The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), he argued that race, culture, and language were independent variables, not correlated in any particular way; and, second, that the claims Anglo-Saxons made to cultural superiority were not scientifically grounded.

The figure who was probably most responsible for undermining scientific racism in intellectual circles was the anthropologist Franz Boas , who came to the United States from Germany in 1887. As a German Jew, Boas understood, from the time he was a young man, that professional opportunities were not available to him in Germany. Boas's face bore the visible scars of duels he had fought with anti-Semitic students when he was a young man. He came to the United States with an acute consciousness of how anti-Semitism and racism generally had informed and deformed the emerging social sciences. Once here he wrote not only as a social-scientific expert and as a founder of American anthropology but as a generalist addressing a wide audience of Americans. Virtually everything he wrote during his career was devoted to expounding the view that race and culture are separate entities and that racial identity does not carry with it any particular set of cultural or intellectual characteristics. In his most important early book,(1911), he argued that race, culture, and language were independent variables, not correlated in any particular way; and, second, that the claims Anglo-Saxons made to cultural superiority were not scientifically grounded.

Boas contributed in many different venues to the rise of a cosmopolitan worldview, one in which intellectuals and other educated Americans aspired to a new culture that would combine the best features of other cultures existing in the world. He nurtured a skepticism about received cultural categories, and that inspired not only those people who were interested in dismantling scientific racism as a doctrine but also a younger generation of women anthropologists who as feminists were interested in dismantling the Victorian gender system.



Boas's work as a scholar, an anthropologist, and a public figure influenced the ideas of two younger intellectuals, Horace Kallen and Randolph Bourne, who came of age in the second decade of the twentieth century. The positions that Kallen and Bourne articulated about the consequences of ethnic diversity for American national identity are still with us today and still inform debates about American multiculturalism and national culture.



