The 500 largest American companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid U.S. taxes and would collectively owe an estimated $620 billion in U.S. taxes if they repatriated the funds, according to a study released on Tuesday.

The report Offshore Shell Games investigates how much money U.S. companies stash in tax havens. (CBC) The study, by two non-profit groups, found that nearly three-quarters of the firms on the Fortune 500 list of biggest American companies by gross revenue operate tax haven subsidiaries in countries like Bermuda, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Citizens for Tax Justice and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education Fund used the companies' own financial filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission to reach their conclusions.

Technology firm Apple was holding $181.1 billion offshore, more than any other U.S. company, and would owe an estimated $59.2 billion in U.S. taxes if it tried to bring the money back to the United States from its three overseas tax havens, the study said.

Apple, GE, Microsoft

The conglomerate General Electric has booked $119 billion offshore in 18 tax havens, software firm Microsoft is holding $108.3 billion in five tax haven subsidiaries and drug company Pfizer is holding $74 billion in 151 subsidiaries, the study said.

"At least 358 companies, nearly 72 per cent of the Fortune 500, operate subsidiaries in tax haven jurisdictions as of the end of 2014," the study said. "All told these 358 companies maintain at least 7,622 tax haven subsidiaries."

Fortune 500 companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid taxes, with just 30 of the firms accounting for $1.4 trillion of that amount, or 65 per cent, the study found.

Fifty-seven of the companies disclosed that they would expect to pay a combined $184.4 billion in additional U.S. taxes if their profits were not held offshore. Their filings indicated they were paying about 6 per cent in taxes overseas, compared to a 35 per cent U.S. corporate tax rate, it said.

"Congress can and should take strong action to prevent corporations from using offshore tax havens, which in turn would restore basic fairness to the tax system, reduce the deficit and improve the functioning of markets," the study concluded.

Canadians for Tax Fairness studied Canadian data on tax havens earlier this year and estimated Canadian companies have stashed $199 billion in profits offshore.

Richard Phillips of U.S. group Citizens for Tax Justice says shaming companies by naming them is not enough. Congress needs to step in a pass legislation to prevent use of tax haven shelters.

He said allowing tax holidays for corporations to bring profits home just rewards the companies and encourages more such corporate tax evasion.

"Immediately following the tax holiday [in 2004] we actually see the amount offshore go from $400 billion to now $2.1 trillion," he said.

Phillips recommends a simple solution.

"They should have to pay the same tax rate on their foreign income and their domestic income and have to pay it at the same time," he said.

The study comes as the G20 finance ministers are set to meet Thursday to discuss an OECD plan to reform international tax rules to curb corporate tax avoidance.