The authors would like to thank E.L. Altmaier, K.E. Samocha, S.R. Grossman, G. Coop, other attendees of the Biology of Genomes 2011 conference, B.F. Voight, M. McCarthy, P. Visscher and other members of the Reich and Hirschhorn labs for their discussions and helpful comments. We gratefully thank the GIANT consortium and particularly the members of the height working group for making unpublished association data available. We thank the MIGen consortium for making allele frequency data available. This research was conducted using data and resources from the FHS of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the US National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine based on analyses by FHS investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource project. This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's FHS (contract no. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc., for genotyping services (contract no. N02-HL-6-4278). A portion of this research used the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. This work was also supported by a graduate research fellowship from the National Science Foundation (to C.W.K.C.), the March of Dimes (6-FY09-507 to J.N.H.) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R01DK075787 to J.N.H.).