References:

Pollack CV et al. Treatment of acute bronchospasm with beta-adrenergic agonist aerosols delivered by a nasal bilevel positive airway pressure circuit. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26(5): 552-7. PMID: 7486361

Soroksky A et al. A pilot prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bilevel positive airway pressure in acute asthmatic attack. Chest 2003; 123: 1018-25. PMID: 12684289

Lim WJ et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012. PMID: 23235608

Cydulka R et al. The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17(4): 322-6. PMID: 3354935

Grandordy BM et al. The effect of intravenous phenylephrine on airway calibre in asthma. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:624-631. PMID: 7664864

Smith D et al. Intravenous epinephrine in life-threatening asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41(5): 706-711. PMID: 12712039

Putland M et al. Adverse events associated with the use of intravenous epinephrine in emergency department patients presenting with severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47(6): 559-564. PMID:16713785

Levy Z, Slesinger TL. Does intravenous magnesium reduce the need for hospital admission among adult patients with acute asthma exacerbations. Ann Emerg Med 2014. PMID: 25128007

Goodacre S et al. Intravenous or nebulized magnesium sulphate versus standard therapy for severe acute asthma (3Mg trial): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 293-300. PMID: 24731521

Nowak RM, Tokarski GF: Asthma in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 73: p 941-58