We can deduce the answer from Betteridge’s law of headlines: No

But it’s a bit more subtle than that.

This is a follow-up to my prior post: C++ Modules might be Dead-on-Arrival

Some Background

My last post had quite a sensational title, but it was neither an accident nor a lie: I wanted to draw as much attention as I could, and I really do fear for C++ Modules.

First and foremost, let me get this out of the way: I do not want C++ modules to fail. I do not know of anyone who wishes for them to crash and burn. I do know people with serious concerns about modules. The purpose of these posts is not to shoot down the modules work, but to make our skeptical voices heard.

I cannot take sole credit for my prior DOA post. It’s composition was a collaborative effort and written in the span of only a few hours after several SG15 participants felt a renewed panic about modules.

In particular, I’d like to shout out Isabella Muerte, Corentin Jabot, and Rene Rivera for giving me continual feedback, proof-readings, and corrections. Not only were they instrumental in formulating the post, they are the people who made me privy to the Modules concerns circulating SG15. They, Ben Craig, Mathias Stearn, Peter Bindels, and many others that I haven’t mentioned should be credited for leading the charge in SG15. All I did was get lucky and formulate their concerns in a way that resonated with people. In fact, several of the points I touched on were blogged about by Isabella back in October of 2017! Other issues (especially ABI concerns that I didn’t even mention in the prior post) were discussed by Corentin in October of 2018.

The only newly mentioned work in my prior post was Rene’s investigation on the performance of modules. I wasn’t even involved in this: I am just an observer.

So what are my contributions to the Modules discussion? On a technical level: virtually nil. All I could do was hope to spread awareness about technical issues that I perceived as potentially fatal to the Modules design. Why did my post get so much attention where Corentin and Isabella saw lukewarm reception? I don’t know. Maybe it was timing. Maybe it was the provoking title. Maybe it was blind luck.

Bottom line is: I wrote the post not because I hate Modules, but because I want to see Modules succeed! The post was to spread awareness and hopefully urge others to action.

And it worked!

The post was published on January 27th and, within hours, Bryce Lelbach had swooped into the middle of the action and began polling for times for an SG15 teleconference. On January 31st, at 11AM PST, dozens of concerned parties joined the first official SG15 teleconference.

I joined the meeting as a passive listener. I had nothing to bring that others hadn’t already begun spearheading prior to my involvement.

In addition to the regulars that I had been talking to for months, we saw participation from many new parties. Much of the first teleconference was spent getting everyone up-to-speed.

The State of the Union Modules

Just a few days ago, the ISO WG21 Kona meeting concluded. I, unfortunately, was not in attendance. I stayed back home with the rest of the peasants community, biting my nails co_await ing what would become of C++ Modules.

As someone not in attendance, I may not be the best authority to discuss the results. I don’t know all that happened in the meetings: I only know what the end results were and have discussed them at length with people that were actually present. Nevertheless, I felt it my obligation to follow up on my prior post to make clear where we stand with regards to C++ Modules. I’ve collected a reasonable amount of information such that I feel that can now make a well-informed post on the subject.

The headliners of Kona were clear: Coroutines and Modules. Both have been approved for the IS (International Standard), and we will almost certainly see them in C++20.

So what tweaks were made to Modules before merging them? As far as I have been able to ascertain: Almost nothing.

Am I happy about this? No. Am I upset? No. Am I worried? A little. Am I hopeful? Yes.

Corentin wrote about Modules in his Kona trip report.. I encourage all to read it.

So why am I be worried but not upset? Why am I hopeful? Well, there was another big change done at Kona for which I am very excited and pleased:

SG15 will be creating the C++ Ecosystem Technical Report.

The Technical Report

So what is a “technical report” anyway? It may sound familiar: This document type was used to introduce, experiment with, and standardize much of the C++11 library additions prior to their official inclusion in the IS.

After C++11, Technical Report documents were replaced with Technical Specifications for proposed features, and have been used to experiment with many library and language proposals: Filesystem TS, Coroutines TS, Network TS, Modules TS, etc.

So what is the intent of the Ecosystem TR? Unlike a TS, it is not destined or intended to be merged into the IS. This gives additional flexibility to all parties involved. Revisions to the TR can be performed and published on a much shorter timescale than the main IS.

Importantly, the Ecosystem TR will be a normative document rather than a jumble of “good ideas” that someone throws up on GitHub Pages. Build systems, tools, and C++ implementations may opt-in to meet the requirements outlined in the Ecosystem TR to claim additional compliance to a formal standard beyond the requirements outlined in the IS.

So why might we want a TR over changes to the IS? In addition to moving faster, we are not constrained by the IS scope, and implementers are not required to follow it. This may sound like it defeats the purpose of a standard, but it gives lenience to parties whose implementations might not be able to meet the requirements of the TR while they can also to implement the IS.

The Scope of the Technical Report

I’m particular happy with going down the TR road as it allows SG15 more legroom to work. Language like:

If the platform supports <ABC> , then do <XYZ> else <UVW>

or:

Implement one of <Q> , <R> , or <S>

will not fly in the international standard, but is fair game for the TR (within reason: The TR must still be approved by formal vote).

So what aspects will be addressed by the TR? Well, potentially anything that SG15 would like to include (and the governing body is willing to approve). Most likely it will encompass various concepts related to tooling around the language.

The C++ tooling ecosystem has been ignored by the IS for decades (for better or worse), which has resulted in the proliferation of dozens of incompatible tools and informal community conventions. With the TR, we will be able to address things that have been deemed “out-of-scope” for the IS such as the filesystem, shared libraries, build systems, package managers, and binary distribution. Large projects like my libman, smaller aspects like Isabella Muerte’s Module Partition Lookup, or Corentin’s desire for filesystem-oriented module mapping can all be included. All three of these projects might be deemed beyond the scope of the IS since they specifically discuss filesystem layouts and directory structures.

SG15 will not be going too far down the rabbit hole of TR possibilities before C++20 is finalized. In the TR presentation given at Kona, the following points were called out as candidates for inclusion in the TR before/with C++20:

Module name <-> Module header unit name mapping

Module name <-> BMI mapping

Module naming

Guidelines for BMI implementations strategies

Guidelines (maybe format) for shipping modularized closed source libraries

Guidelines for linux distributions (maybe)

Guidelines/format for handling legacy header units

Guidelines for using modules: ABI concerns/hashing Not authoring modules for 3rd party code



The TR and Modules

There have been several proposed fixes and tweaks to C++ Modules that would address many of the concerns SG15 has raised. Two things make the proposals prime candidates for inclusion in the ecosystem TR:

The work addresses aspects of the platform beyond the “abstract machine,” which often makes things “out-of-scope” for the language and library standard. None of the proposals create fundamental changes to the C++ language.

Point #2 is the real kicker here: Proposals to “fix” Modules for tooling have rarely focused on changing the C++ language itself. Instead, they focus on specifying what is implementation defined behavior in the language standard.

For example, import foo.bar; causes the foo.bar module to be loaded, but there are absolutely zero guarantees or restrictions in the IS on how that import is resolved. The Ecosystem TR can specify exactly how that import is resolved. An implementation conforming to the TR will perform as specified by the TR, but an implementation can still implement C++ and provide some other method of looking up the module.

Imagine meow.cpp :

module ; import animals ; export module dog ;

We have module dog defined in meow.cpp ! That’s crazy, but completely allowed by the IS! The TR can’t declare the code itself broken, but can request that implementations and tools not support such use cases.

Why Worry?

I said that I’m still somewhat worried about Modules. With an Ecosystem TR, we have a good chance of formalizing the tweaks and restrictions we’d like to see for the most common C++ Modules implementations. As I mentioned, the TR is normative, but not mandatory for C++ conformance. Its up to tools, compilers, linkers, build systems, operating systems, and even C++ users to play ball and honor the TR within the constraints of their platform.

Given the aforementioned spread of mutually incompatible tools and conventions, I can’t say I’m certain people will concede to the TR document. We’ll have to wait and see.

Nevertheless, (I am told that) the proposal for the TR was very well received by parties present in the Kona meetings, including implementers of tools and compilers alike.

I have hope. I have worry. A bit of both.

I believe the Ecosystem TR is one of the biggest developments in years for C++. I believe it could be at least as significant as the merging of Coroutines and Modules, as long as SG15 is able to produce good work and the community participates.

What Else?

In my prior post I also expressed my concern (and a concern shared by many) about the effectiveness of SG15. I’m happy to say that we will now be seeing regular SG15 meetings via teleconference! I also fear for Bryce Lelbach, who is now acting as SG15 chair. All that work can’t be good for one’s mental health!

So: are C++ Modules dead?