BERLIN (Reuters) - Citing lessons learned from recent big military exercises, the U.S. Army’s top general in Europe urged Germany to spend more on transportation and missile defense to help it meet its NATO target of 2 percent of economic output.

FILE PHOTO: U.S Army Europe Commanding General Ben Hodges speaks during the inauguration ceremony of bilateral military training between U.S. and Polish troops in Zagan, Poland, January 30, 2017. REUTERS/Kacper Pempel

U.S. Army Lieutenant General Ben Hodges told Reuters the large-scale Saber Guardian war game conducted this summer with 25,000 troops and forces from 24 countries showed progress in the logistics needed to respond to a major military threat.

Yet more needed to be done to ease the movement of military equipment and forces across Europe in the event of a real crisis, and Germany could play a crucial role, Hodges said in an interview.

Russia’s 2014 annexation of Ukraine’s Crimea region changed NATO’s calculations and triggered this year’s rotational deployment of more than 4,500 troops in the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, as well as Poland.

The U.S. military and NATO have also increased the scope and complexity of war games and exercises aimed at increasing the ability of troops to respond quickly to threats.

Hodges said Germany had shown “great leadership” in Europe and around the world, including its role in trying to end fighting in eastern Ukraine.

But he echoed calls by U.S. President Donald Trump who has urged Germany, Europe’s largest economy, to do more to bolster security, especially given its importance as a transit zone.

“There’s not enough rail capacity for U.S., German, Polish and British forces... or for the NATO VJTF rapid response force,” Hodges said. “We’d all be competing for the same rail cars.”

Berlin could ensure guaranteed rail access as part of its bid to boost military spending from around 1.2 percent of gross domestic product to the 2 percent NATO target, Hodges said.

Spending more on short- and longer-range missile defense would also help, he said, noting the crucial role that German airports, seaports and other transportation routes would play in any real conflict.

Hodges repeated his call for a military free transit zone modeled on the 1996 Schengen agreement that allows passport-free passage for travelers among 28 European countries.

“In my view, we need something like a military Schengen zone that allows military formations to move around from Germany to Poland to Lithuania or to Romania through the Czech Republic quickly, and right now that’s very difficult,” he said.

Currently, military movements are difficult given differing legal requirements, and gaps in infrastructure, such as the fact that many bridges could not support the weight of a tank, and a NATO pipeline does not extend much beyond Berlin.

Hodges downplayed the likelihood of an armed conflict with Russia, but said it was imperative to continue improving NATO’s logistics to bolster deterrence.

“They only respect strength and they despise weakness,” Hodges said. “If we look like we’re not connected, that we’re not unified, that we don’t have capability, and that we cannot move quickly, then I think the potential of a miscalculation is higher.”