Themes

The thing about art in this style is that elements are usually symbolic of more than one thing at a time. This is critical, many things have different meanings when looked at through different themes, they are not mutually exclusive and one theme is not wrong because another is right. For instance the character “Horse” simultaneously represents of a homeless man, heroin addiction, and the god(s) of death.

The writers help us out a little by stripping away themes as the show / deaths progress, much like the titular russian doll. Some “themes” that are a little too shallow or nebulous to bother with such as the way that everyone is dressed up in many layers for the new york winter like Russian dolls. Conversely the theme of death is so all pervasive that it's almost not worth mentioning. Similarly things have varying importance as symbols, some being critical while others are not symbols at all. The show producers often give us some pretty strong hints that something is symbolic, for instance The Three Guys who are played by the same three actors when they appear as drunks in the Deli, Nadia's co-workers, and paramedics.

Below I try to break down the biggest themes I saw, and mention the symbols I saw connected to that theme. I make a special effort to try to connect symbols multiple times. There are also some things that get hammered on hard enough in the show that I'm pretty sure they are intended to be symbolic of something, but I don't really understand them.

Flipped Gender Stereotypes

Ok, This is less a theme than a production value. Most of the characters in this show are written to fit the stereo-types of the opposite gender in fiction. In a (much) lesser work Nadia would be a hard bitten guy with stubble, Alan would be the hapless romantic interest. Lets look at a few more characters:

Mike “the hole where a choice should be” is kind of a generic “slut” trope. Also later seen as as a single parent, usually a role depicted for women.

John the X she's afraid of getting serious with is constantly soft and supportive. Also a single parent.

Drug Use as Distraction and Avoidance

The theme of drug use runs thick through the first few episodes, and gradually falls away. Perhaps the overarching point is that drugs are a distraction from what is really going on, from what is really important. I really appreciate the way that the show neither glorifies nor vilifies drugs, but let's get into some of the details.

Horse (the homeless guy) Pretty clearly represents Heroin (Heroin is also called horse) There are several interactions here: The first time Nadia says “I think I know that guy” and Mike responds “worries me a bit”. If you read this interaction as being about Heroin (which Nadia has likely tried before. As she says “I have tried almost every drug ever” and she doesn't bat an eyelash at huffing paint)

Giving up her necklace to Horse (loosing your possessions to heroin)

Alan giving up all his money and his phone to Horse (loosing all your possessions to Heroin, again)

Freezing to death in the park (a Heroin addict death)

The disappearing animals, specifically the goldfish often symbolize lack of memory or distractibility. As the plot progresses this sort of distractibility is forcefully removed.

The Israeli Joint is pretty straightforward. Nadia uses it as a scapegoat for what's happening to her. She spends like four or five lives blaming the drugs.

The Israeli Joint is really ketamine. I'm going to have a whole other bullet point about what a huge fuck up it is to be giving people ketamine when you think it's cocaine. This can be seen as part of the drug theme being “not knowing what you are doing”

The scene in Ep02 where Nadia tries to just drink & smoke her way through the party. She's hiding from her situation with the intoxicants.

The three guys represent a form of entrapment. In the first appearance (drunk in the deli) they represent being trapped by intoxication, In their second appearance they represent being trapped by the mundanity of work, and in their third appearance they represent being trapped in a mental institution.

Depression, Suicide & Indecision

The Israeli Joint is laced with Ketamine. The show helps us out a little letting us know that it should be seen as a depression treatment symbolically in this case.

Before she dies for the first time, it is implied that Nadia is (and has been) suicidal but indecisive about it. She keeps not quite making the decision.

She starts of the party saying “lets make some choices” and then goes home with Mike: “the hole where a choice should be”. The choice she was trying to make is if she should to live or die.

Nadia smokes a pipe that looks like a gun pointed into her own mouth.

Ruth, Nadia's most literal surrogate mother, is a therapist.

Alan's slice of black cake and slice of white cake represent life and death. I also want to check in with another great theory, which I think is incorrect. Nadia did not kill herself in a first, unremembered or denied, loop. It's a poetically interesting theory, but the “death counts” don't work out (15 is 15 for both of them) and when they are both transported back to the first death as guardians, Alan is guarding Nadia from a taxi. A huge thanks to /u/lumnr of reddit for his complete chart of deaths. Isolation

Alan sums things up nicely with the quote: “you created an impossible game with a single characters who has to solve everything entirely on her own”

The disappearing animals and later people can easily be seen as representing isolation.

Horse Stands in for the isolation of homelessness. We see Nadia start to reach out to him as a person, and try to connect.

Oatmeal is called out specifically as being a “lonely cat lady trope”. Further, even her beloved pet she keeps so distant that he mostly lives at the deli

Jon, Nadia's ex-boyfriend, and more particularly his daughter are kept away because they could connect too meaningfully

Alan is totally unable to be honest with his own mother

Alan is almost completely unaware that his girlfriend Bea is going to break up with him. His most meaningful connection is superficial.

Ruth shooting Nadia makes Nadia realize that her death would affect others besides herself for the first time.

Video Game References Nadia is a video game developer, and there is a lot that goes on that fits the theme of the series being videogame like.

The simplest similarity is that whenever she dies she “respawns” at her save point. This is pretty much the norm in all single player video games.

Perhaps the most dramatic bit in the series is the way animals and eventually all non-critical people disappear from the world. This closely mimics a bug that occurred in rockstar games Red Dead Redemption.

Getting the book “Emily of New Moon” and bringing it to Jon's daughter closely resembles a video game “fetch quest”. once this is accomplished Nadia is able to move on to the next challenge.

The three Guys who are played by the same actors in different cloths and hairstyles can be seen as NPC model re-use typical in many video games

The direct references to what's happening to them being like a “bug”.

When Alan plays Nadia's video game it's a pretty obvious reference, the video game character also seems quite a bit like an avatar for Nadia. More subtly in the last episode when actualized Alan is trying to save never-died-yet Nadia, can be viewed as him playing her as a character.

In the final episode the fly (bug) that has been in Alan's starting bathroom finally leaves.

Trauma & Self Worth

Mirrors are classically symbolic of our self image and our self worth. Nadia has her positive self image destroyed when her mother destroys the mirrors.

Mirrors similarly, Alan destroys his fragile and illusory self image when he smashes the mirror in Mike's office during their confrontation.

Mirrors Represent the self image that is killing Nadia from the inside. When she starts seeing childhood visions of herself which cause her to cough up shards of mirror, the bathroom mirror itself disappears.

The rotting fruit can be seen as a representation of Nadia & Alan's low self worth. The fact that the fruit is still fresh on the inside represents the actual vitality they have.

Greek & Jewish Mythology

Horse plays three closely related roles, all of them characters related to death: Charon, the boatman of the dead. This is perhaps the most obvious of his rolls. We see Nadia pay him with a golden coin (Something that is traditionally done in the mythos) and we also see him payed with a golden ring.) It's also worth noting that the modern greek name for him is “Haros” which sounds an awful lot like “horse”

Thanatos was also a greek god of death, in his case the god of a peaceful death. Specifically the myth said that if Thanatos cut your hair with his sword, you would die peacefully the next time you slept. This explains the whole recurring thing with the hair cutting pretty well.

Generic Psychopomp. A Psychopomp is a figure that leads souls into the afterlife, often in processions. Charon is a pretty specific one, but they also appear as a general class like nymphs. They are typically represented by animals, and the deer specifically is one that comes up regularly. Horse wearing the deer head at the end and leading a procession evokes this quite effectively. Empty shoes traditionally symbolize death, particularly in greek culture. There is a fair bit of plot around Horse and his missing shoes.

In classical (greek) symbolismmirrors are often a symbol for the feminine.

In jewish traditionmirrors are usually removed or covered when someone dies. This can be seen as relevant in episode 7 when the mirrors disappear.

The three guys who behave like “dogs” in each of the scenes where they are present might be considered to be Cerberus, the three headed dog that guards the underworld.

There are multiple references to being “surrounded by angels” in the show. The prayer performed by the Rabbi's assistant specifically invokes four archangels (Michel, Gabriel, Raphiel and Uriel) Lizzy is entirely dressed in white, the color of archangel Gabriel.

is entirely dressed in white, the color of archangel Gabriel. Maxine is always dressed in blue, the color of archangel Michel. In the second to last episode she seems to understand approximately what is happening. She even threatens Nadia with more things disappearing using the line “maybe we could have a party in a sensory deprivation tank”.

is always dressed in blue, the color of archangel Michel. In the second to last episode she seems to understand approximately what is happening. She even threatens Nadia with more things disappearing using the line “maybe we could have a party in a sensory deprivation tank”. Ruth is frequently dressed in Red the color of Archangel Uriel, who is the angel of wisdom (something which Ruth frequently imparts)

In a form of Jewish mysticism known as gematria numbers tend to have powerful symbolic meaning. The number 36 (Nadia's 36th birthday) is usually seen as meaning “two life” (18 is the number of life, and it carries so much status that doubling it people still see it)

To be fair, I don't seem to be able to find any gemetria values for $152,780.86 but it seems like an interesting angle to look at. Motherhood

Chicken and eggs are the only things that Nadia eats through the entire show. Both are strongly symbolic of maternity. Also worth noting the line “all I got from my mother was an eating disorder”

Maxine in many ways is a surrogate mother figure. She welcomes Nadia to the world on her birthday after each death, and as everything but the core mother issue is stripped away she remains. It's also worth noting that in the early episodes she represents a horrible and irresponsible mother, (giving Nadia drugs without knowing what they are, calling Nadia a cockroach), mellows towards the middle episodes, and late in the show is essentially a very supportive mother figure.

Oatmeal is pretty clearly being used as a baby surrogate.

The rotting fruit can be seen as a symbol of Nadia and Alan failing to procreate, and fearing parenthood. (Fruit is often representative of children)