Return Vehicle for PTK Federatsiya transport spacecraft Despite the Russian designation of the crew module as VA (for Vozvrashaemy Apparat, which can be translated as Reentry Apparatus, Return Vehicle or Descent Module), the cone-shaped vehicle serves as the main quarters for the crew during most of the mission, not just on reentry into the atmosphere. Crew size Although Russia's next-generation spacecraft was conceived to replace the Soyuz transport ship, the architecture of the future manned vehicle resembled a classic design of NASA's Apollo spacecraft consisting of the conical crew module and a cylindrical service module. In 2012, the crew size of the PTK NP spacecraft was reduced to four people for both missions to the lunar orbiting station or to the outpost in the low Earth orbit. The capability to return up to six people from the Earth orbit was apparently preserved with the installation of two Kazbek chairs in addition to four new-generation Cheget chairs. The crew module retained its capability to be reused. A three-parachute landing system would provide "hot" backup, meaning that all of three parachutes would be deployed, even though less than three would actually be needed for safe landing. A new type of crew chairs code-named Cheget (after a mountain in the Caucasus) would be used onboard PTK NP spacecraft. Unlike Kazbek chairs onboard Soyuz, the same chair would be easily adjusted for all crew members as tall as 195 centimeters. Design of the crew capsule After several years of early research, engineers at RKK Energia defined the structural design of the crew module during the preliminary development of the PTK NP project in 2010. The conical structure of the module was subdivided into the command compartment, KO, and the aggregate compartment, AO. In turn, command compartment would be split into a pressurized cabin and the unpressurized upper transfer section, VP. As of 2012, the VP section was expected to be manufactured out of carbon-based composite, rather than metal. To save mass, the same composite material could be used in the aggregate compartment, the thermal shield and the load-bearing structure of the propulsion module, DO. Most of the components of the VA module would be integrated at eight points evenly distributed along the periphery of each section. All components of the PTK NP spacecraft, including the VA capsule, were designed to fit into An-124 transport aircraft for transportation to the launch site. KEY ONBOARD SYSTEMS Docking mechanism PTK Federatsiya redesigned for multiple docking ports In 2018, RKK Energia also redesigned the top structure of the Command Compartment, KO, a part of the Return Vehicle, to make possible the ship's visits to the international gateway in the lunar orbit in addition to trips to the Earth's orbiting space station. (INSIDER CONTENT) Cheget cosmonaut chair Rocket-powered landing system Communications gear In 2012, it was decided to equip the PTK NP spacecraft with a two-band communications system, which increased the mass of the vehicle along with its reliability. The communications gear was designed to avoid interference with other systems. Flight control system, SUBK PTK NP would carry a four-channel flight control computer along with a single-channel backup machine. To increase redundancy and reliability, the backup machine would feature a completely different design and use different type of hardware and software. It would still be capable of conducting all flight control functions onboard the spacecraft. Yet another computer would be located onboard the propulsion module and take responsibility for key functions onboard this section of the spacecraft, most importantly for placing the module onto a safe disposal trajectory after its separation from the VA crew module. Complex of motion parameter measurements, KIPD This system will provide all necessary data, such as an altitude and deviation angles, to a special sub-unit of the main flight control system, SUBK, dedicated to the flight control of soft-landing engines onboard the VA capsule. Motion control and navigation system, SUDN The motion control and navigation would include TV-camera-based Lidar system and Kurs-LA rendezvous system. Kurs-L rendezvous system At the end of 2016, Moscow-based RKS Corporation announced that it had began work on the new Radio System for Mutual Measurements, SVI, which would be used on the new-generation spacecraft to conduct orbital rendezvous. At the time, the first experimental version of the system was to be ready for flight tests after 2021. The new SVI system was expected to have two versions: the simplified variant for rendezvous in the Earth's orbit and the more advanced Kurs-L variant for rendezvous in the lunar orbit. Accumulating all the experience of the previous-generation rendezvous system, Kurs-L was expected to be lighter, more compact and it will be able to withstand the impact of high space radiation found beyond the low Earth's orbit. Kurs-L will be using modular design inherited from the Kurs-MKP variant, being developed for the ISS, which will allow to change the number and the composition of the avionics units to customize it for each mission of the Federatsiya spacecraft. Thermal control system, SOTR Due to a prolonged 1.5-hour descent through the Earth atmosphere after the return from the Moon, engineers had to boost the thermal control system onboard PTK NP, comparing to the Soyuz that completes the reentry in around 10 minutes. Attitude control system, SOIS To orient itself in space, the VA module would use the attitude control system deriving from the previous-generation hardware employed on the Soyuz spacecraft. The system is propelled by hydrogen peroxide. However unlike the SOIS system on the Soyuz, the new-generation orientation thrusters would be designed for withstanding the reentry and subsequent use in multiple missions. Power supply system, SES Comparative studies during the Technical Project convinced engineers to employ expendable power batteries, which were deemed cheaper and more reliable than rechargeable systems. Still, they will be in the loop with newly developed solar panels and ion-lithium charging batteries. The equipment for power distribution and control, ARK, would be developed by ZAO Orbita based in Voronezh, which also had a contract from RKK Energia on the development of a similar system for the NEM module. Life-support system, SZhO The life-support system onboard PTK NP would resemble more that on the Zvezda service module, SM, than the systems on the Soyuz. The Vozdukh (Air) system would be used on PTK NP to maintain parameters of the ship's atmopshere and to regulate humidity. (632) Onboard toilet system, ASU The PTK NP spacecraft would be equipped with a new toilet system, ASU, derived from previous-generation units. While the Soyuz spacecraft was featuring a separate habitation module accommodating the ASU, designers of the future spacecraft had to tackle the problem of placing the toilet in the same module housing the crew during launch and landing. As of August 2013, the engineers apparently found an ingenious solution to the "toilet" issue. A highly portable latrine unit would be stored in the cargo area of the crew capsule during the launch, however immediately after reaching orbit, the crew would move it to a "far corner" of the capsule, blocking the entrance hatch to the spacecraft. Since the entrance hatch is intended for use only before launch and after landing, the empty area around it would be a "dead" space during the practically entire mission. At the MAKS-2013 air and space show in Zhukovsky, the development prototype of the descent module featured a light-weight sliding wall, providing privacy for the crew members around the toilet area. Landing means complex, KSP Several diverse systems of the Descent Module would have to work in unison to achieve a critical phase of the PTK NP mission -- a soft landing. The complex of landing means, KSP, will be subdivided into several components: Landing solid-propellant propulsion system, PTDU;

Parachute system, PS;

Landing gear, PU;

Shock-absorbing cosmonaut chairs, such as Cheget or Kazbek;

Landing control avionics. PTK NP spacecraft by the end of 2012: - Lunar orbit Earth orbit Launch mass ~20 tons ~12-14 tons Crew 4 4 Cargo 100 kilograms 500 kilograms Internal cabin volume 17 cubic meters 17 cubic meters Time onboard the orbiting space station 365 days 365 days G-loads during the reentry 3 3 Landing accuracy 2 kilometers 2 kilometers Known specifications of the descent module, VA, as of 2010: Height of the VA module 3.90 meters Maximum diameter of the VA module 4.42 meters Upper transfer section height 1.15 meters Command compartment, KO, height 3.04 meters Command compartment, KO, diameter 3.80 meters Main hatch window diameter 0.22 meters Thickness of thermal layers on the sides of the VA modules 30-52 millimeters Thickness of thermal layer of the LTI thermal shield 35 millimeters Internal cabin volume 18 cubic meters*

Four different types of thermal protection materials were proposed for the crew module of the future spacecraft. Credit: RKK Energia Cutaway view of the Aggregate (Instrument) Compartment, AO. Credit: RKK Energia A circa-2012 depiction of the PTK NP spacecraft in landed configuration. Credit: RKK Energia A depiction of PTK NP released in June 2013. Credit: RKK Energia An official depiction of the Descent Module by the end of 2012. Credit: RKK Energia A cutaway view of the VA module released in June 2013. Credit: RKK Energia A full-scale prototype of the descent module of the PTK NP spacecraft in 2013. Credit: RKK Energia Entrance into the crew module. Credit: Vesti TV channel A toilet system for the PTK NP spacecraft as of August 2013. Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2013 Anatoly Zak A sliding wall separating the toilet area inside the descent module of the PTK NP spacecraft. Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2013 Anatoly Zak A storage section for the Neva flotation gear (top left) and for in-flight clothing (top right). Click to enlarge. Copyright © 2013 Anatoly Zak A crew module and the service compartment of the Descent Module as of 2013 and 2015. Credit: RKK Energia The upper transfer section, VP, is removed from the descent module of PTK NP spacecraft. Credit: Mark Serov The pressurized cabin of the PTK NP spacecraft as seen at MAKS-2013 in August. Credit: Mark Serov Structural components of the Command Module for the PTK Federatsiya spacecraft. Credit: Tekhnomash