For a more another description of the decoding process of English, click here: "Hidden Sentences in English Words" PLAYING WITH ENGLISH When researching the Ogam script, I described how whole sentences were condensed into single words and names, by being encoded with the use of the vowel-interlocking formula. About half of the Basque language is made up of words starting with vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV or VCCV) and it is this half, which is mostly used in the assembly of English vocabulary, the same as was done for Sanskrit and Latin (see VCV Formula). This formula used the first vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) of every Saharan/Basque word, which then were aligned as VCV1-V1CV2-V2CV3 and agglutinated into VCVCVCV. Many vowels and some "h's" of the resulting agglutination were then removed according to a pre-determined plan, to create English-looking or English-sounding words. The main assigned characteristic of the English language is that the traditional Latin pronunciation of the letters was abandoned and replaced by a different alphabet pronunciation. In the following examples the removed letters are shown as dots. Sometimes both vowels were eliminated from one VCV but the consonants (except some "h's") always remained. To read up on the decoding process and the vowel-interlocking feature, please see the Ogam page. The language used to translate the names and words, as before, is Basque. THE WORDS WE SPEAK Most of the words in the English language were made up by the Benedictines and grammarians in their scriptoria, some later evolved from the words these linguists invented. The monks did the word construction mostly by writing a short sentence describing the subject in Basque. In some cases they used wisecracks or jokes, even crude remarks and personal feelings. They also borrowed and exchanged words made up by linguists in France, Holland, Germany and Italy, often altering the available words to give them an "English" touch, e.g. French 'famille' became 'family'. Latin was invented in exactly the same manner, using the same rules as for English, as the name "Latin" indicates:. la-ati-in or ela-ati-indar: ela (word) atxiki (to memorize) indaregin (make an effort): "make an effort to memorize the words". To introduce the new subject of English word translations, here follow a few which clearly demonstrate the care, creativity and often joy, which went into composing them. doctor: .do-ok.-.to-or. .do odo odoldun bloody bloody ok. oke okerkeria injury injury .to eto etorri come! come! or. ora orain right now A bloody injury, come right now! Parliament: .pa-ar.-.li-i.a-ame-ent. .pa apa aparteko special special ar. -ari -ari cause cause .li ili ilinti fiery fiery i.a iha ihardukitze arguing, oratory arguing, oratory ame ame ameslari idealistic idealistic ent. ent entzungarri worthy of being heard worthy of being heard Fiery and idealistic oratory for a special cause is worthy of being heard. Hansard : .ha-an.-.sa-ard. .ha aha ahalegin attempt attempt an. ane anega measure measure .sa esa esan to narrate to narrate ard. ardu arduratu to take responsibility for to take responsibility for An attempt to take a measure of responsibility for the narration. library: .li-ib.-.ra-ari .li eli elizdiru religious duty religious duty ib. ibi ibili to acquire to acquire .ra ira irakaskuntza education ari ari arrigarri marvellous, admirable marvellous, admirable It is your religious duty to acquire a marvelous education. irrigate : ir.-.ri-iga-ate ir. ire ireki to open to open .ri eri eriontegi spillway spillway iga iga igartu to wilt to wilt ate ate atertu to stop to stop Open the spillway to stop the wilting. alcohol: al.-.ko-oho-ol. al. alu alukeria repulsive behaviour repulsive behaviour .ko uko ukoegin to deny to deny oho oho ohoregabe to dishonor to dishonor ol. ol olde free will free will Denying and repulsive behaviour dishonors the free will. garlic : .ga-ar.-.li-ik. .ga ega egakortasun volatility, smell volatility, smell ar. ara arranguratu to complain to complain .li ali alienatu destroys a person's composure destroys a person's composure ik. ika ikaragarri awful! awful! (People) complain that the smell destroys a person's composure. It's awful! existence: (eksiztense) ek.-.si-izte-en.-.se .ek eka ekarpen contribution contribution .si asi asierako original original iste izte iztegi vocabulary vocabulary ene ene ene my my .se ese esentia essence essence "The essence of my original vocabulary contributions". SOME NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH ROYALTY I then decided to be adventurous and apply my newfound knowledge about the mysterious vowel-interlocking formula to some names associated with the British royal family. The choice of the name "Windsor" was straight luck; the result was startling. There appears to be no other reasonable interpretation. Windsor (The W has no meaning) : in.-.d.-.so-or.(The W has no meaning) in. ino inorenganatu to bequeath to bequeath .d. odo odolgarbitasun nobility nobility .so oso osoro thorough thorough or. oro orotar united united Bequeath a thoroughly united nobility. The British royal family took on the name Windsor early in this century. It is fair to say that they must have known exactly what they were doing. The family has long been involved with the pre-history and Ogam script of Scotland. Queen Victoria herself financed the publishing of a voluminous book on very early Scottish inscriptions, entitled "The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland" (J.R. Allen & J. Anderson), many of which were not Christian at all but belonged to the previous Ashera Religion of the Picts. Edo Nyland decided to probe a bit deeper by analyzing other names associated with British royalty: Buckingham : .bu-uki-ing.-.ha-am. .bu abu aburukide agreement agreement uki uki ukitu to touch, to affect to touch, to affect ing. ingi ingira disposition, formation disposition, formation .ha iha ihardunak activities activities am. ami aministratu government government The agreement affects the formation and activities of the government. This "agreement" probably refers to the signing of Magna Carta. Balmoral: .ba-al.-.mo-ora-al. .ba eba ebanjelari evangelist evangelist al. ala alai happiness happiness .mo amo amodiotsu loving loving ora ora oraingoan occasion occasion al. ala alaitsu joyous joyous The evangelist's happiness made this a loving and joyous occasion. Carnarvon : .ka-ar.-.na-ar.-.bo-on. .ka aka akabu end end ar. ara aratustel corruption corruption .na ana anaibateko unanimous unanimous ar. ara araberatasun agreement agreement .bo abo abonau to approve of to approve of on. one onetsi to bless to bless Corruption was ended when the unanimous approval of the agreement was blessed. This is another sentence which refers to Magna Carta. Kensington : .ke-en.-.si-ing.-.to-on. .ke ike ikertu to investigate, to re-visit to investigate, to re-visit en. ene -enetan each time each time .si esi esiketa siege siege ing. ingi ingiratu to be disgusted to be disgusted .to ito itotasun anguish anguish on. ona onargaitz intolerable intolerable Each time they re-visit that repugnant siege (it causes) intolerable anguish. SOME COMMON ENGLISH NAMES The above unexpected success in my search for the origin of English names was encouraging so I started to analyze other well known and true English names. Here are a few: Osborne : os.-.bo-or.-.ne os. osa osatasun integrity integrity .bo abo abogado lawyer lawyer or. oro orokorki universally universally .ne one onetsi esteemed esteemed The integrity of a lawyer is universally esteemed. Sebastian : .se-eba-asti-an. .se ase aserre dispute dispute eba eba ebazle judge judge asti azti aztiatu to anticipate to anticipate an. ana anaitze reconciliation reconciliation Dispute judge who anticipates reconciliation. Buchanan: .bu-uka-ana-an. .bu abu aburu opinion opinion uka uka ukatu to refuse to refuse ana ana anaikidetasun brotherhood brotherhood an andi andikeria arrogance arrogance He refused to give an opinion about the arrogance of the brotherhood. Hamilton , .ha-ami-il.-.to-on. .ha aha ahal I hope I hope ami ami amildu to oust, to overcome to oust, to overcome il. ilo ilordu agony agony .to oto otoitz prayer prayer on. one oneratsu pious pious I hope to overcome the agony through pious prayer. One of the best-known sea captains of the age of exploration was Henry Hudson. From the meaning of his name it appears that he acquired the name Hudson during or after one of his arctic voyages. Hudson Bay and the Hudson River were named after him. Hudson , .hu-ud.-.so-on. .hu uhu uhui cry of happiness, joy cry of happiness, joy ud. udi udikan to get out to get out .so iso isolamendu isolation isolation on. ona onargaitz intolerable, hostile intolerable, hostile He cried for joy to get out of the hostile isolation. Ogden, og.-.de-en. og. oga ogaki richly richly .de ade adelatu adorned adorned en. ene -enetan always Always richly adorned. Purvis , .pu-ur.-.bi-is. .pu ipu ipuin gospel gospel ur. uri urrikaltasun mercy mercy .bi ibi ibili to be to be is. isu isurika inspiration inspiration Let the Gospel's mercy be an inspiration. Molson , .mo-ol.-.so-on. .mo amo amona grandmother grandmother ol. ole oles egin to call upon to call upon .so eso esonde advice advice on. onu onuts very kind very kind Call upon grandmother for very kind advice. Gibson , .gi-ib.-.so-on. .gi agi agian I wish I wish ib. ibe ibeni to introduce, to give to introduce, to give .so eso esonde advice advice on. one oneratu beneficial beneficial I wish to give beneficial advice. Compton , .ko-om.-.p.-.to-on. .ko ako akorduan euki to remember to remember om. ome omendatu to honor to honor .p. epe epemuga deadline deadline .to eto etorkizuneko upcoming upcoming on. one ondar final final Remember to honor the upcoming final deadline. Collier , .ko-ol.-.li-i.e-er. .ko ako akorduan euki to remember to remember oli oli olibolio olive oil olive oil i.e ihe ihesi to prevent to prevent er. eri eri illness illness Remember that olive oil prevents illness. A geographical name that became a household name is Trafalgar, where Nelson fought the sea-battle of 1805 and defeated Napoleon's fleet. The name must have been made up specifically for this occasion: Trafalgar: .t.-.ra-afa-alga-ar. .t. ate atertu to stop to stop .ra era erasan attack attack afa afa afa happy happy alga alga algara loud laug hter ar. ari arinaldi fast run fast run We stopped the attack (amid) happy and loud laughter when they ran away fast. I can go on and on to show that most, if not all, British names are made up out of Basque, although not all were assembled with the Ogam formula, such as "Campbell," from kam-bel: kamaina (improvised bed) bela (sails): "They slept on sails"; or "Stewart," from stu-art.: asturu (fortune) arti (sheep): "A fortune in sheep." The linguists who created most of these names were dedicated professionals of the highest caliber and they did a marvelous job. Who they were and where they worked will be discussed in another web-page. For now it is more important to show how basic the Basque language is to all aspects of English; it may be said that the English language is close to 100% manipulated Basque. By now the reader will have understood that there is nothing "genetic" about the English language. It didn't evolve naturally from any other language; it was almost totally home-invented and had absolutely nothing to do with the Anglo-Saxons, Friesians, Celts, Vikings or whatever ruffians happened to drift in from the continent. SHAKESPEARE KNEW THE VOWEL INTERLOCKING FORMULA In "Love's Labour's Lost" Shakespeare presents us with a Latin sounding riddle: honorificabilitudinitatibus (Act V, i, 39). Up to now it has frustrated all efforts to decode it. This is supposed to be the longest "Latin" word in the dictionary, but from where did this "Latin" word come? Probably not from Latin! The fact that he used this word tells me that he knew about the Benedictines' operational manual, the "Auraicept na n'Eces" in which it is mentioned at least twice. It is likely that the "word" was made up in Ireland by one of the Benedictine grammarians. In line 1438 the word starts with tinerifica while the version in line 1741 is tenerifica. Let us first apply the Ogam formula to Shakespeare's version and see what happens: honorificabilitudinitatibus: .ho ahogoza delicious delicious ono onon exquisite exquisite ori orrits banquet banquet ifi ibili to go to go ika ikaskai lesson lesson abi abiatu to begin to begin ili ilinti fiery preacher fiery preacher itu itundu to be advised to be advised udi udikan to get out, to go away to get out, to go away ini initz,ainitz many many ita itaun question question ati atxiki to retain to retain ibu aburu? opinion opinion us. usutu often expressed often expressed Going to the delicious and exquisite banquet was the lesson the fiery preacher began with. I was advised to go away with my Going to the delicious and exquisite banquet was the lesson the fiery preacher began with. I was advised to go away with my many questions and retained my often expressed opinion. many questions and retained my often expressed opinion. The 800 or 900 year older version in the Auraicept has two slightly different spellings and translations: (line 1741), starting with .te-ene-eri-ifi-ika: ateots (knock on the door) ene (come to me) eritasun (heavily laden) which therefore reads: "Knock on the door, come to me those who are heavily laden; this was the lesson...etc.". Version line 1438 reads: .ti-ine-eri-ifi-ika: atikitzaile (faithful) inertzia (downtrodden) eritasun (heavily laden) and therefore reads: "faithful but downtrodden and heavily laden; this was the lesson....etc." This made me wonder if there was anything special hidden in Shakespeare's name and there was: Shakespeare , she-ek.-.spi-ir. (pron: shay-ayk-spee-eer) she she shedatu to decide to decide ek. eka ekandu to get used to to get used to .spi azpi azpiko protective cover, pseudonym protective cover, pseudonym ir. ira irakatsi to teach to teach (ir.) (ira) (irauli?) (to translate)? (to translate)? I decided to get used to teaching (translating?) under a pseudonym. The reason why none of the six known signatures of the great man were spelled the same must be because the basic sounds of "she-ek-spi-ir" were more important than the accurate spelling of his English "name." BASQUE WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Many common English words can be recognized as belonging to the pre-Christian language. Most of them were maintained with only minor change in meaning: English: Derived from: acid azido (acid) ankle anka (foot) better beterik (full) boss boz (voice) bulk bulka (to force, to push) busy bizi (to make a living) camp canpo (outdoors) cane ka'in (diviner's rod) celebrity shelebre (funny) chisel zizel (chisel) coy -koi (tendency, trait of character) (suffix) damn damu (remorse) fault falta (error) fleet flota (flotilla) gate gate (chain) goose guztien (common) gory gorri (terrible) to guide gidatu (to guide) harpoon arpo (harpoon) honest oneste (act of blessing) hurry hurre (come closer) impression inpresio (impression) to inaugurate inauguratu (to inaugurate) innocent inuzente (stupid) kitsch kitz (agitated) to lag laga ( to leave behind) licking likin (sticky) mad madarikatu (to curse, to swear), man manatu (giving orders, to decide) market merkatu (market) mask maskara (mask) moron morroin (servant) nigger nigar (crying) ok oka (plentiful, enough) pan panin (water, clean) pauze pauza (pauze) perch pertxa (perch) pirate pairatu (to suffer) posh panposha (gracious, charming) purge purga (to purge) quay kai (dock, pier) race (people) arraz (race) raw arau (discipline) to risk arrisku (to risk) to root errotu (to take root) sack, satchel sakela (pocket) sail zail (difficult) scratch karrask (scrape) sense zentzu (common sense) shallop txalupa (launch, small boat) sole zola (sole of shoe) soppy sopi (soaking) star izar (star) sudden sudun (ardent, heated) thorough osoro (thorough) usual usu (usual) to use usatu (to use) word ord (ainbide) (promise) ENGLISH IS AN INVENTED LANGUAGE It is clear that none of the English etymological dictionaries is doing justice to the tremendous language creation efforts of the Benedictine linguists, later continued by famous writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare and Tyndale. In fact, most of the modern word etymologies in our dictionaries appear to be guesswork or dreaming. The problem is that none of the languages which are presently assumed part of the Indo-European language "family" are genetically related, i.e. not one of them evolved slowly over time from another. They were all invented by early linguists and forced onto a reluctant public by a determined and occasionally cruel church leadership. A NEW ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY In my English dictionary I show how a large number of English words were formulaically assembled by agglutinating the first syllables of Basque words, mostly with the vowel-interlocking formula. In other articles, I point out that Dutch and German were also made up by the same group of monks who had earlier invented English and Gaelic. English words, originating at Benedictine scriptoria in Holland and Germany, will be discussed in the article on those languages. To understand how the decoding and translating process works, the reader should familiarize him/herself with the Ogam discussion. There is little guesswork in these translations even though, to the uninitiated and casual observer, the process of building up a full word from one consonant appears impossible. The vowel-interlocking feature of the VCV vowel-interlocking formula is responsible for that. However, repeated trials are required for it to be understood. It does require common sense interpretation. The missing vowels, represented by dots, will be revealed in the original Basque words which follow. Hyphens separate the hidden Basque words. I suppose this work could be called a contribution towards a Revised Etymological Dictionary for English