Food safety has haunted China over the decade, from the 2008 Chinese milk scandal where milk formula is adulterated with melamine to the 2014 tainted meat scandal when expired meat is supplied to fast-food joints such as KFC and Mcdonald’s. China’s size and population and lack of regulations has made fake food an even more pervasive problem than other country. Despite the Chinese citizens being wary of it, many are still passive about the solutions.

An example of the food supply chain. Source: CBINSIGHTS

Supply Chain in the food industry is surprisingly complex and involves multiple change of hands. Many areas can go wrong but predominantly most problems occur in two area: food processing and distribution. In unregulated environments such as rural areas of China, unscrupulous suppliers are known to take shortcuts such as adding adulterants to be more cost-competitive as well as create more appealing products. The mishandling of food during distribution is another area of concern, including temperature discrepancies during transportation and poor hygiene practices. As such, Chinese food producers are adopting technological innovations to prove the value of their product and regain confidence among consumers.

The advent of IoT and Blockchain is set to empower the Chinese consumer the ability to track and understand the provenance of their food by providing the following abilities:

Creates an audit trail of transactions from farmers and food processing firms to consumers Provide transparency and visibility in the farming, handling and distribution process Collect previously untapped data to carry out analytics to improve farming methods Smart contract enforces contractual terms and accountability among parties involved.

Food producers who actively promote the provenance of their produce are giving themselves a competitive edge and validating a price premium over similar products. By weaving technology into their produce, it enhances their credibility of social elements such as organic or free-range and builds reputation and brand loyalty among consumers.

A crate of oranges being scanned as part of a food safety blockchain pilot test. Source: IBM

In 2016, Walmart launched its Food Safety Collaboration Center in Beijing in collaboration with IBM and Tsinghua University to improve the tracking of food using blockchain technology. A traceability test conducted in May 2017 traced the origins of a package of mango in 2.2 seconds; this would take 6 days and 18 hours using traditional methods. In late 2017, the collaboration expanded to include JD.com, forming the Blockchain Food Safety Alliance that aimed to achieve greater transparency across the food supply chain.

“By recording the identity of those who input the data into the chain, the technology removes the anonymity that has help food-fraud to thrive” said Yiannas, Wal-Mart’s vice-president for food safety and health.

1. “The wonderful journey of the beef.” 2. The steak’s serial number and 64-digit alphanumeric code referring to the transaction. 3. The farm that raised the cow was indexed as 1556. 4. The section of the cow, where it was processed, and its package date. 5. The Simmental cow was three years old and fed a diet of corn, wheat, and straw. Na Qin was the vet that tended to it. 6. It was slaughtered on July 2, and the steak was packaged on July 5 in Tongliao city in Inner Mongolia. 7. It was put in the storage house on July 11. 8. The steak went through a series of tests to check whether it was contaminated with certain bacteria, and if the meat had good water content. Source: Quartz

JD.com, China’s second largest ecommerce platform has been exploring the capabilities of blockchain in empowering food producers to provide information about their produce. Their most recent venture with Kerchin, an Inner Mongolia-based beef manufacturer, allowed consumers to track the production and delivery of frozen beef. Recorded on the blockchain, information such as the cow’s breed, weight and diet as well as the farm location can be retrieved by scanning the QR code on the package. More than 10 brands from the alcohol, tea and pharmaceutical industry have joined this blockchain project since December 2017.

Left to Right: IoT, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing and Anti-counterfeit Intelligence. Source: iFeng News (凤凰网)

ZhongAn Technology, the tech subsidiary of Chinese Insurtech giant ZhongAn Online, has built a blockchain-powered platform to track the whole process of chicken farming. In partnership with Wopu, a IoT company in Hangzhou, IoT-enabled anklets are attached to chickens and every aspect of their lives are tracked, from the age and distance walked to the slaughterhouse and logistic providers employed. All data are recorded in the blockchain and viewable to the consumers from a mobile application. Data collected from the anklets also allow farmers to carry out analytics and improve their rearing methods; a significant breakthrough in farming technology was never possible until the popularization of IoT.

Alibaba recent blockchain project with PricewaterhouseCoopers and food suppliers in Australia and New Zealand to provide greater product integrity at its platform is evident of the growing popularity of blockchain to improve food safety.

Another company that is worth mentioning is KaoPu (Kao铺), a food catering company that attempts to improve food safety through blockchain initiatives. By deploying a blockchain network into every point of its supply chain system (production, procurement, logistics) and incentivizing suppliers through the issuance of its own cryptocurrency- Sharecoin, KaoPu hopes to attract potential suppliers to join the network and form an ecosystem of trust and food safety.

Moving ahead

With Mckinsey & Company forecasting China’s middle-class to hit 550 million by 2022, its growing consumer class is demanding for higher quality produce and better food safety. A research from Pew Research Center in 2016 reports that 40% of the Chinese publics sees safety of food as ‘a very big problem’, up from 12% in 2008. A 2015 survey on a pork producer in Jiangsu found out that the annual revenue of farmers, meat producers and retailers increased by 38.2%, 28.6% and 33.2% respectively since the implementation of a traceability system. As China head towards a “Quality Revolution”, organically-grown produce and ‘traceable’ food will see an increasing demand from consumers who are less price-sensitive and more health-conscious.

Food giants such as Walmart and JD.com have achieved notable success in the deployment of blockchain and IoT due to their scale and investments in R&D; but the same cannot be said for smaller food retailers who lack the resources and capability. Nonetheless, China has been beefing up its regulations and implementing strategies to help these food producers and retailers. The revision of the Food Safety Law in late 2015 imposed stricter controls and supervision on the production and handling of food. In October 2017, China’s State Council released a set of guidelines on promoting innovation to establish a smart supply chain that covers major industries by 2020. Coupled with the rapid commercialization of IoT and blockchain in China, it is without a doubt that we will see a lower cost of adoption of these technologies in the coming years.

Blockchain and IoT is set to disrupt major industries worldwide and the food industry would undoubtedly be part of the technological wave. As China leads the world in improving food safety, countries worldwide ought to adopt a learning or perhaps, a ‘copycat’ mindset as the tables are now turned.

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