Over the last weeks I concentrated my work on KWin on what I call the XFree KWin project. The idea is to be able to start KWin/Wayland without XWayland support. While most of the changes required for it are already in Plasma 5.11, not everything got ready in time, but now everything is under review on phabricator, so it’s a good point in time to talk about this project.

Why an XFree KWin?

You might wonder why we spend time on getting KWin to run without X11 support. After all we need to provide support for XWayland anyway to be able to support legacy applications which are not yet on Wayland. So what’s the advantage if in a normal session one needs XWayland anyway?

One aspect is that it shows that our porting efforts to Wayland are finished. Over the last years I tried to start KWin without XWayland support for a few times just to find areas which are not yet ported. By being able to run KWin without X11 support we know that everything is ported or at least does not hard depend on X11 any more.

Another aspect is obviously Plasma Mobile which does not really require XWayland and also XWayland not making much sense on e.g. the libhybris enabled systems as Xwayland doesn’t have OpenGL there. By not requiring XWayland we can reduce our runtime and memory costs.

Speaking of runtime costs: not requiring X11 means that we don’t have to wait for XWayland during KWin startup. Instead XWayland can be started in parallel. This means KWin and the complete Plasma session starts a little bit faster.

And most important this is an important prerequisite to be able to handle a crashing XWayland. So far when XWayland crashed KWin terminated gracefully as KWin depends on X11. The hope is that when XWayland crashes we can just restart it and keep the session running.

How it was done

The general idea behind getting KWin X11 free is “code that isn’t loaded, cannot interfere”. KWin uses platform plugins (not Qt QPA plugins) for the various platforms KWin can run on. There is also a platform plugin for KWin/X11, so code which is only required in the KWin/X11 case can be moved into the platform plugin. As KWin/Wayland does not load this plugin we are certain that the code will not be loaded and thus cannot interfere.

But how to find code which is only required on KWin/X11? After all KWin’s code base is about 150 kSloc (according to cloc) and that makes it rather difficult. A good help here was our CI system which performs code coverage. KWin’s tests mostly are mostly based on KWin/Wayland so an area which does not have any test coverage is a good candidate for being X11 specific. By looking at these areas it was possible to find patterns which also helped to find more usages. A good help is KWin’s internal X11 API such as displayWidth, displayHeight, rootWindow and connection. The usage of these functions is partially so few that one could just evaluate each usage. As a result of this work the functions displayWidth and displayHeight are not used at all any more.

Plugin based compositors

Another idea was to get our compositors into plugins. Especially the XRender based compositor is not of much use in a Wayland world and thus should not be loaded into the binary. Unfortunately various parts of KWin called directly into the concrete compositor implementations, so to solve this we had to extend the internal API. In Plasma 5.11 the XRender and QPainter compositor are now loaded as plugins, so on Wayland the not-compatible XRender compositor is no longer loaded into memory and on X11 the not-compatible QPainter compositor is no longer loaded into memory. But also on Wayland the QPainter compositor is only loaded into memory if it is going to be used.

The OpenGL compositor is still always loaded in Plasma 5.11, but the change to have it as a plugin is already prepared and will be merged into master soonish. This will bring great advantages to the stability of the system: currently we are not able to define which platform supports which compositor as the initialization code just didn’t support being more flexible. But now with the plugin based approach I’m very confident that we can make this work in a better way.

Outlook

Being able to start and run KWin/Wayland without X11 support is of course only the start. More changes will be required. For example to delay loading XWayland until an application tries to connect to it (c.f. Weston). This would not make much sense in the start of Plasma yet as we still have applications in our startup which require X11 (e.g. ksmserver).

Another area is to try to get KWin compile without X11 support and to move everything required for Xwayland into a plugin. This will be a larger project as it will require to move much code around and to add further abstractions in some areas of KWin. Hint: this could be a nice Google Summer of Code project. As a fast step for especially Plasma Mobile and the Purism Librem phone an ifdef around every X11 code area could be a solution.

But my personal main goal is to be able to handle a crashing XWayland. This will also be an interesting task as the X11 code in KWin also depends on other libraries (e.g. KWindowSystem) which do not expect to outlive the X server. So that will be a challenging task to find all areas where KWin holds X11 data structures and to clean them up properly without crashing due to some cleanup code calling into xcb.