Last year, Bahrain appeared to retaliate by expelling the senior United States official on human rights after he met with the nation’s main opposition group, which represents the Shiite Muslim majority.

Ms. Khawaja is free on bail, as she appeals three other convictions for acts of civil disobedience. She faces an additional two years in prison for destroying public property, by ripping up the king’s picture at a police station in 2012; insulting a public officer by arguing with a prison guard in 2013; and entering a restricted area last year when she tried to force her way into a prison to visit her father, Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, an opposition leader sentenced to life in prison for his role in pro-democracy demonstrations in 2011.

Ms. Khawaja has already spent more than a year in prison since the wave of protests reached Bahrain in 2011 and was suppressed with deadly force. If she is jailed again, Ms. Khawaja intends to keep her 11-month-old son, Abdulhadi, with her, according to her sister.