Ever since I decided to mesh the worlds of static and dynamic typing together in Magpie, I’ve been wondering when the gears would really grind together and halt. Today is the day.

The issue I’m running into is one of hidden state, both in closures and in objects. Consider this post a plea for assistance or ideas.

A Quick Intro

Just to frame things since you are very likely not at all familiar with Magpie, here’s the salient features of the language:

It’s a dynamically-typed OOP language like Python or Ruby. You can optionally add type annotations to method parameters or returns. After the top-level of a script is run, but before main() is called, it will statically type-check the script to look for errors based on the annotations you’ve provided.

Here’s a simple example:

var say ( what String -> ) print ( what ) end say ( "hey" )

This program will run fine and do what you expect. Now consider this one:

var say ( what String -> ) print ( what ) end say ( 123 )

This one will actually run without errors too (and print “123″ since print converts its argument to a string anyway). That’s because the call to say(123) is at the top-level, which is run before type-checking. If we change it to this:

var say ( what String -> ) print ( what ) end var main ( -> ) say ( 123 ) end

Now we’ll correctly get a error that say expects a String and is being passed an Int . It will then stop without ever calling main() .

Conundrum!

All that so far is fine and dandy. Now lets consider something a little… softer:

var returnString ( -> String ) var a = 123 a = "string" return a end

This type-checks fine too. At the point that we’re returning a , the type- checker knows its a String as expected. But this hilights an important feature: variables can change their type. That makes sense given that Magpie is at its core a dynamic language. It also plays nicely with some other features like or types.

Unfortunately, it’s also the heart of the problem. Consider this example:

var a = 123 var returnInt ( -> Int ) return a end a = "string" returnInt ()

The type-checker runs through that top-down. First it evaluates var a = 123 and records that a is defined with the type of 123 : Int . Then it verifies that returnInt() returns its declared type ( Int ), it looks at the body of the function. It’s just returning a . It’s already noted that a ‘s type is Int , so everything looks fine. Later it updates the type of a to String but at that point, the damage is done.

When this program is run, returnInt() will return a String even though the type-checker didn’t notice the error.

In this example, the problem manifests through a closure (accessing a variable declared outside of a function’s scope), but objects can have the exact same problem. A method’s return type may be based on a field, but that field’s type could change at any time.

Options

So, how should Magpie handle this? Options I can think of are:

Do some really smart analysis to look at every place a field or closed-over variable is assigned to and set its type to the union of all of those. That seems like the Right Thing to Do, but I’m pretty sure it’s undecidable/intractable/impossible given recursion and other circular references. Do nothing. Change a variable’s type at your own risk. From the static type system point of view, that seems… dirty. But Magpie never promises perfect type-checking, just a little more than you get from a completely dynamic language. It doesn’t give type guarantees, just type gentleman’s agreements. Also, like a dynamic language, it won’t completely die if you pass a variable of the wrong type to a method, it’ll just end up with some "method not found” error. In other words, the “wrong” behavior here is no worse than every other dynamic language on Earth. Don’t allow variables to change type. This is the static language solution. If a variable can’t change type after initialization, this problem vanishes completely. But it feels like a weird thing for a dynamic language to do.

Now What?

Not that anyone but me really cares about Magpie, but if you do care enough to have a suggestion, I’m all ears. I tried scanning through the literature on gradual and optional typing, but I didn’t see anything that caught my eye. (I believe Siek’s solution is to disallow references to change type.)

For now, I’ll just default to “do nothing”, but if there’s a cleaner solution that can help users catch real type errors before their programs run, that would be super awesome.