Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

It is the civilization of North-Africa along Nile river. It is the same age of Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization was situated at the place now the country of Egypt. The flooding plain of Niel river gave humans opportunity to develop settled agricultural economy and centralized economy. The his of ancient Egyptian Civilization is studied in the series of stable kingdoms.

1). Old kingdome of early bronze age.

2). Middle kingdom of middle bronze age.

3). New kingdom of late bronze age.





The ancient Egyptian Civilization reached its power in new kingdom, this kingdom include much of Nubia and other portions of the near Easte. After the new kingdom of ancient Egyptian, the civilization entered a period of slow decline.

The new kingdom was from 16th century BC to 11th century BC, also called Egyptian Empire. The new kingdom include the 18th, 19th and 20th dynasty of Egypt.

The ancient Egypt was conquered by many foreign powers such as the "Hyksos", the"Libyans"," Nubians", "Assyrian", "Achaemenid Perisan" and "Macedonians".

The Greek also ruled the ancient Egypt after the death of" Maxander". Greek ruled untill 30 BC. Under Cleopatar it fell into Roman Empire and became Roman province.

The success of ancient Egyptian Civilization came partially from it's ability to adopt the conditions of Niel river. The forecast of flood and controlled irrigation of fartile ancient Egyptian valley produced extra crops. Which support the more dense population of ancient Egyptian Civilization. It also support the social development and culture. With extra resources the administration of ancient Egypt sponsored the mining of ancient Egypt valley and near by desert.

The ancient Egyptian Civilization dominate due to independent writing system, military, organization of construction and agriculture.





Achievements.

Achievements of ancient Egyptian Civilization were mining, surveying and construction techniques which help them to construct monumental pyramid, temples and obelisks, system of mathematic, practical and effective system of medicine and surgery, irrigation system, agriculture production, first known planked boats, new for and legacy of literature, and one of earliest know peace treaty made with Hittitos.

Government.





The government system of ancient Egyptian Civilization was totally monarchy, the Pharaoh was absolute monarch, had complete on land and it's recourses, Pharaoh was supreme commander of military, Pharaoh was head of government who relied on a bureaucracy of his officals to manage his work.

Second in charger of administration was vizier, who acts as the Pharaoh's representative, vizier coordinates in land surveys, the exchequer, building projects and in legal system.

At reginal level the ancient Egypt was divided into 42 nomes, which were administrative region. The nomorch who head a nome was accountable before vizier.





Economy.

Although the ancient Egypt was an agricultural land but it's backbone of economy was not agriculture, but was temples. Temples are responsible for collection and storing of kingdom's wealth in a system of grains and treasuries, which was administrated supervisors,redistribute grains and goods.

Worker were paid in grain at that time. Foreman earn 7.5 sack per month,and a simple laborer get 5.5 sack of grain.

Social status.

In ancient Egyptian Civilization the social status were displayed openly.

Farmer was at the bottom, although they were in majority and the ancient Egypt was agricultural land but the agriculture they produced was directly own by Noble family, temples and the state.

The artist and Craftsman ranks heigher in ancient Egyptian Civilization, but they were also under control of the state. They work in shops attached to temples and paid directly through state wealth.

Scribe and official were next to artist and Craftsman. They were recognized as "white kit class" , because they bleach line garments which were used as land marks.

Next to them were the priest, physician and engineers with specialization in their field. These were bleow the nobility.









Legal system.

Officially the Pharaoh was the head of legal system as the Pharaoh was monarch in ancient Egyptian Civilization. Pharaoh was responsible for law performance of law, maintaining law and order. The ancient court documents shows that the law was based on common sense of right or wrong.

All people from all social classes were equal under law. Even a farmer had right to petition the vizier.

Slaves were that time was like we think, they would buy and sell their servitude, work with freedom and nobility. The were given the medical facility in work place.

Men and women had right to own property and had right to sell anyone. People of ancient Egyptian Civilization had right to pursue legal dispute in courts. Married couples can own property jointly. They could agree on marriage contract to protect them from divorce. Which provides the financial obligations of the husband to wife and children should the marriage end.

In ancient Egyptian Civilization women had greater range of personal choice and opportunity.









End of ancient Egyptian Civilization.

The ancient Egyptian Civilization collapsed due to social stress which was due to climate change. And also other power attacked on it. It fell in persian, Greek and after it, it became the part of Roman empire.

And thus the Civilization came to it's end.