As a part of the Europe 2020 strategy, the EU has set itself three climate and energy targets also known as the ‘20-20-20’ targets. These targets include a 20 percent reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions compared with 1990 levels, a 20 percent share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and a 20 percent cut in the energy consumption compared to the 2020 business-as-usual projection.

The Europe 2020 strategy is the EU’s agenda, for growth and jobs for the current decade. It emphasises ‘smart, sustainable and inclusive growth’ as a way to overcome the structural weaknesses in Europe’s economy, improve its competitiveness and productivity and underpin a sustainable social market economy. It was proposed by the European Commission on 3 March 2010 as a 10-year strategy plan.

To reach these objectives, the EU has adopted various targets to achieve by 2020 in five areas: employment, R&D, climate change and energy, education, and poverty reduction.

GHG emission reduction

“EU GHG emissions, including emissions from international aviation and indirect CO2 emissions, were down by 22.4 percent compared with 1990 levels. EU is thus expected to exceed its Europe 2020 target of reducing GHG emissions by 20 percent by 2020,” according to the latest (2018) report on Europe 2020.

The main policy instruments to achieve this target are the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD).

The EU ETS sets a single EU-wide cap for more than 11,000 power stations and industrial plants, as well as the emissions from flights within the European Economic Area whereas the ESD sets a binding GHG emissions target for each Member State for sectors not included in the EU ETS.

Overall, the EU is projected to achieve its target under the EU ESD, reported VoxEurop on 23 October 2018. However, seven countries (Luxembourg, Ireland, Austria, Finland, Belgium, Germany and Malta) will not achieve their respective targets according to the 2020 projections made by the European Environment Agency (EEA).

As mentioned earlier, the EU-28 is set to achieve its overall GHG target. The EEA projections indicate that it will reduce its GHG by 6 percentage points more than the 2020 target with existing measures and 7 percentage points with additional measures.

As of 2016, compared to the 1990 levels, five of the EU-28 countries have increased their GHG emissions. Rest of the 23, have reduced the GHG emissions, 13 of them already by more than 20 percent, according to the latest data available on Eurostat, the statistical office of the EU.

These include the total emissions, including international aviation and indirect CO2, but excludes emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF).

Lithuania (-58 percent), Latvia (-56 percent), Romania (-54 percent) and Estonia (-51 percent) are the countries with the maximum GHG reductions as compared to the 1990 emissions.

Share of Renewable Energy

In 2016, renewable energy provided 17.0 percent of gross final energy consumption, up from 9.0 percent in 2005, according to the Eurostat data.

“Solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels still provide the largest share of total renewable energy in the EU and are used heavily in heating as well as in electricity generation and transport. For transport, renewable energy provided 7.1 percent of all energy used in 2016, up from 1.8 percent in 2005,” said the latest Europe 2020 report.

Each country has been given an individual target as a part of the 20 percent (share of renewable energy in gross final energy) target that the EU-28 is supposed to achieve.

Sweden has already achieved its target in spite of having the highest target to achieve by 2020. On the other hand, Malta, Luxembourg and Belgium have the lowest targets to achieve but are still respectively 4.0, 5.6 and 4.3 percentage points away from their respective targets.

Netherlands, France, Ireland and the United Kingdom are the furthest (by 8.0, 7.0, 6.5 and 5.7 percentage points respectively) away from achieving their 2020 targets.

Energy Consumption Target

The primary energy consumption (PEC) measures the total energy demand of a country. It covers consumption of the energy sector itself, losses during transformation (for example, from oil or gas into electricity) and distribution of energy, and the final consumption by end users.

“In 2016, EU-28 consumed 170.6 Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent), 10 percent less primary energy than in 2005 and 310.3 Mtoe 16.7 percent less than projections of 2020 consumption made in 2007,” according to the Europe 2020 report.

Final energy consumption (FEC) is the total energy consumed by end users, such as households, industry and agriculture. It is the energy which reaches the final consumer’s door and excludes that which is used by the energy sector itself.

Even though the 2020 target for FEC was reached temporarily in 2015, a subsequent rise in consumption in 2016 means an additional 2.0 percent fall is required by 2020.

Country-wise, Germany by 19.2 Mtoe and France by 15.5 Mtoe (followed by the UK, Italy and Spain) have the highest PEC as of 2016 and both of them are also furthest away from their 2020 targets. Seventeen countries (including Italy and Spain) already have their PEC below their respective 2020 targets.

As compared to the 2005 consumption, only Estonia and Poland increased their PEC. Rest all of the countries have cut down on their consumptions, Lithuania the most followed by Greece and Malta.