This year we’ll get a new version of C++: C++17!

In this mega long article I’ve built a list of all features of the new standard.

Have a look and see what we get!

Intro

Updated: This post was updated 11th April 2019.

The list is mostly done! Still some descriptions could be improved or more example could be provided.

If you have code examples, better explanations or any ideas, let me know! I am happy to update the current post so that it has some real value for others.

The plan is to have a list of features with some basic explanation, little example (if possible) and some additional resources, plus a note about availability in compilers. Probably, most of the features might require separate articles or even whole chapters in books, so the list here will be only a jump start.

See this github repo: github/fenbf/cpp17features. Add a pull request to update the content.

The list comes from the following resources:

And one of the most important resource: N4659, 2017-03-21, Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++ - from isocpp.org.

Plus there’s an official list of changes: P0636r0: Changes between C++14 and C++17 DIS

Also, you can grab my list of concise descriptions of all of the C++17 (now with C++20 Features!) - It’s a one-page reference card(s):

See my first series about C++17:

And the second series about STL Utils:

Resources about C++17 STL:

Language Features

New auto rules for direct-list-initialization

N3922

GCC: 5.0 Clang: 3.8 MSVC: 14.0

Fixes some cases with auto type deduction. The full background can be found in Auto and braced-init-lists, by Ville Voutilainen.

It fixes the problem of deducing std::initializer_list like:

auto x = foo (); // copy-initialization auto x { foo }; // direct-initialization, initializes an initializer_list int x = foo (); // copy-initialization int x { foo }; // direct-initialization

And for the direct initialization, new rules are:

For a braced-init-list with only a single element, auto deduction will deduce from that entry;

For a braced-init-list with more than one element, auto deduction will be ill-formed.

Basically, auto x { 1 }; will be now deduced as int , but before it was an initializer list.

static_assert with no message

N3928

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 2.5 MSVC: 15.0 preview 5

Self-explanatory. It allows just to have the condition without passing the message, version with the message will also be available. It will be compatible with other asserts like BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT (that didn’t take any message from the start).

typename in a template template parameter

N4051

GCC: 5.0 Clang: 3.5 MSVC: 14.0

Allows you to use typename instead of class when declaring a template template parameter. Normal type parameters can use them interchangeably, but template template parameters were restricted to class , so this change unifies these forms somewhat.

template < template < typename ...> typename Container > // used to be invalid ^^^^^^^^ struct foo ; foo < std :: vector > my_foo ;

Removing trigraphs

N4086

GCC: 5.1 Clang: 3.5 MSVC: Yes

Removes ??= , ??( , ??> , …

Makes the implementation a bit simpler, see MSDN Trigraphs

Nested namespace definition

N4230

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.6 MSVC: 14.3

Allows to write:

namespace A :: B :: C { //… }

Rather than:

namespace A { namespace B { namespace C { //… } } }

Attributes for namespaces and enumerators

N4266

GCC: 4.9 (namespaces)/ 6 (enums) Clang: 3.4 MSVC: 14.0

Permits attributes on enumerators and namespaces. More details in N4196.

enum E { foobar = 0 , foobat [[ deprecated ]] = foobar }; E e = foobat ; // Emits warning namespace [[ deprecated ]] old_stuff { void legacy (); } old_stuff :: legacy (); // Emits warning

u8 character literals

N4267

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.6 MSVC: 14.0

UTF-8 character literal, e.g. u8'a' . Such literal has type char and the value equal to ISO 10646 code point value of c-char, provided that the code point value is representable with a single UTF-8 code unit. If c-char is not in Basic Latin or C0 Controls Unicode block, the program is ill-formed.

The compiler will report errors if character cannot fit inside u8 ASCII range.

Reference:

Allow constant evaluation for all non-type template arguments

N4268

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.6 MSVC: not yet

Remove syntactic restrictions for pointers, references, and pointers to members that appears as non-type template parameters:

For instance:

template < int * p > struct A {}; int n ; A <& n > a ; // ok constexpr int * p () { return & n ; } A < p ()> b ; // error before C++17

N4295

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.6 MSVC: not yet

More background here in P0036

Allows to write compact code with variadic templates without using explicit recursion.

Example:

template < typename ... Args > auto SumWithOne ( Args ... args ){ return ( 1 + ... + args ); }

Articles:

Unary fold expressions and empty parameter packs

P0036R0

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: not yet

If the parameter pack is empty then the value of the fold is:

Operator Value && true || false , void()

For any operator not listed above, an unary fold expression with an empty parameter pack is ill-formed.

Remove Deprecated Use of the register Keyword

P0001R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.8 MSVC: 15.3

The register keyword was deprecated in the 2011 C++ standard. C++17 tries to clear the standard, so the keyword is now removed. This keyword is reserved now and might be repurposed in the future revisions.

Remove Deprecated operator++(bool)

P0002R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.8 MSVC: 15.3

The ++ operator for bool was deprecated in the original 1998 C++ standard, and it is past time to remove it formally.

Removing Deprecated Exception Specifications from C++17

P0003R5

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

Dynamic exception specifications were deprecated in C++11. This paper formally proposes removing the feature from C++17, while retaining the (still) deprecated throw() specification strictly as an alias for noexcept(true) .

Make exception specifications part of the type system

P0012R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

Previously exception specifications for a function didn’t belong to the type of the function, but it will be part of it.

We’ll get an error in the case:

void (* p )(); void (** pp )() noexcept = & p ; // error: cannot convert to pointer to noexcept function struct S { typedef void (* p )(); operator p (); }; void (* q )() noexcept = S (); // error: cannot convert to pointer to noexcept function

Aggregate initialization of classes with base classes

P0017R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: not yet

If a class was derived from some other type you couldn’t use aggregate initialization. But now the restriction is removed.

struct base { int a1 , a2 ; }; struct derived : base { int b1 ; }; derived d1 {{ 1 , 2 }, 3 }; // full explicit initialization derived d1 {{}, 1 }; // the base is value initialized

To sum up: from the standard:

An aggregate is an array or a class with:

* no user-provided constructors (including those inherited from a base class),

* no private or protected non-static data members (Clause 11),

* no base classes (Clause 10) and // removed now!

* no virtual functions (10.3), and

* no virtual, private or protected base classes (10.1).

Lambda capture of *this

P0018R3

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

this pointer is implicitly captured by lambdas inside member functions (if you use a default capture, like [&] or [=] ). Member variables are always accessed by this pointer.

Example:

struct S { int x ; void f () { // The following lambda captures are currently identical auto a = [&]() { x = 42 ; } // OK: transformed to (*this).x auto b = [=]() { x = 43 ; } // OK: transformed to (*this).x a (); assert ( x == 42 ); b (); assert ( x == 43 ); } };

Now you can use *this when declaring a lambda, for example auto b = [=, *this]() { x = 43 ; } . That way this is captured by value. Note that the form [&,this] is redundant but accepted for compatibility with ISO C++14.

Capturing by value might be especially important for async invocation, paraller processing.

Using attribute namespaces without repetition

P0028R4

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

Other name for this feature was “Using non-standard attributes” in P0028R3 and PDF: P0028R2 (rationale, examples).

Simplifies the case where you want to use multiple attributes, like:

void f () { [[ rpr :: kernel , rpr :: target ( cpu , gpu )]] // repetition do - task (); }

Proposed change:

void f () { [[ using rpr : kernel , target ( cpu , gpu )]] do - task (); }

That simplification might help when building tools that automatically translate annotated such code into a different programming models.

Dynamic memory allocation for over-aligned data

P0035R4

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

In the following example:

class alignas ( 16 ) float4 { float f [ 4 ]; }; float4 * p = new float4 [ 1000 ];

C++11/14 did not specify any mechanism by which over-aligned data can be dynamically allocated correctly (i.e. respecting the alignment of the data). In the example above, not only is an implementation of C++ not required to allocate properly-aligned memory for the array, for practical purposes it is very nearly required to do the allocation incorrectly.

C++17 fixes that hole by introducing additional memory allocation functions that use align parameter:

void * operator new ( std :: size_t , std :: align_val_t ); void * operator new []( std :: size_t , std :: align_val_t ); void operator delete ( void *, std :: align_val_t ); void operator delete []( void *, std :: align_val_t ); void operator delete ( void *, std :: size_t , std :: align_val_t ); void operator delete []( void *, std :: size_t , std :: align_val_t );

__has_include in preprocessor conditionals

P0061R1

GCC: 5.0 Clang: yes MSVC: 15.3

This feature allows a C++ program to directly, reliably and portably determine whether or not a library header is available for inclusion.

Example: This demonstrates a way to use a library optional facility only if it is available.

#if __has_include(<optional>) # include <optional> # define have_optional 1 #elif __has_include (< experimental / optional >) # include <experimental/optional> # define have_optional 1 # define experimental_optional 1 #else # define have_optional 0 #endif

Template argument deduction for class templates

P0091R3

GCC: 7.0 Clang: not yet MSVC: not yet

Before C++17, template deduction worked for functions but not for classes.

For instance, the following code was legal:

void f ( std :: pair < int , char >); f ( std :: make_pair ( 42 , 'z' ));

because std::make_pair is a template function (so we can perform teplate deduction).

But the following wasn’t:

void f ( std :: pair < int , char >); f ( std :: pair ( 42 , 'z' ));

Although it is semantically equivalent. This was not legal because std::pair is a template class, and template classes could not apply type deduction in their initialization.

So before C++17 one has to write out the types explicitly, even though this does not add any new information:

void f ( std :: pair < int , char >); f ( std :: pair < int , char >( 42 , 'z' ));

This is fixed in C++17 where template class constructors can deduce type parameters. The syntax for constructing such template classes is therefore consistent with the syntax for constructing non-template classes.

todo: deduction guides.

Non-type template parameters with auto type

P0127R2

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

Automatically deduce type on non-type template parameters.

template < auto value > void f () { } f < 10 >(); // deduces int

Trip report: Summer ISO C++ standards meeting (Oulu) | Sutter’s Mill

Guaranteed copy elision

P0135R1

Copy elision for temporary objects, not for Named RVO.

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

Articles:

New specification for inheriting constructors (DR1941 et al)

P0136R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: not yet

More description and reasoning in P0136R0. Some excerpts below:

An inheriting constructor does not act like any other form of using-declaration. All other using-declarations make some set of declarations visible to name lookup in another context, but an inheriting constructor declaration declares a new constructor that merely delegates to the original.

This feature changes inheriting constructor declaration from declaring a set of new constructors, to making a set of base class constructors visible in a derived class as if they were derived class constructors. (When such a constructor is used, the additional derived class subobjects will also be implicitly constructed as if by a defaulted default constructor). Put another way: make inheriting a constructor act just like inheriting any other base class member, to the extent possible.

This change does affect the meaning and validity of some programs, but these changes improve the consistency and comprehensibility of C++.

// Hiding works the same as for other member // using-declarations in the presence of default arguments struct A { A ( int a , int b = 0 ); void f ( int a , int b = 0 ); }; struct B : A { B ( int a ); using A :: A ; void f ( int a ); using A :: f ; }; struct C : A { C ( int a , int b = 0 ); using A :: A ; void f ( int a , int b = 0 ); using A :: f ; }; B b ( 0 ); // was ok, now ambiguous b . f ( 0 ); // ambiguous (unchanged) C c ( 0 ); // was ambiguous, now ok c . f ( 0 ); // ok (unchanged)

// Inheriting constructor parameters are no longer copied struct A { A ( const A &) = delete ; A ( int ); }; struct B { B ( A ); void f ( A ); }; struct C : B { using B :: B ; using B :: f ; }; C c ({ 0 }); // was ill-formed, now ok (no copy made) c . f ({ 0 }); // ok (unchanged)

Direct-list-initialization of enumerations

P0138R2

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

Allows to initialize enum class with a fixed underlying type:

enum class Handle : uint32_t { Invalid = 0 }; Handle h { 42 }; // OK

Allows to create ‘strong types’ that are easy to use…

Stricter expression evaluation order

P0145R3

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

In a nutshell, given an expression such as f(a, b, c) , the order in which the sub-expressions f, a, b, c (which are of arbitrary shapes) are evaluated is left unspecified by the standard.

// unspecified behaviour below! f ( i ++, i ); v [ i ] = i ++; std :: map < int , int > m ; m [ 0 ] = m . size (); // {{0, 0}} or {{0, 1}} ?

Summary of changes:

Postfix expressions are evaluated from left to right. This includes functions calls and member selection expressions.

Assignment expressions are evaluated from right to left. This includes compound assignments.

Operands to shift operators are evaluated from left to right.

Reference:

constexpr lambda expressions

P0170R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: not yet MSVC: 15.3

consexpr can be used in the context of lambdas.

constexpr auto ID = [] ( int n ) { return n ; }; constexpr int I = ID ( 3 ); static_assert ( I == 3 ); constexpr int AddEleven ( int n ) { // Initialization of the 'data member' for n can // occur within a constant expression since 'n' is // of literal type. return [ n ] { return n + 11 ; }(); } static_assert ( AddEleven ( 5 ) == 16 );

Articles

Different begin and end types in range-based for

P0184R0

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.6 MSVC: 15.0 Preview 5

Changing the definition of range based for from:

{ auto && __range = for - range - initializer ; for ( auto __begin = begin - expr , __end = end - expr ; __begin != __end ; ++ __begin ) { for - range - declaration = * __begin ; statement } }

Into:

{ auto && __range = for - range - initializer ; auto __begin = begin - expr ; auto __end = end - expr ; for ( ; __begin != __end ; ++ __begin ) { for - range - declaration = * __begin ; statement } }

Types of __begin and __end might be different; only the comparison operator is required. This little change allows Range TS users a better experience.

[[fallthrough]] attribute

P0188R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.0 Preview 4

Indicates that a fallthrough in a switch statement is intentional and a warning should not be issued for it. More details in P0068R0.

switch ( c ) { case 'a' : f (); // Warning emitted, fallthrough is perhaps a programmer error case 'b' : g (); [[ fallthrough ]]; // Warning suppressed, fallthrough is intentional case 'c' : h (); }

[[nodiscard]] attribute

P0189R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

[[nodiscard]] is used to stress that the return value of a function is not to be discarded, on pain of a compiler warning. More details in P0068R0.

[[ nodiscard ]] int foo (); void bar () { foo (); // Warning emitted, return value of a nodiscard function is discarded }

This attribute can also be applied to types in order to mark all functions which return that type as [[nodiscard]] :

[[ nodiscard ]] struct DoNotThrowMeAway {}; DoNotThrowMeAway i_promise (); void oops () { i_promise (); // Warning emitted, return value of a nodiscard function is discarded }

Articles:

[[maybe_unused]] attribute

P0212R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

Suppresses compiler warnings about unused entities when they are declared with [[maybe_unused]] . More details in P0068R0.

static void impl1 () { ... } // Compilers may warn about this [[ maybe_unused ]] static void impl2 () { ... } // Warning suppressed void foo () { int x = 42 ; // Compilers may warn about this [[ maybe_unused ]] int y = 42 ; // Warning suppressed }

A 3 min video about maybe_unused in Jason Turner’s C++ Weekly

Ignore unknown attributes

P0283R2

GCC: Yes Clang: 3.9 MSVC: not yet

Clarifies that implementations should ignore any attribute namespaces which they do not support, as this used to be unspecified. More details in P0283R1.

//compilers which don't support MyCompilerSpecificNamespace will ignore this attribute [[ MyCompilerSpecificNamespace :: do_special_thing ]] void foo ();

Pack expansions in using-declarations

P0195R2

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

Allows you to inject names with using-declarations from all types in a parameter pack.

In order to expose operator() from all base classes in a variadic template, we used to have to resort to recursion:

template < typename T , typename ... Ts > struct Overloader : T , Overloader < Ts ...> { using T :: operator (); using Overloader < Ts ...>:: operator (); // […] }; template < typename T > struct Overloader < T > : T { using T :: operator (); };

Now we can simply expand the parameter pack in the using-declaration:

template < typename ... Ts > struct Overloader : Ts ... { using Ts :: operator ()...; // […] };

Remarks

Implemented in GCC 7.0, see this change.

Structured Binding Declarations

P0217R3

P0615R0: Renaming for structured bindings

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: 15.3

Helps when using tuples as a return type. It will automatically create variables and tie them. More details in P0144R0. The name “Decomposition Declaration” was also used, but finally the standard agrees to use “Structured Binding Declarations” (section 11.5)

For example:

int a = 0 ; double b = 0.0 ; long c = 0 ; std :: tie ( a , b , c ) = tuple ; // a, b, c need to be declared first

Now we can write:

auto [ a , b , c ] = tuple ;

Such expressions also work on structs, pairs, and arrays.

Articles:

Hexadecimal floating-point literals

P0245R1

GCC: 3.0 Clang: Yes MSVC: not yet

Allows to express some special floating point values, for example, the smallest normal IEEE-754 single precision value is readily written as 0x1.0p-126 .

init-statements for if and switch

P0305R1

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

New versions of the if and switch statements for C++: if (init; condition) and switch (init; condition) .

This should simplify the code. For example, previously you had to write:

{ auto val = GetValue (); if ( condition ( val )) // on success else // on false... }

Look, that val has a separate scope, without it it will ‘leak’.

Now you can write:

if ( auto val = GetValue (); condition ( val )) // on success else // on false...

val is visible only inside the if and else statements, so it doesn’t ‘leak’.

condition might be any condition, not only if val is true/false.

Examples:

Inline variables

P0386R2

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: not yet

Previously only methods/functions could be specified as inline , now you can do the same with variables, inside a header file.

A variable declared inline has the same semantics as a function declared inline: it can be defined, identically, in multiple translation units, must be defined in every translation unit in which it is used, and the behavior of the program is as if there is exactly one variable.

struct MyClass { static const int sValue ; }; inline int const MyClass :: sValue = 777 ;

Or even:

struct MyClass { inline static const int sValue = 777 ; };

Articles

DR: Matching of template template-arguments excludes compatible templates

P0522R0

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 4.0 MSVC: not yet

This feature resolves Core issue CWG 150.

From the paper:

This paper allows a template template-parameter to bind to a template argument whenever the template parameter is at least as specialized as the template argument. This implies that any template argument list that can legitimately be applied to the template template-parameter is also applicable to the argument template.

Example:

template < template <int> class > void FI (); template < template <auto> class > void FA (); template <auto> struct SA { /* ... */ }; template <int> struct SI { /* ... */ }; FI < SA >(); // OK; error before this paper FA < SI >(); // error template < template <typename> class > void FD (); template < typename , typename = int > struct SD { /* ... */ }; FD < SD >(); // OK; error before this paper (CWG 150)

(Adapted from the comment by IncongruentModulo1) For a useful example, consider something like this:

template < template <typename> typename Container > struct A { Container <int> m_ints ; Container <double> m_doubles ; };

In C++14 and earlier, A<std::vector> wouldn’t be valid (ignoring the typename and not class before container) since std::vector is declared as:

template <typename T, typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>

class vector;

This change resolves that issue. Before, you would need to declare template <template <typename...> typename Container> , which is more permissive and moves the error to a less explicit line (namely the declaration of m_ints wherever the struct A is implemented / declared, instead of where the struct is instantiated with the wrong template type.

N4259

GCC: 6.0 Clang: 3.7 MSVC: 14.0

More background in the original paper: PDF: N4152 and GOTW issue 47: Uncaught Exceptions.

The function returns the number of uncaught exception objects in the current thread.

This might be useful when implementing proper Scope Guards that works also during stack unwinding.

A type that wants to know whether its destructor is being run to unwind this object can query uncaught_exceptions

in its constructor and store the result, then query uncaught_exceptions again in its destructor; if the result is different,

then this destructor is being invoked as part of stack unwinding due to a new exception that was thrown later than the object’s construction

The above quote comes from PDF: N4152.

constexpr if-statements

P0292R2

GCC: 7.0 Clang: 3.9 MSVC: 15.3

The static-if for C++! This allows you to discard branches of an if statement at compile-time based on a constant expression condition.

if constexpr ( cond ) statement1 ; // Discarded if cond is false else statement2 ; // Discarded if cond is true

This removes a lot of the necessity for tag dispatching and SFINAE:

SFINAE

template < typename T , std :: enable_if_t < std :: is_arithmetic < T >{}>* = nullptr > auto get_value ( T t ) { /*...*/ } template < typename T , std :: enable_if_t <! std :: is_arithmetic < T >{}>* = nullptr > auto get_value ( T t ) { /*...*/ }

Tag dispatching

template < typename T > auto get_value ( T t , std :: true_type ) { /*...*/ } template < typename T > auto get_value ( T t , std :: false_type ) { /*...*/ } template < typename T > auto get_value ( T t ) { return get_value ( t , std :: is_arithmetic < T >{}); }

if constexpr

template < typename T > auto get_value ( T t ) { if constexpr ( std :: is_arithmetic_v < T >) { //... } else { //... } }

Articles:

Library Features

To get more details about library implementation I suggest those links:

This section only mentions some of the most important parts of library changes, it would be too impractical to go into details of every little change.

Merged: The Library Fundamentals 1 TS (most parts)

P0220R1

We get the following items:

The wording from those components comes from Library Fundamentals V2 to ensure the wording includes the latest corrections.

Resources:

Removal of some deprecated types and functions, including std::auto_ptr, std::random_shuffle, and old function adaptors

N4190

Function objects - unary_function/binary_function, ptr_fun(), and mem_fun()/mem_fun_ref()

Binders - bind1st()/bind2nd()

auto_ptr

Random shuffle - random_shuffle(first, last) and random_shuffle(first, last, rng)

Merged: The Parallelism TS, a.k.a. “Parallel STL.”,

P0024R2

Parralel versions/overloads of most of std algorithms. Plus a few new algorithms, like reduce, transform_reduce, for_each.

std :: vector <int> v = genLargeVector (); // standard sequential sort std :: sort ( v . begin (), v . end ()); // explicitly sequential sort std :: sort ( std :: seq , v . begin (), v . end ()); // permitting parallel execution std :: sort ( std :: par , v . begin (), v . end ()); // permitting vectorization as well std :: sort ( std :: par_unseq , v . begin (), v . end ());

Articles:

Merged: File System TS,

P0218R1

namespace fs = std :: filesystem ; fs :: path pathToShow ( /* ... */ ); cout << "exists() = " << fs :: exists ( pathToShow ) << "

" << "root_name() = " << pathToShow . root_name () << "

" << "root_path() = " << pathToShow . root_path () << "

" << "relative_path() = " << pathToShow . relative_path () << "

" << "parent_path() = " << pathToShow . parent_path () << "

" << "filename() = " << pathToShow . filename () << "

" << "stem() = " << pathToShow . stem () << "

" << "extension() = " << pathToShow . extension () << "

" ;

Articles:

Merged: The Mathematical Special Functions IS,

PDF - WG21 P0226R1

N4387

N4508

Variant

P0088R2

Variant is a typesafe union that will report errors when you want to access something that’s not currently inside the object.

Notes:

Variant is not allowed to allocate additional (dynamic) memory.

A variant is not permitted to hold references, arrays, or the type void.

A variant is default initialized with the value of its first alternative.

If the first alternative type is not default constructible, then the variant must use std::monostate as the first alternative

Have a look at more example in a separate article:

C++17 in details: Standard Library Utilities -> Variant

Splicing Maps and Sets

P0083R2

From Herb Sutter, Oulu trip report:

You will now be able to directly move internal nodes from one node-based container directly into another container of the same type. Why is that important? Because it guarantees no memory allocation overhead, no copying of keys or values, and even no exceptions if the container’s comparison function doesn’t throw.

Contributors

This is a place for you to be mentioned!

Contributors:

Summary

Thanks for all the support with the list!

There are still items that should be updated, but the list is mostly done.