Portland Cement Vs Historic Gravestones The precise historical origins of Portland Cement are very complex and beyond the scope of this abstract, however its beginnings can be traced back into the late 1700s. Water, Water & Water vs Built Structures It is commonly believed that if an object or structure is simply protected from the outdoor elements that it will then be preserved forever. Unfortunately this is only partially true, as there are multiple factors that can contribute to the breakdown and decay of nearly everything built by humans.

Monument Setting Modern granite monuments are usually constructed from two pieces of granite. The upper headstone section, or die, sits on top of a base stone. The die and base are joined together with monument setting compound, (suppliers list). This compound is similar in texture to window glazing putty, or a very thick dough. Unfortunately it does not provide for structural support, but is designed to fill a void and prevent moisture entry. Broken Stones Numerous factors can contribute to cause the breakage of a gravestone, monument, or sculpture. The press loves to focus on the deplorable acts of vandalism, which from time to time, may damage a local cemetery or graveyard. Yet these occasional rampages are not the leading cause of broken gravestones.

Sealing Stone Historically numerous substances have been used, in an attempt to make stones last longer when placed outdoors. Olive oil, whale oil, turpentine, and wax represent just a few of the liquids applied to masonry in a mostly vain effort to inhibit the future deterioration of stone. Stone Infill In the process of conserving a gravestone, it may become necessary to add infill, to replace or crumbling stone. Infill refers to a mix formulated to fill a void or gap, in masonry, and ideally to have it blend in with the rest of the stone, or substrate. Infill of various types has been used since antiquities to restore damaged sculpture, gravestones or masonry structures.

Repairing Broken Stones Numerous factors can contribute to cause the breakage of a gravestone, monument, or sculpture. The press loves to focus on the deplorable acts of vandalism, which from time to time, may damage a local cemetery or graveyard. Yet these occasional rampages are not the leading cause of broken gravestones. Ferrous Metal Pinning Many monuments constructed historically included metal pining to fasten together their sections. The Romans, sometimes, tied together masonry with bronze clamps to strengthen the joints, and prevent a structural failure. So when multiple piece monuments, became more popular then the typical colonial gravestone during the middle of the 1800, metal was again employed.