Expand/unexpand header... Description Title Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary Compiled, edited and annotated by Didier Willis Edition Edition 1.9.1 Lexicon 0.9952 2690 entries (1821 unique entries). 2646 word forms (279 deduced, 235 normalized, 0 coined) in unique entries. Publication 1999-2008, Didier Willis and The Sindarin Dictionary Project Availability Status: free. License: This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike License, version 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/). Additional limitation of scope: Sindarin, as one of the languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, is his artistic and intellectual property. The editor does not claim any intellectual property on the Sindarin language itself and, as a whole, on this dictionary, beyond the editorial annotations, the arrangement of entries and the encyclopaedic discussions or interpretations appended to these entries. The above-mentioned license applies to such elements only. J.R.R. Tolkien's texts and books are copyrighted by the Tolkien Estate and/or Tolkien's publishers. As of yet, this material is not approved by the Tolkien Estate or Tolkien's publishers, and is henceforth an unauthorized Sindarin dictionary. This material is however provided under the editor's assumption that compiling, arranging, analyzing, normalizing and annotating entries in order to produce a dictionary for a language, even if it is an invented one, does not violate the copyright of the inventor. Shall any third party include this material in a derived work, under the above-mentioned license or under any other applicable license, the editor will not be liable for possible infringement of copyright on the derived work. Every derived use of this material is left under the sole responsability of the third party. Notwithstanding, this material is neither a verbatim reproduction of information from Tolkien's published works, nor a simple rearrangement of such information in a different order. Many entries are deduced from indirect evidences (such as compounds, inflected forms, etc.) or are normalized according to our current knowledge of the Sindarin phonology and morphology. As a consequence, some deductions, as presented by the editor or by other contributors to the dictionary, might actually prove incorrect or inaccurate when new information is published. Any violation of copyright regarding yet unpublished texts by J.R.R. Tolkien is unintended. The compiler does not have any access to hitherto unpublished texts. Would it be the case, such texts would not be used in the dictionary. Therefore, this dictionary only contains entries based on published texts, either from direct attestations or based on deductions and conclusions drawn from these texts by careful comparisons. Notes The editor would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. This dictionary would not have existed without the efforts of many other peoples. Lisa Star (editor of Tyalië Tyelelliéva) and Helge Kåre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragements at the very beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons and kindly answered some of my questions about them. Cédric Fockeu (webmaster of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Française) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to Ryszard Derdzinski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sébastien Mallet and the members of the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during the early phases of this long project; and later to Jim Allan (editor and co-author of An Introduction to Elvish), Bertrand Bellet, Carl Hostetter (editor of Vinyar Tengwar), Per Lindberg (from Mellonath Daeron), Elena Liria, Emanuele Vicentini, Patrick Wynne and all the other members of the Sindarin dictionary discussion group for their contributions and continual feedback, with a special mention for Javier Lorenzo for all the corrections he sent to the mailing-list. The Dragon Flame application would not have existed without Benjamin Babut. Likewise, this revised edition of the dictionary would not have seen the light without Benjamin's work and enthousiasm for Dragon Flame and its set of related tools. I am also indebt to Sylvain Veyrié and Thomas Deniau for having ported Dragon Flame to other operating systems. The German translation of this dictionary is based on the initial work of Christian Buzek, with further help and lots of improvements by Florian Dombach (Das Sindarin Lexikon) and other readers. Benjamin Babut and David Giraudeau contributed to the French translation. We also thank Stéphane Landais for all his corrections. Last but not least, this work is dedicated to Christopher Tolkien and to the Vinyar Tengwar & Parma Eldalamberon editorial staffs, whose efforts to publish J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic papers have made such a dictionary possible. Source This dictionary is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's works, extended with etymological notes, phonetics and other information. Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings. This work aims at being a complete Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien's fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also a beautiful piece of art. The Sindarin dictionary project began on October 23, 1999, and is still under development. By no mean shall this version be regarded as definitive. The editor is all too well aware that the dictionary is not as perfect or complete as it might be. Nevertheless, it seems better to encourage the study of Sindarin by the provision of a working dictionary rather than delay the publication perhaps for years, until the editor's ideals are satisfied — a condition which might never be attained. Encoding Project declaration Dictionary compiled and adapted from various sources. Core file encoded manually in XML (TEI P4). XHTML version automatically generated from the XML (TEI) source using XSLT. XSL-FO version automatically generated from the XHTML version using XSLT. PDF version automatically generated from the XSL-FO version using PassiveTeX. Sampling Phonetics are transcribed using the X-SAMPA scheme for representing the IPA in 7-bit ASCII encoding. Hypothetical words, either interpreted, reconstructed or deduced from mutated forms, are all marked as deduced. Phonetics and special delimiters are rendered in Unicode (UTF-8) in the XHTML version. The Lucida Sans Unicode font is assumed, for the document to display correctly, as well a browser supporting Unicode. Phonetics are rendered in IPA in the PDF version. Some symbols used as delimiters are rendered with glyphs available to the typesetter, and might differ from the XHTML version. Correction Status: high. This document has been extensively checked, although a few casual errors or typos may still remain. XML file validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for conformance to a subset of the TEI P4 DTD. XHTML version validated with Richard Tobin's RXP software, for compliance with XHTML 1.0 Transitional. The XSL-FO version is not validated. Interpretation Probable errors in the sources have been corrected and marked with the <corr> tag. In the XHTML version, corrections are rendered using a specific markup (misreadings, etc.).



A

a I S. [ɑ] (ar S. ) conj. and ◇ LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354, Letters/308 ◈ See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a II S. [ɑ] interj. O! ◇ Letters/308 ◈ See also ai I and ae

ab- S. [ɑb] pref. after, later ← Abonnen WJ/387

ablad S. [ˈɑblɑd] n. prohibition, refusal (with reference to the gesture one makes with the hand) ◇ VT/47:13

abonnen S. [ɑbˈɔnnɛn] pl. ebœnnin S. [ɛbˈɛnnin] n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2. as a noun, man, one born later than the Elves, a human being (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◇ ab-+onnen "after-born"

achad S. [ˈɑxɑd] n. Biol. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat) ◇ RC/537 ◇ Q. axo

acharn S. [ˈɑxɑrn] n. vengeance ◇ WJ/254, WJ/301 ◇ OS *akkʰarna, CE *atkarnâ "reaction"

*achas S. [ˈɑxɑs] n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition

ad- N. [ɑd] pref. back, again, re- ◇ Ety/349, VT/45:6

ada N. [ˈɑdɑ] n. m. hypo. of adar, father, daddy ◇ Ety/349

adab N. [ˈɑdɑb] pl. †edaib *S. [ˈɛdɑjb] (edeb N. ) n. building, house ◇ Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI

adan S. [ˈɑdɑn] pl. edain S. [ˈɛdɑjn] n. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men) ◇ LotR/A(v), S/427, PM/324, WJ/387, Letters/282 ◇ Q. atan ◈ adanath S. n. coll.

*adanadar S. [ɑdˈɑnɑdɑr] pl. edenedair S. [ɛdˈɛnɛdɑjr] n. man, one of the Fathers of Men ◇ MR/373 ◇ adan+adar

adanath S. [ˈɑdɑnɑθ] n. coll. of adan, men ◇ MR/373

adaneth S. [ˈɑdɑnɛθ] n. f. (mortal) woman ◇ MR/349 ◇ adan+-eth

adar S., N. [ˈɑdɑr] pl. edair S. [ˈɛdɑjr] (eder N. , edeir N. ) n. m. father ◇ Ety/349, PM/324, MR/373, LotR/II:II, VT/44:21-22, X/EI ◈ ada N. n. m. hypo. ◈ atheg S. n. m. dim.

adel N. [ɑdɛl̡] prep. behind, in rear (of) ◇ Ety/392

*adertha- S. [ɑdˈɛrθɑ] v. to reunite ← Aderthad S/409 ◇ ad- + ertʰa- "to make one again", OS *atertʰa- ◈ aderthad S. ger.

aderthad S. [ɑdˈɛrθɑd] ger. of adertha-, reuniting, reunion ◇ S/409 ◇ OS *atertʰata

†adlann *S. [ˈɑdlɑnn] (atland N. ) adj. sloping, tilted ◇ Ety/390, X/TL, X/ND4

†adlanna- *S. [ɑdlˈɑnnɑ] (*atlanna- N. ) inf. †adlanno *S. [ɑdlˈɑnnɔ] (atlanno N. ) v. to slope, slant ◇ Ety/390, X/TL

†adlanno *S. inf. → adlanna-

†adlant *S. [ˈɑdlɑnt] (atlant N. ) adj. oblique, slanting ◇ Ety/390, X/TL

*adleg- N. [ˈɑdlɛg] inf. adlegi N. [ˈɑdlɛgi] pa. t. adlenc N. [ˈɑdlɛŋk] v. Arch., Poet. to loose, let loose, release ◇ VT/45:27

adlegi N. inf. → adleg-

adlenc N. pa. t. → adleg-

aduial S. [ɑdˈuj.ɑl] n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ LotR/D ◇ ad + uial "second twilight"

ae S. [ˈɑɛ] interj. O! ◇ VT/44:21,22 ◈ See also ai I and a II

aear S. [ˈɑɛ.ɑr] n. Geog. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear ◈ aearon S. n. augm.

aearon S. [ˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] n. augm. of aear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon

*aeg S. [ˈɑɛg] n. point ← aeglir, aeglos, etc. ◈ The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir, so there must be a noun aeg "point" ◈ †aegas *S. n. abst.

†aegais *S. pl. → aegas

†aegas *S. [ˈɑɛgɑs] (oegas N. ) pl. †aegais *S. [ˈɑɛgɑjs] (oeges N. ) n. abst. of aeg, Geog. mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE

aeglir S. [ˈɑɛglir] (oeglir N. ) n. Geog. range of mountain peaks ← Hithaeglir LotR, Ety/349, X/OE ◇ aeg+lîr

aeglos S. [ˈɑɛglɔs] n. 1. Bot. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. Geol. icicle (a pendent spear of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water) ◇ UT/417, LotR/Index ◇ aeg+loss

†ael *S. [ˈɑɛl] (oel N. ) pl. aelin S. [ˈɑɛlin] (oelin N. ) n. Geog. lake, pool, mere ◇ Ety/349, S/427, X/OE

aelin S. pl. → ael

aen S. [ˈɑɛn] unkn. (unknown meaning) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ Some scholars believe this word to be cognate to Quenya nai "may it be". Other think that it is the pronoun "they". The context in which this word occurs (The so-called "King's Letter") is not clear enough to intepret it with certainty

aer I S. [ˈɑɛr] n. Geog. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see aear, gaear

aer II S. [ˈɑɛr] adj. holy ◇ VT/44:21,24

aerlinn S. [ˈɑɛrlinn] n. (unknown meaning, perhaps a song about the sea, or possibly holy song) ◇ RGEO/70, X/ND4 ◇ aer+lind (?) "sea-song" or (?) "holy song", OS *airelinde

aes N. [ˈɑɛs] n. cooked food, meat ◇ Ety/349

aew S., N. [ˈɑɛw] n. Orn. (small) bird ◇ Ety/348, S/434

*aewen S. [ˈɑɛwɛn] adj. of birds ← Linaewen S/434

afarch N. → apharch

*agar S. [ˈɑgɑr] n. blood ← Agarwaen S/378

agarwaen S. [ɑgˈɑrwɑɛn] adj. bloodstained ◇ S/378 ◇ agar+gwaen

aglar S., N. [ˈɑglɑr] n. glory, brilliance, splendour ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/II:I, LotR/VI:IV, RGEO/73, VT/47:13

aglareb S., N. [ˈɑglɑrɛb] adj. glorious ◇ Ety/348, S/427, WJ/412

aglon N. → aglonn

aglond N. → aglonn

†aglonn *S. [ˈɑglɔnn] (aglond N. , aglon N. ) n. defile, pass between high walls ◇ Ety/348, X/ND4

agor I S. irreg. pa. t. → car-

agor II N. [ˈɑgr̩] (agr N. ) adj. narrow ◇ Ety/348

agr N. → agor II

ah S. [ɑh] prep. and conj. and, with ◇ MR/329 ◈ The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a I , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ahamar S. → sammar

ai I S. [ˈɑj] interj. ah! ◇ LotR/I:XII ◈ Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae, with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

ai II S. [ɑj] pron. rel. for those who ◇ VT/44:21,30

aith N. [ˈɑjθ] n. spearpoint ◇ Ety/355

al- N. [ɑl] pref. no, not ◇ Ety/367

alae S. [ˈɑlɑɛ] interj. (?) behold! ◇ UT/40 ◈ Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

alag N. [ˈɑlɑg] adj. rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/348, VT/45:5

alagos N. [ˈɑlɑgɔs] n. storm of wind ◇ Ety/348

alf N. → alph

alfirin S. [ˈɑlfirin] n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. Bot. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. Bot. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ LotR/V:IX, Letters/402, UT/55, UT/303, UT/316, UT/417 ◇ al-+firin

alph S. [ˈɑlf] (alf N. ) pl. eilph S. [ˈɛjlf] n. Orn. swan ◇ Ety/348, S/427, LotR/E, VT/42:6-7, X/PH

am N. [ɑm] prep. up, upwards, upon ◇ Ety/348

amar N. [ˈɑmɑr] (ambar N. ) n. earth ◇ Ety/372

amarth S. [ˈɑmɑrθ] (ammarth N. ) n. fate, doom ◇ Ety/372, S/427, LotR/A(i), TC/183

amarthan N. [ɑmˈɑrθɑn] adj. fated ◇ VT/41:10

amath N. [ˈɑmɑθ] (ambath N. ) n. Mil. shield ◇ VT/45:33

ambar N. → amar

ambath N. → amath

amben N. → ambenn

ambend N. → ambenn

ambenn N. [ˈɑmbɛnn] (ambend N. , amben N. ) adv. uphill, sloping upwards ◇ Ety/348, Ety/380, X/ND3, X/ND4 ◇ am+pend

amdir S. [ˈɑmdir] n. hope based on reason ◇ MR/320 ◇ am+tîr "looking up"

amloth S. [ˈɑmlɔθ] n. Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet ◇ WJ/318 ◇ am+loth "uprising flower"

amlug N. [ˈɑmlug] n. dragon ◇ Ety/349, Ety/370

ammarth N. → amarth

ammen S. [ˈɑmmɛn] pron. 1st pl. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/44:21,27 ◇ an+men

amon S., N. [ˈɑmɔn] pl. emyn S., N. [ˈɛmyn] (emuin N. ) n. Geog. hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334

amrûn S., N. [ˈɑmruːn] n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◇ am+rhûn "uprising, sunrise"

an S. [ɑn] prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31 ◈ With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an- N. [ɑn] pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374

anann S. [ˈɑnɑnn] adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ an+and, OS *ananda

anc N. [ˈɑŋk] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374

and S. [ˈɑnd] (ann N. ) adj. long ◇ Ety/348, S/427, X/ND1

andabon N. → annabon

andaith S. [ˈɑndɑjθ] (andeith N. ) n. Ling. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI ◇ and+taith

andeith N. → andaith

†andrann *S. [ˈɑndrɑnn] (anrand N. ) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4 ◈ Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and- ◇ and+*rand "long cycle"

anfang N. [ˈɑnfɑŋ] pl. enfeng S., N. [ˈɛnfɛŋ] n. Pop. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322 ◇ and+fang ◈ anfangrim S. n. class pl.

anfangrim S. [ɑnfˈɑŋgrim] n. class pl. of anfang, Pop. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ WJ/322 ◇ anfang+rim

ang S., N. [ˈɑŋ] n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347

angerthas S. [ɑŋgˈɛrθɑs] n. Ling. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◇ and+certhas

*anglenna- S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑ] v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31 ◇ an+*glenna-, OS *añglenna-, CE *angledna- ◈ anglennatha S. v. fut. 3rd

anglennatha S. [ɑŋglˈɛnnɑθɑ] v. fut. 3rd of anglenna-, (he) will approach ◇ SD/129-31

angol I N. [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. stench ◇ Ety/378

angol II N. [ˈɑŋgɔl] n. Arch., Poet. deep lore, magic ◇ Ety/377

angren S., N. [ˈɑŋgrɛn] pl. engrin S., N. [ˈɛŋgrin] adj. of iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428

angwedh N. [ˈɑŋgwɛð] n. chain ◇ Ety/397 ◇ ang+gwedh "iron-bond"

anim S. [ˈɑnim] pron. 1st for myself ◇ LotR/A(v) ◇ an+im ⇒ Cf. enni

aníra- S. [ɑnˈiːrɑ] v. to desire ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ an+*íra- or *níra- (?) OS *anîra-

ann N. → and

ann-thennath S. [ˈɑnn.θˈɛnnɑθ] n. pl. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes) ◇ LotR/I:XI ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its probable meaning

*anna- N. [ˈɑnnɑ] inf. anno N. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. to give ◇ Ety/348 ◈ anno S. v. imp. ◈ ónen S. irreg. pa. t. 1st

annabon N. [ˈɑnnɑbɔn] (andabon N. ) n. Zool. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◇ and+*bond "long-snouted"

anno I N. inf. → anna-

anno II S. [ˈɑnnɔ] v. imp. of anna-, give! ◇ VT/44:21,27

annon S., N. [ˈɑnnɔn] pl. ennyn S., N. [ˈɛnnyn] n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150

annui S. [ˈɑnnuj] adj. western ◇ SD/129-31

annûn S., N. [ˈɑnnuːn] n. west, sunset ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, LB/354, Letters/308

annúnaid S. [ɑnnˈuːnɑjd] n. Ling. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316 ◇ OS *andûneitè ⇒ Cf. falathren

Anor S., N. [ˈɑnɔr] n. Astron. sun ◇ Ety/348, RC/232

anrand N. → andrann

ant N. [ˈɑnt] n. gift ◇ Ety/348

†anu *S. [ˈɑnu] (anw N. ) adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W ◈ A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (*3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (*3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

anw N. → anu

anwar S. [ˈɑnwɑr] n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23

aphad- S. [ˈɑffɑd] v. to follow ◇ WJ/387 ◈ In WJ/387, the verbal stem is given as aphad-, and the etymology as *ap-pata. If we follow the latter, the verb should perhaps read aphada- ◇ ab-+pad- "to walk behind, on a track or path"

aphadon S. [ˈɑffɑdɔn] pl. ephedyn S. [ˈɛffɛdyn] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., man (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◈ aphadrim S. n. class pl.

aphadrim S. [ɑffˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of aphadon, Pop. followers, men (elvish name for men) ◇ WJ/387 ◇ aphad-+rim

†apharch *S. [ˈɑffɑrx] (afarch N. ) adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH ◇ a- (intensive prefix) + parch, *apparkâ, ON appʰarkʰa ⇒ Cf. parch

ar S. → a I

âr N. [ˈɑːr] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/389 ⇒ Cf. aran, taur I

ar- I S. → ara-

ar- II N. [ɑr] pref. 1. Arch. etym. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349

ara- S. [ɑrɑ] (ar- S. ) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◇ Reduced form of aran, element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain

arad N. [ˈɑrɑd] n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349

aran S., N. [ˈɑrɑn] pl. erain S., N. [ˈɛrɑjn] n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426 ⇒ Cf. âr, taur I

aranarth S. [ˈɑrɑnɑrθ] n. kingdom, "king-holding" ◇ VT/44:22,25 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of arnad

aras S. [ˈɑrɑs] n. Zool. deer ◇ WJ/156-157

ardh N. [ˈɑrð] n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360 ◈ ardhon S. n. augm.

ardhon S. [ˈɑrðɔn] n. augm. of ardh, 1. Geog. great region, province ○ 2. by ext., world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348

*arn S. [ˈɑrn] adj. royal ← arn(a)gon-ath Letters/427 ⇒ Cf. arnen

arnad S. [ˈɑrnɑd] n. kingdom ◇ VT:44:21,25

arnediad N. [ɑrnˈɛdi.ɑd] (arnœdiad S., N. ) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◇ ar-+nediad

arnen S. [ˈɑrnɛn] pl. ernin S. [ˈɛrnin] adj. (?) royal ← Emyn Arnen, Lonnath-Ernin LotR/V:I, WR/294, WR/370 ◈ Originally, Lonnath-Ernin might have been intended to mean 'royal havens', assuming the second element to be a regular adjective. However, the second element in Emyn Arnen 'hills of Arnen' is singular, and Tolkien later decided that it should mean 'Hill beside the water', see VT/42:17 and HL/119-124. Nevertheless, this meaning cannot apply to Lonnath-Ernin (havens are near water by definition), so unless we entirely reject this earlier form, we may assume that an adjective 'royal' is still possible. ⇒ Cf. arn

arnœdiad S., N. → arnediad

arod S. [ˈɑrɔd] adj. noble ◇ PM/363, VT/41:9

aronoded N. [ɑrˈɔnɔdɛd] adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◇ ar-gonoded ⇒ Cf. arnediad

arphen S. [ˈɑrfɛn] pl. erphin S. [ˈɛrfin] n. a noble ◇ WJ/376 ◇ ar-+pen

arphent S. pa. t. "and (he/she) said" ◇ TL/21:09 ◇ ar+pent "and (he/she) said"

*arth S. [ˈɑrθ] adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR ◇ Q arta or OS *artʰa, CE *arâtâ

*arwen S. [ˈɑrwɛn] n. f. noble woman ← Arwen (name) LotR ◇ ar-+gwend

ascar N. → asgar

asgar N. [ˈɑsgɑr] (ascar N. ) adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386

ast N. [ˈɑst] n. dust ◇ Ety/349

ath- N. [ɑθ] pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349

athan S. [ɑθɑn] prep. beyond ◇ SD/62

atheg S. [ˈɑθɛg] n. m. dim. of adar, 1. "litte father" ○ 2. Biol. thumb (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17

athelas S. [ˈɑθɛlɑs] n. Bot. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◇ Q athea "benefical, helpful" + CS las "leaf"

athra- S. [ɑθrɑ] pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329

athrabeth S. [ˈɑθrɑbɛθ] n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329 ◇ athra-+peth "cross-talk"

athrad S., N. [ˈɑθrɑd] pl. ethraid S. [ˈɛθrɑjd] n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437, VT/42:7

*athrada- N. [ˈɑθrɑdɑ] inf. athrado N. [ˈɑθrɑdɔ] v. to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383 ◇ ath-+rada-

athrado N. inf. → athrada-

atland N. → adlann

*atlanna- N. → adlanna-

atlanno N. inf. → adlanna-

atlant N. → adlant

aur S., N. [ˈɑur] n. day, sunlight, morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439 ⇒ Cf. calan

∗auth I N. [ˈɑuθ] n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23

auth II S. [ˈɑuθ] n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9

ava- S. [ˈɑvɑ] aux. will not ◈ avad S. ger. ◈ avam S. v. pres. 1st pl. ◈ avo S. v. imp. ◈ avon S. v. pres. 1st

avad S. [ˈɑvɑd] ger. of ava-, refusal, reluctance ◇ WJ/371

avam S. [ˈɑvɑm] v. pres. 1st pl. of ava-, we won't ◇ WJ/371

avar S. [ˈɑvɑr] pl. evair S. [ˈɛvɑjr] n. 1. refuser ○ 2. Pop. esp. in the pl., the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the Valar ◇ WJ/380, VT/47:12 ◈ This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile

avo S. [ˈɑvɔ] v. imp. of ava-, don't! ◇ WJ/371 ◈ Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro

avon S. [ˈɑvɔn] v. pres. 1st of ava-, I won't ◇ WJ/371

*avorn S. [ˈɑvɔrn] adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31

awarth N. [ˈɑwɑrθ] n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397

awartha- N. [ɑwˈɑrθɑ] v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397

B

bach N. [bˈɑx] n. article (for exchange), ware, thing ◇ Ety/372

bachor N. [bˈɑxr̩] n. pedlar ◇ Ety/372

bâd N. [bˈɑːd] n. beaten track, pathway ◇ Ety/351

badhor N. [bˈɑðr̩] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒ Cf. badhron

badhron N. [bˈɑðrɔn] n. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒ Cf. badhor

†bain *S. [bˈɑjn] (bein N. ) adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI

bair S. pl. → bar

balan S., N. [bˈɑlɑn] pl. belain S. [bˈɛlɑjn] (belein N. , belen N. ) n. Theo. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI

balch N. [bˈɑlx] adj. cruel ◇ Ety/377

band S., N. [bˈɑnd] (bann N. ) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1

banga- N. [bˈɑŋgɑ] v. to trade ◇ Ety/372

bann N. → band

bar S. [bˈɑr] pl. bair S. [bˈɑjr] n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31 ◈ mbair S. nasal mut. pl. ◈ mbar S. nasal mut.

bara N. [bˈɑrɑ] adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351

barad I N. [bˈɑrɑd] adj. doomed ◇ Ety/372

barad II S., N. [bˈɑrɑd] pl. beraid S. [bˈɛrɑjd] n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B

baradh N. [bˈɑrɑð] adj. steep ◇ Ety/351

baran I S., N. [bˈɑrɑn] adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179, RC/343

baran II S. soft mut. of paran ← Dol Baran RC/433

*bartha- N. [bˈɑrθɑ] inf. bartho N. [bˈɑrθɔ] v. to doom ◇ Ety/372

bartho N. inf. → bartha-

basgorn N. [bˈɑsgɔrn] n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◇ bast+corn "round bread"

*bass S. [bˈɑss] n. bread ← besain, besoneth, imbas PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth "bread-giver", and in the mutated form (i)mbas (apparently prefixed with the article). These latter Sindarin forms are however dubious, as we would rather have expected bessain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and bassoneth (without i-affection), and possibly a different mutation pattern after the article ◈ *mbas S. soft mut.

†bassoneth *S. [bˈɑssonɛθ] (besoneth S. ) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word ◇ bass+oneth

bast N. [bˈɑst] n. bread ◇ Ety/372 ⇒ Cf. bass

*batha- N. [bˈɑθɑ] inf. batho N. [bˈɑθɔ] v. to trample ◇ Ety/352

batho N. inf. → batha-

baudh N. [bˈɑuð] n. judgement ◇ Ety/350

baug N. [bˈɑug] adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372

*baugla- N. [bˈɑuglɑ] inf. bauglo N. [bˈɑuglɔ] v. to oppress ◇ Ety/372

bauglir N. [bˈɑuglir] n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372

bauglo N. inf. → baugla-

baul N. [bˈɑul] n. torment ◇ Ety/377

baur N. [bˈɑur] n. need ◇ Ety/372

baw S. [bˈɑw] interj. no, don't! ◇ WJ/371

bêd S. soft mut. of pêd

bein N. → bain

belain S. pl. → balan

beleg S., N. [bˈɛlɛg] adj. great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428 ◈ veleg S. soft mut.

belein N. pl. → balan

belen N. pl. → balan

bellas N. [bˈɛl̡lɑs] n. abst. of belt, bodily strength ◇ Ety/352

belt N. [bˈɛlt] adj. strong in body ◇ Ety/352, Tengwestie/20031207 ◈ bellas N. n. abst.

ben I S. soft mut. of pen I

ben II S. soft mut. of pen II

ben III S. [bɛn] prep. according to the, in the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ OS *be, with suffixed article (?)

benn N. [bˈɛnn] n. m. man, male ◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9 ◇ "husband"

bennas N. [bˈɛnnɑs] n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375

beor N. → bŷr II

beraid S. pl. → barad II

berein N. pl. → bôr

beren I N. pl. → bôr

beren II N. [bˈɛrɛn] adj. bold ◇ Ety/352

bereth S., N. [bˈɛrɛθ] n. f. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74

*beria- N. [bˈɛri.ɑ] inf. berio N. [bˈɛri.ɔ] v. to protect ◇ Ety/351

berio N. inf. → beria-

*bertha- N. [bˈɛrθɑ] inf. bertho N. [bˈɛrθɔ] v. to dare ◇ Ety/352

bertho N. inf. → bertha-

besain S. → bessain

besoneth S. → bassoneth

bess S., N. [bˈɛss] n. f. 1. (young) woman ○ 2. wife ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31

†bessain *S. [bˈɛssɑjn] (besain S. ) n. f. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word

beth S. soft mut. of peth

bîn S. soft mut. of pîn ← Cûl Bîn RC/536

bior N. → bŷr II

blâb N. [blˈɑːb] v. pres. 3rd of blab-, (he) flaps, beats ◇ Ety/380 ◈ The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

*blab- N. [blˈɑb] inf. blebi N. [blˈɛbi] v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380 ◈ blâb N. v. pres. 3rd

blebi N. inf. → blab-

bo S. [bɔ] prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26

boda- S. [bˈɔdɑ] v. to ban, prohibit ◇ WJ/372

†boe *S. [bˈɔɛ] (bui N. ) v. impers. to need ◇ Ety/372, X/Z

bôr N. [bˈɔːr] pl. bŷr N. [bˈyːr] (berein N. , beren N. ) n. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal ◇ Ety/353

born S. [bˈɔrn] adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27

both N. [bˈɔθ] n. puddle, small pool ◇ Ety/372

bragol S. [brˈɑgɔl] adj. sudden ◇ S/429

braig N. [brˈɑjg] (breig N. ) adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ The form brerg in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:34

brand N. [brˈɑnd] (brann N. ) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1

brann N. → brand

brannon N. [brˈɑnnɔn] n. m. lord ◇ Ety/351

brass N. [brˈɑss] n. white heat ◇ Ety/351

brassen N. [brˈɑssɛn] adj. white-hot ◇ Ety/351

breged N. [brˈɛgɛd] n. violence, suddenness ◇ Ety/352

bregol N. [brˈɛgɔl] adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373 ◈ bregolas N. n. abst.

bregolas N. [brˈɛgɔlɑs] n. abst. of bregol, fierceness ◇ Ety/352

breig N. → braig

*breitha- N. [brˈɛjθɑ] inf. breitho N. [brˈɛjθɔ] v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352

breitho N. inf. → breitha-

*brenia- N. [brˈɛni.ɑ] inf. brenio N. [brˈɛni.ɔ] v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:7

brenio N. inf. → brenia-

brennil N. [brˈɛnnil̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/351

brethel N. → brethil II

brethil I S., N. pl. → brethil II

brethil II S. [brˈɛθil̡] (brethel N. ) pl. brethil S., N. n. Bot. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429

brith N. [brˈiθ] n. gravel ◇ Ety/353

brôg N. [brˈɔːg] n. Zool. bear ◇ Ety/374

*brona- N. [brˈɔnɑ] inf. brono N. [brˈɔnɔ] v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353 ◈ *bronad N. ger.

*bronad N. [brˈɔnɑd] ger. of brona-, survival ← bronadui Ety/353

bronadui N. [brˈɔnɑduj] adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353

brono N. inf. → brona-

bronwe S., N. [brˈɔnwɛ] n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62

*brui S. [brˈuj] adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index

brûn N. [brˈuːn] adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353

bui N. → boe

*buia- N. [bˈuj.ɑ] inf. buio N. [bˈuj.ɔ] v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353

buio N. inf. → buia-

bund N. [bˈund] (bunn N. ) n. 1. Biol. snout, nose ○ 2. Geog. by ext., cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2

bunn N. → bund

bŷr I N. pl. → bôr

†bŷr II *S. [bˈyːr] (bior N. , beor N. ) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU

C

*cab- S. [kˈɑb] v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100 ◈ cabed S. ger.

cabed S. [kˈɑbɛd] ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad)

cabor N. [kˈɑbr̩] (cabr N. ) n. Zool. frog ◇ Ety/362 ◇ MS *kabr, OS *kapro "leaper"

cabr N. → cabor

†cadu *S. [kˈɑdu] (cadw N. ) adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W

cadw N. → cadu

cadwar N. → cadwor

cadwor N. [kˈɑdwr̩] (cadwar N. ) adj. shapely ◇ Ety/363

†cae I *S. [kˈɑɛ] (coe N. ) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cae II S. [kˈɑɛ] (caen- S. ) adj. num. card. ten ◇ PE/17:95 ⇒ Cf. caer, pae

cael N. [kˈɑɛl] n. lying in bed, sickness ◇ Ety/363

caeleb N. [kˈɑɛlɛb] adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363

caen- S. → cae II

*caenen S. [kˈɑɛnɛn] adj. num. ord. tenth ← nelchaenen SD/129-131 ⇒ Cf. paenui, caenui

∗caenui S. [kˈɑɛnuj] adj. num. ord. tenth ◇ VT/42:10 ⇒ Cf. paenui, caenen

caer N. [kˈɑɛr] adj. num. card. ten ◇ Ety/363 ⇒ Cf. cae II , pae

caew N. [kˈɑɛw] n. lair, resting-place ◇ Ety/363

cai S. [kˈɑj] n. hedge ◇ UT/282

cail S. [kˈɑjl] n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282

*caint S. pl. → cant

cair S. [kˈɑjr] (ceir N. ) n. ship ◇ Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI

calad S., N. [kˈɑlɑd] ger. light ◇ Ety/362, UT/65

calan S. [kˈɑlɑn] n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. ⇒ Cf. aur

calar S. [kˈɑlɑr] n. (portable) lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523

calardan S. [kɑlˈɑrdɑn] pl. celerdain S. [kɛlˈɛrdɑjn] n. lampwright ◇ LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523 ◇ calar+tân

calben S. [kˈɑlbɛn] pl. celbin S. [kˈɛl̡bin] n. 1. Pop. Elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person") ○ 2. Pop. by ext., all Elves but the Avari ◇ WJ/362, WJ/376-377, WJ/408-409

calen S., N. [kˈɑlɛn] pl. celin S. [kˈɛlin] adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282, RC/349, VT/42:19 ◇ Etym. "bright-coloured"

calf N. → calph

callon N. [kˈɑllɔn] n. hero ◇ Ety/362

†calph *S. [kˈɑlf] (calf N. ) n. water-vessel ◇ Ety/362, X/PH

cam S., N. [kˈɑm] (camb N. , camm N. ) n. Biol. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429

camb N. → cam

camland N. → camlann

†camlann *S. [kˈɑmlɑnn] (camland N. ) n. Biol. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◇ cam+land

camm N. → cam

can- S. [kˈɑn] v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362

canad S., N. [kˈɑnɑd] (∗canath N. ) adj. num. card. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25, VT/48:6, VT/46:3

∗canath I N. → canad

canath II S. [kˈɑnɑθ] n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian" → mirian ◇ PM/45 ◈ mirian S. n.

†cand *S. [kˈɑnd] (cann N. ) adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1

canhui S. Arch. → canthui

cann N. → cand

*cannas N. [kˈɑnnɑs] n. abst. of cant, shaping ← Dorgannas WJ/192, WJ/206

cant N. [kˈɑnt] pl. *caint S. [kˈɑjnt] n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28 ◈ *cannas N. n. abst.

canthui S. [kˈɑnθuj] ( Arch. cantui S. , Arch. canhui S. ) adj. num. ord. fourth ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25,27

cantui S. Arch. → canthui

car N. [kˈɑr] (cardh N. ) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362

*car- S. [kˈɑr] irreg. pa. t. agor S. [ˈɑgɔr] v. to do ← avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415 ◈ *cared N. ger. ◈ caro S. v. imp. ◈ cerir S. v. pres. 3rd pl.

carab S. [kˈɑrɑb] n. hat ◇ WJ/187

carach S. [kˈɑrɑx] n. Biol. jaw, row of teeth ◇ S/429, RC/607

*caraes N. [kˈɑrɑɛs] n. jagged hedge of spikes ← Helcharaes Ety/362

carag N. [kˈɑrɑg] n. spike, tooth of rock ◇ Ety/362

caran S., N. [kˈɑrɑn] adj. red ◇ Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E

caras S., N. [kˈɑrɑs] n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311

carch S., N. [kˈɑrx] n. Biol. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429

cardh I N. → car

cardh II N. → carth

*cared N. [kˈɑrɛd] ger. of car-, making, doing ← ceredir Ety/354

caro S. [kˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of car-, do! make! ◇ VT/44:21,25

carth N. [kˈɑrθ] (cardh N. ) n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362 ⇒ Cf. úgarth

*cast S. [kˈɑst] n. Geog. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28

cathrae S. [kˈɑθrɑɛ] n. tressure, net for combining the hair ◇ VT/42:12

caul S. [kˈɑul] n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10

caun I N. → cofn

caun II S. [kˈɑun] n. outcry, clamor ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ conath S. n. coll.

caun III N. [kˈɑun] n. valour ◇ Ety/362

*caun IV S. [kˈɑun] pl. conin S. [kˈɔnin] n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ MS *kaun, Q. cáno

caw N. [kˈɑw] n. top ◇ Ety/362

ceber S., N. [kˈɛbɛr] pl. cebir S., N. [kˈɛbir] n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437, RC/327

cebir S., N. pl. → ceber

cef N. [kˈɛv] pl. ceif N. [kˈɛjv] n. soil ◇ Ety/363

†cefn *S. [kˈɛvn] (cevn N. ) adj. earthen ◇ Ety/363, X/Z

ceif N. pl. → cef

ceir N. → cair

ceirdan N. → círdan

†celair *S. [kˈɛlɑjr] (celeir N. ) adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI

celbin S. pl. → calben

celeb S., N. [kˈɛlɛb] n. silver ◇ Ety/367, S/429, LotR/E, Letters/426

celebren N. [kɛlˈɛbrɛn] pl. celebrin S. [kɛlˈɛbrin] adj. like silver (in hue or worth) ◇ Ety/367, S/429, VT/45:25

celebrin S. pl. → celebren

celefn N. → celevon

celeg S., N. [kˈɛlɛg] adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10

celeir N. → celair

celerdain S. pl. → calardan

celevon N. [kˈɛlɛvn̩] (celefn N. ) adj. of silver ◇ Ety/367

celin S. pl. → calen

*cell S. [kˈɛl̡l] adj. 1. running ○ 2. by ext., flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map

celon N. [kˈɛlɔn] n. Geog. river ← Celon (name) Ety/363

†celu *S. [kˈɛlu] (celw N. ) n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W

celw N. → celu

*cen- N. [kˈɛn] v. to see ← cenedril TI/184 ◈ *cened N. ger.

*cened N. [kˈɛnɛd] ger. of cen-, seeing, sight ← cenedril TI/184

cenedril N. [kɛnˈɛdril̡] n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466 ◇ cened+rill

cennan N. [kˈɛnnɑn] n. potter ◇ Ety/390 ◇ cêf+tân

cerch N. [kˈɛrx] n. sickle ◇ Ety/365

ceredir N. [kˈɛrɛdˌir] n. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354 ◇ cared+dîr

cerin S., N. [kˈɛrin] n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

cerir S. [kˈɛrir] v. pres. 3rd pl. of car-, they do ◇ VT/44:22,30 ◈ gerir S. soft mut.

certh S. [kˈɛrθ] pl. cirth S. [kˈirθ] n. Ling. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E ◇ Etym. "cutting" ◈ certhas S. n. abst.

certhas S. [kˈɛrθɑs] n. abst. of certh, Ling. runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◇ certh+-as

cerveth S. [kˈɛrvɛθ] n. Cal. july (month) ◇ LotR/D

ceven S. [kˈɛvɛn] n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27

cevn N. → cefn

chaered S. soft mut. of haered

chebin S. soft mut. of hebin

cherdir S. soft mut. of herdir

chîn S. nasal mut. pl. of hên II

chwand N. → hwand

chwann N. → hwand

chwest N. → hwest

chwîn N. → hwîn

chwind N. → hwind

*chwinia- N. → hwinia-

chwinio N. inf. → hwinia-

chwiniol N. → hwiniol

chwinn N. → hwind

cîl I N. [kˈiːl] n. Geog. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365

cîl II S. [kˈiːl] n. (?) renewal ◇ VT/48:8

cîr S. [kˈiːr] (cýr S. ) adj. renewed ◇ VT/48:7-8

cirban N. → círbann

†círbann *S. [kˈiːrbɑnn] (cirban N. ) n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4 ◇ cair+pand

cirdan N. → círdan

círdan S. [kˈirdɑn] (cirdan N. , ceirdan N. ) n. shipbuilder, shipwright ◇ Ety/365, Ety/390, LotR/VI:IX, RC/28 ◇ cair+tân

*cirion S. [kˈiri.ɔn] n. m. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)

cirith S. [kˈiriθ] n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335

cirth S. pl. → certh

cîw S. [kˈiːw] adj. fresh, new ◇ VT/48:7-8

claur N. [klˈɑur] n. Poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362

coe N. → cae I

côf S. [kˈɔːv] n. Geog. bay ◇ VT/42:15

cofn N. [kˈɔvn] (caun N. ) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366

côl N. [kˈɔːl] n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365

coll I N. [kˈɔll] adj. (golden) red ◇ Ety/365

coll II S. [kˈɔll] adj. hollow ◇ WJ/414

*coll III S. [kˈɔll] n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385

conath S. [kˈɔnɑθ] n. coll. of caun II , 1. many voices ○ 2. by ext., lamentation ◇ PM/361-362

condir S. [kˈɔndir] n. m. mayor ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ caun+dîr

conin S. pl. → caun IV

*conui S. [kˈɔnuj] adj. commanding, (?) ruling ← Argonui LotR/A(ii) ◇ caun+-ui

corch N. [kˈɔrx] n. Orn. crow ◇ Ety/362

cordof S. [kˈɔrdɔv] n. Bot. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31

corn N. [kˈɔrn] adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365

coron S., N. [kˈɔrɔn] n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. Geog. by ext., mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429

†coru *S. [kˈɔru] (corw N. ) adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W

corw N. → coru

cost N. [kˈɔst] n. quarrel ◇ Ety/365

coth N. [kˈɔθ] n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365

*craban S. [krˈɑbɑn] pl. crebain S. [krˈɛbɑjn] n. Orn. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III

cram S., N. [krˈɑm] (cramb N. ) n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII

cramb N. → cram

crann N. [krˈɑnn] adj. ruddy (of face) ◇ Ety/362

crebain S. pl. → craban

criss N. [krˈiss] n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23

crist N. [krˈist] n. Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365

*critha- N. [krˈiθɑ] inf. critho N. [krˈiθɔ] v. to reap ◇ Ety/365

critho N. inf. → critha-

crom N. [krˈɔm] n. left ◇ Ety/366

crum N. [krˈum] n. left hand ◇ Ety/366

crumui N. [krˈumuj] adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366

cû S., N. [kˈuː] n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil. by ext., bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429

cugu N. [kˈugu] n. dove ◇ Ety/365

*cuia- S. [kˈuj.ɑ] v. to live ← cuio LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◈ cuio S. v. imp.

cuil N. [kˈujl] n. life ◇ Ety/366

cuin N. [kˈujn] adj. alive ◇ Ety/366

*cuina- N. [kˈujnɑ] inf. cuino N. [kˈujnɔ] v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366 ◈ *cuinar S. v. pres. 3rd pl.

*cuinar S. [kˈujnɑr] v. pres. 3rd pl. of cuina-, (they) live ← i-chuinar Letters/417

cuino N. inf. → cuina-

cuio S. [kˈuj.ɔ] v. imp. of cuia-, live! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

cûl S. [kˈuːl] n. load ← Cûl Veleg, Cûl Bîn RC/536

cum N. [kˈum] (cumb N. ) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365

cumb N. → cum

cûn N. [kˈuːn] adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365

†cund *S. [kˈund] (cunn N. ) n. Arch. prince ◇ Ety/366, VT/45:24, X/ND1

cunn N. → cund

cúran N. → cúron

†cúron *S. [kˈuːrɑn] (cúran N. ) n. Astron. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z ◇ cû+raun

curu N. [kˈuru] (curw N. ) n. craft, skill ◇ Ety/366, X/W

curunir N. → curunír

curunír S. [kˈurunˌiːr] (curunir N. ) n. m. man of craft, wizard ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII, LotR/B, VT/45:24 ◇ curu+dîr "man of skill"

curw N. → curu

*cyll S. [kˈyll] n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385

cýr S. → cîr

cýrawn S. → cýron

cýron S. [kˈiːrɔn] (cýrawn S. ) n. Astron. new moon ◇ VT/48:7

D

dad N. [dˈɑd] adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354

dadben N. → dadbenn

dadbenn N. [dˈɑdbɛnn] (dadben N. ) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext., inclined, prone (to do something) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4 ◇ dad+pend

dae S., N. [dˈɑɛ] n. shadow ◇ Ety/354, S/430

daedelu N. [dˈɑɛdɛlu] n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◇ dae+telu

daen N. [dˈɑɛn] n. corpse ◇ Ety/375

daer I S. [dˈɑɛr] adj. great ◇ UT/450, WJ/187, WJ/335, VT/42:11

†daer II *S. [dˈɑɛr] (doer N. ) n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:9, X/OE

dâf N. [dˈɑːv] n. permission ◇ Ety/353

*dag- N. [dˈɑg] inf. degi N. [dˈɛgi] pa. t. danc N. [dˈɑŋk] (degant N. ) v. to slay ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ dangen N. pp.

dagnir S. [dˈɑgnir] n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext., bane ◇ S/430 ◇ dag-+dîr

dagor S., N. [dˈɑgr̩] (dagr N. ) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ dagorath S. n. coll.

dagorath S. [dˈɑgɔrɑθ] n. coll. of dagor, all the battles ◇ UT/395-396

dagr N. → dagor

*dagra- N. [dˈɑgrɑ] inf. dagro N. [dˈɑgrɔ] v. to battle ◇ Ety/375

dagro N. inf. → dagra-

dalath N. → talath

dalf N. → talf I

dalw N. → talu

dam N. [dˈɑm] n. hammer ◇ Ety/375

dambeth S. [dˈɑmbɛθ] n. answer, response ◇ PM/395 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth, with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected) ◇ dan+peth "back word"

damma- N. [dˈɑmmɑ] pa. t. dammant N. [dˈɑmmant] v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈ It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain

dammant N. pa. t. → damma-

dan S. [dɑn] prep. 1. against ○ 2. etym. back ◇ LotR/II:IV

danc N. pa. t. → dag-

dangen N. [dˈɑŋgɛn] pp. of dag-, slain ◇ Ety/375

dangweth S. [dˈɑŋgwɛθ] n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395 ◇ OS *ndanagwetʰa "back report"

†danna- *S. [dˈɑnnɑ] (dant- N. ) v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies ◈ dannen N. pp.

dannen I N. [dˈɑnnɛn] pp. of danna-, fallen ◇ Ety/354

dannen II S. [dˈɑnnɛn] n. ebb, low tide ◇ VT/48:26

dant S. [dˈɑnt] n. fall ◇ MR/373

dant- N. → danna-

danwaith S. [dˈɑnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◇ dan+gwaith

danwedh S. [dˈɑnwɛð] n. ransom ◇ S/384 ◇ dan+gwedh

*dar- N. [dˈɑr] inf. deri N. [dˈɛri] v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353 ◈ daro S., N. v. imp.

daro S., N. [dˈɑrɔ] v. imp. of dar-, halt! stop! ◇ Ety/353, LotR/II:VI

dartha- N. [dˈɑrθɑ] v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8

dath N. [dˈɑθ] n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8

daug N. [dˈɑug] n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs) ◇ Ety/375

daul N. pa. t. → doltha-

daur S. [dˈɑur] n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext., league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285

daw N. [dˈɑw] n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354

degant N. pa. t. → dag-

degi N. inf. → dag-

del N. [ˈdɛl̡] n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355

deleb N. [dˈɛlɛb] adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355

delia- N. [dˈɛli.ɑ] inf. delio N. [dˈɛli.ɔ] (dœlio N. ) v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355

delio N. inf. → delia-

delos N. [dˈɛlɔs] (deloth N. ) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355 ◇ del+gos

deloth N. → delos

†delu *S. [dˈɛlu] (delw N. ) adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W

delw N. → delu

dem N. [dˈɛm] adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence

den S. soft mut. of ten

denwaith S. [dˈɛnwɑjθ] n. class pl. Pop. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◇ Den(we)+gwaith

deren N. pl. → doron

deri N. inf. → dar-

dess N. [dˈɛss] n. f. young woman ◇ Ety/375

di S. soft mut. of ti

dî N. [dˈiː] n. f. Poet. woman, lady ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354

di- S. [di] pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di

díhena- S. [dˈiːhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ Cf. gohena- ◈ †díhenam *S. v. pres. 1st pl. ◈ díheno S. v. imp.

dihenam S. → díhenam

†díhenam *S. [dˈiːhɛnɑm] (dihenam S. ) v. pres. 1st pl. of díhena-, we forgive ◇ VT/44:22,29 ◈ In Tolkien's manuscript, the form dihenam was rejected in favor of gohenam

díheno S. [dˈiːhɛnɔ] v. imp. of díhena-, forgive! ◇ VT/44:21,28

dîl N. [dˈiːl] n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354

*dilia- N. [dˈili.ɑ] inf. dilio N. [dˈili.ɔ] pa. t. diliant N. [dˈili.ɑnt] v. to stop up ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:9

diliant N. pa. t. → dilia-

dilio N. inf. → dilia-

dîn I S. [dˈiːn] n. silence ◇ S/430, LB/354 ◈ Adjectival use seems to be attested in several place names (Amon Dín "Silent Hill", etc.), though an adjective dínen I is also attested (Rath Dínen "Silent Street"). When compared with other toponyms where lenition does occur (Taur-na-Chardhîn "Forest of the Southern Silence" in WJ/185,193 and Dor Dhínen in WJ/333,338), the forms dîn and dínen clearly seem to be unmutated. Absence of lenition in these examples from LotR was therefore tentatively explained by resistance to mutation (as in Nan Tathren, Ered Mithrin). However, Tolkien apparently changed his mind in his unfinished index of names from LotR, where he explains both words as mutated adjectives whose unlenited forms are respectively tîn II and tínen. Such hesitations between mutated and unmutated forms is not unusual, for instance a similar issue is met with gaear and aear. Of course, Taur-na-Chardhîn and Dor Dhínen would hardly be explainable in that alternate scenario

dîn II N. [dˈiːn] n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354

dîn III S. soft mut. of tîn I

dîn IV S. soft mut. of tîn II ◇ RC/551

dínen I S. [dˈiːnɛn] adj. silent ◇ S/430, WJ/194 ◈ See also dîn I for a discussion regarding this word

dínen II S. soft mut. of tínen ◇ RC/551

dineth N. [dˈinɛθ] n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◇ dî+neth

dîr N. [dˈiːr] n. m. Arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352

diriel S. soft mut. of tiriel

díriel S. soft mut. of tíriel

dírnaith S. [dˈiːrnɑjθ] n. Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282 ◇ dîr+naith "man spearhead"

dîs N. [dˈiːs] n. f. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375

doer N. → daer II

dofn N. [dˈɔvn] adj. gloomy ◇ Ety/355

dol S. → dôl

dôl N. [dˈɔːl] (dol S. ) n. 1. head ○ 2. Geog. by ext., hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268

dolen N. [dˈɔlɛn] pp. of doltha-, concealed, hidden ◇ Ety/355

dœlio N. inf. → delia-

doll N. [dˈɔll] (dolt N. ) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207

dolothen S. soft mut. of tolothen

dolt I N. → doll

dolt II N. [dˈɔlt] pl. dylt N. [dˈylt] n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376

doltha- N. [dˈɔlθɑ] pa. t. Arch. daul N. [dˈɑul] v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355 ◈ dolen N. pp.

dond S. [dˈɔnd] (donn S. ) n. Biol. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23

donn I S. → dond

donn II N. [dˈɔnn] adj. swart, swarthy ◇ Ety/355, X/ND1

dor S., N. → dôr

dôr S. [dˈɔːr] (dor S., N. ) n. Geog. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dorn S. [dˈɔrn] adj. stiff, tough ◇ WJ/413 ◈ dornhoth S. n. class pl.

dornhoth S. [dˈɔrn.hɔθ] n. class pl. of dorn, Pop. the Dwarves, lit. "the Thrawn Folk" ◇ WJ/388 ◇ dorn+hoth

dœrœn N. pl. → doron

doron N. [dˈɔrɔn] pl. deren N. (dœrœn N. ) n. Bot. oak ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11

*dortha- N. [dˈɔrθɑ] inf. dortho N. [dˈɔrθɔ] v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376

dortho N. inf. → dortha-

*draf- N. [drˈɑv] inf. dravo N. [drˈɑvɔ] pa. t. drammen N. [drˈɑmmɛn] (dravant N. , Arch. dramp N. ) v. to hew ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8

drafn N. [drˈɑvn] n. hewn log ◇ Ety/354

†dram *S. [drˈɑm] (dramm N. , dramb N. ) n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB

dramb N. → dram

drambor N. [drˈɑm.bɔr] n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◇ dram+paur

dramm N. → dram

drammen N. pa. t. → draf-

dramp N. Arch. pa. t. → draf-

drann S. soft mut. of trann

drannail S. soft mut. of trannail

draug S., N. [drˈɑug] n. Zool. wolf ◇ Ety/354, S/430

dravant N. pa. t. → draf-

dravo N. inf. → draf-

*drega- S. [drˈɛgɑ] v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf. dregi) ◈ drego S. v. imp.

drego S. [drˈɛgɔ] v. imp. of drega-, flee! ◇ UT/65

*dring S. [drˈiŋ] n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355

*dringa- N. [drˈiŋgɑ] inf. dringo N. [drˈiŋgɔ] v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355

dringo N. inf. → dringa-

drû S. [drˈuː] pl. drúin S. [drˈuː.in] n. Pop. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word ◇ MS *druγ, Dr druγu ◈ drúath S. n. coll. ◈ drúwaith S. n. class pl.

drúadan S. [drˈuːɑdɑn] pl. drúedain S. [drˈuːɛdɑjn] n. Pop. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+adan

drúath S. [drˈuːɑθ] n. coll. of drû, Pop. the people of the Drû, the Woses ◇ UT/385

drúedain S. pl. → drúadan

drúin S. pl. → drû

drúnos S. [drˈuːnɔs] n. a family of the Drû-folk (q.v.) ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+nos(s)

drúwaith S. [drˈuːwɑjθ] n. class pl. of drû, the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.) ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+gwaith

dû S., N. [dˈuː] n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ dúath S., N. n. coll.

dúath S., N. [dˈuːɑθ] (dúwath N. ) n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◇ Either the collective plural of dû, or a compound dû+gwath "night shade" (hence dúwath)

duin S. [dˈujn] n. Geog. (long and large) river (having strong current) ◇ S/430, LotR/F, TC/179, VT/48:24

duinen S. [ˈdujnɛn] n. flood, high tide ◇ VT/48:26

duir S. pl. → dûr

duirro N. [dˈujrrɔ] n. Geog. river-bank ◇ VT/46:10

dúlin S., N. → dúlinn

dúlind N. → dúlinn

dúlinn N. [dˈuːlinn] (dúlind N. , dúlin S., N. ) n. Orn. nightingale ◇ Ety/354, Ety/369, S/430, X/ND4 ◇ dû+lind "dusk singer"

dûn S., N. [dˈuːn] n. west ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/E-F

dúnadan S. [dˈuːnɑdɑn] pl. dúnedain S. [dˈuːnɛdɑjn] n. Pop. Man of the west, Númenórean ◇ LotR/I:XII, WJ/378, S/390 ◇ dûn+adan

dúnedain S. pl. → dúnadan

*dúnedhel S. [dˈuːnɛðɛl̡] pl. dúnedhil S. [dˈunːɛðil̡] n. Pop. Elf of the West, Elf of Beleriand (including Noldor and Sindar) ◇ WJ/378 ◇ dûn+edhel, OS *ndûnedelo

dúnedhil S. pl. → dúnedhel

dûr S., N. [dˈuːr] pl. duir S. [dˈujr] adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434

dúven N. [dˈuːvɛn] pl. dúvin N. [dˈuːvin] adj. (?) southern ◇ Ety/376, VT/45:38

dúvin N. pl. → dúven

dúwath N. → dúath

dylt N. pl. → dolt II

E

e S. [ɛ] pron. 3rd he ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

ebœnnin S. pl. → abonnen

ech N. [ˈɛx] n. spine ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:12 ◈ The Etymologies as published gloss this word as "spear", but the correct reading is provided in VT/45 ⇒ Cf. egnas

echad S. [ˈɛxɑd] n. camp ◇ UT/431

*echad- N. [ˈɛxɑd] inf. echedi N. [ˈɛxɛdi] pa. t. echant S., N. [ˈɛxɑnt] v. to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV

echant S., N. pa. t. → echad-

echedi N. inf. → echad-

echil S. [ˈɛxil̡] n. 1. follower ○ 2. Pop. by ext., human being ◇ WJ/219

echor S. [ˈɛxɔr] n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430

echui S., N. [ˈɛxuj] (echuiw N. ) n. awakening ◇ Ety/366, S/429

echuir S. [ˈɛxujr] n. Cal. a season, the beginning of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◇ Etym. "stirring"

echuiw N. → echui

ecthel N. [ˈɛkθɛl̡] (egthel N. ) n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388 ◇ êg+thela "thorn-point"

ed- N. [ɛd] pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356

†edaib *S. pl. → adab

edaid S. [ˈɛdɑjd] adj. num. quant. double ◇ VT/42:26-27

edain S. pl. → adan

edair S. pl. → adar

edeb N. pl. → adab

edeir N. pl. → adar

eden N. [ˈɛdɛn] adj. new, begun again ◇ Ety/349

edenedair S. pl. → adanadar

eder N. pl. → adar

edhel S., N. [ˈɛðɛl̡] pl. edhil S., N. [ˈɛðil̡] n. Pop. Elf ◇ Ety/356, S/430, WJ/363-364

edhelharn S. [ɛðˈɛl̡hɑrn] n. elf-stone ◇ SD/128-129 ◇ edhel+sarn

edhellen S. [ɛðˈɛl̡lɛn] adj. elvish, of the Elves ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463 ◇ edhel+-ren

edhil S., N. pl. → edhel

edinar N. → edinor

†edinor *S. [ˈɛdinɑr] (edinar N. ) n. Cal. anniversary day ◇ Ety/400, X/Z ◇ ad+în+aur

†edledhas *S. pa. t. → edledhia-

†edledhia- *S. [ɛdlˈɛði.ɑ] (*egledhia- N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɑ], *egledh- N. [ˈɛglɛð]) inf. †edledhio *S. [ɛdlˈɛði.ɔ] (egledhio ( corr. eglehio ) N. [ɛglˈɛði.ɔ], egledhi N. [ˈɛglɛði]) pa. t. †edledhas *S. [ˈɛdlɛðɑs] (egledhas N. [ˈɛglɛðɑs], Arch. eglant N. ) v. to go into exile ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:27, X/TL

†edledhio *S. inf. → edledhia-

†edledhron *S. [ɛdlˈɛðrɔn] (egledhron N. ) n. exile (person who is exiled) ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

†edlenn *S. [ˈɛdlɛnn] (eglenn N. ) adj. exiled ◇ Ety/368, X/TL

*edlothia- S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑ] v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this word is however a plausible form ◈ *edlothiad ( corr. edlothiand ) S. ger.

*edlothiad ( corr. edlothiand ) S. [ɛdlˈɔθi.ɑd] ger. of edlothia-, blossoming, flowering ← edlothiand WR/293 ◈ Actually, edlothiand might be a misreading, according to David Salo who checked the original manuscript at Marquette and reported that his reading was unmistakably edlothiad

edonna- N. [ɛdˈɔnnɑ] v. to beget ◇ Ety/379 ◇ ed+*onna-

*edra- S., N. [ˈɛdrɑ] v. to open ◈ edro S., N. v. imp.

†edrain *S. [ˈɛdrɑjn] (edrein N. ) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/EI ◇ ed+rain

edraith S. [ˈɛdrɑjθ] n. saving ◇ LotR/II:IV, TI/175

edregol S. [ˈɛdrɛgl̩] adv. in especial ◇ SD/129-31

edrein N. → edrain

edro S., N. [ˈɛdrɔ] v. imp. of edra-, open! ◇ Ety/357, LotR/II:IV

edwen S. [ˈɛdwɛn] adj. num. ord. second ◇ SD/129-31

êg N. [ˈɛːg] n. thorn ◇ Ety/355

egladhrim S. [ɛglˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of eglan, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◇ eglan+rim

eglain S. pl. → eglan

eglan S. [ˈɛglɑn] pl. eglain S. [ˈɛglɑjn] n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. Pop. as a noun, an Elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380 ◈ egladhrim S. n. class pl.

eglant N. Arch. pa. t. → edledhia-

eglath S. [ˈɛglɑθ] n. coll. of egol, Pop. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/344 ⇒ Cf. egladhrim

*egledh- N. → edledhia-

egledhas N. pa. t. → edledhia-

egledhi N. inf. → edledhia-

*egledhia- N. → edledhia-

egledhio ( corr. eglehio ) N. inf. → edledhia-

egledhron N. → edledhron

eglenn N. → edlenn

*egleria- S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɑ] v. to glorify, to praise ◈ eglerio S. v. imp.

eglerio S. [ɛglˈɛri.ɔ] v. imp. of egleria-, glorify! praise! ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308

egnas N. [ˈɛgnɑs] n. 1. sharp point ○ 2. by ext., peak ◇ VT/45:12

ego S. [ˈɛgɔ] interj. be off! ◇ WJ/365

*egol S. [ˈɛgl̩] n. Pop. someone forsaken, an Elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189, WJ/344 ◈ eglath S. n. coll.

egor S. [ˈɛgɔr] conj. or ◇ SD/129-31

egthel N. → ecthel

eilian N. → eiliant

†eiliant *S. [ˈɛjli.ɑnt] (eilianw N. , eilian N. ) n. rainbow ◇ Ety/360, Ety/400 ◈ See ianu and iant for a discussion ◇ "sky-bridge"

eilianw N. → eiliant

eilph S. pl. → alph

einior S. [ˈɛjni.ɔr] adj. elder ◇ PM/358 ◇ an+iaur (?) "very, extremely old"

eirch N. pl. → orch

eirien S. [ˈɛjri.ɛn] n. Bot. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ Q Arien "day-maiden" (AS1)

eitha- S. [ˈɛjθɑ] v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2. by ext., to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365 ◈ eithad S. ger.

eithad S. [ˈɛjθɑd] ger. of eitha-, insult ◇ WJ/365

eithel S., N. [ˈɛjθɛl̡] pl. eithil S. [ˈɛjθil̡] n. issue of water, spring, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85, TC/187

eithil S. pl. → eithel

êl S. [ˈɛːl] pl. elin S. [ˈɛlin] n. Arch., Poet. Astron. star (little used except in verses) ◇ WJ/363, MR/373, RGEO/73, Letters/281 ◈ elenath S. n. coll.

elanor S. [ˈɛlɑnɔr] n. Bot. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402 ◇ êl+anor "star-sun"

elei N. pl. → ôl

elenath S. [ˈɛlɛnɑθ] n. coll. of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363

elin S. pl. → êl

elleth S. [ˈɛl̡lɛθ] n. f. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364

ellon S. [ˈɛl̡lɔn] n. m. elf ◇ WJ/363-364

elloth S. [ˈɛl̡lɔθ] n. sing. of loth, Bot. (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◇ er- + loth

elo S. [ˈɛlɔ] interj. an exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight ◇ WJ/362

†elu *S. [ˈɛlu] (elw N. ) adj. (pale) blue ◇ Ety/360, X/W

*elvellon S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lɔn] pl. elvellyn S. [ɛl̡vˈɛl̡lyn] n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412

elvellyn S. pl. → elvellon

elw N. → elu

emel S. [ˈɛmɛl] (emmel S. ) n. f. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17 ◈ emig S. n. f. dim.

emelin N. → emlin

emig S. [ˈɛmig] n. f. dim. of emel, 1. "litte mother" ○ 2. Biol. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,17

emil N. [ˈɛmil] n. f. Poet. mother ◇ VT/45:5

emlin N. [ˈɛmlin] (emmelin N. , emelin N. ) n. Orn. yellow bird, "yellow hammer" ◇ Ety/386

emmel S. → emel

emmelin N. → emlin

emuin N. pl. → amon

emyn S., N. pl. → amon

en S. [ɛn] art. of the (genitival article) ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ i+na (?)

enchui S. [ˈɛnxuj] (∗enegui S. , Arch. encui S. ) adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:10,25,28

encui S. Arch. → enchui

enecthui S. [ɛnˈɛkθuj] adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:25 ⇒ Cf. enchui

ened S. [ˈɛnɛd] (enedh N. ) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

enedh N. → ened

eneg S., N. [ˈɛnɛg] adj. num. card. six ◇ Ety/356, VT/42:25,31, VT/48:6,8

∗enegui S. → enchui

eneth S. [ˈɛnɛθ] n. name ◇ VT/44:21,24

enfeng S., N. pl. → anfang

engrin S., N. pl. → angren

ennas S. [ˈɛnnɑs] adv. there, in that place ◇ SD/129-31

enni S. [ˈɛnni] pron. 1st to me ◇ VT/41:11 ◇ an+ni ⇒ Cf. enni

*ennin I S. pl. → onnen

ennin II N. [ˈɛnnin] n. Cal. Valian year ◇ Ety/400 ◇ and+în "long year"

ennor S. [ˈɛnnɔr] n. central land, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, X/ND2 ◈ ennorath S. n. coll.

ennorath S. [ˈɛnnɔrɑθ] n. coll. of ennor, central lands, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72-75

ennyn S., N. pl. → annon

enyd S. pl. → onod

ephedyn S. pl. → aphadon

ephel S., N. [ˈɛffɛl̡] n. outer fence, encircling fence ◇ S/436, LotR/E ◇ et+pêl

er S. [ɛr] adj. single ◇ VT/48:6

er- S., N. [ɛr] pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19

erain S., N. pl. → aran

erch I N. pl. → orch

erch II N. [ˈɛrx] n. prickle ◇ Ety/356

*ercha- N. [ˈɛrxɑ] inf. ercho N. [ˈɛrxɔ] v. to prick ◇ Ety/356

erchamion S. [ɛrxˈɑmi.ɔn] adj. one-handed ◇ WJ/51, WJ/231,

†erchammon *S. [ɛrxˈɑmmɔn] (erchamon S. ) n. m. one-handed man ◇ VT/47:7, X/Z

†erchammui *S. [ɛrxˈɑmmuj] (erchamui N. ) adj. one-handed ◇ Ety/361, X/Z

erchamon S. → erchammon

erchamui N. → erchammui

*erchion N. [ˈɛrxi.ɔn] der. pl. of orch ← Annerchion TI/114

ercho N. inf. → ercha-

ereb S., N. [ˈɛrɛb] pl. erib S. [ˈɛrib] adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10

ered S., N. pl. → orod

eredh N. [ˈɛrɛð] n. Bot. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356

ereg S., N. [ˈɛrɛg] pl. erig N. [ˈɛrig] n. Bot. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431 ◈ eregion S., N. der. pl.

eregdos N. [ɛrˈɛgdɔs] n. Bot. holly, holly-tree ◇ Ety/356, Ety/379, Ety/395 ◇ ereg+toss

eregion S., N. [ɛrˈɛgi.ɔn] der. pl. of ereg ← Eregion Ety/356, LotR, UT

ereid N. pl. → orod

*eria- N. [ˈɛri.ɑ] inf. erio N. [ˈɛri.ɔ] pa. t. erias N. [ˈɛri.ɑs] ( Arch. oronte N. ) v. to rise ◇ Ety/379, VT/46:7 ⇒ Cf. ortha-

erias N. pa. t. → eria-

erib S. pl. → ereb

erig N. pl. → ereg

erin S. [ɛrin] prep. on the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ or+i, MS *œrin

erio N. inf. → eria-

ernil I S. pl. → ernil II

ernil II S. [ˈɛrnil̡] pl. ernil S. n. prince ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308, UT/428, RGEO/75

ernin S. pl. → arnen

erphin S. pl. → arphen

*ertha- S. [ˈɛrθɑ] v. to unite ← Aderthad S/409 ◈ *erthad S. ger.

*erthad S. [ˈɛrθɑd] ger. of ertha-, union, uniting ← Aderthad S/409

eru N. [ˈɛru] n. waste, desert ◇ Ety/356

erui S. [ˈɛruj] adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

eryd S., N. pl. → orod

eryn S. [ˈɛryn] n. wood ◇ UT/436, LotR/B ◇ OS *oroni- (?), "trees", plural noun, used as a singular.

esgal S. [ˈɛsgɑl] n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431

esgar N. [ˈɛsgɑr] n. Geog. shore ◇ VT/46:14

esgeri N. inf. → osgar-

*esta- S. [ˈɛstɑ] v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31 ◈ estathar S. v. fut. 3rd pl.

estathar S. [ˈɛstɑθɑr] v. fut. 3rd pl. of esta-, (they) will name ◇ SD/129-31

estel S. [ˈɛstɛl̡] n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇ WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320

estent S. [ˈɛstɛnt] adj. (very?) short ◇ UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ The slash sign in minlamad thent/estent might indicate either variant forms of an adjective, or a sequence of two short verse units, possibly of alliterating half-lines, see Tolkien's Legendarium p. 122 ⇒ Cf. then, thent

estolad S. [ˈɛstɔlɑd] n. encampment ◇ UT/77, S/396

ethir I S., N. [ˈɛθir] n. Geog. mouth (of a river), estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356, RC/350 ◇ ed+sîr "outflow"

ethir II S. [ˈɛθir] n. spy ◇ S/379, UT/418 ◇ ed+tirn "out-watcher"

ethraid S. pl. → athrad

ethuil S. [ˈɛθujl] n. Cal. season of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

evair S. pl. → avar

F

†faeg *S. [fˈɑɛg] (foeg N. ) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE

fael I S. [fˈɑɛl] adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352 ◇ Etym. "having a good fëa"

*fael II S. [fˈɑɛl] n. gleaming brilliance (of the sun) ← Faelivrin LB/376, S/209-210

†faen *S. [fˈɑɛn] (foen N. ) adj. radiant, white ◇ Ety/381, X/OE

faer S. [fˈɑɛr] n. spirit ◇ MR/349

fain S. [fˈɑjn] (fein N. ) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI ⇒ Cf. faun, fân

†fair I *S. [fˈɑjr] (feir S., N. ) pl. fîr S., N. [fˈiːr] n. mortal ◇ Ety/381, WJ/387, X/EI ◇ Q firya ◈ firiath S. n. coll.

†fair II *S. [fˈɑjr] (feir N. , fœir N. ) n. right (hand) ◇ Ety/382, VT/46:10

falas S., N. [fˈɑlɑs] pl. †felais *S. [fˈɛlɑjs] (feles N. ) n. 1. Geog. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2. Geog. as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI ◈ falathrim S. n. class pl.

falathren S., N. [fɑlˈɑθrɛn] n. and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2. Ling. as a noun, Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55 ◇ falas+-ren ⇒ Cf. annúnaid

falathrim S. [fɑlˈɑθrim] n. class pl. of falas, people of the Falas ◇ WJ/378 ◇ falas+rim ⇒ Cf. eglath, egladhrim

*falch S. [fˈɑlx] n. Geog. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468

falf N. [fˈɑlv] n. foam, breaker ◇ Ety/381

*faltha- N. [fˈɑlθɑ] inf. faltho N. [fˈɑlθɔ] v. to foam ◇ Ety/381

faltho N. inf. → faltha-

fân S. [fˈɑːn] n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◇ Q fana ⇒ Cf. faun, fain

fang N. [fˈɑŋ] n. beard ◇ Ety/387

fanui S. [fˈɑnuj] adj. cloudy ◇ RGEO/74, RC/268

far N. [fˈɑr] adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381

*fara- N. [fˈɑrɑ] inf. faro N. [fˈɑrɔ] v. to hunt ◇ Ety/387 ◈ *farad N. ger. ◈ faras N. n. abst.

*farad N. [fˈɑrɑd] ger. of fara-, hunting ← faradrim Ety/387

faradrim N. [fɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of feredir, hunters ◇ Ety/387 ◇ farad+rim

faras N. [fˈɑrɑs] n. abst. of fara-, hunting ◇ Ety/387

farn N. [fˈɑrn] adj. or adv. enough ◇ Ety/381

faro N. inf. → fara-

*faron N. [fˈɑrɔn] n. m. hunter ← Elfaron Ety/387

faroth S. [fˈɑrɔθ] n. (?) hunter, (?) group of hunters ← Taur-en-Faroth S/431, Ety/387

fast N. [fˈɑst] n. shaggy hair ◇ Ety/381

faug N. [fˈɑug] adj. thirsty ◇ Ety/381

faun N. [fˈɑun] n. cloud ◇ Ety/387, VT/46:15 ⇒ Cf. fain, fân

faur N. [fˈɑur] n. Geog. beach, shore ◇ VT/46:15

fein N. → fain

feir I S., N. → fair I

feir II N. → fair II

feira- N. [fˈɛjrɑ] v. to suffice ◇ VT/46:9

fela N. [fˈɛlɑ] pl. fili N. [fˈili] n. cave ◇ Ety/381

†felais *S. pl. → falas

feles N. pl. → falas

fen S. [fˈɛn] (fend N. , fenn N. ) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, RC/550, X/ND1 ◈ fennas S. n. abst.

fend N. → fen

fenn N. → fen

fennas S. [fˈɛnnɑs] n. abst. of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75

fêr N. [fˈɛːr] pl. ferin N. [fˈɛrin] n. Bot. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381

feredir N. [fˈɛrɛdˌir] n. hunter ◇ Ety/387 ◇ farad+dîr ◈ faradrim N. n. class pl.

ferin N. pl. → fêr

fern N. [fˈɛrn] pl. firn N. [fˈirn] n. and adj. 1. dead (of mortals) ○ 2. as a noun, dead person ◇ Ety/381

fileg N. [fˈilɛg] pl. filig N. [fˈilig] n. Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◇ Singular formed by analogy ◈ filigod N. n. sing.

fili N. pl. → fela

filig N. pl. → fileg

filigod N. [fˈiligɔd] n. sing. of fileg, Orn. small bird ◇ Ety/381

*fim S. [fˈim] adj. slim, slender ← Fimbrethil LotR/Index

fîn S. [fˈiːn] (find S. , finn- S. ) n. a tress ◇ PM/361-362

find S. → fîn

findel N. → finnel

fing S. [fˈiŋ] n. lock of hair ← Finglas "Leaflock" RC/386

finn- S. → fîn

finnel N. [fˈinnɛl̡] (findel N. ) n. (braided) hair ◇ Ety/387, X/ND2

fîr S., N. pl. → fair I

fíreb S. [fˈiːrɛb] pl. fírib S. [fˈiːrib] adj. mortal ◇ WJ/387 ◇ fair+-eb

firen N. [fˈirɛn] adj. human ◇ Ety/381 ◇ fair+-en (PHIR)

firiath S. [fˈiri.ɑθ] n. coll. of fair I , mortals, human beings ◇ WJ/219, WJ/387

fírib S. pl. → fíreb

firiel N. → fíriel

fíriel S. [fˈiri.ɛl̡] (firiel N. ) n. f. mortal maid ◇ Ety/382, PM/195, PM/232

firieth S. [fˈiri.ɛθ] n. f. mortal woman ◇ WJ/387 ◇ fair+-eth (PHIR)

firion S. [fˈiri.ɔn] n. m. mortal man ◇ WJ/387

firith S. [fˈiriθ] n. Cal. season of fading ◇ LotR/D

firn N. pl. → fern

*flâd S. [flˈɑːd] n. Biol. skin ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173

flaew N. → lhaew II

fliw N. → lhîw

floss N. → lhoss

foeg N. → faeg

foen N. → faen

fœir N. → fair II

forgam N. [fˈɔrgɑm] adj. right-handed ◇ Ety/382 ◇ fôr+cam

forn S., N. [fˈɔrn] n. right, north ◇ Ety/382, UT/426, S/431

forod S., N. [fˈɔrɔd] n. north ◇ Ety/382, S/431, LotR/E ◈ forodrim N. n. class pl. ◈ forodwaith N. n. class pl.

forodren N. [fɔrˈɔdrɛn] adj. northern ◇ Ety/382 ◇ forod+-ren (PHOR)

forodrim N. [fɔrˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of forod, Pop. Northmen ◇ Ety/392 ◇ forod+rim

forodwaith N. [fɔrˈɔdwɑjθ] (forodweith N. ) n. class pl. of forod, 1. Pop. Northmen ○ 2. by ext., the lands of the North ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI ◇ forod+gwaith

forodweith N. → forodwaith

forven N. [fˈɔrvɛn] n. north ◇ Ety/382 ◇ fôr+mên

forvo S. [fˈɔrvɔ] n. 1. right hand ○ 2. by ext., right side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ for-vaw, fôr+maw

fui S. [fˈuj] n. (unknown meaning) ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526

*fuia- N. [fˈuj.ɑ] inf. fuio N. [fˈuj.ɔ] v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381

fuin S., N. [fˈujn] n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431

fuio N. inf. → fuia-

fuir S. [fˈujr] adj. north ◇ VT/42:20

G

gad- N. [gˈɑd] inf. gedi N. [gˈɛdi] v. to catch ◇ Ety/358

gador N. [gˈɑdr̩] (gadr N. ) n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358

gadr N. → gador

gae N. [gˈɑɛ] n. dread ◇ Ety/358

gaear S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑr] (oear N. ) n. Geog. sea ◇ Ety/349, PM/363, RGEO/73 ◈ gaearon S. n. augm.

gaearon S. [gˈɑɛ.ɑrɔn] (gaeron S. ) n. augm. of gaear, Geog. great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73

gael N. [gˈɑɛl] adj. pale, glimmering ◇ Ety/358

gaer I N. [gˈɑɛr] adj. dreadful ◇ Ety/358

†gaer II *S. [gˈɑɛr] (goer N. ) adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE

gaer III S. [gˈɑɛr] (oer N. ) n. Geog. sea ◇ Ety/349, S/431, PM/363

gaeron S. → gaearon

†gaeruil *S. [gˈɑɛrujl] (oeruil N. ) n. Bot. seaweed ← gaer PM/363, Ety/396 ◇ gaer+uil

gail N. [gˈɑjl] n. bright light ◇ Ety/362

gal- N. [gɑl] pref. light ← galvorn, etc.

*gala- N. [gˈɑlɑ] inf. galo N. [gˈɑlɔ] v. to grow ◇ Ety/357 ◈ galas N. n. abst.

galad S. [gˈɑlɑd] n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425

galadh S., N. [gˈɑlɑð] n. Bot. tree ◇ Ety/357, S/427, LotR/E, LB/354, RGEO/73, Letters/426 ◈ *galadhad S. n. dual pl. ◈ galadhon S. der. pl. ◈ galadhrim S. n. class pl.

*galadhad S. [gˈɑlɑðɑd] n. dual pl. of galadh, Theo. the Two Trees of Valinor ← Orgaladhad LotR/D

galadhon S. [gˈɑlɑðɔn] der. pl. of galadh ← Caras Galadhon LotR/II:VII, LotR/F, UT/425

*galadhremmen S. [gˌɑlɑð.rˈɛmmɛn] pl. galadhremmin S. [gˌɑlɑð.rˈɛmmin] adj. tree-woven, tree-tangled ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◇ galadh+remmen

galadhremmin S. pl. → galadhremmen

galadhrim S. [gɑlˈɑðrim] n. class pl. of galadh, Pop. Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◇ galadh+rim "people of the trees"

galas N. [gˈɑlɑs] n. abst. of gala-, Bot. growth, plant ◇ Ety/357

galenas S. [gˈɑlɛnɑs] n. Bot. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana ◇ LotR/V:VIII

galo N. inf. → gala-

†galu *S. [gˈɑlu] (galw N. ) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W

galvorn S. [gˈɑlvɔrn] n. a black metal devised by the dark elf Eol ◇ WJ/322-323, S/398 ◇ gal-+morn

galw N. → galu

gammas N. [gˈɑmmɑs] n. abst. of gamp, Ling. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar) ◇ VT/45:14

gamp S., N. [gˈɑmp] n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20 ◈ gammas N. n. abst.

gandel N. → gannel

*ganna- N. [gˈɑnnɑ] inf. ganno N. [gˈɑnnɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377

*gannada- N. [gˈɑnnɑdɑ] inf. gannado N. [gˈɑnnɑdɔ] v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377

gannado N. inf. → gannada-

gannel N. [gˈɑnnɛl̡] (gandel N. ) n. harp ◇ Ety/377, X/ND2

ganno N. inf. → ganna-

*gar- N. [gˈɑr] inf. garo N. [gˈɑrɔ] v. to hold, have ◇ Ety/360 ◈ gerin N. v. pres. 1st

garaf N. [gˈɑrɑv] n. Zool. wolf ◇ Ety/377

gardh S. [gˈɑrð] n. 1. Geog. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext., world ◇ WJ/402

garn N. [gˈɑrn] n. own, property ◇ Ety/360

garo N. inf. → gar-

garth N. [gˈɑrθ] n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360

gas N. [gˈɑs] n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357

gasdil N. [gˈɑsdil̡] n. Ling. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357 ◇ gas+dîl

gath N. [gˈɑθ] n. cavern ◇ Ety/358

gathrod N. [gˈɑθrɔd] n. cave ◇ Ety/358 ◇ gath+grôd (GAT(H))

gaud N. [gˈɑud] n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358

gaul N. [gˈɑul] n. wolf-howl ◇ Ety/377

gaur N. [gˈɑur] n. werewolf ◇ Ety/377 ◈ gaurhoth S. n. class pl. ◈ gaurwaith S. n. class pl.

gaurhoth S. [gˈɑur.hɔθ] n. class pl. of gaur, group of werewolves ◇ LotR/II:IV ◇ gaur+hoth "wolf-host" ◈ ngaurhoth S. nasal mut.

gaurwaith S. [gˈɑur.wɑjθ] n. class pl. of gaur, wolf-men ◇ UT/85, UT/90 ◇ gaur+gwaith

gaw N. [gˈɑw] n. void ◇ Ety/358

gaw- N. [gˈɑw] v. to howl ◇ Ety/377, X/Z ◈ gawad N. ger.

gawad N. [gˈɑwɑd] ger. of gaw-, howling ◇ Ety/377

gedi N. inf. → gad-

geil N. [gˈɛjl] pl. gîl N. n. Astron. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, VT/45:15 ⇒ Cf. gil ◈ giliath S., N. n. coll.

geleidh N. pl. → golodh

gelir S. [gˈɛlir] n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31

gell N. [gˈɛl̡l] n. joy, triumph ◇ Ety/359

gellam N. [gˈɛl̡lɑm] n. jubilation ◇ Ety/359 ◇ gell+glam (GJEL)

gellui N. [gˈɛl̡luj] adj. triumphant ◇ Ety/359

gelydh S. pl. → golodh

gem N. [gˈɛm] (gemb N. ) adj. sickly ◇ Ety/358

gemb N. → gem

*genedia- S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑ] v. to reckon ← genediad SD/129-31 ◈ genediad S. ger.

genediad S. [gɛnˈɛdi.ɑd] ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2. by ext., calendar ◇ SD/129-31

gerin N. [gˈɛrin] v. pres. 1st of gar-, I hold, I have ◇ Ety/360

gerir S. soft mut. of cerir

gern N. [gˈɛrn] adj. worn, old, decripit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360

gîl N. pl. → geil

gil S. [gˈil] Astron. star, bright spark ◇ LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73 ◈ In The Etymologies (Ety/358, corrected by VT/45:15), this word was given as geil, plural gîl. However, later in LotR/E and RGEO/73, Tolkien seems to consider gil as a singular (with no hints in the sources of what the plural would be, besides the collective plural giliath) ◈ giliath S., N. n. coll. ◈ *gilion S. der. pl.

gildin N. [gˈil̡din] n. silver spark ◇ Ety/393

gilgalad N. [gˈil̡.gɑlɑd] n. starlight ◇ Ety/358

giliath S., N. [gˈili.ɑθ] n. coll. of gil/geil, all the host of stars ◇ Ety/358, RC/232

*gilion S. [gˈili.ɔn] der. pl. of gil ← Orgilion LotR/D

*gir- N. [gˈir] inf. giri N. [gˈiri] v. to shudder ◇ Ety/358

giri N. inf. → gir-

girith S., N. [gˈiriθ] n. shuddering, horror ◇ Ety/358, S/431

girithron S. [girˈiθrɔn] n. Cal. december (month) ◇ LotR/D

glad S. [glˈɑd] n. wood ← Methed-en-Glad UT/452

gladh- S. [glˈɑð] v. to laugh ← gladh- PM/359

glaer N. [glˈɑɛr] n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359, VT/45:15 ◈ Written glær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:15

glaew N. [glˈɑɛw] n. salve ◇ Ety/369

glam S. [glˈɑm] (glamm S., N. , glamb S., N. ) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3. Pop. by ext., as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416 ◈ glamhoth S., N. n. class pl. ◈ glamog S. n. sing.

glamb S., N. → glam

glambr N. → glamor

glamhoth S., N. [glˈɑm.hɔθ] n. class pl. of glam, Pop. barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390 ◇ glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde"

glamm S., N. → glam

glamog S. [glˈɑmɔg] n. sing. of glam, Pop. an Orc, "a yelling one" ◇ WJ/390

glamor N. [glˈɑmr̩] (glambr N. ) n. echo ◇ Ety/358

glamren N. [glˈɑmrɛn] adj. echoing ◇ Ety/358

*glân I S. [glˈɑːn] adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later "clear") as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking

glân II S. [glˈɑːn] n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8

gland S. [glˈɑnd] (glann S. ) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1

glandagol S. [glˈɑndɑgɔl] n. boundary mark ◇ VT/42:8,28 ◇ gland+tagol

glann S. → gland

glas N. → glass

glass N. [glˈɑss] (glas N. ) n. joy ◇ Ety/357

glaur N. [glˈɑur] (glor- N. ) n. Theo. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368

*glavra- N. [glˈɑvrɑ] inf. glavro N. [glˈɑvrɔ] v. to babble ◇ Ety/358 ◈ glavrol N. part.

glavro N. inf. → glavra-

glavrol N. [glˈɑvrɔl] part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358

glaw N. [glˈɑw] n. radiance ◇ Ety/362

glawar N. [glˈɑwɑr] n. Theo. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:15

gleina- S. [glˈɛjnɑ] v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13

glî N. [glˈiː] n. honey ◇ Ety/369

glîn S. [glˈiːn] (glînn S. ) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431

gling- N. [glˈiŋ] v. to hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15,27

glînn S. → glîn

glinnel S. [glˈinnɛl̡] pl. glinnil S. [glˈinnil̡] n. Pop. Elf, one of the Teleri ◇ WJ/378, WJ/385 ◇ glind("teleri")+el

glinnil S. pl. → glinnel

glintha- S. v. to glance at ◇ WJ/337

glîr N. [glˈiːr] n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359

glir- N. [glˈir] inf. gliri N. [glˈiri] v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15 ◈ The form glin in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:15

gliri N. inf. → glir-

glithui S. [glˈiθuj] adj. (unknown meaning) ◇ UT/448, WJ/182, WJ/186

glor- N. → glaur

gloss S., N. [glˈɔss] adj. snow-white, dazzling-white ◇ Ety/359, RGEO/70, VT/42:18

glûdh N. [glˈuːð] n. soap ◇ Ety/369

go- N. [gɔ] pref. together ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367

gobel N. [gˈɔbɛl̡] n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380

gobennas N. [gɔbˈɛnnɑs] n. history ◇ Ety/366 ◇ go-+pennas

gobennathren N. [gˌɔbɛnnˈɑθrɛn] adj. historical ◇ Ety/366 ◇ gobennath+-ren

gódhel S. [gˈɔːðɛl̡] pl. gódhil S. [ˈgɔːðil̡] n. Pop. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/379 ◇ go(lodh)+ódhel, or OS *wådelo ◈ gódhellim S. n. class pl.

gódhellim S. [gɔːðˈɛl̡lim] n. class pl. of gódhel, Pop. "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◇ gódhel+rim

gódhil S. pl. → gódhel

godrebh N. → godref

†godref *S. [gˈɔdrɛv] (godrebh N. ) adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◇ go-+tre-+be, OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-be (?)

goe S. [gˈɔɛ] n. terror, great fear ◇ PM/363

goeol S. [gˈɔɛ.ɔl] adj. dreadful, terrifying ◇ PM/363

goer N. → gaer II

gohena- S. [gˈɔhɛnɑ] v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ Cf. díhena- ◈ gohenam S. v. pres. 1st pl.

gohenam S. [gˈɔhɛnɑm] v. pres. 1st pl. of gohena-, we forgive ◇ VT/44:21,29

golf N. [gˈɔlv] n. Bot. branch ◇ Ety/359

goll N. [gˈɔll] adj. wise ◇ Ety/377

gollor N. [gˈɔllɔr] n. magician ◇ Ety/377

golodh S., N. [gˈɔlɔð] pl. gelydh S. [gˈɛlyð] (gœlydh S. , gœlœidh N. , geleidh N. ) n. Pop. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ Ety/377, S/431, WJ/364 ◈ golodhrim S., N. n. class pl.

golodhrim S., N. [gɔlˈɔðrim] n. class pl. of golodh, Pop. Deep Elves, Gnomes ◇ Ety/377, WJ/323 ◇ golodh+rim

golodhvir N. → golovir

gœlœidh N. pl. → golodh

goloth S. [gˈɔlɔθ] n. Bot. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18 ⇒ Cf. gwaloth

golovir N. [gˈɔlɔvir] (golodhvir N. ) n. Theo. Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 ◇ golodh+mîr "Ñoldo-jewel" ⇒ Cf. silevril, mirion

golwen N. [gˈɔlwɛn] adj. wise, learned in deep arts ◇ Ety/377

gœlydh S. pl. → golodh

gonathra- N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑ] v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375 ◈ gonathras N. n. abst.

gonathras N. [gɔnˈɑθrɑs] n. abst. of gonathra-, entanglement ◇ Ety/375

gond S. [gˈɔnd] (gonn N. ) n. great stone, rock ◇ Ety/359, S/431, X/ND1

gondrafn N. [gˈɔndrɑvn] n. hewn stone ◇ Ety/354 ⇒ Cf. gondram ◇ gond+drafn

gondram N. [gˈɔndrɑm] n. hewn stone ◇ Ety/354 ⇒ Cf. gondrafn ◇ gond+drafn

*gondren S. [gˈɔndrɛn] adj. (made) of stone ← Toll-ondren TI/268, TI/287

gonn N. → gond

gonod- N. [gˈɔnɔd] v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399, VT/46:6

gorf N. [gˈɔrv] n. impetus, vigour ◇ Ety/359

gorgor S. [gˈɔrgɔr] n. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear ◇ WJ/415, RC/334-335

gorn I N. [gˈɔrn] adj. impetuous ◇ Ety/359

*gorn II S. [gˈɔrn] n. valor ← Aragorn PM/xii

gorog S. [gˈɔrɔg] n. horror ◇ WJ/415

goroth N. [gˈɔrɔθ] n. horror ◇ Ety/377

gorth I S. [gˈɔrθ] n. horror ◇ WJ/415

*gorth II S. [gˈɔrθ] pl. gyrth S. [gˈyrθ] n. a dead person ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526, gyrth Letters/417 ◈ *gorthrim S. n. class pl.

gorthad S. [gˈɔrθɑd] pl. gœrthaid S. [gˈɛrθɑjd] n. barrow ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194 ◇ gorth+-sad "place of the dead"

gœrthaid S. pl. → gorthad

gortheb ( corr. gorthob ) S. [gˈɔrθɛb] adj. horrible ◇ WJ/415

*gorthrim S. [gˈɔrθrim] n. class pl. of gorth II , the dead ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526

gost N. [gˈɔst] n. dread ◇ Ety/359

gosta- N. [gˈɔstɑ] v. to fear exceedingly ◇ Ety/359

*govad- S. [gˈɔvɑd] v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308 ◇ Etym. "to walk together" ◈ govannen S. pp.

govannen S. [gɔvˈɑnnɛn] pp. of govad-, met ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308

gowest N. [gˈɔwɛst] n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/397, Ety/399 ◇ go-+gwest

graug S. → raug

graw S. [grˈɑw] n. Zool. bear ◇ VT/47:12

groga- S. [grˈɔgɑ] v. to feel terror ◇ WJ/415

grond N. [grˈɔnd] n. Mil. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1

groth S. [grˈɔθ] n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12

gruin N. [grˈujn] adj. ruddy ◇ Ety/384

gruitha- S. [grˈujθɑ] v. to terrify ◇ WJ/415

*gûd S. n. foe ← Thuringud WJ/256

guin N. pl. → gwaun

gûl S., N. [gˈuːl] n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things) ○ 2. by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383

guldur S. [gˈuldur] n. (dark) sorcery ◇ gûl+dûr

gûr I S. [gˈuːr] n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15

gûr II N. [gˈuːr] n. death ◇ Ety/377

guren S. [gˈurɛn] n. my heart ◇ VT/41:11 ◈ Apparently the word gûr I with a suffixed possessive. See lammen for a similar form ◇ gûr+-en

gurth S. [gˈurθ] n. death ◇ S/432, UT/39, UT/54

guruth N. [gˈuruθ] n. death ◇ Ety/377

*guruthos S. [gˈuruθɔs] n. the shadow of death, death-horror ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278 ◈ nguruthos S. nasal mut.

gwa- S., N. [gwɑ] pref. Arch. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-) ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367

†gwachaedir *S. [gwɑxˈɑɛdir] (gwahaedir N. ) n. seeing-stone, palantír ← Gwahaedir PM/186 ◇ gwa-+hae+tirn

gwador N. [gwˈɑdɔr] pl. gwedeir N. n. m. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394

*gwaeda- N. [gwˈɑɛdɑ] inf. gwaedo N. [gwˈɑɛdɔ] v. to enfold ◇ VT/46:21

gwaedh N. [gwˈɑɛð] n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397

gwaedo N. inf. → gwaeda-

gwael S. [gwˈɑɛl] n. Orn. gull ◇ WJ/418

*gwaen S. [gwˈɑɛn] adj. stained ← Agarwaen S/378

gwaeren S. [gwˈɑɛrɛn] adj. windy ◇ VT/42:15

gwaeron S. [gwˈɑɛrɔn] n. Cal. march (month) ◇ LotR/D

gwaew N. [gwˈɑɛw] n. wind ◇ Ety/387

gwahaedir N. → gwachaedir

*gwain S. [gwˈɑjn] pl. *gwîn S. [gwˈiːn] adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399

gwaith S., N. [gwˈɑjθ] (gweith N. ) n. 1. manhood ○ 2. by ext., man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people ○ 3. by ext., region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1

gwaloth N. [gwˈɑlɔθ] n. Bot. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18 ⇒ Cf. goloth

gwanath N. [gwˈɑnɑθ] n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397

gwann N. [gwˈɑnn] adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397

*gwanna- N. [gwˈɑnnɑ] inf. gwanno N. [gwˈɑnnɔ] v. to depart, die ◇ Ety/397

gwanno N. inf. → gwanna-

gwanod N. [gwˈɑnɔd] n. tale, number ◇ Ety/378

†gwanu *S. [gwˈɑnu] (gwanw N. ) n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397, X/W

gwanûn S. [gwˈɑnuːn] n. a pair of twins ◇ WJ/367 ◈ gwanunig S. n. sing.

gwanunig S. [gwˈɑnunig] n. sing. of gwanûn, a twin (one of a pair of twins) ◇ WJ/367

gwanur N. [gwˈɑnur] n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇ Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv)

gwanw N. → gwanu

gwarth N. [gwˈɑrθ] n. betrayer ◇ Ety/397

gwass N. [gwˈɑss] n. stain ◇ Ety/397

gwastar N. [gwˈɑstɑr] n. hummock ◇ Ety/388, Ety/399 ◇ gwa-+thâr

gwath S., N. [gwˈɑθ] n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432 ◈ *gwethion N. der. pl.

*gwatha- N. [gwˈɑθɑ] inf. gwatho N. [gwˈɑθɔ] v. to soil, stain ◇ Ety/397

gwathel N. [gwˈɑθɛl̡] pl. gwethil N. [gwˈɛθil̡] n. f. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392

gwatho N. inf. → gwatha-

gwathra- S. [gwˈɑθrɑ] v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9

gwathren S. [gwˈɑθrɛn] pl. gwethrin S. [gwˈɛθrin] adj. shadowy, dim ← Ered Wethrin S/432, VT/42:9

*gwathui S. [gwˈɑθuj] adj. shadowy ← Gwathuirim PM/330 ◈ gwathuirim S. n. class pl.

gwathuirim S. [gwɑθˈujrim] n. class pl. of gwathui, Pop. The Dunlendings or People of Dunland ◇ PM/330 ◇ gwathui+rim "shadowy people"

gwaun N. [gwˈɑun] pl. †gwoen *S. [gwˈɔɛn] (guin N. ) n. Orn. goose ◇ Ety/397, X/Z

gwaur N. [gwˈɑur] adj. soiled, dirty ◇ Ety/397

gwedeir N. pl. → gwador

gwedh N. [gwˈɛð] n. bond ◇ Ety/397

*gwedh- N. [gwˈɛð] inf. gwedhi ( corr. gwedi ) N. [gwˈɛði] pa. t. gwedhant N. [gwˈɛðɑnt] (gwend N. , gwenn N. ) v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1

gwedhant N. pa. t. → gwedh-

gwedhi ( corr. gwedi ) N. inf. → gwedh-

gweith N. → gwaith

†gwelu *S. [gwˈɛlu] (gwelw N. ) n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W

gwelw N. → gwelu

gwelwen N. [gwˈɛl̡wɛn] n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◇ gwelu+men

gwend I N. pa. t. → gwedh-

gwend II N. [gwˈɛnd] n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1

gwend III N. [gwˈɛnd] (gwenn N. ) n. f. maiden ◇ Ety/398, X/ND1

gweneth N. [gwˈɛnɛθ] n. virginity ◇ Ety/398

gwenn I N. pa. t. → gwedh-

gwenn II N. → gwend III

gwenyn S. [gwˈɛnyn] n. pl. twins ◇ PM/353, PM/365

*gweria- N. [gwˈɛri.ɑ] inf. gwerio N. [gwˈɛri.ɔ] v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397

gwerio N. inf. → gweria-

gwest N. [gwˈɛst] n. oath ◇ Ety/397

*gwesta- N. [gwˈɛstɑ] inf. gwesto N. [gwˈɛstɔ] v. to swear ◇ Ety/397

gwesto N. inf. → gwesta-

gwethil N. pl. → gwathel

*gwethion N. [gwˈɛθi.ɔn] der. pl. of gwath ← Eredwethion TI/345, Ety/379, Ety/397

gwethrin S. pl. → gwathren

gwî N. [gwˈiː] n. net, web ◇ Ety/398

gwilith N. [gwˈiliθ] n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398

gwilwileth N. [gwˈil̡wilɛθ] n. Zool. butterfly ◇ Ety/398

*gwîn I S. pl. → gwain

*gwîn II S., N. [gwˈiːn] n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and a place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin, there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself ◈ *gwinion S., N. der. pl.

gwing S., N. [gwˈiŋ] n. 1. spindrift, flying spray ○ 2. foam (properly a flying spume or spindrift blown off wavetops) ◇ Ety/398, PM/392

gwinig S. [gwˈinig] n. dim. 1. "litte baby" ○ 2. Biol. little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17

*gwinion S., N. [gwˈini.ɔn] der. pl. of gwîn II ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX

gwirith S. [gwˈiriθ] n. Cal. april (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

†gwoen *S. pl. → gwaun

gyrth S. pl. → gorth II

H

ha N. [hɑ] (hana N. ) pl. hain S. [hɑjn] (hein N. ) pron. 3rd it ◇ Ety/385, LotR/II:IV, X/EI

hab- N. [hˈɑb] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363

habad N. [hˈɑbɑd] pl. †hebaid *S. [hˈɛbɑjd] (hebeid N. ) n. shoe ◇ Ety/386, VT/Errata, X/EI ◈ The meaning "shore" in Ety/386 should actually read "shoe", see VT/Errata and Lambengolmor/735. Compare also with Early Qenya hyapa (PE/13:41) and Gnomish habin (PE/11:47), both glossed as "shoe"

habar S. soft mut. of sabar

*had- N. [hˈɑd] inf. hedi N. [hˈɛdi] pa. t. hant N. [hˈɑnt] v. to hurl ◇ Ety/363

hâdh N. [hˈɑːð] n. Arch., Poet. (?) cleaver ◇ Ety/389

hadhod S. [hˈɑðɔd] n. Pop. Dwarf ◇ WJ/388, WJ/414 ◇ Kh khazâd ◈ hadhodrim S. n. class pl.

hadhodrim S. [hɑðˈɔdrim] n. class pl. of hadhod, Pop. the Dwarves (as a race) ◇ WJ/388 ◇ hadhod+rim

hadlath N. [hˈɑdlɑθ] (haglath N. ) n. Mil. sling ◇ Ety/363, Ety/368, X/TL

hador S., N. [hˈɑdr̩] n. Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234

hadron N. [hˈɑdrɔn] n. m. Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363

hae S., N. [hˈɑɛ] adj. far, remote, distant ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21

haered S. [hˈɑɛrɛd] n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◈ chaered S. soft mut.

haeron S. [hˈɑɛrɔn] adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273

haew N. [hˈɑɛw] n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22

haf- N. [hˈɑv] pa. t. hamp N. [hˈɑmp] (hafant N. , †havant *S. ) v. to sit ◇ VT/45:20

hafant N. pa. t. → haf-

haglath N. → hadlath

hain S. pl. → ha

†hair *S. [hˈɑjr] (heir N. ) n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI

hâl N. [hˈɑːl] n. Zool. fish ◇ VT/45:20 ⇒ Cf. lim III

*hal- N. [hˈɑl] inf. heli N. [hˈɛli] pa. t. haul N. [hˈɑul] v. to lift ◇ VT/45:20

half N. [hˈɑlv] n. seashell ◇ Ety/389

hall I N. [hˈɑll] adj. exalted, high ◇ Ety/363

hall II N. [hˈɑll] adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386

haltha- N. [hˈɑlθɑ] v. to screen ◇ Ety/386

ham N. [hˈɑm] n. (?) chair ◇ VT/45:20

hamma- N. [hˈɑmmɑ] v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21 ◈ hammad N. ger.

hammad N. [hˈɑmmɑd] ger. of hamma-, clothing ◇ Ety/363

hamp I N. pa. t. → haf-

hamp II N. [hˈɑmp] n. garment ◇ Ety/363

hana N. → ha

hanar S. [hˈɑnɑr] n. m. brother ◇ VT/47:14

hand N. [hˈɑnd] (hann N. ) adj. intelligent ◇ Ety/363, X/ND1 ◈ hannas N. n. abst.

hann N. → hand

hannas N. [hˈɑnnɑs] n. abst. of hand, understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363

hant N. pa. t. → had-

harad S., N. [hˈɑrɑd] n. south ◇ Ety/365, S/432, LotR/E ◈ haradrim S. n. class pl.

haradren N. [hɑrˈɑdrɛn] adj. southern ◇ Ety/365

haradrim S. [hɑrˈɑdrim] n. class pl. of harad, Pop. southerners, "Southrons" ◇ LotR ◇ harad+rim

hargam N. [hˈɑrgɑm] n. left-handed ◇ Ety/365

harn I N. [hˈɑrn] adj. southern ◇ Ety/365

harn II N. [hˈɑrn] adj. wounded ◇ Ety/386

harn III S. soft mut. of sarn ← Edhelharn SD/129-131

harn IV N. [hˈɑrn] n. Mil. helmet ◇ VT/45:21

*harna- N. [hˈɑrnɑ] inf. harno N. [hˈɑrnɔ] v. to wound ◇ Ety/386

harno N. inf. → harna-

*hartha- S. [hˈɑrθɑ] v. to hope ← Harthad SD/62 ◈ harthad S. ger.

harthad S. [hˈɑrθɑd] ger. of hartha-, hope ◇ SD/62

†haru *S. [hˈɑru] (harw N. ) n. wound ◇ Ety/386, X/W

harvo S. [hˈɑrvɔ] n. 1. left hand ○ 2. by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ har-vaw, har-+maw

harw N. → haru

hast N. [hˈɑst] n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389

*hasta- N. [hˈɑstɑ] inf. hasto N. [hˈɑstɔ] v. to hack through ◇ Ety/389

hasto N. inf. → hasta-

*hathal N. → hathol

hathel N. → hathol

hathol S. [hˈɑθl̩] (hathel N. , *hathal N. ) n. 1. Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2. Mil. by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433 ◈ See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

haudh S., N. [hˈɑuð] n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv)

haul N. pa. t. → hal-

haust N. [hˈɑust] n. bed ◇ Ety/364 ◇ "resting"

†havant *S. pa. t. → haf-

hawn S. [hˈɑwn] n. m. Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14 ⇒ Cf. hanar ◈ honeg S. n. m. dim.

he N. [hɛ] (hen N. , hene N. ) pl. hîn N. [hiːn] pron. 3rd f. she ◇ Ety/385

*heb- S. [hˈɛb] v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6 ◈ *hebin S. v. pres. 1st

†hebaid *S. pl. → habad

hebeid N. pl. → habad

*hebin S. [hˈɛbin] v. pres. 1st of heb-, I keep, I have kept ← ú-chebin LotR/A(v), VT/41:6 ◈ Because of the mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the stem of this should be heb-, *hab- or *hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies that heb- is the correct form ◈ chebin S. soft mut.

hedi N. inf. → had-

hein N. pl. → ha

heir N. → hair

helch N. [hˈɛl̡x] n. bitter cold ◇ Ety/364

heledh S. [hˈɛlɛd] n. glass ◇ S/433

heledir N. [hˈɛlɛdˌir] (heledirn N. ) n. Orn. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394 ◇ "fish-watcher"

heledirn N. → heledir

heleg N. [hˈɛlɛg] n. ice ◇ Ety/364

heleth N. [hˈɛlɛθ] n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386

helf N. [hˈɛl̡v] n. fur ◇ Ety/386

heli N. inf. → hal-

hell N. [hˈɛl̡l] adj. naked ◇ Ety/386

heltha- N. [hˈɛl̡θɑ] v. to strip ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14 ◈ The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

hen N. → he

hên I N. → hen II

hên II S. [hˈɛːn] pl. hîn S. [hˈiːn] n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403 ◈ chîn S. nasal mut. pl.

hen II S. [hˈɛn] (†hend *S. , henn S. , hên N. ) pl. †hin *S. [hˈin] (hîn N. ) n. Biol. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1 ◈ hent N. n. dual pl.

†hend *S. → hen II

hene N. → he

*heneb S. [hˈɛnɛb] adj. of eye, eyed, having eyes ← maecheneb "sharp-eyed", WJ/337

*henia- N. [hˈɛni.ɑ] inf. henio N. [hˈɛni.ɔ] v. to understand ◇ Ety/363 ◈ heniad N. ger.

heniad N. [hˈɛni.ɑd] ger. of henia-, understanding, intelligence ◇ VT/45:21

henio N. inf. → henia-

henn S. → hen II

henneth S. [hˈɛnnɛθ] n. window ◇ S/428

hent N. [hˈɛnt] n. dual pl. of hen II , Biol. the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes) ◇ VT/45:22

*herdir S. [hˈɛrdir] n. m. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31 ◇ hîr+dîr ◈ cherdir S. soft mut.

*heria- N. [hˈɛri.ɑ] inf. herio N. [hˈɛri.ɔ] (hœrio N. ) v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22

herio N. inf. → heria-

heron N. [hˈɛrɔn] n. m. master ◇ VT/45:22

herth N. [hˈɛrθ] n. Mil. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord) ◇ Ety/364

herven N. → hervenn

hervenn N. [hˈɛrvɛn] (herven N. ) n. m. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4 ◇ hîr+benn

herves N. → hervess

hervess N. [hˈɛrvɛs] (herves N. ) n. f. wife ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364 ◇ hîr+bess

*heryn S. [hˈɛryn] n. f. lady ← Roheryn S/436 ◇ hîr+dî

†hethu *S. [hˈɛθu] (hethw N. ) adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W

hethw N. → hethu

hi S. soft mut. of si

*hîl S. [hˈiːl] n. heir ← Eluchíl PM/369

him I N. [hˈim] adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2. as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364

him II S. [hˈim] adj. cool ◇ S/432

hîn I N. pl. → he

hîn II S. pl. → hên II

†hin *S. pl. → hen II

hîn III N. pl. → hen II

hin II S. soft mut. pl. of sen

hîr S., N. [hˈiːr] n. m. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22

hiril N. [hˈiril̡] n. f. lady ◇ Ety/364

hirion S. soft mut. of sirion II ← Nanduhirion LotR

hith N. → hîth

hîth S. [hˈiːθ] (hith N. ) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432

hithlain S. [hˈiθlɑjn] n. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes) ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◇ hîth+lain

†hithu *S. [hˈiθu] (hithw N. ) n. fog ◇ Ety/364, X/W

hithui S. [hˈiθuj] n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. Cal. as a noun, the month of november ◇ LotR/D

hithw N. → hithu

hîw N. [hˈiːw] adj. sticky, viscous ◇ Ety/364

hmael N. → mael I

hmaw N. → maw II

hniof N. → nŷw

ho N. [hɔ] (hon N. , hono N. ) pl. †hyn *S. [hyn] (huin N. ) pron. 3rd m. he ◇ Ety/385, X/Z

hobas N. [hˈɔbɑs] n. abst. of hûb, harbourage ◇ Ety/364

hollen S. [hˈɔllɛn] pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV, RC/550

hon N. → ho

honeg S. [hˈɔnɛg] n. m. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother" ○ 2. Biol. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion ⇒ Cf. toleg

hono N. → ho

hœrio N. inf. → heria-

horn N. [hˈɔrn] adj. driven under compulsion, impelled ◇ Ety/364

hortha- N. [hˈɔrθɑ] v. to urge on, speed ◇ Ety/364

host N. [hˈɔst] n. gross (144) ◇ Ety/364

hoth S., N. [hˈɔθ] n. Pej. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432

hû N. [hˈuː] n. Zool. dog ◇ Ety/364

hûb N. [hˈuːb] n. Geog. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364 ◈ hobas N. n. abst.

hûd N. [hˈuːd] n. assembly ◇ Ety/364

huin N. pl. → ho

hûl N. [hˈuːl] n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386

hûn N. [hˈuːn] n. Biol. heart (physical) ◇ Ety/364

hûr N. [hˈuːr] n. readiness for action, vigour, fiery spirit ◇ Ety/364

hwand N. [ʍˈɑnd] (chwand N. , chwann N. ) n. Bot. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

†hwest *S. [ʍˈɛst] (chwest N. ) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

†hwîn *S. [ʍˈiːn] (chwîn N. ) n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW

†hwind *S. [ʍˈind] (chwind N. , chwinn N. ) adj. twirling, whirling ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW

†hwinia- *S. [ʍˈini.ɑ] (*chwinia- N. ) inf. †hwinio *S. [ʍˈini.ɔ] (chwinio N. ) v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388 ◈ †hwiniol *S. part.

†hwinio *S. inf. → hwinia-

†hwiniol *S. [ʍˈini.ɔl] (chwiniol N. ) part. of hwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

†hyn *S. pl. → ho

I

i S., N. [i] pl. in S., N. [in] art. and pron. rel. 1. the ○ 2. who ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417

ia I N. → iâ

ia II N. → io

iâ S. [jˈɑː] (ia N. ) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383

*iach S. [jˈɑx] n. ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387 ◇ Probably OS *jakkʰ- (YAK), see Quenya yatta "neck, isthmus" in Ety/400

iaeth N. [jˈɑɛθ] n. neck ◇ Ety/400

iaew N. [jˈɑɛw] n. mocking, scorn ◇ Ety/400

ial N. [jˈɑl] n. (?) a call, (?) a cry ◇ VT/46:22

ialla- N. [jˈɑllɑ] v. to call ◇ VT/46:22

iant S., N. [jˈɑnt] n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432

†ianu *S. [jˈɑnu] (i