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Dalits block traffic in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, after four men belonging to the community were beaten while trying to skin a dead cow at Una village. Over the decade ending 2014, the average conviction rate in cases of crimes against SCs in Gujarat was 5%; in crimes against STs, it was 4.3%. The national average was 29.2% and 25.6% respectively.

As violent protests continue in the Prime Minister’s home state of Gujarat over the flogging of Dalit youth by upper-caste Hindu vigilantes, an IndiaSpend analysis reveals a conviction rate six times lower than the Indian average–over 10 years–for crimes against scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs).

In 2014 (latest available data), 3.4% of crimes against SCs in Gujarat ended in convictions, against a comparable national rate of 28.8%–that is, one conviction for every eight across the country. Against STs, that conviction rate was 1.8%, against the national average of 37.9%–that is, one conviction for every 21 across the country.

Dalit unrest began on July 11, 2016, when four Dalit youth were tied to a car and gaurakshaks, or cow protectors, took turns to flog them as a crowd watched. The crime: Skinning a dead cow. Later, the upper-caste vigilantes posted a video of the flogging on social media as a warning of sorts to others–Dalits and Muslims. The video of another attack in May has also now emerged.

The Gujarat government has arrested suspects, but the gaurakshaks’ courage appears rooted in the failures of Gujarat’s criminal-justice system in addressing crimes against the lowest of Hindu castes and tribes. A similar failure is evident in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Over a decade, conviction rate of crimes against SCs is 5%; against STs, 4.3%

Over the decade ending 2014, the average conviction rate in cases of crimes against SCs in Gujarat was 5%; in crimes against STs, it was 4.3%. The national average was 29.2% and 25.6% respectively, according to NCRB data.

Source: National Crime Records BureauNote: Conviction Rate = Cases convicted/Total cases (convicted + acquitted or discharged)*100

This means that suspects in 95 of 100 cases are acquitted. Over 10 years, the lowest conviction rate in crimes against SCs in Gujarat was 2.1% in 2011; against STs, it was 1.1% in 2005.

The conviction rate for all crimes registered under the Indian Penal Code nationwide was 45.1% in 2014.

“If the conviction rate is low, people who can afford a good lawyer know that they can get away with their crime,” Supreme Court lawyer Kamlesh Kumar Mishra said.

The conviction rate represents how often cases filed by the police lead to suspects being declared guilty in court.

Karnataka and Maharashtra are on par with Gujarat, with a similar 5% conviction rate for crimes against SCs/STs. In Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, about half of such cases end in conviction.

Source: National Crime Records BureauNote: Conviction Rate = Cases convicted/Total cases (convicted + acquitted or discharged)*100

“There is discrimination at each point in the whole chain of access to justice for dalits and adivasis (as STs are called),” said Paul Divakar, Convener of the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, an advocacy group, pointing to flawed chargesheets and investigations.

Mishra said it was up to the Gujarat government to implement long-pending reforms recommended by various commissions to improve convictions and try pending cases. Lower courts in Gujarat need 287 years to clear pending cases, IndiaSpend reported in December 2015.

SCs and STs endure widespread discrimination and lag the general population in education, jobs and income, we reported earlier this month. Crime against SCs/STs is also rising, IndiaSpend reported, a reflection of greater reporting of cases, and a consequence of upper-caste resentment against growing assertiveness.

“Society can now accept a Dalit crossing an upper caste area on a bicycle, but it still hasn’t accepted the idea of a Dalit riding a Royal Enfield,” Dalit writer Chandra Bhan Prasad said in this Mint interview. “Upper castes feel threatened as Dalits now feel equal to them and even confront them.”

(Babu is a Delhi-based independent journalist and a member of 101Reporters, a pan-India network of grassroots reporters.)

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