The Russian president, Vladimir Putin, has warned that the Olympic movement could “wind up on the edge of schism” after a damning report found that the country’s government, security services and sporting authorities colluded to hide widespread doping across “a vast majority” of winter and summer sports.

The International Olympic Committee, whose executive board will discuss the fallout from the report by the Canadian law professor Richard McLaren on Tuesday, has promised it will not hesitate to take the “toughest sanctions available” against those implicated. The IOC president, Thomas Bach, called it “a shocking and unprecedented attack on the integrity of sports and on the Olympic Games”.

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In light of McLaren’s report the World Anti-Doping Agency has urged the IOC to consider banning Russia from the Olympics altogether while also suggesting Russia’s government officials should be denied access to Rio 2016. Wada does not have the authority directly to ban a country from the Olympics but can recommend sanctions to the IOC.

Putin has doubted the validity of the findings, however, questioning the integrity of the whistleblower Dr Grigor Rodchenko – who worked as head of anti-doping for the Moscow laboratory between 2005 and 2015 – and dismissing the demands for Russia to be thrown out of the Olympics as politically motivated.

In a statement Putin warned: “Now we’re observing a dangerous relapse into the interference of politics in sport. Yes, the form of that interference has changed but the essence is the same, to make sport an instrument of geopolitical pressure and the formation of a negative image of countries and peoples. The Olympic movement, which plays a colossal unifying role for humanity, could again wind up on the edge of schism.”

Putin also criticised the United States Anti-Doping Agency, which has called for Russia to be banned from Rio. “What is behind such haste?” he asked. “An attempt to create certain media coverage, to apply pressure? The impression is forming that the Usada experts at the very least had access to the unpublished report and maybe themselves determined its tone and contents. In that case a national structure of one government is again dictating its will to the whole international athletic community.”

However, Travis Tygart, the Usada chief executive, said: “The McLaren Report has concluded, beyond a reasonable doubt, a mind-blowing level of corruption within both Russian sport and government that goes right to the field of play. Most importantly our hearts go out to athletes from all over the world who were robbed of their Olympic dreams. We must come together as an international community – comprised of those who truly believe in the spirit of Olympism – to ensure this unprecedented level of criminality never again threatens the sports we cherish.”

McLaren admitted that his report, which had taken 57 days to produce, was a “thin slice” of what might be out there – yet its details were still hugely damaging for Russia.

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The central finding was that hundreds of Russian athletes across 30 sports had benefited from what he called “the Disappearing Positive Methodology” which had become state policy after the country’s poor medal count during the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver.

As the report notes, under this new system which came into effect in late 2011 all doping positives found by the Moscow laboratory were reported to the Russian deputy minister for sport along with the athlete’s name. The order would then come back to either “save” the sample – report it as negative in Wada’s anti‑doping management system, allowing the athlete to continue to compete while dirty – or “quarantine” it, meaning it would be processed normally.

According to McLaren, the Russian ministry of sport made save or quarantine orders on 577 athlete profiles. That included 139 from athletics, more than 100 weightlifters, nearly 40 in Paralympic sport and more than 20 in wrestling, canoeing, cycling and swimming.

Athletes were also given a cocktail of three steroids – known as the ‘Duchess’ after a traditional Russian drink – which was dissolved in alcohol (Chivas for the men and Vermouth for the women), and swished around the mouth and then spat out.

The report found that all organs of the state were involved, including the Russian sports ministry, the FSB security service and the Centre of Sports Preparation of National Teams of Russia. According to McLaren, a key figure was Yuri Nagornykh, the deputy sport minister who was appointed in 2010 by executive order of Putin, then the prime minister. Nagornykh, a Russian Olympic Committee member, was advised of every positive analytical finding arising in the Moscow laboratory from 2011 onwards – and “decided who would benefit from a cover-up and who would not be protected”.

McLaren also confirmed the allegations made by Rodchenkov that steroid-tainted urine samples were substituted with clean ones in Sochi by passing them through “a mouse hole”. Once the samples were passed through the hole, they were given to Evgeny Blokhin, an FSB agent who had a security clearance to enter the laboratory under the guise of being a sewer engineer, and then switched. As McLaren put it: “This is a slice of what is going on, not the total picture. But this included most of the winter and summer sports. And we do know that every single positive was sent up the chain of command and sent back down again.”

McLaren added he was “supremely confident in our findings”, insisting that he had only considered evidence “that is beyond reasonable doubt”. Adam Pengilly, a former British skeleton racer and now a member of the IOC athletes’ commission, said: “By not accepting the recommendations from Wada we risk very much damaging the credibility of the movement and all of sport.”

Ben Sandford, a New Zealand skeleton racer who is on Wada’s athletes’ commission, said the number of Russian athletes involved was remarkable. “I think Russia should be totally banned from the Olympics and Paralympics. The Russians have to look at themselves – they created this programme, they have to live with the consequences.”

Last month the International Association of Athletics Federations banned Russia’s track and field stars from the Rio Games. The results of an appeal to the court of arbitration for sport in Lausanne will be revealed on Thursday.