HONG KONG—More than 180,000 people attended a vigil in Hong Kong to remember victims of the Tiananmen Square massacre 30 years ago, organizers said, equaling the record turnout for the event as locals also voiced anger over a tightening of their own freedoms.

Speakers led participants holding candles in chants calling for the end of one-party rule and for justice for the mass 1989 killing of Beijing protesters demanding democracy, felled by troops under orders from China’s ruling Communist Party. The party in the past has...