👋 Hey! If you have a subscription to egghead.io you might enjoy my course on the Context API over there. It's only about 35 minutes long and covers a lot of ground: how to manage state with Context (without Redux), patterns for structuring your code, how to display notifications, testing, performance. All in real-world scenarios. React Context for State Management

React 16.3 added a new Context API – new in the sense that the old context API was a behind-the-scenes feature that most people either didn’t know about, or avoided using because the docs said to avoid using it.

Now, though, the Context API is a first-class citizen in React, open to all (not that it wasn’t before, but it’s, like, official now).

As soon as React 16.3 came out there were articles all across the web proclaiming the death of Redux because of this new Context API. If you asked Redux, though, I think it would say “the reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.”

In this post I want to cover how the new Context API works, how it is similar to Redux, when you might want to use Context instead of Redux, and why Context doesn’t replace the need for Redux in every case.

If you just want an overview of Context, you can skip down to that.

A Plain React Example

I’m going to assume you’ve got the basics of React down pat (props & state), but if you don’t, take my free 5-day course to learn the basics of React:

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Let’s look at an example that would cause most people to reach for Redux. We’ll start with a plain React version, and then see what it looks like in Redux, and finally with Context.

This app has the user’s information displayed in two places: in the nav bar at the top-right, and in the sidebar next to the main content.

(You might notice it looks suspiciously like Twitter. Not an accident! One of the best ways to hone your React skills is through copywork – building replicas of existing apps)

The component structure looks like this:

With pure React (just regular props), we need to store the user’s info high enough in the tree that it can be passed down to the components that need it. In this case, the keeper of user info has to be App .

Then, in order to get the user info down to the components that need it, App needs to pass it along to Nav and Body. They, in turn, need to pass it down again, to UserAvatar (hooray!) and Sidebar. Finally, Sidebar has to pass it down to UserStats.

Let’s look at how this works in code (I’m putting everything in one file to make it easier to read, but in reality these would probably be split out into separate files following some kind of standard structure).

import React from "react" ; import ReactDOM from "react-dom" ; import "./styles.css" ; const UserAvatar = ( { user , size } ) => ( < img className = { `user-avatar ${ size || "" } ` } alt = "user avatar" src = { user .avatar } /> ) ; const UserStats = ( { user } ) => ( < div className = "user-stats" > < div > < UserAvatar user = { user } /> { user .name } </ div > < div className = "stats" > < div > { user .followers } Followers </ div > < div > Following { user .following } </ div > </ div > </ div > ) ; const Nav = ( { user } ) => ( < div className = "nav" > < UserAvatar user = { user } size = "small" /> </ div > ) ; const Content = () => < div className = "content" > main content here </ div > ; const Sidebar = ( { user } ) => ( < div className = "sidebar" > < UserStats user = { user } /> </ div > ) ; const Body = ( { user } ) => ( < div className = "body" > < Sidebar user = { user } /> < Content user = { user } /> </ div > ) ; class App extends React . Component { state = { user : { avatar : "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5c3dd2d257ff0e14dbd2583485dbd44b" , name : "Dave" , followers : 1234 , following : 123 } } ; render () { const { user } = this .state ; return ( < div className = "app" > < Nav user = { user } /> < Body user = { user } /> </ div > ) ; } } ReactDOM . render ( < App /> , document . querySelector ( "#root" )) ;

Here’s a working example on CodeSandbox.

Here, App initializes the state to contain the “user” object – in a real app you’d probably fetch this data from a server and keep it in state for rendering.

In terms of prop drilling, this isn’t terrible. It works just fine. “Prop drilling” is not discouraged by any means; it’s a perfectly valid pattern and core to the way React works. But deep drilling can be a bit annoying to write. And it gets more annoying when you have to pass down a lot of props (instead of just one).

There’s a bigger downside to this “prop drilling” strategy though: it creates coupling between components that would otherwise be decoupled. In the example above, Nav needs to accept a “user” prop and pass it down to UserAvatar , even though Nav does not have any need for the user otherwise.

Tightly-coupled components (like ones that forward props down to their children) are more difficult to reuse, because you’ve gotta wire them up with their new parents whenever you plop one down in a new location.

Let’s look at how we might improve it.

Before You Reach for Context or Redux…

If you can find a way to coalesce your app structure and take advantage of the children prop, it can lead to cleaner code without having to resort to deep prop drilling, or Context, or Redux.

The children prop is a great solution for components that need to be generic placeholders, like Nav , Sidebar , and Body in this example. Also know that you can pass JSX elements into any prop, not just the one named “children” – so if you need more than one “slot” to plug components into, keep that in mind.

Here’s the same example, rewritten so that Nav and Sidebar accept a children prop and render it as-is. Notice the Body component too – even though it doesn’t take a prop named children , it has two “slots” of sorts that it renders to the page.

Written this way, the top-level App component can simply render what it needs to, using the data it already has in scope, without having to pass data down more than one level.

(Thanks to Dan Abramov for this suggestion!)

import React from "react" ; import ReactDOM from "react-dom" ; import "./styles.css" ; const UserAvatar = ( { user , size } ) => ( < img className = { `user-avatar ${ size || "" } ` } alt = "user avatar" src = { user .avatar } /> ) ; const UserStats = ( { user } ) => ( < div className = "user-stats" > < div > < UserAvatar user = { user } /> { user .name } </ div > < div className = "stats" > < div > { user .followers } Followers </ div > < div > Following { user .following } </ div > </ div > </ div > ) ; // Accept children and render it/them const Nav = ( { children } ) => ( < div className = "nav" > { children } </ div > ) ; const Content = () => ( < div className = "content" > main content here </ div > ) ; const Sidebar = ( { children } ) => ( < div className = "sidebar" > { children } </ div > ) ; // Body needs a sidebar and content, but written this way, // they can be ANYTHING const Body = ( { sidebar , content } ) => ( < div className = "body" > < Sidebar > { sidebar } </ Sidebar > { content } </ div > ) ; class App extends React . Component { state = { user : { avatar : "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5c3dd2d257ff0e14dbd2583485dbd44b" , name : "Dave" , followers : 1234 , following : 123 } } ; render () { const { user } = this .state ; return ( < div className = "app" > < Nav > < UserAvatar user = { user } size = "small" /> </ Nav > < Body sidebar = { < UserStats user = { user } /> } content = { < Content /> } /> </ div > ) ; } } ReactDOM . render ( < App /> , document . querySelector ( "#root" )) ;

Here’s the working example on CodeSandbox.

If your app is too complex, it might be tough to figure out how to adapt the children pattern. Let’s see how you might replace the prop drilling with Redux.

Redux Example

I’m going to go through the Redux example quickly so we can look more deeply at how Context works, so if you are fuzzy on Redux, read my intro to Redux first (or watch the video).

Here’s the React app from above, refactored to use Redux. The user info has been moved to the Redux store, which means we can use react-redux’s connect function to directly inject the user prop into components that need it.

This is a big win in terms of decoupling. Take a look at Nav , Body , and Sidebar and you’ll see that they’re no longer accepting and passing down the user prop. No more playing hot potato with props. No more needless coupling.

The reducer here doesn’t do much; it’s pretty simple. I’ve got more elsewhere about how Redux reducers work and how to write the immutable code that goes in them.

import React from "react" ; import ReactDOM from "react-dom" ; // We need createStore, connect, and Provider: import { createStore } from "redux" ; import { connect, Provider } from "react-redux" ; // Create a reducer with an empty initial state const initialState = {} ; function reducer ( state = initialState, action ) { switch ( action .type ) { // Respond to the SET_USER action and update // the state accordingly case "SET_USER" : return { ... state, user : action .user } ; default : return state ; } } // Create the store with the reducer const store = createStore ( reducer ) ; // Dispatch an action to set the user // (since initial state is empty) store . dispatch ({ type : "SET_USER" , user : { avatar : "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5c3dd2d257ff0e14dbd2583485dbd44b" , name : "Dave" , followers : 1234 , following : 123 } }) ; // This mapStateToProps function extracts a single // key from state (user) and passes it as the `user` prop const mapStateToProps = state => ({ user : state .user }) ; // connect() UserAvatar so it receives the `user` directly, // without having to receive it from a component above // could also split this up into 2 variables: // const UserAvatarAtom = ({ user, size }) => ( ... ) // const UserAvatar = connect(mapStateToProps)(UserAvatarAtom); const UserAvatar = connect ( mapStateToProps )(( { user , size } ) => ( < img className = { `user-avatar ${ size || "" } ` } alt = "user avatar" src = { user .avatar } /> )) ; // connect() UserStats so it receives the `user` directly, // without having to receive it from a component above // (both use the same mapStateToProps function) const UserStats = connect ( mapStateToProps )(( { user } ) => ( < div className = "user-stats" > < div > < UserAvatar /> { user .name } </ div > < div className = "stats" > < div > { user .followers } Followers </ div > < div > Following { user .following } </ div > </ div > </ div > )) ; // Nav doesn't need to know about `user` anymore const Nav = () => ( < div className = "nav" > < UserAvatar size = "small" /> </ div > ) ; const Content = () => ( < div className = "content" > main content here </ div > ) ; // Sidebar doesn't need to know about `user` anymore const Sidebar = () => ( < div className = "sidebar" > < UserStats /> </ div > ) ; // Body doesn't need to know about `user` anymore const Body = () => ( < div className = "body" > < Sidebar /> < Content /> </ div > ) ; // App doesn't hold state anymore, so it can be // a stateless function const App = () => ( < div className = "app" > < Nav /> < Body /> </ div > ) ; // Wrap the whole app in Provider so that connect() // has access to the store ReactDOM . render ( < Provider store = { store } > < App /> </ Provider > , document . querySelector ( "#root" ) ) ;

Here’s the Redux example on CodeSandbox.

Now you might be wondering how Redux achieves this magic. It’s a good thing to wonder. How is it that React doesn’t support passing props down multiple levels, but Redux is able to do it?

The answer is, Redux uses React’s Context API behind the scenes! Redux is more than just a simple wrapper around Context though – for more on how it works, check out Mark Erikson’s explanation of how Redux uses Context internally.

Context is like an electrical line running behind every component: to receive the power (data) passing through it, you need only plug in. And (React-)Redux’s connect function does just that.

This feature of Redux is just the tip of the iceberg, though. Passing data around all over the place is just the most apparent of Redux’s features. Here are a few other benefits you get out of the box:

connect is pure

connect automatically makes connected components “pure,” meaning they will only re-render when their props change – a.k.a. when their slice of the Redux state changes. This prevents needless re-renders and keeps your app running fast. DIY method: Create a class that extends PureComponent , or implement shouldComponentUpdate yourself.

Easy Debugging with Redux

The ceremony of writing actions and reducers is balanced by the awesome debugging power it affords you.

With the Redux DevTools extension you get an automatic log of every action your app performed. At any time you can pop it open and see which actions fired, what their payload was, and the state before and after the action occurred.

Another great feature the Redux DevTools enable is time travel debugging a.k.a. you can click on any past action and jump to that point in time, basically replaying every action up to and including that one (but no further). The reason this can work is because each action immutably update’s the state, so you can take a list of recorded state updates and replay them, with no ill effects, and end up where you expect.

Then there are tools like LogRocket that basically give you an always-on Redux DevTools in production for every one of your users. Got a bug report? Sweet. Look up that user’s session in LogRocket and you can see a replay of what they did, and exactly which actions fired. That all works by tapping into Redux’s stream of actions.

Customize Redux with Middleware

Redux supports the concept of middleware, which is a fancy word for “a function that runs every time an action is dispatched.” Writing your own middleware isn’t as hard as it might seem, and it enables some powerful stuff.

For instance…

Want to kick off an API request every time an action name starts with FETCH_ ? You could do that with middleware.

? You could do that with middleware. Want a centralized place to log events to your analytics software? Middleware is a good place for that.

Want to prevent certain actions from firing at certain times? You can do that with middleware, transparent to the rest of your app.

Want to intercept actions that have a JWT token and save them to localStorage, automatically? Yep, middleware.

Here’s a good article with some examples of how to write Redux middleware.

How to Use the React Context API

But hey, maybe you don’t need all those fancy features of Redux. Maybe you don’t care about the easy debugging, the customization, or the automatic performance improvements – all you want to do is pass data around easily. Maybe your app is small, or you just need to get something working and address the fancy stuff later.

React’s new Context API will probably fit the bill. Let’s see how it works.

I published a quick Context API lesson on Egghead if you’d rather watch than read (3:43):

There are 3 important pieces to the context API:

The React.createContext function which creates the context

function which creates the context The Provider (returned by createContext ) which establishes the “electrical bus” running through a component tree

(returned by ) which establishes the “electrical bus” running through a component tree The Consumer (also returned by createContext ) which taps into the “electrical bus” to extract the data

The Provider is very similar to React-Redux’s Provider . It accepts a value prop which can be whatever you want (it could even be a Redux store… but that’d be silly). It’ll most likely be an object containing your data and any actions you want to be able to perform on the data.

The Consumer works a little bit like React-Redux’s connect function, tapping into the data and making it available to the component that uses it.

Here are the highlights:

// Up top, we create a new context // This is an object with 2 properties: { Provider, Consumer } // Note that it's named with UpperCase, not camelCase // This is important because we'll use it as a component later // and Component Names must start with a Capital Letter const UserContext = React . createContext () ; // Components that need the data tap into the context // by using its Consumer property. Consumer uses the // "render props" pattern. const UserAvatar = ( { size } ) => ( < UserContext.Consumer > { user => ( < img className = { `user-avatar ${ size || "" } ` } alt = "user avatar" src = { user .avatar } /> ) } </ UserContext.Consumer > ) ; // Notice that we don't need the 'user' prop any more, // because the Consumer fetches it from context const UserStats = () => ( < UserContext.Consumer > { user => ( < div className = "user-stats" > < div > < UserAvatar user = { user } /> { user .name } </ div > < div className = "stats" > < div > { user .followers } Followers </ div > < div > Following { user .following } </ div > </ div > </ div > ) } </ UserContext.Consumer > ) ; // ... all those other components go here ... // ... (the ones that no longer need to know or care about `user`) // At the bottom, inside App, we pass the context down // through the tree using the Provider class App extends React . Component { state = { user : { avatar : "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5c3dd2d257ff0e14dbd2583485dbd44b" , name : "Dave" , followers : 1234 , following : 123 } } ; render () { return ( < div className = "app" > < UserContext.Provider value = { this . state .user } > < Nav /> < Body /> </ UserContext.Provider > </ div > ) ; } }

Here’s the full code in a CodeSandbox.

Let’s go over how this works.

Remember there’s 3 pieces: the context pair itself (the object returned by React.createContext ), and the two components that talk to it ( Provider and Consumer ).

Provider and Consumer are a Pair

The Provider and Consumer are bound together. Inseperable. And they only know how to talk to each other. If you created two separate contexts, say “Context1” and “Context2”, then Context1’s Provider and Consumer would not be able to communicate with Context2’s Provider and Consumer.

Context Holds No State

Notice how the context does not have its own state. It is merely a conduit for your data. You have to pass a value to the Provider , and that exact value gets passed down to any Consumer s that know how to look for it (Consumers that are bound to the same context as the Provider).

When you create the context, you can pass in a “default value” like this:

const Ctx = React . createContext ( yourDefaultValue ) ;

This default value is what the Consumer will receive when it is placed in a tree with no Provider above it. If you don’t pass one, the value will just be undefined . Note, though, that this is a default value, not an initial value. A context doesn’t retain anything; it merely distributes the data you pass in.

Consumer Uses the Render Props Pattern

Redux’s connect function is a higher-order component (or HoC for short). It wraps another component and passes props into it.

The context Consumer , by contrast, expects the child component to be a function. It then calls that function at render time, passing in the value that it got from the Provider somewhere above it (or the context’s default value, or undefined if you didn’t pass a default).

Provider Accepts One Value

Just a single value, as the value prop. But remember that the value can be anything. In practice, if you want to pass multiple values down, you’d create an object with all the values and pass that object down.

That’s pretty much the nuts and bolts of the Context API.

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Context API is Flexible

Since creating a context gives us two components to work with (Provider and Consumer), we’re free to use them however we want. Here are a couple ideas.

Turn the Consumer into a Higher-Order Component

Not fond of the idea of adding the UserContext.Consumer around every place that needs it? Well, it’s your code! You can do what you want. You’re an adult.

If you’d rather receive the value as a prop, you could write a little wrapper around the Consumer like this:

function withUser ( Component ) { return function ConnectedComponent ( props ) { return ( < UserContext.Consumer > { user => < Component { ... props } user = { user } /> } </ UserContext.Consumer > ) ; } }

And then you could rewrite, say, UserAvatar to use this new withUser function:

const UserAvatar = withUser (( { size , user } ) => ( < img className = { `user-avatar ${ size || "" } ` } alt = "user avatar" src = { user .avatar } /> )) ;

And BOOM, context can work just like Redux’s connect . Minus the automatic purity.

Here’s an example CodeSandbox with this higher-order component.

Hold State in the Provider

The context’s Provider is just a conduit, remember. It doesn’t retain any data. But that doesn’t stop you from making your own wrapper to hold the data.

In the example above, I left App holding the data, so that the only new thing you’d need to understand was the Provider + Consumer components. But maybe you want to make your own “store”, of sorts. You could create a component to hold the state and pass them through context:

class UserStore extends React . Component { state = { user : { avatar : "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/5c3dd2d257ff0e14dbd2583485dbd44b" , name : "Dave" , followers : 1234 , following : 123 } } ; render () { return ( < UserContext.Provider value = { this . state .user } > { this . props .children } </ UserContext.Provider > ) ; } } // ... skip the middle stuff ... const App = () => ( < div className = "app" > < Nav /> < Body /> </ div > ) ; ReactDOM . render ( < UserStore > < App /> </ UserStore > , document . querySelector ( "#root" ) ) ;

Now your user data is nicely contained in its own component whose sole concern is user data. Awesome. App can be stateless once again. I think it looks a little cleaner, too.

Here’s an example CodeSandbox with this UserStore.

Pass Actions Down Through Context

Rememeber that the object being passed down through the Provider can contain whatever you want. Which means it can contain functions. You might even call them “actions.”

Here’s a new example: a simple Room with a lightswitch to toggle the background color – err, I mean lights.

The state is kept in the store, which also has a function to toggle the light. Both the state and the function are passed down through context.

import React from "react" ; import ReactDOM from "react-dom" ; import "./styles.css" ; // Plain empty context const RoomContext = React . createContext () ; // A component whose sole job is to manage // the state of the Room class RoomStore extends React . Component { state = { isLit : false } ; toggleLight = () => { this . setState ( state => ({ isLit : ! state .isLit })) ; } ; render () { // Pass down the state and the onToggleLight action return ( < RoomContext.Provider value = { { isLit : this . state .isLit, onToggleLight : this .toggleLight } } > { this . props .children } </ RoomContext.Provider > ) ; } } // Receive the state of the light, and the function to // toggle the light, from RoomContext const Room = () => ( < RoomContext.Consumer > { ( { isLit , onToggleLight } ) => ( < div className = { `room ${ isLit ? "lit" : "dark" } ` } > The room is { isLit ? "lit" : "dark" } . < br /> < button onClick = { onToggleLight } > Flip </ button > </ div > ) } </ RoomContext.Consumer > ) ; const App = () => ( < div className = "app" > < Room /> </ div > ) ; // Wrap the whole app in the RoomStore // this would work just as well inside `App` ReactDOM . render ( < RoomStore > < App /> </ RoomStore > , document . querySelector ( "#root" ) ) ;

Here’s the full working example in CodeSandbox.

Should You Use Context, or Redux?

Now that you’ve seen both ways – which one should you use? Well, if there’s one thing that will make your apps better and more fun to write, it’s taking control of making the decisions. I know you might just want “The Answer,” but I’m sorry to have to tell you, “it depends.”

It depends on things like how big your app is, or will grow to be. How many people will work on it – just you, or a larger team? How experienced are you or your team with functional concepts (the ones Redux relies upon, like immutability and pure functions).

One big pernicious fallacy that pervades the JavaScript ecosystem is the idea of competition. The idea that every choice is a zero-sum game: if you use Library A, you must not use its competitor Library B. The idea that when a new library comes out that’s better in some way, that it must supplant an existing one. There’s a perception that everything must be either/or, that you must either choose The Best Most Recent or be relegated to the back room with the developers of yesteryear.

A better approach is to look at this wonderful array of choices like a toolbox. It’s like the choice between using a screwdriver or an impact driver. For 80% of the jobs, the impact driver is gonna put the screw in faster than the screwdriver. But for that other 20%, the screwdriver is actually the better choice – maybe because the space is tight, or the item is delicate. When I got an impact driver I didn’t immediately throw away my screwdriver, or even my non-impact drill. The impact driver didn’t replace them, it simply gave me another option. Another way to solve a problem.

Context doesn’t “replace” Redux any more than React “replaced” Angular or jQuery. Heck, I still use jQuery when I need to do something quick. I still sometimes use server-rendered EJS templates instead of spinning up a whole React app. Sometimes React is more than you need for the task at hand. Sometimes Redux is more than you need.

Today, when Redux is more than you need, you can reach for Context.

Translations

Russian (by Maxim Vashchenko)

Japanese (by Kiichi)

Portuguese (by Wenderson Pires)

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