Dean Evans, a Bolivar, Tex., resident who said he would remain home during Hurricane Harvey, fills a container with gasoline. (Guiseppe Barranco/Beaumont (Tex.) Enterprise via AP) (Guiseppe Barranco/AP)

Hurricane Harvey has barreled into the heart of the U.S. oil and gas industry, prompting the sudden evacuation of workers. Spot prices for gasoline are expected to jump Monday, but the full extent of damage will not be clear for days, companies and experts said.

Oil and gas companies have shut down about a quarter of oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico, according to a U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement survey Saturday. That would be about 5 percent of nationwide output.

Companies have also been shutting down much of their refinery operations onshore, idling about 10 percent or more of the nation’s refinery capacity. That might not only raise prices and create temporary shortages in the Gulf Coast area but could also boost prices in places as far away as the Northeast, where a portion of gasoline supplies are delivered by pipeline from the Gulf.

S&P Global Platts estimated Saturday that about 900,000 barrels a day of refinery capacity had been closed, about 5 percent of nationwide capacity.

More plants closed Sunday, including two of the country’s biggest — Shell’s Deer Park and ExxonMobil’s Baytown, with about a million barrels a day of capacity between them.

Initially, companies were closing facilities in Corpus Christi, but the latest closings were on the Houston ship channel.

How long the shutdowns will last wasn’t clear Sunday.

Craig Pirrong, professor of finance and director of the Global Energy Management Institute at Bauer College of Business at the University of Houston, said in an email that it was “too early to tell re oil and gas. Gulf operations shut down, and they won’t be able to assess until they go back. Refineries should be OK as long as they have power.”

He said that “with most people and companies hunkered down, it’s hard to get a comprehensive picture.”

Petrochemical refineries were also closing, which will likely dent the economy over the next week. Chevron planned to shut down its Cedar Bayou facility through Sept. 6 because of the storm, according to PetroChem Wire.

“You’re knocking out a significant portion of production with one event,” said Kathy Hall, executive editor of PetroChem Wire. “A lot of these plants are very complex.”

She added that “you can do this in a 24-hour period, but you don’t want to wait for the storm to hit the plant.”

Harvey was also putting a damper on shale oil and shale gas drilling in the Eagle Ford shale play, a strip of lucrative wells at the northern edge of the storm. About 75 exploration rigs that had been drilling there last week have been idled, too.

Shell spokeswoman Kimberly Windon, working from home in a Houston neighborhood damaged by tornadoes, said Sunday afternoon that the company had closed its offices and was shutting down the sprawling Deer Park refinery and chemical plant, which is along the Houston ship channel. About 2,500 ships are loaded or offloaded there every year. About 1,500 Shell employees and about 1,200 contractors work there.

ExxonMobil said it was shutting down the Baytown complex, one of the nation’s largest oil and petrochemical refineries. The complex, on the Houston ship channel 25 miles east of Houston, employs about 7,000 people. Shutting it down takes about a day.

Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, closed its Corpus Christi and Three Rivers refineries. The company was also helping employees from the hard-hit Rockport area, putting many of them in hotels.

Flint Hills, a Koch brothers company with refineries in and near Corpus Christi, had closed its facilities earlier. “We are in the process of assessing the condition of our Corpus Christi refineries following Hurricane Harvey,” spokesman Jake Reint said in an email. “Based on what we’ve observed so far, the two refineries appear to have not sustained any major damage.”

It remains unclear how markets will react Monday. Crude oil prices could remain stable. Cuts in output offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and onshore in the Eagle Ford shale play that would reduce supplies have been outweighed by the idling of refineries.

But gasoline prices, which rose last week, could jump further.