22 June 2016. Add The Memory Hole 2.

13 October 2014. Thanks to A, update link to PC World archived article on hacking history.

12 October 2014. Updated.

18 December 2010. Updated.

4 September 2010. In progress.

Sensitive Information Security Sources and Breaches

In response to Wikileaks background inquiries Cryptome offers that there are hundreds of online and offline sources of sensitive information security breaches which preceded Wikileaks beginning about 120 years ago. This outline traces the conflict between technological capabilities for sensitive information breaches and control by law enforcement when technical countermeasures are insufficient -- a few examples among many others worldwide:

Socrates (c.400BC, Socratic Method): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates

Electromagnetic Spying Timeline (Mid-late 1800's): http://cryptome.org/tempest-time.htm

Peter Zenger Press Freedom Trial (1735): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger

First Amendment of the US Constitution (1791): http://www.usconstitution.net/const.pdf

Elijah Lovejoy (1830s): http://www.colby.edu/lovejoyaward/past-recipients/2014-lovejoy-award-recipient-james-risen/james-risen-address/

Alexander Graham Bell (1876): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell

UK Official Secrets Act (1889): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act

Nikola Tesla (1894): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla

Guglielmo Marconi (1897): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi

John Dewey (1903): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey

Ida Tarbell (1904 The History of the Standard Oil Company): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_M._Tarbell

US Espionage Act of 1917: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917

UK Communications-Electronics Security Group (1919): http://www.cesg.gov.uk/

American Civil Liberties Union (1920): http://www.aclu.org

UKUSA Agreement (1940): http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/ukusa.shtml

Federation of American Scientists (1945): http://www.fas.org

Secrecy News (FAS kid): http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/secrecy/ Global Security (FAS kid): http://www.globalsecurity.org

Les Temps modernes (1945: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes

National Security Act of 1947: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947

Central Intelligence Agency (1947): http://www.cia.gov Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel Central Intelligence: Origin and Evolution: http://cryptome.org/cia-origin.htm Philip Agee (1975; CIA kid): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Agee CIA FOIA Documents: http://www.foia.cia.gov/ National Security Agency (1952): http://www.nsa.gov Winslow Peck (1972; NSA kid): http://cryptome.org/jya/nsa-elint.htm Anonymous AU (1973): http://cryptome.org/jya/nsa-40k.htm US Senate Church Report (1975): http://cryptome.org/nsa-4th.htm NIST Information Technology Laboratory: http://www.nist.gov/itl/ US Navy The Onion Router: http://www.torproject.org/ NSA FOIA Documents: http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/index.shtml Wayne Madsen Report: http://www.waynemadsenreport.com

Simone de Beauvoir (1949, The Second Sex): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Sex

I. F. Stone's Weekly (1953-67): http://www.ifstone.org/

Ralph Nader (1965): http://www.nader.org/

Noam Chomsky (1960s): http://www.chomsky.info/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky

The Internet (1960s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

Usenet Newsgroups (1980s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_groups World Wide Web (1989): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee Classified Networks: SIPRNet, .smil, .intel, .nsa, .fbi, et al

Hacking (1960s): https://web.archive.org/web/20060227110037/http://pcworld.about.com/news/Apr102001id45764.htm

Cryptome mirror: http://cryptome.org/0002/pcworld-hacking-history.pdf

Freedom of Information Act (1966): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)

National Archives: http://www.archives.gov

Classified National Security Information: http://www.archives.gov/isoo/policy-documents/eo-12958-amendment.html Presidential Libraries: http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/ The Federal Register: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/

Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov

David Kahn (1967): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)

MapQuest (1967): http://www.mapquest.com

Urban Deadline (Cryptome precursor, 1968): http://cryptome.org/0001/cryptome-ud.htm

Seymour Hersh (1969): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh

FTP (ARPANET, 1971): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol

Email (ARPANET, 1973): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email

Electronic Surveillance 1972-1995: http://cryptome.org/esnoop.htm

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein (1974): http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/web/woodstein/

Privacy Act (1974): http://www.gpoaccess.gov/privacyact/index.html

Personal Computer Invention (1976): http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/compersonal.htm

Whitfield Diffie (1977): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie

Martin Hellman (1977): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hellman

Ralph Merkle (1977): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Merkle

Progressive Magazine Publishes H-Bomb Design 1979: http://www.progressive.org/images/pdf/1179.pdf

Disk Operating System (1980): http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/compersonal.htm

James Bamford (1983): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bamford

Forum on Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems (1985): http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks

Jeffrey T. Richelson (1985): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_T._Richelson

National Security Archive (1985): http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/

Article 19 (1987): http://www.article19.org/

Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (1989): http://trac.syr.edu/

Public Interest Research (1989): http://www.namebase.org/staffbl.html

Electronic Frontier Foundation (1990): http://www.eff.org

Gopher (1991): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)

Lynx (1992): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)

Cypherpunks Mail List (1992): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunk

Interesting-People Mail List (1993): http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/

Electronic Privacy Information Center (1994): http://www.epic.org

Quintessenz (1994): http://www.quintessenz.at/cgi-bin/index?funktion=about

AltaVista (1995): http://www.altavista.com

The Internet Archive (1996): http://www.archive.org (Generous links to online libraries)

UK Crypto Mail List (1996): http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/ukcrypto

Ben Laurie (Wikileaks Advisor): http://www.apache-ssl.org/ben.html Ross Anderson: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/ Marcus Kuhn: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ Adam Back Cypherspace: http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/

GSM Crypto Cracks (1997-2010): http://cryptome.org/0001/gsm-a5-files.htm

Terraserver USA (1998): http://www.terraserver-usa.com

Bing Maps (2009): http://www.bing.com/maps

Google (1998): http://www.google.com

Wikipedia (2001): http://www.wikipedia.org

Advanced Encryption Standard (2001): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard

USA PATRIOT Act (2001): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_act

NSA warrant-less surveillance (2001): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_controversy

Total Information Awareness (2002): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_information_awareness

Daniel Bernstein: http://cr.yp.to/djb.html

Bruce Schneier: http://www.schneier.com/

Cryptography Research: http://www.cryptography.com/

Ciphers by Ritter: http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/ (Generous links)

Cryptography Org: http://www.cryptography.org/ (Generous links)

Scribd: http://www.scribd.com

PGPBoard: http://www.pgpboard.com/

The Memory Hole: http://www.thememoryhole.org [Temporarily down]

The Memory Hole 2 returns: https://thememoryhole2.org

Government Attic (2007; longtime source of FOI to others): http://www.governmentattic.org/

ProPublica (June 2008): http://www.propublica.org/

Public Intelligence: http://publicintelligence.net/

Public Intelligence Blog: http://www.phibetaiota.net/ (Handy list of comsec and spy sites)

History Anarchy Blog: http://historyanarchy.blogspot.com/

WikiSpooks: http://www.wikispooks.com

Cryptocomb: http://cryptocomb.org

Leaksource: http://leaksource.info/

The Intercept: https://firstlook.org/theintercept/

The Memory Hole 2: https://thememoryhole2.org