1 Stickgold, R. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature 437, 1272–1278 (2005).

2 Diekelmann, S. & Born, J. The memory function of sleep. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 114–126 (2010).

3 Maquet, P. The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 294, 1048–1052 (2001).

4 Walker, M.P. & Stickgold, R. Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron 44, 121–133 (2004).

5 Wang, G., Grone, B., Colas, D., Appelbaum, L. & Mourrain, P. Synaptic plasticity in sleep: learning, homeostasis and disease. Trends Neurosci. 34, 452–463 (2011).

6 Born, J. & Wagner, U. Awareness in memory: being explicit about the role of sleep. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 242–244 (2004).

7 Walker, M.P. et al. Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. Learn. Mem. 10, 275–284 (2003).

8 Shadmehr, R. & Brashers-Krug, T. Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory. J. Neurosci. 17, 409–419 (1997).

9 Ellenbogen, J.M., Hu, P.T., Payne, J.D., Titone, D. & Walker, M.P. Human relational memory requires time and sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 7723–7728 (2007).

10 Walker, M.P., Liston, C., Hobson, J.A. & Stickgold, R. Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solving. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 14, 317–324 (2002).

11 Mednick, S.C., Cai, D.J., Shuman, T., Anagnostaras, S. & Wixted, J.T. An opportunistic theory of cellular and systems consolidation. Trends Neurosci. 34, 504–514 (2011).

12 Muller, G.E. & Pilzecker, A. Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre von Gedachtnis. Z. Psychol. 1, 1–300 (1900).

13 Jenkins, J.G. & Dallenbach, K.M. Obliviscence during sleep and waking. Am. J. Psychol. 35, 605–612 (1924).

14 Smith, C., Kitahama, K., Valatx, J.L. & Jouvet, M. Increased paradoxical sleep in mice during acquisition of a shock avoidance task. Brain Res. 77, 221–230 (1974).

15 Diekelmann, S. & Born, J. The memory function of sleep. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 114–126 (2010).

16 Walker, M.P. & Stickgold, R. Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron 44, 121–133 (2004).

17 Brawn, T.P., Fenn, K.M., Nusbaum, H.C. & Margoliash, D. Consolidating the effects of waking and sleep on motor-sequence learning. J. Neurosci. 30, 13977–13982 (2010).

18 Saletin, J.M. & Walker, M.P. Nocturnal mnemonics: sleep and hippocampal memory processing. Front. Neurol. 3, 59 (2012).

19 Wilhelm, I. et al. Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance. J. Neurosci. 31, 1563–1569 (2011).

20 Hu, P., Stylos-Allan, M. & Walker, M.P. Sleep facilitates consolidation of emotional declarative memory. Psychol. Sci. 17, 891–898 (2006).

21 Atienza, M. & Cantero, J.L. Modulatory effects of emotion and sleep on recollection and familiarity. J. Sleep Res. 17, 285–294 (2008).

22 Nishida, M., Pearsall, J., Buckner, R.L. & Walker, M.P. REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory. Cereb. Cortex 19, 1158–1166 (2009).

23 Wagner, U., Gais, S. & Born, J. Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep. Learn. Mem. 8, 112–119 (2001).

24 Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E.F., Ericson, C. & Spencer, R.M. Processing of emotional reactivity and emotional memory over sleep. J. Neurosci. 32, 1035–1042 (2012).

25 Lewis, P.A., Cairney, S., Manning, L. & Critchley, H.D. The impact of overnight consolidation upon memory for emotional and neutral encoding contexts. Neuropsychologia 49, 2619–2629 (2011).

26 Payne, J.D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K. & Kensinger, E.A. Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes. Psychol. Sci. 19, 781–788 (2008).

27 Fischer, S. & Born, J. Anticipated reward enhances offline learning during sleep. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 35, 1586–1593 (2009).

28 van Dongen, E.V., Thielen, J.W., Takashima, A., Barth, M. & Fernandez, G. Sleep supports selective retention of associative memories based on relevance for future utilization. PLoS ONE 7, e43426 (2012).

29 Saletin, J.M., Goldstein, A.N. & Walker, M.P. The Role of Sleep in Directed Forgetting and Remembering of Human Memories. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2534–2541 (2011).

30 Anderson, M.C. & Huddleston, E. Towards a cognitive and neurobiological model of motivated forgetting. Nebr. Symp. Motiv. 58, 53–120 (2012).

31 Fischer, S., Diekelmann, S. & Born, J. Sleep's role in the processing of unwanted memories. J. Sleep Res. 20, 267–274 (2011).

32 Rauchs, G. et al. Sleep contributes to the strengthening of some memories over others, depending on hippocampal activity at learning. J. Neurosci. 31, 2563–2568 (2011).

33 Frey, S., Morris, R. & Petrides, M. A neuroanatomical method to assess the integrity of fibers of passage following ibotenate-induced damage to the central nervous system. Neurosci. Res. 28, 285–288 (1997).

34 Foster, D.J. & Wilson, M.A. Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature 440, 680–683 (2006).

35 Tambini, A., Ketz, N. & Davachi, L. Enhanced brain correlations during rest are related to memory for recent experiences. Neuron 65, 280–290 (2010).

36 Payne, J.D. & Kensinger, E.A. Sleep leads to changes in the emotional memory trace: evidence from fMRI. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1285–1297 (2011).

37 Yoo, S.-S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F.A. & Walker, M.P. The human emotional brain without sleep–a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Curr. Biol. 17, R877–R878 (2007).

38 Payne, J.D. et al. The role of sleep in false memory formation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 92, 327–334 (2009).

39 Knutson, B. & Adcock, R.A. Remembrance of rewards past. Neuron 45, 331–332 (2005).

40 Wylie, G.R., Foxe, J.J. & Taylor, T.L. Forgetting as an active process: an FMRI investigation of item-method-directed forgetting. Cereb. Cortex 18, 670–682 (2008).

41 Shimamura, A.P. Episodic retrieval and the cortical binding of relational activity. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 11, 277–291 (2011).

42 Squire, L.R., Slater, P.C. & Chace, P.M. Retrograde amnesia: temporal gradient in very long term memory following electroconvulsive therapy. Science 187, 77–79 (1975).

43 Piaget, J. The Origins of Intelligence in Children (International Universities Press, New York, 1952).

44 Tse, D. et al. Schemas and memory consolidation. Science 316, 76–82 (2007).

45 van Kesteren, M.T., Ruiter, D.J., Fernandez, G. & Henson, R.N. How schema and novelty augment memory formation. Trends Neurosci. 35, 211–219 (2012).

46 McGaugh, J.L. Memory–a century of consolidation. Science 287, 248–251 (2000).

47 Gaskell, M.G. & Dumay, N. Lexical competition and the acquisition of novel words. Cognition 89, 105–132 (2003).

48 Tamminen, J., Payne, J.D., Stickgold, R., Wamsley, E.J. & Gaskell, M.G. Sleep spindle activity is associated with the integration of new memories and existing knowledge. J. Neurosci. 30, 14356–14360 (2010).

49 Cai, D.J., Mednick, S.A., Harrison, E.M., Kanady, J.C. & Mednick, S.C. REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10130–10134 (2009).

50 Wamsley, E.J., Tucker, M.A., Payne, J.D. & Stickgold, R. A brief nap is beneficial for human route-learning: the role of navigation experience and EEG spectral power. Learn. Mem. 17, 332–336 (2010).

51 Wamsley, E.J., Tucker, M., Payne, J.D., Benavides, J.A. & Stickgold, R. Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Curr. Biol. 20, 850–855 (2010).

52 Roediger, H.L. & McDermott, K.B. Creating false memories: remembering words not presented in lists. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 21, 803–814 (1995).

53 Diekelmann, S., Born, J. & Wagner, U. Sleep enhances false memories depending on general memory performance. Behav. Brain Res. 208, 425–429 (2010).

54 Fenn, K.M., Gallo, D.A., Margoliash, D., Roediger, H.L. III & Nusbaum, H.C. Reduced false memory after sleep. Learn. Mem. 16, 509–513 (2009).

55 Darsaud, A. et al. Does sleep promote false memories? J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 26–40 (2011).

56 Eichenbaum, H., Yonelinas, A.P. & Ranganath, C. The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 123–152 (2007).

57 Buckmaster, C.A., Eichenbaum, H., Amaral, D.G., Suzuki, W.A. & Rapp, P.R. Entorhinal cortex lesions disrupt the relational organization of memory in monkeys. J. Neurosci. 24, 9811–9825 (2004).

58 Gomez, R.L., Bootzin, R.R. & Nadel, L. Naps promote abstraction in language-learning infants. Psychol. Sci. 17, 670–674 (2006).

59 Hupbach, A., Gomez, R.L., Bootzin, R.R. & Nadel, L. Nap-dependent learning in infants. Dev. Sci. 12, 1007–1012 (2009).

60 Dusek, J.A. & Eichenbaum, H. The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7109–7114 (1997).

61 Durrant, S.J., Taylor, C., Cairney, S. & Lewis, P.A. Sleep-dependent consolidation of statistical learning. Neuropsychologia 49, 1322–1331 (2011).

62 Knowlton, B.J., Squire, L.R. & Gluck, M.A. Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia. Learn. Mem. 1, 106–120 (1994).

63 Gluck, M.A., Shohamy, D. & Meyers, C.E. How do people solve the “weather prediction” task? Individual variability in strategies for probabilistic category learning. Learn. Mem. 9, 408–418 (2002).

64 Djonlagic, I. et al. Sleep enhances category learning. Learn. Mem. 16, 751–755 (2009).

65 Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R. & Born, J. Sleep inspires insight. Nature 427, 352–355 (2004).

66 Mednick, S.A. The associative basis of the creative process. Psychol. Rev. 69, 220–232 (1962).

67 Stickgold, R., Scott, L., Rittenhouse, C. & Hobson, J.A. Sleep-induced changes in associative memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 182–193 (1999).

68 Hasselmo, M.E. & Bower, J.M. Acetylcholine and memory. Trends Neurosci. 16, 218–222 (1993).

69 Smith, C. & Smith, D. Ingestion of ethanol just prior to sleep onset impairs memory for procedural but not declarative tasks. Sleep 26, 185–191 (2003).

70 Lee, A.K. & Wilson, M.A. Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep. Neuron 36, 1183–1194 (2002).

71 Wilson, M.A. & McNaughton, B.L. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science 265, 676–679 (1994).

72 Louie, K. & Wilson, M.A. Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 29, 145–156 (2001).

73 Giuditta, A. et al. The sequential hypothesis of the function of sleep. Behav. Brain Res. 69, 157–166 (1995).

74 Grosmark, A.D., Mizuseki, K., Pastalkova, E., Diba, K. & Buzsaki, G. REM sleep reorganizes hippocampal excitability. Neuron 75, 1001–1007 (2012).

75 Poe, G.R., Nitz, D.A., McNaughton, B.L. & Barnes, C.A. Experience-dependent phase-reversal of hippocampal neuron firing during REM sleep. Brain Res. 855, 176–180 (2000).

76 Stickgold, R., James, L. & Hobson, J.A. Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1237–1238 (2000).

77 Schacter, D.L., Addis, D.R. & Buckner, R.L. Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 657–661 (2007).