WASHINGTON—Chief Justice John Roberts on Wednesday criticized the Senate’s top Democrat for saying the Supreme Court’s two Trump appointees will “pay the price” should they vote against abortion rights.

“I want to tell you, Gorsuch. I want to tell you, Kavanaugh. You have released the whirlwind and you will pay the price!” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D., N.Y.) said, speaking of Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh at a rally outside the court while the justices heard argument over a Louisiana abortion law. “You...