I feel like I should probably give you a brief explanation of why I consider myself qualified to write about localization. I first encountered commercial video game localization and adaptation in 2006. Since then, as a developer, I’ve had to integrate translations into PC, browser, and mobile games.

I’ve developed localization tools as a member of a publishing team (and as someone hell-bent on finding an alternative to Trados, which is crazy expensive). Two years ago I took a wrong turn and went down the rabbit hole of community-driven translation. Localizing large projects doesn’t instill horror in me, but it does make me shiver and grind my teeth.

What is localization?

The localization process is about a lot more than just translating a game’s text. It also involves quality assurance, testing the integration of the translated text into the game, and adapting the text to the requirements of specific regions. Here’s a rundown of the most important aspects of the localization process.

Translation: the translation of the game’s text and assets from one language into another. It can be performed by one or more people.

Editing: correcting stylistic and semantic errors, checking translation consistency, and making sure the terminology is correct and consistent.

Proofreading: correcting spelling errors and other typos. This step often involves working with the text alone rather than within the game.

Integration: integrating translated materials into the game, changing and adjusting the UI/UX to make sure everything displays correctly, and tweaking the code a little to add the translated materials to the game.

Regional adaptation: in China, for example, you can’t show blood, skulls, or any religious symbolism in games. Korea frowns on playing around with religious themes. In Australia you need to remove all alcohol and drugs from your game.

Linguistic quality assurance (LQA): testing the quality of the translation and its integration into the game.

And don’t forget about marketing materials. This is just one more aspect of localization that will have to be performed for every market the game will be released in.

Processes

Before we whip out our calculators, let’s take a couple of paragraphs to deal with the localization process itself and the aspects of it that you need to pay attention to regardless of whether you’re a developer or a project manager.

I had to write and do all the calculations sober this time, so the article came out super-serious.

If we’re talking about a game with 10,000 words, localization isn’t going to be all that big a deal, but if you’ve got a big game with 100,000–300,000 words, failing to understand processes and tools properly will result in a huge headache. Translators often don’t know how the text they’re translating is going to look once it’s in the game.

If the translator can’t understand the logical connection between certain parts of the lockit (localization kit) such as, say, an item’s name and its description or the name of a quest and its explanation, this can lead to a plethora of errors. The result is a huge expenditure of time and resources (time spent finding, reporting, fixing, and verifying mistakes).

Engine readiness. You need to be able to display UTF-8/16 characters, use sprite sheets for fonts, and have the tools to create character kits for sprite sheets (especially for languages that use logograms — you’ll need at least an 8K texture for every 12 point character just to cram all those Chinese guys in there).

Once you’ve used Google Sheets to export text and import it back into the engine it can be very hard to force yourself to switch to other formats. Some localization platforms can update the text in real time. This is very convenient, especially if you’re working on a mobile project. It’s a very important and useful feature.

Fonts. Licensing aside, you have to ask yourself whether the fonts you’ve chosen can display all the characters you need, including Latin and Cyrillic letters, umlauts for Romance and Germanic languages, etc. You’ll probably have to start using separate groups of fonts for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese.

Decide how you’re going to deliver the translation to the user. Will you include all available languages in the game or use separate language packs as DLC for every specific language?

Start by breaking any groups of visual elements into subgroups. This includes headings and subheadings, basic and additional blocks of text, navigation elements, and so on. At the very least you’ll need to be able to flexibly configure font sizes, adjust line and character intervals, and change the baseline font.

Make sure you have the necessary tools or understand how non-textual assets (images, sounds, models) will be localized. You want your tools, engine, or library to be able to do this without any additional effort on your part.

You’ll also need to decide if you’re ready and willing to deal with recording dialogue and phrases in other languages. The price will be sky-high, at least when compared to the cost of translation alone, and there will be a heap of new technical problems. However, it will also immediately bring the quality of your localization to the next level.

How are we gonna do this?

Keep in mind that the translation you’re doing isn’t static. Your game will evolve. You’ll release DLC, change things, add things, etc. Some parts will end up being translated again. Think about how you’re going to do all of this at the very beginning of the development process. There are at least three approaches, each with its own pros and cons. The diagrams below show examples of each of them.

Successive. As long as the number of words in your lockit doesn’t exceed 10,000 you can safely ignore any difficulties and localize the game one language at a time. The downside to this approach is that it takes longer. The more languages there are, the more time you’ll spend translating. The upside is its simplicity.

Parallel. This approach is typical for larger projects that require a large number of languages to be ready by a specific date. It involves translating the game’s text from one primary language into many others. Once the primary language is finalized, you start translating the text into all the other languages at the same time. This is followed by general integration and LQA. The downside of this approach is that LQA and making changes are very expensive. The upside is speed, which is achieved at the cost of increasing the complexity of your workflow, especially if you have multiple contractors.

Cascade. This is a hybrid of the first two methods. As soon as the individual parts of the text (chapters or UI categories, for example) are ready and stabilized, you send them out for translation one by one. Individual blocks of text can be translated and integrated more quickly than the entire game in toto. This approach is ideal if you use several primary languages or if you’re translating consecutively between language pairs — for example, from Russian into English, then from English into Spanish and Italian, and then from Spanish into Portuguese. The upside is speed and only slightly higher cost. The downside is that it makes project management more complicated.

Tools

The right translation management tool (Computer-Assisted Translation or CAT) will save you a bunch of stress, time, and money. In addition to helping you work efficiently and correctly, it will also allow you to understand the performance of the individuals or team working on the project and correctly estimate its timeframe.

Translation memory (TM). This is a key technology for modern translation projects. The purpose of TM software isn’t so much to save time as it is to reduce cost and improve quality. Neither you nor your translators should waste time translating identical bits of text over and over again. The same source text in the same context should always be translated the same way. The need to change translation keys (but not the text) shouldn’t be a problem. We’ll talk about fuzzy matches a little later — this is something you just can’t do with without a TM. My latest localization experience shows a 5.1% savings thanks to our use of a TM. Localization managers I know personally have told me that TM software could save you up to 25% — 30% on large MMOs.

Repetitions. The number of repetitions can easily reach 30% — 40% in a large game. With proper text processing prior to translation this can be increased to 50% — 60% of the entire text. Case in point: we’re currently translating an MMO into English, and the original word count was about 300,000 words. Proper memoQ settings reduced the word count to about 245,000 words after factoring out repetitions. That’s a savings of about 20%, or $6,500.

Proofreading tools. These tools can help you perform simple filtering, tagging, and analysis of text and keys that have already been validated. Knowing which keys are validated is critically important if several people are working on the translation.

Change management (fuzzy). These tools mark and filter text and keys that have been changed in the source language and let you make changes to the target language. Imagine that a line has been changed just a little or that a word has been added to a sentence. You don’t want to pay to have the entire sentence re-translated, do you? Moreover, small stylistic changes in the source language often don’t require retranslation in other languages.

Glossary. Glossaries help you keep key terms, proper names, toponyms, etc. consistent throughout the translation. They make sure that a uniform format and unified principles are applied whenever terms are used. They also give you a uniform approach to translation and allow you to set rules for working with invented words (and any game with a rich storyline probably has a lot of them). Having a glossary can also make it easy to change key terms — even in inflected languages (like Russian). This is a crucial requirement if several translators are involved in the project at the same time. If you’re too lazy to make a glossary, you’ll end up with a number of different translations for the same terms, which means that you’ll have to spend a bunch of time and money hunting down and correcting all the inconsistencies.

Life hack: usually when you hire a translation agency you send them the text and they send you a quote. Cool. All self-respecting agencies use CAT tools (no one translates in Word or Excel), and their profit margin can be up to 40% — 50% precisely due to repetitions and fuzzy matches (if there’s already a TM). When you go to an agency, tell them you’ll only pay based on CAT statistics (it’s a good idea to have a CAT tool yourself so can double-check all the stats). Ask them to send you quotes for fuzzy matches and repetitions. The manager will usually agree (reluctantly) and send you a very different estimate.

Filtering chapters, files, and parts. This kind of tool makes parallel or cascade translation easier and lets you see that certain parts of the text are stable and ready or have passed LQA.

Lockit formats. These tools are used to export and import a lockit in your format or simply adapt an imported or exported lockit. Or you can have an API for automatically exporting and importing data.

Versioning. This includes built-in versioning and/or the ability to take snapshots. This is crucial when you’re working with a large volume of changing text.

Rose-tinted glasses

I can’t urge you strongly enough to awaken your inner pessimist, rationalist, and statistician before deciding which languages you want to translate your game into. Translating your game into several languages can cost you a lot of time and money.

There are a few key language regions: EFIGS (English, French, Italian, German, Spanish), CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), and LATAM (Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese). And don’t forget about Turkish and Persian.

Do you really need to translate your game into languages other than English? This is a difficult question if you turn off your emotions and just look at the raw numbers. Most Western Europeans, especially gamers, know English pretty well (English Proficiency Index):

Now compare this list to the top 15 countries in terms of game revenue from the Newzoo June 2018 report.

If we combine these figures with the cost of translation, we can easily conclude that the minimum set of languages includes English, Chinese, German, French, and Russian.

Prices

In the game localization field, the issue of pricing is extremely simple — everyone is open to negotiation, testing, and haggling. It all depends on how stubborn you are and whether or not you have the time to look for the best possible solution.

You can’t develop and release games without translators. However, I hate to say it, but only composers are more persistent than translators. Mention somewhere that you need a game localized, and you can kiss your inbox goodbye.

Agencies. Keep in mind that no single company has experience in every language. A typical agency is a combination of a CAT license, translators they found on ProZ or industry forums, proofreaders, editors, an agreeable manager, and a 20% — 40% profit margin. It’s often difficult to get an efficient team together. At the end of the day, I don’t think it’s ever possible to get by without hiring a translation agency to work on every aspect of the text.

As a rule, translation rates are set per translated word. Without taking the language pair into consideration, the average rate can be anywhere from 0.07 to 0.15 USD or euros per word.

Translators. There are quite a lot of good solo translators out there who work by themselves, without an editor, and specialize in game localization. Almost all language pairs are available.

Talk to your colleagues in the industry. Ask them for translators’ contact info. Hiring a translator directly is half the price of going through an agency, and you’ll be sure to get someone who understands the unique nature of video game localization.

Crowdsourcing. If you’re up for it, you can assemble a team of players to translate your game. Just take off your rose-tinted shades first and ask yourself how you’re going to deal with editing, proofreading, and LQA.

With the help of our community we managed to translate our last game into Italian and Portuguese (slightly more than 570,000 words overall) and failed to translate it into Korean and Spanish.

If you can gather a decent community around you there will always be people willing to help you with these kinds of things.

This works even when the translation is difficult and takes months to complete. However, you need to take a good, hard look at what you’re getting yourself into and remember that you and you alone are going to be responsible for every aspect of localization and LQA.

To sum up, the services provided by an agency usually include translation and editing, and you can easily order proofreading and LQA elsewhere. Solo translators will translate your game for you. They can also help you with proofreading, and sometimes with editing. But they’ll almost never help you with LQA. Crowdsourcing will provide you with translation, rarely with proofreading, and very rarely with decent editing. LQA will be entirely up to you.

Languages

English: the ideal primary language for almost any language pair and the main language you need to consider. Aside from the US, the UK, the English-speaking part of Canada, and Australia, it covers not only most of Western Europe, but also individual countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. The cost of translation into European languages runs from $0.085 to $0.12 per word for agencies and from $0.04 to $0.075 for solo translators. Editing costs $0.02 — $0.06 per word. It’s fairly simple to get help from the community when translating from English into other languages, especially European languages.

A life hack that many agencies use is to hire a non-native speaker as a translator and a native speaker as an editor. This approach can save you (or the agency) up to 30% compared to having the game translated entirely by a native speaker. However, the quality can vary depending on… well, the luck of the draw.

Simplified Chinese: this option is relatively inexpensive and can net you a huge potential audience — not only for mobile games, but also for PC games, especially on Steam. Translation will run you between $0.065 and $0.115 per word for agencies and $0.025 — $0.075 for solo translators when English is the source language. There are several large indie communities and groups that are engaged in crowd translation from English into Chinese.

French: this option isn’t just for France, but also for Quebec and former French colonies. And if you’re releasing your game on consoles you should keep in mind that France is one of the key regions for the Nintendo Switch. Translation costs between $0.085 and $0.15 per word for agencies and $0.035 — $0.09 for solo translators when the source language is English. Editing costs $0.05 — $0.08 per word. The French community is the most sluggish of all the gaming communities I’ve ever encountered.

German: most Germans read English well, but having a German language option will make working with the local audience easier and faster. Translation will run you from $0.09 to $0.135 per word for agencies and $0.02 — $0.06 for solo translators when the source language is English. Editing costs about $0.05 per word. I haven’t managed to find a single organized crowd-localization community in all my years in the business.

Russian: according to Newzoo Russia has moved from 12th to 11th in terms of video game revenue over the past year and is one of the largest markets for PC games. Given the generally poor level of English fluency in Russia you will need to have a Russian language option if you want your game to make money in Russia. Fortunately, localization from English into Russian is pretty cheap: just $0.04 — $0.10 per word for agencies and $0.005 — $0.04 for solo translators. Editing costs about $0.02 per word, and proofreading goes for $0.01 per word.

Spanish: one of the five most widespread languages in the world. Spain itself offers good revenue in the video game industry. Despite the fact that Castilian Spanish and its LATAM counterpart are somewhat different, standard Spanish will work for Spanish-speaking players in Latin America. Translation costs $0.08 — $0.12 per word for agencies and $0.01 — $0.06 for solo translators when the source language is English. Editing costs about $0.02 — $0.06 per word.

Japanese: if you ask me, the Japanese market is the second most attractive one for European companies after China. However, publishing difficulties and high translation costs will make any game developer think long and hard about whether or not they actually need this market. Translation costs $0.13 — $0.18 per word for agencies and $0.09 — $0.12 for solo translators when the source language is English. Editing costs about $0.05 — $0.07 per word.

What lies ahead:

· Pricing, discounts, and Steam Wishlist

· Regional limitations, third-party distribution, and alternative open platforms

· Bundles, foundations, vendor support, and crowdfunding

· How do localization and LQA work? (we’re here!)

· Marketing, PR, and looking for a publisher

· What about consoles?