After stonewalling President Barack Obama’s Supreme Court nominee for the better part of 2016, Mitch McConnell’s gamble paid off: Donald Trump won the election, ensuring that the court’s vacant ninth seat will go a G.O.P.-approved, conservative justice. And already, Republican lawmakers are planning to send the Supreme Court its first big test: an extreme anti-abortion bill that is sure to be challenged in court.

Emboldened by a Trump presidency, Republican majorities in both houses of Congress, and at least one—if not two—Supreme Court seats up for grabs over the next four years, Ohio lawmakers passed an anti-abortion bill Tuesday that would be the strictest in the country. Dubbed the “heartbeat bill,” the legislation prohibits abortion once a fetal heartbeat can be detected—typically around the six-week mark, which is long before most women notice they are pregnant. If signed into law by governor John Kasich, the bill could offer eager conservative activists their greatest opportunity in years to overturn the controversial 1973 Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade that guaranteed a woman’s “right to choose.”

Ohio Republicans had sought to pass the bill for years, without success, before Trump’s election. “New president, new Supreme Court justices, change the dynamic,” Keith Faber, the Republican Ohio state Senate president told a local media outlet after the vote, adding that the bill “has a better chance than it did before” of weathering a constitutional challenge, The Washington Post reports. Passed as an amendment to an unrelated bill, the anti-abortion measure is in direct conflict with Roe v. Wade, which means it has a good chance of landing in front of the nine justices.

Whether that happens, however, hinges on what Kasich chooses to do. If the Ohio governor signs the bill (or does nothing over the next week-and-a-half), it will become law. If Kasich vetoes the bill, it will take a two-thirds majority in the state Senate to override, CNN reports. Either way, the Ohio bill is likely the first of many anti-abortion legal challenges that G.O.P.-controlled state legislatures are likely to mount over the next four years.

Kasich may choose not to court the controversy. But despite largely steering clear of reproductive issues during the Republican primary, the governor has a long record of undermining women’s rights. As the Post reported in March, Kasich has signed 17 anti-abortion measures into law since becoming governor in 2011. He has de-funded Planned Parenthood, made it illegal for public hospitals to perform abortions or receive funding for the procedure, required abortion clinics to have admitting privileges, and mandated ultrasounds before women can terminate a pregnancy. “He’s the classic under-commit, over-perform guy,” Marjorie Dannenfelser, president of the anti-abortion Susan B. Anthony List, told Politico earlier this year. “Certainly on this issue, it’s hard to find a governor or anyone who has a better record.”

There are, however, a few instances in which Kasich has said he does not oppose abortion. “Look, you know, I don’t make a lot of speeches about this. I am pro-life with the exceptions of rape, incest, and the life of the mother,” he said during an interview with CNN earlier this year. That caveat could make or break the Heartbeat bill, as the Post reports: the legislation does not include allowances for abortions in the event of incest or rape, potentially giving Kasich an out to use his veto.