In The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700, published in 2011 by Cambridge University Press, Fogel and his co-authors argued that ''in most if not quite all parts of the world, the size, shape and longevity of the human body have changed more substantially, and much more rapidly, during the past three centuries than over many previous millennia.’’ What is more, they wrote, this “technophysio evolution” — powered by advances in food production and public health — had come about within a time frame that was ''minutely short by the standards of Darwinian evolution’’. Indeed the changes had been so rapid that modern man stood apart not just from every other species, but from all previous generations of Homo sapiens.