FBI Director Christopher Wray on Tuesday said China poses more of an espionage threat against the United State than any other country, including Russia, and that the agency has more than a thousand ongoing investigations into intellectual property theft linked to Beijing.

“So it is a threat that’s deep and diverse and wide and vexing, whether it is in terms of the kinds of actors that are used, the kinds of techniques used, the kind of targets that are used,” Wray told members of a Senate Judiciary Committee.

He said Chinese espionage efforts are wide-ranging, spanning aerospace and agriculture and covering Fortune 100 companies to Silicon Valley startups, “involving everything from cyber intrusions to corruption of insiders.”

“It’s kind of an all-tools approach by them, and it, therefore, requires an all-tools approach by us,” Wray told the lawmakers.

He said there’s really no difference between the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party, and mirrors the relationship between the Chinese government and private-sector companies.

China is trying to “steal their way up the economic ladder at our expense,” Wray said. “We have as we speak probably about a thousand-plus investigations all across the country, involving attempted theft of intellectual property … almost all leading back to China.”

What makes their efforts so tricky is that they go beyond the usual “spy versus spy, traditional intelligence operatives.”

“There are a slew of what we call nontraditional collectors. Businessmen, scientists, high-level academics, graduate students. People who are not intelligence officers by profession but who are, for a variety of reasons, working on behalf of the Chinese government.”