Hajime Haimoto,1 Shiho Watanabe,2 Masashi Komeda,3 Kenji Wakai4



1Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan; 2Department of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan; 3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinsenkai Hospital, Morofuku, Osaka, Japan; 4Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan





Background: Although postprandial glucose levels largely depend on carbohydrate intake, the impact of carbohydrate and its sources on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels has not been demonstrated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) probably because, in previous studies, more than 50% of patients were taking anti-diabetic medication, and the researchers used energy percent of carbohydrate as an indicator of carbohydrate intake.

Patients and methods: We recruited 125 Japanese men (mean age 58±12 years) and 104 women (mean age 62±10 years) with T2DM who were not taking anti-diabetic medication and dietary therapy. We used 3-day dietary records to assess total carbohydrate intake and its sources, computed Spearman’s correlation coefficients, and conducted multiple regression analyses for associations of carbohydrate sources with HbA1c by sex.

Results: Mean HbA1c and total carbohydrate intake were 8.2%±1.9% and 272.0±84.6 g/day in men and 7.6%±1.3% and 226.7±61.5 g/day in women, respectively. We observed positive correlation of total carbohydrate intake (g/day) with HbA1c in men (r s =0.384) and women (r s =0.251), but no correlation for % carbohydrate in either sex. Regarding carbohydrate sources, we found positive correlations of carbohydrate from noodles (r s =0.231) and drinks (r s =0.325), but not from rice, with HbA1c in men. In women, carbohydrate from rice had a positive correlation (r s =0.317), but there were no correlations for carbohydrate from noodles and drinks. The association of total carbohydrate intake (g/day) and carbohydrate from soft drinks with HbA1c in men remained significant even after adjustment for total energy by multiple regression analyses.

Conclusion: Our findings warrant interventional studies for moderate low-carbohydrate diets that focus on carbohydrate sources and sex differences in order to efficiently decrease HbA1c in patients with T2DM.



Keywords: carbohydrate intake, type 2 diabetes, carbohydrate sources, rice, soft drinks, low-carbohydrate diet