The shield disappeared from a home in a village of the Acoma Pueblo tribe after a break-in four years ago.

When a ceremonial Native American shield was returned last week to New Mexico, tribal leaders were there to greet the sacred piece that held a place in their cycle of ceremonies until it vanished from their centuries-old, mesa-top village in the 1970s.

Nearly four years ago, the shield resurfaced as an auction item in Paris, prompting the tribe’s leaders to begin making public appeals for it to be pulled from bidding and returned to them.

United States and Acoma Pueblo officials plan to formally announce on Monday that an FBI agent delivered the shield from Paris last week following a multiagency effort that involved US senators, diplomats and prosecutors.

It will formally be returned to Acoma Pueblo after a judge dismisses a civil forfeiture case that prosecutors filed in an attempt to secure the shield’s return, US Attorney John Anderson said. Until then, it’s being held in a federal building in Albuquerque.

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“It will be a day of high emotion and thanksgiving,” Governor Brian Vallo of Acoma Pueblo said in advance of the shield’s expected return to his tribe.

The shield is a colourful, circular piece featuring the face of a Kachina, or ancestral spirit. It is among hundreds of Native American items, many considered sacred by tribes, that were sent to Paris auction houses by collectors over the years. US laws prohibit the trafficking of certain tribal items domestically, but it does not explicitly ban dealers from exporting them.

A US Government Accountability Office report last year found that sales of Native American cultural items began to decline following the 2016 outcry over plans to sell the Acoma Pueblo shield and other items.

About 1,400 Native American cultural items were listed for sale between 2012 and 2017, with about half selling for nearly seven million dollars.

Hope for ‘collateral effect’

Facing protests over the sales, the auction houses long stood their ground against pressure to halt bidding on Kachinas, mask-like pieces and Plains war shirts, saying that doing so could have broad repercussions for the art market in general. In the years since the Acoma Pueblo shield was pulled from auction, the EVE auction house has not responded to interview requests from The Associated Press.

Federal officials said the shield was stored at the auction house since 2016 until an FBI agent retrieved it about a week ago.

“Our goal here was to get this item back. But I’m also hoping that a collateral effect of our efforts here and the publicity that this gets is that other people will become more aware,” Anderson said in an interview Friday. “This shield obviously is a high priority item for us and for Acoma, but it’s by no means unique … It’s not the only item out there of cultural patrimony that is subject to purchase and sale that shouldn’t be.”

The shield’s return to Acoma Pueblo does not mark an end to having more spiritually significant items returned to tribes, he said.

“I’ll tell you it’s still an area in which federal law enforcement is quite active,” Anderson said.

The uproar over auction plans for the shield in 2016 was followed that year by legislation to prevent more items tribes hold sacred from being sent overseas.

US Senator Martin Heinrich, a New Mexico Democrat, earlier this year re-introduced legislation originally proposed in 2016 to ban collectors and vendors from exporting Native American ceremonial items to foreign markets. He and others blamed legal loopholes for stifling the shield’s return.

His legislation would increase penalties within the US for trafficking certain tribal objects by increasing prison time from five years to 10 years for violating the law more than once.

At the same time, the bill would establish a framework for collectors to return protected items to tribes and avoid facing penalties.

Shield disappeared after break-in

For generations, the shield, considered the property of the entire tribe, remained safely in a home atop a 367-foot, sandstone mesa, tribal leaders say. While it was placed in the care of different community members over the years, it did not belong to any single person, making its removal from the pueblo illegal under tribal law, according to Acoma leaders.

The tribe’s reservation west of Albuquerque is bordered by mountains and El Malpais National Monument, where historians say Puebloan ancestors built homes amid cliffs and ancient lava fields as early as 950 CE.

The traditional village of Sky City, situated on the mesa, dates to 1150. Its multistorey adobe complexes and homes overlook an expanse of desert marked by rock monoliths.

An affidavit from Acoma Pueblo obtained by the Associated Press in 2016 said the shield disappeared after a break-in.

In a statement Monday, Acoma Pueblo officials said the shield had been in the possession of a family for decades that did not know of its ceremonial significance.

Jerold Collings, who court records show sent the shield to Paris for auction, said previously he had inherited it, not knowing it may have been stolen. The tribe’s leaders credited Collings for agreeing to a court settlement in July that called for EVE auction house to release the shield to the US embassy in Paris.

That agreement set in motion the process for the shield to return to Acoma Pueblo, where Vallo, the governor, said it will eventually be held at a museum before it’s returned to the Sky City village and eventually re-introduced into ceremonies.

“There’s no place for illegal acquisitions and sale of these items,” he said. “We hope future laws ensure these items are protected and returned.”