Adcock , Robert , and Collier , David . 2001 . Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research . American Political Science Review 95 ( 3 ): 529 – 546 .

Albert , James H. , and Johnson , Val E. . 1999 . Ordinal Data Modeling . New York : Springer-Verlag .

Barbera , Pablo . 2015 . Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together. Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data . Political Analysis 23 ( 1 ): 76 – 91 .

Bond , Robert M. , and Messing , Solomon . 2015 . Quantifying Social Media’s Political Space: Estimating Ideology from Publicly Revealed Preferences on Facebo . American Political Science Review 109 ( 1 ): 62 – 78 .

Bonica , Adam . 2012 . Ideology and Interests in the Political Marketplace . American Journal of Political Science 57 ( 2 ): 294 – 311 .

Borsboom , Denny . 2005 . Measuring the Mind . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

Brysk , Alison . 1994 . The Politics of Measurement: The Contested Count of the Disappeared in Argentina . Human Rights Quarterly 16 ( 4 ): 676 – 692 .

Caughey , Devin , and Warshaw , Christopher . 2015 . Dynamic Estimation of Latent Opinion Using a Hierarchical Group-Level IRT Model . Political Analysis 23 ( 2 ): 197 – 211 .

Cingranelli , David L. , and Richards , David L. . 1999 . Measuring the Level, Pattern, and Sequence of Government Respect for Physical Integrity Rights . International Studies Quarterly 43 ( 2 ): 407 – 417 .

Cingranelli , David L. , Richards , David L. , and Chad Clay , K. . 2015 a. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project Coding Manual Version. Available from , anda. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project Coding Manual Version. Available from http://www.humanrightsdata.com/p/data-documentation.html, accessed 14 April 2014

Cingranelli , David L. , Richards , David L. , and Chad Clay , K. . 2015 b. The Cingranelli–Richards Human Rights Dataset Version. Available from , andb. The Cingranelli–Richards Human Rights Dataset Version. Available from http://www.humanrightsdata.com/p/data-documentation.html, accessed 14 April 2014

Clark , Ann Marie , and Sikkink , Kathryn . 2013 . Information Effects and Human Rights Data: Is the Good News about Increased Human Rights Information Bad News for Human Rights Measures? Human Rights Quarterly 35 ( 3 ): 539 – 568 .

Clinton , Joshua , Jackman , Simon , and Rivers , Douglas . 2004 . The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data . American Political Science Review 98 ( 2 ): 355 – 370 .

Cole , Wade M . 2012 . Human Rights as Myth and Ceremony? Reevaluating the Effectiveness of Human Rights Treaties, 1981–2007 . American Journal of Sociology 117 ( 4 ): 1131 – 1171 .

Cole , Wade M. , and Ramirez , Francisco O. . 2013 . Conditional Decoupling: Assessing the Impact of National Human Rights Institutions, 1981 to 2004 . American Sociological Review 78 ( 4 ): 702 – 725 .

Conrad , Courtenay R . 2014 . Divergent Incentives for Dictators Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture . Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 ( 1 ): 34 – 67 .

Conrad , Courtenay R. , and Hencken Ritter , Emily . 2013 . Treaties, Tenure, and Torture: The Conflicting Domestic Effects of International Law . Journal of Politics 75 ( 2 ): 397 – 409 .

Conrad , Courtenay R. , Haglund , Jillienne , and Moore , Will H. . 2013 . Disaggregating Torture Allegations: Introducing the Ill-Treatment and Torture (ITT) Country–Year Data . International Studies Perspectives 14 ( 2 ): 199 – 220 .

Crabtree , Charles D. , and Fariss , Christopher J. . 2015 . Uncovering Patterns among Latent Variables: Human Rights and De Facto Judicial Independence . Research & Politics 2 ( 3 ): 1 – 9 , doi:10.1177/2053168015605343

Dancy , Geoff , and Fariss , Christopher J. . 2015 . Rescuing Human Rights Law from International Legalism and Its Critics; Tulane University and Penn State University working paper. , and. Rescuing Human Rights Law from International Legalism and Its Critics; Tulane University and Penn State University working paper. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2506144

Dancy , Geoff , and Sikkink , Kathryn . 2012 . Ratification and Human Rights Prosecutions: Toward a Transnational Theory of Treaty Compliance . NYU Journal of International Law and Politics 44 ( 3 ): 751 – 790 .

Davenport , Christian . 1996 . Constitutional Promises and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time-Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties Are Suppressed . Journal of Politics 58 ( 3 ): 627 – 654 .

Davenport , Christian . 2007 . State Repression and Political Order . Annual Review of Political Science 10 : 1 – 23 .

Demeritt , Jacqueline H.R. , and Young , Joseph K. . 2013 . A Political Economy of Human Rights: Oil, Natural Gas, and State Incentives to Repress . Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 ( 2 ): 99 – 120 .

Downs , George W. , Rocke , David M. , and Barsoom , Peter N. . 1996 . Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation? International Organization 50 ( 3 ): 379 – 406 .

Eck , Kristine , and Hultman , Lisa . 2007 . Violence against Civilians in War . Journal of Peace Research 44 ( 2 ): 233 – 246 .

Fariss , Christopher J . 2013 . Uncertain Events: A Dynamic Latent Variable Model of Human Rights Respect and Government Killing with Binary, Ordered, and Count Outcomes. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, University of Virginia, July.

Fariss , Christopher J . 2014 . Respect for Human Rights Has Improved over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability in Human Rights Documents . American Political Science Review 108 ( 2 ): 297 – 318 .

Fariss , Christopher J. , and Schnakenberg , Keith . 2014 . Measuring Mutual Dependence between State Repressive Actions . Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 ( 6 ): 1003 – 1032 .

Fariss , Christopher . 2015 . Replication Data for: The Changing Standard of Accountability and the Positive Relationship between Human Rights Treaty Ratification and Compliance. . Replication Data for: The Changing Standard of Accountability and the Positive Relationship between Human Rights Treaty Ratification and Compliance. http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TI77ZP , Harvard Dataverse, V2.

Gelman , Andrew , and Rubin , Donald B. . 1992 . Inference from Iterative Simulation Using Multiple Sequences . Statistical Science 7 : 457 – 511 .

Geweke , John . 1992 . Evaluating the Accuracy of Sampling-Based Approaches to Calculating Posterior Moments . Pp. 169 – 193 in Bayesian Statistics 4 , edited by J. M. Bernardo, J. Berger, A. P. Dawid and J. F. M. Smith. Oxford : Oxford University Press .

Gibney , Mark , Cornett , Linda , Wood , Reed M. , and Haschke , Peter . 2015 . Political Terror Scale. Available from , and. Political Terror Scale. Available from http://www.politicalterrorscale.org (last accessed: 21 October 2015).

Gill , Jeff . 2008 . Bayesian Methods: A Social and Behavioral Sciences Approach . New York : Chapman & Hall/CRC Statistics in the Social and Behavioral Sciences , 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Gleditsch , Kristian Skrede . 2002 . Expanded Trade and GDP Data . Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 ( 5 ): 712 – 724 .

Goodman , Ryan , and Jinks , Derek . 2003 . Measuring the Effects of Human Rights Treaties . European Journal of International Law 14 ( 1 ): 171 – 183 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M . 2013 . Making Human Rights a Reality . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M . 2014 . A Social Science of Human Rights . Journal of Peace Research 51 ( 2 ): 273 – 286 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M. , and Ron , James . 2009 . Seeing Double Human Rights Impact through Qualitative and Quantitative Eyes . World Politics 61 ( 2 ): 360 – 401 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M. , and Tsutsui , Kiyoteru . 2005 . Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Paradox of Empty Promises . American Journal of Sociology 110 ( 5 ): 1373 – 1411 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M. , and Tsutsui , Kiyoteru . 2007 . Justice Lost! The Failure of International Human Rights Law to Matter Where Needed Most . Journal of Peace Research 44 ( 4 ): 407 – 425 .

Hafner-Burton , Emilie M. , Tsutsui , Kiyoteru , and Meyer , John W. . 2008 . International Human Rights Law and the Politics of Legitimation – Repressive States and Human Rights Treaties . International Sociology 23 ( 1 ): 115 – 141 .

Harff , Barabara . 2003 . No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955 . American Political Science Review 97 ( 1 ): 57 – 73 .

Harff , Barbara , and Gurr , Ted R. . 1988 . Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945 . International Studies Quarterly 32 ( 3 ): 359 – 371 .

Hathaway , Oona A . 2002 . Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference? Yale Law Journal 111 ( 8 ): 1935 – 2042 .

Heidelberger , Philip , and Welch , Peter D. . 1981 . A Spectral Method for Confidence Interval Generation and Run Length Control in Simulations . Communications of the ACM 24 : 233 – 245 .

Heidelberger , Philip , and Welch , Peter D. . 1983 . Simulation Run Length Control in the Presence of an Initial Transient . Operations Research 31 ( 6 ): 1109 – 1144 .

Hill , Daniel W. Jr . 2010 . Estimating the Effects of Human Rights Treaties on State Behavior . Journal of Politics 72 ( 4 ): 1161 – 1174 .

Hill , Daniel W. Jr ., Moore , Will H. , and Mukherjee , Bumba . 2013 . Information Politics v Organizational Incentives: When are Amnesty International’s ‘Naming and Shaming’ Reports Biased? International Studies Quarterly 57 ( 2 ): 219 – 232 .

Hill , Daniel W. Jr ., and Jones , Zachary M. . 2014 . An Empirical Evaluation of Explanations for State Repression . American Political Science Review 108 ( 3 ): 661 – 687 .

Hollyer , James R. , and Peter Rosendorff , B. . 2011 . Why Do Authoritarian Regimes Sign the Convention Against Torture? Signaling, Domestic Politics and Non-Compliance . Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6 : 275 – 327 .

Hopgood , Stephen . 2006 . Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International . Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press .

Hopgood , Stephen . 2013 . The Endtimes of Human Rights . Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press .

Jackman , Simon . 2008 . Measurement . In The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology , edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady and David Collier. Oxford : Oxford University Press , doi: . In, edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady and David Collier., doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0006

Jackman , Simon . 2009 . Bayesian Analysis for the Social Sciences . New York : JohnWiley and Sons .

Jessee , Stephen A . 2015 . ‘Don’t Know’ Responses, Personality and the Measurement of Political Knowledge. Political Science Research and Methods (doi: . ‘Don’t Know’ Responses, Personality and the Measurement of Political Knowledge. Political Science Research and Methods (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.23 . Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 June 2015.

Keck , Margaret , and Sikkink , Kathryn . 1998 . Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics . Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press .

Keith , Linda Camp . 1999 . The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make a Difference in Human Rights Behavior? Journal of Peace Research 36 ( 1 ): 95 – 118 .

Keith , Linda Camp . 2002 . Constitutional Provisions for Individual Human Rights (1977–1996): Are They More than Mere ‘Window Dressing’? Political Research Quarterly 55 ( 1 ): 111 – 143 .

Keith , Linda Camp . 2012 . Political Repression Courts and the Law . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .

Keith , Linda Camp , Tate , C. Neal , and Poe , Steven C. . 2009 . Is the Law a Mere Parchment Barrier to Human Rights Abuse? Journal of Politics 71 ( 1 ): 644 – 660 .

Keith , Linda Camp , and Poe , Steven C. . 2004 . Are Constitutional State of Emergency Clauses Effective? An Empirical Exploration . Human Rights Quarterly 26 ( 4 ): 1071 – 1097 .

Kim , Hunjoon , and Sikkink , Kathryn . 2010 . Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries . International Studies Quarterly 54 ( 4 ): 939 – 963 .

Korey , William . 2001 . NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Curious Grapevine . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .

Landman , Todd . 2005 . The Political Science of Human Rights . British Journal of Political Science 35 ( 3 ): 549 – 572 .

Lord , Frederic M . 1980 . Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems . Mahwah, N.J : Erlbaum Associates .

Lord , Frederic M. , and Novick , Melvin R. . 1968 . Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores . Boston. Mass : Addison-Wesley .

Lupu , Yonatan . 2013 a. Best Evidence: The Role of Information in Domestic Judicial Enforcement of International Human Rights Agreements . International Organization 67 ( 3 ): 469 – 503 .

Lupu , Yonatan . 2013 b. The Informative Power of Treaty Commitment: Using the Spatial Model to Address Selection Effects . American Journal of Political Science 57 ( 4 ): 912 – 925 .

Lupu , Yonatan . 2015 . Legislative Veto Players and the Effects of International Human Rights Agreements . American Journal of Political Science 59 ( 3 ): 578 – 594 .

Marchesi , Bridget , and Sikkink , Kathryn . 2015 . The Effectiveness of the International Human Rights Legal Regime: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (Harvard University working paper).

Marshall , Monty , Jaggers , Keith , and Gurr , Ted R. . 2013 . Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions 1800–2013 Dataset Users’ Manual. Available from , and. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions 1800–2013 Dataset Users’ Manual. Available from www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm (last accessed: 21 October 2015).

Martin , Andrew D. , and Quinn , Keven M. . 2002 . Dynamic Ideal Point Estimation via Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953–1999 . Political Analysis 10 ( 2 ): 134 – 153 .

Mayerfeld , Jamie . 2016 . The Architecture of Human Rights: Why Constitutional Government Requires International Human Rights Law . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .

Morrow , James D . 2007 . When Do States Follow the Laws of War? American Political Science Review 101 ( 3 ): 559 – 572 .

Moyn , Samuel . 2010 . The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History . Cambridge, Mass : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press .

Murdie , Amanda , and Davis , David R. . 2012 . Looking in the Mirror: Comparing INGO Networks across Issue Areas . Review of International Organizations 7 ( 2 ): 177 – 202 .

Murdie , Amanda , and Bhasin , Tavishi . 2011 . Aiding and Abetting? Human Rights INGOs and Domestic Anti-Government Protest . Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 ( 2 ): 163 – 191 .

Neumayer , Eric . 2005 . Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights? Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 ( 6 ): 925 – 953 .

Nordås , Ragnhild , and Davenport , Christian . 2013 . Fight the Youth: Youth Bulges and State Repression . American Journal of Political Science 57 ( 4 ): 926 – 940 .

Pemstein , Daniel , Meserve , Stephen A. , and Melton , James . 2010 . Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type . Political Analysis 18 ( 4 ): 426 – 449 .

Plummer , Martyn . 2010 . JAGS (Just Another Gibbs Sampler) 1.0.3 Universal. Available from . JAGS (Just Another Gibbs Sampler) 1.0.3 Universal. Available from http://mcmc-jags.sourceforge.net/ (last accessed: 21 October 2015).

Poe , Steven C. , and Neal Tate , C. . 1994 . Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis . American Political Science Review 88 ( 4 ): 853 – 872 .

Poe , Steven C. , Tate , C. Neal , and Camp Keith , Linda . 1999 . Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976–1993 . International Studies Quarterly 43 ( 2 ): 291 – 313 .

Poole , Keith T. , and Rosenthal , Howard . 1997 . A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press .

Posner , Eric A . 2014 . The Twilight of Human Rights Law . Oxford : Oxford University Press .

Powell , Emilia Justyna , and Staton , Jefferey K. . 2009 . Domestic Judicial Institutions and Human Rights Treaty Violation . International Studies Quarterly 53 ( 1 ): 149 – 174 .

Quinn , Keven M . 2004 . Bayesian Factor Analysis for Mixed Ordinal and Continuous Responses . Political Analysis 12 ( 4 ): 338 – 353 .

Rasch , Georg . 1980 . Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .

Roth , Brad . 2001 . Understanding the Understanding: Federalism Constraints on Human Rights Implementation . Wayne Law Review 47 : 891 – 907 .

Rummel , Rudolph J . 1994 . Power, Genocide and Mass Murder . Journal of Peace Research 31 ( 1 ): 1 – 10 .

Rummel , Rudolph J . 1995 . Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder . Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 ( 1 ): 3 – 26 .

Sandholtz , Wayne . 2012 . Treaties, Constitutions, Courts, and Human Rights . Journal of Human Rights 11 ( 1 ): 17 – 32 .

Schnakenberg , Keith E. , and Fariss , Christopher J. . 2014 . Dynamic Patterns of Human Rights Practices . Political Science Research and Methods 2 ( 1 ): 1 – 31 .

Shadish , William R . 2010 . Campbell and Rubin: A Primer and Comparison of Their Approaches to Causal Inference in Field Settings . Psychological Methods 12 ( 1 ): 3 – 17 .

Shadish , William R. , Cook , Thomas D. , and Campbell , Donald T. . 2001 . Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference . Belmont, Calif : Wadsworth Publishing .

Sikkink , Kathryn . 2011 . The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics . New York : Norton Series in World Politics .

Simmons , Beth A . 2000 . International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs . American Political Science Review 94 ( 4 ): 819 – 835 .

Simmons , Beth A . 2009 . Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

Simmons , Beth A. , and Hopkins , Daniel J. . 2005 . The Constraining Power of International Treaties: Theory and Methods . American Political Science Review 99 ( 4 ): 623 – 631 .

Sinkovits , Robert S. , Cicotti , Pietro , Strande , Shawn , Tatineni , Mahidhar , Rodriguez , Paul , Wolter , Nicole , and Bala , Natasha . 2011 . Data Intensive Analysis on the Gordon High Performance Data and Compute System. KDD’11 Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 747–748. doi:10.1145/2020408.2020526

Smith-Cannoy , Heather . 2012 . Insincere Commitments: Human Rights Treaties, Abusive States, and Citizen Activism . Washington, D.C : Georgetown University Press .

Taylor , Charles Lewis , and Jodice , David A. , eds. 1983 . World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators , 3rd edn . Vol. 2, Political Protest and Government Change. New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press .

Treier , Shawn , and Jackman , Simon . 2008 . Democracy as a Latent Variable . American Journal of Political Science 52 ( 1 ): 201 – 217 .

Trochim , William M.K. , and Donnelly , James P. , eds. 2008 . Research Methods Knowledge Base , 3rd edn , Mason, Ohio : Atomic Dog .

Voeten , Erik . 2000 . Clashes in the Assembly . International Organization 54 ( 2 ): 185 – 215 .

Von Stein , Jana . 2005 . Do Treaties Constrain or Screen? Selection Bias and Treaty Compliance . American Political Science Review 99 ( 4 ): 611 – 622 .

Vreeland , James Raymond . 2008 . Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture . International Organization 62 ( 1 ): 65 – 101 .

Western , Bruce . 1999 . Bayesian Methods for Sociologists: An Introduction . Sociological Methods & Research 28 ( 1 ): 7 – 34 .