I’ve been doing a lot of my writing these days using Markdown. It’s a straightforward, simple markup language that converts cleanly to HTML; there are various tools and APIs that do Markdown conversion.

I like Markdown for blogging; this blog’s source is Markdown, for instance. I write user’s guides using Markdown, as well. Sites like GitHub (where I host my code these days) support Markdown natively. Like TeX or troff, Markdown input is plain text, which means I can use a real editor (such as Emacs), rather than the less powerful editors in word processing tools like Apple’s Pages, OpenOffice.org Writer, or Microsoft Word. Also, because I’m editing (mostly) plain text, I tend to focus on what I’m writing, rather than on the typesetting.

Markdown is so lightweight that the markup doesn’t get in the way of the document contents, as well. You can generally read a Markdown source document without tripping over a lot of extraneous markup. Also, since it’s so lightweight, the conversion tools tend to be fast and small; the original Markdown script is written in Perl, as a series of regex transformations. The Python markdown program is similarly small.

Not too long ago, I stumbled across a really useful tool called Pandoc, written by John MacFarlane. Pandoc converts from a variety of markup formats to other markup formats. e.g.:

If you need to convert files from one markup format into another, pandoc is your swiss-army knife. Need to generate a man page from a markdown file? No problem. LaTeX to Docbook? Sure. HTML to MediaWiki? Yes, that too. Pandoc can read markdown and (subsets of) reStructuredText, HTML, and LaTeX, and it can write plain text, markdown, reStructuredText, HTML, LaTeX, ConTeXt, PDF, RTF, DocBook XML, OpenDocument XML, ODT, GNU Texinfo, MediaWiki markup, groff man pages, EPUB ebooks, and S5 and Slidy HTML slide shows. PDF output (via LaTeX) is also supported with the included markdown2pdf wrapper script.

It’s a cool utility, and I’ve begun to use it more and more. With Pandoc’s help, writing papers and other “real” documents in Markdown becomes even easier. Using Markdown with Pandoc means I can generate HTML, PDF and ODT (OpenOffice.org) files easily, using a simple GNU Make Makefile:

%.html: %.md style.css Makefile pandoc -c style.css -s -f markdown -t html --standalone -o $@ $< %.odt: %.md Makefile pandoc --standalone -f markdown -t odt -o $@ $< %.pdf: %.md %.odt markdown2pdf -f markdown -o $@ $< all: doc.html doc.odt doc.pdf

I’m pleasantly surprised by the results. There are pieces missing, of course. I haven’t figured out how to force page breaks yet, for instance. But the advantage of editing in a very lightweight markup language, then generating PDFs that are typeset through TeX, far outweighs any niggling disadvantages.

As of version 1.6, Pandoc can generate EPUB documents, as well. As the Pandoc web site puts it, “EPUB books can be viewed on iPads, Nooks, and other electronic book readers, including many smart phones. (They can also be converted to Kindle books using KindleGen.)”

Update: John MacFarlane writes, in an email:

There’s no general way to force page breaks, by the way. If you just want page breaks in PDF (via latex), you can insert a raw latex command,

ewpage This should be ignored in HTML and ODT output, so it will only affect latex and PDF via latex.

This approach works like a charm.

Here’s a list of Markdown-related tools I have found to be helpful: