A European court has been asked to rule on a landmark case which seeks to force watchdogs to audit the personal data Facebook allegedly releases to US spy chiefs.

The high court in Dublin has referred to the court a challenge by an Austrian privacy campaigner on the back of the Prism surveillance operation exposed by the whistleblower Edward Snowden.

Max Schrems's initial attempt to have the social media giant audited over data that its Irish arm allegedly passes on to the US National Security Agency (NSA) was dismissed last year by Ireland's Data Protection Commission.

On Wednesday, Judge Desmond Hogan ordered the privacy challenge – taken in the Irish courts by Schrems's EuropeVFacebook campaign – be referred to the European court of justice.

The judge said evidence suggested that personal data was routinely accessed on a "mass and undifferentiated basis" by the US security authorities.

He said Facebook users should have their privacy respected under the Irish constitution.

"For such interception of communications to be constitutionally valid, it would, accordingly, be necessary to demonstrate that this interception and surveillance of individuals or groups of individuals was objectively justified in the interests of the suppression of crime and national security and, further, that any such interception was attended by the appropriate and verifiable safeguards," the judge said.

Judge Hogan adjourned the case in the Irish courts while European judges look at two questions.

He is asking the court, based in Luxembourg, to examine whether Ireland's data watchdog is bound by what is known as Safe Harbour – a European commission decision from 2000 that US data protection rules are adequate if information is passed by companies to its security agencies on a "self-certify" basis.

Hogan is also asking whether an investigation can be launched in Ireland in light of the Snowden revelations that internet data and communications were being intercepted by the NSA on a global scale.

Examining the background to Schrems's challenge, Hogan said only the naive or credulous could have been surprised by the Snowden expose.

"Only the foolish would deny that the US has, by virtue of its superpower status, either assumed – or, if you prefer, has had cast upon it – far-reaching global security responsibilities," he said.

"It is probably the only world power with a global reach which can effectively monitor the activities of rogue states, advanced terrorist groups and major organised crime, even if the support of allied states such as the UK is also of great assistance.

"The monitoring of global communications – subject, of course, to key safeguards – is accordingly regarded essential if the US is to discharge the mandate which it has assumed.

"These surveillance programmes have undoubtedly saved many lives and have helped to ensure a high level of security, both throughout the western world and elsewhere.

"But there may also be suspicion in some quarters that this type of surveillance has had collateral objects and effects, including the preservation and reinforcing of American global political and economic power."

The case will be mentioned in the high court in two weeks before the issue is sent to the European court.

Schrems is understood to be in Vienna examining the ruling.

• This article was amended on 18 June 2014. It previously stated that the European court of justice was in Strasbourg rather than Luxembourg.