LONDON—Administrators of several majority-Muslim state schools exposed students to extremist ideas and endangered their welfare by fostering a culture of fear and intimidation, Education Secretary Michael Gove told Parliament on Monday.

The minister presented those findings from a report by Britain's school regulator, known as Ofsted, on emergency inspections of 21schools in the ethnically mixed city of Birmingham. Mr. Gove told Parliament he had ordered five of the schools into receivership and will replace the administrators....