“He is tweeting that when a crisis emerges — which could happen in Turkey — his gut instinct is to exacerbate the problem by imposing more tariffs, instead of stepping in with leadership to help resolve the emergency,” Mr. Bown said.

Ruhsar Pekcan, the Turkish minister of trade, said Turkey was “deeply disappointed” by the decision to double the tariffs. “The tariffs were groundless when they were announced in June, and remain so now,” Ms. Pekcan said.

“The effects of this ill-advised action by the U.S. Administration will not only impact Turkey, but will prove detrimental to American companies and workers as well,” she added.

Turkey ships little aluminum to the United States, but it is America’s sixth largest foreign supplier of steel. American companies that source metals from Turkey are bracing for a further impact, after already seeing their prices rise this year as a result of the tariffs.

Joseph Casucci, the chief executive of FJM Ferro Inc, which erects steel columns for large residential and commercial building projects on the East Coast, said he expected the president’s decision to further push up the price of steel rebar, of which Turkey is a major supplier. That will put further financial pressure on a range of companies involved in construction, especially mom-and-pop shops that have less ability to stockpile materials, he said. His company has already seen steel costs rise by 35 percent to 50 percent this year.

“I’d love to know when these tariffs are going to subside. That’s the big question in my industry, when does this end?” he asked. “It becomes challenging.”

In his tendency to mix trade goals with other political concerns, Mr. Trump has deviated from decades of government practice. He suggested earlier this year that he might soften his trade approach to China in return for Beijing’s help in dealing with the North Korean regime, and repeatedly tied Mexican trade practices with immigration issues.