I’m kicking off a new series of posts dedicated to some fun and weird aspects of our beloved Ruby programming language. I was torn apart between “Fun Ruby” and “Weird Ruby” for the name of the series, but I’ve opted for the latter for no real reason.

Today we’re going to talk about object-oriented negation, which probably sounds rather weird, right? Let’s start with something familiar. In Ruby negation typically looks like this:

! something . foo not something . bar

Pretty straightforward stuff - you just use one of the negation operators ! or not and you’re in business. But are they really negation operators? Well, not certainly is, but ! is actually a rather ordinary method defined in the not so ordinary BasicObject class.

# Try these expressions in a Ruby REPL like irb or pry. method (: ! ) # => #<Method: main.!> method (: ! ). owner # => BasicObject

BasicObject is at the root of Ruby’s class hierarchy, which means that methods defined in it are available in every Ruby class. Which leads us to the twist - you can actually do negation in Ruby as a regular method call:

something . foo .! # double negation something . bar .!.! ( x == y ) .! ( x == y ) .!.! 10 .!

Admittedly that looks extremely weird, and it’s pretty easy to misread such code as foo! or 10 factorial. I’m certainly not advocating that someone should be writing such code - quite the opposite actually. Still, it’s fun how Ruby’s purely object-oriented nature exposes in a uniform manner functionality that’s usually special in most programming languages. Of course, most operators in Ruby are actually regular methods (e.g. + , - , == , != , etc) and this gives us as programmers the flexibility to redefine them for particular classes. Now let’s abuse this knowledge to make 10.! compute factorial for real:

# Don't do this at home! class Integer def ! ( 1 .. self ). reduce (: * ) end end 5 .! # => 120 ! 5 # => 120

Remember that writing code like this is a bad idea in general, but it’s cool that the option exists.

Note that !something and something.! are completely identical as far as Ruby is concerned. Ruby has some special provisions for unary and binary operator methods that allow for using them with a more human-friendly (math inspired) notation:

something . foo .! ! something . foo 5 . + ( 5 ) 5 + 5 x . = = ( 10 ) x == 10 x . < ( 5 ) x < 5

That’s all I had for you today! I hope it was weird enough, fun and not totally useless! Keep hacking!

Articles in the Series