One of the leading smugglers at the main departure point for Mediterranean migrant crossings in Libya has scoffed at plans to launch a military campaign against people traffickers, and recommended that the EU provide more support for his marginalised ethnic minority instead.

The smuggling kingpin, who organises about 60% of the boat trips from Zuwara, according to claims by his associates, questioned how European navies would be able to break the sprawling spider’s web of smuggling networks that span several countries in north Africa.

The 33-year-old law graduate, who asked to be known simply as “Hajj” – an honorific generally used by people who have completed the pilgrimage to Mecca – said the EU would be better off investing in local infrastructure for the long-marginalised Amazigh minority, the Berber tribe whose members run the smuggling networks in Zuwara.

Despite the apparent risks to his livelihood, Hajj also advised the EU to combat his business by directly investing in Zuwara’s underfunded local coastguard, creating stability in Libya and doing more to deplete the dwindling stocks of fishing boats used by smugglers to take refugees to Italian waters.

“What are they going to do, put two frigates here? Two warships? In Libyan waters? That’s an invasion,” Hajj said in a late-night interview with the Guardian, in the hours following the EU’s decision to initiate a naval operation against smugglers.

Lying on the floor of a friend’s house, eating two snapper fish in the company of a local haulier, trader and musician, Hajj - who claims to have successfully sent 1,000 people to Italy last week - did not appear worried by the EU’s threats to end his trade.

“They’re just lying,” he said. “They’re liars. And it’s not the first time. Last year the same thing happened when these tragedies occurred. Human rights people came out and started talking, and politicians met and said they’d take action. But nothing happened. It’ll be the same thing.”

Rather than pursuing vague military options, Hajj suggested providing more support for the Amazigh, an indigenous ethnic group that settled on the Libyan coast long before the arrival of the Arabs who would later form the country’s majority. The Amazigh were heavily oppressed under Muammar Gaddafi and relied on smuggling profits because of a lack of economic alternatives.

Hajj said he himself was a prime example. “I went to college, I graduated with a law degree, but I had no job,” he said. “And when you don’t have a job, and someone says ‘can you get a boat for me?’, and it comes with a $22,000 [£14,800] profit, it’s a good opportunity.”



Following Gaddafi’s fall, Hajj said residents in Zuwara initially suspended most smuggling operations while they waited to see if the EU and the new Libya would give greater recognition to the Amazigh.

Sipping on mint tea, Hajj said: “After the revolution we wanted to return the favour to the EU because they stood with us against the tyrant, and to show that it could stop. But I reinitiated my project because I found out the EU was just taking us Amazighs for a ride.

“It was apparent there was nothing for human rights. The Libyan government is not standing beside us, and the EU is not helping us either. If you’re not protecting me, I will not protect you. I’ll put pressure on you.”

Hajj admitted that greater help for the Amazigh would not convince all smugglers in Zuwara, or in the several non-Amazigh hubs such as Garabulli, from where a boat that sank on Sunday, with 800 believed dead, departed. He said, however, that he would down tools because the Amazigh cause was of more personal importance to him than the smuggling trade.

“There are smugglers who work for the pleasure of making money, even in Zuwara,” said Hajj. “But there are others like me who work for the pleasure of putting pressure on you [Europeans]. I am the guard protecting your outer gate. If you get rid of your outer gate, then anyone can get in.”

Aid agencies estimate that more than 20,000 migrants have reached the Italian coast this year and 1,600 have died. Overnight on Monday Italian police arrested two suspected people traffickers among the survivors of the migrant boat that capsized on Sunday, as the UN confirmed it believes at least 800 people died in the sinking.

Prosecutors said they had detained 27-year-old Tunisian Mohammed Ali Malek, believed to be the captain of the vessel, and Syrian national Mahmud Bikhit, 25. The two were charged on Tuesday with people trafficking and the captain was also charged with reckless multiple homicide in relation to the sinking.

Several Zuwarans agreed with Hajj that the strength of Libya’s smuggling trade is linked to the Amazigh struggle. “If the constitution recognised the Amazigh culture, then the smuggling would be reduced considerably,” said Hafed Fteis, an expert in the Amazigh’s once-banned language, Tamazight. “At the moment [Amazighs] do not respect the laws that are brought to us. If they don’t recognise us, we feel that we should not recognise them.”



A girl waves an Amazigh flag at a rally in Tripoli in September 2011. Photograph: Rex Features/KeystoneUSA-ZUMA

Hajj also suggested several more effective ways of tackling Libya’s smuggling industry. Surprisingly, the first involved giving local coastguards better tools to combat his business. In the nearby port, the few coastguards on duty agreed.

An officer who gave his name only as Mostafa, said his colleagues had not been paid in months and that the port only had one functioning coastguard vessel – an inflatable no bigger than some smuggling boats. Another is broken-down and a third has not been returned from repairs in Tunis, because Libyan officials have not paid the Tunisian technicians.

Mostafa said: “The EU, if it really wants to stop smuggling from Zuwara, they need to bring us the tools to this office.” He said millions had been lost by giving money to the central government in Tripoli, which had never reached Zuwara. “We need serious tools, boats, proper patrols, a committee to train us. Don’t give the aid to Tripoli. Give it to us in Zuwara.”

Migrants in Sicily speak of the hardships they face both at sea and after reaching Europe Guardian

Hajj also called for the EU to step up attempts to end the civil war in Libya, which would in turn make the country a destination for migrants, rather than a place of transit to Europe. He advised Italian coastguards to destroy the secondhand shipping vessels that are used to ferry migrants towards Italy, rather than leaving them to drift empty on the high seas.



“This is something that puzzles me,” said Hajj. “When the migrants go out to sea, and the Italian coastguards rescue them, why do they leave the boats intact? That helps us, because all we have to do is go out to sea and tow it back to shore.” There are instances where the same boat has been used four times in four separate migrant missions.

This would be a particularly fruitful means of combatting people smuggling, Hajj said, because there is currently a shortage of fishing vessels in Libya. Usually smugglers buy second-hand boats for around £20,000, but the shortage has forced smugglers to turn to ship owners, who usually try to avoid the trade and will only sell their boats for the inflated price of around £40,000.

The shortfall in fishing boats has also raised the price of Libyan fish because there is a “lack of fishing boats going out to sea to fish. They’re all being used by smugglers”, says Hajj.

Asked why he was giving away the secrets of his trade, Hajj replied: “Obviously this will affect me. But I’m doing [smuggling] out of anger at the EU, after I found out that the EU had peddled with the Amazigh identity and its governments didn’t assist our culture.”

Additional reporting by Yaseen Kanuni