The ant-plant Cordia nodosa has hollow, swollen stems that house Allomerus octoarticulatus ant "bodyguards" that protect the plant against herbivores. Credit: G. A. Miller

Though you might not think of ants as formidable bodyguards, some do an impressive job protecting plants from enemies. Now, scientists at the University of Toronto (U of T) have determined what makes some better bodyguards than others.

Examing the relationship between the Amazon rainforest plant Cordia nodosa in Peru and the Amazonian ant Allomerus octoarticulatus, they found the degree to which the ants express two genes significantly impacts the amount of protection they provide to their hosts.

The ant-plant relationship is an example of a phenomenon in nature known as mutualism, in which two seemingly disparate species interact in a manner that is mutually beneficial for both. Two common examples of mutualisms are pollination and seed dispersal, both of which involve plants attracting animals that perform an important service by offering them a food reward. The features of mutualisms, however, vary across animals and species.

"Around 400 species of tropical plants have evolved specialized structures called domatia to house ant colonies that defend them, mainly against herbivorous insects," said Megan Frederickson, associate professor in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at U of T and senior author of a new study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. "Because there are many, many arboreal ants in rainforests, tropical trees are often completely covered in ants."

Scientists at University of Toronto fed an enzyme activator to naturally occurring ants in the field to determine how it affects ant behavior. The swelling on this Cordia nodosa branch houses tiny, orange Allomerus octoarticulatus ants inside. Credit: G. A. Miller

Frederickson suggests that these domatia that give ants a home probably evolved because they attract the ants that keep herbivores off plants.

"The plant we studied is attacked by grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars, and although these insects are small, they can do a lot of damage to trees," she said. "And since ants eat a lot of insects and other arthropods, they reduce the density of such herbivores on the trees."

The researchers zeroed in on two genes of Allomerus octoarticulatus that regulate foraging behaviour, knowing that how an animal forages for food often determines how much benefit its plant partner receives. Working in the field in the Peruvian Amazon, they fed some colonies a chemical that increases the activity of the genes' products, and observed how it changed ant behavior. They then collected the ants and brought them back to Toronto for molecular analysis.

Associate Professor Megan Frederickson from the University of Toronto observes ants in the Peruvian Amazon. Credit: G. A. Miller

"We found that when we activated the products of these two ant genes, more workers were recruited to attack herbivores, resulting in less damage to the trees," Frederickson said. "Gene expression in ant workers was also correlated with whether an ant colony discovered a grasshopper and how much damage was inflicted on leaves."

The results suggest a molecular basis for ant protection of plants in this mutualism. Previously, little was known about the genes or molecular mechanisms that make some ants better bodyguards than others. Frederickson and her colleagues suggest this research could someday help us understand what makes some animals better pollinators or seed dispersers too, although they caution that genetically engineering animals for these ecosystem services could have unintended consequences.

The findings are reported in the paper "An ant-plant mutualism through the lens of cGMP-dependent kinase genes" in the September 13 issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The research is supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).

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More information: Pierre-Jean G. Malé et al, An ant–plant mutualism through the lens of cGMP-dependent kinase genes, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2017). Journal information: Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pierre-Jean G. Malé et al, An ant–plant mutualism through the lens of cGMP-dependent kinase genes,(2017). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0896