00:00:00



John Donvan:

And I want to bring out to the stage the gentleman who brought Intelligence Squared

U.S. to ‐‐ he is co‐founder with his wife, Alexandra Munroe. Robert Rosenkranz ‐‐

brought Intelligence Squared after seeing it in London to the U.S. back in 2006. We've

recently

passed 100 debates. And they're because of his vision. So, let's please welcome

Bob Rosenkranz.



[applause]



Thanks, Bob. And what we normally do in New York prior to the debate is we just talk

for a couple of minutes, in which I'll ask Bob why we're doing this debate now,

why the

timing. Since I think it's in this case it's pretty obvious why we're doing it now, I'll ask

you a slightly different question. Since you've been here this week and participating in

the sessions, ISIS has come up a lot. For you, what did you pick up about the

situation

that you feel informs you as you go into this debate?



Robert Rosenkranz:

Well, I think one thing that, to me, was very interesting ‐‐ I've been to three Aspen

Strategy Group sessions.

00:00:59



And in this one, there was far more humility, I'd say, than in any of the others that I've

been to. I mean, people really feel like this is an area that is not well‐understood at all

and a phenomenon that is not well‐understood at all, and

in a very complex context.

One of the striking things for me was just the opening event was a lecture by Bernard

Haykel, a professor at Princeton, who kind of gave something of the historic and

intellectual roots of ISIS. And I ‐‐ if I could, I'd just maybe summarize a ‐‐



John Donvan:

Sure.



Robert Rosenkranz:

‐‐ couple of his points. First of all, the term "Islamic State" is exactly right. This is Islamic.

Make no mistake. The administration doesn't like to use that term, but this is rooted in

Islam. And it's rooted in a very highly technical, very literalist reading

of the Qur'an.



00:02:04



And it's an attempt to really go back to the most triumphant days of the Muslim faith,

which is the 7th to 9th centuries, right after the founding by the Prophet. So they are

very fundamentalist. They are very serious about the religion. And there are

a couple of

major tenets. One is Sharia law. Two is the use of armed conflict as a way of creating a

full expression of a Muslim society. The third is a notion of a caliphate, i.e., a state which

is ‐‐ where all of the religious power and all of

the political power is concentrated in one

individual. And IS is such a state.



00:02:54



And it ‐‐ part of its appeal to people and the recruits that it gets is because of this almost

utopian sense of trying to restore the past glories of Islam, which, according to them,

have been

lost through centuries of Western domination, corrupt government, and a

deviation from the austerity, and the purity, and the discipline of the early religion. And

that has a lot of appeal to people. So ‐‐



John Donvan:

And I find it interesting. You say that in the panels, you found that

the people we think

of as experts were actually rather humble about their grasp of the situation.



Robert Rosenkranz:

Yeah. I mean, I think this came out of a culture that people are not familiar with. The

tactics took people by surprise, the fast ‐‐ the speed in which they put

together a powerful military machine took people by surprise. The complexity in which we're

operating, with Saudi Arabia, with Turkey, with Iran, with the collapse of Syria.



00:04:05



I mean, there's just so many moving pieces that vary ‐‐



John Donvan:

We just don't want debaters to be too humble when they get

on the stage and try to

defeat each other.



Robert Rosenkranz:

I don't think that's going to be a problem.



[laughter]



John Donvan:

All right. With that, let's thank Bob Rosenkranz again and welcome our debaters to the

stage.



[applause]



I just wanted to ask you, if you're not Tweeting,

we'd love to have you Tweet. But

otherwise we'd appreciate it if you could shut down your phones. I forgot, so I'm doing

mine now, just because we have so many sensitive mics in the room that too many

signals will wreak havoc with our microphones.



00:04:59



But we're going

to now officially begin our live stream. I believe we're up and we're

going to begin the taping for the podcast and the ‐‐ and for the radio show. So I just

want to ask you spontaneously to give us a round of applause. Thank you.



[applause]



ISIS is not losing

and that is the hard truth. This Islamist movement that is stunning and

revolting the world by enslaving men and women and children and cutting off the heads

of hostages while gaining more followers all the time, has shocked U.S. leaders with the

speed of its conquest of large portions of

Syria and Iraq. And yes, the U.S. has been

bombing from the air since 2014, but that is a far cry from going all in against

ISIS. Rather, to borrow a term from the Cold War, the U.S. strategy comes closer to

something that was known as containment, the attempt

to hem in an enemy to prevent

its power and influence from growing in the hope that someday it will collapse from

within.

00:06:07



And how much sense does that strategy make in the case of ISIS? Well, that sounds like

the makings of a debate, so let's have it. Yes or no to this statement. Containment is

Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. A debate from Intelligence Squared U.S. I'm John

Donvan.

We are in Aspen, Colorado, in partnership with the Aspen Strategy Group. We

have four superbly qualified debaters on the stage who will argue for and against this

motion: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. As always, our debates will

go in three rounds and then our live

audience here in Aspen will vote to choose the

winner and only one side will win. Our motion again: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS

Must Be Defeated. Let's meet the team arguing for the motion. Please, ladies and

gentlemen, welcome Michèle Flournoy.



[applause]



And Michèle, you're co‐founder and CEO of

the Center for a New American Security.



00:07:06



You served in the Department of Defense during the Clinton administration and then in

the Obama administration as under‐secretary of defense for policy. Recently the

economist was saying that a president Hillary Clinton would have a great first hundred

days in

part because your nomination as defense secretary would probably go through

without much opposition. But, you recently coauthored an op‐ed that was critical of the

Obama administration's efforts to fight ISIS and I'm wondering do you think the Obama

administration has heard you?



Michèle Flournoy:

Well, I certainly hope

so, but to be fair, you know, the administration has a lot on its

plate right now. This little thing called the Iran deal, getting that through Congress,

concluding an historic trade deal in Asia, but I'm confident that once those two things

are taken care of this will move to

the top of the president's nightstand reading pile.



John Donvan:

And keep him up all night.



Michèle Flournoy:

Yes.



John Donvan:

Thank you very much, Michèle Flournoy.



[applause]

Can you tell us, Michèle, who is your partner?



00:07:59



Michèle Flournoy:

My partner is the brilliant Philip Zelikow.



John Donvan:

Philip Zelikow, ladies and gentlemen.



[applause]



And, Philip, you are also arguing for the motion that Containment is Not Enough: ISIS

Must Be Defeated. You're a professor of

history at the University of Virginia and you

have served as a counselor to the State Department and as Director of the 9/11

Commission. You've also served on the president's intelligence advisory board for both

Presidents Bush and Obama, which might strike some listeners as odd, because we

really want

to know, is it common for somebody to advise presidents of different

parties?



Phillip Zelikow:

I'm afraid, John, it's not common enough, which is a shame, because I think presidents

need all the help that they can get.



John Donvan:

Well, I think a lot of people in this room

have helped some of them out, actually, along

the way, so they'll be listening closely. Ladies and gentlemen, the team arguing for the

motion that Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated.



[applause]



And now let's meet the team arguing against the motion. Please, ladies and gentlemen,

welcome Anne‐

Marie Slaughter.



[applause]



Anne‐Marie, you are president and CEO of the think tank New America and professor

emerita of politics and international affairs at Princeton.



00:09:07



You are the first woman to hold the position of director of policy planning for the U.S.

State Department. You've also served as

dean of Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and we're curious whether your affiliation with the

school named for Woodrow Wilson gives us a hint to your brand of state craft.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Well, it does, but it is coincidental and that even before I was dean I've always stood for

a values‐

based foreign policy on the grounds that when the United States acts as

consistently as possible with our values, it advances our national interest and it

augments our power.



John Donvan:

Which I'm sure will inform your arguments today. And please tell us who is your

partner.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

The

foreign policy analyst extraordinaire, Dov… Zakheim.



[laughter]



John Donvan:

Ladies and gentlemen, the unforgettable Dov Zakheim.



[applause]



Dov ‐‐

Dov Zakheim:

It shows you how well we prepared.



00:10:00



[laughter]



John Donvan:

You are also arguing against the motion that Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be

Defeated.



Dov Zakheim:

Not

anymore.



[laughter]



John Donvan:

In our three against one debate tonight, ‐‐



[laughter]

‐‐ you're senior advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and a senior

fellow at CNN ‐‐ CNA corporation. I said CNN, but I meant CNA Corporation. You've

served the Department of Defense in different capacities. You were its coordinator for

civilian programs in Afghanistan. You were the chief

financial officer and an under‐

secretary of defense. You are also a Vulcan, which is not in the Star Trek sense. Can you

explain what a Vulcan is?



Dov Zakheim:

Yeah, there were seven of us, not including Mr. Spock, who advised George W. Bush

when he was running for president.

Of course, some people would say it would've help

if Spock advised him, but the group was actually set up by Condi Rice, who is no stranger

to Aspen, and it was named after the statue of the God Vulcan in Birmingham.



00:11:03



And since we had no say in

it, we became Vulcans.



John Donvan:

It's better than a Star Trek story, actually. Thank you very much, Dov Zakheim. And

welcome to the team arguing against the motion.



[applause]



Now, this is a debate. It's a contest. It's a contest of ideas and logic and persuasion,

maybe a little

wit and humor, but at bottom the debaters here are trying to get our live

audience here in Aspen to vote with them. By the time the debate has ended this

audience will have been asked to vote two times, once before the arguments and once

again after the arguments, and

the team whose numbers have moved the most in

percentage point terms between the two votes will be declared our winner. So let's

have our preliminary vote. If you go to those keypads at your seat, just pay attention to

keys number one, two, and three. The others are not

live. It works like this. If you're

for the motion and I'm going to state it, and listen carefully, because there's a negative

in it, but you really want to be listening probably to the back end of it.



00:11:59



Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. If you agree

with that push number

one. If you disagree push number two. If you're undecided push number three. And

we'll give that about 15 seconds and then lock it out. At the end of the debate we'll do

the same thing again and we get the results in about 45 seconds

to a minute. All

right. Let's begin. Let's move on to round one. Onto round one, opening statements

from each debater in turn, uninterrupted. They will be six minutes each. Speaking first

for the motion Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated, Michèle Flournoy. She is co‐founder and CEO of the Center for a New American Security and

former under‐secretary of defense for policy. Ladies and gentlemen, Michèle Flournoy.



[applause]



Michèle Flournoy:

So I'm arguing for the proposition that ISIS must be defeated.



00:12:59



ISIS is more than a terrorist organization.

It is a proto‐state, an ideological movement

that is committed to undertake Jihad against anyone who rejects its abhorrent

ideology. Its ultimate aim is to establish a territorial caliphate that stretches across the

Muslim world. ISIS is brutal in the extreme. It has beheaded innocent civilians. It has

burned

a captured Jordanian pilot alive in a cage. It rapes women and girls and sells

them into sexual slavery. It crucifies Christians. It desecrates and destroys Holy sites

and antiquities. Over the last year ISIS has established a very substantial safe haven in

Iraq and Syria, and it has recruited more

than 22,000 foreign fighters from more than

100 countries. The scale and scope of this mobilization is unprecedented.



00:14:00



Thousands of these fighters have Western passports that would allow them to travel

back to Europe and to the United States without a visa. ISIS ‐‐ its geographic ambitions

are not limited

to the Middle East. This is a globalizing movement. In the last year ISIS

has sought to establish footprints in places from Libya to Afghanistan, Nigeria, the

Caucasus, even Southeast Asia. Holding territory is critical to its momentum and its

legitimacy. It has also established a global presence on the internet

using online means

to disseminate its propaganda, recruit and radicalize followers, inspire lone‐wolf

attacks. Again, the scale is eye‐watering. 90,000 social media messages each day.

90,000 a day. In some ways, ISIS could become more dangerous than Al‐Qaeda. Al‐

Qaeda used to assert very strict control over

who became an affiliate.



00:15:02



ISIS says, "Let a thousand flowers bloom. If we can inspire individuals to conduct attacks

around the world, that's great.” In fact, 10 of the 11 attacks conducted in the West since

May of 2014 have been by lone wolves. ISIS has also conducted attacks

not only in the

Middle East, but in Canada, Australia, France, Denmark, and yes, here in the United

States. In all 50 states today, there are active investigations or arrests of ISIS. If ever

there was a terrorist group that we must defeat, it is ISIS. Now, defeating ISIS will

require

an intensive ‐‐ more intensive and fully resourced campaign on the part of the

United States and our international partners. We need to intensify our diplomacy and

our military support to Sunni and other partners so that they can be empowered to defeat ISIS on the ground. Politically, that means we need intensified diplomacy to press

the Shi'a government in Baghdad, to address Sunni grievances, to devolve more

authorities and resources to the provinces, to move towards a more federal and just

Iraq.



00:16:16



In Syria, we need a more robust diplomatic

effort to set the conditions for what should

eventually become a negotiated settlement that removes Assad from power. We need

increased international engagement to try to keep the civil war in Syria from

destabilizing neighboring states, like Jordan, and Lebanon, and Turkey. Militarily, in Iraq

we need to provide more

support, trainers, combat advisers, equipment, close air

support, to local partners on the ground who can take on ISIS and take back territory. To

be clear, I am not ‐‐ we are not arguing for a large‐scale U.S. military invasion of Iraq. We

are not calling for a repeat of the

Iraq War.



00:17:02



We are calling for intensified support to partners. In Syria ‐‐ we need to shift our

emphasis to producing more support to some of the groups that are already having

success on the ground, like the Southern Front and the Syrian Free Army. We also need

to refashion

our Train and Equip program to try to get towards the goal of a more viable

alternative to ISIS in a post‐Assad Syria. Thinking globally, we also need to combat ISIS

using the full range of tools that we've developed for counterterrorism, disrupting their

financing, targeting their leadership, building

their capacity of partners in other

countries to try to keep ISIS from moving in. We need to work with private sector and

NGO partners to combat them online. And we need to address some more fundamental

conditions that create fertile soil for ISIS, such as poor governance and community

grievance.





00:18:01



This will not be without risk. But I would argue, the risk of inaction are even greater. The

other team will argue that containment is a better option. I will tell you that

containment won't work. Containment means allowing ISIS to hold on to sanctuary. It

means ISIS will

be able to continue to plan attacks, recruit followers, inspire lone wolves.

Containment would be a recipe for endless terrorist attacks in the West and instability in

the Middle East. Is that a future we really want? It's not a future I want my children to

live in. If there's

anything we should have learned from 9/11, it is that we must not allow

a terrorist organization like this to have sanctuary in the heart of the Middle East or

elsewhere. Now is the time to do more, to act with our partners, to defeat ISIS. Thank

you.



John Donvan: Thank you, Michèle Flournoy.



[applause]



And the motion is: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated.



00:19:02



And our next debater will be speaking against that motion, Anne‐Marie Slaughter. She is

president and CEO of New America and former director of policy planning for the U.S.

Department of

State. Ladies and gentlemen, Anne‐Marie Slaughter.



[applause]



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

So, I want to see the end of ISIS as much as anyone does. No one can watch the horrible

things they do and not think that this is a terrible, terrible scourge and threat. And we

have to

end it. The question on the table is, "What is the best strategy to achieve that

goal for the United States?" That's what we're debating. What is the best strategy for

us? Now, our opponents are already fudging that question. Because the debate here is,

do you use military force

to drive them out of the territory they hold or do you contain

them where they are?



00:20:02



And so, what you're hearing is they can't have sanctuary. Michèle Flournoy said very

clearly ‐‐ they cannot have a sanctuary. Okay? What they have to convince you of is they

have a

strategy for how the United States can deny them ‐‐ can deny ISIS ‐‐ that

strategy. So, let's just be very clear about what's on the table here. They have to

convince you they have a strategy for the United States to drive ISIS out of that

sanctuary, and somehow magically, without boots

on the ground. But I'll leave that to

them. So, they have to tell you what defeat is and how the U.S. can achieve it. Here's

what we mean by containment. We mean stopping ISIS where it is. We mean critically

breaking their narrative of victory. We all heard from

Professor Haykel, who Bob

Rosenkranz mentioned. He said, "Look, what is essential is that every time ISIS wins,

they convince their supporters God is on their side."



00:21:04



All right. It is a kind of end‐of‐days, millenarian ‐‐ "This is it. We're going to restore the

caliphate. We're going to

spread it across the world. And see, God is on our side because

we have just taken another city." So, containment says you break that. You do not let

them expand their territory and you do everything you can to stop the flow of recruits.

So you stop them where

they are. So, that's containment. It's not a do‐nothing strategy. In fact, it's doing everything possible, and certainly, diplomatically everything possible.

Digitally everything possible. In ‐‐ and militarily, stopping them from expanding where

they are. It may also mean supporting our allies and friends in the Middle East to the

extent they take the lead in wanting to push ISIS back.

So that's containment. We're

going to stop them where they are.



00:21:58



We're going to let their internal contradictions show themselves. We're going to let

ultimately, as we have done before, for the older members of this audience ‐‐ we're

going to let the ideology crumble itself. The alternative is roll‐back.

Right? The

alternative, as I said, is going in there and actually pushing them out of that territory.

And I'm going to leave it to my partner, Dov Zakheim ‐‐



[laughter]



‐‐ the brilliant Dov Zakheim. He's going to talk about why that's so hard militarily. But

what I want to do

is talk about why that won't work, why roll‐back won't work

politically. And the first thing to say is we've seen this movie before. General Petraeus

was on the stage two days ago, talking about how he had pushed Al‐Qaeda in Iraq out of

Mosul. Al‐Qaeda in

Iraq is not there, but guess who's back in Mosul? ISIS is there. This is

Round 2. We have done this militarily before. That didn't work. And here's why, because

it isn't just an idea.



00:23:02



It is not just a military question. ISIS is an ideology. Professor Haykel said

on the same

stage that, of course, defeat is desirable. But how do you defeat a set of ideas? So, the

way we've done this before, when we were up against an ideology ‐‐ for most of my life,

that ideology was Communism. Containment was the most successful strategy the

United States

has ever pursued. And it didn't mean not doing anything. And we had to

use our military. And we used our ‐‐ diplomatically. But we contained the Soviet Union

and ultimately, we let its internal contradictions destroy it. So, it's happened before.

And it'll come again. Equally ‐‐ or more troubling is

that if we inject ourselves, we

confirm their narrative. Right? ISIS's narrative is that they are fighting the crusaders ‐‐

that's us ‐‐ the Zionists ‐‐ that's the Israelis ‐‐ and the Shiites and the Sufis.



00:24:01



So, the minute we put ourselves in there, we are confirming to them and everyone they

want to

recruit that this is indeed the millennial battle between the crusaders and the

true defenders of Islam. We don't want to do that. The last reason that we need to

pursue a containment strategy is this is a very long game. So, General Petraeus said two

days ago ‐‐ and he

was quoting General Odierno ‐‐ that this was a fight at least of a decade, if not a decade or two decades. So, 10 to 20 years. That's what are our generals

are telling us now. That actually, I think, could be on the short side. So, remember your

history and remember stories of monotheistic faith in which clerics had both political

and religious

power and were deeply, deeply corrupt and spawned a revolt that said you

had to purify the church and ultimately that was the only way to reclaim the true

religion.



00:25:04



Obviously that's the Reformation. It was just decades, it was centuries. This is a deeply

internal Muslim fight. It is

a fight for the soul of Islam. It is not our fight. It is the

Muslim's fight. In the end we have to protect ourselves. We have to contain it, but we

cannot win it.



John Donvan:

Thank you, Anne‐Marie Slaughter. Your time is up.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Thank

you.



[applause]



John Donvan:

And a reminder of what's going on. We are halfway through the opening round of this

Intelligence Squared U.S. debate. I'm Jon Donvan. We have four debaters, two teams

of two arguing it out over this motion: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be

Defeated. You've heard

the first two opening statements and now onto the

third. Debating for the motion Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated,

Philip Zelikow. He is the White Burkett Miller Professor of history at the University of

Virginia and served as the Director of the 9/11 Commission. Ladies and gentlemen,

Philip Zelikow.



00:25:58



[applause]



Phillip Zelikow:

Tough issue, but I want to start where Anne‐Marie Slaughter left off. She said injecting

the United States into this conflict confirms their narrative. As if we're not injected

already? As if we're not conducting air strikes against them every single day? As

if

we're not, as the Deputy Secretary of State has said, "We've already killed 10,000 of

their members, but it has not declined." In other words, we're already injected. We're

already fighting, we're just not beating them. That confirms their narrative. That

confirms their narrative of victory. Their crusaders attack us

every day. That's the way they put it. And here we are controlling 20 cities, ruling millions of people, and

enslaving more. Let's talk about what failure looks like. Sure, failure looks like hundreds

or thousands of Americans dead after an attack that could come next month, next year,

or the year after that.



00:27:03



The 9/11 attack that I studied gestated for three years before they laid waste to

southern Manhattan. The people who carried out that attack migrated from Germany

to Afghanistan nearly two years before the attack. They went there, by the way,

thinking that they were going to go fight Russians

in Chechnya, but the leadership found

other uses for them. So failure looks like hundreds or thousands of Americans dead

with more violence in Europe, but failure also looks like the descent of the Middle East

into the full war of extremes in which its all against all, in which its

Shia extremists

supported by Iran and Sunni extremists for whom ISIS is the terrifying sort of purity and

Lebanon crumples and Jordan crumples and Turkey begins to crumple, all already awash

with millions of displaced people.



00:27:58



All are already failing to cope. Their societies already sagging under the weight

of the

burdens. Saudi Arabia destabilized as more and more Sunnis find that that's really the

extreme version of their own ideology that they want to follow. Don't you think that

that's the point that the U.S. has to reinvade the Middle East? That's failure. U.S.

reinvasion of the Middle

East is failure. That's the failure Michèle Flournoy and I are

against. That's why you need to adopt this resolution and defeat ISIS so that we don’t

have to reinvade the Middle East. What then does success look like? Success looks like

defeating their message. What's their message? It's a message

about power. We

empower the weak Sunni Muslims and we empower them through the exclusive divine

mission they hold and the terrifying sword they wield in the territory we rule, ruling

despite the crusader's attacks against us. So what does success look like? It's Sunni

Muslims liberating their own lands.



00:29:05



It's Sunni Muslims recovering self‐determination. So what's the strategy to do that? It's

a political strategy first and foremost, because the public debate in America is mostly

about should we do more militarily. That's wrong. Michèle and I both believe, know the

strategy leads politically and it needs

to be a strategy that appeals to Sunni Muslims,

because they're the ones we want to do most of the fighting to keep Americans from

having to do most of the fighting later on. Why will they fight? They will fight to free

themselves, to free themselves from the Assad tyranny

in Syria where we also must join

that fight and end the Syrian Civil War, which is destroying the region and bringing it

close to the brink of apocalypse. That's the kind of message that appeals to Turkey and brings them in on our side and units Saudi Arabia and the Sunnis of Lebanon and the

millions of Syrians in refugee camps who want to return to their homes.



00:30:07



Because, you see, ISIS is not homegrown. ISIS are foreigners. The ISIS rulers in Syria are

led by Iraqis

and veterans of Saddam Hussein's gestapo and they recruit Uzbeks and

Chechens to run their shock troops in Mosul. Many of the Iraqi recruits that they

enslave into their service don't even understand the command language that they're

hearing on the radio. So the political strategy is a self‐determination

of Sunni

Muslims. And the military strategy, advise and support so they can do the job, but it's a

tough job. They have to retake cities. To do that kind of urban warfare requires just the

kind of assets that only the United States has.



00:30:53



Think about urban combat and

what you need, armored vehicles that aren't going to be

blown up by an IED as easily, jammers to diffuse the IEDs, snipers who can provide over

watch, communication so that you know what's going on in the block two blocks away

from you, medivac capabilities that give you the

confidence your wounded can be

treated and helicopters and fires that can be brought to bear on the targets you see in

front of you. Those are assets only the United States can provide, which gives them the

confidence and the sense that we're in this with them that allows you

to build a

coalition founded on Sunni Muslims doing the job to liberate their own lands, because

containment doesn't keep the U.S. out. It guarantees the U.S. is likely to come

in. Anne‐Marie said it at last. Let ideology crumble itself. Did the Khmer Rouge

crumble itself? No, the

Vietnamese had to invade Cambodia. Did the Taliban crumble

itself? Did al‐Qaeda in Pakistan crumble itself? Has the North Korean tyranny crumbled

itself?



00:32:00



No. You have to beat terror with something else and in this case the something else is

defeating terror where it has taken root in

ISIS. Support the resolution.



John Donvan:

Thank you. Thank you, Philip Zelikow.



[applause]



And the motion is Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. And here to

make his opening statement against the motion and our final speaker in the opening

round, Dov Zakheim. He is the Senior Advisor

at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and former under‐secretary of defense. Ladies and gentlemen,

Dov Zakheim.



[applause]



Dov Zakheim:

Thanks very much and I really want to thank Phil, because he just made my

argument. We have armed ISIS. What do you think they're using? American personnel

carriers. American tanks. American ammunition. Why?

Because we've done such a

fantastic job training the Iraqis and we've been doing it for over a decade, and we've

done an equally good job training the Afghans.



00:33:04



That's why they're doing so well. And in fact, if you look at who we've trained in Syria,

we have

a $500 million program that thus far has spat out 60 fighters, 60. That's less

than that side of the room. Of which, and I hope this doesn't happen to any of you all, a

whole bunch have already been captured. So let's step back and look at what it

really

takes to beat these folks and to do something other than to contain them the way my

brilliant colleague, Anne‐Marie Slaughter ‐‐



[laughter]



‐‐ laid out for you. You know, this isn't the first outburst of Islamic extremism. For

instance, in the 12th Century there was a fanatical group that

actually had the same

ideology as these guys called the Almohads.



00:34:06



And how were they defeated? By massive forces of Christian troops coming down from

northern Spain. In the 18th Century, the original Wahhabis who had made a deal with

the first [unintelligible], basically same kind of ideology. They were

defeated by Turkish

forces, and then we had the same sort of thing again in the late 19th Century when Lord

Kitchener, then General Kitchener, amassed a huge force to defeat the Mahdi in Sudan.

What's the common denominator? Lots of troops. Not a few thousand. Not a bunch of

spotters, because oh, by the way, when the Israelis couldn't beat Hezbollah in 2006,

they didn't have a problem with spotters.



00:35:02



And when we tried to bomb Vietnam to the Stone Age in the 1960s, with Rolling

Thunder, we didn't have a problem with spotters. Spotters aren't the issue.

The issue is,

can you and are you willing to send in hundreds of thousands of troops? Do you think

this country wants to do that? Do you think we even want to spend the money to do that? We're living under a strange thing called a sequester. Somebody was asked on

television, "What's a sequester?" And he answered, "It's the capital of Portugal."



[laughter]



People don't even know what a sequester is. But what it's done is limit our spending.

And you talk to Secretary of Defense

Carter and he rightly says he's being constrained all

over the place. The president says it. So, where are we going to find the money ‐‐ even if

we had the will, which I don't think we have ‐‐ to go and fund all these troops, or even to

do what Philip

says.



00:36:03



All the things you want to give these folks ‐‐ let's assume they don't fall into ISIS's hands.

Where are we going to find the money for it? Do we have the will? Do we have the

money? Do we have the staying power for that kind of thing?

The only way you're going

to stop these guys is if, indeed, they rot from within. That's the only alternative if you're

not going to send hundreds of thousands of troops in. And to get them to rot from

within, you have to contain them. You've got to keep them cooped

up. And there are

ways to do that. But we're not even in one mind as to how to right now. Yes, we love

the Kurds, but we don't arm them. Yes, we want to work with the Turks, except the

Turks have a different agenda. They want to bomb

the Kurds, who we like.



[laughter]



I mean, you need a scorecard to figure out who exactly is on your side.



00:37:00



How do you beat these people that way? The bottom line is ‐‐ unless we have a

coherent major military strategy, the real alternative ‐‐ when you parse out all

the stuff

about what we can do right now, the real alternative is to keep them cooped up, to arm

our friends, to figure out how to train those who will fight. And yes, the Sunnis might

fight. But guess what? They haven't fought until now. We've been begging them for



years. Saudi Arabia is fighting, except not in Syria, not in Iraq. They're fighting in Yemen.

And they're not doing that hot a job there either. So, we have to figure out how to

motivate those we want to work with us. And that's going to take time. And what

do we

do in the meantime? We've got to contain ISIS for as long as possible. And if we could

beat the Soviet Union, I wouldn't bet the family farm against our beating ISIS.



00:38:04



Thank you.

[applause]



John Donvan:

Thank you, Dov Zakheim. And that concludes Round 1 of this Intelligence Squared U.S.

debate, where our motion is Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated.

Remember how you voted in the opening voting rounds, and we're going to have you

vote again after the third

round of the debate. And again, reminding you that the team

whose numbers have changed the most between the two votes in percentage point

terms will be declared our winner.



Now onto Round 2. Round 2 is where the debaters take questions from me, address one

another directly, and take questions

from you in our live audience here in Aspen. The

motion is this: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. We've heard one

team arguing for the motion, Michèle Flournoy and Philip Zelikow, arguing that ISIS is

not Al‐Qaeda. ISIS is no minor league organization ‐‐ that containment would

be a recipe

for endless terrorist attacks, that success would be supporting Muslim groups inside the

ISIS realm, who would themselves take on the battle of defeating ISIS.



00:39:04



And success would be the furthering of that effort with U.S. support, but not, they

emphasize, with hundreds of thousands of

U.S. boots on the ground. The team arguing

against the motion, Anne‐Marie Slaughter and Dov Zakheim, they are arguing that

containment ‐‐ by that, they mean stopping ISIS where it is, but they don't mean a roll‐

back. They charge their opponents with needing to defend roll‐back. That's what this



debate is actually about. They say that containment is not doing nothing. But at the

same time, if the United States were to get involved, it would strengthen ISIS's

recruiting efforts, that every time we kill somebody in ISIS, it brings somebody new, and

that it is naïve to argue

that defeat cannot happen without bringing hundreds of

thousands of troops onto the ground, that you cannot count on local forces to do that.

I'm actually seeing a confusing amount of overlap between the two sides, in terms of

the means that you would use to put your particular visions into

play.



00:40:03



You're both talking about ‐‐ you're both talking about small numbers of troops to

support. Definitely you would contain and stop. You would contain and, to some degree,

move on. But I am somewhat confused by the team arguing for the motion, saying, "We

don't want to put troops

on the ground." Your opponents say, "Well, how else are you

going to roll‐back?"



So, I want to take that to you. I like the roll‐back question. You want ‐‐ if you want to

take away the territory that ISIS has, which is its main asset, really ‐‐ it's what

gives it the

basis for claiming a caliphate, and its best advertisement for being authentic and legitimate to its adherents. If you're not going to take away their territory, what is it that

you are going to be doing? Take that to Michèle.



Michèle Flournoy:

I think that it's something that ‐‐ it's important to understand ‐‐ is in order to break their

narrative of victory, you have

to roll‐back territory. You have to take territory away from

ISIS. And the way in which we're arguing to do that is to look to the actors who do have

the political will to fight, but have not been given the support or conditions.



00:41:08



So, for example, this

is not about trying to retrain a largely Shi'a Iraqi security forces to

go into Sunni areas. What we need to do is, first, with a political strategy, push the Iraqi

government towards a policy of inclusion of the Sunnis. If the exclusion and the

persecution of the Sunni populations ‐‐ that

has created the fertile soil for a group like

ISIS to come in. They are willing to fight because it's their home territories.



But they need two conditions. One is they need to know that after they fight and shed

blood to kick ISIS out, they will be in a

different Iraq, that they will have some prospect

for self‐governance and support, and that re‐inclusion in the Iraqi society. And number

two, they have to know that they're fully supported, that we have their back, that

someone has their back.



00:42:03



And here, it's not a matter of

U.S., you know, brigades and divisions. It's a matter of

giving them not only trainers on a base, but combat advisers who will help advise them

when they're in contact with ISIS.



John Donvan:

All right. Let's let Anne‐Marie Slaughter ‐‐



Female Speaker:

Air support ‐‐



John Donvan:

Anne‐Marie Slaughter ‐‐

[inaudible] ‐‐ okay. Dov Zakheim.



Dov Zakheim:

Yeah. A couple of things on that. First, we've been promising this to the Sunnis for a long

time in Iraq. Why should they believe us? Number one. We haven't done it until now.

And who knows if we can do it?



Phillip Zelikow: Dov, that's not true. We did it in 2007 and 2008.



Dov Zakheim:

Absolutely right.



Phillip Zelikow:

I saw it.



Dov Zakheim:

You saw it. And where are we today?



Female Speaker:

[unintelligible] ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

We walked away from it and ‐‐



John Donvan:

Wait ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

‐‐ the problem is

‐‐



John Donvan:

Wait. Let's ‐‐ Dov, you go and then ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

‐‐ this is problem is ‐‐ and this is our problem in the Middle East ‐‐ you know, remember

we backed the Shah 1,000 percent? Ask the Shah where he is these days. Pushing up

daisies. The fact of the matter

is we have made promise after promise. And let me tell

you something else.



00:43:00



This whole fight we have with the Israelis? Do you think the Arabs look at that and say,

"My God. They double‐crossed Mubarak. They double‐crossed the Shah. They're double‐

crossing the Israelis. Can

we really trust them?" Yes. You were right. What you did in '07

and '08 was absolutely right. What has happened since then? And by the way, let's look

at Syria. Who did the Syrians want to fight first? ISIS or Assad?



John Donvan:

Dov ‐‐



Dov Zakheim: We ‐‐



John Donvan:

Dov, 15 more seconds to relate this to the motion.



Dov Zakheim:

Absolutely.



[laughter]



The point is that if you're talking about bucking up people to fight against ISIS, you don't

have the people to buck up because we don't have the credibility to buck them up.

Does

that come to the point?



John Donvan:

And you're saying that the roll‐back that they proposed, by using those forces, will not

happen?



Dov Zakheim:

Can't happen.



John Donvan:

Okay.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

I would ‐‐



John Donvan:

All right. Let me bring it to the other side, and

then I'll come back to you, Anne‐Marie.

Philip. Philip Zelikow.



Phillip Zelikow:

We're not saying the status quo works. The resolution is not supporting the status quo.



00:43:59



So that's a ‐‐ but what we're saying is to change the status quo you have to lead with a

different political

strategy. So, that promises the Sunnis the self‐government. Yes, many

of them feel betrayed. They feel betrayed because the U.S. did not have their back after

2008, for various reasons. And so, you have to give them a situation in which they are

the dominant population in Syria. That's majority

rule in Syria. And then in Iraq,

therefore, a protected minority, up in the north and in the south. And that's doable.

In fact, the Iraqi prime minister, for the first time, with the council of ministers, has

moved forward, with U.S. pressure, and the laws that would actually put in place the

devolution of power down to the provinces to an unprecedented level combined with a

constitution that would give those

provinces the money proportionately to their

population out of the Iraqi budget. Combine that with the kind of military support

Michèle refers to and then you have a strategy that's realistic. But think about the

alternative.



John Donvan:

Okay, but‐‐



Philip Zelikow:

Do you give up on them and let

it go?



00:45:05



John Donvan:

Anne‐Marie Slaughter.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Phil, I feel like I'm back in 1965, although I was very young in 1965, but I really ‐‐ I feel

like you're saying I'm sure we can find these folks and I'm sure they can fight our fight

just

as long as we give them what they need to do. And if they don't, well, we'll give

them a little more and then we'll give them some advisors on the ground. And then

guess what, because we really got to get this done because we really do have to roll

it

back, we're going to send in the troops. It's not as if the Obama administration is not

pushing as hard as it can on the Iraqis to be inclusive. That has been our

strategy. They're working as hard as they can.



It's not as if they're not trying to

find people in Syria who will fight ISIL. It's not as if they

haven't been pushing Turkey to fight ISIL. Everybody wants to fight ISIL, but they want

to fight someone else more and we can't do it for them. Tom Friedman said, "Any

strategy in the Middle East that starts

with I, we, or us, is doomed to fail."



00:46:00



It's got to be a strategy that starts with them, they lead, we stop ‐‐ we don't let ISIS

expand, but they have to do the fighting and we can back them if they want to, but

we're not going to

roll it back.



Phillip Zelikow:

But the point was can they fight? Yeah, they can fight. If you give them the kind of

support, they've proven it. What they want above all is to fight to control their own homes. Is that a realistic goal? Yeah. That's a realistic goal. That's the goal of national

liberation. That's not what we were fighting in Vietnam ‐‐



John Donvan:

I'm having difficulty understanding where you two disagree with each other.



[laughter]



Unless they're saying that your vision of for a long time

leaving ISIS with the pieces of

territory it has now is crazy because it's such a terrific advertisement for

recruitment. They get their legitimacy as a caliphate from having the territory and

they're saying the patience you're willing to show the situation is a crazy idea, which will

lead to disintegration

and ultimately an invasion.



00:47:05



I’d like you to take on that point, because I think that's where I see some

disagreement. Dov Zakheim.



Dov Zakheim:

Well, first of all we're not talking about patience here. I thought Anne‐Marie laid it out

very well. We do want to keep

pushing them. Nobody said to stop even the

bombing. We continue with that. We arm the Kurds. We do train. The point is all of

that is not going to defeat ISIS. It's going to contain ISIS. That's the point and it's going

to take time. It's going to take

time to recover from the fact that since 2008 when you

were last there and doing what you did, we are now in 2015. Seven years and by your

own statement in those seven years we have not progressed. It takes time and you

have to contain and do the things

we're talking about and that you're talking about. I'm

still convinced that the reason we sound so similar is they're making the best case for us.



00:48:02



[laughter]



John Donvan:

Michèle Flournoy.



Michèle Flournoy:

No we aren't.



John Donvan:

Tell me why you're not.



Michèle Flournoy: I mean, I think that ‐‐ because I think Anne‐Marie said, containment is really holding

them where they are and we are saying holding them where we are is not enough,

because as long as they have the territory they have they will continue to have

momentum. They will continue

to recruit. They will have a basis from which to launch

operations and eventually there will be attacks of significance on the United States. The

containment is a recipe for increasing risk and cost to the United States.



So yes, the containment may be an initial phase on the way to

defeat, but we have to

proactively roll ‐‐ keep ‐‐ prevent them from spreading elsewhere and roll them back

where they do spread. Not by going in by ourselves, all by ourselves, but by

empowering the local populations who have the political will, the legitimacy, but maybe

not the means and support

they need to be effective.



00:49:01



John Donvan:

And, Michèle, with a U.S. brand on that effort? And I ask that because you're opponents

are saying the minute we see ‐‐



Michèle Flournoy:

I don't think we need to have a U.S. brand. I think the most legitimacy ‐‐ the people we

should be supporting in the fight against ISIS are the Sunni ‐‐ the vast majority of Sunnis

in the world who are just as appalled by them and find them just as abhorrent as we do

except they're living with them.



John Donvan:

Oh, Anne‐Marie Slaughter.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

That

is the crux of our disagreement, right, that we're saying you hold them. We all

agree on that. You're saying you can only win if you roll it back, but what you won't do

is actually adopt the only strategy that would roll them back, which is massive U.S.

troops, because

we have been trying to get Afghans and Iraqis ‐‐



Michèle Flournoy:

We have not adequately resourced ‐‐



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

‐‐ and Syrians and everyone else to fight for us and they won't do it in part because

they've got other enemies, other concerns. We can't fight it for them, but you

won't

adopt the strategy that will actually get you to where you want to go.



00:50:03

Phillip Zelikow:

There are two key flaws in this argument. First, we have not adequately resourced or

tried advise and support. So before you get to that argument the only thing that will

work is a U.S. invasion. Can we at least just try a proper strategy of advice and

support? And give it a try because the second flaw in their argument is this, they

assume that this is a stable equilibrium, that a devastated Syria with half the population

displaced and millions of people in refugee camps in all the surrounding states ‐‐ that

can be stably maintained for who

knows how long to come. They can just stand on that

tightrope for hours and hours. We're saying they know they can't stay on that

tightrope. Eventually they're going to fall off that tightrope and then you ask yourself

which way do you think that goes as the Middle East

descends into all out religious war.



Dov Zakheim:

Look. Look. Resources, $500 million bucks to train 60 people. That's a tremendous

payout.



00:51:01



Phillip Zelikow:

Because we wouldn't fight Assad. That's why we could attract new recruits.



Dov Zakheim:

Okay. So do you want to fight Assad? Now you want

to fight a two‐front war.



[talking simultaneously]



Phillip Zelikow:

‐‐ Syrian civil war.



Dov Zakheim:

You want to fight both sides. That's great. Well, I hope we figure out which side we

shoot at first.



Philip Zelikow:

That's how you bring the Sunni coalition together.



Dov Zakheim:

Hang on.

You want to put ‐‐ first of all, how much money should we fund the Saudis

whom we want to fight for us? I mean, the last time I checked they weren't going

around with a tin cup.



Michèle Flournoy:

That's not what we're arguing, Dov.

Dov Zakheim:

So it's not the Saudis. It's not the Emirates. It's just these people themselves. Again,

how did the Iraqi Army that we were training, and we poured billions into these guys,

what a great job they did. So they weren't fighting for their homes, you

say. Okay. What

do you think would happen if we poured billions into the Sunnis in

Iraq? Do you think the central government would let us? They won't even let us pour

money into Kurdistan. So you really think they're going to let us pour money into the

Sunnis?



00:51:59



And one other

thing, you're making the assumption, and you've said it, the Sunnis are

appalled. I don't know that the Sunnis are appalled. I know that English‐speaking

Cambridge and Oxford educated Sunnis are appalled.



[laughter]



Absolutely right. I will not quarrel with you, but how many people are funding these

guys? This

is just like the Canadian IRA ‐‐



John Donvan:

Okay.



[talking simultaneously]



You get to the argument ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

Frankly you get to a tangle. It's just so hard. They're so mixed up. Let's just leave them

be and it'll be okay.



Dov Zakheim:

We're not saying leave them be. And

even if we [unintelligible] we're still not saying

leave them be.



John Donvan:

Wait. Wait.



Phillip Zelikow:

When this region disintegrates you don't think we will be called back in? Do you think

the day after a thousand Americans are killed in a mass casualty attack that the

president ‐‐ you're

going to go to the president of the United States and just tell him

doing more about it is too hard? I went through 9/11. I saw what happened after 9/11.



00:52:59



[unintelligible], saying Afghanistan was the least accessible place on earth for U.S.

forces, but man, it was not too hard after 9/11.



John Donvan:

Anne‐Marie Slaughter.



Dov Zakheim:

Wait a minute.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Can I just say ‐‐



John Donvan:

Dov. Dov. Dov. Dov. Anne‐Marie Slaughter

is talking now.



[laughter]



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

All right. So, ‐‐ all right. I'm not going to go back to 9/11. I want to go back to the

Sunnis and what they want to do. We've heard over the past two days from Professor

Haykel, again, somebody who spent his entire

life studying Islam, studying Sunni Islam,

studying the theology. He estimates that roughly half of the Saudis, half of the Saudis,

actually are sympathetic to ISIS. He says that the Saudi government will not send its

troops against ISIS because they are co‐tribes people and so that they are worried

that

the Saudi military will not fight against their co‐tribes people.



Michèle Flournoy:

We're not asking for the Saudi military to come in and fight in Iraq and Syria.



00:53:59



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Well then who are we asking to fight?



Michèle Flournoy:

We're asking for the support to

the Sunnis who live in Iraq, who want to be self‐

governing and to be included in the Iraqi society. Look at the number of Sunni groups

on the ground who are fighting ISIS now in Syria without adequate support. No one's

talking about bringing in the Saudi Arabian military

or the UAE. We're talking about

helping the people who live on the ground in Iraq and Syria to reclaim their own lives

and communities and—

Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

‐‐so the very people that the Iraqi government ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

Should we just let them go?



Dov Zakheim:

No, but ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

Fifty percent of the Saudis now sympathize with ISIS. That's the product of the status

quo and we should therefore say gee, this really is

too hard. I guess Saudi Arabia is

going to go down the tubes, too? Where do you stop this?



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Phil, you said ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

Dov Zakheim was talking about ‐‐



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

‐‐ the Saudi government was ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

So ‐‐



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

‐‐ going to fight them.





John Donvan:

Dov, take it.



Dov Zakheim:

You're letting me talk.



John Donvan:

Yes.



Dov Zakheim:

The ‐‐



John Donvan:

I've let ‐‐ I think there's been a fair amount of Dov Zakheim letting talk and going on ‐‐

Dov Zakheim:

Thank you.



[laughter]



John Donvan:

So ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

Thank you very much, Mr. Moderator.



00:55:05



John Donvan:

Yes.



Dov Zakheim:

I happened ‐‐



John Donvan:

Mister ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

‐‐ to be in the Pentagon when they were picking up body parts in 9/11. So, I don't need

to

be lectured about 9/11. Look. Do you honestly think that even if we got rid of ISIS, we

would get rid of a 9/11? There was no ISIS in 9/11. And Al‐Qaeda is still there. And there

are all these franchise terrorist groups ‐‐ some of whom call themselves "ISIS," some

of

whom don't, who could ‐‐ who are just as intent on going after us. That is not the issue.

To throw up the bugaboo of some individual bomber going after us, and therefore, we

somehow defeat ISIS ‐‐ it just doesn't work.



Michèle Flournoy:

But this is where I ‐‐



John Donvan:

I'm going to let Michèle answer, and then ‐‐



Michèle Flournoy:

‐‐ I am bothered by ‐‐



John Donvan:

‐‐ I'm going to go to ‐‐ Michèle, can you hang on just one second?



Michèle Flournoy: I'm sorry.



John Donvan:

I'm going to let you answer. I just want to go to questions from you after that. And when

that comes, the lights will come up. The way it will work ‐‐ just raise your hand.



00:55:58



Stand up. A mic will be brought to you. Please

wait for the mic before asking your

question. Go ahead, Michèle Flournoy.



Michèle Flournoy:

You know, you're right in the sense that there will always be violent extremists of one

sort or another. What we need to focus on is trying to address the conditions that make

whole communities vulnerable

to being with them. And there, we have an approach

that has not been tried and has not been fully resourced to do that in Iraq. And I think

that's a much harder problem in Syria. But there are things that we have not tried that

can also do that in

Syria.



And so, I think getting wrapped around the axle about how much military intervention

are we talking about is a very important question. But the fundamental issue is what can

and should we do to address those fundamental conditions, because if we don't address

them, this threat will reach

out and touch America.



John Donvan:

But do you really disagree with that statement?



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

No. I mean, no ‐‐ there is ‐‐ I don't think there's anyone in this entire audience who has

fought as hard as I have, over the past three years, to try to use force

to bring the civil

war in Syria to a political conclusion.



00:57:03



So, we are ‐‐ you know, if it's a question of what do we do to end the civil war in Syria,

I've got a whole another strategy. But what we're talking about here ‐‐ of course we're

with you

in terms of pushing the Iraqi government to be more inclusive. We're with you

diplomatically. We're with you again on the digital strategy, which is a huge piece of ISIS.

What we're saying, though, is ‐‐ what you're saying is we have to push them out of the

territory they hold. And

we are saying there is no way to actually do that that does not

actually involve massive U.S. troops on the ground, and that we can talk about

supporting others. We've been trying that for a long time. That's not going to get us

there.

Phillip Zelikow:

Did your Syria ‐‐ did your strategy to intervene aggressively ‐‐



John Donvan:

Philip Zelikow.



Phillip Zelikow:

‐‐ to end the Syrian civil war require lots of U.S. troops on the ground?



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

No. It did not. It required ‐‐



Phillip Zelikow:

So, you ought to just come on

over here now.



[laughter]



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

No. Nope. Nope. But we'll ‐‐ that's a separate debate.



00:57:59



John Donvan:

Let's go to questions. Right down in front here. Please stand up and let the mic come to

you. And if you could tell us your name as well. It's coming from

‐‐ it's coming down the

aisle, behind you, to the right.



Peter Feaver:

This is Peter Feaver. And I have a question for the nattering nabobs, the negativism,

over here on this side.



[laughter]



You've invoked the example of containment. But the only example of it working in

history that you've

mentioned is against a superpower, the Soviet Union. Can you tell

me a time when containment of a terrorist organization worked? And if you're willing to

do the Soviet Union containment model, are you willing to continue with, leader‐to‐

leader, summits between the ‐‐ Baghdadi and maybe even ping‐pong

diplomacy with ‐‐

how far down the containment ‐‐



John Donvan:

Okay.



Peter Feaver: ‐‐ a‐la Soviet Union are you willing to go?



John Donvan:

Thanks. Good question.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Yeah. Sure.



John Donvan:

Anne‐Marie Slaughter.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

So, you just ‐‐ you thought we were containing a superpower. We were not. We were

containing an ideology.



00:58:56



And what is

vital about understanding ISIL is it's just the latest manifestation of an

extremist ideology that says, "The only way to purify Islam," just as once there were

arguments about the only way to purify Christianity, "is to revert to an extreme version

of the religion." So, the beginning round of

this is 1979, with the attack on the great

mosque in Mecca. And similarly, actually, the Iranian revolution. Then you see the

Taliban. Then you see Al‐Qaeda.



Then, as you've heard, you see Boko Haram. You see manifestations of what is a

decades‐long fight. The Arab Spring is another

version of it, that says, "This religion is

deeply, deeply corrupt. It is impossible to have a decent government. We want to purify

the religion and we want decent governments. And it's just going to keep happening

until Muslims fight it out. And our argument is we can contain it.

We obviously have to

protect ourselves. But we are not going to be the ones to actually win this fight.



01:00:07



John Donvan:

I want to let the other side respond to the initial question, if you would like to. Michèle

Flournoy.



Michèle Flournoy:

I think the ‐‐ you know, the

reason why ‐‐ one of the reasons why containment works,

vis‐a‐vis a superpower in a state like the Soviet Union, was because it was coupled with

a robust policy of deterrence and the threat of massive retaliation. These concepts are

not operative when you're dealing with ISIS. What are we

going to do to deter ‐‐ I mean,

ISIS ‐‐ deterrence of the Cold War sort does not operate when ‐‐

Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Sure it does.



Michèle Flournoy:

‐‐ you're dealing with a transnational terrorist organization.



Phillip Zelikow:

What's an example of what's worked with a terror organization?



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Quite the contrary. The example is, as we've also heard from the experts on ISIL, is that

ISIL thinks that

Al‐Qaeda's strategy was a failed strategy because they caused a

catastrophic attack and precisely because we then went in and wiped them out.



01:01:03



And their strategy is not to do that. So, we of course are still going to protect ourselves.

If there is such an attack, we

are going to respond. And then the American people will

support sending in troops. And we will do what we have to. But our point is that is not

their strategy. Their strategy is to hold territory. We're going to contain them there and

ultimately let the Muslims fight it out.





Phillip Zelikow:

You know, it's interesting ‐‐



John Donvan:

Philip Zelikow.



Phillip Zelikow:

‐‐ when someone said today that, "Maybe we didn't need to worry so much about a

catastrophic threat," it turned out that the recently retired head of the British Secret

Service was at the table. And he said,

"When I was listening to you say that, I was

thinking that neither I nor any leader of any security service I know of would have

understood what you are talking about." If the ‐‐ the threat picture that they are seeing,

the threat picture that caused the director of the FBI

to publicly say two weeks ago that

ISIS is now the leading threat on his agenda, the reason the FBI has been picking up ISIS

supporters in all 50 states of the United States during the last month ‐‐ that's because of

the threat picture that they are seeing.



01:02:12



And

that's this year. That's not 2016. That's 2017. You just think about the way this

develops in time, because this is a much larger safe haven than Al‐Qaeda ever had.

John Donvan:

A question down front here. And the mic is coming down this way.



Female Speaker:

My name is Ayaan Hirsi Ali. And Michèle and Philip, you made a fantastic moral case to

defeat ISIS. And I completely agree with you. Last year this time, September, our

president stood

in front of the world and said, "We're going to degrade and defeat ISIS."

Our vice president told the world, "We're going to chase them to the gates of hell."



01:03:04



You made a fantastic case. And I'm with you. I voted for it and I think I'll vote for

it again.



John Donvan:

I need you to ‐‐



Female Speaker:

But there's a question ‐‐



John Donvan:

I ‐‐ here's a question.



Female Speaker:

Yes. And here's the question. And the question that you have to answer and you have to

deal is really, is this debate about ISIS or is it

about American leadership? Is the United

States of America prepared to take the lead in this? And for the two of you, what case

would you make to the presidential candidates and to the American people to take that

lead and keep that lead?



Michèle Flournoy:

I think the –



[applause]



John Donvan:

Michèle Flournoy.



Michèle Flournoy:

This is about both. I think we have to make the case that ISIS is a threat that will directly,

touch ‐‐ threaten Americans, whether we want that to be true or not, and that the kind

of political strategy, the kind of coalition, the

kind of effort that is going to be needed to

actually turn the president's and the vice president's words into actions ‐‐ which has not

fully happened yet ‐‐ that will require U.S. leadership.



01:04:14



And nobody else but the United States can lead that coalition to beat this organization.



John Donvan:

Okay. The other side does not need to respond. Right down in front there, sir. And the

mic is going to come down ‐‐ you see.



Graham Allison:

Great debate. Graham Allison. If

this is such an imminent threat, why is it that our Israeli

allies are so relaxed about it? We have a track two conversation‐‐



John Donvan:

You actually did ask a question. That was perfect.



[laughter]



So I'm going to go with that ‐‐



[laughter]



‐‐ because I think these people

know the background on it. So I'll take it to Anne‐Marie

Slaughter.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

So, I would ask exactly the same question.



01:04:57



I mean, Israel's our closest ally in the Middle East. They are certainly every bit as much

enemies of ISIS as we are. As I

said, ISIS fights the crusaders, the Zionists, the Sufis and

the Shiites and, yes, Israel looks at this, I think, and understands that to get in there to

the extent that it would take to roll them back from their territory is immediately to

strengthen them, because then they're fighting the

Zionist enemy and so I ‐‐ I think

Israel is very wise on this.



John Donvan:

Response from this side? Phil Zelikow.



Phillip Zelikow:

The presumption that Israel is relaxed about ISIS ‐‐



[laughter]

‐‐ which would ‐‐ you know, any member of ISIS if he were to encounter an Israeli citizen

in ISIS territory, there's going to be a really gruesome video the next week, okay? So the

notion that‐‐put yourself in Israel's position. They have a lot of things going on in their



world right now. Palestinians. They're attacking Hezbollah in Syria, which is also

fighting on Assad's side.



01:06:01



So, the notion that gee, let's see if we can attack [unintelligible] and bomb ISIS so that

Jewish airplanes are bombing ISIS and that helps us recruit Sunni Muslims? So I think

the

Israeli's have kind of figured out that that's not the path to a successful coalition

strategy to defeat ISIS.



John Donvan:

Hang on just one second. I'm going to let you respond. Okay. Somebody needed I

thought to tell me something. They want me to point to her. Anne‐Marie Slaughter.





Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Maybe the other reason the Israeli's are not quite so upset is that ISIS is actually

attacking both Hezbollah and Hamas.



John Donvan:

Let's go to another question. Down front here. Sir, if you could stand up. The mic's

coming. Yeah.



Male Speaker:

Stefan Edlis [spelled phonetically].

Short statement.



John Donvan:

Very short, please.



Male Speaker:

Very short.



01:06:58



When the Irish ‐‐ excuse the expression, not Irish, but the Arab Spring.



[laughter]



John Donvan:

I want to know the free association that got you there.



[laughter]

Male Speaker:

They were secular. It turns out to be they're actually a religious revival. So, a religious

revival. My question is very simple directed to you. Where would the money come

from to undertake that gigantic effort that you propose?



Dov Zakheim:

Well, as I said, I don't think

‐‐



John Donvan:

Dov Zakheim.



Dov Zakheim:

‐‐ I don’t think that right now we have the national will to do this and frankly even if we

started spending the money and, you know, we do spend money on these sorts of

things, this takes time. In effect what you're doing

when you ‐‐ if we were to do what

you suggest, we would be containing them.



01:07:58



We wouldn't be rolling them back at that point. They wouldn't lose an inch of territory

because of that. It takes time. If you want to undermine them this is one of the ways

to

do it. What you're talking about is radio‐free Europe, voice of America updated to 2015.



John Donvan:

Michèle Flournoy.



Michèle Flournoy:

The administration, the Obama administration, has very successfully put together a 60‐

nation coalition, but what we haven't yet achieved is a coherent strategy where

everybody's pulling in

the right direction, the same direction. One of the things that our

partners need to be convinced of is the degree of U.S. commitment. I think if the U.S.

shows that commitment we have a lot of leverage to get others to be using the money

they're already putting in

to this theater in a much more productive and effective

manner. So, we're not going to be funding this alone. We have 60 nations signed up to

help. What we have to do is use our commitment to better leverage and focus ‐‐ to

better focus the efforts of the whole coalition,

and we have not done that.



01:09:06



Dov Zakheim:

With respect, you earlier said we don’t want to rely on the Saudis. We want to rely on

the locals.

Michèle Flournoy:

No, I said I don't want to have Saudi forces coming into Iraq and Syria.



Dov Zakheim:

Okay. Well, our ‐‐



Michèle Flournoy:

That's different than asking the Saudis to help fund a proper strategy that we have

helped to put together.



Dov Zakheim:

But part of our ‐‐ is

our coalition only for funding? Is that what we're doing here?



Michèle Flournoy:

No. Of course not. There are other things as well, but do you think ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

Well, what are those other things?



Michèle Flournoy:

‐‐ it's a smart idea to put Saudi forces in Iraq and Syria? I

don't.



Dov Zakheim:

I'm not the one suggesting it. You're the one suggesting it.



Michèle Flournoy:

No I didn't suggest it. You put words in my mouth.



Dov Zakheim:

All I'm saying is you said that it's the local forces and now you've got a 60‐nation ‐‐



Michèle Flournoy:

Local

Syrian and Iraqi forces fighting ‐‐



Dov Zakheim:

Right, and now you're talking about a coalition that's doing what?



John Donvan:

I want to saying something. I want to remind you that we're in the question and answer

section of this Intelligence Squared U.S. debate.



[laughter]



Dov Zakheim: I answered the question.



John Donvan:

I want to remind you that we're in the question and answer section of this Intelligence

Squared U.S. debate. I'm John Donvan. We have four debaters.



01:09:59



Two teams of two debating this motion: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be

Defeated. Let's go

to another question, sir.



David Patraeus:

I am David Petraeus and I ‐‐



[laughter]



[applause]



‐‐ and I rise to take slight issue and ask a question of my friend, Anne‐Marie

Slaughter. Anne‐Marie, you stated that the surge didn't work. With great respect, I was

there and actually ‐‐



[laughter]



‐‐ actually it worked pretty extraordinarily. I mean, driving violence down by 85 to 95

percent. Phil remembers. He was in the administration. We achieved all the

objectives. By the way, Ambassador Crocker is back here, for whom I was privileged to

be the wingman as he pursued the diplomatic efforts.

The results were sustained, in

fact, for three and a half years after the drawdown of the surge forces until Prime

Minister Malaki undid them and all that we and Iraqi forces achieved, and he alienated

the Sunnis.



01:11:02



So, the point here is that he undid the political bargain

that was reached during the

surge. The further point is that the center of gravity of the fight against ISIS is not in the

frontlines it's in Baghdad in Iraqi politics and indeed in various Syrian locations ‐‐



John Donvan:

Wait. I have to stop you. I'm giving you a lot

of leeway because of your service, but

ultimately democratically I need to ask you to ask a question.



David Patraeus:

Okay.

John Donvan:

Pop it.



David Patraeus:

The question. Can you be confident, Anne‐Marie, that allowing ISIS to continue to

control large areas of Syria, i.e., just containing them, and Iraq, can allow the new

political discussions that are so important in ensuring multi‐sectarian and multi‐ethnic

populations

that they can enter into the new bargains in the shadow of areas from

which contained, but undefeated ISIS extremists will continue to project violence

seeking to spread the horrific humanitarian situation and geopolitical Chernobyl that is ‐

‐



[laughter]



[applause]



‐‐ Syria.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Dave.



01:12:04



[applause]



So, General Petraeus,

even ‐‐ so, General Petraeus, even though we are both proud

graduates of the Woodrow Wilson School, I could not quite keep all of that in my head

at one moment, but what I will say is I did not say that the surge was not

successful. The surge was successful

and ‐‐ no, I did not. I said it was ‐‐



John Donvan:

I ‐‐ again, I don't want the audience debating with the debaters, so the floor is yours.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

It was absolutely successful and then you left and then we left and then the Iraqis did

not do what they

should be doing to liberate their own country on their own and we are

back here again. As you said from the stage, I was there. We liberated Mosul, but

Mosul is now once again under ISIL control or under a violent extremist Islamic group.



01:12:59



So that's exactly what

I'm saying. If we could keep David Petraeus on the ground in Iraq

working with Chester Crocker [sic] advising the Iraqi government every step of the way, yes I think we would succeed. My point is we are not going to do that and because

we're not going to do that trying to do it one more time we just do it round and round

and round and we do not ultimately do what we need to

do to let this fight play out as

it's going to play out on its own. I'm sorry.



John Donvan:

Michèle Flournoy.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

Ryan Crocker I’m having terrible time today.



John Donvan:

Michèle.



Michèle Flournoy:

I think the question was in the face of still vibrant ISIS in

Iraq and Syria, you can't ‐‐ how

can you get to the political progress that will ultimately resolve these situations? You

argued for diplomacy and political settlement on both sides of this border as part of

your strategy as well, but you can't get there as long as ISIS is a

vibrant force.



01:14:01



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

We agree that if you want to roll back ISIS and take them out, all right, then ‐‐ and

you're willing to stay, you can get what did you say, General Petraeus, I think you said

maturing multi‐sectarian populations.



John Donvan:

There are no lifelines

in the debate.



[laughter]



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

I haven't seen ‐‐ all right.



John Donvan:

You can't call out. Sorry.



Anne‐Marie Slaughter:

My point was I have not seen that, but if we were to get there it's going to take actually

pushing them out and, once again, you don't

have a strategy that can do that absent

U.S. troops.



Michèle Flournoy: We believe that we do and we've explained it, but I think absent that, you are

condemning this region to perpetual instability, civil war, violence, and the launching ‐‐

the incubation of terrorism against the West. And against us.



John Donvan:

And that concludes Round 2 of this Intelligence Squared U.S.

debate, where our motion

is Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated.



01:15:03



[applause]



Now, we move on to Round 3. Round 3 are where the debaters make closing statements

from their seats. They will be two minutes each. Here to make his closing statement for

the motion Containment

is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated, Philip Zelikow, professor

of history at the University of Virginia, former counselor for the Department of State.



Phillip Zelikow:

One of the things I had the sad task of doing years ago was to be the Executive Director

of the 9/11 commission. This

is the commission that was called upon to investigate after

the fact what had happened. And of course, for years before 9/11, we knew Al‐Qaeda

was at war with us. Well, we weren't sure they were going to come to the homeland.

And besides, if you looked at the problem

‐‐ and people did ‐‐ it was just so hard. Look at

who we'd have to work with in Afghanistan ‐‐ the Northern Alliance. The politics of the

Northern Alliance were nightmarish. There were thugs and warlords among them.



01:16:02



And besides, if you wanted to do something with some special forces, there'd

be risks to

Americans. And of course then came 9/11. And then here I am interviewing generals,

and national security advisers, and even former presidents. And it's "Wish we coulda,

wish we shoulda." All the things that ‐‐ all the options they thought of doing, they

considered, and they were too

costly, too risky. And the politics of Afghanistan was too

hard. But was it really then better now to then have to occupy Afghanistan and we're

still there 14‐and‐a‐half years later, because we didn't take the risks, the messy politics,

the hard laboring with some effort? Instead, we

ended up with catastrophe and a

catastrophic commitment of the United States. If you want to avoid that kind of

catastrophic commitment, vote for the resolution, because we need to nip this in the

bud.



01:17:01



We need to deal with this infection now before the gangrene spreads and the

surgeon

brings out the hacksaw.

John Donvan:

Thank you, Philip Zelikow.



[applause]



The motion: Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. And here to make her

closing statement against the motion, Anne‐Marie Slaughter, president and CEO of New

America and former director of policy planning for the Department of State.



Anne‐Marie

Slaughter:

So, the last time I was on this stage, I was talking about male/female equality. It's

another hat that I wear. And from that perspective, ISIS does absolutely unspeakable

things to women. In fact, ISIS ‐‐ IS ‐‐ should stand for "international sex trafficking,"

because that is what they do. In hideous

ways. And I'm not hesitant about the use of

force, and I'm definitely not hesitant about U.S. leadership in the world.



01:17:54



The reason I'm taking the position I'm taking is because when I read the proposition that

said "Containment is not enough: ISIS must be defeated," I saw, once

again, the United

States making the mistake of believing that we could solve a problem that is a decades‐

long, maybe century‐long struggle, fight, war, but among Muslims. We should protect

ourselves, absolutely. We should do everything we can diplomatically, digitally. And yes,

if there is that coalition of

other states or strong fighters that we can support, I would

support them. But what's really at issue here ‐‐ the only thing we're disagreeing about is

do you stop them where they are or do you roll them back? Do you take away their

territory?



01:18:52



And my proposition is that

if we, the United States, try to lead a coalition to take away

their territory, we will once again find ourselves in the midst of someone else's fight in a

way we do not understand, and we're often producing precisely the consequences we

wish to avoid.



[applause]



John Donvan:

Thank

you, Anne‐Marie Slaughter. The motion is Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must

Be Defeated. And here to make her closing statement in support of the motion, Michèle

Flournoy, co‐founder and CEO of the Center for a New American Security and former

Undersecretary of Defense.

Michèle Flournoy:

One of the most searing memories of my time in the Pentagon was a visit to Dover Air

Force Base. Dover Air Force Base is where the remains of fallen U.S. servicemen in Iraq,

Afghanistan, wherever ‐‐ are brought back to the United States. It is the first place

where the families of the fallen are able to receive their loved ones. On the night I was

there, my first visit, it was bitterly cold.



01:20:00



We were waiting on the tarmac for what seemed like forever, for a large military

transport plane to come in. Eventually, the plane came

in, landed, and taxied to a stop

on the tarmac. Off to the side, nearby, away from the press, was about ‐‐ were about a

dozen grieving, grief‐stricken families who were there to receive a father, a husband, a

brother, a daughter, a sister. And we waited for what seemed

like an eternity. And

eventually, the back of the plane opened to reveal a row of flag‐draped caskets. And

one by one, each of those was lovingly carried by a group of soldiers off to an awaiting

family. It was a just unbearable and devastating scene. This was the cost

‐‐ the human

cost of war.



01:21:01



This was Americans who had sacrificed everything for their country and families who

would never again be the same. When we think about how we're going to fight or how

we deal with ISIS, we need to think about Dover, the human cost of

the choices we

make and the choices we fail to make. And I am here today firmly believing that if we do

not adopt a more‐robust and well‐resourced strategy, where we're not doing it all by

ourselves, but we are leading an international coalition to fight this horrific

movement,

we will spend more blood and treasure down the road.



John Donvan:

Michèle Flournoy, I'm sorry. Your time is up. Thank you.



[applause]



The motion is Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated. And here to make his

closing statement, Dov Zakheim, a senior adviser at the Center

for Strategic and

International Studies, and former Undersecretary of Defense.



01:22:05



Dov Zakheim:

In 2002, I was asked to help get troops and funds for that coalition ‐‐ first the coalition in

Afghanistan, then the coalition in Iraq. I got money. I didn't get any troops from

Muslims. Not one Muslim

country sent troops in, as I recall. Some helped with training in their own countries. To talk of coalitions is to talk, essentially ‐‐ if the Brits want to

play again ‐‐ of a U.S.‐U.K, coalition with a lot of other flags. It's not going to work.

General Petraeus is right. The surge worked. Phil, you’re right. With over 100,000

troops. And

I remember sitting next to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and testifying,

who then said that General Shinseki was wrong when he said we needed several

hundred thousand troops to win in Iraq.



01:22:57



We did put six figures of troops in Iraq. Lots of troops in Afghanistan. But that's behind



us. It's not 9/11 anymore. It's not 9/12. We have a history of being in there. They don't

want us. So, we have this Hobbesian choice: put in loads of troops, beat ISIS back ‐‐ roll

them back, as you would like ‐‐ and take the risk of alienating the Arabs. Or

alternately,

holding them in place, doing all the other things you talk about. But it'll take time. It'll

take money. It'll take will. And it ain't going to happen overnight. And I go back to what I

said earlier. You have made the best arguments for containment ‐‐ with the exception of



my partner, of course ‐‐ that I've heard tonight. We cannot beat these people unless we

are absolutely committed to more money, more troops, more will. It ain't going to

happen. Thank you.



01:23:55



John Donvan:

Thank you, Dov Zakheim.



[applause]



And that concludes closing statements in Round 3. And now

it's time to learn which side

you believe has argued the best. I'm going to ask you again to go to the keypads at your

seat and vote as you did at the beginning. Take a look at the motion again. Pay careful

attention to the phrasing, so you are

clear which side you're voting on. But if it's for this

team, it's Number 1. And if it's for this team, it's Number 2.



And if you became or remain undecided, it's Number 3. And we'll take about 15 to 20

seconds to let you complete the vote and lock

it out. Okay. While that's happening, I

would just like to say a few things. First of all, it's our goal at Intelligence Squared to

have debates like the one we just had. Really passionate argument, brought with

respect information, intelligence, civility I want to congratulate all of these debaters for



what they did.



[applause]



It's really a pleasure for us also to be partnering again with the Aspen Strategy Group

and we just need to thank a few people.

01:25:05



First of all, Joe Nye and Brent Scowcroft. Thank you very much for having us here again.



[applause]



Group director and also a member of our advisory board, Nick Burns. Thank you very

much.



[applause]



And Deputy Director Jonathon Price. Thank you. And the Aspen Institute President and



CEO Walter Isaacson.



[applause]



And again we want to thank the founders of Intelligence Squared U.S., Robert

Rosenkranz and Alexandra Munroe.



[applause]



The other thing, as I said at the beginning, this is actually a philanthropic

organization. We ‐‐ this podcast and radio broadcast we give out to the world for

free

and we're now at the point where millions of people are listening to them and we rely

on the support of a lot of donors who are also in the group. So, without naming you I

want to thank you all for your involvement and support.



01:26:01



[applause]



I

also want to take this opportunity to say to General Petraeus I know that for a long

time we've been trying to book you to be in one of our debates.

[laughter]



And I think you're indicating now that you may be interested, that you're bookable,

because we would love to

have you in the future. So, we will be surrounding you for

email later. Because from the audience you debate pretty well.



[applause]



We're putting the final touches on our upcoming fall season. I know a lot of you do get

to New York, so we want to give you

a little look ahead at the topics we'll be doing there. Broadly, we don't have the motions language framed yet, but the topics are

sexual assault on campus, the Chinese political and economic model, the nation's

infrastructure, central banks, and affirmative action. We're going to be at George

Washington University debating the use of smart drugs and we're going to

be at

Northwestern Law School debating prosecutorial abuse. We will have the full lineup set

by the end of the month and you can get it by visiting our website iq2US.org.



01:27:03



You can buy tickets there. You can also sign up for our e‐blast and, again, this debate

and

all of our debates, we're now at I think 107 since we started, are all available via our

app, which you can download from the Apple store and from the Google Play

store. Okay. The results are all in now. Again, the motion is this: Containment is Not

Enough: ISIS

Must Be Defeated. We had teams arguing for and against. You voted

twice. Again, the team whose numbers changed the most between the first and the

second vote will be declared our winner.



Let's look at the preliminary vote. On the motion Containment is Not Enough: ISIS Must

Be Defeated before

you hard the arguments 52 percent of you agreed, 27 percent were

against, 21 percent were undecided. Those are the first results. Remember, again, it's

going to be the difference. Let's look at the second vote. On Containment is Not

Enough: ISIS Must Be Defeated the team arguing for the

motion their second vote 32

percent.



01:28:01



They went from 52 percent to 32 percent. They lost 20 percentage points. Team

arguing against their first vote was 27 percent, second 59 percent. They went up 32

percentage points.



[applause]



The team arguing against the motion declared our winner. Our congratulations

to

them. Thank you from me, Jon Donvan and Intelligence Squared U.S. We'll see you next

time.

