The centerpiece of Ms. Warren’s program, a $2 trillion spending package over 10 years for environmentally sustainable research, manufacturing and exports, is intended to help “achieve the ambitious targets of the Green New Deal,” Ms. Warren wrote in a policy paper.

“The climate crisis demands immediate and bold action,” Ms. Warren wrote. “Like we have before, we should bank on American ingenuity and American workers to lead the global effort to face down this threat — and create more than a million good jobs here at home.”

The proposal contains echoes of President Barack Obama’s $840 billion stimulus law, passed during the first year of his administration, which pledged over $90 billion for so-called green jobs in the installation of wind, solar and energy efficiency projects. That spending came under attack after the failure of Solyndra, a solar company that went bankrupt after burning through $527 million in federal loans. But economists have noted that most of the projects and companies funded by the stimulus survived and contributed to the economic recovery.

Many of Ms. Warren’s spending proposals rely on instituting tax hikes on America’s richest individuals and corporations, and some critics have said she is promising voters things that are undeliverable. At the same time, the tolerance for larger federal deficits has been increasing among political leaders and economists on both sides of the aisle.

The investment plan includes a “Green Apollo Plan” that would create a National Institutes of Clean Energy, a “Green Industrial Mobilization” that would push federal spending toward American-made renewable energy technology, and a “Green Marshall Plan” that would promote those products abroad. The programs would largely be paid for through corporate tax increases, a campaign aide said, and would include provisions that prioritized investments in historically marginalized communities and provided benefits for fossil fuel workers.

Government contracts issued under the initiatives would include more stringent criteria than are currently mandated, by requiring that federal contractors offer a minimum wage of $15 an hour, more than twice the current federal minimum, as well as 12 weeks of paid parental leave.

Mr. Biden also issued a plan to combat climate change on Tuesday, including a pledge to invest $1.7 trillion in green energy programs over 10 years.