

Russian / PLA Low Band Surveillance Radars

(Counter Low Observable Technology Radars)



Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0901





by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

September, 2007

Updated May, December, 2008

Updated January, May, 2009

Updated February, 2010

Updated April, 2012

© 2007 - 2012 Carlo Kopp







(Images Rosoboronexport, RuMoD, NNIIRT, US DoD, Other)



The Northrop-Grumman B-2A 'Batwing' is sufficiently large that its shaping remains effective against lower band radars. The same is not true for fighters with LO shaping (US DoD).



Nebo SVU VHF AESA Analysis [Click for more ...]

SAM System Radar Index [Click for more ...]





Background



Most stealth design features are intended to scatter incoming illumination in a controlled fashion, evidenced by the use of edge alignment, faceting and other geometrical shaping features, supplemented by the use of absorbent materials. All of these techniques are intended to defeat radars operating in the geometrical optics and less frequently, resonance regimes of scattering. The precondition for this to work is that the wavelength be much shorter than the cardinal dimensions of the shaping feature of interest. An edge aligned engine inlet of typical dimensions will perform best in the centimetric Ku- and X-bands, and less so with increasing radar wavelength.



The Russian approach has been to invest in the further development of low band radars, especially operating in the VHF band. With wavelengths of the order of a metre or more, only very large stealth aircraft (e.g. B-2A) satisfy the physics requirement for geometrical optics regime scattering. A fighter sized aircraft such as the JSF will see most of its carefully designed shaping features fall into the resonance or Raleigh scattering regions, where shaping is of little or no import, and skin depth penetration of the induced electrical surface currents defeats most absorbent coatings or laminates.







The physics of radar scattering depend to a large extent on the size of the radar wavelength vs the physical size of the target. In the Raleigh scattering regime, the wavelength is similar or greater in magnitude to the physical size of the target, and the magnitude of the reflection is essentially proportional to the physical size of the target. As the wavelength is reduced, the resonant region is entered, where the wavelength is comparable in size to key shaping features on the target, and the magnitude of the reflection fluctuates strongly with wavelength and aspect. Finally, in the optical scattering regime, target shaping can be used to precisely control the magnitude and direction of reflections. The high effectiveness of stealth designs against decimetric and centimetric band radars reflects the reality that for most aircraft sizes, these wavelengths are a tenth to a hundredth of the size of key shaping features (Author).



Low band radars are not a panacea for the defeat of VLO (Very Low Observable) aircraft. Their angular accuracy has been until recently poor, and the required antenna size results in ungainly systems which are usually slow to deploy and stow, even if designed from the outset for mobility. The size and high power emissions of these radars, in types with limited mobility, makes them much easier to detect and destroy than typical mobile systems operating in the decimetric and centimetric bands, which can relocate rapidly after a missile shot.



Despite these drawbacks, the older Russian low band radars still provide a valuable early warning capability, and enable cueing of other sensors and platforms. In an IADS context, a 1L13 Nebo SV,



Where fighters with high power aperture X-band radars are available, such as





US DoD Band Allocation Chart



In practical terms one of the key advantages of VLO aircraft, surprise, is largely denied by the use of such systems. The VLO capability is still enormously valuable in terms of degrading or defeating most engagement radars and missile seekers, but the defender regains access to the early phases of the engagement cycle otherwise also defeated by VLO capability.

Prior to the rout of Saddam's extensive IADS in the 1991 Desert Storm campaign, the Soviets did not take US stealth technology seriously. Desert Storm changed that entirely, and the Soviets launched an effort to develop capabilities to detect VLO aircraft. With the collapse of the USSR funding dried up, but Russian design bureaus including NNIIRT, well known for their line of P-18 Spoon Rest VHF band radars, continued developing new systems operating in the lower bands - from VHF through UHF to L-band.Most stealth design features are intended to scatter incoming illumination in a controlled fashion, evidenced by the use of edge alignment, faceting and other geometrical shaping features, supplemented by the use of absorbent materials. All of these techniques are intended to defeat radars operating in the geometrical optics and less frequently, resonance regimes of scattering. The precondition for this to work is that the wavelength be much shorter than the cardinal dimensions of the shaping feature of interest. An edge aligned engine inlet of typical dimensions will perform best in the centimetric Ku- and X-bands, and less so with increasing radar wavelength.The Russian approach has been to invest in the further development of low band radars, especially operating in the VHF band. With wavelengths of the order of a metre or more, only very large stealth aircraft (e.g. B-2A) satisfy the physics requirement for geometrical optics regime scattering. A fighter sized aircraft such as the JSF will see most of its carefully designed shaping features fall into the resonance or Raleigh scattering regions, where shaping is of little or no import, and skin depth penetration of the induced electrical surface currents defeats most absorbent coatings or laminates.Low band radars are not a panacea for the defeat of VLO (Very Low Observable) aircraft. Their angular accuracy has been until recently poor, and the required antenna size results in ungainly systems which are usually slow to deploy and stow, even if designed from the outset for mobility. The size and high power emissions of these radars, in types with limited mobility, makes them much easier to detect and destroy than typical mobile systems operating in the decimetric and centimetric bands, which can relocate rapidly after a missile shot.Despite these drawbacks, the older Russian low band radars still provide a valuable early warning capability, and enable cueing of other sensors and platforms. In an IADS context, a 55Zh6 Nebo Nebo SVU or 5N84 Oborona would be used to cue the high power aperture X-band 30N6E Flap Lid/92N2E Tomb Stone series and 9S32M Grill Pan series engagement radars in the S-300PMU, S-400/S-400M and S-300VM systems to a small acquisition box in which the VLO aircraft can be found. This allows significantly more RF power to be focussed into a small volume of space, increasing the probability of detection. Some newer radars such as the Nebo SVU Gamma DE and Protivnik GE are accurate enough to direct a missile shot, using the engagement radar primarily as a midcourse command/datalink channel to the missile.Where fighters with high power aperture X-band radars are available, such as Irbis-E or Zhuk ASE equipped Su-30/35 Flanker E/G/H variants, a low band radar can provide GCI vectors to position the fighter near enough for acquisition of the target, if need be with other sensors such as an IR Search and Track set.In practical terms one of the key advantages of VLO aircraft, surprise, is largely denied by the use of such systems. The VLO capability is still enormously valuable in terms of degrading or defeating most engagement radars and missile seekers, but the defender regains access to the early phases of the engagement cycle otherwise also defeated by VLO capability.

The US Air Force is expected to use the F-22A Raptor armed with the glide wing equipped GBU-39/B SDB to destroy a defender's low band systems in the opening minutes of an engagement, relying on the standoff range of the weapon and speed/altitude of the fighter to deny engagement opportunities by defending IADS elements being cued by the low band radars. Other fighters do not have these capabilities and become exposed to defending IADS elements.



The notion that Russian low band radars are artifacts of the Cold War with little combat value is foolish, as current production models are typically 'digitised' through most of the signal and data processing, and display components, and many now use solid state transmitters. At least two designs are AESAs (active phased array). Russian manufacturers have thus followed much the same trend as Western manufacturers, enhancing Cold War era systems designs with digital processing. More than often modern Digital Moving Target Indicator (DMTI) or digital pulse Doppler techniques are employed, some types also using Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP), exploiting the high performance of COTS computing technology, readily available in the open market and easy to ruggedise for a semi-mobile application of this kind.



Russian industry is very actively marketing digital upgrades to the P-18 Spoon Rest, and new production digital 55Zh6 Nebo UE / Tall Rack and Nebo SVU VHF radars, specifically as a "Counter-Stealth" capability.







While the JSF is frequently criticised for the limitations of its stealth capability in the mid and upper microwave bands, the compact size of this aircraft makes it highly susceptible to detection by low band radars, unlike larger aircraft such as the B-2A Spirit (US Air Force).









VHF Band Radars





55ж6-1 Небо-УЕ Трехкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима 55Zh6-1 Nebo UYe / Tall Rack 3-Dimensional Surveillance Radar







(Images via NNIIRT)









Радиолокационная станция Резонанс-Н/НЭ Rezonans N/NE Surveillance Radar

Marketed by Rosoboronexport as a "Stealth Air Target Early Warning Radar" the Rezonans N and NE are large long range VHF band semi-mobile radars. Little has been disclosed on this design and only one image has been officially released to date, depicting an antenna array and separate antenna installation.



Rosoboronexport's description is largely devoid of technical detail:



"The Rezonans-N radar is a mobile highly automated coherent all-round surveillance phased-array radar employing the resonance wave reflection effect in the metric wavelength band. It is designed to monitor airspace, to acquire, identify and measure with high accuracy co-ordinates and flight characteristics of a wide range of existing and prospective air targets at long ranges and high altitudes, including low-observable cruise and ballistic missiles and hypersonic aircraft, as well as stealthy ones, in severe jamming and clutter environment, as well as to be used within automated/non-automated command and control systems, non-strategic missile defence systems, rapid deployment assets, and in various military/civil-purpose applications."



Other Russian sources claim the radar is deployed on six trailers or semitrailers, requiring 24 hr to set up or stow for movement. Cited power consumption is 100 kiloWatts which suggests robust peak power ratings at low duty cycles.





1Л13-3 Небо СВ Двухкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима 1L13-3 Nebo SV / Box Spring 2-Dimensional Surveillance Radar





















Additional Images (1) and (2) Here





(Images via NNIIRT)





1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring. NB vertical polarisation of Yagi elements.



1Л119 Небо СВУ МОБИЛЬНАЯ Трехкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима 1L119 Nebo SVU Mobile 3-Dimensional Surveillance Radar Nebo SVU VHF AESA Technical Report [Click for more ...]







The new Nebo SVU AESA is an improved new technology derivative of the baseline 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring series of VHF radars. It has an array of 84 (14 x 6) vertically polarised VHF Yagis, unlike the 72 elements in the 1L13, each with a 3/8 folded dipole and director element. Unlike the 1L13 carried by a Ural 4320 6x6 truck, the larger Nebo SV is a semi-trailer arrangement towed by a Ural 4320 tractor.







The fully digital Nebo SVU is a solid state VHF band surveillance radar intended for the detection of airborne and ballistic targets. These include tactical and bomber aircraft, and low altitude and stealth aircraft targets. Capabilities include an integrated IFF array and the ability to track airborne noise jammers. Key features include:

Active phased array antenna (AESA) design with a Transmit Receive Modules integrated with each of the antenna elements, analogue-to-digital conversion of each channel, with the option of digital beamforming in the vertical plane for ABM operating modes. Fully digital signal processing. Adaptive automatic operation to handle countermeasures and antenna element failures. Digital processing designed to handle adverse weather and intensive chaff bombing. Adaptive sidelobe cancellation. Heightfinding capability.

Very high 500 hour MTBF compared to legacy VHF radars, as a result of the AESA technology used.

A key consideration when assessing the Nebo SVU is its greater mobility compared to other VHF radars. The Ural 4320 towed trailer arrangement has similar cross country and road mobility to the KrAZ-260 towed variants of the S-300PMU/S-400 TEL. More importantly, the ~20 minute deployment and stow times are much improved over earlier VHF radars in this class, more than twofold compared to the P-18 Spoon Rest or Nebo SV, and threefold over the legacy S-300PMU acquisition radar, the 36D6 Tin Shield. Currently the most mobile Russian acquisition radar is the 64N6E/91N6E series ESA, towed by a MAZ-543 derived tractor, and capable of "shoot and scoot" operations with times of minutes.





A self propelled variant of the Nebo SVU has been developed as part of the new NNIIRT Nebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System , it is claimed to be equipped with a more advanced hydraulic stow/deploy mechanism to emulate the "shoot and scoot" capabilities of the 64N6E/91N6E series.

What has not been disclosed about the Nebo SVU is the specific mechanism used for high precision angle tracking, it is likely that high speed electronic sequential lobing is employed to emulate amplitude monopulse techniques. Details of the active sidelobe cancellation and jammer nulling mechanisms have also not been disclosed. While reports have emerged of the integration of the 55Zh6 Nebo UE with the S-400 C3 system, none have been seen as yet on the integration of the Nebo SVU.







Basic Characteristics

Waveband

metric

Upper limits of detection range and target coordinate measurement:







In altitude, km

No less than 100 in search mode; no less than 180 in tracking mode







In elevation, deg

No less than 25 in search mode; no less than 45-50 in tracking mode



Detection range for aircraft and ballistic targets with RCS of 1 m 2 , km:









at 0.5 km altitude, km

65

at 10 km altitude, km

270

at 20 km altitude, km

380

Measurement Accuracy:



range, m

200 azimuth, arcmin

30 elevation angle, arcmin

1.5 (within 3 to 45 deg elevation angle range)



Output data format

tracks

Number

of individual

targets tracked



100

Data update rate, s

10 and 5

MTBF, hr



at least 500

MTTR, hr

0.5

Crew, personnel

4 (single )

Number of vehicles

2

Deployment time, min

20

Power consumption, kW

30

Основные характеристики:



Диапазон волн

метровый

Верхняя граница зоны обнаружения и измерения координат:



по высоте, км

не менее 100 – в режиме регулярного кругового обзора; не менее 180 – в режиме досопровождения

по углу места, град.

не менее 25 – в режиме регулярного кругового обзора; 45-50 – в режиме досопровождения

Дальность обнаружения аэродинамических и баллистических целей с ЭОП 1м2, км:



на высоте 0,5 км

65

на высоте 10 км

270

на высоте 20 км

380

Точность измерения координат:



дальности, м

200

азимута, мин.

30

угла места, мин.

1,5 (в диапазоне углов места от 3 до 45 град.)

Вид выходной информации

трассы

Количеств

о одновременно сопровождаемых целей

100

Темп обновления информации, с

10 и 5

Среднее время наработки на отказ, ч

не менее 500

Среднее время восстановления, ч

0,5

Обслуживающий персонал, чел.

4 (в одну смену)

Количество транспортных единиц

2

Время развертывания, мин.

20

Энергопотребление, кВт

30

The fully digital Nebo SVU is a solid state VHF band surveillance radar intended for the detection of airborne and ballistic targets. These include tactical and bomber aircraft, and low altitude and stealth aircraft targets. Capabilities include an integrated IFF array and the ability to track airborne noise jammers. Key features include:A key consideration when assessing the Nebo SVU is its greater mobility compared to other VHF radars. The Ural 4320 towed trailer arrangement has similar cross country and road mobility to the KrAZ-260 towed variants of the S-300PMU/S-400 TEL. More importantly, the ~20 minute deployment and stow times are much improved over earlier VHF radars in this class, more than twofold compared to the P-18 Spoon Rest or Nebo SV, and threefold over the legacy S-300PMU acquisition radar, the 36D6 Tin Shield. Currently the most mobile Russian acquisition radar is the 64N6E/91N6E series ESA, towed by a MAZ-543 derived tractor, and capable of "shoot and scoot" operations with times of minutes.What has not been disclosed about the Nebo SVU is the specific mechanism used for high precision angle tracking, it is likely that high speed electronic sequential lobing is employed to emulate amplitude monopulse techniques. Details of the active sidelobe cancellation and jammer nulling mechanisms have also not been disclosed. While reports have emerged of the integration of the 55Zh6 Nebo UE with the S-400 C3 system, none have been seen as yet on the integration of the Nebo SVU.





CETC JY-27 VHF Band Long Range Surveillance Radar







Detection range (P d = 0.8, P f = 0.000001, σ = 1.5 m²) [NMI]

240.0 - 390.0

Frequency Band VHF

Array Geometry

16 x 6 = 96 elements H-pol

Bandwidth Δ f 15% of carrier frequency

Detection accuracy - Range

±150m

Detection accuracy - Azimuth

±1º

Mainlobe width

7º MTI Clutter rejection [dB]

35.0

MTBF [hr]

MTTR [hr]

>250.0

0.5

Power Consumption [kW]

<50.0

The CETC JY-27 is a recent Chinese design which is clearly influenced by the 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring and 1L119 Nebo SVU. Yet to be validated open source specifications are:







CETC YLC-8/8A VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance Radar



The CETC YLC-8 and YLC-8A are clearly derivatives of the P-12/P-18 Spoon Rest family of radars, widely exported as part of S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Surface to Air Missile Batteries. Unlike the self propelled Soviet original, the YLC-8 is carried on a semi-trailer. Like the Spoon Rets, this design uses a horizontal boom to deploy sixteen Yagis, each with a reflector, dual folded dipole and five director elements.



Specifications (J.C. Wise)



Coverage: (for P d = 50%, RCS = 2m2)

Range:

≥ 320km

Range (flat reflecting surface) :

≥ 500km Azimuth: 0º ~ 360º

Elevation:

0º ~ 18º

Height:

≥ 3,000m

Accuracy:

Range:

≤ 200m

Azimuth:

≤ 1º

Resolution:

Range: ≤ 450m Azimuth: ≤ 11º Data processing capacity:

1,000 tracks / scan

Deployment time:

≤ 30 mins

Stow time:

≤ 30 mins

MTBCF:

≥ 800 hrs

MTTR:

≤ 25 mins



The radar is claimed to provide pseudorandom frequency hopping, and ECCM capabilities. The absence of elevation error specs suggests the radar lacks a height finding capability. All images to date show a towed installation. The very sparse brochure claims the radar is 'fully solid state' but no further details have been disclosed.The CETC YLC-8 and YLC-8A are clearly derivatives of the P-12/P-18 Spoon Rest family of radars, widely exported as part of S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Surface to Air Missile Batteries. Unlike the self propelled Soviet original, the YLC-8 is carried on a semi-trailer. Like the Spoon Rets, this design uses a horizontal boom to deploy sixteen Yagis, each with a reflector, dual folded dipole and five director elements.

МОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН «ВОСТОК D/Е» Vostok D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric Band Surveillance Radar





The KB Radar (Agat) Vostok D/E is an entirely new 2D VHF radar design, using a unique wideband "Kharchenko" square ring radiating element design, in a diamond lattice pattern (all images KB Radar).







The manufacturer claims a detection range of ~40 nautical miles against the F-117A Nighthawk, or other types with similar VHF band RCS, in a jammed environment, and 190 nautical miles in an unjammed environment, with an overall 30 to 40% improvement in range performance against the Spoon Rest D/E. Two demonstrators were built and displayed at the Milex 2007 industry expo in Minsk.



A technical white paper and concurrent discussion paper reveal some interesting details, although not as much as has been disclosed on competing Russian designs like the Nebo SVU.



The design uses a unique wideband " Kharchenko" square ring element radiator, arranged in a diamond lattice pattern, intended to improve frequency agility against earlier VHF designs. The boxes distributed through the framework of the active array antenna are transmit-receive modules for the radiating elements. The cited system MTBF is 1200 hours, exceptional for this class of radar. The hydraulically folded and elevated antenna is mechanically rated for 65 knot wind gusts, and both levelling of the platform and antenna deploy/stow operations are fully automated.



Specific design aims in the Vostok E included overcoming common limitations in legacy VHF radars, in particular the poor sensitivity and clutter rejection performance, the high peak power which exposes the radar to ESM equipment, the long time to deploy and stow the antenna, and the poor fractional bandwidth which limited frequency agility.



The radar has a centre frequency of 175 MHz, and is frequency agile across fifty discrete frequency channels in the radar passband, using either random frequency hopping, or an adaptive control law which avoids frequency channels occupied by jammers.



Three channels are used for adaptive suppression of jammer signals. Low peak power is used to minimise detection range against hostile ESM. Coherent integration techniques are used, and all signal processing is digital. An adaptive processing technique is used for clutter rejection (whether this qualifies as STAP will depend on future disclosures). The Digital MTI processing is claimed to provide a dynamic range of 50 to 60 dB.



The cited RMS ranging error is 25 metres, angle error 1.1°, and velocity error 1.8 m/s, bearing to a jammer can be measured with an error of ±1°. This performance is not as good as the AESA design in the Nebo SVU, and the Vostok E lacks a heightfinding capability.



The fully automated digital data processing subsystem provides a range of automatic tracking modes, and is designed to interface to cable or RF datalink channels to other IADS elements. No less than 120 aerial targets can be tracked. A satellite navigation terminal is integrated to facilitate rapid operation starts, in a "shoot and scoot" environment. A digital map system is provided to facilitate operations, the design can display target parameters, and programmable engagement zones or other airspace boundaries. The radar is also equipped with a signal emulator which generates synthetic target tracks, and possibly jamming waveforms. Signal and data processing is performed in the radar van equipment.



The time to deploy or stow the antenna is cited at less than 6 minutes, making this a genuine "shoot and scoot" design. The operator van is based on the same arrangement as the van for the truck mounted Ranzhir E variant or Polyana command posts, carried on a 6 x 6 MZKT 65273-020 series chassis.



A production Vostok E will be a formidable 2D acquisition radar, by virtue of its modern RF design and high mobility. As a replacement for the legacy Spoon Rest, the Vostok is much more capable and mobile than the 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring used by Russian forces. We should not be surprised if a future Vostok AESA derivative emerges, as a competitor to the larger Nebo SVU. KBR reported the first export sale, to an undisclosed customer, early in 2009.







A Vostok E demonstrator deployed. The van houses the three operator stations and electronic hardware.







Operational deployment of a Vostok E at a prepared site.







Vostok E antenna system stowed (above), and unfolding for operation (below).





Developed recently by Agat/KB Radar in Byelorussia, the Vostok is an intended replacement for the P-18 Spoon Rest series. It is a digital solid state design, operating in the VHF band. While detailed specifications have been disclosed, design details have not, especially in relation to the internal architecture of the design.The manufacturer claims a detection range of ~40 nautical miles against the F-117A Nighthawk, or other types with similar VHF band RCS, in a jammed environment, and 190 nautical miles in an unjammed environment, with an overall 30 to 40% improvement in range performance against the Spoon Rest D/E. Two demonstrators were built and displayed at the Milex 2007 industry expo in Minsk.A technical white paper and concurrent discussion paper reveal some interesting details, although not as much as has been disclosed on competing Russian designs like the Nebo SVU.The design uses a unique wideband "square ring element radiator, arranged in a diamond lattice pattern, intended to improve frequency agility against earlier VHF designs. The boxes distributed through the framework of the active array antenna are transmit-receive modules for the radiating elements. The cited system MTBF is 1200 hours, exceptional for this class of radar. The hydraulically folded and elevated antenna is mechanically rated for 65 knot wind gusts, and both levelling of the platform and antenna deploy/stow operations are fully automated.Specific design aims in the Vostok E included overcoming common limitations in legacy VHF radars, in particular the poor sensitivity and clutter rejection performance, the high peak power which exposes the radar to ESM equipment, the long time to deploy and stow the antenna, and the poor fractional bandwidth which limited frequency agility.The radar has a centre frequency of 175 MHz, and is frequency agile across fifty discrete frequency channels in the radar passband, using either random frequency hopping, or an adaptive control law which avoids frequency channels occupied by jammers.Three channels are used for adaptive suppression of jammer signals. Low peak power is used to minimise detection range against hostile ESM. Coherent integration techniques are used, and all signal processing is digital. An adaptive processing technique is used for clutter rejection (whether this qualifies as STAP will depend on future disclosures). The Digital MTI processing is claimed to provide a dynamic range of 50 to 60 dB.The cited RMS ranging error is 25 metres, angle error 1.1°, and velocity error 1.8 m/s, bearing to a jammer can be measured with an error of ±1°. This performance is not as good as the AESA design in the Nebo SVU, and the Vostok E lacks a heightfinding capability.The fully automated digital data processing subsystem provides a range of automatic tracking modes, and is designed to interface to cable or RF datalink channels to other IADS elements. No less than 120 aerial targets can be tracked. A satellite navigation terminal is integrated to facilitate rapid operation starts, in a "shoot and scoot" environment. A digital map system is provided to facilitate operations, the design can display target parameters, and programmable engagement zones or other airspace boundaries. The radar is also equipped with a signal emulator which generates synthetic target tracks, and possibly jamming waveforms. Signal and data processing is performed in the radar van equipment.The time to deploy or stow the antenna is cited at less than 6 minutes, making this a genuine "shoot and scoot" design. The operator van is based on the same arrangement as the van for the truck mounted Ranzhir E variant or Polyana command posts, carried on a 6 x 6 MZKT 65273-020 series chassis.A production Vostok E will be a formidable 2D acquisition radar, by virtue of its modern RF design and high mobility. As a replacement for the legacy Spoon Rest, the Vostok is much more capable and mobile than the 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring used by Russian forces. We should not be surprised if a future Vostok AESA derivative emerges, as a competitor to the larger Nebo SVU. KBR reported the first export sale, to an undisclosed customer, early in 2009.





Сопоставительные характеристики мобильной твёрдотельной цифровой РЛС метрового диапазона и устаревшей РЛС П-18

Comparative characteristics of digital mobile solid-meter range radar and outdated radar P-18



РЛС / Radar

П-18 / P-18 «Восток» / "Vostok" Измеряемые координаты и параметры Measured coordinates and parameters



Дальность Range

Азимут Azimuth Дальность / Range

Азимут / Azimuth

Скорость / Speed

Число несущих частот The number of bearing frequencies 4 50 Время перестройки несущей частоты Time adjustment carrier frequency 3...5 секунд

3 ... 5 seconds 3 мкс

3 microseconds Дальность обнаружения с вероятностью 0.9 при одной ложной тревоге за обзор в условиях воздействия АШП (эквивалентная спектральная плотность АШП на выходе антенны постановщика с учетом коэффициента усиления антенны 500 Вт/МГц, дальность до постановщика 500 км) на высоте 10000м:



Detection range with a 0.9 probability of detection, with one false alarm under ECM conditions (ECM equivalent spectral density at emitter antenna 500 W / MHz at emitter range of 500 km) at an altitude of 10000 m:



стратегический бомбардировщик B-52 / strategic bomber B-52 истребитель F-16 / F-16 fighter самолёт-невидимка F-117A / F-117A stealth fighter 43 км / 43 km

23 км / 23 km

12 км / 12 km 255 км / 255 km

133 км / 133 km

72 км / 72 km Количество подавляемых помеховых направлений

Number of rejected ECM sources Нет / No 3 Коэффициент подавления АШП при отношении помеха/шум 25...40 дБ

The ECM rejection at J/S of 25 ... 40 dB 0 23...35 дБ

23 ... 35 dB Коэффициент подавления отражений от местных предметов, не менее

Clutter rejection, not less 20 дБ 20 dB 30...40 дБ

30 ... 40 dB Коэффициент подавления отражений от облаков дипольных отражателей

Chaff cloud rejection

20 дБ 20 dB 25...30 дБ

25 ... 30 dB Зона работы устройства защиты от пассивных помех

Chaff cloud rejection footprint

0...255 км 0 ... 255 km 0...360 км

0 ... 360 km Коэффициент подавления несинхронных помех

Asynchronous interference rejection 10 дБ 10 dB 15...18 дБ

15 ... 18 dB Одновременное подавление несинхронных помех и отражений от местных предметов, не менее:

The simultaneous clutter and asynchronous interference rejection, no less:

отражений от местных предметов

local clutter

несинхронных помех

asynchronous interference 10 дБ 10 dB

10 дБ 10 dB 25...30 дБ

25 ... 30 dB

15...18 дБ

15 ... 18 dB Разрешающая способность:

Resolution:

по дальности / range по азимуту (на средней несущей частоте) / azimuth (at average carrier frequency) по радиальной скорости / in radial velocity 900 м

900 m



6,38

6.38

Отсутсвует

Absent 150 м

150 m



5,5

5.5

10,6 м/с

10.6 m / s Дальность радиотехнической разведки РЛС системой РТР противника

Range of hostile ESM Не менее 1000 км

Not less than 1000 km Не более 203 км

No more than 203 km Автоматическая обработка радиолокационной информации и формирование трасс целей Automatic processing of radar information and the track generation Отсутствует / Missing Обеспечивается / Provides Автоматическое сопровождение пеленгов постановщиков помех

Automatic tracking of ECM emitters Отсутствует / Missing Обеспечивается / Provides Пропускная способность (количество обрабатываемых целей за период обзора 10 секунд)

Track capacity (number of processed per scan, 10 seconds) До 10 (визуальный съем)

Up to 10 (visual removal) Не менее 120 (автоматический съем)

Not less than 120 (automatic removal)



МОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН П-18-2 P-18-2/P-18M Spoon Rest D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric Band Surveillance Radar



P-18 Spoon Rest (Hungarian MoD)











NNIIRT modernised P-18 Spoon Rest (NNIIRT)







NITEL modernised P-18 Spoon Rest (NITEL).







Slovakian Army P-18 (Images © Miroslav Gyűrösi









ПОДВИЖНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН НИТЕЛ 5Н84АЭ «ОБОРОНА-14» (1РЛ113/44Ж6/5Н84) NITEL 5N84AE Oborona-14 / Tall King C Mobile 2-Dimensional VHF Band Surveillance Radar









Stowed Configuration Image (1) Here.



(Images via http://forum.valka.cz/)

















L-Band / UHF Band Radars





РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ 51У6/39Н6Э «КАСТА-2Е1» / «КАСТА-2Е2» / П-15 / П-15M / П-19 51U6/39N6E Kasta 2E1/2E2 / P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face E / Squat Eye E Surveillance Radar



Kasta 2E1 Flat Face E UHF Band Acquisition Radar.







The Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are the latest incarnations of the well established Flat Face and Squat Eye family of semimobile UHF band tactical acquisition radars. The initial P-15 Flat Face A introduced the now characteristic double stacked array of elliptical paraboloid section antennas. This radar was widely exported by the Soviets to Warsaw Pact nations and Soviet Third World allies and clients. The radar has been used to support interceptors, as well as SA-3, SA-4, SA-6 and SA-8 missile batteries as an acquisition radar. The P-15M Squat Eye is a derivative of the baseline design with a single antenna on a tethered latticework mast. It was employed to improve low altitude coverage, but also to permit use of the radar in heavily forested terrain where the height of the foliage canopy exceeded the height of the antenna phase centre in the P-15.



The P-19 Flat Face B is the improved follow-on to the P-15 with a range of improvements. Since the 1990s a number of manufacturers are now offering comprehensive digital upgrades for the P-15 and P-19 inventory.



Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are heavily redesigned derivatives using a new KAMAZ 6 x 6 chassis and mostly digital hardware. The redesign of the Squat Eye antenna is the most visually prominent change with the increased aperture improving range performance.



Due to their low power-aperture ratings this family of radars is generally not regarded to be particularly effective against LO and VLO aircraft.















Kasta 2E2 Squat Eye E deployed.





















P-15 Flat Face A







Stowed Configuration Images (1) and (2) Here.







P-19 Flat Face B.







Радиолокационная станция 22ж6 «Десна-М» 22Zh6 Desna M Surveillance Radar



The VNIIRT Desna M series of surveillance radars are intended to be kept in use until 2025 with upgrades. The design is semi-mobile with a similar configuration to the Bar Lock series. There are no reports of significant exports of this radar.







Specifications





Диапазон волн

Operating Band

дециметровый

UHF

Дальность обнаружения цели (типа "истребитель") (на высоте 10000 м), км

Range for "fighter RCS target" at 10,000 m, in km

300

Верхняя граница обнаружения цепи (типа "истребитель"), км 40

Темп обзора, об./мин.

Scan Rate, RPM

6

Точность измерения координат целей (СКО, на высоте 10000 м):

Accuracy of target tracking at 10,000 m Alt.





по дальности, м

in range (m)

300

по высоте, м

in altitude (m)

500

по азимуту, мин.

in azimuth (minutes of arc)

15

Коэффициент подавления отражений от местных предметов, дБ

Clutter rejection in dB

не менее 30

Время развертывания (свертывания), ч

Stow/deploy time in hr

не более 10

Потребляемая мощность, кВт

Power consumption kW

260

Обслуживающий персонал, чел.

Crew complement

16





Автоматизированный радиолокационный комплекс 29H6 «Дельта» 29N6 Delta Automated Surveillance Radar System



The 29N6 Delta was designed for fixed operation in remote locations and is commonly deployed on a latticework mast with tethers.The antenna arrangements available include single reflectors or Janus-faced paired reflectors. A IFF arrays are often attached to the side of the primary aperture. The design uses three stacked beams. There are no reports of significant exports of this radar.







Specifications

Диапазон волн

Wavelengths дециметровый

L-band

Зона обзора:

Search Coverage:

по высоте, м

altitude in m 0-10000 по азимуту, град.

Azimuth, deg. 360 по углу места, град.

in elevation, deg. 0-12 Дальность обнаружения цели типа "истребитель" одним АРСП при подъеме фазового центра антенны на 12 м (с вероятностью 0,5), км:

Detection range for a "fighter RCS target" for antenna phase centre elevation of 12 m (with a probability of 0.5), km:

на высоте, м:

at an altitude of, m:

100 м

100 m 40 1000 м

1000 m 115 3000-10000 180 Обобщенная зона обнаружения двух АРСП при расстоянии между ними 100 км, на высоте, км:

Detection footprint of two systems with a distance of 100 km between stations, and for a given target altitude, km:

500 м:

500 m:

глубина

depth 160 протяженность

length 270 3000 м:

3000 m:

глубина

depth 360 протяженность

length 460 Точность измерения:

Accuracy:

дальности, м

range, m 1000 азимута, мин.

azimuth minutes. 60 Определяемые эшелоны высоты, км:

Altitude bands, km: 0-2; 2-4; 4-6 Количество трасс, выдаваемых на АСУ

Number of tracked targets

100 Темп обновления информации, с

Track update rate, sec

5, 10 и 20

5, 10 and 20 Среднее время наработки на отказ, ч:

MTBF, hr: 1400 (АРСП) 800 (ПОДУ)

1400 (ARSP) 800 (PODU) Потребляемая мощность, кВт

Power consumption, kW 16 (АРСП) 16 (ПОДУ)

16 (ARSP) 16 (PODU) Обслуживающий персонал в одну смену, чел.

Crew requirement, per

2-3 (на ПОДУ)

2-3 (in PODU)





РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ с активной фазированной антенной решеткой 67H6E «ГАММА-ДЕ» 67N6E GAMMA-DE Mobile 3-Dimensional Solid-State AESA Surveillance Radar





VNIIRT Gamma DE AESA deployed configuration (above) and stowed configuration (below) . Three subtypes exist, the D1/D1E, D2/D2E, and D3/D3E with differing module power ratings and range performance. Depicted is the towed configuration with a 20 minute deploy/stow time. VNIIRT disclosed in 2007 that a self-propelled variant was available, with a 5 minute deploy/stow time compatible with the S-300PMU2 and S-400 SAM systems. To date no imagery of the self-propelled variant has been disclosed.







The VNIIRT Gamma DE is a solid state long range L-Band 3D Active Electronically Steered Array (AESA) search and acquisition radar intended to support interceptors and Integrated Air Defence Systems. It is intended to detect and track aircraft, cruise missiles, precision guided munitions and tactical ballistic missiles at medium and high altitudes. The manufacturer cites two basic operating modes "iso-range" and "iso-altitude".



Gamma DE installations can be supplied with three different AESA module power ratings, yielding the D1/D1E, D2/D2E and D3/D3E variants. Cited MTBF in recent literature is ~1,000 hrs which is consistent with mature AESA technology.



Detection Range Performance by Variant: D1E

D2E

D3E

Range/Altitude in [km] for 1 m2 target. 400/40 (315/120) 370/40 (315/120) 310/40 (285/120) Range/Altitude in [km] for 0.1 m2 target. 240/40 (230/120) 210/40 (195/120) 175/40 (165/120)



The ability to concentrate emitted power into search sectors which are being subjected to jamming, to decrease the J/S ratio. Wideband pulse-to-pulse automatic frequency hopping with automated avoidance of jammed frequencies (i.e pre-transmit sniffing), employing a spectrum analyser. Signal processing functions to reject incoherent signals received in the mainlobe, such as jammers or other interfering in-band emitters. Multichannel rejection of jamming. This is likely to have been implemented by forming nulls in the mainlobe. Jammer rejection by sidelobe blanking. Adaptive multichannel pulse Doppler filtering for clutter rejection. While VNIIRT literature describes this as DMTI, it is not clear whether the technique used is conventional DMTI or pulse Doppler. Rejection of jammers and signals with low radial Doppler shifts relative to the radar. Another very modern feature in this design is the use of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR). This is claimed to be performed by the analysis of backscatter power levels, correlation against known signatures, and the flight trajectory characteristics of the track. Helicopters are recognised by analysing the advancing and receding rotor blade Doppler shifts.



To defeat anti-radiation missiles and Emitter Locating Systems, the Gamma DE employs short burst transmissions, with radar emission timing slaved to the Gazetchik E emitting anti-radiation missile decoy system. In addition chaff, smoke generators and infrared decoys are employed to seduce missiles with active radar, electro-optical or imaging infared seekers. The Gazetchik E is claimed to achieve a 0.85-0.95 P k against anti-radiation missiles. It is worth noting than many such missiles do not have the band coverage to home in on an L-band emitter such as the Gamma DE.



Like many Western L-band radars, such as the MESA, the Gamma-DE has an integrated IFF function in the primary array, supporting Mark XA and XII modes. This is performed using the VNIIRT developed Voprosnik-E secondary radar, embedded in the Gamma-DE antenna system.



The AESA design provides cited mainlobe steering angles of up to ±60° in azimuth and elevation. VNIIRT claim a robust detection range of up to 600 nautical miles against high elevation angle ballistic missile targets. Like Western phased array radars the Gamma DE is capable of adaptively interleaving search and track beams, and nulling particular angular sectors which are subject to jamming. Modes include high update rate search waveforms in narrow solid angles, providing for high quality tracking of high speed closing targets. The VNIIRT designers paid considerable attention to operation in high threat environments. A number of design features were introduced for this reason:Another very modern feature in this design is the use of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR). This is claimed to be performed by the analysis of backscatter power levels, correlation against known signatures, and the flight trajectory characteristics of the track. Helicopters are recognised by analysing the advancing and receding rotor blade Doppler shifts.To defeat anti-radiation missiles and Emitter Locating Systems, the Gamma DE employs short burst transmissions, with radar emission timing slaved to the Gazetchik E emitting anti-radiation missile decoy system. In addition chaff, smoke generators and infrared decoys are employed to seduce missiles with active radar, electro-optical or imaging infared seekers. The Gazetchik E is claimed to achieve a 0.85-0.95 Pagainst anti-radiation missiles. It is worth noting than many such missiles do not have the band coverage to home in on an L-band emitter such as the Gamma DE.Like many Western L-band radars, such as the MESA, the Gamma-DE has an integrated IFF function in the primary array, supporting Mark XA and XII modes. This is performed using the VNIIRT developed Voprosnik-E secondary radar, embedded in the Gamma-DE antenna system.The AESA design provides cited mainlobe steering angles of up to ±60° in azimuth and elevation. VNIIRT claim a robust detection range of up to 600 nautical miles against high elevation angle ballistic missile targets. Like Western phased array radars the Gamma DE is capable of adaptively interleaving search and track beams, and nulling particular angular sectors which are subject to jamming. Modes include high update rate search waveforms in narrow solid angles, providing for high quality tracking of high speed closing targets.

A single Gamma DE system comprises a towed antenna head trailer with the 1280 element 8 x 5.2 metre AESA on a turntable, a semi-trailer radar cabin with electronics and operator stations, and a dual redundant 16 kiloWatt diesel generator. An option cited for the Gamma DE is deployment of the radar head on the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latter are carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor. Cited time to deploy the basic demonstrator configuration is 1.5 hrs. More recent (2007) VNIIRT data states 20 minutes to deploy the towed configuration, and 5 minutes to deploy a self-propelled configuration carried on a truck. This qualifies the towed Gamma DE as mobile, and the self-propelled configuration as "shoot and scoot".



To date no details of the self propelled variant have been disclosed. Given the size and weight of the Gamma DE antenna system, the configuration is likely to be similar to that of the 91N6E Big Bird rather than 96L6 , most likely using the MZKT-7930 tow tractor, and a gas turbine generator equipped semi-trailer for the antenna head and equipment cabin.



In the towed variant, radiofrequency datalinks permit the cabin to be located up to 1 km from the AESA, and additional datalinks permit up to 15 km separation between the cabin and an IADS command post. For semi-hardened revetted deployment optical fibre cables are available.



Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces are available between the S-400 battery and the Gamma DE system. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.17-0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.2-0.3° and range accuracy of 60-100 metres make this radar eminently capable of providing midcourse guidance updates for a range of SAM systems. For comparison, the 64N6E Big Bird series used in the SA-20/21 has around twice the angular and range tracking error magnitude compared to the Gamma DE.







Основные тактико-технические характеристики РЛС «Гамма-ДЕ»

(2007 VNIIRT Data)



Диапазон волн

дециметровый

Зона обзора:



по азимуту, град

360

по дальности, км

10-400

по углу места, град

-2…+60

по высоте, км

120

Дальность обнаружения, км:



цели с ЭПР = 1 м2

400

цели с ЭПР = 0,1 м2

240

Точность измерения координат:

дальности, м

60-100

азимута, мин.

10

угла места, мин.

15-18

Коэффициент подавления отражений



от местных предметов, дБ

50

Количество одновременно сопровождаемых целей, не менее

200

Среднее время наработки на отказ/среднее время восстановления, ч

1000/0,5

Время развертывания при размещении АПУ, мин.:



на прицепе

20

на автомобильном шасси

5

Время включения РЛС, мин.

1,2

Количество транспортных единиц

2-3

Эксплуатационный расчет (одна смена), чел.

3







VNIIRT Gamma DE AESA with radomes open for maintenance of the AESA .









Notional configuration of a production 67N6E Gamma DE in mast mounted and self propelled variants. The exact configuration of either variant has yet to be disclosed (Author).





Трехкоординатная РЛС 59H6E «Противник-ГЕ» 59N6E Protivnik GE 3D Surveillance Radar



The NNIIRT Protivnik GE is a large mobile L-band 3D surveillance radar. Carried on a pair of semitrailers, it can be deployed for operation in ~15 minutes.





The primary antenna planar array is designed for low sidelobes and backlobes - the inner sidelobes being cited at -40 dB and the average sidelobe level at -53 dB. The transmitter delivers a peak power rating of 500 kiloWatts, and a average power rating of 12 kiloWatts, with a 3 dB receiver noise figure. An IFF array is mounted beneath the primary aperture. Russian sources claim the use of Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques, as well as adaptive sidelobe nulling. All radar processing is digital. The 8.5 x 5.5 metre aperture planar array uses electronic beamsteering in elevation while azimuthal pointing is achieved by rotating the turntable. EU claim the ability to form up to twenty pencil beams to track precisely individual targets. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.17° and range accuracy of 50-100 metres make this radar capable of providing midcourse cueing for a range of SAM systems.



Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces are available between the S-400 battery and the Protivnik GE.



The radar is mobile, and with 15 minutes to deploy according to NNIIRT, it almost qualifies as "shoot and scoot". It is carried on a pair of semitrailers thus providing high road transit speed. A 22 metre elevation mast system, probably the 40V6M, is claimed to be available, but imagery has yet to become available.



A self propelled reduced aperture solid state AESA variant of the Protivnik GE has been developed as part of the new NNIIRT





The NNIIRT Protivnik GE entered service in 1999 as a long range 1.3 GHz Band 3D search radar intended to support interceptors and Integrated Air Defence Systems. It is intended to detect and track aircraft and cruise missiles at all altitudes.The primary antenna planar array is designed for low sidelobes and backlobes - the inner sidelobes being cited at -40 dB and the average sidelobe level at -53 dB. The transmitter delivers a peak power rating of 500 kiloWatts, and a average power rating of 12 kiloWatts, with a 3 dB receiver noise figure. An IFF array is mounted beneath the primary aperture. Russian sources claim the use of Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques, as well as adaptive sidelobe nulling. All radar processing is digital. The 8.5 x 5.5 metre aperture planar array uses electronic beamsteering in elevation while azimuthal pointing is achieved by rotating the turntable. EU claim the ability to form up to twenty pencil beams to track precisely individual targets. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.17° and range accuracy of 50-100 metres make this radar capable of providing midcourse cueing for a range of SAM systems.Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces are available between the S-400 battery and the Protivnik GE.The radar is mobile, and with 15 minutes to deploy according to NNIIRT, it almost qualifies as "shoot and scoot". It is carried on a pair of semitrailers thus providing high road transit speed. A 22 metre elevation mast system, probably the 40V6M, is claimed to be available, but imagery has yet to become available.A self propelled reduced aperture solid state AESA variant of the Protivnik GE has been developed as part of the new NNIIRT Nebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System , it is claimed to be equipped with a more advanced hydraulic stow/deploy mechanism intended to emulate the "shoot and scoot" capabilities of the 64N6E/91N6E series. Significantly, this new variant is an AESA design and will therefore provide agile beam steering and tracking capabilities absent in the original Protivnik GE, bringing it up to the technological standard and reliability of the competing VNIIRT Gamma DE series.

Rosoboronexport Specifications:



NNIIRT Specifications (2008)









Stowed electronics subsystem (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi .







Трехкоординатная РЛС обнаружения 96Л6E 96L6E 3D Acquisition Radar



LEMZ 96L6E deployed configuration (above) and stowed configuration (below). Russian sources consistently disagree on whether the radar operates in the S-band or L-band. It is carried by an MZKT-7930 vehicle. The 96L6E is standard with S-400 / SA-20 batteries and an option for older types such as the S-300PUM1/PMU2 / SA-20 (© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).











LEMZ 96L6E antenna deployed (© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).



The 96L6 was developed by KB Lira and is built by LEMZ. It was developed to replace the S-band 36D6 Tin Shield medium and high altitude acquisition radar, and the S-band 76N6 Clam Shell low altitude acquisition radar, with a design which is fully mobile and can redeploy as quickly as a 'shoot and scoot' missile battery. The 96L6 can be operating 5 minutes after coming to a stop.



The 96L6 is the standard battery acquisition radar in the S-400 / SA-21 system, and is available as a retrofit for the S-300PM/PMU/PMU1 and S-300PMU2 Favorit / SA-20 Gargoyle as a substitute for the legacy acquisition radars. The radar interfaces to the S-300PMU2 via a radiofrequency datalink or optical fibre cable, and interfaces to older missile batteries via a conventional cable. Interfaces are available for the 30N6E Tomb Stone, the 83M6 battery command post, and Integrated Air Defence System command posts including the Baikal-1E, Senezh-M1E, Osnova-1E and Pole-E. Links to the latter include radiofrequency datalinks or cables.



The radar is a frequency hopping design intended to provide high jam resistance and high clutter rejection. Up to five operator consoles are provided. The planar array antenna employs mechanical beamsteering in azimuth and electronic beamsteering in elevation. Several operating modes are available:



Full azimuth search involves rotating the aperture through 360° and performing vertical sweeps electronically. Medium to low altitude targets can be acquired by constraining the mainlobe elevation angle between -3° and +1.5°, with a 12 second sweep period, or -1.5° and +20°, with a 6 second sweep period. Target velocity is limited to a range of 30 m/s to 1200 m/s. Sector search typically limits sweeps to a 120° sector, with a high sector search between 0° and 60° elevation requiring 8 seconds, or a low sector search between 3° and +1.5° requiring 5.5 seconds. In these modes target velocities are limited to between 50 m/s and 2800 m/s. A dedicated low altitude search mode is also provided, with a 360 sweep performed in 6 seconds, for elevations between -3° and +1.5°.



Two basic configurations of the design are available. The first is the best known, the self propelled TM966E configuration, is carried on the MZKT-7930 chassis, itself derived from the MAZ-543 series first used with the S-300PS. This variant mounts the antenna head on a turntable and carries the equipment cabin, as well as an SEP-2L power generator. The second configuration is semimobile, and uses a pair of trailers, one mounting the antenna head and the SES-75M power supply, the other the equipment cabin, these being connected by up to 100 metres of cable. Accessory options include the 98E6U generator, tow tractors, and either the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latter are carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor.



Main tactical and technical characteristics (LEMZ Data)

Radiated frequencies waveband "C" Automatic frequency control availability + Diapason of detected targets slant ranges

Radar coverage:

А) In a mode of all-altitude detection:

in azimuth

in elevation

(there is a possibility to adjust the lower limit of elevation coverage down to minus 3°)

in Doppler speed

data renewal rate:

in lower zone from 0 to 1.5°

in upper zone from 1.5 to 20°



B) In the mode of sector scan:

In the sector of coverage:

in elevation

in azimuth

in doppler speed

sector scan time

Outside the decelaration sector:

in elevation

lower sector scan time

Full scan cycle



В) In the mode of low-altitude detection

in azimuth

in elevation

in doppler speed

scan rate

5-300 km



360°

from 0 to 20°





from ±30 to ±1200 m/s



6 s

12 s







from 0 to 60°

up to 120°

from ±50 to ±2800 m/s

up to 8 s



from -3 to1.5°

5,5 s

13,5 s





360°

0 - 1,5°

from ±30 to ±1200 m/s

6 s Tracking of targets is provided at elevation angles up to 60° Quantity of tracked targets up to 100 Time of track initiation and outputting of target indication (TI):

for aerodynamic target:

at elevation angles below 1.5°

at elevation angles above 1.5°



12 s

21 s Quantity of false TI during 30 min of operation at most 3-5 Readiness time:

for manufacturing version on one transportation vehicle:

from march

from deployed state

from on-duty state



for manufacturing version on two transportation vehicle:

from march

from deployed state

from on-duty state



5 min

at most 3 min

at most 40 s





30 min

at most 3 min

at most 40 s Time of installation of antenna on a tower 2 hr Continuous operation without limit The radar provides serviceability

under the following climatic conditions:

at temperature

at dust contents

at wind speed

stability against turnover at wind speed

under solar radiation, icing

at altitude above sea level



±50 °С

up to 2.5 g/m3

up to 30 m/s

up to 50 m/s

+

up to 3000 m The radar crew 3 people



Both the manufacturer LEMZ and Almaz-Antey are offering the 96L6 with the 40V6M series masts widely used with the 76N6 Clam Shell and 36D6 Tin Shield S-band radars. To date no photographs of this configuration have emerged. A towed variant also exists (Author).







S-400 battery with 96L6 deployed (© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).





NRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-4 2D Long Range Surveillance Radar



The YLC-4 is large long range VHF/UHF band solid state redundant 2D search radar, intended for military and civil ATC and early warning. The system comprises the antenna and three additional trailers, at best the system is semi-mobile.



The design uses digital AMTI processing, and is a burst-to-burst, pulse-to-pulse automatic pseudorandom adaptive frequency hopper. The transmitter employs 21 air cooled solid state amplifiers.





Specifications (J.C. Wise/NRIET)



Frequency range: 216~220 MHz

Rmax:

410 km (Pd=0.5)

Rmax:

380 km (Pd=0.8)

Coverage:

Azimuth:

0° < 360°

Elevation:

0° < 25°

Reliability

MTBFC:

=> 500 hours

MTTR:

<= 0.5 hours

Aperture:

16.5 x 7.12 m Super cosecant square beam in elevation Peak Power:

~50 kW

Pulse Width/Duty Cycle:

2 usec / 13%

Sweep Rate:

~10 sec

Sidelobes:

< -30dB Processing/MTI Improvement Factor:

Digital AMTI / 41 dB

Clutter Rejection:

~45 dB

Power Requirements:

2 x 120 kW diesel generators







Multistatic and Bistatic Radars





Комплекс обнаружения низколетящих малозаметных целей методом локации "на просвет" Барьер-Е Barrier E Bistatic Early Warning Radar for Low Altitude Low Signature Targets



Barrier E transmit and receive antennas (NNIIRT via RusArmy.com)



NNIIRT's Barrier E is a low power bistatic radar system intended to provide tripwire early warning against low signature targets at low to medium altitudes. It is analogous in some respects to the US Silent Sentry, but quite unique in implementation.



The stated purpose of the design is to detect stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, conventional combat aircraft, lighter-than-air vehicles and ultralights. Geographical emplacement is intended to exploit terrain, blocking mountain passes, harbour entrances, or narrow maritime straits.



The system is typically deployed to form a radar fence in which a chain of stations produces individual coverage zones between pairs of stations. The transmitters operate at very low power levels, cited at 1-3 Watts, and the transmit signal is modulated with datalink or other communications traffic. Antennas are mounted on tethered masts to provide best possible station spacing.



Up to ten stations may be chained together, ~30 NMI apart, to form a 300 NMI tripwire fence. Each segment in the chain provides altitude coverage up to ~23 kft, with a maximum mainlobe width of 6.5 NMI.



The Barrier E is designed for unattended operation, with remote stations comprising antenna/mast assemblies for transmit/receive functions, a containerised signal and data processing module, a remote built in test facility, with the transmitters employed to provide datalinking to the central master station. The latter provides operator consoles and an automated data processing facility.



Barrier E operator display with digital map and track data (NNIIRT via RusArmy.com).

Basic Characteristics /Основные характеристики

Диапазон волн, МГц 390-430 (10 рабочих точек) Operating Band, MHz

390-430 (10 operating frequencies)

Зона обнаружения: многозвенная (максимальное количество звеньев 10 ) Coverage Zone:

Variable (up to 10 bistatic links)

длина одного звена, км

distance between stations, km



До 50

up to 50

поперечный размер барьерной зоны, км

width of mainlobe, km 1,5-12 ( в зависимости от типа цели)

1.5 - 12 (depends on type of target)

высота барьерной зоны, км

coverage altitude, km

от 0,03 до 3-7

from 0.03 metres to 3 - 7

Точность определения координат и параметров движения воздушных объектов (усредненная по трассе):

Target tracking accuracy (average per track)

вдоль барьера, м

along mainlobe, m

2100 поперек барьера, м

normal to mainlobe, m

170 азимута, град.

azimuth, degrees of arc

1 скорости, м/с

velocity, m/sec

5,8

5.8

Разрешающая способность поперек барьера, м

Resolution within mainlobe, m

не более 300

not exceeding 300

Средний период ложных тревог, ч

False alarm rate, he

не менее 72

at least 72

Количество классов распознаваемых целей

Identifiable target categories

5 (крылатая ракета, истребитель, бомбардировщик, вертолет, легкомоторный самолет)

5 (cruise missile, fighter, bomber, helicopter, ultralight)

Вероятность распознавания

Probability of detection

0,89

0.89

Вид выходной информации

Output format

трассы

tracks

Количество одновременно сопровождаемых целей

Number of tracked targets

5 ( в зоне обзора одного звена)

5 (within each mainlobe)

Темп выдачи информации, с

Data output rate, sec

1 Source: Rusarmy.com







Береговой загоризонтный радар поверхностной волны (БЗГР) «Подсолнух-Э» коротковолнового диапазона радиоволн Podsolnukh E Coastal HF Band Surface Wave Effect Radar





The NIIDAR Podsolnukh E is a Russian analogue to Australia's Daronmont Technologies SECAR high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). The manufacturer describes the system thus: "The Podsolnukh E HFSWR is intended for use in coastal defence systems to surveil surface and air targets in the 200-mile economic zones of littoral nations. The Podsolnukh E HFSWR is an automated means to surveil the all-weather surface and air environment by creating a shortwave band surface wave extending to high altitudes and beyond the radar horizon. The processing and display of information on air and sea targets is performed by a specialized multiprocessor computing system. Digital interfaces provide the Podsolnukh E HFSWR with the ability to interface with a variety of other systems, according to the agreed customer requirements, and formats coordinate and tracking information to match the system and command centers in digital form. OAO NPK NIIDAR performs development work on the adaptation of the Podsolnukh E HFSWR to accommodate local conditions in accordance with the requirements of the customer. Radar equipment and components of the antennas are transported by road, rail and sea transport. Assembly, installation and deployment of the equipment is provided to pre-arranged sites."



Basic Characteristics /Основные характеристики Диапазон волн

Operating Band

декаметровый

HF

Зона наблюдения:

Surveillance coverage:

по дальности, км

range, km 15-300 по азимуту, град.

azimuth, degrees of arc 110-120 по углу места, град.

elevation, degrees of arc

0-30 Обзор пространства

Coverage

параллельный

parallel Максимальная дальность обнаружения морских надводных объектов, км:

Maximum detection range against marine surface targets, km:

судов водоизмещением, т:

displacement of vessels, t:

до 1000

to 1000 200 от 2000 до 5000

from 2000 to 5000 250 более 7000

More than 7000 300 Максимальная дальность обнаружения воздушных объектов (самолет, вертолет) км:

Maximum detection range against airborne targets (aircraft, helicopter), km:

при высоте полета, м:

at a flight altitude, m:

более 7000

More than 7000 300 от 200 до 5000

from 200 to 5000 200 от 3 до 200

from 3 to 200 150 Количество одновременно сопровождаемых объектов:

The number of concurrently tracked targets:

надводных

surface 100 воздушных

air 100 Потребляемая мощность от сети первичного электропитания, кВт

Power consumption, kW 200 Среднее время наработки на отказ, ч

MTBF, hr 1000 Среднее время восстановления, мин.

MTTR, min. 30 Срок службы, лет

Equipment design life, years 15 Эксплуатационный расчет (одна смена), чел.

Crew complement (one ), personnel 3 Время развертывания на подготовленных площадках, сутки

Time to deployment at a prepared site, days 10











PLA OTH-B Over-The-Horizon Backscatter Radar [Click for more ...]

PLA CEIEC Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) Radar [Click for more ...]



Multiband Radars

"Небо-М" м обильный м ногодиапазонный Радиолокационный к омплекс Nebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System



Nebo-M RLM-D L-band radar on BAZ-6909 vehicle, stowed.







The self-propelled Nebo M is a package of three discrete radars and a single processing and command van, all hosted on BZKT BAZ-6909-015 8 x 8 all terrain 24 tonne chassis, based on the same vehicle as the



The Nebo M combines derivatives of three existing NNIIRT 3D radars, the



Available imagery of prototype hardware shows the VHF-band and L-band components, both of which were not previously available in self-propelled all terrain configurations, unlike the Gamma S1/S1E. The KU vehicle in the suite is the operator van. Each vehicle has an independent generator rated at 100 kiloWatts. All radar vehicles have an integrated hydraulic stow and deploy system for folding and unfolding the antenna, to support shoot-and-scoot operation, and all are equipped with dual mode GPS/Glonass navigation systems for this purpose. All radars are cited as solid state AESAs, with the capability to operate in an agile beam sector search/track regime, or in a conventional circular scan regime, with the antennas mechanically rotated.



The idea of integrating three radars, each operating in a discrete band, is novel and clearly intended to provide a counter-VLO capability. A track fusion system in the KU vehicle will be required, providing a capability analogous to the US Navy CEC (Cooperative Engagement Capability)system. This technology was previously developed for the



Available imagery of prototype Nebo M hardware shows the VHF band RLM-M system and L-band RLM-D system.



Technical details and marketing materials for the Nebo M have yet to be released, and what is available appears to be a controlled leak by the design office, which excludes details such as power ratings and component detection/track range and angle performance. Even if the Nebo M does not achieve production status in its intended configuration, the development of self propelled variants of the Nebo SVU and Protivnik G/GE low band radars is in itself a significant advancement, as both present as effective battery acquisition radars for the S-300PMU1/2, S-400 and a range of legacy SAM systems, hosted on the BAZ-6909 both radars acquire mobility to match other components of an S-300P/S-400 missile battery.







NNIIRT Nebo M System Components

KU

Central track processing and fusion system with multiple operator consoles.

RLM-M

Self-propelled AESA radar based on VHF band Nebo SVU design

RLM-D

Self-propelled AESA radar based on L band Protivnik G design RLM-S

Self-propelled AESA radar based on S/X band Gamma S1 design In late 2008, details emerged of a new multiband 3D radar system in development by NNIIRT, designated the Nebo M. The Nebo M is a radical departure from previous Russian designs.The self-propelled Nebo M is a package of three discrete radars and a single processing and command van, all hosted on BZKT BAZ-6909-015 8 x 8 all terrain 24 tonne chassis, based on the same vehicle as the S-400 / SA-21 5P85TE2 TEL and the proposed wheeled SA-23 variant The Nebo M combines derivatives of three existing NNIIRT 3D radars, the VHF band Nebo SVU , the L-band Protivnik G and the S/X-band Gamma S1 . While the NNIIRT slide (below) attributes the VHF component to the 55Zh6 Tall Rack, the actual antenna design is clearly based on the solid state Nebo SVU AESA design. The L-band component antenna has a reduced aperture size compared to the semi-trailer hosted 59N6E radar.Available imagery of prototype hardware shows the VHF-band and L-band components, both of which were not previously available in self-propelled all terrain configurations, unlike the Gamma S1/S1E. The KU vehicle in the suite is the operator van. Each vehicle has an independent generator rated at 100 kiloWatts. All radar vehicles have an integrated hydraulic stow and deploy system for folding and unfolding the antenna, to support shoot-and-scoot operation, and all are equipped with dual mode GPS/Glonass navigation systems for this purpose. All radars are cited as solid state AESAs, with the capability to operate in an agile beam sector search/track regime, or in a conventional circular scan regime, with the antennas mechanically rotated.The idea of integrating three radars, each operating in a discrete band, is novel and clearly intended to provide a counter-VLO capability. A track fusion system in the KU vehicle will be required, providing a capability analogous to the US Navy CEC (Cooperative Engagement Capability)system. This technology was previously developed for the Salyut Poima E track fusion system and is now becoming mature.Available imagery of prototype Nebo M hardware shows the VHF band RLM-M system and L-band RLM-D system.Technical details and marketing materials for the Nebo M have yet to be released, and what is available appears to be a controlled leak by the design office, which excludes details such as power ratings and component detection/track range and angle performance. Even if the Nebo M does not achieve production status in its intended configuration, the development of self propelled variants of the Nebo SVU and Protivnik G/GE low band radars is in itself a significant advancement, as both present as effective battery acquisition radars for the S-300PMU1/2, S-400 and a range of legacy SAM systems, hosted on the BAZ-6909 both radars acquire mobility to match other components of an S-300P/S-400 missile battery.





The Nebo-M system is clearly designed to hunt the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The VHF-Band component of the system provides sector search and track functions, with the X-Band and L-Band components providing a fine track capability. By good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis, the L-Band and X-Band components illuminate the incoming target from angles where the target RCS is suboptimal. Attempts to jam the Nebo-M will be problematic, since all of these radars have a passive angle track capability against jammers, as a result of which usage of a jammer permits passive triangulation of the target using three angle track outputs. The RLM-S and RLM-D have better elevation tracking accuracy than the RLM-M, and therefore the Nebo M should be capable of producing high quality tracks suitable for midcourse guidance of modern SAMs and full trajectory guidance of legacy SAMs.



















RLM-M component of the Nebo M, based on the VHF band Nebo SVU. This is effectively a self-propelled derivative of the Nebo SVU demonstrator design. Below, performance comparison between Nebo SVU and Nebo M.











RLM-D component of the Nebo M based on the L band Protivnik G/GE series. This is effectively a self-propelled derivative of the towed 59N6E series, but using AESA technology and a smaller aperture area.







Baseline Gamma S1/S1E on the BAZ-64022 chassis, the RLM-S will be a similar configuration (Said Aminov Vestnik-PVO).







BAZ-6909-015 8 x 8 all terrain vehicle. This design is also the basis of the tow tractor used for the new 5P85TE2 TEL for the S-400 / SA-21 SAM system.









Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0901