Jeb Bush, who entered the 2016 presidential campaign vowing to wage war on a bloated and self-serving Washington establishment, outlined a wide-ranging plan on Monday to rein in the size of the federal government and curb the influence of lobbyists who live off it.

Portraying himself as a political outsider — despite his family’s 12 years in the White House — Mr. Bush called for a 10 percent reduction in the federal work force, an immediate hiring freeze, a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget and a six-year waiting period before members of Congress can lobby on Capitol Hill.

“We need to help politicians rediscover life outside of Washington,” Mr. Bush said at a speech in Tallahassee, Fla., not far from the state house where he was governor for eight years. “Which — who knows? — might even be a pleasant surprise for them.”