Amid all the hot-air about the economic effects of Brexit, the impact on other countries is often lost. Belgium is no exception – the UK is Belgium’s fourth-largest trading partner, responsible for 8% of its exports and 5% of its imports.

Belgium also stands to be the fourth EU state most affected by Brexit economically – behind Ireland and Malta – and its food and beverages, administration, and textiles sectors are the ones most vulnerable to Brexit-related job losses.

A ‘hard Brexit’, with UK-EU trade reverting to something akin to World Trade Organisation standards, would result in about 42,000 job losses across Belgium, according to Hylke Vandenbussche, professor of economics at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.

Even if a new trade deal and ‘soft Brexit’ is brokered before 31 December 2020, when the eleven-month post-Brexit transition is due to end, 10,000 jobs would be lost, her research suggests.

The largest economic effect would be in Flanders, where some 16,000 Flemish companies currently export to Britain. The area between Bruges and Kortrijk is most affected, as are the cities of Antwerp and Ghent, to the turn of a 1.8% hit to output. It is feared that small businesses will be the worst hit.

In Wallonia, meanwhile, Wavre hosts the headquarters of Glaxo Smith Kline, a major British pharmaceutical company, whose future after Brexit remains uncertain.

Vandenbussche says that although tariffs, which would be imposed in a no-deal scenario, would raise prices and lower demand on both sides of the channel, indirect effects account for 70% of Brexit impact.

“It’s not just about the goods being traded, but the entire global value chain,” she said.

So how prepared is Belgium and its authorities for Brexit?

“Not very much,” said Prof Vandenbussche. She pointed to a survey initiated by the Belgian government of firms in 2018, which revealed that only 25% of firms were ready for Brexit “and I’m guessing that these were mostly the larger firms… so it’s in the interests of everyone to delay, to delay, to delay,” said Vandenbussche.

The KU Leuven research also forecasts that a ‘Hard Brexit’ scenario would see increasing regional inequality in the UK, and damage international competitiveness in the UK and Germany more than others.

But Vandenbussche expects that the cliff-edge will be avoided.

“There will be some kind of a deal…a mini-deal at the end of the year,” she told EURACTIV. These will probably cover the sectors that the European Union identifies as being most vulnerable to a ‘hard Brexit’.

“Mathematically it’s almost impossible to do it all (the new EU-UK trade deal) in one year,” she added.

Trade MEP chief says national parliaments not needed for post-Brexit ratification The chair of the European Parliament’s trade committee voiced hope on Tuesday (4 February) that an agreement with the UK could be achieved by November and said national parliaments would not be needed to ratify the deal as it would be an EU-only association agreement.

The EU, like the UK, is almost certain to set up its own funding instruments to support regions and sectors most affected by Brexit.

In the end, there will be an EU fund to compensate the funds that will be affected by Brexit. It also depends on how Brexit will actually materialise. But even if there is a full agreement with the UK, there will always be some loss – no matter whether a soft or hard Brexit.

The “big elephant in the room”, said Prof Vandenbussche, is what direction the UK wants to take with future trade deals.

She believes that the UK has identified Brexit as an opportunity to move decisively away from Europe on trade and be part of the ‘coalition of the winning’ with the US, Canada, Japan, China.

That, in turn, would prompt a radical re-think of EU industrial, military and security and competition policy, she said.

Paris aims to become Europe's top financial hub in post-Brexit world London is currently Europe’s leading financial centre but the French authorities dream of seeing Paris in the lead. However, it remains to be seen if the City will lose access to European markets after the UK-EU negotiations this year. EURACTIV’s partner EUROEFE reports.

[Edited by Zoran Radosavljevic]