Louisiana, Texas and North Carolina are among the states where residents are most likely to lose their jobs to robots by 2030, according to a new report.

Oxford Economics, an international forecasting and quantitative analysis firm, has developed a “robot vulnerability index” to determine which regions are likely to see the most jobs lost to automation. The index highlights places that are dependent on lower-skilled manufacturing jobs and do not currently use many robots as compared to international competitors.

Among the United States, Louisiana and Oregon tied for the highest vulnerability index, followed by Texas, Indiana and North Carolina. Hawaii had the lowest score, followed by Washington, D.C., Nevada, Florida and Vermont.

Reliance on heavy manufacturing generally led to a high score, while reliance on tourism or financial and business services was associated with lower scores.

About 20 million manufacturing jobs worldwide could be lost to robots over the next decade, Oxford Economics says. Major cities with diversified economies are expected to be more insulated from the trend than rural areas, and regions already struggling economically could be the hardest hit.

“Successful economic performance at the regional level in advanced economies is usually inversely correlated with robot vulnerability,” the report says.

But the report’s authors stress that despite the rising pace of automation, “popular fears that robots will create huge swathes of unemployment around the world are somewhat misplaced” because “the value created by robots across the economy more than offsets their disruptive impact on employment.”

Automation leads to lower production costs, which hopefully translates to lower prices and increased consumer buying power, which in turn supports other businesses.

“Therefore, the same robots that displace jobs in manufacturing also create employment across the wider economy,” the authors say.

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