• M. Allard, Le problème des attributs divins dans la doctrine d’al-Ashʿarī et de ses premiers grands disciples (Beirut: 1965).

• R.M. Frank, “Bodies and Atoms: the Ash'arite Analysis,” in Medieval Islamic Thought, ed. M.E. Marmura (Toronto: 1984), 39-53.

• R.M. Frank, Early Islamic Theology: the Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī (Aldershot: 2007).

• R. McCarthy (trans.), The Theology of al-Ashʿarī (Beirut: 1953).

• P.E. Walker (trans.), Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī: a Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Reading: 2000).

• H.A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Kalām (Cambridge MA: 1976).