What you need to know about bracket

The bracket function in Haskell can be used to release resources reliably:

bracket :: IO a -- ^ computation to run first ("acquire resource") -> (a -> IO b) -- ^ computation to run last ("release resource") (ab) -> (a -> IO c) -- ^ computation to run in-between (ac) -> IO c -- returns the value from the in-between computation

There are a couple of things you should know when using bracket , lest you be surprised by the results.

First, in some cases the release action may not be called. Or it may be called but not given a chance to complete.

Second, the acquire and release action are run with async exception masked, which may not be what you want.

Release guarantee

It is useful to distinguish two different kinds of resources, let’s call them “internal” and “external”.

An example of an internal resource is an MVar that you take (acquire) and put back (release):

withMVar :: MVar a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b (ab) = withMVar m io bracket (takeMVar m) (putMVar m) io

An example of an external resource is a directory that you create (acquire) and remove (release):

withFoo :: IO a -> IO a = withFoo io "foo" ) (removeDirectoryRecursive "foo" ) io bracket_ (createDirectory) (removeDirectoryRecursive) io

The release of an internal resource is noticable only within your program, and it only matters as long as your program keeps running. If the program exits, it’s fine not to release an internal resource. An external resource, on the other hand, always needs to be released.

It is impossible to guarantee that external resources are always released. The power may go off, or your program may be terminated with SIGKILL , and there won’t be time to clean up.

Thus, we would like a guarantee that:

internal resources are released if the program keeps running, to avoid memory leaks and deadlocks

external resources are released, assuming the program keeps running or is terminated in a “civil” way

Now let’s see why these promises may be broken and what to do about it.

bracket in non-main threads

The main thread is the Haskell thread that executes your main function.

When the main thread finishes, the program finishes, too, without sending exceptions to other threads and giving them any chance to clean up.

Therefore, if your bracket is executed in some other thread, its release action may not run when the program terminates.

This limitation is especially acute in library code, where you don’t know whether you’re running in the main thread or have any way to tie to it.

To avoid this problem, you need to manage your threads. Keep a list of them (or weak pointers to them, see mkWeakThreadId ), and give them a heads-up (in the form of an asynchronous exception) before you exit from main .

This problem only affects external resources.

asynchronous exceptions

Even if the release action is called, it may not complete if it is interrupted by an asynchronous exception.

A good example is the withTempDirectory function defined in the package temporary :

= withTempDirectory targetDir template Exception.bracket (liftIO (createTempDirectory targetDir template)) . ignoringIOErrors . removeDirectoryRecursive) (liftIOignoringIOErrorsremoveDirectoryRecursive)

Bit Connor describes the issue in detail:

This function uses bracket which splits it up into three stages: “acquire” (create the directory) “in-between” (user action) “release” (recursively delete the directory) Consider the following scenario: Stage 1 (“acquire”) completes successfully.

Stage 2 (“user action”) places many files inside the temporary directory and completes successfully.

Stage 3 begins: There are many files inside the temporary directory, and they are deleted one by one. But before they have all been deleted, an async exception occurs. Even though we are currently in a state of “masked” async exceptions (thanks to bracket), the individual file delete operations are “interruptible” and thus our mask will be pierced. The function will return before all of the temporary files have been deleted (and of course the temporary directory itself will also remain). This is not good. “with-style” functions are expected to guarantee proper and complete clean up of their resources. And this is not just a theoretical issue: there is a significant likelihood that the problem can occur in practice, for example with a program that uses a temporary directory with many files and the user presses Ctrl-C.

This problem affects both internal and external resources if the release action includes any interruptible operations.

To prevent the interruption, wrap the release action in uninterruptibleMask .

signals

By default, only the SIGINT signal is turned into a Haskell exception by the GHC RTS.

If your process is terminated by any other signal, the release action won’t run.

To address this, turn signals into exceptions yourself:

import Control.Concurrent (mkWeakThreadId, myThreadId) (mkWeakThreadId, myThreadId) import Control.Exception ( Exception (..), throwTo) (..), throwTo) import Control.Monad (forM_) (forM_) import Data.Typeable ( Typeable ) import System.Posix.Signals import System.Mem.Weak (deRefWeak) (deRefWeak) newtype SignalException = SignalException Signal deriving ( Show , Typeable ) instance Exception SignalException installSignalHandlers :: IO () () = do installSignalHandlers <- myThreadId main_thread_idmyThreadId <- mkWeakThreadId main_thread_id weak_tidmkWeakThreadId main_thread_id $ \sig -> forM_ [ sigHUP, sigTERM, sigUSR1, sigUSR2, sigXCPU, sigXFSZ ]\sig Catch $ send_exception weak_tid sig) Nothing installHandler sig (send_exception weak_tid sig) where = do send_exception weak_tid sig m <- deRefWeak weak_tid deRefWeak weak_tid case m of Nothing -> return () () Just tid -> throwTo tid (toException $ SignalException sig) tidthrowTo tid (toExceptionsig) = do main installSignalHandlers ...

For the rationale behind this specific collection of signals (which is far from exhaustive), see this pull request by Aleksey Khudyakov.

This problem only affects external resources. It was pointed out to me by Jon Boulle and Mandeep Gill.

References:

Inadvertent mask

You could try to write something like

= do main $ \_ -> do bracket (forkIO myComputation) killThread\_ ...

The idea here is that if main exits, for whatever reason, you’ll send an exception to the thread you forked, and give it a chance to clean up.

First, this isn’t going to help much because main will exit right after killThread , probably right in the middle of myComputation ’s cleanup process. Some kind of synchronisation should be introduced to address this properly. (The price is that your program may not exit promptly when you interrupt it with Ctrl-C.)

There’s another, more subtle issue with the code above. Let’s look at the definition of bracket :

= bracket before after thing $ \restore -> do mask\restore a <- before before r <- restore (thing a) `onException` after a restore (thing a)after a _ <- after a after a return r

As you see, the before action is run in the masked state. Forked threads inherit the masked state of their parents, so myComputation and all threads spawned by it will unwittingly run in the masked state, unless they do forkIOWithUnmask .

In this simple case, you should just use withAsync from the async package. What about more complex ones?

If you do forking explicitly, then you can write bracket -like code yourself and restore the forked computation. Here’s an example of synchronised cleanup:

= do main <- atomically $ newTVar False cleanupFlagatomicallynewTVar $ \restore -> do mask\restore <- forkIO $ restore $ myComputation cleanupFlag pidforkIOrestoremyComputation cleanupFlag restore restOfMain `finally` do killThread pid -- wait until myComputation finishes its cleanup -- and sets the flag to True $ readTVar cleanupFlag >>= check atomicallyreadTVar cleanupFlagcheck

(You could use an MVar for synchronisation as well.)