In one of my posts on type level meta programming in Scala the question of Turing completeness came up already. The question is whether Scala’s type system can be used to force the Scala compiler to carry out any calculation which a Turing machine is capable of. Various of my older posts show how Scala’s type system can be used to encode addition and multiplication on natural numbers and how to encode conditions and bounded loops.

Motivated by the blog post More Scala Typehackery which shows how to encode a version of the Lambda calculus which is limited to abstraction over a single variable in Scala’s type system I set out to further explore the topic.

The SKI combinator calculus

Looking for a calculus which is relatively small, easily encoded in Scala’s type system and known to be Turing complete I came across the SKI combinator calculus . The SKI combinators are defined as follows:

,

,

.

They can be used to encode arbitrary calculations. For example reversal of arguments. Let . Then











.

Self application is used to find fixed points. Let for some combinator . Then . That is, is a fixed point of . This can be used to achieve recursion. Let be the reversal combinator from above. Further define

for some combinator and

.

That is, combinator is the combinator obtained by applying its argument to the combinator . (There is a bit of cheating here: I should actually show that such combinators exist. However since the SKI calculus is Turing complete, I take this for granted.) Now let be in from above (That is we have now). Then

and by induction

.

Type level SKI in Scala

Encoding the SKI combinator calculus in Scala’s type system seems not too difficult at first. It turns out however that some care has to be taken regarding the order of evaluation. To guarantee that for all terms which have a normal form, that normal form is actually found, a lazy evaluation order has to be employed.

Here is a Scala type level encoding of the SKI calculus:

trait Term { type ap[x <: Term] <: Term type eval <: Term } // The S combinator trait S extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = S1[x] type eval = S } trait S1[x <: Term] extends Term { type ap[y <: Term] = S2[x, y] type eval = S1[x] } trait S2[x <: Term, y <: Term] extends Term { type ap[z <: Term] = S3[x, y, z] type eval = S2[x, y] } trait S3[x <: Term, y <: Term, z <: Term] extends Term { type ap[v <: Term] = eval#ap[v] type eval = x#ap[z]#ap[y#ap[z]]#eval } // The K combinator trait K extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = K1[x] type eval = K } trait K1[x <: Term] extends Term { type ap[y <: Term] = K2[x, y] type eval = K1[x] } trait K2[x <: Term, y <: Term] extends Term { type ap[z <: Term] = eval#ap[z] type eval = x#eval } // The I combinator trait I extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = I1[x] type eval = I } trait I1[x <: Term] extends Term { type ap[y <: Term] = eval#ap[y] type eval = x#eval }

Further lets define some constants to act upon. These are used to test whether the calculus actually works.

trait c extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = c type eval = c } trait d extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = d type eval = d } trait e extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = e type eval = e }

Eventually the following definition of Equals lets us check types for equality:

case class Equals[A >: B <:B , B]() Equals[Int, Int] // compiles fine Equals[String, Int] // won't compile

Now lets see whether we can evaluate some combinators.

// Ic -> c Equals[I#ap[c]#eval, c] // Kcd -> c Equals[K#ap[c]#ap[d]#eval, c] // KKcde -> d Equals[K#ap[K]#ap[c]#ap[d]#ap[e]#eval, d] // SIIIc -> Ic Equals[S#ap[I]#ap[I]#ap[I]#ap[c]#eval, c] // SKKc -> Ic Equals[S#ap[K]#ap[K]#ap[c]#eval, c] // SIIKc -> KKc Equals[S#ap[I]#ap[I]#ap[K]#ap[c]#eval, K#ap[K]#ap[c]#eval] // SIKKc -> K(KK)c Equals[S#ap[I]#ap[K]#ap[K]#ap[c]#eval, K#ap[K#ap[K]]#ap[c]#eval] // SIKIc -> KIc Equals[S#ap[I]#ap[K]#ap[I]#ap[c]#eval, K#ap[I]#ap[c]#eval] // SKIc -> Ic Equals[S#ap[K]#ap[I]#ap[c]#eval, c] // R = S(K(SI))K (reverse) type R = S#ap[K#ap[S#ap[I]]]#ap[K] Equals[R#ap[c]#ap[d]#eval, d#ap[c]#eval]

Finally lets check whether we can do recursion using the fixed point operator from above. First lets define .

// b(a) = S(Ka)(SII) type b[a <: Term] = S#ap[K#ap[a]]#ap[S#ap[I]#ap[I]]

Further lets define some of the s from above.

trait A0 extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = c type eval = A0 } trait A1 extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = x#ap[A0]#eval type eval = A1 } trait A2 extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = x#ap[A1]#eval type eval = A2 }

Now we can do iteration on the type level using a fixed point combinator:

// Single iteration type NN1 = b[R]#ap[b[R]]#ap[A0] Equals[NN1#eval, c] // Double iteration type NN2 = b[R]#ap[b[R]]#ap[A1] Equals[NN2#eval, c] // Triple iteration type NN3 = b[R]#ap[b[R]]#ap[A2] Equals[NN3#eval, c]

Finally lets check whether we can do ‘unbounded’ iteration.

trait An extends Term { type ap[x <: Term] = x#ap[An]#eval type eval = An } // Infinite iteration: Smashes scalac's stack type NNn = b[R]#ap[b[R]]#ap[An] Equals[NNn#eval, c]

Well, we can 😉

$ scalac SKI.scala Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StackOverflowError at scala.tools.nsc.symtab.Types$SubstMap.apply(Types.scala:3165) at scala.tools.nsc.symtab.Types$SubstMap.apply(Types.scala:3136) at scala.tools.nsc.symtab.Types$TypeMap.mapOver(Types.scala:2735)