'Alien' life form is grown in a lab: Scientists add unnatural DNA strands to the genetic code of bacteria to create a new strain

Researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, introduced DNA molecules not found in nature to a common bacterium

The E. coli bugs are able to grow and reproduce as normal despite containing two extra letters in their genetic code

Research involved overcoming a billion years of evolution to get the expanded genetic alphabet into living bacteria

In the future the research could lead to creation of microbes capable of manufacturing entirely new proteins that could be used in medicine

Some people are worried that the rapid advance of ‘synthetic biology’ could lead to the worrying prospect of new life-forms escaping from labs



You might think that the creation of a new alien belongs within the pages of a science fiction novel.



But a replicating ‘alien’ life-form has been made by scientists who introduced DNA molecules not found in nature to a common bacterium.



The E. coli bugs are able to grow and reproduce as normal despite containing two extra letters in their genetic code.



In future, the research could lead to creation of microbes capable of manufacturing entirely new proteins, which could prove lead to new medicines and nanotechnology.



It's life, but not quite as we know it: A replicating 'alien' life-form has been made by scientists who introduced DNA molecules not found in nature to a common bacterium (stock image). The E. coli bugs are able to grow and reproduce as normal despite containing two extra letters in their genetic code

However, some people are worried that the rapid advance of ‘synthetic biology’ could lead to the worrying prospect of new life-forms escaping from the laboratory with unpredictable consequences.



Nature’s genetic code consists of a DNA alphabet of just four ‘letters’ - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). An additional letter, uracil (U), is found in DNA’s close cousin molecule, RNA.



The A, C, G and T building blocks form ‘base pair’ partnerships whose sequences make up all life forms.



‘Life on Earth in all its diversity is encoded by only two pairs of DNA bases, A-T and C-G, and what we’ve made is an organism that stably contains those two plus a third, unnatural pair of bases,’ lead scientist Dr Floyd Romesberg, from the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, said.



‘This shows that other solutions to storing information are possible and of course, takes us closer to an expanded-DNA biology that will have many exciting applications - from new medicines to new kinds of nanotechnology.’



The work, reported in the journal Nature, involved overcoming a billion years of evolution to get the expanded genetic alphabet into living bacteria.



'Life on Earth in all its diversity is encoded by only two pairs of DNA bases, A-T and C-G, and what we've made is an organism that stably contains those two plus a third, unnatural pair of bases,' lead scientist Dr Floyd Romesberg, from the Scripps Research Institute said. An illustration of a DNA molecule is pictured

It started in 2008 when Dr Romesberg’s team of researchers succeeded in replicating unnatural base pairs in a test tube. They also managed to transcribe the semi-synthetic DNA into RNA - a first step towards translating a new genetic code into a protein.



But performing the same trick in the complex environment of a living cell presented much greater challenges.



To solve the problem the scientists first added the artificial base pair molecules - d5SICS and dNaM - to a fluid solution outside the cell. Then they used a special transporter molecule, made by a species of micro-algae, to import them into the bacteria.



HOW DID SCIENTISTS CREATE THE 'ALIEN' LIFE FORM? The team first replicated unnatural base pairs in a test tube and transcribed semi-synthetic DNA into RNA - the first step in translating a new genetic code into a protein.

They then added artificial base pair molecules to a fluid solution outside the cell, before using a special transporter molecule to import them into the bacteria.

Using this technique, the scientists were able to synthesise circular loops of DNA known as plasmids and insert them into E. coli.

Although the plasmids were separate from the organism’s integral chromosomal DNA, they became part of its replicating genetic material.

The team were pleasantly surprised when the semi-synthetic plasmids didn't hamper the growth or reproduction of the bacteria.

‘That was a big breakthrough for us - an enabling breakthrough,’ said co-author Dr Denis Malyshev, also from the Scripps Research Institute.



The scientists were able to synthesise circular loops of DNA known as plasmids and insert them into E. coli. The plasmid DNA contained natural A-T and C-G base pairs together with a d5SICS-dNaM base pair.



Although the plasmids were separate from the organism’s integral chromosomal DNA, they became part of its replicating genetic material.



To the surprise of the team, the semi-synthetic plasmids did not hamper the growth of the E.coli bacteria to any great extent. Nor did they show any sign of shedding their artificial components.



The next step will be to demonstrate that unnatural DNA within bacteria can be transcribed into the RNA molecules that feed genetic instructions to protein-making machinery in cells.



‘In principle, we could encode new proteins made from new, unnatural amino acids, which would give us greater power than ever to tailor protein therapeutics and diagnostics and laboratory reagents to have desired functions,’ said Dr Romesberg. ‘Other applications, such as nanomaterials, are also possible.’



Commenting on the research in a Nature article, Ross Thyer and Jared Ellefson, from the University of Texas, wrote: ‘If the technique...works for other pairs, then the DNA code could be extended well beyond three base pairs.



‘This raises fundamental questions about why life settled on only two in the first place, and whether semi-synthetic organisms with the capacity to store more information will have expanded capabilities or endure intolerable fitness costs.’

