One of the coolest things about the Rust typesystem is that you can use it to make unsafe bindings safe. Read all about it in the Rustonomicon. However, it can be really quite easy to slip in a bug where you’re not actually making the guarantees you think you’re making. For example, here’s a real bug I made in the ZeroMQ FFI bindings (which have been edited for clarity):

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 pub struct Socket { sock : * mut libc :: c_void , closed : bool } impl Socket { pub fn as_poll_item < 'a > ( & self , events : i16 ) -> PollItem < 'a > { // <- BUG!!! PollItem { socket : self . sock , fd : 0 , events : events , revents : 0 , marker : PhantomData } } } impl Drop for Socket { fn drop ( & mut self ) { unsafe { zmq_sys :: zmq_close ( self . sock ); } } } pub struct PollItem < 'a > { socket : * mut libc :: c_void , fd : libc :: c_int , events : i16 , revents : i16 , marker : PhantomData <& 'a Socket > } pub fn poll ( items : & mut [ PollItem ], timeout : i64 ) -> Result < i32 , Error > { unsafe { let rc = zmq_sys :: zmq_poll ( items . as_mut_ptr () as * mut zmq_sys :: zmq_pollitem_t , items . len () as c_int , timeout as c_long ); if rc == - 1 i32 { Err ( errno_to_error ()) } else { Ok ( rc as i32 ) } } }

Here’s the bug if you missed my callout:

1 pub fn as_poll_item < 'a > ( & self , events : i16 ) -> PollItem < 'a > { // <- BUG!!!

My intention was to tie the lifetime of PollItem<'a> to the lifetime of the Socket , but because I left out one measly 'a , Rust doesn’t tie the two together, and instead is actually using the 'static lifetime. This then lets you do something evil like:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 // leak the pointer! let poll_item = { let context = zmq :: Context :: new (); let socket = context . socket ( zmq :: PAIR ). unwrap (); socket . as_poll_item ( 0 ) }; // And use the now uninitialized pointer! Wee! Party like it's C/C++! poll ( & [ poll_item ], 0 ). unwrap ();

It’s just that easy. Fix is simple, just change the function to use &'a self and Rust will refuse to compile this snippet. Job well done!

Well, no, not really. Because what was particularly devious about this bug is that it actually came back. Later on I accidentally reverted &'a self back to &self because I secretly hate myself. The project and examples still compiled and ran, but that unitialized dereference was just waiting around to cause a security vulnerability.

Oops.

Crap.

Making sure Rust actually rejects programs that it ought to be rejecting fundamentally important when writing a library that uses Unsafe Rust.

That’s where compiletest comes in. It’s a testing framework that’s been extacted from rust-lang/rust that lets you write these “shouldn’t-compile” tests. Here’s how to use it. First add this to your Cargo.toml . We do a little feature dance because currently compiletest only runs on nightly:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... [ features ] unstable = [ "compiletest_rs" ] ... [ dependencies ] compiletest_rs = { "version = " *" , optional = true } ...

Then, add add a test driver tests/compile-tests.rs (or whatever you want to name it) that runs the compiletest tests:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 # ! [ cfg ( feature = "unstable" )] extern crate compiletest_rs as compiletest ; use std :: path :: PathBuf ; use std :: env :: var ; fn run_mode ( mode : & 'static str ) { let mut config = compiletest :: default_config (); let cfg_mode = mode . parse (). ok (). expect ( "Invalid mode" ); config . target_rustcflags = Some ( "-L target/debug/ -L target/debug/deps/" . to_owned ()); if let Ok ( name ) = var ::<& str > ( "TESTNAME" ) { let s : String = name . to_owned (); config . filter = Some ( s ) } config . mode = cfg_mode ; config . src_base = PathBuf :: from ( format ! ( "tests/{}" , mode )); compiletest :: run_tests ( & config ); } #[test] fn compile_test () { run_mode ( "compile-fail" ); }

Finally, add the test! Here’s the one I wrote, tests/compile-fail/no-leaking-poll-items.rs :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 extern crate zmq ; fn main () { let mut context = zmq :: Context :: new (); let _poll_item = { let socket = context . socket ( zmq :: PAIR ). unwrap (); socket . as_poll_item ( 0 ) //~ ERROR error: `socket` does not live long enough }; }

Now you can live in peace with the confidence that this bug won’t ever appear again:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 % multirust run nightly cargo test -- features unstable Running target / debug / compile_tests - 335 c5f56b353961f running 1 test running 1 test test [ compile - fail ] compile - fail / no - leaking - poll - items . rs ... ok test result : ok . 1 passed ; 0 failed ; 0 ignored ; 0 measured test compile_test ... ok

In summary, use compiletest , and demand it’s use from the Unsafe Rust libraries you use! Otherwise you can never be sure if unsafe and undefined behavior like this will sneak into your project.

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