Building Better Houses For Wounded Soldiers

Hide caption The Wounded Warrior Home Project is an inventive approach to military housing, serving the needs of wounded soldiers and their families as they continue to serve on active duty at Fort Belvoir, Va. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption David Haygood of the IDEO design firm (left) and Casey Nolan of Clark Realty Capital worked collaboratively in the design and development of this unique housing, alongside renowned architect and designer Michael Graves. On the ceiling above Haygood and Nolan is an enhanced HVAC system, which allows for 12 temperature-controlled zones around the home. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Innovations around the home are designed to accommodate all types of injuries, from limb amputation to post-traumatic stress disorder. In the kitchen, adjustable-height counters and open space below the sink allow for warriors in wheelchairs to maneuver with ease. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Automatic lifts are built into countertops to adjust to different heights. "When you are in a wheelchair, it is a game of inches," says Nolan, "whether it is the width of the doorway or the height of the counter." Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Capt. John Votovich, Fort Belvoir's battalion operations officer, stands in the family room of the Wounded Warrior Home. "We have more of a wounded population today that wouldn't have survived in earlier generations. They're still productive members of the military, and they will continue to be so," he says. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption The dining counter of the home can be brought to any height by an adjustable lift catering to different users in the home. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Visitors to the home will not see a traditional hinged door; instead, sliding interior doors with easy-to-reach handles optimize maneuverability. Hallways are also considerably wider, and wood flooring is trimmed with lighter wood to provide guidance for soldiers with vision loss. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption For disabled service members, the bathroom is often a source of frustration; this was taken into consideration during the design stage. A curbless shower with a liner drain system eliminates the need for a sloped floor, and small mosaic tiles make for a nonskid floor surface. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Some of the small details that make for easier living include power outlets in the closet for prosthetics, and higher floor trims to prevent walls from scuffing. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption Retired Army Capt. Alvin Shell, who suffered burns over 30 percent of his body in Iraq, was one of several advisers on the house's design. His suggestions included a "man room" - a space where soldiers can have some time away from their family but still be in the home. "You can't hug me enough to forget some of the things that I saw," Shell says. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption "I wanted to be able to see outside but not be outside," Shell told designers of the home. Clerestory windows allow for a greater amount of light and outside visibility, bridging the inside space with the outdoors. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption The home features an extra-large garage to accommodate specialty vans, and wide automatic doors to enter the home. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR

Hide caption The bright yellow single-story home has a universal aesthetic, with specific accommodations that dramatically improve the quality of life for an active-duty wounded soldier. Previous Next Kainaz Amaria/NPR 1 of 13 i View slideshow

All wars bring innovations — in weapons, and also in ways to repair the damage done. Penicillin is one of the more famous examples: It came into use as a treatment for troops in World War II.

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have brought their own breakthroughs, none more dramatic than the prosthetics that come close to giving back what has been lost. And big advances in treating grievous injuries have meant many more troops coming home alive.

There are enough wounded soldiers who want to stay in uniform that the military is finding ways to accommodate the disabled — and that has led to a grand experiment called the Wounded Warrior Home at the Army's Fort Belvoir in Virginia.

That's where Casey Nolan works as a project director for Clark Realty Capital. The company develops all the housing on Fort Belvoir, where Nolan recently led a small tour of an innovative new home.

Little Changes, Making A Big Difference

Nolan ushers us into a spacious four-bedroom cottage; it's bright yellow, surrounded by a white picket fence. The charming house offers no hint that it's designed to accommodate a wide range of special needs — until you take a close look.

"This is the stove top moving down," Nolan demonstrates, moving the range a few inches.

"When you're in a wheelchair, it is a game of inches," he says, "whether it's the width of the doorway, or it's the height of the counter — [it's] how far you can reach."

These are just some of the challenges Nolan's company wrestled with when it took over housing on Fort Belvoir nearly a decade ago. Back then, nearly all military post housing was being turned over to private real estate firms to develop and manage.

Clark Realty's situation was typical. The 2,100 homes it inherited were badly in need of fixing up.

And while the company did make some of the homes handicapped-accessible, Nolan says they could still be difficult for the returning wounded to live in. Among the problems: hallways that were too narrow to turn a wheelchair around in.

Enlarge this image toggle caption Kainaz Amaria/NPR Kainaz Amaria/NPR

"It just kind of hit me one day, you know, what are we doing?" Nolan says. "Is there a better way to do it? Let's just reinvent this completely."

Retired Army officer Alvin Shell was one of several advisers on the design of this home. His expertise in what a wounded warrior needs was hard-won.

Back in 2004, he was an Army lieutenant leading a platoon in Iraq. They were traveling just outside Baghdad when his convoy was ambushed. An IED hit a truck, trapping one of his sergeants in the burning wreck.

"I went into the fire, and after putting him out, I caught on fire — the diesel fuel got all over me," Shell says. "So I had to pull off all my clothes, which were on fire. And my skin was on fire, my body was on fire, my muscles were on fire. So I put myself out — and then I jumped back into the firefight."

By the time it was over, Shell was badly burned over 30 percent of his body. It was only after two years in hospitals — and a series of painful skin grafts and surgeries — that he was able to start over.

Afterward, Shell had trouble stretching to reach things in high places.

"I considered myself a very top-notch officer and a top-notch soldier," he says. "I mean, I closed my eyes, and I woke up — and this was a new life for me."

Designers With Personal Motives

As it happened, another person who was key to creating the new Wounded Warrior house was also forced to make a new life for himself.

A decade ago, Michael Graves, one of the nation's most celebrated architects, fell ill with a devastating infection. It left him in a wheelchair, unable to walk. So when he was contacted about the Wounded Warrior project, Graves said he wanted in.

"When I was interviewed, I rolled in, in my wheelchair," he says, "and I thought I had a pretty good chance of beating out the competition, because I was with the Wounded Warriors."

Nolan remembers the story a little differently.

"We weren't sure if he'd even respond," he says. "I mean, this is just but one or two houses on a military base. And he's known for building institutional buildings around the world. But Michael showed up — showed up to every design meeting, and personally was doing the sketches himself."

To conceptualize the home Graves would design, the design firm IDEO was brought in. A partner of that firm, David Haygood, had been to war himself, in Vietnam.

Today, Haygood's hands shake from Parkinson's disease, developed years after he was exposed to Agent Orange. Sitting in the Wounded Warrior home, he marveled at how things have changed since Vietnam.

"Back then, there was something we called the million-dollar wound, which was, 'What's the least wound I can get that they'll send me home, out of the Army?' " he says. "The thing I see now, as I talk to the wounded warriors on this project" — many of them with injuries far more serious than the famed "million-dollar" wound, he says — "they want to know, 'When can I get back to my unit?' "

More Survivors, With Particular Needs

Before the Iraq War, it was unheard of for anyone to stay in uniform after being seriously wounded. But now that's an option.

Capt. John Votovich, the battalion operations officer on Fort Belvoir, stresses that America fields an army of volunteers.

"You know, not to be cavalier about it," he says, "but the old joke is, 'You signed a check to Uncle Sam for up to — and including — your life.'

"We have more of a wounded population today that probably wouldn't have survived in earlier generations. They're still productive members of the military. And they will continue to be so."

In the years and months after Alvin Shell was wounded, he and his family had to find their own ways to accommodate his needs — things as simple as opening the front door.

Outside the Fort Belvoir model home, he demonstrates how the damage from his burns left him unable to rotate his hand, even to turn a knob. But he can easily hold a key card.

To open the door at his own house, Shell says, he first has to punch in a combination.

"It's actually a keypad," he says, "where I actually just push the keypad, and we have a combination. ... We push it, and then the door opens up. I don't use a key at the house.

"But this is even better. It's a lot easier to manage. You just literally put it against the door, and it opens the door," he says, demonstrating.

Options For Therapy Built In

The automatic door is one of many features that address physical disability. But much of this house is also devoted to emotional scars. Huge windows and French doors are everywhere, so a resident can observe the surroundings, inside and out. That's important for soldiers struggling with post-traumatic stress.

There is also a therapy room, where a Skype connection could replace a trip to the doctor — or where, as Shell suggested to the designers, one could quietly process some very painful memories.

"To have that therapy room and be able to see outside, just the outside world," he says, "and be able to pull the shades when you're not ready for it, and lift the shades when you are ready for it, I mean, that's therapeutic."

After he was injured, Shell was promoted to captain. And while the Army wanted him to stay in, he decided to leave the service when he was offered a good job at Homeland Security.

Asked whether it would have made him think about staying in the Army if homes like the one on Fort Belvoir had been available, Shell hesitates.

"I ... maybe. I don't know," he says. "I think if I knew that I could get this housing at every base, it might have. And maybe somebody who does have the injuries I have — if these houses catch on, and they go from base to base to base, maybe that will change someone's mind to stay in. I don't really regret my decision. But I've got to tell you, I miss it. I miss the Army. I really do."

More of these innovative homes will be going up at Fort Belvoir, breaking ground this summer.

And another house is already built, across the street from the model home we toured. A Marine sergeant and his family are living there. He lost both legs six months ago in Afghanistan; today, he's still serving, on active duty.