From gas to e-cigarettes, Airbnbs to online purchases, New Jerseyans have seen taxes and fees go up on a slew of goods and services over the past few years.

Elected officials often justify the changes on policy grounds. As innovative products come to market and more transactions shift online, for example, states need to update their sales taxes or risk capturing a diminishing share of consumption taking place every day.

And without growing revenues, Gov. Phil Murphy says, it’s harder for New Jersey to put more money into schools, NJ Transit, road repairs and other functions that residents depend on. Some of that spending, like school aid, can relieve pressure on local property taxes.

But several of the tax hikes have been necessitated by years of financial mismanagement by leaders in Trenton. The depletion of a fund that bankrolls infrastructure projects led to a 23-cent hike in the gas tax in 2016, while ballooning pension and debt service costs continue to consume an unsustainable share of the state budget.

In the meantime, the cost of living continues to go up for many residents in a state that already rates among the most expensive in the nation.

Here’s a look at some of the new state taxes and fees enacted since 2016, the last year for a major tax increase.

Gas tax

Former Gov. Chris Christie, a Republican, and Democratic lawmakers reached a deal in 2016 to replenish the state’s insolvent Transportation Trust Fund, which pays for transportation infrastructure projects, with a 23-cent hike in the gas tax.

That deal restarted construction projects across the state that Christie had ordered to be shut down. At Christie’s insistence, the compromise also included provisions to eliminate the estate tax, slightly reduce the sales tax, increase tax credits to the working poor and increase tax exemptions for veterans and retirement income.

The gas tax went up another 4 cents in October because of language in the 2016 law that requires the gas tax to generate roughly $2 billion a year for the trust fund.

Higher taxes on millionaires

Shortly after Murphy, a Democrat, took office last year, he asked lawmakers to approve $1.6 billion in new spending to pump money into schools, college tuition aid and mass transit.

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Murphy originally proposed a higher marginal income tax rate for residents earning more than $1 million, but he settled for a higher rate on income over $5 million in a last-minute bargain with Democratic leaders of the Legislature.

In his second budget address, earlier this month, Murphy again called for increasing taxes on those earning more than $1 million.

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New costs for corporations

Last year's budget deal also raised the tax rate on corporations earning more than $1 million to 11.5 percent, up from 9 percent. That rate will decrease to 10.5 percent after two years and return to 9 percent after four.

In addition, New Jersey imposed new rules for how multistate companies report income and taxed some of the assets that large corporations were repatriating from overseas as part of the federal tax overhaul that President Donald Trump signed in December 2017.

This year, in a bid to get large, private employers like Walmart and Amazon to offer their workers health insurance, Murphy has proposed a new “corporate responsibility fee” of $150 per employee enrolled in Medicaid. The fee would apply only to companies with more than 50 such employees, which number about 1,000 in New Jersey.

Uber, Airbnb and vaping

To help balance his budget last year, Murphy secured a series of new fees on vaping and popular services that are part of the “sharing economy.”

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Users of e-cigarettes now must pay a 10-cent-per-milliliter tax on liquid nicotine.

People who book rides through Uber, Lyft or other apps now face a 50-cent surcharge on each trip.

And since October, New Jersey has collected an 11.6 percent surcharge on short-term rentals — the state’s 6.625 percent sales tax plus a 5 percent hotel occupancy fee. Some towns impose additional fees.

Online sales

After a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision last year that said states can collect sales tax from online retailers, New Jersey decided to do just that. Previously, online sellers had to collect and remit sales taxes only if they had a physical presence in the state.

The new law took effect in November. According to estimates from the Murphy administration at the time, the change was expected to bring in $212 million during the current fiscal year and even more in future years.

Some online purchases became slightly more expensive as a result, but brick-and-mortar retailers got a competitive boost.

Storm runoff fees

Disparaged by critics as a “rain tax,” a bill on Murphy’s desk would allow towns, counties and local authorities to charge property owners a fee based on how much they contribute to runoff to pay for upgrades to stormwater systems.

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The bill, S-1073, does not directly impose fees. Instead, it allows municipalities and counties to create their own local stormwater utilities that could then charge property owners based on “a fair and equitable approximation” of how much runoff is generated from their property.

Supporters say this would not target single-family homes but instead large commercial properties like strip malls or office parks.

Guns and ammunition

Among Murphy’s revenue-raising proposals in his latest budget proposal are increased permit fees to buy firearms and new excise taxes on guns and ammunition.

Under Murphy’s proposal, the application fee for a permit to purchase a firearm would increase from $2 to $50, for example, while the application fee for a concealed carry permit would increase from $20 to $400. Such fees were last raised in 1966.

Beyond that, Murphy wants to introduce an ammunition excise tax of 10 percent, a firearms excise tax of 2.5 percent and an increased fee on bear hunting.

Email: pugliese@northjersey.com