The report, Shadow Prisons: Immigrant Detention in the South, details a seven-month investigation by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the National Immigration Project of the National Lawyers Guild (NIPNLG) and the Adelante Alabama Worker Center.

“President-elect Trump’s deportation plan could require a massive expansion of an already broken system and the creation of a prison infrastructure that will cost billions and only exacerbate our country’s mass incarceration problem,” said Lisa Graybill, SPLC deputy legal director.

The study is based in part on interviews by legal and human rights advocates with more than 300 immigrants held in six detention centers in Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Louisiana.

“This report shows that immigrant detention centers in the South fail to ensure the rights and safety of people in their custody,” said Eunice Cho, SPLC staff attorney and author of the report. “Flooding the immigration detention system with hundreds of thousands of additional people will only lead to a grave human rights crisis.”

In addition to identifying inadequate medical care and widespread abuses, the study found that many immigrants languish in detention centers for months or sometimes years – typically without legal counsel and in violation of their rights – as they await hearings or deportation.

“Our investigation yielded a disturbing pattern of prison mismanagement,” said Paromita Shah, NIPNLG’s associate director. “Sadly, President-elect Trump will inherit immigration agencies that have perfected the art of abandoning responsibility for their sprawling detention centers, leaving people vulnerable to abuse.”

The 300 detainees interviewed represent more than 5 percent of the average daily population at the six detention centers. Three of the facilities are operated by private, for-profit prison companies and three are operated by county sheriffs under contract with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

The report’s findings include the following:

Detained immigrants in the South experience some of the weakest due process protections in the nation, prolonging their detention. At the Stewart Immigration Court in Georgia, which is part of the Stewart Detention Center, detainees reported that judges demonstrated bias against detainees without counsel.

At the Stewart Immigration Court in Georgia, which is part of the Stewart Detention Center, detainees reported that judges demonstrated bias against detainees without counsel. Detained immigrants described being subjected to physical abuse, retaliation and excessive use of segregation and lockdown by detention center staff and ICE officers. At the Etowah County Detention Center in Alabama, detainees reported that ICE officials had used force on detainees who refused to sign travel documents.

At the Etowah County Detention Center in Alabama, detainees reported that ICE officials had used force on detainees who refused to sign travel documents. Detention centers failed to provide basic sanitation and nutrition. Detainees at all facilities reported becoming ill from spoiled food. Several detainees reported receiving expired food, food with mold on it and, in some cases, food with worms and insects.

Detainees at all facilities reported becoming ill from spoiled food. Several detainees reported receiving expired food, food with mold on it and, in some cases, food with worms and insects. Detained immigrants in the South face inadequate medical and mental health treatment, causing needless death and suffering. Detainees reported five deaths at these facilities in 2016 that resulted from failure to receive medical treatment.

Detainees reported five deaths at these facilities in 2016 that resulted from failure to receive medical treatment. Detainees reported conditions that can lead to rapid mental and physical deterioration, such as a lack of outdoor recreation. At the Etowah County Detention Center, which lacks an outdoor recreation area, detainees described going virtually months, even years, without spending time outdoors.

“The abuses that are taking place in Southern detention facilities may be vastly increased under the Trump administration,” said Jessica Vosburgh, director of Adelante Alabama Worker Center. “But immigrant communities in the South will also strengthen our efforts to fight back against hateful practices.”

Recent actions by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) suggest that it might rely on private companies to expand the system – even though studies show privatized prisons are generally less safe, less effective and no less costly than government-operated prisons.

Earlier in 2016, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it would no longer contract with private corporations to operate federal prisons, a decision spurred by the declining prison population and the failure of private prisons to provide safe and secure facilities.

In the wake of the DOJ decision, the DHS announced it would also re-examine its use of privatized immigration facilities. But the agency quickly renewed or finalized contracts for thousands of additional beds. The agency has also expanded the number of individuals it plans to detain every night by 10,000 people – pushing the total number of detainees to an estimated 45,000 people.

What’s more, the agency’s new contracts include a facility – the Cibola County Correctional Center in Milan, New Mexico – that lost its contract with the DOJ after reports of abuse and medical neglect﻿. The DHS’s actions suggest that the private prisons no longer used by the DOJ, including some of the worst in the country, could simply become immigration detention centers.

The privately operated facilities investigated for the report are the Irwin County Detention Center in Ocilla, Georgia; LaSalle Detention Facility in Jena, Louisiana; and Stewart Detention Center in Lumpkin, Georgia. Facilities operated by sheriff’s offices are the Baker County Detention Facility in Macclenny, Florida; Etowah County Detention Center in Gadsden, Alabama; and Wakulla County Detention Facility in Crawfordville, Florida.

Cover image: Miguel Carpizo/Adelante Alabama Worker Center