Unemployed by region,

2007, 2012, 2013 and 2015 (million) Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, April 2013.

A shrinking middle-income group

A vulnerable floating group

Main recommendations

An approach that balances macroeconomic and employment goals is needed. This means:

- a sustainable pace of fiscal consolidation measures, where they are necessary;

- more attention to the employment and social impact of different macroeconomic policies;

- moving quickly with yet-unresolved inefficiencies in the financial system

The report shows over 30 examples of well-designed labour market, productive investment and social protection policies that can serve both social and economic goals.

It is important to address obstacles to putting jobs closer to the top of the reform agenda, notably: entrenched negative beliefs about the impact of government interventions on competitiveness and economic growth; perceptions that tackling distributional problems and enhancing worker rights can slow down productive investment and job creation; and insufficient international coordination, which is especially important in areas like taxation and at times of weak global aggregate demand.

The ILO can provide expert advice on job-friendly policies and contribute to better international coordination. In addition, mobilising and reinforcing social dialogue in countries can be instrumental for creating a constituency for change towards more job-friendly approaches.

GENEVA (ILO News) – As the global economy continues a slow recovery from the financial crisis, most emerging and developing countries are experiencing rising employment and narrowing income inequalities compared to their high-income counterparts.However, the gap between rich and poor in most low and middle-income countries remains wide. Many families who have managed to rise above the poverty line are at risk of lapsing back.By contrast, income inequalities have increased in advanced economies over the past two years, against the backdrop of increasing global unemployment – predicted to rise from the current 200 million to nearly 208 million by 2015.According to the World of Work report 2013 “Repairing the economic and social fabric” , income inequalities rose between 2010 and 2011 in 14 of the 26 advanced economies surveyed, including France, Denmark, Spain and the United States. Inequality levels in seven of the remaining 12 countries were still higher than before the start of the crisis.Economic inequalities are also on the rise, as small firms lag behind their larger counterparts in terms of profits and productive investment. While most large enterprises have regained access to capital markets, start-ups and small enterprises are disproportionately affected by bank credit conditions. This is a problem for job recovery now and affects economic prospects over the longer term.“These figures present a positive development in many parts of the developing world, but paint a disturbing picture in many high income countries, despite the economic recovery. The situation in some European countries in particular is beginning to strain their economic and social fabric. We need a global recovery focussed on jobs and productive investment, combined with better social protection for the poorest and most vulnerable groups. And we need to pay serious attention to closing the inequality gap that is widening in so many parts of the world,” said ILO Director-General, Guy Ryder.The report shows that middle-income groups in many advanced economies are shrinking, fuelled in part, by long-term unemployment, weakening job quality and workers dropping out of the labour market altogether.By contrast, the report provides evidence that pay of chief executive officers in many of those countries has once again soared, following a short pause in the immediate aftermath of the global crisis.“The shrinking size of middle-income groups in advanced economies is a matter of concern, not only for the inclusiveness of those societies but also for economic reasons. Long-term investment decisions by enterprises also depend on the proximity of large and stable middle-income groups which are in a position to consume,” said Raymond Torres, Director of the International Institute for Labour Studies, the research arm of the ILO.In Spain, the size of middle-income group declined from 50 per cent in 2007, to 46 per cent by the end of 2010. In the United States, the richest seven per cent of the population saw their average net worth increase during the first two years of the recovery from 56 per cent in 2009 to 63 per cent in 2011. The remaining 93 per cent of Americans saw their net worth decline.“More and better jobs are needed so there can be a more balanced distribution of income in both advanced and developing economies,” Torres stressed.The size of the middle-income group in developing and emerging economies has increased from 263 million in 1999 to 694 million in 2010. This is a major achievement of a growing number of Latin American and Asian countries, which spread more recently to some countries in Africa and the Arab region.However, a vulnerable “floating group” – those just above the poverty level – increased from 1,117 million in 1999 to 1,925 million in 2010, mostly in low and low middle-income economies. This vulnerable group is close to three times the size of the middle-income group.“In developing countries, the most important challenge is to consolidate recent progress in reducing poverty and inequality,” Torres said. The report shows how productive investment, minimum wages and social protection have contributed to this endeavour in countries like Brazil, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia Turkey and Viet Nam.