Image caption Nai'm, nine, has been the subject of five incidents of racism in a year

"The person was my friend and I didn't expect any of my friends to call me a name," says nine-year-old Nai'm.

He has experienced racist abuse at primary school five times in a year. It has left his mother, Carla, in tears.

One of the perpetrators is now on a council register for racism, with another facing temporary exclusion.

Primary-school exclusions for racism in England are up more than 40% in just over a decade with the biggest rise in the North West, official figures show.

BBC News analysis of the figures showed:

496 temporary exclusions for racism from primary schools in the academic year 2017-18

a rise of 40% on 2006-07, when there were 350 exclusions

in the North West there were 36 temporary exclusions in 2006-07, compared with 76 in 2017-18

the number of exclusions for racism across all schools in England has fallen over the same period

Nai'm's story

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Nai'm says the racism left him shocked and sad at the same time

Carla, who moved to Manchester from Bermuda three years ago with Nai'm, says she was called by his school and told another pupil had called him "a black midget".

"I was in disbelief. But it did in fact happen, so I was taken aback," she says.

"Then, three weeks later, I got a call again and his teacher was upset."

When she went into school to talk to the teacher, Carla broke down in tears.

"I couldn't believe that children would actually talk like that," she says.

"He was only eight at the time and shouldn't have had to endure this type of treatment."

Nai'm, who plays for his local professional football club's junior team, says much of the abuse happens on the school pitch.

But being called racist names by a friend left him "a little shocked and sad at the same time".

Another child told him their parents had told them they weren't allowed to talk to black or brown people.

Carla says the family have a good relationship with the school, which has been working with them to try to halt the abuse.

Nai'm gave a talk to fellow pupils at a special assembly about Bermuda and the school tried to get the parents to meet but some of the perpetrators' parents refused.

It is up to each individual school to decide how to deal with and whether to document incidents of racism among pupils - the only national figures are those for exclusions and some campaigners say they are just the tip of the iceberg.

Spotting it early

"This is about it being OK to be different," John Au tells a special assembly at Lawrence Community Primary School, in Liverpool.

He works for the Anthony Walker Foundation, set up after the Huyton teenager's racially motivated murder, in 2005, to campaign for diversity and inclusion.

The school contacted the charity after staff overheard worrying conversations between pupils.

Image caption John Au delivers an assembly at a Liverpool primary school

"It was things like, 'Go back to your own country,' because a lot of the children come from different countries," deputy head Lisa Flanagan says.

"We also heard children talking about the colour of someone's skin.

"In some instances, pupils were refusing to learn about another religion because they thought they would be betraying their own beliefs."

Dr Zubaida Haque, deputy director of race-equality think tank the Runnymede Trust, says racism in schools reflects attitudes outside the classroom.

"We have to understand, schools are a microcosm of society," she says.

"So if we have an increase in hate crime in society, an increase of bigotry or there's bullying going on outside of school, racism in papers and in a politician's narrative, children will pick that up very quickly. And that's what is happening."

John Au says his organisation has been receiving an increasing number of requests from schools for help.

"Racism and discrimination is a problem that affects the whole of society. It doesn't matter how old we are," Mr Au says.

"Schools should be praised for identifying problems. We have to give them credit for that. When teachers spot things early, it stops them from escalating into something else."

In a statement Nai'm's primary school said: "The school prides itself in being an inclusive school and will continue to challenge all forms of racism.

"We strongly believe in educating our pupils by teaching them right from wrong, so that they are able to live in harmony with other people regardless of our differences.

"We want children to accept each other and celebrate our diverse school community.

"We are pleased that our families feel supported by staff and that they are positive about the way we deal with incidents when they arise."