A wave of retirements by baby boomers has begun to put pressure on the deficit by helping to drive up annual spending on Social Security and Medicare. But Mr. Trump has increased that pressure by signing both a $1.5 trillion tax-cut package in late 2017, which reduced federal tax revenue, and a series of bipartisan congressional agreements to increase spending on the military and on nondefense domestic programs like education.

Total federal receipts rose by 5 percent in 2019, after falling slightly in 2018 after the tax cuts. It was the fastest rate of growth for tax receipts since 2015, but still well below several years of receipts growth recorded under Mr. Obama.

Spending grew by 7.5 percent in 2019, the fastest rate since 2009.

Mr. Trump promised to balance the budget and constrain federal spending as a candidate in the 2016 presidential election, and at one point he said he could pay off the entire federal debt in eight years. He and other Republicans have long criticized Democrats, particularly Mr. Obama, for spending too much and running up the deficit.

In pushing for the tax cuts, Mr. Trump and his allies promised they would generate enough growth to “pay for themselves” through economic growth that generated additional tax revenues.

The Treasury Department data released on Monday shows how far Mr. Trump has fallen short of each of those promises. Tax revenues remain hundreds of billions of dollars below where the Congressional Budget Office predicted they would be before the tax-cut package was signed, while spending is accelerating at roughly the same pace as those 2017 projections.