Ingeniero”, teachers are called “Profesor” or sometimes “Maestro” which is a title also usually extended to any craftsperson or skilled tradesmen and sometimes even plumbers, carpenters, electricians, etc. (note from the author: I just got back from Chile where I spent almost five months from about June of this year, 2018, to early November, and I can confirm this for Chile: any sort of repairman or craftsman there was called “el maestro”).

The most common title you’ll run into, however, is “licenciado” which literally means “graduate” and is extended to basically anyone who wears a tie and is a lot like the “doctor” title except even more generously applied.

The default title, as you probably already know, is “señor”/”señora”, which you use if you don’t know the person particularly well, aren’t sure what to use, and none of the other choices immediately fit. It’s roughly equivalent to “Sir” or “Ma’am” in English and is precisely what you use day-to-day when it’s someone that you’re not particularly well acquainted with, or if you’re just not sure it’s the safe bet that should always be acceptable. One I noticed that was in particularly common use in Colombia (where I was from late February 2018 til May when I left for Chile) was the title “caballero”, which means something like “gentleman” but can also, unlike the label “gentleman”, be used to directly address someone and in that instance means something more like “sir”, e.g. “¿Desea sentarse en la terraza, caballero?” (“Would you like to sit on the terrace, sir?”).

Are you speaking to an old person (“old” generally means 60+)? If yes, use “Don/Doña” almost without exception until told otherwise (some places it’s common, some it isn’t). Obviously this is used in conjugation with the “usted” conjugation of any verbs. This applies to everybody, regardless of their status or status relative to you: the 80 year-old doorman at your hotel should be addressed as “Don Alberto”, the 60 year old waiter gets “Don’ed”, the old woman begging for change even gets the “Doña” treatment. Edit: this is not so common in Argentina, it’s something that’s considered a bit old-fashioned and not really done any more, though it is still highly prevalent in Mexico and, I’m pretty sure, Colombia, at a minimum.

This may also be applied to someone of especially high status, such as the CEO of your company, though even then the person will typically be older.

Social Lubricant

There are lots of little words and expressions in English that function as what’s known as “social lubricant”, little niceties such as “excuse me”, “pardon”, “with your permission”, “may I”, “if you don’t mind”, etc., and Spanish is no different except that these sorts of expressions are used even more frequently than in English.

One particular thing you’ll notice they do much more frequently than you may be used to is ask permission, and they have 8 different ways of saying it (in order of most formal to least):

Con permiso (“With permission”) ¿Me permite? (“Will you permit me?”) Perdón (“Pardon”) ¿Se puede? (“May I?”) Comper’ (shortened version of “con permiso”) Hágase un poco para allá, por favor (“Move over a little, please”) Abreme espacio / Abreme cancha (“Give me some space”) Hazte pa’llá (explained below)

The first 5 are acceptable for most situations regardless, the last 3 are much more slangy and should be used with care. Note that “¿Se puede?” (“Can one?” literally, meaning something like “May I?”) or “¿Se puede ver?” (“Can one see?”) is the common way of asking to see something in a store or asking permission to pick up or touch a product such as a painting, china, food, or something else delicate. “Hazte pa’llá” would mean “scoot over a bit” if you’re speaking to a friend in a friendly way, or it could mean “Get out of the way!” if not.

In Mexico, if you’re carrying a heavy object for example, like if you’re helping someone move a large piece of furniture, and you need people to get out of the way, the way you would say “Coming through!” would be “¡Golpe avisa!” (source for the Mexico claim, not sure where else it’s used except I can say the above-mentioned Argentinean informs me that he’s never heard “golpe avisa”, so that means probably not in the Southern Cone). Because these sorts of phrases vary greatly from country to country, stick with “Disculpe”, “Perdón”, “Permiso”, and “Cuidado” if you need someone to move, those will work everywhere.

Give my regards…

Always remember to say “gracias” when someone does this–English-speakers will frequently just say “Sure, will do” or something similar when someone says something like “Give my regards to your wife.” In Spanish you always, always say “thank you” when someone does this, as you’re expressing gratitude for their “detalle“, or thoughtfulness (literally “detalle” translates to “gesture” in this case).

Phone Manners

Spanish-speakers tend to be a bit more formal and polite on the phone, phrases that you’ll frequently hear used (overused?) on the phone are things like:

“Si es tan amable” = “If you please”

“Si no es mucha molestia” = “If it’s not too much trouble”

To ask for someone, you might say “¿Me puede comunicar con _____?” or, more casually, “Está por ahí _____?

To say our equivalent of “Speaking” in response to someone asking for you when you answer the phone, you simply say “Él/Ella habla”.

Mi Casa Es Su Casa

Not only is this one of the manners in Spanish that’s so common that it’s made its way into regular usage in the English language, but it’s also representative of a very common sentiment, a certain special type of hospitality, in Spanish-speaking countries.

A frequent point of confusion for foreigners is the reference by someone to their own home as “your home”, or “tu casa”–someone may give you directions to their house or apartment, for example, and then at the end of it say “…y entonces llegas a tu casa!” (“and then you arrive at your house!”) where “tu casa” is in reference to their house. It’s just a nice gesture of hospitality frequently used there, that’s all.

Another common expression is “Estás en tu casa” or “Está usted en su casa” in response to any request a guest makes in someone’s home, such as asking permission to use the phone or pull up a chair. They’re telling you that you are, effectively, in your own home so of course you can. Edit: Additionally, there’s: “Siéntase como en su casa”, “Como en su casa”, and “Como si estuvieras en tu casa”, etc.

Also, one more thing that’s just an expression of hospitality and not to be taken literally is the expression “es tuya” (“it’s yours”) in response to you complimenting something in their home (a painting, china, rug, etc.), this definitely does not mean they literally want to give it to you.

Making Requests

All that time spent learning the imperative and now you’re about to find out that you’ll never use it (well, rarely): sorry. When asking for something in Spanish (whether you’re “ordering” at a restaurant or bar or asking a friend for something, you’re still really asking, not giving an outright order), you would almost never use the imperative, it sounds far too rude. You may have been taught that the way to ask for a coffee is “Traigame un café, por favor” but even with “por favor” that’s still far too pushy and will come off as impolite, the way that ordering something in a restaurant, bar, or store is done 98% of the time is by using “¿Me trae ______, por favor?”, e.g. “¿Me trae un café, por favor?”. Edit: You’ll also frequently hear “No” tacked onto the beginning of these phrases, it still means the same thing and is sort of like us saying “Couldn’t you please ____?” e.g. “Couldn’t you please bring me some coffee?”, so it would be “¿No me trae un café, por favor?”, etc.

The same sort of thing goes when asking for just about anything else from just about anyone else, the only thing that varies is the level of formality depending on who you’re talking to: just use the same formula as above with one of several of the most commonly used verbs:

Traer (“to bring”): This should be your automatic default that you use with the great majority of people the great majority of the time. This one is always a safe bet, regardless of who you’re talking to. Use this with friends, waiters, and random people on the street.

Permitir (“to permit”): This is one of the most formal, and the expression you’ll be using, “me permite”, most closely translates to “May I?”; this is what you would use with someone who would rate an extra bit of respect and formality, such as your father-in-law or your boss, someone you would certainly be using “usted” with.

Dar (“to give”): A bit informal, safe for use with friends and people you’re familiar with and normally address with “tú”, usually just means “Can you hand me that?”, e.g. “¿Me da ese bolígrafo, por favor?” = “Can you hand me that pen, please?”.

Prestar (“to loan”): Informal and implies that the item in question will be returned in short order, “¿Me presta _____, por favor?” means “Can I borrow ____, please?”.

Regalar (“to give as a gift”): Be careful, as this implies that the item in question will be permanently gifted to the person requesting it, as in “Can I have ____? [permanently]”.

Pasar (“to pass”): Very common in colloquial use and is a more informal version of how “prestar” is used, it means precisely what it seems: “Can you pass me ____, please?”.

Another common, formal way of asking for something is to say “¿Puedo tomar ____, por favor?”, which literally and actually means “Can I have ____, please?”.

Saying Goodbye

You’ve got lots of different choices here and, frankly, this isn’t as big a deal as a lot of other stuff. “Adiós” and “Hasta luego” are appropriate for almost all situations, though you should remember that “adiós” is typically used for situations where you’re not going to see the person for a while (if you’re going to see them the next day when you come back into work, then you wouldn’t use this). “Nos vemos” is a very common informal farewell that basically means “See you later”, as is “Ciao”/”Chau” (spelling varies, pronunciation stays the same: “Chow”) and “Hasta mañana”.

A somewhat more formal way of saying goodbye is “Que le vaya bien” which roughly means “I hope it goes well for you” but note that this is only used when the person you’re saying it to is the one leaving, not you. A much for formal one is “Vaya con Dios” which means “Go with God”, but this one is rarely heard unless it’s coming from a priest or it’s an especially formal situation or ceremony.

A couple of informal, colloquial ways of saying farewell that you’ll commonly hear used amongst friends are “Cuídate” which means “Take care” and “Pórtate bien” which means “Behave yourself”. If they’re about to go to bed, you could say “Que descanses” which means “Rest well” or “Rest up”.

Miscellaneous Manners in Spanish

When you pass by someone you’re even vaguely acquainted with who is eating, you always wish them “Buen provecho” or just “Provecho” which means “bon appetit” (which is French, ironically).

Generally speaking, don’t throw things, it’s almost always considered very uncivilized behavior, e.g. don’t crumple up a piece of paper and throw it, or anything else, in in the trash can, and especially don’t throw someone at someone (e.g. tossing a pencil to someone who asked for one).

someone (e.g. tossing a pencil to someone who asked for one). Don’t turn your back on someone, especially if they’re speaking to you or part of your group, this is still kind of rude in English-speaking cultures, but it’s much more so amongst Spanish-speaking ones.

Don’t point at people with your finger. Something I noticed recently during my time in South America (2018) is that it’s way more common for someone to point with their mouth/lips than I’ve ever seen elsewhere, they sort of pucker their lips and nod their head in the direction of the person or thing they want to refer you to.

Spanish-speakers tend to stand closer when talking, try not to back away or act weird about it.

If you’re reading this there’s a good chance you either plan on traveling to a Spanish-speaking country in the near future or you know you’re going to have to interact with native speakers in the near future, and in that case I really recommend working with actual native speakers to improve your Spanish. The best way to do that is with a one-on-one tutor, and for that I recommend a service called iTalki (you’re looking at about $8-15/hour for informal conversation practice/instruction, more for a formal course or test prep.). However, given that you’ll want at least 2-3 classes per week and that comes out to $16-$45 per week – or between $64 and $180 per month – that’s too expensive for many people and in that case I really recommend you check out a service called GoSpanish that provides unlimited online classes with a native speaker (live, on a video call similar to Skype) for as little as $39 per month (yes, that’s $39/month for unlimited 1-hour classes, you can take a dozen a day every day if you like). Their class size is typically just 3-5 students per teacher and, having taken classes with them myself, I can tell you they’re excellent. See my review of GoSpanish here for more information. Also, if you’re interested, I’ve reviewed iTalki as well.

Additional Resources and Further Reading

I have a few similar posts you’ll likely be interested in if you liked this one:

Spanish Playground, an excellent site for those teaching Spanish to children (whether as a parent or professionally), has a good article on this aimed at kids called 5 Good Manners for Spanish Learners.