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This article takes a look at the exciting world of on-chain data, and how it can be used as a guide to cryptocurrency valuation.

The ubiquitous price chart. Over the past year, variations of the image above have become a mainstay on the screens of millions of rabid cryptocurrency investors. Price is the guiding beacon that the majority of investors in crypto live and die by today. The art of using historical prices to predict future price movements is called technical analysis, and is widely used by many in the crypto world.

When wild upswings or downswings in price occur, as happens quite frequently, it is often simply chalked up to market sentiment or periodic swings in demand.

In this piece, we will make the case for why examining who is transacting on-chain is the key to fundamentally understanding and valuing cryptocurrencies. We will focus on the Ethereum blockchain and go over some of the nuances involved in interpreting on-chain data. (See more: What’s the Difference Between Ethereum and Ethereum Classic?)

What's On-chain Data?

First off, what do we mean by on-chain data? To put it succinctly: All data that is natively stored on the blockchain.

This data includes (but is not limited to):

Details of every block (timestamp, gas price, miner, block size etc.)

Details of every transaction (The ‘from’ and ‘to’ addresses, the amount transferred in the transaction etc.)

Smart contract invocation and usage

Why Is This Information Interesting?

Of late, many thinkers in the burgeoning field of cryptoeconomics have proposed theoretical frameworks to fundamentally value cryptoassets -whether it is the application of the equation of exchange (MV =PQ) to cryptoassets by Chris Burniske, an alternative interpretation of token velocity by Alex Evans and the levers that influence it by James Kilroe, or the popular Network Value to Transactions (NVT) ratio championed by the excellent coinmetrics team and by Woobull.

Many of these different valuation methodologies use on-chain transaction volume as a proxy for the network utility of a given cryptoasset.

In other words, the on-chain transaction volume is being used to judge whether a given cryptoasset is actually being used.

We believe we can go one level deeper.

Instead of just crudely measuring the overall usage of a cryptoasset network, we think we can use on-chain transaction data to figure out who are the entities that are actually using a given cryptoasset. (Read also: Coins, Tokens & Altcoins: What’s the Difference?)

This allows us to examine and learn from their on-chain transaction patterns – leading to deeper and more nuanced insights to fundamentally value the cryptoasset in question.

Classifying Addresses

Wait a minute… isn’t information about “who” is transacting hidden on the blockchain? Isn’t that the whole point of public-key cryptography?

Yes and yes.

We found a little quirk though.

When one steps back and examines every Ethereum address (unique user account) and their respective on-chain transactions in aggregate — one begins to see distinct clusters of addresses that exhibit remarkably similar transaction patterns and on-chain behaviour. (Read more: Guide to Ethereum Sharding: Ethereum's Scalability Solution)

Our intuition tells us that each of these clusters of addresses generally belongs to certain types of entities.

Classifying addresses (Icons made by Eucalyp from www.flaticon.com)

Based on the patterns we saw, we made some inferences of specific entities that could be represented by these clusterings:

Exchange-related addresses : Centralized cryptocurrency exchanges that generally have thousands of “hot wallets” that are used interchangeably to manage exchange operations and customer transactions. (See more: Crypto Guide 101: Choosing The Best Cryptocurrency Exchange)

: Centralized cryptocurrency exchanges that generally have thousands of “hot wallets” that are used interchangeably to manage exchange operations and customer transactions. (See more: Crypto Guide 101: Choosing The Best Cryptocurrency Exchange) “Bot” and “Burner” Addresses : Addresses that either display an “automated” transaction pattern — such as repetitive, similar transactions to and from the same recipient— or are clearly one-time-use “burner” addresses that only ever have one incoming and outgoing transaction.

: Addresses that either display an “automated” transaction pattern — such as repetitive, similar transactions to and from the same recipient— or are clearly one-time-use “burner” addresses that only ever have one incoming and outgoing transaction. Human-operated or “other” addresses: A catch-all bucket of addresses that generally display more irregular transaction patterns and show more variance in on-chain transactional relationships — hinting at an actual human being behind the address in question.

(See also: Guide to Ethereum: What is Gas, Gas Limit and Gas Price?)

What Does This Enable?

Typically, the performance of traditional internet companies is measured by web analytics and user demographics that serve as benchmarks for how well a website is doing compared to its peers.

When it comes to the world of crypto, aggregating addresses and classifying them into distinct entity types enables similarly nuanced analysis into the makeup of a given cryptoasset’s ecosystem.

For example, we can get a better picture of network strength by analyzing whether a given token is actually being utilized for its intended use-case by humans or simply being speculated on by a large botnet.

This could prove especially useful for “apples-to-apples” comparisons between decentralized applications (dApps) within the same “category”. For example, one could make a comparison between prediction market tokens Gnosis and Augur, or on a lighter note, between ‘digital collectable’ games such as CryptoKitties and CryptoFighters.

When we drill down into address transaction patterns and are able to loosely (or specifically) identify distinct entities like the token team, exchanges, or “whales” (individual entities transacting with large sums of money on-chain), we are also able to get a view of how centralized a token’s ownership is.

See more at https://www.tokenanalyst.io/

You can see above that the token team and “whale” addresses hold significant amounts of the token in question. This could potentially mean significant price volatility if a few key players decided to liquidate their position.

Nuanced Interpretation Required

While diving deeper into on-chain data to better understand cryptoasset usage is surely an exciting challenge, it is useful to caveat a few of the points made above to illustrate the nuances involved with accurately interpreting and analyzing this data:

Currently, it is unfeasible to know for certain whether a given address is a specific type of entity or not. The best we can do right now is arrive at a reasonable heuristic. However, even general estimates of users can lead to useful insights that allow you better evaluate and compare cryptoassets.

On-chain transaction volumes and counts can sometimes be misleading when taken at face value as any individual entity (a human, an exchange, etc) can own multiple addresses. Thus a lot of on-chain activity may simply be the shuffling of tokens within a given individual’s own set of addresses.

A lot of exchange trading volume is often not reflected on-chain. Many exchanges, for example, internally debit or credit client wallets without actually invoking a transaction on the blockchain. (See also: Guide to Cryptocurrency Wallets: Why Do You Need Wallets?0

We believe on-chain data is a main dish that’s part of a bigger data buffet that one should consume when fundamentally evaluating cryptoassets.Off-chain data on protocol differences (PoWor PoS), token supply structures, token types, and token category should be taken into account to provide context to on-chain data on a given cryptoasset.

Beneficial Resources To Get You Started

If you're starting your journey into the complex world of cryptocurrencies, here's a list of useful resources and guides that will get you on your way:

Trading & Exchange

Wallets

Read also: Cryptocurrency Accounting Guide: How Do I Calculate My Crypto Gains? and Crypto Beginners Guide: 5 Things Crypto Newbies Should Know

This article is contributed by Sid Shekhar of Token Analyst.

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