Donald Trump is questioning his administration’s aggressive strategy in Venezuela following the failure of a US-backed effort to oust Nicolás Maduro, complaining he was misled about how easy it would be to replace the socialist president with a young opposition figure, according to administration officials and White House advisers.

The president’s dissatisfaction has crystallised around national security adviser John Bolton and what Mr Trump has groused is an interventionist stance at odds with his view that the United States should stay out of foreign quagmires.

Mr Trump has said in recent days that Mr Bolton wants to get him “into a war” – a comment he has made in jest in the past but that now belies his more serious concerns, one senior administration official said.

The administration’s policy is officially unchanged in the wake of a fizzled power play last week by US-backed opposition leader Juan Guaidó.

But US officials have since been more cautious in their predictions of Mr Maduro’s swift exit, while re-assessing what one official described as the likelihood of a diplomatic “long haul”.

US officials point to the president’s sustained commitment to the Venezuela issue, from the first weeks of his presidency as evidence that he holds a realistic view of the challenges there, and does not think there is a quick fix.

But Mr Trump has nonetheless complained over the last week that Mr Bolton and others underestimated Mr Maduro, according to three senior administration officials who like others interviewed for this story spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss private deliberations.

Mr Trump has said Mr Maduro is a “tough cookie”, and that aides should not have led him to believe that the Venezuelan leader could be ousted last week, when Mr Guaidó led mass street protests that turned deadly.

Instead, Mr Maduro rejected an offer to leave the country and two key figures in his government backed out of what Mr Bolton said had been a plan to defect.

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Mr Maduro publicly mocked Mr Trump in response and said he wasn’t going anywhere, saying the United States had attempted a “foolish” coup.

Late on Wednesday, masked Venezuelan intelligence police detained National Assembly Vice President Edgar Zambrano in a dramatic operation in Caracas, marking the first senior opposition official taken into custody by the socialist government in retaliation for the failed military uprising.

Mr Zambrano is one of 10 opposition officials charged with treason, conspiracy and rebellion by the pro-Maduro Supreme Court in connection to the plot.

Mr Bolton publicly revealed the defection plan to apply pressure to Mr Maduro, which US officials said has worked.

They claim Mr Maduro is sleeping in a bunker, paranoid that close aides will turn on him.

But Mr Trump has expressed concern that Mr Bolton has boxed him into a corner and gone beyond where he is comfortable, said a US official familiar with US-Venezuela policy.

Mr Bolton’s tweets egging on Mr Maduro to begin an “early retirement” on a “nice beach” and urging for mass defections have been widely viewed as cavalier, raising unrealistic expectation for how quickly his ouster can be engineered, the US official said.

Despite Mr Trump’s grumbling that Bolton had gotten him out on a limb on Venezuela, Mr Bolton’s job is safe, two senior administration officials said, and Mr Trump has told his national security adviser to keep focusing on Venezuela.

The open threat of US military involvement in Venezuela has grown alongside the administration’s increasingly confrontational approach to Iran, with Mr Bolton announcing last weekend that a US aircraft carrier battle group would be deployed to counter Iranian plots to harm US forces in the Middle East.

In both cases, the administration has adopted a get-tough policy that appeals to Mr Trump’s instincts to project American power abroad but that also echoes the kind of military adventurism he has long ridiculed.

Mr Trump appears more comfortable with the Iran policy, which is grounded in his own strong belief that the former president, Barack Obama, miscalculated in striking a nuclear bargain with Tehran.

He is less comfortable with the escalating rhetoric on Venezuela, which does not pose a direct military threat to the United States.

Any US military involvement there risks a proxy fight with Russia, which backs Mr Maduro and has sold him arms.

Mr Trump spoke approvingly of Russian actions in Venezuela following a lengthy phone call with Vladimir Putin on Friday, saying the Russian president “is not looking at all to get involved in Venezuela other than he’d like to see something positive happen for Venezuela. And I feel the same way. We want to get some humanitarian aid”.

His comments stood in contrast to earlier statements from Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Mr Bolton, who accused Russia of propping up Mr Maduro with money and military equipment.

During the Putin call, Mr Trump expressed his concern about the security and humanitarian situation on the ground in Venezuela, said a person briefed on the call.

Mr Putin agreed with Mr Trump’s assessment but said that the US position has solidified Mr Maduro’s grip on power in Venezuela.

Mr Putin also told Mr Trump that Moscow was not selling new weapons to Venezuela but maintaining existing contracts and he downplayed Russia’s financial investments in the country.

The events of 30 April have effectively shelved serious discussion of a heavy US military response, current and former officials as well as outside advisers said.

Rather, US officials think time is on their side and that Mr Maduro will fall of his own weight.

That waiting game poses its own risk, however, if Mr Guaidó asks for US military assistance.

Mike Pompeo brushed off criticism from Jeremy Corbyn about US “interference” in Venezuela during an interview Wednesday in London.

“Providing food to starving children isn’t interference. It’s support; it’s what we do,” Mr Pompeo said.

“It’s in our deepest traditions of humanitarian assistance. The interference has taken place; the Cubans are there. They’ve interfered. So I hope Mr Corbyn will ask the Cubans to cease their interference in Venezuela.”

Vice President Mike Pence was measured in his threats to Mr Maduro during remarks at a gathering of Latin American leaders in Washington on Tuesday, saying that “Maduro must go,” but also signalling that it might not happen quickly.

Mr Pence announced deployment of a Navy hospital ship to the region in June, and said the United States would lift sanctions on one senior Maduro aide who had switched sides.

That was a shift from previous rhetoric about the tightening yoke of sanctions, and meant to emphasise that there are carrots in the US policy as well as sticks, one senior official said.

The famously hawkish Mr Bolton has been the loudest voice within the administration in support of a potential military response to the political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, where escalating US sanctions have not forced Mr Maduro to cede power.

He was not the first, however.

Mr Trump mused about invading or bombing Venezuela last year, comments that were at first dismissed as fanciful.

He is now not inclined to have any sort of military intervention in Venezuela, two officials and an outside adviser said.

Mr Trump has, in Oval Office meetings and phone calls with advisers, questioned his administration providing such strong support of Mr Guaidó.

Some White House officials said Mr Trump likes the charismatic leader, whom he has called courageous, but has wondered aloud whether he is ready to take over and about how much the administration really knows about him.

Mr Guaidó’s many supporters within the administration say he has proved himself as the first Venezuelan opposition leader to unite factions and pose a credible threat to Mr Maduro.

His standing within the country is borne out by the fact that Mr Maduro has not seized or harmed him, fearing a backlash, some officials said.

Senator Lindsey Graham said he has no concern that the United States is making a bad bet on Mr Guaidó.

“Oh God, no. Smart money,” Mr Graham said. “I think he’s the future of Venezuela. He’s young, he’s the solution – not the problem.”

Mr Graham also said Mr Trump has been well served by his advisers, including Mr Bolton.

Mr Pompeo was also bullish about Mr Maduro’s ouster last week, saying after the plan faltered that Mr Maduro had been heading to the airport before Russian advisers talked him out of leaving. Mr Maduro denied it.

Senator Marco Rubio, who has been influential in shaping the administration’s Venezuela response, said Mr Trump and Mr Bolton are on the same page.

Mr Rubio, who said he spoke to Mr Trump about Venezuela on Tuesday evening, backs the policy of waiting out Mr Maduro.

“He’s in the same mind-set that I’m in, and that is that we’ve got to stay the course, it’s working,” Mr Rubio said in an interview.

Mr Rubio said some of the harshest US sanctions are only now having full effect, including sowing dissension among Mr Maduro's aides.

“Only now are you starting to see it burn and I think that’s what’s causing some of this internal friction in the regime.”

US defence leaders regard any military scenario involving boots on the ground in Venezuela as a quagmire, and warn that standoff weapons such as Tomahawk missiles run a major risk of killing civilians.

The White House has repeatedly asked for military planning short of invasion, however.

Officials said the options under discussion while Mr Maduro is still in power include sending additional military assets to the region, increasing aid to neighbouring countries such as Colombia, and other steps to provide humanitarian assistance to displaced Venezuelans outside of Venezuela.

More forward-leaning options include sending naval ships to waters off Venezuela as a show of force.

Other steps under discussion are intended for after Mr Maduro is gone, when US military personnel might be permitted inside Venezuela to help with humanitarian responses.

John Feeley, a former US ambassador and Univision political analyst, said there is another reason that military intervention is unlikely.

“It runs counter to Donald Trump’s 2020 re-election narrative. At a time when you’re pulling people back from Syria, back from Iraq, back from Afghanistan, how do you say we’re going to commit 50-, 100-, 150,000 of our blood and treasure to a country where you can’t tell the bad guys from the good guys?” Mr Feeley said.

The Washington Post