Published: 12-09-2016 | Author: Remy van Elst | Text only version of this article

This is a guide on setting up an IPSEC VPN server on Ubuntu 16.04 using StrongSwan as the IPsec server and for authentication. It has a detailed explanation with every step. We choose the IPSEC protocol stack because of vulnerabilities found in pptpd VPNs and because it is supported on all recent operating systems by default.

Why a VPN?

More than ever, your freedom and privacy when online is under threat. Governments and ISPs want to control what you can and can't see while keeping a record of everything you do, and even the shady-looking guy lurking around your coffee shop or the airport gate can grab your bank details easier than you may think. A self hosted VPN lets you surf the web the way it was intended: anonymously and without oversight.

A VPN (virtual private network) creates a secure, encrypted tunnel through which all of your online data passes back and forth. Any application that requires an internet connection works with this self hosted VPN, including your web browser, email client, and instant messaging program, keeping everything you do online hidden from prying eyes while masking your physical location and giving you unfettered access to any website or web service no matter where you happen to live or travel to.

This tutorial is available for the following platforms:

If you like this article, consider sponsoring me by trying out a Digital Ocean VPS. With this link you'll get $100 credit for 60 days). (referral link)

IPSEC encrypts your IP packets to provide encryption and authentication, so no one can decrypt or forge data between your clients and your server. It also provides a tunnel to send data to the server.

This VPN setup is called a road-warrior setup, because clients can connect from anywhere. Another much used VPN setup is called site-to-site, where two VPN servers connect two networks with one another. In a road warrior setup your local network isn't shared, but you do get access to the server's network.

To work trough this tutorial you should have:

1 Ubuntu 16.04 server with at least 1 public IP address and root access

1 (or more) clients running an OS that support IPsec IKEv2 vpns (Ubuntu, Mac OS, Windows 7+, Android 4+).

Ports 4500/UDP, 500/UDP, 51/UDP and 50/UDP opened in the firewall.

I do all the steps as the root user. You should do to, but only via sudo -i or su - .

No L2TP?

A few of the previous tutorials used L2TP to set up the VPN tunnel and use IPSEC only for the encryption. With the IKEv2 protocol and newer operating systems (like OS X 10.8+, Android 4+, iOS 6+ and Windows 7+) supporting IKEv2 we can also use IPSEC to set up the tunnel, before we used IPSEC to do that.

This VPN will therefore not work out of the box on older operating systems. See my other tutorials with L2TP on how to do that.

Overview

The tutorial consists out of the following steps:

Install packages

Generate certificates

Configure IPSEC

Configure Firewall

Android and Windows client configuration is covered at the end of the tutorial.

Install Strongswan

StrongSwan is a descendant of FreeS/WAN, just like Openswan or LibreSwan. Strongswan however is actively developed, whereas the other ones, except LibreSwan are less. StrongSwan is in default in the Ubuntu repositories. You can read more about Strongswan on wikipedia or their website.

apt-get install strongswan strongswan-plugin-af-alg strongswan-plugin-agent strongswan-plugin-certexpire strongswan-plugin-coupling strongswan-plugin-curl strongswan-plugin-dhcp strongswan-plugin-duplicheck strongswan-plugin-eap-aka strongswan-plugin-eap-aka-3gpp2 strongswan-plugin-eap-dynamic strongswan-plugin-eap-gtc strongswan-plugin-eap-mschapv2 strongswan-plugin-eap-peap strongswan-plugin-eap-radius strongswan-plugin-eap-tls strongswan-plugin-eap-ttls strongswan-plugin-error-notify strongswan-plugin-farp strongswan-plugin-fips-prf strongswan-plugin-gcrypt strongswan-plugin-gmp strongswan-plugin-ipseckey strongswan-plugin-kernel-libipsec strongswan-plugin-ldap strongswan-plugin-led strongswan-plugin-load-tester strongswan-plugin-lookip strongswan-plugin-ntru strongswan-plugin-pgp strongswan-plugin-pkcs11 strongswan-plugin-pubkey strongswan-plugin-radattr strongswan-plugin-sshkey strongswan-plugin-systime-fix strongswan-plugin-whitelist strongswan-plugin-xauth-eap strongswan-plugin-xauth-generic strongswan-plugin-xauth-noauth strongswan-plugin-xauth-pam

Certificates

The VPN server will identify itself with a certificate to the clients. The clients should use a certificate to authenticate themself. Previous tutorials also configured usernames and password and pre-shared keys, this tutorial does not. Certificates are easier to use, can be revoked and are less hassle than managing usernames and passwords.

On Android with the StrongSwan Application you can just import the .p12 we are going to create later on. OS X and iOS from 10.10 and 9 upwards also support this authentication method.

You might want to install haveged to speed up the key generation process:

apt-get install haveged systemctl enable haveged systemctl start haveged

Haveged provides a constant source of entropy and randomness.

Start by creating a self singed root CA private key:

cd /etc/ipsec.d/ mkdir private mkdir cacerts mkdir certs mkdir p12 ipsec pki --gen --type rsa --size 4096 --outform der > private/strongswanKey.der chmod 600 private/strongswanKey.der

Generate a self signed root CA certificate of that private key:

ipsec pki --self --ca --lifetime 3650 --in private/strongswanKey.der --type rsa --dn "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" --outform der > cacerts/strongswanCert.der

You can view the certificate properties with the following command:

ipsec pki --print --in cacerts/strongswanCert.der

Example output:

cert: X509 subject: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" issuer: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" validity: not before Dec 20 08:12:27 2015, ok not after Dec 17 08:12:27 2025, ok (expires in 3649 days) serial: 1f:8e:0c:08:c4:a2:5b:1f flags: CA CRLSign self-signed authkeyId: d1:ad:f7:76:ad:10:02:7f:1d:04:e1:80:46:9d:b2:c7:fb:4d:d3:bb subjkeyId: d1:ad:f7:76:ad:10:02:7f:1d:04:e1:80:46:9d:b2:c7:fb:4d:d3:bb pubkey: RSA 4096 bits keyid: 88:ef:88:13:7f:da:5a:28:13:77:4b:4c:81:df:ee:db:fb:5c:69:54 subjkey: d1:ad:f7:76:ad:10:02:7f:1d:04:e1:80:46:9d:b2:c7:fb:4d:d3:bb

Generate the VPN Host key. This is the keypair the VPN server host will use to authenticate itself to clients. First the private key:

ipsec pki --gen --type rsa --size 4096 --outform der > private/vpnHostKey.der chmod 600 private/vpnHostKey.der

Generate the public key and use our earlier created root ca to sign the public key:

ipsec pki --pub --in private/vpnHostKey.der --type rsa | ipsec pki --issue --lifetime 730 --cacert cacerts/strongswanCert.der --cakey private/strongswanKey.der --dn "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.org" --san vpn.example.com --san vpn.example.net --san 85.222.227.169 --san @85.222.227.169 --flag serverAuth --flag ikeIntermediate --outform der > certs/vpnHostCert.der

The domain name or IP address of your VPN server, which is later entered in the clients connection properties, MUST be contained either in the subject Distinguished Name (CN) and/or in a subject Alternative Name ( --san ). If this does not match the clients will fail to connect.

The built in Windows 7 VPN client needs the serverAuth extended key usage flag in your host certificate as shown above, or the client will refuse to connect. In addition, OS X 10.7.3 or older requires the ikeIntermediate flag, which we also add here.

We add the IP address twice, one with an @ in front so that it gets added as an subjectAltName of the DNSName type and one of the IPAddess type.

Let's view the certificate:

ipsec pki --print --in certs/vpnHostCert.der

Output:

cert: X509 subject: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.org" issuer: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" validity: not before Dec 20 08:15:22 2015, ok not after Dec 19 08:15:22 2017, ok (expires in 729 days) serial: aa:31:ac:fd:4b:fa:41:5d altNames: vpn.example.com, vpn.example.net, 185.3.211.43, 185.3.211.43 flags: serverAuth iKEIntermediate authkeyId: d1:ad:f7:76:ad:10:02:7f:1d:04:e1:80:46:9d:b2:c7:fb:4d:d3:bb subjkeyId: 27:c7:87:de:83:38:6c:f7:56:57:c2:b3:1f:05:11:ca:b9:2f:89:d4 pubkey: RSA 4096 bits keyid: f8:03:95:ad:eb:a1:76:93:5f:8d:b8:77:5e:60:dc:ce:78:42:3b:dd subjkey: 27:c7:87:de:83:38:6c:f7:56:57:c2:b3:1f:05:11:ca:b9:2f:89:d4

You can also use OpenSSL to see the contents, here is an excerpt:

openssl x509 -inform DER -in certs/vpnHostCert.der -noout -text

Output:

Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 12263773464207966557 (0xaa31acfd4bfa415d) Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA Validity Not Before: Dec 20 07:15:22 2015 GMT Not After : Dec 19 07:15:22 2017 GMT Subject: C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.org Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (4096 bit) [...] Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:D1:AD:F7:76:AD:10:02:7F:1D:04:E1:80:46:9D:B2:C7:FB:4D:D3:BB X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: DNS:vpn.example.com, DNS:vpn.example.net, IP Address:185.3.211.43, DNS:185.3.211.43 X509v3 Extended Key Usage: TLS Web Server Authentication, 1.3.6.1.5.5.8.2.2 Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption

The private key ( /etc/ipsec.d/private/strongswanKey.der ) of the CA should be moved somewhere safe, possibly to a special signing host without access to the Internet. Theft of this master signing key would completely compromise your public key infrastructure. Use it only to generate client certificates when needed.

This key needs to be added into /etc/ipsec.secrets , otherwise StrongSwan will not use it.

vim /etc/ipsec.secrets

Add the key:

# This file holds shared secrets or RSA private keys for authentication. # RSA private key for this host, authenticating it to any other host # which knows the public part. : RSA vpnHostKey.der

The format : RSA keyname is important, don't forget the space. You can check afterwards if StrongSwan has the private key available with the ipsec listcerts command:

ipsec listcerts

Output:

List of X.509 End Entity Certificates: altNames: vpn.example.com, 85.222.227.169, 85.222.227.169 subject: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.com" issuer: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" serial: 0b:46:48:d4:28:c6:74:b1 validity: not before Sep 11 08:26:01 2016, ok not after Sep 11 08:26:01 2018, ok pubkey: RSA 4096 bits, has private key keyid: df:fe:cb:ff:69:78:58:91:a1:47:5a:53:0e:49:84:8b:64:bc:c1:05 subjkey: 5b:0e:0b:15:43:3f:0f:3c:52:30:02:e6:e1:bd:17:e2:c7:87:c9:93 authkey: f8:3a:98:f3:b5:a6:c2:ec:8c:c3:95:56:b9:1d:9c:17:6f:1c:be:e5

If it doesn't say has private key on the pubkey line your filename or syntax is wrong.

Client certificate

Any client will require a personal certificate in order to use the VPN. The process is analogous to generating a host certificate, except that we identify a client certificate by the clients e-mail address rather than a hostname.

We create a keypair for the example user "John".

Private key:

ipsec pki --gen --type rsa --size 2048 --outform der > private/JohnKey.der chmod 600 private/JohnKey.der

Public key, signed by our root ca we generated:

ipsec pki --pub --in private/JohnKey.der --type rsa | ipsec pki --issue --lifetime 730 --cacert cacerts/strongswanCert.der --cakey private/strongswanKey.der --dn "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=john@example.org" --san "john@example.org" --san "john@example.net" --san "john@185.3.211.43" --outform der > certs/JohnCert.der

A VPN client needs a client certificate, its corresponding private key, and the signing CA certificate. The most convenient way is to put everything in a single signed PKCS#12 file and export it with a paraphrase.

Convert the required keys to PEM formt before converting to a .p12:

openssl rsa -inform DER -in private/JohnKey.der -out private/JohnKey.pem -outform PEM openssl x509 -inform DER -in certs/JohnCert.der -out certs/JohnCert.pem -outform PEM openssl x509 -inform DER -in cacerts/strongswanCert.der -out cacerts/strongswanCert.pem -outform PEM

Construct the .p12:

openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey private/JohnKey.pem -in certs/JohnCert.pem -name "John's VPN Certificate" -certfile cacerts/strongswanCert.pem -caname "strongSwan Root CA" -out p12/John.p12

Enter a passphrase twice, then you have a .p12. You can send John.p12 and its export paraphrase to the person who is going to install it onto the client. In some cases (iOS for example) you have to separately include the CA certificate cacerts/strongswanCert.pem .

Transport this John.p12 file and the password over seperate channels to a client.

If you need any more user certificates, repeat the above steps with other user data. You can also do this later on.

Revoking a certificate

If a certificate is lost or stolen, it must be revoked so nobody can use it to connect to your VPN server. Assuming the certificate from the previous step got stolen, we revoke it with:

cd /etc/ipsec.d/ ipsec pki --signcrl --reason key-compromise --cacert cacerts/strongswanCert.der --cakey private/strongswanKey.der --cert certs/JohnCert.der --outform der > crls/crl.der

Restart ipsec afterwards:

ipsec restart

This generates the new certificate revocation list (CRL) crls/crl.der . When someone tries to authenticate with the stolen certificate, he'll receive an authentication credentials error message, and your log file will contain something like:

04[CFG] using trusted certificate "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" 04[CFG] crl correctly signed by "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=strongSwan Root CA" 04[CFG] certificate was revoked on Sep 10 10:15:33 UTC 2016, reason: key compromise

To add another revoked certificate to the same list, we need to copy the existing list into a temporary file:

cd /etc/ipsec.d/ cp crls/crl.der crl.der.tmp ipsec pki --signcrl --reason key-compromise --cacert cacerts/strongswanCert.der --cakey private/strongswanKey.der --cert certs/OtherStolenCert.der --lastcrl crl.der.tmp --outform der > crls/crl.der rm crl.der.tmp

Restart ipsec afterwards:

ipsec restart

IPSEC Configuration

The main ipsec configuration file is located in /etc/ . We are going to edit it:

vim /etc/ipsec.conf

Place the following contents:

# ipsec.conf - strongSwan IPsec configuration file config setup charondebug="ike 2, knl 2, cfg 2, net 2, esp 2, dmn 2, mgr 2" conn %default keyexchange=ikev2 ike=aes128-sha1-modp1024,aes128-sha1-modp1536,aes128-sha1-modp2048,aes128-sha256-ecp256,aes128-sha256-modp1024,aes128-sha256-modp1536,aes128-sha256-modp2048,aes256-aes128-sha256-sha1-modp2048-modp4096-modp1024,aes256-sha1-modp1024,aes256-sha256-modp1024,aes256-sha256-modp1536,aes256-sha256-modp2048,aes256-sha256-modp4096,aes256-sha384-ecp384,aes256-sha384-modp1024,aes256-sha384-modp1536,aes256-sha384-modp2048,aes256-sha384-modp4096,aes256gcm16-aes256gcm12-aes128gcm16-aes128gcm12-sha256-sha1-modp2048-modp4096-modp1024,3des-sha1-modp1024! esp=aes128-aes256-sha1-sha256-modp2048-modp4096-modp1024,aes128-sha1,aes128-sha1-modp1024,aes128-sha1-modp1536,aes128-sha1-modp2048,aes128-sha256,aes128-sha256-ecp256,aes128-sha256-modp1024,aes128-sha256-modp1536,aes128-sha256-modp2048,aes128gcm12-aes128gcm16-aes256gcm12-aes256gcm16-modp2048-modp4096-modp1024,aes128gcm16,aes128gcm16-ecp256,aes256-sha1,aes256-sha256,aes256-sha256-modp1024,aes256-sha256-modp1536,aes256-sha256-modp2048,aes256-sha256-modp4096,aes256-sha384,aes256-sha384-ecp384,aes256-sha384-modp1024,aes256-sha384-modp1536,aes256-sha384-modp2048,aes256-sha384-modp4096,aes256gcm16,aes256gcm16-ecp384,3des-sha1! dpdaction=clear dpddelay=300s authby=pubkey left=%any leftid=vpn.example.org leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0 leftcert=vpnHostCert.der leftsendcert=always right=%any rightsourceip=10.42.42.0/24,2002:25f7:7489:3::/112 rightdns=8.8.8.8,2001:4860:4860::8888 conn IPSec-IKEv2 keyexchange=ikev2 auto=add

The configuration has settings for IKEv2 + RSA certificates. This is, as stated above, the most secure method. Older tutorials also set up IKEv1 (xauth) and username-password combo, but that is considered insecure.

Apple added support for IKEv2 in iOS 8, but it needs to be configured using a custom configuration profile. OS X 10.9 and lower do not support IKEv2.

Beginning with iOS 9, IKEv2 connections are natively supported. However, iOS9 only supports the use of certificates or username/password, but not both.

For iOS 9+ and OS X 10.10+ you need to make sure the leftid= is the same as the CN in your certificate. You also need to enter that on the devices, otherwise you'll get a no matching peer config found log error.

Android 4+ and Windows 7+ support IKEv2.

Clients will get the Google DNS servers and an IP address in the 10.42.42.0/24 range. We use a strong ciphersuite.

The leftcert=vpnHostCert.der expands to the path /etc/ipsec.d/certs/vpnHostCert.der .

Firewall & Packet Routing

Configure the iptables firewall to allow vpn traffic and to forward packets:

# for ISAKMP (handling of security associations) iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 500 --j ACCEPT # for NAT-T (handling of IPsec between natted devices) iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 4500 --j ACCEPT # for ESP payload (the encrypted data packets) iptables -A INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT # for the routing of packets on the server iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source %SERVERIP% -o eth+

Replace %SERVERIP% with the external IP of the VPN server. If your external interface is not named ethX ( + is a wildcard) then rename appropriately.

Execute the below commands to enable kernel IP packet forwarding and disable ICP redirects.

echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

Set these settings for other network interfaces:

for vpn in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*; do echo 0 > $vpn/accept_redirects; echo 0 > $vpn/send_redirects; done

Apply them:

sysctl -p

Persistent settings via /etc/rc.local

To make sure this keeps working at boot you might want to add the following to /etc/rc.local:

for vpn in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*; do echo 0 > $vpn/accept_redirects; echo 0 > $vpn/send_redirects; done iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source %SERVERIP% -o eth+ iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 500 --j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 4500 --j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT

Add it before the exit 0 line and replace %SERVERIP% with the external IP of your server.

Start the VPN

All the configuration on the server is now done. Enable the VPN at startup:

systemctl enable strongswan

And start it:

systemctl start strongswan

If you get a permission denied error, stroke the files with apparmor:

apparmor_parser -R /etc/apparmor.d/usr.lib.ipsec.charon apparmor_parser -R /etc/apparmor.d/usr.lib.ipsec.stroke

Check the status of the service:

ipsec status

Output:

Security Associations (0 up, 0 connecting): none

And a more elaborate status:

ipsec statusall

Output:

Status of IKE charon daemon (strongSwan 5.3.5, Linux 4.4.0-31-generic, x86_64): uptime: 8 seconds, since Sep 11 08:33:54 2016 malloc: sbrk 2207744, mmap 532480, used 1036032, free 1171712 worker threads: 11 of 16 idle, 5/0/0/0 working, job queue: 0/0/0/0, scheduled: 0 loaded plugins: charon test-vectors unbound ldap pkcs11 aes rc2 sha1 sha2 md4 md5 random nonce x509 revocation constraints acert pubkey pkcs1 pkcs7 pkcs8 pkcs12 pgp dnskey sshkey dnscert ipseckey pem openssl gcrypt af-alg fips-prf gmp agent chapoly xcbc cmac hmac ctr ccm gcm ntru bliss curl soup mysql sqlite attr kernel-netlink resolve socket-default connmark farp stroke updown eap-identity eap-sim eap-sim-pcsc eap-aka eap-aka-3gpp2 eap-simaka-pseudonym eap-simaka-reauth eap-md5 eap-gtc eap-mschapv2 eap-dynamic eap-radius eap-tls eap-ttls eap-peap eap-tnc xauth-generic xauth-eap xauth-pam xauth-noauth tnc-tnccs tnccs-20 tnccs-11 tnccs-dynamic dhcp whitelist lookip error-notify certexpire led radattr addrblock unity Virtual IP pools (size/online/offline): 10.42.42.0/24: 254/0/0 2002:25f7:7489:3::/112: 65534/0/0 Listening IP addresses: 85.222.227.169 Connections: IPSec-IKEv2: %any...%any IKEv2, dpddelay=300s IPSec-IKEv2: local: [C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.com] uses public key authentication IPSec-IKEv2: cert: "C=NL, O=Example Company, CN=vpn.example.com" IPSec-IKEv2: remote: uses public key authentication IPSec-IKEv2: child: 0.0.0.0/0 === dynamic TUNNEL, dpdaction=clear Security Associations (0 up, 0 connecting): none

Client Configuration

See the Strongswan Wiki for guides on configuring Windows and OS X/iOS clients

On Android, the easiest way is to install the StrongSwan app, copy over the .p12 and connect with the IP and option IKEv2 Certificate . Nothing more:

Just one tap to Connect and you're good to go:

Sources

Thanks to:

StrongSwan Wiki and the

StrongSwan ipsec.conf reference for most of the configuration.

zeitgeist for the certificate setup.

Tags: debian