With this year on track to become the warmest on record, more than 190 nations began talks Monday on new limits for the greenhouse gases that are causing billions of dollars in damage and making life harder to sustain around the world.

New targets for limiting gas emissions blamed on fossil fuels were announced ahead of this conference by the U.S., the European Union and China, the first Asian nation to make such a pledge. This has injected optimism into negotiations that are supposed to climax in Paris next year with the adoption of a long-awaited climate pact.

But India, Russia, Japan and Australia have yet to commit to new limits; and scientists say much sharper emissions cuts are needed in coming decades to keep global warming within two degrees C of pre-industrial times, the overall goal of the United Nations talks. Global temperatures have already risen about 0.8 degrees C, and more heat-trapping gases are emitted every year.

Human influence on the climate system is clear. - Rajendra Pachauri, leads the UN's panel of climate-change experts

Every degree of warming can cause long-lasting impacts, from melting ice caps and rising sea levels to the loss of species.

"Human influence on the climate system is clear," Rajendra Pachauri, who leads the UN's panel of climate-change experts, told delegates at the opening session in Lima.

To have a decent chance of reversing the warming trend before the planet hits the two-degree mark, the world needs to slash emissions by 40 per cent to 70 per cent by 2050 and to near-zero by the end of the century, according to the panel's assessments.

Focus on draft agreement ahead of Paris talks

Scientists are practically united in warning that there's no way to meet this goal by continuing business as usual.

It would require a sustained, permanent, worldwide shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources to power homes, cars and industries. And even then, the transition might not happen fast enough without a large-scale deployment of new technologies to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Delegates from more than 190 countries will meet in Lima for the next two weeks to work on drafts for a global climate deal that is supposed to be adopted next year in Paris. (Martin Mejia/The Associated Press) "We call on the world to ensure the opportunity does not slip away," said Nauru's Marlene Moses, representing a group of Pacific island nations threatened by rising seas.

The biggest challenge for the UN-sponsored talks is dividing responsibilities between rich Western countries and emerging economies such as China and India. The poorest and most vulnerable nations also need help to develop their economies without aggravating global warming, and to adapt to climate changes that are already causing more violent weather, prolonged droughts and intense flooding.

Among them is host country Peru, whose glaciers are melting ever-faster, threatening water supplies on the coastal desert where 70 per cent of its citizens live and threatening the nation's hydropower and food security.

The negotiators in Lima are focusing on a draft agreement that can be refined before the Paris meeting a year from now.

A key issue is what data each government should provide so that formal emissions targets can be compared.

Developing countries also want rich nations to make good on promises of financing to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change impacts, which range from the spread of diseases to coastal flooding to major disruptions to agriculture.

There's no common agreement on how that money should be used; for example, The Associated Press found that Japan has spent $1 billion of its climate financing on new power plants in Indonesia that burn coal — the top source of man-made emissions. Japan says it improves the environment because the new plans burn cleaner, but critics said coal has no place in climate financing.

The UN's weather agency is expected to present temperature data showing 2014 is shaping up to become the hottest year on record.

Peru's tropical glaciers hit hard

Peru is among the hardest-hit countries. The Andean nation has 70 per cent of the world's tropical glaciers, which have lost more than a fifth of their mass in just three decades, putting 300,000 highlanders under severe stress as pastures and croplands dry up, the planting cycle becomes more erratic and cold snaps more severe.

Lima is the world's second-largest desert capital after Cairo, Egypt, and its 10 million inhabitants depend on glacial runoff for hydropower and to irrigate crops. Plants and animals are disappearing from Peru's cloud forests, its fisheries are declining and annual floods are more severe.

Yearly economic damage from global warming in Latin America and the Caribbean will reach $100 billion a year by mid-century, according to research done for the Inter-American Development bank.

Collectively, the region causes less than 10 per cent of global emissions, and yet its people are already bearing an oversized burden.

"The people with the least intensive climate lifestyles are suffering the most," said geographer Jeffrey Bury of The University of California at Santa Cruz, who studies the social and economic impacts of glacier loss.

"I think we can use the Andes high mountain environment," he said, "to understand what the future holds for the rest of us."