Sen. Pat Roberts, R-Kansas Jim Watson | AFP | Getty Images

Sen. Pat Roberts (R-KS): "If we do nothing, it has a tremendous impact on the 2018 elections"

Jeff Stein Senator, I wanted to ask you for a policy-based explanation for why you're moving forward with the Graham-Cassidy proposal. What problems will this solve in the health care system? Pat Roberts That — that is the last stage out of Dodge City. Jeff Stein I'm just trying to explain to our readers what the policy — Pat Roberts What readers? Who do you represent? Jeff Stein It's a website called Vox. Pat Roberts ... [Graham-Cassidy] is the last stage out of Dodge City. I'm from Dodge City. So it's the last stage out to do anything. Restoring decision-making back to the states is always a good idea, but this is not the best possible bill — this is the best bill possible under the circumstances. If we do nothing, I think it has a tremendous impact on the 2018 elections. And whether or not Republicans still maintain control and we have the gavel. Jeff Stein But why does this bill make things better for Americans? How does it help? Pat Roberts Pardon me? Jeff Stein Why does this make things better? What is this doing? Pat Roberts Look, we're in the back seat of a convertible being driven by Thelma and Louise, and we're headed toward the canyon. That's a movie that you've probably never seen — Jeff Stein I do know Thelma & Louise, sir. Pat Roberts So we have to get out of the car, and you have to have a car to get into, and this is the only car there is.

Sen. Jim Inhofe (R-OK): "Efficiencies" from federal-state transfer "can very well make up the difference"

Jeff Stein What's the policy explanation for the Graham-Cassidy bill? What substantive problems does this solve? Jim Inhofe Well, first of all, as a general rule the states do things better than the federal government does [things]. And that is essentially what the bill is. We actually had a bill that passed, except at the last minute — as you know — we had one deciding vote against it that was unforeseen. And I think what we're looking at right now is essentially the same thing. It's a stronger position for the states to be in, and generally, Republicans agree with that. Jeff Stein I understand what you're saying with the states having the ability to make these decisions, but the bill doesn't just "give states more freedom" — it also cuts federal funding to the states. So it's not just about giving the states more control; it's also about cutting federal expenditures, right? Jim Inhofe Well, yes, but that doesn't mean it's going to be — I think the efficiencies that come with transferring the funding to the states can very well make up the difference between what the federal thing would be. A philosophical difference — you know? Jeff Stein No, what do you mean? Jim Inhofe I mean it's more efficient when it's done from the states, and so they can do it with less money. Jeff Stein Are you confident, and how do you know those savings will be close to enough to protect everyone? Jim Inhofe Well, nothing protects everyone.

Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX): "It lets states innovate and adopt creative solutions"

Jeff Stein I'm looking for a broad policy explanation for what Graham-Cassidy will do — how does it improve the American health care system? Ted Cruz Well, the details of it are still being negotiated, but the heart of the legislation takes the policymaking role of Washington and sends it to the states. It lets states innovate and adopt creative solutions to local problems, which vary state by state. Jeff Stein But it's not just devolving power from the federal government to the state. It also involves a 16 percent cut in federal spending [upfront] and a 34 percent cut over the next 10 years. If you're saying, "Let's just devolve power to the states," why also cut federal spending so dramatically? Ted Cruz My central focus from the beginning has been on lowering health insurance premiums. The biggest reason so many millions of people are hurting under Obamacare is that it has made premiums skyrocket. And what I think is critical for Obamacare repeal is that we expand consumer freedom so that you, the consumer, can be in charge of what health insurance you want to buy, and we lower premiums so that health insurance is more affordable. ... Jeff Stein Why not wait until the CBO says what you're saying about premiums? Why not confirm with them? Over the first few votes, the CBO suggested that premiums would go upand that tens of millions of people would lose health insurance. Ted Cruz CBO's analysis throughout this process has been ridiculously slow, unreliable, and based on policy assumptions that are demonstrably false. Jeff Stein You really believe that cutting federal spending by 34 percent will not result in any other people losing their insurance? Ted Cruz What federal spending is cut? Jeff Stein Well, the Medicaid expansion would be sunset, for one, is my understanding. Ted Cruz The decrease in future rates of growth is not a cut. And it is only in the bizarre world of Washington that billions more money is characterized in the press as a cut rather than an increase, which is in fact what it is.

Sen. John Kennedy (R-LA): "Read the bill and you'll understand"

Jeff Stein What are the policy explanations for the bill? John Kennedy I think it's an improvement over Obamacare, but I have sent four amendments to Lindsey [Graham] and Bill [Cassidy] that I think will strengthen the bill. The one I feel most strongly about is that I want the Medicaid work requirement — I don't want it to be optional; I want it to be a requirement. Just like we did with welfare reform. And number two, I want to get us to give guardrails to the states to say, "You cannot use these moneys to set up a state-run single-payer system." I don't believe in it. I think it's a mistake. I've lived under a single-payer system, and I think the bill would be stronger with that prohibition. [That's an apparent reference to England, where Kennedy received a law degree in the 1970s and which has the National Health Service.] [Guardian reporter] Lauren Gambino Do you think that kind of goes against the idea of states' rights and being able to use this money [as the states want to]? John Kennedy No, no. We have plenty of federal rules that apply to every state, but we still agree with states' rights. Jeff Stein What are the main policy explanations for getting behind this bill? What does this bill do right, policy-wise? John Kennedy I think it's an improvement over Obamacare. Jeff Stein Why? John Kennedy My position has always been that, number one, I think Obamacare has been a failure. Number two: First chance I get to vote for repeal it, I'll do it. And number three: If it's replacement, if replacement is better than Obamacare, I will vote for it. Jeff Stein What are the policies that make you think that? John Kennedy I think it spends scarce resources in a more rational manner. It will control costs. I like the idea that it encourages states to innovate. Jeff Stein How does it do that? Any of those things? John Kennedy Well, you need to read the bill. Jeff Stein Well, you're voting for it, right? So what is the explanation for how it does those things? John Kennedy I am. Because it gives states added flexibility. Read the bill and you'll understand.

Sen. Richard Shelby (R-AL): "It wouldn't cut Alabama, though"

Jeff Stein In broad strokes, what do you think this bill is going to accomplish? Richard Shelby This is what a lot of us ran on — we've been advocating it for years. Let the states run it. They know more about it. They run the Medicaid program. They run our highway programs. We send 80 percent of money to various transit and highway stations — there, where the rubber hits the road. Jeff Stein But it's not just that it devolves power to the states — it also involves a 16 percent cut in federal health spending. Richard Shelby But I'll tell you what: Our states — our 50 states — are very flexible, very innovative. Much more so than we are here. I think it will work, and it will be a big step toward federalism. Jeff Stein The bill would cut federal funding to states by 34 percent over the next — Richard Shelby But it wouldn't cut Alabama, though. Jeff Stein Well, do you think the other states should deal with — Richard Shelby Well, you see some of our states, four of our states, are getting a disproportionate amount of money from health care now. You know which ones.

Sen. Johnny Isakson (R-GA): "I don't know what the numbers are going to end up looking like"

Jeff Stein What is the policy explanation for the Graham-Cassidy health care bill? Johnny Isakson Policy explanation? I'm not into policy, so I don't really know. I'm into facts. Jeff Stein [In a follow-up interview hours later on Tuesday] You were joking earlier, but what is the health policy in the Graham-Cassidy proposal that you like? Johnny Isakson More state innovation. More input from the states. Jeff Stein What does that mean, exactly? Johnny Isakson The governors — I'm from a state that didn't expand Medicaid, and the way we were going in health care looked like those states would actually be hurt worse than other states. By going to block grants, back to the states, the control of money stays with the states, and you have less [un]predictability and external deviation in terms of funding. Jeff Stein So just a follow-up on that. It's one thing to say the bill gives the states power — that's one thing. But it doesn't just do that. It also cuts the money they have — some estimates say around 16 percent of federal funding. Johnny Isakson I'm not going to confirm that statement one way or another. I don't know what the numbers are going to end up looking like. Jeff Stein Right, but if it does cut federal spending overall, would you support it? Johnny Isakson You know, those are dangerous questions. I'm waiting until I see the totality of the legislation to say whether I support the whole thing or not, anyway. I'm not a no, but I'm not a yes either — and I'm waiting for my governor to respond to me with their input as well. It's really key what they're doing.

Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY): "The governors who decided to expand [Medicaid] knew that they were going to lose federal funding"

Jeff Stein I want to ask, in a big-picture way: What is the policy explanation for how this bill makes people's lives better? John Barrasso It gets the money out of Washington, lets people at home make the decision, and gets state legislatures involved, and governors involved. It moves money out of Washington. It's away from socialism. Jeff Stein CBPP says it will also reduce federal health spending on Medicaid and the exchanges by about [20] percent. John Barrasso I'd love to reduce federal spending on health insurance. Jeff Stein Right, but so it's not just about moving power to the states — it's also about cutting funding. John Barrasso It's about moving power to the states, where money can be spent much more effectively. Jeff Stein How does it do that? John Barrasso Well, you have to read the formula and read the bill, and it will tell you how it moves money to the states and how much they get and how much they don't get. ... Jeff Stein There's a concern from Republican governors who have come out and said, "This is too dramatic a cut in spending; we won't have enough money to insure everyone." John Barrasso You have to interview them on that. Jeff Stein Do you think they're wrong? John Barrasso Well, it depends on if they're states that expanded Medicaid or not. ... Jeff Stein In the Medicaid expansion states, they still have a lot of people who rely on Medicaid expansion for health insurance. John Barrasso I opposed Medicaid expansion. I think the Supreme Court got it wrong [when it ruled in 2012 that Congress did have the constitutional authority to implement most of Obamacare]. The governors who decided to expand [Medicaid] knew that they were going to lose federal funding over time, and they're objecting to that — but they knew it. You could say, "Some of them didn't understand it, and so-and-so wasn't there, and he wasn't governor yet," but they understood that this would be part of the process. So if they used the money poorly — And my concern with Medicaid is that the people who Medicaid was designed for originally have been cut out of the process, because they're still on the waiting list to get on Medicaid. I don't know how much you understand about Medicaid, but this whole expansion of Medicaid went for healthy, working-age individuals — it did not go for the people who [Medicaid] was designed for, which was low-income women, children, and the disabled.

Sen. Luther Strange (R-AL): "I like the idea of sending money back to the states and letting the states experiment"

Jeff Stein I had a quick question on the Graham-Cassidy bill — could you explain what the policy purpose of the bill is? What is this bill going to achieve, policy-wise? Luther Strange Honestly, I have a meeting to talk about that shortly — so let me get back to you on that shortly. I have to talk to my staff. Jeff Stein [In a follow-up conversation with Strange about eight hours later] So what do you think? Luther Strange We're still looking at the details on how it affects Alabama, so we haven't taken a position on it yet. I like the idea of sending money back to the states and letting each state experiment with what's best for their citizens. But I haven't seen enough detail to know how it affects Alabama to have taken a position on it. Jeff Stein Do you worry about the billions in cuts in federal health care expenditures? Luther Strange That's the kind of detail I haven't seen on how it would affect our state. Jeff Stein Anything in particular you'll be looking for? Luther Strange How it affects the state of Alabama, and how we are treated as a non-expansion state. Jeff Stein Will you be looking for protections for those with pre-existing conditions? What else matters? Luther Strange All of the above.

Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA): "This is the last attempt to do what we promised in the election"