Max Verstappen was interviewed on TV as he walked to his car on the Brazilian Grand Prix grid. Asked if he was going to win, he replied that a win was unrealistic from fifth but he was targeting the podium. Asked why a win was unrealistic, he reasoned that he wasn’t going to be able to pass four cars from two teams, because the teams could always use one car to delay him. Yet remarkably, he proceeded to pass all four of those cars on track, his Red Bull scything past the two Ferraris and two Mercedes to be in control of the race by half-distance. How was that even possible? It was to do with the black art of tyres. The Red Bull treated its rubber vastly better than the Mercedes or Ferrari and could run at a much harder pace without inducing blistering. It’s absolutely vital that a tyre runs at the correct temperature – and that operating temperature window can be very narrow. If the tyre is too cool it will be rigid and gripless. Too hot and it will begin to melt and blister. That ‘goldilocks’ range is between around 100 and 140 degrees Celsius, depending on the compound. Formula 1 race engineers focus a huge amount of attention on getting the tyres into the appropriate window. As Red Bull’s chief engineer Paul Monaghan explains: “What you are trying to do is get the tyres up to temperature quickly in qualifying and keep them there, but then not having that temperature punch through the roof in the race. It’s extremely difficult.”

The tyre trying to pull itself back into shape through the corners provides grip

The tyre consists of a core carcass, sidewall and tread. The tyre’s elasticity is a critical part in it generating grip. As the tyre is loaded up it bends and it is its reaction against that, as it tries to pull itself back into shape, which creates the opposing force that gives the grip. This is determined partly by the tyre’s structure and partly by how the tread bonds chemically with the surface of the track. For the tread to bond properly and stick itself to the track requires that it is at the correct temperature. If the tyre’s construction is not supportive enough, the tyre’s surface will be overwhelmed. Either the compound will not reach the critical threshold at which it begins to bond, or it will overheat and go beyond the upper threshold. The tyre’s core needs to be at the correct temperature to have enough elasticity in it that it can bend and thereby support the tread. So there are two crucial but inter-related temperatures. The tyre blankets applied before the car leaves the garage initiate this heating process through the sidewalls and tread. But they can only do part of the job and cannot penetrate deeply enough into the tyre’s core to give it the required all-round temperature. The job has to be completed by the car putting the tyre under load out on track.

Mercedes' tyres did not look happy at the end of the Brazil race

It is important that the core and tread temperatures are evenly matched. If the core remains too cool and inflexible, it’s quite possible to overheat the tread which will mean very little grip is generated and therefore the core remains cool. So the whole process becomes a vicious cycle. Conversely, it is important that the compound is not too soft or hard for the demands of the track, otherwise its chemical bonding will either not be initiated fully or break down – and the resultant lack of cornering force will keep the core cool and inflexible. Teams use the heat generated by the brakes and conduct it through the wheel rims to help generate tyre temperature. For qualifying, this is more critical for the fronts than the rears which can be brought up to temperature relatively easily because they are on the driven wheels. But generating the appropriate wheel rim temperature and keeping it from escalating after a few laps is a delicate balance – and hence the wheel rims have all sorts of cooling channels. The Mercedes rear wheel rim introduced in Spa is designed to act almost as an extractor fan, attempting to use the enhanced airflow to stabilise the rim temperatures.

Mercedes’ clever wheel rims are designed to stabilise temperatures