Rep. Katie Hill Katherine (Katie) Lauren HillObama counsels NBA players on forming a social justice committee Republicans cast Trump as best choice for women House GOP campaign chairman insists party will win back majority MORE’s (D-Calif.) resignation this week after nude photos of her surfaced online has reignited a debate over the need for a federal “revenge porn” law.

The freshman lawmaker, who resigned amid allegations she had inappropriate sexual relationships with congressional and campaign staffers, said Monday that after she leaves Congress she will devote her time to fighting revenge porn, a term used to describe when an intimate or explicit image is published without the consent of the person photographed.

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Forty-six states and the District of Columbia have laws banning the practice, but there is no comparable statute at the federal level. That discrepancy has created legal challenges — like whether Hill’s case falls under D.C. or California laws — and inconsistent enforcement.

Bills to address the issue have been introduced in both chambers of Congress this year, though none have made it out of committee. However, the circumstances surrounding Hill’s resignation may galvanize those legislative efforts.

“It is likely that the attention that is being paid to the Katie Hill case might push it forward,” said Mary Anne Franks, a professor at the University of Miami School of Law and president of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative.

The most prominent revenge porn bill on Capitol Hill — the Stopping Harmful Image Exploitation and Limiting Distribution (SHIELD) Act — would establish federal criminal liability for individuals who share private, sexually explicit or nude images without the consent of those photographed.

“Federal legislation, the SHIELD Act … is the most clear, comprehensive law that you could have on the books. And it has the added benefit of being federal, so you don’t have the jurisdictional question,” said Franks, who helped draft the bill.

The measure was introduced in May by Reps. Jackie Speier Karen (Jackie) Lorraine Jacqueline SpeierOvernight Defense: House to vote on military justice bill spurred by Vanessa Guillén death | Biden courts veterans after Trump's military controversies House to vote on 'I Am Vanessa Guillén' bill Overnight Defense: Trump's battle with Pentagon poses risks in November | Lawmakers launch Fort Hood probe | Military members can't opt out of tax deferral MORE (D-Calif.) and John Katko John Michael KatkoHillicon Valley: Productivity, fatigue, cybersecurity emerge as top concerns amid pandemic | Facebook critics launch alternative oversight board | Google to temporarily bar election ads after polls close Lawmakers introduce legislation to boost cybersecurity of local governments, small businesses Underwood takes over as chair of House cybersecurity panel MORE (R-N.Y.) and has four Republicans among its 36 co-sponsors. White House hopeful Sen. Kamala Harris Kamala HarrisTexas Democratic official urges Biden to visit state: 'I thought he had his own plane' The Hill's Campaign Report: Biden on Trump: 'He'll leave' l GOP laywers brush off Trump's election remarks l Obama's endorsements A game theorist's advice to President Trump on filling the Supreme Court seat MORE (D-Calif.) introduced companion legislation in the Senate, where Sens. Richard Burr Richard Mauze BurrHillicon Valley: Subpoenas for Facebook, Google and Twitter on the cards | Wray rebuffs mail-in voting conspiracies | Reps. raise mass surveillance concerns Bipartisan representatives demand answers on expired surveillance programs Rep. Mark Walker says he's been contacted about Liberty University vacancy MORE (R-N.C.) and Amy Klobuchar Amy Klobuchar3 reasons why Biden is misreading the politics of court packing Social media platforms put muscle into National Voter Registration Day Battle lines drawn on precedent in Supreme Court fight MORE (D-Minn.), another presidential candidate, are the bill’s lone co-sponsors.

Hill’s case highlights the problems that arise from the current patchwork of state laws.

Earlier this month, the conservative news site RedState.org and British tabloid the Daily Mail published nude photos of Hill without her permission, while including allegations that the California lawmaker was romantically involved with a female campaign staff member and her legislative director.

Hill, 32, denied having a relationship with her legislative director, which would be a violation of House rules, but admitted that she and her husband had a consensual relationship with a member of her campaign.

She accused her “abusive husband,” whom she is in the process of divorcing, of engaging in a “smear campaign built around cyber exploitation,” alleging he enlisted “hateful political operatives” to help distribute the nude photos of her.

RedState and the Daily Mail did not respond to requests for comment on their decisions to publish the photos.

Hill has vowed to hold the two news outlets and her husband accountable, but experts who spoke with The Hill said a legal case could prove challenging.

John Rogers, a California-based lawyer who has worked on several revenge porn cases, said key factors of where the photos were uploaded from and where Hill was when she learned about their existence would determine which nonconsensual pornography laws would apply.

“Several factors are — where was it uploaded to the internet? Who uploaded it, exactly? And where exactly was congresswoman Hill when she found out about it?” Rogers said.

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Franks added that different state laws have different definitions of revenge porn.

“The downside has been that these 46 states and D.C. have all come up with varying definitions of what nonconsensual pornography is. They’re all coming up with different penalties and there is a lot of confusion about which law would actually control in any given situation, especially given the fact that nonconsensual pornography so often occurs over the internet,” she said.

For example, while D.C. law requires the victim to prove the disseminator had an intent to hurt them or get a financial benefit, California only requires the victim to prove they experienced “serious emotional distress.”

While federal legislation has been introduced before, this year’s SHIELD Act is seen by its supporters of having better prospects than in previous years.

“As the author of the SHIELD Act and someone who has worked to eliminate so-called revenge porn, I’ve spoken with many survivors of these attacks and I know that the financial, emotional, and professional toll they suffer is staggering and does not end with the initial violation,” Speier said in a statement to The Hill.

“This is precisely why we need a federal law to bar this predatory behavior and hold those who commit such revengeful acts legally accountable for their malignant behavior.”

Hill is not the first lawmaker to resign from Congress after nude photos were posted online.

Former Rep. Joe Barton Joe Linus BartonLobbying world Bottom line Ex-Tea Party lawmakers turn heads on K Street MORE (R-Texas) announced he would not seek reelection in 2018 after a nude photo of him appeared on Twitter.

The Texas Republican apologized at the time for not using “better judgment.” He also acknowledged having consensual sexual relationships with other women while separated from his wife.

Efforts to ban nonconsensual pornography have increased in recent years, in large part to keep pace with technology.

“There has been more attention on this issue in the last two years, and that has helped drive awareness and interest and passing laws,” said Daniel Castro, vice president at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, which backed the SHIELD Act.

But as momentum has built for restrictions, some civil rights groups have voiced opposition.

The American Civil Liberties Union has said revenge porn laws can have a chilling effect on free speech, and has opposed legislation in several states.

Franks argued that those concerns obscure the effect revenge porn has on women.

“The threat of nonconsensual pornography and the execution of it really does silence women,” she said. “So if we’re concerned about free speech and democracy that the First Amendment is supposed to protect then we really have to face the fact that if you let people do what RedState has done or what her husband has done then you’re essentially allowing people to silence women.”