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Photographer: George Ourfalian/AFP via Getty Images Photographer: George Ourfalian/AFP via Getty Images

It’s only been a month since Russian President Vladimir Putin made a flying visit to Syria to declare victory in the civil war he helped turn around. Winning the peace -- or even preserving it -- already looks like a huge challenge.

Like almost everything that happens in Syria now, Turkey’s unfolding attack on Kurdish militias just south of its border is Putin’s problem. Russia’s army helped Syrian President Bashar al-Assad wrest back control of much of his country. Phase two of the plan was to shift the contest from military to diplomatic ground, and legitimize Assad’s rule. Those efforts are in trouble.

Western-backed opposition groups are hostile to peace talks hosted by Russia. So Putin’s Syrian congress in the Black Sea resort of Sochi next week, trumpeted as the moment when the country’s main factions would take a stride toward settling its future, could turn into an assembly of Assad allies talking among themselves.

Inside Syria, Russian soldiers have faced risks all along -- but this month brought a new one when a swarm of satellite-guided drones attacked its air and naval bases. The raid was foiled and its perpetrators remain a mystery. Russia pointed the finger at the U.S., which denied involvement.

‘Major Escalation’

Most urgent is Turkey’s intervention on Saturday against the Kurdish-held town of Afrin in northwest Syria, which threatens to open a new front in a conflict Russia is trying to end. It was a diplomatic coup for Putin last year when Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan signed up to his plan to stabilize Syria. Russia sees the Syrian Kurds, who control large territories near the Turkish border, as a potential ally and key part of any settlement. Erdogan sees them as a terrorist menace -- one he’s vowed to destroy.

“The Turks are making things a lot more difficult,” said Irina Zvyagelskaya, a Middle East expert at the state-funded Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow. “It’s already very tough, as we try to push forward the peace process, when Assad is being unconstructive and the opposition groups are refusing to take part. If there’s also a major military escalation, we’ll find ourselves in a very serious situation.”

Read More: Putin Is Now Mr. Middle East, a Job No One Ever Succeeds At

In the short-term, Russia may have turned the situation to its advantage.

Turkey began its offensive after Russia pulled out its military observers from the Kurdish-held area. On Monday, the Defense Ministry in Moscow announced that Syrian government forces had encircled 1,500 fighters linked to al-Qaeda in the last major rebel bastion of Idlib, which is under Turkish influence.

Meanwhile, exiled Syrian opposition chief, Nasr al-Hariri, who’s been touring Western capitals, held talks in Moscow on Monday. He told Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov that his umbrella group, which has denounced the Kremlin for trying to block any talk of Assad’s departure, hasn’t yet decided if it will attend the Sochi summit.

When Putin sent troops into Syria in 2015, his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama predicted they’d end up in a quagmire. It didn’t turn out that way: With a relatively limited force, Russia achieved its main goal. Analysts point out that, whatever the difficulties facing Putin now, they’re not on the scale that a much larger American force encountered in Iraq after toppling Saddam Hussein in 2003.

Still, there’s no quick fix in sight. Turkey’s incursion is one reason -- and the U.S. decision to stay in Syria after the defeat of Islamic State is another.

Not Going Home

Officially, there are about 2,000 American troops in Syria, embedded with the Kurdish fighters who control about one-quarter of the country. They’ll be there for the foreseeable future, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said last week, to counter Assad and his Iranian allies as well as the remnants of Islamic State. The U.S. said it will help the Kurds create a 30,000-strong security force.

Turkey angrily condemned those plans, though its current operation is targeting Kurdish areas where there are no American soldiers. Russia accuses the U.S. of seeking to partition Syria instead of helping negotiate a settlement that would include the Kurds.

The American presence is “one of the most destabilizing issues,” said Ayham Kamel, head of Middle East and North Africa research at Eurasia Group. “It’s very difficult to imagine’’ that Assad’s government will accept a U.S.-controlled enclave in the long run, he said, and even if it might, a key Syrian ally probably won’t: “The Iranian regime will push it toward a conflict.’’

Sochi Summit

Russia says the Sochi summit will take place on Jan. 29-30, and that the more than 1,500 invitees represent a majority of opinion inside Syria. Putin’s Syria envoy, Alexander Lavrentiev, told the state-run Sputnik news service that work on a new constitution may get under way.

Russia is right that “the balance of power is shifting away” from the exiled opposition, which is largely based in Turkey and Saudi Arabia, Eurasia Group’s Kamel said. Its armed wing controls practically no territory inside Syria.

But the exiles hold one trump-card as the sole opposition bloc represented at United Nations-sponsored peace talks. Russia has sought to impose an agreement in Sochi, then get an official seal of approval at the UN talks in Geneva, said Maxim Suchkov, an analyst at the Russian government-affiliated Valdai International Discussion Club who edits Al-Monitor’s Russia coverage. The exiles can “torpedo the process.”

The U.S. has made it clear that it views UN talks as the only diplomatic track that counts. “We stand firmly by the Geneva process and expect Russia to fulfill its pledge by bringing Syria to the table,” the State Department said in an e-mailed statement on Monday.

‘Same Conundrum’

Western powers have another lever in their efforts to get rid of Assad. An estimated $300 billion is needed to rebuild the war-shattered country. The U.S. and its allies will “withhold reconstruction aid to regime-held areas” as long as Assad is in power, Acting Assistant Secretary for Near East Affairs David Satterfield told Congress on Jan. 11. There’ll be “no certification of victory, either for Moscow or the regime,” he said.

All this leaves Putin in a difficult spot.

“Russia’s still dealing with the same conundrum and has no idea how to solve it,” said Yury Barmin, senior Middle East analyst at the Russian International Affairs Council, a research group set up by the Kremlin.“No one is saying that the war will end this year and the political settlement will kick in -- it will take years.”

— With assistance by Nick Wadhams

( Updates with Syrian opposition leader in ninth paragraph. )