Turkey’s president Recep Tayyip Erdogan will meet on Tuesday (9 August) his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin aiming to open “a new page” in bilateral relations and reverse the damage sustained by sanctions imposed by Russia.

Ankara’s downing of a Russian warplane over the Syrian border last November prompted rapid retaliation from Moscow and a bitter war of words between presidents Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdogan from which there appeared no going back.

But just half a year on Russia has accepted Ankara’s expressions of regret over the incident and Erdogan will meet Putin in Saint Petersburg on Tuesday for their first summit since the crisis erupted, in the hope of reviving the relationship.

Ankara was also gladdened by Moscow’s response to the July 15 failed coup in Turkey. Putin was one of the first foreign leaders to phone Erdogan offering support and, unsurprisingly, sharing none of the scruples of EU leaders about the ensuing crackdown.

“The Russian response stood in stark contrast to those of Turkey’s Western allies,” said Jeffrey Mankoff of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

Relations between Turkey and Russia – two powers vying for influence in the strategic Black Sea region and the Middle East – have never been straightforward and their predecessor Ottoman and Russian empires fought three centuries of war.

Yet before the plane crisis, Moscow and Ankara managed to prevent disputes on Syria and Ukraine harming strategic cooperation on issues like the TurkStream gas pipeline to Europe and a Russian-built nuclear power station in Turkey.

The alliance was built on a macho friendship between Putin and Erdogan, two combative leaders in their early 60s credited with restoring confidence to their nations in the wake of financial crises but also criticised for clamping down on human rights.

With Erdogan making clear in no uncertain terms he feels let down by the United States and the European Union after the coup, there is the prospect of a new era in Turkey-Russia ties.

“While Turkish-Russian ties are subject to their own uncertainties, this deterioration of relations with Western powers could accelerate a Turkish-Russian rapprochement,” said analysts from the European Council on Foreign Relations.

“A new page”

In an interview with Russian news agency TASS on Sunday (7 August), Erdogan stressed that “a new page” in bilateral relations would open this week.

“This will be a historic visit, a new beginning. At the talks with my friend Vladimir (Putin), I believe, a new page in bilateral relations will be opened. Our countries have a lot to do together,” TASS quoted Erdogan as saying.

“Without Russia’s participation, it’s impossible to find a solution to the Syrian problem. Only in partnership with Russia will we be able to settle the crisis in Syria,” Erdogan noted.

‘Restore relations’

Turkey will want to reverse the damage sustained by sanctions imposed by Russia which took a heavy toll on agriculture and construction.

According to Kremlin data, trade between the two sides fell 43 percent to $6.1 billion in January-May this year.

Terrorism and refugee crisis hits tourism in Greece and Turkey Tourism in Greece and Turkey has been badly hit by the refugee crisis and deadly terrorist attacks, damaging a crucial source of revenue in both countries.

Turkey’s tourism industry was worst hit, with Russian arrivals down 93 percent in June compared to the same period in 2015.

Erdogan’s spokesman Ibrahim Kalin said he expected Russian tourism to “quickly” return to the pre-November 2015 levels.

Meanwhile the TurkStream pipeline, that was to have pumped 31.5 billion cubic metres of gas a year, and the Akkuyu nuclear power station should now be back on the agenda.

Intriguingly, Turkish officials have said the pilots of the Turkish planes that shot down the Russian jet on November 24 have been detained over the failed coup, raising the prospect that Ankara could link the downing to the same conspiracy.

Before the plane incident “Russia and Turkey were in a relationship of advanced partnership”, Putin’s spokesman Dmitry Peskov said.

Putin’s foreign policy advisor Yuri Ushakov said the fact Erdogan was visiting so soon after the coup showed the importance Turkey attached to relations with Russia.

‘Pragmatic not personal’

But after such a bitter dispute – which led Putin to declare that Erdogan had left modern Turkey’s founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk “turning in his grave” -it will take a lot for the two post-imperial strongmen to get back to business as usual.

Some analysts contend that Moscow has the upper hand in the relationship with energy-poor Turkey, which still imports over half its natural gas needs from Russia.

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Russia, which is the strongest ally of Erdogan’s foe President Bashar al-Assad in Syria, transformed the balance of the Syrian civil war last September when it intervened militarily to Turkey’s consternation.

When the jet crisis reached its peak, Moscow also brandished its support for a Syrian Kurdish militia which Ankara accuses of being a terror group, sparking fears Russia could even arm Kurdish militants fighting Turkey.

“The only person that Erdogan fears is Vladimir Putin,” argued Steven Cook of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Mankoff said the tension between Turkey and the West creates for Moscow a “prime opportunity to pull Ankara closer”.

It may be that ties improve steadily but without the fireworks seen when the relationship was at its peak in late 2014 when Putin suddenly announced the TurkStream project as one of the first visitors to Erdogan’s new presidential palace.

“What we are going to see is a longer-lasting but more pragmatic type of relationship built not on a personal friendship or ideology but on common material interests,” Alexander Baunov, a senior associate at the Carnegie Moscow Center, said.