This is the third in a series of posts discussing the implementation of the 4dashes productivity tool. It covers the web services communication and implementation of business logic within the Angular-based web application. The post assumes the reader has a basic understanding of the Angular framework.

Understanding Angular

After a few months of using Angular to build 4dashes, it became clear that Angular was a library for building a tailor-made framework for your application. Consequently, there was more than one way to implement a solution and guidance was marginal at best. At first this was a struggle, but as I better understood the core concepts behind Angular I crafted a set of guidelines that shaped my implementation and should prove useful for new developers.

The big realization was that Angular, at its core, is a DOM compiler. What I mean by that is it provides the mechanics to extend the HTML language into your domain through custom elements and attributes. The net result is declarative markup that represents a higher level abstraction of the interfaces and their associated behavior in your application. This is paired with a two-way data binding mechanism in which changes to your data model are reflected in the DOM and vice-versa. In tandem with the DOM compiler and two-way data binding, Angular provides a simple mechanism for dependency injection. This enables us to structure our code into testable units that depend upon one another with dependencies instantiated and resolved at runtime. A set of primitives common to web applications is built on top of these concepts and provided by the library.

Communicating with the API

Lets begin with the implementation responsible for communicating with the server-side API discussed in the previous post. To keep it simple, I started with Angular’s $http service. This quickly grew into a custom resource service resembling the optional $resource service provided by the Angular team. I treaded down this path for two reasons: 1) support for PATCH requests with automatic change tracking (similar to Backbone), and 2) support for offline use with data synchronization.

Unfortunately, time did not permit a clean implementation of either requirement but I proceeded with my custom service anyway (if there is interest, I can expand on the issues I ran into). As you will see below, the implementation was small and straightforward while providing me a great understanding of Angular’s $http service and promises implementation.

The implementation aligned with my creation and update semantics (e.g. conditional updates, creation with PUT ), cached results for subsequent fetches, transformed RFC8601 strings into dates, and provided an initialization hook to modify the resource instance on creation.

app/components/api/api.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 angular . module ( 'api' , []) . factory ( 'resource' , function ( $http , $q , $cacheFactory ) { return function ( template , defaultParams ) { var cache template = urltemplate . parse ( template ) cache = $cacheFactory ( template . expand ({})) function Resource ( data ) { var self = this var regex = /^(\d{4}|\+\d{6})(?:-(\d{2})(?:-(\d{2})(?:T(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})\.(\d{1,})(Z|([\-+])(\d{2}):(\d{2}))?)?)?)?$/ var match if ( angular . isFunction ( this . initialize )) { this . initialize () } angular . extend ( self , data ) angular . forEach ( self , function ( value , key ) { // transform iso 8601 strings into date objects if ( angular . isString ( value )) { match = regex . exec ( value ) if ( match ) { self [ key ] = new Date ( Date . parse ( match [ 0 ])) } } }) } Resource . create = function ( resource , params ) { var url = Resource . url ( params , resource ) return $http ({ method : template . expand ({}) === url ? 'POST' : 'PUT' , url : url , data : resource }) . then ( function ( response ) { resource . modified = new Date ( response . headers ( 'last-modified' )) return resource }) } Resource . fetch = function ( params , fresh ) { var url = Resource . url ( params ) var result if ( ! fresh ) { result = cache . get ( url ) if ( result ) { return $q . when ( result ) } } return $http . get ( url ). then ( function ( response ) { if ( Array . isArray ( response . data )) { result = [] response . data . forEach ( function ( value , key ) { result . push ( new Resource ( value )) }) } else { result = new Resource ( response . data ) } cache . put ( url , result ) return result }) } Resource . url = function ( requestParams , resource ) { var params = angular . extend ({}, defaultParams , requestParams ) angular . forEach ( params , function ( value , key ) { if ( angular . isFunction ( value )) { params [ key ] = value ( resource ) } else if ( angular . isString ( value ) && value . charAt ( 0 ) === '@' ) { params [ key ] = resource ? resource [ value . slice ( 1 )] : null } }) return template . expand ( params ) } Resource . prototype . save = function ( params ) { var self = this var url = Resource . url ( params , self ) return $http ({ method : 'PUT' , url : url , headers : { 'content-type' : 'application/json' , 'if-unmodified-since' : self . modified . toString () }, data : self }) . then ( function ( response ) { self . modified = new Date ( response . headers ( 'last-modified' )) return self }) } return Resource } })

Similar to $resource , a concrete resource is defined by supplying a base URI and template parameters (see RFC 6570: URI Templates). Here is how I defined the concrete Task and Summary resources that communicates with endpoints defined in the previous post:

app/components/api/api.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 . factory ( 'Task' , function ( resource ) { var Task = resource ( '/api/tasks{/id}' , { id : '@id' }) ... return Task }) . factory ( 'Summary' , function ( resource ) { var Summary = resource ( '/api/summaries{/year}{/month}{/day}' , { year : function ( summary ) { return format ( summary , 'YYYY' ) }, month : function ( summary ) { return format ( summary , 'MM' ) }, day : function ( summary ) { return format ( summary , 'DD' ) } }) ... return Summary function format ( summary , token ) { return summary ? moment ( summary . day ). format ( token ) : null } })

This Task resource could now be used in the following manner:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 // retrieves an array of incomplete tasks (GET /api/tasks) var tasks = Task . fetch () // modifies and saves the first task in the array (PUT /api/tasks/{id}) tasks [ 0 ]. title = 'new title' tasks [ 0 ]. save () // creates a new task and prints out modified date from server Task . create ({ id : 'guid' , title : 'new task' }). then ( function ( task ) { console . log ( task . modified ) })

Organizing business logic

Before discussing authentication with the API, let me build upon the Task and Summary services defined above. Angular is the least prescriptive when it comes to modelling and organizing your business (and persistence) logic. Most beginner examples implement an application’s logic directly within a Controller and that may even include $http calls. However, as an application grows, a controller’s implementation will become unwieldy, duplicative, and difficult to test. As such, the better approach is to move the application logic into a set of services that your controllers can depend on. This yields thin controllers with the single responsibilty of coordinating between the view (directives, templates) and model (services).

To implement my business logic, I followed an active record like approach defining methods on the Task , Summary , and User prototypes. Here is a brief look at how behavior was added to Task for use by one of the controllers:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 . factory ( 'Task' , function ( resource ) { var Task = resource ( '/api/tasks{/id}' , { id : '@id' }) Task . prototype . applyLabels = function ( labels ) { var self = this var added = false labels . forEach ( function ( newLabel ) { var contains = self . labels . some ( function ( label ) { return label === newLabel }) if ( ! contains ) { added = true self . labels . push ( newLabel ) } }) return added } return Task }) . controller ( 'InventoryController' , function ( $scope ) { $scope . applyLabels = function ( labels ) { $scope . selectedTasks . forEach ( function ( task ) { if ( task . applyLabels ( labels )) { task . save () } }) $scope . selectedTasks = [] } })

In addition to implementing methods on the prototype object of the services, I used virtual properties to derive values from the primary data within a resource’s document. This kept the payload as small as possible. To mitigate the calculation cost, virtual properties were memozied (cached to return the same value on subsequent calls). Here is a brief look at the Summary ’s initialize() method that creates the virtual properties for an instance:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Summary . prototype . initialize = function () { var self = this self . plannedTasks = [] self . completedTasks = [] self . dashes = [] self . sets = 0 self . internalInterruptions = 0 self . externalInterruptions = 0 Object . defineProperties ( self , { plannedDashes : { get : memoize ( function () { return self . dashes . reduce ( function ( sum , dash ) { return self . isPlannedTask ({ id : dash . id }) ? ++ sum : sum }, 0 ) }, self . hashKey ) }, ... }) }

Handling authentication

In the previous post, I discussed the token-based authentication mechanism used by the API. To submit a request, a client must supply a valid signed token within a HTTP header. A valid token can be retrieved by POST ing a request to /api/token with an email address and plaintext password. To support this, I implemented a token service responsible for authentication and persistence of the token and a an $http interceptor to inject the token into API requests.

Below is the implementation of the token service. There is a few things to note: 1) the service provides a method to authenticate a user’s credentials used by the login form, 2) the token is set and retrieved via a virtual property and persisted to localStorage , and 3) a timeout is scheduled to fire two minutes before the token expires and when it does expire — both broadcasting an event for interested listeners.

app/components/api/api.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 . factory ( 'token' , function ( $window , $timeout , $injector , $rootScope ) { var token = $window . localStorage . getItem ( 'token' ) var expire if ( token ) { startTokenTimeout () } return Object . create ({ isValid : function () { return token ? true : false }, authenticate : function ( email , password ) { return $injector . get ( '$http' ). post ( '/api/token' , { email : email , password : password }) } }, { value : { get : function () { return token }, set : function ( newToken ) { token = newToken if ( token ) { $window . localStorage . setItem ( 'token' , token ) startTokenTimeout () } else { $window . localStorage . removeItem ( 'token' ) } } } }) function startTokenTimeout () { // clear old timeout if ( expire ) { $timeout . cancel ( expire ) } // parse time remaining minus two minute buffer var timeRemaining = token . split ( ':' )[ 1 ] - Date . now () - ( 2 * 60 * 1000 ) if ( timeRemaining <= 0 ) { token = null $rootScope . $broadcast ( 'tokenExpired' ) } else { expire = $timeout ( function () { // alert listeners that token will expire in one minute $rootScope . $broadcast ( 'tokenWillExpire' ) expire = $timeout ( function () { token = null $rootScope . $broadcast ( 'tokenExpired' ) }, 60 * 1000 ) }, timeRemaining ) } } })

The tokenInterceptor service intercepts $http requests and for API calls injects a header with a token retrieved from the token service. It also intercepts the response to retrieve the new token and persist it with the token service for later use. Below is the implementation of the tokenInterceptor service and the associated code to configure it:

app/components/api/api.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 . factory ( 'tokenInterceptor' , function ( $q , token ) { var TOKEN_HEADER = 'x-access-token' return { request : function ( config ) { if ( /api/ . test ( config . url )) { config . headers [ TOKEN_HEADER ] = token . value } return config }, response : function ( response ) { if ( /api/ . test ( response . config . url )) { token . value = response . headers ( TOKEN_HEADER ) } return response }, responseError : function ( response ) { if ( response . status === 401 ) { token . value = null } return $q . reject ( response ) } } }) . config ( function ( $httpProvider ) { $httpProvider . interceptors . push ( 'tokenInterceptor' ) })

On startup, the application is configured to listen for the $routeChangeStart event. When a user navigates to a route for the first time or changes to a new one, the application checks if the route is restricted and if the token is invalid. If both are true, the user is redirected to the login view. Below is a snippet of code highlighting the configuration of a restricted route (note the restricted property) and the associated logic for login redirection:

app/app.js 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 // configure app routes . config ( function ( $routeProvider , $locationProvider ) { $routeProvider . when ( '/today' , { templateUrl : 'template/today/today.html' , controller : 'TodayController' , restricted : true , resolve : { user : function ( User ) { return User . fetch () }, tasks : function ( Task ) { return Task . fetch () }, summaries : function ( Summary ) { return Summary . fetch () } } }) . when ( '/login' , { templateUrl : 'template/login/login.html' , controller : 'LoginController' , restricted : false }) ... }) // initialize the app on startup . run ( function ( $rootScope , $location , token ) { // listen for a route change and redirect to /login if a valid token // is not present $rootScope . $on ( '$routeChangeStart' , function ( event , next ) { if ( next . restricted && ! token . isValid ()) { $location . path ( '/login' ) } }) // listen for token expiration and redirect to /login $rootScope . $on ( 'tokenExpired' , function ( event ) { $location . path ( '/login' ) }) })

With the discussion regarding API communication and business logic complete, the next post will cover the user interface implmentation.