Suppose you have a text file and you need to remove all of its duplicate lines.

TL;DR

To remove the duplicate lines preserving their order in the file use:

awk '!visited[$0]++' your_file > deduplicated_file

How it works

The script keeps an associative array with indices equal to the unique lines of the file and values equal to their occurrences. For each line of the file, if the line occurrences are zero then it increases them by one and prints the line, otherwise it just increases the occurrences without printing the line.

I was not familiar with awk and I wanted to understand how is this accomplished with such a short script ( awk ward). I did my research and here is what is going on:

the awk “script” !visited[$0]++ is executed for each line of the input file

is executed for of the input file visited[] is a variable of type associative array (a.k.a. Map). We don’t have to initialize it, awk will do this for us the first time we access it.

is a variable of type associative array (a.k.a. Map). We don’t have to initialize it, will do this for us the first time we access it. the $0 variable holds the contents of the line currently being processed

variable holds the contents of the line currently being processed visited[$0] accesses the value stored in the map with key equal to $0 (the line being processed), a.k.a. the occurrences (which we set below)

accesses the value stored in the map with key equal to (the line being processed), a.k.a. the occurrences (which we set below) the ! negates the occurrences value: In awk, any nonzero numeric value or any nonempty string value is true By default, variables are initialized to the empty string, which is zero if converted to a number That being said: if visited[$0] returns a number greater than zero, this negation is resolved to false . if visited[$0] returns a number equal to zero or an empty string, this negation is resolved to true .

negates the occurrences value: the ++ operation increases the variable’s value ( visited[$0] ) by one. If the value is empty, awk converts it to 0 (number) automatically and then it gets increased. Note: the operation is executed after we access the variable’s value.

operation increases the variable’s value ( ) by one.

Summing up, the whole expression evaluates to:

true if the occurrences are zero/empty string

if the occurrences are zero/empty string false if the occurrences are greater than zero

awk statements consist of a pattern-expression and an associated action.

< pattern / expression > { < action > }

If the pattern succeeds then the associated action is being executed. If we don’t provide an action, awk by default print s the input.

An omitted action is equivalent to { print $0 }

Our script consists of one awk statement with an expression, omitting the action. So this:

awk ' ! visited [ $0 ] ++ ' your_file > deduplicated_file

is equivalent to this:

awk ' ! visited [ $0 ] ++ { print $0 } ' your_file > deduplicated_file

For every line of the file, if the expression succeeds the line is printed to the output. Otherwise, the action is not executed, nothing is printed.

Why not use the uniq command?

The uniq commands removes only the adjacent duplicate lines. Demonstration:

$ cat test.txt A A A B B B A A C C C B B A $ uniq < test.txt A B A C B A

Other approaches

Using the sort command

We can also use the following sort command to remove the duplicate lines but the line order is not preserved.

sort -u your_file > sorted_deduplicated_file

Using cat , sort and cut

The previous approach would produce a de-duplicated file whose lines would be sorted based on the contents. Piping a bunch of commands we can overcome this issue:

cat -n your_file | sort -uk2 | sort -nk1 | cut -f2-

How it works

Suppose we have the following file:

abc ghi abc def xyz def ghi klm

cat -n test.txt prepends the order number in each line.

1 abc 2 ghi 3 abc 4 def 5 xyz 6 def 7 ghi 8 klm

sort -uk2 sorts the lines based on the second column ( k2 option) and keeps only the first occurrence of the lines with the same second column value ( u option)

1 abc 4 def 2 ghi 8 klm 5 xyz

sort -nk1 sorts the lines based on their first column ( k1 option) treating the column as a number ( -n option)

1 abc 2 ghi 4 def 5 xyz 8 klm

Finally, cut -f2- prints each line starting from the second column until its end ( -f2- option: note the - suffix which instructs to include the rest of the line)

abc ghi def xyz klm

References

That’s all. Cat photo.