Abzhanov , A. , Kuo , W. P. , Hartmann , C. , Grant , B. R. , Grant , P. R. & Tabin , C. J. ( 2006 ) The calmodulin pathway and evolution of elongated beak morphology in Darwin's finches . Nature 442 : 563 –67.

Abzhanov , A. , Protas , M. , Grant , B. R. , Grant , P. R. & Tabin , C. J. ( 2004 ) Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches . Science 305 : 1462 –65.

Alter , S. ( 1998 ) Darwinism and the linguistic image: Language, race, and natural theology in the nineteenth century . Johns Hopkins University Press .

Andersen , H. ( 1973 ) Abductive and deductive change . Language 40 : 765 –93.

Arbib , M. A. ( 2005 ) From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 ( 2 ): 105 –24.

Baker , C. L. & McCarthy , J. J. , eds. ( 1981 ) The logical problem of language acquisition . MIT Press .

Baker , M. C. ( 2001 ) The atoms of language: The mind's hidden rules of grammar . Basic Books .

Baker , M. C. ( 2003 ) Language differences and language design . Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 : 349 –53.

Baldwin , J. M. ( 1896 ) A new factor in evolution . American Naturalist 30 : 441 –51.

Batali , J. ( 1998 ) Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In: Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases , ed. Hurford , J. R. , Studdert Kennedy , M. & Knight , C. , pp. 405 –26. Cambridge University Press .

Bates , E. & MacWhinney , B. ( 1979 ) A functionalist approach to the acquisition of grammar. In: Developmental pragmatics , ed. Ochs , E. & Schieffelin , B. , pp. 167 – 209 . Academic Press .

Bates , E. & MacWhinney , B. ( 1987 ) Competition, variation, and language learning. In: Mechanisms of language acquisition , ed. MacWhinney , B. , pp. 157 –93. Erlbaum .

Beer , G. ( 1996 ) Darwin and the growth of language theory. In: Open fields: Science in cultural encounter , by Beer , G. , pp. 95 – 114 . Oxford University Press .

Beja-Pereira , A. , Luikart , G. , England , P. R. , Bradley , D. G. , Jann , O. C. , Bertorelle , G. , Chamberlain , A. T. , Nunes , T. P. , Metodiev , S. , Ferrand , N. & Erhardt , G. ( 2003 ) Gene-culture coevolution between cattle milk protein genes and human lactase genes . Nature Genetics 35 : 311 –13.

Berwick , R. C. & Weinberg , A. S. ( 1984 ) The grammatical basis of linguistic performance: Language use and acquisition . MIT Press .

Bever , T. G. ( 1970 ) The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: Cognition and language development , ed. Hayes , R. , pp. 277 – 360 . Wiley .

Bever , T. G. & Langendoen , D. T. ( 1971 ) A dynamic model of the evolution of language . Linguistic Inquiry 2 : 433 –63.

Bickerton , D. ( 1984 ) The language bio-program hypothesis . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 : 173 – 212 .

Bickerton , D. ( 1995 ) Language and human behavior . University of Washington Press .

Bickerton , D. ( 2003 ) Symbol and structure: A comprehensive framework for language evolution. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 77 – 93 . Oxford University Press .

Blackburn , S. ( 1984 ) Spreading the word . Oxford University Press .

Blackmore , S. J. ( 1999 ) The meme machine . Oxford University Press .

Bloom , P. ( 2001 ) Précis of How children learn the meanings of words . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 ( 6 ): 1095 –103.

Boeckx , C. ( 2006 ) Linguistic minimalism: Origins, concepts, methods, and aims . Oxford University Press .

Borer , H. ( 1984 ) Parametric syntax: Case studies in Semitic and Romance languages . Foris .

Boyd , R. & Richerson , P. J. ( 2005 ) The origin and evolution of cultures . Oxford University Press .

Bresnan , J. ( 1982 ) The mental representation of grammatical relations . MIT Press .

Briscoe , E. J. ( 2003 ) Grammatical assimilation. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 295 – 316 . Oxford University Press .

Brooks , P. J. , Braine , M. D. S. , Catalano , L. , Brody , R. E. & Sudhalter , V. ( 1993 ) Acquisition of gender-like noun subclasses in an artificial language: The contribution of phonological markers to learning . Journal of Memory and Language 32 : 76 – 95 .

Bybee , J. L. ( 2002 ) Sequentiality as the basis of constituent structure. In: The evolution of language out of pre-language , ed. Givón , T. & Malle , B. , pp. 107 –32. John Benjamins .

Bybee , J. L. ( 2007 ) Frequency of use and the organization of language . Oxford University Press .

Bybee , J. L. (in press) Language universals and usage-based theory. In: Language universals , ed. Christiansen , M. H. , Collins , C. & Edelman , S. . Oxford University Press .

Bybee , J. L. , Perkins , R. D. & Pagliuca , W. ( 1994 ) The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world . University of Chicago Press .

Calvin , W. H. ( 1994 ) The emergence of intelligence . Scientific American 271 : 100 – 107 .

Campbell , D. T. ( 1965 ) Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. In: Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory , ed. Barringer , H. R. , Blanksten , G. I. & Mack , R. W. , pp. 19 – 49 . Schenkman .

Cannon , G. ( 1991 ) Jones's “Spring from some common source”: 1786–1986. In: Sprung from some common source: Investigations into the pre-history of languages , ed. Lamb , S. M. & Mitchell , E. D. . Stanford University Press .

Cavalli-Sforza , L. L. & Feldman , M. W. ( 2003 ) The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution . Nature Genetics 33 : 266 –75.

Chater , N. ( 2005 ) Mendelian and Darwinian views of memes and cultural change. In: Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science , vol. 2 , ed. Hurley , S. & Chater , N. , pp. 355 –62. MIT Press .

Chater , N. & Vitányi , P. ( 2007 ) “Ideal learning” of natural language: Positive results about learning from positive evidence . Journal of Mathematical Psychology 51 : 135 –63.

Chomsky , N. ( 1965 ) Aspects of the theory of syntax . MIT Press .

Chomsky , N. ( 1972 ) Language and mind , Extended edition. Harcourt, Brace and World .

Chomsky , N. ( 1980 ) Rules and representations . Columbia University Press/Blackwell .

Chomsky , N. ( 1981 ) Lectures on government and binding . Foris .

Chomsky , N. ( 1986 ) Knowledge of language . Praeger .

Chomsky , N. ( 1988 ) Language and the problems of knowledge. The Managua Lectures . MIT Press .

Chomsky , N. ( 1993 ) Language and thought . Moyer Bell .

Chomsky , N. ( 1995 ) The minimalist program . MIT Press .

Chomsky , N. ( 2005 b) Three factors in language design . Linguistic Inquiry 36 : 1 – 22 .

Christiansen , M. H. ( 1994 ) Infinite languages, finite minds: Connectionism, learning and linguistic structure . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh , United Kingdom .

Christiansen , M. H. ( 2000 ) Using artificial language learning to study language evolution: Exploring the emergence of word universals. In: The evolution of language: 3rd international conference , ed. Dessalles , J. L. & Ghadakpour , L. , pp. 45 – 48 . Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications .

Christiansen , M. H. , Collins , C. & Edelman , S. , eds. (in press) Language universals . Oxford University Press .

Christiansen , M. H. , Conway , C. M. & Onnis , L. ( 2007 ) Overlapping neural responses to structural incongruencies in language and statistical learning point to similar underlying mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. MacNamara , D. S. & Trafton , J. G. , pp. 173 –78. Erlbaum .

Christiansen , M. H. & Dale , R. ( 2004 ) The role of learning and development in the evolution of language. A connectionist perspective. In: Evolution of communication systems: A comparative approach. The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology , ed. Kimbrough Oller , D. & Griebel , U. , pp. 90 – 109 . MIT Press .

Christiansen , M. H. & Devlin , J. T. ( 1997 ) Recursive inconsistencies are hard to learn: A connectionist perspective on universal word order correlations. In: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. Shafto , M. G. & Langley , P. , pp. 113 –18. Erlbaum .

Christiansen , M. H. , Kelly , L. , Shillcock , R. & Greenfield , K. (submitted) Impaired artificial grammar learning in agrammatism.

Christiansen , M. H. , Reali , F. & Chater , N. ( 2006 ) The Baldwin effect works for functional, but not arbitrary, features of language. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Evolution of Language , ed. Cangelosi , A. , Smith , A. & Smith , K. , pp. 27 – 34 . World Scientific .

Clark , H. H. ( 1975 ) Bridging. In: Theoretical issues in natural language processing , ed. Schank , R. C. & Nash-Webber , B. L. , pp. 169 –74. Association for Computing Machinery .

Conway , C. M. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2001 ) Sequential learning in non-human primates . Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 : 539 –46.

Conway , C. M. , Karpicke , J. & Pisoni , D. B. ( 2007 ) Contribution of implicit sequence learning to spoken language processing: Some preliminary findings with hearing adults . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 12 : 317 –34.

Corballis , M. C. ( 1992 ) On the evolution of language and generativity . Cognition 44 : 197 – 226 .

Corballis , M. C. ( 2003 ) From hand to mouth: The gestural origins of language. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 201 –18. Oxford University Press .

Cornish , H. ( 2006 ) Iterated learning with human subjects: An empirical framework for the emergence and cultural transmission of language. Unpublished Masters thesis, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh , United Kingdom .

Crain , S. ( 1991 ) Language acquisition in the absence of experience . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 : 597 – 650 .

Crain , S. , Goro , T. & Thornton , R. ( 2006 ) Language acquisition is language change . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 35 : 31 – 49 .

Crain , S. & Pietroski , P. ( 2001 ) Nature, nurture and universal grammar . Linguistics and Philosophy 24 : 139 –85.

Crain , S. & Pietroski , P. ( 2006 ) Is Generative Grammar deceptively simple or simply deceptive? Lingua 116 : 64 – 68 .

Croft , W. ( 2000 ) Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach . Longman .

Croft , W. ( 2001 ) Radical construction grammar: Syntactic theory in typological perspective . Oxford University Press .

Croft , W. & Cruise , D. A. ( 2004 ) Cognitive linguistics . Cambridge University Press .

Culicover , P. W. ( 1999 ) Syntactic nuts . Oxford University Press .

Culicover , P. W. & Jackendoff , R. ( 2005 ) Simpler syntax . Oxford University Press .

Curtin , S. , Mintz , T. H. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2005 ) Stress changes the representational landscape: Evidence from word segmentation . Cognition 96 : 233 –62.

Cutler , A. , Mehler , J. , Norris , D. & Segui , J. ( 1986 ) The syllable's differing role in the segmentation of French and English . Journal of Memory and Language 25 : 385 – 400 .

Dabrowska , E. ( 1997 ) The LAD goes to school: A cautionary tale for nativists . Linguistics 35 : 735 –66.

Darwin , C. ( 1874 ) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex , 2nd edition. John Murray .

Davidson , I. ( 2003 ) The archaeological evidence of language origins: States of art. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 140 –57. Oxford University Press .

Davies , A. M. ( 1987 ) “Organic” and “Organism” in Franz Bopp. In: Biological metaphor and cladistic classification , ed. Bopp , Franz . In: 81 – 107 . University of Pennsylvania Press .

Dawkins , R. ( 1976 ) The selfish gene . Oxford University Press .

Dawkins , R. ( 1986 ) The blind watchmaker: Why the evidence of evolution reveals a universe without design . Penguin .

Deacon , T. W. ( 1997 ) The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain . W. W. Norton/Penguin .

Dediu , D. & Ladd , D. R. ( 2007 ) Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes. ASPM and microcephalin . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 : 10944 –49.

Dennett , D. C. ( 1995 ) Darwin's dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life . Penguin/Simon & Schuster .

de Vries , M. , Monaghan , P. , Knecht , S. , & Zwitserlood , P. (in press) Syntactic structure and artificial grammar learning: The learnability of embedded hierarchical structures . Cognition .

Diamond , J. ( 1992 ) The third chimpanzee: The evolution and future of the human animal . Harper Collins .

Diamond , J. ( 1997 ) Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies . Harper Collins .

Donald , M. ( 1998 ) Mimesis and the executive suite: Missing links in language evolution. In: Approaches to the evolution of language , ed. Hurford , J. R. , Studdert-Kennedy , M. & Knight , C. , pp. 44 – 67 . Cambridge University Press .

Dryer , M. S. ( 1992 ) The Greenbergian word order correlations . Language 68 : 81 – 138 .

Dunbar , R. I. M. ( 2003 ) The origin and subsequent evolution of language. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 219 –34. Oxford University Press .

Ellefson , M. R. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2000 ) Subjacency constraints without universal grammar: Evidence from artificial language learning and connectionist modeling. In: The Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. Gleitman , L. R. & Joshi , A. K. , pp. 645 –50. Erlbaum .

Elman , J. L. ( 1999 ) Origins of language: A conspiracy theory. In: The emergence of language , ed. MacWhinney , B. . Erlbaum .

Elman , J. L. , Bates , E. A. , Johnson , M. H. , Karmiloff-Smith , A. , Parisi , D. & Plunkett , K. ( 1996 ) Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development . MIT Press .

Emlen , S. T. ( 1970 ) Celestial rotation: Its importance in the development of migratory orientation . Science 170 : 1198 – 1201 .

Enard , W. , Przeworski , M. , Fisher , S. E. , Lai , C. S. L. , Wiebe , V. , Kitano , T. , Monaco , A. P. & Pääbo , S. ( 2002 ) Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language . Nature 418 : 869 –72.

Everett , D. L. ( 2005 ) Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã . Current Anthropology 46 : 621 –46.

Everett , D. L. ( 2007 ) Cultural constraints on grammar in Pirahã: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues (2007). (Online publication). Available at ) Cultural constraints on grammar in Pirahã: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues (2007). (Online publication). Available at http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000427://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000427

Farmer , T. A. , Christiansen , M. H. & Monaghan , P. ( 2006 ) Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 : 12203 –208.

Fisher , S. E. ( 2006 ) Tangled webs: Tracing the connections between genes and cognition . Cognition 101 : 270 –97.

Fitneva , S. A. & Spivey , M. J. ( 2004 ) Context and language processing: The effect of authorship. In: Approaches to studying world-situated language use: Bridging the language-as-product and language-as-action traditions , ed. Trueswell , J. C. & Tanenhaus , M. K. , pp. 317 –28. MIT Press .

Fleischman , S. ( 1982 ) The future in thought and language: Diachronic evidence from Romance . Cambridge University Press .

Fodor , J. A. ( 1975 ) The language of thought . Harvard University Press .

Frean , M. R. & Abraham , E. R. ( 2004 ) Adaptation and enslavement in endosymbiont-host associations . Physical Review E 69 :051913.

Friederici , A. D. , Bahlmann , J. , Heim , S. , Schibotz , R. I. & Anwander , A. ( 2006 ) The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars: Functional localization and structural connectivity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 : 2458 –63.

Friederici , A. D. , Steinhauer , K. & Pfeifer , E. ( 2002 ) Brain signatures of artificial language processing: Evidence challenging the critical period hypothesis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 : 529 –34.

Frigo , L. & McDonald , J. L. ( 1998 ) Properties of phonological markers that affect the acquisition of gender-like subclasses . Journal of Memory and Language 39 : 218 –45.

Gerhart , J. & Kirschner , M. ( 1997 ) Cells, embryos and evolution: Toward a cellular and developmental understanding of phenotypic variation and evolutionary adaptability . Blackwell .

Givón , T. ( 1979 ) On understanding grammar . Academic Press .

Givón , T. ( 1998 ) On the co-evolution of language, mind and brain . Evolution of Communication 2 : 45 – 116 .

Givón , T. & Malle , B. F. , eds. ( 2002 ) The evolution of language out of pre-language . John Benjamins .

Gold , E. ( 1967 ) Language identification in the limit . Information and Control 16 : 447 –74.

Goldberg , A. E. ( 2006 ) Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language . Oxford University Press .

Goldsby , R. A. , Kindt , T. K. , Osborne , B. A. & Kuby , J. ( 2003 ) Immunology , 5th edition. W. H. Freeman .

Golinkoff , R. M. , Hirsh-Pasek , K. , Bloom , L. , Smith , L. , Woodward , A. , Akhtar , N. , Tomasello , M. & Hollich , G. , eds. ( 2000 ) Becoming a word learner: A debate on lexical acquisition . Oxford University Press .

Gómez , R. L. ( 2002 ) Variability and detection of invariant structure . Psychological Science 13 : 431 –36.

Gómez , R. L. & Gerken , L. A. ( 2000 ) Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition . Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 : 178 –86.

Gould , S. J. ( 1993 ) Eight little piggies: Reflections in natural history . Norton .

Gould , S. J. ( 2002 ) The structure of evolutionary theory . Harvard University Press .

Gould , S. J. & Lewontin , R. C. ( 1979 ) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Series B) 205 : 581 –98.

Gould , S. J. & Vrba , E. S. ( 1982 ) Exaptation – A missing term in the science of form . Paleobiology 8 : 4 – 15 .

Gray , R. D. & Atkinson , Q. D. ( 2003 ) Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin . Nature 426 : 435 –39.

Green , T. R. G. ( 1979 ) Necessity of syntax markers: Two experiments with artificial languages . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18 : 481 –96.

Greenfield , P. M. ( 1991 ) Language, tools, and the brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 ( 4 ): 531 –95.

Grice , H. P. ( 1967 ) Logic and conversation . William James Lectures. Manuscript, Harvard University .

Gruber , O. ( 2002 ) The co-evolution of language and working memory capacity in the human brain. In: Mirror neurons and the evolution of brain and language , ed. Stamenov , M. I. & Gallese , V. , pp. 77 – 86 . John Benjamins .

Haber , R. N. ( 1983 ) The impending demise of the icon: The role of iconic processes in information processing theories of perception (with commentaries) . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 : 1 – 55 .

Hamilton , W. D. ( 1964 ) The genetical evolution of social behaviour . Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 : 1 – 52 .

Hampe , B. , ed. ( 2006 ) From perception to meaning: Image schemas in cognitive linguistics . Mouton de Gruyter .

Hare , M. & Elman , J. L. ( 1995 ) Learning and morphological change . Cognition 56 : 61 – 98 .

Hauser , M. D. ( 2001 ) Wild minds: What animals really think . Owl Books .

Hauser , M. D. , Chomsky , N. & Fitch , W. T. ( 2002 ) The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 298 ( 5598 ): 1569 –79.

Hauser , M. D. & Fitch , W. T. ( 2003 ) What are the uniquely human components of the language faculty? in: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 158 –81. Oxford University Press .

Hawkins , J. A. ( 1994 ) A performance theory of order and constituency . Cambridge University Press .

Hawkins , J. A. ( 2004 ) Efficiency and complexity in grammars . Oxford University Press .

Hawks , J. D. , Hunley , K. , Lee , S-H. & Wolpoff , M. ( 2000 ) Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution . Molecular Biology and Evolution 17 : 2 – 22 .

Hecht Orzak , S. & Sober , E. , eds. ( 2001 ) Adaptationism and optimality . Cambridge University Press .

Heine , B. ( 1991 ) Grammaticalization . University of Chicago Press .

Heine , B. & Kuteva , T. ( 2002 ) On the evolution of grammatical forms. In: Transitions to language , ed. Wray , A. , pp. 376 –97. Oxford University Press .

Hinton , G. E. & Nowlan , S. J. ( 1987 ) How learning can guide evolution . Complex Systems 1 : 495 – 502 .

Hoen , M. , Golembiowski , M. , Guyot , E. , Deprez , V. , Caplan , D. & Dominey , P. F. ( 2003 ) Training with cognitive sequences improves syntactic comprehension in agrammatic aphasics . NeuroReport 14 : 495 –99.

Hopper , P. & Traugott , E. ( 1993 ) Grammaticalization . Cambridge University Press .

Hornstein , N. ( 2001 ) Move! A minimalist approach to construal . Blackwell .

Hornstein , N. & Boeckx , C. (in press) Approaching universals from below: I-Universals in light of a minimalist program for linguistic theory. In: Language universals , ed. Christiansen , M. H. , Collins , C. & Edelman , S. . Oxford University Press .

Hornstein , N. & Lightfoot , D. , eds. ( 1981 ) Explanations in linguistics: The logical problem of language acquisition . Longman .

Hsu , H.-J. , Christiansen , M. H. , Tomblin , J. B. , Zhang , X. & Gómez , R. L. ( 2006 ) Statistical learning of nonadjacent dependencies in adolescents with and without language impairment . Poster presented at the 2006 Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders Madison, WI .

Huang , Y. ( 2000 ) Anaphora: A cross-linguistic study . Oxford University Press .

Hudson Kam , C. L. & Newport , E. L. ( 2005 ) Regularizing unpredictable variation: The roles of adult and child learners in language formation and change . Language Learning and Development 1 : 151 –95.

Hurford , J. R. ( 1990 ) Nativist and functional explanations in language acquisition. In: Logical issues in language acquisition , ed. Roca , I. M. , pp. 85 – 136 . Foris .

Hurford , J. R. ( 1991 ) The evolution of the critical period for language learning . Cognition 40 : 159 – 201 .

Hurford , J. R. ( 2003 ) The language mosaic and its evolution. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 38 – 57 . Oxford University Press .

Hurford , J. R. & Kirby , S. ( 1999 ) Co-evolution of language size and the critical period in: Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis , ed. Birdsong , D. , pp. 39 – 63 . Erlbaum .

Jablonka , E. & Lamb , M. J. ( 1989 ) The inheritance of acquired epigenetic variations . Journal of Theoretical Biology 139 : 69 – 83 .

Jackendoff , R. ( 2002 ) Foundations of language: Brain, meaning, grammar, evolution . Oxford University Press .

Jain , S. , Osherson , D. , Royer , J. & Sharma , A. ( 1999 ) Systems that learn , 2nd edition. MIT Press .

Jenkins , L. ( 2000 ) Biolinguistics: Exploring the biology of language . Cambridge University Press .

Johansson , S. ( 2006 ) Working backwards from modern language to proto-grammar. In: The evolution of language , ed. Cangelosi , A. , Smith , A. D. M. & Smith , K. , pp. 160 –67. World Scientific .

Juliano , C. & Tanenhaus , M. K. ( 1994 ) A constraint-based lexicalist account of the subject/object attachment preference . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 23 : 459 –71.

Kamide , Y. , Altmann , G. T. M. & Haywood , S. ( 2003 ) The time-course of prediction in incremental sentence processing: Evidence from anticipatory eye-movements . Journal of Memory and Language 49 : 133 –59.

Kaschak , M. P. & Glenberg , A. M. ( 2004 ) This construction needs learned . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 : 450 –67.

Kauffman , S. A. ( 1995 ) The origins of order: Self-organization and selection in evolution . Oxford University Press .

Keller , R. ( 1994 ) On language change: The invisible hand in language . Routledge .

Kirby , S. ( 1998 ) Fitness and the selective adaptation of language. In: Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases , ed. Hurford , J. R. , Studdert-Kennedy , M. & Knight , C. , pp. 359 –83. Cambridge University Press .

Kirby , S. ( 1999 ) Function, selection and innateness: The emergence of language universals . Oxford University Press .

Kirby , S. , Dowman , M. & Griffiths , T. ( 2007 ) Innateness and culture in the evolution of language . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 : 5241 –45.

Kirby , S. & Hurford , J. ( 1997 ) Learning, culture and evolution in the origin of linguistic constraints. In: ECAL97 , ed. Husbands , P. & Harvey , I. , pp. 493 – 502 . MIT Press .

Kirby , S. & Hurford , J. ( 2002 ) The emergence of linguistic structure: An overview of the iterated learning model. In: Simulating the evolution of language , ed. Cangelosi , A. & Parisi , D. , pp. 121 –48. Springer Verlag .

Kuhl , P. K. ( 1987 ) The special mechanisms debate in speech research: Categorization tests on animals and infants. In: Categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition , ed. Harnad , S. , pp. 355 –86. Cambridge University Press .

Kvasnicka , V. & Pospichal , J. ( 1999 ) An emergence of coordinated communication in populations of agents . Artificial Life 5 : 318 –42.

Lai , C. S. L. , Fisher , S. E. , Hurst , J. A. , Vargha-Khadem , F. & Monaco , A. P. ( 2001 ) A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder . Nature 413 : 519 –23.

Lai , C. S. L. , Gerrelli , D. , Monaco , A. P. , Fisher , S. E. & Copp , A. J. ( 2003 ) FOXP2 expression during brain development coincides with adult sites of pathology in a severe speech and language disorder . Brain 126 : 2455 –62.

Lakoff , G. & Johnson , M. ( 1980 ) Metaphors we live by . University of Chicago Press .

Lanyon , S. J. ( 2006 ) A saltationist approach for the evolution of human cognition and language. In: The evolution of language , ed. Cangelosi , A. , Smith , A. D. M. & Smith , K. , pp. 176 –83. World Scientific .

Lashley , K. S. ( 1951 ) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior , ed. Jeffress , L. A. , pp. 112 –46. Wiley .

Laubichler , M. D. & Maienschein , J. , eds. ( 2007 ) From embryology to evo-devo: A history of developmental evolution . MIT Press .

Levinson , S. C. ( 1987 a). Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora: A partial pragmatic reduction of binding and control phenomena . Journal of Linguistics 23 : 379 – 434 .

Levinson , S. C. ( 1987 b) Minimization and conversational inference. In: The pragmatic perspective: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pragmatics at Viareggio , ed. Papi , M. & Verschueren , J. , pp. 61 – 129 . John Benjamins .

Levinson , S. C. ( 2000 ) Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature . MIT Press .

Lewontin , R. C. ( 1998 ) The evolution of cognition: Questions we will never answer. In: An invitation to cognitive science, vol. 4: Methods, models, and conceptual issues , ed. Scarborough , D. & Sternberg , S. . MIT Press .

Li , M. & Vitányi , P. ( 1997 ) An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity theory and its applications , 2nd edition. Springer .

Lieberman , P. ( 1984 ) The biology and evolution of language . Harvard University Press .

Lieberman , P. ( 1991 ) Speech and brain evolution . Behavioral and Brain Science 14 : 566 –68.

Lieberman , P. ( 2003 ) Motor control, speech, and the evolution of human language. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 255 –71. Oxford University Press .

Lightfoot , D. ( 2000 ) The spandrels of the linguistic genotype. In: The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form , ed. Knight , C. , Studdert-Kennedy , M. & Hurford , J. R. , pp. 231 –47. Cambridge University Press .

Lively , S. E. , Pisoni , D. B. & Goldinger , S. D. ( 1994 ) Spoken word recognition. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics , ed. Gernsbacher , M. A. , pp. 265 – 318 . Academic Press .

Livingstone , D. & Fyfe , C. ( 2000 ) Modelling language-physiology coevolution. In: The emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form , ed. Knight , C. , Studdert-Kennedy , M. & Hurford , J. R. , pp. 199 – 215 . Cambridge University Press .

Locke , J. L. & Bogin , B. ( 2006 ) Language and life history: A new perspective on the development and evolution of human language . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 : 259 –80.

Lupyan , G. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2002 ) Case, word order, and language learnability: Insights from connectionist modeling. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. Gray , W. D. & Schunn , C. D. , pp. 596 – 601 . Erlbaum .

MacDermot , K. D. , Bonora , E. , Sykes , N. , Coupe , A. M. , Lai , C. S. L. , Vernes , S. C. , Vargha-Khadem , F. , McKenzie , F. , Smith , R. L. , Monaco , A. P. & Fisher , S. E. ( 2005 ) Identification of FOXP2 truncation as a novel cause of developmental speech and language deficits . American Journal of Human Genetics 76 : 1074 –80.

MacDonald , M. C. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2002 ) Reassessing working memory: A comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996) . Psychological Review 109 : 35 – 54 .

MacDonald , M. C. , Pearlmutter , N. J. & Seidenberg , M. S. ( 1994 ) The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution . Psychological Review 101 : 676 – 703 .

Mackay , D. J. C. ( 2003 ) Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms . Cambridge University Press .

MacNeilage , P. F. ( 1998 ) The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 : 499 – 511 .

MacWhinney , B. , ed. ( 1999 ) The emergence of language . Erlbaum .

Maess , B. , Koelsch , S. , Gunter , T. C. & Friederici , A. D. ( 2001 ) Musical syntax is processed in Broca's area: An MEG study . Nature Neuroscience 4 : 540 –45.

Malle , B. F. ( 2002 ) The relation between language and theory of mind in development and evolution. In: The evolution of language out of pre-language , ed. Givón , T. & Malle , B. , pp. 265 –84. John Benjamins .

Marcus , G. F. ( 2004 ) The birth of the mind: How a tiny number of genes creates the complexities of human thought . Basic Books .

Maynard-Smith , J. ( 1978 ) Optimization theory in evolution . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9 : 31 – 56 .

McClintock , B. ( 1950 ) The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 : 344 –55.

McMahon , A. M. S. ( 1994 ) Understanding language change . Cambridge University Press .

Monaghan , P. , Chater , N. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2005 ) The differential role of phonological and distributional cues in grammatical categorisation . Cognition 96 : 143 –82.

Monaghan , P. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2008 ) Integration of multiple probabilistic cues in syntax acquisition. In: Trends in corpus research: Finding structure in data (TILAR Series), ed. Behrens , H. , pp. 139 –63. John Benjamins .

Morgan , J. L. & Demuth , K. ( 1996 ) Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition . Erlbaum .

Morgan , J. L. , Meier , R. P. & Newport , E. L. ( 1987 ) Structural packaging in the input to language learning: Contributions of prosodic and morphological marking of phrases to the acquisition of language . Cognitive Psychology 19 : 498 – 550 .

Munroe , S. & Cangelosi , A. ( 2002 ) Learning and the evolution of language: the role of cultural variation and learning cost in the Baldwin Effect . Artificial Life 8 : 311 –39.

Murphy , G. L. ( 2002 ) The big book of concepts . MIT Press .

Nerlich , B. ( 1989 ) The evolution of the concept of “linguistic evolution” in the 19th and 20th century . Lingua 77 : 101 –12.

Nettle , D. & Dunbar , R. I. M. ( 1997 ) Social markers and the evolution of reciprocal exchange . Current Anthropology 38 : 93 – 99 .

Nevins , A. , Pesetsky , D. & Rodrigues , C. ( 2007 ) Pirahã exceptionality: A reassessment. (Online publication). Available at: ) Pirahã exceptionality: A reassessment. (Online publication). Available at: http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000411://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000411

Newmeyer , F. J. ( 1991 ) Functional explanation in linguistics and the origins of language . Language and Communication 11 : 3 – 28 .

Newmeyer , F. J. ( 2003 ) What can the field of linguistics tell us about the origin of language? in: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 58 – 76 . Oxford University Press .

Newport , E. L. & Aslin , R. N. ( 2004 ) Learning at a distance: I. Statistical learning of non-adjacent dependencies . Cognitive Psychology 48 : 127 –62.

Nowak , M. A. , Komarova , N. L. & Niyogi , P. ( 2001 ) Evolution of universal grammar . Science 291 : 114 –18.

Odling-Smee , F. J. , Laland , K. N. & Feldman , M. W. ( 2003 ) Niche construction: The neglected process in evolution . Princeton University Press .

O'Grady , W. ( 2005 ) Syntactic carpentry: An emergentist approach to syntax . Erlbaum .

Onnis , L. , Christiansen , M. H. , Chater , N. & Gómez , R. ( 2003 ) Reduction of uncertainty in human sequential learning: Evidence from artificial grammar learning. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. Alterman , R. & Kirsh , D. , pp. 886 –91. Erlbaum .

Onnis , L. , Monaghan , P. , Chater , N. & Richmond , K. ( 2005 ) Phonology impacts segmentation in speech processing . Journal of Memory and Language 53 : 225 –37.

Osherson , D. , Stob , M. & Weinstein , S. ( 1986 ) Systems that learn . MIT Press .

Otake , T. , Hatano , G. , Cutler , A. & Mehler , J. ( 1993 ) Mora or syllable? Speech segmentation in Japanese . Journal of Memory and Language 32 : 258 –78.

Packard , M. & Knowlton , B. ( 2002 ) Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia . Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 : 563 –93.

Patel , A. D. , Gibson , E. , Ratner , J. , Besson , M. & Holcomb , P. J. ( 1998 ) Processing syntactic relations in language and music: An event-related potential study . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10 : 717 –33.

Pearlmutter , N. J. & MacDonald , M. C. ( 1995 ) Individual differences and probabilistic constraints in syntactic ambiguity resolution . Journal of Memory and Language 34 : 521 –42.

Peña , M. , Bonnatti , L. , Nespor , M. & Mehler , J. ( 2002 ) Signal-driven computations in speech processing . Science 298 : 604 – 607 .

Pennisi , E. ( 2004 ) The first language? Science 303 : 1319 –20.

Percival , W. K. ( 1987 ) Biological analogy in the study of languages before the advent of comparative grammar. In: Biological metaphor and cladistic classification , ed. Hoenigswald , H. M. & Wiener , L. F. , pp. 3 – 38 . University of Pennsylvania Press .

Petersson , K. M. , Forkstam , C. & Ingvar , M. ( 2004 ) Artificial syntactic violations activate Broca's region . Cognitive Science 28 : 383 – 407 .

Piattelli-Palmarini , M. ( 1989 ) Evolution, selection and cognition: From “learning” to parameter setting in biology and in the study of language . Cognition 31 ( 1 ): 1 – 44 .

Piattelli-Palmarini , M. ( 1994 ) Ever since language and learning: Afterthoughts on the Piaget-Chomsky debate . Cognition 50 : 315 –46.

Pinker , S. ( 1984 ) Language learnability and language development . Harvard University Press .

Pinker , S. ( 1989 ) Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure . MIT Press .

Pinker , S. ( 1994 ) The language instinct: How the mind creates language . William Morrow .

Pinker , S. ( 2003 ) Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 16 – 37 . Oxford University Press .

Pinker , S. & Bloom , P. ( 1990 ) Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 : 707 –27; discussion 727–84. Available at: ) Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences–27; discussion 727–84. Available at: http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.pinker.html

Pinker , S. & Jackendoff , R. ( 2005 ) The faculty of language: What's special about it? Cognition 95 ( 2 ): 201 –36.

Pinker , S. & Jackendoff , R. (in press) The components of language: What's specific to language, and what's specific to humans? in: Language universals , ed. Christiansen , M. H. , Collins , C. & Edelman , S. . Oxford University Press .

Plante , E. , Gómez , R. L. & Gerken , L. A. ( 2002 ) Sensitivity to word order cues by normal and language/learning disabled adults . Journal of Communication Disorders 35 : 453 –62.

Pomerantz , J. R. & Kubovy , M. ( 1986 ) Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. 2: Cognitive processes and performance , ed. Boff , K. R. , Kaufman , L. & Thomas , J. P. , pp. 36 –1–36–46. Wiley .

Quine , W. V. O. ( 1960 ) Word and object . MIT Press .

Raddick , G. ( 2000 ) Review of S. Alter's Darwinism and the Linguistic Image . British Journal for the History of Science 33 : 122 –24.

Raddick , G. ( 2002 ) Darwin on language and selection . Selection 3 : 7 – 16 .

Reali , F. & Christiansen , M. H. ( 2007 ) Processing of relative clauses is made easier by frequency of occurrence . Journal of Memory and Language 57 : 1 – 23 .

Reali , F. & Christiansen , M. H. (in press) Sequential learning and the interaction between biological and linguistic adaptation in language evolution . Interaction Studies .

Reeder , P. A. ( 2004 ). Language learnability and the evolution of word order universals: Insights from artificial grammar learning . Unpublished undergraduate honors thesis, Department of Psychology, Cornell University .

Reinhart , T. ( 1983 ) Anaphora and semantic interpretation . Chicago University Press .

Richerson , P. J. & Boyd , R. ( 2005 ) Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution . Chicago University Press .

Ritt , N. ( 2004 ) Selfish sounds and linguistic evolution: A Darwinian approach to language change . Cambridge University Press .

Rossel , S. , Corlija , J. & Schuster , S. ( 2002 ) Predicting three-dimensional target motion: How archer fish determine where to catch their dislodged prey . Journal of Experimental Biology 205 : 3321 –26.

Saffran , J. R. ( 2001 ) The use of predictive dependencies in language learning . Journal of Memory and Language 44 : 493 – 515 .

Saffran , J. R. ( 2002 ) Constraints on statistical language learning . Journal of Memory and Language 47 : 172 –96.

Saffran , J. R. ( 2003 ) Statistical language learning: Mechanisms and constraints . Current Directions in Psychological Science 12 : 110 –14.

Saffran , J. R. , Aslin , R. N. & Newport , E. L. ( 1996 a) Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants . Science 274 : 1926 –28.

Saffran , J. R. , Newport , E. L. & Aslin , R. N. ( 1996 b) Word segmentation: The role of distributional cues . Journal of Memory and Language 35 : 606 –21.

Sag , I. A. & Pollard , C. J. ( 1987 ) Head-driven phrase structure grammar: An informal synopsis . CSLI Report 87–79. Stanford University .

Sandler , W. , Meir , I. , Padden , C. & Aronoff , M. ( 2005 ) The emergence of grammar: Systematic structure in a new language . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 ( 7 ): 2661 –65.

Schleicher , A. ( 1863 ) Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft . Böhlau .

Schlosser , G. & Wagner , G. P. , eds. ( 2004 ) Modularity in development and evolution . University of Chicago Press .

Schoenemann , P. T. ( 1999 ) Syntax as an emergent characteristic of the evolution of semantic complexity . Minds and Machines 9 : 309 –46.

Seidenberg , M. S. ( 1985 ) The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems . Cognition 19 : 1 – 30 .

Seidenberg , M. S. ( 1997 ) Language acquisition and use: Learning and applying probabilistic constraints . Science 275 : 1599 – 1604 .

Seidenberg , M. S. & MacDonald , M. ( 2001 ) Constraint-satisfaction in language acquisition. In: Connectionist psycholinguistics , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Chater , N. , pp. 281 – 318 . Ablex .

Senghas , A. , Kita , S. & Özyürek , A. ( 2004 ) Children creating core properties of language: Evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua . Science 305 ( 5691 ): 1779 –82.

Sereno , M. I. ( 1991 ) Four analogies between biological and cultural/linguistic evolution . Journal of Theoretical Biology 151 : 467 – 507 .

Simoncelli , E. P. & Olshausen , B. A. ( 2001 ) Natural image statistics as neural representation . Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 : 1193 – 1215 .

Slobin , D. I. ( 1973 ) Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In: Studies of child language development , ed. Ferguson , C. A. & Slobin , D. I. , pp. 175 – 208 . Holt, Rinehart & Winston .

Slobin , D. I. & Bever , T. G. ( 1982 ) Children use canonical sentence schemas: A crosslinguistic study of word order and inflections . Cognition 12 : 229 –65.

Smith , K. ( 2002 ) Natural selection and cultural selection in the evolution of communication . Adaptive Behavior 10 : 25 – 44 .

Smith , K. ( 2004 ) The evolution of vocabulary . Journal of Theoretical Biology 228 : 127 –42.

Smith , K. , Brighton , H. & Kirby , S. ( 2003 a) Complex systems in language evolution: The cultural emergence of compositional structure . Advances in Complex Systems 6 : 537 –58.

Sperber , D. & Wilson , D. ( 1986 ) Relevance . Blackwell .

Stallings , L. , MacDonald , M. & O'Seaghdha , P. ( 1998 ) Phrasal ordering constraints in sentence production: phrase length and verb disposition in heavy-NP shift . Journal of Memory and Language 39 : 392 – 417 .

Steedman , M. ( 2000 ) The syntactic process . MIT Press .

Stevick , R. D. ( 1963 ) The biological model and historical linguistics . Language 39 : 159 –69.

Studdert-Kennedy , M. & Goldstein , L. ( 2003 ) Launching language: The gestural origin of discrete infinity. In: Language evolution , ed. Christiansen , M. H. & Kirby , S. , pp. 235 –54. Oxford University Press .

Suzuki , D. T. , Griffiths , A. J. F. , Miller , J. H. & Lewontin , R. C. ( 1989 ) An introduction to genetic analysis , 4th edition. W. H. Freeman .

Syvanen , M. ( 1985 ) Cross-species gene transfer: Implications for a new theory of evolution . Journal of Theoretical Biology 112 : 333 –43.

Tanenhaus , M. K. , Spivey-Knowlton , M. J. , Eberhard , K. M. & Sedivy , J. E. ( 1995 ) Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension . Science 268 : 1632 –34.

Tanenhaus , M. K. & Trueswell , J. C. ( 1995 ) Sentence comprehension. In: Handbook of cognition and perception , ed. Miller , J. & Eimas , P. , pp. 217 –62. Academic Press .

Tomasello , M. ( 2000 a) Do young children have adult syntactic competence ? Cognition 74 : 209 –53.

Tomasello , M. ( 2000 b) The item-based nature of children's early syntactic development . Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 : 156 –63.

Tomasello , M. ed. ( 2000 c) The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches . Erlbaum .

Tomasello , M. ( 2003 ) Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition . Harvard University Press .

Tomasello , M. ( 2004 ) What kind of evidence could refute the UG hypothesis? A commentary on Wunderlich . Studies in Language 28 ( 3 ): 642 –44.

Tomasello , M. ( 2008 ) Origins of human communication . MIT Press .

Tomasello , M. , Carpenter , M. , Call , J. , Behne , T. & Moll , H. ( 2005 ) Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 : 675 –91.

Tomblin , J. B. , Mainela-Arnold , M. E. & Zhang , X. ( 2007 ) Procedural learning in adolescents with and without specific language impairment . Language Learning and Development 3 : 269 –93.

Tomblin , J. B. , Shriberg , L. , Murray , J. , Patil , S. & Williams , C. ( 2004 ) Speech and language characteristics associated with a 7/13 translocation involving FOXP2 . American Journal of Medical Genetics 130B : 97 .

Ullman , M. T. ( 2004 ) Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model . Cognition 92 : 231 –70.

Van Everbroeck , E. , ( 1999 ) Language type frequency and learnability: A connectionist appraisal. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed. Hahn , M. & Stoness , S. C. , pp. 755 –60. Erlbaum .

Voight , B. F. , Kudaravalli , S. , Wen , X. & Pritchard , J. K. ( 2006 ) A map of recent positive selection in the human genome . PloS Biology 4 : e72 .

von Humboldt , W. ( 1836 /1999) On language: On the diversity of human language construction and its influence on the metal development of the human species . Cambridge University Press . (Original work published 1836).

Vouloumanos , A. & Werker , J. F. ( 2007 ) Listening to language at birth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates . Developmental Science 10 : 159 –64.

Waddington , C. H. ( 1942 ) Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters . Nature 150 : 563 –65.

Weber , B. H. & Depew , D. J. , eds. ( 2003 ) Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered . MIT Press .

Weissenborn , J. & Höhle , B. , eds. ( 2001 ) Approaches to bootstrapping: Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition . John Benjamins .

Wilkins , W. K. & Wakefield , J. ( 1995 ) Brain evolution and neurolinguistic preconditions . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 : 161 –82.

Yamashita , H. & Chang , F. ( 2001 ) “Long before short” preference in the production of a head-final language . Cognition 81 : B45 – B55 .

Yamauchi , H. ( 2001 ) The difficulty of the Baldwinian account of linguistic innateness. In: ECAL-01 , ed. Kelemen , J. & Sosík , P. , pp. 391 – 400 . Springer .

Yang , C. D. ( 2002 ) Knowledge and learning in natural language . Oxford University Press .

Zeevat , H. ( 2006 ) Grammaticalisation and evolution. In: The evolution of language , ed. Cangelosi , A. , Smith , A. D. M. & Smith , K. , pp. 372 –78. World Scientific .