Full text of "Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution"

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. Smithsonian institution. Bureau of clhnoloyij. Twelfth auiiual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | I secretary of the Suiithsoniau institution | 1890-'91 | by | J. W. ~ Powell I airector | LVij^nette] | ■Z Washington | government printing office | 1894 » 8°. xhiii, 742 pp. 42 pi. Powell (.John Wesley). Twelfth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1890-'91 | by | J. W. Powell I director | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing ofHee | 1894 8°. xlviii, 742 pp. 42 pi. [Smithsonian institution. Bureau of cthnolur/y.] Twelfth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1890-91 | by I J. W Powell I director | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing oliice | 1894 8°. xlviii, 712 pp. 42 pi. [Smithsonian institution. Bureau of ethnology.] Cf- 1 .' *,; _• i '»i ■' '- ■ i.--:.':"-- A' >^' y^ , ]^t. V^^^-^ TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 181)0-'0 1 DIRECTOR WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1894 LHTTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C , July 1, 1891. Sir: I have the honor to submit my twelfth annual I'eport as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology. The lirst part consists of an explanation of the plan of the Bureau and its operations during the fiscal year 1890-91 ; the second part comprises an extended paper on the mound explo- rations of the Bureau of Ethnology, giving an example of the methods and results of the work of the Bureau relating to the important branch of archeology indicated. I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge. I am, with respect, your obedient servant, Hon. S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. CONTENTS. REPOKT (»F THE DIRECTOR. Page. Intioduotion xxi Field work xxii Arclieologic field work xxiii Researches by Mr. W. H. Holmes xxiii Work of Mr. Gerard Fowke XX VII Work of Mr. Henry L. Reynolds xxvii Work of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleft' xxviii General field work xxix Work of Mrs. M. C. Stevenson x.xix Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman xxix Work of Mr. James Mooucy xxx OfiBce work xxxi Work of tbe Director xx.xi Work of Col. Garrick Mallery x.\.\ii Work of Mr. Henry W. Henshaw xx.Kii Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas xxxiii Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes x.xxiii Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey xx.viii Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet xxxiv Work of Dr. W. J. Hoftman xxxi v Work of Mr. James Moouey xxx V Work of Mr. James C. Pilling xxxv Work of Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt xxxv Work of Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson xxx vi Work of Mr. Cosmo.s Miudeleif x.xxvii Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin xxxvii Work of Mr. De Lancey W. Gill xxxvii Administrative work xxxviii Publications xx.wiii Accompanying paper on the mound explorations of the Bureau xxxix Financial statement XLViii ACCOMPANYING PAPER. ItEPORT ON THE MOUND EXPLORATION.'; OP THE IIUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY, BV CYRUS THOMA.S. Page. Outline of this paper 17 Preface 19 Introduction 27 v VI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Page Field operations 35 Manitoba and the Dakotas 35 Miunesota 42 Pipestone county 42 Houston county 45 Wisconsin 47 Dane county 47 Crawford county 47 Vernon county 77 Grant county 83 .Sheboygan county 93 Barron county 94 Rock county 98 Iowa 99 Allamakee county 99 Clayton county 108 Dubuque county 108 Wapello county 1 10 Van Buren county 112 Lee county . .' 112 Illinois 112 .Toe Daviess county 112 Pike county 117 Brown county 118 Adams county 120 Calhoun county 121 Madison and St. Clair counties 131 Randolph county 134 .Jackson county 141 Alexander county 148 Vn ion county 155 Lawrence county 163 Missouri 163 Clark county 163 Lewis county 167 St. Louis county 167 Cape Girardeau county 168 Bollinger eouuty 170 Stoddard county 172 Scott and MississijJiii counties 183 Butler county 193 Arkansas 198 Clay county 198 Greene county 199 Craighead county 200 Poinsett county 203 Mississii^pi county 219 Independence county 224 .lackson county 225 Crittenden county 226 St. Francis county 227 Arkans.18 county 229 Leo county - - 231 Monroe county 233 CONTENTS. VII Field operations — Contiiinei). Arliansas — Coutiuued. Pago. Phi 11 ips county 233 Desha county 237 Drew county 239 Lincoln county 241 Jefferson county 242 Pulaski county 243 Saline county 245 Clark county 247 Ouachita county 248 Louisiana 250 Mississippi 253 Coahoma county 253 Sunflower county 258 Washington county 259 Yazoo county ■ 260 Adams county 263 Union county 267 Western Tennessee 278 Lauderdale county 278 Obion county 279 Kentucky 279 Alabama 283 I^anderdale county 283 Madison county 285 Marshall county 285 Hlount county 286 Sumter county 286 Elmore county 286 Clarke county 289 Barbour county 289 Montgomery county 289 Talladega county 290 Jefferson county 290 Georgia 292 Bartow county 292 Habersham county 314 Elhert county 315 Kichmond county 317 South Carolina 326 Kershaw district 326 Florida 327 St. Johns and Volusia counties 328 North Carolin a 333 Caldwell county 333 Burke and Wilkes counties 344 Haywood county 346 Buncombe and Henderson counties 348 Eastern Tennessee 351 Sullivan county 351 Carter county 354 Cocke county 356 Jefferson county 357 Roane county 358 Vlll REPORT OF THE HUREAt7 OF ETHNOLOGY. P'iold i)peratii>ii8 — Coutinned. Eastern Teuuessee — Cmitiuueil. Page. Blount anil Monroe counties 366 Loudon county 390 Meigs county 404 Rhea county 406 West Virginia 407 Fayette county 407 Kanawha county 410 Putnam county 434 Mason county 435 Cabell county 438 Ohio 440 Knox county 440 Hocking county 446 Franklin county 449 Brown county 451 Coshocton county 457 Licking county 458 Perry county 470 Ross county 471 Pikecouuty 489 Pennsylvania 494 Valley of the Monongahela 494 Warren county 499 New York 503 Mailison county 503 Chautau(|ua county 505 Niagara county 512 Wyoming county 513 Livingston county 514 Michigan 516 Archeologic areas anil distribution of types 521 Primary archeologic sections 521 Archeologic districts of the mound area 529 The northern section 530 The Dakota district 530 The Iluron-Iriiiiuois district 540 Tlie Illinois district 550 The Ohio district 561 The Appalachian district 573 The Central or Tennessee district 575 The southern section 586 The Arkansas district 586 The Gulf district 590 The Mound-builders 595 General observations 595 Dift'erent opinions 597 Objections answered 610 Other objections answered 625 Inscribed tablets 632 The historical evidence 645 A comparison of the worksof the Mound-builders with those of the Indians. 659 Architecture of the Mound-builders 660 Fortifications, etc 667 CONTENTS. IX The Mounil-liuilders — Coutiniied. Page. iSimilaiitv in burial customs 671 Geupral reseuililauce in Imbits, customs, art, etc 680 Links conuectiu}; the Indians directly with the Jlound-builders 688 The Etowah mound — .Stone graves 688 Engraved shells, stone pipes, copper articles, stone images 701 Evidenc£\s of tribal divisi(ms — Subsequent use of mounds by Indiana 706 Evidence of contact with modern European civilization found in the mounds 710 Copper articles 713 Other metals 712 The Muskoki tribes 748 General observations 722 LLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Plan of the Vilas anil Fluoke groups, Crawford county, Wisconsin. 72 II. Plat of White's group, Vernon county, Wisconsin 82 III. Elephant mound aud surroundings, Grant county, Wisconsin 94 IV. Plat of Rice lake group, Barron county, Wisconsin 96 V. Ancient works near New Alliiu, Allamakee county, Iowa 102 VI. Map of Cahokia group, JIadisou county, Illinois 134 VII. Map of the western part of Madison county, Illinois 136 VIII. Ancient works on Boul ware's place, Clarke county, Missouri 168 IX. The De Soto mound, Jeft'erson county, and the Knapp mounds, Pulaski county, Arkansas 242 X. Plat of the Knapp mounds, Pulaska county, Arkansas 244 XI. Plat of the Carson mounds, Coa homa county, Mississippi 254 XII. Mound 6, Carson grouji, Coahoma couuty, Mississippi 250 XIII. Mound d, Carson group, Coahoma county, Mississippi 258 XIV. Selsertown grouji, Adams couuty, Mississippi, and platform and mounds of the Selsertown group 264 XV. View of the large mound, Etowah group 294 XVI. Plan of the large mound, Etowah group" 298 XVII. Figured copper plate from mound c, Etowah group (human figure) . 304 XVIII. Figured copper plate from mound c, Etowah group (bird figure) .. 306 XIX. Pot from Hollywood mound, Georgia 318 XX. Map of mound distiibution (In pocket.) XXI. Observatory Circle, near Newark, Ohio 320 XXII. Fair Ground Circle, near Newark, Ohio 322 XXIII. High Bank Circle, near Chillicothe, Ohio 324 XXIV. Pipes from Hollywood mound, Georgia 328 XXV. Plat of the valley of the Little Tennessee River, Blount and Mon- roe counties, Tennessee 366 XXVI. Copy of Timberlake's map of Overhill Cherokee towns 368 XXVII. Plat of group near Charleston, Kanawha county, West Virginia.. . 414 XXVIII. Plan and sections of the Staats mound, Knox county, Ohio 440 XXIX. Cemetery mound. Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio 444 XXX. Newark works. Licking county, Ohio 458 XXXI. Fair Ground Circle, Newark, Ohio 460 XXXII. Observatory Circle, Newark, Ohio .' 462 XXXIII. Octagon, Newark, Ohio 464 XXXI V. Square, Newark, Ohio 466 XXXV. Square of Hopeton works, Ross county, Ohio 472 XXXVI. Circle of Hopeton works, Ross county, Ohio 474 XXX VII. Circle of High Bank works, Ross couuty, Ohio 476 XXXVIII. Octagon of High Bank works, Ross county, Ohio 478 XXXIX. Square of Liberty tawnship works, Ross county, Ohio 482 XL. S<iuare of Baum works, Ross couuty, Ohio 484 XLT. Pl.at of the "Angol mounds," near Evansville, Indiana 558 XLII. Copy of Plate XI, " Brevis Narratio " 652 XI XII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Page. Fig. 1. Elongate moimd, Souiis river, Manitoba 35 2. Elongate nioiuiils, Souris river, Manitoba 36 3. Turtle iigiire, Hughes county. South Dakota 40 4. Inclosures and mounds, Pipestone county, Minnesota 44 5. Mound vault, Houston county, Minnesota 45 6. Mound group near Madison, Wisconsin 46 7. Walled vault in mound Praiiie du Chieu, Wisconsin 48 y. Bird mouud, Prairie du Chieu, Wisconsin 48 il. Section of mound and pit, i^jairic du Chien, Wisconsin 49 10. Silver locket from mound, Prairie du Cnien, Wisconsin 51 11. Bracelet of silver fiom mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 51 12. Silver brooch from mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 51 13. Silver cross from mound, Prairie du Chieu, Wisconsin 52 14. Earthworks near Eastman Crawford county, Wisconsin 52 15. Plat of southwestern part of Crawford connty, Wisconsin 53 16. Mounds on NE. i Sec. 24, T. 8 N., R. 6 W., Wisconsin 54 17. Mound ground at Hazen Corners, Crawford connty, W^isconsin 55 18. Bird eftigies at Hazen Corners, C^rawlord county, Wisconsin 50 19. Quadruped eliigy on Sec. 36, T. S, R. 6 W., Wisconsin 59 20. Group of bird effigies. Sec. 35, T. 8 N., R. 6 W., Wisconsin 60 21. Bird eftigy, Sec. 35, T. 8 N., R. 6 W., Wisconsin 61 22. Mounds on Slaumer's land, Crawford county, Wisconsin 63 23. Courtois group near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 64 24. Mound No. 6, Courtois grou]i, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 65 25. Plan of mound No. 16, Courtois group, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin . 65 26. Mouud No. 20 (section), Courtois group, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.. 66 27. Douseman mound (plan), Prairie du Chieu, Wisconsin 68 28. Douseman mound (section), Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 68 29. The Polander group. Sec. 14, T. 9N., R. 6 W., Crawford connty, Wiscon- sin 70 30. MonndNo. 3 (section), Polander group, Crawford county, Wisconsin. . 71 31. Mouud No. 16 (horizontal secti<m), Polander group 72 32. Plan of the Armstrong group, near Lynxville, Wisconsin 74 33. Plan of the Sue Coulee group, Crawford county, Wisconsin 75 34 Copper spindles frem the Sue Coulee group Crawford connty 76 35. Mound group near Battle island, Verncm county, Wisconsin 78 36. Plan of mouud No. 4, Battle island, Vernim county, Wisconsin 79 37. Copper plate from mound No. 6, AA' hite group (N. M. 88336) 81 38. Section of mound No. 10, White group 81 39. Obsidian implement from mound No. 10. -White group 82 40. Pot from mound No. 1 1 , White group 83 41. Efligy mounds near Cassville, Grant county, Wisconsin 85 42. Lines of works near Cassville, Grant county, Wisc(msin 86 43. Mound group Wyakising, Grant county, Wisconsin 89 44. Elephant mcraud, according to Middleton's survey in 1884 92 45. Elephant mound, after Warner's figure 93 46. Inclosure near Sheboygan, Sheboygan county, Wisconsin 94 47. Mound No. 1, Rice lake group 95 48. Circular inclosure near New Albin, Allamakee county, Iowa 100 49. Inclosure on Hay's farm, near New Albiu, Allamakee county, Iowa.. 105 50. Walled mouud, Fish group, Allamakee county, Iowa 107 51. Group near Peru, Dubuque county, Iowa 109 52. Stone gorget, Dubuque county, Iowa 1 10 53. Diagram of Indian battle ground, Wapello county, Iowa Ill 54. Mound group, Duuleith, Illinois 114 ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII l'ai;e. Fig. 55. Vault in immiHl No. 4, Duiilcith, Illimiis 115 56. Section of lUDUuil No. 16, Hunleith, Illinois HQ 57. Vault in mounil No. 10, Dunlfith, Illinois 116 58. Welch sioup, Brown county, Illiuois 118 59. Mound No. 1, Sec. 34, T. 10 S., R. 2 W., Calhoun county, Illinoi.- ]22 60. Mound No. 4, Sec. 34, T. 10 S., K. 2 W., Calhoun county, Illinois 124 Gl. Group of mounds on Sec. 31, T. 10 S., R. 2 W., Calhoun county 111... 125 62. Vertical section of monnd No. 8, NE. i Sec. 31, T. 10 S., R. 2 W., Illiuois 127 63. Vertical section of mound ou SE. J Sec. 15, T. 10 S., K. 2 W., Illinois. 1:27 61. Vertical section of mound No. 1, NW. i Sec. 2., T. 9 S.;R. 2 W., Illiuois. 128 65. Vertical section of mound No. 1, NE. i See. 27, T 10 S., K. 2 W., Illinois. 130 66. Wood river mounds, Madison county, Illinois 132 67. Stone graves ou Mill tract, Rau<lolph county, Illinois 135 68. The De Freaue stone graves, Randolph county, Illinois 137 69. Stone graves ou bluff, Randolph county, Illinois 139 70. Hut rings near the bank of Big Mary river, Illiuois 110 71. Pot from Jackson county, Illiuois 142 72. Vogel group, Jackson county, Illinois Ill 73. Si)ool-.sliaped ornament of copper 145 74. Sehlimpcrt nnuinds, Jackscm county, Illinois 146 75. Section of nuiund on Schlimpcrt's place, .lackson county, Illinois 147 76. Mounds on Hale's place, .Taekson county, Illinois 148 77. Skull from nniund on Hale's place (side view) 151 78. Skull from mound on Halo's place (front view) 152 79. Bone plate from mound ou Hale's place 153 80. Catholic medal from mound ou Hale's place 154 81. Stone gi-a ve on 1 [ale's place 154 82. Plat of works on Linn's place, Union county, Illiuois 156 83. Mound A, Linn group (vertical outline) 157 84. Round pond mounds. Union county, Illinois 160 85. Copper plate bearing dancing figures, I'nion county, Ulinols 161 86. Mound group, C^larke county, Missouri 164 87. The Ben I'roiVer mound, Cap(^ Girardeau county, Missouri 168 88. The Witting nnmnds. Cape Girardeau county, Mis.souri 169 89. The Peter Bess settlement, Bollinger county, Missouri 171 90. The Lakeville settlement, Stoddard county, Missouri 173 91. Stone pipe, Lakeville settlement 174 92. County line settlement, Stoddard county, Missouri 174 93. The Rich woods mounds, Stoddard couuty, Missouri 175 . 94. Plan of mounds, Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6, Rich woods mounds 177 95. Section of niouud No. 3 and ad j uncts. Rich woods mounds 178 96. Pin Hook ridge mounds, Mississippi county 184 97. Baker's mound, Mississippi county, Missouri 185 98. Beck with's fort, Missi.ssippi couuty, Missouri 185 99. Image \'essol from Beckwith's ranch 188 100. Bowl from Beckwith's fort 188 101. Water vessel froiu Beckwit's r.auch, Mississippi county, Missouri 189 102. Water vessel from Beckwith's fort, Mississippi county, Missouri 189 103. (ionrd-shaped vessel from Beckwith's ranch, Mississippi county 190 104. Gwl imago ves.sel from Beckwith's ranch 191 105. Fish-shaped vessel from Beckwith's ranch 192 106. Meyer's mound, Scott county, Missouri 193 107. Monnd group near Harviell, Butler county, Missouri 194 108. Power's fort, Butler county, Missouri 19"= XIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Fig. 10!). hiectit)n of mound in Power's fort, Butler coimty, Missouri 196 110. Eli'ect of earthquake of 1811 ou mouud, Grceu county, Arkausas 199 111. Webb group, Craigbead county, Arkansas 201 112. Jlonuds at Tyronza station, Poinsett county, Arkansas 201 113. Section of mound No. 8, Tyronza station, Poinsett county, Arkansas.. 205 11^. Section of mound No. 12, Tyronza station, Poinsett county, Arkansa. 205 115. Section of mounds, Tyronza station 206 116. Clay casts of ear of maize or Indian corn 207 117. Clay floor of a three-room house 208 118.- Mode of lathing houses by Mound-builders 209 119. The Miller mounds, Poinsett county, Arkansas 209 120. Vertical section of mound No. 1, Miller group, Poinsett county 210 121. Mound No. 9, Miljcr group, Poinsett county, Arkansas 210 122. Plan of mound No. 11, Miller group 211 123. Plan of mound No. 12, Miller group 212 124. Plat of Thornton group, Poinsett county, Arkansas 213 125. Plat of Taylor shanty grouji, Poinsett county, Arkansas 214 126. Mound No. 1, Taylor shanty group 215 127. Section of mound No. 2, Taylor shanty group 215 128. Section of mound No. 4, Taylor shanty group 217 129. Plat of Pecan point works, Missi.T.sippi county, Arkansas .220 130. Image vnssel. Pecan point, Mississippi county, Arkansas 221 131. Vessel ftom Jackson luound, Mississippi county, Arkansas 223 132. The Sherman mound, Mi-ssissipjii county, Arkansas 223 133. Engraved shell {Busiicon ^jcrrcrsum) from mound. Independence county, Ark.ansas 224 134 . Stone spool from mouud, Jackson county, Arkansas 225 135. Bradley mounds, Crittenden county, Arkansas 226 136. House site, St. Francis county, Arkansas 229 137. Plan of Menard mounds, Arkansas county, Arkansas 230 138. Image ]>ipe, Monroe county, Arkansas 233 139. Image pipe, Monroe ceunty, Arkansas 234 140. Imago pipe, Monroe county, Arkansas 235 141. Imago pipe, Monroe county, Arkansas 235 142. Plan of Old Town works, Phillips county, Arkansas 236 143. Pottery vessel from Old Town works 237 144. Moumi No. 3, Old Town works 238 145. Ground plan and elevation of the Barney mound, Phillips county, Arkansas 238 146. Roger's mound, Phillips county, Arkansas 239 147. Mound near Arkansas City, Desha county, Arkansas 240 148. Old French fort, Desha county, Arkansas 241 149. The Taylor mounds. Drew county, Arkansas . 242 150. Stone implement from Knapp group 245 151. The Hughes mouud. Saline county, Arkausas 246 152. An ornamented water bottle, Clark county, Arkansas 248 153. Flat-bottonied jar, Clark county, Arkansas 248 154. Mound group near Camden, Arkansas - 249 155. Plat of Troyvillo mounds, Catahoula parish, Louisiana 251 156. View of mound No. 6, Troyville mounds, Catahoula parish 252 157 Omitted. 158. Clarksdale works, Coahoma county, Mississipjii 256 159. Section of mound No. 1, Clarksdale works 257 160. Vessel in form of a shell. Sunflower county, Mississippi 159 ILLUSTRATIONS. XV Page. Ki. 161. AvoiKlale mounds, Washington county, Mississippi 260 162. Outline of mound No. 1, (Jhauipliu group, Yazoo county, Mississippi- 261 163. Vertical section of mound No. 1, Cliamplin group, Yazoo county 262 164. Image vessel from Champlin mound, Mississippi 263 165. Mound group in Union county, Mississippi 268 166. Plan of mound No. 1, group in Union county, Mississippi 269 167. Sections .'ong soutli trench, mound No. 1, Union county, Missis- sippi 270 168. Section along south trench, mound No. 1, Union county, Missis- sippi 270 169. Section along the northeast trench, mound No. 1, Union county 271 170. Section along the northeast trench, mound No. 1, Union county 272 171. Section along the north trench, mound No. 1, Union county 273 172. Section along the north trcncli, mound No. 1, Union county 274 173. Silver plate with Spanish coat of arms; mound, Union county 275 17 J. Fireplace in mound, Lauderdale, Tennessee 278 175. Image vessel from mound, Obion county, Tennessee 279 176. O'Byam's fort, Hicliman county, Kentucky 280 177. Mound No. 1, O'Byam's fort 281 178. Plat of Tally mounds, Jefferson county, Alabama 291 179. Mound No. 2, Tally group (plan and section) 291 180. Plat of Etowah group, copy of .lones's plat. No. 1 294 181 . Plat of Etowah group, copy of Whittlesey's figure No. 1 296 182. Plat of the Etowah group (original) 299 183. Large mound of the Etowah grovip 300 184. Vertical section of mound c, Etowah group 302 185. Plan of burials in mound c, Etowah group 303 186. Figured copper plate from mound c, Etowah group 304 187. Copper badge from mound c, Etowah group 305 188. Copper ornament or badge from mound c, Etowah group 306 189. Engraved shell, mound c, Etowali group 306 190. Engraved shell, mouud c, Etowah group 307 191. Bust from Etowah mounds 308 192. Copper plate with bird figure ; mound near Peoria, Illinois 309 193. Section of the Rembert group, Elbert county, Georgia 316 194. Plan of mound No. 1, Rembert group 317 195. Vertical section, mound No. 1, Rembert group 318 196. Upper horizontal section of Hollywood mound, Georgia 320 197. Fragment of European pottery, Hollywood mound, Georgia 321 198. Lower horizontal section of Hollywood mound, Georgia 321 199. Pot from Hollywood mouud, Georgia 322 200. A painted vessel from Hollywood mound, Georgia 323 201. Pot from Hollywood mound, Georgia 324 202. Shell beads from Hollywood mound, Georgia 324 203. Copper article from Hollywood mound, Georgia 324 204. Shell beads from Hollywood mound, Geoi'gia 325 205. Pijie from Hollywood mound, Georgia 325 206. Fragment of porcelain from Hollywood mound, Georgia 326 207. T. F. Nelson mound, Caldwell county, North Carolina 334 208. T. F. Nelson Triangle, Caldwell county, North Carolina 336 209. Copper cylinder. Nelson Triangle 336 210. Bracelet of shell and copper beads, Nelson Triangle 336 211. Iron celt from Nelson Triangle 337 212. Part of iron blade. Nelson Triangle 337 XVI KEPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Inge. Fig. 213. Engraved shell, Nelson Triaugle 338 214. Engraved shell, Nelson Triangle 339 215. Pipe, Caldwell county. North Carolina 339 216. Pipe, Caldwell county, North Carolina 340 217. Pipe, Caldwell county, North Carolina 340 218. Pipe, Cal<l well county. North Carolina 341 219. Pipe, Caldwell county. North Carolina 341 220. Pipe, Caldwell county, North Caroliua .341 221. Plan of W. D. Jones mound, Caldwell county, North Caroliua 342 222. R. T. Lenoir burial pit (plan), Caldwell county. North Caroliua 343 223. Ancient burial ground, Wilkes county. North Carolina 345 224. Clay hearth (or fire-bed), Wilkes county. North Caroliua 346 225. Bogus article, Haywood county, Nortli Caroliua 347 226. Bogus article, Haywood county. North Carolina 348 227. Bogus articles, Haywood county, North Carolina 319 228. Big mound, Haywood county. North Carolina 3.50 229. Section of Connor mound, Hendercon county. North Carolina 3.50 230. Plan of mounds on the Holston river, .Sullivan county, Tennessee .. 351 231. Copper spindle from mound, .Sullivan county, Tennessee 352 232. Plan of burials in mound, Sullivan county, Tennessee 3.53 233. Stone pipe from mound, Sullivau county, Tennessee 354 234. Plat showing ancient graves near Kingsport, Tennessee 355 235. Section of grave No. 1, near Kingsport, Tennessee 356 236. Section of grave No. 3, near Kingsport, Tennessee 3.56 237. Section of mound on Fain's island, .Jefferson county, Tennessee 358 238. Plat of mound groups on Long island, Roane county, Tennessee 359 239. Diagram of mound No. 3, Long island, Roane county, Tennessee 360 240. Image from mound No. 3, Long island, Roane county, Tennessee ... 361 241. Diagram of the Hagler mouiul, Roane county, Tennessee 364 242. Di.agram of the Hardin mound, Blouut county, Tennessee 367 243. Plat of the McMurray mounds, Blount county, Tennessee 368 244. Diagram of McMurray mound. No. 2 369 245. Section of McMurray mound. No. 3 369 246. Diagram of McMurray mound. No. 3 370 247. Plat of Latimore and McSpaddin mounds (Citieo group), Moni'oe county, Tennessee 372 248. Vertical section, mound No. 1, Latimore group 372 249. Vertical section of the Citieo mound (McSpaddin, No. 4) 374 250. Plan of burials in the Citieo mound (McSpaddin, No. 4) 375 251. Moccasin -sh.aped pot, Citici mound 376 252. Copper rattle or hawk's bell, Citieo mound 376 253. Bone needle, Citieo mound 377 254. Plat of the Bacon and McGeo mounds, Blount and Monroe counties, Tennessee 377 255. Plan of burials in McGee mound No. 2 378 256. Plat of the Toco mounds, Monroe couuty, Tennessee 379 257. Vertical section of the Big Toco mound, Monroe county, Tennessee 380 258. Plan of burials in the Big Toco mound, Monroe county, Tennessee.. 381 259. Bone implement. Big Toco mound 382 260. Bone implement, Big Toco mound 382 261. Stone pijie. Big Toco mound 383 262. Ornamented shell. Big Toco mound 383 263. Stone implement. Big Toco mound 383 261. Pot, Big Toco mound 384 ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII FiG. 2B5. Vertical section of Callaway mound, Monroe county, Tennessee 385 266. Diagram of Callaway moimrt, Monroe county, Tennessee 385 267. Water vessel, Callaway mound 3gg 268. Water ressel, Callaway mound 3g7 269. Plat of the Niles ferry mounds, Monroe county, Tennessee 388 270. Group two miles below Niles ferry 3gi) 271. Plat of mounds on the Click farm, Monroe county, Tennessee 390 272. Horizontal section, Bat creek mound No. 3, Loudon county, Tennes- ^'^*' 393 273. Engraved stone from Bat creek mound No. 3, Loudon county, Ten- nessee on, 274. Mounds on .John Jackson's farm, Loudon county, Tennessee .395 275. Mounds on .lohu Jackson's farm, Loudon county, Tennessee 396 276. The Lenoir mounds, Loudon county, Tennessee 397 277. Plan of burials in mound No. 1, Lenoir group 39g 278. Diagram of mound No. 2, Lenoir group ggy 279. Plan of burials in mound No. 2, I,enoir grouj) 400 280. Vertical section of mound No. 2, Lenoir group 400 281. Horizontal plan of mound No. 2, Lenoir group 401 282. Ornamental pot, mound No. 2, Lenoir group 4OI 283. Shell ornament, mound No. 2, Lenoir group 402 284. Shell ornament, mound No. 2, Lenoir group 402 28.^. Pipf , mound No. 2, Lenoir group 4O3 286. Plan of buri.ils in mound No. 1, Frazier group, Rhea county, Tennes- "'*' 406 287. Huddksou's Circle, Fayette Couul.v, West Virginia 407 288. Singular stone heaps, Fayette county, West Virginia 408 289. Stone heap with two cavities, Fayette county. West Virginia 409 290. Section of stone heap with triangular cavity, Fayette county, West Virginia _" ; ^^^ 291. Enlarged plan of mound No. 1, and inclosure o, Kanawha county, West Virginia ^,c 292. Section of mound No. 1, Kanawha county. West Virginia 416 293. Spring Hill inclosure on enlarged scale, Kanawha county, West Vir- S'"'^ 419 294. Inclosure G, Kanawha county, West Virginia 421 295. Inclosure I, Kanawha county, West Virginia 422 296. Inclosure L, Kanawha county. West Virginia 423 297. Inclosure K, Kanawha county. West Virginia 494 298. A sectiou of mound No. 21, Kanawha county. West Virginia 425 299. (lopper Ijracelet from mound No. 21, Kanawha county, West Virginia 426 300. Copper gorget, mound No. 21. Kanawha county, West Virginia .... 426 301. Steatite pipe from Kanawha county, West Virginia 427 302. Section of mound No. 31, Kanawha county, West Virginia 432 303. Mound group, 1 mile west of Barboursville, West Virginia 438 304. Section of the Hawn mound, Knox county, Ohio 411 305. Plat and section of the area about the Staats mound, Knox county, <^'"o .' 442 306. Plan of Cemetery mound. Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio 444 307. Section of C^emetery mound. Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio. . . . 445 308. Works on the Davis place, Hocking county, Ohio 447 309. Plan of the large work, Davis place, Hocking county, Ohio 4i8 310. Ancient works near Dublin, Franklin county, Ohio 450 311. Group of mounds. Brown coimty. Ohio 453 12 ETH II XVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Page. Fig. 312. Stiine grave, Brown county, Ohio 455 813. Section of a .stone grave, Brown county, Oliio 456 314. Mounds near Brownsville, Ohio 458 315. Small inclosure, Newark group, Licking county, Ohio 460 316. Levels along parallels at Newark, Ohio 467 317. Ancient inclosure. Licking county, Ohio 468 318. Stone fort on Flint lidge, Licking county, Ohio 469 319. Stone fort near Glenford, Perry county, Ohio 470 320. Section of the Cryder mound, near Adelphi, Ross county, Ohio 471 321 . Small circle, LiUerty township works, Ross county, Ohio 480 322. Pyramidal mound, Baum works, Ross county, Ohio 485 323. Bone implement point from Baum works 487 324. Circle A, Seal township works 490 325. Copy of Moorehead's station 241, PI. vi 492 326. The Serpent mound, Adams county, Ohio 493 327. Mound and graves near Mouongahcla city, Pennsylvania _. 496 328. Section of Irvinetou mound, Warren county, Pennsylvania 500 329. Pieces of silver from Irvineton mound, Warren county, Pennsylvania . 501 330. Inclosure near Pittsfield, Warren county, Pennsylvania 502 331. Ancient fort on Atwell farm, Madison county, New York 504 332. Seat of ancient Onondaga town, Madison county. New York 505 333. Old fort near Ellington, ( 'hautau(|ua county. New York 507 334. Inclosure near Ellington, Chautauqua county. New Y'ork 509 335. Inclosure on Dunn farm, Wyoming county. New York 514 336. Rifle river fort No. 2, Ogemaw county, Michigan 517 337. Map of the Huron-Iroquois district 541 338. Elevation of large mound, Angel group 557 339. Plat of large mound. Angel group 558 340. Thevillage of Secotan 621 341. Interior of house of Virginia Indians 623 342. Section of mound 11, Cook farm group, Davenport, Iowa 636 343. Village of Pomeiock, from Brevis Narratio 669 344. Pipe from Virgiuia 706 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY By J. W. Powell, Dikectoe INTRODUCTION. The prosecntion of ethnologic researches among the North American Indians, in accordance with act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year 1890-'91. The general plan on which the work was prosecuted in former years, and which has been explained in earlier reports, was continued in operation. A noteworthy feature of this ])lan is that the ethnologists who, as authors, prepare the publica- tions of the Bureau, personally gather the material for them in the field, supplementing this material by a study of all the con- nected literature and by a subsequent comparison of all ascer- tained facts. The continuance of the work for a numlier of years by the same zealous observers and students, who freely interchange their information and opinions, has resulted in their training with the acuteness of specialists, con-ected and gener- alized by the knowledge obtained from other authorities on the same or related specialties. General lines of investigation were adopted by the Director and the details were intrusted to selected persons skilled in their pursuits, the results of whose labors are published from time to time in the manner prescribed by law. A brief statement of tlie work on which each of these special stu- dents was engaged during the year, with its condensed result, XXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. is presented below. This, however, does not specify in detail all of the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, as particular lines of research have sometimes been tempora- rily suspended, in order immediately to accomplish objects regarded as of paramount importance for the time. The present opportunity is embraced to invite again the assistance of explorers, writers, and students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with this Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or of extended communications, will always be gratefully acknowl- edged and carefully considered, and if published in whole or in part, either in the series of reports, monographs, or bulletins, they will receive proper credit. The items which form the subject of the present repoi't are embraced in two principal divisions. The first relates to the work prosecuted in the field, and the second to the office work, which consists largely of the preparation for publication of the results of the field work, complemented and extended by study of the literature of the several subjects, and by correspond- ence relating to them. It is with profound pleasui'e that attention is called to this abstract of the work of the officers of the Bm-eau dming the term of a single year. By long- training, by great zeal, and by deep scientific insight, these gentlemen are now able to accom- plish results far beyond the expectations entertained when the Bureau was originally organized. The researches in this field have passed beyond the elementary stage, and the significance of the data being rapidly gathered becomes more and more apparent. FIELD WORK. At the close of the last fiscal year the specific exploration of the mound area of the United States ceased, except so far as it was found necessaiy to verify surveys and supply omissions. A large part of the results of this specific work, winch had been continued for several past years, appears in the present volume. A plan of general archeologic field work was practically initi- ated by systematic explorations of the tide-water region in ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXIII the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, and of the Ohio valley, which determined, among other points of interest, that the ascription of great antiquity to forms of stone implements of America, which ha^'e been hitherto classed with European paleoliths in age as well as in fabrication, was not substantiated by the ascertained facts. Careful explorati(in of the Verde valley in Arizona followed that previously made in other parts of the large southwestern region of the United States in which the presence of many ex- tensive ruins had given rise to fanciful theories. The data as classified and discussed show that the hypothesis of a vanished race enjoying high civilization, proposed to account for the architectui'e of the ruined structures, is unnecessary. The close attention hitherto given to Indian languages was continued, in recognition of the fact that some of them are fast passing beyond the possibility of record and study, and that the ethnic classification of all of the Indian tribes can be made accurate only through the determination of their linguistic divisions and connections. The study of aboriginal mythology and religious practices was also continued, with special atten- tion to the ghost dances and "Messiah religion," which have produced important consequences bearing on the problem of proper national dealing with the Indians. The misconception of Indian religious philosophy, which in fact presents rather apparent than actual antagonism to civilization as it is in the stage commonly traversed toward higher culture, has occa- sioned needless loss of life and treasure. The field woi'k of the year is divided into (1) archeology and (2) general field studies, the latter being directed chiefl}^ to religion, technology, and linguistics. ARCHEOLOGIC FIELD WORK. RESEARCHES BY MR. W. H. HOLMES. As previously announced, general exploration of the mound region was discontinued and archeologic field work was placed ill the charge of Mr. William H. Holmes. During the summer of 1890 he began the work of archeologic exploration in the XXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Atlantic coast states. The ancient quarries of quartzite bowl- ders and of steatite within the District of Columbia were explored and extensive excavations were made. This work was continued tlu-oughout July, and in August a quarry site near the new U. S. Naval Obsei'vatory, on a ridge overlooking Rock creek valley, was examined. The phenomena oljserved on this site were practically identical with those of Piney branch, described in the Eleventh Annual Report. A large area of bowlder beds of the Potomac formation, two or three acres in extent, had been worked over to the depth of several feet by the aboriginal quaiTy men, and all available bowlders had been utilized in the manufacture of leaf-shaped blades. These were probably blanks, subsequently specialized as spear heads, arrow points, perforators, and related instruments. In August Mr. Holmes proceeded to the Mississipi valley for the purpose of reexamining some mound groups not previously explored with sufficient care. He spent a week in Grant county, Wisconsin, mapping the remarkable groups of effigy mounds for which that region is noted. Subsequently he visited Pulaski county, Arkansas, and made a survey of the Knapp mounds at Toltec station, whence he passed to the vicinity of Hot Springs, Arkansas, to examine the ancient novaculite quames near that place. Apparently the early inhabitants had quaiTied this rock extensively, and had used it in the manufacture of spear heads, aiTOW points, and other articles. The pittings were on a large scale, surpassing even those of the District of Columbia quarries. These Avorks have generally been attributed by white settlers to Spanish gold- hunters of an early period. In September and October Mr. Holmes resumed his explora- tions in the District of Columbia and extended the work into the valley of the Potomac between Point of Rocks and Cum- berland, Maryland, and into the Ohio valley as far as Alle- gheny. A visit was next made to the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, and a very interesting Indian village site on Choptank river, 2 miles below Cambridge, was examined. An ancient community of oyster dredgers was once established on a bluff about 20 feet above tide level. Subsequently this site ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXV was biu-ied to the depth of 20 feet by wiud-driveu saud, and more recently the waves have encroached on the land, exposing a section of the bluff and its buried village site. The most important feature of this exposure was the section of an ossuary or bm-ial pit 12 feet in diameter and 5 feet deep, which had been dug at the village site and filled with a mass of dis- connected human bones, all of which were in an advanced state of decay. These remains were not accompanied by ob- jects of art. In Api-il Mr. Holmes made a journey to Bartow county, Georgia, and to Coahoma county, Mississippi, to make detailed observations on the great groups of mounds in these coun- ties. The principal mound in Bartow county belongs to the gTOup known as the Etowah mounds, and is a splendid example of the work of the builders. In shape the great stracture is a four-sided truncated pyramid, not wholly synnnetric. It is 63 feet high, and measures about 175 feet across the nearly level top. The measurements of the four sides of the base are 380, 330, 360, and 350 feet. The slopes are steep, reaching in places 45 degrees, and are broken by two decided eccentricities of configuration. On the south a ten-ace from 40 to 50 feet wide slopes to the level of the base of the mound on the east, and ends in a nearly level platform about 45 feet square at the western end. The platform is about 20 feet lower than the mound, and does not apjjear to have had means of communication with its summit. This ii'regular terrace has been called a roadway, but it has more the character of an unfinished addition to the original mound. The other eccen- tricity is a graded way extending eastward from the summit of the mound, and which to all appearances is the real road- way to the summit. This way is 20 or more feet in width, though somewhat broken down by erosion, and has a slope of only 21 degrees. The great Etowah mound was doubtless the stronghold of the village, and its top was probably inclosed by a stockade. The Carson mounds in Coahoma county, Mississippi, form a group of unusual interest. There are four mounds of large size, two of them being oblong and having twin summits. The XXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. highest has an elevation of 25 feet. Scattered about these large mounds are nearly a hundred smaller ones from 1 to 6 feet in height and from 10 to 200 feet in diameter, most of which, as the refuse indicates, represent house sites. The house floors were of clay, well smoothed on the upper surface, and the walls and possibly the coverings were also of clay, supported by a framework of canes. The clay in many cases has been baked, but whether from design in building or tln-ough the burning of the structure surmounting the moiind ' is not easily determined. There are numerous large pits about the border of the site, from which the earth used in building the mounds was apparently obtained. The area covered by the village is thi-ee-fourths of a mile by half a mile. In the spring of 1891 Mr. Holmes began a systematic exploration of the tide-water region in Maryland and Virginia, which included a study of the art remains and of the phe- nomena of shell banks and \'illage sites, as well as the map- ping of all sites which have interest to the historian and the archeologist. In this work he was assisted by Mr. William Dinwiddle, and for a short period by Mr. Gerard Fowke. Tln-ough documentary e\adence it is known that the tide- water region was occupied hj tribes of Algonquin stock be- longing to the Powhatan confederacy. So thorough was their occupation of this country that along the water courses nearly every available site bears evidence of it and, in the salt and brackish sections of the water courses, shell banks (the kitchen- middens of this people) cover the shores in almost continuous lines. The sites were so numerous that a careful study of all was found to be impracticable, and it was decided to select for detailed examination a small number which are typical. On the Potomac the following localities were chosen for special study: The ^ncinity of Little falls at the head of tide water; the site of Smith's town of " Nacotchtank," now Anacostia; " Chapowamsie " island, at the mouth of the creek of that name; the site of the village of " Patawomeck, " on Pototnac creek; the great shell mounds of Pope creek and the ovster-dredo-ino- stations about the mouth of Wicomico river. Many sites on the western shore of Chesapeake bay and ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXVII on Patuxeiit river, also many village sites along the James, most of them mentioned and located by Capt. John Smith, were visited and examined. These include " Chesapeack," on Lynnliaven bay, Virginia; "Nandsamund," on Chuckatuck creek, west of Norfolk; Jamestown island; "Chawopo," "Paspahegh," and "Quiyoughcohanock," near Clearmont; "Weanock," on Eppes island, opposite City Point; and "Pow- hatan," just below Richmond. The art remains procured fi'om these historic James river sites are identical in nearly every respect with the Potomac and Chesapeake relics, a fact which bears strongly on the question of the unity of the art products and the identity of the peoples of the tide-water country. WORK OP MR. GERARD FOWKE. Mr. Gerard Fowke entered upon his duties as assistant archeologist on May 1, 1891. He began at once the explora- tion of James river valley, and at the close of the year was making excavations in an ancient cemetery near Gala, Alle- gheny county, Virginia. The object of that work, aside from the usual archeologic exploration, was to determine from art products the western limits of areas occupied by the Algonquin tribes and the eastern limits of the various groups of peoples belonging- further westward. WORK OF MR. HENRY L. REYNOLDS. Mr. Henry L. Reynolds was the only one of the former assistants in the Mound Division retained on the archeo- logic field work. He was engaged during the early part of the last fiscal year in making examinations and' resurveys of certain ancient works in Ohio, and in the spring of 1891 was sent to South Carolina to examine several important Avorks in that state. Owing to severe illness, which terminated in his death (on April 17, 1891) while in the field, this last trip was not productive of scientific results. By the death of Mr. Rey- nolds the Bureau has lost a skillful and industrious member, and archeology an enthusiastic student. For some time jsre- XXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. vious to his last trip, in addition to his othei" dnties as assistant to Prof. Thomas, he was eng-aged in preparing a paper on the prehistoric metalHc articles of the niovind area. WORK OF MR. COSMOS MINDELEFF. Late in November Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff was directed to proceed to the Casa Glrande, on Gila river in Arizona, and to examine that ruin with a view to its preservation as provided for by act of Congress ; also to prepare plans and specifications and make contracts for the work. He was further directed to make an examination of the valley of Rio Verde, and collect data for a report on the archeology of that region. Owing to unforeseen delays the contracts for the Casa Grrande Avork were not executed until May 15, 1891, and were not approved by the Secretary of the Interior imtil late in June. Subse- quently the time for the completion of the work was extended two months. During his stay in the vicinity of the Casa Grande, Mr. Mindeleff made surveys of this structure and of the extensive ruin of which it forms a part, together with photographs, detailed plans, sketches, and notes, with a view to a detailed report. Among other results of his examination he found that the laiin of this imposing structure is now standing to within a very few feet of its height when built and occupied. Pending the execution and approval of the contracts for the Casa Grande work, Mr. Mindeleff made an examination of the valley of Rio Verde from its mouth to Camp Verde and beyond. This region had never been thoroughly examined, and it had been supposed that it would be found as rich in archeologic remains as the region about Camp Verde. Such, however, proved not to be the case. A chain of settlements was found extending from Camp Verde southward nearly to Fort McDowell, but the niins are not so numerous as in the region immediately about Camp Verde. About 10 miles below the latter locality an extensive and well-preserved group of cavate dwellings was found. Throughout the whole Verde valley the buildings, now in ruins, were constructed of slabs of calcareous rock, or of ADMINISTKATIVE KEPORT. XXIX river bowlders, or of both, and in construction, location, and ground plans are affiliated with the northern type rather than with the southern type, of which the best example is the Casa Grande on Gila river. Data for a report on the ruins in the valley of Rio Verde, and on the irrigating ditches and the horticultural systems there pursued, were collected and have been prepared for publication. Mr. Mindeleff remained in the field until after the close of the fiscal year. GENERAL FIELD WORK. WORK OF MRS. STEVENSON. Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson remained at the Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, fi-om July 1 to September 15, 1890. She was diligently engaged in completing her studies of the customs and mythology of the Sia Indians, desribed in the Eleventh Annual Report of this Bureau. She made their cosmogony and the rites of their secret ciilt societies special subjects of investigation, with the view of acquiring a clearer understand- ing of their mythology and religious practices. The data thus obtained are incorporated in Mrs. Stevenson's memoir on the Sia in the last report of the Bureau. WORK OF DR. W. .1. HOFFMAN. Dr. W. J. Hoffman in July visited the Menomoni reservation at Kesheua, the Objibwa reservation at Lac Court Oreille, Wisconsin, the Ojibwa reservation at La Pointe, and the Ottawa Lidians at Petoskey, Michigan. At Keshena he attended the annual ceremony of the Mita'wit, or Grand Medicine Society, an order professing- the powers of prophesy, the exorcism of demons, the cure of disease, and the ability to confer success in the chase. The ritual of initiation embraces the dramatiza- tion of the Menomoni cosmogony, the reception by the Indians fi'oin the Great Manito of the power of warding off disease and hunger, and the instruction to candidates as to the proper mode of so living as to gain admission into the realm presided over by Naqpote (the won), who is brother of Manabush, the mediator between the Menomoni and the Great Manito. The initiation XXX REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. ceremouies are preceded by a mortuary ritual, lasting one entire night, in honor of the deceased member, whose place is filled later on by the initiation of a substitute. Investigations were made of the Menomoni ceremony to compare it with a similar ritual found among the Ojibwa. It appears that the Menomoni practices are oftshoots from the Ojibwa, and that where the Ojibwa shamans repeat certain phrases in an archaic form of language as handed down to them, the Menomoni employ Ojibwa words and phrases, per- haps to mystify the hearers, or, perhaps, because the ritual was obtained from the Ojibwa in that form. The mode of manufacture of the several kinds of mats made by the Menom- oni was also examined, and typical specimens were secui'ed. On the completion of his work at the above reservations. Dr. Hoffman proceeded to La Pointe to inquire of the Ojibwa shanians concerning certain sacred birch-bark charts employed by them in the initiation of candidates into their society, and also to secure additional information relative to the expla- nation of pietographic cosmogony records. He then visited the OttaAva Indians on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, near Mackinaw, to ascertain whether the ceremonies of the Grand Medicine Society are still practiced by them. This body of Indians profess to have discontinued these rites, but assert that a band of the Ottawa, living farther southward, near Grand Traverse, adhere to the primitive belief and conduct annual ceremonies. WORK OF MR. JAMES MOONEY. Mr. James Mooney made a short visit in July to the moun- tain region of North Carolina and Tennessee, the former home of the Cherokees, for the purpose of collecting additional facts for a monograph on that tribe. In connection with the same work he had intended to visit the Cherokee nation in Indian territory during the following winter, but in the meantime the "Messiah religion" had begun to attract so much attention that he was directed to investigate that subject also at the same time, as well as to gather more material bearing on the linguistic affinities of the Kiowa tribe He left Washington ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXXI on December 22, and jjroceeding at once to the Cheyenne and. Arapaho reservation in Indian ten-itory, where the ghost dances were in fnll operation, remained for several weeks study- ing the dances, making photographs, and collecting the songs used. This last was the most important part of the study, as most of the Messiah religion is embodied in songs, naany of which go to the root of Indian mythology. That religion is a remodeling of aboriginal beliefs as influenced by the ideas of Christianity lately imbibed from the white man, to be used for the utter confounding of the white man himself. It is in no sense a warlike movement. It is somewhat remarkable that the ghost songs in use by the various tribes are almost all in the language of the Arapahoes, the members of that tribe being the most active propagators of the new religion and their language being peculiarly adapted to music. He then proceeded to the Kiowa reservation, where lin- guistic and other materials were obtained by which it may become possible finally to classify that hitherto isolated tribe. Additional ghost-dance material was also collected. After revisiting the Cherokee nation, where several weeks were devoted to gathering information, especially in regard to the Indian geography of upper Georgia, he returned to Washing- ton early in April. In accordance with an-angements for the World's Columbian Exposition it was decided to make a tribal exhibit from one of the more primitive prairie ti'ibes. The Kiowas were selected for the purpose and the work was assigned to Mr. Mooney, who then returned to their reservation. During May and June he collected a large variety of articles illustrative of the home life, arts, di'ess, and ceremonials of the tiibe, and was still in the field at the close of the fiscal year. OFFICE WORK. The Director during the year devoted all the time he could spare from other oflicial duties to the completion of a work on the linguistic families of North America. His effort to classify the North American languages so that the classification shall he of scientific value as well as of practical XXXII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. use, has beeu explained at length in previoiis reports. Such a classification, when properly made, will constitute an indispen- sable preliminary to all accurate ethnologic work relating to this continent. The essay, with an accompanying linguistic chart, was substituted for another paper in the long delayed Seventh Aimual Report of this Bureau. Col. Garrick Mallery, U. S. a., during the year, when not occupied in special and occasional duties designated by the Director, was engaged in arranging for publication the mate- rial gathered by him during se^'eral jjre^dous years on the gen- eral theme of picture-writing. That title was used to embrace all modes of expressing and communicating thoughts and facts in a permanent form without reference to sound. Such modes of expression being at one time, if not still, independent of oral language, the study of their history, evolution, and practice may assist in the soliition of some ethnic and psvchic prob- lems, and may verify or modify some theories of anthropologic import. In the scheme of arrangement for publication the objective exhibition <»f mental concepts by the North American Indians has been classified with proper predominance, as it has exceeded in interest all others known which have not passed beyond the boundaries separating ideograms and emblems from sylLibaries and alphabets. In order to promote explanation and comparison, however, copies and descriptions of a lai'ge luimber of petroglyphs and .other forms of picto- graphs found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and in many islands, were collated. With the same object, still more earnest attention was directed to the synoptic presentation of illustra- tions from Mexico, Central America, and South America as Toeing presumably more closelv connected than is tlie eastern hemi- sphere with the similar developments found in the present area of the United States, whether inscribed on rocks with author- ship generally unknown or actually in current use among many of the Indian tribes. This work was incorporated in the Tenth Annual Report of this Bureau. Mr. Henry W. Henshaw throughout the entire year devoted his time to administrative work and to continuing the prepara- tion of the Dictionary of Indian Tribes already described. ADMINISTRATIVE REPOET. XXXIII Prof. Cyrus Thomas was engaged during the year cliietly ill the preparation of his report on the exploration of the mound area of the United States, which appears in the present volume, and in other office work necessary in connection with the publication of a bulletin entitled "Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains," printed during the fiscal year though not issued until after its close. He was also occupied in the preparation of maps for that bulletin and of illustrations for his general report. It was intended at first that the whole of that report should occupy two volumes as a part of the series of Contributions to North American Ethnol- ogy, but it was found convenient to divide it between the present volume and the bulletin mentioned. As this change of plan necessitated some modifications in the manuscript, the opportunity was embraced to incorporate additional data obtained through recent observations and correspondence. Mr. W: H. Holmes included in his office work the prepara- tion of papers on pottery, shell, textile fabrics, pipes, and other productions of the mound-building tribes, and the writing of reports on the numerous explorations made during the year. These reports have been brought up to date and are on file. He has adopted the policy of preparing reports on field work for file as the work proceeds, and his assistants are expected at the close of each separate piece of exploration or unit of study to make a i-eport relating to it of a sufficiently finished nature to serve the purposes of record and reference in case of their disability or separation from the office. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey prepared the index to his monograph, "The (pegiha, Language-:— Myths, Stories, and Letters," and read the proof sheets of the second part of that volume, which has since been published as Vol. vi of Contributions to North American Ethnology. He resumed his work on the (pegiha- English dictionary, inserting many new words occurring in the texts, and referring to each new word by page and line. He devoted considerable time to the tribal synonymy of the Athapascan, Caddoan, Kusan, Siouan, Takilman, and Yakonan families; comparing authorities, writing historical sketches of the tribes, gentes, and villages of these linguistic families, and 12 ETH III XXXIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. rearranging' all the material in order to make it ready for j^rint- ing. From December, 1890, to March, 1891, with the aid of a Kwapa delegate in Washington, he collected much information respecting the Kwapa (or Quapaw) tribe, a people closely related to the Omaha and Ponka, from whom they separated prior to 1540. After March, 1891, he elliborated that material, which consists of about 150 personal names, arranged according to sex and gens, with the meaning of the name whenever attain- able, together with over 3,500 entries for a Kwapa-English dictionary, and several epistles and myths with grammatic and sociologic notes. This material was found to be of great assist- ance to him in the preparation of the (|!!egiha-English dictionary and other papers. He also prepared for publication the following papers : A study of Siouan cults, illustrated with numerous sketches col- ored by Indians, which is incorporated in the Eleventh Annual Report; Omaha and Ponka letters, containing the (pegiha epistles, which could nf»t be published in Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. vi; aii illustrated paper on Omaha dwellings, furniture, and implements; and a paper on the social organization of the Siouan tribes. Mr. Albert S. Gatschet during the liscal year was en- gaged in office work only. After completing the manuscript of the Ethnographic Sketch of his work, "The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon," which was published during the year as Vol. ii; Part i, of Contril)utions to North Aniei-ican Ethnology, he read the proof of it, which occupied him until October, 1890. Later he was engaged in extracting, copying, and carding the vocabularies and other matter collected by him during the past ten years concerning the Tonkawe, the Hitchiti, the Shawano, Powhatan, and Creek Indians. A large number of personal, tribal, and local names of Indian origin were collected and partly explained in the intervals of the above work. Dr. W. J. Hoffman continued the arrangement and classifi- cation of material relating to the society of shamans of the Ojibwa Indians, which, together wnth numerous illustrations, was prepared for publication, and forms part of the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau. Dr. Hoffman was also engaged ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXXV in the arrano-ement of the data and sketches relating' to the pictography and gesture language of the North American Indians, obtained by hiin during previous field seasons, to be incorporated in the woi-ks of Col. Mallery on those topics. Mr. James Mooney devoted the earlier part of the fiscal year to the elaboration of liis Cherokee material, the lirst results of which, under the title of "Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees," has appeared in the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau. He also prepared a short descriptive catalogue of his pre

ous ethnologic collections from the Cherokee and began work on a paper indicating that the southern Atlantic states were formerly occupied by a number of Siouau tribes, if, indeed, that region was not the original home of the Siouau stock. In connection with this investigation, a closer study of the linguistic material from the Catawban tribes of Carolina confirms the statement, which has already been published by this Bureau, that they belong to the Siouan family. Mr. Mooney also at intervals assisted in work on the Dictionary of Tribal Synonymy. Mr. James C. Pilling continued his bibliographic work throughout the fiscal year. At the date of the hist report he was engaged in reading proof of the bibliography of the Algonquian languages. The volume has been published, com- prising 614 pages and 82 full-page illustrations, chiefly fac- similes of the title-pages of rare books, syllabaries, and other interesting bibliographic features. Among the special articles in it is one relating to the labors of the "Apostle" Eliot among the Indians of Massachusetts, and more especially to his linguistic work. As this author was the earliest and the most noted of those engaged in this line of research, considerable space was devoted to him and his labors, and it was thought proper to issue the article in separate form. It is noted below under the heading of publications. Mr. Pilling has terminated Iiis connection with the U. S. Geological Survey, and is now associated exclusively with the Bureau of Ethnology, his ap- pointment taking effect May 1, 1891. Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt has continued his work on the Tuskarora dictionary, the Tuskarora-English part being well advanced XXXVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. and the Englisli-Tuskarora part commenced. ^lucli material ft)r tlie compilation of a complete grammar of the Tuskarora- Iroquoian tongue was added to that previously acquired. For this object such anomalous, redundant, and defective verbs- as have been recorded in the dictionary have been coinjugated in all the derivative forms of which they are susceptible, a ditftcult but instructive task. Several regular A-erbs have also been conjugated to develop all their known derivative forms. The nmnber of possible derivative forms of a regular verb in the several conjugations is estimated by Mr. Hewitt to reach between 2,800 and 3,000. This enumeration is of interest, first, because it has been asserted by students of Indian languages that the number of possible derivative forms of an Amei'ican Indian verb is infinite, and, secondly, because it has been estimated that a Greek verb so conjugated would be represented, by about 1,300 forms. He also paid special attention to grammatic gender. There are in the Tuskarora-Iroquoian tongue three genders, which he names the anthropic, the zoic, and the azoic, which are ex- pressed through the prefix pronouns only. In the anthropic gender alone sex distinctions are found, and hence there are masculine and feminine pronouns therein; but in the zoic and azoic genders, sex is not indicated. Hence, by the prefix pro- nouns, the objects of discourse are naturally classified into three genders. Mr. Hewitt continued making ti'anslations from the old French writers, Perrot, Lafitau, La Potherie, and others, of the notices and accounts of the beliefs, rites and ceremonies, super- stitions, and mythic tales of the Iroquoian peoples. These were collated as aids in explaining and elaborating the matter col- lected in the field by him personally. By adding their testi- mony to the evidence of etymology he forms, the opinion that the Iroquoian cosmogony or genesis-myth originates in the personification of the elements, powers, processes, and the liv- ing creatures of the visible and sensible world. Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson was engaged fi-ora the later part of September, 1890, to June 30, 1891, in preparing for publication the material collected at the pueblo of Sia, New ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XXXVII Mexico, diiriiifj the jjrecediug .spring aud summer, which is pubHshed in the Eleventh Annual Report of this series. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff during the first five months of the fiscal year was occupied on the card catalogue of ruins refeiTed to in the last annual report and in the compilation and preparation of maps showing the distribution of ruins in the southwestern part of the Uuite'd States. This work was tem- porarily discontinued late in November, when he was ordered into the field as set forth in preceding paragraphs. lie also has remained in charge of the" modeling room. Its force during the year was devoted exchxsively to the "dupli- cate series," reference to which has been made. in previous reports, and no new work was undertaken. Five models wex'e added to the series, ranging in size from 16 square feet to 250 square feet, and comprising the following subjects: Mummy cave cliffy ruin, Arizona; Pueblo of Walpi, Arizona; Pueblo of Sechumovi, Arizona; Ruin of Penasco Blanco, New Mexico; and Pit of Nelson mound. This series is nearing completion, and the Bureau now has material sufficient to form tlie nu- cleus of an exhibit, such as it is often called upon to make, without disturbing its series of original models now deposited in the National Museum. It has also a small number of mod- els which can be drawn upon to supply the demand for such material for the purpose of exchange with colleges and other educational aud scientific institutions. Mr. Jeremiah Curtin was occupied with office work exclu- sively during the year. From July 1, 1890, until Febitiary 1, 1891, he aiTanged and copied vocabularies which he had previously collected in California, namely: Hupa, Ehnikan, Weitspekan, Wintu, Yana, and Palaihnihan. He devoted the later months of the year to classifying and copying a large number of myths which he had collected among the Hupa, Ehnikan, and Wintu Indians. These myths are for the greater part connected with medicine, though some are creation myths and myths relating to religion and the origin of various tribal customs and usages. Mr. De Lancy W. Gill continued in charge of the work of preparing and editing the illustrations for publications of the XXXVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. Bureau. The work doue tor the year euduig June 30, 1891, was as follows: Drawings of objects and ethnologic specimens and miscellaneous diagrams 422 Ancient ruins, earthworks, and landscape drawings 133 Maps . . 47 Total , 602 These drawings were prepared from field surveys and sketches, from photographs, ^md from the collections brought in by the members of the Bureau. The photographic work remains under the able manage- ment of Mr. J. K. Hillers. Photographic negatives were secured from sittings of Indians representing the following tribes, viz, Sac and Fox, Seneca, Creek, and Cherokee. From these negatives 129 prints were furnished. Administrative Work. — Until April 30, 1891, Mr. James C. Pilling was chief clei'k of the Geological Survey and performed similar functions for the Bureau of Ethnology; after Mr. Filling's resignation from the Geological Survey took effect, his successor, Mr. H. C. Rizer, beginning with May 1, con- tinued to perform the duties of chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethuolpgy. Mr. John D. McChesney, the chief disbursing clerk of the Geological Survey, continued to make disburse- ments and transact the fiscal business for the Bureau through- out the year. The duties of these officers have been performed in an- eminently satisfactory maimer, without compensation from the Bureau. Mr. W. A. Croftut, editor of the Geological Survey, has remained in charge of the editorial work of the Bureau, an exacting service which he also has performed for several years without compensation from the Bureau. In this work he has been efficiently aided by Mr. George M. Wood. PUBLICATIONS. The pubUcations issued during the year are : (1) Contributions to North American Etlmology, Volume II, Part I. The Klamath Indians of Southeastern Oregon, by Albert Samuel Gatschet, a quarto volume of cvii+711 pages ADMINISTRATIVE KEPOET. XXXIX and map. This part includes an ethnographic sketch of the KUimath people, texts of the Klamath language with explana- tory notes, and a grammar of the Klamath language. The second part comprises the Klamath-English and English- Klamath dictionaries. It was in type at the end of the last fiscal year, but was not then received from the Public Printer. (2) Bibliographic notes on Eliot's Indian Bible and on his other translations and works in the Indian language of Massa- chusetts. This is an abstract from a Bibliogi'aphy of the Algonquian Languages, by James Constantine Pilling, and forms pages 127-184 of the Algonquian Bibliography, which has since been issued. As separately issued these "Notes" constitute a royal octavo pamphlet of 58 separately numbered pages. Two hundred and fifty copies were printed and issued. • ACOOMPANYING PAPER ON THE MOUND EXPLO- RATIONS OF THE BUREAU In 1858, 1851), and 1860 the present Director of the Bureau of Ethnology was engaged in examining prehistoric mounds in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. At that time it was the prevailing opinion among archeologists that the mounds and other aboriginal earthworks of the eastern half of the United States are vestiges of a people more ancient and more advanced in culture than the tribes of Indians • that occupied the continent at the time of the discovery by Columbus. Sharing these opinions, he began the preparation of a catalogue of mound-builders' arts, in the progress of which work many mounds were visited and a few excavated, and the catalogue grew from observations thus made in the field and from the examination of collections in various parts of the country. In the fall of 1859 certain mounds on the shore of Lake Peoria, in Illinois, were examined and skeletons were found in one of the largest, and with them works of art of various materials, especially of stone and pottery. At the bottom, with some articles of pottery, shells, stone implements, etc., an ornament was found made of copper skillfully cut in imitation of a spread eagle, with head turned to one side. Lying by the side of this were a few glass beads. These challenged attention, XL REPOUT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. aud the question was necessarily preseuted to him, Did these ancient people have the art of making glass! Subsequently the copper ornament was more carefully examined, and it ap- peared, to be made of rolled sheet copper, or if the sheet was made by hammering this was so deftly accomplished that every vestige of the process had disappeared, leaving only flat surfaces on both sides, with a uniforna thickness of metal. If these articles were the work of the mound-builders in jn-e- Columbian times, then the people must have possessed arts more advanced than those shown by the mound arts previously studied. Thus a suspicion arose as to the correctness of the prevailing opinion. National events interrupted the investigation, and carried the investigator into other fields of activity; but while cam- paigning in Missouri, Tennessee, and Mississippi, in 1861-64 he discovered and examined many other groups* of mounds. In these new fields, also, most of the works of art unearthed were of stone, bone, shell, and pottery, but in excavating a mound with stone graves, near Nashville, Tennessee, more glass beads were discovered and also an iron knife, very much rusted, which was afterward lost. At the time of this find his former suspicion became a hypothesis that the mounds from which the glass, copper, and iron articles were taken were con- structed subsequent to the advent of the white man on this continent, and that the contents gave evidence of barter between the civilized and savage races. Wlien the Bureau of Ethnology was first organized the energies of its members were devoted exclusively to the study of the North American Indians, and the general subject of archeology was neglected, it being the dominant purpose and preference of the Director to investigate the languages, arts, institutions, and mythologies of extant tribes rather than pre- historic antiquities; but certain archeologists, by petition, asked Congress to so enlarge the scope of the Bureau as to include a study of the archeology of the United States, and thereupon, when the next appropriation was made, in Febru- ary, 1881, the act of Congress was modified by including the italicized words in the following extract: ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XI.I "Add to the paragraph appropriating $25,000 for cou- tinuiug ethnohigical. researches among the North Anitrican Indians the foUowing: " '■Five thousand doUars of which shall he expended in continuing archeological investigation relating to mound-builders and prehistoric, mounds.'' " This change in the statute was a surprise to the Director, as he had not been informed that such a movement was on foot. In compHance with the terms of the statute the work of inves- tigating the mounds of the eastern half of the United States was at once organized, and Mr. Wills de Haas was placed in charge, -as he was one of the men who had interested himself to have the investigation enlarged. Subsequently, in 1881, Mr. de Haas resigned, and Prof. Cyrus Thomas was put in chare-e of the work, which he has ever since continued. The new line of fesearches thus inaugurated has led to the publica- tion of a number of papers in the reports of the Bureau, and now one more comprehensive than any of the rest is presented by Prof Thomas — a treatise which will be of interest, as it seems to disprove the attractive theory that the ancient tumuli of tlie eastern half of the United States are the remains of a people more highly cultured than the tribes of who were In- dians found by the white man, and who had vanished from the country anterior to the Columbian discovery. The problems raised in the mind of the present Director many years ago seem to have reached a solution. It is difficult to exaggerate the prevalence of this romantic fallacy, or the force with which the hypothetic "lost races" had taken possession of the imaginations of men. For more than a Qentury the ghosts of a vanished nation have ambuscaded in the vast solitudes of the continent, and the forest-covered mounds have been usually regarded as the mysterious sep- ulchers of its kings and nobles. It was an alluring conjecture that a powerful people, superior to the Indians, once occupied the valley of the Ohio and the Appalachian ranges, their empire stretching from Hudson bay to the Clulf, with its flanks on the western praii'ies and the eastern ocean; a people with a confederated government, a chief ruler, a great central caj)ital. XLII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. a highl}' developed religion, with lioiue.s and liusbaiidry and advanced textile, fictile, and ductile arts, with a language, per- . haps with letters, all swept away before an invasion of copper- hued Huns from some unknown region of the earth, prior to the landing of Columbus. These hypothetic semiciA'ilized autochthons, hnagined to have been thus rudely exterminated or expelled, have been variously identified by ethnologists with the ancestors of the Aztecs or the Toltecs, the Mayas, the Colhuas, the Chichimees, or the Pueblos, who have left no sign of their existence save the rude and feeble fortifications into which they fled froni their foes, and the silent and obscure elevations in which their nobles found interment. Only about a hundred years have passed since scientific men became fully aware of these remarkable antiquities. They were first discussed by Dr. Fi-anklin, Thomas Jefferson, Presi- dent Ezra Stiles of Yale College, Noah Webster, and their contemporaries, wIkj advanced various theories to account for the origin of the mounds. Franlvlin and Webster ^YeYe inclined to attribute to De Soto and other Spanish explorers the few that had l)een found and described, but Webster afterward abandoned this theory and ascribed the mounds to the Indians. Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, in 1797, set forth the conclusion that the mounds were not built by the living Indians or their pre- decessors, but by a people of higher cultivation, with established law and order and a well disciplined i)olice. His work, "New Views on the Origin of the Tribes of America," seems, in fact, to have been the first publication of the theory of the "lost races." At the beginning of this century the students of American archeology received two important accessions, Rev. T. M. Har- ris, of Massachusetts, and Bishop Madison, of Virginia. Both of them traveled extensively in tlie mound region, and both were of scientific tastes and liabits of mind. Bishop Madison saw in these antiquities no evidence of an art higher than or of tendencies different from those of existing Indians, while Dr. Harris thought that they evinced proofs of skill and culture im])l}ing the hand of a superior race and the influence of a higher civilization. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XLIII Since the days of Harris and Madison the discussion of this ■ subject has gone forward on the hues which their differences defined. Those who hokl that the Indians did not buiki the mounds are far from agreeing as to who did buikl them. Many, hke Mr. John T. Short, author of "The North Americans of Antiquity," follow Harris in the direction of the Toltecs, who, it is assumed, occupied the Mississippi basin prior to their appearance in the valley of Anahuac on the summit of the mountains of Mexico. Wilson, in his " Prehistoric Man," argues, on the contrary, that the Toltecs came from the south, and that the Aztecs went from the north after building our mysterious mounds.- Dawson, in his "Fossil Man," holds that the mounds were built by the Tallegwi, a primitive peo23le reconstructed from the traditions of the Delawares ; Lewis H. Moi-gan ex- pressed the opinion that the makers of the mounds were related to the Puelilo tribes of New Mexico ; Squier and Davis, Avho, in their "Ancient Monuments," exercised a world-wide influence on this question partly because their conclusions were published under the powerful authority of the Smith- sonian Institution, set forth their views as follows : "We may venture to suggest that the facts thus far col- lected point to a connection more or less intimate between the race of the mounds and the semicivilized nations which for- merly had their seats among the Sierras of Mexico, upon the plains of Central America and Peru, and who erected the imposing structures which from their number, vastness, and m}'sterious significance, invest the central portion of the con- tinent with an interest not less absorbing than that which attaches to the valley of the Nile." But the assumption that the mounds scattered irregularly over the face of this country from Florida to the Red River of the North were the work of a lost and nameless race, and that the deposits of Indian remains within them were the result . of "intrusive burials," has been losing- ground before recent evidence accumulated by archeologists. The spade and pick, in the hands of patient and sagacious investigators, have every year brought to light facts tending more and more strongly to prove that the mounds, defensive, mortuary and domiciliary, XLIV REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. which have excited so much curiosity and become the subject of so inau}^ hypotheses, were constructed by the historic Indians of our hxud and their lineal ancestors. It is just to say that Schoolcraft, Gallatin, Lewis Cass, and Sir John Lubbock were all along inclined to attribute these ancient works to the Indians, and this opinion has also been entertained by Samuel G. Drake, Lucien Carr, Gen. M. F Force, Thruston, and (notably) Dr. J. H. McCulloh. Dr. W. H. Dall, in his translation of the Marquis de Nadail- lac's "Prehistoric America," says: "The Mound-builders were no more nor less than the immediate pi'edecessors in blood and culture of the Indians described by De Soto's chronicler and other early explorers — the Indians who inhabited the region of the mounds at the time of their discovery by civilized man." Yet, notwithstanding the ability and , distinction of some of the advocates of this view and the reasonableness and cogency of their arguments, it is to be remarked that the theory that the mounds and other remains of antiquity are referable to mythical vanished races has always been the most populai', and to-day the followei's of Bishop Madison are far less numerous than the followers of Dr. Harris. In the hope of adding enough evidence to that already in. sight to enable ethnologists to reach the solution of the problem, the researches recorded in this volume were undertaken. The demonstration of the fallacy of Harris's fascinating theory, long cherished and fully accepted by most ethnologists and explorers, has a far wider scope than simply correcting the current conception of pre-Columbian conditions; it enables us to obtain a more accurate view of the historic Indians them- selves and to form some idea of the culture-status of their ancestry and of the lines of environment through which they have descended; to unify and expand the field of vision and to make useful investigations along a svmmetric and homoge- neous ethnic plane instead of wasting time in chimerical and sentimental speculations concerning the unknown. The mounds in which the dead were deposited are the most important among aboriginal relics, for they indicate, both in ADMIMSTRATIVE REPORT. XLV construction and in contents, something of the art, religion, and sociology of their occupants and builders. Articles found with the skeletons, such as implements, ornaments, and fetiches, manv of them still in good preservation, are full of biographic and ethnic significance 'concerning the beliefs, habits, pur- poses, social condition and life history of long buried men ;

d of the survivors who paid them funeral rites. These artificial ihounds scattered throughout the United States are of many types. They are made of different mate- rials. They are evidently designed for different purposes — mortuary, military, social. They are constructed in different forms. They evince different degrees of art. They have diverse contents, which apparently vary with the varying ends in view and the various possessions available. Now as these tumuli are unnumbered and may fairly be said to be innumerable, it is obviously impossible that every mound can be scientificall}^ examined and a complefe correla- tion and coordination thus established. If it can be shown that some of the mounds and some of the other antiquities of all the different types and classes were made by Indians, or even by people having the same habits, beliefs, and culture- status as the Indians, the inference is justifiable that all are the work of the same race or one closely allied in culture. In fact, such an inference from such data is irresistible. Prof Thomas has made, in the paper herewith presented, a com- prehensive accumulation of these significant facts which seems to overwhelm all a priori theories of a "lost race" and to demonstrate inductively that all of these mounds were built by the people known to ha^•e built some of them or by other peo- ])le of similar characteristics and of the same grade of culture. The explorations recorded in this paper were conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, . South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and West Virginia, and excavations have been made in more than 130 counties. More than 2,000 mounds have been explored, including every known form, from the circular tumulus of the XLVI REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. north to the large truncated pyrauiid of the youth, the .stone cami, the house site, etc., stratified and unstratified; and the collaborators of the Bureau of Ethnology have collected an immense treasury of pottery, celts, pipes, gorgets, flint and bone implements, discoidal stones, copper articles, engraved shells and toys, and ornaments of many kinds, which will be invaluable to students of ethnology. Incidentally, as strongly pointing to the conclusions to which the explorations lead. Dr. Thomas introduces a summa- tion of testimony tending to show that the ruined cities of Palenque, Copaii, and Uxmal were founded and built not by an extinct ancient race but by the ancestors of the sturdy Mayas who still possess Central America, and that the deserted pueblos and cliif-dwellings of New Mexico and Ari- zona are referable to the ancestors of the sedentary tribes who still cluster on the arid plains and mesas of that section. If this be true it follows as a corollary that they could not have constructed the mounds of eastern America in the tifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The ultimate conclusions resulting from the explorations chronicled in this volume may briefly be stated as follows : 1. Nothing found in the mounds justifies the opinion that they are uniformly of great antiquity. 2. The mound-builders comprised a number of tribes bear- ing about the same relations and having about the same cul- ture-status as the Indian tribes inliabiting the corresponding area when it was first visited by Europeans. 3. The custom of removing the flesh before burial prevailed extensively among the northern mound-builders, and was not uncommon in the south. 4. None of the mounds were built for religious or sacred purposes, but some religious ceremony was often performed at the burial, involving the use of fire, perhaps in cremation. There is no evidence that human sacrifice was practiced. 5. In some southern districts, especially in the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi, it was customary to erect dwellings on low mounds, apparently artificial, and, when deaths oc- ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. XLVII curved, to buiy tlie remains iii the earthen floors, burn the liouses, and heap mounds over the sites while the embers yet smoldered. These residences appear to have been constructed by setting upright sticks in the ground and wattling them by interweaving canes or twigs, then plastering these rude walls with clay and thatching the roofs exactly as descriljed liy the early French explorers of the region. 6. The contents of the mounds examined reveal in the builders a people who had attained about the same status in warfare, domestic customs, social conditions, and arts, as the Indians of the same neighborhood when first visited by white men. 7. The construction of similar mounds over the dead has been practiced extensively in many localities since the com- ing of Europeans, as is demonstrated by the finding of silver and iron implements and religious emblems among the bones and ashes of the 'abandoned hearths. 8. The explorations of the Bureau exliibit the fact that the mounds of the eastern portion of the United States can not be distinguished from those of the western portion as belonging to a higher grade of culture, while there is abundant evidence that the western mounds have in part been erected and used by the Indians in historic times. The present Director has him- self seen two burial mounds in process of construction — one in Utah, on the banks of the Santa Clara, near the town of St. Greorge, constructed by a tribe of the Shoshonean famil}^; the other built by the Wintun Indians in the valley of Pitt river, near the fish-hatching station on that stream. The evidence in favor of the Indian origin of the western structures has been so great and the facts have been so well known that writers have rarely attributed them to prehistoric peoples. S. The explorations of the Bureau herein recorded justify the conclusion that works of certain kinds and localities are attributable to specific tribes known to history. This makes it possible for the archeologist to determine, to a limited extent, certain lines of migration. For example, it seems to be proved that the Cherokees were mound-builders, and that they built most of the mounds of eastern Tennessee and western XLVIII REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. North Carolina, and probably those of the Kauawha valley of West Virginia. To the Shawnees may be ascribed the box or cist graves of stone and accompanying mounds in Kentucky, Temiessee, and northern Georgia. The stone graves in the valley of the Delaware are referable to the Delawares. Thei'e are facts enough to corroborate the inference that the ancient works in northern Mississippi were built chiefly by the Chicka- saws; those in the region of Flint river, in southern Georgia, by the Uchees; and a large portion of all those of the Gulf states by the Muskoki group. 10. Finally, the links of evidence connecting the Indians and mound-builders are so numerous and well established as to justify archeologists in assuming that they were one and the same people. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Classification of expenditures made from the appropriation for North American Eth- iiology, for the fiscal year ending Jane SO, 1891. Amount i)f appropriation, 1890-'91, (act approved August 30, 1890) $40, 000. 00 July 1, 1890, balance from previous appropriations 12. 033. 08 Total : 52, 033. 08 Expenses. Amount. Expenses. Amount. $33,710.23 2, 354. 76 290. 20 115. 16 310.71 93.54 .30 32.26 352. 16 309. 00 Illustrations for reports $840. 35 439. 96 193. 41 174. 10 Bonded railroad accounts forwarded to United States Treasury for set- tlement Balance on hand to meet outstanding Field .snppliis for distribution to In- 42.70 liabilities 12. 774. 24 Total 1 52,033.08 Stationery and drawing material ACCOMPANYINCI PAPER. 12 BTH 1 REPORT MOUND EXPLORATIONS BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. CYRUS THOMAS. CONTENTS. Paga Outline of tins paper 17 Preface 19 111 troductiou 27 Field operations 35 Manitoba and the Dakotas 35 Minnesota 42 Pijiestoue county 42 Houston county 45 Wisconsin 47 Dane county 47 Crawford county 47 Vernon county 77 Grant county HZ Sbclioygan county 93 Barron county 94 Rock county 98 Iowa 99 Allamakee county 99 Clayton county 108 Dubuque county 108 Wapello county 110 A^an Buren county 112 Lee county 112 Illinois 112 Joe Daviess county 112 Pike county 117 Brown county 118 Adams county 120 Calhoun county 121 Madison and St. Clair counties 131 Randolph county 134 .Jacksim county 141 Alexander county 148 Unicm county 155 Lawrence county 163 Missouri 163 Clark county 163 Lewis county 167 St. Louis county 167 Cape Girardeau county 168 Bollinger county 170 Stoddard county 172 Scott and Mississippi counties 183 Butler county 193 5 6 CONTENTS. Field operations — coutinued. Pafe. Arkansas 198 Clay county 198 Greene county 199 Craighead county 200 Poinsett county 20:i Mississippi county 219 Independcuco county 224 ■Jackson county 225 Crittenden county 226 St. Francis county 227 Arkansas county 229 Lee county 23i Monroe county 233 Phillips county 233 Desha county 237 Drew county 239 Lincoln county 241 Jefi'erson county 242 Pulaski county 243 Saline county 24.5 Clark county 247 Ouachita county 248 Louisiana 250 Mississippi 253 Coahoma county 2.53 .Sunflower county 258 Washington county 259 Yazoo county 260 Adams county 263 Union county 267 Tennessee 278 Lauderdale county 278 Obion county 279 Kentucky 279 Alaliania 283 Lauderdale county , 283 Madison county 285 Marshall county 285 Blount county 286 Sumter county 286 Elmore county 28G Clarke county 289 Barbour county 289 Montgomery county 289 Talladega county 290 Jeft'erson county 290 Georgia 292 Bartow county 292 Habersham county 314 Elbert county 315 Richmond county 317 South Carolina 326 Kershaw district 326 Florida 327 St. Johns and Volusia counties 328 CONTENTS. 7 Field operations — continued. Page. North Carolina 333 Caldwell county 333 Burke and Wilkes counties 344 Haywood county 346 Buncoml)6 and Henderson counties 348 East Teruiessee 351 Sullivan county 35I Carter county 354 Cocke county 356 Jefferson county 357 Roane county 358 . Blount, Monroe, and Loudon counties 366 Loudon county 390 Meigs county 404 Rhea county 406 West Virginia 407 Fayette county 407 Kanawha county 410 Putnam county 434 Mason county 435 Cabell county 438 Ohio 440 Knox county 440 Hocking county 446 Franklin county 449 Brown county 451 Coshocton county 457 Licking county 458 Perry county .■ 470 Ross county 471 Pike county 489 Pennsylvania 494 Warren county 499 New York 503 Madison county 503 Chautauqua county 505 Niagara county 512 Wyoming county 513 Livingston county 514 Michigan 516 Archeological areas and distribution of types 521 Primary archeological sections _ 521 Archeological districts of the mound area 529 The northern section 530 The Dakdtan district 530 The Huron-Iroquois district 540 The Illinois district 550 The Ohio district 561 The Appalachian district 573 The Central or Tennessee district 575 The southern section 586 The Arkansas district 586 The Gulf district 590 8 CONTENTS. Page. The Mound-builders 595- General observations 595 Diflerent opinions 597 Objections answered 610 Other objections answered 625 Inscribed tablets - 632 The shale tablets 638 The historical evidence 645 A comparison of the works of the Mound-builders with those of the Indians . 659 Architecture of the Mound-builders 660 Fortifications, etc 667 Similarity in burial customs 671 General resemblances in habits, customs, art, etc 680 Links connecting the Indians directly with the Mound-builders 688 The Etowah mound — Stone graves 688 Engraved shells — Stone pipes — Copi)er articles — Stone images 701 Evidences of tribal divisions — Subsequent use of mounds by Indians 706 Evidence of contact with modern European civilization found in the mounds '. 710 Copper articles 710 Other metals 713 The Muskoki tribes 718 General observations 722 LLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Plauof the Vilas audFlucke groups, Crawford county, Wisconsin. 72 II. Plat of White's group, Veruon county, Wisconsin 82 III. Elephant mound and surroundings. Grant county, Wisconsin 94 IV. Plat of Rice lake group, Barron county, Wisconsin 96 V. Ancient works near New Albin, Allamakee county, Iowa 102 VI. Map of Cahokia group, Madison county, Illinois 134 VII. Map of the western part of Madison county, Illinois 136 VIII. Ancient works on Boulware's place, Clarke county, Missouri 168 IX. The De Soto mound, Jefferson county, and the Knapp mounds, Pulaski county, Arkansas 242 X. Plat of the Knapp mounds, Pulaski county, Arkansas 244 XI. Plat of the Carson mounds, Coahoma county, Mississippi 254 XII. Mound J, Carson group, Coahoma county, Mississippi 256 XIII. Mound d, Carson group, Coahoma county, Mississippi 258 XIV. .Selsertown group, Adams county, Mississippi, and platform and mounds of the Selsertown group 264 XV. View of the large mound, Etowah group 294 XVI. Plan of the large mound, Etowah group 298 XVII. Figured copper plate from mound c, Etowah group (human figure) . 304 XVIII. Figured copper plate from mound c, Etowah group (bird figure).. 306 XIX. Pot from Hollywood mound, Georgia 318 XX. Map of mound distribution . , (In pocket.) XXI. Observatory Circle, near Newark, Ohio 320 XXII. Fair Ground Circle, near Newark, Ohio 322 XXIII. High Bank Circle, near Chillicothe, Ohio 324 XXIV. Pipes from Hollywood mound, Georgia 328 XXV. Plat of the valley of the Little Tennessee river, Blount and Mon- roe counties, Tennessee 366 XXVI. Copy of Timberlake's map of Overhill Cherokee towns 368 XXVII. Plat of group near Charleston, Kanawha county. West Virginia. . 414 XXVIII. Plan and sections of the Staats mound, Knox county, Ohio 440 XXIX. Cemetery mound, Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio 444 XXX. Newark works, Licking county, Ohio 458 XXXI. Fair Ground Circle, Newark, Ohio 460 XXXII. Obstrv.atory Circle, Newark, Ohio 462 XXXIII. Octagon, Newark, Ohio 464 XXXIV. Square, New.ark, Ohio 466 XXXV. Square of Hopeton works, Ross county, Ohio 472 XXXVI. Circle of Hopeton works, Ross county, Ohio 474 XXXVII. Circle of High Bank works, Rosa county, Ohio 476 XXXVIII. Octagon of High Bank works, Ross county, Ohio 478 XXXIX. Square of Liberty township works, Ross county, Ohio 482 XL. Square of Baum works, Ross county, Ohio 484 XLI. Plat of the "Angel mounds," near Evansville, Indiana 558 XLII. Copy of Plate XI, " Brevis Narratio " 652 9 10 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. Elongate mound, Souris river, Manitoba 35 2. Elongate mounds, Souris river, Manitoba 36 3. Turtle figure, Hughes county, South Dakota 40 4. Inclosures and mounds, Pipestone county, Minue.sota 44 5. Mound vault, Houston county, Minnesota 45 6. Mound group near Madison, Wisconsin 46 7. Walled vault in mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 48 8. Bird mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 48 9. Section of mound and pit, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 49 10. Silver locket from mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 51 11. Bracelet of silver from mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 51 12. Silver brooch from mound, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 51 13. Silver cross from mouud, Prairie du Chieu, Wisconsin 52 14. Earthworks near Eastman, Crawford county, Wisconsin 52 15. Plat of southwest part of Crawford county, Wisconsin 53 16. Mounds on northeast quarter of Sec. 24, T. 8 N., R. 6 W., Wisconsin . . 54 17. Mouud group at Hazen Corners, Crawford county. Wisconsin 55 18. Bird efSgies at Hazen Corners, Crawford couuty. Wisconsin 56 19. Quadruped .-ffigy on Sec. 36, T. 8, R. 6 W., Wisconsin 59 20. Group of bird effigies. Sec. 3.5, T. 8 N., R. 6 W., Wisconsin 60 21. Birdeffigy, Sec.35, T. 8N.,R.6 W., Wisccmsin 61 22. Mounds on Slaumer's land, Crawford county, Wisconsin 63 23. Courtois group near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsiu 64 24. Mound No. 6, Courtois gnmp, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 65 25. Plan of mound No. 16, Courtois group, Prairie du Chien, AVisconsin ... 65 26. Mound No, 20 (section), Courtois group, Prairie du Chien,'\Visconsin.. 66 27. Douseman mound (plan), Prairie du Chien 68 28. Douseman mound (section), Prairie du Chien 68 29. The Polander group, Sec. 14, T. 9, R. 6 W., Crawford county, Wisconsin 70 30. Mouud No. 3 (section), Polander group, Crawford county, Wisconsin. . 71 31. Mound No. 16 (horizontal section), Polander group 72 32. Plan of the Armstroug group, near LyuKville, Crawford county 74 33. Plan of the Sue Coulee group, Cra wford county, Wisconsin 75 34. Copper spindles from the Sue Coulee group, Crawford county 76 35. Mound group near Battle island, Vernon county, Wisconsin 78 36. Plan of mound No, 4, Battle island, Vernon county, Wisconsin 79 37. Copper plate from mound No. 6, White's group (N, M, 88336) 81 38. Section of mound No. 10, White's group 81 39. Obsidian implement from mound No. 10, White's group 82 40. Pot fnmi mound No. 11, White's group 83 41. Effigy mounds near Cassville, Grant county, Wisconsin 85 42. Lines of works near Cassville, Grant county, Wisconsiu 86 43. Mouml grouji near Wyalusing, (iraut county, Wiscousin 89 44. Elephant mound, according to Jliddleton's survey in 1884 92 45. Elephant mouud, after Warner's figure 93 46. Inclosnre near Sheboygan, Sheboygan county, Wisconsin 94 47. Mound No. 1, Rice lake group 95 48. Circular inclosnre near New .Vlbiu, Allamakee county, Iowa 100 49. Inclosnre on Hays's farm, near New Albiu, Allamakee county, Iowa.. . 105 50. Walled mound, Fish group, Allamakee county, Iowa 107 .51. Group near Peru, Dubuque county, Iowa 109 52, Stone gorget, Dubuque county, Iowa 110 53, Diagram of ludian Ijattle ground, Wapello county, Iowa Ill 54, Mound group, Dnnleith, Illinois 114 ILLUSTKATIOXS. 11 Page. Fig. 55. Vault in monnd No. 4, Dimleith, Illimiis 115 56. Section of mound No. 16, Dunleitb, Illinois 116 57. Vault in mound No. 16, Duuleith, Illinois 116 58. Welch grou]). Brown county, Ill