If you belong to the people who simply cannot stay away from HFCS foods and beverages, you may be happy to hear that the equivalent of as little as 10g citrulline or NEAAs in your diet may do much more than "just" fully prevent its negative effects on your liver.

You can learn more about citrulline at the SuppVersity

Citrulline prevents muscle catablism more than leucine Citrulline prevents muscle catablism more than leucine

Arginine & citrulline for blood lipid control Arginine & citrulline for blood lipid control

EAA, BCAA, or citrulline for anti-catabolism? EAA, BCAA, or citrulline for anti-catabolism?

Glutamine not citrulline to heal the gut? Glutamine not citrulline to heal the gut?

Citrulline to ignite fatty acid oxidataion? Citrulline to ignite fatty acid oxidataion?

High & low dose arginine ineffec- tive NO boosters High & low dose arginine ineffec- tive NO boosters

Theytaz et al. (2012), for example, found a "liver cleansing" increase in VLDL-TG release by the liver with an essential AA-enriched diet, and

Bortolotti et al. (2012) showed that a protein-enriched diet can effectively reduce the fructose induced lipid accumulation in the liver through increased energy expenditure.

Where's the control group? Previous studies show that diets which are supplemented with NEAAs (alanine, glycine, proline, aspartate, histidine, and serine) or citrulline have metabolic and nutritional effects similar to a regular control diet, alone (Osowska. 2006; Jegatheesan. 2015). The CNEAA group is thus the "control" group in the study at hand. That's "ok" and doesn't make the study results useless, but in view of the fact that the data in Figure 2 shows more than just an ameliorative effect of citrulline on NAFLD, I would have preferred a regular control group in which the rodents had been fed standard chow without added non-essential amino acids.

CNEAA as in control - control diet without added fructose + 1g/kg non-essential amino acids (for humans that's roughly 11g per day | this was the control diet in the study at hand)

- control diet without added fructose + 1g/kg non-essential amino acids (for humans that's roughly 11g per day | this was the control diet in the study at hand) F as in fructose - control diet enriched with 60% fructose without supplements

- control diet enriched with 60% fructose without supplements FNEAA as in control + fructose - fructose enriched diet (F) + 1g/kg non-essential amino acids (which happens to be the control diet in the study at hand)

- fructose enriched diet (F) + 1g/kg non-essential amino acids (which happens to be the control diet in the study at hand) FCIT as in fructose + citrulline - fructose enriched diet (F) + 1g/kg citrulline

Figure 1: Relative changes in liver weight, hepatic triglyceride content as well as the liver markers AST, ALT and ALP a marker of kidney health compared the "control" group (CNEAA | Jegatheesan. 2015)

Figure 2: Both FNEAA and FCit rodents had a better body composition than the rodents on the NEAA supplemented control diet, but the differences reached statistical sign. only compared to the fructose (F) group (Jegatheesan. 2015)

Bottom line: It is quite astonishing how commonly ignored correlates of high fructose intakes can turn an obesogenic liver killer into a regular energy supplier. I mean, look at the data in the study at hand: Where's the evidence that fructose is worse than any other energy source, when a simple increase in NEAA or citrulline intake does not just nullify its effects but has the rodents on the 60% fructose diet end up leaner and with lower liver fat and better AST and ALT levels than their peers on the control diet (these differences are only partly statistically sign., though).



Citrulline & Glutathione - GSH Amplifies & Prolongs CIT's NO Boosting Effects During + After Biceps Workout | learn more. So, just as Jegatheesan et al. say: When combined with NEAAs or citrulline, fructose is not just harmless, but can even "produced an overall change in nutritional and metabolic status, with lower body weight and altered body composition, [in spite of identical" food/energy [...] among groups" (Jegatheesan. 2015). Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms involved still need to be investigated. Jegetheesan et al. are yet relatively convinced that NEAAs and citrulline act via different pathways: "NEAAs may act through GCN2, citrulline could act on the liver via PPARa and the down-regulation of SREBP1c, for example, via protein kinase B and mTOR pathway, but also via the improved insulin sensitivity enabled by peripheral Arg bioavailability" (ibid). Just as it is the case for the applicability in humans, though, these hypotheses require future experimental verification | It is quite astonishing how commonly ignored correlates of high fructose intakes can turn an obesogenic liver killer into a regular energy supplier. I mean, look at the data in the study at hand: Where's the evidence that fructose is worse than any other energy source, when a simple increase in NEAA or citrulline intake does not just nullify its effects but has the rodents on the 60% fructose diet end up leaner and with lower liver fat and better AST and ALT levels than their peers on the control diet (these differences are only partly statistically sign., though).So, just as Jegatheesan et al. say: When combined with NEAAs or citrulline, fructose is not just harmless, but can even "produced an overall change in nutritional and metabolic status, with lower body weight and altered body composition, [in spite of identical" food/energy [...] among groups" (Jegatheesan. 2015). Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms involved still need to be investigated. Jegetheesan et al. are yet relatively convinced that NEAAs and citrulline act via different pathways: "NEAAs may act through GCN2, citrulline could act on the liver via PPARa and the down-regulation of SREBP1c, for example, via protein kinase B and mTOR pathway, but also via the improved insulin sensitivity enabled by peripheral Arg bioavailability" (ibid). Just as it is the case for the applicability in humans, though, these hypotheses require future experimental verification | Comment

Bortolotti, Murielle, et al. "Effects of dietary protein on lipid metabolism in high fructose fed humans." Clinical Nutrition 31.2 (2012): 238-245.

Jegatheesan, Prasanthi, et al. "Effect of specific amino acids on hepatic lipid metabolism in fructose-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease." Clinical Nutrition (2015).

Jegatheesan, Prasanthi, et al. "Citrulline and Nonessential Amino Acids Prevent Fructose-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats." The Journal of Nutrition (2015): jn218982.

Marchesini, Giulio, et al. "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease a feature of the metabolic syndrome." Diabetes 50.8 (2001): 1844-1850.

Osowska, Sylwia, et al. "Citrulline modulates muscle protein metabolism in old malnourished rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291.3 (2006): E582-E586.

Theytaz, Fanny, et al. "Effects of supplementation with essential amino acids on intrahepatic lipid concentrations during fructose overfeeding in humans." The American journal of clinical nutrition 96.5 (2012): 1008-1016.

Volynets, Valentina, et al. "Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)." Digestive diseases and sciences 57.7 (2012): 1932-1941.

You will probably remember from previous articles I wrote that NAFLD, or rather the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is one of the earliest markers of metabolic syndrome and beginning type II diabetes. In the Western obesity societies in North America and Europe, NAFLD is among the most common causes of chronic liver disease and its prevalence is increasing rampantly (Marchesini. 2001).In spite of the fact that its development is most strongly linked to the consumption of a generally unhealthy, energetically dense diet, there are several lines of evidence which suggest that the ingestion of exorbitant amounts of fast-digesting fructose from high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) sweetened beverages or processed foods is, if notmost reliable motor of its development (Volynets. 2012).On a molecular level fructose has been shown to trigger the production of fat from glucose in the liver (de novo lipogenesis | DNL). It does so by activating certain enzymes via the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and/or the carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP). In conjunction with the corollary hepatic oxidative stress and the subsequent increase in insulin resistance, the onslaught of readily absorbed fructose from processed foods and HFCS-sweetened beverages is thus like gasoline on the fire of the obesogenic baseline diet some people refer to as the "standard american diet" ( learn why the "SAD-diet" is so good at making you fat). On the whole, however, the accumulation of fatty streaks in the liver that's so characteristic of NAFLD is yet only the point of departure of the journey to the land of the super-obese type II diabetics.Now this journey from slightly overweight to super-obese is a journey of which many previous studies studies already suggested that it could take a very different route if people consumed higher amounts of protein and/or certain amino acids (AAs):As Prasanthi Jegatheesan et al. point out, "[t]hese beneficial effects of AAs or proteins may arise through lipid oxidation, decreased DNL, and modulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism" (Jegatheesan. 2015). Since citrulline is the precursor for the renal synthesis of Arg, which is known to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, and has been shown to have beneficial effects on the level of plasma triglycerides and fat deposition in the liver, the authors of a recent study speculated that "Cit supplementations might [...] able to limit the development of fructose-induced NAFLD" (Jegatheesan. 2015). Morever, Jegatheesan et al. expected to see similar effects with other nonessential amino acids (NEAA), of which their own previous research had shown that they may offer similar anti-NAFLD effects.To confirm or falsify their hypotheses, the researchers randomized twenty-two rats into four groups on different diets:In that, it's important to note that the NEAA supplement contained isomolar amounts of the 6 AAs and was isonitrogenous to the Cit diet. So, a mere difference in the nitrogen content of the chow cannot explain the obvious differences that occurred over the course of the 8-week study period.A period, in which the rodents in the fructose enriched diet group (F) developed NAFLD. A fate the rats in the FCit and the FNEFA group did not share - even though the amount of fructose in their diets was exactly as high as it was in the F group.In that, it is unquestionably worth noting that we are not talking about a mere amelioration of the fructose induced damage. If you look at the data you will notice that the rodents with the alanine, glycine, proline, aspartate, histidine, and serine enhanced fructose enriched diets actually ended up having healthier livers than those on the non-fructose diet... if that's not convincing evidence that the commonly heard, and painfully overgeneralized claim that "fructose is the root cause of all metabolic diseases" is bogus, I don't know.Well, the reason that the average physique enthusiast, may still choose citrulline as his "fructose buffer" of choice is easy: Firstly, the differences in terms of liver health are not really statistically significant. Secondly and more importantly, though, citrulline triggered a reduction in visceral and total fat mass and a relative increase lean mass that was not observed in the NEAA group. And let's be honest: Isn't this type of body recompositioning effect what many of you are striving for?What is most astonishing though, is that you could have these fat loss and muscle gain effects not just despite, but maybe even because you're guzzling HFCS drinks all day (obviously we'd have to have a citrulline + baseline diet group to confirm that). If we assume that the results translate 1:1 to human beings, the one thing you had just ~10g of citrulline per day. Is this possible? Well, it is, but let's be honest with ourselves: The inter-group differences between the control and the citrulline + fructose were not statistically significant. So while there were improvements those were not pronounced enough to be of statistical significance even in rodents. It is thus not really surprising that you haven't heard of citrulline as the "get jacked" amino acid very often... even though, evidence that it can help you to get jackedexist ( more ).References: