If you build websites, you have no doubt heard about Ruby on Rails (RoR). But if you’re a designer or front-end developer or you’re using PHP without any application framework, it may seem like a big leap to adopt the Ruby on Rails approach. In this article, I hope to demystify Ruby on Rails and convince you that you can make the leap—and that it is a leap worth making if your needs fit within the Ruby on Rails “sweet spot” detailed below.

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It does take time to learn new ways to do all the things you already know how to do, and to learn some new concepts and techniques at the same time. In the short term, switching technologies, even to Ruby on Rails, will destroy your productivity. Nevertheless, I’m convinced that many web developers would be more productive, produce better sites, and even have more fun if they took the leap and began using Ruby on Rails.

Fun for the whole family#section2

Ruby on Rails (Rails for short) is a “full-stack” framework, which means that it covers both front-end and back-end design. This makes it an exceptionally potent tool in the hands of a “jack-of-all-trades” developer. Even if you’re primarily a front-end or a back-end developer, though, you can still use Ruby on Rails effectively. The interfaces between the front end (the browser’s HTML, CSS, and JavaScript) and the back end (Ruby, and the Rails framework) are well defined, so you don’t need to understand both sides if you want to focus on one or the other.

If you’re a web designer or front-end developer, you can learn how to use the Ruby on Rails template system, and how to write little bits of embedded Ruby code in your view files. This will make you a much better partner for a back-end developer, since you can work directly on the Rails application files instead of delivering HTML and CSS that someone else has to integrate.

So whether you’re approaching Ruby on Rails as a front-end or back-end developer, on which projects should you consider using it?

Ruby on Rails is at the heart of diverse web applications and sites such as Basecamp, Blinksale, 43Things, Odeo, Revolution Health, Twitter, YellowPages.com, and A List Apart . The enthusiasm for Rails extends to many of the largest web companies. Yahoo, eBay, Amazon, and AOL all have Ruby on Rails projects, and ThoughtWorks is creating enterprise applications in Rails. But for all the diversity of Ruby on Rails applications, the ones that are best-suited to the framework have a few key things in common.

A website or web service is most appropriately implemented with Ruby on Rails when it has the following three characteristics:

It is a database-backed website or web service large enough to justify the overhead of a powerful framework.

It has unique needs that aren’t well met by a typical CMS. (If Joomla or Drupal does everything you need, such systems may be a better choice.)

It is a new application, allowing developers to start fresh with the database and software architecture.

This is the “sweet spot” for Ruby on Rails applications. Applications that share these characteristics can probably be built much more quickly with RoR than with PHP, .NET, or Java, once the investment required to learn Rails has been made.

Productivity boosts#section4

One of the main reasons Ruby on Rails increases productivity is that it makes building new applications, adding features, and making tweaks much easier. The combination of the language (Ruby) and the framework (Rails) means you can do more with less code. Less code—and better-structured code—means changes are relatively painless, so you can iterate and experiment more readily. This leads to better sites, and, hopefully, more fun building them.

Of course, adopting a major new tool requires an investment of time that can’t be taken lightly. If you’re focused on a single project, it often isn’t justifiable. But if you expect to keep building websites for some time, and you’re building sites of significant complexity, a short-term investment in learning Ruby on Rails will pay off in the long term.

To understand why I believe you can do more with less effort using Ruby on Rails, let’s start with a quick look at Ruby.

Meet Ruby#section5

Ruby is a modern, object-oriented language. In any Ruby program, everything is an object. Ruby is also a dynamic language, which means a variety of things:

Ruby is interpreted dynamically (like PHP), so there is no compilation (as there is with C or Java.) This speeds up iterative development.

In Ruby, variables are dynamically assigned a type when they are used, eliminating all the code you must write in most other languages to define and set up variables.

A Ruby program can generate code dynamically, modifying itself as it executes. Rails uses this capability internally to deliver its “magic,” which you can simply enjoy. (You don’t need to understand how these techniques work.)

Ruby is a wonderfully clean language to read and write, but its benefits go beyond that. Because Ruby can be powerfully extended, the Rails framework is able to turn it into a sort of special-purpose language for building web applications.

While Ruby (a language) and Rails (a framework) are separate things, they complement and depend on each other in many ways. All Ruby on Rails applications are written in Ruby, and the character of Ruby has a big influence on Ruby on Rails applications. There are frameworks, such as CakePHP, that bring many of Rails’ ideas to other languages. But the power and flexibility of Ruby makes Rails cleaner and more flexible than many other frameworks. If you’re going to make the investment in learning a framework, learning Ruby while you’re at it isn’t that big a hurdle, and the payoff is considerable.

The Rails approach#section6

Many websites are built without any application framework at all: you just write the code you need and borrow bits from various places when you can. That’s fine for small sites, but it can quickly get out of control, resulting in reams of messy code that is hard to understand and to maintain.

With a framework such as Ruby on Rails, a lot of decisions about how to structure your code are already made for you and you also have a powerful set of libraries at your disposal.

Another important characteristic of Rails is that it organizes each application around a model-view-controller (MVC) structure. MVC, a well-established pattern for organizing software projects, gives all your code a consistent structure, which helps a lot when you’re working on multiple sites, or bringing in someone new to work on a site. It also provides separate files, with clean interfaces, that can be split between front-end and back-end developers.

Databases and objects#section7

Ruby on Rails is designed to be used to build database-backed applications, and many of its core components focus on interacting with databases. The heart of Rails is a library called Active Record, which implements something called object-relational mapping (ORM). With ORM, you can work with software objects that represent your data and let the Active Record library take care of communicating with the database.

This may sound mysterious in the abstract, so let’s make it concrete. Even without knowing any Ruby—or anything about object-oriented programming—I bet you can make sense out of the following code examples, which are pieces of actual Ruby on Rails code.

Suppose you have a bookstore site and you want to add a new book. You could write:

newbook = Book.new

You’re telling the “Book” class that you want an empty book object, named “newbook.” You can set the title, or any of its other attributes, in an intuitive way:

newbook.title = “Angle of Repose”

newbook.author = “Wallace Stegner”

At this point, you have an object in memory. All it takes is:

newbook.save

…and your new book has been written to the database. Active Record generates the SQL to tell the database to insert the record. You can add validations on all the fields and generate descriptive error messages with just a few more lines of code.

Now you want to find that book out of the millions in your database. Just write:

angle_of_repose = Book.find_by_title “Angle of Repose”

…and you have an object, which you’ve named “angle_of_repose,” that has all the information from the appropriate database record.

There’s a little more to it, but not that much; working with software objects that reflect the information your site deals with is a natural and powerful approach. In RoR, you have a rich set of software objects that correspond to your database tables, and these objects make up the “model” layer of the model-view-controller system.

Your code interacts with the model objects, and Active Record creates the SQL to make the database do what you want. You don’t have to write any SQL to work with the database. And since none of your code communicates directly with the database, you can switch from one database engine to another by simply changing a configuration setting.

Views and controllers#section8

To create web pages, Rails provides a template system that makes it easy to use consistent page structures, to insert common components without repeating their code, to render information that comes from the database, and to display and process forms. These templates constitute the “view”? layer of the model-view-controller system.

If you’re a front-end developer, this is the part of Rails you should focus on. You can simply assume that your “view file” will be handed variables that contain whatever information you need to display. Just as PHP files are a mix of PHP code and HTML, a typical Rails view is a mix of Ruby and HTML. Continuing with our bookstore example, here’s a snippet of view code that displays the title and author of a book:

<h1><%= book.title %></h1>

<p><%= book.author %></p>

The Ruby code is marked by <%= and %>; the rest is HTML. The HTML and the output of the Ruby code are combined to create the web page.

Rails has integrated support for the Prototype and Scriptaculous JavaScript libraries, plus a great facility called Ruby JavaScript (RJS), for building Ajax interfaces. You can write almost everything in Ruby, including code that is eventually executed by the browser as JavaScript (the Rails framework handles the translation.)

A “controller” is a piece of Ruby code whose primary job is to communicate with the model to prepare the data needed by the view. Any information that the view needs is assembled by the controller in a set of variables before invoking the view. The controller also responds to Ajax requests after the page has loaded. Controllers provide a variety of other functions as well, from user authentication to error handling.

Rails tries hard to provide reasonable defaults for almost everything. Following a philosophy called Convention over Configuration, Rails almost entirely eliminates configuration files.

If you follow the Rails conventions, an amazing amount of stuff, from routing requests to the correct controller and view, to validating form data and displaying error messages, just works. Compared with most other languages and frameworks, it takes less code to accomplish most common tasks.

The Convention over Configuration approach is sometimes frustrating for newcomers, especially if they try to learn from an existing application, because there are hidden assumptions behind much of the code. The assumptions are what make the code simpler, but they can be confusing when you don’t know them. After you learn the Rails conventions, though, everything in Rails makes more sense. And when you’re building a new site, you have the wind at your back, because so much is already defined for you.

It’s not perfect#section10

Rails does have its drawbacks. These weak points are minimized for applications that fall within the Rails sweet spot I described earlier, but they can be big issues at the fringes.

Ruby is slower than most other languages. This is likely to change this year, but for now, it is a disadvantage—for those few applications in which processing time is actually an issue. In reality, this is a non-issue for the vast majority of websites.

The overhead of the MVC framework can also slow things down. With a little attention, though, most Rails applications can be made to perform very well. Model requests often need tuning to reduce the number of database accesses required. You can often eliminate database requests entirely: Rails includes a powerful caching system, so pages can frequently be created once and delivered many times.

Rails applications are also more trouble to host than PHP applications. Because of the size of the Rails framework code, it has to be kept in memory all the time, not loaded in response to a request. You need 100–200 MB of dedicated RAM to host even a low-traffic Rails application. With PHP applications, in contrast, you can host hundreds of applications on a single server, because they don’t occupy any memory when they aren’t being accessed.

Because of these server requirements, shared hosting of Rails applications is generally problematic. A VPS (virtual private server) is usually the best choice. Setting up a Rails server can be more complex than for PHP. This was an issue a year or two ago, but now there are many Rails-oriented hosting companies that provide turnkey solutions.

Another result of these server requirements is that Ruby on Rails hosting tends to be more expensive than for other platforms and languages. If you’re in the Rails sweet spot, your application is significant enough that the incremental hosting cost is insignificant compared to the value you get from using Rails.

The learning curve#section11

The complexity of Rails can make it hard for a beginner to get started: it takes months to become familiar with all of Rails. But you can get started by first learning just enough to build a basic Rails site. As you begin working with it, you’ll pick up new skills and knowledge as you need it.

People come to building websites in various ways and from different backgrounds, but most of them fall into one of two categories:

People who have an idea for a site they want to build and learn just enough technology to build it.

Programmers who see websites as just another kind of program.

Ruby on Rails was built by programmers, for programmers. So if you come to it from a professional software development background, it will feel a lot more familiar than if you come from web design.

If you’re not a software developer, there’s more to learn, but it’s not beyond your reach. Learning the parts of Ruby, and some bits of object-oriented programming, that you need to know to use Rails is not difficult. To start building applications using the Rails framework you only need to know how to use a limited subset of Ruby’s capabilities.

You can leave the advanced Ruby coding to those who work on the framework itself. You don’t need to understand much about how the internals of Rails works, or the techniques (such as metaprogramming) that it uses internally.

The Rails ecosystem includes many practices that come from the software development world, including use of source-code control systems, an automated testing framework, documentation tools, and deployment scripts. If you’ve been doing ad-hoc web development, these may be foreign concepts, but they can bring a lot of sanity into your work life once you become comfortable with them.

What to learn when#section12

The art of learning Rails is figuring out just what you can ignore at which stage of your education so you can grapple with a few things at a time, instead of with all the diverse technologies that make up a Rails application. (One easy way to get started learning Ruby on Rails is with the “free online course”:http://www.BuildingWebApps.com/learning_rails produced by the author of this article.)

Start by learning the basics of Ruby. You don’t need to go too deep, but you need to know the basics before you can effectively develop with Rails. Rails code looks almost like markup, and it is tempting to think of it as such, but you need to make the shift to thinking of your site as a program that emits web pages, rather than as a set of files that are web pages.

If you’re focused on the front end, learn how layouts, view templates, and partials work. If you’re working with a back-end developer, they’ll take care of the model and controller layers and provide your views with variables packed with just the data you need.

At first, you can ignore Ajax; it’s a largely separate layer that can make a big improvement in the user experience, but it really is optional. So you can put RJS, Prototype, and Scriptaculous aside when you’re learning Rails. Add on a layer of Ajax sophistication once you’re comfortable with the basics.

If you’re a back-end developer, concentrate on learning how to model your application domain as a set of resources, create your database tables, and use the resulting objects. The Rails framework is wide and deep, so it takes time to learn thoroughly, but you don’t need to use very much of it to get started.

While you’re learning Rails, you can ignore testing and all its associated complexities, even though it gets a lot of attention in discussions of Rails. When you’re further along, come back to it—but don’t let it slow down your initial learning or add to your cognitive load.

Once you’re up to speed, Ruby on Rails will become an old friend. With this powerful set of tools at your fingertips, you’ll be more productive than ever.

By being able to do more with less code, you’ll build better sites and have more fun doing it. There’s no looking back.