Stanford University scientists have dramatically improved the performance of lithium-ion batteries by creating novel electrodes made of silicon and conducting polymer hydrogel, a spongy substance similar to the material used in soft contact lenses and other household products.

“Developing rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and long cycle life is of critical importance to address the ever-increasing energy storage needs for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and other technologies,” said study co-author Zhenan Bao, professor of chemical engineering at Stanford.

To find a practical, inexpensive material that increases the storage capacity of lithium-ion batteries, Bao and her Stanford colleagues turned to silicon — an abundant, environmentally benign element with promising electronic properties.

“We’ve been trying to develop silicon-based electrodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries for several years,” said study co-author Yi Cui, associate professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford. “Silicon has 10 times the charge storage capacity of carbon, the conventional material used in lithium-ion electrodes. The problem is that silicon expands and breaks.”

Studies have shown that silicon particles can undergo a 400 percent volume expansion when combined with lithium. When the battery is charged or discharged, the bloated particles tend to fracture and lose electrical contact. To overcome these technical constraints, the Stanford team used a fabrication technique called in situ synthesis polymerization that coats the silicon nanoparticles within the conducting hydrogel.

A new battery design

This technique allowed the scientists to create a stable lithium-ion battery that retained a high storage capacity through 5,000 cycles of charging and discharging. “We attribute the exceptional electrochemical stability of the battery to the unique nanoscale architecture of the silicon-composite electrode,” Bao said.

Using a scanning electron microscope, the scientists discovered that the porous hydrogel matrix is riddled with empty spaces that allow the silicon nanoparticles to expand when lithium is inserted. This matrix also forms a three-dimensional network that creates an electronically conducting pathway during charging and discharging.

“It turns out that hydrogel has binding sites that latch onto silicon particles really well and at the same time provide channels for the fast transport of electrons and lithium ions,” explained Cui, a principal investigator with the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. “That makes a very powerful combination.”

A simple mixture of hydrogel and silicon proved far less effective than the in situ synthesis polymerization technique. “With our technique, each silicon nanoparticle is encapsulated within a conductive polymer surface coating and is connected to the hydrogel framework. That improves the battery’s overall stability.”

Avoiding a fire



Hydrogel primarily consists of water, which can cause lithium-ion batteries to ignite — a potential problem that the research team had to address. “We utilized the three-dimensional network property of the hydrogel in the electrode, but in the final production phase, the water was removed,” Bao said. “You don’t want water inside a lithium-ion battery.”

“The electrode fabrication process used in the study is compatible with existing battery manufacturing technology,” Cui said. “Silicon and hydrogel are also inexpensive and widely available. These factors could allow high-performance silicon-composite electrodes to be scaled up for manufacturing the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. It’s a very simple approach that’s led to a very powerful result.”

The research was supported by the Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford and the U.S. Department of Energy through the SLAC Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. Additional funding was provided by the Natural Science Foundation of China, the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Stanford Graduate Fellowships in Science and Engineering.

UPDATE 8/31/2014 Cui told Forbes on Saturday 8/30 that battery life could triple and battery capacity would more than quadruple. “You could have a cell phone with triple the battery life or an electric car with a range of 300 miles which can compete with an internal combustion engine,” with a commercial prototype in five years, claims Cui.