Terms

Muddling in English

In Beoǧǧan

Tro

PST Past (tense)

action occurred before moment of speech . PERF Perfect (aspect/tense)

have verb-ed = kraig,

ABIL Abilitative (mood)

expresses ability phot-et,

do- 1S First person singular (person)

speaker, signer, etc.; I . AV Agent trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers Nom-Acc oth

but ä

NEG Negative (polarity)

not phot-et.

do- 1S First person singular (person)

speaker, signer, etc.; I . AV Agent trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers Nom-Acc

Cmauctark,

PERM Permissive (mood)

the action is permitted däx

out dyäcp-ä,

go- 2S Second person singular (person)

addressee (you) . AV Agent trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers Nom-Acc ǧun

if cteithark,

NEC Necessitative mood (mood)

must, have to dyäcp-ä.

go- 2S Second person singular (person)

addressee (you) . AV Agent trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers Nom-Acc

Gfophark,

SUGG Suggestive mood (mood)

suggestion, 'should', 'ought' test-eg

be.clothed- 3P Third person plural (person)

neither speaker nor addressee, they/them . PV Patient trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS kye-pren-era

rule-person- PL Plural (number)

more than one/few . DR Direct (case)

unmarked case, vs oblique or indirect fǧeo-tast-astit

protect-clothing- PL Plural (number)

more than one/few . DAT Dative (case)

indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location maic.

over

Ä

NEG Negative (polarity)

not cteithark,

NEC Necessitative mood (mood)

must, have to ǧa

in dyäcp!

go

Stäw-ark

need- ADJ Adjectival

syntactic brais-es

drink- 2P Second person plural (person)

addressee (plural) . PV Patient trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS wom

well stug.

decide

Paiph-eg

hear- 3P Third person plural (person)

neither speaker nor addressee, they/them . PV Patient trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers ERG-ABS iux

small paiph,

hear tou.

3S Third person singular (person)

neither speaker nor addressee . AN Animate (gender/class)

alive, moving . IDR Indirect (case)

indirect or oblique, vs direct

Dyä

NPST Non-past (tense)

present, continuous and future . PERF Perfect (aspect/tense)

have verb-ed = skiuj

already präp-äd

come- 3S Third person singular (person)

neither speaker nor addressee . AV Agent trigger (voice)

Austronesian alignment; triggers Nom-Acc grauxm,

be.possible ǧeit-an.

here- LOC Locative (case)

'in, on, at' etc





It is more common than not, in non-European languages, to make a distinction between Deontic, or Situational Modality, and Epistemic Modality. Let's take a look at how this plays out in Beoǧǧan...Deontic Modality refers to the ability, permission or obligation of an action. For example, the English sentenceexpresses ones ability to perambulate. Similarly,expresses a degree of obligation, anda stronger degree of obligation.Epistemic Modality on the other hand is used to express degrees of confidence in information.implies a relatively neutral commitment to the voracity of ones statement.implies a very strong degree of expectation or commitment to the utterance.Like (almost?) all European languages, English uses the same vocabulary for both types of modal clause, garnering distinction from context, subtle usage variation, and prosodic features. Take the sentence- simply by shifting the stress fromto, the meaning varies betweentoThis is, however, a relatively rare situation outside of Europe. In other languages, either only some of the terms overlaps, or, as is most common, none of them do.Beoǧǧan follows suit with most natural languages on earth in keeping deontic and epistemic modal constructions distinct. There are four major categories of deontic expression, and three major levels of epistemic. All terms are derived from existing vocabulary - that is to say, they are not special verb endings or auxiliary vocabulary, but terms derived from other words.It is arguable whether or not treating deontic modals separately form other adjectives is even valid in Beoǧǧan. In every way they are the same. However, given the special place for modal phrases in linguistics, it is useful to highlight them separately, at least.The four typical deontic modal types are the abilitative, permissive, suggestive, and necessitative. As is probably clear, all of these adverbs are derived from verbs except. The permissive, suggestive and necessitative are derived from the verbs permit, oblige, and bind respectively, though they are arguably more frequently used as adverbs in modal construction than as verbs unto themselves. In speech, a small cesura is frequently inserted between the modal adverb and the head verb itself, one of the few distinguishing features of modal adjectives. This is marked with a comma in transliteration.The three levels of epistemic modality in Beoǧǧen correspond roughly to English, and. Each of these can be strengthened by the application ofor weakened with. Unlike deontic modal constructions, plain verbs are used for epistemics. The modal verb follows it's head directly. They can be considered to run along a scale from least commitment to statement to most commitment thus;, andYou must be thirstyShe could have heard them...?He may already be here.