Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Jo Johnson: "I do not want to read about VC pay in the newspapers"

Spiralling rates of pay for university vice-chancellors are to be curbed by a series of new measures being set out by the universities minister.

Jo Johnson urged institutions to show restraint, when it emerged that dozens of university heads were earning £300,000, and some more than £400,000.

Now, he wants universities to justify pay rates topping £150,000 a year to a new regulator, the Office for Students.

Details of staff earning above £100,000 year would also have to be made public.

Universities have argued that their leaders are managing large institutions, have enormous responsibilities and huge budgets, and therefore command large salaries.

Fines for high pay

Mr Johnson called for "transparency and openness" in the way pay is set for university heads and "greater restraint" in vice-chancellor and senior-level salaries.

"We [need to] put an end to the spate of damaging headlines we've seen over recent weeks," he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.

Mr Johnson is setting out the plans in a speech to university heads at the annual conference of the umbrella body Universities UK, in west London on Thursday.

The plans, which will be consulted on, could see the Office for Students using its powers to impose fines if institutions do not give good reasons for high pay.

The new regulator, which is to be headed by Nicola Dandridge, the former chief executive of Universities UK, will also issue new guidance on the role and independence of pay committees.

Ms Dandridge herself volunteered for an 18% pay cut from £200,000 a year to £165,000, a move Mr Johnson said was "out of the spirit of public service".

'Shadowy committees'

Mr Johnson also told Today that student fees would rise next year with inflation.

"It's important there's confidence fees are put to the uses we intend them to be - we want fees to deliver great teaching and world-class research," he said.

Mr Johnson said the debate over student finance had increased public scrutiny of how universities spent the money they received.

"When students and taxpayers invest so heavily in our higher education system, excessive vice-chancellor salaries send a powerful signal to the outside world."

He added: "Exceptional pay can only be justified by exceptional performance, which is why I will ask the new Office for Students to take action to ensure value for money and transparency for students and the taxpayer."

Prof Janet Beer, president of Universities UK and vice-chancellor of the University of Liverpool, said in her conference address that it was understandable that high pay was being questioned.

"It is right to expect that the process for determining pay for senior staff is rigorous and the decision-making process is transparent.

"It is also reasonable to expect that decisions are explained and justified."

She also addressed the issue of the student funding, calling on the government to consider providing targeted maintenance grants for those most in need of this support.

The government should also "consider reducing the interest rate payable, not for all, but specifically for low- and middle-income earners through changes in earning thresholds to which interest rates apply", she said.

The overall cost of salary and benefits for vice-chancellors rose 2.5% to an average remuneration of £257,904 in 2015-16 on the previous year.

When pension contributions are included, the rise was 2.2% to an average of £280,877.

And several high profile cases revealed pay levels substantially higher than this.

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Imperial College London pays its vice-chancellor, Alice Gast, a £430,000 yearly wage and pension package. She was recruited from an American university some years ago where she was paid £679,754.

The University of Birmingham pays Sir David Eastwood £426,000 in salary and pensions.

Sir David was previously chief executive of the Higher Education Funding Council since 2006 - the post responsible for overseeing the university finance system in England.

University of Exeter vice-chancellor, also a former chairman of Universities UK, Sir Steve Smith receives a £426,000 package, according to the Times Higher Education newspaper.

The Russell Group, an association which represents 24 leading UK universities, says its institutions "recognise the need to act responsibly".

'Competitive market'

Dr Tim Bradshaw, acting director of the group, said Russell Group universities have demonstrated strong and effective governance around senior remuneration and will continue to do so.

But, he stressed, universities operate in a competitive market, saying salaries help to maintain the UK's position as a "world leader in science and innovation".

General secretary of the University and College Union Sally Hunt said soaring vice-chancellor pay, which her union has highlighted over the years, had become a real embarrassment for the higher education sector.

She accused vice-chancellors of hiding behind "shadowy remuneration committees".

She said: "Over two-thirds of vice-chancellors sit on their own remuneration committees, and three-quarters of universities refuse to publish full minutes of the meetings where leadership pay is decided."