One of the new features in bash 4.0 is the coproc statement. The coproc statement allows you to create a co-process that is connected to the invoking shell via two pipes: one to send input to the co-process and one to get output from the co-process.

The first use that I found for this I discovered while trying to do logging and using exec redirections. The goal was to allow you to optionally start writing all of a script's output to a log file once the script had already begun (e.g. due to a --log command line option).

The main problem with logging output after the script has already started is that the script may have been invoked with the output already redirected (to a file or to a pipe). If we change where the output goes when the output has already been redirected then we will not be executing the command as intended by the user.

The previous attempt ended up using named pipes:

#!/bin/bash echo hello if test -t 1; then # Stdout is a terminal. exec >log else # Stdout is not a terminal. npipe = /tmp/ $$ .tmp trap "rm -f $npipe" EXIT mknod $npipe p tee < $npipe log & exec 1>&- exec 1> $npipe fi echo goodbye

From the previous article:

Here, if the script's stdout is not connected to the terminal, we create a named pipe (a pipe that exists in the file-system) using mknod and setup a trap to delete it on exit. Then we start tee in the background reading from the named pipe and writing to the log file. Remember that tee is also writing anything that it reads on its stdin to its stdout. Also remember that tee's stdout is also the same as the script's stdout (our main script, the one that invokes tee) so the output from tee's stdout is going to go wherever our stdout is currently going (i.e. to the user's redirection or pipeline that was specified on the command line). So at this point we have tee's output going where it needs to go: into the redirection/pipeline specified by the user.

We can do the same thing using a co-process:

echo hello if test -t 1; then # Stdout is a terminal. exec >log else # Stdout is not a terminal. exec 7>&1 coproc tee log 1>&7 #echo Stdout of coproc: ${COPROC[0]} >&2 #echo Stdin of coproc: ${COPROC[1]} >&2 #ls -la /proc/$$/fd exec 7>&- exec 7>& ${ COPROC [1] } - exec 1>&7- eval "exec ${COPROC[0]}>&-" #ls -la /proc/$$/fd fi echo goodbye echo error >&2

In the case that our standard output is going to the terminal then we just use exec to redirect our output to the desired log file, as before. If our output is not going to the terminal then we use coproc to run tee as a co-process and redirect our output to tee's input and redirect tee's output to where our output was originally going.

Running tee using the coproc statement is essentially the same as running tee in the background (e.g. tee log & ), the main difference is that bash runs tee with both its input and output connected to pipes. Bash puts the file descriptors for those pipes into an array named COPROC (by default):

COPROC[0] is the file descriptor for a pipe that is connected to the standard output of the co-process

is the file descriptor for a pipe that is connected to the standard output of the co-process COPROC[1] is connected to the standard input of the co-process.

Note that these pipes are created before any redirections are done in the command.

Focusing on the part where the original script's output is not connected to the terminal. The following line duplicates our standard output on file descriptor 7.

exec 7>&1

Then we start tee with its output redirected to file descriptor 7.

coproc tee log 1>&7

So tee will now write whatever it reads on its standard input to the file named log and to file descriptor 7, which is our original standard out.

Now we close file descriptor 7 with (remember that tee still has the "file" that's open on 7 opened as its standard output) with:

exec 7>&-

Since we've closed 7 we can reuse it, so we move the pipe that's connected to tee's input to 7 with:

exec 7>& ${ COPROC [1] } -

Then we move our standard output to the pipe that's connected to tee's standard input (our file descriptor 7) via:

exec 1>&7-

And finally, we close the pipe connected to tee's output, since we don't have any need for it, with:

eval "exec ${COPROC[0]}>&-"

The eval here is required here because otherwise bash thinks the value of ${COPROC[0]} is a command name. On the other hand, it's not required in the statement above ( exec 7>&${COPROC[1]}- ), because in that one bash can recognize that "7" is the start of a file descriptor action and not a command.

Also note the commented command:

#ls -la /proc/$$/fd

This is useful for seeing the files that are open by the current process.

We now have achieved the desired effect: our standard output is going into tee. Tee is "logging" it to our log file and writing it to the pipe or file that our output was originally going to.

As of yet I haven't come up with any other uses for co-processes, at least ones that aren't contrived. See the bash man page for more about co-processes.