Starbucks Corp. is teaming up with more than a dozen companies in a commitment to increase hiring of young, minority workers over the next three years.

The companies—which also include Alaska Air Group Inc., CVS Health Corp., Lyft Inc., Microsoft Corp., and Wal-Mart Stores Inc.—have pledged to hire 100,000 mostly low-income, 16-to-24-year-olds as apprentices, interns and part- and full-time employees by 2018.

The...