Aberle , I. , Kliegel , M. , & Zimprich , D. ( 2008 ). Cognitive development in young-old type-2 diabetes patients: A longitudinal analysis from the “Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Aging” . Current Psychology , 27 ( 1 ), 6 – 15 .

Alvarez , J.A. , & Emory , E. ( 2006 ). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review . Neuropsychology Review , 16 ( 1 ), 17 – 42 .

American Diabetes Association . ( 2017 ). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes . Diabetes Care , 40 ( Suppl. 1 ), S11 – S24 .

Awad , N. , Gagnon , M. , & Messier , C. ( 2004 ). The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 ( 8 ), 1044 – 1080 .

Biessels , G.J. , Staekenborg , S. , Brunner , E. , Brayne , C. , & Scheltens , P. ( 2006 ). Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review . Lancet Neurology , 5 ( 1 ), 64 – 74 .

Biessels , G.J. , ter Braak , E.W.M. , Erkelens , D.W. , & Hijman , R. ( 2001 ). Cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Neuroscience Research Communications , 28 ( 1 ), 11 – 22 .

Borenstein , M. , Hedges , L.V. , Higgins , J.P.T. , & Rothstein , H.R. ( 2009 ). Introduction to meta-analysis . Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd .

Borenstein , M. , Hedges , L. , Higgins , J. , & Rothstein , H. ( 2014 ). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3) [Computer software] . Englewood, NJ : Biostat .

Cheng , G. , Huang , C. , Deng , H. , & Wang , H. ( 2012 ). Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies . Internal Medicine Journal , 42 ( 5 ), 484 – 491 .

Diamond , A. ( 2013 ). Executive functions . Annual Review of Psychology , 64 ( 1 ), 135 – 168 .

Duval , S. , & Tweedie , R. ( 2000 ). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis . Biometrics , 56 ( 2 ), 455 – 463 .

Feinkohl , I. , Price , J.F. , Strachan , M.W.J. , & Frier , B.M. ( 2015 ). The impact of diabetes on cognitive decline: Potential vascular, metabolic, and psychosocial risk factors . Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy , 7 ( 1 ). doi: 10.1186/s13195-015-0130-5

Field , A.P. , & Gillett , R. ( 2010 ). How to do a meta-analysis . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 63 , 665 – 694 .

García-Casares , N. , Jorge , R.E. , García-Arnés , J.A. , Acion , L. , Berthier , M.L. , Gonzalez-Alegre , P. , … González-Santos , P. ( 2014 ). Cognitive dysfunctions in middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients and neuroimaging correlations: A cross-sectional study . Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease , 42 ( 4 ), 1337 – 1346 .

Gurd , J.M. , Kischka , U. , & Marshall , J.C. ( 2012 ). The handbook of clinical neuropsychology ( 2nd ed. ). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .

Harada , C.N. , Love , M.C.N. , & Triebel , K. ( 2013 ). Normal cognitive aging . Clinics in Geriatric Medicine , 29 ( 4 ), 737 – 752 .

Hardy , R.J. , & Thompson , S.G. ( 1998 ). Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis . Statistics in Medicine , 17 , 841 – 856 .

Higgins , J.P. , & Green , S. ( 2011 ). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. [Version 5.1.0]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from , &). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. [Version 5.1.0]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from http://handbook.cochrane.org

Higgins , J.P.T. , Thompson , S.G. , Deeks , J.J. , & Altman , D.G. ( 2003 ). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses . British Medical Journal , 327 ( 7414 ), 557 – 560 .

International Diabetes Federation ( 2015 ). IDF diabetes atlas ( 7th ed. ). Brussels, Belgium : International Diabetes Federation . Retrieved from ).).. Retrieved from http://www.diabetesatlas.org

Kinga , K. J. , & Anett , P. ( 2016 ). Glucose metabolism and memory functions in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology , 7 ( 1 ), 146 – 149 .

Kodl , C.T. , & Seaquist , E.R. ( 2008 ). Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus . Endocrine Reviews , 29 ( 4 ), 494 – 511 .

Krishna Kumar , S. , Rajaram , S. , Rajendran , P. , Ismail , M. , & Thirumalaikolundu Subramanian , P. ( 2015 ). A comparative study of cognitive function and information processing ability among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers . Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences , 4 ( 37 ), 6378 – 6383 .

Lezak , M.D. , Howieson , D.B. , Bigler , E.D. , & Tranel , D. ( 2012 ). Neuropsychological assessment ( 5th ed. ). New York, NY : Oxford University Press .

McGrimmon , R.J. , Ryan , C.M. , & Frier , B.M. ( 2012 ). Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction . Lancet , 379 ( 9833 ), 2291 – 2299 .

Mehrabian , S. , Raycheva , M. , Gateva , A. , Todorova , G. , Angelova , P. , Traykova , M. , … Traykov , L. ( 2012 ). Cognitive dysfunction profile and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes . Journal of Neurological Science , 322 ( 1–2 ), 152 – 156 .

Moher , D. , Liberati , A. , Tetzlaff , J. , & Altman , D.G. ( 2009 ). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement . PLoS Medicine 6 ( 7 ). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed1000097

Monette , M.C.E. , Baird , A. , & Jackson , D.L. ( 2014 ). A meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in nondemented adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Canadian Journal of Diabetes , 38 ( 6 ), 401 – 408 .

Naseer , M.M.A. , Ramzy , G.M. , Abdelhamid , Y.M. , Hegazy , M. , Darwish , H. , & Latif , R.A. ( 2014 ). Cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients . Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery , 51 ( 1 ), 31 – 38 .

Nazaribadie , M. , Amini , M. , Ahmadpanah , M. , Asgari , K. , Jamlipaghale , S. , & Nazaribadie , S. ( 2014 ). Executive functions and information processing in patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison to pre-diabetic patients . Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders , 13 ( 1 ). doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-27

Nazaribadie , M. , Asgari , K. , Amini , M. , Ahmadpanah , M. , Nazaribadie , M. , & Jamlipaghale , S. ( 2013 ). Cognitive processes and functions in patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison to pre-diabetic patients . Journal of Research in Health Sciences , 13 ( 2 ), 208 – 213 .

Palta , P. , Schneider , A.L.C. , Biessels , G.J. , Touradji , P. , & Hill-Briggs , F. ( 2014 ). Magnitude of cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of six cognitive domains and the most frequently reported neuropsychological tests within domains . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 20 ( 3 ), 278 – 291 .

Rawlings , A.M. , Sharrett , A.R. , Schneider , A.L.C. , Coresh , J. , Albert , M. , Couper , D. , … Selvin , E. ( 2014 ). Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study . Annals of Internal Medicine , 161 ( 11 ), 785 – 793 .

Reijmer , Y.D. , van den Berg , E. , Ruis , C. , Kappelle , L.J. , & Biessels , G.J. ( 2010 ). Cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews , 26 ( 7 ), 507 – 519 .

Ryan , C.M. , & Geckle , M.O. ( 2000a ). Circumscribed cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care , 23 ( 10 ), 1486 – 1493 .

Ryan , C.M. , & Geckle , M. ( 2000b ). Why is learning and memory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes limited to older adults? Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews , 16 ( 5 ), 308 – 315 .

Sadanand , S. , Balachandar , R. , & Bharath , S. ( 2015 ). Memory and executive functions in persons with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis . Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews , 32 ( 2 ), 132 – 142 .

Solanki , R.K. , Dubey , V. , & Munshi , D. ( 2009 ). Neurocognitive impairment and comorbid depression in patients of diabetes mellitus . International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries , 29 ( 3 ), 133 – 138 .

Somerville , J. , Tremont , G. , & Stern , R.A. ( 2000 ). The Boston Qualitative Scoring System as a measure of executive functioning in Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure performance . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 5 ), 613 – 621 .

Stang , A. ( 2010 ). Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses . European Journal of Epidemiology , 25 ( 9 ), 603 – 605 .

Tomlin , A. , & Sinclair , A. ( 2016 ). The influence of cognition on self-management of type 2 diabetes in older people . Psychology Research and Behavior Management , 9 , 7 – 20 .

Tuligenga , R.H. , Dugravot , A. , Tabák , A.G. , Elbaz , A. , Brunner , E.J. , Kivimäki , M. , & Singh-Manoux , A. ( 2014 ). Midlife type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for cognitive decline in early old age: A post-hoc analysis of the Whitehall II cohort study . Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology , 2 ( 3 ), 228 – 235 .

van den Berg , E. , Kloppenborg , R.P. , Kessels , R.P.C. , Kappelle , L.J. , & Biessels , G.J. ( 2009 ). Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity: A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 1792 ( 5 ), 470 – 481 .

van Eersel , M.E.A. , Joosten , H. Gansevoort , R.T. , Dullaart , R.P.F. , Slaets , J.P.J. , & Izaks , G.J. ( 2013 ). The interaction of age and type 2 diabetes on executive function and memory in persons aged 35 years or older . PLoS One , 8 ( 12 ). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082991

Vincent , C. , & Hall , P.A. ( 2015 ). Executive function in adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analytic review . Psychosomatic Medicine , 77 ( 6 ), 631 – 642 .

Wells , G.A. , Shea , B. , O’Connell , D. , Peterson , J. , Welch , V. , Losos , M. , & Tugwell , P. ( 2014 ). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses . http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp , &).

Winkler , A. , Dlugaj , M. , Weimar , C. , Jöckel , K.H. , Erbel , R. , Dragano , N. , & Moebus , S. ( 2014 ). Association of diabetes mellitus and mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged men and women . Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease , 42 ( 4 ), 1269 – 1277 .