Members of the Wild Boars elite youth football team have been to hell and back – more than two weeks trapped inside a dark and dank cave network here in the far northern reaches of tropical Thailand.

No sunlight. Rations of food. Air thick with the stench of bats and bereft of healthy levels of oxygen.

Remarkably, the twelve boys – aged between 11 and 16 – and a coach have emerged from the caves with few physical ailments. Two boys are being treated for a lung infection, according to doctors tending to them, with the remainder already on the road to recovery.

Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Show all 21 1 /21 Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Police and military personnel use umbrellas to cover a stretcher near a helicopter and an ambulance at a military airport in Chiang Rai as rescue operations continue for those still trapped inside the cave in Khun Nam Nang Non Forest Park in the Mae Sai district. Four boys among the group of 13 trapped in a flooded Thai cave for more than a fortnight were rescued on July 8 after surviving a treacherous escape, raising hopes elite divers would also save the others soon. AFP/Getty Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Thai rescue team members walk inside the cave Rex Features Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures An ambulance exits from the Tham Luang cave area AFP/Getty Images Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures A military helicopter carrying rescued schoolboys approaches to land at a military airport in Chiang Rai REUTERS Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Rescuers hands locked with a caption reading "We Thai and the international teams join forces to bring the young Wild Boars home" where 12 boys and their soccer coach have been trapped since June 23 in a cave in Mae Sai, Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand. The operation has begun to rescue 12 boys and their soccer coach who will need to dive out of the flooded Thai cave where they have been trapped for more than two weeks, with officials saying Sunday morning that "today is D-Day. AP Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures A Thai policeman stands guard at an entrance of the cave as rescue operations continue for 12 boys and their coach trapped at Tham Luang cave at Khun Nam Nang Non Forest Park in the Mae Sai district of Chiang Rai province on early July 8, 2018. Thai authorities told media on July 8 to leave a camp site near the cave where 12 boys and their coach have been trapped for more than two weeks so that "victims" could be helped, possibly signalling a long-awaited rescue effort to get them out. AFP/Getty Images Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Rescuers are seen drillining ahead of the operation at the Tham Luang cave complex, where 12 boys and their soccer coach are trapped, in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand REUTERS Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Rescuers are seen drillining ahead of the operation at the Tham Luang cave complex, where 12 boys and their soccer coach are trapped, in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand REUTERS Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Ruamkatanyu Foundation rescuers are seen drillining ahead of the operation at the Tham Luang cave complex, where 12 boys and their soccer coach are trapped, in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand REUTERS Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Thai policemen stand guard near a cave where 12 boys and their soccer coach have been trapped since June 23, in Mae Sai, Chiang Rai province, in northern Thailand Sunday, July 8, 2018. Thai authorities are racing to pump out water from the flooded cave before more rains are forecast to hit the northern region. AP Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Journalists clear and prepare to leave the cave area during the 'D-Day' for the ongoing rescue operation for the child soccer team and their assistant coach to exit the cave at Tham Luang cave in Khun Nam Nang Non Forest Park, Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 08 July 2018. The officials' operations are underway to safely bring out the 13 members of the youth soccer team including their assistant coach who have been trapped in Tham Luang cave since 23 June 2018, out of the cave according to former Chiang Rai Governor Narongsak Osottanakorn said. EPA Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Thai family members of missing football players and their coach (R) pass to meet with the officers during rescue operations to save a soccer team at Tham Luang cave in Khun Nam Nang Non Forest Park, Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 03 July 2018. According to Chiang Rai provincial Governor Narongsak Osatanakorn rescuers are taking supplies and food into the cave to sustain the team while there extraction is worked out. EPA Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Rescuer walk out from cave where 12 boys and their soccer coach have been trapped since June 23, in Mae Sai, Chiang Rai province, in northern Thailand Sunday, July 8, 2018. Thai authorities are racing to pump out water from the flooded cave before more rains are forecast to hit the northern region. AP Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Policeman line up on the main road leading to Tham Luang Nang Non cave on July 8, 2018 in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Divers began an effort to pull the 12 boys and their soccer coach on Sunday morning after they were found alive in the cave at northern Thailand. Videos released by the Thai Navy SEAL shows the boys, aged 11 to 16, and their 25-year-old coach are in good health in Tham Luang Nang Non cave and the challenge now will be to extract the party safely. Getty Images Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Rescue workers along the main road leading to Tham Luang Nang Non cave as the first 2 ambulances carrying 2 boys pass by on July 8, 2018 in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Divers began an effort to pull the 12 boys and their soccer coach on Sunday morning after they were found alive in the cave at northern Thailand. Videos released by the Thai Navy SEAL shows the boys, aged 11 to 16, and their 25-year-old coach are in good health in Tham Luang Nang Non cave and the challenge now will be to extract the party safely. Getty Images Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Thai medics and police officers evacuate the first two children with a helicopter after rescued from Tham Luang cave before heading to hospital, at a helicopter pad in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 08 July 2018. Members of a children soccer team and their assistant coach who have been trapped in Tham Luang cave EPA Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures An ambulance transporting the children who have been rescued, arrives at hospital in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 08 July 2018. The first six children have been confirmed to rescue on 08 July 2018 after have been trapped in Tham Luang cave since 23 June 2018. Four members of a children soccer team and their assistant coach who have been trapped in Tham Luang cave since 23 June 2018 have been rescued on 08 July 2018, according to former Chiang Rai Governor Narongsak Osottanakorn said. EPA Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Ambulances transport boys rescued from Tham Luang Nang Non cave to hospital on July 8, 2018 in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Divers began an effort to pull the 12 boys and their soccer coach on Sunday morning after they were found alive in the cave at northern Thailand. Videos released by the Thai Navy SEAL shows the boys, aged 11 to 16, and their 25-year-old coach are in good health in Tham Luang Nang Non cave and the challenge now will be to extract the party safely. Getty Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Medical staff await for the rescued Thai children at Chiang Rai Prachanukroh Hospital in Chiang Rai. The twelve missing Thai children and their adult coach went missing after entering a cave at Tham Luang, in Chian Rai Privince Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Ambulances transporting children after being rescue from Tham Luang cave, arrive Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 08 July 2018. Six children of a child soccer team have been rescued on 08 July 2018 after 12 of them and their assistant coach have been trapped in Tham Luang cave since 23 June 2018. EPA Thailand schoolboys rescue - in pictures Ambulances transporting children after being rescue from Tham Luang cave, arrive Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, 08 July 2018. Six children of a child soccer team have been rescued on 08 July 2018 after 12 of them and their assistant coach have been trapped in Tham Luang cave since 23 June 2018. EPA

As the rescue has unfolded over the past three days, however, experts have warned that mental aspects of the recovery may not be so straightforward, pointing to likely occurrences of post-traumatic stress disorder and flashbacks.

Speaking to The Independent, an academic specialised in the resilience of children said the fact that the boys shared the bond of being part of a team was vital to their recovery.

“The continuity of routines these children had before, using sports and a highly functional group dynamic, can act as an emotional buffer for anxiety and depressive symptoms,” according to Marisa Teixo Cardoso, who travels the world working with children who have suffered extreme trauma.

“An abrupt end to these practices and any isolation from the peer group could exacerbate any mental health issues and is not recommended.”

Thai cave rescue: Trapped football coach apologises to parents

The group dynamic, she said, would have contributed to the wellbeing of those who had to wait in the cave as their teammates were rescued, and could be utilised as a dominant emotional factor in their recovery.

Authorities on the ground in Mae Sai have revealed over the course of the operation that each group of boys had not seen their families until the day after they were rescued – an ordeal that included an hours-long dive through muddy waters and a helicopter ride from this mountainous border town to the provincial capital of Chiang Rai.

It was revealed today that the second group of boys had been visited by Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha in hospital shortly after they were rescued, and by their parents only after 24 hours.

“The presence of the parents is a must,” in the initial stages of recovery, Teixo Cardoso said, adding that those 24 hours apart, on top of more than two weeks of extreme stress, could trigger additional psychological effects on the parents as well as the boys.

The parents were also prevented by authorities from meeting their children at the mouth of the cave, for fears they could become by hysterical. They will also have to wait for seven days as the children are quarantined, potentially watching on through a glass divider at the hospital before they can finally be at their side.