The U.S. House of Representatives on Tuesday passed an $18 billion authorization bill to fund National Aeronautics and Space Administration programs through the end of the current fiscal year, but despite bipartisan support, looming disagreements with the White House over longer-term funding weren’t resolved.

The bill provides some $540 million more than the Obama administration requested to fund NASA through the end of September. The outcome of the debate, with the bipartisan bill passed by voice vote, was expected because...