BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE Herbal Properties and Actions

MAIN ACTIONS

OTHER ACTIONS

STANDARD DOSAGE kills bacteria relieves pain Leaf, Bark kills fungi kills cancer cells Bark Decoction: 1/2 cup kills Candida yeast relieves depression twice daily reduces inflammation reduces spasms Leaf Infusion: 1/2 cup dries secretions kills viruses twice daily regulates heartbeat stimulates digestion Tincture: 2-3 ml twice daily lowers blood pressure increases urination mildly laxative stimulates menstruation stimulates uterus reduces phlegm heals wounds kills insects

AnacardiaceaeBrazilian peppertree, Peruvian peppertree, California peppertree, aroeira, aroeira salsa, escobilla, Peruvian mastic tree, mastic-tree, aguaribay, American pepper, anacahuita, castilla, false pepper, gualeguay, Jesuit's balsam, molle del Peru, mulli, pepper tree, pimentero, pimientillo, pirulFruit, bark, leaf

Brazilian peppertree is a shrubby tree with narrow, spiky leaves. It grows 4 to 10 m tall, with a trunk 25 to 35 cm in diameter. It produces an abundance of small flowers formed in panicles that bear a great many small, flesh-colored, berry-like fruits in December and January. It is indigenous to South and Central America and can also be found in semitropical and tropical regions of the United States and Africa. In both North and South America, three different trees - Schinus molle, Schinus aroeira, and Schinus terebinthifolius - are all interchangeably called "peppertrees."

All parts of the tree have high oil and essential oil contents that produce a spicy, aromatic scent. The leaves of the Brazilian peppertree have such high oil content that leaf pieces jerk and twist when placed in hot water as the oil is released. The berries, which have a peppery flavor, are used in syrups, vinegar, and beverages in Peru; are added to Chilean wines; and are dried and ground up for a pepper substitute in the tropics. The dried berries have also been used as an adulterant of black pepper in some countries.

TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES

Virtually all parts of this tropical tree, including its leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, resin, and oleoresin (or balsam) have been used medicinally by indigenous peoples throughout the tropics. The plant has a very long history of use and appears in ancient religious artifacts and on idols among some of the ancient Chilean Amerindians.

Throughout South and Central America, Brazilian peppertree is reported to be an astringent, antibacterial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, tonic, antiviral, and wound healer. In Peru, the sap is used as a mild laxative and a diuretic, and the entire plant is used externally for fractures and as a topical antiseptic. The oleoresin is used externally as a wound healer, to stop bleeding, and for toothaches, and it is taken internally for rheumatism and as a purgative. In South Africa, a leaf tea is used to treat colds, and a leaf decoction is inhaled for colds, hypertension, depression, and irregular heart beat. In the Brazilian Amazon, a bark tea is used as a laxative, and a bark-and-leaf tea is used as a stimulant and antidepressant. In Argentina, a decoction is made with the dried leaves and is taken for menstrual disorders and is also used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and disorders.

Brazilian peppertree is still employed in herbal medicine today in many countries. It is used for many conditions in the tropics, including menstrual disorders, bronchitis, gingivitis, gonorrhea, gout, eye infections, rheumatism, sores, swellings, tuberculosis, ulcers, urethritis, urogenital disorders, venereal diseases, warts, and wounds. In Brazilian herbal medicine today, the dried bark and/or leaves are employed for heart problems (hypertension and irregular heart beat), infections of all sorts, menstrual disorders with excessive bleeding, tumors, and general inflammation. A liquid extract or tincture prepared with the bark is used internally as a stimulant, tonic, and astringent, and externally for rheumatism, gout, and syphilis.

PLANT CHEMICALS

Phytochemical analysis of Brazilian peppertree reveals that the plant contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, sterols, terpenes, and a large amount of essential oil. The essential oil present in the leaves, bark, and fruit is a rich source of chemicals (over 50 constituents identified thus far, including biologically active triterpenes and sesquiterpenes). Some of these chemicals scientists have not seen before, and many of the plant's documented biological activities are attributed to its essential oil. The fruit can contain up to 5% essential oil, and the leaves can contain up to 2% essential oil.

The list of chemicals found in the Brazilian peppertree is long: amyrin, behenic acid, bergamont, bicyclogermacrene, bourbonene, cadinene, cadinol, calacorene, calamenediol, calamenene, camphene, car-3-ene, carvacrol, caryophyllene, cerotic acid, copaene, croweacin, cubebene, cyanidins, cymene, elemene, elemol, elemonic acid, eudesmol, fisetin, gallic acid, geraniol butyrate, germacrene, germacrone, guaiene, gurjunene, heptacosanoic acid, humulene, laccase, lanosta, limonene, linalool, linoleic acid, malvalic acid, masticadienoic acid, masticadienonalic acid, masticadienonic acid, muurolene, muurolol, myrcene, nerol hexanoate, octacosanoic acid, oleic acid, paeonidin, palmitic acid, pentacosanoic acid, phellandrene, phellandrene, phenol, pinene, piperine, piperitol, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, raffinose, sabinene, sitosterol, spathulene, terpinene, terpineol, terpinolene, and tricosanoic acid.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

In laboratory tests, the essential oil (as well as leaf and bark extracts) has demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties. Brazilian peppertree has displayed good-to-very strong in vitro antifungal actions against numerous fungi, as well as Candida. One research group indicated that the antifungal action of the essential oil was more effective than the antifungal drug Multifungin®. The essential oil and leaves have clinically demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against numerous bacterial strains (which probably explains why it is an herbal remedy for so many infectious conditions in its native countries). In 1996, a U.S. patent was awarded for an essential oil preparation of Brazilian peppertree as a topical bactericidal medicine used against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus for humans and animals, and as an ear, nose, and/or throat preparation against bacteria. Another patent was awarded in 1997 for a similar preparation used as a topical antibacterial wound cleanser. In much earlier in vitro tests, a leaf extract of Brazilian peppertree demonstrated antiviral actions against several plant viruses. In addition to these documented antimicrobial properties, Brazilian peppertree passed an anticancer plant screening program in 1976 by demonstrating antitumorous actions. More recently, in 2002, researchers in Argentina documented that it was toxic in vitro against a human liver cancer cell line.

Over the years, several research groups have conducted animal studies on Brazilian peppertree that have further substantiated some of its many traditional uses in herbal medicine. A fruit extract and a leaf extract were shown to lower blood pressure in dogs and rats, as well as to stimulate uterine activity in guinea pigs and rabbits. Leaf extracts have clinically demonstrated pain-relieving activity in mice and antispasmodic properties in rats and guinea pigs (including uterine antispasmodic actions). In 1974, the anti-inflammatory effect of Brazilian peppertree was documented; the herb was used to treat 100 patients with chronic cervicitis and vaginitis effectively. In 1995 and 1996, other researchers documented the anti-inflammatory properties of this herb once again.

CURRENT PRACTICAL USES

A monograph published in 1976 on Brazilian peppertree's essential oil indicated no toxicity in animals and humans ingesting or applying the essential oil topically. Today, herbalists and natural health practitioners in both North and South America use Brazilian peppertree mostly for colds, flu, and other upper respiratory infections; as a remedy for hypertension and for irregular heartbeat; for fungal infections and Candida; and as a female balancing herb for numerous menstrual disorders, including menstrual cramps and excessive bleeding.

Brazilian Peppertree Plant Summary Main Preparation Method: tincture Main Actions (in order):

antibacterial, anticandidal, antifungal, antihemorrhagic (reduces bleeding), cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart) Main Uses: 1. as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiseptic against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections 2. for Candida and yeast infections 3. to tone, balance, and strengthen heart function and as a heart regulator for arrhythmia and mild hypertension 4. to stop bleeding and heal wounds internally and externally 5. for Mycoplasmal infections Properties/Actions Documented by Research:

analgesic (pain-reliever), anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancerous, anticandidal, antifungal, antispasmodic, antitumorous, antiviral, hypotensive (lowers blood pressure), wound healer Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:

antidepressant, antihemorrhagic (reduces bleeding), antiseptic, aperient (mild laxative), astringent, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), digestive stimulant, diuretic, menstrual stimulant, stimulant, tonic Cautions: It has as a mild hypotensive effect (lowers blood pressure).

Traditional Preparation: The leaves are best prepared as an infusion, and the bark is best prepared as a decoction or an alcohol tincture. Generally, 1/2 cup of a bark decoction twice daily is used for colds, flu, sore throats and other upper respiratory infections; 2-3 ml of a 4:1 tincture taken two or three times daily can be substituted, if desired. This traditional remedy is also used as a heart tonic and for irregular heartbeat. A leaf decoction twice daily or as needed is generally used for menstrual disorders. See Traditional Herbal Remedies Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions.

Contraindications: This plant was shown to stimulate the uterus in animal studies and therefore should not be used in pregnancy.

Drug Interactions: None reported. However, this plant has exhibited hypotensive actions in animal studies; in light of such, it is conceivable that the use of this plant may potentiate high blood pressure medications.

Worldwide Ethnomedical Uses Country Uses Argentina for diarrhea, menstrual disorders, respiratory tract infections, inflammation, urinary tract infections, wounds Brazil for bronchitis, constipation, cough, cystitis, depression, diarrhea, eye diseases, fever, flu, gonorrhea, heart problems, hemorrhage, inflammation, menstrual disorders, respiratory tract infections, rheumatism, spasms, tumors, urethritis, urinary tract disorders, and as a astringent, stimulant, and tonic Colombia for diarrhea, lung diseases, rheumatism Mexico for asthma, bronchitis, cataract, colic, conjunctivitis, constipation, cough, digestive disorders, flu, foot fungus, gonorrhea, gum, mouth sores, rheumatism, sores (skin), stomachache, toothache, tuberculosis, tumors, ulcers, urogenital diseases, venereal disease, warts, wounds, and as an astringent Paraguay for gonorrhea, menstrual disorders, sores, urethritis, urinary insufficiency, wounds Peru for constipation, fevers, fractures, rheumatism, toothache, tumors, urinary insufficiency, warts, wounds, and as an antiseptic South Africa for arrhythmia, colds, cough, depression, gout, hypertension, inflammation, pain, rheumatism Turkey for constipation, coughs, excessive mucous, gonorrhea, urinary insufficiency, and as a digestive stimulant, and tonic Uruguay for menstrual disorders, rheumatism, wounds, and as an antiseptic Elsewhere for bronchitis, constipation, coughs, excessive mucous, edema, eye diseases, gingivitis, gout, hypertension, menstrual disorders, rheumatism, sores, swelling, urinary insufficiency, urogenital inflammation, venereal disease, viruses, and to stimulate digestion

Referenced Quotes on Brazilian Peppertree

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission. 1. "Animal research in foreign countries has proven Pedra Hume Caa's efficacy in treating diabetes in dogs and rabbits. When humans were tested, it was found to be more effective in cases of adult-onset diabetes than juvenile diabetes. Pedra Hume Caa is called "vegetable insulin." It has been used traditionally to eliminate the sugar from the urine of diabetics. It is also used to treat diarrhea."

24. Effects: California Peppertree Leaves

The leaves contain unknown bitter substances and tannis, which make administration for inflammatory alterations of the skin and oral mucous membranes plausible.

Effects: California Peppertree Fruit

The fruit resin is purgative in effect. The essential oil is fungicidal and is said to be excreted primarily through the lungs and the kidneys. No experimental data are available for the traditional areas of administration.

Unproven Uses: Internal uses in folk medicine include infections of the pharynx, repiratory tract conditions, rheumatism (decoction), for leucorrhea, suppuration of the mucous membranes and hypertension (infusion), for swellings, loss of teeth, conjunctivitis (leaf juice), and as a diuretic. External applications are considered to include uterus prolapse, eye inflammations, joint pains, colds (used as healing baths), as a vulnerary and for rheumatism.

Precautions and adverse reactions: No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapuetic dosages.

Daily Dosage (leaves): To prepare an infusion, use 30 g drug to 500 ml water. For inflammation of the mucous membranes, gargle with infusion 3 times daily. For wound cleansing, wash wounds with infusion.





Published Research on Brazilian Peppertree

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All available third-party research on Brazilian peppertree can be found at. A partial listing of the published research on Brazilian peppertree updated through Jan 2019 is shown below:do Prado, A., et al. "essential oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds: antifungal and antibacterial properties."2019 Feb; 126(2): 516-522.Arpini, C., et al. "infection in captive loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings.2018 Oct 25;23:8-11.Mummed, B., et al. "antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants in the traditional treatment of skin and wound infections in eastern Ethiopia."2018 Jul; 2018: 1862401.Salem, M., et al. "Antibacterial activity of extracted bioactive molecules ofripened fruits against some pathogenic bacteria."2018 Jul; 120: 119-127.Ennigrou, A., et al. "Assessing the fatty acid, essential oil composition, their radical scavenging and antibacterial activities ofRaddi leaves and twigs.". 2018 Apr; 55(4): 1582-1590.da Silva, J. , et al. "Anti-activity of extracts fromfruits and leaves."2018 Jun; 32(11): 1365-1368.Cairo, P., et al. "Effects of dietary supplementation of red pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) essential oil on performance, small intestinal morphology and microbial counts of weanling pigs."2018 Jan; 98(2): 541-548.Torres, K., et al. "Activity of the aqueous extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi on strains of the Candida genus."2016 Dec; 38(12): 593-599.Pellegrini, M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity, and mode of action of essential oils againstlarvae, etiological agent of american foulbrood on.". 2017 Apr; 14(4).Nocchi, S., et al. "cytotoxicity and anti-virus type 1 activity of hydroethanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds from stem bark ofRaddi."2016 Apr-Jun; 12(46): 160-4.Biasi-Garbin, R., et al. "Antifungal potential of plant species from Brazilian caatinga against dermatophytes.. 2016; 58:18.Elshafie, H., et al. "Anattempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus."2016 Mar; 19(3): 266-73.Tonial, F., et al. "Influence of culturing conditions on bioprospecting and the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi from Schinus terebinthifolius."2016 Feb; 72(2): 173-183.D'Sousa' Costa, C., et al. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues ofRaddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil."2015 Jul-Sep;11(43):607-14.Cole, E., et al. "Chemical composition of essential oil from ripe fruit ofRaddi and evaluation of its activity against wild strains of hospital origin."2014 Oct; 45(3): 821-8.Melo, M., et al. "Alcohol extract ofRaddi (Anacardiaceae) as a local antimicrobial agent in severe autogenously fecal peritonitis in rats.". 2014; 29 Suppl 1: 52-6.Vieira, D., et al. "Plant species used in dental diseases: ethnopharmacology aspects and antimicrobial activity evaluation."2014 Sep 29;155(3):1441-9.Barbieri, D., et al. "Antiadherent activity ofandextracts on in vitro biofilm formation ofand Streptococcus mutans.. 2014 Sep; 59(9): 887-96.Martins, Mdo R., et al. "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties ofL. essential oils."2014; 151(1): 485-92.Freires Ide, A., et al. "A randomized clinical trial ofmouthwash to treat biofilm-induced gingivitis."2013; 2013: 873907.Guerra-Boone L., et al. "Chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils fromandfound in northeast Mexico."2013 Jan; 8(1): 135-8.Alves L., et al. "Effect ofongrowth kinetics, cell wall formation and micromorphology."2013 May-Jul; 71(3-4): 965-71.Gomes, F., et al. "Antimicrobial lectin fromleaf."2013 Mar; 114(3): 672-9.Rocha, P., et al. "Synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil of aguaribay (L.)."2012 Oct 12; 17(10): 12023-36.Montanari, R., et al. "Exposure to Anacardiaceae volatile oils and their constituents induces lipid peroxidation within food-borne bacteria cells."2012 Aug; 17(8): 9728-40.Moura-Costa, G., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of plants used as medicinals on an indigenous reserve in Rio das Cobras, Paraná, Brazil."2012 Sep 28;143(2):631-8.Leite, S., et al. "Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the vaginal use of metronidazole with a Brazilian pepper tree () extract for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis."2011 Mar;44(3): 245-52Johann, S., et al. "Antifungal activity of schinol and a new biphenyl compound isolated fromagainst the pathogenic fungus."2010 Oct 12; 9:30.Pereira, E., et al. "antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry."2011 Mar; 77(4): 401-4.Johann, S., et al. "Antifungal activity of extracts of some plants used in Brazilian traditional medicine against the pathogenic fungus2010 Apr; 48(4): 388-96.Johann, S., et al. "Antifungal activity of schinol and a new biphenyl compound isolated fromagainst the pathogenic fungus.". 2010; 9: 30.Salazar-Aranda, R., et al. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plants from Northeast of Mexico"2011; 2011: 536139.El-Massry, K., et al. "Chemical compositions and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of various samples prepared fromleaves cultivated in Egypt."2009 Jun; 57(12): 5265-70.Hayouni el, A., et al. "TunisianL. andL. essential oils: their chemical compositions and their preservative effects againstinoculated in minced beef meat."2008 Jul; 125(3): 242-51.Molina-Salinas, G., et al. "Evaluation of the flora of Northern Mexico forantimicrobial and antituberculosis activity."2006 Aug 23;de Lima, M. R., et al. "Anti-bacterial activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants.". 2006 Apr; 105(1-2): 137-47.Schmourlo, G., et al. "Screening of antifungal agents using ethanol precipitation and bioautography of medicinal and food plants.". 2005 Jan; 96(3): 563-8.de Carvalho, M. C. "Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper tree stem barkRaddi)."2003; 42(3): 185-91.de Melo, Jr., E. J., et al. "Medicinal plants in the healing of dry socket in rats: Microbiological and microscopic analysis.". 2002; 9(2): 109-16.Quiroga, E. N., et al. "Screening antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants."2001; 74(1): 89-96.Camano, R. "Essential oil composition with bactericide activity." United States patent 5,635,184; June 3, 1997.Camano, R. "Method for treating bacterial infections." United States patent 5,512,284; April 30, 1996.Martinez, M. J., et al. "Screening of some Cuban medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity.". 1996; 52(3): 171-74.Cuella, M. J., et al. "Two fungal lanostane derivatives as phospholipase A2 inhibitors."1996; 59(10): 977-79.Gundidza, M., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of essential oil fromLinn."1993; 39(11): 231-34.Dikshit, A. ": a new source of natural fungitoxicant."1986; 51(5): 1085-88.El-Keltawi, N., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants.". 1980; 26(4): 245-50.Ross, S., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants.". 1980; 51: 201-5.Simons, J., et al. "Succulent-type as sources of plant virus inhibitors.". 1963; 53: 677-83.Scheid, T., et al. "Effects of Methanol fraction from leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi on nociception and spinal-cord oxidative biomarkers in Rats with neuropathic pain.". 2018 May; 2018: 5783412.Estevão, L., et al. "Raddi (Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice."2017 Sep; 32(9): 726-735.Nunes-Neto, P., et al. "The effect ofRaddi (Anacardiaceae) bark extract on histamine-induced paw edema and ileum smooth muscle contraction.". 2017; 2017: 1416375.Taylor, A., et al. "Assessment of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects of the dichloromethanol extract of."2016; 20(2): 372-80.Piccinelli, A., et al. "Antihyperalgesic and antidepressive actions of (R)-(+)-limonene, -phellandrene, and essential oil fromfruits in a neuropathic pain model."2015 Jul;18(5):217-24.Cavalher-Machado, S., et al. "The anti-allergic activity of the acetate fraction ofleaves in IgE induced mice paw edema and pleurisy."2008; 8(11): 1552-60.Yueqin, Z., et al. "Isolation of two triterpenoids and a biflavanone with anti-inflammatory activity fromfruits.". 2003; 69(10): 893-8.Bello, R., et al. "pharmacological evaluation of the dichloromethanol extract fromL."1998; 12(7): 523-25.Barrachina, M. "Analgesic and central depressor effects of the dichloromethanol extract fromL."1997; 11(4): 317-19.Jain, M., et al. "Specific competitive inhibitor of secreted phospholipase A2 from berries of."1995; 39(3): 537-47.Okuyama, T., et al. "Studies on cancer bio-chemoprevention of natural resources. X. Inhibitory effect of spices on TPA-enhanced 3H-choline incorporation in phospholipid of C3H10T cells and on TPA-induced ear edema."1995; 47(5): 421-30.Carneiro, W., et al. "Anti-inflammatory and wound healing action ofVell in patients with cervicitis and cervico-vaginitis."1974; 14(1-2): 105-6.Rocha, P., et al. "Antioxidant and protective effects ofRaddi against doxorubicin-induced toxicity."2018 Mar;184(3):869-884.Estevão, L., et al. "Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice."2017 Sep; 32(9): 726-735.Scheibe, C., et al. "Raddi (Aroeira) andMart. (Babassu) effect in cecorrahphy healing in rats." Acta Cir Bras. 2016 Jun; 31(6): 402-10.Rosas, E., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effect ofRaddi hydroalcoholic extract on neutrophil migration in zymosan-induced arthritis.2015 Dec; 175: 490-8.D'Sousa' Costa, C., et al. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts prepared from different tissues ofRaddi that occurs in the coast of Bahia, Brazil.2015 Jul-Sep; 11(43): 607-14.Abdou, R., et al. "Toxicological and biochemical studies onconcerning its curative and hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury."2015 May; 11(Suppl 1): S93-S101.Estevão, L., et al. "Mast cell concentration and skin wound contraction in rats treated with Brazilian pepper essential oil (Raddi)."2015 Apr; 30(4): 289-95.Martins Mdo, R., et al. "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties ofL. essential oils."2014; 151(1): 485-92.Santos O., et al. "[Influence ofRaddi (aroeira) andAublet (andiroba) in the healing process of gastrorraphies].". 2013 Jun; 26(2): 84-91.Estevão L., et al. "Effects of aroeira (Raddi) oil on cutaneous wound healing in rats.. 2013 Mar; 28(3): 202-9.dos Santos O., et al. "Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in the healing process of gastrorraphy in rats.". 2012 Jul-Sep; 25(3): 140-6.Schmidt, C. et al. "Biological studies on Brazilian plants used in wound healing."2009 Apr; 122(3): 523-32.Varela-Barca, F., et al. "Base excision repair pathway is involved in the repair of lesions generated by flavonoid-enriched fractions of pepper tree (, Raddi) stem bark."2007 Oct; 48(8): 672-81.Coutinho, I., et al. "Raddi and it's influence in the healing process of colonic anastomosis: experimental study in rats."2006; 21 Suppl 3: 49-54.Nunes, J., et al., "Evaluation of the hydro-alcoholicRaddi (Aroeira) extract in the healing process of the alba linea in rats."2006; 21 Suppl 3: 8-15.Lucena, P., et al. "Evaluation of the aroreira (Raddi) in the healing process of surgical incision in the bladder of rats."2006; 21 Suppl 2: 44-9.Santos, O., et al. "Evaluation of the aroeira (Raddi) extract on the healing process of gastroraphy in rats."2006; 21 Suppl 2: 37-43.Castelo Branco Neto, M., et al. "Evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of Aroeira (Raddi) in the healing process of wound skin in rats."2006; 21 Suppl 2: 15-20.Marzouk, M., et al. "Antioxidant flavonol glycosides from."2006; 20(3): 200-5.de Lima Glória, L., et al. "Phenolic compounds presentRaddi Influence the lowering of blood pressure in rats.. 2017 Oct; 22(10).Ranilla, L., et al. "Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America.". 2010 Jun; 101(12): 4676-89.Bello, R., et al. "Effects on arterial blood pressure of the methanol and dichloromethanol extracts fromL. in rats."1996; 10(7): 634-35.Hayashi, T., et al. "Pentagalloylglucose, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor from a Paraguayan crude drug, "Molle-i" ()."1989 Jan-Feb; 52(1): 210-1.Bras, C., et al. "Consequences of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extract from fruits and leaves ofvar. areira L. in mice.". 2010 Oct; 132(1): 321-7.Lin, J., et al. "Alpha-phellandrene-induced DNA damage and affect DNA repair protein expression in WEHI-3 murine leukemia cells."2015 Nov; 30(11): 1322-30.Lin, J., et al. "-Phellandrene alters expression of genes associated with DNA damage, cell cycle, and apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells.2014 Aug; 34(8): 4161-80.Fedel-Miyasato, L., et al. "Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects ofRaddi in Allium cepa and Swiss mice: a comparative study.2014 Apr 30; 13(2): 3411-25.Santana, J., et al. "Essential oils fromleaves - chemical composition andcytotoxicity evaluation."2012 Oct; 50(10): 1248-53.Matsuo, A., et al. "A-Pinene isolated fromRaddi (Anacardiaceae) induces apoptosis and confers antimetastatic protection in a melanoma model."2011 Jul 29;411(2):449-54.Bendaoud, H., et al. "Chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activities ofL. andRaddi berries essential oils."2010 Aug; 75(6): C466-72.Diaz, C., et al. "Chemical composition ofessential oil and its cytotoxic activity on tumour cell lines."2008; 22(17): 1521-34.Queires, L., et al. "Polyphenols purified from the Brazilian aroeira plant (, Raddi) induce apoptotic and autophagic cell death of DU145 cells.". 2006 Jan-Feb; 26(1A): 379-87.Ruffa, M. J., et al. "Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line."2002; 79(3): 335-39.Bhakuni, D., et al. "Screening of Chilean plants for anticancer activity. I."1976; 39(4): 225-43.Zaidi, S., et al. 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