By Rick Strahl

Rick Strahl is the Big Kahuna and janitor at West Wind Technologies located on the beautiful island of Maui, Hawaii. Between windsurf sessions and spikey haired adventures, Rick has been a software developer for over 25 years, developing business and Web applications since the very early days of the Web when you needed a hand crank (or a pair of wire splicers) to get online. Today Rick builds client centric Web applications and services for customers with HTML5, JavaScript and mobile Web technologies, using AngularJS on the front end, and the ASP.NET stack on the back end. Rick’s company West Wind Technologies also produces a number of developer related tools including West Wind WebSurge, Web Monitor and Html Help Builder. He also maintains a host of open source libraries at http://github.com/RickStrahl and you can find Rick’s blog at weblog.west-wind.com or contact him directly at rstrahl@west-wind.com

The Web has been powered by a single language on the client since the very beginnings of the Web as a platform. JavaScript started as an overly simplified scripting language in the first Mozilla browsers and very slowly evolved over the years to become what is now the most widely used programming language anywhere.

Since ES2015, and with many infrastructure tools like Babel and WebPack, JavaScript has become considerably more capable and has evolved into a complete platform able to handle even very large code bases. Unfortunately, the complexity for the infrastructure has also increased with ever more byzantine build systems for even simple applications. With JavaScript, it seems the simpler the programming model gets, the more complex the build system and tooling becomes.

Re-Assembly

There are a lot of developers who would much rather use something else—anything else—other than JavaScript to build Web applications. I made peace with JavaScript years ago, but although I use it daily and feel reasonably proficient with it, I’d definitely welcome other options for building Web applications.

I think that to be a platform on par with desktop or mobile OSes, the browser shouldn't be tightly coupled to the JavaScript mono-culture. There should be a way that the runtime and programming environment can be defined at a lower level, just like other platforms, so that many languages and frameworks can be used. Wouldn't it be nice if there was a browser-based assembly language that abstracts browser specific hardware and is still as close to the raw hardware as possible?

This isn't just about “language,” either. JavaScript's insane build structure that’s required for all major frameworks these days is a crazy house of cards that seems to break anytime you step away for more than a few days. Other platforms have skinned that cat in other and potentially more efficient ways.

Web Assembly Brings Language Choices

A relatively new technology called Web Assembly speaks to just that scenario. Web Assembly has opened up the possibility to compile code that isn't necessarily JavaScript into low-level byte code Web Assembly Modules (WASM) that Web browsers can directly execute without having to parse a source file.

Web Assembly allows exploring alternatives to JavaScript syntax and different build processes, and that’s something that’s been sorely lacking in Web Development in the last 10+ years. A lack of alternatives is what’s led us down this path of ever-increasing complexity, piling on more abstractions and dependencies; Web Assembly will hopefully break this stranglehold by providing different models by which to approach Web development. Web Assembly opens the browser as a platform in ways that we probably haven't yet imagined.

Web Assembly is upsetting the JavaScript apple cart by providing the potential for different languages and development models in the browser.

Web Assembly is a parallel technology to JavaScript and exists side-by-side with the JavaScript runtime in the Web browser virtual machine (VM). It’s important to understand that Web Assembly runs in the same browser sandbox that JavaScript uses and so has many of the same limitations. The security context is the same, and Web Assembly cannot access the underlying hardware or operating system outside of the sandbox. Web Assembly is not a plug-in like Silverlight was, for example. To illustrate, Figure 1 shows how both JavaScript and Web Assembly are processed inside the browser’s runtime.



Figure 1: Web Assembly sits side-by-side with JavaScript.

Rather than parsing JavaScript into executable code, Web Assembly Modules (WASM) contain lower-level assembly-language-like intermediate code that can be produced by compilers of other languages. WASM code doesn't need to be parsed like JavaScript because it’s already byte code that’s resolved into execution-ready byte code. WASM is a binary format but can also be expressed in text format. It deals with instructions at the register, stack, and memory level. This platform-agnostic byte code is then compiled into native code for the appropriate computer platform (x86 or ARM) and executed on the specific browser platform. This can be advantageous for creating very high-performance computational code, which can be highly optimized for performance and can execute considerably faster than JavaScript code both in terms of initial load time and runtime execution.

Blazor: One Way to .NET on the Web

Even more interesting than performance is the possibility of using Web Assembly to bootstrap higher-level runtimes that can then execute higher-level languages like .NET code. This is exactly the approach that Microsoft's Blazor framework takes.

Blazor uses a Mono-compiled version of the .NET Runtime compiled to a WASM module to execute .NET Standard modules, as shown in Figure 2. Mono.wasm is a browser-customized version of the Mono .NET Runtime compiled to Web Assembly that allows for bootstrapping .NET Standard assemblies and executing.NET code.

Blazor then sits on top of the core runtime and implements the Razor engine used as an entry point to the .NET Code that can be processed inside of pages. You can do most of the things you normally do in .NET, such as importing and referencing additional .NET Standard assemblies and instantiating classes and executing code in them.



Figure 2: Blazor uses the Mono Runtime to execute .NET code. Browser APIs currently have to be accessed through the JavaScript interop.

One thing that sticks out in this implementation is that rather than compiling every bit of .NET code that your application runs to WASM, only the Mono Runtime is compiled as a WASM module. All of the Blazor framework and your application code is loaded as plain old .NET assemblies that are executed through Mono.

This all sounds incredibly complicated, but from the developer perspective of building an application, the process is actually super simple: You create Razor pages with C# code inside of it and it just works the way you expect it to. You can reference your own or third-party assemblies via NuGet and take advantage of a large chunk of .NET CLR functionality. It's pretty impressive to see this work.

Blazor combines C# code and HTML using familiar Razor templates on the client side

Caveat Emptor

Before you get swept away by how cool the prospect of running .NET code in the browser is, Blazor is still considered to be in the experimental stage. It works and the functionally shows a lot of promise, but there are also a number of limitations in its current stage.

Blazor is a very specific use case: namely an HTML framework similar to something like Angular, Vue, etc. for rendering Razor pages on the client side. It’s not a generic engine to execute .NET code in the browser because the .NET code you execute is tightly coupled to the Blazor framework. There are ways to call .NET code from JavaScript directly, but you still need to have the Blazor bootstrapping in place in order for that to work. In other words, you currently can't really separate Blazor from the raw .NET code execution. Don't confuse Blazor with a new Silverlight, as Blazor serves a completely different use case.

Currently, there's a bit of overhead for all of this magic Blazor that provides. You have to load a sizable WASM module, plus the JavaScript loader and interop handler code that has to be loaded into the browser for each page. These are not outrageously large especially when compared against full frameworks like Angular, Ember, or Aurelia, but the payload isn’t small and has to be loaded on startup.

There are also limitations in Web Assembly that require quite a bit of JavaScript interop in order to access the DOM or other Web APIs as Web Assembly can’t access the DOM or APIs directly. Data support for parameters and return values is also limited to numbers and pointers at the moment, which requires additional conversion in order to pass strings and references between JavaScript and Web Assembly. Both of these issues have a negative impact on performance.

As a result, in these early versions of Blazor, don't expect performance miracles or even performance that’s on par with modern JavaScript frameworks. That will change as Web Assembly gets better DOM integration and native type/reference support in the future and the Mono team continues to work on optimizing the WASM version of the Mono Runtime. There are also many optimizations that can be made in the Razor stack and with pre-rendering that are already being worked on in Blazor but aren't in the preview releases yet.

It's too early for Blazor to be worrying about performance. At this point, it's about proving that this model is a viable platform for building complete Web applications. Given this early stage, the feature functionality is impressive even if performance isn’t yet.

The good news is that Blazor and Mono are changing quickly. The bad news is that Web Assembly is part of the W3C Spec process, so don't expect changes to come rapidly on that front. The needed improvements for DOM/API access and reference type support are being worked on, but currently there's no official arrival date for these crucial features that could improve performance significantly and provide a simpler model for frameworks to interact with the browser and JavaScript.

In short, it’s very early days for both Web Assembly and Blazor, and Microsoft explicitly states that Blazor is not intended for production use! It’s very likely that a lot of the infrastructure and syntax is going to change significantly in the future. You've been warned…

More Background on Web Assembly

The key to everything I've described above regarding executing non-JavaScript code in the browser is Web Assembly. Web Assembly is relatively new browser tech, but it's now supported in the latest versions of all major browsers, as shown in Figure 3. It's notable that Internet Explorer is not supported by Web Assembly or Blazor at the moment.



Figure 3: Web Assembly support in Web browsers (source: Mozilla MDN)

What is Web Assembly? In simple terms, Web Assembly provides a byte code-level execution engine that can be targeted by compilers from other languages and thus allows execution of non-JavaScript code.

All major browser platforms now have support for Web Assembly.

Byte Code Representation: Native Execution

Web Assembly Modules (WASM) can be created by compilers that target a WASM output target. Today, the most common WASM compilation platform is C/C++ using an Emscripten and an LLVM module that can output WASM byte code. There’s also work in progress with Mono to produce static Ahead of Time (AOT) compilation of .NET code to WASM, although currently Blazor uses a different approach of using Mono as a hosted runtime via WASM to execute/interpret .NET code at runtime.

WASM modules consist of binary content called Intermediate Representation (IR), which is assembly-like byte code. This low-level byte code is then loaded and compiled by the Web Assembly loader into processor-specific native code that’s executed by the browser's VM. The IR code isn’t processor specific and it's the job of the Web Assembly engine to create the appropriate x86 or ARM native code for the specific browser VM to execute.

WASM modules can be loaded from JavaScript in the browser using a set of WebAssembly APIs. Eventually the goal is to be able to load WASM modules using <script src="myapp.wasm" type="module"></script> syntax, with loaded modules using the same module loader used by EcmaScript 2016 and later. For Blazor use, this doesn't really matter as all the Web Assembly interaction is performed internally by the Blazor JavaScript framework that's responsible for loading the Mono WASM module and interactive via JavaScript shims.

One of the original use cases for Web Assembly is to have high performance C++-built modules that can be called from JavaScript and execute many times faster than the same code in JavaScript. Performance is a good reason for Web Assembly, but another great use case is to build frameworks that can facilitate hosting of other language runtimes inside the browser. Microsoft's Blazor using .NET is just one example of this using the Mono .NET runtime in the browser to allow loading and executing code in .NET Standard assemblies, but there are many other languages that take similar approaches (see https://github.com/appcypher/awesome-wasm-langs).

With the advent of WebAssembly, the browser runtimes can now load and run two types of code, JavaScript and WebAssembly, as side-by-side technologies. Both use the same browser sandbox and run using that same security environment. Web Assembly doesn’t allow direct access to machine-level hardware or OS features any more than JavaScript does.

Web Assembly Limitations

All of this certainly sounds very promising, but Web Assembly is a relatively new browser technology and in its current state, it has a couple of big limitations.

No access to the HTML DOM and APIs. Currently Web Assembly has no way to directly access the browser's DOM or APIs, so in order to interact with HTML page content, Canvas, or any browser API, Web Assembly has to use interop with JavaScript. A function inside of WASM is essentially a self-contained block of code that’s isolated from the environment it's hosted in. Think of it as a static function where all dependencies have to be passed in or maintained within the internal context. JavaScript Interop is required to access DOM and APIs.

Numeric Parameters and Return Values Only. Web Assembly functions currently support only numeric types as parameters. There's no support for strings or references or any other non-numeric type. Any type of data has to be passed to Web Assembly functions via pointers to array buffers. In the real world, this means a lot of serialization and copying of data has to be done in order to move data between JavaScript and Web Assembly.

Although these issues are pretty major, they have (slow) workarounds with some extra code gymnastics and interop with JavaScript via shims. Both of these issues are abstracted and hidden by frameworks like Blazor, as you'll see, but the interop performance tax is a real issue.

These issues are well known and will be fixed in future versions, but for now, current frameworks have to work around these issues via these JavaScript shims.

Blazor: Browser-based Razor Pages

Blazor is a framework that sits on top of Web Assembly and gets its name from using Razor templates in the browser. Behind the scenes, Blazor uses a single Web Assembly module, which is a WASM-targeted version of the Mono .NET Runtime. Mono is a flavor of the .NET runtime that underlies the various Xamarin platforms as well as many flavors of Linux, Mac, and small devices. WASM is yet another custom target for the Mono runtime that allows execution of .NET Standard assemblies and code. This Mono WASM version is customized and kept as small as possible for the browser environment and it uses the browser’s runtime to implement its various runtime features.

What this means is that once the Mono WASM module is loaded, you can execute code in plain old .NET Standard 2.0-compatible assemblies directly inside a browser. There's obviously a bit of setup required to bootstrap the runtime, and Blazor provides that bootstrapping mechanism in addition to the HTML framework using Razor Pages.

The Mono WASM module supports .NET Standard 2.0 where it makes sense but throws NotSupported exceptions for features that don't work. I had no issue importing several of my own .NET Standard utility libraries from NuGet and accessing a number of utility methods from them in my Blazor code. How cool is that?

Blazor works by:

Using a compiled Mono (Interpreted) .NET Runtime as a WASM module

Using Mono to load standard .NET Assemblies

Executing .NET code through the Mono Runtime

Updating the browser DOM via JavaScript interop

Capturing JavaScript events and re-rendering based on DOM events

User code then executes based on these concepts:

The Blazor framework is implemented in C# code

All .NET code is executed by the Mono Runtime

User .NET code is executed via Mono

Razor Templates convert to .NET classes that execute via Mono

If you look at the output of a compiled Blazor application, as shown in Figure 4, you'll see the mono.wasm module along with the mono.js loader plus the Blazor JavaScript runtime that loads the runtime and mediates between .NET and JavaScript. Neither of these files is small.

Blazor runs a .NET Runtime inside the browser. You can create classes and even import NuGet packages into your Web.



Figure 4: Output from a Blazor project runs .NET Standard 2.0 assemblies

Note that there are no .cshtml template files sent to the browser. All Razor pages, as well as any loose C# files you create to reference support classes and logic, are compiled and shipped as code to the client in the BlazorDemo.dll file.

You can also see a bin folder with a bunch of core .NET Runtime assemblies are loaded alongside your user code ( BlazorDemo.dll ) in Figure 4. Figure 5 shows what these files look like when loaded in the browser.



Figure 5: Network sizes for the Blazor runtime is not small but also not excessive.

Neither of these files are small, so running a Blazor app has at least an 800k payload at the moment, plus any of the runtime and user code assemblies that your application creates.

Blazor 101

In this article, I'll keep my examples very simple to give you an idea of how Blazor features work. This is more to get a feel for the overall concepts than the specific implementation details, which are very likely to change because this technology is in its very early stages.

All of the code I talk about here uses Blazor 0.4.

What Do You Need?

To give Blazor a try, you need to install a couple of things:

.NET Core 2.1 SDK

Visual Studio 2017.7 + Blazor Language Service Extension

Or you can use the dotnet command:

dotnet new -i Microsoft.AspNetCore.Blazor.Templates dotnet new blazor -o BlazorSample cd BlazorSample dotnet run

If you create a new project either in Visual Studio using the new .NET Core Blazor project template or using dotnet new you get a small sample project that has a couple of simple data pages that demonstrate simple bindings. I'll use this basic project and add some functionality to it to demonstrate some interesting things you can do.

You can find this sample on Github at: https://github.com/rickstrahl/Blazor_Playground. I also recommend that you read the Getting Started (https://blazor.net/docs/get-started.html) document, which gives you a good starting point.

ASP.NET Core by Default but Not Required

The stock Blazor project runs as an ASP.NET Core project so you have a Web Server to run and test your application with locally. However, ASP.NET Core isn’t required in the final application. The final output from the Blazor is a Web HTML folder that contains the compiled binaries, WASM module, support script files plus any image, css, font, etc., all of the assets your application needs.

When you open the default project in Visual Studio, Figure 6 shows what it looks like.



Figure 6: A Blazor project looks a lot like a Razor Pages .NET Core project.

There's a lot to learn just from the project structure, which should look familiar if you've built an ASP.NET MVC or Pages application before. You have Pages and Shared folders, which hold the application's UI views and components. The files use the same Razor .cshtml format and are functionally very similar to MVC's version of Razor, but it's not the same. There are a number of differences. The key aspect of mixing code and HTML remains; what's changed is mostly the directives that drive the application.

Blazor is an HTML Framework

The first thing you need to understand is that Blazor is an HTML framework that's centered around Razor views that act as components. Like many other modern frameworks like Angular, React, Vue, and so on, Blazor uses the concept of components that can be combined to build more complex components and each Razor View represents a component.

There are a few different types of components you can create:

@Page: a routable page or sub-view

Layout: a Layout page into which @Body content is loaded

Component: an embeddable component. Can also be used like a Partial

A @Page component, as the name suggests, is a component that acts as a top-level component that is View or Page and is typically associated with a route.

At its simplest, you can create a new page like this:

@page "/hellobasic" <h1>Hello @name, from Blazor</h1> @if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Name)) { <div class="alert alert-info"> @SayHello(Name), time is<br /> @DateTime.Now.ToString("MMMM dd @ H:mm:ss") </div> } @functions { string name = "Rick"; string SayHello(string name) { return $"Welcome back, {name}. } }

The output generated from this simplest of pages (along with an extra button for the next example) is shown in Figure 7.



Figure 7: A basic Razor Page executing on the client

The @Page directive identifies this View a as a page and you can specify a route on this directive. This maps to an Attribute route that’s then recognized by the Blazor engine to access this page.

Razor Pages are made up of HTML templates mixed with C# code prefixed by @ . You can use @expression() or embed full code blocks @{ <code> } just as you would expect from Razor in MVC or Pages. Additionally, you can add a @functions section to the template that allows adding of methods and properties that are added at the top of the generated class, that can then be referenced in the document.

The bindings on the page are “live” and when a value is changed inside of code on the page, the view is updated to reflect that. Change tracking kicks in when browser events fire—i.e., when you click a button, press a key, or when any number of other events occur. You can attach event handlers to controls; these handlers and their handler invocation cause the UI to be refreshed.

Event Handling

You can handle client-side script events and route them to functions in your code.

<button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="@IncrementCount"> Increment Count: <b class="green-text">@currentCount</b> </button> @functions { int currentCount ... void IncrementCount() => currentCount++; }

This code adds a button with a click handler - onclick="@IncrementCount" - that updates the counter displayed on the button, as shown in Figure 7.

Note that you can map events simply by pointing at a handler with the proper signature, which in case of the onclick handler is a method with MouseEventArgs . Alternately, you can also directly handle an event in-line with an Action instance. This is very useful because it allows you to reference in-scope variables, for example, inside of a loop structure, like this:

@foreach (var todoItem in todoItems) { <div class="todo-item"> <a onclick="@(()=>RemoveTodo(todoItem))"> Remove </a> </div> }

Non-UI Events

Change tracking in Blazor is triggered by browser DOM events, but sometimes you need to explicitly refresh the UI from code that triggers a change from within your .NET code. .NET can fire internal events and even run simulated multi-threading and timers.

In the example above, you may notice that when you click the Increment Count button, not only does the Count on the button change, but also the date displayed in the alert box above updates, which is weird UI behavior. It updates only when you click. This because the UI basically re-renders on the button click event and the change in the value but it doesn't update when the time changes.

If I want the time to change each second, I can use a timer in .NET and force a UI change by adding a timer that forces the UI to rebind:

protected override Task OnInitAsync() { var timer = new System.Timers.Timer(); timer.Elapsed += (s, ev) => this.StateHasChanged(); timer.Interval = 1000; timer.Start(); return base.OnInitAsync(); }

Blazor components contain life cycle events and OnInitAsync() is one that you can use to fire code when the component is first loaded. In this example, I set up a timer and fire it every second and explicitly force this.StateHasChanged() , which forces the UI to refresh. This has the effect that the time displayed is now updated every second even when no browser event is fired.

Note that, due to a bug in Mono, DateTime values in Blazor always display as UTC even when using .ToLocalTime() . The problem is that Timezone handling in Mono currently isn’t working, but this bug will be fixed in future versions.

Layout Page

You probably noticed that the Hello page shows more HTML layout than what this sample displays. This HTML is rendered as part of the Layout page.

The Layout page for the sample is very simple:

@inherits BlazorLayoutComponent <div class="sidebar"> <NavMenu /> </div> <div class="main"> <div class="content px-4"> @Body </div> </div>

The key point in this layout are the @inherits BlazorLayoutComponent (likely to change), which identifies this as a Layout page, and the @Body directive, which specifies where the content goes.

To use the Layout, you can use the @layout directive either in a specific page or by a _ViewImports.cshtml file by specifying the layout page type. Note that this is different than MVC where you specify the view file name; here you specify the type name.

Components

Notice the <NavMenu> tag in the Layout page above. That's a component that contains the HTML and the hide-and-show logic to show the sidebar nav menu.

Components are the lowest-level UI element in Blazor. They are simply a .cshtml file. Any .cshtml you create has a matching class and that class component becomes available as an HTML tag to pull in the component. So, the NavMenu.cshtml page becomes a <NavMenu> component you can embed into another page or component.

Components are similar to MVC Partials, but they’re much more powerful because you can pass values to the component. Inside a component's implementation, you can mark properties with a [Parameter] attribute that let the property access HTML attribute values set on the host page/component. The values don't have to be strings. They can be any .NET value or reference, which makes it very easy to pass data from parent to client.

Here's a simple component that takes the time display logic I showed in the Hello page and creates a component from it:

<div class="alert alert-secondary"> <div>@Message</div> <b style="font-size: 2.5em;"> @Time.ToString(FormatString) </b> </div> @functions { [Parameter] string FormatString { get; set; } = "HH:mm:ss"; [Parameter] string Message { get; set; } DateTime Time { get; set; } = DateTime.Now; protected override Task OnInitAsync() { var timer = new System.Timers.Timer(); timer.Elapsed += (s, ev) => { Time = DateTime.Now; this.StateHasChanged(); }; timer.Interval = 1000; timer.Start(); return base.OnInitAsync(); } }

This component abstracts the one-second timer and the display logic for displaying the time component in the UI. To add the component to the page is very simple now:

<TimeDisplayComponent Message="Timing is everything!" FormatString="HH:mm:ss" />

Figure 8 shows what it looks like added to the Hello page:



Figure 8: The time component can update the UI independent of its parents

I removed the host page's timer code, and now only the timer component's time value is updated by the timer events, which is why Figure 8 shows two different times.

Components are very powerful and easily created and much like Partials in MVC, you want to use them to isolate behavior into the smallest manageable units to avoid creating monolithic pages or components. It's much better to break out functionality into smaller units of work that are easier to reason about.

Blazor components are like Partials on Steroids.

What's Generated

If you want a look behind the scenes of how Blazor works at the .NET level, you can peek into the client bin folder and check out your user assemblies. Razor views are compiled into code that holds both the static template content and the code for your embedded expressions, code blocks, and @function directives. Figure 9 shows the generated code for the HTML content of the template in Reflector.



Figure 9: Razor Components render HTML and code into C#.

What this means is that your application’s code mostly ships as a compiled DLL rather than loose HTML files, and all code display is driven through the Razor rendering engine from that generated .NET code.

A Simple Todo List

Let’s go through another example that's a little more involved and deals with a little more data: The venerable ToDo list sample. Figure 10 shows the finished sample application.



Figure 10: The finished ToDo sample demonstrates list display and data entry.

Client C# Business Logic

One of the really nice things in Blazor is that you can create standalone .NET classes that isolate your business logic. Plain classes can even reference classes in other .NET Standard assemblies that are imported via Nuget. I'm going to start with a pseudo business object, created in a separate class. I'll start out with static data, then later pull that same data from JSON data over the Web.

Let's start simple by creating a new TodoBusiness.cs class with a static list of TodoItem object, so I have something to display. Listing 1 shows both the business and data classes.

Listing 1: Start of a business object in a loose C# class

namespace BlazorDemo { public class TodoBusiness { public static List<TodoItem> Todos { get; set; } = new List<TodoItem> { new TodoItem { Title = "Go windsurfing", Description = "Hope it's windy" }, new TodoItem { Title = "Back to work", Description = "Write a new blog post. Get with it!" }, … }; } public class TodoItem { public DateTime Entered { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Description { get; set; } public bool Completed { get; set; } public TodoItem() { Entered = DateTime.Now; } } }

Creating a Razor Page to Display Todo Items

This hardcoded list of ToDo items gives you a list that you can work with to display the ToDo item list. To do this, let's create a new Razor Page called TodoItems.cshtml . The tooling in Visual Studio currently doesn't work for this, so the easiest is to simply copy one of the existing pages, as shown in Listing 2.

Listing 2: Looping through ToDo Items and formatting output

@page "/todos" <link href="/css/todos.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <div class="container"> <div class="todo-container"> @foreach (var todo in todoItems.OrderByDescending(td => td.Entered)) { <div class="todo-item @(todo.Completed ? "completed" : "")"> <div class="pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-remove" onclick="@(()=> removeTodo(todo))"></i> </div> <div class="todo-entered"> <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> @(todo.Entered.ToString("MMM dd @ H:mm")) </div> <div onclick="@(()=> toggleCompleted(todo) )"> <i class="fa @(todo.Completed ? "fa-check green-text larger" : "fa-bookmark-o")"> </i> </div> <div class="todo-content"> <div class="todo-header"> @todo.Title </div> <div> @todo.Description </div> </div> </div> } </div> </div> @functions { TodoItem activeTodo = new TodoItem(); List<TodoItem> todoItems = new List<TodoItem>(); protected override async Task OnInitAsync() { await loadTodos(); } async Task loadTodos() { Console.WriteLine("Loading Todos"); todoItems = TodoBusiness.Todos; } // Event handler has to match signature async Task reload(MouseEventArgs ev) => loadTodos(); }

There's a lot happening in this code, so let’s break down some of the highlights. The core bit of code deals with displaying a list of items and the code uses @foreach(var todo in todoItems) to iterate the list. Note that you can use LINQ to easily filter the list or order the list as I've done here for demonstration purposes. Normally, I’d put the filtering and order logic probably into the “business” logic. More on that later.

The page contains properties that can be treated like the component's state. If you only have a couple of things, you can store the state as properties here, or if you have a more complex page, it's probably a good idea to create a separate TodoListModel class and attach all of the display state there.

I'm loading the business objects in the OnInitAysnc() method, which is fired when the component starts up.

Inside of the foreach() loop, the todo object is in scope and can be used for other expressions to display things like @todoItem.Title . One of the nice things with Razor is that you also get to take advantage of the string formatting built into .NET, so you can format dates nicely, like todoItem.Entered.ToString("MMM dd, yy - HH:mm") . These are things that are often a pain in JavaScript and provided by frameworks, but here, it just comes naturally as part of the core .NET language, which highlights one of the big plus points for using .NET in the first place. You have access to the core framework.

Even better: You can also add NuGet packages that support .NET Standard 2.0. For example, I can add my own Westwind.Utilities package to my project and then change the date display to:

@TimeUtils.FriendlyDate(todo.Entered, showTime: true)

This displays something like Today @ 2:30pm .

CSS Formatting

One advantage of Razor is that it’s terse in allowing expressions. Coming from Angular, I'm familiar with things like the ngClass that lets you specify conditional JSON for classes to display. Frameworks like Angular use pseudo code to describe a number of command attributes, like ngClass , to handle operations like this, but with Razor you can use real code. Remember that Razor pages are turned into compiled .NET class code so you can do something like this:

<i class="fa @(todo.Completed ? "fa-check green-text larger" : "fa-bookmark-o")"></i>

This code conditionally adds CSS classes and styles. Maybe it’s not quite as readable as ngClass , but it’s much more flexible because you’re working with the full power of C# and .NET code.

Browser Event Handling

Blazor allows you to attach event handlers to browser events that it knows about. Currently, a fixed list of events is used, but in the future, you’ll be able to bind to any event including custom events raised from JavaScript or your Blazor components.

Events can be handled in two ways:

Providing a Function Pointer (delegate)

Providing an Action

The former looks like this:

<button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="@reload"> Load ToDos </button>

In this case, reload is a method in the page that has to match a Mouse Event handler delegate:

async Task reload(MouseEventArgs ev) => loadTodos();

Alternately, you can also use an Action method directly attached to the event handler, which allows you to pass any other context objects:

<div class="pull-left" onclick="@(()=>toggleCompleted(todo))">

Note that you can pass the proper context to the toggleCompleted() method, which can now be super simple:

void toggleCompleted(TodoItem todo) { todo.Completed = !todo.Completed; }

Or even simpler:

<div class="pull-left" onclick="@(()=> todo.Completed = !todo.Completed)">

Updating the Completed property updates the underlying todoItem and the event triggers a UI refresh so the page is immediately updated and the Todo item in the list is displayed as completed with appropriate CSS class applied.

Likewise, to remove an item is as simple as passing the item:

<i class="fa fa-remove" onclick="@(()=>todoItems.Remove(todo))"></i>

This behavior is very similar to the way frameworks like Angular work, but it makes for a very easy way to work with events and pass proper context between components and event handlers.

Handling User Input

Let's add the ability to add new ToDo items to the list, which is also very easy to do. First let’s add another property to the page called activeTodo , which is the ToDo displayed in the editor:

TodoItem activeTodo = new TodoItem() { Title = "New ToDo", Description = "Get 'er done!" };

The form in Listing 3 above the ToDo list can then display and add new items in an editable input. Figure 11 shows what this form looks like.

Listing 3: Using Bindings in Data Input Controls

<div class="card bg-light"> <form name="form1" id="form1"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name" bind="@activeTodo.Title" required /> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <textarea class="form-control" id="description" name="description" style="height: 100px" bind="activeTodo.Description" minlength="10" required></textarea> </div> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="@(() => addTodo(activeTodo) )"> <i class="fa fa-plus"></i> Add Todo </button> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="@reload"> <i class="fa fa-download"></i> Reload ToDos </button> </form> </div>



Figure 11: Entering a new ToDo item

The key feature of the input form in Listing 3 is the bind= directive in the input controls, which binds the text in the textbox to a model value.

<input id="name" required bind="@activeTodo.Title" />

As you enter a new value and move off the field, the value updates the underlying Title property. Currently Blazor's binding features are limited and bind to specific properties, value and onchange for the <input> in this case. Work is underway to provide a more dynamic binding model that will let you bind to any DOM property and event.

Reloading Todos from an HTTP URL

If you look at the Reload button on the sample, you'll note that currently, reloading doesn't appear to be doing anything. That's because the ToDo list is a static list of objects and reloading merely re-assigns the same list of objects. In other words, you’re assigning the existing reference to itself, which doesn’t do anything.

To make this mildly more interesting, let’s load the ToDo items from a URL via HTTP. To do this, I'll change the “business object” to use the .NET HttpClient class to retrieve ToDo items from a static URL on the site.

public class TodoBusiness { public static List<TodoItem> Todos { get; set; } private HttpClient _httpClient; public TodoBusiness(HttpClient httpClient) { _httpClient = httpClient; } public async Task<List<TodoItem>> LoadTodos() { Todos = await _httpClient.GetJsonAsync<List<TodoItem>>("/sample-data/todos.json"); return Todos; } }

To use this class in the ToDo page component, I have to make a few changes to ensure that I can get access to the HttpClient instance. I can use dependency injection to get a reusable instance of the HttpClient object with this directive:

@inject HttpClient Http

HttpClient is one of the default injected components available to inject into any page and component. To use the injected HttpClient , I can now pass it to the business object:

// Important: List cannot be null! List<TodoItem> todoItems = new List<TodoItem>(); protected override async Task OnInitAsync() { await loadTodos(); } async Task loadTodos() { var busTodos = new TodoBusiness(Http); todoItems = await busTodos.LoadTodos(); }

With this code in place, the Reload button now properly reloads the original set of ToDos from the server.

Using Dependency Injection Instead

A better way to handle the TodoBusiness is by adding it to dependency injection during the browser application's startup. You can add services in the Main method of the application:

static void Main(string[] args) { var serviceProvider = new BrowserServiceProvider(services => { services.AddTransient<TodoBusiness>(); }); new BrowserRenderer(serviceProvider).AddComponent<App>("app"); }

This ensures that the HttpClient is always passed to the business object constructor when injected. To inject the business object and use it, I can now do the following in the page:

@inject TodoBusiness TodoBusiness @functions { async Task loadTodos() { todoItems = await TodoBusiness.LoadTodos(); } }

JavaScript Interop

The idea of Blazor is that you should be using the framework as much as possible to manage the UI and not resort to falling back to raw DOM updates. In this way, the platform for rendering can potentially be changed without having to change your code.

Nevertheless, sometimes you need to call back into JavaScript to access a separate JavaScript library, interact with the DOM directly, or access browser APIs that aren't available to Razor. For this scenario, there are interop helpers built into the Blazor JavaScript client that allow you to call into JavaScript from Blazor and call into Blazor from JavaScript.

This is a fairly involved topic that requires a bit of explanation and lots of little details that are too long to cover here, so I'll refer you to a great topic on the excellent Learn Blazor site (https://learn-blazor.com/architecture/interop/), which provides the basics and a more involved sample that uses these Reflection-like APIs to do JavaScript Interop.

Keep in mind that this interop functionality is very likely to change drastically as Web Assembly gains the ability to directly interact with the DOM. Once that's in place, Blazor likely will have high-level DOM abstractions and provide an easier way to pass data back and forth.

Missing Pieces

Now that you've seen some of the promise that Blazor brings to using .NET in the browser, it's time to put on the brakes and point at some issues you need to deal with.

It's experimental. Current releases of Blazor are marked as experimental by Microsoft. It is not production code and although Blazor is quite functional, I really wouldn't recommend that you start building anything production with it. It will change—drastically most likely, and any code you write today is very likely to break with newer versions going forward. There’s no guarantee that Blazor will turn into a real product, although I think given feedback and these early versions it’s good guess that this project will go forward.

No debugging. Currently, there's no debugging support in Blazor, which means that you can't start Visual Studio or VS Code and just step into C# or Razor code. Remember that Blazor runs in the browser through Web Assembly and you’re running interpreted .NET code, which is an extremely long dev pipeline with no help from the browser tools to provide tooling. Microsoft has indicated that this is a priority feature and as I write this, there have been a few Twitter posts from the team talking about early rough implementations of a .NET client-side debugger under active development and in testing. In the meantime, there aren’t many options for runtime debugging of code. The best way I've found is to use Console.WriteLine(), which writes its output to the JavaScript browser console. Unfortunately, you’re limited to string values. You can't see full object dumps, but you can use JsonUtils.Serialize() to turn objects to string and dump them as JSON to the JavaScript console or the screen.

.NET Standard but not all of it. The WASM Mono implementation supports .NET Standard 2.0 and loads and can execute any assembly built to that target. However, there are things that .NET Standard 2.0 supports that simply don't work in the WASM implementation and so there are quite a few things that might throw NotSupported exceptions.

Dates, oh, those JavaScript dates. Dates in the browser have always been a pain and it looks like this continues even in Web Assembly. Mono handles date access via JavaScript interop, so those same date limitations show up in the .NET runtime. Currently, dates are always in UTC format with no way in .NET to turn them into local dates. The problem is that TimeZoneInfo isn’t working, so every operation related to TimeZone conversions also has problems. As a workaround, using a Date wrapper with an application fixed offset can provide some relief for this issue. The date issue also has side effects. For example, I was trying to load JSON.NET to get formatted JSON output from my objects for debugging, but that failed due to some obscure date conversion errors in the serialized data that contains dates. I had to stick with JsonUtils.Serialize() (a Blazor supplied function) and unformatted output. This is likely to get resolved in future versions, but it just demonstrates that this is preview software and not ready for production.

As cool as Blazor is to experiment with, it’s a long way from production ready

Web Assembly is Not All about the DOM

It's important to understand that Blazor is just one way to implement a framework on top of Web Assembly. Blazor explicitly interacts with the HTML DOM to defer all of its rendering and event handling. However, this is not a requirement.

Because Web Assembly allows executing raw machine code inside of the browser sandbox, it's possible to create entirely new applications and frameworks that might not even use the HTML DOM at all. Final display output can be mapped directly to HTML Canvas or WebGL from memory mapped images, for example, which is the most likely path that high performance and graphics-intensive applications, like games, will take to produce high video frame-rate Web content. No DOM required.

This same approach also allows completely separate layout engines that aren’t based on HTML. You can imagine, for example, a XAML-based layout engine that directly renders to Canvas on the screen, which would be more akin to Silverlight. I can't imagine that Microsoft isn't thinking about something along these lines for making UWP or Xamarin Forms apps work in a platform-independent way inside of the browser.

In the future, it's quite easy to imagine that this sort of low-level interface might bring a new renaissance of new UI frameworks that aren't based around HTML-based UI. After all, we've been stuck in the HTML-centric mindset for well over 15 years now, and the slow progress on the HTML/CSS UI front may drive innovation into different areas, given the opportunity of a new platform that gives many more options for generating output to the screen.

Another interesting alternative for .NET developers is Ooui (https://github.com/praeclarum/Ooui). Ooui provides a WebSocket-based communication framework that lets you programmatically define a UI and controls rendered and passing events back over a WebSocket connection. Ooui has UI models both for DOM-based layout as well as a Xamarin forms-based layout that renders into HTML.

Web Assembly and Security

On the flipside, it’s important to remember that Web Assembly is still limited to the browser’s sandbox. It can run optimized machine code, but the code doesn’t get any access to functionality that the browser sandbox doesn’t expose. Unlike plug-ins that ran machine code outside of the browser sandbox, Web Assembly inherits the same security restrictions and limited Web APIs that the browser exposes. You can’t use Web Assembly to access custom hardware or special host OS features that aren’t exposed as browser APIs like plug-ins used to.

This means that Web Assembly doesn’t introduce major new security issues, as security is determined by the browser’s sandbox, not the Web Assembly runtime. This is important because it leaves the security concerns with the browser vendor, rather than with third party plug-in providers. Plug-ins are dead for a reason, but Web Assembly provides machine-level code within the browser’s set of rules, which gives the best of both worlds.

Web Assembly provides access to machine-level code within the security context of the browser’s sandbox.

Where Are We?

It's easy to get excited around this technology. Blazor's development model certainly feels very comfortable with a relatively small learning curve if you're already familiar with .NET and Razor. Even better, it sidesteps all the JavaScript build framework craziness that goes along with HTML-based frameworks like Angular, React, Vue, and so on. Microsoft provides a fairly simple development environment where you compile and run, or publish, with a small set of compiled assemblies getting distributed.

There are also some downsides to this model. Everything that’s in Razor templates is compiled C# code, which means that in order to make even a minor change you have to recompile your application. This is no different than most other JavaScript frameworks, which also require transpilation these days, but it nevertheless makes this technology a two-step process where compilation is required for any changes.

On the flip side using compiled .NET code that can take advantage of compile-time validation of code, using rich tooling for project wide refactoring, and the ability to use standard .NET components, opens up a world of possibilities that simply weren't an option before. Blazor templates work in Visual Studio and give you most of the development time support you're used to when building server-side Razor applications, which is awesome for a new technology.

On the other hand, this is a framework from Microsoft. Microsoft has been known to try new stuff and then abandon it. A framework like Blazor is also very likely to fight an adoption battle because it’s a Microsoft product, even if it is 100% open source. In my view, Microsoft has a commitment problem, or at least a perception thereof, when it comes to client frameworks. Blazor very much needs a strong driving force to succeed both in terms of features and achieving critical mass to become a challenger to the status quo JavaScript frameworks that exist today. Without a significant push towards wide adoption, this technology is a potential dead end.

It's also important to understand that, for now at least, this is experimental software. Vendors are still trying to figure out how to best integrate solutions like this into existing browser-based UI. Web Assembly is still growing up and there are big holes in terms of JavaScript and DOM interactivity that Blazor relies on. Web Assembly currently lacks the ability to directly access the DOM, so all rendering and event handling has to indirectly go through JavaScript. This means performance overhead, and maybe even more critically ugly and somewhat limited code in order for Web Assembly and JavaScript to talk to each other. Much of the interop is hidden internally in the Blazor framework, but at the edges if your code needs to interop—and it will—the code is pretty ugly.

These issues are well known and they are already on the list of things to be addressed in Web Assembly, but we’re not there yet. What all this means is that any tool that uses Web Assembly is going to be a rapidly changing target. Microsoft specifically says not to use Blazor for production projects, but I'm sure some people will just ignore that and do it anyway. Just realize that features and APIs are bound to change drastically before it becomes a stable production-ready tool, if at all. There has been no definite confirmation on whether Blazor is headed to become a real supported product, although Microsoft clearly indicates that they’re serious about pursuing this avenue.

There's huge potential for this technology to have wide-ranging effects on the Microsoft eco-system, perhaps even providing a path to building cross-platform-capable applications that can run on many platforms in the browser, on the desktop, and on mobile.

We'll have to wait and see how that all turns out.

Summary

It's really cool to finally see some real noise around Web Assembly that aims at breaking the JavaScript mono-culture in the browser. Blazor certainly feels very comfortable to .NET developers and it gets a lot of things related to HTML frameworks right. In a lot of ways, Blazor feels more natural than any of the other big JavaScript frameworks but then I’m biased as a .NET developer. The code centric approach that Razor takes just makes good sense to me, but also the ability to use .NET classes, and pull tons of .NET Standard-compliant code from NuGet on the client side.

On the flip side, this technology is nowhere near ready. There are big missing features in Web Assembly, which are going to take a while to get addressed and then take more time to actually make it into browsers. The good news is that most browser vendors are eager to make Web Assembly work, so once the specs are worked out and in recommendation stage, browsers are likely to be close behind with implementations.

Blazor is still discovering what works and what doesn't and frankly, Microsoft doesn't have a great track record with client-side frameworks. The good news here is that Blazor is different in that it’s not based around JavaScript and Microsoft can leverage their skill in building .NET-based frameworks and awesome tooling with Blazor. Given the short time since it was initially announced and put out, I'd say Blazor has come a long way and it's actually mostly functional.

But as exciting as all of this new tech is, don't get too excited because I think it'll be quite a while before there's a stable and fully functional, production ready version of Blazor.

It's not quite time to throw out the JavaScript baby with the bathwater yet. But in the meantime, you can think about the possibilities that Web Assembly and Blazor can deliver. Get involved, play with the technology, report bugs, and help out with discussions about features that you need. Your feedback matters and heightened interest will help drive this technology forward.