After two weeks of negotiations, delegates from almost 200 nations passed declarations that were criticised as too weak.

Environmental groups and activists accused the world’s richest countries of showing little commitment to seriously tackling climate change after marathon talks ended in a deal described as “watered down and weak”.

International climate talks closed on Sunday in Madrid, Spain with negotiators postponing until next year a key decision on global carbon markets.

After two weeks of negotiations on tackling global warming, delegates from almost 200 nations passed declarations calling for greater ambition in cutting planet-heating greenhouse gases and in helping poor countries suffering the effects of climate change.

But despite holding the longest climate talks ever in 25 nearly annual editions, they left one of the thorniest issues for the next summit in Glasgow in a year’s time – how to deal with carbon emissions.

The climate discussions were accompanied at times by angry protests from indigenous and environmental groups, both inside and outside the venue. The demonstrations reflected growing frustration, particularly among young people, at the slow pace of government efforts to curb climate change.

Many developing countries and campaigners wanted to see much more explicit language spelling out the importance of countries submitting bolder pledges on emissions as the Paris Agreement process enters a crucial implementation phase next year.

“These talks reflect how disconnected country leaders are from the urgency of the science and the demands of their citizens in the streets,” said Helen Mountford, vice president for climate and economics at the World Resources Institute think-tank. “They need to wake up in 2020.”

Brazil, China, Australia, Saudi Arabia and the United States had led resistance to bolder action, delegates said.

Scientists say greenhouse gas emissions must start dropping sharply as soon as possible to prevent global temperatures rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) by the end of the century.

Sunday’s agreement fell well short of what science says is needed to tackle the climate emergency.

The COP25 deal “expresses the urgent need” for new carbon-cutting commitments to close the gap between current emissions and goals of capping global warming at below 2C, host country Spain said in a statement.

Survival of civilisation

So far, the world is on course for a 3-4C (5.4-7.2F) rise with potentially dramatic consequences for many countries.

Given the stakes – the survival of civilisation, no less – it did not seem unreasonable to expect 196 nations gathered in Madrid to forge a global warming action plan to declare, in clear and simple language, that they would do more.

But welcome to the world of climate diplomacy, where the difference between “shall” and “should” can be debated for days, and determine whether a treaty has teeth or is toothless.

Reaction to the talks from climate activists was angry as negotiations resumed on Sunday.

“I think it’s disastrous, profoundly distressing,” said Mohamed Adow, director of the Power Shift Africa group. “The draft outcome that has been put forward to the Chilean presidency is disgraceful – completely unacceptable.”

Harjeet Singh from Actionaid was equally despondent about the negotiations. “What is happening here is mind-boggling and absolutely unprecedented,” he said.

“On the extra day of talks, you see 10 issues where you hear divergence from parties across the board. This is set for a collapse unless we fix it in the next few hours.”

Going into Madrid, climate negotiators had two main tasks.

One was to make clear their intention to draw down more of the greenhouse gases baking our planet and unleashing – with only 1C (1.8F) of warming – a cascade of deadly droughts, heatwaves and superstorms made more destructive by rising seas.

Under the 2015 Paris climate treaty, virtually every country in the world laid out a voluntary plan to curb emissions through, for example, switching to renewable energy, planting trees, and making buildings more energy-efficient.

But the sum total of their efforts would still see Earth heat up by more than 3C (5.4F), a recipe for human misery on a global scale. Indeed, the UN’s climate science panel says anything above 1.5C (2.7F) is asking for trouble.

That clear-and-present danger has finally registered with a large slice of humanity, including millions of young people who march through city streets to embarrass their governments into action.

‘Fantasy-land’

Negotiators from the Conference of the Parties (COP) haggled over the wording of passages for weeks, and in the upside-down world of the UN talks, the result passes as a clarion call for action.

They could yet be watered down.

“We are in a fantasy land here,” said Alden Meyer, strategy and policy director for the Union of Concerned Scientists.

“I’ve been attending these climate negotiations since they first started in 1991. But never have I seen the almost total disconnect we’ve seen here at COP25 in Madrid between what the science requires and the people of the world demand.”

The other big-ticket item on the agenda at COP25 was mapping out rules for global carbon markets.

It may be done eventually but almost certainly not this year – negotiators prepared to punt the ball downfield to 2020’s meeting in Glasgow.