Worker threads are already available from version 10.5, but now at version 11.7, the feature flag is removed and we can start using them.

What are worker threads?

The main reason against node is that it is single threaded and therefore cannot make use of all the machine resources, but with worker threads, we can create multiple threads to delegate work from the main thread and keep it free to process new requests faster.

Node is known as an asynchronous programming runtime for javascript, in node we work in a concurrent way (with promises and callbacks), but here we will understand how to work in a parallel way, and why and when we should even do it, you can read more about the difference between concurrency and parallelism here.

When to use worker threads?

As the documentation states:

Workers (threads) are useful for performing CPU-intensive JavaScript operations. They will not help much with I/O-intensive work. Node.js’s built-in asynchronous I/O operations are more efficient than Workers can be.

Let's get started!

For working with worker threads lets first make sure we have node version of 11.7.0 or higher (with the command “node -v”), you can update it with nvm.

We are going to do a time consuming heavy CPU operation — sorting a very large array, millions of elements. The worker_threads API exports a few variables and functions, here is a shot, simple description for each:

Worker (function): A class to create a new worker thread, it accepts a path to a script, and options object that includes a “workerData” variable, it should be called to spawn a new thread.

workerData (object): This variable will contain the data that is passed to the worker thread through the constructor of “Worker”, we can use the instance to emit messages into the worker, or listen to events from it, kill and restart it.

isMainThread (boolean): A variable that tells us if we are on the main thread, you can use it to make decisions from the workers (remember that a worker thread can spawn another worker thread, which means both will not be in the main thread.)

parentPort (object): The child thread can use this object to emit messages to the parent thread.

Ok, now that we know what API the worker threads have, we can see an example, the example is well documented.

index.js is in our main thread.

sorter.js is a script made to work with the worker_threads API as a worker.

You can run it with: node index.js , our worker can now sort a simple array, but in order to see the difference, we need to scale this operation across multiple workers.

Let’s see the difference

That’s nice, but unfortunately, threads in node.js are pretty heavy, each of them is an independent node instance with extra startup steps, so using 1 worker is usually pretty useless, but we can improve the way we use the workers by distributing the load over multiple workers. We are going to do an operation that may take a minute or two in large numbers, so let’s install ora to show a nice loader in the terminal, this is our only dependency.

npm init

npm install ora --save

Here is a way to compare the speed of sorting millions of random numbers (change the elements variable to the wanted number, 5million is a nice start) with one worker, 8(I have 8 CPU's on my mac) workers, and with no worker at all.

I had to increase the memory limit in order to handle so many floating points numbers (it started to crush above 10 million elements), you can increase the memory by applying the flag --max-old-space-size and specifying the size in megabytes (8gb in this case).

node --max-old-space-size=8192 index.js

This is the output I got:

# for 5 million items:

sorted 5000000 items, with 1 worker in 11296ms (11.2 seconds)

sorted 5000000 items, without workers in 7045ms (7 seconds)

sorted 5000000 items, with 8 workers in 2049ms (2 seconds) # for 20 million items

sorted 20000000 items, with 1 worker in 63597ms (63.5 seconds)

sorted 20000000 items, without workers in 48189ms (48 seconds)

sorted 20000000 items, with 8 workers in 8747ms (8.7 seconds)

Well, this is a big difference, please notice that when passing information to the threads and back we have a large overhead of serializing and deserializing the data — which causes a large overhead to performance.

They don't block the main thread, of course, Promises can work just as well at keeping the main thread responsive, but a lot of promises running at the same time on the same thread may cause it to be slow and unresponsive, and distributing the load over a bunch of workers can save us a lot of precious time.

When working in a real-world scenario you should manage your own pool of workers and manage them so the number of running threads will not exceed the number of CPU’s, we can achieve this with worker-thread-pool, we only need to change out “sortArrayWithWorker” function, and initiate the thread pool like so:

const Pool = require("worker-threads-pool");

const pool = new Pool({ max: cpuCount }); const sortArrayWithWorker = arr => {

return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

pool.acquire(workerScript, { workerData: arr }, (err, worker) => {

if (err) {

return reject(err);

}

worker.once("message", resolve);

worker.once("error", reject);

});

});

};

Now we can safely use more processors than there are available without fearing running out of processors (the pool will manage them for us and keep a steady number of threads running).

const result = await distributeLoadAcrossWorkers(100);

Running the threads like so will actually make them slower, before, running the 5milion example with 8 real threads took 2049 milliseconds, now with “100” threads took me 4302 milliseconds — still much faster than running it with no worker threads at all, as we increase the number, the process will be slower since the pool will have to handle more instances.

Conclusion

Worker threads are great! unfortunately, they are still very heavy and should be used with care, don’t just throw them around as a way to optimize stuff, they can be used to increase the speed of an HTML parser, for instance, or can to increase the speed of bundling.