Coming from a Perl 5 background, my first experience with Perl 6's non-destructive substitution operator S/// looked something like this:

(artist's impression)



You'll fare better, I'm sure. Not only have the error messages improved, but I'll also explain everything right here and now.

The Smartmatch

The reason I had issues is because, seeing familiar-looking operators, I simply translated Perl 5's binding operator ( =~ ) to Perl 6's smartmatch operator ( ~~ ) and expected things to work. The S/// was not documented and, combined with the confusing (at the time) warning message, this was the source of my pain:

my $orig = 'meowmix'; my $new = $orig ~~ S/me/c/; say $new; # OUTPUT warning: # Smartmatch with S/// can never succeed

The old warning suggests the ~~ operator is the wrong choice here and it is. The ~~ isn't the equivalent of Perl 5's =~ . It aliases the left hand side to $_ , evaluates the right hand side, and then calls .ACCEPTS($_) on it. That is all there is to its magic.

So what's actually happening in the example above:

By the time we get to S/// , $orig is aliased to $_

, is aliased to The S/// non-destructively executes substitution on $_ and returns the resulting string . This is what the smartmatch will operate on

non-destructively executes substitution on and . This is what the smartmatch will operate on The smartmatch, following the rules for match of Str against Str , will give True or False depending on whether substitution happened ( True , confusingly, meaning it didn't)

At the end of it all, we aren't getting what we actually want: the version of the string with substitution applied.

With The Given

Now that we know that S/// always works on $_ and returns the result, it's easy to come up with a whole bunch of ways that set $_ to our original string and gather back the return value of S/// , but let's look at just a couple of them:

my $orig = 'meowmix'; my $new = S/me/c/ given $orig; say $orig; say $new; my @orig = <meow cow sow vow>; my @new = do for @orig { S/\w+ <?before 'ow'>/w/ }; say @orig; say @new; # OUTPUT: # meowmix # cowmix # [meow cow sow vow] # [wow wow wow wow]

The first one operates on a single value. We use the postfix form of the given block, which lets us avoid the curlies (you can use with in place of given with the same results). From the output, you can see the original string remained intact.

The second example operates on a whole bunch of strings from an Array and we use the do keyword to execute a regular for loop (that aliases to $_ in this case) and assign the result to the @new array. Again, the output shows the originals were not touched.

Adverbs

The S/// operator—just like s/// and some methods—lets you use regex adverbs:

given 'Lörem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet' { say S:g /m/g/; # Löreg Ipsug Dolor Sit Aget say S:i /l/b/; # börem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet say S:ii /l/b/; # Börem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet say S:mm /o/u/; # Lürem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet say S:nth(2) /m /g/; # Lörem Ipsug Dolor Sit Amet say S:x(2) /m /g/; # Löreg Ipsug Dolor Sit Amet say S:ss/Ipsum Dolor/Gipsum

Color/; # Lörem Gipsum Color Sit Amet say S:g:ii:nth(2) /m/g/; # Lörem Ipsug Dolor Sit Amet }

As you can see, they are in the form of :foo that is added after the S part of the operator. You can use whitespace liberally and several adverbs can be used at the same time. Here are their meanings:

:g —(long alternative: :global ) global match: replace all occurances

—(long alternative: ) global match: replace all occurances :i —case insentive match

—case insentive match :ii —(long alternative: :samecase ) preserve case: regardless of the case of letter used as a substitute, the original case of the letter being replaced will be used

—(long alternative: ) preserve case: regardless of the case of letter used as a substitute, the original case of the letter being replaced will be used :mm —(long alternative: :samemark ) preserve mark: in the example above, the diaeresis that was on letter o was preserved and applied to the replacement letter u

—(long alternative: ) preserve mark: in the example above, the diaeresis that was on letter was preserved and applied to the replacement letter :nth(n) —replace only nth occurance

—replace only occurance :x(n) —replace at most n occurances (mnemonic: "x as in times")

—replace at most occurances (mnemonic: "x as in times") :ss —(long alternative: :samespace ) preserve space type: the type of whitespace character is preserved, regardless of whitespace characters used in the replacement string. In the example above, we replaced with a new line, but the original space was kept

Method Form

Operator S/// is nice, but using it is somewhat awkward at times. Don't fear, Perl 6 provides .subst method for all your substitution needs and delightful .subst / .substr confusion. Here's what its use looks like:

say 'meowmix'.subst: 'me', 'c'; say 'meowmix'.subst: /m./, 'c'; # OUTPUT: # cowmix # cowmix

The method takes either a regex or a plain string as the first positional argument, which is the thing it'll look for in its invocant. The second argument is the replacement string.

You can use the adverbs as well, by simply listing them as named Bool arguments, with a slight caveat. In S/// form, adverbs :ss and :ii imply the presence of :s (make whitepsace significant) and :i (case-insensitive match) adverbs respectively. In method form, you have to apply those to the regex itself:

given 'Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet' { say .subst: /:i l/, 'b', :ii; say .subst: /:s Ipsum Dolor/, "Gipsum

Color", :ss; } # OUTPUT: # Borem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet # Lorem Gipsum Color Sit Amet

Method Form Captures

Captures aren't alien to substitution operations, so let's try one out with the method call form of substitution:

say 'meowmix'.subst: /me (.+)/, "c$0"; # OUTPUT: # Use of Nil in string context in block <unit> at test.p6 line 1 # c

Not quite what we were looking for. Our replacement string is constructed even before it reaches the .subst method and the $0 variable inside of it actually refers to whatever it is before the method call, not the capture in the .subst regex. So how do we fix this?

The second argument to .subst can also take a Callable . Inside of it, you can use the $0, $1, ... $n variables the way they were meant to and get correct values from captures:

say 'meowmix'.subst: /me (.+)/, -> { "c$0" }; # OUTPUT: # cowmix

Here, we've used a pointy block for our Callable, but WhateverCode and subs will work too. They will be called for each substitution, with the Match object passed as the first positional argument, if you need to access it.

Conclusion