Whenever the red-back spider is mentioned, people tend to sympathise with the hapless male — best known for its tendency to end up as a post-coital snack.

Key points: Males bite through immature females' carapaces to deposit sperm

Males bite through immature females' carapaces to deposit sperm Does not appear to affect the juvenile females' development or fertility

Does not appear to affect the juvenile females' development or fertility Mating with mature females usually ends in death for hapless males

Well, pity them no more.

Males of the widow spider group — including red-backs — have developed a rather gruesome method of saving their own skins, scientists revealed on Wednesday.

To avoid becoming the lunch of adult females, some males have taken to inseminating juveniles which have no external genitalia, by biting through their exoskeletons to deposit sperm.

The females retain the sperm and produce offspring later, when they have matured.

Unlike mating with adults, this option "rarely ends in cannibalism" of the males, the research team wrote in the Royal Society Journal Biology Letters.

"This means that many males actually have the chance to mate more than once," boosting their chances of reproductive success, said study co-author Maydianne Andrade of the University of Toronto Scarborough.

Dr Andrade and a team were conducting unrelated research on two species in the Latrodectus — widow spider — genus, when they observed the behaviour.

In both the Australian red-back spider (L. hasselti), and the brown widow (L. geometricus), there is high competition among males for mating rights with females, which are several times larger than them.

Many males get to copulate only once in their life before being eaten — sometimes even during the encounter.

Females may mate more than once, reducing their original male partners' chances of fatherhood.

Care, precision and timing required

The researchers noticed that in the laboratory, and in nature, males mounted immature females whose genital organs and openings were still covered by a shell-like exoskeleton, which is shed before the creature reaches adulthood.

It appeared the males used their fangs to cut through the shell, then deposited their seed in the females' sperm receptacles, called spermathecae.

"They manage to do this quite carefully, opening only this part of the shell, and as far as we can tell, without causing any injury to the female," said Dr Andrade.

And they had to do it at just the right time — as soon as the genitalia and sperm storage organs are fully developed but not yet exposed — just a few days before the final moulting.

The males put much less effort into courting juveniles than adult females — something that is usually done by drumming messages on the female's web — said the researchers.

The altered mating behaviour did not seem to affect the juvenile females' development or fertility.

The team said theirs was the first study to report successful insemination of immature female animals.

They discovered that as many as a third of widow spider females were being mated as juveniles.

"So even in this extreme system where females usually 'hold all the cards', males have evolved a way to shift the balance to favour their own reproductive success," said Andrade.

AFP