Less than two years after snapping up a $43.991 million apartment in a celebrity-studded condo project in Manhattan’s Tribeca district, British Formula One star Lewis Hamilton has struck again, this time buying a $40.7 million trophy penthouse in another big-name building a block away.

According to people familiar with both deals, Mr. Hamilton recently bought a penthouse at 70 Vestry Street, a limestone building developed by the Related Companies and designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects. Its owners include quarterback...