Tankers anchored Wednesday

Offshore platforms

Texas refinery capacity as of Wednesday

Shut down

2.7 million

Texas

total

5.6M

Partially shut

down 500,000

Restarting*

700,000

Corpus Christi

Rest

of U.S.

13M

Open

1.8 million

LA. TEXAS

Petroleum infrastructure

500k

Refinery capacity

Barrels/day:

Houston

300k

100k

Port

Arthur

Refinery status

Shut

Partially shut

Tankers anchored Wednesday

Restarting*

Open

Pipelines

Offshore platforms

Texas refinery capacity as of Wednesday

Shut down

2.7 million

Texas

total

5.6M

Partially shut

down 500,000

Restarting*

700,000

Corpus Christi

Rest

of U.S.

13M

Open

1.8 million

LA. TEXAS

Petroleum infrastructure

Houston

500k

Refinery capacity

Barrels/day:

300k

Port

Arthur

100k

Refinery status

Partially shut

Shut

Restarting*

Open

Tankers anchored Wednesday

Pipelines

Offshore platforms

Texas refinery capacity as of Wednesday

Shut down

2.7 million

Texas

total

5.6M

Partially shut

down 500,000

Corpus Christi

Restarting*

700,000

Rest

of U.S.

13M

Open

1.8 million

Petroleum infrastructure 500k

Pipelines

Refinery capacity

Barrels/day:

300k

100k

Offshore platforms

Refinery status

Restarting*

Partially shut down

Shut down

Open

LA.

TEXAS

Houston

Port

Arthur

San Antonio

Tankers anchored Wednesday

Corpus Christi

Texas refinery capacity as of Wednesday

Shut down 2.7 million

Texas

total

5.6M

Partially shut down 500,000

Restarting* 700,000

Rest

of U.S.

13M

Open 1.8 million

The halting of refinery operations is leading gasoline and other fuel prices to rise sharply, especially in the Gulf Coast region, and as shortfalls ripple into the markets that get fuel from the Gulf, the impact is likely to radiate throughout the country. Shortages were projected to show up from Austin to Atlanta to Chicago, analysts said.

While some gas stations around Texas are already reporting shortages and some bouts of panic-buying, fuel prices rose across the country anywhere from 5 to 30 cents a gallon, depending on the city, according to several analysts.

Record flooding has also strained the pipelines, fuel racks and trucking routes that comprise the logistical network that gets fuel from refineries to corner filling stations. Colonial Pipeline Co. expects to shut down its 5,500 mile pipeline from Houston to New Jersey by Thursday, and fuel wholesaler Mansfield Oil Co. said supplies will likely be tight as far away as Maryland.

“Basically a third of the country more or less is going to be affected,” said Mark Anderle, director of supply and trading at TAC Energy, a fuel marketer.

More Storm Coverage

The shutdowns in Texas could also impact global markets, because of the much bigger role the U.S. now plays.

For years, hurricanes in the Gulf have disrupted U.S. supplies of crude oil and refined products, frequently driving up the price of domestic gasoline and crude. But the shale revolution has transformed the U.S. into the world’s largest exporter of refined products.

“Harvey is demonstrating how much more important and different both the risks and resilience of the Gulf are to the global energy system in the age of shale,” said Jason Bordoff, director of the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University.

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The U.S. Gulf Coast has become an international fuel factory, exporting gasoline to Mexico and Brazil and diesel to Europe. While other countries, such as the U.K., can ship tankers full of gasoline to the U.S., now other countries that used to count on U.S. refineries will be bidding those cargo prices higher.

When hurricane Katrina struck in 2005, the U.S. was the largest importer of gasoline and other refined products. It is now the world’s largest exporter of refined products. The U.S. is still a net importer of crude oil, but due to shale drilling, is expected to be the world’s largest exporter of light-sweet crude into the next decade, potentially equal to Libya and Nigeria combined on a good day, according to Ed Morse, Citigroup’s global head of commodities research.

As the U.S. begins exporting more liquefied natural gas in coming years, hurricanes could have an even more profound impact on global energy supplies, Mr. Morse said. A glut of natural gas unlocked by shale drilling created a previously nonexistent LNG export trade in the U.S. The U.S. could export more than 12 billion cubic feet of LNG a day by 2030, according to the Energy Information Administration, up from 500 million cubic feet last year.

“The U.S. becoming a major supplier was supposed to reduce volatility,” Mr. Morse said. “It actually adds volatility to the market.”

Houston’s port is believed to have sustained little damage from the storm itself. But vessels need the all-clear from the U.S. Coast Guard to access the Houston Ship Channel, which provides entry to the port and nearby energy complexes.

That could be days or even weeks away, as the Coast Guard must sweep the channel for debris and verify it is deep enough to handle big ships. And even if the port is able to receive ships, flooded roads and railroads could prevent dockworkers, trucks and trains from unloading them.

The port’s closure is affecting a host of industries. Restaurants and retailers could lose a week or more of sales, with some national chains shuttering dozens of locations in the Houston area. Some may struggle to keep items in stock if they can’t bring in supplies through Houston’s port and many roads and railroads are underwater.

Houston’s port is one of the nation’s busiest for container cargo, such as auto parts and furniture. Corpus Christi’s port, which handles the majority of U.S. oil exports as well as other energy shipments, is also closed to most vessels.

—Brian Baskin, Christopher Alessi and Lynn Cook contributed to this article.

Write to Christopher M. Matthews at christopher.matthews@wsj.com and Alison Sider at alison.sider@wsj.com

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Appeared in the August 31, 2017, print edition as '.'