Astronomers in Europe, working with members of Canada’s CHIME Fast Radio Burst collaboration, have pinpointed the location of a repeating fast radio burst (FRB) first detected by the CHIME telescope in British Columbia in 2018. The breakthrough is only the second time that scientists have determined the precise location of a repeating source of these millisecond bursts of radio waves from space.

In results published in the January 9 edition of Nature, the European VLBI Network (EVN) used eight telescopes spanning locations from the United Kingdom to China to simultaneously observe the repeating radio source known as FRB 180916.J0158+65. Using a technique known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), the researchers achieved a level of resolution high enough to localize the FRB to a region approximately seven light years across – a feat comparable to an individual on Earth being able to distinguish a person on the Moon.

A ‘very different’ location for an FRB

With that level of precision, the research team was able to train an optical telescope onto the location to learn more about the environment from which the burst emanated. What they found has added a new chapter to the mystery surrounding the origins of FRBs.

“We used the eight-metre Gemini North telescope in Hawaii to take sensitive images that showed the faint spiral arms of a Milky-Way-like galaxy and showed that the FRB source was in a star-forming region in one of those arms,” said co-author Shriharsh Tendulkar, a former McGill University postdoctoral researcher who co-led the optical imaging and spectroscopic analyses of the FRB’s location.

“This is a very different environment for a repeating FRB, compared to the dwarf galaxy in which the first repeating FRB 121102 was discovered to reside.”

CHIME team’s hypotheses in line with observed data

The discovery lined up with a number of ideas CHIME/FRB researchers had put forward following their initial detection of the burst in 2018.

“The FRB is among the closest yet seen and we even speculated that it could be a more conventional object in the outskirts of our own galaxy,” said co-author Mohit Bhardwaj, a McGill University doctoral student and CHIME team member.

“However the EVN observation proved that it’s in a relatively nearby galaxy, making it still a puzzling FRB, but close enough to now study using many other telescopes.”

Zooming in on the radio sky

Since it began operation in the summer of 2018, CHIME has detected dozens of fast radio bursts, greatly accelerating the rate of discovery of these transient astrophysical phenomena. With over 1,000 antennas, CHIME’s large field of view gives it a much greater chance of picking up fleeting bursts than conventional radio telescopes that are able to observe only a small area of the sky at a time.

When it came to pinpointing FRB 180916, the CHIME/FRB team worked closely with their EVN colleagues to determine exactly where to point the VLBI telescopes.

“By recording and processing the raw signal from each of the antenna elements that make up CHIME, we were able to refine the source position to a level close enough for EVN to successfully observe and localize multiple bursts from this FRB source,” said co-author Daniele Michilli, a McGill University postdoctoral researcher and CHIME/FRB team member.

FRB’s proximity opens the way for further study

At half-a-billion light years from Earth, the source of FRB 180916 is around seven times closer than the only other repeating burst to have been localized, and more than 10 times closer than any of the few non-repeating FRBs scientists have managed to pinpoint. That’s exciting for astronomers because it will enable more detailed study that may help narrow down the possible explanations for FRBs.

“We have a new chance to perhaps detect emissions at other wavelengths – x-ray or visible light, for instance,” said McGill University astrophysicist Victoria Kaspi, a leading member of the CHIME/FRB collaboration. “And if we did, that would be hugely constraining of the models.”

About the CHIME Fast Radio Burst Collaboration

CHIME/FRB is a collaboration of over 50 scientists led by the University of British Columbia, McGill University, the University of Toronto, the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). The $16-million investment for CHIME was provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the governments of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, with additional funding from the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. The telescope is located in the mountains of British Columbia’s Okanagan Valley at the NRC’s Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory near Penticton. CHIME is an official Square Kilometre Array (SKA) pathfinder facility.

To read the paper

Marcote, B., Nimmo, K., Hessels, J.W.T., et al. 2020. A repeating fast radio burst source localised to a nearby spiral galaxy. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1866-z

Video on fast radio bursts, when the telescope was inaugurated in 2017.

Image 1:

Image of SDSS J015800.28+654253.0, the host galaxy of Fast Radio Burst (FRB) 180916.J0158+65 (a.k.a. "R3") - acquired with the 8-metre Gemini-North telescope. Images acquired in SDSS g', r', and z' filters are used for the blue, green, and red colours, respectively. The position of the FRB in the spiral arm of the galaxy is marked by white cross hairs. Image credit: Gemini Observatory

Image 2:

Caption: Artist's conception of the localisation of Fast Radio Burst (FRB) 180916.J0158+65 (a.k.a. "R3") to its host galaxy, SDSS J015800.28+654253.0. The host galaxy image is based on real observations using the Gemini-North telescope atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The 8 radio dishes that are pictured are part of the European Very-long-baseline-interferometry Network (EVN). This global network of radio telescopes was used to pin-point the location of the FRB to a star-forming region in the host galaxy. The pictured telescope dome is that of the Gemini-North optical telescope, which observed the host galaxy in order to determine its redshift, which is a proxy for distance. Image credit: Danielle Futselaar (artsource.nl)

Image 3:

Caption: An image of the Earth showing the locations of the 8 radio telescopes of the European Very-long-baseline-interferometry Network (EVN) that participated in the localisation of Fast Radio Burst (FRB) 180916.J0158+65 (a.k.a. "R3") to its host galaxy, SDSS J015800.28+654253.0. The EVN is a network of over two dozen radio telescopes worldwide, whose signals can be sent to the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) in Dwingeloo, The Netherlands (also pictured). These signals can be combined in real-time and used to make extremely high resolution images of the radio sky. Image credit: Paul Boven / satellite image: Blue Marble Next Generation, courtesy of NASA Visible Earth (visibleearth.nasa.gov)

Contact

Fergus Grieve

Faculty of Science, McGill University

+1 514 398 4400 x 09513

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