Image caption Trees are estimated to provide the equivalent of "at least £133 million" of benefits each year in London, such as cutting air pollution, a study suggests

Planting trees is a cost-effective way to tackle urban air pollution, which is a growing problem for many cities.

A study by US-based The Nature Conservancy (TNC) reported than the average reduction of particulate matter near a tree was between 7% and 24%.

Particulate matter (PM) is microscopic particles that become trapped in the lungs of people breathing polluted air.

PM pollution could claim an estimated 6.2 million lives each year by 2050, the study suggests.

Lead author Rob McDonald said that city trees were already providing a lot of benefits to people living in urban areas.

"The average reduction of particulate matter near a tree is between 7-24%, while the cooling effect is up to 2C (3.6F). There are already tens of millions of people getting those kinds of benefits," he said.

Dr McDonald said the study of the use of trees in 245 cities around the world compared the cost-effectiveness of trees with other methods of cooling and cleaning air.

"On that front, trees are cost competitive with other options," he told BBC News.

"When you change a bus from diesel to gasoline, for example, you reduce particulate matter pollution, and trees are certainly in the same ball park."

However, the TNC report highlighted that most of the cities featured in the study were losing more trees than they were gaining.

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According to the UN World Health Organization (WHO), about 90% of the global population living in cities in 2014 was exposed to particulate matter that exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines.

The UN agency estimates that outdoor air pollution caused three million premature deaths in 2012, with the vast majority occurring in low- to middle-income nations.

The WHO Health Statistics 2016 says air pollution is "caused by inefficient energy production, distribution and use, especially in the industrial, transportation and building sectors, and by poor waste management".

It adds that transport systems based primarily on individual motorised transport can lead to further deterioration in air quality.

As everyone within an urban area breathes the same air, the pollution does not discriminate - both rich and poor are exposed to the dangers. But, it adds, people living near the source or busy roads are more exposed and more affected.

The WHO says that the air quality in many cities is not monitored, making it difficult to get an accurate understanding of the global impact of air pollution.

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Dr McDonald observed: "Trees are by no means a replacement for all the other things cities need to do in order to clean their air but they are part of the suite of tools that cities can draw on.

"We also looked at how much more trees could help if we planted more trees. We found that there was a lot more scope there. All of the cities we looked at, if all the people in them spent an extra US $4 a year on planting trees, you could save between 11,000 and 36,000 lives each year. This is mostly as a result of having cleaner air.

"As well as the avoided mortality, there is even more avoided hospitalisation, and it will benefit tens of millions of folks.

"In this urban century when there are going to be an extra two billion people in cities, smart cities should be thinking about how nature and trees can be part of the solution to keep air healthy."

However, planting trees in an urban setting is not without potential pitfalls. One is regarding the flow of air in heavily polluted streets, particularly ones with large volumes of traffic. Thick canopies can limit the circulation of air, trapping the poor quality air at low levels, where people breath.

Dr McDonald said this was an issue that the report considered.

"Air flow certainly matters," he said. "What we talk about in the report is a planting strategy. For example, on streets where there is a lot of traffic and particulate matter, the advice is to ensure there is enough space between your trees to ensure that you are still getting enough air flow in order to prevent that negative outcome.

"However, on most residential streets, where there is relatively less traffic, we found that the issue of air flow blockage is much less of an issue."

Forgotten landscape

Although trees have long been part of urban life, either by design or consumed by expanding urban areas, they had been sidelined in the second half of the 20th Century.

In a 2014 report, following what was described as the "largest city tree survey of its kind", it was calculated that London's trees provided "at least £133 million of benefits every year in terms of air pollution removal, carbon sequestration and reducing the amount of water going into drains".

One charity that aims to promote the arboriculture additions to urban environments is UK-based Trees for Cities.

Describing its missions, the charity says: "We focus on planting trees where the social and environmental impact on local people is greatest.

"In London this might mean planting trees to clean the air and making our communities healthier places to live, whilst in Addis Ababa it's planting fruit trees for food and sustainable livelihoods."

By raising awareness of the ecosystem services they can play, the TNC report's authors hope that urban trees can become an integral part of cityscapes once again.

"One of our goals outlined in the report is to remind cities that you have the parks or urban forestry department on one side and the health department on the other side. On this issue at least, they need to be talking to each other," Dr McDonald suggested.

"I am really hopeful that if more cities start thinking that way then we will see a rebirth in urban tree planting."

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