BRASÍLIA—A Senate committee voted 14-5 on Thursday to recommend a conviction in suspended President Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment trial and that she then be permanently ousted.

The case now goes to the full Senate, which over the coming weeks will hold its own hearings and Ms. Rousseff will have a chance to defend herself in person. She is accused of using illegal accounting maneuvers to mask a widening budget gap, something she denies.

Ms. Rousseff was temporarily removed from office in May when the Senate agreed to open a trial, after the initial phase of the process in the lower chamber. She was replaced by her former ally-turned-foe, Vice President Michel Temer.

The case against Ms. Rousseff has broadened the divisions in Brazil’s politics, as a once-popular president fell from grace while the country grappled with a deep recession, a sprawling corruption scandal and a dysfunctional political system.

Ms. Rousseff “will be ousted because of the very serious crimes she committed,” said Sen. Cássio Cunha Lima, from the Brazilian Social-Democracy Party, a rival to Ms. Rousseff’s Workers’ Party.