MUDs, blockchain, and gaming. A match made in heaven. Let's explore how we can use Layer 2 scaling technology to build a multi user dungeon.

Note: this content is now available in expanded form on a dedicated website at Valhello.app.

As a gamer in the 90s, I was very much a fan of MUDs. MUDs or Multi User Dungeons are interfaces in which everything you see is described with text, and all commands issued to the game are typed out too. Here's a screenshot from an old MUD.

Granted, this is far from what modern day games offer with their multi-trillion polygon models, but for us retro gamers this stuff still holds a certain Dungeons & Dragons style charm. Additionally, forcing yourself to imagine the described scenes makes you somehow more involved, if that makes sense. You're an active participant through both your actions and your imagination. But enough about MUDs, what's all this got to do with the blockchain?

State Channels

If you've been in Ethereum long enough, you probably remember the time CryptoKitties slowed the whole network down because of pending transactions. Around that time, the idea of payment channels started to take more concrete shape across the various blockchain projects.

Payment Channels

A payment channel works like this: two parties deposit a stake into a multi-signature wallet, and then exchange messages about the state of that wallet until they're ready to close the wallet and each withdraw their share. So Alice and Bob may start out with A:1eth / B:0eth, and end with A:0.3eth / B:0.7eth. Between those two states (the opening and closing state), there may have been a thousand transactions - but all of them were free and instant because they were only communicated between the two parties. Once Alice and Bob are ready to broadcast their wallet states to the world, they send a transaction to the blockchain which contains the closing state, and to the outside world it looks like Alice just straight up sent Bob 0.7 eth. This is a payment channel because it channels payments, and we explained it with an illustrated example here - highly recommended you read this.

The most notable examples of payment channels are Bitcoin's Lightning Network (which cannot work and is already driving users away) and Ethereum's Raiden Network which is just Eth's version of Lightning (Raiden is the god of lightning in Mortal Kombat).

Personally, I'm a much bigger fan of state channels.

State Channels

State channels are like payment channels, but for state. Technically, wallet balance is also state - the state refers to the current data of the blockchain, such that the balances of everyone are known. But while payment channels focus on tokens in particular (native like BTC or ETH or implementations like ERC20), state channels abstract that even further and consider not only token balances state, but also all other data points state.

So instead of exchanging messages about changes in wallet balance with another party, you exchange messages about data.

Example of a payment channel:

Alice and Bob open a payment channel with 0.5 eth each (<- transaction happens)

Alice sends Bob 0.1 eth

Alice sends Bob 0.1 eth

Alice sends Bob 0.1 eth

Bob refunds 0.25 eth

Alice and Bob close a payment channel with Alice having 0.45 and Bob having 0.55 eth. (<- transaction happens)

Example of a state channel:

Alice buys a crypto kitty "AngryCat" on the open market for 0.5 eth (transaction outside state channel, on something like Opensea)

Bob buys a crypto kitty "BloatyCat" on the open market for 0.2 eth (transaction outside state channel, on something like Opensea)

Alice opens a channel with CryptoKitties, committing her AngryCat as a deposit along with 1 eth (<- tx happens)

Bob opens a channel with CryptoKitties, committing his BloatyCat as a deposit along with 0.5 eth (<- tx happens)

Alice puts AngryCat to breed for the breed price of 0.2 eth

Bob notices a breedable kitty AngryCat, and decides to accept the offer

Bob sends 0.2 eth to CryptoKitties for breeding BloatyCat with AngryCat

CryptoKitties sends 0.2 eth to Alice and creates a new cat - AngryFartCat - assigning it to Bob. This turns out to be a rare cat because angry farts are special.

Bob decides to put AngryFartCat up for breeding for the breed price of 0.5 eth.

A third user, Charlie, notices this cat and decides he wants in on the action. He has a cat from before: CombatCat, so he opens a channel with CryptoKitties and 0.5 eth (<- tx happens)

Charlie breeds CombatCat with AngryFartCat, sending 0.5 eth to CK. CK mints a new cat: NerveGasCat, and assigns it to Charlie, sending 0.5 eth to Bob.

Bob decides he's had enough of the game for now and closes the channel. He ends up with a rare AngryFartCat and 0.8 eth. Bob profited. (<- tx happens)

Charlie puts NerveGasCat up for breeding for 1 eth.

Alice would like to breed AngryCat with it. 1 eth out of her 1.2 eth is sent to CK. CK mints SaiyanCat and assigns it to Alice, sending her 1 eth to Charlie.

Alice and Charlie have now had enough, and exit the game by closing their channels (<- tx happens)

Alice ends up with 0.2 eth but she also has SaiyanCat. She puts it up for sale on Opensea.io for 5 eth. If she sells it, she's turned a nice profit from the starting 1 eth.

Charlie ends up with 1 eth (a profit of 0.5 eth) and NerveGasCat. He's happy with the gain, but still puts it up for sale on Opensea.io for 5 eth.

As you can see, the gameplay itself can get pretty complex - especially as we introduce more players - but the number of transactions when players are in the game (i.e. have state channels open) remains the same. We still max out at 2 transactions per player - one to open the channel, and one to close. Granted, if Alice wanted to breed for 1 eth and didn't have enough eth in her balance, she would have to either earn it in the game by breeding / selling / etc. or she would have had to top up her account. This would have required another transaction (a top-up is actually a simultaneous open / close channel transaction).

Now if we apply this to a truly multi-player game with consequences and more interactivity, we can stretch out imagination a bit and see how it might apply to a MUD. Read on below.

To find out more about state channels, see:

http://www.jeffcoleman.ca/state-channels/

https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4

http://ledgerjournal.org/ojs/index.php/ledger/article/download/15/64

https://gist.github.com/anonymous/ecda6a24d0f32522a691fd21d75c5e16

https://www.counterfactual.com/technology/

MUD concept

After watching Bandersnatch, my love for MUDs was rekindled, so I set out to try and make one that's "next gen".

Went into @netflix #Bandersnatch highly skeptical expecting trivial YouTube style choices and here I am 3 hours later still exploring Easter eggs. I want to build a next gen MUD with whoever is responsible for this gem. A+ 👌 — Bruno Skvorc (@bitfalls) December 30, 2018

What's more next gen than blockchain?

Valhello

The world of Valhello is of the Norse mythos, similar to that of Marvel's Thor universe - so a mixture of science fiction and medieval / Viking-age themes.

The starting zone is Asgard, where the player starts out as a lowly Viking and desires to climb the ladder of awesomeness in order to gain a ticket to Valhalla. Valhalla can, of course, only be entered through death by combat of sufficient prowess.

In a nutshell, you level up your character enough to fight epic monsters (in order) and the higher the level of the monster that kills you, the bigger the feast you're thrown as you enter Valhalla, and the more leaderboard points you get in addition to next-character bonuses.

If you're killed by a low level creature or you transgress and murder a fellow Viking, your fame is forsaken and the spirits of all your predecessors are exiled from Valhalla and cast into Hellheim to be forgotten forever.

Naturally, you can collect items, upgrade your skills, or just idle around and talk to your co-Vikings.

A player can exit a game (pause it for their character) by Summoning a Valkyrie which transports them to Asgard. While in Asgard, no harm can befall a Viking.

The zones players can travel to through the Bifrost portal are of two types:

instanced zones (Midgard New York or Utgard's Dungeon Level 1, etc.)

common zones (Asgard)

In common zones, players enter and leave at will. In instanced ones, they party up and enter a zone together which is unique to them - another team entering the same zones gets a copy of that zone. This is to keep zones replayable. We'll weave it into the storyline as some kind of proving ground timeloop.

Implementation

The original implementation is being built with state channels, which is why I've spent such a long time describing them above. So, here's how it's going to work.

Account Creation

To create an account, a user interacts with the game's smart contract by sending in 0.15 eth. 0.05 eth used for funding further development (better than an ICO ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ ), while 0.1 eth is locked up as that player's deposit. The created character thus enters Asgard (the lobby area), where everything begins.

World Shards are State Channels

Each world zone is a state channel, including Asgard. So entering Asgard adds a player to the Asgard state channel. Whenever a player exits a shard, they get their deposit back. Whenever a player enters a shard, they need to put the deposit down again. The deposit is always 0.1 eth, and the initial 0.05 eth character creation fee is only paid once per character, but every time for a new character. This deposit is a guarantee of good behavior, and is refunded once the player character exits ("Summon a Valkyrie") unless the exit was an ejection triggered by another player (i.e. an invalid transaction was detected and not rectified in a given time frame).

During interaction in a shard, it is assumed all players are making only valid moves. If, however, a player makes invalid moves IRT the game state, others who detected these moves can trigger a reporting procedure which will send a transaction to the public blockchain for the initiation of the dispute resolution process. In other words, you can rat someone out and unless they start behaving they get kicked out of the universe and their deposit is split in half: half is burned, and half is given to the reporter and those confirming the report.

Players transition between worlds (zones) through the Bifrost portal by exiting a previous channel, if in any, and entering a new channel. Entering and exiting a zone means sending a transaction, but keeps the game worlds isolated and small, allowing for addition of zones, tweaks to rules, user-contributed zones, and more.

Rest and exit

As long as players remain in the game, others can initiate combat with them, steal from them, interact with them. If the player remains inactive (no response given) for more than 24 hours, their state channel automatically closes. A player can close their channel manually, too, to exit the game and pause their character (the Summon a Valkyrie operation). This has the added effect of withdrawing the player character to a user's wallet, which lets them trade the character on an NFT marketplace (the player characters are NFTs).

UX

All this talk about transactions makes for a poor user experience. The average user does not want to think about transactions, gas costs, confirmation times, etc. The way we get around this is as follows:

the game will use Nimbus as a back end, which can handle peer to peer connections and key management. In effect, the game client is a wallet which can auto-sign transactions or, for the more paranoid, request a password for every transaction (depending on whether or not a keystore file was encrypted). This means that the user starts playing by downloading the game client (weird to call it that since there's no server, but okay), seeding it with a bit of eth, and the client takes over, occasionally asking for a password.

each interaction with a shard is happening on a state channel, which makes it possible to interact with other players and the world through commands like LOOK at @swader or PUNCH @swader or GIVE #mjolnir to @swader . These interactions are signed messages aggregating on the clients running that particular shard of the universe, of which there will always be at least 2: the software running over in Bitfalls HQ, and the player's computer.

Therefore, think of the game client like a stripped down version of Mist which has the ability to execute custom pre-defined transactions. The client itself will contain all the game logic.

State growth

To achieve a feeling of real time interaction, the clients that communicate are constantly exchanging messages that basically say "no action taken". This happens roughly once per second (throttled, so powerful computers don't become too fast players). This allows a player to issue a command at any time, and it'll seem real time. This also means the state of the channel grows rapidly and constantly.

Because it's in everyone's best interest to keep the game client light-weight, the plan is to occasionally purge the shard data though how often and how exactly is still up in the air and will be decided when we see how fast the clients are filling up hard drives.

Alternative implementations

While state channels are certainly one way to approach the development of this game (and the initial approach), there are other solutions out there that have yet to be tested for this. I intend to try developing a prototype on each to find the best solution, and then deploy the mainnet version based on the results of this comparison. Here are two alternative approaches, both of which currently chip away at the decentralization aspect somewhat (the ultimate goal is to allow players to keep playing forever, regardless of any publisher / game builder / admin):

Substrate

Substrate is a framework for building custom blockchains with custom logic. It's made by Parity, and theoretically uses Polkadot to communicate with other blockchains. In theory, Valhello should be able to run on a custom substrate blockchain with each node verifying game logic, and then communicate game state across to Ethereum for some NFT goodness. This would, however, require a proof-of-authority-style blockchain to exist which means we'd need some kind of incentive for players or third parties to run the nodes validating and building the blockchain. This makes the game far less decentralized as it requires a permissioned layer to accept new validators into the blockchain's consensus.

LoomX

Loom is a company building plasma chains dedicated to specific dapps. One chain could be running Valhello and syncing to Ethereum through the Plasma bridge for NFT goodness. More information about Loom and their plasma chains can be found here and their SDK is here. Because Loom also only supports DPoS, it's basically like a PoA chain so again loses out on some decentralization.

Please note that 100% of this game is still in concept phase, and I'm very eager to team up with interested parties in making this happen on as many platforms as possible - let's see which one works best and how to best make it accessible to the average semi-technical user (gamer). So if you prefer one of these alternatives, or you have another one in mind, please feel free to email me.

FAQ

Here are some questions I expect, but was not asked yet.

Why not JS / Web?

I don't like JavaScript or any of its unholy offspring, and I wanted to play with Nim and Nimbus. That said, this whole thing is very open and I welcome efforts to build JS clients. That'd be great, actually, because then the game would work inside things like Status, too.

What is the advantage over a traditional MUD?

Decentralization. You can keep playing this even if the people who built it all die. That may or may not be a goal of MUD gamers around, but it's an option. And I think it's pretty neat to be able to export an epic character out of Asgard and onto the main Ethereum blockchain and display it for all to see, or even trade it on an open marketplace.

This sounds cool, how do we help you keep developing it and how do we fund you to build this into a reusable framework for other people to launch games on?

Glad you asked, deus ex machina reader! You can send Eth to bitfalls.eth and ping me with the transaction if you'd like a mention on the game's splash screen and a shoutout on the framework's homepage. If you'd like to join the effort and help out with developing PoCs, get in touch.

Where's the code?

In the next few posts, but keep an eye on the Github organization and subscribe to the newsletter to be kept up to date. Alternatively, follow the Valhello website.