gifsicle manipulates GIF images and animations SYNOPSIS gifsicle [options, frames, and filenames]... DESCRIPTION gifsicle is a powerful command-line program for creating, editing, manipulating, and getting information about GIF images and animations. Gifsicle normally processes input GIF files according to its command line options and writes the result to the standard output. The -i option, for example, tells gifsicle to interlace its inputs:



gifsicle -i < pic.gif > interlaced-pic.gif Gifsicle is good at creating and manipulating GIF animations. By default, it combines two or more input files into a “flipbook” animation:



gifsicle pic1.gif pic2.gif pic3.gif > animation.gif Use options like --delay, --loopcount, and --optimize to tune your animations. To modify GIF files in place, use the --batch option. With --batch, gifsicle will modify the files you specify instead of writing a new file to the standard output. To interlace all the GIFs in the current directory, you could say:



gifsicle --batch -i *.gif New users may want to skip to the Examples section at the end. CONCEPT INDEX Concepts are on the left, relevant gifsicle options are on the right.



Image transformations COMMAND LINE gifsicle’s command line consists of GIF input files and options. Most options start with a dash (-) or plus (+); frame selections, a kind of option, start with a number sign (#). Anything else is a GIF input file. gifsicle reads and processes GIF input files in order. If no GIF input file is given, or you give the special filename ‘-’, it reads from the standard input. gifsicle exits with status 0 if there were no errors and status 1 otherwise. OPTIONS Every option has a long form, ‘--long-descriptive-name’. You don’t need to type the whole long descriptive name, just enough to make it unambiguous. Some options also have a short form, ‘-X’. You can combine short options if they don’t take arguments: ‘-IIb’ is the same as ‘-I -I -b’. But be careful with options that do take arguments: ‘-cblah’ means ‘-c blah’, not ‘-c -b -l -a -h’. Many options also have a converse, ‘--no-option’, which turns off the option. You can turn off a short option ‘-X’ by saying ‘+X’ instead. Mode Options Mode options tell gifsicle what kind of output to generate. There can be at most one, and it must precede any GIF inputs. --merge, -m Combine all GIF inputs into one file with multiple frames and write that file to the standard output. This is the default mode. --batch, -b Modify each GIF input in place by reading and writing to the same filename. (GIFs read from the standard input are written to the standard output.) --explode, -e Create an output GIF for each frame of each input file. The output GIFs are named ‘xxx.000’, ‘xxx.001’, and so on, where ‘xxx’ is the name of the input file (or whatever you specified with ‘--output’) and the numeric extension is the frame number. --explode-by-name, -E Same as --explode, but write any named frames to files ‘xxx.name’ instead of ‘xxx.frame-number’. Frames are named using the ‘--name’ option. General Options General options control the information gifsicle prints and where it writes its output. The info options and --verbose can be turned off with ‘--no-X’.



--info, -I Print a human-readable description of each input GIF to the standard output, or whatever file you specify with -o. This option suppresses normal output, and cannot be combined with mode options like --batch. If you give two --info or -I options, however, information is printed to standard error, and normal output takes place as usual.



--color-info, --cinfo Like --info, but also print information about input files’ colormaps.



--extension-info, --xinfo Like --info, but also print any unrecognized GIF extensions in a hexdump(1)-like format.



--size-info, --sinfo Like --info, but also print information about compressed image sizes.



--help, -h Print usage information and exit.



-o file --output file Send output to file. The special filename ‘-’ means the standard output.



--verbose, -V Print progress information (files read and written) to standard error.



--no-warnings, -w Suppress all warning messages.



--no-ignore-errors Exit with status 1 when encountering a very erroneous GIF. Default is to muddle on.



--version Print the version number and some short non-warranty information and exit.



--careful Write slightly larger GIFs that avoid bugs in some other GIF implementations. Some Java and Internet Explorer versions cannot display the correct, minimal GIFs that Gifsicle produces. Use the --careful option if you are having problems with a particular image.



--conserve-memory Conserve memory usage at the expense of processing time. This may be useful if you are processing large GIFs on a computer without very much memory. Or say --no-conserve-memory.



--nextfile Allow input files to contain multiple concatenated GIF images. If a filename appears multiple times on the command line, gifsicle will read a new image from the file each time. This option can help scripts avoid the need for temporary files. For example, to create an animated GIF with three frames with different delays, you might run "gifsicle --nextfile -d10 - -d20 - -d30 - > out.gif" and write the three GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle’s standard input.



--multifile Like --nextfile, but read as many GIF images as possible from each file. This option is intended for scripts. For example, to merge an unknown number of GIF images into a single animation, run "gifsicle --multifile - > out.gif" and write the GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle’s standard input. Any frame selections apply only to the last file in the concatenation. Frame Selections A frame selection tells gifsicle which frames to use from the current input file. They are useful only for animations, as non-animated GIFs only have one frame. Here are the acceptable forms for frame specifications.



#num Select frame num. (The first frame is ‘#0’. Negative numbers count backwards from the last frame, which is ‘#-1’.) #num1-num2 Select frames num1 through num2. #num1- Select frames num1 through the last frame. #name Select the frame named name. The ‘#’ character has special meaning for many shells, so you generally need to quote it. For example, gifsicle happy.gif "#0" uses the first frame from happy.gif; gifsicle happy.gif "#0-2" uses its first three frames; and gifsicle happy.gif "#-1-0" uses its frames in reverse order (starting from frame #-1—the last frame—and ending at frame #0—the first). The action performed with the selected frames depends on the current mode. In merge mode, only the selected frames are merged into the output GIF. In batch mode, only the selected frames are modified; other frames remain unchanged. In explode mode, only the selected frames are exploded into output GIFs. Frame Change Options Frame change options insert new frames into an animation or replace or delete frames that already exist. Some things—for example, changing one frame in an animation—are difficult to express with frame selections, but easy with frame changes. --delete frames [frames...] Delete frames from the input GIF. --insert-before frame other-GIFs Insert other-GIFs before frame in the input GIF. --append other-GIFs Append other-GIFs to the input GIF. --replace frames other-GIFs Replace frames from the input GIF with other-GIFs. --done Complete the current set of frame changes. The frames arguments are frame selections (see above). These arguments always refer to frames from the original input GIF. So, if ‘a.gif’ has 3 frames and ‘b.gif’ has one, this command gifsicle a.gif --delete "#0" --replace "#2" b.gif will produce an output animation with 2 frames: ‘a.gif’ frame 1, then ‘b.gif’. The other-GIFs arguments are any number of GIF input files and frame selections. These images are combined in merge mode and added to the input GIF. The other-GIFs last until the next frame change option, so this command replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with the merge of ‘a.gif’ and ‘b.gif’: gifsicle -b in.gif --replace "#0" a.gif b.gif This command, however, replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with ‘a.gif’ and then processes ‘b.gif’ separately: gifsicle -b in.gif --replace "#0" a.gif --done b.gif Warning: You shouldn’t use both frame selections and frame changes on the same input GIF. Image Options Image options modify input images—by changing their interlacing, transparency, and cropping, for example. Image options have three forms: ‘--X’, ‘--no-X’, and ‘--same-X’. The ‘--X’ form selects a value for the feature, the ‘--no-X’ form turns off the feature, and the ‘--same-X’ form means that the feature’s value is copied from each input. The default is always ‘--same-X’. For example, -background="#0000FF" sets the background color to blue, --no-background turns the background color off (by setting it to 0), and --same-background uses input images’ existing background colors. You can give each option multiple times; for example, gifsicle -b -O2 -i a.gif --same-interlace b.gif c.gif will make ‘a.gif’ interlaced, but leave ‘b.gif’ and ‘c.gif’ interlaced only if they were already.



-B color --background color Set the output GIF’s background to color. The argument can have the same forms as in the --transparent option below.



--crop x1,y1-x2,y2 --crop x1,y1+widthxheight Crop the following input frames to a smaller rectangular area. The top-left corner of this rectangle is (x1,y1); you can give either the lower-right corner, (x2,y2), or the width and height of the rectangle. In the x1,y1+widthxheight form, width and height can be zero or negative. A zero dimension means the cropping area goes to the edge of the image; a negative dimension brings the cropping area that many pixels back from the image edge. For example, --crop 2,2+-2x-2 will shave 2 pixels off each side of the input image. Cropping takes place before any rotation, flipping, resizing, or positioning.



--crop-transparency Crop any transparent borders off the following input frames. This happens after any cropping due to the --crop option. It works on the raw input images; for example, any transparency options have not yet been applied.



--flip-horizontal --flip-vertical Flip the following frames horizontally or vertically.



-i --interlace Turn interlacing on.



-S widthxheight --logical-screen widthxheight Set the output logical screen to widthxheight. --no-logical-screen sets the output logical screen to the size of the largest output frame, while --same-logical-screen sets the output logical screen to the largest input logical screen. --screen is a synonym for --logical-screen.



-p x,y --position x,y Set the following frames’ positions to (x,y). --no-position means --position 0,0. Normally, --position x,y places every succeeding frame exactly at x,y. However, if an entire animation is input, x,y is treated as the position for the animation.



--rotate-90 --rotate-180 --rotate-270 Rotate the following frames by 90, 180, or 270 degrees. --no-rotate turns off any rotation.



-t color --transparent color Make color transparent in the following frames. Color can be a colormap index (0-255), a hexadecimal color specification (like "#FF00FF" for magenta), or slash- or comma-separated red, green and blue values (each between 0 and 255). Extension Options Extension options add non-visual information to the output GIF. This includes names, comments, and generic extensions.



--app-extension app-name extension Add an application extension named app-name and with the value extension to the output GIF. --no-app-extensions removes application extensions from the input images.



-c text --comment text Add a comment, text, to the output GIF. The comment will be placed before the next frame in the stream. --no-comments removes comments from the input images.



--extension number extension Add an extension numbered number and with the value extension to the output GIF. Number can be in decimal, octal, hex, or it can be a single character like ‘n’, whose ASCII value is used. --no-extensions (or +x) removes extensions from the input images.



-n text --name text Set the next frame’s name to text. This name is stored as an extension in the output GIF (extension number 0xCE, followed by the characters of the frame name). --no-names removes name extensions from the input images. Animation Options Animation options apply to GIF animations, or to individual frames in GIF animations. As with image options, most animation options have three forms, ‘--X’, ‘--no-X’, and ‘--same-X’, and you can give animation options multiple times; for example, gifsicle -b a.gif -d50 "#0" "#1" -d100 "#2" "#3" sets the delays of frames 0 and 1 to 50, and frames 2 and 3 to 100.



-d time --delay time Set the delay between frames to time in hundredths of a second.



-D method --disposal method Set the disposal method for the following frames to method. A frame’s disposal method determines how a viewer should remove the frame when it’s time to display the next. Method can be a number between 0 and 7 (although only 0 through 3 are generally meaningful), or one of these names: none (leave the frame visible for future frames to build upon), asis (same as "none"), background (or bg) (replace the frame with the background), or previous (replace the frame with the area from the previous displayed frame). --no-disposal means --disposal=none.



-l[count] --loopcount[=count] Set the Netscape loop extension to count. Count is an integer, or forever to loop endlessly. If you supply a --loopcount option without specifying count, Gifsicle will use forever. --no-loopcount (the default) turns off looping.



Set the loop count to one less than the number of times you want the animation to run. An animation with --no-loopcount will show every frame once; --loopcount=1 will loop once, thus showing every frame twice; and so forth. Note that --loopcount=0 is equivalent to --loopcount=forever, not --no-loopcount.



-O[level] --optimize[=level] Optimize output GIF animations for space. Level determines how much optimization is done; higher levels take longer, but may have better results. There are currently three levels:



-O1 Stores only the changed portion of each image. This is the default. -O2 Also uses transparency to shrink the file further. -O3 Try several optimization methods (usually slower, sometimes better results).



Other optimization flags provide finer-grained control.



-Okeep-empty Preserve empty transparent frames (they are dropped by default).



You may also be interested in other options for shrinking GIFs, such as -k, --lossy, and --no-extensions.



-U --unoptimize Unoptimize GIF animations into an easy-to-edit form.



GIF animations are often optimized (see --optimize) to make them smaller and faster to load, which unfortunately makes them difficult to edit. --unoptimize changes optimized input GIFs into unoptimized GIFs, where each frame is a faithful representation of what a user would see at that point in the animation. Image Transformation Options Image transformation options apply to entire GIFs as they are read or written. They can be turned off with ‘--no-option’.



--resize widthxheight Resize the output GIF to the given width and height. If width or height is an underscore ‘_’, that dimension is chosen so that the aspect ratio remains unchanged. Resizing happens after all input frames have been combined and before optimization. Resizing uses logical screen dimensions; if the input stream has an unusual logical screen (many GIF displayers ignore logical screens), you may want to provide --no-logical-screen (or +S) to reset it so gifsicle uses image dimensions instead. See also --resize-method.



--resize-width width --resize-height height Resize to a given width or height, preserving aspect ratio. Equivalent to --resize widthx_ or --resize _xheight.



--resize-fit widthxheight --resize-touch widthxheight Resize the output GIF to fit within a rectangle with dimensions widthxheight. The aspect ratio remains unchanged. The --resize-fit option only shrinks the image—no resize is performed if the GIF already fits within the rectangle. Either width or height may be an underscore ‘_’, which leaves that dimension unconstrained.



--resize-fit-width width --resize-fit-height height --resize-touch-width width --resize-touch-height height Like --resize-fit and --resize-touch, but constrains only one dimension.



--scale Xfactor[xYfactor] Scale the output GIF’s width and height by Xfactor and Yfactor. If Yfactor is not given, it defaults to Xfactor. Scaling happens after all input frames have been combined and before optimization.



--resize-method method Set the method used to resize images. The ‘sample’ method runs very quickly, but when shrinking images, it produces noisy results. The ‘mix’ method is somewhat slower, but produces better-looking results. The default method is currently ‘mix’.



Details: The resize methods differ most when shrinking images. The ‘sample’ method is a point sampler: each pixel position in the output image maps to exactly one pixel position in the input. When shrinking, full rows and columns from the input are dropped. The other methods use all input pixels, which generally produces better-looking images. The ‘box’ method, a box sampler, is faster than the more complex filters and produces somewhat sharper results, but there will be anomalies when shrinking images by a small amount in one dimension. (Some output pixels will correspond to exactly 1 input row or column, while others will correspond to exactly 2 input rows or columns.) The ‘mix’ method is a full bilinear interpolator. This is slower and produces somewhat blurrier results, but avoids anomalies.



Gifsicle also supports more complex resamplers, including Catmull-Rom cubic resampling (‘catrom’), the Mitchell-Netravali filter (‘mitchell’), a 2-lobed Lanczos filter (‘lanczos2’), and a 3-lobed Lanczos filter (‘lanczos3’). These filters are slower still, but can give sharper, better results.



--resize-colors n Allow Gifsicle to add intermediate colors when resizing images. Normally, Gifsicle’s resize algorithms use input images’ color palettes without changes. When shrinking images with very few colors (e.g., pure black-and-white images), adding intermediate colors can improve the results. Example: --resize-colors 64 allows Gifsicle to add intermediate colors for images that have fewer than 64 input colors. Color Options Color options apply to entire GIFs as they are read or written. They can be turned off with ‘--no-option’.



-k num --colors num Reduce the number of distinct colors in each output GIF to num or less. Num must be between 2 and 256. This can be used to shrink output GIFs or eliminate any local color tables.



Normally, an adaptive group of colors is chosen from the existing color table. You can affect this process with the --color-method option or by giving your own colormap with --use-colormap. Gifsicle may need to add an additional color (making num+1 in all) if there is transparency in the image.



--color-method method Determine how a smaller colormap is chosen. ‘diversity’, the default, is xv(1)’s diversity algorithm, which uses a strict subset of the existing colors and generally produces good results. ‘blend-diversity’ is a modification of this: some color values are blended from groups of existing colors. ‘median-cut’ is the median cut algorithm described by Heckbert. --method is a synonym for --color-method.



-f --dither[=method] When --dither is on and the colormap is changed, combinations of colors are used to approximate missing colors. This looks better, but makes bigger files and can cause animation artifacts, so it is off by default.



Specify a dithering algorithm with the optional method argument. The default, ‘floyd-steinberg’, uses Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion. This usually looks best, but can cause animation artifacts, because dithering choices will vary from frame to frame. Gifsicle also supports ordered dithering algorithms that avoid animation artifacts. The ‘ro64’ mode uses a large, random-looking pattern and generally produces good results. The ‘o3’, ‘o4’, and ‘o8’ modes use smaller, more regular patterns. The ‘ordered’ mode chooses a good ordered dithering algorithm. For special effects, try the halftone modes ‘halftone’, ‘squarehalftone’, and ‘diagonal’. Some modes take optional parameters using commas. The halftone modes take a cell size and a color limit: ‘halftone,10,3’ creates 10-pixel wide halftone cells where each cell uses up to 3 colors.



--gamma gamma Set the gamma correction to gamma, which can be a real number or ‘srgb’. Roughly speaking, higher numbers exaggerate shadows and lower numbers exaggerate highlights. The default is the function defined by the standard sRGB color space, which usually works well. (Its effects are similar to --gamma=2.2.) Gifsicle uses gamma correction when choosing a color palette (--colors) and when dithering (--dither).



--lossy[=lossiness] Alter image colors to shrink output file size at the cost of artifacts and noise. Lossiness determines how many artifacts are allowed; higher values can result in smaller file sizes, but cause more artifacts. The default lossiness is 20.



--change-color color1 color2 Change color1 to color2 in the following input GIFs. (The color arguments have the same forms as in the -t option.) Change multiple colors by giving the option multiple times. Color changes don’t interfere with one another, so you can safely swap two colors with ‘--change-color color1 color2 --change-color color2 color1’. They all take effect as an input GIF is read. --no-change-color cancels all color changes.



--transform-colormap command Command should be a shell command that reads from standard input and writes to standard output. Each colormap in the output GIF is translated into text colormap format (see --use-colormap below) and piped to the command. The output that command generates (which should also be in text colormap format) will replace the input colormap. The replacement doesn’t consider color matching, so pixels that used color slot n in the input will still use color slot n in the output.



--use-colormap colormap Change the image to use colormap. Each pixel in the image is changed to the closest match in colormap (or, if --dither is on, to a dithered combination of colors in colormap). Colormap can be web for the 216-color “Web-safe palette”; gray for grayscale; bw for black-and-white; or the name of a file. That file should either be a text file (the format is described below) or a GIF file, whose global colormap will be used. If --colors=N is also given, an N-sized subset of colormap will be used.



Text colormap files use this format:



; each non-comment line represents one color, "red green blue" ; each component should be between 0 and 255 0 0 0 ; like this 255 255 255 ; or use web hex notation #ffffff ; like this

EXAMPLES First, let’s create an animation, ‘anim.gif’:



gifsicle a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif This animation will move very quickly: since we didn’t specify a delay, a browser will cycle through the frames as fast as it can. Let’s slow it down and pause .5 seconds between frames, using the --delay option.



gifsicle --delay 50 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif If we also want the GIF to loop three times, we can use --loopcount:



gifsicle -d 50 --loop=3 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif (Rather than type --delay again, we used its short form, -d. Many options have short forms; you can see them by running ‘gifsicle --help’. We also abbreviated --loopcount to --loop, which is OK since no other option starts with ‘loop’.) To explode ‘anim.gif’ into its component frames:



gifsicle --explode anim.gif

ls anim.gif*

anim.gif anim.gif.000 anim.gif.001 anim.gif.002 anim.gif.003 To optimize ‘anim.gif’:



gifsicle -b -O2 anim.gif To change the second frame of ‘anim.gif’ to ‘x.gif’:



gifsicle -b --unoptimize -O2 anim.gif --replace "#1" x.gif --unoptimize is used since ‘anim.gif’ was optimized in the last step. Editing individual frames in optimized GIFs is dangerous without --unoptimize; frames following the changed frame could be corrupted by the change. Of course, this might be what you want. Note that --unoptimize and --optimize can be on simultaneously. --unoptimize affects input GIF files, while --optimize affects output GIF files. To print information about the first and fourth frames of ‘anim.gif’:



gifsicle -I "#0" "#3" < anim.gif To make black the transparent color in all the GIFs in the current directory, and also print information about each:



gifsicle -bII --trans "#000000" *.gif Giving -I twice forces normal output to occur. With only one -I, the GIFs would not be modified. To change ‘anim.gif’ to use a 64-color subset of the Web-safe palette:



gifsicle -b --colors=64 --use-col=web anim.gif To make a dithered black-and-white version of ‘anim.gif’:



gifsicle --dither --use-col=bw anim.gif > anim-bw.gif To overlay one GIF atop another—producing a one-frame output GIF that looks like the superposition of the two inputs—use gifsicle twice:



gifsicle bottom.gif top.gif | gifsicle -U "#1" > result.gif BUGS Some optimized output GIFs may appear incorrectly on some GIF implementations (for example, Java’s); see the --careful option. Please email suggestions, additions, patches and bugs to ekohler@gmail.com. SEE ALSO For a tutorial on GIF images and animations, you might try some of the resources listed on-line at webreference.com:

http://www.webreference.com/authoring/graphics/animation.html AUTHORS Eddie Kohler <ekohler@gmail.com>

http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/

He wrote it. Anne Dudfield <annied@frii.com>

http://www.frii.com/~annied/

She named it. Hans Dinsen-Hansen <dino@danbbs.dk>

http://www.danbbs.dk/~dino/

Adaptive tree method for GIF writing. Kornel Lesiński

--lossy option. http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle/

The gifsicle home page.