WASHINGTON — The Senate on Tuesday voted overwhelmingly to pass a bipartisan $738 billion defense policy bill, sending President Trump one of the most expensive military measures in the nation’s history and one that he has championed as a critical priority.

The vote was 86 to 8 to clear the measure, which authorizes a 3 percent pay increase for the troops. It came as lawmakers sought to close out a burst of year-end bipartisan legislating even as the House is on the brink of impeaching Mr. Trump, and ended a monthslong period of disputes between Republicans and Democrats over how to steer military policy.

“Let the vote be so overwhelming there isn’t a military family in America who could doubt our commitment to them,” Senator Jim Inhofe, Republican of Oklahoma and the chairman of the Armed Services Committee, said before lawmakers approved the bill. “Let’s use our vote to send a message to Russia and China that we’re revitalizing America’s power so we can win the competition for influence that will shape the kind of world our children and grandchildren are going to live in.”

The legislative package contains a pair of specific victories for Mr. Trump, who is expected to sign the bill this week. It authorizes the Space Force, which he proposed last year — initially, in his own telling, as a joke — as the sixth branch of the American military. It would also provide 12 weeks of paid parental leave for civilian federal employees, a Democratic priority that was embraced by his son-in-law and senior adviser, Jared Kushner.