Giant pandas are a national icon of China, the only place in the world where they live outside of captivity. Years of Chinese government efforts to reverse their dwindling numbers, such as the restoration of bamboo forests and establishment of national habitat reserves, helped bring the animals back from the brink. They were declared no longer endangered in September 2016 after population estimates reached 1,864 — not counting cubs. That’s up from a low of about 1,200 in the 1980s.

But even with that good news came a warning: Climate change and other factors could devastate the pandas’ habitat in the longer term, rendering any population surge a temporary victory, the IUCN said. Exacerbating the problem is the fragmentation of China’s panda population, confined now to just six mountain ranges and about 30 isolated groups, 18 of which contain no more than 10 individuals.

Dr. Ouyang and colleagues note that Chinese restoration efforts have had a positive effect on panda habitats in recent years, and planned changes mean that “various pressures on pandas and their habitat will likely decrease” in the short-term, the study said. But infrastructure development, tourism and other encroachments could undermine these improvements, they add.

The researchers recommend specific steps China can take prevent the pandas from becoming endangered again. China must “improve connectivity for isolated small panda populations by building habitat corridors and reducing habitat fragmentation,” Dr. Ouyang said. The paper also called for the establishment of “ecological red lines” that physically separate panda habitats from human development, the expansion of panda preserves and the restriction of tourism in national parks containing pandas.