When the French energy giant Total signed a landmark gas deal with Iran this month, the company’s chief executive lauded the nearly $5 billion investment as a trailblazing initiative for peace.

“We’re here to build bridges, not walls,” Patrick Pouyanné said in an interview with Agence France-Presse at the signing ceremony in Tehran.

The venture, which includes China’s National Petroleum and the Iranian company Petropars, will develop the South Pars gas field under a 20-year contract. It is Iran’s first major energy contract with a European firm since a nuclear deal with world powers lifted sanctions on Iran last year.

“Economic development is also a way of building peace,” Pouyanné said.

Pouyanné’s remarks reflect a broader vision among European leaders for improving ties with Iran, in part by encouraging firms such as Total to invest now that major sanctions are gone. But his comments also highlight the growing rift between the United States and Europe over how to engage with Iran, which the Trump administration has identified as a global menace and singled out for sanctions and isolation.

Since President Trump took office, Europe and the United States have pursued increasingly different courses on Iran, casting doubt over the future of the nuclear accord, which limits Iranian nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief and other trade.

For Europe, the nuclear deal negotiated in 2015 has facilitated relations with a key, if problematic, player in the Middle East while opening a vast consumer and energy market to European companies.

[Trump administration plans to certify Iranian compliance with nuclear agreement]

Many European banks and firms have been reluctant to jump in, but French, German and Italian companies have also invested in sectors including renewable energy, luxury hotels and auto manufacturing. On Thursday, the French company that makes Peugeot and Citroen cars said that its sales nearly tripled in the Middle East and Africa in the first half of the year because of new production in Iran.

“The Europeans are returning, the Chinese are returning, the Russians, Ukrainians — it’s all over the place,” said Fabien Dany, a Tehran-based consultant who advises companies on the Iranian market. “There are very big companies with appetites for investment” in Iran, he said. “And they’re going through with it.”

But in Washington, the agreement, which was negotiated by the Obama administration, has been portrayed as a boon for a repressive regime that threatens the region. Some in the White House are pushing for harsher measures against Iran, because they say that the country should not go unpunished for activities such as ballistic-missile development.

In April, the administration informed Congress that Iran was in compliance with the deal, a certification it must make every 90 days. But it also put the accord under review — with the option to abandon it entirely. On Monday, the administration plans to certify again. Officials have said the policy review should be completed before the next certification is due in October.

In the meantime, the Treasury Department has not even said whether it will allow companies such as Boeing to do business with Iran, despite potential sales the firm says would create tens of thousands of American jobs.

“There is a clear division between where the Europeans are going and where the Americans are going on Iran,” said Ellie Geranmayeh, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations. “The Europeans have embarked on a path of rapprochement. The U.S. is looking at a policy of isolationism and containment.”

The optics of Total’s $4.8 billion investment, which analysts say has the backing of the French government, “were seen as, ‘We’re going ahead despite all the uncertainties of the U.S. administration,’ ” Geranmayeh said. “The Europeans are messaging: ‘Our foreign policy on Iran now is different to yours in Washington. We’re not just going to automatically follow suit.’ ”

Critics of the European approach, and of the deal more generally, say the pro-business attitude has blinded the international community to incremental violations of the accord by Iran, as well as more heinous activities in the region.

Iran, critics point out, has twice breached the limit the accord places on heavy water, a chemical used in nuclear reactors capable of yielding plutonium. Still, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the body tasked with monitoring Iran’s nuclear program, certified in June that it was in compliance with the agreement.

“Europe sees Iran’s violations as individual and accidental,” said Behnam Ben Taleblu, Iran analyst at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a Washington-based think tank. FDD has taken a critical stance on the deal, and its chief executive, Mark Dubowitz, has publicly urged Persian Gulf states to refuse to work with companies that do business with Iran.

“Because European businesses want to return to Iran, they are inclined to downplay those violations,” Taleblu said, adding that U.S. officials believe that the violations “add up to something much more nefarious.”

But should the White House decide to pull out of the accord or push for a renegotiation of the deal, analysts say, the United States would struggle to bring Europe and other signatories such as Russia or China on board. The administration would also face obstacles enforcing stricter sanctions without support from other world powers.

European nations “have been pretty open about their commitment to the deal and readiness to counter any U.S. opposition,” said Richard Nephew, former principal deputy coordinator for sanctions policy at the State Department.

The Total deal in particular “says that the company itself and likely the French government are prepared to battle a U.S. decision to snap back the sanctions for anything less than a very good reason,” he said.

Geranmayeh said European leaders are already discussing “contingency planning for if the U.S. were to overtly or covertly start to interfere with European foreign policy on Iran.”

“The Europeans are playing the middle ground and are trying their best to keep the Americans on board with them,” she said. “But they are also saying, ‘If there is unreasonable obstruction to that, we are going to be looking at what our options are.’ ”

Karen DeYoung in Washington contributed to this report.

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