LONDON — A day after investigators identified the Russian military as the source of a missile that brought down a civilian airliner over Ukraine four years ago, the Netherlands and Australia, whose citizens made up the vast majority of passengers on the jet, said on Friday that they would hold Moscow to account for bringing down the plane.

The Dutch authorities said in a statement that they had “asked Russia today to enter a dialogue in order to come to a solution that does justice to the enormous suffering and damage caused by the downing of” Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which was traveling to Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam.

The two countries’ demand received support later in the day from the State Department, which called on Russia to cease what it called a “callous disinformation campaign,” but the practical outcome of such diplomacy is unclear at a time of profound strains between Russia and the West.

The disputes cover a broad range of issues, including the poisoning of a former Russian spy in Britain and suspicions that Moscow has sought to manipulate the outcome of Western elections, including President Trump’s victory in 2016.