Taxes are the price that regular people pay for government spending. Whether that spending goes to things and services that people want, like road repairs, schools, fire and police protection, trash pickup, public parks, or to things that people don’t really want, like sports stadiums or excessively lavish pension benefits for bureaucrats, the bill for all these things is ultimately paid through taxes.

For most states in the United States, the primary means by which state governments take money from their residents is through income taxes. As part of its 2019 State Business Tax Climate Index, the 81-year-old nonpartisan Tax Foundation has ranked U.S. states according to their individual income tax burden, which is the heaviest-weighted component of their state business tax climate index. The following map shows where each state has ranked according to state income taxes going into 2019.

Katherine Loughead explains what it takes for a state to rank well for their personal income taxes, and also what it takes to rank poorly:

States that score well on the Index’s individual income tax component usually have a flat, low rate with few deductions and exemptions. They also tend to protect married taxpayers from being taxed more heavily if they file jointly than they would be if filing as two single individuals. In addition, states perform better on the Index’s individual income tax component if they index their brackets, deductions, and exemptions for inflation, which improves revenue stability…. States that score poorly on this component are those that tend to have high tax rates and very progressive bracket structures. They generally fail to index their brackets, exemptions, and deductions for inflation, do not allow the deduction of foreign or other state taxes, penalize married couples filing jointly, and do not include LLCs and S corporations under the individual income tax code. The poorest-performing states on this year’s individual income tax component are New Jersey, California, New York, Hawaii, and Minnesota.

She also describes why these taxes are so important in assessing a state’s business tax climate:

The individual income tax is important to businesses because states tax sole proprietorships, partnerships, and in most cases, limited liability companies (LLCs) and S corporations, under the individual income tax code. However, even traditional C corporations are indirectly impacted by the individual income tax, as this tax influences the location decisions of individuals, potentially impacting the state’s labor supply.

That’s no joke. Just consider the case of New Jersey, where the state government has dug itself into a deep fiscal hole because of its excessive spending. In 2016, the departure of just one resident, hedge fund manager David Tepper, who relocated himself and his business to income tax-free Florida, created a fiscal crisis for the state government.

Two years later, New Jersey responded to its worsening fiscal situation by raising its taxes on incomes and corporations in a bid to replace the tax revenues it lost when Tepper moved. Consequently, the state now ranks last overall in both the Tax Foundation’s 2019 individual income tax rankings and its state business tax climate index.

There’s a real lesson to be learned here, but it’s questionable that New Jersey’s elected officials know what it is, because they also increased their spending by 8 percent in the same budget that imposed higher taxes on the state’s residents.

This article is reprinted from the Independent Institute.