Media coverage of Israel’s massacre of Palestinian protesters during the first weekend of multiweek demonstrations in Gaza offered textbook examples of how syntax and word choice shape, and even distort, representations of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Even if the facts are accurately stated, the ways in which sentences are constructed, and the extent to which details are contextualized, can subtly lead readers astray.

Consider for instance the enormous consequence of choosing passive rather than active language to convey what happened. “At least 15 Palestinians die as Israel responds to protest,” wrote the Guardian in one early headline. “15 dead in Gaza demonstrations” read the front page of this newspaper, and the New York Times led with a similar formulation: “Confrontations at Gaza Fence Leave 15 Dead.”