I just got a shiny Lenovo T450s, installed my favorite distro and started configuring it to squeeze every bit of battery life I can, while optimizing it to extend the SSD lifetime.

The following post describes different methods I used to do so.

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Benchmarks

Before carrying out these hacks, I suggest you benchmark your system.

Phoronix Test Suite is a good benchmarking tool.

Disk Block Alignment

Legacy hard disks used 512 byte sectors. Partitions and logical volumes could potentially start on any sector boundary. Newer disks typically have block sizes larger than 512 bytes. For example, Advanced Format drives have a 4096 byte block size. If the offset of a partition is inconsistent with the underlying disk performance can suffer dramatically.

Follow these steps to check if your disk is aligned:

# Replace sdX with your drive, for example: sda

$ sudo parted /dev/sdX print all

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 524MB 523MB primary ext4 boot

2 524MB 248GB 247GB primary ext4

3 248GB 256GB 8535MB primary linux-swap(v1)

# N is the partition number

$ sudo parted /dev/sdX align-check opt N

N is aligned



if your partition is not aligned, you can follow this lifehacker guide to align your partitions.

Read more about disk alignment here.

Power Management

TLP

TLP brings you the benefits of advanced power management for Linux without the need to understand every technical detail. TLP comes with a default configuration already optimized for battery life, so you may just install and forget it.

Installation instructions can be found here.

PowerTOP

PowerTOP is a tool that makes it easy to carry out power optimization tweaks on most Linux systems. You can read more about its effectiveness here.

! PowerTOP doesn't monitor your system for changes, while TLP does. There's not need to use PowerTOP if you have TLP.

After you've installed PowerTOP, Edit /etc/rc.local and add the following before exit 0 :

powertop -auto-tune



If your distribution uses systemd, use the following unit:

[Unit]

Description=PowerTOP

Documentation=https://01.org/powertop



# If TLP is installed, uncomment the following line.

# Before=tlp.service



[Service]

Type=oneshot

ExecStart=/usr/sbin/powertop --auto-tune



[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target



Memory & Paging

Moving data around means more writes. The more you write, the more you decrease the lifetime of your HDD. Here are a few hacks that can reduce disk I/O.

Optimize your swap

Swap is a paging mechanism which is used by linux and other OS's. Basically, it allows the operation system to consume more memory than is physically installed. It is a common misconception that a swap partition would somehow slow down your system. I suggest reading more about Swap before tweaking it.

Swappiness

Swappiness is a tunable that controls the relative weight given to swapping out runtime memory, as opposed to dropping pages from the system page cache. Swappiness can be set to values between 0 and 100 inclusive. A low value causes the kernel to avoid swapping, a higher value causes the kernel to try to use swap space. The default value in most distributions is 60 [read this to understand why]

if you have <span style="text-decoration:underline;">a lot of RAM</span>, I suggest using zswap or zram to reduce swapping to disk, and to tune swappiness to your needs. Another option is to turn off swap completely.

Linux Swap FAQ suggests tuning swappiness to 10, but you should really read this before you tweak it.

Follow these steps to change swappiness to 10 :

$ echo "vm.swappiness = 10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/10-swap.conf



Follow these steps to turn of swap:

$ sudo swapoff -a



$ sudo reboot



Disable OOM Killer Full Scan on Out of Memory

Linux has a mechanism that protects the OS when both RAM and Swap are exhausted - called OOM Killer (Out Of Memory Killer).

OOM Killer is triggered when vm.panic_on_oom is set to 0 . The default value for the vm.oom_kill_allocating_task flag is 0 , which means the OOM Killer will perform a full memory scans to find the best task to kill.

This is costly, and in many cases the system doesn't have enough resources to perform a full scan - which means it won't do anything. if vm.oom_kill_allocating_task is set to 1 , it will kill the task that caused out of memory. You can read more about these flags and others in the /sys/proc/vm documentation page.

Follow these steps to change** OOM Killer **parameters:



$ echo "vm.panic_on_oom = 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/10-oom.conf



$ echo "vm.oom_kill_allocating_task = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/10-oom.conf



Taming the OOM killer

One of the problems associated with the OOM Killer is that it might kill a process that shouldn't be killed. For instance, you probably don't want the OOM Killer to kill you ssh daemon!

An article called Taming the OOM Killer explains how to hint the OOM Killer to avoid killing specific processes. For instance:

$ echo "-17" > /proc/`cat /var/run/sshd.pid`/oom_adj



Compressing paging candidates

A few interesting paging optimizations started appearing in the last few years. The most noticeable are zram and zswap. Both serve the same purpose - instead of paging data, they compress it and save it back to RAM. When the RAM is exhausted, the data is swapped to disk.

This is a VERY interesting concept that can drastically improve your systems performance, because decompressing data takes less time than loading data from disk.

If you have a swap partition, I'd pick zswap, otherwise - choose zram. The reason is that zswap performs better in choosing which pages to swap. Read this post to understand more.

Follow these steps to turn on zswap:

$ sudo vi /etc/default/grub







$ sudo update-grub

$ sudo reboot



$ dmesg | grep "zswap: loaded"

[ 1.996141] zswap: loaded using pool lzo/zbud



Follow these steps to turn on zram (on ubuntu):

$ sudo apt-get install zram-config

$ reboot



$ cat /proc/swaps

Filename Type Size Used Priority

/dev/zram0 partition 1499588 0 5

/dev/zram1 partition 1499588 0 5

/dev/zram2 partition 1499588 0 5

/dev/zram3 partition 1499588 0 5



make sure you read the docs to configure zram correctly.

You can stress test your system to see paging in action -

Open one terminal and type:



$ stress --vm-keep -m 1 --vm-bytes $(awk '/MemFree/{printf "%d\

", $2 * 1.15;}' > /proc/meminfo)

stress: info: [11211] dispatching hogs: 0 cpu, 0 io, 1 vm, 0 hdd



Open a second terminal and type:

$ watch -n 1 free -m



Open a third terminal and type:

$ watch -n 1 cat /proc/swaps



Mounting directories on tmpfs

tmpfs is a memory-mapped filesystem. Once mounted, every file written to it is stored on RAM. When the partition overflows, the extra data is paged.

Mounting a directory on tmpfs has two big upsides:

It removes redundant I/O from the HDD

It boosts performance for file access

Follow these steps to mount DIR on tmpfs:

$ echo "tmpfs DIR tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

$ sudo reboot



Mounting /tmp on tmpfs

/tmp is a directory that applications use for temporary data, and it's considered a best practice to mount it on tmpfs.

You can read more about tmps and mounting /tmp on it here.

! do not mistake /tmp and /var/tmp , the latter is used for persistent temporary storage and should not be mounted on tmpfs.

! you can consider adding the noexec flag to /tmp to harden your systems security. read more here.

Mounting /var/log on tmpfs

/var/log is a directory that applications used to store logs. If you run a server, it would probably be a bad idea to mount it on tmpfs, because all the logs would get lost between reboots. But, for ordinary day-to-day usage, mounting /var/log would reduce I/O for logs you don't use anyway.

To mount /var/log on tmpfs, you'll need to add it to fstab, and create all necessary directories on boot. Some applications don't behave as expected (like CUPS) if their directories are missing from /var/log .

! Mounting /var/log on tmpfs is a problematic practice, because once a problem occurs and your system crashes, you can't trace back the problem.

Edit /etc/rc.local (in debian) and add the following before exit 0:





for dir in apparmor apt cups dist-upgrade fsck gdm3 hp installer speech-dispatcher samba unattended-upgrades ;

do

if [ ! -e /var/ log / $dir ] ; then

mkdir /var/ log / $dir

fi

done





for file in debug mail.err mail.log mail.warn syslog ; do

if [ ! -f /var/ log / $file ] ; then

touch /var/ log / $file

chown syslog:adm /var/ log / $file

fi

done





chown root:adm /var/ log /samba

chown root:lp /var/ log /cups

chown root:gdm /var/ log /gdm3



you can read more about mounting /var/log on it here.

Mount browser cache on tmpfs

Once you have /tmp mounted on tmpfs, you might consider moving your browser cache to /tmp. Browsers write many temporary files that aren't used once the browser shuts down, so moving these files to a volatile storage can boost performance and reduce HDD I/O.

Google Chrome

Google Chrome has a command line argument called disk-cache-dir

You can use it to specify a directory to use as a cache.

Read more here.

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Firefox can be configured to change the disk cache through its configuration page - about:config.

Open up Firefox and enter about:config in the address bar Type browser.cache.disk.enable and set it to true Type browser.cache.disk.parent_directory and set it to /tmp/firefox-cache Type browser.cache.memory.enable and set it to true Right click -> New -> String Enter browser.cache.memory.capacity as preference name Enter -1 as the value

Read more here.

Optimizing the filesystem table

/etc/fstab is a file that's in charge of partition mounting configuration.

There are several configurations that you should add to fstab that increase the HDD performance:

noatime - Linux saves the last access time for each file and directory, which causes significant I/O. Turning it off can improve performance, but might have a negative impact on processes that rely on this timestamp. Read more here.

- Linux saves the last access time for each file and directory, which causes significant I/O. Turning it off can improve performance, but might have a negative impact on processes that rely on this timestamp. Read more here. nodiratime - a subset of noatime , only for directories. This is redundant if noatime is set.

- a subset of , only for directories. This is redundant if is set. lazytime - atime is too expensive, noatime is probelmatic and relatime has its own drawbacks. lazytime tries to be the best of all worlds - it writes the last accessed timestamp, but only when there's a reason to do so. I HIGHLY RECOMMEND turning on lazytime instead of the previous flags.

- atime is too expensive, noatime is probelmatic and relatime has its own drawbacks. lazytime tries to be the best of all worlds - it writes the last accessed timestamp, but only when there's a reason to do so. turning on lazytime instead of the previous flags. commit=N - Linux caches writes and flushes them to disk every x seconds. This means that if your computer crashes, the last N seconds of data is lost. You can change this number to reduce I/O. read more here.

- Linux caches writes and flushes them to disk every x seconds. This means that if your computer crashes, the last N seconds of data is lost. You can change this number to reduce I/O. read more here. discard - A flag to turn on continuous [TRIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing%29). while continuous TRIM is not recommended, periodic TRIM is. read more here.

- A flag to turn on continuous [TRIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing%29). while continuous TRIM is not recommended, periodic TRIM is. read more here. barrier=0 - Most file systems send write barriers to disk after fsync or during transaction commits. Write barriers enforce proper ordering of writes, making volatile disk write caches safe to use (at some performance penalty). If your <span style="text-decoration:underline;">disks are battery-backed</span> in one way or another (UPS and Laptops don't battery back the HDD), disabling barriers may safely improve performance. otherwise, <span style="text-decoration:underline;">do not use this option!</span> barrier=0 mount option is compatible with ext3, ext4, and reiserfs. Further reading about write barriers in the ArchWiki, and StackExchange.

Switching IO Schedulers

The default I/O scheduler queues data to minimize seeks on HDDs, which is not necessary for SSDs. Thus, use the deadline scheduler that just ensures bulk transactions won't slow down small transactions.

The dumb noop scheduler may be a little faster in benchmarks that max out the throughput, but this scheduler causes noticeable delays for other tasks while large file transfers are in progress.

anyhow, picking a scheduler is a hot topic, and if you don't understand the implications of choosing one scheduler over another, I'd choose deadline. mainly because that's what debian recommends.

Edit /etc/rc.local and add the following lines before exit 0:



$ echo "deadline" > /sys/block/sdX/queue/scheduler

$ echo "1" > /sys/block/sdX/queue/iosched/fifo_batch



If you're interested in this topic, read more here and here.

Hardware Video Acceleration

VA-API (by Intel) and VDPAU are API's that give access to hardware video acceleration.

They can dramatically reduce the CPU usage when playing HD videos.

You'll need to install VA-API and VDPAU drivers for your GPU, then enable it on your favorite video player.

VideoLAN media player

VLC supports VA-API and VDPAU out of the box.

You'll need to configure it, read more here.

Google Chrome

Open Google Chrome and type chrome://flags in the address: - Override software rendering list - Enable

GPU rasterization - Enabled

- Enabled GPU rasterization MSAA sample count - 2

- 2 Zero-copy rasterizer - Enable

- Enable Number of raster threads - run nproc in your shell and set the output number

- run in your shell and set the output number Display list 2D canvas - Enabled

- Enabled LCD text antialiasing - Enabled

- Enabled Fast tab/window close - Enabled

Add --enable-native-gpu-memory-buffers to the chrome shortcut at /usr/share/applications/google-chrome.desktop . Install h264ify chrome extension. follow these instructions.

! if you're using chromium, you might want to use customizations.

comments are highly appreciated!