Chris Parmangos when he was younger and working as a brick labourer. Now aged 49, Mr Parmangos is on oxygen and rarely leaves his house in Port Macquarie. His hands are clubbed and he has frequent stays in intensive care because of "non-stop lung infections and pneumonias" as a result of his failing immune system. "We didn't even know what silica was till I got sick," he said. "Being young, you always thought you are young and healthy and nothing is going to happen to us." Sydney respiratory physician Dr Anthony Johnson, who addressed the parliamentary inquiry, told Fairfax Media he and other doctors in Sydney and Melbourne have reported a growing number of silicosis cases.

"It's a disease we saw quite commonly in the 1940s, '50s and '60s in people who were jack-hammering Sydney sandstone," said Dr Johnson who is a member of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. "Control measures were introduced, mainly just putting water on the process to keep the dust down and with those measures, it basically disappeared. "But in the last five years, we have seen quite a number of cases from the artificial stone industry where people are working with things like Caesarstone making kitchen benches." The Medical Journal of Australia last month published an article by Dr Johnson and five colleagues from Sydney hospitals on a serious silicosis case from workplace dust exposure. Despite a global downard trend, the article said "new outbreaks of silicosis have recently been reported, with life-threatening silicosis occurring after exposure to a relatively new type of engineered stone product used for kitchen and bathroom benchtops."

"In almost all reported cases, there was little adherence to basic protection measures, such as provision of appropriate ventilation systems and use of personal protective equipment," the article said. "Our case reaffirms the need for vigorous enforcement of dust reduction regulations, particularly in the growing industry of engineered stone products. "Benchtop stonemasonry is a potentially dangerous occupation, and medical practitioners should have a heightened awareness of this newly described occupational hazard." When slabs of engineered stone are cut and finished with an angle grinder to fit a kitchen bench or bathroom, clouds of silica particles are released and if inhaled, can lead to silicosis. Susan Miles, a respiratory and sleep physician who lectures at the University of Newcastle's school of medicine and public health told the inquiry there is no centralised process or system for collection of information on occupational lung disease in New South Wales, unlike other countries.

NSW Greens MP David Shoebridge said the re-emergence of industrial dust diseases suggested a deterioration in Australia's work health and safety standards. "This is a disease that is 100 per cent preventable if we have safe workplaces, but attacks on union rights and the dismantling on state industrial inspectors has put lives at risk," he said. "Twenty years ago, unions and inspectors would have shut down unsafe workshops." Theodora Ahilas from Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, who addressed the parliamentary committee, told Fairfax Media her firm has a number of new clients with silicosis, including three last week. She said people exposed to silica dust or cement dust who develop conditions including pulmonary fibrosis, auto immune conditions or renal failure from silica dust inhalation are not currently covered under dust diseases legislation for statutory compensation purposes. A spokeswoman for icare​, the NSW government's insurance and care services provider, said silicosis is covered by the Dust Diseases Scheme and is compensated if attributed to workplace exposure while working in NSW.

The Dust Diseases Scheme would cover a diagnosis of silicosis and conditions including pulmonary fibrosis and auto immune disorders if they lead to silicosis. The NSW workers compensation scheme would cover the other conditions if they do not lead to silicosis. There have been an average of nine cases of silicosis each year officially reported in NSW since 2011/12. The data is limited to workers who have applied for compensation. "Given the latency periods associated with exposure to dust and the development/diagnosis of a dust disease, Dust Diseases Care would only pick up an increase in cases at the diagnosis stage of the disease – and when an application for compensation is made," the spokeswoman said.