Strategic assets

Patents, trademarks, copy rights, domain names, and long term contracts would be examples of strategic assets that provide sustainable competitive advantages. Companies with excellent research and development might have valuable strategic assets (i.e. International Business Machines (IBM).

Barriers To Entry

Cost advantages of an existing company over a new company is the most common barrier to entry. High investment costs (i.e. AT&T (T)) and government regulations are common impediments to companies trying to enter new markets. High barriers to entry sometimes create monopolies or near monopolies (i.e. utility companies).

Adapting Product Line

A product that never changes is ripe for competition. A product line that can evolve allows for improved or complementary follow up products that keeps customers coming back for the “new” and improved version (i.e. Apple iPhone) and possibly some accessories to go with it.

Product Differentiation

A unique product or service builds customer loyalty and is less likely to lose market share to a competitor than an advantage based on cost. The quality, number of models, flexibility in ordering (i.e. custom orders), and customer service are all aspects that can positively differentiate a product or service.

Strong Balance Sheet / Cash

Companies with low debt and/or lots of cash have the flexibility to make opportune investments and never have a problem with access to working capital, liquidity, or solvency (i.e Nike (NKE). The balance sheet is the foundation of the company.

Outstanding Management / People

There is always the intangible of outstanding management. This is hard to quantify, but there are winners and losers. Winners seem to make the right decisions at the right time. Winners somehow motivate and get the most out of their employees, particularly when facing challenges. Management that has been successful for a number of years is a competitive advantage.

Value Investing and Sustainable Competitive Advantages

Companies with one sustainable competitive advantage might be successful. Finding companies with multiple sustainable competitive advantages will greatly improve the chances you have found a real value stock.

Related Reading: 5 Portfolio Risk Management Strategies