MOSCOW — President Trump’s national security adviser, John R. Bolton, said on Monday that he had directly criticized Russian officials for meddling in United States elections although, he said, their actions had not had any effect on electoral outcomes.

Mr. Bolton, who was in Moscow to discuss United States plans to withdraw from a nuclear disarmament treaty, told the Echo of Moscow radio station that election meddling came up during his meetings with senior officials, including the Russian foreign minister and the chief of the country’s security council.

Moscow’s meddling has strained relations with the United States and has prompted a special counsel investigation in Washington into whether members of Mr. Trump’s campaign team and administration colluded with the meddling or obstructed the investigation into it.

Mr. Bolton said he had been blunt with the Russians, according to a transcript of his interview, which the radio station translated into Russian for broadcast and posting on its website.