All tests done with a full install on Windows (except Machine Learning, and PolyBase) and a full install on Linux. So for starters on Windows you'll find these,

While on Linux you'll find

A quick overview,

sqlservr.exe is the actual database

sqlceip.exe is the spyware -- both installs get that of course Sql Server Telemetry Client

calchash.exe this is Microsofts copy of sha1sum.exe takes a filename. Microsoft Trust Calculate hash utility (US/Canada Only, Not for Export)

OSQL.exe was deprecated and removed on the Windows Install

bcp.exe is the Bulk Copy Program but only the Linux version has -G Azure Active Directory Authentication

rep.exe - think grep on XML. Rep - a fast, file-oriented search and replace program.

DTAEngine.exe seems to be a component of SMSS that is available on Linux without using SMSS.

reg.exe and rgs.exe both seem to be some kind of registry modifier. I assume reg.exe is the system, and rgs.exe is the hive file.

Though pe32+ XdbPackageLauncher.exe just crashes when I run them in Windows 10.

PalProcessLauncher.exe , and launchpad.exe are likely specific to the Drawbridge abstraction.

ldfreader.exe seems interesting and potentially useful, LDF Reader version 14.0.3008.27 - Dump Microsoft SQL Server Transaction Log Usage: \\VBOXSVR\mssql\lib\sqlservr\Content\binn\ldfreader.exe <file> [options] Options: -minVlf <int> Min VLF to dump. Skips all prior VLFs. (short form: -m) -maxVlf <int> Max VLF to dump. Skips all following VLFs. (short form: -M) -verbosity <int> Verbosity level. Default is 1. (short form: -v) -summary Summary mode. Only prints overall structure of LDF without individual records. (short form: -s) -lopFilter <string> Dump only records with these LOP. (short form: -l) -force Force dumping in presence of corruption. (short form: -f) -dumpPageLogs Dump Page Log Records? (short form: -p) -instructionFile Treat file as instruction file. (short form: -i) -targetruntime <int> The target run time in seconds (see below). (short form: -t) -certInfo <string> Certificate information file for encrypted logs. (short form: -c) -vlfSize <int> Fixed VLF Size in MB for Socrates Log (short form: -z) <file> has a different meaning depending on whether -instructionFile is specified if -instructionFile is specified, <file> is a file containing vlf information extracted at dump time, containing fileID;offset;size followed by a separator line and then mappings: fileID;full log file path The -t parameter is an indication of how long to run the tool when used without -i it is treated as a hard timeout on log iteration when used with -i it is used as a guide for hueristics, a hard timeout of five times the requested value will be used

launchpad.exe Invalid arguments. The supported arguments are: -launcher: Define the launcher dll's full path. -logPath: Define the launchpad's base log path. -satelliteDllPath: Define the sql satellite dll path for the satellites. -workingDir: Define the launchpad and satellite process base working directory. -cleanupLog: Whether to cleanup the log directory after every execution [0|1]. -cleanupWorkingDir: Whether to cleanup the working directory after every execution [0|1]. -pipeName: Define the launchpad's name pipe's name. -timeout: Define the default timeout in ms. -SqlInstanceName: Define the SqlInstanceName as in MSSQLSERVER or blank for default or an instance name. -logFilesCount - Tells the max number of launchpad error log file to keep across launchpad restarts. Example: Launchpad.exe -launcher commonlauncher.dll -logPath C:\sqlServerBinaries\log -satelliteDllPath C:\sqlServerBinaries\binn\sqlsatellite.dll -workingDir C:\sqlServerBinaries\data\ExtensibilityData -cleanupLog 0 -cleanupWorkingDir 0 -pipeName sqlsatellitelaunch -timeout 600000 -SqlInstanceName MSSQLSERVER

mtlogreader.exe , some utility for Hekaton logs MtLog Reader - Dump Hekaton MtLog files Usage: \\VBOXSVR\mssql\lib\sqlservr\Content\binn\mtlogreader.exe <file> [options] Options: -verbose <int> Verbosity (0-4) Default 1. (short form: -v) -buffio <bool> Buffer stdout (true/false) Default true (short form: -b) -keySecret1 <string> The first secret key blob used for crypto keys (short form: -k1) -keySecret2 <string> The Second secret key blob used for crypto keys (short form: -k2) -instructionFile Treat file as instructionfile. (short form: -i) -targetruntimeinseconds <int> The target run time in seconds (only valid with -i). (short form: -t) -skipchksum Skip checksum validation. (short form: -sc) -maxbsn <uint64> Max BSN to dump. Default 0 (dump whole file). (short form: -m) <file> has a different meaning depending on whether -instructionFile is specified if -instructionFile is specified, <file> is a file containing checkpoint file information extracted at dump time, containing the root file name followed by a list of container directories (one per line). the -t parameter is an indication of how long to run the tool when used with -i it is used to limit the processing of checkpoint files