Gradgrind is a retired mill owner turned educationalist in Coketown - an allusion not to the hedonistic habits of its inhabitants, but its foundation on a combustible sedimentary rock. Gradgrind drums into his pupils - and his own children - the importance of facts and figures over "fancy". A forbidding figure, Gradgrind embodies the alleged selfishness of utilitarianism and its appeal to material self-interest.

Some early "economic" utilitarians like Ricardo were indeed prone to confuse utilitarian ethics with the alleged virtues of laissez-faire industrial capitalism. But the implications of an ethical hedonism derived from Benthamite utilitarian ethics are as far removed from the grim Dickensian stereotype as can be imagined. When allied to third millennium biotechnology, the "greatest happiness principle" is a recipe for universal bliss.

Contemporary critics of utilitarianism are more likely to level a charge opposite to the selfishness alleged by Dickens - namely that utilitarian ethics places an impossibly onerous burden of obligation on the fortunate to help the worst off.

