Image copyright Reuters Image caption Milan's Duomo square is seeing far fewer visitors

Italy was the first European country to report a major surge in cases of the coronavirus, with numbers quickly climbing into the hundreds.

The authorities have responded with travel restrictions in the north of the country that are bound to hit the economy.

So far, a number of towns in Lombardy in northern Italy have been locked down, with very limited numbers of people being allowed in or out.

That matters, because northern Italy is the country's industrial powerhouse. Lombardy alone accounts for 40% of Italian industrial output. Milan is Italy's key centre for finance and a range of other services.

Milan is not one of the areas covered by the shutdown. But even so, major tourist and cultural sites such as the cathedral (the Duomo) and the opera house La Scala have been closed.

Milan is also one of the world's major fashion centres. Fashion Week in late February did survive - after a fashion, as it were - but it was affected. For instance, Giorgio Armani's collection was shown without an audience.

Had the coronavirus arrived a few weeks earlier, it seems likely there would have been much more disruption to this major event in Milan's calendar.

There is some debate about whether the response in Lombardy has been too aggressive. But it is certainly true that public perceptions, well founded or not, translate into decisions about whether to travel or go out that have a real impact on businesses.

Persistent problem

Italy has struggled with persistently slow growth for many years. So could this health crisis be the factor that tips the country into another recession?

By any measure, the Italian economy is in a bad way.

In 2019, total production of goods and services was approximately the same as it was 15 years earlier. What's more, it was still 4% below the level it reached in 2007, just before the financial crisis.

Unemployment is also a persistent problem, especially among young people. The unemployment rate among under-25s is 28.9%, with only Spain and Greece having higher figures in the EU.

In the last two years, Italy has also had to contend with weaker global growth and a slowdown in international trade. In the final quarter of last year, GDP fell by 0.3%.

Prof Roberto Perotti of Bocconi University in Milan says more of the same is now in prospect:

"GDP will almost certainly shrink this quarter as well, so Italy will technically be in a recession [often defined as two consecutive quarters of declining GDP]. It will probably shrink for the whole year," he says.

Tourism woes

It is true that even without the virus, another contraction in the current quarter would have been a distinct possibility. But the odds have strengthened now that economic activity will be hit by the health crisis.

How severe it will be for Italy obviously depends on the unknowable (at this stage) course of the disease.

Image copyright Reuters Image caption Skiing season is facing disruption in Italy

How it affects tourism will be an important factor. This is not the main season, apart from skiing in the mountains. The areas affected so far are not the main tourist areas. But as the summer approaches and if the virus spreads to other areas of Italy, that could change.

Already some flights to northern Italy have been cancelled. EasyJet, for example, said it was a response to "softening demand" - in other words, people choosing not to go there.

Prof Perotti thinks that tourist numbers will go to almost zero in the near future. And even if the virus problem goes away by the summer, the industry won't quickly get back to normal. "Tourism," he says, "has a long memory."

He thinks the overall impact on Italy will depend to a large extent on how the big economies react, notably the US and Germany.

The message from Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte is: "It's time to stop the panic." He has called on the national broadcaster to tone down its coverage.

Financial squeeze

One consequence of Italy's protracted sluggishness has been stretched government finances. Its government debt is equivalent to 133% of GDP.

In the EU, only Greece exceeds that figure. EU rules for the government finances set a target of 60% or less. Several other countries are above that threshold, but Greece and Italy stand out. So Italy could really do without additional stress on its government finances.

Prof Perotti thinks the virus could aggravate that problem: "The direct cost of the health intervention, I don't think is huge. Now if there is a big recession, the lost revenue from that will be a big issue."

Weaker economic activity will mean less tax revenue. Prof Perotti thinks the government will use it as an excuse to get more leeway in the continuing discussions that Italy is having with the European Commission about getting its finances into line with the rules.

But Italy probably can't expect very much help from monetary policy, which is in the hands of the European Central Bank. Interest rates are already very low: one of the ECB's main rates is below zero. In any event, Prof Perotti thinks it will only act if "things get very ugly for the whole of the eurozone".

At the moment, Italy looks like the economy most exposed to the consequences of the new coronavirus and one with many other pre-existing challenges. But if the spread continues, then Italy might not look like such a special case for long.