Is Zuma's ANC betraying the South African dream? Published duration 9 February 2017

image caption Where's the rest of the home? Toilet cabins that stand alone are "a vivid symbol" of failures

Critical voices within South Africa's governing ANC are warning that the party is in a state of crisis, and may even lose power in 2019 due to growing public frustration with corruption and poor governance. The BBC's Andrew Harding has been to assess the ANC's troubles in Port Elizabeth, where the party lost control in last year's municipal elections.

It is a surreal, instructive sight.

On steep green hillside north of the windswept city of Port Elizabeth, hundreds of tiny brick cabins - each not much larger than a telephone booth - stretch out into the distance in neat rows.

"We call this place Toilet Valley," said 36-year-old Suzanne Stoltz, opening her cabin door to reveal a solitary plastic toilet and a few bags of clothes that she's stacked beside it to keep out of the rain.

The toilets - well over 1,000 in all - each sit on a larger slab of concrete, as if builders had started to erect proper homes, but lost interest early on. They are a vivid symbol of the failures of the local authorities here in Nelson Mandela Bay.

image caption Some people have built shacks next to the toilets

"It's crazy. They tell us we're going to get houses in three months' time. But we've been waiting for three years," said Ms Stoltz, a mother of three, who like her neighbours has built herself a small shack out of corrugated iron beside her toilet. Like many here, she has no job.

The same complaints - in varying permutations - echo across the surrounding townships.

Toilets without houses. Houses without water. Whole neighbourhoods without sewage pipes. Schools so overcrowded they've been closed down. Thousands of people dependent on a single tap in a muddy field.

In Port Elizabeth, whistleblowers have uncovered billions of rand that have either been misspent, stolen, or are simply lost.

We saw a depot holding two dozen expensive - and now rusting - Volvo buses, bought for the 2010 World Cup, which have been sitting idle ever since.

Dangerous business

"It boils down to corruption," said Maria Hermans who was, until recently, the ANC's speaker on the municipal council. "It is maladministration in the worst form. Negligence."

She says the situation got so bad in local government that there were murders.

image copyright Getty Images image caption Many poor South Africans say the ANC government has failed to improve their lives as much as they had hoped

"It's a dangerous business. Every one of us is afraid because we don't know who is going to be next. We can't run away from the fact that corruption happened when we were [in power]."

But the ANC is no longer in power here in Nelson Mandela Bay.

Last August voters installed a coalition of opposition parties, led by the Democratic Alliance. The defeat was a shock to the ANC, and seemed, to many, to indicate a broader shift away from the party that has governed South Africa since the advent of democracy in 1994.

"There's been a dramatic shift," said the city's new Mayor Athol Trollip - a tall, quick-spoken son of white farmers, and a prominent figure in the DA.

He accused the ANC of seeking to create a racial divide in the country to divert attention from its own failings.

"This is the only way out of trouble for South Africa," he said, inspecting workers as they cleaned debris from a stream running through the centre of the city.

"That's why it is so critical that we achieved what we did in the last elections. We are steadfast that by 2019 we will put a coalition government together that will govern South Africa."

One of the workers, a new graduate named Ntombi Baleni who was managing the clean-up project, echoed that optimism.

"If the [DA] keep on being competent and don't lose focus, then South Africa is set to boom. Boom!" she said with a grin.

'People think we're fools'

For years the prediction that the ANC could soon lose power has felt wildly unrealistic in a country where many voters still feel an intense loyalty towards the party that did so much to liberate South Africa from racial apartheid.

But today prominent figures within an increasingly divided ANC openly admit that the momentum is now with the opposition.

"This city is on its knees. At the heart is misgovernance, corruption, and a brazen commitment and dedication to steal that is directed at a political level," said Sipho Pitanya, a local success story.

He's an ANC member, chairman of the giant AngloGold Ashanti mining company, and one of the organisers of Save South Africa - a new campaigning group that blames President Jacob Zuma for many of the ANC's troubles.

"President Zuma represents a betrayal of the South African dream," said Mr Pitanya, citing allegations of corruption and cronyism, along with the Constitutional Court ruling that the president had failed to uphold his oath of office in connection with a scandal involving lavish upgrades to his private Nkandla homestead.

"If we keep Jacob Zuma in power we deserve to lose [the national elections] in 2019. Every day he remains in power, the stability of our nation is undermined."

President Zuma's supporters point out that he has agreed to reimburse the state for costs associated with Nkandla, and that the ANC remains by far the most popular party in South Africa, with a formidable track record of delivering homes, dignity and welfare to the poorest in society.

ANC officials insist they will win back power in Nelson Mandela Bay at the next election, but whoever runs this municipality is bound to face huge challenges, as thousands of poor families continue to stream into the area in search of public housing and support.

"People think we're fools," said Siphosethu Mbane, 18, as she filled up two jerry cans of water from a communal tap in a township called Missionvale.