Crystal is an up-and-coming language very similar to Ruby, but compiled. It's still very young, and it's changing all the time, but I've been having some fun playing around with it. I started writing an API wrapper for Tumblr (which has basically become my "Hello World" now...). Unfortunately, the documentation for some parts of Crystal doesn't yet exist, so I learned a ton from the community. Because there aren't really any tutorials on how to do this sort of thing yet, I'd like to share what I've learned.

Big special thanks to Asterite and the group Gitter chat for all of their help!

Preface

This tutorial is for beginner / moderate skill level with programming. If you know Ruby or even Python, you'll find this super-easy. If you're stuck on something, send me a message and I'll try to clear it up!

Installing

Because it's very possible that you've just heard of Crystal for the first time, you're probably going to need to install the library. Detailed instructions on how to do this are available on the Crystal docs website.

Note: As of September 2016, Crystal does not have strategy for installing on Windows computers. If you don't have access to a *nix or MacOS machine, consider using a virtual machine.

Creating a Crystal Project

Once installed, it's easy to create a new Crystal project. Let's create ours and name it twitter-wrapper-test .

crystal init lib twitter-wrapper-test

This will create a few files we'll use to bootstrap our project for use with Shards. Speaking of Shards... what are they?

Getting Started with Shards

Shards is Crystal's dependency manager, similar to Rubygems, NPM, and NuGet. Crystalshards is decentralized in a way, where adding a dependency is basically just adding a git URI. As of now, however, almost all repositories are hosted on GitHub. You can search them with Fatih Kadir Akın's excellent Crystalshards.xyz.

Let's open up our shard.yml (which is similar to a Ruby project's Gemfile ).

name : twitter-wrapper-test version : 0.1.0 authors : - doomy <myemail@email.com> license : MIT

When a project is created, it initializes some basic information like the license, authors, and version. Change these to your liking. For this project, we don't need any dependencies. Everything we need is built into the standard library! (Awesome, right?)

Getting started with Twitter

Although I'm using Twitter, feel free to follow along with another service as you see fit. Keep in mind, however, that I'm using OAuth 1.0 in this tutorial. You can use 2.0 with Crystal, but the process is a bit different.

Anyways, let's create a new Twitter application. Sign in or create your Twitter account, and then click here to generate a new app. Don't worry about the callback URL for now, we don't need it. Once that's finished, go to your new application's page, and click the "Keys and Access Tokens" tab. At the bottom, click "Create my access token". Great! This will create everything we need to test our API wrapper - a Consumer Key , Consumer Secret , Access Token Secret , and Access Token .

Setting up some environment variables

These keys we've created are extremely sensitive and should be treated as you would a password. This means that hardcoding them in our new Crystal application is a huge no-no. Because we're using a *nix system, we can set an environment variable. Open up your shell's .rc file (in most cases, ~/.bashrc ) and append the following lines:

export TWITTER_CONSUMER_KEY =" your-key-here " export TWITTER_CONSUMER_SECRET =" your-key-here " export TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN =" your-key-here " export TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET =" your-key-here "

Where your-key-here is replaced with the corresponding value from your Twitter app. Save and close your editor, and then open up a new terminal, or type source ~/.[your shell]rc (most likely source ~/.bashrc ).

Do we have to name our variables TWITTER_CONSUMER_KEY ?

No, not really. You can name these variables anything you like, but TWITTER_CONSUMER_KEY offers a lot of clarity!

Building our wrapper

Time to do some coding. Open up our src/twitter-wrapper-test/ directory, and create a new file called client.cr . Before we write any code, let's explain how and why we're going to structure the project like we are.

Static Classes vs. Instantiation

We're going to instantiate the client class in order to perform requests. Although we could definitely use a static class, it would have to be stateful and remember OAuth credentials. Stateful static classes aren't very clear when implemented, so we're going to simply instatiate a new client object.

Setting up an HTTP object with OAuth

Crystal provides OAuth support in its standard library. Neat! Let's open up our client.cr file and add a few require statements. Let's also make a module that's the same name as our library. (Notice that our init automatically created Twitter::Wrapper::Test because of the dashes. This actually should probably be TwitterWrapperTest , so feel free to change all occurrences if you'd like. For simplicity's sake, I'll just use what it generated).

require " oauth " require " http/client " require " uri " module Twitter::Wrapper::Test end

Inside our module, we're going to create a new client class, with an initialize.

class Client Host = " api.twitter.com " # create a new client with oauth support def initialize ( consumer_key , consumer_secret , oauth_token , oauth_token_secret ) # create our OAuth consumer and token with the built in library! consumer = OAuth :: Consumer . new ( Host , consumer_key, consumer_secret) token = OAuth :: AccessToken . new (oauth_token, oauth_token_secret) # create an instance of the HTTP client using HTTPS @ http_client = HTTP :: Client . new ( Host , tls: true , port: 443 ) # use the `authenticate` method on our consumer variable to authenticate our HTTP client with each request. Neat! consumer.authenticate(@ http_client , token) end end

And that's just about it! One of the most painless OAuth implementations in history :)

Getting information from an endpoint

Twitter provides multiple endpoints for fetching JSON data. For this tutorial, we're just going to search for some tweets. You can read more about it's specification here. Twitter provides some awesome API docs.

In our client, let's add a new method called tweet_search .

def tweet_search ( query : String ) response = get(" /1.1/search/tweets.json ", {" q " => query}) end

Simple enough, right? Well, if we tried to run this right now, we'd get a compiler error because our get method doesn't yet exist. Let's create that, and a few other useful methods in our client class.

# generic function for getting JSON private def get ( path : String , params = {} of String => String ) # add parameters to our string path += " ? #{ to_query_params(params) } " unless params.empty? # finally, get our response response = @ http_client .get(path) # handle the response properly and check for errors handle_response(response) end private def handle_response ( response : HTTP :: Client ::Response) case response.status_code when 200 .. 299 response.body else raise " #{ response.status_code } - #{ response.body } " end end # returns a URL encoded string used for query parameters private def to_query_params ( params : Hash ( String , String )) HTTP :: Params .build do | form_builder | params.each do | key , value | form_builder.add(key, value) end end end

These methods are pretty self explanatory. I also have to admit, I almost entirely ripped these from sferik's source code. There's some great examples in that repo if you like reading source. Unfortunately, there's no documentation for it yet :(

Testing

Now that we have everything we need to make a simple request, let's see if our library works.

Open up src/twitter-wrapper-test.cr . Let's write some code in the module block.

Note: Usually, you're NEVER going to want to write app-specific code inside of a lib package. Currently, there is no REPL in Crystal, so projects can't really be tested without making another Crystal application that consumes your custom library. In order to avoid doing this for simplicity sake, we can write stuff directly in our twitter-wrapper-test.cr file. Just remember to delete it before sharing!

client = Client . new ( ENV [" TWITTER_CONSUMER_KEY "], ENV [" TWITTER_CONSUMER_SECRET "], ENV [" TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN "], ENV [" TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET "]) puts client.tweet_search(" @crystal-lang ")

Basically, we're creating a new client with our OAuth environment variables, and then searching for tweets with the string "@crystal-lang". Let's test our application.

crystal src/twitter-wrapper-test.cr

If all goes to plan, we should get a huge strin of JSON. This means our API authentication is working properly.

Deseralizing JSON with Crystal

Crystal provides some awesome, magical ways to deseralize JSON easily. So let's get started! Create a new file, src/twitter-wrapper-test/tweet.cr .

We need to deserialize JSON that looks like this (scroll down to the bottom for JSON examples). There's a LOT of different properties for each tweet. Let's just keep it basic and parse the text , id , and user properties.

In our tweet.cr ...

require " json " module Twitter::Wrapper::Test class Tweet JSON .mapping( text: { type: String }, id: { type: Int64 }, user: { type: User } ) end end

The JSON.mapping macro is an easy way for Crystal to figure out what properties of an object will be accessible, and how to deserialize/serialize the object to and from JSON.

You might notice that our user property has a type that isn't already defined. We need to make a new User class. Create a new file as src/twitter-wrapper-test/user.cr . Again, there's a ton of properties given to us over JSON, so let's just take a few - id , description , and screen_name .

In our user.cr ...

require " json " module Twitter::Wrapper::Test class User JSON .mapping( description: { type: String }, name: { type: String , key: " screen_name "}, id: { type: Int64 } ) end end

For our name property, I passed in a key parameter with the value of "screen_name". You can use this whenever your property name doesn't match up with the JSON

Finishing Up

Let's reopen our client.cr file so we can use our new JSON enabled classes. At the end of our tweet_search method, add the following:

return Array ( Tweet ).from_json(response, root: " statuses ")

This will tell Crystal to use our JSON mappings to get an Array of Tweet objects in the root "statuses" (as defined in our JSON).

Let's switch back to our twitter-wrapper-test.cr file and replace the puts ... line with the following:

tweets = client.tweet_search(" @crystal-lang ") tweets.each do | tweet | puts " #{ tweet.user. name } - #{ tweet.text }



" end

And run crystal src/twitter-wrapper-test.cr

We should get this!

GaryAsh1969 - @burgerbecky i’ve been tracking this https://t.co/dMAPThdMuH since using Ruby ysbaddaden - I uploaded the long overdue FreeBSD tarballs for Crystal 0.19.0 up to 0.19.2 https://t.co/vTACMU98Mv piedoomy - RT @CrystalLanguage: Fund Crystal and help it become production-ready! https://t.co/AeBEGvw2TW MattStudies - Great post from the Crystal Team https://t.co/OgczM0lcEN Benchmarks are so frustratingly hard. versiontracker - Crystal 0.19.2 released. https://t.co/4NXtqAh1Lc #compiler #ruby #developers #programming_language #c https://t.co/OrZxr8Rxwv

Cool.

For the future & Conclusion

This is a very simple wrapper, and it doesn't implement everything Twitter has to offer. Feel free to fully implement your client and push it to GitHub as a shard!

Crystal is constantly changing, so if you notice an issue with any of this code, please let me know so I can update it. I am also just learning Crystal, so if you have an idea on how to do something better, please let me know.

Donate

In lieu of donating to me, please consider funding Crystal on Bountysource so they can become production ready!

Also, have my this Crystal Cat I made.