The Aquarian Conspiracy: Fact or Fiction?

There is a sizeable portion of the otherwise reading population that refuses to look at ANYTHING connected to Lyndon Larouche. In its most acute form, this intellectual close-mindedness centers primarily on his lack of what some believe is an essential positive regard for the British royalty. Perhaps the most "outlandish" OR "true-blue" publication has been Chapter VII of EIR, DOPE, INC. (3rd Ed. 1992). Following the chapter is a fragmentary chronology of events. True or false. You decide for yourself.



The Aquarian Conspiracy



In the spring of 1980, a book appeared called The Aquarian Conspiracy that put itself forward as a manifesto of the counterculture. Defining the counterculture as the conscious embracing of irrationalityfrom rock and drugs to biofeedback, meditation, "consciousness-raising," yoga, mountain climbing, group therapy, and psychodrama. The Aquarian Conspiracy declares that it is now time for the 15 million Americans involved in the counterculture to join in bringing about a "radical change in the United States."



Writes author Marilyn Ferguson: "While outlining a not-yet-titled book about the emerging social alternatives, I thought again about the peculiar form of this movement; its atypical leadership, the patient intensity of its adherents, their unlikely successes. It suddenly struck me that in their sharing of strategies, their linkage, and their recognition of each other by subtle signals, the participants were not merely cooperating with one another. They were in collusion. Itthis movementis a conspiracy!"1



Ferguson used a half-truth to tell a lie. The counterculture is a conspiracybut not in the half-conscious way Ferguson claimsas she well knows. Ferguson wrote her manifesto under the direction of Willis Harman, social policy director of the Stanford Research Institute, as a popular version of a May 1974 policy study on how to transform the United States into Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. The counterculture is a conspiracy at the top, created as a method of social control, used to drain the United States of its commitment to scientific and technological progress.



That conspiracy goes back to the 1930s, when the British sent Aldous Huxley to the United States as the case officer for an operation to prepare the United States for the mass dissemination of drugs. We will take this conspiracy apart step-by-step from its small beginnings with Huxley in California to the victimization of 15 million Americans today. With The Aquarian Conspiracy, the British Opium War against the United States has come out into the open.







The Model

The British had a precedent for the counterculture they imposed upon the United States: the pagan cult ceremonies of the decadent Egyptian and Roman Empires. The following description of cult ceremonies dating back to the Egyptian Isis priesthood of the third millennium B.C. could just as well be a journalistic account of a "hippy be-in" circa A.D. 1969: "The acts or gestures that accompany the incantations constitute the rite [of Isis]. In these dances, the beating of drums and the rhythm of music and repetitive movements were helped by hallucinatory substances like hashish or mescal; these were consumed as adjuvants to create the trance and the hallucinations that were taken to be the visitation of the god. The drugs were sacred, and their knowledge was limited to the initiated . . . Possibly because they have the illusion of satisfied desires, and allowed the innermost feelings to escape, these rites acquired during their execution a frenzied character that is conspicuous in certain spells: "Retreat! Re is piercing thy head, slashing thy face, dividing thy head, crushing it in his hands; thy bones are shattered, thy limbs are cut to pieces!"2



The counterculture that was foisted on the 1960s adolescent youth of America is not merely analogous to the ancient cult of Isis. It is a literal resurrection of the cult down to the popularization of the Isis cross (the "peace symbol") as the counterculture's most frequently used symbol.







The High Priesthood

The high priest for Britain's Opium War was Aldous Huxley, the grandson of Thomas H. Huxley, a founder of the Rhodes Roundtable group and a lifelong collaborator of Arnold Toynbee. Toynbee himself sat on the RIIA council for nearly fifty years, headed the Research Division of British intelligence throughout World War II, and served as wartime briefing officer of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Toynbee's "theory" of history, expounded in his twenty-volume History of Western civilization, was that its determining culture has always been the rise and decline of grand imperial dynasties. At the very point that these dynastiesthe "thousand year Reich" of the Egyptian pharaohs, the Roman Empire, and the British Empiresucceed in imposing their rule over the entire face of the earth, they tend to decline. Toynbee argued that this decline could be abated if the ruling oligarchy (like that of the British Roundtable) would devote itself to the recruitment and training of an ever-expanding priesthood dedicated to the principles of imperial rule.3



Trained at Toynbee's Oxford, Aldous Huxley was one of the initiates in the "Children of the Sun," a Dionysian cult comprised of the children of Britain's Roundtable elite.4 Among the other initiates were T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Sir Oswald Mosley, and D.H. Lawrence, Huxley's homosexual lover. It was Huxley, furthermore, who would launch the legal battle in the 1950s to have Lawrence's pornographic novel Lady Chatterley's Lover allowed into the United States on the ground that it was a misunderstood "work of art."5



Aldous Huxley, along with his brother Julian, was tutored at Oxford by H.G. Wells, the head of British foreign intelligence during World War I and the spiritual grandfather of the Aquarian Conspiracy. Ferguson accurately sees the counterculture as the realization of what Wells called The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution. The "Open Conspiracy," Wells wrote, "will appear first, I believe, as a conscious organization of intelligent and quite possibly in some cases, wealthy men, as a movement having distinct social and political aims, confessedly ignoring most of the existing apparatus of political control, or using it only as an incidental implement in the stages, a mere movement of a number of people in a certain direction who will presently discover with a sort of surprise the common object toward which they are all moving . . . In all sorts of ways they will be influencing and controlling the apparatus of the ostensible government." 6



What Ferguson left out is that Wells called his conspiracy a "one-world brain" which would function as "a police of the mind." Such books as the Open Conspiracy were for the priesthood itself. But Wells's popular writings (Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and so forth), and those of his proteges Aldous Huxley (Brave New World) and George Orwell (1984 and Animal Farm), were written as "mass appeal" organizing documents on behalf of one-world order. Only in the United States are these "science fiction classics" taught in grade school as attacks against fascism.



Under Wells's tutelage, Huxley was first introduced to Aleister Crowley. Crowley was a product of the cultist circle that developed in Britain from the 1860s under the guiding influence of Edward Bulwer-Lyttonwho, it will be recalled, was the colonial minister under Lord Palmerston during the Second Opium War. In 1886, Crowley, William Butler Yeats, and several other Bulwer-Lytton proteges formed the Isis-Urania Temple of Hermetic Students of the Golden Dawn. This Isis Cult was organized around the 1877 manuscript Isis Unveiled by Madame Helena Blavatsky, in which the Russian occultist called for the British aristocracy to organize itself into an Isis priesthood.7



The subversive Isis Urania Order of the Golden Dawn is today an international drug ring said to be controlled by the Canadian multi-millionaire, Maurice Strong, who is also a top operative for British Intelligence.



In 1937, Huxley was sent to the United States, where he remained throughout the period of World War II. Through a Los Angeles contact, Jacob Zeitlin, Huxley and pederast Christopher Isherwood were employed as script writers for MGM, Warner Brothers, and Walt Disney Studios. Hollywood was already dominated by organized crime elements bankrolled and controlled through London. Joseph Kennedy was the frontman for a British consortium that created RKO studios, and "Bugsy" Siegel, the West Coast boss of the Lansky syndicate, was heavily involved in Warner Brothers and MGM.



Huxley founded a nest of Isis cults in southern California and in San Francisco, that consisted exclusively of several hundred deranged worshipers of Isis and other cult gods. Isherwood, during the California period, translated and propagated a number of ancient Zen Buddhist documents, inspiring Zen-mystical cults along the way.8



In effect, Huxley and Isherwood (joined soon afterwards by Thomas Mann and his daughter Elisabeth Mann Borghese) laid the foundations during the late 1930s and the 1940s for the later LSD culture, by recruiting a core of "initiates" into the Isis cults that Huxley's mentors, Bulwer-Lytton, Blavatsky, and Crowley, had constituted while stationed in India.







LSD: 'Visitation from the Gods'

"Ironically," writes Ferguson, "the introduction of major psychedelics like LSD, in the 1960s, was largely attributable to the Central Intelligence Agency's investigation into the substances for possible military use. Experiments on more than eighty college campuses, under various CIA code names, unintentionally popularized LSD. Thousands of graduate students served as guinea pigs. Soon they were synthesizing their own 'acid.' "9



The CIA operation was code named MK-Ultra, its result was not unintentional, and it began in 1952, the year Aldous Huxley returned to the United States.



Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.B.a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg. While precise documentation is unavailable as to the auspices under which the LSD research was commissioned, it can be safely assumed that British intelligence and its subsidiary U.S. Office of Strategic Services were directly involved. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA when that agency began MK-Ultra, was the OSS station chief in Berne, Switzerland throughout the early Sandoz research. One of his OSS assistants was James Warburg, of the same Warburg family, who was instrumental in the 1963 founding of the Institute for Policy Studies, and worked with both Huxley and Robert Hutchins."10



Aldous Huxley returned to the United States from Britain, accompanied by Dr. Humphrey Osmond, the Huxleys' private physician. Osmond had been part of a discussion group Huxley had organized at the National Hospital, Queens Square, London. Along with another seminar participant, J.R. Smythies, Osmond wrote Schizophrenia: A New Approach, in which he asserted that mescalinea derivative of the mescal cactus used in ancient Egyptian and Indian pagan ritesproduced a psychotic state identical in all clinical respects to schizophrenia. On this basis, Osmond and Smythies advocated experimentation with hallucinogenic drugs as a means of developing a "cure" for mental disorders.



Osmond was brought in by Allen Dulles to play a prominent role in MK-Ultra. At the same time, Osmond, Huxley, and the University of Chicago's Robert Hutchins held a series of secret planning sessions in 1952 and 1953 for a second, private LSD mescaline project under Ford Foundation funding.11 Hutchins, it will be recalled, was the program director of the Ford Foundation during this period. His LSD proposal incited such rage in Henry Ford II that Hutchins was fired from the foundation the following year.



It was also in 1953 that Osmund gave Huxley a supply of mescaline for his personal consumption. The next year, Huxley wrote The Doors of Perception, the first manifesto of the psychedelic drug cult, which claimed that hallucinogenic drugs "expand consciousness." Although the Ford Foundation rejected the Hutchins-Huxley proposal for private foundation sponsorship of LSD, the proposal was not dropped. Beginning in 1962, the Rand Corporation of Santa Monica, California began a four-year experiment in LSD, peyote, and marijuana. The Rand Corporation was established simultaneously with the reorganization of the Ford Foundation during 1949. Rand was an outgrowth of the wartime Strategic Bombing Survey, a "cost analysis" study of the psychological effects of the bombings of German population centers.



According to a 1962 Rand Abstract, W.H. McGlothlin conducted a preparatory study on "The Long-Lasting Effects of LSD on Certain Attitudes in Normals: An Experimental Proposal." The following year, McGlothlin conducted a year-long experiment on thirty human guinea pigs, called "Short-Term Effects of LSD on Anxiety, Attitudes and Performance." The study concluded that LSD improved emotional attitudes and resolved anxiety problems.12



At work Huxley expanded his own LSD-mescaline project in California by recruiting several individuals who had been initially drawn into the cult circles he helped establish during his earlier stay. The two most prominent individuals were Alan Watts and the late Dr. Gregory Bateson (the former husband of Dame Margaret Mead). Watts became a self-styled "guru" of a nationwide Zen Buddhist cult built around his well-publicized books. Bateson, an anthropologist with the OSS, became the director of a hallucinogenic drug experimental clinic at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital. Under Bateson's auspices, the initiating "cadre" of the LSD cultthe hippieswere programmed.13



Watts at the same time founded the Pacifica Foundation, which sponsored two radio stations, WKBW in San Francisco, and WBM-FM in New York City. The Pacifica stations were among the first to push the "Liverpool Sound"the British-imported hard rock twanging of the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, and the Animals. They would later pioneer "acid rock" and eventually the self-avowed psychotic "punk rock."



During the fall of 1960, Huxley was appointed visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. Around his stay in that city, Huxley created a circle at Harvard parallel to his West Coast LSD team. The Harvard group included Huxley, Osmund, and Watts (brought in from California), Timothy Leary, and Richard Alpert.



The ostensible topic of the Harvard seminar was "Religion and its Significance in the Modern Age." The seminar was actually a planning session for the "acid rock" counterculture. Huxley established contact during this Harvard period with the president of Sandoz, which at the time was working on a CIA contract to produce large quantities of LSD and psilocybin (another synthetic hallucinogenic drug) for MK-Ultra, the CIA's official chemical warfare experiment. According to recently released CIA documents, Allen Dulles purchased over 100 million doses of LSDalmost all of which flooded the streets of the United States during the late 1960s. During the same period, Leary began privately purchasing large quantities of LSD from Sandoz as well.14



From the discussions of the Harvard seminar, Leary put together the book The Psychedelic Experience, based on the ancient cultist Tibetan Book of the Dead. It was this book that popularized Osmund's previously coined term, "psychedelic mind-expanding."







The Roots of the Flower People

Back in California, Gregory Bateson had maintained the Huxley operation out of the Palo Alto VA hospital. Through "SD experimentation on patients already hospitalized for psychological problems, Bateson established a core of "initiates" into the "psychedelic" Isis Cult.



Foremost among his Palo Alto recruits was Ken Kesey. In 1959, Bateson administered the first dose of "SD to Kesey. By 1962, Kesey had completed a novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, which popularized the notion that society is a prison and the only truly "free" people are the insane.15



Kesey subsequently organized a circle of "SD initiates called "The Merry Pranksters." They toured the country disseminating SD" (often without forewarning the receiving parties), building up local distribution connections, and establishing the pretext for a high volume of publicity on behalf of the still minuscule "counterculture."



By 1967, the Kesey cult had handed out such quantities of "SD that a sizable drug population had emerged, centered in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco. Here Huxley collaborator Bateson set up a "free clinic," staffed by **Dr. David Smithlater a "medical adviser" for the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML); **Dr. Ernest Dernberg an active-duty military officer, probably on assignment through MK-UItra; **Roger Smitha street gang organizer trained by Saul Alinsky. During the Free Clinic period, Roger Smith was the parole officer of the cultist mass murderer Charles Manson; **Dr. Peter Bourneformerly President Carter's special assistant on drug abuse, Bourne did his psychiatric residency at the Clinic. He had previously conducted a profiling study of GI heroin addicts in Vietnam.



The Free Clinic paralleled a project at the Tavistock Institute, the psychological warfare agency for the British Secret Intelligence Service. Tavistock, founded as a clinic in London in the 1920s, had become the Psychiatric Division of the British Army during World War II under its director, Dr. John Rawlings Rees.16



During the 1960s, the Tavistock Clinic fostered the notion that no criteria for sanity exist and that psychedelic "mind-expanding" drugs are valuable tools of psychoanalysis. In 1967, Tavistock sponsored a Conference on the "Dialectics of Liberation," chaired by Tavistock psychoanalyst Dr. R.D. Laing, himself a popularized author and advocate of drug use. That conference drew a number of people who would soon play a prominent role in fostering terrorism; Angela Davis and Stokely Carmichael were two prominent American delegates.



Thus, by 1963, Huxley had recruited his core of "initiates." All of themLeary, Osmund, Watts, Kesey, Alpertbecame the highly publicized promoters of the early LSD counterculture. By 1967, with the cult of "Flower People" in Haight-Ashbury and the emergence of the antiwar movement, the United States was ready for the inundation of LSD, hashish and marijuana that hit American college campuses in the late 1960s.







'The Beating of Drums . . .'

In 1963, the Beatles arrived in the United States, and with their decisive airing on the Ed Sullivan Show, the "British sound" took off in the U.S.A. For their achievement, the four rocksters were awarded the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty the Queen. The Beatles and the Animals, Rolling Stones, and homicidal punk rock maniacs who followed were, of course, no more a spontaneous outpouring of alienated youth than was the acid culture they accompanied.



The social theory of rock was elaborated by musicologist Theodor Adorno, who came to the United States in 1939 to head the Princeton University Radio Research Project.17 Adorno writes: "In an imaginary but psychologically emotion-laden domain, the listener who remembers a hit song will turn into the song's ideal subject, into the person for whom the song ideally speaks. At the same time, as one of many who identify with that fictitious subject, that musical I, he will feel his isolation ease as he himself feels integrated into the community of "fans." In whistling such a song he bows to a ritual of socialization, although beyond this unarticulated subjective stirring of the moment his isolation continues unchanged . . . The comparison with addiction is inescapable. Addicted conduct generally has a social component: it is one possible reaction to the atomization which, as sociologists have noticed, parallels the compression of the social network. Addiction to music on the part of a number of entertainment listeners would be a similar phenomenon." 18



The hit parade is organized precisely on the same principles used by Egypt's Isis priesthood and for the same purpose: the recruitment of youth to the dionysiac counterculture.



In a report prepared for the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, Paul Hirsch described the product of Adorno's Radio Research Project.19 According to Hirsch, the establishment of postwar radio's Hit Parade "transformed the mass medium into an agency of sub-cultural programming. Radio networks were converted into round-the-clock recycling machines that repeated the top forty hits." Hirsch documents how all popular culturemovies, music, books, and fashionis now run on the same program of preselection. Today's mass culture operates like the opium trade: The supply determines the demand.







The Vietnam War and the Anti-Vietnam War Trap

But without the Vietnam War and the "anti-war" movement, the Isis cult would have been contained to a fringe phenomenonno bigger than the beatnik cult of the 1950s that was an outgrowth of the early Huxley ventures in California. The Vietnam War created the climate of moral despair that opened America's youth to drugs.



Under Kennedy, American military involvement in Vietnamwhich had been vetoed by the Eisenhower administrationwas initiated on a limited scale. Under Lyndon Johnson, American military presence in Vietnam was massively escalated, at the same time that U.S. efforts were restrictedthe framework of "limited war." Playing on the President's profile, the anglophile Eastern Establishment, typified by top White House national security aide McGeorge Bundy and Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, convinced President Johnson that under the nuclear "balance of terror," or the regime of Mutual and Assured Destruction, the United States could afford neither a political solution to the conflict, nor the commitment to a military victory.



The outcome of this debacle was a major strategic withdrawal from Asia by the United States, spelled out in Henry Kissinger's "Guam Doctrine," adoption of the spectacular failure known as the "China Card" strategy for containing Soviet influence, and demoralization of the American people over the war to the point that the sense of national pride and confidence in the future progress of the republic was badly damaged.



Just as Aldous Huxley began the counterculture subversion of the United States thirty years before its consequences became evident to the public, Lord Bertrand Russell began laying the foundations for the anti-war movement of the 1960s before the 1930s expired. Russell's "pacifism" was always relativethe means to his most cherished end, one-world government on the imperial model, that would curb the nation-state and its persistent tendency toward republicanism and technological progress.



Lord Russell and Aldous Huxley co-founded the Peace Pledge Union in 1937 campaigning for peace with Hitlerjust before both went to the United States for the duration of World War.20 During World War II, Lord Russell opposed British and American warfare against the Nazis. In 1947, when the United States was in possession of the atomic bomb and Russia was not, Russell loudly advocated that the United States order the Soviets to surrender to a one-world government that would enjoy a restrictive monopoly on nuclear weapons, under the threat of a preemptive World War III against the Soviet Union. His 1950s "Ban the Bomb" movement was directed to the same endit functioned as an anti-technology movement against the peace-through-economic development potentials represented by President Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace"' initiative.



From the mid-1950s onward, Russell's principal assignment was to build an international anti-war and anti-American movement. Coincident with the escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam under British manipulation, Russell upgraded the old Peace Pledge Union (which had been used in West Germany throughout the postwar period to promote an anti-capitalist "New left" wing of the Social Democratic Party, recruiting several future members of the Baader-Meinhof terrorist gang in the process) into the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation.



In the United States, the New York banks provided several hundred thousand dollars to establish the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), effectively the U.S. branch of the Russell Peace Foundation. Among the founding trustees of the IPS was James Warburg, directly representing the family's interests.



IPS drew its most active operatives from a variety of British-dominated institutions. IPS founding director Marcus Raskin was a member of the Kennedy administration's National Security Council and also a fellow of the National Training Labs, a U.S. subsidiary of the Tavistock Institute founded by Dr. Kurt Lewin.



After its creation by the League for Industrial Democracy, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the umbrella of the student anti-war movement, was in turn financed and run through IPSup through and beyond its splintering into a number of terrorist and Maoist gangs in the late 1960s.21 More broadly, the institutions and outlook of the U.S. anti-war movement were dominated by the direct political descendants of the British-dominated "socialist movement" in the U.S.A., fostered by the House of Morgan as far back as the years before World War!.



This is not to say that the majority of anti-war protesters were paid, certified British agents. On the contrary, the overwhelming majority of anti-war protesters went into SDS on the basis of outrage at the developments in Vietnam. But once caught in the environment defined by Russell and the Tavistock Institute's psychological warfare experts, and inundated with the message that hedonistic pleasure-seeking was a legitimate alternative to "immoral war," their sense of values and their creative potential went up in a cloud of hashish smoke.







'Changing Images'

Now, fifteen years later, with nearly an entire generation of American youth submerged in the drugs that flooded the nation's campuses, the Aquarian Conspiracy's Marilyn Ferguson is able to write: "There are legions of [Aquarian] conspirators. They are in corporations, universities, and hospitals, on the faculties of public schools, in factories and doctors' offices, in state and federal agencies, on city councils, and the White House staff, in state legislatures, in volunteer organizations, in virtually all arenas of policy making in the country."22



Like the British inundation of China with drugs in the nineteenth century, the British counterculture has succeeded in subverting the fabric of the nation, even up to the top-most levels of government.



In 1962, Huxley helped found the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, which became a mecca for hundreds of Americans to engage in weekends of T-Groups and Training Groups modeled on behavior group therapy, for Zen, Hindu, and Buddhist transcendental meditation, and "out of body" experiences through simulated and actual hallucinogenic drugs.23



As described in the Esalen Institute Newsletter: "Esalen started in the fall of 1962 as a forum to bring together a wide variety of approaches to enhancement of the human potential . . . including experiential sessions involving encounter groups, sensory awakening, gestalt awareness training, related disciplines. Our latest step is to fan out into the community at large, running programs in cooperation with many different institutions, churches, schools, hospitals, and government." 24



Esalen's nominal founders were two transcendental meditation students, Michael Murphy and Richard Price, both graduates of Stanford University. Price also participated in the experiments on patients at Bateson's Palo Alto Veterans Hospital. Today Esalen's catalogue offers: T-Groups; Psychodrama Marthon; Fight Training for Lovers and Couples; Religious Cults; LSD Experiences and the Great Religions of the World; Are You Sound, a weekend workshop with Alan Watts; Creating New Forms of Worship; Hallucinogenic Psychosis; and Non-Drug Approaches to Psychedelic Experiences.



Several tens of thousands of Americans have passed through Esalen; millions have passed through the programs it has sired throughout the country.



The next leap in Britain's Aquarian Conspiracy against the United States was the May 1974 report that provided the basis for Ferguson's work. The report is entitled "Changing Images of Man," Contract Number URH (489~215O, Policy Research Report No. 414.74, prepared by the Stanford Research Institute Center for the Study of Social Policy, Willis Harman, director. The 319-page mimeographed report was prepared by a team of fourteen researchers and supervised by a panel of twenty-three controllers, including anthropologist Margaret Mead, psychologist B.F. Skinner, Ervin Laszlo of the United Nations, Sir Geoffrey Vickers of British intelligence.



The aim of the study, the authors state, is to change the image of mankind from that of industrial progress to one of "spiritualism." The study asserts that in our present society, the "image of industrial and technological man" is obsolete and must be "discarded": "Many of our present images appear to have become dangerously obsolete, however . . . Science, technology, and economics have made possible really significant strides toward achieving such basic human goals as physical safety and security, material comfort and better health. But many of these successes have brought with them problems of being too successfulproblems that themselves seem insoluble within the set of societal value-premises that led to their emergence . . . Our highly developed system of technology leads to higher vulnerability and breakdowns. Indeed the range and interconnected impact of societal problems that are now emerging pose a serious threat to our civilization . . . If our predictions of the future prove correct, we can expect the association problems of the trend to become more serious, more universal and to occur more rapidly."



Therefore, SRI concludes, we must change the industrial-technological image of man fast: "Analysis of the nature of contemporary societal problems leads to the conclusion that . . . the images of man that dominated the last two centuries will be inadequate for the post-industrial era."



Since the writing of the Harman report, one President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, reported sighting UFOs, his National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski made speeches proclaiming the advent of the New Age, the Joint Chiefs of Staff every morning read so-called intelligence reports on the biorhythms and horoscopes of the members of the Soviet Politburo. The House of Representatives established a new congressional committee, called the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future, where the likes of Ferguson have come to lecture up to a hundred congressmen.25



What began as Britain's creation of the counterculture to open the market for its dope has come a long way.







The LSD Connection

Who provided the drugs that swamped the anti-war movement and the college campuses of the United States in the late 1960s? The organized crime infrastructure which had set up the Peking Connection for the opium trade in 1928provided the same services in the 1960s and 1970s it had provided during Prohibition. This was also the same network Huxley had established contact with in Hollywood during the 1930s. The LSD connection begins with one William "Billy" Mellon Hitchcock. Hitchcock was a graduate of the University of Vienna and a scion of the millionaire Mellon banking family of Pittsburgh. (Andrew Mellon of the same family had been the U.S. Treasury Secretary throughout Prohibition.) In 1963, when Timothy Leary was thrown out of Harvard, Hitchcock rented a fifty-five-room mansion in Millbrook, New York, where the entire Leary-Huxley circle of initiates was housed until its later move back to California.26



Hitchcock was also a broker for the Lansky syndicate and for the Fiduciary Trust Co., Nassau, Grand Bahamasa wholly owned subsidiary of Investors Overseas Services. He was formally employed by Delafield and Delafield Investments, where he worked on buying and selling vast quantities of stock in the Mary Carter Paint Co., soon to become Resorts International.



In 1967, Dr. Richard Alpert put Hitchcock in contact with Augustus Owsley Stanley III. As Owsley's agent, Hitchcock retained the law firm of Babinowitz, Boudin and Standard 27to conduct a feasibility study of several Caribbean countries to determine the best location for the production and distribution of LSD and hashish.



During this period, Hitchcock joined Leary and his circle in California. Leary had established an LSD cult called the Brotherhood of Eternal Love and several front companies, including Mystics Art World, Inc. of Laguna Beach, California. These California-based entities ran lucrative trafficking in Mexican marijuana and LSD brought in from Switzerland and Britain. The British connection had been established directly by Hitchcock, who contracted the Charles Bruce chemical firm to import large quantities of the chemical components of LSD with financing from both Hitchcock and George Grant Hoag, the heir to the J.C. Penney dry goods fortune, the Brotherhood of Eternal Love set up LSD and hashish production-marketing operations in Costa Rica in 1968. 28



Toward the end of 1968, Hitchcock expanded the LSD-hashish production operations in the Caribbean with funds provided by the Fiduciary Trust Co. (IOS). In conjunction with J. Vontobel and Co. of Zurich, Hitchcock founded a corporation called 4-Star Anstalt in Liechtenstein. This company, employing "investment funds" (that is, drug receipts) from Fiduciary Trust, bought up large tracts of land in the Grand Bahamas as well as large quantities of ergotamine tartrate, the basic chemical used in the production of LSD.29



Hitchcock's personal hand in the LSD connection abruptly ended several years later. Hitchcock had been working closely with Johann F. Parravacini of the Parravacini Bank Ltd in Berne, Switzerland. From 1968, they had together funded even further expansion of the Caribbean-California LSD-hashish ventures. In the early 1970s, as the result of a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation, both Hitchcock and Parravacini were indicted and convicted of a $40 million stock fraud. Parravacini had registered a $40 million sale to Hitchcock for which Hitchcock had not put down a penny of cash or collateral. This was one of the rare instances in which federal investigators succeeded in getting inside the $200 billion drug fund as it was making its way around the "offshore" banking system.



Another channel for laundering dirty drug moneya channel yet to be compromised by federal investigative agencies is important to note here. This is the use of tax-exempt foundations to finance terrorism and environmentalism. One immediately relevant case makes the point.



In 1957, the University of Chicago's Robert M. Hutchins established the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI) in Santa Barbara, California. Knight Commander Hutchins drew in Aldous Huxley, Elisabeth Mann Borghese, and some Rhodes Scholars who had originally been brought into the University of Chicago during the 1930s and 1940s.



The CSDI was originally funded 1957 to 1961 through a several-million-dollar fund that Hutchins managed to set up before his untimely departure from the Ford Foundation. From 1961 onward, the Center was principally financed by organized crime. The two funding conduits were the Fund of Funds, a tax exempt front for Bernie Cornfeld's lOS, and the Parvin Foundation, a parallel front for Parvin-Dohnnan Co. of Nevada. IOS and Marvin-Doorman held controlling interests in the Desert Inn, the Aladdin, and the Duneall Las Vegas casinos associated with the Lansky syndicate. IOS, as already documented, was a conducting vehicle for LSD, hashish, and marijuana distribution throughout the 1960s.30 In 1967 alone, IOS channeled between $3 and $4 million to the center. Wherever there is dope, there is Dope, Inc.







REFERENCES:

Marilyn Ferguson, The Aquarian Conspiracy (Los Angeles: J.P. Archer, 1980), p.19. Paul Ghalioungui, The House of Life: Magic and Medica' Science in Ancient Egypt (New York: Schram Enterprises, 1974). Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1935). Martin Green, Children of the Sun: A Narrative of Decadence in England after 1918 (New York: Basic Books, 1976). See Ronald William Clark, The Huxleys (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968). H.G. Wells, Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought (New York: Harper and Row, 1902), p.285. Helena P. Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, A Master Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology (Los Angeles: Theosophy Co., 1931). Francis King, Sexuality, Magic and Perversion (New York: Citadel, 1974), p.118. Ferguson, Aquarian Conspiracy, p. 126n. Institute for Policy Studies, "The First Ten Years, 1963-1973," Washington, D.C., 1974. Humphrey Osmund, Understanding Understanding (New York: Harper and Row, 1974). Rand Corporation Catalogue of Documents. Gregory Bateson, Steps to the Ecology of the Mind (New York: Chandler, 1972). Ralph Metzner, The Ecstatic Adventure (New York: Macmillan, 1968). See Clark, The Huxleys. Michael Minnicino, "Low Intensity Operations: The Reesian Theory of War," The Campaigner (April 1974). Theodor Adorno was a leading professor of the Frankfurt School of Social Research in Germany, founded by the British Fabian Society. A collaborator of twelve-tone formalist and British intelligence operative Arnold Schoenberg, Adorno was brought to the United States in 1939 to head the Princeton Radio Research Project. The aim of this project, as stated in Adorno's Introduction to the Sociology of Music, was to program a mass "musical" culture that would steadily degrade its consumers. Punk rock is, in the most direct sense, the ultimate result of Adorno's work. Theodor Adorno, Introduction to the Sociology of Music (New York: Seabury Press, 1976). Paul Hirsch, "The Structure of the Popular Music Industry; The Filtering Process by which Records are Preselected for Public Consumption," Institute for Social Research's Survey Research Center Monograph, 1969. Ronald Clark, The Life of Bertrand Russell (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1976), p.457. Illinois Crime Commission Report, 1969. The Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) was established in 1963 by Marcus Raskin, a former National Security Adviser under NSC Director McGeorge Bundy, and by Richard Barnet, a former State Department adviser on arms control and disarmament. Among the board of trustees of IPS were Thurmond Arnold, James Warburg, Philip Stern, and Hans Morgenthau, with seed money from the Ford Foundation (later to be headed by McGeorge Bundy). IPS has functioned as the "New left" think tank and control center for local community control, community health centers, and direct terrorist organizations. In its report "The First Ten Years," the Institute lists among its lecturers and fellows, members of the Weathermen group, and known associates of the Japanese Red Army, the Puerto Rican terrorist Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN), and the Black Liberation Army. See also Carter and the Party of international Terrorism, Special Report by the U.S. Labor Party, August, 1976. Ferguson, Aquarian Conspiracy, p.24. Criton Zoakos et al., Stamp Out the Aquarian Conspiracy, Citizens for LaRouche monograph, New York, 1980, pp. 60-63. Ibid. Ibid., pp. 10-12. Mary Jo Warth, "The Story of Acid Profiteers," Village Voice, August 22, 1974. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Hutchinson, Verso.

FRAGMENTARY AQUARIAN CHRONOLOGY

In the 1820s De Quincy confessed to the high incidence of opium eating among the English aristocrats and artists of his day. Among habitual users of Laudanum and morphine have been included Coleridge, Dickens, Carlyle, Rossetti, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the poet Laureate Tennyson. Britain's Foreign Minister, Lord John Russell and Anthony Ashley Cooper (Earl of Shaftesbury) who "guided the political training of ex-American George Peabody, founder of the Morgan financial empire." In 1857 Morgan and Peabody were saved by an emergency line of credit (800,000 pounds) furnished by the Bank of England with Barings a guarantor of the loan. Peabody later become friends with the "top racial ideologues in British science, Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin."



The American Museum of Natural History, of which the main functions are education, research, exhibition, and publication, was founded in 1869 by a group of wealthy men, among whom was the elder J. P. Morgan. Inspired by the urging of a young naturalist, Albert Smith Bickmore, and by the theories of Darwin and Huxley which had suddenly given a new interpretation to the origin of life, the group resolved to found a museum that would be the "means of teaching our youth to appreciate the wonderful works of the Creator."



The British biologist Julian Sorell Huxley (1887-1975), contributed to knowledge in embryology, systematics, genetics, ethology, and evolutionary studies. He studied the development of many organisms, writing, with Sir Gavin De Beer, Elements of Experimental Embryology (1934). Huxley presented many of his ideas of evolutionary mechanisms in Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (1942). In 1946 he was appointed the first director general of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In 1948 Sir Julian Huxley, called for a radical eugenic policy in UNESCO: "Thus, even though it is quite true that any radical eugenic policy of controlled human breeding will be for many years politically and psychologically impossible, it will be important for UNESCO to see that the eugenic problem is examined with the greatest care and that the public mind is informed of the issues at stake that much that is now unthinkable may at least become thinkable." The fact that emergence of an organized youth-counterculture around "post-industrial" utopianism reflected the emergence of the forementioned types of psycho-social conditioning, should not be read as evidence that the emergence of the movement itself was in any sense "spontaneous," or "natural." Very little in modern history has been less natural, indeed more unnatural, than the self-styled nature cult which has grown up, "on behalf of the environment," around the 1961 initiatives of Prince Philip's and Prince Bernhard's reactionary World Wildlife Fund. The members of the new youth-counterculture were virtually campus-laboratory guinea-pigs, whose behavior was induced and directed, from the top-down, from the outset.



The environment preparing this operation was established as early as the 1920s, under British Brigadier Dr. John Rawlings Rees of the London Tavistock Clinic. The entire operation was dominated by relatively highly refined methods of mass-brainwashing, assisted by such networks as the Lewin centers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the network of Freudian and kindred brainwashing networks, such as "MK-Ultra," spun out from under the direction of Julian Huxley at the UNO and the London Tavistock Clinic. His humanistic beliefs were set forth in the classic Religion Without Revelation (1957). "I use the word 'Humanist' to mean someone who believes that man . . . his body, his mind, and his soul were not supernaturally created but are all products of evolution," Julian Huxley once said. In 1957 Julian Huxley wrote: "And the relation to practical existence may be one of escape, as in asceticism or pure Buddhism; or of full participation, as in classical Greece or the city-states of ancient Mesopotamia; or of rendering unto Caesar the things that are Caesars's, as in usual Christian practice." The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has lately produced the UN's Global Biodiversity Assessment, which suggests that the human population should be reduced to one billion. From the very beginning key UN figures such as Brock Chisholm, Julian Huxley and Paul G. Hoffman "were promoting anti-natalist policies." The United Nations is a specific example of Humanism at work. The first Director General of UNESCO, the UN organization promoting education, science, and culture, was the 1962 Humanist of the Year Julian Huxley, who practically drafted UNESCO'S charter by himself. The first Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) was the 1959 Humanist of the Year Brock Chisholm. One of this organization's greatest accomplishments has been the wiping of smallpox from the face of the earth. And the first Director-General of the Food and Agricultural Organization was British Humanist John Boyd Orr.



The poppy seed from which opium is derived was long known to the Moguls of India, who used the seeds mixed in tea offered to a difficult opponent. It is also used as a pain-killing drug which largely replaced chloroform and other older anesthetics of a bygone era. Opium was popular in all of the fashionable clubs of Victorian London and it was no secret that men like the Huxley brothers used it extensively. Members of the Orphic-Dionysus cults of Hellenic Greece and the Osiris-Horus cults of Ptolemaic Egypt which Victorian society embraced, all smoked opium; it was the "in" thing to do.



Entering the University of Vermont (which was located in Burlington) at the early age of fifteen, Dewey still evinced no special talent, until in his senior year he led his class and won the highest marks on record in philosophy. This transformation in Dewey's scholastic record was occasioned by his accidental perusal of a physiology textbook written by Thomas Henry Huxley, the foremost supporter in England of Darwin's theory of evolution. Awakened to the excitement of the effort to understand the world, and beginning to doubt his early moralistic beliefs, Dewey delved into philosophy for an answer to the conflict between revealed dogma and the findings of science. This was the beginning of Dewey's lifelong task of reconciling these two poles.



In 1890 Fabian Havelock Ellis saw the leadership of women as a source of renewal.



Aldous Leonard Huxley was born on July 26, 1894 in Surrey, England. He was "the beloved son of English intellectual aristocrats." His father Leonard was an editor and minor poet. His mother was the former Julia Arnold. A granduncle, Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) was a celebrated poet and critic.



Aldous's Round Table father, Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895), was a Victorian scientist, essayist, defender of Darwin (evolutionist) and an agnostic. T.H. Huxley, on the eve of the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species, promised to support Darwin's thesis. However, he warned that he had burdened his argument unnecessarily. He was so vociferous in his defense that he earned the nickname "Darwin's Bulldog." He once said: "It is the customary fate of new truths to begin as heresies and to end as superstitions." Huxley's Man's Place in Nature (1863) embroiled him in further controversy; it espoused the idea that the closest relatives of humans are the anthropoid apes. Having studied under Professor Thomas H. Huxley, H. G. Wells went on to teach school in North Wales. Huxley described his Church of Humanity as "Catholicism minus Christianity". To Huxley the only good Church was a dead Church. Huxley adopted David Hume's philosophy. He professed belief in God and cut the ground from under every argument for His existence. Sir Leslie Stephen in the Dictionary of National Biography pronounced him "the acutest thinker in Great Britain in the 18th Century" and exposed the clerical libels about his last hours.



Huxley was not only one of the most decorated men of science of his time, but all his life an outspoken agnostic (a term which he himself coined to avoid the harshness of atheist). Pious folk spread a myth about conversion late in life but his son Leonard shows in his biography of his father that all this is nonsense. A few months before he died he said to his son: "The most remarkable achievement of the Jew was to impose on Europe for 18 centuries his own superstitions."



Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) held summer meeting at the Edinburgh school, utilizing the Outlook Tower to preach his three S's; 1) sympathy for people and the environment, 2) synthesis of all factors relating to a case, and 3) synergythe combined cooperative action of everyone involved (Boardman 15). As Meller wrote, "Geddes felt that he had formed a new philosophy of education which incorporated the many methods he had learned from Le Play, Comte, Huxley, and others during his endeavors into biology civics, and geography."



In 1898 Havelock Ellis reported to the Smithsonian Institution: "If it ever should chance that the consumption of mescal becomes a habit, the favorite poet of the mescal drinker will certainly be Wordsworth. Not only the general attitude of Wordsworth, but many of his most memorable poems and phrases cannotone is almost tempted to saybe appreciated in their full significance by one who has never been under the influence of mescal. On these grounds it may be claimed that the artificial paradise of mescal, though less seductive, is safe and dignified beyond its peers." At the turn of the century, both William James and Havelock Ellis undertook their study of hallucinogenic agents. James used nitrous oxide (apparently to avoid bad stomach cramps) while Ellis used the newly discovered peyote.



In 1902 William James of Harvard "redefined religion" as an "experience rather than a dogma."



The Bakers were prominent in supporting eugenics and utopian-feudalist social engineering. Captain James A. Baker, so the story goes, the grandfather of the current boss of Foggy Bottom, solved the murder of his client William Marsh Rice and took control of Rice's huge estate. Baker used the money to start Rice University and became the chairman of the school's board of trustees. Baker sought to create a center for diffusion of racist eugenics, and for this purpose brought in Julian Huxley of the infamous British oligarchical family to found the biology program at Rice starting in 1912. Huxley was the vice president of the British Eugenics Society and actually helped to organize "race science" programs for the Nazi Interior Ministry, before becoming the founding director general of UNESCO in 1946-48. James A. Baker III (CFR) was born April 28, 1930, in the fourth generation of his family's wealth. Baker holdings have included Exxon, Mobil, Atlantic Richfield, Standard Oil of California, Standard Oil of Indiana, Kerr-mcgee, Merck and Freeport Minerals. Baker also held stock in some large New York Banks during the time that he was negotiating the Latin American debt crisis in his capacity as secretary of the treasury. Secretary Baker's family wealth and power came from their representing Harriman, the international oil companies and George Bush's Zapata Petroleum, all sponsors of the population control, or ban-dark-babies movement. This movement is synonymous with the Scottish Rite.



Aldous Huxley's mother died when he was 14. Three years later an eye infection left him blind for 18 months. Although his sight improved, he was plagued with poor vision all his life. He was 6'4", thin and fragile. His head was high- brow and had a lot of hair. "He tended to be a spiffy dresser, wearing suits in subtle colors, a watch and chain, sometimes a reptile tie, other times a wide-brimmed hat." He studied at Eton and then at Balliol College, Oxford. He wanted to become a Doctor but an eye infection nearly blinded him which caused him to abandon this dream and probably accounted for the bitterness in his writings and his aversion to the human body. In 1916 he took a degree at Oxford. He was friendly with Lord Philip and Lady Ottoline Morrellfamous leaders of the Bloomsbury group. It was at their country place that he met D.H. Lawrence. Huxley said Eliot was "curiously dullas a result, perhaps, of being, at last, happy in his second marriage." In 1919 he married Maria Nys, a Belgian refugee. They had one sonMatthew. As a journalist, Huxley wrote and published two volumes of symbolist poetry. "Following the war, he flirted briefly with the then-triumphant, predominantly English imagist movement."



Before the end of 1918, in the first postwar election, Captain Sitwell was contesting Scarborough as a Liberal candidate for Parliament. He lost the election, but secured 8,000 votes to his Tory opponent's 12,000. Simultaneously, Sitwell entered upon another new career as joint literary editor, with Herbert Read, of the quarterly Art and Letters. A few years before, Sitwell had known no contemporary writers but his own sister; he was now ideally placed to remedy that lack. With his brother, he had taken a London house on Swan Walk where there were more pictures than furniture, and French paintings hung even in the kitchen. Sitwell's guest list at Swan Walk, and later at 2 Carlyle Square, resembled the index to a history of modern literature. Arnold Bennett, in his diary for June 15, 1919, approved of the dinner and the decor he had found at Swan Walk and noted that his dining companions included, among others, W. H. Davies, Lytton Strachey, Siegfried Sassoon, Aldous Huxley, Leonard Woolf, and Herbert Read. The sexual perversions of Bloomsbury were a deliberate statement of moral autonomy. Homosexuality, according to Keynes and his sometimes lover Lytton Strachey, was the supreme state of existence, "passing Christian understanding," and superior to heterosexual relationships. The ethical superiority of homosexuality lay in its striking opposition to the external morals of the Victorian era, and the moral laws of God. As Deacon surmised, Keynes' homosexuality was ultimately a rebellion "against the Puritan ethic: he hated Puritanism in any form . . ." Although Keynes attended religious services until in his teens, as he once explained to a friend, he was confident that Huxley had exploded the whole Christian religion. He wrote another friend, telling him that Christians were irrational and exhibited stubborn pride: "They don't want to admit that a position they've taken up with confidence is untenable." According to Keynes, Christianity represented "tradition, convention and hocus pocus." As a young man at Cambridge Keynes became involved with a secret society called the "Apostles" which included such notables as Lytton Strachey, Roger Fry, Clive Bell and Leonard Woolf. It was an association that was to last a lifetime. Many of the Apostles, including Keynes, were later to become regular members of the "Bloomsbury Group" named after the Bloomsbury district of London where the group regularly met. The Apostles (and later the Bloomsbury group) were quite taken by the philosophy of G. E. Moore, a once fervent Quaker who, losing his faith, became a thorough philosophical sceptic. As Keynes's biographer, Robert Skidelsky, concluded, as far as the Bloomsburries were concerned, the value of Moore's book, Principia Ethica, lay chiefly in its "rational justification of a rearrangement of values." They were looking for an ethic which would release them from the duties required of Victorian gentlemen. And in their eyes, Moore's book provided just this.



In 1921 Huxley turned to more creative writing. After two volumes of short stories, he began a series of novels. His sophisticated satire caused him to become known as a prophet of doom for the cult of the amusing. His reputation was firmly established by his first novel, Crome Yellow (1921), a witty satire on the intellectual pretensions of his time. In 1923 Aldous Huxley, 29, English novelist-critic published Antic Hay. His most celebrated novelPoint Counter Pointappeared ten years following World War I. The hero was said to have been modeled after D.H. Lawrence.



Huxley met the writer Gerald Heard who imparted to him a quasi mystical notion of the evolutionary development of human consciousness.



Between 1923-1933 Huxley visited Italy where he saw much of Lawrence and became "a kind of disciple." In 1933 he edited the letters of the dead Lawrence.



Huxley's early comic novels, which include Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Point (1928), demonstrated his ability to dramatize intellectual debate in fiction; he discussed philosophical and social topics in a volume of essays, Proper Studies (1927).



In 1924 a collection of Huxley's poetry was published.



John Middleton Murry (1889-1957) was prominent on the English literary scene for three decades. Murry was editor of the literary journals the Athenauem (1919-21) and Adelphi (1923-48), the husband of writer Katherine Mansfield, and friend to such luminaries as Aldous Huxley and D. H. Lawrence. Huxley caricatured Murry as the pretentiously "spiritual" editor, Burlap, in his novel Point Counter Point (1928).



In the 1930s, biology professor Hermann J. Muller lost his job (under the otherwise liberal president H.Y. Benedict) because he had written for a Marxist student publication without obtaining permission. Muller later won the Nobel Prize, at Indiana in 1946, for work he did at Texas that led to blood plasma transfusions, which saved tens of thousands of lives in World War II. A politically naive leftist in the 1930s, Muller won Julian Huxley's praise as "the greatest living geneticist."



In both fiction and nonfiction Huxley became increasingly critical of Western civilization in the 1930s. Brave New World (1932), his most celebrated work, is a bitterly satiric account of an inhumane society controlled by technology, in which art and religion have been abolished and human beings reproduce by artificial fertilization. Huxley's distress at what he regarded as the spiritual bankruptcy of the modern world led him toward mysticism and the use of hallucinatory drugs. Huxley, suggested a world where people went to the "feelies" rather than the movies, where men were attended by "pneumatic girls" (a phrase borrowed from T.S. Elliot's poem "Whispers of Immortality") and where reproduction would be controlled by the state. The perfect psychedelic, soma, was described: "Euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly hallucinant all the advantages of Christianity and alcohol, none of their drawbacks." In the preface to his Brave New World Revisited (p. viii) Huxley wrote, "If I were now to rewrite the book, I would offer a third alternative . . . the possibility of sanity . . . Economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian."



In 1931 Aldous Huxley read Phantastica and wrote a scathing condemnation of "all existing drugs" in the Chicago Herald Examiner . He concluded that the solution was not prohibition but the search for better drugs.



In 1933 the Tales of Jacob by Thomas Mann were published. In October 1933 the magazine Esquire began publication and included writing by Hemingway and Aldous Huxley.



In 1934 Aldous Huxley visited Central America.



In 1936 Aldous Huxley published Eyeless in Gaza. He termed chastity "the most unnatural of the sexual perversions." Frederick Matthias Alexanderone of the founders of the Alexander methodwas used by Huxley as his model for the anthropologist Miller. The novel portrayed its central character's conversion from selfish isolation to transcendental mysticism. In 1936 Huxley's transition to mystical writings began. "Because Crowley had extensive contacts with the European secret societies his specialist knowledge was used by the SIS [Britain's Secret Intelligence Service] for 'Black Propaganda' purposes. Crowley had confided to the writer Aldous Huxley in 1938 when they met in Berlin that Hitler was a practicing occultist. He also claimed that the OTO had helped the Nazis to gain power."



The story of the first LSD is well-knownof concoction in 1938, and then discovery of dramatic psychoactive effects when Albert Hofmann five years later swallowed 1/4,000ths of a gram (250 micrograms).



Christopher Isherwood (1904-1986) was a follower of Swami Prabhavananda, a playwright and fiction writer who translated the Bhagavad-Gita and other Hindu writings from Sanskrit. He converted from Anglicanism to Hinduism. During World War II he was a pacifist and served alternative service with the Quakers. He became a convert to the Vedanta Society.



Huxley became interested in "eclectic mysticism" at a time of the intense fundamentalist religious revival in California. Huxley borrowed from Wells the phrase "Doors in a Wall." This referred to the use of drugs in death cult rituals. Huxley called drugs "modifiers of conscience" and said that hallucinatory drugs had been used since the earliest recorded history. Huxley dabbled in drugs such as the Mandrake plant. Many who have been encouraged to use drugs have died prematurely through overdosing or by suicide.



In a 1940 letter Aldous Huxley said that he was "profoundly optimistic about individuals and groups of individuals existing on the margins of society."



Orwell contested Huxley's vision in Brave New World because he believed that it did not provide an accurate picture of the mechanisms of power in the totalitarian present and future. In a 1940 essay, Orwell wrote: "Mr. Aldous Huxley's Brave New World was a good caricature of the hedonistic Utopia, the kind of thing that seemed possible and even imminent before Hitler appeared, but it had no relation to the actual future. What we are moving towards at this moment is something more like the Spanish Inquisition, and probably far worse, thanks to the radio and the secret police." In an article on "Prophecies of Fascism" in the same era, Orwell made similar claims: "In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, a sort of post-war parody of the Wellsian Utopia, these tendencies are immensely exaggerated. Here the hedonistic principle is pushed to its utmost, the whole world has turned into a Riviera hotel. But though Brave New World was a brilliant caricature of the present (the present of 1930), it probably casts no light on the future."



Huxley wrote to his brother Julian that social transformation could be obtained by an attack on all frontseconomic, political, educational and psychological. In 1942 Aldous Huxley published The Art of Seeing.



Gerald Heard first visited Black Mountain with his friend Aldous Huxley in 1937. He was so taken with the idea of learning communities that he went on to found Trabuco College in Ventura, California, in 1942.



Huxley's writing culminated in a rather complete exposition of the mystical way in 1945The Perennial Philosophy.



At the close of World War II he wrote: "Between ivory towerism on the one hand and direct political action on the other lies the alternative of spirituality. And between the totalitarian fascism and totalitarian socialism lies the alternative of decentralism and cooperative enterprisethe economic-political system most natural to spirituality." What some called "dream killers," Huxley called "bad artists."



"[(S)uch propagandists] accomplish their greatest triumphs, not by doing something, but by refraining from doing. Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects . . . totalitarian propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have done by the most eloquent denunciations, the most compelling of logical rebuttals.Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1946, revised forward).



Huxley, who moved to southern California in 1947, was primarily a moral philosopher who used fiction during his early career as a vehicle for ideas; in his later writing, which consists largely of essays, he adopts an overtly didactic tone. Like his contemporaries D. H. Lawrence and George Orwell, Huxley abhorred conformity and denounced the orthodox attitudes of his time. The enormous range of his intellect and the pungency of his writing make him one of the most significant voices of the early 20th century. "As political and economic freedom diminishes, sexual freedom tends . . . to increase. And the dictator . . . will do well to encourage that freedom. In conjunction with the freedom to daydream under the influence of dope, the movies and the radio, it will help to reconcile his subjects to the servitude which is their fate." Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1948).



Huxley wrote a letter to Orwell in 1949 stating: "The philosophy of the ruling minority in 1984 is a sadism which has been carried to its logical conclusion by going beyond sex and denying it. Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and that these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New World."



The Société Européenne de Culture, a think tank created in 1950 through the efforts of Venetian intelligence operative Umberto Campagnolo, has for the past three decades pulled intellectuals from both East and West into organizing for an "international culture," based on rejecting the existence of sovereign nations. The SEC counted among its members the cream of the postwar intelligentsia: Adam Schaff of Poland, Bertolt Brecht of East Germany, Georg Lukas of Hungary, and Boris Paternak of the Soviet Union, as well as Stephen Spender and Arnold Toynbee, Benedetto Croce and Norberto Bobbio, Julian Huxley and Thomas Mann, Francois Mauriac, and Jean Cocteau. Later, the SEC launched the Third World national liberation ideology.



Andrijah Puharich was born in 1918. He received medical degree from Northwestern University in 1947. Reportedly a friend of Aldous Huxley. In 1952 he had first contact with "the Nine", the highest minds in the universe, through a medium.



Aldous Huxley's 1952 book, The Devils of Louden, was inspired by a 1632 incident in Louden, France. Jeanne des Anges, a nun, suffered nightmarish erotic hallucinations after being spurned by Cure Grandierwho was burned at the stake.



Psychedelics (hallucinogens) such as mescaline (derived from the cactus peyote) and psilocybin (which comes from a Mexican mushroom) were originally eaten by primitive men to induce visions. Huxley, in his "remarkable work," reported his experiences with mescaline. Huxley's persuasive book was one of the first modern works to put forward any kind of argument for experimental drug taking and it is generally believed to have been responsible for sparking off the wave of semi-intellectual interest in drugs which finds its expression in today's so-called 'drug culture.'"



In 1952, the first International Congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) was held in Amsterdam. IHEU represents more than 3 million members in 30 countries. The early sponsors of IHEU were also instrumental in founding the United Nations. They included Lord Boyd Orrfirst head of the World Food Organization, Sir Julian Huxley, first head of UNESCO and Canadian physician Brock Chisholm, first head of the World Health Organization. In 1952 British psychiatrists Humphrey Osmond and John Smythies published "A New Approach to Schizophrenia," theorizing that when the body is confronted with extreme anxiety it produces the hallucinogen adrenochrome, inducing schizophrenic or psychotic reactions. The next year they flew out to bring Aldous Huxley a vial of mescaline. Huxley later cabled his editor that mescaline was "the most extraordinary and significant experience available to human beings this side of the Beatific Vision." He then dashed off The Doors of Perception in a month. In The Doors of Perception he wrote: "The man who comes back through the Door in the Wall will never be quite the same as the man who went out. He will be wiser but less cocksure, happier but less self-satisfied, humbler in acknowledging his ignorance yet better equipped to understand the relationship of words to things, of systematic reasoning to the unfathomable Mystery which it tries, forever vainly, to comprehend."



In 1953 Robert Hutchins quoted Aldous Huxley: "But in actual historical fact, the spread of free compulsory education, and, along with it, the cheapening and acceleration of the older methods of printing, have almost everywhere been followed by an increase in the power of ruling oligarchies at the expense of the masses." Hutchins added: "The case of the much-vaunted literacy of the Japanese provides striking confirmation of the conclusions of Toynbee and Huxley that the spread of universal, free, compulsory education had promoted the degradation and enslavement of men."



Humphry Osmond experienced mescaline in the early 1950s, and in May 1953 provided this to Aldous Huxley in Los Angeles. Huxley's report to Osmond, The Doors of Perception, remains a milestone in psychedelic history, as does the word that Osmond coined"psychedelic." Currently, Osmond works as a psychiatrist in Tuskaloosa, Alabama. He is coauthor of The Hallucinogens (Academy Press) and How to Live with Schizophrenia, co-editor of Psychedelics: The Uses and Implications of Hallucinogenic Drugs (Anchor Books) and author of Understanding Understanding. Osmond's interest in this field grew out of a fascination with schizophrenia and alcoholism. He went into the Navy once he had qualified for medicine at Guys Hospital in London in 1942. Oscar Janiger had his first LSD experience in 1954. After a training in botany, he entered the fields of teaching and psychiatry. He has lectured at UC Irvine and the California College of Surgeons, was research director for the Holmes (holistic health) Foundation, maintains a private practice, and founded the Albert Hofmann Foundation. He administered LSD to 875 people, many from the creative communities of Beverly Hills and Hollywood. In 1955 Huxley's first wife died. In 1956 he married Laural Archera. In Heaven and Hell (1956) he described the use of mescaline to induce visionary states of mind.



In its May 13, 1957 issue, Life ran a feature called "Seeking the Magic Mushroom." R. Gordon Wasson, a J.P. Morgan Vice-President, and his wife, recounted their 1955 visionary adventures among "psilocybe cultists in darkest Mexico."



Huxley called Bill Wilson, the co-founder of AA " the greatest social architect of our time." Syanon, a revolutionary rehabilitation program using AA, was founded in Ocean Park, California by Chuck Dederich in 1958 and spread as drug use expanded.



In his Brave New World Revisited, Aldous Huxley in 1958 described a society in which war had been eliminated and where "the first aim of the rulers is at all costs to keep their subjects from making trouble." He described a likely future: "The completely organized society, the scientific caste system, the abolition of free will by methodical conditioning, the servitude made acceptable by regular doses of chemically induced happiness, the orthodoxies drummed in by nightly courses of sleep teaching . . ." He predicted non-violent tyranny: "Under the relentless thrust of accelerating over-population and increasing over-organization, and by means of ever more effective methods of mind-manipulation, the democracies will change their nature; and quaint old formselections, parliaments, Supreme Courts and all the restwill remain. The underlying substance will be a new kind of non-violent totalitarianism. All the traditional names, all the hallowed slogans will remain exactly what they were in the good old days. Democracy and freedom will be the theme of every broadcast and editorialbut democracy and freedom in a strictly Pickwickian sense. Meanwhile the ruling oligarchy and its highly trained elite of soldiers, policemen, thought-manufacturers and mind-manipulators will quietly run the show as they see fit."



In 1958, in Brave New World Revisited, Huxley wrote a diatribe against overpopulation and overconsumption. His comment about Aryan drug use as part of an elite religious ceremony seems to be historic in nature. There was a priesthood that was very knowledgeable about the effects of drugs. The Isis cult seems to have also used drugs in its productions. Hitler thought he talked to "the evil one" while on a mescaline trip. When alone or with his inner circle, did he engage in religious ceremonies, evocations or incantations? Or did they use drugs to get "high?" The Huxley quote does suggest drugs and religious worship were connected as early as the Aryan conquest of India. The word "Iran" derives from "Aryan."



In Brave New World Revisited Huxley contested Orwell: "George Orwell's 1984 was a magnified projection into the future of a present that contained Stalinism and an immediate past that had witnessed the flowering of Nazism. Brave New World was written before the rise of Hitler to supreme power in Germany and when the Russian tyrant had not yet got into his stride. In 1931, systematic terrorism was not the obsessive contemporary fact which it had become in 1948, and the future dictatorship of my imaginary world was a good deal less brutal than the future dictatorship so brilliantly portrayed by Orwell. In the context of 1948, 1984 seemed dreadfully convincing. But tyrants, after all, are mortal and circumstances change. Recent developments in Russia and recent advances in science and technology have robbed Orwell's book of some of its gruesome verisimilitude. A nuclear war will, of course, make nonsense of everybody's predictions. But, assuming for the moment that the Great Powers can somehow refrain from destroying us, we can say that it now looks as though the odds were more in favor of something like Brave New World than of something like 1984."



Neil Postman commented: "What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New World Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny 'failed to take into account man's almost infinite appetite for distractions.' In Brave New World, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us."



Purchased in 1960 for $285, this small substance may be said, without exaggeration, to have perpetrated the most significant cultural revolution of our time. John Beresford, a pediatrician of British extraction working in New York City, purchased gram H-00047. Before long, it passed into the systems of Donovan, Paul McCartney, Keith Richards, Paul Krassner, Frank Barron, Huston Smith, Aldous Huxley, Paul Lee, Richard Katz, Pete La Roca, Charlie Mingus, Saul Steinberg, Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert, Ralph Metzner, Alan Watts, Jean Houston and perhaps a thousand others. "There is some possibility," commented Michael Hollingshead, a main distributor, "that my friends and I have illuminated more people than anyone else in history."



In the summer of 1960 Timothy O'Leary used magic mushrooms for the first time in Mexico. He realized his old self was dead, collaborated with Dr. Richard Alpert and discussed the meaning and implication of the new world with Aldous Huxley. In the 1960-1961 school year Leary and Alpert began a series of experiments on Harvard graduate studentsusing pure psilocybinand with a physician in attendance. When students at Harvard were given mushrooms, they "came up with accounts of mystical experiences which largely duplicated accounts of mystical experiences of Christian saints they had read in books. Takers of mescaline commonly have similar experiences to Huxley's, just as Huxley's were similar to those reported by earlier experimenters like Havelock Ellis." In 1960 Leary tried psychedelic mushrooms while on a vacation in Cuernavaca, Mexico. The experience opened up a new world for him: "I realized I had died, that I, Timothy Leary, the Timothy Leary game, was gone. I could look back and see my body on the bed. I relived my life, and reexperienced many events I had forgotten. More than that, I went back in time in an evolutionary sense to where I was aware of being a one-celled organism. All of these things were way beyond my mind." Leary was in Mexico in August, 1960, intending to work on a book.



Around 1961 Aldous Huxley said at a U.S. State Department-sponsored conference at the California Medical School in San Francisco: "There will be in the next generation or so . . . a pharmacological method of making people love their servitude and producing dictatorship without tears, so to speak. Producing a kind of painless concentration camp for entire societies so that people will in fact have their liberties taken away from them but will rather enjoy it, because they will be distracted from any desire to rebelby propaganda, or brainwashing, or brainwashing enhanced by pharmacological methods. And this seems to be the final revolution." Timothy Leary recalled his conversation with Huxley who told him to be a brain-drug cheerleader for evolution like he and his grandfather before him. However, Huxley told Leary that the obstacle to the evolution was the Bible: "Drugs that open the mind to multiple realities inevitably lead to a polytheistic view of the universe. We sensed that the time for a new humanist religion based on intelligence, good-natured pluralism and scientific paganism had arrived."



Huxley was among those who encouraged Michael Murphy and Richard Price in their decision to open Esalen in 1961. Murphy and Price wrote to Huxley, who believed science and mysticism were complementary activities, and whose elucidation of "the perennial philosophy" and ideas about the human potential shaped Esalen's work for the next 32 years. It is said that Aldous Huxley, that modern of moderns, went to a few Ouspensky meetings in London. Eventually Huxley settled for Gerald Heard who drew heavily on Eastern philosophy. In Huxley we may find a symptom of a desperate tendency to turn in our crisis to ideas and teachings that stand outside the stream of Western culture. At Huxley's suggestion, Murphy and Price sought out Gerald Heard, philosopher and mystic, who cast a deep Irish spell with accounts of people and events that revealed the secrets of human transformation. An afternoon with Heard in the summer of 1961, in which Heard displayed his characteristic enthusiasm and sense of a cosmic mandate, confirmed Esalen's two founders in their decision to start a seminar center. In the first three years of the Big Sur human-potential center, the lecturers included Alan Watts, Arnold Toynbee, Gerald Heard, Linus Pauling, Carl Rogers, Norman O. Brown, Paul Tillich, Rollo May and Carlos Castaneda. Esalen's first brochure "flew under the title of a series of 1961 lectures by Aldous Huxley: 'Human Potentialities.'"



Like the hero in Maugham's The Razor's Edge, Michael Murphy went to India seeking enlightenment. He lived for eighteen months at the Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherryan institute combining the wisdom of East and West. Michael Murphy and Richard Price decided in 1961 to open the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California as a center for humanistic psychology. The institute, which was opened in 1962, conducts workshops, seminars, and symposia. The late Hindu Geru Sri Aurobindo has a follower by the name of Maurice Strong who has connections with David Rockefeller, the Rothschilds and other groups of the money elite.



One evening in 1962, Abraham Maslow was forced to seek shelter at the nearest residence due to fog: "He arrived in time for an Easlen study group that was unpacking a case of twenty copies of his latest book."



In 1962 Billy and Tommy Hitchcock purchased Millbrook. It became "the shrine where acid was sanctified." Tommy had become friends with Leary toward the end of the 1950's.



In the Summer of 1962, Billy Hitchcock met Dick Alpert at his mother's house and recalled: "I found Dick funnyhe understood how to laugh at himself, and he had a background similar to mine. He was Jewish, his father was head of the Hartford and New Haven Railroad. He opened me up. He got me to read Thomas Mann, Salinger . . . he was already having his problems with Harvard, and he had established this community in Mexico, Zihuatanejo. Tommy and Peggy went down there, and Peggy told me I should try a psychedelic. I said, 'Why?' She said, 'That's a good question, try it, you've got nothing to lose.'" Mescaline was the drug of choice at that time.



In 1962 Look Magazine did a special issue on California. Aldous Huxley was cited as among the Californians who were calling for a new national constitutional convention.



In 1962 Allan Watts published The Joyous Cosmology: Adventures in the Chemistry of Consciousness with a forward by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert.



On November 27, 1962, Leary and Alpert stated: "If you announce your discovery you're in trouble. If you discuss it quietly with friends you have a cult. If you try to apply these potentials within the conventional, institutional format you are side-tracked, silenced, blocked or fired . . . For the first time in American history and for the first time in the Western world since the Inquisition there now exists a scientific underground and foundation largesse, over a hundred responsible professional researchers are volunteering their time, their own money, risking their reputations and their legal freedom to research consciousness without institutional support."



In 1963 Richard Deacon published the 310-page City of Man: The Hopes and Possibilities of a World Culture which included a discussion of the ideas of Toynbee, Teilhard de Chardin, Mumford, Jaspers, Wells, Huxley, Northrop, and many others.



In 1963 the Beatles appeared on the Ed Sullivan show. They combined rock and mystical music, long hair, and the worship of Hinduism. The guru who was sought after by the Beatles was Maharishi Mahesh (TM) Yogi. Drugs were suggested in many of their songs: "Yellow Submarine" (a "submarine" is a "downer"), "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds" (the initials of the main words are LSD), "Hey Jude" (a song about the drug known as methadrine), "Strawberry Fields" (where opium is grown to avoid detection) and "Norwegian Wood" (a British term for marijuana). John Lenon's song "Imagine" attacked religion ("Imagine there's no heaven, It's easy if you try, No hell below us, Above us only sky"), espoused a do you own thing philosophy ("Imagine all the people, Living for today"), attacked nationalism ("Imagine there's no countries"), attacked religion ("It is isn't hard to do, Nothing to kill or die for and no religion too"), called for the abolition of private property ("Imagine no possessions"), supported a new international order ("I wonder if you can, No need for greed or hunger, A brotherhood of man, Imagine all the people, Sharing all the world") and advocated a one-world government ("You may say I'm a dreamer, But I'm not the only one, I hope someday you'll join us, and the world will be as one.") Lennon called for abolition of private property and then left his Japanese-born widow a $250 million estate.



In 1963 Harold Asher wrote Experiments in Seeinga story of his search for mystical experience through LSD. Initially LSD was classified as a "new" drug with few restrictions on its experimental use. In 1963 it was reclassified as an "investigational new drug" and made available only to carefully selected investigators. In 1963 Timothy O'Leary founded the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF) to encourage research on psychedelic substances. The institute, however, died for lack of outside interest or support. In the Good Friday Study W.H. Clarka Leary follower, found that subjects given psilocybin before attending religious services were more likely to have a life-changing or mystical experience. In March 1963 Leary and Alpert began recruiting for the IFIF. They attracted the "young, the idealistic, the eccentric, and the rebellious . . ." They lectured in Los Angeles to promote the International Federation for Internal Freedom. Leary left without notifying university authorities and went to Mexico to arrange the lease of a hotel in Zihuatanejo for use as an IFIF summer colony.



In May 1963, two months after Leary's Mexico departure, Richard Alpert publicly attacked the administration's stand on denying psilocybin to undergraduates. He was fired by Harvard on May 27.



Major issues at Harvard that caused friction for Leary included no doctor being present during experiments, use of undergraduates and drug sessions being conducted off campus or even in Leary's house. In the Spring of 1963 Leary and Alpert were dismissed from their academic positions. Leary was fired for not attending his classes. He admitted the non-attendance but thought he was on approved leave. Alpert separated from Leary and lectured on the West coast while Leary settled in at an estate in Millbrook, New Yorkowned by a wealthy supporter of Leary's beliefs.



The IFIF colony was in operation by June 1963. The stay was a short one. After an unassociated murder, a newspaper in Mexico City began a campaign against the group and the Mexican government ordered the group out. In the summer of 1963, Leary rented Millbrook from Wall Streeter and Lehman Brothers's Billy Hitchcock for $500 a month.



Leary and Alpert holed up in Millbrook, New York. In Volume I of the Psychedelic Review, in the Fall of 1963, Leary and Ralph Metzner did an article on Herman Hessethe German novelist whom the group adopted as its literary prophet.



Arnold Toynbee, in the September 29, 1963 edition of The New York Times, discussed an alliance between the Soviets and the Fabian-controlled West to face the yellow menace of Red China.



Before his death JFK said the Country "is in dire peril . . ." and that it might not "survive his term in office." Evelyn Lincoln, JFK's secretary for 12 years, quoted him as saying: "If they are going to get me, they will get me even in Church" (meaning anywhere). Mary Pinchot Meyer told Timothy Leary: "They could not control him (JFK) anymore."



The use of peyote in religious ceremonies was declared legal in California in 1964.



In 1964, the Leary-Alpert manual for the psychedelic experience, based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead, was published.



In 1964 Augustus Owsley Stanley III tried LSD for the first time as a 29-year-old Berkley dropout.



None of the ideas of the "Now Generation" of 1964 were less than thirty years old.



By 1964 Ken Kesey and his Merry Prankster friends were touring the country in a Day-Glo-painted school bus. Later they gave Acid Test parties and supplied LSD which was still legal. Music was provided by the Grateful Dead at later Acid Tests. The Grateful Dead began at 710 Ashbury street as an acid-rock group with electric guitarist Jerry Garcia, 24, drummer Mickey Hart, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan and others. The name was taken from an Oxford dictionary notation on the burial of Egyptian pharaohs. McKernan died of alcohol and drugs.



In 1964 and 1965, George Leonard traveled around the country working on "what he thought would be the most important story of his career. It would run in two or three subsequent issues of Look, he anticipated, and he intended to call it 'The Human Potential.'" The article, which eventually ran to some 20,000 words, was never published by Look. It was considered "too long and too theoretical."



In 1965 Esalen's Michael Murphy (student of Eastern philosophy and humanistic psychology) joined forces with Look's George Leonard (Student of Social and Political Movements in the U.S.). In the Fall of 1965, B.F. Skinner, S.I. Hayakawa, Watts, Carl Rogers and J.B. Rhine led seminars.



In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Esalen became particularly popular as the scene of various exploratory approaches to personality development and consciousness expansion. These types of activities have remained the institute's focus. A former President of the American Psychological Association has said that Esalen is potentially "the most important educational institute in the world."



Alice Bailey, the most prolific writer for the New Age, wrote in 1965: "The Illuminati have ever led the race forward; the knowers, mystics and saints have ever revealed to us the height of racial and individual possibilities."



The Psychedelic Reader came out in 1965 as an anthology to the 1964 manual. Alpert gradually dropped away from the group while Leary became even more outspoken. Alice Bailey, the most prolific writer for the New Age, wrote in 1965: "The Illuminati have ever led the race forward; the knowers, mystics and saints have ever revealed to us the height of racial and individual possibilities."



In 1965 alone the British sent 136 ships with oil and other war goods that docked at the port of Haiphong. At a time when America had 300,000 troops in South Vietnam, England had sent only 11 police instructors and a professor of English. Standard and Shell were taking 33,000 barrels of oil daily out of North Thailand and refining it at Bangkok and Srivacha. While Thailand officials lied, the Bangkok News said that foreign companies had taken 40,000,000 barrels of oil out of the Burma ground in 1965. President De Galle of France blasted the Standard Oil "policy" in Vietnam. Standard Oil had operations in North Vietnam and Burma. The Shelf Coast extended from Hong Kong to Vietnam, Burma and Thailand. No news stories revealed that thousands of barrels of oil were being taken out by Standard Oil every day. Moody's Manual of Industrials listed nearly 300 foreign operations but not a line about the Thailand wells. Once this was revealed, the next issue eliminated all mention of foreign operations. It was first said there was no oil industry in Thailand. Later authorities advised that the production of oil was a major industry.



In 1965 Allen Ginsburg used the phrase "flower power" at a Berkley rally. The flower antiwar theme appeared in "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" and "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" and in fashions. The Hells Angels had attacked the marchers calling them "Un-American."



A 1965 article by San Francisco Examiner reporter Michael Fallon used the term "hippie." The beats used the term hippie as a term of disdain. While hippies used drugs for the sake of experience, beats had used drugs for the sake of art. They also preferred rock music to jazz. While beatniks had adopted from the black culture, the hippies looked to Native Americans. Deerskin moccasins, silver and turquoise jewelry and headbands were adopted as well as ingesting peyote buttons. Identification with Native Americans occurred along with referring to communal groups as tribes. The multimedia show "America Needs Indians" was a big hit in 1965. By May 1965, Owsley Stanley III was filling orders for LSD from around the country from his Los Angles laboratory. He financed the rock group The Grateful Dead, the San Francisco Oracle underground newspaper, joined up with Ken Kesey and became the chief supply chemist for the Acid Tests.



In August 1965, Ken Kesey invited the San Francisco chapter of the Hells Angels to a party at his home in La Honda. He introduced them to LSD. They became heavily involved with both supply and demand until the end of the 1960s. In December 1965 Leary's 16-year-old daughter was found at customs with a pillbox in her brassiere that contained a smidgen of marijuana. An indictment was made against Leary for attempting to smuggle marijuana out of the country without paying a duty on it. Billy Hitchcock set up the Leary defense fund. The case was taken to the Supreme Court where it was thrown out on the grounds of double jeopardy. After this incident, Leary "let Millbrook really start to run downhill." Ken Kesey rolled up in a bus with the Merry Pranksters and it was rumored that 80 Hell's Angels were aboard.



Death cults existed four thousand years ago. The resurgence of death cults began with the arrival of Aldous Huxley in America. He copied the formula from the Isis-Orsiris cult, the Dionysus cult and the rituals of Tibetan and Egyptian high priests. A principal disciple of his was Timothy Leary. LSD, which was made by Hoffman La Roche, was introduced into America by Huxley and Bertrand Russell. After working with Leary at Harvard, Huxley and Leary created the International Federation for Internal Freedom Psychedelic Training Center in Mexico. Students at this "invisible university" had lessons from the Tibetan Book of the Dead. At the center it was taught that "death is a transition, it is only a change in form, in some cases a happy release." Among the death cults are the Luciferian Society, the Dionysus Cult, the Osiris-Horus cult of ancient Egypt, the Freemasons, the Urania Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the Children of the Sun, witchcraft, demon worshipers and Aquarians who venerate Caligula. Death cults are devil- worshiping in purpose and all end in death for someone.



In their first seminar on Human Potentiality, led by Willis Harman, every program leader was involved with LSD research: Adams, Harman, Gregory Bateson, Gerald Heard, Paul Kurtz, and Myron Stolaroff. Other drug-culture luminaries, such as Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, taught at Esalen, and various psychedelics were used by the staff and students, although drug-use was not officially endorsed. Strangely, the Institute was never raided by the authorities. Charles Manson and members of his family played an impromptu concert at Esalen three days before their massacre at the Sharon Tate house.



In Island Huxley's society relied upon the mind for healing. His last novel featured extended families, learning by doing and imagining and commerce was bowed to ecology. Huxley died on November 22, 1963, in Los Angeles. This was the exact same day that JFK was assassinated. This was also the day that C.S. Lewis died. He "asked for and received an injection of LSD on his deathbed . . ." "His time on earth spanned the end of the Victorian Age and the beginning of the Age of Aquarius, and he was always in the vanguard of, never afraid to investigate (and even to believe in) the strange and the mystical, yet he never lost respect for everyday reality." He authored 47 books, including Crome Yellow and After Many A Summer Dies the Swan. Huxley spent forty years living in and working in Hollywood collaborating with Adorno and Horkheimer.



At the height of their popularity, the Beatles went to Indiathe land of the Hindus. Aldous Huxley wrote about somaan intoxicating drink for the Brahmins. In fable it was personified as a godrepresenting the moon.



Dr. Louis Jolyon West is a director of AFF. An expert in brainwashing for the Air Force and the CIA, West first achieved fame from his MK-Ultra feathe injected LSD-25 into an elephant and killed it. West researched "the psychology of dissociated states" for the CIA, using LSD and hypnosis. His friend {Aldous Huxley} suggested to Dr. West during an MK-Ultra experiment that West hypnotize his subjects prior to administering LSD, in order to give them "post-hypnotic suggestions aimed at orienting the drug-induced experience in some desired direction." Huxley was friends with Dr. Louis "Jolly" West, and suggested that West try combining LSD with hypnosis. Dr. West was called upon by the government to examine Jack Ruby, who had killed Lee Harvey Oswald before Oswald could stand trial for his alleged role in the assassination of President John Kennedy. Huxley was also interested in parapsychology, and lectured on the topic at Duke University. It was at Duke where Huxley had contact with J.B. Rhine, who reportedly did experiments in psychic phenomena for the CIA and the Army. Longtime CIA doctor Louis J. West once treated Aldous Huxley. It was West's diagnosis that Ruby was a "candidate suitable for treatment" that allowed him to be put on drugs.



In 1964, Lilly held seminars at the Esalen Institute, and was Group Leader and Associate in Residence from 1969 to1971.



Laura Huxley, Aldous's widow, sponsored a foundation devoted to "conscious childbirth" called Our Ultimate Investment.



During the radical 1960s, the late Leary and Richard Alpert did extensive research on LSD and other psychedelic elementsin collaboration with Aldous Huxley, Allen Ginsberg and others. The pair escaped to a mansion in upstate New York. While Leary continued to ride naked on horses, Richard Alpert, after six years or so of getting high, went to India in 1967 and met his spiritual teacherNeem Karoli Baba. There he met a 23-year-old man named Bhagwan Dass. Eventually, after fasting, yoga and meditation, Alpert was introduced to Dass' s guruMaharaji. He returned to the U.S. with a new nameBaba Ram Dass ("servant of God") and wrote Be Here Now. He then began teaching Kali-worship (goddess of thieves) to Harvard students. When he became Ram Dass, he forsook his Jewish upbringing and was estranged from his family. His never-named father was a wealthy lawyer, President of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and founder of Brandeis University. The recently sick Ram Dass is said to be known and loved all over the world as the self-described "HinJew." Dismissed from Harvard with Leary in 1963, Dass was involved with the Zihuatanejo Project, the IFIF (The International Foundation for Internal Freedom) and the Castalia Organization at Millbrook, all of which were attempts to realize a psychedelic utopia as presented in Island by Aldous Huxley, and Glass Bead Game by Herrman Hesse.



Michael Kahn was an important associate of Timothy Leary during the mid-1960s, taking LSD trips with him and providing him with privacy periodically in those turbulent years. He has observations of related activities at Harvard and Millbrook. Kahn lectures at UC San Anselmo. His writings include The Tao of Conversation and Between Therapist and Client.



LSD was not made illegal until 1966. In 1966 Leary founded the League of Spiritual Discovery.



In 1966 Leary was arrested for the possession of marijuana at the Millbrook, New York estate and appeared at three congressional hearings. He told Sen. Ted Kennedy that "LSD is not a dangerous drug." In that same year he began his own religionthe "League of Spiritual Discovery"with LSD as the sacrament. Its slogan was: "Turn On, Tune In, and Drop Out." G. Gordon Liddy, local Assistant District Attorney, used as his slogan for the Republican nomination for Congress: "Throw Hitchcock Out of Millbrook."



In 1967 the New York Phoenix House established seminar rap session techniques. It was started by five former drug addicts.



The musical Hair opened in 1967. T