4) And what happens when there's a penetration or when there isn't any?

I'm gonna describe basic numbers so you get the point.

Description is in general but it is very accurate.

Frontal penetration:

Side penetration:

Rear penetration:

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Frontal non-penetration:

Side non-penetration:

Rear non-penetration:

20% chance -a vehicle80% chance - crit: vehicle or crew malfunction30% chance -a vehicle70% chance - crit: vehicle or crew malfunction55% chance -a vehicle45% chance - crit: vehicle malfunction85% chance -off a vehicle15% chance - crit: crew malfunction65% chance -off a vehicle35% chance - crit: vehicle or crew malfunction40% chance -off a vehicle60% chance - crit: vehicle or crew malfunction