On the day the Trump administration was supposed to kill Daniel Lewis Lee, Zann Carter sat in a cafe in downtown Terre Haute, Indiana. It was a dreary Monday morning but the space was warm; wreaths hung in the windows and Christmas music filled the room. The execution was the first in a series of five set between December and January, and it had originally been scheduled to take place between 7 and 8 a.m. A vigil had been planned outside the federal prison, just a few miles down the road, but the courts had put the killings on hold. That morning, December 9, activists from around the country gathered for breakfast at a nearby diner before driving home. For Carter, 67, Terre Haute is home, though she grew up in Florida, where her views about the death penalty were first formed. In 1979, when the state carried out its first execution in the “modern” death penalty era, Carter discussed capital punishment with her father, “the chief federal probation officer for the Southern District of Florida,” she said. “And he told me he was opposed to the death penalty, ‘because innocent people get convicted more than you think.’”

Zann Carter is a leader in the Terre Haute community when it comes to advocacy and activism against the death penalty. She stands in front of the original Federal Building, where activists held protests against the last round of federal executions. Photo: Lucas Carter for The Intercept

It was not until Carter moved to Indiana, however, that she felt compelled to put her opposition to the death penalty into practice. In 1993, soon after she arrived in Terre Haute, the United States Bureau of Prisons announced that the town would be the site for a new federal death row. The next year, Bill Clinton signed the Federal Death Penalty Act, vastly expanding the crimes punishable by death. In 1995, the year Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people in Oklahoma City, the BOP unveiled the $300,000 death house, “an antiseptic place with ugly green tile,” as described by the Associated Press. In the summer of 1999, 20 condemned men from across the country were moved to Terre Haute’s new death row. At an activist meeting in Bloomington, organizers voted to start a statewide anti-death penalty group. Carter became the point person for Terre Haute. When the Department of Justice announced it would execute a man named David Paul Hammer in November 2000, she began organizing protests outside the old federal building downtown. On Thursdays she set up a table with petitions and buttons at a nearby coffee shop. It was on one of those Thursdays at the coffee shop that news arrived: Timothy McVeigh had decided to “volunteer” for execution. By then, Hammer had resumed his appeals, making the Oklahoma City bomber the first federal execution in more than 37 years. Carter felt immediately daunted. Hammer was relatively unknown; he had killed his cellmate while incarcerated at a federal prison in Pennsylvania. McVeigh, on the other hand, had committed the worst homegrown terror attack in U.S. history. But she thought, “We have no choice. This is here in our backyard. If we don’t protest this, if we don’t, then who will?”

Left/Top: Zann Carter outside the federal building in Terre Haute, protesting the execution of Timothy McVeigh in 2001. Right/Bottom: Zann Carter points out pins from her collection spanning years of death penalty abolition activism.Photos: Courtesy of Zann Carter; Lucas Carter for The Intercept

Carter worried about the executions’ effect on Terre Haute. She didn’t want it to be a “prison hub” like Huntsville, Texas, which is widely known for its death chamber. “It’s just a negative thing that I don’t think is healthy for the community, really.” But local leaders seemed unfazed. “I don’t believe that it’s the greatest thing that could happen to us,” Terre Haute Mayor James Jenkins told a local paper. “But in the grand scheme of things, I don’t know that it will have that much impact on the community.” McVeigh was executed on June 11, 2001. The event brought throngs of reporters and protesters. Neighbors of the prison rented out their lawns to media crews; local businesses sold T-shirts reading “Die! Die! Die!” along with shirts saying “Stop the Killing, Let Timothy McVeigh Live.” The owner of David’s Food Center, a grocery store just across from the prison on State Road 63, became a minor celebrity in the national press for his plans to sell kebabs on the day of the execution. “It was ramping up to be a circus,” Carter recalled. But the frenzy quickly faded after McVeigh’s execution. When Juan Raul Garza was killed in the death chamber just one week later, the execution attracted a fraction of the national attention. By the time the federal government executed Gulf War veteran Louis Jones on March 19, 2003, the national press was focused on George W. Bush’s “shock and awe” campaign in Iraq, launched the same day. Today in Terre Haute, the looming return of federal executions does not seem to have created much of a stir. As news came down on Friday, December 6, that the Supreme Court had put the killings on pause, people were flocking to the annual holiday fair downtown, Miracle on 7th Street. At the Dollar General across from the penitentiary on Monday morning, a clerk said there wasn’t much of a change from the norm in the past few weeks. Down the road on 63, a sign above David’s Food Store advertised “Tiki Kabob,” marinated pork on a stick. But it sat vacant with a sign reading “under new management.” Standing Up to Trump The disconnect between the death chamber and daily life in Terre Haute mirrors much of the rest of the country. Most Americans just don’t think about capital punishment very often, even those in active death penalty states. Federal death row is especially opaque. Only three people have been executed in the federal death chamber since the Supreme Court reauthorized executions in 1976 — a tiny fraction of the more than 1,500 people executed in the U.S. in that time.

Abe Bonowitz speaking to the media in Terre Haute, on the eve of the execution of Timothy McVeigh in 2001. Photo: Courtesy of Zann Carter

The anti-death penalty movement had been bracing itself for the return of federal executions since the moment Trump was elected. Abe Bonowitz remembers driving back home from Washington, D.C., as the inauguration was getting underway in January 2017. A veteran organizer based in Ohio, Bonowitz had just been arrested protesting executions in front of the U.S. Supreme Court alongside Derrick Jamison, who spent 20 years on death row before being exonerated in 2005. As they drove back to Ohio, Bonowitz recalls, “I’m sitting there thinking, ’Who is there in the movement who is going to stand up to Trump?” Soon afterward, Bonowitz co-founded Death Penalty Action, with precisely that mission in mind. When U.S. Attorney General William Barr finally made his dreaded announcement — that the federal government was resuming capital punishment after a nearly two-decade hiatus — Bonowitz wasted no time. “This is the moment Death Penalty Action was created for,” he wrote in an email to supporters. One of the first calls he made was to Zann Carter. The two had worked together in the run-up to the last round of executions, organizing an 82-mile march from Indianapolis to Terre Haute in November 2000. At first she was reluctant to get involved. In the years after the last federal execution, her mother became sick and her son fell into a drug addiction that would later take his life. “It was a terrible, terrible time for me,” she told me.

Carter had struggled to find joy in abolition work. “There’s so much pain in the death penalty,” she said. “Everywhere you look. I mean, you want to be happy when there’s a stay. But there’s still somebody who’s been murdered. There’s still somebody on death row. There’s still families grieving … and that can be wearing after a time.” She was especially bothered by the way her activism had positioned her in opposition to grieving families. There was one in particular, the parents of a woman murdered in Terre Haute, who used to stage counterprotests against the abolitionists. It pained her to know that her activism was dragging them to revisit their trauma again and again. But she was also angered at the way their tragedies were weaponized by prosecutors who used their grief as “ammunition.” Yet some of the most powerful voices against McVeigh’s execution came from murder victims’ families opposed to the death penalty. Bill Pelke, an Indiana native and founder of Journey of Hope, came to Terre Haute with his friend George White, who was wrongfully convicted of his wife’s murder in Alabama. Bud Welch, whose daughter was killed in the Oklahoma City attack — and who developed an unlikely friendship with McVeigh’s father — spoke numerous times alongside Paul Stevens, whose daughter was murdered in Evansville in 1969. “Vengeance isn’t OK because vengeance destroys,” Welch told the Terre Haute Tribune Star in March 2001. It was vengeance that had killed 168 people in Oklahoma City, he added.

Left/Top: A Terre Haute police car drives ahead of anti-death penalty demonstrators during a march from Terre Haute, Ind., on June 10, 2001. Right/Bottom: Dean Spiegel from Indianapolis carries his 4-year-old daughter Sophia on his shoulders on June 9, 2001, as he videotapes activities near the entrance to the grounds of the U.S. Federal Prison in Terre Haute.Photos: Photo: Tim Boyle/Getty Images

Despite her hesitation, Carter welcomed Bonowitz back to town in 2019. As he got reacquainted with Terre Haute, Bonowitz realized that the federal executions had had more of an impact than he had realized. One woman, who was in college when she participated in the 2000 march, told him that the issue had split the community, with Bureau of Prison employees on one side and death penalty opponents on the other. “If you weren’t for the executions you were against the prison people.” Carter herself was dragged through the mud in an angry letter by the wife of a federal prison employee, published by the Tribune Star. Particularly shocking was a hate crime that took place in 2003, when a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the window of the CANDLES Holocaust Museum and Education Center. The building was almost completely destroyed, with the perpetrator spray-painting “Remember McVeigh” on one of the outside brick walls. To Bonowitz, it seemed like a clear warning of the death penalty’s “brutalizing effect” — the theory that executions contribute to more crime and social upheaval. Beginning in October, activists under the banner of Terre Haute Death Penalty Resistance hosted events in classrooms and churches in the community. One speaker, Ashley Kincaid, told the story of being 13 years old when McVeigh was executed, an hour from her hometown. On the eve of his execution, she said, she was in the car with her father, who pointed at a beautiful sunset and laughed, telling her it was McVeigh’s last sunset. It was her “first empathic experience,” Kincaid said; the next morning she woke up “and imagined what it would be like for the guards to come up and open that cage and to know it’s time.” The events also featured Jerry Givens, the former executioner for the Virginia Department of Corrections. Givens killed 62 people in his official position between 1982 and 1999. His duties ranged from overseeing the final visits between the condemned and their loved ones to pushing the button that would activate the electric chair. At a downtown church in late October, Givens shared the story of how he almost executed a man who would later turn out to be innocent. “They’re not equipped mentally to do this,” he told me about the people working inside the federal prison in Terre Haute. “People don’t understand.” Givens is one of several former prison officials who wrote to the Trump administration in November urging him to stop the executions. “To walk into a room and kill somebody, that is traumatic,” wrote former prison superintendent Frank Thompson, who oversaw two executions in Oregon years ago. In a subsequent piece, Thompson described the “long-term repercussions from the process of practicing, over and over, to kill someone.”

Photo: Liliana Segura/The Intercept

On November 20, a U.S. District Court judge declared a stay of execution for Daniel Lewis Lee and the other men scheduled to die. With the future unclear, Bonowitz and his fellow activists decided to move forward with their plans in Terre Haute no matter what. They announced a convocation to take place on December 8, the eve of Lee’s scheduled execution, at St. Benedict Catholic Church. It would feature numerous speakers directly impacted by the death penalty, among them, the brother of Texas death row prisoner Rodney Reed, who narrowly avoided execution earlier this year. On December 5, Bonowitz received an unexpected email. It came from a man named Lance Gurel. His wife’s sister had been murdered by Lee, the first man set to die. The family had been outspoken about their opposition to Lee’s execution. Gurel said that they planned to be in Terre Haute should the execution proceed. He would join them at the church. An American Crossroads

The Vigo County Courthouse in Terre Haute, Ind. Photo: Lucas Carter for The Intercept

I first visited Terre Haute in late October. The city of roughly 61,000 sits on the banks of the Wabash River on the border of Illinois, about an hour from Indianapolis. The second annual Birthplace of the Coca-Cola Bottle Festival had been held a month earlier, and dozens of bottle-shaped sculptures decorated the city. At the intersection of Wabash and Seventh Street downtown, a historic marker designates the spot where U.S. Highway 40 met Highway 41 — the “Crossroads of America.” It was less than a week before the Vigo County municipal election. Downtown, where empty storefronts persist despite efforts at revitalization, colorful signs advertised competing ballot initiatives. Particularly ubiquitous were green signs reading “Vote Yes on #1,” a referendum to bring a casino to the area, and with it, jobs. That vote passed by a healthy margin. Like other areas of Indiana’s Wabash Valley, where mines and manufacturing once powered the local economy, Vigo County has struggled over the past few decades. Economic woes have led to controversial decisions about where to devote government resources. Especially contentious is the recent decision by the county commission to divert education funds to construct a “megajail” to the tune of $66.5 million. “We are a poor county with a declining population,” one opponent wrote in a 2018 letter published in the Tribune Star. “If we ever hope to turn things around here then we need to make this an appealing place to live, a place where young people might want to settle down. … How can we have first-rate high schools and a mega-jail too?” New prisons and jails have often been pitched as a boon to American communities, only for projects to evolve beyond their original scope while failing to bring the desired economic benefits. The original U.S. penitentiary on State Road 63 was designed to hold 1,200 people, at the behest of Franklin Roosevelt, who authorized the project in 1938. Terre Haute’s selection for the new prison site was cast as a matter of civic duty; the chamber of commerce solicited funds to purchase the land it would lease to the federal government. The Coca-Cola Bottling Company sent a supportive note on cheerful stationary, along with a $2,500 check. As the city prepared to unveil the project, the chamber lauded the local media for their “splendid cooperation” in not endangering the plan through premature publicity — “a matter in which every citizen can take a great deal of pride.”

Photo: Liliana Segura/The Intercept

Indeed, the opening of the new prison was buoyed by a cheerleading press, which extolled its pioneering philosophy of incarceration, from a more benevolent architectural design to its philosophy of rehabilitation. The men at the prison would be “those who are more mischievous than wicked,” as one news report put it. Another lauded the facility as “a hospital to cure men of tendencies which make them socially undesirable.” Key to this rehabilitation was prison labor: the Terre Haute facility was one of the original sites for Federal Prison Industries, Inc., the government corporation that generates hundreds of millions of dollars by paying incarcerated people less than a dollar per hour for manufacturing work. As the prison expanded, it strayed further from its celebrated humane approach. By 1990, with the federal drug war underway, the population hovered at 2,000 — and the Indianapolis Star reported plans for a $10.6 million segregation unit, along with more funding for trucks, reroofing, and augmented perimeter security. Today the federal penitentiary complex comprises three different facilities housing more than 2,635 people, including those in Communication Management Units — a post-9/11 experiment in heightened isolation. The last time the BOP restarted federal executions, the demands on the penitentiary were intense. “Hundreds of staff were involved in planning for the execution, developing the policy and execution protocol, readying the facility, meeting the needs of the media and the public, and ensuring the unprecedented viewing by victim witnesses at a distant location,” the BOP’s official newsletter reported after the killing of McVeigh. One man who is currently on death row in Terre Haute told me that he could tell that the prison was gearing up to restart executions months before Barr made his announcement, based on the level of activity around him. “The day that the Justice Department announced that they would be re-starting executions, it literally shook this place to its core,” he wrote. In the days leading up to the first execution date, the guys on the row were on “pins and needles,” he said.“Constantly checking the news, checking the court logs.” The stay by the courts came as a huge relief, he said. “But how long is the stay gonna last?” Not in Our Names

A photograph of Nancy Mueller hangs at the home of her mother, Earlene Peterson, in Hector, Ark., on Oct. 18, 2019. A white supremacist was convicted of murdering Mueller, her husband, and her daughter, but the victims’ family members, the prosecutor, and the judge have all said the scheduled death sentence was too arbitrary to justify. Photo: Andrea Morales/The New York Times via Redux