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Could England's unexpected football success in the World Cup have had a small but significant impact on feelings of Englishness?

Since England reached the semi-finals for the first time in 28 years under manager Gareth Southgate, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of people - especially young people - saying they are proud to be English.

Across all age groups, backgrounds and different regions of England, the number identifying "very strongly" as English, rose from 54% to 58%. Among those aged 18-24, the increase was slightly more - rising from 46% to 51%.

More people were also keen to emphasise their English identity and to be proud of it.

These are the findings of a survey carried out for the Centre for English Identity and Politics at Winchester University, just after England lost their third-place play-off match against Belgium.

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It repeated questions put to 20,000 people in a BBC/YouGov survey in March 2018. To avoid prompting unconscious bias - and to allow comparison between the two surveys - identical questions were asked, which made no mention of football or the World Cup.

The original research found that fewer than six in 10 felt proud to be English.

Pride in identifying as English was weaker among the young (45%) and stronger among the old (72%).

Roughly one person in 10 surveyed in March said they would be embarrassed to describe themselves as English.

This latest poll found an overall increase in those who said they were "very proud" to be English, from 36% to 40%.

The proportion who were either "very" or "fairly" proud rose from 57% to 61%.

Again, the survey found a greater increase among 18-24-year-olds - 27% were "very proud" to be English, up from 21% in March.

Those in this age group who were either "very" or "fairly" proud rose from 45% to 52%.

Image copyright Reuters Image caption The Southgate effect: Team sponsor Marks and Spencer reported soaring waistcoat sales

The proportion of middle-class respondents feeling "very strongly" English increased from 48% to 53%, slightly more than the change for working-class participants (62% to 65%).

And, in one of the biggest changes, those living in London - shown by the earlier BBC poll to be the least "English"-feeling part of England - saw an increase in those describing themselves as "strongly English" from 39% to 51%.

Given the sample size and the volatility that is normal with identity surveys, we shouldn't place too much weight on individual increases.

The significance of the results lies more in the consistency with which association with English identity rose across different questions and different measures of Englishness.

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Unlikely heroes, waistcoats and a buried curse: How England fell for football again

Of course, we cannot be certain that any of these changes are due to the England team's performance in the World Cup.

But more than 25 million people shared the collective experience of watching the semi-final against Croatia, an event focused on England rather than Britain.

And much of the media reported Southgate's remarks about the team representing a modern diverse English identity.

So, it does seem more likely that football rather than, say, the sunny weather or parliamentary debates on Brexit, could have had this impact.

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Whether this will prove to be a temporary blip or something more long-lasting remains to be seen.

Sharpened English identity has been reported before, not least at the time of debates about Scottish devolution and independence.

Sport alone cannot carry all the burden of defining or sustaining national identity.

So, while success in the 2019 Fifa Women's World Cup or Euro 2020 might help, more important will be the extent to which this new-found confidence in an inclusive English identity is reflected more widely across society.

About this piece

This analysis piece was commissioned by the BBC from an expert working for an outside organisation.

Former Labour cabinet minister John Denham is professor of knowledge exchange and director of Winchester University's Centre for English Identity and Politics (CEIP).

The survey of 1,600 people was carried out for the Centre for English Identity and Politics at Winchester University and commissioned from polling organisation YouGov. Interviews were carried out on Sunday 15 and Monday 16 July,

Edited by Jennifer Clarke