Alroy , J. 1998 . Cope’s rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals . Science 280 : 731 – 734 .

Alroy , J. 2000 . New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes . Paleobiology 26 : 707 – 733 .

Alroy , J. , Koch , P. L. , and Zachos , J. C. . 2000 . Global climate change and North American mammal evolution . Paleobiology 26 : 259 – 288 .

Ashton , K. G. , Tracy , M. C. , and de Quiroz , A. . 2000 . Is Bergmann’s rule valid for mammals? American Naturalist 156 : 390 – 415 .

Atwater , T. , and Stock , J. . 1998 . Pacific–North America plate tectonics of the Neogene southwestern United States: an update . International Geology Review 40 : 375 – 402 .

Behrensmeyer , A. K. , Kidwell , S. M. , and Gastaldo , R. A. . 2000 . Taphonomy and paleobiology . Paleobiology 26 : 103 – 147 .

Bergmann , C. 1847 . Ueber die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse . Gottinger Studien 3 : 595 – 708 .

Berteaux , D. , Humphries , M. M. , Krebs , C. J. , Lima , M. , McAdam , A. G. , Pettorelli , N. , Réale , D. , Saitoh , T. , Tkadlec , E. , Weladji , R. B. , and Stenseth , N. C. . 2006 . Constraints to projecting the effects of climate change on mammals . Climate Research 32 : 151 – 158 .

Blackburn , T. M. , and Hawkins , B. A. . 2004 . Bergmann’s rule and the mammal fauna of northern North America . Ecography 27 : 715 – 724 .

Bradshaw , W. E. , and Holzapfel , C. M. . 2010 . Light, time, and the physiology of biotic response to rapid climate change in animals . Annual Review of Physiology 72 : 147 – 166 .

Carrasco , M. A. , Kraatz , B. P. , Davis , E. B. , and Barnosky , A. D. . 2005 . Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). , and. Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap

Damuth , J. 1993 . Cope’s rule, the island rule and the scaling of mammalian population density . Nature 365 : 748 – 750 .

Davis , E. B. , and Pyenson , N. D. . 2007 . Diversity biases in terrestrial mammalian assemblages and quantifying the differences between museum collections and published accounts: a case study from the Miocene of Nevada . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 250 : 139 – 149 .

Davis , E. B. , McGuire , J. L. , and Orcutt , J. D. . 2014 . Ecological niche models of glacial refugia show consistent bias . Ecography 37 : 1133 – 1138 .

Erlinge , S. 1987 . Why do European stoats Mustela erminea not follow Bergmann’s rule? Holarctic Ecology 10 : 33 – 39 .

Foote , M. , and Raup , D. M. . 1996 . Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa . Paleobiology 22 : 121 – 140 .

Fraser , D. , Hassall , C. , Gorelick , R. , and Rybczynski , N. . 2014 . Mean annual precipitation explains spatiotemporal patterns of Cenozoic mammal beta diversity and latitudinal diversity gradients in North America . PLoS One 9 : e106499 .

Geist , V. 1987 . Bergmann’s rule is invalid . Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 : 1035 – 11038 .

Gingerich , P. D. 2003 . Mammalian responses to climate change at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary: Polecat Bench record in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming . Geological Society of America Special Paper 369 : 463 – 478 .

Guralnick , R. , and Pearman , P. B. . 2010 . Using species occurrence databases to determine niche dynamics of montane and lowland species since the Last Glacial Maximum . Pp. 125 – 135 in E. M. Spehn and C. Korner, eds. Data mining for global trends in mountain biodiversity . CRC Press , Boca Raton, Fla .

Hollister , E. B. , Englewood , A. S. , Hammett , A. J. M. , Provin , T. L. , Wilkinson , H. H. , and Gentry , T. J. . 2010 . Shifts in microbial community structure along an ecological gradient of hypersaline soils and sediments . ISME Journal 4 : 829 – 838 .

Hopkins , S. S. B. 2007 . Causes of lineage decline in the Aplodontidae: testing for the influence of physical and biological change . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246 : 331 – 353 .

Humboldt , A. , and Bonpland , A. . 1807 . Essay on the Geography of Plants . Schoell , Paris .

Hunt , G. , and Roy , K. . 2006 . Climate change, body size evolution, and Cope’s Rule in deep-sea ostracodes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 : 1347 – 1352 .

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014 . Climate change 2014: synthesis report. IPCC, Geneva.

James , F. C. 1970 . Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate . Ecology 51 : 365 – 390 .

Janis , C. M. 1990 . Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodoids . Pp. 255 – 300 in J. Damuth, and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .

Janis , C. M. , Damuth , J. , and Theodor , J. M. . 2000 . Miocene ungulates and terrestrial primary productivity: where have all the browsers gone? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97 : 7899 – 7904 .

Koch , P. L. 1986 . Clinal geographic variation in mammals: implications for the study of chronoclines . Paleobiology 12 : 269 – 281 .

Korpimäki , E. , and Norrdahl , K. . 1989 . Avian predation on mustelids in Europe 1: occurrence and effects on body size variation and life traits . Oikos 55 : 205 – 215 .

Lillegraven , J. A. 1972 . Ordinal and familial diversity of Cenozoic mammals . Taxon 21 : 261 – 274 .

Liow , L. H. , Fortelius , M. , Bingham , E. , Lintulaakso , K. , Mannila , H. , Flynn , L. , and Stenseth , N. C. . 2008 . Higher origination and extinction rates in larger mammals . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105 : 6097 – 6102 .

Lovegrove , B. G. , and Mowoe , M. O. . 2013 . The evolution of mammal body sizes: responses to Cenozoic climate change in North American mammals . Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26 : 1317 – 1329 .

Lyons , S. K. , and Smith , F. A. . 2013 . Macroecological patterns of body size in mammals across time and space . Pp. 116 – 146 in F. A. Smith, and S. K. Lyons, eds. Body size: linking pattern and process across space, time, and taxonomy . University of Chicago Press , Chicago .

MacFadden , B. J. 1992 . Fossil horses: systematics, paleobiology, and evolution of the Family Equidae . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .

MacFadden , B. J. , Solounias , N. , and Cerling , T. E. . 1999 . Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-old horses from Florida . Science 283 : 824 – 827 .

Mayr , E. 1966 . Animal species and evolution . Harvard University Press , Cambridge .

McNab , B. K. 1970 . On the ecological significance of Bergmann’s rule . Ecology 52 : 845 – 854 .

Meachen , J. A. , and Samuels , J. X. . 2012 . Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109 : 4191 – 4196 .

Meachen , J. A. , Janowicz , A. C. , Avery , J. E. , and Sadleir , R. W. . 2014 a. Ecological changes in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the Ice Age megafaunal extinctions . PLoS ONE 9 : e116041 .

Meachen , J. A. , O’Keefe , F. R. , and Sadleir , R. W. . 2014 b. Evolution in the sabre-tooth cat, Smilodon fatalis, in response to Pleistocene climate change . Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27 : 714 – 723 .

Meiri , S. , and Dayan , T. . 2003 . On the validity of Bergmann’s rule . Journal of Biogeography 30 : 331 – 351 .

Millar , J. S. , and Hickling , G. J. . 1990 . Fasting endurance and the evolution of mammalian body size . Functional Ecology 4 : 5 – 12 .

Orcutt , J. D. , and Hopkins , S. S. B. . 2011 . The canid fauna of the Juntura Formation (Late Clarendonian), Oregon . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 : 700 – 706 .

Orcutt , J. D. , and Hopkins , S. S. B. . 2013 . Oligo-Miocene climate change and mammal body-size evolution in the northwest United States: a test of Bergmann’s Rule . Paleobiology 39 : 648 – 661 .

Prothero , D. R. 2004 . Did impacts, volcanic eruptions, or climate change affect mammalian evolution? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 214 : 283 – 294 .

Retallack , G. J. 2001 . Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling . Journal of Geology 109 : 407 – 426 .

Retallack , G. J. 2007 . Cenozoic paleoclimate on land in North America . Journal of Geology 115 : 271 – 294 .

Rodríguez , M. Á. , Olalla-Tárraga , M. Á. , and Hawkins , B. A. . 2008 . Bergmann’s rule and the geography mammal body size in the Western Hemisphere . Global Ecology and Biogeography 17 : 274 – 283 .

Rose , P. J. , Fox , D. L. , Marcot , J. , and Badgley , C. . 2011 . Flat latitudinal gradient in Paleocene mammal richness suggests decoupling of climate and biodiversity . Geology 39 : 163 – 166 .

Rosenzweig , M. L. 1968 . The strategy of body size in mammalian carnivores . American Midland Naturalist 80 : 299 – 315 .

Saarinen , J. J. , Boyer , A. G. , Brown , J. H. , Costa , D. P. , Ernest , S. K. M. , Evans , A. R. , Fortelius , M. , Gittleman , J. L. , Hamilton , M. J. , Harding , L. E. , Lintulaakso , K. , Lyons , S. K. , Okie , J. G. , Sibly , R. M. , Stevens , P. R. , Theodor , J. , Uhen , M. D. , and Smith , F. A. . 2014 . Patterns of maximum body size evolution in Cenozoic land mammals: eco-evolutionary processes and abiotic forcing . Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281 : 20132049 .

Smith , F. A. , Boyer , A. G. , Brown , J. H. , Costa , D. P. , Dayan , T. , Ernest , S. K. M. , Evans , A. R. , Fortelius , M. , Gittleman , J. L. , Hamilton , M. J. , Harding , L. E. , Lintulaakso , K. , Lyons , S. K. , McCain , C. , Okie , J. G. , Saarinen , J. J. , Sibly , R. M. , Stephens , P. R. , Theodor , J. , and Uhen , M. D. . 2010 . The evolution of maximum body size of terrestrial mammals . Science 330 : 1216 – 1219 .

Smith , K. F. , and Brown , J. H. . 2002 . Patterns of diversity, depth range and body size among pelagic fishes along a gradient of depth . Global Ecology and Biogeography 11 : 313 – 322 .

Tedford , R. H. , Albright , L. B. III , Barnosky , A. D. , Ferrusquia-Villafranca , I. , Hunt , R. M. Jr. , Storer , J. E. , Swisher , C. C. III , Voorhies , M. R. , Webb , S. D. , and Whistler , D. P. . 2004 . Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphillian interval (late Oligocene through early Pliocene Epochs) . Pp. 169 – 231 in M. O. Woodburne, ed. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America . Columbia University Press , New York .

Tedford , R. H. , Wang , X. , and Taylor , B. E. . 2009 . Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325 : 1 – 218 .

Thurber , J. M. , and Peterson , R. O. . 1991 . Changes in body size associated with range expansion in the coyote (Canis latrans) . Journal of Mammalogy 72 : 750 – 755 .

Van Valkenburgh , B. 1988 . Diversity of past and present guilds of large predatory mammals . Paleobiology 14 : 155 – 173 .

Van Valkenburgh , B. 1990 . Skeletal and dental predictors of body mass in carnivores . Pp. 181 – 205 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .

Vrba , E. S. , and DeGusta , D. . 2004 . Do species populations really start small? New perspectives from the Late Neogene fossil record of African mammals . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359 : 285 – 293 .

Wang , X. 1994 . Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221 : 1 – 207 .

Wang , X. , Tedford , R. H. , and Taylor , B. E. . 1999 . Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243 : 1 – 391 .

Watt , C. , Mitchell , S. , and Salewski , V. . 2010 . Bergmann’s rule; a concept cluster? Oikos 119 : 89 – 100 .

Yang , J. , Spicer , R. A. , Spicer , T. E. V. , and Li , C. . 2011 . “CLAMP Online”: a new Web-based tool and its application to the terrestrial Paleocene and Neogene of North America . Paleobiology and Paleoenvironment 91 : 163 – 183 .