Though most Republicans are still voting with the president, their frustration is beginning to show. Representative Austin Scott, Republican of Georgia, blasted the White House budget office at a House Agriculture Committee hearing on Thursday, saying budget office officials “consider the American farmer and the American farm family nothing but subsidy-sucking freeloaders.”

“There’s a disconnect in what is actually coming out of the administration and what the administration is telling us that they’re going to do,” he said. Mr. Scott voted in support of the disaster relief bill on Friday.

The standoff in Washington is having a real-world effect. Puerto Ricans saw their first increase in nutritional assistance expire in March. Coastal states are urgently awaiting reconstruction funding less than a month before the next hurricane season begins. And farmers across the Southeast and Midwest are still reeling from floods and tornadoes as they brace for a new round of tariffs likely to be imposed on their crops by China in retaliation for tariffs imposed on Chinese exports by the Trump administration on Friday.

Mr. Trump has repeatedly complained falsely that $91 billion has been sent to the island since the 2017 hurricanes. About $41 billion in aid has been allocated to the island, according to the Office of Management and Budget, while $91 billion — the number Mr. Trump frequently cites — is the budget office’s estimate of how much the island could receive over the next two decades.