Scientists are hustling on behalf of the weed industry to find new ways to produce the most valuable compounds in marijuana, ditching greenhouses in favor of big steel vats of yeast that can ‘brew’ cannabis like Budweiser brews beer.

The science, once brought to market, would be a goldmine for those who perfect it, giving two separate industries — pharma and legal weed — stable, potent, and cheap sources of the ingredients they need.

Right now, the industry’s two most in-demand ingredients are THC, the compound in marijuana that gets you high, and CBD, another cannabis compound used for its medicinal effect. Today, we get those compounds by growing weed plants in large greenhouses, then extracting and isolating the active ingredients. It’s a big, dirty and expensive process.

A recent boom in the cannabis industry, however, has driven a need to find cheaper and faster way of getting THC and CBD. Legal weed in particular has increased demand for products that will appeal to non-smokers. Instead of the traditional lump of dried green “flower,” pot dispensaries are selling everything from oils, foods and drinks infused with THC and CBD. The food and drink items (called “edibles”) have seen significant growth in recent years, now making up 40 percent of dispensaries’ marijuana sales, according to some estimates. They can’t grow cannabis fast enough, which is why scientists are trying to produce it in labs.


And biotech companies — including two in San Diego — are trying to deliver.

Instead of growing actual plants, these researchers have found a way to get yeast to do the dirty work. In the simplest terms, scientists insert the genes of a cannabis plant into the DNA of yeast. These mutant strains of yeast then manufacture cannabinoids like THC and CBD, only asking for copious amounts of sugar in return. This type of bioreactor isn’t a new idea; yeast and other organisms have long been used to create and isolate drugs and substances. But using yeast to produce specific cannabinoids is a new branch of the science, and those in the field are still sorting out how to manufacture the stuff at an industrial scale. Whoever figures it out first will have a valuable commodity on their hands.

San Diego biotechs at work

San Diego has two startups working in this space: Librede, an early entrant that got started back in 2013 (and has two issued patents to its name, and one pending), and CB Therapeutics, a rising star in the startup world for landing among finalists in a recent TechCrunch pitch competition (patents pending).


The two companies have been fighting naysayers from the start, they say, struggling to get investors to understand the value of cannabinoid biofactory.

“I was pitching this idea in San Diego a few years ago, and it’s funny how things change,” said 31-year-old Sher Ali Butt, co-founder and CEO at CB Therapeutics. “Before legalization in California, nobody wanted to even take my phone call. I would go places and people would laugh me out of the room.”

Librede’s founder Jason Poulos, 35, said fundraising was exhausting for this very reason.“Everyone just laughs and makes a stoner joke about the yeast getting high or something,” he said.

But the laughs have died down. The idea of yeast making cannabinoids is now out of the bag, and biotech companies across the nation are racing to patent yeast strains and the manufacturing methods of their weed biofactories. Whoever figures it out first could snag the biggest slice of the $10 billion cannabis industry’s pie.


Jacob Vogan, Chief Scientific Officer (left) and Sher Ali Butt, CEO (right). (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)

Giants moving in

Librede and CB Therapeutics are joined by several other companies in the space, including the latest entrant: Intrexon, a Maryland-based company with a $2.4 billion market cap. The synthetic biology company just announced in late September that it had engineered a yeast strain for cannabinoid production, boosting the company’s stock 27 percent overnight. Intrexon declined to share details about its research, but noted they’d been working on it for quite some time.

This year has been pivotal for the cannabis industry in two ways. First, the FDA approved the first CBD drug in history this year with GW Pharmaceuticals’ seizure drug Epidiolex. The approval will likely spur follow-on research by other drugmakers, including those studying the more than 100 cannabinoids in cannabis other than CBD that could have therapeutic effects.


But the recreational weed market has also boomed. In the last two years, five additional states have legalized recreational use: Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, California and Vermont. They join legal weed early adopters: Colorado, Washington, Alaska and Oregon.

Investors and risk

Startup investors have suddenly changed their tune, Butt said. Now, he’s turning away investors on a regular basis. “I don’t have enough room to accommodate them (on the cap table),” he said.

Poulos said interest has certainly spiked, but he thinks investors are still cautious.


“It’s a nonstop cannabis bubble going on, so there’s tons of money,” Poulos said. “And this is a hot new tech in a hot new market. More people are into it; they’re eyeballing the market.”

Despite the upside, Procopio attorney John Cleary said he still advises his clients to avoid these sort of investments for now.

“Anything that relates to the growth or cultivation process of a product containing THC is a federal crime,” Cleary said.

In 2017, Poulos raised several hundred thousand in private money to add to his $1.5 million grant from the National Institutes of Health. Butt said he’s also raised money from his time at Y Combinator and TechCrunch, but isn’t disclosing the specifics.


CB Therapeutics is poised to commercialize their cannabinoids within the next two months, Butt said, tackling the nutraceutical and pet markets first. All he’s waiting on is getting his manufacturing facility up and running. They’ve secured a space near San Diego, but still need to bring the process up to speed.

As for Librede, Poulos said he’s still raising money to get commercialization off the ground. He hopes to close a new round of investment capital in the next few months.


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brittany.meiling@sduniontribune.com 619-293-1286 Twitter: @BrittanyMeiling