The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a social insect that shows complex and integrated behaviors. Its ability to read and respond to several sets of extrinsic and intrinsic signals is fundamental for the modulation of individual activities and social systems. For instance, A. mellifera behavior changes upon the ontogenetic differentiation from nurse to forager worker subcastes. In this work, brain proteomes of nurses and foragers were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis within pH range of 4−7 in order to find proteins related to such an ontogenetic and behavioral development. Twenty differentially expressed proteins were detected by gel image computational analysis, and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nurse brain showed increased expression of major royal jelly proteins (MRJP1, MRJP2 and MRJP7), which are related to determination of castes during the honey bee larvae differentiation. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy showed that MRJP1 was localized in the cytoplasm of brain cells, seemingly along filaments of the cytoskeleton, in the antennal lobe, optical lobe and mushroom body. Also, MRJP1 was deposited on the rhabdom, a structure of the retinular cells, composed of numerous tubules. Such evidence suggests that MRJP1 could be associated to proteins of filamentous structures. MRJP1 was also found in intercellular spaces between cells in mushrooms bodies, indicating that it is a secreted protein. Other proteins implicated in protein synthesis and putative functions in the olfactory system were also up-regulated in the nurse brain. Experienced foragers overexpressed proteins possibly involved in energy production, iron binding, metabolic signaling and neurotransmitter metabolism. Such differential expression of proteins may be related to ontogenetic and behavior changes in A. mellifera.