An associate professor of biology in Saskatchewan has raised the ire of other scientists after he claimed that most people in the province had already contracted the novel coronavirus and recovered from it, rendering the COVID-19 lockdown unnecessary.

Experts are criticizing Josef Buttigieg of the University of Regina, who specializes in neurobiology and stem cell physiology, for social media posts that cast doubt on the province's physical distancing measures and the competence of Saskatchewan health officials.

In a widely shared video posted on April 8, Buttigieg said the Saskatchewan Health Authority (SHA) has demonstrated "gross ineptness" in its handling of the pandemic because it has been unwilling to conduct or approve antibody testing.

"Why are they not listening to alternate hypotheses and alternate theories?" Buttigieg said in an April 13 interview with CBC News.

Buttigieg said antibody tests are a simple way to evaluate if his theory that most people in Saskatchewan have already had the virus is correct.

Antibody blood tests detect the presence of antibodies that form in the wake of an infection and can help identify who has had the virus and recovered.

They differ from nasal swab tests, which detect an active infection and help public health authorities track and curb the spread of the disease.

"The outcome of this test is going to show that the vast majority of the population has already had the virus, meaning that social isolation is 1) not necessary and 2) didn't work as well as we thought it would," Buttigieg wrote in an April 2 post on Facebook.

WATCH | Associate professor of biology says province's lockdown is unnecessary:

Josef Buttigieg, an associate professor of biology at the University of Regina, posted a video on Facebook suggesting most people in Saskatchewan have already had the novel coronavirus. Scientists say there is no evidence to support that. Read the full story: www.cbc.ca/1.5541748 1:28

'Wishful thinking'

Experts consulted by CBC agreed that if 60 per cent to 70 per cent of the population had COVID-19 antibodies, that should stop the virus from spreading as widely or as quickly. It's a concept known as herd immunity.

But Hassan Masri, a Saskatoon-based physician and associate professor of medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, said Buttigieg's claim is "just wishful thinking" and that COVID-19 studies from around the world have shown no comparable rates of infection.

"It is not an evidence-driven claim at all," he told CBC News. "The claims are flat-out incorrect … But also, they're misguided in their timing, spreading mistrust among society."

Masri was so concerned about what Buttigieg was saying in his video that he posted a Facebook video of his own, refuting the claims.

Dr. Hassan Masri says he was shocked to see the claims being made by Buttigieg so he created a Facebook video of his own to refute them. (Facebook)

Antibody testing plan in the works

Saskatchewan's chief medical health officer, Saqib Shahab, confirmed at a news conference on April 11 that Saskatchewan is working on a plan for antibody testing.

Buttigieg told CBC News he was "elated" to learn that news.

He said he wishes someone had told him that when he started asking about the issue weeks ago, as this whole "storm" could have been avoided.

Researchers around the world are conducting antibody testing, but the scientific community is also raising some doubts about the reliability of such tests , which are susceptible to false positives.

Health Canada has not yet approved COVID-19 antibody tests, in part because of those concerns.

Additionally, in a scientific brief released Friday, the World Health Organization warned that it is not yet clear to what extent the antibody response to the virus protects against re-infection.

"We expect that most people who are infected with #COVID19 will develop an antibody response that will provide some level of protection. What we don't yet know is the level of protection or how long it will last," the agency tweeted.

Saqib Shahab, Saskatchewan's chief medial officer, says the province is working on a plan to run antibody tests to determine how widespread the coronavirus infection is. (CBC)

Few cases and slow growth

Buttigieg has theorized that the diminishing number of new cases in Saskatchewan suggests his view may better account for what is actually happening than the models put forth by the Saskatchewan Health Authority.

In its most modest estimate , released April 8, the SHA projected that Saskatchewan would see 153,000 people infected and slightly more than 3,000 people die of COVID-19, the illness caused by the novel coronavirus. The SHA said "dynamic modelling is not predictive.. Rather, it provides information to support response and preparedness."

That same day, Buttigieg posted a video to Facebook in which he claimed the evidence ran counter to the official projection.

He said that instead of a spike in new cases, Saskatchewan was seeing a decrease.

"We should be seeing a spike of 30 to 40 new cases a day. Not seven. Not six. Not five," he said. "And what's going to happen over the next couple of days — we're going to see those numbers here in Saskatchewan again start to trail off and start to go to the bottom of that curve. And the reason being is, like I said, most of us have already been infected."

Since he posted that video, the number of new cases has remained low. As of Sunday, the province had 353 confirmed cases and four deaths.

Experts consulted by CBC say that's not because most of us have already had the disease but because the virus arrived here later than in other places in North America, which allowed Saskatchewan to implement aggressive physical distancing measures relatively early.

"Social distancing measures have worked," Cory Neudorf, an epidemiologist at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, told CBC News.

"We were able to get on top of this earlier because it hit us later, and therefore, despite the fact that we're doing more and more testing of mildly ill people, we're not picking up higher and higher rates of positives."

In his April 8 video, Buttigieg said, "Who knows? Maybe I'm wrong, and the government's right, in which case good luck to you all. But I'm willing to bet that my hypothesis is correct."

Video gets about 40,000 views

In the space of a week, about 40,000 people watched Buttigieg's video on Facebook, with about 1,500 sharing it and dozens commenting.

Some commenters praised Buttigieg for casting doubt on the science behind the lockdown.

A Facebook video created by Buttigieg was shared by about 40,000 people before he deleted it from the social media platform. (Facebook)

He acknowledges that some of those people have seized on his video to advance their own agendas.

He said he is inexperienced on Facebook and didn't realize his video was going to travel like it did.

"I should most definitely have been more careful with the choices of my words," he told CBC News.

"I never assumed that individuals, especially from the tinfoil hat crowd, would start taking and skewing this completely."

Buttigieg said that in addition to feedback from supporters, he also heard loud and clear from critics.

Because of those criticisms, he has deleted the April 8 video and several other Facebook posts.

While he still maintains many of his views and continues to push for antibody testing, he says he regrets the way he expressed his views.

"I don't want to offend other people and to hurt other people's feelings and make them think that I am a pseudoscientist that is peddling false information," Buttigieg said in an April 14 video posted to Facebook.

Experts critique Buttigieg's claims

CBC News asked Masri, Neudorf and Nazeem Muhajarine, an epidemiologist at the University of Saskatchewan, to assess some of the claims made in Buttigieg's video.

They raised a range of concerns.

They said Buttigieg has:

Put forward an imprecise, ill-defined hypothesis.

Overestimated the spread of the virus without evidence.

Dangerously cast doubt on the benefits of physical distancing in the midst of a pandemic.

Unjustifiably undermined the authority and expertise of the officials leading Saskatchewan's public health response to COVID-19.

Criticism 1: An ill-defined hypothesis

The experts said Buttigieg is unclear about precisely what he's claiming.

On at least four occasions in the 15-minute video, he hypothesizes that "most" people in the province of around 1.1 million have already been infected and recovered.

"We're finding that a lot of countries are not doing the social isolation, not handicapping their economy, they're doing just fine," he said. "So, it would suggest that most people already have been infected."

Yet at other times in his video, he makes less-sweeping claims, such as:

"We're already at 200,000 to 300,000 people that have been infected out here, full stop."

"I'm willing to bet that about 40 per cent of the individuals, at least in my circle, have already been infected with this."

In an interview with CBC News on April 11, he hypothesized that 10 per cent to 20 per cent of the population have had COVID-19.

Masri said the discrepancy is baffling.

"For me to have such a hypothesis and then have an error [margin] plus or minus 300,000 people is mind-blowing. That's one-quarter of the province that you're talking about as plus-minus," he said.

Neudorf echoed those concerns, saying Buttigieg's claims are "not internally consistent, so I'm not sure what his hypothesis is."

Cory Neudorf, an epidemiologist at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, says Buttigieg's hypothesis is imprecise and raises concerns. (Saskatoonhealthregion.ca)

In an April 13 interview, CBC News asked Buttigieg to explain these discrepancies. He said he misspoke when he said "most" people had the virus.

"The hypothesis that I am sticking with is that about 200,000 people in the province would have already been exposed to this virus and are probably carrying the antibodies for it."

Muhajarine said that even in that case, physical distancing would still be required because the province would be nowhere near herd immunity.

Criticism 2: Overestimating the spread of the virus

In his April 8 video, Buttigieg said the SHA mistakenly believes that the virus is in the early stages of its spread in Saskatchewan and only a small proportion of the population has had it. He said that view is based on an incorrect belief that the virus only recently arrived in Saskatchewan.

"I don't know why they can't get it through their heads that this virus has been around for the last six months now at this point," he said in his video.

Saskatchewan's first presumptive case of COVID-19 was announced March 12.

Buttigieg says COVID-19 likely arrived in Saskatchewan in January and most, or many, people here have had the disease, meaning the province is now on the back end of the viral curve.

He said that's why Saskatchewan is seeing such slow growth in infections. On some days, there are more people recovering than confirmed new cases.

Masri said the reason Saskatchewan's cases are declining is because the province has been practising physical distancing. He said even the lower end of Buttigieg's estimate — 200,000 people infected — is doubtful.

Saskatchewan began taking physical distancing measures mid to late March, shutting libraries, schools, businesses and other public spaces and prohibiting gatherings of more than 10 people. (Brian Rodgers/CBC)

He said Buttigieg's estimates have "not been matched by any study anywhere in the world," including a recent one using antibody tests in Santa Clara County in California.

In that study, public health officials along with researchers from Stanford University and the University of Southern California tested about 3,000 people and found the novel coronavirus antibody was present in about two and a half to four per cent of them.

"It's not 50 or 40 or 30 or 80 per cent — that we know," Masri said.

Masri said it's likely that the number of people infected in Santa Clara County would be higher than in Saskatchewan given it is one of California's most densely populated counties and would likely have seen more infected international travellers than Saskatchewan early in the pandemic.

Neudorf said that it is likely that the Santa Clara County results are an overestimate of the infection rate because the testing technology is new and susceptible to false positives.

"You can see sometimes an artificial doubling of what the actual case count is because of false positives," Neudorf said.

In a preliminary antibody study released this week in New York state — one of the hardest-hit regions in the world — almost 14 per cent of the population tested positive, about 10 times the number of confirmed cases.

A technician collects a person's blood at a drive-thru coronavirus testing site in Hempstead, N.Y. Experts agree that antibody testing is critical for understanding how many people were actually infected with the virus. (Seth Wenig/Associated Press)

'Modelling is an inexact science'

Neudorf said that while he disagrees with Buttigieg's hypothesis about the rate of infection in Saskatchewan, he agrees that far more people have likely been infected than the official count.

To date, Saskatchewan has conducted almost 28,000 nasal swab tests, which is more per capita than most provinces in Canada, including B.C. and Ontario, but mapping the full scope of the outbreak is challenging.

"Modelling is an inexact science," said Neudorf. "Numbers could be off by a factor of 10 or even a factor of 100."

Based on his review of studies in other jurisdictions, Neudorf suspects around one per cent of the province has been infected at some point, which would mean about 11,000 people.

Buttigieg acknowledged to CBC that his theory led him to an incorrect conclusion in at least one case.

In an April 2 Facebook post, he predicted that the COVID-19 outbreak in the U.K. was about to fizzle.

In an April 2 Facebook post, Buttigieg said a proposed blood test for COVID-19 'is going to show that the vast majority of the population has already had the virus meaning that social isolation is not necessary.' (Facebook)

"Only 30,000 cases there btw. They will be returning to normal shortly," he wrote.

Since then, the number of infections in the U.K. has soared to more than 150,000.

"I was wrong on that hypothesis," he conceded. "And like I said, I could be invariably wrong with my hypotheses here in Saskatchewan."

Criticism 3: Dangerously casting doubt on physical distancing

On April 1 on Facebook, Buttigieg shared a newspaper column with the headline: "Maybe real data on the coronavirus will end this draconian lockdown" and commented on it, writing: "Myself and my colleagues are going to change this silly policy that is driven by fear and lack of understanding of numbers."

On April 1, Buttigieg commented on an article calling for the end of Canada's 'draconian lockdown' by indicating his research will 'change this silly policy.' (Facebook)

This sentiment is echoed in his April 8 video.

He said that because the government hasn't acknowledged that most people have already been infected, its physical isolation policy makes little sense and will erode the credibility of the SHA.

"When we actually have a very bad pandemic, when we need to do the social isolation, everyone's going to be that, 'Oh, you cried wolf one too many times,'" he said. "We're making such a cock-up of the social isolation when we don't need to have it in the first place."

He said this "social isolation experiment" could make the public angry after the fact, leaving them asking why we "handicapped our economy if everything was fine to begin with."

Neudorf said it bothers him that Buttigieg is publicly casting doubt on the merits of physical distancing based on an untested hypothesis.

"The idea that you would try to promote it before there's any evidence with what seems to be eroding of public trust as a primary consequence. That's what makes me upset," Neudorf said.

Neudorf said physical distancing and isolation are "the blunt tools that we have until you get the appropriate therapies or prevention like vaccines."

He said casting doubt on these measures can be deadly.

"When the consequences are, if you're wrong, hundreds to thousands of more people are going to die if the public changes what they are doing, then that should not be your first response," Neudorf said.

Buttigieg said he did not tell anyone to disregard physical distancing rules.

He said he's just asking questions and pursuing research, which is what scientists are supposed to do.

Masri said that while Buttigieg didn't directly tell people to flout the rules, they may have felt emboldened to do so based on his claims.

"There are spoken words, and then sometimes, there are understood words," said Masri.

In a Facebook post on April 12, Buttigieg responded to pushback he said he was receiving from the SHA and other academics who accused him of trying to foment public dissent.

"Hate to break it to you. I am just a scientist. I have no sway over the public," he wrote.

Buttgieg, seen here recording a Facebook video in his lab, teaches and does research at the University of Regina, where he specializes in neurobiology and stem cell physiology. (Facebook)

"I'm not trying to rabble-rouse," he told CBC News on April 13. "What I'm trying to do is tell people, 'Talk to your MP, talk to your MLA and get them to look at this [antibody testing].'"

Muhajarine said scientists do have significant influence over public opinion.

"We have to be very careful in what we are saying, because in times like this, particularly when we have a medical and public health crisis, people do turn to medical and public health experts for their guidance and their advice."

Criticism 4: Unfounded attack on Saskatchewan health officials

In his April 8 video, Buttigieg said he doesn't think the lack of testing in the province points to a grand conspiracy.

"The government's not out trying to get us," he said.

He said the explanation is "gross ineptness."

"Your leaders and people that you have in charge of setting up the health policy, they're not qualified enough," he said. "You have people with closed minds who have the inability to think of first-year immunology. That's all it is is first-year immunology — that can test for all of this in the first place."

Nazeem Muhajarine, professor and chair of community health and epidemiology at the University of Saskatchewan, defended the expertise of the scientists and officials who work with the Saskatchewan Health Authority. (University of Saskatchewan)

Muhajarine said Buttigieg's comments are unjustified and that he has full confidence in the scientists at SHA.

"They're second to none in this country," he said. "It's a flimsy and false claim, and I think frankly, it's unconscionable for anybody to be making that kind of a claim right now."

When asked about his comments by CBC on April 13, Buttigieg said he regretted the tone.

"That video was posted in anger," he said. "Me sort of lashing out at everyone."

In a video posted to Facebook on April 14, he said "[I] apologize to a number of individuals and groups. The University of Saskatchewan, the Saskatchewan Health Authority, individuals here at the U of R that saw that video, and they were offended by it. They were hurt by it....

"My intention is never to hurt, is never to mislead."

'Accomplished what it's supposed to have done'

Before this controversy blew up, Buttigieg was beginning to recruit potential subjects for a research study through Facebook — a method that is not considered scientifically sound as it doesn't produce a representative sample.

He thinks this controversy has scuttled those plans.

Buttigieg said he's heard through back channels that it's likely his research proposal would not be approved through the Research Ethics Board (REB) process overseen by the SHA and the U of R.

"What I was told is that if I were to submit an application for the REB to conduct these tests in the first place, because of the storm that I created, now apparently, that would be highly unlikely that it would be approved," he told CBC News on April 13.

Despite that, he says, he has put the issue of antibody testing on the radar.

"I think it's accomplished what it's supposed to have done, which is to bring it to the forefront and bring it and make it public," he said.

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