Endnotes

[1] “What’s Behind the Hanging of the Eleven Jews in Prague?,” National Renaissance Bulletin (Beacon, NY: National Renaissance Party, December 1952). The full text is available online as part of a package of documents released by the FBI as a result of a FOIA request: https://archive.org/details/foia_NRP-HQ-1/page/n87.

[2] “What’s Behind the Hanging of the Eleven Jews in Prague?,” National Renaissance Bulletin (Beacon, NY: National Renaissance Party, December 1952). The full text is available online as part of a package of documents released by the FBI as a result of a FOIA request: https://archive.org/details/foia_NRP-HQ-1/page/n87.

[4] Francis Parker Yockey, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics (Abergele, UK: Wermond & Wermond Publishing Group, 2013), 727.

[5] The author of the introduction to one version of Imperium is quick to note that there is a fair bit of complexity to Yockey’s views here. In response to accusations that Yockey was “anti-American and pro-Russian,” the author noted: “Although this libel was of course vomited for the benefit of gullible newspaper readers, it shows that some of his later writings could have been misinterpreted as being pro-Russian, just as Imperium indicates an anti-Russian attitude. Of course, Yockey was neither pro- nor anti-Russian; he was concerned with the health and continuity of the West, and his view of the rest of the world was at all times subjective to what he considered in the best interests of the West at that time.” Ulick Varange (Francis Parker Yockey), Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics (1948), xxii. Available online at: https://www.solargeneral.org/wp-content/uploads/library/imperium-ulick-varange-francis-parker-yockey.pdf.

[6] Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, 2018), 22.

[7] Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, 2018), 3.

[8] Leonard Zeskind, Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), 245.

[9] George Lincoln Rockwell, “Rockwell Was Right,” https://www.counter-currents.com/2011/03/rockwell-was-right/.

[10] There is a great deal of work examining transnational relationships from both a historical and political science perspective, and a growing body of literature exploring how these relationships relate to non-state actors in particular. As one of the earlier articles in this genre notes, an honest exploration of transnational relationships ought to make clear that while many are “initiated and sustained by entirely, or almost entirely, by governments of nation-states,” many also fall under the purview of non-nation-state actors. See: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and Robert O. Keohane, “Transnational Relations and World Politics: An Introduction,” International Organization 25, no. 3 (Summer 1971), 329–349, esp. 332.

[11] Leonard Zeskind, Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), 10.

[14] To be clear, this victim-like mentality wasn’t completely unwarranted. The systematic oppression of the Russian Orthodox Church—an institution long associated with Russian (russkiy) identity— throughout the Soviet Union is just one of many examples of the oppression of Russian heritage. For more, too, on the RSFSR’s position within the totality of Soviet nationalities policy, see: Terry Dean Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (New York: Cornell University Press, 2001), esp. ch. 10.

[15] Robert Horvath, The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005), 130.

[16] Pamyat is often viewed as a more modern version of the Black Hundred—a late tsarist-era radical right-wing nationalist group responsible for, among other things, many of the pogroms in 1905 to 1906. Walter Laqueur, author of the 1993 book The Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia, obviously buys into this argument—the title of his text, after all, implies a connection of sorts between these tsarist-era fringe groups and those born out of the final years of the USSR. But this lineage is not as simple as it may seem: as Paul Midford has argued, Pamyat did engage in a sort of revisionism, playing down the Black Hundred’s role in the pogroms, as well as referring to them during one protest as one of the most “democratic” organizations in tsarist Russia to focus on quashing “riots.” See Paul Midford, “Pamyat’s Political Platform: Myth and Reality,” The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 19:2 (1991), 183–213. See also Vladimir Krasnov, “Pamyat: A Force for Change?” Nationalities Papers 19, no. 2 (1991), for a dissection of what Western commentators and Russia-watchers ostensibly get wrong about the nature of the organization’s antisemitic discourse.

[17] Trans. John Garrard, “A Pamyat Manifesto: Introductory Note and Translation,” Nationalities Papers 19, no. 2 (1991), 135.

[18] Remick refers to “yogurt,” not kefir, in his book but the latter is probably more accurate given late-Soviet and post-Soviet consumption habits. David Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire (New York: Random House, 1993), 90.

[19] Anton Shekhovtsov, Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir (New York: Routledge, 2018), 50.

[20] Jürgen Graf, “Holocaust Revisionism and its Political Consequences,” n.d., http://juergen-graf.vho.org/articles/holocaust-revisionism.html (accessed December 6, 2018).

[21] Peter Pringle and Ian MacKinnon, “Irving faces Russian ban: Moscow archive alleges ‘dirty play’ to gain access to Goebbels war diaries: Second historian to take charge of editing,” Independent, July 4, 1992, available at:

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/irving-faces-russian-ban-moscow-archive-alleges-dirty-play-to-gain-access-to-goebbels-war-diaries-1531156.html.

[22] “David Irving: The Man and His Motives,” Searchlight: On the Struggle Against Racism and Fascism, p. 20, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, Records of David Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. and Deborah Lipstadt, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D.C.

[23] See, for instance: “David Irving in Prison,” Intelligence Survey XLII, no. 2 (February 1994), p. 1, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, Records of David Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. and Deborah Lipstadt, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D.C.; and Frank Devine, “Holocaust Truth Struggles Against the Gag of Denial,” The Australian, July 25, 1994, pp. 2-3, in RG-56.001*6, Box 12, Records of David Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd. and Deborah Lipstadt, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D.C.

[24] Institute for Historical Review, “A Major Revisionist Breakthrough in Russia,” The Journal of Historical Review 16, no. 4 (July/August 1997), 36.

[25] Institute for Historical Review, “Spirited Twelfth IHR Conference Brings Together Leading Revisionist Scholars and Activists,” The Journal of Historical Review 14, no. 6 (November/December 1994), 2.

[26] Stella Rock, “Russian revisionism: Holocaust denial and the new nationalist historiography,” Patterns of Prejudice 35, no. 4 (2001): 64–76, but esp. 64, 70–71.

[27] Institute for Historical Review, “Spirited Twelfth IHR Conference Brings Together Leading Revisionist Scholars and Activists,” The Journal of Historical Review 14, no. 6 (November/December 1994), 2.

[28] Brian Levin, “History as a Weapon: How Extremists Deny the Holocaust in North America,” in Crimes of Hate: Selected Readings, edited by Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld and Diana R. Grant (London: Sage Publications, 2004), 198.

[29] “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist History Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, Willis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary.com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-conference-in-russia/.

[30] “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist History Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, Willis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary.com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-conference-in-russia/.

[31] “Revisionists Enjoy Free Speech Without Fear of Thought Police,” in Revisionist History Uncensored in Russia!, February 2002, B4, Willis A. Carto Library, http://willisacartolibrary.com/2018/02/02/revisionist-history-conference-in-russia/.

[32] David Duke, The Secret Behind Communism: The Ethnic Origins of the Russian Revolution and the Greatest Holocaust in the History of Mankind, 14. Available online at: https://legiochristi.com/static/lit/The_Secret_Behind_Communism.pdf.

[33] David Duke, The Secret Behind Communism: The Ethnic Origins of the Russian Revolution and the Greatest Holocaust in the History of Mankind, 17–21. Available online at: https://legiochristi.com/static/lit/The_Secret_Behind_Communism.pdf.

[34] Martin A. Lee, “Duke Travels in European Anti-Semitic Circles,” Intelligence Report, April 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/duke-travels-european-anti-semitic-circles.

[35] Martin A. Lee, “David Duke Guilty of Corruption, Continues Cons,” Intelligence Report, April 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/david-duke-guilty-corruption-continues-cons

[36] Martin A. Lee, “Duke Travels in European Anti-Semitic Circles,” Intelligence Report, April 15, 2003, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/duke-travels-european-anti-semitic-circles.

[37] The first time this photo appears on the internet is 2005—at least on David Duke’s website—so the meeting, wherever it happened, could have taken place then or earlier. See: Vladimir Romanov, “Jewish Attacks on Russian Parliamentarians Reveal Their Own Hypocrisies,” DavidDuke.com, January 26, 2005, https://davidduke.com/jewish-attacks-on-russian-parliamentarians-reveal-their-own-hypocrisies/.

[39] Виктор Шнирельман, «’Цепной пес расы’: диванная расология как защитница ‘белого человека’,» СОВА Информачионно-аналитическии Центр, 3 октября 2007, https :// www . sova - center . ru / racism - xenophobia / publications /2007/10/ d 11692/#6 . Translation by author.

[40] Richard Arnold and Ekaterina Romanova, “The ‘White World’s Future?’ An Analysis of the Russian Far Right,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2013), 98-99. Translated by Arnold and Romanova.

[42] David Duke, “Is Russia the Key to White Survival?,” DavidDuke.com, October 23, 2004, https://donotlink.it/0R94.

[43] David Duke, “Is Russia the Key to White Survival?,” DavidDuke.com, October 23, 2004, https://donotlink.it/0R94.

[44] Mariya Petkova, “The Death of the Russian Far Right,” Al Jazeera English, December 16, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/11/death-russian-171123102640298.html.

[45] ruskybound, “Re: Russian lawmakers target Halloween, Valentine’s Day,” Stormfront, September 21, 2008, https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t524210-6/?postcount=51#post5891061.

[46] See: David Holthouse, “Preston Wiginton Emerges in Russia Promoting Race Hate,” Intelligence Report, May 20, 2008, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/preston-wiginton-emerges-russia-promoting-race-hate; ruskybound, “Default Re: Russian lawmakers target Halloween, Valentine’s Day,” Stormfront, September 21, 2008, https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t524210-5/; Tom Bartlett, “How One White Nationalist Became — and Remains — a Thorn in Texas A&M’s Side,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 21, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-One-White-Nationalist/240969.

[47] David Holthouse, “Preston Wiginton Emerges in Russia Promoting Race Hate,” Intelligence Report, May 20, 2008, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2008/preston-wiginton-emerges-russia-promoting-race-hate.

[48] ruskybound, “Re: Russian lawmakers target Halloween, Valentine’s Day,” Stormfront, September 21, 2008, https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t524210-6/#post5891099.

[50] Tom Bartlett, “How One White Nationalist Became—and Remains—a Thorn in Texas A&M’s Side,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 21, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-One-White-Nationalist/240969.

[51] While Dugin is clear that “[w]e can only win if we combine our efforts,” he does note that while he considers “the ‘White nationalists’ allies when they refuse modernity, global oligarchy and liberal-capitalism,” he cannot defend the anti-Muslim rhetoric of White nationalists. He also sees “the differences of other ethnic groups as being a natural thing,” and thus cannot support any claims regarding the existence of ethnic hierarchies. Alexander Dugin, Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism (Budapest: Arktos Media, 2014), 168-171.

[52] Paul Brian, “The Bumbling Bigots of Budapest,” Foreign Policy, October 13, 2014, https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/13/the-bumbling-bigots-of-budapest/.

[54] Jared Taylor, “Report from Saint Petersburg,” American Renaissance, March 23, 2015, https://donotlink.it/NYX6.

[56] Casey Michel, “Russian, American White Nationalists Raise Their Flags in Washington,” ThinkProgress, September 22, 2017, https://thinkprogress.org/russian-american-nationalists-washington-5bd15fd18eaf/.

[57] Marlene Laruelle, “Russian and American Far Right Connections: Confluence, Not Influence,” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, no. 516 (March 2018), http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm516_Laruelle_March2018.pdf.

[58] “Mission,” International Organization for the Family, accessed December 18, 2018, https://www.profam.org/mission/.

[59] Casey Michel, “Russians and the American right started plotting in 1995. We have the notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia-and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/.

[60] Casey Michel, “Russians and the American right started plotting in 1995. We have the notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia-and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/.

[61] Allan Carlson, “Diary: Trip to Moscow/Prague, January 15-22, 1995,” available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/381183064/Account-of-WCF-Founder-Allan-Carlson-in-Russia, esp. 1-6. At times, it becomes unclear who is influencing whom more. Carlson, for instance, notes that during a meeting with Dr. Sergey V. Darmodekhin—then head of the Research Institute for the Family, which operated under the umbrella of the Ministry for Social Protection—the latter “produced the first two issues of a new publication, THE FAMILY IN RUSSIA. The name, he said, was consciously adapted from Rockford’s THE FAMILY IN AMERICA, and for the same reason: the family pre-exists state and nation.” Ibid., 5, emphasis in text. Darmodekhin, it seemed, was also instrumental in the proliferation of Carlson’s own work within Russia, which was also central to the original “protocols” governing Russian-American cooperation laid out by Darmodekhin and endorsed by Carlson and others. Likewise, Carlson’s meeting, according to ThinkProgress, with Shevchenko and Antonov to discuss convening an international conference of “pro-family” groups arguably lay the groundwork for the WCF’s first meeting in 1997.” Casey Michel, “Russians and the American right started plotting in 1995. We have the notes from the first meeting,” ThinkProgress, June 19, 2018, https://thinkprogress.org/history-of-christian-fundamentalists-in-russia-and-the-us-a6bdd326841d/.

[62] Allan Carlson, “Diary: Trip to Moscow/Prague, January 15-22, 1995,” available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/381183064/Account-of-WCF-Founder-Allan-Carlson-in-Russia, esp. 1-6.

[63] Kathryn Joyce, “Missing: The ‘Right’ Babies,” The Nation, February 14, 2008, https://www.thenation.com/article/missing-right-babies/. For crossover between WCF’s preferred rhetoric and the White nationalist crowd, see, for instance, Andrew Hamilton, “Overpopulation in Context,” Counter-Currents, February 17, 2018, https://www.counter-currents.com/2012/02/overpopulation-in-context/.

[64] Much like White nationalist concerns regarding “White genocide,” ultra-conservative, “pro-family” groups have asserted that migration and high birth rates among non-White, non-Christian migrants in Europe have added to the region’s political instability. Here, the decline is more of a product of demographic suicide than “genocide.” As Kathryn Joyce observed at The Nation, “[t]he white Christian West, in this telling, is in danger of forfeiting itself through sheer lack of numbers to an onslaught of Muslim immigrants and their purportedly numerous offspring. In other words, Mosher and his colleagues aren’t really concerned about wolves.” Kathryn Joyce, “Missing: The ‘Right’ Babies,” The Nation, February 14, 2008, https://www.thenation.com/article/missing-right-babies/.

[65] Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Росстат), Информация о социально-экономическом положении России: январь-август 2018 года (Москва: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2018), esp. 108–112.

[66] “Послом Всемирного Конгресса Семей к европейским структурам стал генеральный директор АЦ «Семейная политика.РФ»,” Семейная политика, 21 февраля, 2013, http://www.familypolicy.ru/read/1448. Translation by author.

[67] J. Lester Feder and Susie Armitage, “Emails Show ‘Pro-Family’ Activists Feeding Contacts To Russian Nationalists,” BuzzFeed News, December 8, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/emails-show-pro-family-activists-feeding-contacts-to-russian#.llQ2Y5PBQ.

[68] Miranda Blue, “Moscow Forum Attended By American Activists Ends With Call For More ‘Gay Propaganda’ Bans,” Right Wing Watch, September 12, 2014, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/moscow-forum-attended-by-american-activists-ends-with-call-for-more-gay-propaganda-bans/#sthash.aqZjenYD.dpuf. The extent to which the WCF’s effort was symbolic is unclear, as WCF content promoting the conference has remained online. See, for instance, a bizarre promo video posted by WCF’s managing director: Larry Jacobs, “Welcome To Russia: World Congress of Families Moscow 2014 - Animated Cartoon,” YouTube, September 6, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiLxOD8RstE.

[69] J. Lester Feder and Susie Armitage, “Emails Show ‘Pro-Family’ Activists Feeding Contacts To Russian Nationalists,” BuzzFeed News, December 8, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/emails-show-pro-family-activists-feeding-contacts-to-russian#.llQ2Y5PBQ.

[70] Hannah Levintova, “How US Evangelicals Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Movement,” Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/world-congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/; Miranda Blue, “Globalizing Homophobia, Part 4: The World Congress of Families and Russia’s ‘Christian Saviors’,” Right Wing Watch, October 4, 2013, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/globalizing-homophobia-part-4-the-world-congress-of-families-and-russias-christian-saviors/.

[71] Hannah Levintova, “How US Evangelicals Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Movement,” Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/world-congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/

[72] See: Hannah Levintova, “How US Evangelicals Helped Create Russia’s Anti-Gay Movement,” Mother Jones, February 21, 2014, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/02/world-congress-families-russia-gay-rights/2/; Miranda Blue, “Globalizing Homophobia, Part 4: The World Congress of Families and Russia’s ‘Christian Saviors’,” Right Wing Watch, October 4, 2013, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/globalizing-homophobia-part-4-the-world-congress-of-families-and-russias-christian-saviors/.

[74] Natasha Bertrand, “‘A model for civilization’: Putin’s Russia has emerged as ‘a beacon for nationalists’ and the American alt-right,” Business Insider, December 10, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-connections-to-the-alt-right-2016-11?r=UK.

[76] David S. Foglesong, The American Mission and the “Evil Empire” (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 6.

[77] Sean Guillory, “A Genealogy of American Russophobia,” InRussia, n.d., http://inrussia.com/a-genealogy-of-american-russophobia.

[78] Lauren Southern,” What happens in Russia…,” YouTube (video), June 6, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG0ptZxc0bM.

[80] Interview with author, July 2018.

[81] Interview with author, July 2018.

[82] Interview with author, July 2018.

[83] Quoted in: Stephen White and Ian Mcallister, “The Putin Phenomenon,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 24, no. 4 (2008), 615.