Farewell Philae: Earth says goodbye to comet probe



By Mari�tte Le Roux



Paris (AFP) Feb 12, 2016



It could mean that magnetic forces may not have played a role, as theorised by some, in a crucial stage of planet building.

The ROMAP magnetometer found that, surprisingly, the comet had no measurable magnetic field -- throwing into question a key theory on the formation of comets and other solar system bodies.

In contrast, the CONSERT radar instrument found that inside, the 10-billion-tonne comet was made of a very loosely compacted mix of dust and ice -- so porous it would float on water on Earth.

The hardness of the surface was the "biggest surprise" of 67P, the German Aerospace Centre DLR, which hosts the lander control centre, has said.

Under a thin dust layer just a few centimetres thick, MUPUS slammed into super-dense mixture of compacted dust and ice.

While the surface at Agilkia was relatively soft, Philae's MUPUS hammer failed to break the surface at Abydos, where it conducted its experiments.

There was much less water ice than expected.

The lander's ROLIS camera captured a dark, non-reflective surface littered with pebbles and rocks ranging from a few centimetres (inches) across to five metres (5.5 yards).

This very rebound, though unintended, allowed scientists to compare the surface characteristics of the spot where Philae first touched down, dubbed Agilkia, and where it finally settled, Abydos.

Many had feared that Philae would land on a soft and fluffy surface, possibly even sink. Instead it bounced when its harpoons failed to fire.

One theory is that comets smashed into our infant planet, providing it with precious water and the chemical building blocks for life.

Comets are believed to contain materials left over from the Solar System's formation some 4.6 billion years ago, and scientists see them as time capsules that may provide insights into Earth's own origins.

"Importantly, some of these compounds detected by Ptolemy and COSAC play a key role in the... synthesis of amino acids, sugars and nucleobases: the ingredients for life," ESA said at the time.

Another instrument, Ptolemy, detected water vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the comet's hazy "coma", as well as organic compounds such as formaldehyde.

Four of them, methyl isocyanate, acetone, propionaldehyde and acetamide, had never been detected on comets before. Eight comets in total have been visited by spacecraft, but Philae was the first to land on one.

The lander's COSAC gas analyser sniffed the dust kicked up by Philae's comet ricochet, and identified 16 different carbon-containing organic compounds -- found in all living things.

These are some of Philae's contributions to science:

The lander examined its alien host for 60-plus hours before going into standby mode.

Philae had 10 instruments, of which eight sprung into action despite a bumpy landing in November 2014.

While Rosetta will remain with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko until September, scientists on Friday bade farewell to Philae from which there has been no word for seven months.

The 1.3-billion-euro ($1.5-billion) mission of robot lab Philae and its orbiting mothership, Rosetta, was to shed light on the Solar System's formation, and possibly the origins of life on Earth.

Paris (AFP) Feb 12, 2016 - Twelve years ago, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched a spacecraft with a very precious cargo -- a robot laboratory designed to land on a comet and photograph, prod and sniff its surface.

Scientists gave up Friday trying to contact robot lab Philae, stubbornly silent on the surface of a comet streaking through space -- closing a captivating chapter in an historic quest.

"Time to say goodbye to Philae," announced the German Aerospace Center DLR, and said it "will no longer be sending any commands."

Philae's comet host is moving further and further away from the Sun and its battery-boosting rays, and by this point "there is indeed little hope to still get a signal," project manager Stephan Ulamec told AFP.

The probe was "probably" covered with comet dust, and shaded on the craggy surface of its alien home -- comet 67P/Churyomov-Gerasimenko.

Comet-orbiting mothership Rosetta will continue listening for Philae for a month or two, until it can no longer spare the energy required.

But Ulamec insisted: "to be honest and to be realistic: It's really not likely that we will hear anything any more."

The washing machine-sized probe's exploits captured the hearts and minds of thousands, hardened scientists and children alike, who followed its every move via social media and fretted when it fell silent.

Philae touched down on November 12, 2014, after a 10-year, 6.5-billion-kilometre (four-billion-mile) odyssey through space, piggybacking on Rosetta.

Placing a probe on 67P marked a breakthrough moment in the European Space Agency's mission to prod a comet for clues to the origins of life on Earth.

The months that followed yielded exciting scientific finds, and more than a little drama, as Philae intermittently phoned home between long bouts of sleep.

The lander "tweeted" about its exploits, also captured in a cartoon depicting Philae as an intrepid adventurer with a hard hat and studded boots -- Rosetta's brave little "brother".

- Permanent hibernation -

Philae last phoned home on July 9 last year as the comet closed in on its closest and most sunbathed point, or perihelion, reached on August 13.

Looping out again on its 6.5-year orbit, the comet by now is some 350 million km from the Sun, likely too far and much too cold for Philae to recharge and reboot.

Once out of the Sun's reach, Philae "will go into permanent hibernation," according to the DLR, which hosts the lander control centre in Cologne.

"Still listening, but I fear @Philae2014 is facing tough conditions on #67P...," Rosetta "tweeted" on Friday.

The tweet sported a drawing of a worried-looking Rosetta imagining Philae in a thought bubble -- a cute box-shaped character asleep on a mat on the ground in complete darkness between cliffs, little fingers gripping a blanket.

"... we can't prove anything, but certainly the suggestion is that the lander is either dead or broken," European Space Agency (ESA) senior science adviser Mark McCaughrean told AFP.

"In July-August, we tried very hard with Rosetta to make contact, including flying trajectories close enough and in the same direction as those where we did hear from Philae previously," but to no avail.

- General consensus: 'It's over' -

The absence of a signal does in itself not prove the lander is dead, as it may simply be unable to make contact with Rosetta.

But after seven months of silence, "I think the general consensus is that it's over," said McCaughrean.

Philae's landing 15 months ago was bumpy -- the lab bounced several times before ending up at an angle in shade.

But this also changed its mission specs.

If it had been out in the open, as planned, Philae would likely have overheated around April 2015, as 67P approached the Sun.

Instead, the probe entered standby mode on November 15, 2014 after sending home data from some 60 hours of comet sniffing and prodding with eight of its 10 instruments.

It awoke on June 13, and "tweeted": "Hello Earth! Can you hear me?"

After eight brief contacts, the lab fell silent again.

In January this year, ground controllers relayed commands for Philae to activate an onboard instrument in the hopes this would shake dust from its solar panels and better align the robot.

They heard nothing back.

Rosetta will continue its comet observations, said ESA, moving in closer and closer until September when it will join Philae on the surface of 67P in an endless loop around the Sun.

Just before touching down, Rosetta will try and spot Philae, allowing scientists to finally pinpoint its exact location and recalibrate some of the data it had sent home.

"We should not be too sad about what we could not achieve, but should be happy about what we could achieve," Ulamec said.

"We knew there was an end to the mission."

Europe's comet-chasing Rosetta mission: timeline

Paris (AFP) Feb 12, 2016 - A timeline of Europe's Rosetta mission, which marked the end of a chapter Friday when ground controllers said they would stop trying to contact robot lab Philae on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

- March 2, 2004:

Rosetta, with Philae riding piggyback, is launched on an Ariane 5 rocket from the European Space Agency's base in Kourou, French Guiana.

- March 2005:

Rosetta flies past Earth, using the planet's gravity as a slingshot to boost its speed. It zips by Mars in 2007 and twice more by Earth, in 2007 and 2009, to accelerate more.

- June 2011 to January 2014:

At its maximum distance -- about 800 million kilometres (500 million miles) -- from the Sun and a billion km from home, Rosetta hibernates to conserve energy.

- August 6, 2014:

Rosetta arrives at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and goes into its orbit. It has 11 onboard instruments: cameras, radar, microwave, infrared and other sensors to analyse the comet surface and gases escaping from it.

- November 12, 2014:

Rosetta sends down Philae, a 100-kilogram (220-pound) lab equipped with 10 instruments. After bouncing several times, Philae ends in a ditch, shadowed from the Sun's battery-replenishing rays.

- November 15, 2014:

Philae's stored battery power runs out after about 60 hours of work. It sends home reams of data before going into standby mode.

- June 13, 2015:

As 67P nears the Sun, Philae's batteries are recharged, it emerges from hibernation and sends home a two-minute message.

- July 9, 2015:

Philae goes into "silent mode" after eight intermittent communications with Earth.

- August 13, 2015:

67P comes within 186 million km of the Sun, its closest distance to our star, before shooting off again to restart its 6.5-year orbit.

- January 2016:

Ground controllers command Philae to spin up its flywheel in the hope it would shake dust from its solar panels and better align itself with the Sun to charge its battery and re-establish contact. Philae did not send any message back.

Looking ahead:

- September 2016:

Projected end of the mission, with Rosetta to be reunited with Philae on the comet surface in September.