BP, the oil and gas major, has significantly increased its global outlook for wind and solar energy.

The main scenario in the company’s latest annual “Energy Outlook”, released yesterday, shows renewables rising four-fold to 2,000 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) by 2035. This is an upwards revision of around 400Mtoe compared to last year’s main forecast.

The projections also show, for the first time, global oil demand peaking by 2040. Oil remains the world’s largest fuel source, however.

This 2018 edition of BP’s outlook also projects coal will peak before 2030, an even earlier projection than it gave last year.

Oil peak

BP’s report focuses on its new “evolving transition” scenario, which replaces its “base case” scenario from previous years (see more on this below). However, it no longer says this is the “most likely” future scenario.

In this new projection, rising energy demand over the next 20 years is driven by fast-growing developing economies, with China and India accounting for half of the growth.

As the graph below shows, it projects a peak for both coal and oil in the coming decades, but continually rising demand for gas.

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The path of global energy demand to 2040 by fuel, according to BP’s “evolving transition” scenario, in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). Wind & solar includes other non-hydro renewables, but excludes biofuels. Source: BP Energy Outlook 2018. Chart by Carbon Brief using Highcharts

Oil consumption peaks for the first time at some point between 2035 and 2040. However, even in 2040, it will sit at around 4,800Mtoe, more than 50% higher than in 1990.

This is driven in part by falling demand from transport due to vehicle efficiency improvements and alternative fuels, says BP. By 2040, 40% of new cars sold are electric vehicles (EVs) in the evolving transition scenario, while 31% of kilometres travelled by car are in EVs. The scenario expects energy use in transport to plateau around 2035-40.

In 2018 BP Evolving Transition scenario, oil demand for cars remains same in 2040 as 2016 despite doubling of kms travelled globally #BPstats — Jim Watson (@watsonjim2) February 20, 2018

Oil use in transport stops growing towards 2030. Non-combusted uses of oil – such as feedstocks for petrochemicals – become the main source of growth demand after 2030. However, oil demand still accounts for around 85% of total transport fuel demand in 2040.

Some have noted that BP’s Outlook has less to say on forms of transport other than cars, with little on aviation, shipping and trucks despite these sectors accounting for the biggest slice of oil demand growth for the industry.

The projection also shows a rising gas demand steadily closing in on oil. In 2040, 26% of primary energy comes from gas in the scenario, compared to 27% from oil.

Meanwhile, as the graph shows, the scenario showscoal peaking between 2025 and 2030, hovering at around 3,800 Mtoe by 2040.

This decline is driven by falling coal use in China, where the BP report says it seems increasingly likely coal consumption has peaked already.

The outlook shows China’s carbon emissions from energy use peaking in the mid-2020s. Renewables, nuclear and hydro account for more than 80% of the increase in China’s energy demand by 2040, with renewables overtaking oil to become the country’s second largest energy source.

However, the scenario show coal remaining the dominant energy source for power in the rest of Asia, accounting for 45% of India’s sizeable increase energy demand.

Renewables win

Renewable energy is the fastest-growing energy source in the main scenario, accounting for 40% of the energy increase in 2040.

Demand for wind and solar reaches around 2,000Mtoe in 2035, quadrupling from the 500Mtoe used in 2015. A further 500Mtoe is added by 2040. By this time wind and solar will meet around 14% of the world’s primary energy consumption.

Carbon Brief’s chart below shows how BP’s projections for 2035 compare since 2011.

The revision is particularly striking this year for wind and solar. As the chart shows, the projection for 2035 has risen significantly compared to the base case scenario last year. BP now expects around 400Mtoe higher demand of wind and solar by 2035 than the 1,600Mtoe forecast in the 2017 report.





How the BP Energy Outlook has changed since it was first published in 2011. Red lines show the 2018 “evolving transition” view for each fuel, in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). Blue lines show previous years’ “base case” forecasts. Wind & solar includes other non-hydro renewables, but excludes biofuels. Source: BP Energy Outlook 2018, previous Outlooks and Carbon Brief analysis. Chart by Carbon Brief using Highcharts

Meanwhile, the charts show that BP has lowered its outlook for hydro and nuclear.

As the charts above show, the new projection shows coal peaking before 2030, earlier than in the “base case” scenario last year which foresaw the peak occurring before 2035. This year’s outlook shows coal accounting for 21% of primary energy demand by 2040, down from 28% in 2016.

China accounts for almost 90% of the total growth in nuclear up to 2040, BP’s report says, with its share in China’s energy demand increasing from 2% today to 8% by 2040. Butdeclines are seen in both the EU and US as aging nuclear plants are retired and not replaced.

Not predictions

It is worth a cursory note to emphasise that none of the scenarios in the energy outlook are predictions. Instead, they are modelled scenarios based on a range of different inputs. As BP puts it:

“These scenarios are not predictions of what is likely to happen or what BP would like to happen. Rather, they explore the possible implications of different judgements and assumptions by considering a series of “what if” experiments.”

As Carbon Brief’s comparisons of earlier outlooks shows, BP has repeatedly underestimated the rise of renewables, as well as overestimating the demand for coal.

For example, as the chart below shows, the 2014 Energy Outlook put wind and solar demand at around 1,100Mtoe in 2035; by the 2017 Energy Outlook this had been revised up to 1,600Mtoe in 2035.

This year’s outlook, the seventh report in a row to raise projections for wind and solar energy, puts it at around 2,000Mtoe.

The chart below shows how BP’s outlook for 2035 has shifted with each report since 2014, the first year which gave a forecast for 2035.

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Top panel: How the BP Energy Outlook for 2035 has changed since 2014. Red bars show the 2018 “evolving transition” outlook demand for each fuel, in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). Blue bars show previous years’ “base case” outlook. Lower panel: Year-on-year change in the 2035 outlook, percent. Wind & solar includes other non-hydro renewables, but excludes biofuels. Source: BP Energy Outlook 2018, previous Outlooks and Carbon Brief analysis. Chart by Carbon Brief using Highcharts

Most significant are the steady steps down for the coal projections and upward steps for the wind and solar projections. Meanwhile, BP’s outlook for oil, nuclear and hydro has remained broadly consistent over the past five years.

Six outlooks

It appears BP may have taken stock of this. In previous years, BP’s report focussed on its “base case”, which the firm said was the “most likely” future scenario, shown in blue in the chart above.

This year, BP has scrapped this “base case” and instead uses what it calls the “evolving transition” scenario as its reference scenario (red in the chart above). The new report stresses that this “does not imply that the probability of this scenario is higher than the others”.

The evolving transition scenario assumes that government policies, technology and social preferences continue to evolve “in a manner and speed seen over the recent past”. World GDP more than doubles by 2040, driven by increasing prosperity in fast-growing emerging economies.

This remains one of its highest emission scenarios, with carbon emissions increasing over 10% by 2040. BP notes that carbon emissions in this scenario are not consistent with achieving the Paris Agreement goals. This highlights “the need for a more decisive break from the past”, it says.

The CO2 emissions resulting from BP’s evolving transition scenario are shown in the graph below in orange. Note that projections go up to 2040 for the first time, rather than 2035 as in recent years.





Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions projections to 2040 for six scenarios from BP. Source: BP Energy Outlook 2018, previous Outlooks and Carbon Brief analysis. Chart by Carbon Brief using Highcharts

The chart also shows five alternative global scenarios referenced by BP in its 2018 outlook. The first two of these were also given in last year’s report.

They are:

Faster transition (light blue), where global emissions fall 25% below 2016 levels by 2040, driven by lower oil, coal and gas demand, and more nuclear and renewables.

where global emissions fall 25% below 2016 levels by 2040, driven by lower oil, coal and gas demand, and more nuclear and renewables. Even faster transition (yellow), where global emissions fall 45% below 2016 levels by 2040, driven by even lower oil, coal and gas demand and a big rise in renewables. This recognises the far bigger change needed than the evolving transition scenario to meet climate goals. It is based on a sharp increase in the carbon price, policies to push energy efficiency and greater fuel switching, and higher use of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).

where global emissions fall 45% below 2016 levels by 2040, driven by even lower oil, coal and gas demand and a big rise in renewables. This recognises the far bigger change needed than the evolving transition scenario to meet climate goals. It is based on a sharp increase in the carbon price, policies to push energy efficiency and greater fuel switching, and higher use of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Internal combustion engine ban (black) , where electric car sales become 100% total car sales by 2040. Leading to almost 70% of vehicle travel to be powered by electricity.

, where electric car sales become 100% total car sales by 2040. Leading to almost 70% of vehicle travel to be powered by electricity. Less coal-to-gas switching (dark blue), where growth in natural gas is slower due to weaker policies promoting the switch from coal.

where growth in natural gas is slower due to weaker policies promoting the switch from coal. Renewables push (red), where more support for renewables means they account for over 90% of power growth up to 2040, rather than 50% in the evolving transition scenario.

Note: In this article, Carbon Brief has rounded BP’s projections to the nearest 100Mtoe. See the graphs for more precise numbers.