This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Etymology [ edit ]

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).[1]

Noun [ edit ]

*kʷékʷlos m (non-ablauting)

This Proto-Indo-European word has been proposed as the source of Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (ĜIŠGIGIR, “chariot”), Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל‎ (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) (but compare גָּלַל‎ (gālal, “to roll”)), and Proto-Kartvelian *grgar.[1] The similarly shaped Chinese 軲轆 (*guk luk)[2] is only attested in the last few centuries and may be the result of convergent onomatopoeic derivation. Instead, the undetermined 車 (*kla, “chariot” > “car”) may be a borrowing from a descendant form of this root from the spread of the chariot. See Chariot (China).

Inflection [ edit ]

Thematic singular collective nominative *kʷékʷlos *kʷekʷléh₂ genitive *kʷékʷlosyo *kʷekʷlósyo singular dual plural collective nominative *kʷékʷlos *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloes *kʷekʷléh₂ vocative *kʷékʷle *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloes *kʷekʷléh₂ accusative *kʷékʷlom *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloms *kʷekʷléh₂ genitive *kʷékʷlosyo *? *kʷékʷlooHom *kʷekʷlósyo ablative *kʷékʷlead *? *kʷékʷlomos *kʷekʷléad dative *kʷékʷloey *? *kʷékʷlomos *kʷekʷlóey locative *kʷékʷley , *kʷékʷloy *? *kʷékʷloysu *kʷekʷléy , *kʷekʷlóy instrumental *kʷékʷloh₁ *? *kʷékʷlōys *kʷekʷlóh₁

Descendants [ edit ]

Anatolian: ( perhaps ) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 ( NINDA KU.GUL.LA , “ lard biscuit, doughnut ” )

Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos ) Latgalian: koklys ( “ neck ” ) Latvian: kakls ( “ neck ” ) Lithuanian: kãklas ( “ neck ” ) → Finnic: *kakla ( “ neck ” )

(< ) Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷékʷlom ) ( see there for further descendants )

(< ) ( ) Hellenic: Ancient Greek: κύκλος ( kúklos , “ cycle, wheel ” ) (< *kʷukʷlo- )

Indo-Iranian: *čakrám n ( see there for further descendants )

( ) Phrygian: κίκλην ( kíklēn )

Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le (< *kʷukʷlo- ) Tocharian A: kukäl Tocharian B: kokale

(< )