I have been working on Open Source Software (in one way or another) since 2011 (just over 4 years since my first open source commit on a project). When I started writing open source software it was for fun. I was not a Computer Science/Engineering student. Programming was a hobby and open sourcing the code was fun and exciting. Eventually, I started maintaining Flake8, then Requests, then other things. Today, I'm a core developer of the following projects:

And probably other projects that I've forgotten about. I've created (and still develop) the following projects:

I'm was a core reviewer and driver for five projects in OpenStack (until recently when I removed myself from 4 of those projects). I am still a core reviewer for:

I also contribute (a fair amount) and am often pinged for reviews on urllib3.

Some of these projects are "owned" by one person and maintained by me (or me and other persons). In other words, the "owner" is absentee. Think of a landlord who does not collect the rent, or inspect the premises, or deal with tenants, or really any work.

Working on projects at work I've worked on a lot of projects. I continue to work on a lot of projects. Over the course of two jobs, only one has given me the ability to work on Open Source Software ... sometimes. OpenStack's Compute service, Nova, needed to perform URI validation as part of their JSON Schema validation but could not use the existing library because of licensing. Only because this was something important to my team, I was allowed to create rfc3986 . I continue to maintain that, but, in my free time. OpenStack uses, heavily: requests (and as a consequence chardet and urllib3)

Flake8 (and transitively, pep8, pyflakes, and mccabe)

Twine

flake8-docstrings I've had opportunities to work on requests and Flake8 as a result of a few show-stopping bugs, but otherwise I don't work on any of the above projects during work. This isn't a break from what I'm used to, so I'm not trying to complain or anything like that. Would it be nice to be able to improve the software that powers our company and our product? Certainly, is there a serious need to do that? Not at the moment.

Working on projects for companies that don't employ me Some of these projects are used by the US Federal Government, those and others are also used by some really large corporations (no I won't name names, I don't see a point). I sometimes get a thank you from individual developers at those companies, but those companies think nothing of just taking the software (which is fine because I licensed it permissively). That said, when there's a bug introduced in the package, those companies email me, ping me relentlessly in IRC, create duplicate issues, and do everything they can to (perhaps unintentionally) overload me. As soon as a bug affects them, they want it fixed immediately. If you don't fix it in 24 hours (because maybe you have a real life or a family or you're sick or any number of other very valid reasons) then the threats start. "Well if you're not going to take this seriously, we'll have to start using another project." Not once has a company said to me: "This bug is costing us $X per day. Can we pay you $Y to focus on it and get a fix out as soon as possible?" I've also never demanded this. It would be nice, but it never happens. So, what happens? Those bugs are fixed eventually. Sometimes those companies let their engineers submit a fix that is incredibly poor but it took them an hour and now they can whine at me for not merging it. Nevermind that it breaks the continuous integration checks that ran 30 seconds after they sent the PR. This is because the company wanted to invest as little time in the problem as possible so the person couldn't fix the tests, write new ones, or write a real fix. I don't blame the engineer, I blame their manager and their company. If the project is that important to them, they should have let the engineer spend a few hours, fix the bug the right way and follow the guidelines outlined in the contributor's documentation. Further, some of my projects ( github3.py in particular) tend to only ever actively benefit corporations - the corporation using it and GitHub. Neither ever tries to support me in its development. This is why I am also very conflicted about finding other maintainers for this project. I would love to find someone who could be paid by their employer to work on it, but I do the majority of the work on the project so it's hard to even know who to ask about that. In short, the joy and enthusiasm that I had when I started working on open source has been flattened. My attitude was naïve at best - this is fun and maybe I'm helping some other people do good and have fun too. This is also how a lot of my friends presently view their projects. Is it greedy of me to want them to continue to be able to have that perspective?

Other people's experiences Ashe Dryden has written an invaluable post about The Ethics of Unpaid Labor and the OSS Community. This is a must read and it really hits home a bunch of very important points about the way we treat Open Source Software and its developers (e.g., requiring that a developer have an active and colorful GitHub profile before considering them for a job). David MacIver recently decided they were Throwing in the towel for their project Hypothesis. Eric Holscher, who co-founded Read the Docs and Write the Docs, has recently been discussing the economics of companies using open source software and contributing absolutely nothing back to the projects they use. Dr. Russell Keith-Magee, the president of the Django Software Foundation, gave this talk at PyCon Australia. His key argument in this talk is that if open source projects had resources equivalent to closed source products, open source software would exceed any other project in quality. This talk is excellent and full of great examples. Cory Benfield, my very close friend and colleague on several of the projects I mentioned above, has also blogged on this topic. No one is asking companies to endure a significant financial burden in order to contribute back. But all of these items are, predictably, ignored by the companies who seriously need these projects to work and remain production quality.

When companies do "contribute" When companies do "contribute", it's often not in the best interest of the community, it isn't enough, or it's thoroughly misguided. Best interest of the community OpenStack started as a collaboration between Rackspace and NASA; it was originally very operator focused. The project was used by tiny cloud operators and larger operators alike. All had a chance to voice grievances and work with developers to make things better. Somewhere along the way, the community became developers (who never deployed or operated OpenStack other than with DevStack) employed by large corporations working solely to forward the goals of those corporations. OpenStack isn't really something that was ever meant to be consumed by developers. Sure, the APIs are technically something a developer would use, but those are exactly how operators interact with the projects too. The developers who work on OpenStack don't mean to be harming the actual intended consumers, but if you keep an eye on discussions with operators, we (yes, I'm one of those developers) cause more problems than not out of sheer ignorance of the real users and how they actually use OpenStack. (To be clear, the community are the people who operate and maintain OpenStack clouds.) Generally speaking, though, companies can have engineers become involved in a project to scratch their own itch while also benefiting the community. These are not mutually exclusive results; they're just exceedingly rare results. It isn't enough A lot of projects use sites like BountySource to get paid to work on a bug on an open source project. Sometimes, companies will add a bounty to a bug. The largest bounty I've seen for any project I work on that accepts bounties has been $135 (USD). These values often do not reflect the true value to the company nor to the person fixing the bug. That said, sometimes you find a bounty like this one where a company has added a significant amount to a bug. Those seem to be the exception rather than the rule, though. Other times, companies give a developer an hour to "make it go" which results in a situation like I described above. Allow me to expand: these will be companies that file a bug with as little detail as possible and then a fix that makes little sense and may appear to fix the bug but causes many others. After they have a fix, they stop responding to questions for more detail so it can be fixed appropriately. They often can't share a sample of how they're encountering the bug or anything like that. Thoroughly misguided Some companies don't even bother giving engineering time to a project, or money to the developers working on the project. Instead they run well intentioned campaigns to increase activity for those projects by offering rewards to anyone for doing just about anything, regardless of value or merit. These rewards can be anything. One very recent such event promised a t-shirt if you sent 4 pull requests (via GitHub of course, because obviously real open source software would never be developed anywhere else) to open source projects. That was it. The pull request didn't need be merged, or to stay open for very long. It didn't need to contain any value at all. The event organizers contacted some projects owners asking if they could feature the projects. Now harken back to the paragraph where I explained that the owners of some of the projects I maintain are absentee. One of those was featured. That wasn't the only project I work on that that received hightened and lackluster attention from t-shirt seekers, but it was easily the one that received the highest traffic. So what happened was: the company contacted the owner who agreed but didn't tell me. The company never considered the fact that others might actually be doing the work of the project (and didn't think to check that with the API they're going to use to decide who gets a t-shirt). The company never talked to me in advance to, at minimum, warn me. (To be clear, the owner isn't blameless in this either, but I'm also not the only person who was in this position and complained about it. Perhaps I'm just loudest or have the largest platform.) Of all of the pull requests (on all the projects) that I received as a result of this event, some of them were merely diffs that looked like this: diff --git a/ex.txt b/ex.txt.new index 5fe5360..e98e6b5 100644 --- a/ex.txt +++ b/ex.txt.new @@ -1 +1 @@ -foo bar bogus. Biz baz boo +foo bar bogus.. Biz baz boo No, really, I actually got a pull request that added a second period to the end of a sentence. I love encouraging and helping new contributors work on a project or otherwise aiding those new to open source in general, but how do you help someone who sends that pull request? Their commit message was "Update ex.txt". How do you help that person who clearly only has a goal of padding the number of PRs they sent for the month of October? Closing that pull request was a waste of my time, which is already stretched thin. I don't think that particular person was "trolling" (which is such an overused word as to be meaningless at this point), or otherwise behaving just in pursuit of their own amusement, but they were being inconsiderate. Further, let me reiterate that the company in question did contact someone. That in no way exonerates their borderline reckless behaviour. I actively mentor several people who are new to open source and their event consumed (in aggregate) a few days of my time which did not leave me enough time to work on real bugs in other projects or mentor those people as well as I could have. Exceptions to the rule(s) There are exceptions to the rules above sometimes. There's one particular team at HP (actually they're now in HPE) that is entirely composed of some of the best open source developers I know of working full time on their areas of expertise. But, this is the only team I'm aware of at HPE that behaves like this. Other teams (I'm thinking specifically of their teams working on OpenStack and their former Helion product) are split between product work and upstream work and most of the time don't have enough time to dedicate to being upstream developers and reviewers. I would argue that while these sponsorships are good for the larger community, they're still a bit misguided. I trust each of these people to act in the best interest of their respective communities on that team at HPE, but what happens to them as soon as HPE decides funding that work is no longer beneficial or valuable? I don't have an answer to this, but I hope the answer is not that those developers are shown the door with a generous severance package. On a similar note, what happens if that developer decides they wish to explore other communities outside the reason they were hired? Is there room for growth or are their responsibilities narrowly defined enough that they have to quit to grow professionally? I'm asking these questions in the context of this one team at HPE but there are some similar teams at other companies and the same questions are valid for those teams as well. If you want an example of what I'm afraid of, just look for the TwitterOSS team (hint: their funding as a department was cut).

When companies open source a project There's also a separate pattern in the larger community where a company that already has some reputation in the community decides to open source a project that was previously just something they had initially developed for internal use. If these companies dedicate resources to the upkeep of the project and development of a community there tend to be two possible outcomes: The company refuses to expand the core development team with non-employees The company abandons the project and allows non-employees to take over the entirety of the maintenance burden while continuing to reap the PR benefits and failing to credit those people or support them in any manner. There are also rarer cases where people who contribute heavily to those projects are offered jobs to continue their work as an employee, but those seem to be fairly rare.

Why do companies behave this way? I have heard a myriad of reasons companies behave this way. I don't have the complete answer, but one important point is that there is toxicity in the community, its leaders, and or its contributors, and the companies have learned their behavior from this toxicity. Open source software is full of toxic people This certainly shouldn't be a surprise at this point. I would guess that it is safe to say that pretty much every person (including myself, I'm certainly not exempt from this) has had bad days and reacted poorly when dealing with the community, contributors, colleagues, etc. These are not excuses and these events can (and often do) shape the behaviours of the community and those observing it. A close friend of mine, Paul Tagliamonte, was involved in the discussion about Debian's switch to systemd. He received at least 3 death threats due to his participation. In what world is this acceptable behaviour for a community? What about developers who have their addresses and the information of their loved ones posted on 4chan and other "forums"? Why don't we fight this more? Any company that has involved itself (or its employees) with Linux Kernel development has probably come away with a very intensely sour taste in their mouth and a jaded view of how to effectively contribute to an open source project. In fact, I wouldn't be surprised to learn that these companies witnessed significant churn in the engineering teams working with that community. They're also certainly not the only community struggling with this. Companies need to be involved, but just like other contributors, they need to be assured that they will be taken seriously and treated equally. Some projects work to actively alienate corporations trying to contribute because of ideology. This is not the path that will lead us to sustainable open source software development and companies that can contribute responsibly.

What needs to change Too much for me to clearly or effectively enumerate without missing things. So let me give a high level list of things that I see as being incredibly problematic and maybe I'll expound on them (or a subset) if I still have the emotional energy to do so. Companies need to do more for the projects they use (financially, by engineers who can contribute to the project appropriately during their normal working hours, donating services, or some other way) Companies that already contribute resources in one way or another need to check that what they're doing is not only in their best interest (or perhaps not in their best interest at all). No, really, the good of the project should be the focus of any contribution. If your goal is to improve something only for the company, then that isn't a contribution in good faith. Companies looking for publicity and events that they can tout as their support of open source software, need to actually employ open source developers who know the pain that those events will inflict. Not a single maintainer has ever said "I don't care about the quality, just give me a flood of new contributions that I need to code review, give feedback, and hope that person actually acts on the feedback." Not once. I was linked to this webcomic recently and it aptly describes this approach. If a company has an engineer test a fancy new feature for a project, that engineer needs to test more than just their own use cases to give effective or valuable review. (See also the following tweets from Jeff Forcier: https://twitter.com/bitprophet/status/660943465547599872, https://twitter.com/bitprophet/status/660943804250263552, https://twitter.com/bitprophet/status/660943975738556416, https://twitter.com/bitprophet/status/660944140641763328 in which he relays a story of an important PR that people claimed worked without really deeply testing it.) Companies that use open source software should strive to hire some, if not all (not all in one place either), of those people that maintain the software to work on the project. And no, I do not expect those people to work 100% of their time on that project. That's unreasonable. They should be treated like adults though and allowed to spend what they see as an appropriate amount of time working on the project versus other projects for the company. Trying to quanitfy/limit the amount of time leads to conflict and strife and unhappy management and employees. It doesn't work and it's not a long term, maintainable solution. Alternatively, instead of hiring those developers to hire the existing core developers, reviewers, and maintainers, those companies can buy training on how to effectively contribute and participate in upstream projects. That said, I doubt there's anyone who can train a person in empathy. Companies need to stop encouraging and allowing their engineers to be abrasive, abusive, or insulting when reporting bugs or contributing changes to projects. This was admittedly more of a problem before I added Codes of Conduct to projects, but I still see this on other people's projects. (This happened 2 years ago on a bug report where the company upgraded from an ancient version of our project to the latest and greatest and found some usecase that apparently only they had that broke. The vitriol in their replies and their behaviour should have resulted in them being reprimanded by their managers for behaving that way while at work.) Companies need to have realistic expectations of the work-life balance of open source maintainers. Open source software is unpaid labor for so many of us. It is work. Many of us working on successful projects take it very seriously. It is stressful. It is emotionally draining. Sometimes we don't have the energy to fix your problem as soon as you think it should be fixed. Sometimes we're on vacation. Sometimes we're sick or taking care of loved ones. Behaving as if we're your employee that you can just boss around is not acceptable. If you want that relationship with us, hire us to work on the project. (Hint: If you act like this, I will never work for you because it is very apparent your management does not understand what a real life is or how a work-life balance needs to be managed.) Companies need to realize that not all open source authors or maintainers view their projects the same way. For many of us, we scratched an itch, we are not developing a product. We often do not want our hobbies turned into work because then we no longer have an outlet or a place to just have fun. The project may be serious business for you, but that may not be how others view it. Money isn't everything. Whether you're a bootstrapped start-up or a company that is publicly traded with stock values in the hundreds of dollars, money isn't everything. Instead of placing $5000.00 on a bug, develop a relationship with the community. Sometimes a heartfelt gift is more meaningful than a large sum of money. I know some people who'd rather have games purchased for them off their Steam wishlist. Other people would love to get things from their Amazon wishlist. Know the people who develop the software that allow you to make the money you make and respect them. Acknowledge the projects somewhere on your website, product, wherever. This one is simple, just say "This is powered by ...". This gives projects credibility and that gains users which means another company that can afford it might hire that person to work on that project. Companies that open source something need to adopt a Code of Conduct immediately and from the start. And preferably, if they can, companies should sponsor and contribute to other projects that have Codes of Conduct (preferably real ones, not the crap the Linux Kernel has adopted). Companies that open source a project and then abandon it need to publicly acclaim the people taking over the project and make a clear change in ownership. Creating a third-party organization that includes everyone actively involved in the project is the best plan and the one that will allow those non-employee maintainers to manage their time and commitments while being able to be recognized for their hard work, passion, and dedication. More communities need to adopt Codes of Conduct and be more mindful about how their actions affect current participation of corporate and non-corporate contributors while coloring the future reputation of the project. Developers move on but first impressions do not. As new developers cycle onto projects, they may be unaware of past events and may be metaphorically shooting themselves in the feet. Conversely, companies need to continuously strive to take the high ground and continuously re-evaluate projects and their involvement (or lack thereof) in the project. Tons of things I can't think of at this very moment. Go read other articles about this. There are tons.