President Trump’s push to expand the use of “short-term” health plans that don’t have to comply with Obamacare’s coverage requirements has survived a major legal hurdle.

U.S. District Court Judge Richard J. Leon said Friday the administration acted within its authority when it said consumers could go around the Affordable Care Act’s exchanges and retain cheaper, bare-bones plans for up to three years. President Obama had limited their duration to three months.

The judge also said there was little, if any, evidence that Mr. Trump’s alternative to the 2010 program had hurt the existing market.

“Not only is any potential negative impact from the 2018 rule minimal, but its benefits are undeniable,” wrote Judge Leon, who was appointed by President George W. Bush.

The short-term rule was one of Mr. Trump’s biggest moves in the wake of the GOP’s failure to repeal and replace Obamacare with a better program.

Critics of the rules said unsuspecting customers would select “junk” plans with few protections, while sicker people who stayed in the Obamacare exchanges would pay more for robust coverage, as healthier people who’d effectively cross-subsidized their premiums dropped out of the program.

The Association for Community Affiliated Plans sued over the expansion of short-term plans, saying it undercut Obamacare and left sicker consumers with nowhere to turn.

Judge Leon found no tangible impact on Obamacare enrollment, however.

“Today’s court decision is a clear victory for American patients who saw their costs rise and choices disappear under the Affordable Care Act,” Health Secretary Alex M. Azar II said Friday.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi decried the ruling, saying it belied Mr. Trump’s claim he will protect Americans with preexisting conditions.

“At every turn, the Trump administration is working to dismantle protections for people with preexisting conditions,” Mrs. Pelosi said.

Mr. Trump’s push to reshape Obamacare has run into mixed success in the courts.

A federal judge blocked attempts by Kentucky and Arkansas to apply work requirements to their Medicaid programs earlier this year, and a judge blocked the administration’s push to expand “association health plans” that were designed to let small businesses and sole proprietors band together and buy plans with fewer requirements than Obamacare.

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