April 2, 2012

JAPAN OF old did not have a captive black population to use and abuse. So the Burakumin were created to fill that economic and social vacuum at the bottom of society. They are still there.

If the job is dirty or dangerous or carries a social stigma, hire the Burakumin. They will take the job. They have few options and, like everyone else in Japanese society, need money to live--even in their ghettos. Besides, that's what a permanent "untouchable" class is for.

It was that way centuries ago when the Samurai class created the Burakumin to take care of society's dirty work. And it is that way now, when the wreckage of four nuclear reactors at Fukushima Daiichi needs to be cleaned up, and the utility does not want to waste trained employees on jobs that will contaminate them and make them ineligible for further work in the nuclear field.

"They are the 'throwaway people," said Yuki Tanaka, professor of history at the Hiroshima Peace Institute in Japan's Hiroshima City University. "They are the Untouchables."

Worker sort through wreckage surrounding the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear plant

The subject of racial discrimination in Japan and how it is playing out in a radioactive environment emerged during a dinner conversation in a restaurant under the elevated subway tracks at 125th Street and Broadway in Harlem.

As the A train periodically rumbled by, Tanaka and his colleagues--Kyoko Kitajima, a Tokyo-based union organizer now working at the power plant, and Fuminori Tanba, associate professor of Public Policy at Fukushima University and senior researcher at the university's Institute for Disaster Recovery--were taking a break during a weeklong series of seminars and discussions on the aftermath of the disaster at the Fukushima-Daiichi power plants, owned by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).

They have been meeting with first responders and residents from the New York and New Jersey area concerned about the reality of responding to and cleaning up after a nuclear catastrophe. They had been brought from Japan by four environmental groups--Indian Point Safe Energy Coalition, Riverkeeper, Clearwater and the Sierra Club--seeking to close the two Indian Point nuclear power plants just 25 miles north of Harlem.

THERE ARE actually three types of people discriminated against in Japan's permanent underclass: the Ainu, the Burakumin and Koreans. The Ainu were the indigenous people of the island of Hokkaido who were dominated for centuries by the Japanese. They were officially declared no longer indigenous in 1899, and their land subsumed into greater Japan. Many have assimilated, but thousands remain in ghettos on the outskirts of Hokkaido's cities.

"Before and during the Second World War, more than 1 million Koreans were brought to Japan as laborers," said Tanaka, author of Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. "They were forced to work in coal mines and arsenals, and became kind of slaves after the war because they couldn't go home again. It is the Koreans and Burakumin who have the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs."

The largest, oldest and most prevalent ethnic group, however, are the Burakumin. Tanaka explained:

It is a distinction that began in the Buddhist tradition during feudal times. There was a need for workers to perform jobs regarded as physically contaminated. They needed populations to do the dirty work such as raising and slaughtering animals to make leather, or cremating bodies and taking care of sewage. So they created this class, and ghettoes were built close to the edge of major cities so these people could serve the people in the towns and cities. The ghettoes were spread all over Japan in medieval times. Even after they were given full citizenship under the new post-World War II constitution, it continued. People have prejudice against these people from the ghettoes.

Discrimination against the Burakumin and Koreans in jobs is widespread. "There are similarities between what is happening in Japan and what happened with Blacks in your country," said Tanaka. "The problem in Japan is we don't have colored people. We are all the same. There is no way to tell Burakumin just by looking at them."

"But," added Kitajima, "you can tell the Burakumin or Koreans by looking at their records and seeing where they were born, or where they live. If the record shows their home was in the ghetto, then you know their ancestry, and they are turned down for jobs or housing. It is difficult to leave the ghetto because you can't get good jobs because you are from the ghetto."

Education is not an easy way out in a country where college slots are reserved solely for those with the highest scores on extremely competitive national exams.

"The people in the ghettoes can't really compete to go to a university or college because their local schools are not designed for sending kids to higher education," said Tanaka. "They are geared towards working in trades, so their students are not able to pass the national exams. They don't have the best teachers, or teachers teaching within their certification. So they work as day laborers."

IN THAT context, nuclear power was seen as a boon to the underclass in the permanent ghettoes. Japan's 54 nuclear power plants are usually found in clusters, such as the six at Fukushima Daiichi, and all have to shut down annually for refueling and examination. The shutdowns within a group usually occur sequentially and can last up to two months. While the Burakumin do not get hired for the full-time professional jobs at the nuclear installations, they are brought in for the temporary annual work.

Many, therefore, have nearly full-time employment moving from plant to plant, though they are actually employed by sub-contractors and do not have the benefits provided to regular, full-time employees.

In a system similar to the one that governed Black sharecroppers in the southern United States, Kitajima said these nuclear fill-ins have to give a portion of their salaries back to the contractors for "expenses." "They move from one plant to another seeking the most dangerous jobs," said Tanaka, who has studied the nuclear day laborers. "It is very difficult to follow their health needs since they are not permanent employees and no one monitors their health."

Then came last year's destruction at Fukushima Daiichi and its four nuclear power plants. There were full meltdowns of the 100 tons of fuel in each of the first three reactors, while the fuel in reactor 4 had been offloaded into the spent fuel pool situated just above the reactor itself. But reactor buildings 3 and 4 shared a ventilation system, and hydrogen produced during the fuel meltdown at unit 3 migrated across.

The resulting explosions blew off both roofs and upper walls. In a sense, this was fortuitous. With the roof and walls gone, the government was able to set up water cannons, which kept the spent fuel pools filled. Had the building been intact, that would not have been possible, and the spent fuel would have erupted in an uncontrolled radioactive conflagration.

Kttajima, who helped organize one of Japan's largest anti-nuclear demonstrations last year, was featured at a recent rally sponsored by the four environmental groups at the Indian Point nuclear power plant in Buchanan, N.Y. He joined radio host and filmmaker Gary Null, anti-nuclear lecturer Harvey Wasserman and Jun San Yasuda, a Buddhist nun from the Grafton Peace Pavilion in New York.

Kitajima, now a contract day laborer, did not have to go to Fukushima to work in a radioactive environment for $80 a day. "I had been an anti-nuclear demonstrator, but that was from afar," he said. "Then we had the disaster, and I felt it was morally wrong for me to sit safely far away talking about the dangerous jobs at Fukushima and not actually being there working with them."

So he signed on with a sub-contractor and got a job at Fukushima Daiichi monitoring the workers for radiation. The workers, he said, wear three layers of Tyvek hazmat suits, goggles and gloves, with heavy layers of tape around the goggles and sleeves to prevent contaminated air from entering the suit.

"There are different types of Tyvek suits," said Kitajima. "Some contain lead and are the most protective. But those are for the IAEA engineers and TEPCO engineers, not for the regular workers. Their suits are not as protective."

The workers enter a partitioned, corrugated metal Quonset hut, he explained, and stop in the first chamber where they remove the outer layer of protective gear and discard it. "We do not touch them in that chamber," Kitajima said. "They undo that first layer of clothing themselves."

They then enter a second chamber where their shoes, second layer of clothing and their facemasks are discarded. In each room, their radiation is measured, but this is surface contamination from the particles in the air. It does not reflect the gamma radiation, which penetrated the unleaded clothing and stays with the workers.

Kitajima describes what happens next:

Then they enter the third chamber, where we measure the radiation on them. If the level is high, they go to a different room, and get new masks and filters. They cannot take showers to remove any particles on them because the water in the area is all contaminated. They use towels with alcohol on them to wipe themselves clean. Then they are interviewed by TEPCO personnel, who ask them questions to find out how they got contaminated, what kind of work were they engaged in and how long were they in that location. The TEPCO workers are not exposed to radiation; they just monitor and question the temporary workers.

Those temporary workers who have received radiation doses equivalent to the maximum allowable annual dose for a full-time nuclear worker are dismissed and cannot work again in the industry for a minimum of four years.

JAPAN HAS a national health insurance program, said Tanaka, but there are high deductibles and minimum payments that the poor cannot afford, particularly for specialty care.

"People who work in a low-dose area can reach their limits in a year," said Kitajima. "Those working in the hot zones will receive it in two months. After that limit, they cannot come back for four years, and during this time they don't get any benefits or any guarantee of their income. TEPCO says it is not responsible because they are not their employees. The government does not get involved."

Tanaka said the government could establish long-term epidemiological studies to determine the impact of the radiation on the health of the workers and their families. "But the government doesn't really want to know," he said.

As for the workers, protesting is not an option.

According to Kitajima:

I've talked to them about organizing for better care. But they won't. The workers are afraid of losing their jobs. And if they protest, the subcontracting company might lose its job as well and will be replaced by another subcontractor bringing in more Burakumin. They are paid day laborers, and they are cornered financially. They have no other choices. Those workers expect they will suffer from radiation poison or diseases caused by radiation in five years. But they have already given up hope of medical benefits or compensation from the federal government. It makes me angry to think of a system created to force these people to face this kind of danger. Sometimes I go through six changes of Tyvek a day. They are not recycled, they are just thrown away. The clothes are disposable. And so are the people.

First published at Roger Witherspoon's Energy Matters blog.