Anderson S. P., de Palma A., Thisse J.-F. (1992) Discrete choice theory of product differentiation. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Arai Y. (1996) Seikatsu-ken no keikaku. In: Arai Y., Okamoto K., Kamiya H., Kawaguchi T. (eds) Toshi no kuukan to jikan: Seikatsu-katsudou no jikan-chirigaku. Kokonshoin, Tokyo, pp 73–80

Basker E. (2005) Job creation or destruction? Labor-market effects of Wal-Mart expansion. Review of Economics and Statisitics 87(1): 174–183

Basker E. (2007) The causes and consequences of Wal-Mart’s growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(3): 177–198

Borenstein S., Netz J. (1999) Why do all the flights leave at 8am?: Competition and departure-time differentiation in airline markets. International Journal of Industrial Organization 17: 611–640

D’Aspremont C., Gabszewicz J. J., Thisse J.-F. (1979) On Hotelling’s ‘stability in competition’. Econometrica 47: 1145–1150

Ellickson P. B. (2007) Does Sutton apply to supermarkets?. RAND Journal of Economics 38(1): 43–59

Ellickson P. B., Misra S. (2008) Supermarket pricing strategies. Marketing Science 27(5): 811–828

Hausman J. A., Leibtag E. (2007) Consumer benefits from increased competition in shopping outlets: Measuring the effect of Wal-Mart. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(7): 1157–1177

Irmen A., Thisse J.-F. (1998) Competition in multi-characteristics spaces: Hotelling was almost right. Journal of Economic Theory 78: 76–102

Japan Fair Trade Commission. (2005). Marubeni Kabushikigaisha niyoru Kabushikigaisha Daiei tou heno shusshi nitsuite. Retrieved September 23, 2009, from http://www.jftc.go.jp/ma/jirei2/H17jirei12-02.html.

Kawaguchi T. (1996) Seikatsu no jikuukan to shogyo katsudou. In: Arai Y., Okamoto K., Kamiya H., Kawaguchi T. (eds) Toshi no kuukan to jikan: Seikatsu-katsudou no jikan-chirigaku. Kokonshoin, Tokyo, pp 157–176

Lewis W. W. (2004) The power of productivity: Wealth, poverty, and the threat to global stability. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Masuda E. (2002) Tokyo-ken Korekara Nobiru Machi [Towns with High Growth Potential in Greater Tokyo]. Kodansha, Tokyo

Mazzeo M. J. (2002) Product choice and oligopoly market structure. RAND Journal of Economics 33(2): 221–242

Minakata T. (2004) Nihon no Kouri-gyo to Ryutsu-seisaku. Chuo-Keizai-Sha, Tokyo

Neven D., Thisse J.-F. (1990) On quality and variety competition. In: Gabszewicz J. J., Richard J.-F., Wolsey L. (eds) Economic decision-making: Games, econometrics and optimisation. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 175–199

Perloff J. M., Salop S. C. (1985) Equilibrium with product differentiation. The Review of Economic Studies 52(1): 107–120

Shaked A., Sutton J. (1982) Relaxing price competition through product differentiation. Review of Economic Studies 49: 3–13

Shogyokai. (1990 & 1995). Japan Supermarket Directory [Nihon Supermarket Meikan]. Tokyo: Shogyokai.

Smith H. (2004) Supermarket choice and supermarket competition in market equilibrium. Review of Economic Studies 71: 235–263

Sobel R.S., Dean A.M. (2008) Has Wal-Mart Buried Mom and Pop? The impact of Wal-Mart on self-employment and small establishments in the United States. Economic Inquiry 46(4): 676–695

Sutton J. (1991) Sunk costs and market structure: Price competition, advertising, and the evolution of concentration. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Toyokeizai: (1995) Metropolitan commercial map 1995 [Shutoken Shogyochi Map 1995]. Toyokeizai, Tokyo

Wal-Mart Watch. (2005). Annual Report 2005: Low Price at What Cost? Retrieved from http://walmartwatch.com/img/sitestream/pdf/2005-annual-report.pdf.