1. Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, Hall WD, Norman RE, McGrath J, Flaxman AD, Engell RE et al (2013) The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 8:e76635

2. Ringen PA, Lagerberg TV, Birkenaes AB, Engn J, Faerden A, Jonsdottir H, Nesvag R, Friis S et al (2008) Differences in prevalence and patterns of substance use in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 38:1241–1249

3. Manrique-Garcia E, Zammit S, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Andreasson S, Allebeck P (2012) Cannabis, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: 35 years of follow-up of a population-based cohort. Psychol Med 42:1321–1328

4. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 370:319–328

5. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Wurster U, Emrich HM, Piomelli D (1999) Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 10:1665–1669

6. Leweke FM, Giuffrida A, Koethe D, Schreiber D, Nolden BM, Kranaster L, Neatby MA, Schneider M et al (2007) Anandamide levels in cerebrospinal fluid of first-episode schizophrenic patients: impact of cannabis use. Schizophr Res 94:29–36

7. Morgan CJ, Page E, Schaefer C, Chatten K, Manocha A, Gulati S, Curran HV, Brandner B et al (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid anandamide levels, cannabis use and psychotic-like symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 202:381–382

8. Koethe D, Hoyer C, Leweke FM (2009) The endocannabinoid system as a target for modelling psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 206:551–561

9. Muller-Vahl KR, Emrich HM (2008) Cannabis and schizophrenia: towards a cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 8:1037–1048

10. Realini N, Rubino T, Parolaro D (2009) Neurobiological alterations at adult age triggered by adolescent exposure to cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 60:132–138

11. Bolla KI, Brown K, Eldreth D, Tate K, Cadet JL (2002) Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 59:1337–1343

12. Hanson KL, Winward JL, Schweinsburg AD, Medina KL, Brown SA, Tapert SF (2010) Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence. Addict Behav 35:970–976

13. Medina KL, Hanson KL, Schweinsburg AD, Cohen-Zion M, Nagel BJ, Tapert SF (2007) Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13:807–820

14. Solowij N (1995) Do cognitive impairments recover following cessation of cannabis use? Life Sci 56:2119–2126

15. Ashtari M, Avants B, Cyckowski L, Cervellione KL, Roofeh D, Cook P, Gee J, Sevy S et al (2011) Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use. J Psychiatr Res 45:1055–1066

16. Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI (2005) Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77:23–30

17. Medina KL, Nagel BJ, Tapert SF (2010) Abnormal cerebellar morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychiatry Res 182:152–159

18. Pillay SS, Rogowska J, Kanayama G, Gruber S, Simpson N, Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2008) Cannabis and motor function: fMRI changes following 28 days of discontinuation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 16:22–32

19. Sevy S, Smith GS, Ma Y, Dhawan V, Chaly T, Kingsley PB, Kumra S, Abdelmessih S et al (2008) Cerebral glucose metabolism and D2/D3 receptor availability in young adults with cannabis dependence measured with positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 197:549–556

20. Cohen M, Solowij N, Carr V (2008) Cannabis, cannabinoids and schizophrenia: integration of the evidence. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42:357–368

21. Gallinat J, Rentzsch J, Roser P (2012) Neurophysiological effects of cannabinoids: implications for psychosis research. Curr Pharm Des 18:4938–4949

22. Solowij N, Michie PT (2007) Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 32:30–52

23. Segev A, Lev-Ran S (2012) Neurocognitive functioning and cannabis use in schizophrenia. Curr Pharm Des 18:4999–5007

24. Gorynia I, Schwaiger M, Heinz A (2014) Effects of eye dominance (left vs. right) and cannabis use on intermanual coordination and negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 264:683–695

25. DeRosse P, Kaplan A, Burdick KE, Lencz T, Malhotra AK (2010) Cannabis use disorders in schizophrenia: effects on cognition and symptoms. Schizophr Res 120:95–100

26. Dubertret C, Bidard I, Ades J, Gorwood P (2006) Lifetime positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse are partially explained by co-morbid addiction. Schizophr Res 86:284–290

27. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ (1992) Influence of cannabis abuse on schizophrenic psychopathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85:127–130

28. Schnell T, Kleiman A, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Daumann J, Becker B (2012) Increased gray matter density in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use: a voxel-based morphometric study using DARTEL. Schizophr Res 138:183–187

29. Wobrock T, Falkai P, Schneider-Axmann T, Hasan A, Galderisi S, Davidson M, Kahn RS, Derks EM, Boter H, Rybakowski JK, Libiger J, Dollfus S, López-Ibor JJ, Peuskens J, Hranov LG, Gaebel W, Fleischhacker WW, EUFEST study group (2013) Comorbid substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenia: effects on cognition and psychopathology in the EUFEST study. Schizophr Res 147:132–139

30. Rentzsch J, Buntebart E, Stadelmeier A, Gallinat J, Jockers-Scherübl MC (2011) Differential effects of chronic cannabis use on preattentional cognitive functioning in abstinent schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Schizophr Res 130:222–227

31. Jeon YW, Polich J (2003) Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology 40:684–701

32. Gallinat J, Riedel M, Juckel G, Sokullu S, Frodl T, Moukhtieva R, Mavrogiorgou P, Nissle S et al (2001) P300 and symptom improvement in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158:55–65

33. Mathalon DH, Ford JM, Pfefferbaum A (2000) Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 47:434–449

34. Devrim-Ucok M, Keskin-Ergen HY, Ucok A (2006) Novelty P3 and P3b in first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:1426–1434

35. de Sola S, Tarancon T, Pena-Casanova J, Espadaler JM, Langohr K, Poudevida S, Farre M, Verdejo-Garcia A et al (2008) Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive performance in recreational ecstasy polydrug users: evidence from a 12-month longitudinal study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200:425–437

36. Kempel P, Lampe K, Parnefjord R, Hennig J, Kunert HJ (2003) Auditory-evoked potentials and selective attention: different ways of information processing in cannabis users and controls. Neuropsychobiology 48:95–101

37. Patrick G, Straumanis JJ, Struve FA, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Manno JE (1997) Early and middle latency evoked potentials in medically and psychiatrically normal daily marihuana users: a paucity of significant findings. Clin Electroencephalogr 28:26–31

38. Bocker KB, Gerritsen J, Hunault CC, Kruidenier M, Mensinga TT, Kenemans JL (2010) Cannabis with high delta9-THC contents affects perception and visual selective attention acutely: an event-related potential study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 96:67–74

39. Ilan AB, Gevins A, Coleman M, ElSohly MA, de Wit H (2005) Neurophysiological and subjective profile of marijuana with varying concentrations of cannabinoids. Behav Pharmacol 16:487–496

40. Roser P, Juckel G, Rentzsch J, Nadulski T, Gallinat J, Stadelmann AM (2008) Effects of acute oral Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract on the auditory P300 event-related potential in healthy volunteers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18:569–577

41. Roth WT, Tinklenberg JR, Kopell BS (1977) Ethanol and marihuana effects on event-related potentials in a memory retrieval paradigm. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 42:381–388

42. Theunissen EL, Kauert GF, Toennes SW, Moeller MR, Sambeth A, Blanchard MM, Ramaekers JG (2012) Neurophysiological functioning of occasional and heavy cannabis users during THC intoxication. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 220:341–350

43. D’Souza DC, Fridberg DJ, Skosnik PD, Williams A, Roach B, Singh N, Carbuto M, Elander J et al (2012) Dose-related modulation of event-related potentials to novel and target stimuli by intravenous Delta(9)-THC in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1632–1646

44. Polich J (2007) Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2128–2148

45. Marco-Pallares J, Nager W, Kramer UM, Cunillera T, Camara E, Cucurell D, Schule R, Schols L et al (2010) Neurophysiological markers of novelty processing are modulated by COMT and DRD4 genotypes. Neuroimage 53:962–969

46. Rentzsch J, Penzhorn A, Kernbichler K, Plockl D, Gomez-Carrillo DC, Gallinat J, Jockers-Scherübl DC (2007) Differential impact of heavy cannabis use on sensory gating in schizophrenic patients and otherwise healthy controls. Exp Neurol 205:241–249

47. Barkus E, Lewis S (2008) Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample. Psychol Med 38:1267–1276

48. Merz J, Lehrl S, Galster V, Erzigkeit H (1975) The multiple selection vocabulary test (MSVT-B)–an accelerated intelligence test. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 27:423–428

49. Dragovic M (2004) Categorization and validation of handedness using latent class analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 16:212–218

50. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):22–23

51. Pope HG Jr, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd D (2001) Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:909–915

52. Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li CT, Terry GE, Zoghbi SS, Morse C, Pike VW, Volkow ND et al (2012) Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry 17:642–649

53. Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O’Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ (2010) International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry 167:686–693

54. Kröber HL (1998) Psychiatrische Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit. Rechtsmedizin 8:41–46

55. Fabiani M, Kazmerski VA, Cycowicz YM, Friedman D (1996) Naming norms for brief environmental sounds: effects of age and dementia. Psychophysiology 33:462–475

56. Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1999) International affective digitized sounds (IADS): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. B-2). The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, Florida

57. Jung TP, Makeig S, Humphries C, Lee TW, McKeown MJ, Iragui V, Sejnowski TJ (2000) Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology 37:163–178

58. McMenamin BW, Shackman AJ, Greischar LL, Davidson RJ (2011) Electromyogenic artifacts and electroencephalographic inferences revisited. Neuroimage 54:4–9

59. Onton J, Westerfield M, Townsend J, Makeig S (2006) Imaging human EEG dynamics using independent component analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:808–822

60. Debener S, Makeig S, Delorme A, Engel AK (2005) What is novel in the novelty oddball paradigm? Functional significance of the novelty P3 event-related potential as revealed by independent component analysis. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 22:309–321

61. Jockers-Scherübl MC, Wolf T, Radzei N, Schlattmann P, Rentzsch J, Gomez-Carrillo DC, Kuhl KP (2007) Cannabis induces different cognitive changes in schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1054–1063

62. Ford JM (1999) Schizophrenia: the broken P300 and beyond. Psychophysiology 36:667–682

63. Polich J (2012) Neuropsychology of P300. In: Kappenman ES, Luck SJ (eds) The oxford handbook of event-related potential components, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, USA, pp 159–188

64. Chang L, Yakupov R, Cloak C, Ernst T (2006) Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain 129:1096–1112

65. Harrison GP Jr, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd D (2002) Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users. J Clin Pharmacol 42:41S–47S

66. Solowij N (1998) Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge University Press, USA

67. Polich J, Criado JR (2006) Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b. Int J Psychophysiol 60:172–185

68. Knight R (1996) Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature 383:256–259

69. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, de Costa BR, Rice KC (1990) Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1932–1936

70. Katona I, Sperlagh B, Sik A, Kafalvi A, Vizi ES, Mackie K, Freund TF (1999) Presynaptically located CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate GABA release from axon terminals of specific hippocampal interneurons. J Neurosci 19:4544–4558

71. Guidotti A, Auta J, Davis JM, Dong E, Grayson DR, Veldic M, Zhang X, Costa E (2005) GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180:191–205

72. Heckers S, Stone D, Walsh J, Shick J, Koul P, Benes FM (2002) Differential hippocampal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 messenger RNA in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:521–529

73. Volk DW, Austin MC, Pierri JN, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2000) Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:237–245

74. Meijer JH, Dekker N, Koeter MW, Quee PJ, van Beveren NJ, Meijer CJ (2012) Cannabis and cognitive performance in psychosis: a cross-sectional study in patients with non-affective psychotic illness and their unaffected siblings. Psychol Med 42:705–716

75. Scholes-Balog KE, Martin-Iverson MT (2011) Cannabis use and sensorimotor gating in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Hum Psychopharmacol 26:373–385

76. Pesa N, Hermens DF, Battisti RA, Kaur M, Hickie IB, Solowij N (2012) Delayed preattentional functioning in early psychosis patients with cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 222:507–518

77. Fishbein M, Gov S, Assaf F, Gafni M, Keren O, Sarne Y (2012) Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Exp Brain Res 221:437–448

78. Sarne Y, Asaf F, Fishbein M, Gafni M, Keren O (2011) The dual neuroprotective-neurotoxic profile of cannabinoid drugs. Br J Pharmacol 163:1391–1401

79. Spano MS, Fadda P, Frau R, Fattore L, Fratta W (2010) Cannabinoid self-administration attenuates PCP-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:25–36

80. Seillier A, Advani T, Cassano T, Hensler JG, Giuffrida A (2010) Inhibition of fatty-acid amide hydrolase and CB1 receptor antagonism differentially affect behavioural responses in normal and PCP-treated rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13:373–386

81. Cheetham A, Allen NB, Whittle S, Simmons JG, Yucel M, Lubman DI (2012) Orbitofrontal volumes in early adolescence predict initiation of cannabis use: a 4-year longitudinal and prospective study. Biol Psychiatry 71:684–692

82. Verweij KJ, Zietsch BP, Lynskey MT, Medland SE, Neale MC, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Vink JM (2010) Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta-analysis of twin studies. Addiction 105:417–430

83. Vink JM, Wolters LM, Neale MC, Boomsma DI (2010) Heritability of cannabis initiation in Dutch adult twins. Addict Behav 35:172–174

84. Chen CY, Storr CL, Anthony JC (2005) Influences of parenting practices on the risk of having a chance to try cannabis. Pediatrics 115:1631–1639

85. Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Bor W, O’Callaghan MJ, Williams GM (2009) Multiple risk factor model predicting cannabis use and use disorders: a longitudinal study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 35:399–407

86. Storr CL, Wagner FA, Chen CY, Anthony JC (2011) Childhood predictors of first chance to use and use of cannabis by young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 117:7–15

87. Schiffman J, Nakamura B, Earleywine M, LaBrie J (2005) Symptoms of schizotypy precede cannabis use. Psychiatry Res 134:37–42