We would like to thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe for making this work possible. We gratefully acknowledge the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium contributing studies and the participants in those studies without whom this effort would not have been possible. J.A.P. and J.M.V. are supported by the European Research Council (Beyond the Genetics of Addiction ERC-284167, PI J.M.V.). K.J.H.V. is supported by the Foundation Volksbond Rotterdam. N.A.G. is supported by US National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse R00DA023549. J.L.T. is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; Rubicon grant 446-16-009). S.M. is supported by an Australian Research Council Fellowship. Statistical analyses were partly carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO 480-05-003 PI: Posthuma) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. M.G.N. is supported by Royal Netherlands Academy of Science Professor Award to D.I.B. (PAH/6635). Part of the computation of this project was funded by NWO Exact Sciences for the application: “Population scale Genetic Analysis” awarded to M.G.N. The genome-wide association analysis on the UK Biobank dataset has been conducted using the UK Biobank resource under application numbers 9905, 16406 and 25331.

The Substance Use Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-SUD) is supported by funds from NIDA and NIMH to MH109532 and, previously, with analyst support from NIAAA to U01AA008401 (COGA). J.M.’s contributions were partially supported by the Peter Boris Chair in Addictions Research. S.S.-R. was supported by the Frontiers of Innovation Scholars Program (FISP; #3-P3029), the Interdisciplinary Research Fellowship in NeuroAIDS (IRFN; MH081482) and a pilot award from DA037844. R.M. was supported by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements No 692065 and 692145. J.K. was supported by Academy Professorship grants by the Academy of Finland (263278, 292782). M.R. is a recipient of a Miguel de Servet contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (CP09/00119 and CPII15/00023).

Contributors to the 23andMe Research Team

M. Agee, B. Alipanahi, A. Auton, R. K. Bell, K. Bryc, S. L. Elson, P. Fontanillas, N. A. Furlotte, D. A. Hinds, K. E. Huber, A. Kleinman, N. K. Litterman, J. C. McCreight, M. H. McIntyre, J. L. Mountain, E. S. Noblin, C. A. M. Northover, S. J. Pitts, J. Fah Sathirapongsasuti, O. V. Sazonova, J. F. Shelton, S. Shringarpure, C. Tian, J. Y. Tung, V. Vacic and C.H. Wilson.

Contributors to the International Cannabis Consortium

S. Stringer, C. C. Minica, K. J. H. Verweij, H. Mbarek, M. Bernard, J. Derringer, K. R. van Eijk, J. D. Isen, A. Loukola, D. F. Maciejewski, E. Mihailov, P. J. van der Most, C. Sánchez-Mora, L. Roos, R. Sherva, R. Walters, J.J. Ware, A. Abdellaoui, T. B. Bigdeli, S. J. T. Branje, S. A. Brown, M. Bruinenberg, M. Casas, T. Esko, I. Garcia-Martinez, S. D. Gordon, J. M. Harris, C. A. Hartman, A. K. Henders, A. C. Heath, I. B. Hickie, M. Hickman, C. J. Hopfer, J. J. Hottenga, A. C. Huizink, D. E. Irons, R. S. Kahn, T. Korhonen, H. R. Kranzler, K. Krauter, P. A. C. van Lier, G. H. Lubke, P. A. F. Madden, R. Mägi, M. K. McGue, S. E. Medland, W. H. J. Meeus, M. B. Miller, G. W. Montgomery, M. G. Nivard, I. M. Nolte, A. J. Oldehinkel, Z. Pausova, B. Qaiser, L. Quaye, J. A. Ramos-Quiroga, V. Richarte, R. J. Rose, J. Shin, M. C. Stallings, A. I. Stiby, T. L. Wall, M. J. Wright, H. M. Koot, T. Paus, J. K. Hewitt, M. Ribasés, J. Kaprio, M. P. M. Boks, H. Snieder, T. Spector, M. R. Munafò, A. Metspalu, J. Gelernter, D. I. Boomsma, W. G. Iacono, N. G. Martin, N. A. Gillespie, E. M. Derks and J. M. Vink.