Germany's Angela Merkel has meet Russian President Vladimir Putin on Friday in Sochi where the two long-ruling leaders tackled an array of disputes between the two countries.

Ahead of Merkel's visit, both sides said Putin and Merkel will discuss the fate of the nuclear accord with Iran in the wake of Donald Trump's decision to pull the US out of the deal. The other areas of discussion would be the war in Syria and the crisis in eastern Ukraine, which saw the EU and Germany impose sanctions on Russia in 2014.

The sanctions themselves, however, are "not on the agenda," said Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov.

"Russia wasn't the one who imposed sanctions, Russia did not initiate the exchange of sanctions," he told reporters. "Therefore, Russia is not supposed to initiate this discussion (on the lifting of sanctions)."

Peskov restated Moscow's position that the economic sanctions were illegal, but added that Russia was keen to talk with Angela Merkel and the French leader Emmanuel Macron, whose visit is scheduled for next week.

"There is no question, however, that we are looking forward to talks, both with Germany and France, those talks are very important in Western Europe," Peskov said, according to comments carried by Russia's NTV.

Read more: Is it time for Germany to revisit its Russia relationship?

Putin's most important partner

With the two nations at odds internationally since 2014, Putin and Merkel now have at least one big area where they are in agreement — both countries want to salvage the Iran nuclear deal.

"Iran will be an important topic, because it is, at long last, a topic where the two sides share common ground and they plan to emphasize it," Stefan Meister, the head of Germany's Robert Bosch Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia, told DW.

He added that there was "no possibility of progress" in other areas, as Moscow and Berlin are "stuck in a dead end" when it comes to Ukraine.

Meister also said that Putin sees Merkel and Germany as central partners on the international stage.

"She is at least a person that Putin still takes seriously most of the time," he said.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat The deal breaker President Donald Trump announced on May 8, 2018 that he was pulling the United States out of the 2015 Iran nuclear deal, arguing that the international accord was not in America's "national interest." The decision threw a cloud of uncertainty over the future of the nuclear accord and raised tensions with US allies in Europe.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Slap in the face Britain, France and Germany lobbied the Trump administration and Congress to remain in the nuclear accord, arguing that the deal was working and a US violation without a follow up plan would be destabilizing. In European capitals, the Trump administration's withdrawal was viewed as a slap in the face of allies.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Iran scrap 'voluntary commitments' A year to the day after Trump's announcement, Iran informed the other signatories of the accord that they would no longer adhere to certain "voluntary commitments." Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said the signatory nations had 60 days to implement promises to protect Iran's oil and banking sectors or Iran would resume the enrichment of uranium.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Response to US pressure The decision came after the United States deployed an aircraft, the USS Lincoln, along with a bomber task force to the Middle East. Washington said the deployment was intended as a "clear unmistakable message." Iran said it took action because the European Union and others "did not have the power to resist US pressure."

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat A triumph of diplomacy The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), better known as the Iran nuclear deal, was signed in 2015 by United States, China, Russia, France, Germany and Britain (P5+1) and Iran following years of negotiations. Under the international agreement, Iran agreed to dismantle its nuclear program and be subject to monitoring in exchange for the lifting of international nuclear related sanctions.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Compliance and verification The JCPOA includes a robust monitoring, verification and inspection regime carried out by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The UN watch dog has verified Iran's compliance with the deal in 12 quarterly reports. The JCPOA allows Iran to pursue a peaceful nuclear program for commercial, medical and industrial purposes in line with international non-proliferation standards.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Obama's achievement The Iran nuclear deal was President Barack Obama's signature foreign policy achievement. Seeking to undo nearly every Obama administration legacy, Trump came into office calling it the "worst deal ever." The Trump administration argues the nuclear deal doesn't address other unrelated issues such as Iran's ballistic missiles, regional influence, support for "terrorist" groups and human rights.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Iranians approved The nuclear deal and lifting of punishing nuclear related international sanctions created optimism in Iran after years of economic isolation. However, even before Trump pulled the US out of the deal, Tehran blamed the US for holding back international investment and not fulfilling its end of the bargain due to the uncertainty created by Trump's threats.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat The opponents After eight years with Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu found the US president he wanted in Donald Trump. The Israeli leader repeatedly slammed the deal despite his own military and intelligence chiefs' assessment the that JCPOA, while not perfect, was working and should be maintained. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the other main opponents of the nuclear deal.

Iran nuclear deal — treaty under threat Who's left? The EU-3 (Britain, France, Germany) have scrambled to ensure that Iran receives the economic benefits it was promised in order to avoid Tehran pulling out of the deal. As EU businesses face retaliation from the US for doing business with Iran, many are opting to avoid Iran. This would likely be a present to Chinese and Russian businesses.



Russia's unpredictability 'irritates' Germans

In an analysis of German-Russian ties, Russia's independent Lenta.ru outlet says Moscow was surprised by Germany's tough stance on the Crimea crisis. Russia, according to the author Xenia Melnikova, failed to take into account that Germany is part of the EU and willing to impose sanctions even to the detriment of its interests in Eastern Europe.

"The situation is burdened by the fact that Russia, from the German perspective, is acting more and more unpredictably, which irritates orderly Germans."

"Germany is ready to hear Russia out, ready to stay in contact, even to turn a blind eye to transatlantic solidarity if necessary," Melnikova writes. "However, Russia also needs to be ready for concessions and compromises, for example – not to view the concerns of human rights and democracy as empty talk, merely a distraction from important economic problems."

Tit-for-tat in tariffs dispute?

The two sides have also been jointly pushing a gas pipeline connecting Russia and Germany via the Baltic Sea. The project, however, repeatedly triggered harsh criticism as it may leave Kyiv without substantial gas transit fees. According to media reports, US President Donald Trump offered Angela Merkel to renounce the promised tariffs on steel and aluminum if Merkel gave up on the Nordstream 2 pipeline.

Nils Schmid, a foreign policy spokesman for the Social Democrats, the junior coalition partners to Merkel's conservatives, told DW that Germany had always been too dependent on Russian gas.

"However, even during the Cold War we imported gas from the Soviet Union," said. "We have a good record of keeping gas rates out of political turmoil and Russia is more dependent on exporting gas to Europe than the other way round."

Read more: Nordstream II gas pipeline in deep water

Observers believe that Berlin and Moscow have no intention of giving up on the project, although the Friday talks in Sochi might see them hammer out a compromise that would safeguard Ukraine's interests.