Results

No studies have reported the prevalence of use of 4,4′‐DMAR. Internet snapshot studies in April and May 2014 showed availability of 4,4′‐DMAR from one and two Internet suppliers respectively. Price decreased with increasing purchase amounts from €12/g for a 1‐g purchase to €2.20/g for a 100‐g purchase in April 2014. Internet discussion fora suggest that the desired and unwanted effects of 4,4′‐DMAR are similar to those seen with other sympathomimetic drugs such as 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine and mephedrone, although the duration of unwanted effects and ‘comedown’ appear to be longer. Unwanted effects were reported at doses of 5–200 mg, which overlaps with the reported doses (10–200 mg) associated with desired effects. 4,4′‐DMAR has been detected, along with other drugs, in 27 deaths in Europe; the contribution of the 4,4′‐DMAR in these deaths has not been established.