Following the creation of the Scottish parliament in 1999, UK politicians were quick to warn of the threat of English nationalism. Jack Straw, the former Labour MP, went as far as describing the English as “potentially very aggressive, very violent… and will increasingly articulate their Englishness following devolution”.

Almost twenty years on, were they right? And is Brexit one of the consequences?

The British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) remains the best barometer of changing public attitudes over time. It asks the widely recognised Moreno question on national identity of residents in England.

The question probes whether we feel more English or British. In 2000, about a third of the public said they were either English or more English, than British. The equivalent figure for