Functors are like homo-morphisms between categories. It means, structure preserving maps between 2 structures, in our case categories. Intuitively, we can think of Functors as things that can be mapped. For example, List , Option , Future etc.. Yes, we are talking about the map function in Scala. Lets actually see what the signatures of each of the map function look like.,

class List [ T ] { .... def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : List [ K ] = ??? .... } class Option [ T ] { .... def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : Option [ K ] = ??? .... } class Future [ T ] { .... def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : Future [ K ] = ??? .... }

Though the actual Scala signature would look a lot more bizarre, this simplistic view would be enough for our discussion.

The thing i would like to do now is, to define a trait which could be overriden by all Functor s. Though it might look simple, it’s not. Lets take a first stab at it.

trait Functor [ T ] { def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : Functor [ K ] }

Well, the above definition isn’t really a Functor . Say for instance when i am implementing it in Option , the map function could as well return a List (which will also be a functor). The types should be stricter. Inorder to have a stricter definition, a notion of Kinds is needed.

Kinds

Kinds can be thought of as type for types. Inductively, every concrete type has a kind (read it as type, for simplicity) *

Say for example, Int , T (type variable), List[Int] , List[T] all are of kind * . Every type we can infer or assign for a variable is of kind * .

We also have kinds for, if i can say partial types, like List . The kind of List will be * -> * . Why? Because it takes a concrete type * to give back a * , ie., List[Int] , List[T] ..

So Kinds of some common classes.,

Option is of kind * -> *

is of kind Either is of kind * -> * -> * (Takes 2 type parameters to build a concrete type and its curried)

The distinction has to be made between Option[T] which has kind * and Option which has kind * -> *

Another important difference of types from kind is, kinds aren’t polymorphic (well unifiable), For ex, when we have identity function with signature T -> T we can pass another function K -> K as an argument for that, which means T and K -> K can be unified. But with kinds, if someone asks for * , we cannot give it a * -> * .

Functor

With that defined, we are clear now what our Functor actually was lacking. We need a Kind which we can instantiate and give it as result type. Like this.,

trait Functor [ T , F [ _ ]] { def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : F [ K ] }

The F[_] is a kind of * -> * . That is how we define higher kinds saying i dont know what the argument is going to be but leave it blank for now.

One interesting thing to note is, what is the kind of Functor now? Its of kind, * -> (* -> *) -> * .

This is pretty good from where we started, but there is still another problem that we might want to address. The problem is, some one might implement the functor on List but pass Option as a kind parameter. The type signature doesnt restrict that. In which case the map function on List would return Option .

Self type constraint

In Scala traits, we can add constraints on what else a concrete class must implement for it to implement a given trait. We can use that to say that, anything that implement the Functor should implement F[T] too. Like this

trait Functor [ T , F [ _ ]] { self : F [ T ] => def map [ K ]( fn : T => K ) : F [ K ] }

That now fixes our Functor for good. A List now cannot return an Option on map .