Amanita identification often begins with the base of the stem, which means that you will need to dig your specimens out of the ground with a pocket knife. Do this carefully, because some of the potentially important features are fragile and easily destroyed. The shape of the stem base is important. Is there a bulb, or does the stem taper gradually? If there is a bulb, is it dramatic, or less abruptly swollen? Does the stem "radicate," forming a root that extends into the ground? Also important is the disposition of the universal veil, which can vary substantially. Here are illustrations of some of the classic amanita stem bases:



"Muscaria-like" base with

concentric zones of shagginess.

Sack-like volva; base not swollen.

Swollen base with bent-back ("recurved") scales.



Indistinct stem base with

adhering volva fragments.

Sack-like volva, swollen base.

Indistinct base.



"Cleft" or chiseled basal bulb.

Swollen base with collar and rim.

Abrupt bulb with a rim.

Further up the stem, look for a ring; many amanitas have a partial veil that leaves a ring on the stem, but some, like members of the Amanita vaginata species group, do not. Note whether or not the ring is fragile and ephemeral, or sturdy--and whether it develops stains or discolorations. A few amanitas are "rubescent"--the term in Mycologese for mushrooms that blush pink or reddish when bruised, or develop reddish discolorations with age. Amanita rubescens and Amanita novinupta are among the most commonly encountered "blushers." Some species bruise and discolor brown, like Amanita brunnescens, whose chiseled stem base is illustrated above. The color of the cap is of course important, as is the cap margin, which may be lined with prominent striations. The universal veil is often evident on the cap, in the form of warts or patches. Some amanitas have characteristic odors, but you should not attempt to determine the taste of your Amanita specimen; there is no instance in the entire genus where taste is the sole informative character that separates two species, and tasting amanitas is dangerous. Microscopic characters are sometimes required for success in amanita identification, but the necessary microscope work is often centered around simple analysis of spores, rather than more erudite microfeatures that require substantial microscope experience. The shape of the spores is important, as well as their dimensions and their reaction to the iodine in Melzer's reagent: "amyloid" spores have bluish to blackish walls in Melzer's, while "inamyloid" spores do not. Lastly, since the great majority of amanitas are mycorrhizal, be sure to note what trees are growing in the vicinity of your specimens. Occasionally this information can help in the identification process--although it is true that amanitas appear to be a little less picky about their mycorrhizal associates than members of some genera.

Blushing amanitas.

Cap with warts.

Round, amyloid spores

Key to 113 Amanitas in the United States and Canada

1. Stem base featuring a sacklike volva or a substantial flaring extension of volval tissue (be sure to dig up specimens carefully with a pocket knife). 2

1. Stem base without a sacklike volva. 47

2. Stem with a ring. 3

2. Stem without a ring. 24

3. Cap surface (independent of universal veil material) white or whitish overall. 4

3. Cap pigmented (some shade of red, orange, yellow, green, tan, or brown). 14

4. Found on the West Coast, primarily under coast live oak. Amanita ocreata

at MykoWeb

4. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 5

5. Fresh specimens with a strong odor of garlic; southeastern in distribution. Amanita suballiacea

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

5. Fresh specimens without an odor of garlic; variously distributed. 6

6. Growing in sand on beaches or back dunes; known from northern Michigan. Amanita species 01

6. Growing in soil, in woods; variously distributed. 7

7. Ring ample and notably thickened; KOH on cap negative; spores ellipsoid; basidia 4-spored. Amanita magnivelaris

7. Ring thin and fairly fragile; KOH on cap negative or yellow; spores globose or ellipsoid; basidia 2- or 4-spored. 8

8. Mature gills pinkish buff to pinkish or orangish. 9

8. Mature gills white or, when beginning to decay, slightly yellowish. 10

9. Cap margin not lined; spores amyloid; described from North Carolina. Amanita hygroscopica

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

9. Cap margin lined; spores inamyloid; known from southeastern Canada, New Hampshire, and Maine. Amanita ristichii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

10. Cap usually featuring patches of universal veil material; cap margin appendiculate with hanging veil material; ring very fragile, usually only present in young specimens. 11

10. Cap only rarely with patches; cap margin not appendiculate; ring usually persisting to maturity. 12

11. Mature cap 2.5-5 cm across; odor not distinctive; spores 9-13 µ long. Amanita limbatula

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

11. Mature cap 5-12 cm across; odor strong, reminiscent of rotting meat; spores 13-20 µ long. Amanita roanokensis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

12. Spores globose or subglobose; basidia 2-spored, at least in summer; KOH yellow on cap surface. Amanita bisporigera

12. Spores ellipsoid; basidia 4-spored; KOH reaction not recorded (possibly negative). 13

13. Spores 8-12 x 6-8 µ. Amanita elliptosperma

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

13. Spores 9.5-16 x 4-6 µ. Amanita virosiformis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

14. Cap a shade of green when fresh, fading to brownish or bronze; found associated with oaks in California or in eastern North America from Pennsylvania and Virginia to Maine. Amanita phalloides

14. Cap not green; variously distributed. 15

15. Fresh cap tan to brown. 16

15. Cap not brown. 19

16. Found in northern California and the Pacific Northwest. 17

16. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 18

17. Cap brown to gray-brown; stem with a water-soaked appearance; ring fragile and dissolving into the stem with age; spores 10-14 x 6.5-9 µ. Amanita calyptratoides

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

17. Cap, when brown, usually a shade of yellow-brown; stem and ring not as above; spores 9-12 x 6-7 µ. Amanita calyptroderma

18. Cap margin prominently lined about halfway to the center; cap not streaked in appearance; volva fairly tightly attached to stem base. Amanita murrilliana

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

18. Cap margin not lined, or faintly lined for a few mm at maturity; cap streaked in appearance; volva often flaring outwards and lobed. Amanita spreta

19. Fresh cap bright red to bright reddish orange. 20

19. Fresh cap a shade of yellow, brownish orange, or yellowish orange (red shades absent). 21

20. Found east of the Rocky Mountains, or in eastern Texas. Amanita jacksonii

20. Found in western North America. One or more unnamed species similar to Amanita jacksonii

21. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 22

21. Found in western North America. 23

22. Mature cap 4–10 cm across; most spores 9–12 µm long; distributed east of the Great Plains from roughly I-70 northward. Amanita species 04

22. Mature cap 8–15 cm across; most spores 8–10 µm long; distributed east of the Great Plains from roughly I-70 southward. Amanita arkansana

23. Found in fall and winter; cap brownish yellow to bronze-yellow; odor not distinctive. Amanita calyptroderma

23. Found in spring; cap clear yellow to pale yellow; odor often fishy. Amanita vernicoccora

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

24. Found in western North America. 25

24. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 34

25. Cap brown to gray. 26

25. Cap not brown to gray (orange, pale orange, pinkish orange, brassy orange, orangish tan, pale tan, white or whitish, straw colored, or dull yellow). 29

26. Cap dark brown when young and fresh; mushroom very large (mature cap 7-18 cm, stem 10-25 cm); known from the Pacific Northwest and northern California. Amanita pachycolea

26. Cap grayish brown to gray; mature mushroom smaller than above; variously distributed. 27

27. Cap usually lacking patches or warts; volva sturdy and persistent, but not flared abruptly. Amanita vaginata

27. Warts or patches often present; volva sturdy and persistent, flaring or not--or fragile and breaking apart. 28

28. Volva flaring abruptly and distinctively outwards. Amanita constricta

at MykoWeb

28. Volva not flaring outwards abruptly, but often breaking up into patches and bands and/or forming a collarlike cup around the stem base. Amanita protecta

at MykoWeb

29. Found above treeline under dwarf willows in the northern Rocky Mountains; cap whitish to pale orangish or pale pinkish brown, with small patches of universal veil. Amanita groenlandica f. alpina

29. Not completely as above. 30

30. Fresh cap white; stem and volva white. Amanita vaginata var. alba

30. Fresh cap a shade of orange, orangish buff, or tan; stem and volva white or more highly colored. 31

31. Growing under coast live oak in spring; cap orangish buff to dull orange, usually adorned with one or more large patches. Amanita velosa

at MykoWeb

31. Growing under different trees in summer, fall, or winter; cap variously colored, typically without patches or with small warts. 32

32. Stem covered with orange fibrils that often become arranged into chevrons; cap pale orange, without patches or warts. Amanita crocea

32. Stem not as above; cap tan to yellowish, or brassy orange to orangish tan. 33

33. Volva fragile, often collapsing or breaking apart with maturity; cap pale tan to dirty yellowish or nearly whitish when faded; under cottonwoods or aspens in riparian ecosystems. Amanita populiphila

33. Volva sturdy, remaining sacklike; cap brassy orange to orangish tan; under aspens at higher elevations. Amanita species 05

34. Fresh cap surface (independent of universal veil material) white or whitish overall (perhaps with a pale brownish center). 35

34. Cap surface more highly colored: a shade of brown, tan, gray, orange, or yellow. 39

35. Cap margin strongly lined, not "appendiculate" with overhanging veil material; cap surface usually lacking warts or patches; spores inamyloid. Amanita vaginata var. alba

35. Cap margin not lined or only weakly lined, appendiculate; cap surface with warts and/or patches; spores amyloid. 36

36. Universal veil pinkish, resulting in pinkish warts or patches on the cap, and a pinkish volva. Amanita peckiana

36. Universal veil material not pinkish. 37

37. Known from the Gulf Coast and the Carolinas; volva often fragile; spores 12-20 x 3.5-5 µ. Amanita roanokensis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

37. Variously distributed; volva sturdy (persistently sacklike or with an extension of tissue); spores generally under 11 µ long. 38

38. Volva tightly adherent to stem base, except for an extension of tissue at the top of the bulb; cap whitish overall; cap margin not lined. Amanita limbatula

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

38. Volva sacklike; cap often with a slightly brownish center; cap margin sometimes becoming somewhat lined. Amanita volvata

39. Stem covered with orange fibrils that often become arranged into chevrons; cap pale orange, without patches or warts. Amanita crocea

39. Stem not as above; cap not pale orange; warts or patches present or not. 40

40. Mushroom very large (stem 15-20 cm long and up to 2 cm wide; cap 7-10 cm across); cap yellowish olive; stem often hairy with brown to gray fibrils; found in northeastern North America. Amanita violettae

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

40. Mushroom small to medium in size; cap color varying; stem varying; variously distributed. 41

41. Mature mushrooms very small (cap usually well under 5 cm across). 42

41. Mature mushrooms larger than above. 43

42. Cap gray throughout development. Amanita pachysperma

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

42. Cap brown at first, becoming grayish brown or brownish. Amanita virginiana

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

43. Associated with birch or willows in far northern, subarctic ecosystems; cap straw yellowish, with grayish patches. Amanita groenlandica

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

43. Not completely as above. 44

44. Volva fragile, often collapsing or breaking apart with maturity; cap pale tan to dirty yellowish or nearly whitish when faded; under cottonwoods or aspens in riparian ecosystems; possibly limited in range to Kansas, the northern Midwest, and the northeast. Amanita populiphila

44. Volva sturdy, remaining sacklike; cap differently colored; ecology varying. 45

45. Cap tawny brown to reddish brown or orangish brown. Amanita fulva

45. Cap differently colored. 46

46. Cap brown to grayish brown to gray. Amanita vaginata

46. Cap "Chinese yellow" to olive yellow or olive tan. Amanita sinicoflava

47. Flesh and surfaces (especially the stem surface) staining and/or bruising pink to reddish. 48

47. Neither flesh nor surfaces staining or bruising pink to reddish. 57

48. Found in the southwestern United States, or on the West Coast. 49

48. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 50

49. Cap and universal veil material whitish at first, becoming pink to pinkish tan. Amanita novinupta

49. Cap and veil material bright yellow. Amanita flavorubescens

50. Cap and universal veil material bright yellow. Amanita flavorubescens

50. Cap surface not bright yellow; veil material yellow or not. 51

51. Fresh cap surface white to whitish before reddish staining. 52

51. Fresh cap more highly colored. 54

52. Veil remnants absent from cap surface, or present as an inconspicuous patch; volva as a tiny extension or roll of tissue; spores 10-15+ x 6-8+ µ. Amanita mutabilis

52. Veil remnants present on cap as multiple warts; volva indistinct, or as vague ringlets of tissue; spores smaller than above. 53

53. Basal bulb roundish; volva indistinct; ring remaining whitish, or discoloring slightly yellowish. Amanita rubescens var. alba

53. Basal bulb elongated; volva as loosely concentric circles of veil material; ring usually discoloring pink. Amanita salmonescens

54. Cap chocolate brown to brown, covered with large brown warts; mature cap margin "appendiculate" with overhanging veil material; stem base rooting; distributed from Florida to Texas. Amanita westii

54. Cap variously colored but not chocolate brown; cap margin not appendiculate; stem base not rooting; variously distributed. 55

55. Basal bulb with a chiseled or split upper edge; cap grayish brown to pale brownish, often with a streaked or mottled appearance; warts absent, or scattered and few. Amanita brunnescens

55. Basal bulb not as above; cap tan, yellow-brown or bronze, not streaked or mottled; warts varying. 56

56. Cap surface dull yellowish to dull brown, often becoming bronze colored; warts plentiful, at first yellow, fading to pinkish or grayish; volva indistinct. Amanita rubescens

56. Cap surface tan at maturity; universal veil material absent from cap, or present as an inconspicuous patch; volva as a tiny extension or roll of tissue. Amanita mutabilis

57. Cap a shade of red, orange, or yellow. 58

57. Cap differently colored. 77

58. Found in western North America or in the Rocky Mountains. 59

58. Found east of the Rocky mountains. 63

59. Cap bright red, with yellow to white warts; stem base swollen, adorned with prominent, concentric rings of shagginess. Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata

59. Cap not bright red; warts present or not, variously colored; stem base not as above. 60

60. Fresh cap sticky and dull medium yellow, with easily removed white warts; stem base with a free rim or roll of veil. Amanita gemmata

60. Not completely as above. 61

61. Growing in lawns and grassy areas without apparent association with trees; cap whitish to grayish at first, sometimes becoming pale orange or pale yellow with age; stature squatty and reminiscent of some species of Agaricus. Amanita species

(not validly named)

at Studies in the Amanitaceae



61. Growing in woods; cap not as above; stature varying. 62

62. Cap brown to yellow-brown when fresh, only rarely becoming yellow or bright yellow; lower stem and stem base with patches of yellow veil material; ring usually skirtlike and persistent. Amanita augusta

62. Cap bright orangish yellow when fresh, fading to dull orange; stem base with whitish rolls or rings of veil material; ring often collapsing or disappearing. Amanita aprica

63. Odor strong, foul, and distinctive (reminiscent of chlorine and/or rotten meat and/or urine); cap margin "appendiculate" with overhanging veil material; cap surface, beneath the veil remnants, actually whitish, but veil material reddish to orangish. 64

63. Odor not as above; cap margin not appendiculate (with one exception); cap surface, independent of veil material, red to orange or yellow. 65

64. Found naturally from Florida to Texas, growing in grassy areas or disturbed ground, without apparent mycorrhizal association--but sometimes appearing in botanical gardens and greenhouses; stem base not swollen, not rooting; odor foul but lacking a chlorine component. Amanita nauseosa

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

64. Found in woods, associated with trees, from the Great Lakes southward; stem base swollen and rooting; odor usually with a chlorine component. Amanita daucipes

65. Stem base swollen, and ringed with concentric felty zones of shagginess; mature cap large (5-20 cm across). 66

65. Stem base not swollen--or, if swollen, not ringed with concentric felty zones; mature cap small to large. 68

66. Cap bright red when fresh; warts yellow, fading to whitish; found in northeastern North America, but absent or very rare in the Midwest and in the southeastern United States. Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata

66. Fresh cap a shade of orange or yellow; warts variable; variously distributed. 67

67. Cap reddish orange to peach orange, fading to orangish yellow; zones on stem base often fragile and fragmenting; found under conifers from the southeastern United States to New York. Amanita muscaria var. persicina

67. Cap orange to yellow; zones on stem base well developed and persistent; found under hardwoods or conifers east of the Great Plains. Amanita muscaria var. guessowii

68. Cap dull yellowish tan, sometimes becoming yellowish with age; stem base swollen; volva remnants as a poorly defined ring or smear of material on the bulb; known distribution from Pennsylvania to Maine. Amanita crenulata

at Roger's Mushrooms

68. Not completely as above. 69

69. Stem base not swollen, or only slightly swollen; universal veil leaving indistinct remnants on the stem base, or leaving patches and fragments of material that is easily shed and easily lost when the mushroom is picked. 70

69. Stem base swollen into a prominent bulb; universal veil leaving a gutter or roll of tissue on the upper edge of the bulb. 73

70. Partial veil absent (young gills not covered; ring never present); cap red to reddish orange; cap margin becoming prominently lined at maturity; gills pale yellow. Amanita parcivolvata

70. Partial veil present (young gills covered; ring present at least when young); cap pinkish orange, orange, or yellow; cap margin not becoming lined, or only slightly so; gills white or pale yellow. 71

71. Cap pinkish orange, initially covered with powdery veil material that may later become aggregated into warts or patches; young cap margin often featuring veil remnants; ring quickly disappearing; stem base slightly swollen. Amanita wellsii

71. Cap orange to yellow, without veil remnants or with a few warts or patches; young cap margin not as above; ring persistent; stem base even. 72

72. Stem pale yellow; cap orange to orangish yellow or, when faded or in direct sun, yellow; widely distributed east of the Great Plains. Amanita flavoconia

72. Stem white; cap usually clear yellow; distributed from South Carolina to the maritime provinces. Amanita elongata

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

73. Cap pale greenish yellow, fading to nearly whitish; grayish to lavender patches usually present on cap surface; spores amyloid. Amanita citrina f. lavendula

73. Cap differently colored; patches or warts absent or present; spores inamyloid. 74

74. Cap mostly white, with a yellowish to yellow center, adorned with white warts; cap margin becoming prominently lined. Amanita albocreata

at Roger's Mushrooms

74. Cap differently colored; warts varying; cap margin becoming lined or not. 75

75. Fresh cap bright yellow to bright orangish yellow, with yellow warts; distributed from New York to the maritime provinces. Amanita frostiana

at Roger's Mushrooms

75. Cap dull yellow to creamy yellow or brownish yellow; variously distributed. 76

76. Cap margin strongly lined; warts scattered, not numerous; mature cap 3-9 cm across. Amanita russuloides

76. Cap margin not lined; warts numerous and concentrically arranged, at least when young; mature cap 5-18 cm across. Amanita velatipes

77. Cap a shade of gray, tan, or brown. 78

77. Cap not gray, tan, or brown. 98

78. Cap margin "appendiculate" with overhanging universal veil remnants; stem base rooting; odor often strong and distinctive; spores amyloid. 79

78. Cap margin not appendiculate; stem base not rooting; odor varying but not usually strong; spores amyloid or inamyloid. 83

79. Cap surface gray, covered with dark gray warts; stem base with bent-back scales and/or concentric zones of universal veil material; mature mushroom small to medium in size (cap 4.5-6 cm). Amanita onusta

79. Cap surface and warts or patches varying; stem base without bent-back scales; size varying. 80

80. Cap and stem very pale gray; gills becoming pale brownish (the color of café au lait); stem base staining bluish to greenish. Amanita pelioma

80. Cap and stem color varying; gills not becoming brownish; stem base not staining bluish to greenish. 81

81. Universal veil creating a roll or limb of volval tissue on the upper edge of the stem base; cap pale gray, becoming brownish with age; spores 11.5-16 x 4-5 µ; distributed in coastal areas from New York to Florida to Texas. Amanita cylindrispora

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

81. Stem base without a roll or limb of volval tissue; cap gray, with or without a brownish center; spores shorter and wider than above; variously distributed in eastern North America. 82

82. Cap 10-17 cm across at maturity, covered with discrete, non-powdery warts; stem whitish and not powdery, with yellow to orangish fibrils. Amanita canescens

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

82. Cap 3-9 cm across at maturity, covered with a powdery layer of veil material that forms powdery warts; stem powdery and grayish. Amanita cinereoconia

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

83. Partial veil absent (young gills not covered; ring never present). 84

83. Partial veil present (young gills covered; ring present, at least when young). 86

84. Cap medium to dark brown, with grayish patches or warts; universal veil leaving gray flakes or patches of material on stem base. Amanita ceciliae

84. Cap gray to pale grayish brown, with a powdery to mealy covering that sometimes aggregates into small, powdery patches or warts; universal veil leaving a smear of gray on the upper edge of a small basal bulb. 85

85. Found east of the Rocky Mountains; stem usually under 1 cm thick. Amanita farinosa

85. Found on the West Coast; stem 1-2 cm thick. Amanita farinosa

sensu Thiers

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

86. Universal veil leaving yellow bands, patches, or fragments on the lower stem, stem base, and/or the surrounding substrate. 87

86. Universal veil remnants on lower stem, if present, not yellow. 88

87. Found east of the Rocky Mountains; cap medium to dark grayish brown with yellow warts. Amanita species 06

87. Found in the Pacific Northwest and northern California; cap golden brown to yellow brown, with dull yellowish warts. Amanita augusta

88. Found in Alaska and possibly in far northern Canada; stem base swollen, and ringed with concentric felty zones of shagginess; cap surface brown, with many yellowish to grayish warts. Amanita regalis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

88. Found elsewhere; stem base not as above; cap varying. 89

89. Found in western North America under conifers; stem base swollen, featuring a band or roll of universal veil tissue on the upper margin of the bulb; cap with whitish warts. Amanita pantherina

89. Not completely as above. 90

90. Mature cap under 4.5 cm across. 91

90. Mature cap larger than above. 92

91. Associated with oaks; cap pale brown to grayish brown, streaked in appearance; odor not distinctive. Amanita species 02

91. Associated with eastern hemlock; cap olive brown; odor potato-like. Amanita solaniolens

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

92. Stem terminating in a large, abrupt basal bulb that has a clearly defined upper edge or rim. 93

92. Stem base not as above (if terminating in a large bulb, the bulb is egg-shaped or roundish, without an upper edge). 94

93. Associated only with conifers; cap grayish brown to purplish brown; stem with grayish to brownish fibrils; ring grayish; stem surface and flesh not bruising. Amanita porphyria

93. Associated with hardwoods or conifers; cap grayish brown to nearly whitish; stem whitish, lacking grayish to brownish fibrils; ring white; stem surface and flesh often bruising reddish brown to brown. Amanita brunnescens

94. Partial veil and universal veil pinkish beige and powdery, resulting in a pinkish beige ring, and pinkish beige patches or powdery coating on cap and base of stem. Amanita roseitincta

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

94. Veils not pinkish beige. 95

95. Cap dull yellowish tan, not streaked; warts plentiful; stem base swollen; volva remnants as a poorly defined ring or smear of material on the bulb; known distribution from Pennsylvania to Maine. Amanita crenulata

at Roger's Mushrooms

95. Not completely as above. 96

96. Cap radially streaked; ring ample, often positioned at extreme apex of stem; stem base with gray to whitish fragments of veil material; odor often fruity. Amanita submaculata

96. Cap not streaked; ring not apical; veil remnants on stem base varying; odor fruity or not. 97

97. Northeastern in distribution; ring narrow and flimsy, developing a pale orangish tint; odor fruity; found in moist soils near swamps and bodies of water. Amanita morrisii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

97. Not completely as above. One to several poorly understood species often given the European name

"Amanita spissa"

at Roger's Mushrooms

98. Growing in grassy areas without mycorrhizal association with trees (in lawns, pastures, meadows, on prairies, and so on). 99

98. Growing as mycorrhizal associates with trees in various ecosystems (and sometimes in lawns where trees are present). 103

99. Known from coastal California and coastal Oregon; stature often short and squat. Amanita pruittii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

99. Variously distributed; stature not usually short and squat. 100

100. Cap with a powdery, sticky white covering of universal veil material but without firm, clearly defined warts; distributed from Texas to Kansas and Ohio. Amanita thiersii

100. Cap bald, or with prominent warts; distributed from Kansas westward. 101

101. Cap usually bald, or with a few small patches; odor strong and medicinal; distributed from Alberta to Colorado. Amanita armillariiformis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

101. Cap with prominent warts or patches; odor not distinctive, or becoming foul when mature; potentially distributed throughout western North America. 102

102. Stem sheathed from base to ring with shaggy universal veil (reminiscent of Tricholoma caligatum); cap frequently pinkish in places, especially in cracks between warts. Amanita subcaligata

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

102. Stem not sheathed; cap never pinkish. Amanita prairiicola

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

103. Found west of the Great Plains. 104

103. Found east of the Rocky Mountains. 108

104. Stem base swollen but not elongated lengthwise, adorned with prominent, concentric rings of shagginess, not rooting; cap with plentiful, small and firm (not powdery) warts; spores inamyloid. Amanita muscaria var. alba

104. Not completely as above. 105

105. Stem base featuring a band or roll of universal veil tissue on the upper margin of the bulb; universal veil material not powdery; spores inamyloid. Amanita species 03

105. Stem base not as above; universal veil powdery or not; spores amyloid. 106

106. Cap with very large, firm, pyramid-shaped warts; surfaces often bruising or discoloring brownish; distributed from northern California to Baja California. Amanita magniverrucata

106. Warts if present small, soft, and powdery; surfaces not bruising brownish; distributed from northern California northward. 107

107. Stem base club-shaped or widely spindle-shaped, rooting; odor sometimes unpleasant; spores 8.5-12 x 6-8 µ. Amanita smithiana

107. Stem base with an abrupt bulb that often features a rim on its upper edge, not rooting; spores 7-10 x 4-6 µ. Amanita silvicola

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

108. Stem base very abruptly swollen, with a flattened upper edge (reminiscent of an egg that has been sliced off and stuck on the end of the stem); cap with numerous firm, non-powdery warts. Amanita abrupta

108. Stem base not as above; warts if present varying. 109

109. Mature gills brownish (the color of café-au-lait). 110

109. Mature gills white to whitish. 111

110. Stem base staining bluish to greenish blue. Amanita pelioma

110. Stem base not staining blue. Amanita microlepis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

111. Partial veil and universal veil pinkish beige and powdery, resulting in a pinkish beige ring, and pinkish beige patches or powdery coating on cap and base of stem; mature cap 3-7 cm across; spores inamyloid. Amanita roseitincta

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

111. Veils not pinkish beige--or if so, veil not powdery, spores amyloid, and mature cap larger than above. 112

112. Stem base with an abrupt bulb that is distinctively vertically split or "chiseled"; stem surface bruising brownish to reddish brown (sometimes slowly); spores amyloid and globose. 113

112. Stem base not as above; stem surface bruising or not; spores varying. 114

113. Cap with faintly brownish pigments, with a radially streaked appearance. Amanita brunnescens

("var. pallida")

113. Cap white (sometimes with a pale yellowish center), not streaked. Amanita aestivalis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

114. Stem base with either a gutter-like or collar-like roll of tissue on the upper edge of the bulb, or with a small, free extension of volval tissue. 115

114. Stem base with neither a roll nor a free extension of tissue. 120

115. Stem base with either a gutter-like or collar-like roll of tissue; cap margin not "appendiculate" with overhanging veil material; spores amyloid or inamyloid. 116

115. Stem base with a free (not rolled) extension of tissue; cap margin often appendiculate, at least when young; spores amyloid. 118

116. Cap greenish to whitish, with a few grayish to lavender patches, or without veil remnants; odor sometimes potato-like; spores amyloid and globose. Amanita citrina f. lavendula

116. Cap not greenish; universal veil on cap as numerous warts; odor not distinctive; spores inamyloid. 117

117. Ring absent. Amanita albocreata

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

118. Ring present and persistent; stem base often deeply rooting; spores 11.5-16 x 4-5 µ. Amanita cylindrispora

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

118. Ring absent or if present quickly disappearing; stem base not rooting, or only slightly rooting; spores 9-12.5 x 4-6 µ. 119

119. Cap 2.5-5 cm across; spores 4.5-7 µ wide. Amanita limbatula

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

119. Cap 4-9 cm across; spores 4-5 µ wide. Amanita praelongispora

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

120. Odor strong, reminiscent of garlic; known from Florida. Amanita alliacea

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

120. Odor varying from not distinctive to strong and foul (reminiscent of rotting meat), or weakly to strongly of chlorine--but not reminiscent of garlic; variously distributed. 121

121. Stem base swollen but not elongated lengthwise, adorned with prominent, concentric rings of shagginess, not rooting; cap with whitish to tan warts; stem often bruising yellowish, then slowly brownish; northern in distribution; spores inamyloid. Amanita muscaria var. alba

121. Stem base not as above; warts if present variable; stem not bruising as above; variously distributed; spores amyloid. 122

122. Stem base covered with prominent bent-back scales; cap with numerous firm warts that may become brownish with age; ring ample and persistent; odor not distinctive. Amanita cokeri

122. Stem base not as above; warts if present varying; ring persistent or not; odor usually distinctive (like chlorine, rotting meat, etc.). 123

123. Mushroom identifier is willing to accept that s/he is attempting to identify one of many similar and usually stinky species in the notoriously difficult subgenus Lepidella, and that microscopic examination may be required--and that many of the species are poorly understood and may be revised once DNA studies set their sights on this taxonomic area. 124

123. Mushroom identifier wants an easy identification. Stinky Whitish Lepidella

124. Universal veil leaving clearly defined, raised, relatively thick, felty to hardened warts on cap surface (at least over the center). 125

124. Universal veil not as above; either thin and powdery, or a soft and flat layer that may become stretched out, resulting in flattened, large or small patches. 132

125. Spores narrowly ellipsoid or nearly cylindric (only 4-5 µ wide). 126

125. Spores ellipsoid (4.5-8 µ wide). 127

126. Found from Florida to Texas and New Jersey; cap often with pinkish hues; odor a combination of sweetish pungency and chlorine; cells from universal veil on cap infrequently clavate. Amanita subsolitaria

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

126. Found from Florida to Texas and South Carolina; cap without pinkish hues; odor more simply chlorine-like; cells from universal veil remnants on cap often clavate. Amanita rhoadsii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

127. Basal bulb at maturity large and more or less round (above a short or long underground rooting portion); warts usually brown to reddish brown, pinkish brown, or orangish brown. 128

127. Basal bulb possibly proportionally large and round when young, but by maturity not as bulbous as above: either spindle-shaped and gradually swollen, or not swollen; warts usually whitish to grayish, grayish brown, yellowish brown, or brown. 129

128. Warts also present on stem base, fairly evenly spaced and covering bulb nearly to the ground; warts reddish brown; cap to 13 cm across. Amanita atkinsoniana

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

128. Veil remains on stem base less clearly defined and found primarily on the upper portion of the bulb; warts orangish brown to pinkish brown; cap to 25 cm across. Amanita daucipes

129. Warts brownish gray to grayish brown. 130

129. Warts whitish to tan or brownish, without gray hues. 131

130. Distributed from the Carolinas northward; odor like bread dough, sometimes becoming chlorine-like with age; warts reminiscent of little patches of dried mud; bulb often (but not always) adorned with warts or patches of veil material. Amanita cinereopannosa

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

130. Distributed from the Carolinas to Texas; odor not distinctive; warts appearing like fuzzy to hairy scales; bulb rarely with clearly defined veil remains. Amanita hesleri

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

131. Warts, at their bases, with radial grooves and fibers (use a hand lens); ring almost always disappearing by maturity; veil remnants often left in rings on bulb's upper edge. Amanita ravenelii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

131. Warts not as above; ring delicate but often persisting to maturity; veil remnants on bulb usually indistinct. Amanita rhopalopus

132. Cap surface white, but veil material (warts, patches, or powdery layer) gray. Amanita cinereoconia

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

132. Cap surface white to whitish; veil material whitish. 133

133. Known from the Gulf Coast and the Carolinas; spores nearly cylindric (12-20 x 3.5-5 µ). Amanita roanokensis

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

133. Variously distributed; spores generally more ellipsoid than above (i. e., short and wider). 134

134. Mature cap 7-21 cm across; bulb large and club-shaped. Amanita polypyramis

134. Mature cap 2.5-10 cm across; bulb not as above (indistinct, elongated, or turnip shaped). 135

135. Spores narrowly ellipsoid or nearly cylindric (only 4-5 µ wide). 136

135. Spores ellipsoid (4.5-7 µ wide). 137

136. Found from Florida to Texas and New Jersey; cap often with pinkish hues; odor a combination of sweetish pungency and chlorine; cells from universal veil on cap infrequently clavate. Amanita subsolitaria

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

136. Found from Florida to Texas and South Carolina; cap without pinkish hues; odor more simply chlorine-like; cells from universal veil remnants on cap often clavate. Amanita rhoadsii

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

137. Spores 7-11 µ long; odor strong and foul--reminiscent of chlorine and rotting meat; stem not curved or bent, not rooting or only slightly rooting. Amanita chlorinosma

137. Spores 10-14 µ long; odor not distinctive, or faintly like disinfectant but not unpleasant; stem often curved or bent, usually deeply rooting. Amanita longipes

at Studies in the Amanitaceae

References

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Kuo, M. (2013, June). The genus Amanita. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita.html