Lt. Col. Robert L. Hite, the last survivor among eight crewmen who were captured by the Japanese when American bombers brought World War II home to Japan in Jimmy Doolittle’s daring air raid in 1942, died on Sunday in Nashville. He was 95.

The cause was heart failure, his son, Wallace, said.

The raid led by Colonel Doolittle inflicted relatively light damage on military and industrial targets, but it delivered a moral victory to Americans, disconsolate since the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor less than five months earlier, and it was a stunning psychological blow to the Japanese, who had been led to believe that their homeland was inviolable.

The raid became the basis for the 1944 movie “Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo,” adapted from the book of the same title by Capt. Ted W. Lawson, a pilot who took part in the attack.

Mr. Hite, the son of tenant cotton farmers from Texas, almost missed the mission. He had volunteered for it and was assigned to pilot one of its B-25 bombers, but was bumped from the roster when all the planes originally massed for the raid could not fit on the aircraft carrier Hornet, which was to ferry them toward their target. At the last minute he replaced the co-pilot of another crew. He was 22.