There is an entire industry dedicated to making bad things on the Internet quietly disappear and making promotional, good things about a person or a company look totally legitimate, even when they're just PR spin.

It's known as "reputation management" and those who are good at it can earn $5,000 - $20,000 per month per client.

The crux of the work is to trick the search engines, mainly Google, into pushing bad news low in the search results while leaving good news (some of it maybe even fake) up high.

It can involve anything from writing positive articles, launching websites to promote those articles, fake reviews, and biased Wikipedia articles, to plastering comments and links on blogs and other sites.

Reputation management is used by a wide range of people and companies, from mom-and-pop shops trying to get good reviews on Yelp to celebrities, politicians, lawyers, and even tech giants like Samsung.

"We had clients paying us $10,000 a month for us to work on their 'name space,'" a former reputation management worker told us. ("Name space" simply means a person's or company's name.)

He worked for a small reputation management firm that had 35 clients. Most of them paid around $5,000 a month, which adds up to about $175,000 a month or $2.1 million annually.

Another person told us that there are firms that charge even more. "You can get fees of $10,000 to $20,000 a month for an individual online reputation clean-up."

How badly is your rep damaged?

The rate depends on how badly the reputation was damaged, how much daily work needs to be done to bury the bad news and, obviously, how much money the person is willing to spend.

Andy Beal, author and founder of the Trackur reputation monitoring service Andy Beal The biggest spenders are actors, lawyers, doctors, and politicians. They'll hire reputation management experts when top search results uncover things like lawsuits or jail time, or other embarrassing items.

They pay a reputation management firm "to make it go away," says one rep management worker.

The highest paying clients: "a celebrity, a plastic surgeon, an attorney that had a reprimand, some investor fined by the SEC, who now can’t get new clients for a hedge fund," says Andy Beal, known by some as the "Indiana Jones of Reputation Management." Beal wrote the book, "Radically Transparent: Monitoring and Managing Reputations Online" and invented a tool called Trackur.com that lets people monitor their online reputations across Google and social media sites themselves, for a monthly fee.

He says that people who are earning $1 million or more a year will pay a lot for monthly reputation management because "they will realize immediate return" by getting negative information buried on Google.

Counterintuitively, Google unintentionally helps the reputation management industry. Google keeps tweaking its search algorithm so that it always delivers the best results. Just when a reputation management company successfully buries a negative story under a bunch of spin, it often reappears again in the top search results. And the person must open the checkbook again.

It's really not that easy to game Google, those involved in the business say.

"I like the challenge of moving the search results," one former rep management worker told us. "When you're finally successful and you move that bad article onto the second page, it's a sense of accomplishment."

Two sides: black and white

When it comes to reputation management, there are many legitimate services, known as "white hats." These are people who work hard to improve a company's or person's search engine standing through tried-and-true marketing techniques that don't violate any rules.

Vanessa Fox, author and SEO specialist Vanessa Fox For instance, ex-Googler Vanessa Fox, who wrote the book "Marketing in the Age of Google," has become a big name in the white hat SEO/reputation management area.

"There's legitimate reasons to do reputation management, to make sure the positive information gets out," she says. For instance, her firm worked with "Planned Parenthood and the National Institute Of Health a couple of years ago when the Obama administration came out with new guidelines that said some women under 50 didn’t need annual mammograms," she says.

NIH wanted to make sure accurate information was available and not buried under a bunch of sensational headlines. "There's nothing wrong with working with a marketing agency to get your message across," Fox told us.

'Black hat' firms

There's also a seamier, dark side of the reputation management industry filled with people who break rules, and sometimes laws. Some of them offer services that can border on blackmail.

These are known as "black hats."

Black hats aren't anxious to talk about what they do and how they do it. Some have been caught by law enforcement and forced to pay big fines.

Both sides have the same goal: They try to make good-news articles and positive websites show up higher in search results than bad-news articles or bad reviews.

The difference is what they do to make that happen.

In search of astroturfing



There are a number of things that black-hat rep management workers do that the white hats won't, sources told us.

Sometimes they write fake reviews on sites like Yelp, Angie's List, Google Local, CitySearch.com and so on. Sometimes they write fake positive comments on blogs, or sites like Reddit.

This is a pretty common technique. One recent study by Harvard Business School found that up to 20% of Yelp reviews are fake. (Yelp says it successfully fights these fake reviews and that 25% of reviews submitted to Yelp are not published on a business’ listing.)

Writing fake comments and reviews is known as "astroturfing" and it's a violation of just about any site's terms of service. In some cases it's also a fine-able offense.

Samsung has been a client

For instance, in October, Samsung was fined over $340,000 by Taiwan's Fair Trade Commission when the commission discovered the company allegedly paid a third-party contractor to write posts praising Samsung devices and dissing competitors like HTC on Chinese Message forum Mobile 01, ABC News reported.

An investigation was launched in April, and at that time Samsung apologized saying the "incident was unfortunate, and occurred due to insufficient understanding of these fundamental principles." It then promised it had "ceased all marketing activities that involve the posting of anonymous comments," the Verge reported at the time.

That wasn't the only time Samsung was associated with an astroturfing campaign. In August, an Android developer said a Korean PR agency offered him $500 to mention a Samsung developer competition on a website, the Verge reported after the developer shared the emails from the PR company. Samsung denied it put the PR company up to it.

Samsung isn't alone. In September, New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman busted 19 companies for astroturfing. The companies were ordered to pay fines of $2,500 to $100,000 apiece. They hired freelancers in places like the Philippines, Bangladesh and Eastern Europe, paying them $1 to $10 per review.

Business Insider heard from one college student who was approached and asked to become an astroturfer for the electronics site lazada.com.my.

"A woman who claimed to be working for lazada.com.my offered me a job to write reviews for their products. As a student, it would be an easy way to earn extra cash. Timing would be flexible too," the student told us. "I didn't take the job because it's crude, false advertising."

The dark side of Wikipedia

Wikipedia Another thing that black hats do is write articles for Wikipedia. Wikipedia articles often rank high in Google search results, and that can help bump a bad-news article from the top of a search result.

But getting paid to write a Wikipedia article can be a violation of Wikipedia's terms, volunteer Wikipedia editor Sydney Poore told Business Insider.

So is writing articles from a fake account, or "sock puppet." That will get the article killed and, typically, will get the account banned, too.

Wikipedia even has a special tool for rooting out sock puppet accounts called CheckUser, Poore says.

"We can look at IP addresses and see if someone is editing using multiple accounts from the same computer or the same location," she says. "It's pretty easy to spot."

Here's one example of what the CheckUser tool looks like:

Wikipedia

One of the biggest sock puppet incidents happened in November when The Wikimedia Foundation sent a cease-and-desist letter to Wiki-PR. Wiki-PR is a public relations firm accused of recruiting 300 sock puppets to write and edit biased Wikipedia articles on behalf of paid, corporate clients. Viacom and Priceline were among Wiki-PR's clients, we previously reported.

Wiki-PR CEO Jordan French disputes the characterization that his company does paid, biased editing for Wikipedia using sock puppets. He says that not all paid editing is a violation of Wikipedia's policies and that his company is a research and writing firm, not a PR firm. It offers a service to people who want to contribute to Wikipedia but don't have the time or expertise to navigate Wikipedia's complex editing structure.

"Wiki-PR specializes in helping people correct information on Wikipedia that could be wrongly damaging to them," he said in an email to Business Insider.

And then there's blackmail

One of the worst parts of the reputation management industry are sites that host damaging material and tell people that the only way to get it removed is to pay for a removal service.

That's what one "revenge porn" site known as MyEx.com does.

MyEx.com lets anyone post explicit material and make assertions about other people.

If the victim wants that material removed, it sends them to a company called Reputation Guard.

Myex.com

On every page is a link that says "Remove my name."



That link takes a person to this page at Reputation Guard which asks for a payment of €363.30 (just under $500).

But it's not necessarily a one-time deal. As Reputation Guard explains:

With reputationguard.co, we offer the only effective solution to fight MyEx.com website. Our service is a long term solution that minimizes the visibility of the MyEx Report and builds in protections from future threats. Our service is designed to work quickly and efficiently, pushing your MyEx Report past the 1st page of your Google results. ... Our Service Consists of an Annual Fee.

Reputation Guard tells us that once a person becomes a customer, the damaging material should be "permanently removed."

We asked the company to explain its relationship with Myex.com. The company emailed this statement:

We work with many sites to fix people's reputations. Myex is just one of them. We're very persistent with these type of sites to have people's reputations fixed. Once we've brokered a deal with a site, we have a document signed by the site that states the profile will be permanently removed.

MyEx.com says it will remove the material 24-48 hours after people pay:

MyEx.com

Another way to get burned

Less nasty, but just as damaging to the pocketbook, are sites that scam users by taking their money and promising results that never happen.

If a reputation management company charges too little, beware. "Even a low-end reputation management campaign will cost a couple of thousand dollars a month to do it right," Beal says.

That's because it involves cranking out a lot of articles and linking to them from many websites across the 'net.

That's a technique called "link farms" used to "inflate the link count," Beal says. The idea is that the more websites that link to a story, the more authenticity and authority that story has in the eyes of the search engines.

If white hats are working on this, they are trying to get attention to legitimately good things the person or company has done. They will be writing PR pieces and blog items and linking to positive articles written by authentic news sites. That takes time and effort.

If a Black Hat is doing the work, they may be writing low-quality, fake articles, posting them on a network of low-quality web sites, and so on.

Sites that charge, for instance, a one-time fee of $500 are a red flag that the organization is a black hat taking shortcuts. If the techniques work at all to bump the negative article from the top search results, they won't work for long, experts say.

That's because Google's search algorithm is sophisticated enough to tell the fake sites from the real ones.

"The less legitimate sites ask you to pay money. They make fake sites then use a paid network of links pointing to fake sites to manipulate the Google algorithm to rank those pages high. But Google figures that out over time and then you've paid all this money for a fake site and it hasn’t actually helped you in the long term," Fox, the former Google staffer, says.

You can't fool Google's autosuggest tool

Google's auto suggestions are also a problem. If the bad news was big enough, as people start typing the person's name or company, Google will suggest the words that will lead to the negative articles: Such as "John Smith ... disbarred."

Black hat search results, designed to trick Google temporarily, do little to help the autosuggest.

These black hat companies "live in the shadows of the Internet," says Beal.

"They may have long, convoluted domain names like — I'm making this up — reputationrepairdoctor.net. They prey on naivety to get as much money as they can from people that don't understand what they are doing," he says, and then they vanish back into the shadows.

So, if you need to clean up your online reputation, be prepared to hire a legit service and to pay a good chunk of change.

"If this is an isolated incident from a long time ago, chances are after two to three months of work that can be removed enough from the search engines. If you are a complete jerk or your company continues to put lead traces in food, then it's like whack-a-mole. You get rid of one reputation problem but create another one," Beal says.

Ideally, the best way for a person or company to clean up an online reputation is to do actual, good, newsworthy things that gain the attention of established news sites, he says.

You've got to appreciate the karmic implications: If you want a good reputation on the web, you need to build or rebuild a good one offline first.