T.A.S.D. acknowledges support of a National University of Ireland (NUI) Travelling Studentship. The work received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (HYPERION, grant agreement no. 756962). A.J.W., S.K., V.P., C.E.P., E L.W., J.M., M.K.L.M. and K.M.D. acknowledge that this work was supported by the Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. The authors acknowledge the support for this work from the Imaging Section and Engineering Support Section of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K05637. S.M. acknowledges funding from the Summer Fellowship Programme of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and from a UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) studentship. S.D.S. acknowledges the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). We thank Diamond Light Source and beamline scientists J. Parker, P. Quinn, M. Danaie and T. Slater for access and support in use of beamline I14 (proposal nos. sp19023-1 and sp19023-2) and the electron Physical Science Imaging Centre (ePSIC instrument E02 and proposal nos. EM19793-1, EM19793-2) that contributed to the results presented here. F.U.K. thanks the Jardine Foundation and Cambridge Trust for a doctoral scholarship. P.A.M. thanks the EPSRC for financial support under grant no. EP/R008779/1. E.M.T. acknowledges funding from the EPSRC under grant reference EP/R023980/1 and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 841265. S.D.S. and E.M.T. acknowledge funding from the EPSRC grant "Centre for Advanced Materials for Integrated Energy Systems (CAM-IES)" EP/P007767/1 and Cambridge Royce facilities grant EP/P024947/1. M.A. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions grant agreement no. 841386. Y.-H.C. acknowledges support of a Cambridge Trust-Taiwan scholarship. M.A.-J. thanks Cambridge Materials Limited, Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, and EPSRC (grant no. EP/M005143/1) for their funding and technical support. Z.A.-G. acknowledges funding from a Winton Studentship and an ICON Studentship from the Lloyd’s Register Foundation. This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (no. 2018R1C1B6008728).