The Trump administration is vastly expanding a program to collect DNA information from migrants in detention and enter it in a database designed to identify criminal suspects, under a final rule published by the Department of Justice on Friday.

Administration officials say the DNA tests are necessary to determine whether adult migrants and the children they travel with are genetically proven to be a family. They also say the testing is needed to enforce a 2005 law requiring DNA samples be taken from people in federal custody.

“Today’s rule assists federal agencies in implementing longstanding aspects of our immigration laws as passed by bipartisan majorities of Congress,” Deputy Attorney General Jeffrey A. Rosen said in a statement. “Its implementation will help to enforce federal law with the use of science.”

But privacy advocates have raised concerns about whether mass DNA testing violates immigrants’ privacy rights and whether the test results are reliable in thousands of public comments on the preliminary version of the rule filed in the Federal Register. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital privacy group, called the plan “dystopian.”

Naureen Shah, senior advocacy and policy counsel with the American Civil Liberties Union, urged Congress in a statement on Friday to prevent the DOJ from using public funds to carry out the DNA collection program, which she said “seeks to further dehumanize immigrants in detention.”

“Collecting the genetic blueprints of people in immigration detention doesn’t make us safer — it makes it easier for the government to attack immigrant communities, and brings us one step closer to the government knocking on all of our doors demanding our DNA under the same flawed justification that we may one day commit a crime,” she said.

Under the rule, officials will collect DNA samples from people in both US Customs and Border Protection and US Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody and then send those samples to an FBI lab for analysis.

The DNA information would then be transferred to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined DNA Index System, or CODIS, database, which is used to identify criminals across federal, state and local jurisdictions and missing or unidentified individuals, according to a senior Department of Homeland Security official.

It’s not clear whether unaccompanied migrant children or other categories of immigrants will be exempt, or who else will have the DNA data. A spokesperson for the DOJ did not immediately respond to requests for further information on the rule on Friday.

The rule expands the scope of DNA testing in immigration detention

The DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 requires law enforcement to collect DNA from everyone who is arrested or detained in federal custody, except under limited exceptions. The Obama administration exempted individuals in immigration detention, an exception that then-DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano said at the time was meant to be temporary.

In August, a US Office of Special Counsel report cited whistleblower complaints that CBP has “for years failed to comply with a law mandating collection of DNA samples from detained criminal subjects.” As a result, the report said, people accused of violent crimes evaded capture for years, even though they had been detained by CBP and ICE and their DNA would have been on file if agencies had complied with the requirement.

“CBP’s noncompliance with the law has allowed criminal detainees to walk free,” special counsel Henry J. Kerner said at the time.

DHS already collects fingerprint samples from people in immigration custody, and has also started conducting DNA tests in limited circumstances.

Almost 458,000 families have been arrested at the border between October 2018 and August 2019. In May, ICE rolled out two DNA testing pilot programs — dubbed Operation Double Helix 1.0 and 2.0 — that used DNA tests to determine biological links between migrants who claimed to be family members.

To do so, the agency used rapid DNA testing, which allows officials to get results in under two hours and without having to send samples to a lab, but is significantly more expensive than other testing methods. Former Acting DHS Secretary Kevin McAleenan said in August that ICE found that 16 of the 84 claimed family connections in the first pilot, and 79 of 522 of those in the second test, were found to be fraudulent, meaning that genetic testing did not establish a parent-child relationship.

These tests are technically voluntary, but the consent forms provided to migrants “note that if families decide to opt out of the Rapid DNA testing, that could factor into a decision of whether or not to separate parent from child in immigration detention,” according to the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Republican Sens. Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee and Joni Ernst of Iowa, however, have sought to make the testing mandatory for all immigrant family units.

The lack of a genetic connection could mean adults are traveling with children not their own in hopes of being treated more leniently by the immigration system. But “fraudulent” families could also include children traveling with adults who are related to them but are not their biological parents, such as a stepparent, aunt or uncle, foster parent, or adoptive parent or children who are traveling with their parents but are older than 18. It’s not clear which categories the adults in the pilot program belong to.

Family fraud appears to be statistically rare: According to the LA Times, fraudulent families represented about 1 percent of family units apprehended at the border in a one-year period. But McAleenan has cited these fraud cases as justification for the administration’s attempt to roll back protections in a decades-old court order known as the Flores settlement agreement, saying it’s an incentive for adults to travel with children who are not their own. (The agreement established baseline standards of care for migrant children in detention, including a 20-day limit on their detention.)

“No child should be a pawn in a scheme to manipulate our immigration system — which is why the new rule eliminates the incentive to exploit children as a free ticket to this country,” he said.