The suspected mastermind of France’s “heist of the century” has gone on trial more than 40 years after robbers tunnelled through sewers to snatch the equivalent of €29m from a bank vault.

The 1976 robbery at a Société Générale branch in the southern city of Nice confounded the police for decades.

Only one person was ever charged with the crime, with most of the gang disappearing. The loot – 46m francs – was never found.

But in 2010 the case took an unexpected twist when a career criminal wrote a book in which he portrayed himself as the heist’s mastermind.



He used a pen name, but investigators quickly concluded the writer was Jacques Cassandri, a key mafia figure in Marseille, where he went on trial on Monday.

He had assumed he was safe because the crime was too old to be prosecuted, but Cassandri is being charged with laundering the millions from the heist – a crime for which France has no statute of limitations.

Worried customers queue outside the Société Générale bank in Nice after the raid in July 1976. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

Police found the manuscript on Cassandri’s computer, and his children later confessed that their father had often bragged about the robbery.

He eventually admitted to orchestrating the intricately planned job that involved at least six people and 30 tanks of acetylene to fuel the welding torches used to cut into safes and safety deposit boxes.

Cassandri said he got only the equivalent of about €2m, which he quickly spent.

But an investigating magistrate was not convinced, saying Cassandri was broke in 1976 but now sits atop an empire that includes several businesses and real estate.

“This book is a novel, and a novel is not a piece of evidence,” one of Cassandri’s lawyers has argued.

Until his book appeared in 2010, police had assumed the Nice heist was the work of Albert Spaggiari, who was arrested a few months afterwards.

The team spent weeks preparing the robbery, using rubber rafts in the sewers to access the spot where they dug their eight-metre (26-foot) tunnel, installing hundreds of metres of electrical cables to provide lights.

Police watch as an acetylene tank is pulled from the sewers of Nice days after the bank was robbed by a gang. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

Racy pictures of women were hung along the walls of the tunnel, which were reinforced with concrete, and police later found remains of meals, wine bottles and packs of cigarettes.

Breaking in on a weekend, they took their time going through nearly 200 safe deposit boxes in the vault as well as the bank’s five-tonne safe.

Cash, jewelry and gold bars were discovered missing when employees finally realised what had happened on Monday morning – the robbers had welded the door to the vault shut.

Inside they left a message on the wall: “Sans arme, sans violence et sans haine” (Without weapons, without violence and without hate).

A report at the time told of hundreds of panicky clients mobbing the bank, desperate to know if their wealth was safe.

Spaggiari escaped a few months after his arrest by jumping out of a window at the Marseille courthouse where an accomplice was waiting on a motorcycle.

He was never caught and eventually died of cancer in 1989.