Thirty-four of the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP's) 312 members of legislative assembly (MLAs) in India’s most populous state are women. This is the largest number of women MLAs for any party in Uttar Pradesh (UP) since Independence, the party claimed.

Implementation over mere lip-service - BJP has given maximum number of women MLAs in 17th UP assembly, highest since independence. pic.twitter.com/HNgsBdZa6s — BJP (@BJP4India) March 14, 2017

While we found this to be true, the claim requires some context. Women account for 11% of BJP legislators, an improvement of 9.1 percentage points from 1.8% in 1989 when the party started giving tickets to women contestants. But women are under-represented in both the BJP and the UP assembly.

Source: Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms

The proportion of women MLAs in the UP assembly, however, continues to be around 10%, and has not crossed 10% since Independence, according to data compiled from Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an advocacy.

Source: Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms

Women constitute 46% of the voters of UP, according to Election Commission data.

In the 2017 assembly elections, BJP’s proportion of women candidates was only marginally higher than that of the Samajwadi Party (SP), but the difference in winning candidates could be explained by the BJP’s landslide victory in the elections this time.

Of 4,823 contestants in UP, only 9.2% (445) were women.

Women’s Participation in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2017 Party Candidates Female Candidates Proportion Of Female Candidates

Seats Won By Female Candidates Bharatiya Janata Party 384 43 11.2% 34 Samajwadi Party 306 33 10.8% 1 Congress 114 11 9.6% 2 Bahujan Samaj Party 400 19 4.8% 2

Source: Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms

What about women’s representation in other states?

BJP has argued that it has gone beyond lip service in terms of women’s representation.

BJP’s Women Candidates In Assembly Elections, 2017 State Candidates Female Candidates Proportion Of Female Candidates Seats Won By Female Candidates Uttar Pradesh 384 43 11.2% 34 Uttarakhand 70 5 7.1% 3 Goa 35 1 2.9% 1 Punjab 23 2 8.7% 0 Manipur 60 2 3.3% 1

Source: Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms

The proportion of women candidates in the BJP has not crossed 10% in the remaining four states, while the proportion of female candidates in the 2017 assembly elections in the five states was lower than 10%.

Source: Election Commission of India and Association for Democratic Reforms

These trends could also explain why India scores poorly on the global comparison of women in Parliament and ministerial positions.

India ranks 88 out of 186 countries in the list of Women in Ministerial Positions, according to ‘Women in Politics: 2017’ published by Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), an international organisation of world Parliaments and United Nations Women, a division of the United Nations that works for women empowerment and gender equality.

India has only 12% (9/75) women in the union council of ministers: Sushma Swaraj (external affairs), Uma Bharati (water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation), Maneka Sanjay Gandhi (women and child development), Harsimrat Kaur Badal (food processing industries) and Smriti Zubin Irani (textile) hold cabinet-level portfolios. Nirmala Sitaraman holds independent charge for commerce and industry while Niranjan Jyothi (food processing), Krishna Raj (women and child development) and Anupriya Patel (health and family welfare) are ministers of state.

India is ranked 148 out of 193 countries in the list of women in Parliament, according to the same report.

Of the 541 members of Parliament (MPs) in the Lok Sabha, only 64 (12%) are women. In the Rajya Sabha, only 27 of 244 MPs (11%) are women.

Women comprise 27.7% of parliamentarians in Afghanistan, 29.6% in Nepal, 25.3% in Iraq, 20.6% in Pakistan and 20.3% in Bangladesh, according to the report by IPU and UN Women.

As the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2008, for 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies remains lapsed, after being passed in Rajya Sabha in 2010, India still struggles to maintain gender balance.

(Alexander is a policy analyst with BOOM, an independent digital journalism initiative.)