Climate change sealed the fate of ichthyosaurs, marine reptiles that ruled the oceans for 157 million years, suggests an analysis of fossils.

Key points: Ichthyosaurs died out around 90 million years ago.

Ichthyosaurs died out around 90 million years ago. Analysis of teeth and newly discovered fossils suggests reptiles' demise associated with strong fluctuations in sea levels and temperatures.

Analysis of teeth and newly discovered fossils suggests reptiles' demise associated with strong fluctuations in sea levels and temperatures. But Australian ichthyosaur expert says fossil samples "incomplete in geography and time".

The dolphin-like animals died out some 30 million years before the mass dinosaur extinction at the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago.

Vertebrate palaeontologist Dr Valentin Fischer, who led the research, published today in Nature Communications, said that the extinction of ichthyosaurs, which were extremely well adapted to oceanic life, was a long-standing enigma.

A number of hypotheses have previously been proposed to explain the ancient marine reptiles disappearance, including increased competition from other marine reptiles and fish and the decline of their main food source, squid-like belemnites, said Dr Fischer of the University of Oxford.

Over time, these pressures would have reduced species diversity, allowing relatively minor events to tip them into extinction.

"These theories were at odds with the recent understanding of the ichthyosaur fossil record, which suggests they were actually quite diverse prior to their extinction," he said.

"We wanted to analyse this extinction thoroughly and look for possible alternative drivers."

Analysis of teeth and newly discovered fossils

The researchers analysed teeth from museum collections as well as a number of newly discovered fossils from Russia.

They then correlated their results with geological evidence of sea surface temperatures and other environmental indicators to estimate ichthyosaur diversity over a 150-million year period.

"We found they were in fact very diverse during the last part of their reign; their extinction was thus a profound, rather abrupt event in the history of a successful group," said Dr Fischer.

Instead, their demise was associated with strong fluctuations in sea levels and temperatures during what is known as the Cenomanian stage of the upper Cretaceous period, 100 million to 94 million years ago.

Ichthyosaur facts Marine reptile lived between 250 million and 90 million years ago.

Marine reptile lived between 250 million and 90 million years ago. Fossils of different species have been found all over the world

Fossils of different species have been found all over the world Fossils of one species, Playpterygius longmani, have been found across Australia in areas once submerged under the Eromanga Sea (parts of Queensland, Northern Territory, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia).

Fossils of one species, Playpterygius longmani, have been found across Australia in areas once submerged under the Eromanga Sea (parts of Queensland, Northern Territory, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia). This species grew to about seven metres and was one of the last known species to exist.

"It seems that a large part of the marine biosphere was affected by an event or a series of rapid events that profoundly modified marine ecosystems," he added.

"These events coincided with profound climatic changes: fast-moving continents, intense volcanism, ice-free poles and episodes of anoxia (lack of oxygen) on the sea floor."

During this turbulent period, Dr Fischer said ichthyosaurs failed to take advantage of the novel opportunities presented by their rapidly changing world, by evolving new species.

Changes in food availability, migratory routes, competitors, or the lack of safe birthing places may all have contributed to their downfall.

"Some groups evolved to take advantage of these new, highly fluctuating conditions while others, like ichthyosaurs, did not."

'Sampling incomplete in geography and time'

But Australian ichthyosaur researcher Dr Benjamin Kear was cautious about the study's conclusion, which was based on the description of various new ichthyosaur species, mainly from European deposits.

"While this taxonomic proliferation does infer periods of higher diversity, it is restricted by the relatively small area of globally explored outcrops, especially in the southern hemisphere," said Dr Kear, who is currently the curator of vertebrate palaeontology at Uppsala University's Museum of Evolution.

"This means that our sampling is very incomplete, both in terms of geography and time — which limits clarity of the results.

"Having said that, this research opens an exciting new line of inquiry that will fuel further investigations into the ichthyosaur extinctions and the emergence of modern marine predators such as sharks and bony fish during the Cretaceous," said Dr Kear, who was not involved in the study.