Overall, 79% of UCU members who voted backed strike action in the ballot over changes to the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS). In the ballot on pay, casualisation, equality and workloads, 74% of members polled backed strike action*.

UCU said the overwhelming mandate for strikes was a serious indictment on the state of higher education and that if universities failed to respond to the sector's problems then strike action, affecting around a million students, would be inevitable.

The union's higher education committee will meet tomorrow (Friday) to consider the results and next steps in its campaigns to defend pensions, pay and working conditions.

Last year, university campuses were brought to a standstill by unprecedented levels of strike action. UCU said that it was frustrated that members had to be balloted again, but that universities' refusal to deal with their concerns had left them with no choice.

Earlier this month, shadow education secretary Angela Rayner called on both sides to get round the table for urgent talks. She said she fully supported UCU members fighting for fair pay and decent pensions and called on both sides to work together to find a solution.

UCU general secretary Jo Grady said: 'The results can only be interpreted as clear support for strike action over pensions, pay and working conditions. The ballots reflect just how unhappy and angry staff are at the state of higher education in the UK.

'It is incredibly frustrating that we had to ballot members again, but universities only have themselves to blame after failing to address falling real-terms pay and for refusing to deal with casualisation, workloads and the rising cost of USS pensions.

'Universities now have to come back to us prepared to work seriously to address these problems. If they choose to ignore this message from their staff then strike action looks inevitable.'

* RESULTS

USS ballot - here is a full breakdown of the final results.

Overall, the turnout in the USS ballots was 53%. The ballots were counted branch by branch and, with four results still to come in†, 41 branches beat a legal 50% turnout threshold required for strike action. The threshold rule does not apply to Queens University Belfast or the University of Ulster. Based on the results so far, 43 institutions could take strike action that would hit almost a million students (953,871)

The 41 universities that passed the 50% turnout threshold in the USS ballot:

Aston University Bangor University Cardiff University University of Durham Heriot-Watt University Loughborough University Newcastle University The Open University The University of Aberdeen The University of Bath The University of Dundee The University of Leeds The University of Manchester The University of Sheffield University of Nottingham The University of Stirling University College London The University of Birmingham The University of Bradford The University of Bristol The University of Cambridge The University of East Anglia The University of Edinburgh The University of Exeter The University of Essex The University of Glasgow The University of Lancaster The University of Leicester City, University of London Goldsmiths College Queen Mary University of London Royal Holloway and Bedford New College The University of Reading The University of Southampton The University of St Andrews Courtauld Institute of Art The University of Strathclyde Scottish Association for Marine Science The University of Warwick The University of York The University of Wales Also eligible to take strike action: Queen's University Belfast University of Ulster

Pay and working conditions ballot - here is a full breakdown of the final results

Overall, the turnout in the pay and conditions ballots was 49%. The ballots were counted branch by branch and, with four results still to come in†, 52^ branches beat a legal 50% turnout threshold required for strike action. The threshold rule does not apply to Queens University Belfast or the University of Ulster. Based on the results so far, 54 institutions could take strike action that would hit over a million students (1,143,782).

The 52 universities that passed the 50% turnout threshold in the pay and conditions ballot: