I spend a lot of time debugging Dylan code. Up until now, this has been a somewhat painful process when not using the IDE on Windows. (And I don't really use the IDE on Windows as it doesn't fit well into my workflow.) I finally reached the point where I decided that I wanted to improve our debugger integration.

Much of what is described below may be applicable to people working on debugging support for other languages.

Current State of Dylan Debugging We have a debugger on Windows integrated with our IDE. This facility is not available on the other platforms that we support. There are many reasons for this: The debug info that Open Dylan generates is only done on Windows.

The debugger code for interacting with the OS is only implemented for Windows.

The IDE itself is only available on Windows. This means that debugging on Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X has traditionally been more challenging. We often resort to "printf debugging" and have some basic debug printing functions that can be invoked from the compiler so long as they don't crash. Debugging is really only effective with the C back-end as the HARP back-end doesn't generate sufficient debug info when it generates native code.

Moving Forward We're going to focus on improving the debugging experience when using the C back-end as that is readily achievable. We plan to replace the HARP back-end with a new back-end using LLVM which will generate far superior debug information. Since both the C and LLVM compiler back-ends can generate DWARF debug data, we'll be able to use traditional debugger implementations like LLDB and GDB to debug Dylan code. We can improve upon the experience of using LLDB and GDB though by providing specialized integration scripts that know more about Dylan objects and can help present them in more intuitive ways. My goals here are: Have a solution that works well on Mac OS X with the out of the box developer tools. I don't want people to have to install a custom build of LLDB.

When developing workarounds for problems in LLDB, also try to work with the upstream LLDB developers to improve the situation for the future.

Don't rely on running code within the target process. By not running code within the target process, we can also support debugging core files. This means that we need to implement things in terms of reading memory from the target process.

Integrate with existing commands as much as possible rather than creating new commands to do similar things, but with Dylan data types. This means that we don't want a dprint command to print a Dylan object. We want our printing to work natively with print , expr , and frame variable .

command to print a Dylan object. We want our printing to work natively with , , and . Try to do all of the extensions in Python rather than writing C++ extensions which must be built and loaded separately.

Be able to provide a good example for people doing something similar in the future with other languages. The LLDB project provides documentation for much of what is discussed here. It may be useful to refer to that documentation. The current version of the code can be found here. The code below is usually simplified in some form for purposes of instruction. Also please note that not all of the issues described here have been discussed with the upstream LLDB developers yet. I plan to bring them all up and hope to get some of them resolved.

Summary Strings Summary strings are a quick and short summary of a value. The first thing that we wanted to do was to set up some summary providers to handle things like integers, symbols, strings, and boolean values. In the C run-time, all Dylan types are represented by a typedef: typedef void * D ; Dylan values are tagged, using the bottom 2 bits. Integers have a tag bit of 1, byte characters have a tag bit of 2, Unicode characters have a tag bit of 3. All other objects are full objects and have no tag. So, the first summary provider that we wanted to do was roughly this: def dylan_value_summary ( value , internal_dict ): tag = value . GetValueAsUnsigned () & 3 if tag == 0 : return dylan_object_summary ( value , internal_dict ) elif tag == 1 : return dylan_integer_summary ( value , internal_dict ) elif tag == 2 : return dylan_byte_character_summary ( value , internal_dict ) elif tag == 3 : return dylan_unicode_character_summary ( value , internal_dict ) else : return 'Invalid tag' ... def dylan_integer_summary ( value , internal_dict ): return '{<integer>: %s }' % value . GetValueAsUnsigned () >> 2 def __lldb_init_module ( debugger , internal_dict ): debugger . HandleCommand ( 'type summary add D -F dylan.dylan_value_summary -e -w dylan' ) debugger . HandleCommand ( 'type category enable dylan' ) Here, we have defined an initial summary provider, added it to LLDB for the type D and enabled the Dylan category of type providers. Unfortunately, in the version of LLDB shipping with Xcode 5.x, this causes LLDB to crash. It ends up that the currently shipping version of LLDB is unhappy with a type with a name that is a single character. This is fixed in the beta version of Xcode 6, but as our goals indicate, we want to have our LLDB integration work with the currently shipping version of LLDB. To solve the crash, we modified our C run-time and the C back-end to use dylan_value as the typedef name rather than D . We also took this opportunity to clean up a number of other type names in the C run-time. We also discovered that two different sorts of values inhabited the D values: Dylan objects and raw pointers. We gave raw-pointers a different name to distinguish them from Dylan objects. Now, we can see a variable value like this: (lldb) frame variable count_ (dylan_value) count_ = 0x00010001 {<integer>: 16384} We then added a bunch of other summaries, including for the default vector class, <simple-object-vector> (rarely spelled out like that in code): (lldb) frame variable Urest_ (dylan_value) Urest_ = 0xbfffc930 {<simple-object-vector>: size: 2} The next step here is obvious: It would be great to show expanded values and show the vector's contents.

Synthetic Children In LLDB, when an object is opaque or the internals aren't user-friendly, synthetic children can be created via a "synthetic provider". Immediately, we run into an issue: while synthetic providers are specified per type, all of our values are the same type ( dylan_value ). We dealt with this by creating a generic synthetic type and then changing the class at run-time in the Python script to the appropriate synthetic provider: class SyntheticDylanValue ( object ): def __init__ ( self , value , internal_dict ): tag = dylan_tag_bits ( value ) new_class = None if tag == OBJECT_TAG : class_name = dylan_object_class_name ( value ) new_class = SYNTHETIC_CLASS_TABLE . get ( class_name , None ) if new_class : self . __class__ = new_class self . value = self . cast_value ( value ) self . update () ... def __lldb_init_module ( debugger , internal_dict ): debugger . HandleCommand ( 'type synthetic add dylan_value -l dylan.SyntheticDylanValue -w dylan' ) debugger . HandleCommand ( 'type summary add dylan_value -F dylan.dylan_value_summary -e -w dylan' ) debugger . HandleCommand ( 'type category enable dylan' ) Something to call out in particular here is that we must pass the -e flag when adding the summary to indicate that it can be expanded and display children. Unfortunately, this doesn't work! We built LLDB from source and debugged it and found that synthetic children aren't correctly displayed when the object is a pointer in all cases. We're pursuing this with the upstream developers to be fixed in a future version. But again, we want this to work with the current release version of Xcode, so what can we do? In this case, if dylan_value were not a pointer but was a simple type instead, this would work. Therefore, we undertook a larger change to the run-time: converting dylan_value to an integer value: typedef uintptr_t dylan_value ; This change is not yet complete and hasn't been merged with Open Dylan master. But I'm using it for now as a local hack to keep making progress with the LLDB integration. Now that dylan_value is an integer, we want to still display it in hex, so we tell the debugger to do so: def __lldb_init_module(debugger, internal_dict): debugger.HandleCommand('type format add dylan_value -f hex') Now, we can see our vector nicely: (dylan_value) Urest_ = 0xbfffc930 {<simple-object-vector>: size: 2} { [0] = 0x00000009 {<integer>: 2} [1] = 0x00545b70 {<symbol>: buffer} } Printing Arbitrary Objects After that, I thought it would be fun to go crazy, so I wrote a synthetic type that knows how to walk the internal data structures that describe classes to print out any arbitrary object with its internal structure. The details of this are very specific to the Dylan compiler and how it lays out data and metadata. The result though is quite handy: (lldb) frame variable data_ (dylan_value) data_ = 0x028b6000 {<buffer>} { [buffer-next] = 0x00000001 {<integer>: 0} [buffer-end] = 0x00000001 {<integer>: 0} [buffer-position] = 0x00000001 {<integer>: 0} [buffer-dirty?] = 0x00188374 {<boolean>: False} [buffer-start] = 0x00000001 {<integer>: 0} [buffer-on-page-bits] = 0x0000fffd {<integer>: 16383} [buffer-off-page-bits] = 0xffff0001 {<integer>: 1073725440} [buffer-use-count] = 0x00000001 {<integer>: 0} [buffer-owning-stream] = 0x00188374 {<boolean>: False} [buffer-element] = 0x00010001 {<integer>: 16384} } This is great! Unfortunately, this leads us to our next problem. What happens if a structure is nested with other structures? What happens if there are any cyclic references in the structures being printed? Unfortunately, by default, there are no limits to the depth to which the printing traverse the structures which makes it very easy to lock up LLDB by having it traverse to infinity. The way to limit this is with the -D or --depth flag which can be given to either frame variable or expr : frame variable -D 1 expr -D 1 -- data_ Unfortunately, this does not work for print : (lldb) print -D 1 -- data_ error: unexpected type name 'D': expected expression error: 1 errors parsing expression This is because print is an alias for expr -- , so it can not pass any arguments to expr . There isn't yet have a good solution to this problem, so be sure to always remember to specify the printing depth with frame variable or expr .

Other Issues Missing Debug Info We have some types that we define in the C run-time for simplifying data access, and we attempt to use those same types within the debugger scripts as well. An example of this is: typedef struct _dylan_byte_string { dylan_value class ; dylan_value size ; char data [ _size + 1 ]; } dylan_byte_string ; And in the Python code: def dylan_byte_string_data ( value ): target = lldb . debugger . GetSelectedTarget () byte_string_type = target . FindFirstType ( 'dylan_byte_string' ) . GetPointerType () value = value . Cast ( byte_string_type ) size = dylan_integer_value ( value . GetChildMemberWithName ( 'size' )) if size == 0 : return '' data = value . GetChildMemberWithName ( 'data' ) . GetPointeeData ( 0 , size + 1 ) error = lldb . SBError () string = data . GetString ( error , 0 ) if error . Fail (): return '<error: %s >' % error . GetCString () else : return string Unfortunately, sometimes the convenience types that we define like that are not present at debug time as they're absent from the debug info. There's a utility that is very helpful in diagnosing this: dwarfdump . dwarfdump , as the name indicates, dumps the DWARF debug info from an object file in a form that is human readable (although some knowledge of DWARF is useful in fully understanding it). You can run it on the object files from building the C run-time (example here is for x86-darwin ): dwarfdump sources/lib/run-time/obj-x86-darwin/c-run-time.o This file contains no definition for the dylan_byte_string typedef or the struct _dylan_byte_string . We can keep looking though in other files and we'll find it in debug-print.o : 0x00000642: TAG_typedef [9] AT_type( {0x0000064e} ( _dylan_byte_string ) ) AT_name( "dylan_byte_string" ) AT_decl_file( ".../sources/lib/run-time/debug-print.c" ) AT_decl_line( 345 ) 0x0000064e: TAG_structure_type [26] * AT_name( "_dylan_byte_string" ) AT_byte_size( 0x0c ) AT_decl_file( ".../sources/lib/run-time/run-time.h" ) AT_decl_line( 341 ) A typedef needs to be used to be kept alive and represented in the debug info. In this case, I made sure that a few functions in the C run-time took arguments of type dylan_byte_string or returned a value of that type. Uninitialized Variables The Open Dylan compiler's C back-end doesn't initialize local variables in the generated C until they're actually used. It was written to target C89 a long time ago, and so it declares all variables used within a function at the start of that function. Since variables aren't initialized, sometimes when LLDB goes to display the values using our summary strings and synthetic providers, things get a bit confused and may print invalid data or even temporarily hang LLDB for 5-10 seconds. We're looking at the impact of initializing all local variables to a known safe value such as 0 or the %unbound value that Dylan uses for other uninitialized values. This is also related to providing better scoping of variable declarations within the generated C. This is something that we will investigate in the future.