Alabama Motor-driven cycle includes every motorcycle that, when equipped, weighs less than 200 lbs., motor scooters, and bicycles with a motor attached. Motor-driven cycle shall have brakes adequate to control movement and stopping of vehicle. Motorcycle carrying passengers, except in sidecar or enclosed cab, shall have footrests for passenger. No person shall operate motorcycle with handlebars more than 15 inches in height above seat. Protective headgear and shoes required for motorcycle operators and passengers. No parent or legal guardian of juvenile shall knowingly permit or allow juvenile to operate or ride motorcycle without protective headgear or shoes.

Alaska Glasses, goggles, or a windscreen is required. Reflectorized helmets are required for operators age 17 and under, for passengers of all ages, and for operators with learner or instructional permits. Left and right rearview mirrors are required. Passenger seat and footrests are required if carrying passengers. A license plate is required. Daytime headlights must be on while the motorcycle is in operation. Helmet speakers are prohibited. Taillights are required.

Arizona All motorcycle operators under 18 years of age must wear a protective helmet; all operators must wear protective glasses, goggles, or a transparent face shield unless the motorcycle is equipped with a transparent windshield. A rearview mirror, seat for the operator and passengers, and footrests for both operator and passengers are required; handrails for passengers are required. Handlebars cannot be above the height of the operator’s shoulders. License plates shall be displayed on the back of a motorcycle. Headlamp modulators are permitted.

Arkansas Driver is required to display lighted lamps at all times though, between sunrise and sunset, may operate either a continuous or pulsating beam. Every motorcycle shall have either 1 or 2 headlights; a red rear light; electrical turn signals; and at least 1 reflector. Goggles or face shield is required. Safety helmet is required for riders under 21. 1 rearview mirror is required. Passenger seat and footrests are required if carrying a passenger.

California After 1973, motorcycles must be equipped with lamp-type turn signal systems. Headlamp modulators are permitted but may not be used during darkness. After 1978, motorcycles must be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 head-lamps that turn on automatically when the engine is started and remain lighted while the engine is running. Motorcycles must have at least 1 mirror located so as to give the driver a view of at least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle. Prohibits a seat position too high for a motorcyclist’s feet to reach the ground while driving. All riders and passengers of motorcycles and mopeds must wear a safety helmet.

Colorado Every motorized bicycle shall be equipped with a lamp on the front, which shall emit a white light visible from a distance of at least 500 feet from the front, and a red reflector in the rear. Riders under 18 and passengers under 18 must wear safety helmets. Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, shall be equipped with footrests for such passengers. Any driver or passenger on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle on any public highway shall wear goggles or eyeglasses with lenses made of safety glass or plastic.

Connecticut All motorcycles must have at least 1 brake, and those manufactured after 1973 must have brakes on both the front and rear wheels. Every motorcycle must have either 1 or 2 headlamps. All headlamps must be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of at least 100 feet when the motorcycle is operating below 25 mph, at least 200 feet between 25-35 mph, and 300 feet when traveling 35 mph or more. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 tail lamp and 1 rear stop lamp. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 red rear reflector. A person operating a motorcycle shall not carry another person unless the motorcycle has a seat designed for 2 persons or there is a second seat firmly attached to the rear or side of the operator’s seat. All motorcycle operators must either have a safety shield installed on the motorcycle, a helmet shield, or wear safety goggles. All motorcycle operators must wear a protective helmet if they are in their 1st year of licensure, hold learner’s or instructor’s permits, or are under age 18. Passengers under age 18 are required to wear a protective helmet.

Delaware A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only on the permanent and regular seat. If the motorcycle is designed for passengers, it must be equipped with passenger footrests. Every person under age 19 operating or riding on a motorcycle shall have a safety helmet and wear an eye protection approved by the DOT. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. A person may operate a motorcycle equipped with LED ground effect lighting that emits a non-flashing amber or white light.

District of Columbia Motorcycles must have 1 or 2 headlamps; 1 tail lamp and 1 stop lamp; and 1 red rear reflector. Motorcycle helmets are required for all riders. Brakes are required on both wheels. Passengers may not ride on a motorcycle unless there is a seat designed for 2 people, or another seat, along with footrests and handgrips, is firmly attached to the rear or side of the motorcycle. A helmet is required on each person operating or riding on a motorcycle. No person shall operate a motorcycle unless he or she wears goggles or a face shield.

Florida Every motorcycle shall have brakes capable of developing a brake force that is not less than 43.5% of its gross weight, decelerating to a stop from not more than 20 mph and not less than 14 feet per second, and stopping from a speed of 20 mph in not more than 30 feet. These requirements are based on a surface that is substantially level and is a dry, hard, smooth surface free from loose material. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. Every motorcycle shall carry on the rear, either as part of the tail lamp or separately at least 1 red reflector. Every motorcycle shall have at least 1 tail lamp which shall be located at a height of not more than 72 inches and not less than 20 inches measured from the ground. Either a tail lamp or a separate lamp shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white light the rear registration plate and render it clearly legible from a distance of 50 feet from the rear. Any person who operates a motorcycle on the public streets shall, while so engaged, have the headlight or headlights of the motorcycle turned on. Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, shall be equipped with footrests for such passenger. No person shall operate any motorcycle with handlebars that are higher than the top of the shoulders of the person operating the motorcycle. A person may not operate or ride upon a motorcycle unless the person is properly wearing protective headgear unless the operator is 21 years of age or older and is covered by an insurance policy providing at least $10,000 in medical benefits for injuries incurred as a result of a crash while operating or riding on a motorcycle. A person may not operate a motorcycle unless the person is wearing an eye-protective device over his or her eyes of a type approved by the DMV. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached and shall not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is specifically designed to carry more than 1 person.

Georgia A person may wear a headset or headphone for communication purposes while operating a motorcycle. No person may operate or ride upon a motorcycle unless he or she is wearing protective headgear that complies with standards established by the Commissioner of Public Safety. No person may operate or ride upon a motorcycle that is not equipped with a windshield unless he or she is wearing an eye protective device that complies with standards established by the Commissioner of Public Safety. Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests for such passenger. Motorcycle handlebars cannot be more than 15 inches in height above that portion of the seat occupied by the operator. Motorcycles cannot be equipped with a backrest more commonly known as a sissy bar that is designed in such a way as to create a sharp point at its apex. A person must ride a motorcycle only upon the permanent and regular seat; and the operator must not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person.

Hawaii Operators and passengers on motorcycles must wear safety glasses, goggles, or a face shield, unless the motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen. No person less than 18 years of age may operate or ride as a passenger on a motorcycle or moped unless the person wears a safety helmet. It is unlawful for any motorcycle or motor scooter driver to carry as a passenger a person under the age of 7 years. Every motorcycle or motor scooter must have at least 1 lighted headlight which must be in use from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise, and must be powerful enough to reveal a person, vehicle, or substantial object at least 200 feet ahead. Every motorcycle or motor scooter must have at least 1 lighted, red taillight which must be in use from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise and must be powerful enough so as to be visible from a distance of 200 feet to the rear. If carrying a passenger, a motorcycle must be equipped with footrests, unless the passenger is riding in a sidecar.

Idaho A helmet of a type and quality equal to or better than the standards established for helmets by the director of the ITD must be worn by operators or passengers under 18 years of age. Motorcycles are required to have at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. A motorcycle may be equipped with either single-beam or multiple-beam lighting, provided that it be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or vehicle not less than 100 feet away when the motorcycle is traveling at a speed less than 25 mph, or at a distance of not less than 200 feet when the motorcycle is traveling at a speed of 25 mph or more, or at a distance of 300 feet when the motorcycle is traveling at a speed of 35 mph or more. Every motorcycle must have 1 red reflector on the rear. The reflector must be visible at night from all distances within 350 feet to 100 feet from the vehicle when seen by the upper beams of another vehicle’s headlamps. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 stop lamp but is not required to have mechanical or electrical turn signals. To lawfully carry a passenger, a motorcycle must be equipped with footrests specifically designed for said passenger.

Illinois A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular attached seat and such operator shall not carry any other person nor shall any other person ride on a motorcycle unless such motorcycle is designed for that purpose. Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests for such passenger. No person shall operate any motorcycle with handlebars higher than the height of the shoulders of the operator when seated on the motorcycle. Every driver and passenger must be protected by glasses, goggles, or a transparent shield. Motorcycles and motor-driven cycles need not be equipped with electric turn signals.

Indiana Helmets and eye protection are required for all riders and passengers under the age of 18. A motorcycle operated on the roads of Indiana must be equipped with handlebars that are not higher than the shoulders of the driver when seated in the saddle. Additionally, the motorcycle must have good working front and rear brakes, and be equipped with lights and reflectors meeting the standards of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Motorcycles that were manufactured before January 1, 1956, are not required to be equipped with headlights and other light devices if they are not operated when these lights are necessary for safety.

Iowa A person must not operate or ride a motorcycle on the highways with another person on the motorcycle unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. The additional passenger may ride upon the permanent and regular seat if designed for 2 persons, or upon another seat firmly attached to the motorcycle at the rear of the operator. The motorcycle must be equipped with footrests for the passenger unless the passenger is riding in a sidecar or enclosed cab. The motorcycle operator must not carry any person nor may any other person ride in a position that will interfere with the operation or control of the motorcycle or the view of the operator.

Kansas All persons operating or riding on a motorcycle or motorized bicycle under the age of 18 shall wear a helmet. No person shall operate a motorcycle unless that person is either wearing protective glasses, goggles, or transparent windshields, or whose motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen with a 10-inch minimum height. Passengers under age 18 must wear an eye-protective device which shall consist of protective glasses, goggles or transparent face shields that are shatter proof and impact resistant. Motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, and motorized bicycles manufactured after January 1, 1978, shall display lighted head- and taillights at all times that such vehicles are operated on roadways. All motorcycles and motor-driven cycles shall be equipped with at least 1 headlamp, 1 tail lamp, and 1 white light capable of illuminating the rear license plate from at least 50 feet. All motorcycles and motor-driven cycles shall be equipped with at least 1 red rear reflector and 1 rear stop lamp. All motorcycles shall be equipped with multiple-beam headlights that can reveal persons and vehicles at least 300 feet ahead of the upper beam and 150 feet ahead of the lower beam. All motorcycles and motor-driven cycles shall be equipped with a braking system that will stop the cycle within 40 feet from an initial speed of 20 mph. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat, and shall not carry another person unless the motorcycle has either a permanent and regular seat designed for 2 persons or has a second seat and footrests firmly attached to the rear or side of the front driver’s seat. The driver of a motorcycle or a person riding a bicycle facing any steady red signal, which fails to change to a green light within a reasonable period of time because of a signal malfunction or because the signal has failed to detect the arrival of the motorcycle or bicycle because of its size or weight, shall have the right to proceed after stopping, yielding the right-of-way to any vehicle in, near, or approaching the intersection; to pedestrians lawfully crossing the intersection within an adjacent crosswalk; and to any other traffic lawfully using the intersection.

Kentucky Every motorcycle or moped must be equipped with at least 1 headlamp. All motorcycles must be equipped with a rearview mirror. All persons operating a motorcycle must wear protective eye gear and any rider under the age of 21, or any person operating a motorcycle with an instruction permit, or any person who has held a motorcycle license for less than 1 year must wear a safety helmet. Riders 21 and older may ride without a helmet if they can provide proof of a medical insurance policy.

Louisiana Every motorcycle must have 2 properly equipped white headlights on the front of the motorcycle that emit a white beam. Every new motorcycle sold in Louisiana must have 2 red reflectors. All other motorcycles must have at least 1 reflector, which must be mounted properly so that it is visible for at least 100 feet. All stop lights and turn signals are required on new motor vehicles. All motorcycle riders must wear a properly equipped safety helmet. All motorcycle operators must wear protective eye gear, unless the motorcycle is equipped with a windshield of sufficient height to protect the operator’s eyes. All motorcycles carrying a passenger must have a footrest for that passenger. No motorcycle may be equipped with handlebars that require the hands of the operator to be above the operator’s shoulder height when the operator is sitting astride the seat and the operator’s hands are on the handlebar grips.

Maine A motorcycle must have 1 front-mounted headlight. A motorcycle must have a mirror mounted and adjusted to allow the driver a clear, reflected view of the highway in the rear for a distance of at least 200 feet. A driver of a motorcycle may ride only on the permanent and regular attached seat. No more than 2 persons may ride on a motorcycle and the passenger must be on a permanent seat provided for said passenger. No more than 2 persons may ride in a sidecar, provided that the sidecar is designed with permanent seats for 2 passengers. Handlebars of a motorcycle may not be higher than shoulder level of the driver. Protective headgear is required for all riders under 18 and passengers of operators under 18, and operators with a learner’s permit or within 1 year of successfully completing a driving test.

Maryland The operator of a motorcycle may not carry any other person on the motorcycle unless it has a permanent seat to the side or behind the operator. If any motorcycle carries a passenger other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, the motorcycle shall be equipped with footrests for the passenger. A person may not operate a motorcycle with handlebars more than 15 inches in height above the seat. An individual may not operate or ride on a motorcycle unless the individual is wearing protective headgear. An individual may not operate or ride on a motorcycle unless the individual is wearing protective eye gear, or the motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen. All face shields and protective eye gear must allow the wearer an angle of vision of not less than 105 degrees. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with 1 or 2 headlamps, which shall be of sufficient intensity so that they can be seen from 100 feet if the motorcycle is traveling less than 25 mph, 200 feet if the motorcycle is traveling between 25-34 mph, and at least 300 feet if the motorcycle is traveling 35 mph or more. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 tail lamp, visible from a distance of 1,000 feet to the rear in normal atmospheric conditions at night. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with a white light capable of illuminating the rear registration plate from a distance of 50 feet to the rear. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 red rear reflector, visible from distances 100-600 feet to the rear. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 stop lamp mounted on the rear. Motorcycles manufactured after January 1, 1973 shall have turn signals. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with 2 rearview mirrors, 1 each attached on the right and left handlebars. A person may not operate a motorcycle that has 1.5 horsepower or less, or a capacity of less than 70 cubic centimeters piston displacement on a roadway where the speed limit is more than 50 mph, or on any expressway or controlled access highway.

Massachusetts Every motorcycle must be equipped with either a split service brake system or 2 independently actuated service brake systems, as well as: 1 white headlamp; 1 red rear lamp; 1 rear stop lamp; and a registration plate illuminator. Every operator of or rider on a motorcycle must wear protective headgear and eye-goggles if motorcycle is not equipped with a windshield or screen. Motorcyclists are exempt from wearing protective headgear when participating in a parade.

Michigan A motorcycle must be equipped with adequate seats and foot rests or pegs for each designated seating position. Handlebars may not be higher than 30 inches from the lowest point of the undepressed saddle to the highest point of the handle grip of the operator. A person under age 21 operating or riding on a motorcycle on a public thoroughfare shall wear a U.S. DOT approved crash helmet. Persons age 21 and older must wear a helmet unless they have had a motorcycle endorsement for at least 2 years or have passed a motorcycle safety course, and have $20,000 in insurance.

Minnesota An operator of a motorcycle must ride on a permanent and regular seat. Any motorcycle with a seat designed or suited for use by a passenger must be equipped with foot rests for the passenger, reachable by both feet. A motorcycle operator must not carry more passengers than there are designated seats for those passengers. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 properly adjusted rear view mirror that is adjusted to reflect to the operator a view of the roadway for a distance of at least 200 feet. Anyone under the age of 18 riding a motorcycle and all operators of motorcycles with instructional permits must wear protective headgear. All motorcycle operators must wear protective eye wear. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 hand or foot brake. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 4 properly mounted headlamps.

Mississippi All riders of a motorcycle or motor scooter are required to wear a crash helmet that is designed, inspected, and approved by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators.

Missouri Every person riding on or operating a motorcycle or motor-tricycle shall wear protective headgear. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. Every motorcycle equipped with a sidecar or other attachment shall be equipped with a lamp on the outside limit of such attachment capable of displaying a white light to the front. Required equipment: 1 rearview mirror, horn, fuel tank cap, license plate, muffler, registration card, tires approved for highway use, and turn signals (if equipped by manufacturer).

Montana A person operating a motorcycle or quadricycle on public streets or highways may ride only on the permanent and regular seat. The operator may not carry a passenger unless the passenger is seated on a seat designed for 2 persons or on another seat firmly attached to the side or rear of the operator. Motorcycles and quadricycles must be operated with lights on at all times unless the vehicle is registered as a collector’s item. If the vehicle is registered as a collector’s item, it is only required to be operated with lights at nighttime and during periods of poor visibility. Motorcycles, quadricycles, and motor-driven cycles must be equipped with at least 1 properly functioning taillamp mounted on the rear that emits a red light plainly visible from a distance of 500 feet to the rear of the vehicle. All operators and passengers under 18 years of age of a motorcycle or quadricycle must wear protective headgear approved by the DOJ.

Nebraska A person shall not operate or be a passenger on a motorcycle unless such person is wearing a protective helmet of the type and design meeting U.S. Department of Transportation standards. The helmet must also be secured properly on the operator or passenger’s head with a chin strap.

Nevada A motorcycle shall not be driven while carrying more than 1 person unless such motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. Passengers shall ride behind the driver and astride the regular seat that was designed for 2 persons, astride another seat firmly attached to the rear of the driver, or in an attached sidecar. Passengers must have footrests. A rider shall be able to reach the ground with both feet simultaneously when sitting astride the seat in a stopped or upright position. Handlebars may not extend more than 6 inches above the uppermost portion of the driver’s shoulders when the driver sits on the seat. The driver of a motorcycle or moped shall drive with at least 1 hand on a handlebar at all times. Whenever operating a motorcycle, the driver and passenger shall wear a securely fastened helmet and protective glasses, goggles, or face shields. If a motorcycle is equipped with a transparent windscreen, the driver need not wear glasses, goggles, or face shields. Every motorcycle must be equipped with: At least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps.

Fenders on both wheels.

At least 1 rear tail lamp that emits a red light visible from 500 feet to the rear and is wired to be lighted whenever the headlamp is lighted.

Electric turn signal lamps on both the front and rear of the motorcycle.

At least 1 rear reflector, visible from all distances within 300 feet when directly in front of lower headlamp beams.

Brakes.

Two mirrors, 1 on each handlebar, in positions enabling the driver to view clearly the highway for at least 200 feet to the rear. Every motorcycle or moped operated upon a highway at any time from one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise, and at any other time when persons and vehicles are not visible from 1,000 feet away, must display lighted lamps and illuminating devices.

New Hampshire If a motorcycle is not equipped with a windshield or screen which protects the driver’s eyes and face when the driver is sitting erect, the driver shall wear either eyeglasses, goggles, or a protective face shield when driving the motorcycle. Protective headgear is required for motorcycle operators or passengers under age 18. Every motorcycle, driven during the period between one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour before sunrise, and whenever rain, snow, or fog shall interfere with the proper view of the road so that persons and vehicles on the road are not clearly discernible at a distance of 1,000 feet ahead, shall display at least 1 lighted head-lamp on the front. The headlamp shall throw sufficient light ahead to make clearly visible all vehicles, persons, or substantial objects within a distance of 150 feet. All headlamps shall be designed to prevent glaring rays. All headlamps shall be located at a height of not more than 54 inches or less than 24 inches from the ground. Motorcycles must be equipped with: A stop lamp in working order at all times.

Directional signals, if registered in New Hampshire, which was manufactured after January 1, 1973.

On the rear, whether as part of the tail lamps or separately, 1 red reflector. It shall be illegal to drive a motorcycle with improvised, defective, or repaired handlebars. Every motorcycle shall have footrests for each person driving or riding. Every motorcycle shall have a rearview mirror. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached thereto. Such driver shall not carry any other person nor shall any other person ride on a motorcycle unless such motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. A person shall ride upon a motorcycle only while sitting astride the seat, facing forward, with 1 leg on each side of the motorcycle. While driving a motorcycle, the driver must keep both hands on the handlebars.

New Jersey Every motorcycle shall be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps, 1 tail lamp, 1 stop lamp, at least 1 reflector on the rear, adequate license plate illumination, and a white light displaying to the front on any side car or other extension attached to the side. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 brake adequate to control the movement of and to stop the motorcycle. No person shall operate a motorcycle which has handle bar grips higher than the shoulder height of the operator when seated. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached to the motorcycle; passengers shall ride on the permanent and regular seat if designed for 2 persons, or on another seat firmly attached to the rear or side of the driver. An operator of a motorcycle must not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person and has adequate footrests for each passenger. A motorcycle operator and passenger must wear goggles or a face shield, unless the motorcycle is equipped with a wind screen meeting specifications established by the director, and a securely fitted helmet that is equipped with either a neck or chin strap.

New Mexico Persons under the age of 18 are required to wear a helmet while riding on a motorcycle. The motorcycle must have a permanent and regular seat for each rider along with footrests and must be equipped with at least 1 headlamp on the front. No motorcycle shall be equipped in a manner such that it is incapable of turning a 90º angle within a circle having a radius of not more than 14 feet.

New York Every motorcycle shall have adequate brakes in good working order to control the motorcycle at all times. Motorcycles manufactured after January 1, 1971 shall be equipped with brakes acting both on the front and rear wheels. All motorcycles must have the following equipment: a bell, horn, or other device for signaling; at least 1 red reflector attached to the rear, 1 red or amber stop lamp, and shall, whenever the motorcycle is being operated, display 1 lighted lamp either white or yellow in color, visible for at least 200 feet on the front and 1 red light on the rear visible for at least 300 feet. No motorcycle shall be operated with handlebars or grips more than the height of the operator’s shoulders. No person may operate a motorcycle without a helmet, goggles, or a face shield, and a rearview mirror so adjusted that the driver has a clear view of the road and condition of traffic behind such motorcycle. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached, shall not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person, and shall ride only when sitting astride the seat, facing forward with 1 leg on each side of the motorcycle. No person shall operate a motorcycle while carrying any article which prevents him from keeping both hands on the handlebars. No person riding upon a motorcycle shall attach themselves or the motorcycle to any other vehicle or streetcar on a roadway.

North Carolina Every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle shall be equipped with: At least 1 brake operated either by hand or foot.

A rearview mirror that provides the operator with a clear, undistorted, and unobstructed view of at least 200 feet to the rear of the motorcycle.

Either 1 or 2 headlamps that shall be lighted at all times when the motorcycle is in operation.

If manufactured after December 31, 1955, a stop lamp on the rear of the vehicle that displays a red or amber light visible from a distance of at least 100 feet when operated in the sunlight. The stop lamp shall be activated upon application of the foot brake and may be incorporated into a unit with other rear lamps. No person shall operate a motorcycle or moped when the number of persons on board exceeds the number it was designed to carry. The operator and all passengers of a motorcycle or moped must wear a protective helmet. Lights must be on at all times.

North Dakota A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only on the permanent and regular attached seat. An operator may not carry more persons than the motorcycle was designed to carry. In the event a passenger may ride, it must be on the permanent and regular seat if designed for 2 persons, or on another seat firmly attached to the motorcycle at the rear or side of the operator. A motorcycle must be equipped with footrests for each passenger not in a sidecar or enclosed cab that can support a weight of 250 lbs. No person under the age of 18 years may operate or ride on a motorcycle unless a helmet is being worn on the head of the operator and rider. If the operator of a motorcycle is required to wear a helmet, any passenger must also wear a helmet regardless of the age of the passenger. Every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle must have at least 1 brake, which may be operated by hand or foot, and at least 1 tail light and brake light. Three-wheeled motorcycles must have a parking brake of a friction type with a mechanical means to retain engagement. Motorcycle handlebars must have nonslip handgrips that may not be located above the shoulder height of the seated operator. The handlebars must provide a minimum of 18 inches between grips after final assembly. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 mirror attached to the handlebar that will reflect an image of at least the horizon and the road surface to the rear of the motorcycle with a minimum reflective surface of 10 square inches. The seat or saddle for the operator must be securely attached and may not be less than 25 inches above a level road surface when measured to the lowest point on top of the cushion. If a gearbox indicator light is on the vehicle it must be located in the driver’s field of vision. If a headlamp beam indicator light is on the vehicle it must be located in the driver’s field of vision and automatically lit when the high beam of the lamp is on. Number plates assigned to a motorcycle or trailer must be attached to the rear of the motorcycle and may be displayed vertically.

Ohio Each rider must ride on a permanently attached regular seat. Each rider must wear safety glasses or other protective eye device. No person who is under the age of 18 years, or who holds a motorcycle operator’s endorsement or license bearing a “novice,” shall operate a motorcycle on a highway, or be a passenger on a motorcycle, unless wearing a protective helmet on his or her head, and no other person shall be a passenger on a motorcycle operated by such a person unless similarly wearing a protective helmet. The following equipment is required: 1 and no more than 2 headlights, at least 1 taillight/brake light, a horn that can be heard for at least 200 feet, and at least 1 rearview mirror. Handlebars may be no higher than the shoulders of the operator when seated. Motorcycles manufactured after 1968 must be equipped with turn signals.

Oklahoma Every person under the age of 18 years must wear a helmet. Lighted lamps and illuminating devices are required at all times. A motorcycle may be equipped with auxiliary lighting. Every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle shall be equipped with either 1 or 2 head-lamps. Headlamps or lamps shall be capable of revealing a person or vehicle from a distance of at least 100 feet when driving up to 25 mph, a distance of at least 200 feet when driving between 25 and 35 mph, and 300 feet when driving 35 mph or more. One brake light is required on the rear of the vehicle. At least 1 taillight and 1 rear reflector are also required. No driver of any 2-wheeled motor vehicle may carry any other person on the vehicle, unless the vehicle has a wheel diameter of at least 12 inches, and either a double seating device with double footrests or a side car attachment. Handlebars on motorcycles and motor scooters shall not exceed the eye level of the operator. Two rearview mirrors with a reflection surface of at least 3 inches in diameter are required. One mirror shall be mounted on each side of the vehicle, and positioned to allow the operator to clearly view the roadway for a distance of 200 feet to the rear. A windshield of such dimensions as to protect the operator from foreign objects is required, unless the operator wears either goggles or a face shield. Both wheels must have brakes installed, with separate controls to operate each brake. A properly operating speedometer, capable of registering at least the maximum legal speed limit is required. A fender is required over each wheel.

Oregon The operator of a motorcycle, and all passengers on a motorcycle, must wear an approved safety helmet. Motorcycles and mopeds must be equipped with at least 1 and no more than 3 headlights, 1 tail light, 1 brake light, a registration plate light, turn signal lights, and rear reflectors. Motorcycles manufactured before 1973 are not required to be equipped with turn signals. Operators must use hand signals and may not operate the vehicle during periods of limited visibility. A moped may not be equipped with more than 2 headlights. At all times that a motorcycle or moped is operated on a highway, it must display a lighted headlight(s). Modulated headlights may be used during daylight hours. It is unlawful to carry a passenger on a motorcycle unless the motorcycle is equipped with footrests for the passenger, and the passenger is seated on a permanent and regular seat.

Pennsylvania Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests and a handhold for the passenger. All motorcyclists under 21 must wear a helmet. Motorcyclists 21 years of age or older who have either been licensed to operate a motorcycle for at least 2 years or who have completed the motorcycle safety program are exempt from wearing a helmet. If the motorcyclist is exempt, their passenger is also exempt as long as they are at least 21 years of age. All motorcycle riders and passengers must wear protective eye gear. An occupant of a 3-wheel motorcycle with an enclosed cab does not have to wear a safety helmet or protective eye gear.

Rhode Island Drivers of motorcycles or motor scooters are required to use eye protection when operating the vehicle. Any operator under 21 years of age, and any passenger of any age, must wear a helmet. All new operators, regardless of age, must wear a helmet for 1 year from the date of issuance of the first license. Every motorcycle or motor scooter must have a rearview mirror. Handlebars are not permitted more than 15 inches in height above the seat. No person shall drive a motorcycle at night at a speed greater than 35 mph unless the motorcycle is equipped with a headlamp that is able to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of 300 feet ahead. The operator of a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent and regular seat attached. A motorcycle shall not carry more persons than it was designed to carry. A passenger must ride on the permanent and regular seat if designed for 2 persons, or on another seat firmly attached to the rear or side of the operator. Any passenger on a motorcycle or motor scooter must be in a sidecar or have a separate rear seat, a separate footrest, an appropriate handlebar or grip for his or her use, and a helmet. A passenger under 12 years of age must have a properly secured backrest or equivalent unless seated in a sidecar. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 brake that may be operated by hand or foot that is adequate to slow and stop the motorcycle. Every motorcycle must have at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps and at least 1 red reflector on the rear either as part of the tail lamps or separately. All motorcycles must have stop lamps. Motorcycles may have single or multiple beam headlamps, provided that they be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of not less than 100 feet when the motorcycle is operated at any speed less than 25 mph and at a distance of not less than 200 feet when the motorcycle is operated at a speed of 25 mph or more.

South Carolina Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests for that passenger. A person must not operate a motorcycle unless it is equipped with a rearview mirror which will afford the operator ample rear vision at all times. It is illegal for any person under the age of 21 to operate or ride on a motorcycle or a moped unless he or she wears a protective helmet approved by the Department. Such a helmet must be equipped with either a neck or chin strap and be reflectorized on both sides. It is illegal for any person under the age of 21 to operate a moped or a motorcycle unless he or she wears goggles or a face shield of a type approved by the Department. The provisions with respect to goggles and face shields do not apply to the operator of moped or a motorcycle equipped with a wind screen. Any person who operates a motorcycle or moped must have the headlights on at all times. Every motorcycle and every moped must have at least 1 rear reflector. Every motorcycle and every moped must be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. The headlamp or headlamps upon every motorcycle and moped may be of the single-beam or multiple-beam type and must be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or a vehicle at a distance of at least 100 feet when the motorcycle or moped is operated at any speed less than 25 mph and at a distance of at least 200 feet when the motorcycle or moped is operated at a speed of 25 mph. Helmets are required for riders under 21.

South Dakota Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 but no more than 2 headlamps. All persons under the age of 18 must wear motorcycle safety helmets that are approved by the Department of Transportation. A person riding in an enclosed cab attached to a motorcycle does not have to wear a safety helmet. A motorcycle operator must wear an eye protective device unless the motorcycle is equipped with a windscreen of sufficient height and design that protects the motorcycle operator. When headlights are required to be on, a motorcycle operator cannot wear protective eye devices that are tinted or shaded to reduce the light transmission of the device below 35%. Motorcycles must have at least 1 tail lamp, which when lighted emits a red light visible for a distance of 500 feet. A motorcycle may display a blue light of up to 1-inch diameter as part of the motorcycle’s rear brake light. The motorcycle plate may be mounted in any visible manner other than upside down. Motorcycle helmets are required for riders under 18 years of age.

Tennessee Any motor-driven cycle, which produces not more than 5 horsepower, may not be driven at a speed of more than 35 mph unless the cycle is equipped with a headlamp which is adequate to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of 300 feet ahead. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps, which must be on at all times during operation. It is unlawful to operate a motorcycle unless the person is seated upon the permanent and regular seat with one leg on each side and with the headlamp illuminated. It is unlawful to carry a passenger on a motorcycle unless a proper seat for the passenger is installed on the motorcycle. All motorcycle operators and passengers on a motorcycle must wear a safety helmet, unless the person is over age 21 and in an enclosed cab. Riders age 21 and older may ride without a helmet while riding a motorcycle in a parade, funeral procession or memorial ride. Every motorcycle must be equipped with a windshield, or the operator and any passenger must wear safety goggles, face shields, or glasses containing impact resistant lenses. All motorcycles must be equipped with a rearview mirror mounted on the left handlebar in an upright position and securely attached footrests for the driver and passenger.

Texas The DMV may refuse to register a motorcycle and may suspend or revoke the registration if the DMV determines that the motorcycle’s braking system does not comply with safety requirements. An operator of a motorcycle must ride on the permanent and regular seat attached to the motorcycle. A passenger may ride only on the permanent and regular seat, if designed for 2 persons, or on another seat firmly attached to the motorcycle behind or to the side of the operator. No passengers under age 5 permitted. A motorcycle, including a motor-driven cycle, must be equipped with not more than 2 headlamps, at least 1 tail lamp, a separate rear license plate lamp, at least 1 stop lamp, and at least 1 rear red reflector. A motorcycle, other than a motor-driven cycle, must be equipped with multiple-beam headlamps. A motorcycle may not be operated at any time unless at least 1 headlamp is illuminated. The operator and any passenger on a motorcycle or moped are required to wear an approved helmet. However, a person is exempt from wearing a helmet if the person is at least 21 years old, and has successfully completed a motorcycle operator and training safety course or is covered by at least $10,000 in medical benefits for injuries incurred as a result of an accident while operating or riding on a motorcycle.

Utah A person under the age of 21 may not operate or ride, unless within an enclosed cab, a motorcycle upon a highway unless that person is wearing protective headgear. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with the following items: 1 headlamp; 1 tail-lamp; either a tail lamp or a separate lamp shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white light the rear registration plate; 1 red reflector on the rear, either as part of the tail lamp or separate; 1 stop lamp; a braking system; a horn or warning device; and a mirror. A person operating a motorcycle shall ride only upon the permanent seat attached to the motorcycle and such operator shall not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. A person shall ride a motorcycle while sitting astride the seat, facing forward. No person shall operate a motorcycle while carrying anything preventing him or her from keeping both hands on the handlebars. No operator shall carry any person, nor shall any person ride, in a position that will interfere with the operation or control of the motorcycle or the view of the operator. Every motorcycle shall be equipped with footrests for each passenger and no person shall operate any motorcycle with handlebars above shoulder height.

Vermont No person may operate or ride upon a motorcycle upon a highway unless he or she wears upon his head protective headgear reflectorized in part and of a type that conforms to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The headgear shall be equipped with either a neck or chin strap. The operator must also wear eye protection, if the vehicle is not equipped with a windshield. Any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests for such passenger. No person may operate any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle with handlebars more than 15 inches in height above that portion of the seat occupied by the operator. All motorcycles and motor-driven cycle must be equipped with at least 1 headlight, taillight, brake light, and license plate lamp.

Virginia Each passenger is required to have a permanently affixed seat and footrest. Every person operating a motorcycle must wear a face shield, safety glasses, or goggles, or have his motorcycle equipped with safety glass or a windshield, at all times while operating the vehicle. Operators and any passengers thereon must wear protective helmets. Handlebars may not be higher than 15 inches above the level of the motorcycle’s seat. No more than 5 lights may be used for general illumination ahead of a motorcycle.

Washington Every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle must have its headlamps and tail-lamps lighted whenever the vehicle is in motion on a highway. Every motorcycle and every motor-driven cycle must be equipped with at least 1 headlamp. Every motorcycle other than a motor-driven cycle must be equipped with multiple-beam road-lighting equipment. Every motorcycle and motor-driven cycle must be equipped with a license plate lamp, a rear red reflector, and a stop lamp. Any motorcycle 25 years old or less must be equipped with mirrors on the left and right side of the motorcycle that provide the driver a complete view of the highway for a distance of not less than 200 feet to the rear of the motorcycle. Any person riding or operating a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped must wear an approved helmet. No person may transport a person under the age of 5 on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle. No person may operate any motor-driven cycle during nighttime or periods of poor visibility at a speed of greater than 35 mph unless the motor-driven cycle is equipped with a headlamp or lamps which are adequate to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of 300 feet ahead. A person operating a motorcycle must ride only upon the permanent and regular seat, and the operator must not carry any other person nor may any other person ride on a motorcycle unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. The motorcycle must contain foot pegs for each person the motorcycle is designed to carry. No person may operate on a public highway a motorcycle with handlebars or grips that are more than 30 inches higher than the seat of the saddle for the operator.

West Virginia Every motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, and moped must display lighted headlamps at all times when on the highway. Every motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, and moped must be equipped with: (1) at least 1 but not more than 2 headlamps; (2) at least 1 brake operated by hand or foot; and (3) a rearview mirror affixed to the handlebars or fairings, and adjusted so that the operator has a clear view of 200 feet. The operator or passengers on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must wear a protective helmet with a neck or chin-strap; and safety, shatter-resistant eyeglasses, eye goggles, or face shields. If any motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped is equipped with a windshield or windscreen, the windshield or windscreen must be constructed of safety, shatter-resistant material. It is not permissible to operate a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped with handlebars or grips that are more than 15 inches higher than the uppermost part of the operator’s seat. An operator of a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped may carry as many passengers as the vehicle or sidecar is designed for.

Wisconsin Motorcycles must be equipped with footrests or pegs such that any passenger can rest his or her feet when the motorcycle is in motion. Every motorcycle must be equipped with at least 1 and not more than 2 headlamps. The headlamps on a motorcycle must be in use whenever the motorcycle is in operation. A headlamp modulator is permissible, but may not be used during the hours of darkness. All motorcycles must be equipped with at least 2 direction signal lamps to the front and 2 direction signal lamps to the rear which must be visible from a distance of 300 feet. No person who holds an instruction permit or who is under the age of 18 may operate a motorcycle unless the person is wearing protective headgear, and no person may carry a passenger under 18 years of age unless the passenger is wearing protective headgear. No person may operate a motorcycle without wearing a form of eye protection; protective face shield attached to headgear, glasses, or goggles. It is unlawful to operate a motorcycle if the handgrips are more than 30 inches above the lowest point of the top of the driver’s seat.

Wyoming A person operating a motorcycle must ride only upon the permanent and regular seat and must not carry any other person unless the motorcycle is designed to carry more than 1 person. Any motorcycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with footrests for the passenger. Handlebars must not be positioned so that the grips are above the shoulder height of the operator. Drivers 18 years or under operating a motorcycle on public streets, highways, or thoroughfares must wear protective headgear. Any person operating a motorcycle must have the headlamps activated at all times including daylight hours. A motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or moped must be equipped with at least 1 head-lamp, at least 1 tail lamp, a white light that illuminates the license plate, at least 1 rear red reflector, and at least 1 stop lamp.