Apple's latest iPhone 8 is supercharged by its new A11 Bionic chip, which does the heavy lifting for a series of major new camera features as well as making everything faster. It also packs iPad Pro's True Tone display and Fast Charging, and adds Qi wireless charging through its beautifully glossy rear glass back, built in a familiar shape but with a new steel structure ringed in an aluminum band with precision seams that continue the water and dust resistance of the previous 7 generation.

iPhone 8 models carry forward all of the features of Apple's previous iPhone 7 and 7 Plus (this year's top selling smartphones), along with top to bottom enhancements including: a new aluminum-ringed, strengthened glass case architecture that provides a distinctive appearance and enables the convenience of Qi "wireless" inductive charging with iP67 dust and liquid intrusion resistance; new USB-PD Fast Charging; compatibility with EVS high-quality voice calls over LTE; support for True Tone on its 3D Touch, Wide Color Retina HD Display (which remains the same resolution and size as previously); Apple's most advanced mobile chip yet: the A11 Bionic, which features a new 6 core architecture that adaptively scales up for performance and back down to deliver energy efficiency for battery life; larger, faster camera sensors with deeper pixels, new the standard iPhone 8 model) paired with an incredible Slow Sync flash feature for better and more realistic scene illumination in low light settings.

The 2017 iPhone Lineup

The new 8 and 8 Plus models are now priced at $699 and $799— that's $50 and $30 more (respectively) than last year's entry price for 7 and 7 Plus. However, the new iPhone 8 models start with 64GB of storage, compared to 32GB last year on the 7 lineup. The new entry price of the 64GB iPhone 8 is now right in the middle of the earlier launch price of the 32GB and 128GB iPhone 7, while the 256GB iPhone 8 is the same price ($849) as the 256GB iPhone 7 was.

That means Apple didn't just arbitrarily raise the price of iPhone 8; it enhanced its entry configuration, leaving more room below to accommodate the continued sale of earlier models at reduced prices. Previous 7 models are now reduced by $100 (now $549 and $669), and the earlier 6s and 6s Plus are being sold at $200 less than their original debut prices ($449 and $549).

Lastly, the A9-powered, 4 inch iPhone SE, which now starts at $349 ($50 than previously) remains Apple's least expensive iPhone, despite its capable processor and camera technology refresh from last year (and it, too, now gets double the storage capacity from before).

Along with the upcoming launch of iPhone X, which starts at $999, Apple now offers (by far) its broadest range of pricing tiers ever. However, there's little to be confused about despite all the SKUs. With a new peak of nearly 1 billion iPhone users, Apple now has the widest range of users to accommodate.

In addition to their other new features, iPhone 8 and 8 Plus (and iPhone X) are the only models currently offering 64GB and 256GB capacities; iPhone 7, 6s, and SE models are all now available only in either 32 and 128GB versions.

Conversely, iPhone 8 models have fewer new finish color options than last year: Silver (with a white face), Gold (with a white face) and Space Grey (with a back face). Due to their glass back (detailed below), those finishes deliver a very distinctive look— at least until you hide them inside a typical case, where the camera window offers only a glimpse of the newness of its finish.

iPhone 7 models continue to sell in the same five finishes as last year, including Rose Gold and the unique Black and Jet Black finishes that generation introduced. Also now missing is the Product(RED) version that Apple sold within the last year. The 6s and SE generations still sell in their original four color options (including Rose Gold). In other words, no changes from one year ago.

Apple has historically introduced exclusive new, unique color finishes to distinguish its latest iPhone generations, but both iPhone 8 and the upcoming iPhone X focus entirely on technology and design— looking new in depth, not just on the surface.

As with Product(RED) iPhone 7 which was sold this year between March and September, it seems likely that Apple could introduce new color options for its new iPhone 8 models later on as it catches up with initial demand.

What's new #1: Induction charging brings the glass back back

Apple continues to enhance its iPhone lineup along a strategic trajectory, incrementally building on previous technology developments with a clear strategy, rather than just incrementally bumping up the display resolution, changing the size of its screens or introducing a temporary gimmick features for a season or two (remember fads like 3D displays, Project Ara modular function blocks, Amazon's Dynamic Projection, mini secondary side displays and epaper screens, LG's G Flex banana phone, Samsung's hand-waving Air View and eye-tracking Smart Scroll, built-in projectors and phone-netbook docking?).

The display, architecture and materials used in iPhone 8 all factor into this progression. Two years ago, Apple launched 3D Touch for iPhone 6s, using the "Taptic Engine" to deliver haptic feedback— literally touch sensations— delivered by a precision vibration actuator

Last year's iPhone 7 models got a larger, more precise Taptic Engine that not only provided haptic feedback for 3D Touch but also served as the force feedback that enabled its new solid state Home button.

The new Home button also made it easier to achieve dust and liquid intrusion resistance, in parallel with moving audio to Lightning or wireless delivery so Apple could get rid of the analog minijack and reclaim that internal volume.

You can see an edge but it's almost impossible to feel

This year, Apple had to redesign the case of iPhone 8 to accommodate its new Qi wireless charging feature, which involves an induction coil behind its new glass back. The case of earlier 6, 6s and 7 models was effectively an aluminum tray that the display and electronics were dropped into; the new case has a steel internal frame that supports the display panel on the front and the magnetically-translucent glass panel on the back, ringed with an aluminum bumper.

The seams along the edges of this new design are so perfectly precise that it still feels like a solid tray, as if the back is just painted on rather than being a separate panel. These perfect edge seams were also required to retain the IP67 water and dust resistance that iPhone 7 introduced.

Rich glossy color on the back, plain up front

The strengthened glass back has multiple layers of color applied to it, giving it a creamy luster. The Gold version, rather than being the solid, metallic champagne or rose gold color of previous generations, features a back panel with a warm, antique pearl appearance with a subtle dusty pink tone that looks luxurious and stunning in contrast to the coppery-gold frame that rings its sides and the camera lens. It looks spectacular.

Similarly, the back of the Silver version has a hint of grey (the grey-white color of fat-free milk, or perhaps pallor mortis) which sets it apart from its silvery metal edges, but it sort of begs to be covered up by a colorful case.

The Space Grey phone is now a real gray, not just a fancy word for black. In contrast to iPhone 7's inky dark Jet Black, the back glass on iPhone 8 looks like slate grey coated in gloss, with a distinct, but dark metal edge.

iPhone 8 Plus in Space Grey on top of its 7 Plus predecessor in Jet Black

The front of all three models is just the basic, familiar white or black seen on earlier iPhones. It's not terrible, but it doesn't look new. I wish the front carried forward the styling of the back, because the backs are so beautiful— or at least unique— they make you want to just stop what you're doing and admire the work that went into them.

The new glass backs of iPhone 8 are not only eye catching, but are also grippier to the touch, a change from the metal backs of recent iPhones. The feel is very similar to iPhone 7 in Jet Black, which coated its aluminum skin with a gloss that (counterintuitively) feels less slippery than bare metal.

The glass back seems more resistant to scuffs and scratching than previous anodized aluminum iPhones or the lustrous gloss finish of the Jet Black iPhone 7. However, being glass it can be chipped and shattered on impact, and the cost of replacing the back panel is more expensive than replacing a screen under AppleCare (it's the same "other damage" fee as replacing the back of previous non-glass iPhones).

From the back, the new pearlescent glass iPhone 8 design looks like a luxurious heirloom, an anachronism of futuristic technology could either have been rescued from the baggage of a millionaire who perished on the Titanic, or alternatively belongs in the world of Bladerunner. Flip it over, and it just looks like an ordinary iPhone.

From the front, you can only see a faint hint of the new finish colors around the edges

Of course, when you do flip it over it also reveals that magical computer screen of bitmapped graphics that can do anything you want it to do. I don't know what the thinking was behind making the front disconnected from the styling of the back, but perhaps it serves to give what's on the screen a basic, neutral frame. Every iPhone, even the colorful 5c series, has kept the front bezel a basic black or white.

The Jet Black front of the Space Grey version is nearly invisible around the display, but the white front of the Gold and Silver stands out more, making its lack of any pigment feel like Apple just forgot to paint it. Note that the upcoming iPhone X doesn't have a white front option at all, apparently to allow its TrueDepth sensor array to blend into the body.

What's new #2: True Tone display color management

Beyond avoiding an influence of display perception with a colored face, iPhone 8 now enables the True Tone white balance first introduced on iPad Pro (and which we anticipated would also make it to iPhone 7 last year).

True Tone uses a "four-channel ambient light sensor" to measure both light intensity and color temperature, with the intent of making what's on the screen respond to the environment the way an actual paper document reflecting that ambient light would.

Similar to Night Shift (which cuts down the blue light that tends to excite and wake your brain up), True Tone can be turned on or off in Control Center by deep pressing on the display brightness slider. There's also a switch in Settings / Display. The effect is far more subtle than Night Shift, which you can dramatically see as soon as you turn it on.

Apple outlined that the goal of True Tone technology was to have "colors appear as they would on a printed sheet of paper." Apple's marketing materials for iPad Pro boasted that a True Tone display is "almost like looking at a sheet of paper." The company says True Tone reduces eye strain, which sounds nice and certainly can't hurt, but it doesn't feel like a compelling feature on its own that will drive people to upgrade. True Tone represents the tip of the iceberg of Apple's work in delivering sophisticated color management to iOS with the same, often taken-for-granted capabilities of ColorSync on the Mac

However, True Tone represents the tip of the iceberg of Apple's work in delivering sophisticated color management to iOS with the same, often taken-for-granted capabilities of ColorSync on the Mac.

The True Tone display on iPhone 8 is most obvious when compared to an otherwise similar iPhone 7. At first glance, it appeared that True Tone made the display warmer in side by side comparisons. Later it seemed like the opposite: the new 8 looked bluer next to a warmer iPhone 7 screen.

However, if rather than comparing two phones with each other you instead compare iPhone 8 next to a neutral white piece of paper, you can see that True Tone does indeed keep the display balanced in comparison to the lighting.

Apart from the 120hz ProMotion high refresh rate delivered on new iPad Pro models, it seems that iPhone 8 with True Tone delivers what could be the last big jump in LCD technology for iPhones before transitioning to OLED (as in iPhone X) or micro-LED on the horizon.

No arbitrary screen changes

Apparently nothing else is different about the iPhone 8 display over previous 7 models— which already featured very high contrast ratios, very low reflectance, peak brightness levels above 700 nits and were calibrated to deliver accurate colors and display a P3 Wide Color gamut.

It's tempting to say that Apple "should have" made more changes to the display on iPhone 8, but its restrained focus on improving color accuracy and making the screen more responsive to your environment (in a way that's easy to control and set according to your preference) is a benefit to developers and users alike, as it means apps won't need to make arbitrary adjustments to look good on the new models.

There is also another disadvantage to hiking the screen resolution just for bragging rights: more pixels put additional load on the processor. Unless that additional resolution offers a true advantage (iPhone 4 radically enhanced the sharpness of the UI with higher pixel density; iPhone 5 added breathing room to the Home screen and apps with a taller new display aspect ratio; iPhone 6 introduced larger screen sizes), that processing capacity can be better put to use elsewhere.

While iPhone 8 models keep all the display variables as they were, iPhone X introduces a new resolution as well as a higher pixel density, a taller screen ratio and new screen size all in one jump, which we'll consider more in-depth in its own review, looking at the pros and cons of all those changes.

What's new #3: Qi wireless charging

iPhone 8 and 8 Plus are Apple's first phones to ship with support for "wireless" (induction) charging. Apple previously shrugged off wireless charging as not being all that useful because you still needed to run a USB cable to your charging pad, which then transfers energy to the device laid on top of it without requiring a physical plug.

Apple doesn't include a wireless charging disc in the iPhone 8 box, and the new phones don't work with the existing charging discs for Apple Watch.

Because Apple supports the common Qi charging specification, there is a wide range of compatible charging pads available, including low-priced options from Ikea, which has been selling Qi pads for years that integrate with its furniture and fixtures, as well as Qi pads from Belkin and mophie sold in the Apple Store.

Apple plans to introduce its own AirPower charging pad next year, with unique support for charging up to three devices at once (including the new Apple Watch Series 3, which appears to more closely align with the Qi standard).

We set up and tried out a $60 Belkin Boost Up Qi charging pad. The model we used comes with a non-USB wall charger, which requires you to hunt down a free outlet; you can't just plug it into the USB on your Mac or use one of the USB adapters you already own. Once you plug it in, there is some convenience to dropping the phone on it without having to find a cable or line up a connector.

However, like the anemic 5-watt adapters Apple throws in the box, Qi charging is currently limited to a rather slow 5-watt recharge rate. Apple says it will issue an update to support faster 7-watt charging. It's not clear if the new phones can handle being charged any faster than that wirelessly.

The convenience factor of Qi charging probably outweighs charging time if you're dropping your phone to charge at home overnight or just want to top things up at an airport or cafe where wireless charging pads are available.

What's new #4: USB-PD Fast Charging

If you're in a hurry to recharge, you'll want to plug your iPhone in to take advantage of the significantly faster charge you can get using a standard 10 or 12 watt iPad adapter (which can be used to safely recharge any iPhone significantly faster than the included plug or Qi pad).

New to iPhone 8 is an even quicker "Fast Charging" feature that uses the 29-watt USB-Power Delivery specification associated with USB-C and USB 3.1 to get you from zero to 50 percent in 30 minutes.

This missing accessory costs $25 but saves you lots of time

As with 12.9 inch and 10.5 inch iPad Pro models, the latest iPhone 8 and 8 Plus (and upcoming iPhone X) can make use of Apple's 29 watt USB-C MacBook power adapters (or the 61W or 87W USB-C power adapters that ship with new MacBook Pros) via Apple's USB-C to Lightning cable to charge at 29 watts (14.5 volts at 2 amps). Fast Charging is the kind of super compelling feature that once you get it, you won't ever want to digress back into the world of yesterday.

The nature of electricity means that when you are Fast Charging your phone heats up. It's definitely fast, and while the device gets warm it did not ever get dangerously or even uncomfortably hot.

Fast Charging is the kind of super compelling feature that once you get it, you won't ever want to digress back into the world of yesterday.

Note that Apple's (rather expensive $25) cable is designed specifically to accommodate the USB-PD 29 watt charging standard. Third party USB-C power adapters may support USB-PD, but they aren't required to as part of the USB-C or USB 3 specifications. Similarly, third-party cables with a USB-C port on one end and Lightning on the other don't necessarily support USB-PD, even if they do work fine for regular USB data sync and basic 10 to 12-watt charging.

Unboxing one of Apple's most luxuriously expensive products (per ounce) : the USB-C to Lightning cable needed for Fast Charging via USB Power Delivery A post shared by AppleInsider (@appleinsider_official) on Sep 22, 2017 at 4:20pm PDT

Along the same lines, if you use a standard Lightning cable with a USB-C to USB-A adapter, even Apple's 29-watt charger will only support basic (non-PD) 12-watt charging (5.2 volts at 2.4 amps). This is not a conspiracy; the cables involved must all be designed to support the higher power distribution of USB-PD, not simply offer a physical chain of connections.

It's good that USB-PD is smart enough to not work unless it should. Forcing a higher voltage over a cable that was designed to be thin and light could result in overheating and potentially a fire hazard.

Also note that it's only the wall chargers that support USB-PD; anything you plug into your USB-C MacBook ports (even with a USB-C Lightning cable) will still charge at the same (non-PD) 10 watts as other modern Mac USB ports (5.2 volts at 2.1 amps).

That's also why you can't recharge a MacBook Pro daisy-chained to another MacBook via a USB-C cable; the new USB-C MacBooks use the same USB-PD specification to charge their own battery, but can't deliver (or pass through) enough wattage to charge another USB-PD device.

Plugging in your iPhone into an older Mac or PC may deliver USB power even slower at around 2 watts (5v at 0.5 amps), which is the actual specification for USB 2.0. Starting with Macs from around 2011, Apple began providing additional (up to 10 watts) charging power than the spec allowed to devices (after determining they could handle it).

Whether you opt for the effortless Qi pad or a fast USB-PD cable, the total cost is going to be somewhere around $30-70, so it boils down to a choice between not having to poke in a cable and not having to wait for hours.

If you're already a USB-C MacBook or MacBook Pro user, you should definitely get an USB-PD-compatible Lightning cable rather than just use a simple USB-A adapter dongle with the default (skinny) Lightning cable, because it not only lets you connect to any Lightning device (iPad, Siri Remote, Magic Mouse, etc.) with less hassle, but allows you to borrow your MacBook adapter for super fast refills of the new iPhones and iPad Pro models.

It seems like Apple should at least include a 12-watt adapter with its premium-priced iPhone 8 models, and should also make it a little easier for users to understand how fast their devices are charging, and why. There's no indication in iOS that shows if you have achieved Fast Charging, or whether your Mac or whatever USB plug you're using is delivering 2, 5, 10 or 12 watts.

On a side note: Qualcomm Quick Charge is a proprietary protocol that is built into the Snapdragon SoCs used in many premium-priced Android phones, and is often cited as an advantage of Android reviews. It claims to support even faster charging than USB-PD, but it does this by modifying Vbus voltage levels and pin assignments of USB ports, creating new incompatibility issues between chargers and cables that "look like USB."

Google itself is strongly recommending its Android licensees against adopting Quick Charge rather than using the same USB-PD standard that Apple has adopted in its new MacBooks, iPad Pros and now iPhones.

iPhone 8 Body details

The new Qi charging support doesn't seem like it would add any appreciable weight to the phone, but apparently the new steel frame and beautiful glass panel that accommodates wireless charging are what contribute to its slight increase in heft over iPhone 7.

The standard iPhone 8 weighs in at 5.22 ounces (148 grams) and the 8 Plus weighs 7.13 ounces (202 g). While the 7 generation was a bit lighter less than the 6s, the new 8 models outweigh both. They don't feel terribly heavy, but definitely have a more substantial weight to them, which actually reinforces that classy appearance of their stunning rears.

For comparison, the standard iPhone 7 weighed 4.87 ounces (138 grams) compared to the 5.04oz (143g) iPhone 6s, while iPhone 7 Plus weighed 6.63oz (188g) vs 6.77oz (192g).

The new models are also ever so slightly thicker, but not enough to even see when you lay them out next to each other. Their dimensions haven't changed enough to prevent you from using old covers on the new phones, and Apple says its new covers can be used on the older models. You can check out Apple's latest cover colors at the bottom of this review.

What's new, #5: A11 Bionic: faster, more efficient, new capabilities

This year, new to iPhone 8, Apple's new A11 Bionic Application Processor delivers specialized capabilities, starting with Apple's first internally-designed GPU.





A new 3 Core GPU for graphics, GPGPU & ML

Apple's first internally-designed GPU, built into the A11 Bionic Application Processor, claims to be 30 percent faster than the Imagination-based GPU used in iPhone 7 models— which was already the leading graphics architecture in smartphones.

Just as impressively, Apple's new GPU isn't just faster but more efficient, allowing it to match the work of the A10 Fusion GPU using only half the energy.

GPUs were originally created to accelerate graphics, but for years they have been tasked with doing other kinds of math with a similar repetitive nature, often referred to "General Purpose GPU." Apple initially created OpenCL as an API to perform GPGPU, and more recently folded GPGPU Compute into its Metal API that's optimized specifically for the GPUs Apple uses in its iOS devices and Macs. The latest version, Metal 2, was detailed at WWDC17 this summer.



Progression of Metal benchmarks reported by Geekbench Browser

Now that Apple is designing both the graphics silicon and the software to manage it, expect even faster progress in GPU and GPGPU advancement. Additionally, Apple is also branching out into Machine Learning, one of the tasks that GPUs are particularly good at crunching. ML involves building a model based on a variety of known things— such as photos of different flowers— and using that model of "knowledge" to find and identify matches— things that could be flowers in other new photos, or in the camera viewfinder.

Apple hasn't yet provided many technical details about its new GPU design, other than that it has "three cores." Different GPU designs are optimized for specific tasks and strategies and define "core" in radically different ways, so it's impossible to make direct, meaningful comparisons against GPUs from Intel, Nvidia, AMD, Qualcomm, ARM Mali and others.

TB;DR

It is noteworthy that Apple describes its new mobile A11 Bionic GPU Family 4 graphics architecture as using Tile Based Deferred Rendering. TBDR is a rendering technology created for mobile devices with limited resources. It effectively only finishes rendering objects that will be visible to the user in the 3D scene. On desktop PC GPUs (as well as Qualcomm Adreno and ARM Mali mobile GPUs) "Immediate Mode" rendering is performed on every triangle in the scene, running through rasterization and fragment function stages and out to device memory even if it may end up being covered up by other objects in the final scene.

TBDR skips doing any work that won't be seen, breaking down a scene into tiles before analyzing what needs to be rendered for each. The output is saved temporarily to high speed, low latency Tile Memory. This workflow enables it to better use the entire GPU because it can perform vertex and fragment asynchronously. Apple notes: "the vertex stage usually makes heavy use of fixed function hardware, whereas the fragment stage uses math and bandwidth. Completely overlapping them allows the device to use all the hardware blocks on the GPU simultaneously."

As a technique, TBDR is closely associated with Imagination's PowerVR, which developed in parallel to desktop GPUs on a road less traveled, then emerged around the launch of the first iPhone as the perfect mobile-optimized GPU architecture, with efficiency advantages scaled down PC GPUs couldn't rival.

But while Imagination initially complained that Apple hadn't 'proven that it wasn't infringing' its IP this spring, it does not now appear to be continuing any claim that Apple's new GPU uses any unlicensed PowerVR technology, and instead sold itself off at a huge discount after losing Apple's business.

Additionally, TBDR isn't an approach that is completely unique to Imagination, although there have only ever been a few successful GPU architectures (among the many experimental approaches that have failed). This is similar to the CPU world— currently dominated by ARM in mobile devices and Intel's x86 in PCs and servers— despite many failed attempts to disrupt the status quo by competitors (and even Intel itself).

Apple's Metal 2 now exposes the details of TBDR to developers for its A11 Bionic GPU so they can further optimize memory use and to "provide finer-grained synchronization to keep more work on the GPU." The company also states that its new GPU "delivers several features that significantly enhance TBDR," allowing third-party apps and games to "realize new levels of performance and capability."

Dual core ISP Neural Engine

Creating an entirely new GPU architecture "wasn't innovative enough," so A11 Bionic also features an entirely new Neural Engine within its Image Signal Processor, tuned to solve very specific problems such as matching, analyzing and calculating thousands of reference points within a flood of image data rushing from the camera sensor.

Those tasks could be sent to the GPU, but having logic optimized specifically for matrix multiplications and floating-point processing allows the Neural Engine to excel at those tasks.

The Neural Engine itself has two parallel cores designed to handle real-time processing, capable of performing 600 billion operations per second. That means in addition to applying sophisticated effects to a photo, as Apple has been doing in previous generations of its ISP, it can now perform effects on live video. Beyond effects, this also appears to be what enables the camera system to identify objects and their composition in a scene, allowing it to track and focus on the subject you are filming.

This Neural Engine is credited with giving the A11 Bionic its name. "Bionic" generally refers to a human having electromechanical enhancements, and suggests the idea of superhuman abilities due to those enhancements. One could think of A11 Bionic being the opposite of this, as it is actually a machine enhanced with human-like capabilities. Alternatively, you could think of the chip as a bionic enhancement of the human using it, allowing the user to leap over tasks ordinary Androids can't.

Apple's 6 new CPU cores, 2G performance controller

The third chunk of the A11 Bionic is Apple's original custom implementation of ARM Architecture CPU cores. Apple delivered its original customized A4 SoC back in 2010, and has rapidly iterated on its design. In 2013 it created A7, first 64-bit ARM chip, sending chip rivals into a tailspin.

Last year's A10 Fusion got its name from a new architecture that managed tasks between a pair of performance cores and a pair of efficiency cores, enabling flexibility between running at full power and at an efficient idle.





This year, Apple is touting its "second-generation performance controller," designed to scale tasks across more low-power cores, or to surge the workflow to its even faster high-power cores— or even light up the entire 6 core CPU in bursts. Using asymmetric multiprocessing, the A11 Bionic can ramp up to activate any number of cores individually, in proportion to the task at hand. Using asymmetric multiprocessing, the A11 Bionic can ramp up to activate any number of cores individually, in proportion to the task at hand

Scaling a queue of incoming tasks across multiple cores requires more than just multiple cores on the SoC; apps and OS features have to be designed to take advantage of those multiple cores. That's something Apple has been working on at the OS level— and with its third developers— for years before the iPhone even existed.

Apple has detailed its software OS strategies oriented around turning off unnecessary processor units and efficiently ordering processes to so they can be scheduled to run as quickly and efficiently as possible. It's now implementing those same kinds of practices in silicon hardware. Other mobile device makers, including Samsung and LG, have never needed to develop their own PC OS platforms.

Google, which adapted Android from its origins as portable (JavaME) mobile platform, isn't selling it to users who pay for performance. It has no real tablet or desktop computing business, and its phone platform is aimed at hitting an average selling price of less than $300— Android One phones have an aggressive price target of $100. Android buyers are an audience for advertisers, not customers demanding UI polish, app performance or sophisticated features like multiprocessing support. Android apps are optimized to deliver ads.

Apple states that the two performance-optimized general-purpose CPU cores of the A11 Bionic are up to 25 percent faster than those in last year's A10 Fusion; even larger gains come from its efficiency cores, which have doubled in number to four, and are now up to 70 percent faster.

In Geekbench tests comparing the similarly specced iPhone 7 to iPhone 8 (they share the same RAM and same display resolution), the A11 Bionic scored 25 percent faster in single core and 80 percent faster in multicore scores.





This is particularly noteworthy because Apple's latest chip also delivers its new Neural Engine, GPU, camera ISP and other capabilities that are above and beyond what a generic processor benchmark effectively measures.

In stark contrast, Samsung has for years been marketing "octa-core" processors that are actually slower in per-core performance and run an OS that isn't optimized to take effective advantage of multiple cores in apps outside of benchmarks. Google itself once even bragged up its poorly built Nexus 7 at launch as having "basically 16 cores," (the sum of its CPU and GPU cores) a purely false, meaningless marketing claim that didn't make it any faster. It was actually not speedy to begin with and rapidly lost performance over time.

Rather than excessively bragging about its quantities of abstract technical specifications, Apple's marketing focuses on real-world applications, noting, for example, that the A11 Bionic is "optimized for amazing 3D games and AR experiences," claims that can be experienced every day by App Store visitors.

Secret sauce SSD silicon speeds, secures storage

There are also other specialized features of the A11 Bionic, including its super speedy SSD storage controller with custom ECC (error-correcting code) algorithms, as Johny Srouji, Apple's senior vice president of Hardware Technologies, detailed in an interview with Mashable. This isn't just for speed. "When the user buys the device," Srouji noted, "the endurance and performance of our storage is going to be consistent across the product."

In other words, data stored on the device (documents, apps, photos) is better protected from corruption and storage failure (as SSD cells wear out, literally), lowering the prospect of losing your memories and documents, and the frustration of having a device that mysteriously gets slower as time wears on. That's a common problem with many Android devices.

Apple first introduced its own custom NVMe SSD storage controller for 2015 MacBooks, enabling it to optimize the hardware side of reading and writing from Solid State Storage (ie chips, rather than spinning hard drives).

The company then brought that technology to its iOS devices within the A9, starting with iPhone 6s. NVMe was originally created with the enterprise market in mind, rather than consumer electronics. There are no off the shelf solutions for adding an NVMe controller to a phone, and there are cheaper existing (albeit archaic) protocols to access SSD storage. Apple built and wrote its own.

A11 Fusion delivers what is apparently Apple's third-generation iOS storage controller. What's more interesting is that Apple didn't even talk about this on stage, because it had too much else to talk about that was even sexier.





A new Apple-designed video encoder

Two years ago, Apple's A9 introduced a hardware-based HEVC decoder, enabling devices to efficiently play back H.265 / "High Efficiency" video content. Last year's A10 Fusion introduced a hardware encoder, enabling iPhone 7 to create and save content in the format. The advantage with these High Efficiency formats is that they greatly reduce the space taken up by high-resolution photos and video

The new feature was made available in iOS 11, and is exposed as a preference in Camera Settings for "High Efficiency camera capture." When turned on, photos are compressed using HEIF (High Efficiency Image Format) and video is recorded using HEVC (High Efficiency Video Codec).

The advantage with these High Efficiency formats is that they greatly reduce the space taken up by high-resolution photos and video.

Apple states that a minute-long 4K 30fps video recorded in the new HEVC format will be about 170MB, while the same thing using the previous H.264 would be 350MB— more than twice as large.

To play this HEVC content back a device needs to be able to decode it. iOS devices earlier than A9 can decode in software, but this takes longer and has a larger hit on the battery than having efficient, dedicated hardware decoding.

HEIF video can be transcoded to H.264 (which takes conversion time), or users can also default to "Most Compatible," which continues to save photos as JPG and videos in H.264. However this disables the new video recording options for capturing 4K video at 60fps (as well as the 24fps cinematic setting new to A11 Bionic iPhones).

It is interesting that Apple developed its own video encoder for the A11 Bionic, and also that it made this fact public. In the past, Apple has used off-the-shelf components in its iPods and other devices that incorporated support for a variety of proprietary audio and video codecs, including Microsoft's WMA, WMV and VC-1. Apple didn't activate this capability, preferring instead to use industry standards developed by MPEG LA partners.

It's not clear if Microsoft got licensing royalties from the Windows Media IP on the chips Apple bought, but the larger issue was that Apple had to pay for components with stuff it didn't want to use. By building its own video encoder, it can optimize for only the formats it supports, rather than the generic package of codecs its chip providers select.

Google's YouTube initially partnered with Apple to provide H.264 video content to iOS users. But the company has since tried to advance its own VP8 and VP9 codecs acquired from On2. While it continues to send H.264 video to iOS users, it is not publishing its higher resolution 4K YouTube content in H.264 or the new H.265/HEVC, which makes YouTube 4K unavailable to Safari users on the web.

This has also created the narrative that Apple TV 4K "can't play YouTube 4K content," when in reality it is Google that is refusing to provide the content Apple TV 4K is designed to decode. It remains to be seen how that will work out, and whether Google will also refuse to support 4K on iOS devices going forward.

Having an efficient, optimized HEVC encoder on iPhone 7, 8 and X (along with iPad, Apple TV and recent generations of Intel Core processors used in Macs) means that users will be able to store far more photos and videos— generally the largest storage hog— in less space. It would also conceivably reduce wear on SSD storage, because there's half as much to write out, move around and subsequently erase.

However, another thing that HEVC makes possible is recording higher frame rate content. iPhone 8 and X can now enable capture of 4K video at 60fps, for smoother camera pans. Existing 4K video on iPhone 7 is sharply detailed, but if your camera or the subject moves too quickly, it can have a jittery effect. With smooth 60fps capture, videos look a lot better.

However, that's twice as many frames, meaning that without more advanced compression, a minute of video would consume about 800MB. Using HEVC, the end video is comparable in size to 4K 30fps capture. Note that 60fps video in HEVC requires significant processing power or a dedicated hardware decoder to play. Older Macs already have trouble playing existing 4K clips from iPhone 7.

Separate from its CPU, GPU, ISP and other custom components, Apple also designed the Secure Enclave in A7 to handle storage of sensitive data (fingerprint biometrics) in silicon walled off the rest of the system. That SoC also incorporated what Apple called the M7, a helper chip that performed background tasks such as tracking data from motion sensors, the barometer and later, listening for Siri commands on the microphone. Apple said it made improvements to both the Secure Enclave and the M11 built into the A11 Bionic, but didn't detail those changes.

One of the remaining interesting facets of the A11 Bionic is that if you stack together the parts of the chip that Apple detailed, there's a whole lot of surface area on it that remains completely mysterious.

What's new #6: Larger, faster, smarter cameras with Slow Sync flash

As with the iPhone 8 display, its front and back cameras do not jump to a higher new resolution compared with last year's iPhone 7. However, there are new qualitative enhancements to the sensors that have a greater impact on the kind of photos it can take.

The rear sensor is now physically larger (Apple doesn't detail its size)— which is the best way to improve the quality of the images it can capture. The sensor features deeper pixels that better isolate the incoming light, reducing crosstalk between pixels. The camera sensor is also faster and, teamed up with the camera ISP of the A11 Bionic, smarter. It can better focus on fast moving objects, does HDR automatically (even in Portrait mode) and dramatically enhances capture in low light.

The larger, faster sensor also provides extra room for overscan, enabling the A11 Bionic ISP to perform better video stabilization (like a digital Steadicam). It can also capture higher video frame rates— something that is enhanced by its support for new HEVC compression, which makes photos and videos about half their usual size, or alternatively doubles the frame rate of 4K capture (for much smoother video) at about the same video size.

Support for the new HEVC video and HEIF photos is included in macOS X High Sierra, but older Macs might have issues playing back higher resolution, high frame rate video simply because decoding it is so processor intensive. HEVC is not just more efficient in making videos smaller but more adaptive in analyzing motion and adjusting its encoding settings to optimize the compression to the content being recorded.

iPhone 8 True Tone flash with Slow Sync

The rear camera also radically enhances its True Tone flash with a new Slow Sync feature designed to improve exposure in low light conditions by slowing the shutter speed while using a "short strobe pulse."

Rather than only serving as harsh illumination for the foreground in scenes too dark to capture without a flash, the new flash is now broadly useful for improving the lighting of photos and Portraits.

Building upon advancements in the 4-level True Tone flash made last year, iPhone 8's improved flash system automatically configures and provides flattering illumination for faces without blowing them out, allowing the background to expose properly and greatly reducing the flash flares on windows or glasses that often ruin photos when you use the flash.

Major improvements in low light image capture

Even without using the greatly improved functionality of the LED flash, the faster sensor and smarter logic driving the camera system results in major improvements when taking shots in low light. You'll probably need to tap on the subject you want to capture to adjust exposure based on what you're trying to capture, but there's vast improvement in how well the system works to grab what you see. Particularly in low light, the image that it takes is much closer to what the scene looks like to your eye.

In the images below, the left column shows the default point-and-shoot exposure of iPhone 8 (top) and iPhone 7 (bottom). On the right, after tapping to adjust the exposure on the storefront, iPhone 8 composes a balanced scene that accurately reproduced the lighting of the scene, while iPhone 7 made the overall scene too dark in order to compensate for the brightly lit store.

With the huge enhancement in how the flash works, the weakest remaining link in iPhone 8 photography is probably its use of tiny plastic lenses. Light refraction, lens flares and bright point artifacts continue to be a problem on iPhone 8, and apparently won't go away until Apple decides to improve upon its lens, ideally including some sort of option for supporting external lens attachments for specialty lenses.

However, the kinds of sophisticated computational processing Apple is showing off may eventually erase the limitations of tiny mobile lenses by simply adjusting for their artifacts and digitally erasing them in real time.

iPhone 8 Plus dual camera features

Last year, we profiled what the iPhone 7 Plus dual lens system could do in our iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus camera overview, with wide angle capture at 1x, optical telephoto 2x zoom, and up to 10x digital zoom in photos, videos, time lapse and slo-mo. The zoom lens can also be used to take less distorted panos that focus attention on a large object too big to fit in a regular photo, a sort of digital wide angle lens.

On iPhone 8 Plus, many of these camera advancements are enhanced by the new Neural Engine-enhanced A11 Bionic camera ISP, including better analysis in HDR and Panoramas. There are also enhancements in iOS 11 that improve how Live Photos can be used to create Loop, Bounce or Long Exposures (features that are also now available to iPhone 7).

The dual camera configuration of iPhone 8 Plus now enhances the Portrait mode introduced on iPhone 7 Plus, and extends it with new lighting effects that simulate studio lighting, modeled after the work of famous artists and photographers.

Portrait Lighting can take enhance a casual photo into a dramatic photograph

The new Portrait Lighting feature lets you select from a series of 3D-modeled lighting effects that simulate pro-photographer's tools such as a lighting bounce card and studio backdrop.

You can select between Natural Light, Studio Light, Contour Light, Stage Light, Stage Light Mono options, each of which uses depth information captured by the lenses to calculate an augmented reality effect that is non-destructive. That means you can shoot in any mode, then change the effect later, then change it again later, all without losing any detail in the original photo.

Apple calls Portrait Lighting a feature in beta. While it works to stunning effect on many photos, it won't necessarily turn a bad shot into a masterpiece automatically, and in some cases calculates its effects wrong. You also can't edit mistakes, such as when the system blurs out hair or cuts into a jawline. The feature will continue to develop as part of iOS however, so there is room to get better.

In reality, the feature shows off the potential of the new iOS Depth API, which enables third-party developers to build their own tools for using the 3D aware "depth map" data captured by the rear dual camera of iPhone 8 Plus (as well as the front TrueDepth sensor array on the upcoming iPhone X).

iOS 11 Quick Start auto-setup

Fresh out of the box, a new iPhone 8 boots up and asks you to select a display language and region, then offers to skip past the typical setup screens (where you'd normally set up your WiFi network, authenticate, set up a passcode and then log into and set up iCloud services) using iOS 11's new Quick Start.

From this screen, all you need to do is present your existing phone, which should be freshly backed up and updated to iOS 11. Your old phone will discover the new one and pop up a panel offering to set the new phone up, just like a new pair of AirPods.

Once you select this option, the new phone displays a rotating ball of particles that serve as a target for your old phone to capture with its camera, effectively a complex, secure equivalent to barcode or QR code. Once scanned, the new phone asks you enter the passcode from your old phone, then completes its own setup.

After it finishes, it lets you choose between setting up the new phone as a fresh install, or restoring from an iCloud backup or an iTunes backup stored on your computer. You can also migrate data and settings from an Android phone. Restoring from a backup copies over all of your personal data and saved passwords (or just the basic settings, if your iTunes backup isn't encrypted).

Improved Voice over LTE; louder speakers and flexible wireless audio

iPhone 8 now supports the emerging EVS (enhanced voice services) codec for Voice over LTE, improving the sound quality of voice calls made on carriers that support the technology.

Compared to AMR-WB, which was initially used to deliver Voice over LTE, EVS handles a wider range of sound frequencies, increased compression stability and backwards compatibility with legacy standards. While AMR-WB is limited to 7KHz, giving it basic telephone voice quality, EVS spans from 50Hz to 14.4KHz to greatly improve audio reproduction and clarity to deliver richer, more lifelike voice audio.

Multiple readers have already reported noticing improved sound quality on iPhone 8 voice calls, both over the handset and when used as a speakerphone.

When launching iPhone 7, Apple gave short shrift to its decision to drop the analog headphone jack, focusing instead upon its proposed alternatives. A year later, many flagship Androids are following suit and Apple's AirPods have rapidly grown into a smash hit for their convenient wireless design and simple setup.



iPhone 8 models ship with Lightning earbuds and a Lightning to minijack adapter

As with last year, iPhone 8 models ship with Lightning earbuds (which to me sound identical to the previous analog jack version). There's also a Lighting converter to use standard headphones.

New support for wireless charging now offers the ability to play music out over a cable or to headphones while the phone lays on a Qi charging pad. Apple also continues to offer its color-matched $49 iPhone Lightning Docks so you can charge and sync while using auxiliary audio cables or wired headphones.

Later this year, Apple is releasing HomePod, which works like a pair of AirPods for your home— using the same effortless setup and providing tight integration with Siri. Additionally, iOS 11 further enhances sound distribution with multiple channel outputs to different devices using AirPlay 2.

Like the previous iPhone 7 models, the new phones feature built-in stereo speakers, one in the base and the other in the earpiece, for listening without earphones or external speakers. The speakers on the new iPhone 8 models are 25 percent louder (so you can turn the volume up past 11 to reach 12.5).

The sound quality is good but certainly a bit short of spectacular, given that it uses such small speakers. It's very usable, although I felt like the sound is a bit too crisp. You can adjust audio output to your preference using EQ settings under Apple Music. The "Small Speakers" setting seemed to result in impressive sound given that it's coming from an iPhone.

LTE Advanced

Apple is reportedly using either an Intel XMM7480 modem, or a Qualcomm Snapdragon X16 for LTE support with CDMA. That means if your carrier supports LTE Advanced, iPhone 8 appears to support 3GP Release 12, or 4CA (four x carrier aggregation) for insane (yet theoretical) mobile speeds of up to 600Mbps (basic LTE service typically tops out around 40Mbps).

Of course, this technology only helps if your carrier supports it. In the U.S., AT&T has been deploying LTE Advanced networks in a series of cities and Verizon now claims LTE Advanced coverage in "more than 450 cities," although neither make any promises about actual throughput speeds. Even solid 40Mbps LTE service delivers a spectacular experience for mobile users browsing the web and downloading music.

Carriers also may advertise support for brand names such as Verizon's XLTE (Band 13) or Tmobile's Extended Range LTE (Band 12). These bands (like AT&T Band 17) use lower frequencies for spreading out service to cover more area and to better penetrate buildings. However these lower frequencies are intended to stretch network usability, not to deliver maximum data rates.

Qualcomm has sought to create a media narrative that portrays Apple as distantly behind in various technologies, in particular the idea that the company's newest iPhone 8 and iPhone X do not support Qualcomm's newest 5CA or 6CA 1 or 1.2Gbps LTE (because Apple is not exclusively using Qualcomm modems; Intel's modem is limited to Release 12 and 4CA).

However, carriers around the world currently do not yet take full advantage of LTE Advanced's Release 12 600Mbps theoretical maximum, let alone Qualcomm's promise to facilitate nearly doubling this with Gbps LTE. While Gbps networks are slowly being rolled out, the reality is that very fast mobile data rates require dedicating lots of valuable spectrum using techniques such as carrier aggregation.

The new technology makes for a great demo and confers bragging rights to the carriers who have claimed to implement it first, but in reality spectrum will continue to be allocated to enable hosting the most paying subscribers at lower real-world rates, not super high data rates. Carriers have historically preferred to deliver service to 5 times the users than to a fifth the users at five times the speed, as 1 Gbps LTE 5CA does.

LTE carriers already broadly have the potential to deliver 40Mbps, but rarely actually deliver such speeds. OpenSignal reported this year that the top U.S. carriers only achieved average LTE download speeds of less than 17Mbps, while the global LTE download average was only 17.4 Mbps. It sure looks like carriers are optimizing their networks for volumes of users, not speed.

There are also other factors impacting the deployment of super fast networks in the future. As Cherlynn Low wrote for Engadget earlier this year, new Gbps LTE technologies can "achieve speeds of up to 1 Gbps in simulations and controlled environments. In the real world, though, speeds are expected to be closer to between 100 and 300 Mbps."

802.11ac WiFi and Bluetooth 5

Along similar lines, while the 802.11ac WiFi specification theoretically enables up to 6.7Gbps with 8 antennas, iPhone 8 continues to support the same WiFi specs as iPhone 6s/7: four antenna 802.11ac (the latest standard used in Apple's tall form factor AirPort and Time Capsule base stations, newer Macs as well as a variety of third-party WiFi base stations) with 2T2R multiple antenna MIMO technology (2T2R) that supports wireless speeds of up to 867MHz (twice the maximum of iPhone 6).

Most people won't make anything close to sustained use of 867Mbps WiFi on their phone. Taking advantage of these faster network specification speeds requires an 802.11ac network. If you're connecting at Starbucks or using the same home router you bought several years ago, your WiFi speeds will likely be limited to 802.11n (150Mbps) or the older 802.11g (54Mpbs) or perhaps even slower. Unlike your carrier's LTE however, you can install your own WiFi network to take greater advantage of the phone's built-in capabilities, although that doesn't mean your internet provider (or hosts on the internet) will also support the high end of wireless data, fully maxing out the abilities of a modern iPhone.

iPhone 8 also adds support for the newest Bluetooth 5 specification, which supports faster communications over longer distances when communicating with low power devices such as health sensors and beacons (but not classic Bluetooth devices such as external speakers or AirPods). The new iPhones also support NFC tag reading apart from just Apple Pay, so developers can now take advantage of RFID tags in their own apps.

Leather and silicon cases

Apple's $49 leather covers remain the same improved design as last year, sold in an array of new colors (the cases work with both iPhone 7 and 8): Cosmos Blue, Pink Fuchsia, Dark Aubergine, Charcoal Gray as well as the familiar Taupe, Saddle Brown, Black and Midnight Blue and a rich (Product)RED.

While both iPhone 7 and 8 models sport the same IP67 water resistance as the original Apple Watch, the natural leather covers are not impervious to water damage and will scuff up faster if you get them wet. Wet leather also feels kind of slimy until it dries out.

If you plan on getting wet, Apple also offers a $39 Silicone case with a rubbery, grippy feel that doesn't have any problem with water. They're now available Cobalt Blue, Rose Red, Ultra Violet and Dark Olive as well as last year's bright White, solid Black, Pink Sand, Midnight Blue and the very bright (Product)RED.

iPhone 8 in Review

iPhone 8 delivers a solid upgrade over last year's iPhone 7, particularly in its advanced camera and a speedy processor that promises to deliver involving new augmented reality apps, utilities and games built upon new ARKit framework.

Wireless charging is a nice addition, but Fast Charging feels even more valuable, particularly if you've already entered the USB-C world with recent MacBooks (or have already begun taking advantage of Fast Charging on an iPad Pro). Few things are more frustrating than leaving the house with a partial charge because you don't have time to wait around.

If you already own Apple's last generation iPhone 7 and are considering an upgrade, you'll likely want to spring for iPhone X, which will feel even more advanced and new that the workhorse 8 line, combined with some changes to how things work, thanks to its use of Face ID and a departure from the Home button that has defined iPhones for the last ten years.

However, for users with older models who don't upgrade every year, iPhone 8 offers a major set of advancements in speed, camera features and water resistance with a familiar shape and functionality that won't require you to pay the higher premium of iPhone X nor change how you use your phone.

Score: 4.0 out of 5

Pros:

New design is beautiful on the back with little changing up front

Great battery life in line with last year's iPhone 7

Speedy A11 Bionic chip enhances gaming, AR apps

New camera smarts capture better photos in low light and with better HDR

60fps 4K recording captures impressively smooth, high quality video

New True Tone flash massively improves how useful the flash is

Portrait Lighting is an impressive way to enhance photos and fun to use

Water resistance means you can take it virtually anywhere

Cons: