Previous part

Introduction

In this part we will implement part of the microservices needed for our web app. We will implement the:

* key-value store

* Database

This will be a pretty code heavy tutorial so concentrate and have fun!

The key-value store

Design

The design hasn’t changed much. We will save the key-value pairs as a global map, and create a global mutex for concurrent access. We’ll also add the ability to list all key-value pairs for debugging/analytical purposes. We will also add the ability to delete existing entries.

First, let’s create the structure:

package main import ( "net/http" "sync" "net/url" "fmt" ) var keyValueStore map[string]string var kVStoreMutex sync.RWMutex func main() { keyValueStore = make(map[string]string) kVStoreMutex = sync.RWMutex{} http.HandleFunc("/get", get) http.HandleFunc("/set", set) http.HandleFunc("/remove", remove) http.HandleFunc("/list", list) http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil) } func get(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func set(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func remove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func list(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { }

And now let’s dive into the implementation.

First, we should add parameter parsing in the get function and verify that the key parameter is right.

func get(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if(r.Method == http.MethodGet) { values, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", err) return } if len(values.Get("key")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:","Wrong input key.") return } } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only GET accepted.") } }

The key shouldn’t have a length of 0, hence the length check. We also check if the method is GET, if it isn’t we print it and set the status code to bad request.

We answer with an explicit Error: before each error message so it doesn’t get misinterpreted by the client as a value.

Now, let’s access our map and send back a response:

if len(values.Get("key")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:","Wrong input key.") return } kVStoreMutex.RLock() value := keyValueStore[string(values.Get("key"))] kVStoreMutex.RUnlock() fmt.Fprint(w, value)

We copy the value into a variable so that we don’t block the map while sending back the response.

Now let’s create the set function, it’s actually pretty similar.

func set(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if(r.Method == http.MethodPost) { values, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", err) return } if len(values.Get("key")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", "Wrong input key.") return } if len(values.Get("value")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", "Wrong input value.") return } kVStoreMutex.Lock() keyValueStore[string(values.Get("key"))] = string(values.Get("value")) kVStoreMutex.Unlock() fmt.Fprint(w, "success") } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only POST accepted.") } }

The only difference is that we also check if there is a right value parameter and check if the method is POST.

Now we can add the implementation of the list function which is also pretty simple:

func list(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if(r.Method == http.MethodGet) { kVStoreMutex.RLock() for key, value := range keyValueStore { fmt.Fprintln(w, key, ":", value) } kVStoreMutex.RUnlock() } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only GET accepted.") } }

It just ranges over the map and prints everything. Simple yet effective.

And to finish the key-value store we will implement the remove function:

func remove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if(r.Method == http.MethodDelete) { values, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", err) return } if len(values.Get("key")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error:", "Wrong input key.") return } kVStoreMutex.Lock() delete(keyValueStore, values.Get("key")) kVStoreMutex.Unlock() fmt.Fprint(w, "success") } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only DELETE accepted.") } }

It’s the same as setting a value, but instead of setting it we delete it.

The database

Design

After thinking through the design, I decided that it would be better if the database generated the task Id‘s. This will also make it easier to get the last non-finished task and generate consecutive Id‘s

How it will work:

* It will save new tasks assigning consecutive Id‘s.

* It will allow to get a new task to do.

* It will allow to get a task by Id.

* It will allow to set a task by Id.

* The state will be represented by an int:

* 0 – not started

* 1 – in progress

* 2 – finished

* It will change the state of a task to not started if it’s been too long in progress. (maybe someone started to work on it but has crashed)

* It will allow to list all tasks for debugging/analytical purposes.

Implementation

First, we should create the API and later we will add the implementations of the functionality as before with the key-value store. We will also need a global map being our data store, a variable pointing to the oldest not started task, and mutexes for accessing the datastore and pointer.

package main import ( "net/http" "net/url" "fmt" ) type Task struct { } var datastore map[int]Task var datastoreMutex sync.RWMutex var oldestNotFinishedTask int // remember to account for potential int overflow in production. Use something bigger. var oNFTMutex sync.RWMutex func main() { datastore = make(map[int]Task) datastoreMutex = sync.RWMutex{} oldestNotFinishedTask = 0 oNFTMutex = sync.RWMutex{} http.HandleFunc("/getById", getById) http.HandleFunc("/newTask", newTask) http.HandleFunc("/getNewTask", getNewTask) http.HandleFunc("/finishTask", finishTask) http.HandleFunc("/setById", setById) http.HandleFunc("/list", list) http.ListenAndServe(":3001", nil) } func getById(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func newTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func getNewTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func finishTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func setById(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { } func list(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { }

We also already declared the Task type which we will use for storage.

So far so good. Now let’s implement all those functions!

First, let’s implement the getById function.

func getById(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodGet { values, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } if len(values.Get("id")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Wrong input") return } id, err := strconv.Atoi(string(values.Get("id"))) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } datastoreMutex.RLock() bIsInError := err != nil || id >= len(datastore) // Reading the length of a slice must be done in a synchronized manner. That's why the mutex is used. datastoreMutex.RUnlock() if bIsInError { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Wrong input") return } datastoreMutex.RLock() value := datastore[id] datastoreMutex.RUnlock() response, err := json.Marshal(value) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } fmt.Fprint(w, string(response)) } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only GET accepted") } }

We check if the GET method has been used. Later we parse the id argument and check if it’s proper. We then get the id as an int using the strconv.Atoi function. Next we make sure it is not out of bounds for our datastore, which we have to do using mutexes because we’re accessing a map which could be accessed from another thread. If everything is ok, then, again using mutexes, we get the task using the id.

After that we use the JSON library to marshal our struct into a JSON object and if that finishes without problems we send the JSON object to the client.

It’s also time to implement our Task struct:

type Task struct { Id int `json:"id"` State int `json:"state"` }

It’s all that’s needed. We also added the information the JSON marshaller needs.

We can now go on with implementing the newTask function:

func newTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodPost { datastoreMutex.Lock() taskToAdd := Task{ Id: len(datastore), State: 0, } datastore[taskToAdd.Id] = taskToAdd datastoreMutex.Unlock() fmt.Fprint(w, taskToAdd.Id) } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only POST accepted") } }

It’s pretty small actually. Creating a new Task with the next id and adding it to the datastore. After that it sends back the new Tasks Id.

That means we can go on to implementing the function used to list all Tasks, as this helps with debugging during writing.

It’s basically the same as with the key-value store:

func list(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodGet { datastoreMutex.RLock() for key, value := range datastore { fmt.Fprintln(w, key, ": ", "id:", value.Id, " state:", value.State) } datastoreMutex.RUnlock() } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only GET accepted") } }

Ok, so now we will implement the function which can set the Task by id:

func setById(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodPost { taskToSet := Task{} data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &taskToSet) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } bErrored := false datastoreMutex.Lock() if taskToSet.Id >= len(datastore) || taskToSet.State > 2 || taskToSet.State < 0 { bErrored = true } else { datastore[taskToSet.Id] = taskToSet } datastoreMutex.Unlock() if bErrored { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Wrong input") return } fmt.Fprint(w, "success") } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only POST accepted") } }

Nothing new. We get the request and try to unmarshal it. If it succeeds we put it into the map, checking if it isn’t out of bounds or if the state is invalid. If it is then we print an error, otherwise we print success.

If we already have this we can now implement the finish task function, because it’s very simple:

func finishTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodPost { values, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } if len(values.Get("id")) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Wrong input") return } id, err := strconv.Atoi(string(values.Get("id"))) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } updatedTask := Task{Id: id, State: 2} bErrored := false datastoreMutex.Lock() if datastore[id].State == 1 { datastore[id] = updatedTask } else { bErrored = true } datastoreMutex.Unlock() if bErrored { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Wrong input") return } fmt.Fprint(w, "success") } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only POST accepted") } }

It’s pretty similar to the getById function. The difference here is that here we update the state and only if it is currently in progress.

And now to one of the most interesting functions. The getNewTask function. It has to handle updating the oldest known finished task, and it also needs to handle the situation when someone takes a task but crashes during work. This would lead to a ghost task forever being in progress. That’s why we’ll add functionality which after 120 seconds from starting a task will set it back to not started:

func getNewTask(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodPost { bErrored := false datastoreMutex.RLock() if len(datastore) == 0 { bErrored = true } datastoreMutex.RUnlock() if bErrored { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: No non-started task.") return } taskToSend := Task{Id: -1, State: 0} oNFTMutex.Lock() datastoreMutex.Lock() for i := oldestNotFinishedTask; i < len(datastore); i++ { if datastore[i].State == 2 && i == oldestNotFinishedTask { oldestNotFinishedTask++ continue } if datastore[i].State == 0 { datastore[i] = Task{Id: i, State: 1} taskToSend = datastore[i] break } } datastoreMutex.Unlock() oNFTMutex.Unlock() if taskToSend.Id == -1 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: No non-started task.") return } myId := taskToSend.Id go func() { time.Sleep(time.Second * 120) datastoreMutex.Lock() if datastore[myId].State == 1 { datastore[myId] = Task{Id: myId, State: 0} } datastoreMutex.Unlock() }() response, err := json.Marshal(taskToSend) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, err) return } fmt.Fprint(w, string(response)) } else { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprint(w, "Error: Only POST accepted") } }

First we try to find the oldest task that hasn’t started yet. By the way we update the oldestNotFinishedTask variable. If a task is finished and is pointed on by the variable, the variable get’s incremented. If we find something that’s not started, then we break out of the loop and send it back to the user setting it to in progress. However, on the way we start a function on another thread that will change the state of the task back to not started if it’s still in progress after 120 seconds.

Now the last thing. A database is useless… when you don’t know where it is! That’s why we’ll now implement the mechanism that the database will use to register itself in the key-value store:

func main() { if !registerInKVStore() { return } datastore = make(map[int]Task)

and later we define the function:

func registerInKVStore() bool { if len(os.Args) < 3 { fmt.Println("Error: Too few arguments.") return false } databaseAddress := os.Args[1] // The address of itself keyValueStoreAddress := os.Args[2] response, err := http.Post("http://" + keyValueStoreAddress + "/set?key=databaseAddress&value=" + databaseAddress, "", nil) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return false } data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return false } if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK { fmt.Println("Error: Failure when contacting key-value store: ", string(data)) return false } return true }

We check if there are at least 3 arguments. (The first being the executable) We read the current database address from the second argument and the key-value store address from the third argument. We use them to make a POST request where we add a databaseAddress key to the k/v store and set its value to the current database address. If the status code of the response isn’t OK then we know we messed up and we print the error we got. After that we quit the program.

Conclusion

We now have finished our k/v store and our database. You can even test them now using a REST client. (I used this one.) Remember that the code is subject to change if it will be necessary but I don’t think so. I hope you enjoyed the tutorial! I encourage you to comment, and if you have an opposing view to mine please make sure to express it in a comment too!

UPDATE: I changed the sync.Mutex to sync.RWMutex, and in the places where we only read data I changed mutex.Lock/Unlock to mutex.RLock/RUnlock.

UPDATE2: For some reason I used a slice for the database code although I tested with a map. Sorry for that, corrected it already.

Next part