The high cost of low corporate taxes A deep dive into the financial statements of Canada’s biggest corporations shows these companies pay far less than the official corporate tax rate.

“Some income simply is not taxed,” said Peter Spiro, an economist with the Mowat Centre, a public policy think tank at the University of Toronto. “The public policy question becomes: are these tax breaks or tax exemptions justifiable?”

This project is the first comprehensive attempt to combine Canadian corporations’ audited financial statements with government data to quantify the extent of corporate tax avoidance — and determine how much it costs the rest of us.

The Star/Corporate Knights analysis looked at the amount of taxes companies paid as a per cent of profits over a six-year period to even out yearly fluctuations. Big losses and investments happen, and may reduce a corporation’s tax rates in any given year, but consistently low tax rates can indicate a pattern of avoidance.

The accounting manoeuvres Canadian corporations perform to reduce their tax bills are legal. But complex reporting rules make it difficult to determine if a company is actually paying its fair share of taxes.

That 8.9 per cent gap translates into tens of billions of dollars that could have been used to pay for the schools, roads, hospitals, police and paramedics we all rely on.

During that time, the average official corporate tax rate in Canada for this group of companies was 26.6 per cent.

The 2011-2016 audited financial statements of all large Canadian corporations (those worth more than $2 billion) reveal they paid an average of 17.7 per cent tax.

Our analysis of the financial filings of Canada’s 102 biggest corporations shows these companies have avoided paying $62.9 billion in income taxes over the past six years.

We found the amount of tax most big companies pay has been dropping as a proportion of their profits for years, and not only because the corporate tax rate has been cut repeatedly. Canada’s largest corporations use complex techniques and tax loopholes to reduce their taxes significantly below the official corporate tax rate set by the government.

At a time when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has made tax fairness a centrepiece of his government, the Toronto Star and Corporate Knights magazine spent six months poring over tax data to determine how much income tax corporations are really paying.

For every dollar corporations pay to the Canadian government in income tax, people pay $3.50. The proportion of the public budget funded by personal income taxes has never been greater.

At a time when stocks and corporate profits are near record highs, the federal government has targeted small private corporations, expecting to recoup an estimated $250 million in tax revenue by closing loopholes. If Ottawa instead closed all the loopholes used by large corporations, it could collect 40 times more than that. In an average year, the 102 biggest companies in Canada pay $10.5 billion less than they would if they paid tax at the official corporate tax rate. “That gap is undermining the integrity of the tax system,” said Jordan Brennan, an economist with UNIFOR, Canada’s largest private sector union, which represents Star employees. “Once we establish what the rates are, you have to have enforcement mechanisms to make sure (corporations) pay them.” “If the government closed that gap they stand to gain $10 billion every year. Think about what you could do with $10 billion each year. That’s a national child care program. That’s any government’s signature program. Even if you’re fiscally conservative, you could use it to reduce the deficit. That’s not an insignificant portion of revenue,” said Brennan.

What would $10.5 billion buy? 1,768 new streetcars Put the Gardiner Expressway underground Build electric high speed (300km/hr) rail corridor Montreal–Ottawa–Toronto Build 11,560 km of bike paths Provide 1.2 million child care spaces 8 new heavy-duty icebreakers Make college tuition free for 1,679,858 students (On average, undergraduate students paid $6,191 in tuition fees in 2015/2016) Hire 30,678 new doctors (at average income of $339,000 per year)



The last year that corporations paid as much income tax as people was 1952. That year, the Canadian government was flush with money and used it to start setting up the social safety net with the establishment of the Old Age Security pension program. The private sector was also doing well, as corporate capital investments hit record levels and wages soared. The postwar boom was in full swing and the wealth was being enjoyed widely: Suburbs were exploding, schools and hospitals were built and new highways were laid down across the country. This era of public and private prosperity — “unrivalled in our history” said then-federal finance minister D.C. Abbott — came after Canada had twice imposed an “excessive profits” tax during both world wars. Excessive profit, or rent, is an economic term used to describe profit beyond what is needed to keep a business running. For the first half of the 20th Century, the Star campaigned for establishing and keeping this excessive profit tax in place, repeatedly arguing: “There is, in fact, no better or juster source of tax revenue than unreasonably high profits.” Under publisher Joseph Atkinson, the Star’s editorial board made this argument for taxing corporate profits in 1946: “A special tax should be levied upon profits in excess of a reasonable amount ... The principle of imposing a proportionately higher tax upon high incomes of individuals is recognized as just, and should be in a measure applicable to the profits of corporations when these are beyond reason.” Today, Canada’s economy is the strongest in the G7, but municipal, provincial and federal governments have to borrow money every year, or dip into savings, to make ends meet. Inequality is at an all-time high. The rich are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer and public infrastructure — from transit to social housing — is failing and falling apart.

When corporate tax and personal tax were equal 1952 Between 1949 and 1954, Canada’s first subway was built along Yonge St. in Toronto. The construction budget was $50.5 million, or $464.5 million in today’s dollars. Photo: TTC Archives TODAY After years of slim budgets and inadequate maintenance, there was a mass breakdown of air conditioning on the subway during the summer of 2016. At its peak, a quarter of all subway cars on line 2 were “hot cars” with internal temperatures over 32 degrees. The city spent $13 million to replace the broken A/C units. Photo: Nakita Krucker/Toronto Star 1952 The Gardiner expressway was built between 1955 and 1966, at a cost of $103 million, or about $766 million in today’s dollars. Photo: Boris Spremo/Toronto Star TODAY The raised highway has become so neglected that pieces of concrete have been falling from its underside, damaging cars for the last decade. It will cost $3.6 billion to rebuild the crumbling eastern end of the expressway. Photo: Richard Lautens/Toronto Star 1952 The federal government introduced the Public Housing Program in 1949, which led to a 10 fold increase in social housing in the 1960s, when more than 20,000 units were built each year. One of the first major projects was Regent Park in Toronto, where more than 2,000 subsidized units were built between 1947 and 1960. Photo: City of Toronto Archives TODAY Currently, public housing in Toronto has a $2.6 billion repair backlog, and foresees closing more than 7,500 units over the next 5 years. Regent Park has been almost entirely torn down and replaced by a mixed development of subsidized and market units. Photo: Richard Lautens/Toronto Star 1952 In 1952, there were 1,233 hospitals in Canada with 146,032 beds. Photo: City of Toronto Archives TODAY In 2015, there were 719 hospitals in Canada with 93,595 beds. Photo: Dave Chan/Toronto Star 1952 In 1955, there were 115,835 primary and secondary teachers in Canada and 3,295,000 students (28.4 students/teacher). Photo: Paul Smith TODAY In 2015, there were 445,175 primary and secondary teachers in Canada and 5,055,987 students (11.3 students/teacher). Photo: Aaron Harris/Toronto Star 1952 Average weekly earnings for non-agricultural industries were $54.13 in 1952, a 9 per cent increase from the year before. Adjusted for inflation, that would be $502.53/week. Photo: Leo Harrison/Toronto Star TODAY In 2016, the average weekly wage was $956.50, a 0.3 per cent increase over the year before. Photo: Richard Lautens/Toronto Star



While Canadian governments have trouble coming up with cash for public services, Canadian companies are rolling in dough. Among Canadian corporations, one sector emerges as the most profitable. It’s also the sector with the companies that pay the lowest taxes: banks. Last year, Canada’s Big Five banks — BMO, CIBC, RBC, Scotiabank and TD — occupied the top five slots on Report on Business Magazine’s Top 1000 ranking of the country’s most profitable companies. Collectively, they booked $44.1 billion in pre-tax profit. (Their just-reported 2017 profits were even higher.) That same year, the Star/Corporate Knights analysis found those five banks avoided $5.5 billion in tax. This was not a one-off. Over the past six years, while the Big Five have been posting record profits, the tax rate they paid has dropped. According to Statistics Canada, pre-tax profits in the banking sector as a whole soared by 60 per cent from 2010-2015. During that period, the sector’s tax rate (taxes paid divided by pre-tax profit) has dropped by almost the same amount.

Banks: profits up, taxes down, 2010-2015 Banking sector pre-tax profits ($ billions) Banking sector paid tax rate Source: Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 180-0003

Banks reduce their taxes by far more than other corporations. In 2015, businesses in the rest of the economy (including the banks’ credit union cousins) paid taxes at a rate triple that of banks. This number is skewed by the huge losses oil and gas firms suffered in 2015. If oil and gas companies are removed, the tax rate paid for non-financial companies is still 24 per cent in 2015, or 2.5 times greater than banks.

Banks vs the rest of the Canadian economy, 2010-2015 Banking sector paid tax rate Non-financials paid tax rate Non-financials without oil and gas paid tax rate Source: Statistics Canada CANSIM Table 180-0003

Not only do banks pay a lower tax rate than other companies, Canadian banks pay at a lower rate than banks in other countries. While all banks legitimately reduce their tax burdens through depreciation, investment losses, loan interest writeoffs and tax credits, Canadian banks use these measures to erase more tax than their global competition. We did an international comparison and found Canada’s big banks have the lowest tax rate in the G7. This November, when the Senate was discussing closing loopholes for small corporations, Senator Scott Tannas asked Finance Minister Bill Morneau, “why wouldn’t you hunt where the ducks are … with the big banks?” “If we could get them to pay what should be a fairly reasonable average between their U.S. operations and Canadian, we’d be billions ahead. I don’t understand why, year after year, only Bay Street has a special rate,” Tannas said.

Tax rate paid by large banks in G7 countries Source: Bloomberg, cash taxes paid as percent of pre-tax profits for banks with >$2B (US) market capitalization, 2011-2016

How do the Canadian banks do it? The Big Five earn the vast majority of their revenue in Canada and the U.S., which has a higher corporate tax rate than Canada. Yet in their financial statements to investors, the banks declare that lower tax rates in their “international operations” helped them reduce their taxes by $6.5 billion over the past six years. While the banks don’t disclose how they lowered their tax bills through their international operations, they all have subsidiaries in tax havens. Many of these tax haven subsidiaries have tiny offices, but account for massive profits. TD, for instance, has a subsidiary in Ireland that is valued at over $1 billion, even though TD Ireland employed only two of the bank’s more than 85,000 staff. Canadian banks have subsidiaries in Barbados (0.25 — 2.5 per cent corporate income tax), the Cayman Islands (0 per cent), Ireland (12.5 per cent), Bahamas (0 per cent), Bermuda (0 per cent) and Luxembourg (starts at 19 per cent, but can be much lower as many multinational companies negotiate special tax deals). All of these tax havens have something in common: they have a tax treaty or Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) with Canada. These treaties and agreements were meant to prevent the double taxation of corporate profits, but in practice they make it possible for companies to avoid paying tax altogether, recording profits where there are low or no income taxes and then repatriating this income to Canada tax-free. Canada has admitted this is a problem, and this year joined 67 countries in an international effort to crack down on a widespread tax avoidance method called “profit shifting,” where a corporation performs internal transactions to concentrate its profits in tax havens. “We want to make sure that large companies aren’t inappropriately having expenses in high-tax jurisdictions and taking profits in low-tax jurisdictions,” said Morneau in the Senate last month. “We want to have rules that appropriately force people to pay taxes in jurisdictions where the business activity is actually happening.” NDP justice critic Murray Rankin suggests the government go one step further and explicitly ban corporate transactions without any “economic substance” — a move, he says, that will hamper companies’ ability to exploit offshore tax loopholes.

Big Five Banks and tax haven subsidiaries TD Canada Trust Total avoided tax (2011-2016): $6.3B Tax Haven Subsidiaries Barbados Bermuda Cayman Islands Ireland Luxembourg Singapore Royal Bank of Canada Total avoided tax (2011-2016): $5.8B Tax Haven Subsidiaries Antigua Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Dominica Luxembourg Montserrat Netherlands St. Kitts St. Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Scotiabank Total avoided tax (2011-2016): $4.7B Tax Haven Subsidiaries Anguilla Bahamas Barbados Belize BVI Cayman Islands Costa Rica Ireland Jamaica Malaysia Panama Singapore Turks and Caicos Bank of Montreal Total avoided tax (2011-2016): $4.0B Tax Haven Subsidiaries Barbados Bermuda Ireland Netherlands Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Total avoided tax (2011-2016): $2.1B Tax Haven Subsidiaries Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Ireland Netherlands Singapore Source: Company financial statements