In the scientific article, the researchers explain that people from the Malian town of Tadmekka used to heat a mixture of gold, sand and glass at high temperatures to separate out the gold.

Inspired by these findings, Marc Walton, research professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering, decided to replicate the technique.

With the help of former postdoctoral fellow Gianluca Pastorelli, Walton used sand from nearby Lake Michigan, gold dust and recycled glass, and conducted a reduced version of the original process. The gold dust was melted and filtered through crushed glass to purify it. Copies of the original clay thumbprint molds were then used to cast replica blank coins in bronze instead of gold, due to the precious metal’s high cost.

“We proved this innovative process of purifying gold works,” Walton said in a press release. “These medieval Africans, at a confluence of trade routes in the Sahara, were sophisticated in their use of available materials. Their technique of percolating raw materials through molten glass had not been seen before. It is unique to the archaeological record.”