How broad is the EU definition of personal data? A long-running case involving examination scripts is set to answer this question. Mason Hayes & Curran explains.

The Irish Supreme Court recently handed down a decision in the long-running case of Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner [2016] IESC 18. The Supreme Court’s decision – its first ever data protection ruling – means that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) must now decide whether an exam candidate’s script constitutes personal data.

Legal saga

Peter Nowak’s long-running legal battle has been heard by four separate rungs of the Irish courts system. It is now set to be heard on the European stage.

Nowak failed, on three separate occasions, one of the mandatory exams to become a chartered accountant. He then submitted a request under Section 4 of the Irish Data Protection Acts 1988 and 2003 (DPA) seeking all personal data held by the relevant examining body. That body declined to release his examination script on the basis that it did not constitute personal data within the meaning of the DPA.

Nowak contended that his examination script constitutes his personal data because it contains his handwriting, which he contends is biometric data; and it may contain markings and/or comments by the examiner.

Nowak submitted a formal complaint to the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (DPC). He disputed the assertion that his examination script does not constitute personal data. The DPC refused to investigate the complaint under Section 10(1)(b)(i) of the DPA and was of the opinion that Nowak’s complaint was “frivolous and vexatious”.

Nowak appealed this decision to Ireland’s Circuit Court. When the Circuit Court upheld the DPC’s decision, further appeals were made to the High Court and, subsequently, the newly established Court of Appeal.

The matter eventually found its way to the Supreme Court.

What’s in a scrawl?

A number of matters were examined by the Irish Supreme Court. These included whether Nowak enjoyed a right of appeal in the Irish Courts under the DPA and what form these appeals may take.

Of most interest to privacy and data protection professionals will be the Supreme Court’s examination of Nowak’s assertion that his examination script is his personal data. Justice Donal O’Donnell, writing the unanimous decision for the Court, stated, “The underlying issue here, whether an examination script is ever capable of being personal data within the meaning of the [DPA] and, if so, whether this script is such personal data, is one of some difficulty and complexity that requires the analysis of a number of different texts and provisions.”

The Supreme Court went on to review how the term ‘personal data’ is defined in both the DPA and the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC).

The DPC relied on previous analysis by CJEU advocate general Eleanor Sharpston in the YS case, where she stated that, “Only information relating to facts about an individual can be personal data. Except for the fact that it exists, a legal analysis is not such a fact. Thus, for example, a person’s address is personal data but an analysis of his domicile for legal purposes is not.”

Nowak cited Section 4(6)(b) of the DPA, which prevents the DPA being used by exam candidates to circumvent the publication of exam results. He argued that this section implicitly recognises that examination results constitute personal data.

If examination results constitute personal data, Nowak argued that the raw material from which results are derived must also be personal data. Such raw material would include an examination script and examiner’s comments or marks.

Europe to decide

The Supreme Court decided that this “is ultimately a matter of European law”. The Court wasn’t satisfied that the issue at hand was reasonably clear and free from doubt. In such circumstances, it decided to refer the question as to whether an examination script is capable of constituting personal data to the CJEU.

Students, examiners, colleges, professional bodies and privacy professionals alike should follow Nowak’s onward journey to Luxembourg with great interest. We will now have to wait for the CJEU to decide just how wide the definition of ‘personal data’ is at EU law.

The content of this article is provided for information purposes only and does not constitute legal or other advice.

Tech Law is a weekly series brought to you by Irish law firm Mason Hayes & Curran, whose legal tech team advises the world’s top social media organisations and emerging start-ups. Check out www.mhc.ie for more.

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Exam papers image via Shutterstock