The meeting had been in the planning stages for several weeks as aides worked out the particulars. China had pushed for the more relaxed atmosphere of a meeting at Mr. Trump’s resort, rather than at the White House, American officials said.

The leaders will have a full agenda as they hash out some of the more contentious issues in bilateral relations: Mr. Trump’s claims about China’s unfair trade practices; curbing North Korea’s nuclear ambitions; and American concerns about Chinese military ambitions in the South China Sea, among other matters.