A recent study led by researchers at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) indicates that as the climate changes in the coming decades, the northward shift of hurricanes toward the Hawaiian Islands will increase the chance of landfall and pose severe flood risks to population and infrastructure along the coast and further inland.

Tropical cyclones are usually weakened or deflected to the south when approaching the Hawaiian Islands due to the high-pressure system to the northeast, strong wind shear and relatively low sea-surface temperature in surrounding waters.

By synthesizing information from computer models for climate change, hurricane formation and intensity, storm surge and waves, Ning Li, ocean wave model systems specialist in the Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering (ORE) at SOEST and lead author of the study, and co-authors estimated future vulnerability to combined effects of sea-level rise and closer hurricane approach.

“Of the nearly 2,500 future scenarios in our study, we selected 24 critical storm events that track near the islands to assess the probability of coastal flooding and create detailed flood maps with 100-, 200- and 500-year return periods,” said Li. “With high tide and the projected sea-level rise, the modeling results from a direct landfall of an Iniki-like hurricane on the south shore of Oʻahu showed extensive inundation of downtown Honolulu and Waikīkī. Other hurricanes passing near Oʻahu can also produce severe surge and high surf, causing coastal flooding.”

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“The findings of our study were not a surprise,” said Kwok Fai Cheung, senior author on the study and professor in ORE. “Our recent experience with increasing number of storms tracking closer to the islands—for example, Hurricane Guillermo in 2015, Hurricane Celia, Darby and Lester in 2016, Hurricane Lane, and Olivia in 2018—has already confirmed the change of hurricane patterns. The damage caused by Hurricanes Lane and Olivia underscores the importance and urgency of coastal storm hazards mitigation. This research should draw attention from state and federal agencies.”

Coastal infrastructures and buildings planned or designed today will generally have a service life, that is, the period of time during which they are useful, through the end of 21st century. This study has shown climate change can potentially increase the severity of natural hazards within that time period, thereby reducing the reliability or safety of structures in the future.

“The inundation maps from this study will help assess the types of buildings and structures in the areas of Honolulu that would be exposed to increased flood risks,” said Li. “This has significant implications for engineering practice and land-use planning. If climate change effects are factored into design requirements through new regulations, an economic incentive is created for responding to climate change in planning, siting, and construction of structures. This investment in increased resilience will offset the economic consequences of inadequate performance, loss due to damage, loss of marketability, or even failures of safety.”

“We would like to seek opportunities to implement this approach in other strategic locations and extend the inundation mapping from urban Honolulu to other populated coastal communities,” said Cheung.

Citaiton:

Li, N., Yamazaki, Y., Roeber, V., Cheung, K.F., and Chock, G. (2018). Probabilistic mapping of storm-induced coastal inundation for climate change adaption. Coastal Engineering, 133, 126-141. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.12.013

Funding:

The research was motivated by a pilot study sponsored by the State of Hawai‘i Office of Planning and the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism.