Type of Guided artillery shell

The M982 Excalibur (previously XM982) is a 155 mm extended range guided artillery shell developed during a collaborative effort between the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC).[3] The Excalibur was manufactured by prime contractor Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems AB. It is a GPS and inertial-guided munition capable of being used in close support situations within 75–150 meters (250–490 ft) of friendly troops or in situations where targets might be prohibitively close to civilians to attack with conventional unguided artillery fire. In 2015 the United States planned to procure 7,474 rounds with a FY2015 total program cost of US$1.9341 billion at an average cost of US$258,777 per unit.[4] By 2016, unit costs were reduced to US$68,000 per round.[5] Versions that add laser-guidance capability and are designed to be fired from naval guns began testing in 2015.[4][6][7] As of October 2018 , over 1,400 rounds had been fired in combat.[8]

Description [ edit ]

Excalibur was developed as a longer-ranged alternative to conventional artillery shells, with GPS guidance for improved accuracy.[9] Excalibur has a range of approximately 40 to 57 kilometers (25 to 35 mi) depending on configuration, with a circular error probable (CEP) of around 5 to 20 meters (16 to 66 ft).[10][11][12][13][14] The extended range is achieved through the use of folding glide fins, which allow the projectile to glide from the top of a ballistic arc towards the target.

The munition was co-developed by United States-based Raytheon Missile Systems (guidance system) and the Swedish BAE Systems Bofors (body, base, ballistics and payload).[9] Excalibur is used to minimize collateral damage, for targets beyond the range of standard munitions, for precise firing within 150 meters (490 ft) of friendly troops, or when firing in a straight line from the launching cannon is limited by terrain.[9][15] It has a multi-function fuze that can be programmed to explode in the air, once it hits a hard surface, or after it penetrates inside a target.[16] One Excalibur projectile can accurately hit an intended target that would require the use of between 10 and 50 unguided artillery rounds.[17]

Initial combat experience with Excalibur in Iraq in the summer of 2007 was highly successful, with 92% of rounds falling within 4 meters (13 ft) of the target. Its performance was so impressive that the U.S. Army planned to increase production to 150 rounds per month from the previous 18 rounds per month.[18][19] In 2012, Excalibur rounds reached new record ranges in combat of 36 kilometers.[20]

Guns that Excalibur is compatible with are the British AS-90 SPG, Swedish Archer Artillery System, South African G6 howitzer, United States M198, M777 Lightweight and M109A6 Paladin self-propelled 155 mm howitzers, and the German Panzerhaubitze 2000.[21]

The U.S. Navy had considered using the Excalibur in the Zumwalt-class destroyer's Advanced Gun System following the cancellation of the Long Range Land Attack Projectile, but the plan was later abandoned.[22]

Variants [ edit ]

There are three versions of the system. Initial development effort was towards Increment I; Milestone C decisions will be made on Increment II and III in FY2013 with a demonstration of those capabilities by 2020.[2]

History [ edit ]

First operational use of M982 Excalibur, against a suspected insurgent safe house north of Baghdad on 5 May 2007.

US Army artillerymen preparing an M982 Excalibur round for firing in Afghanistan, 2008.

Excalibur started as a development program in 1992. The Operational Requirements Document (ORD) of May 1997 called for 200,000 rounds of an unguided munition with increased range at an estimated cost of $4,000/round, and Texas Instruments was awarded the initial EMD contract on 23 January 1998. In November 2001 the volume was cut to 76,677 rounds and soon after this was further reduced to 61,483,[27] but the developers were encouraged by the Indian experience of using Russian Krasnopol guided shells against Pakistani bunkers in the Kargil War of 1999.[28] In March 2004 the program was merged with a Swedish/U.S. program to create Trajectory Correctable Munitions, reflected in a new ORD in September 2004 which removed the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition "cluster bomb" variant in favor of the discriminating munition variant. Later that year the U.S. Army reduced its planned order to 30,000 rounds. Low-rate production of 500 rounds was approved in May 2005 and Raytheon was awarded a contract to produce 165 rounds in June 2005,[27] worth $22.1 million.[29] In September of that year, the round was successfully demonstrated at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.[30] Raytheon was awarded a $42.7 million contract for production of 335 Excalibur projectiles and related test articles and services in June 2006 for that fiscal year.[31]

In August 2006, technical problems relating to environmental sensitivity and GPS signal lock were discovered, pushing the expected in-service date to spring 2007.[23][32] Testing in September demonstrated an actual average CEP of 5 m (20 ft) or better.[33] Increment Ia-1 completed testing in early 2007 and in April that year the U.S. Army approved an Urgent Material Release to allow deployment to Iraq.[2] The Excalibur was first operationally fired in Iraq in May 2007.[34] Increment Ia-2 achieved a 40 kilometers (25 mi) range in a live-fire demonstration in April 2007 and in July the Army Acquisition Executive approved the Milestone C decision for Ia-2 to enter low-rate production.[2] The munition was developed with US$55.1 million in financial assistance from Sweden, which expected to receive service rounds in 2010. The Excalibur debuted in Afghanistan in February 2008.[16] The Australian Army ordered US$40 million of Excalibur rounds in October 2007, an order revised in April 2008 to an estimated US$58 million.[35][36] In 2008 unit cost was US$85,000.[37]

In September 2008 both Raytheon and Alliant Techsystems were awarded competitive development contracts for Increment Ib mass production,[27] but Raytheon secured the final manufacturing contract in August 2010.[38] Test firings of Increment Ia-1 rounds in March 2009 revealed that the Honeywell inertial measurement unit was not up to standard, and it was replaced by a unit from Atlantic Inertial Systems. In April 2010 the U.S. Army's planned order was cut further, from 30,000 rounds to 6,264, which increased the unit cost sufficiently that it triggered an investigation under the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment. Normally a Nunn-McCurdy breach signals a program in trouble, but a 2012 RAND report concluded that the unit cost increases were caused by the cuts in procurement numbers: fewer shells were needed for the same effect, due to the improved accuracy of modern artillery.[27]

The Excalibur gives U.S. brigade commanders a precision weapon that is locally available, regardless of weather conditions (unlike bombs dropped from aircraft). Because the M982 is so accurate, the risks of friendly-fire casualties and collateral damage are no longer deterrents to using gun artillery in urban environments, and the Excalibur is sometimes called in only 50 m (160 ft) away from friendly infantrymen. In February 2012, a US Marine Corps M777 howitzer in Helmand province, Afghanistan, fired a single Excalibur round that killed a group of insurgents at a Marine-record range of 36 kilometers (22 mi).[39]

In December 2012, Raytheon received a $56.6 million contract for low-rate initial production of Excalibur Ib projectiles.[40] On 10 September 2013, Raytheon received a $54 million contract for a second lot of Excalibur Ib artillery rounds. The Excalibur Ib has improved reliability and lower unit cost than the previous Excalibur Ia-1 and Ia-2. At the time of the award, over 690 Excalibur projectiles had been fired in theater.[41] In February 2014, the U.S. Army and Raytheon fired 30 Excalibur Ib shells at test targets to confirm the performance and reliability of the configuration before full-rate production. Projectiles were fired from Paladin and M777 howitzers at ranges from 7 to 38 km (4.3 to 24 mi), each hitting within an average of 1.6 meters (5.2 ft) from the target.[17] On 3 April 2014, the last Excalibur Ia projectile was assembled, signaling the transition to Increment Ib focus. Over 6,500 Ia shells were delivered to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps as well as several international customers.[42] Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) for the Excalibur Ib was completed in May 2014, moving the projectile closer to full-rate production. Testing of the Excalibur Ib averaged a miss distance of less than 2 m (6.6 ft).[43] On 31 July 2014, Raytheon received a $52 million contract to begin full-rate production of the Excalibur Ib shell.[44]

In June 2014, Raytheon successfully test-fired its Excalibur S shell with a dual-mode GPS/SAL guidance system. The variant incorporates a laser spot tracker (LST) into the Excalibur Ib shell. The test was to validate the LST's ability to survive being fired from a howitzer and was initialized with GPS coordinates, then a laser designator guided the round to the target.[45] In February 2020, Raytheon announced the Excalibur S had been successfully tested against a moving target using its laser seeker.[46]

Excalibur N5 [ edit ]

In September 2015, Raytheon conducted a live fire guided test flight of the Excalibur N5, a company-funded initiative to reduce the 155 mm Excalibur shell to 130 mm (5 in) for use with naval guns mounted on destroyers and cruisers.[6] The Excalibur Ib and N5 have 70% commonality, 99% identical software, and the same guidance & navigation unit (GNU). Its primary uses would be to allow warships to accurately fire shells against land targets in support of troops ashore and inexpensively destroy fast attack craft (FAC) at longer ranges. Unguided 127 mm (5.0 in) shells from Mark 45 naval guns have a range of 13 nmi (15 mi; 24 km), but can deliver accurate fire only out to 8 nmi (9.2 mi; 15 km), while small cruise missile-carrying attack boats can launch from 15–20 nmi (17–23 mi; 28–37 km) away. Like the land-based version, the Excalibur N5's guidance fins pop out after launch to glide the round out to longer ranges before turning nose-down and diving to the target, extending range to 20–26 nmi (23–30 mi; 37–48 km) depending on gun barrel length; although range would be greater with rocket assistance, cost would also be greater. Alternative seekers will be added to hit maneuvering targets, such as laser guidance that requires a spotter to designate it, and millimeter wave radar that needs no outside guidance.[5]

Operators [ edit ]

Map with M982 operators in blue

Current operators [ edit ]

Future or pending operators [ edit ]

Norway — pending FMS request.

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

Jane's Ammunition Handbook 2003–2004

Further reading [ edit ]