Two U.S. food regulators agreed to share oversight of meat grown from animal cells, moving the emerging technology closer to consumers’ dinner plates.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration will jointly oversee cell-culture meat technology, senior officials said Friday. The decision settles a debate between agency officials over which department would regulate the technology, which has drawn investments from major meat companies and skepticism from cattle ranchers and hog farmers.

Cell-based...