Web firm bosses could be fined or imprisoned if they do not protect users from harmful content

Ofcom will be put in charge of regulating the internet, the government has announced, with executives at internet firms potentially facing substantial fines or even prison sentences if they fail to protect users from “harmful and illegal content” online.

Under the proposals, Ofcom will not have the power to remove specific posts from social media platforms. Instead, it will require internet companies such as Facebook and Google to publish explicit statements setting out which content and behaviour they deem to be acceptable on their sites. The media regulator will then ensure internet businesses enforce these standards “consistently and transparently”.

The culture secretary, Nicky Morgan, and the home secretary, Priti Patel, promised that changes to the proposals would guarantee free speech for adults online and only target larger internet businesses. However, some tech start-up groups warned that it would still place an enormous burden on smaller businesses to police content that is potentially harmful but not illegal.

Among the proposals announced on Wednesday, it was revealed:

Any business that enables the sharing of user-generated content – such as online comments or video uploads – is likely to be affected by the new rules on reducing online harms, with hundreds of thousands of British companies affected.

Internet businesses will be required to publish annual transparency reports explaining what harmful content they have removed and how they are meeting their standards.

The government wants companies to bring back age verification for certain websites, following an abandoned attempt to introduce it last year to restrict access to online pornography.

The plan to require regulation has already raised concerns among the publishers of major newspapers, with some outlets that have campaigned for the legislation as a way of curtailing the power of internet companies fearful that their own news website comment sections could now be regulated for online harms. Ministers have previously reassured traditional publishers that they will be excluded from the legislation.

The announcement was made in the government’s response to a consultation over the online harms white paper, unveiled last April. There will now be a period of lobbying, as internet companies attempt to avoid the legislation placing substantial new burdens on their businesses.

“With Ofcom at the helm of a proportionate and strong regulatory regime, we have an incredible opportunity to lead the world in building a thriving digital economy, driven by groundbreaking technology, that is trusted by and protects everyone in the UK,” said Morgan.

Patel added: “While the internet can be used to connect people and drive innovation, we know it can also be a hiding place for criminals, including paedophiles, to cause immense harm. It is incumbent on tech firms to balance issues of privacy and technological advances with child protection.”

The regulations are broadly focused on two new sets of requirements. One, around illegal content, will give platforms new targets to ensure that such content is removed quickly, ideally prevented from being posted in the first place, with a particular focus on terrorist and child sexual abuse content.

The second set of requirements, which attempt to minimise the distribution of “harmful” content, such as that which encourages or glorifies self-harm or suicide, focuses instead on putting a requirement on large online platforms to better enforce their own terms of service. The goal is that platforms which say they remove such content, and are thus safe for children to be active on, are held to that promise; while platforms that focus on free speech over safety are equally clear about objectives.

Those new regulations will apply only to companies that allow the sharing of user-generated content, the government says.

Profile Melanie Dawes profile Show Hide Melanie Dawes is currently permanent secretary at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. She has held that position since 2015 and immediately after the UK’s vote to leave the EU she said government departments must be ready to let go of their “brightest and best” civil servants to work for Whitehall’s Brexit unit.

A keen gardener, according to her relatively new Twitter profile, Dawes is married to Benedict Brogan, a former Daily Telegraph deputy editor and chief political commentator. He is group public affairs director at Lloyds Banking Group. The couple have one child.

Dawes was educated at Malvern Girls’ College, now Malvern St James, in Worcestershire, before going on to New College Oxford and then Birkbeck College in London for postgraduate studies in economics. She joined the civil service in 1989 and after two years at the Department for Transport moved to the Treasury, ending a 15-year stint there as Europe director. Between 2006 and 2011 Dawes was at HM Revenue & Customs, where she held a range of roles including director general for business tax, which involved responsibility for all business taxes and duties as well as leadership of the HMRC’s relationships with big business. From 2009 she led the development of its overall strategy. Form 2011 to 2015 she was director general of the economic and domestic affairs secretariat at the Cabinet Office, responsible for overseeing the system of cabinet decision-making. Dawes is also the government’s diversity and inclusion champion, a role she took over in 2019 from Dame Sue Owen, a former permanent secretary at the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport who has retired. Dawes was previously the government’s gender champion. Mark Sweney

Dame Melanie Dawes, a civil servant, has also been confirmed as Ofcom’s new chief executive, as first reported in the Guardian last year. She has been permanent secretary at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government since 2015 and will start at the media regulator in early March.

Ofcom’s chairman, Lord Burns, will also step down later this year after the government indicated that it wanted a chair who would be able to implement its online harms programme in full over the next few years.