Lists Every Catholic

Should be Familiar With





The 7 Sacraments (The Holy Mysteries)

Baptism

Confirmation (Chrismation)

Eucharist

Penance (Confession, Reconciliation)

Matrimony

Holy Orders

Extreme Unction (Annointing of the Sick)



Notes:

A Sacrament is defined as "an outward sign of inward grace" which was instituted by Christ Himself and receives its power from God, through the merits of Christ.



Baptism and Penance are known as the "Sacraments of the Dead" because before receiving them when needed, we are dead in sin.



Confirmation, Holy Eucharist, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, and Matrimony are known as the "Sacraments of the Living" because one must be in a state of grace to receive them licitly and receive their fruits; they give additional grace to souls already spiritually alive.



Matrimony and Holy Orders are known as the "Social Sacraments" because they are designed primarily for the benefit of society and confer a social status.



Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Orders are the three Sacraments which leave an indelible mark on the recipient's soul and can never be repeated. The 7 Corporal Works of Mercy

To feed the hungry

To give drink to the thirsty

To clothe the naked

To shelter the homeless

To visit the sick

To visit the imprisoned

To bury the dead



Note:

Reference Matthew 25 and Tobias 12. "To visit the imprisoned" was originally listed as "to ransom the captives," referring to the ransoming of Christians taken prisoner during Moslem aggression. The 7 Spiritual Works of Mercy

To counsel the doubtful

To instruct the ignorant

To admonish the sinner

To comfort the sorrowful

To forgive all injuries

To bear wrongs patiently

To pray for the living and the dead

The 3 Eminent Good Works

Prayer

Fasting

Almsgiving The 7 Gifts of the Holy Ghost

Wisdom

Understanding

Counsel

Fortitude

Knowledge

Piety

Fear of the Lord



Note:

See Isaias 11:1-3



Class of Gifts of the Holy Ghost known as Charismata



Gift of speaking with wisdom

Gift of speaking with knowledge

Faith

Grace of healing

Gift of miracles

Gift of prophecy

Gift of discerning spirits

Gift of tongues (i.e., xenolalia, the ability to speak foreign languages unknown by natural reason)

Gift of interpreting speeches



Note:

See I Corinthians 12:6-11; I Corinthians 12:28-31; and Romans 12:6-8. The number of items in this class of Gifts of the Holy Ghost, properly called "charismata," is disputed among theologians. Some add: Gift of government, Gift of Helps, Gift of distributio, Gift of misericordia. The charismata were/are not necessary for individual sanctification, were/are not distributed to all Christians, and are to be subjected to authority and the proper ends for which they were given (I Corinthians 12-14). The 12 Fruits of the Holy Ghost

Charity

Joy

Peace

Patience

Benignity

Goodness

Longanimity

Mildness

Faith

Modesty

Continency

Chastity



Note:

See Galatians 5:22-25 (three of these are not mentioned in some Greek and Latin manuscripts). The 12 Fruits of the Holy Ghost are the effects of the 7 Gifts of the Holy Ghost. The 3 Theological Virtues

Faith

Hope

Charity



Note:

Reference I Corinthians 13:13. The Theological Virtues are called such because they are supernatural in origin, relate immediately to God, and can only be gained through His grace The 4 Cardinal Virtues

Prudence

Justice

Fortitude

Temperance



Note:

Refrerence Wisdom 8:7. The Cardinal Virtues, unlike the Theological Virtues, can be achieved by human effort. The 7 Capital Sins and their Contrary Virtues



Capital Sin Definition Contrary Virtue Pride Unrestrained appreciation of our own worth Humility Greed Immoderate desire for earthly goods Liberality Lust Hankering for impure pleasures Chastity Anger Inordinate desire for revenge Meekness Gluttony Unrestrained use of food and drink Temperance Envy Sorrow over another's good fortune Brotherly Love Sloth Laxity in keeping the Faith and the practice of virtue Diligence

Note:

The 7 Capital Sins, also known as "The 7 Deadly Sins," are those sins that give rise to other sins. They were first enumerated by Pope St. Gregory the Great in "Moralia in Job." The 6 Sins against the Holy Ghost

Presumption

Despair

Resisting the known truth

Envy of another’s spiritual good

Obstinacy in sin

Final impenitence The 4 Sins that Cry Out to Heaven

Willful murder

The sin of Sodom

Oppression of the poor

Defrauding laborers of their wages



Note:

Genesis 4, Genesis 18, Exodus 2, James 5, respectively. Elaboration on "the sin of Sodom," from the Douay Catholic Catechism of 1649, Chapter XX: " The sin of Sodom, or carnal sin against nature, which is a voluntary shedding of the seed of nature, out of the due use of marriage, or lust with a different sex." In other words, do not think that this particular sin is just about acting on homosexual impulses; it isn't. St. Peter Damian, Doctor of the Church, in his Liber Gomorrhianus ("The Book of Gomorrah") speaks of four forms of sodomy: "Four types of this form of criminal wickedness can be distinguished in an effort to show you the totality of the whole matter in an orderly way: some sin with themselves alone; some by the hands of others; others between the thighs; and finally, others commit the complete act against nature [anal intercourse]. The ascending gradation among these is such that the last mentioned are judged to be more serious that the preceding. Indeed a greater penance is imposed on those who fall with others than those who defile only themselves; and those who complete the act are to be judged more severely than those who are defiled through femoral fornication. The devil's artful fraud devises these degrees of failing into ruin such that the higher the level the unfortunate soul reaches in them, the deeper it sinks in the depths of hell's pit."



3 Conditions for Mortal Sin

Grave matter

Full knowledge

Deliberate consent



Note:

From the Catechism of St. Pius X, "The Main Kinds of Sin," Question 9-10:

Q: What injury does mortal sin do the soul?

A: (1) Mortal sin deprives the soul of grace and of the friendship of God; (2) It makes it lose Heaven; (3) It deprives it of merits already acquired, and renders it incapable of acquiring new merits; (4) It makes it the slave of the devil; (5) It makes it deserve hell as well as the chastisements of this life.

Q: Besides grave matter, what is required to constitute a mortal sin?

A: To constitute a mortal sin, besides grave matter there is also required full consciousness of the gravity of the matter, along with the deliberate will to commit the sin. The 9 Ways We Participate in Others' Sins

By counsel

By command

By consent

By provocation

By praise or flattery

By concealment

By partaking

By silence

By defense of the ill done The 10 Commandments

Thou shalt not have other gods besides Me

Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain

Remember to keep holy the Lord’s day

Honor thy father and thy mother

Thou shalt not murder

Thou shalt not commit adultery

Thou shalt not steal

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor

Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife

Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s goods



Note:

Reference Exodus 20 and Exodous 34 and Deuteronomy 5:6-21. Note that the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate (the official Scripture of the Church), and the original Douay-Reims phrase the Fifth Word as "Thou shalt not murder"; later Douay-Reims versions, such as the Challoner, and the King James Bible, etc., phrase it as "Thou shalt not kill." "Thou shalt not murder," however, is the original intent and the meaning of the earliest texts. Catholics, of course, have 2,000 years of Church teaching and the Magisterium to interpret Scripture, and the meaning of the Fifth Commandment is that one is not to take innocent human life. (For information on the way Catholics number the Commandments, as opposed to how Protestants and Jews number them, see this page in the Apologetics section of this site) The 2 Greatest Commandments

To love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, soul, mind and strength.

To love thy neighbor as thyself.



Note:

Reference Mark 12:30-.31 The 3 Evangelical Counsels

Voluntary poverty

Perpetual chastity

Entire obedience



Note:

The Evangelical Counsels, also called the Counsels of Perfection, are those precepts given by Christ that are not binding on all, but are binding on those who have a vocation to them. The 10 Commandments, the Precepts of the Church, the two Great Commandments, for ex., bind one and all, but the evangelical counsels do not. See Matthew 19:16-22 for the story of Christ's telling the young man what he needs to do in order to be saved, and then what he needs to do in order to be perfect -- two different things. The 6 Precepts of the Church (The Duties of a Catholic)

To go to Mass and refrain from servile work on Sundays and holy days

To go to Confession at least once a year (traditionally done during Lent)

To receive the Eucharist at least once a year, during the Easter Season (known as the "Easter duty")

To observe the days of fasting and abstinence

To help to provide for the needs of the Church according to one's abilities and station in life

To obey the marriage laws of the Church Holy Days of Obligation in Addition to Sundays (English-speaking Countries)





United States Canada England & Wales Circumcision

Ascension

Assumption

All Saints

Imm. Conception

Christmas Circumcision

Epiphany

Ascension

All Saints

Imm. Conception

Christmas Circumcision

Epiphany

Ascension

Corpus Christi

SS Peter & Paul

Assumption

All Saints

Christmas Ireland Scotland Australia & New Zealand Circumcision

Epiphany

St. Patrick

Ascension

Corpus Christi

SS Peter & Paul

Assumption

All Saints

Imm. Conception

Christmas Circumcision

Epiphany

St. Joseph

Ascension

Corpus Christi

SS Peter & Paul

Assumption

All Saints

Imm. Conception

Christmas Circumcision

Ascension

Assumption

All Saints

Christmas

Note:

In the United States: in the Novus Ordo: if 1 January, 15 August, or 1 November falls on a Saturday or Monday, the precept to attend Mass is abrogated; if 15 August or 8 December falls on a Sunday, the Feast is celebrated the next day, but the obligation to attend Mass is abrogated; the Feast of the Circumcision is referred to as "Mary, Mother of God"; the Feast of the Ascension in the United States might be celebrated on the 7th Sunday of Easter, according to Province. The 3 Powers of the Soul

Memory

Intellect

Will The 4 Pillars of the Catholic Faith

The Apostles Creed

The Seven Sacraments

The Ten Commandments

The Lord's Prayer The 3 Pillars of the Church's Authority

Sacred Scripture

Sacred Tradition

Living Magisterium The 3 Munera (Duties of the Ordained)

Munus docendi (duty to teach, based on Christ's role as Prophet)

Munus sanctificandi (duty to sanctify, based on Chris's role as Priest)

Munus regendi (duty to shepherd, based on Christ's role as King) The 3 Parts of the Church

The Church Militant (Christians on Earth)

The Church Suffering (Christians in Purgatory)

The Church Triumphant (Christians in Heaven) The 4 Marks of the Church

Unity

Sanctity

Catholicity

Apostolicity



Note:

In the Nicene Creed we say that the Church is "one, holy, catholic and apostolic." The 12 Apostles



Peter Formerly "Simon," renamed "Kepha" or "Cephas" by Our Lord; preached in Antioch, Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, and Asia Minor, Rome; headed Roman Church (was first Pope); crucified upside-down in Rome, Italy. Symbols: the Keys; upside-down Latin Cross; book. Relics: St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. Feast: June 29 (along with St. Paul); August 1 (St. Peter's Chains). Andrew

Peter's brother; preached in Scythia; Epirus; Achaia; Hellas; Cappadocia, Galatia, and Bithynia, Scythian deserts, Byzantium;Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Achaia; crucified in Patrae in Achaia. Symbols: X-shaped Cross; anchor; fish; fishing net. Relics: Cathedral of Amalfi, Italy, and in St. Andrew's Church, Patras, Greece. Feast: November 30. James the Greater

He and his brother (John) nicknamed by Jesus "Sons of Thunder" (Boanerges); a son of Zebedee; preached in Spain; beheaded by Herod Agrippa I to please the Jews. Symbols: seashells; pilgrim's staff; scroll; book; floppy hat; trampling a Moor; mounted on horseback. Relics: Compostela, Spain. Feast: July 25. John

He and his brother (James the Greater) nicknamed by Jesus "Sons of Thunder" (Boanerges); a son of Zebedee; the disciple whom Jesus loved; Evangelist; preached in Asia Minor (Ephesus). Symbols: chalice; eagle; serpent; sword; cauldron. Relics: Basilica of St. John, Ephesus, Turkey. Feast: December 27. Philip

Preached in Hieropolis in Asia (?); relics at church of the Dodici Apostoli in Rome, Italy. Symbols: basket of loaves; T-shaped Cross. Relics: Holy Apostles Basilica, Rome, Italy. Feast: May 11 (with St. James the Less) Bartholomew

Preached in India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Armenia, Lycaonia, Phrygia, shores of the Black Sea (?); flayed alive and crucified, head downward in Albanopolis in Armenia. Symbols: tanner's knife; flayed skin. R elics: St. Bartholomew-in-the-Island, Rome, Italy. Feast: August 24. Matthew

"Levi"; Evangelist; preached in Ethiopia to the south of the Caspian Sea (not Ethiopia in Africa), Persia and the kingdom of the Parthians, Macedonia, and Syria, and to the Hebrews generally (?). Martyred by sword. Symbols: angel/man/winged man holding a pen or inkwell; bag of coins, money bag, money box, or purse; spear; sword; halberd; lance. Relics: Cathedral of Salerno, Salerno, Italy. Feast: September 21. Thomas

"Didymus," meaning "Twin"; familiarly (not Scripturally) known as "Doubting Thomas"; preached in India; pierced through with spears by four soldiers at Syriac Mazdai. Symbols: T-square; spear. Relics : Basilica of St. Thomas, Ortono, Italy, and Santhome Cathedral, Chennai, India. Feast: December 21. James the Less

"James the Just" or "James the Younger"; son of Alphaeus (Clophas) and "brother of the Lord"; Bishop of Jerusalem Church; epistle writer; killed by Jews by being thrown off the Temple and clubbed to death. Symbols: fuller's club; book; windmill. Relics: Holy Apostles Basilica, Rome, Italy. Feast: May 11 (with St. Philip) Jude

"Thaddaeus"; "brother of James (the Less)"; epistle writer. Symbols: shown with medallion with profile of Jesus around his neck; shown with flame above his head; oar; boat; axe; book; pen. Relics: St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. Feast: October 28 (with St. Simon). Simon

"Simon the Zealot" or "Simon the Canaanite." Symbols: fish(es); man being sawn in two longitudinally; saw; lance. Relics: St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. Feast: October 28 (with St. Jude). Judas Iscariot

Replaced after his suicide by Matthias (St. Matthias's Feast: February 24).

Notes:

A little poem to help you remember:

Peter, Andrew, James and John,

Phil and Bart and Matt and Tom,

James the Less and Jude and Simon --

Then Judas who betrayed the God-man.

The word "apostle" means "one who is sent." Notice that two of the 12 Apostles -- Matthew and John -- also belong to the group of the 4 Evangelists (the men who each wrote one of the four Gospels). The other two Evangelists -- Mark and Luke -- were students of Simon Peter and Paul, respectively, and were not sent directly by Christ. Paul is often referred to as "Apostle Paul" -- specifically the "Apostle to the Gentiles", -- because he, too, was sent by Christ, but he is not one of the original 12 Apostles. All of these men (the 12 Apostles, St. Paul, the Evangelists) can -- along with "the seventy disciples" spoken of in Luke 10, the women who followed Christ, and men like Timothy and Apollo -- be called "disciples," which indicates "student."

The 12 Tribes of Israel

In order of their birth:



Reuben

Simeon

Levi

Judah

Zabulon

Issachar

Dan

Gad

Asher

Naphtali

Joseph (Menasseh and Ephraim)

Benjamin The 8 Beatitudes

Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.

Blessed are the meek: for they shall posses the land.

Blessed are they who mourn: for they shall be comforted

Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice: for they shall have their fill

Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy

Blessed are the clean of heart: for they shall see God

Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called children of God

Blessed are they that suffer persecution for justice' sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven



Note:

Reference Matthew 5:3-10. Note that "meek" here is the perhaps unfortunate English translation of the Greek word "praótes," meaning "temperate," "displaying the right blend of force and reserve or gentleness," "avoiding unnecessary harshness, yet without compromising or being too slow to use necessary force." It refers to not giving in to the desire for evil to come to those who do you wrong. It doesn't refer to being a push-over or milquetoast. The 14 Stations of the Cross

Jesus is Condemned to Die

Jesus is Made to Bear His Cross

Jesus Falls the First Time

Jesus Meets His Mother

Simon Helps Jesus Carry His Cross

Veronica Wipes Jesus' Face

Jesus Falls the Second Time

Jesus Meets the Women of Jerusalem

Jesus Falls the Third Time

Jesus is Stripped

Jesus is Nailed to the Cross

Jesus Dies on the Cross

Jesus is Taken Down from the Cross

Jesus is Laid in the Tomb The 7 Sorrows (Dolours) and 7 Joys of Our Lady

Sorrows (Dolours): Joys: The Prophecy of Simeon (Luke 2:33-35) The Annunciation (Luke 1:27-38) The Flight into Egypt (Matthew 3: 13-15) The Visitation (Luke 1:39-58) The Loss of Jesus in the Temple (Luke 2:41-52) The Birth of Jesus (Luke 2:7) The Meeting of Jesus and Mary on the Way of the Cross (John 19:17) The Adoration of the Magi (Matthew 2:7-11) The Crucifixion (John 19:25-30) The Finding of Jesus in the Temple (Luke 2:46) The Taking Down of the Body of Jesus from the Cross (John 19: 31-37) The Resurrection of Our Lord (John 20:1-9) Jesus laid in the Tomb (John 19:38-42) The Assumption and Coronation of the Blessed Virgin (Apocalypse 12)

The 7 Sorrows and 7 Joys of St. Joseph

Sorrows: Joys: The doubt of Saint Joseph (Matthew 1:19) The Message of the Angel (Matthew 1:20) The poverty of Jesus' birth (Luke 2:7) Jesus' Birth itself (Luke 2:7) The Circumcision (Luke 2:21) The Holy Name of Jesus (Matthew 1:25) Simeon's prophecy that many would be lost (Luke 2:34) Simeon's prophecy that many would rise (Luke 2:34) The flight into Egypt (Matthew 2:13-14) The Overthrow of Idols (Isaias 19:1) The return from Egypt (Matthew 2:22) Life with Mary and Jesus (Luke 2:39) The loss of the Child Jesus (Luke 2:45) The Finding of Jesus in the Temple (Luke 2:46)

The 15 Mysteries of the Holy Rosary & When They are Prayed

Joyful:

Annunciation

Visitation

Nativity

Presentation

Finding Jesus in the Temple



Sorrowful:

Agony in the Garden

The Scourging

Crowning with thorns

Carrying of the Cross

Crucifixion



Glorious:

Resurrection

Ascension

Pentecost

Assumption

Crowning of Mary

Mondays: Joyful Tuesdays:

Sorrowful Wednesdays:

Glorious Thursdays:

Joyful Fridays:

Sorrowful Saturdays:

Glorious Sundays in Advent, Christmastide & Epiphany:

Joyful Sundays in Eastertide & Time After Pentecost:

Glorious All of Septuagesima & Lent:

Sorrowful





Note:

In October 2002, His Holiness, Pope John Paul II, recommended adding 5 more Mysteries to the Rosary to be prayed on Thursdays -- the "Luminous Mysteries" which focus on Jesus' public life. These Mysteries are:

The Baptism in the Jordan

The Marriage Feast at Cana

The Proclamation of the Kingdom

The Transfiguration

The Institution of the Eucharist

This novelty does not change the true Rosary and is merely presented as an option for Christians. This option, however, is one that totally disrupts the relationship between the Rosary and the Breviary's Psalms. Stick with the classic tried-and-true Rosary. To read why adding Mysteries to the Rosary was a most horrible idea, see this page, and to read a critique of Pope John Paul II's Encyclical on the matter, see this page (both pages offsite, will open in new browser window)

The Order of Creation



1st Day: A dividing of light from darkness brings forth Heaven and a formless, water-covered Earth, then Light 2nd Day: A dividing of the waters above from the waters below to create the Firmament of Heaven 3rd Day: A dividing of the waters under the heavens to form dry land; then grass, herbs, and fruit trees 4th Day: Sun, Moon and Stars 5th Day: Creatures of the waters and of the air 6th Day: Creatures of the land, then Man

Note:

God, Who is of the supernatural order, created the natural and preternatural (e.g., the angelic) orders out of nothing (ex nihilo), in time ("in the beginning"), and for His own pleasure. Only God can "create," and because of this, it is actually rather blasphemous to refer to man as "creating" anything. Man can produce, re-produce, manufacture, form, fashion, fabricate, design, shape, or make -- but he cannot bring into existence anything out of nothing. Angels and demons, too, are limited and cannot do the truly miraculous. They are able, however, to take what is created and manipulate it in ways that seem miraculous and are able to influence our perceptions and imaginations.



You can remember the Order of Creation by thinking of the first three days as days which God spent creating forms and frameworks by dividing the elements, and the last three days as the days He spent creating things to fill those forms created by dividing the elements, e.g.:

Day 1 Light Day 4 specific forms of light in the Sun, Moon, and Stars Day 2 the Firmament/waters Day 5 birds to fill the firmament, and fish to fill the waters Day 3 dry land Day 6 land animals and man

The 9 Choirs of Angels

In ascending order:

Angels

Archangels

Principalities

Powers

Virtues

Dominions

Thrones

Cherubim

Seraphim



Note:

The Choir of Angels is divided into three triads with specific concerns:

The 1st triad: Angels, Archangels, and Principalities: concern themselves with the minute ordering of the universe and specific causes, including the welfare of people. Each human being, each church, and each country has a Guardian Angel. The Feast of the Guardian Angels is October 2. The 2nd triad: Powers, Virtues and Dominions: known as the "angels of creation" because they concern themselves with the ordering of the universe and a plurality of causes. The 3rd triad: Thrones, Cherubim, and Seraphim: concern themselves with contemplating the glory of God. It is the 6-winged Seraphim who sing the Sanctus, "Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts" (Isaias 6:3).

Angels (the word means "Messengers") are spirits (there was and is debate as to whether they are pure spirit like God or whether they are possess "subtle matter" and are corporeal in a different way from us), created before man, who were given one choice at the beginning of Creation: the Kingdom of God -- or the Absence of God, which is the Kingdom of Satan, the first Angel who rebelled.



There are 7 Archangels (Tobias 12:15). We know the names of 3 of them from Scripture:



Michael (Daniel, Epistle of St. Jude, Apocalypse of St. John), whose name means "Who is like God" and whose Feast is September 29;

Gabriel (Daniel and Luke), whose name means "Strength of God" and whose Feast is March 24; and

Raphael (Tobias), whose name means "Medicine of God" and whose Feast is October 24.

The apocryphal Book of Enoch lists the other 4 as:

Uriel;

Raguel;

Sariel; and

Jeramiel.

The 3 Levels of Reverence



Dulia: the reverence we give to Saints Hyperdulia: the reverence we give to Mary as the greatest of Saints and Mother of God Latria: the reverence and worship we give to God alone

The 14 Holy Helpers

St. George, Martyr, April 23

St. Blaise, Bishop and Martyr, February 3

St. Pantaleon, Martyr, July 27

St. Vitus, Martyr, June 15

St. Erasmus (Elmo), Bishop and Martyr, June 2

St. Christopher, Martyr, July 25

St. Giles, Abbot, September 1

St. Cyriacus (Cyriac), Martyr, August 8

St. Achatius, Martyr, May 8

St. Dionysius (Denis), Bishop and Martyr, October 9

St. Eustachius (Eustace), Martyr, September 20

St. Catherine of Alexandria, Virgin and Martyr, November 25

St. Margaret of Antioch, Virgin and Martyr, July 20

St. Barbara, Virgin and Martyr, December 4



Note:

The "Holy Helpers" are Saints who first became grouped together and invoked together during the Black Plague, which ravaged Europe between 1346 and 1349. This horrible disease decimated entire towns and struck quickly. First one's mouth would dry and head would ache. Then came the fever, and boils, and the blackening of the tongue. Death would come in hours. The 7 Last Words of Christ

Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.

(Luke 23:34) Amen I say to thee: This day thou shalt be with me in paradise. (Luke 23:43) Woman, behold thy son. . . .Behold thy mother.

(John 19:26-27) Eli, Eli, lamma sabacthani? (My God, My God, why hast Thou forsaken me?)

(Matthew 27:46, ref. Psalm 21) I thirst.

(John 19:28) It is consummated.

(John 19:30) Father, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.

(Luke 23:46, ref. Psalm 30:6)