Three new minerals discovered by a Michigan Tech alumnus are secondary crusts found in old uranium mines. They're bright, yellow and hard to find.

The mines closed four decades ago, but that doesn’t stop air and water from traveling the long tunnels of Red Canyon. The old opening at the mine—the adit—cuts straight into the hill and has helped make new minerals. The adit opens to a dry panorama in southern Utah.

"Have you ever seen The Hills Have Eyes? It's that kind of creepy, barren desert landscape," says Travis Olds '12 and now a graduate student at Notre Dame studying uranyl mineral compounds. He adds that he and others find mineralogy so exciting because of "the idea that there are things we still don't know—and someone can see a pretty crystal and appreciate it."

Olds specifically studies uranyl minerals because, as radioactive materials, it is important to know where they are found and how they change in different environments. Within the past year, he found three new uranium minerals in Red Canyon: leesite, leószilárdite and redcanyonite. He characterized them along with a small team including alumnus Shawn Carlson '91 and staff scientist Owen Mills '08 who runs the Applied Chemical and Morphological Analysis Lab (ACMAL) at Michigan Tech.

Leesite

Everyone is familiar with rust; in mineral-speak, rust is an iron oxide or oxyhydroxide, which means it's a secondary mineral formed by the interaction of air and water. Leesite is like uranium rust.

Uranyl minerals have distinct bright colors even after the uranium-rich ore interacts with air and water to form crusts like leesite.

The glowing green stereotype of uranium is close—but not quite. Though small and barely visible to the naked eye, leesite occurs in bright yellow aggregates of stacked blades or radiating needles up to one millimeter in length. The mineral also forms powdery masses nestled against a backdrop of companion minerals, most notably gypsum.

A scanning electron microscope reveals the individual shape of crystals in a small aggregate of leesite.

At the atomic level, Olds explains, leesite piles up in stacks of uranium and oxide layers, and potassium is what sets it aside as a new mineral. Given its chemistry and structure, it's a member of the schoepite mineral family; miners called the general mess of these minerals growing on the tunnel floors "gummites."

Leószilárdite

The mineral crystals of leoszilardite are only a couple millimeters long at most.

Clustered in aggregates that are barely visible in hand samples, leószilárdite is pale yellow. A carbonate formed through uranium ore interacting with air, it's also water soluble, so the dry desert air helps keep it around in the mine. The most distinctive feature of leószilárdite is its bladed crystals.

"If you look at leószilárdite in a picture, you can kind of pick out that they have an unusual shape," Olds says. "But put them under the SEM (scanning electron microscope) and it's obvious."

A scanning electron microscope reveals the distinct shape of leoszilardite crystals.

Olds says leószilárdite is a particularly interesting find because of the Carbon Mineral Challenge. The challenge runs through September 2019, with the goal to discover as many new carbon-based minerals as possible. The Deep Carbon Observatory, the organization leading the project, predicts there are still at least 145 unknown carbon minerals. Leószilárdite is one of eight discovered and officially recognized by the International Mineralogical Association since December 2015.

Redcanyonite

Named for the area where this rare mineral is found, redcanyonite varies in hue from orange to red-orange. The color comes from what chemically makes the mineral new—manganese and ammonium in its structure—and being a sulfate, it is not soluble in water, unlike leószilárdite.

Manganese and ammonium give redcanyonite a darker color than the other minerals discovered by Olds.

Redcanyonite is one of the rarest uranyl minerals known because it can only grow within narrow constraints: access to manganese ions is the main driver, but it also can only form in organic-rich layers, the most likely source of ammonium.

All three specimens represent a small and unique slice of the earth's crust where human activity spurred the formation of previously unknown minerals.

"The only way to better understand the chemistry of uranium is to go out and find new minerals—and describe their topology, their structures," Olds says. "They teach us a lot about how uranium can then be moved in the environment."

To Name a Mineral The Applied Chemical and Morphological Analysis Lab (ACMAL) at Michigan Tech provides a crucial first step towards identifying new minerals. Because of the stringent requirements to prove a mineral is new, researchers thoroughly test the chemical and structural nature of the mineral. Check out this ACMAL tour to learn more about the lab equipment and how they peer into the nanoscale world of new minerals.

Michigan Technological University is a public research university, home to more than 7,000 students from 54 countries. Founded in 1885, the University offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science and technology, engineering, forestry, business and economics, health professions, humanities, mathematics, and social sciences. Our campus in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula overlooks the Keweenaw Waterway and is just a few miles from Lake Superior.