Britain has been offered a rather smaller vision of trade than the one it has just opted to exit.

One of the leaders of northern Europe has said Britain can join a "triangle" of countries in the northern Atlantic which do not belong to the EU.

Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, Iceland's president for the past two decades, said he was pleased British businesses could join a "key area in the North" including Greenland, Iceland, Norway and the Faroe Islands.

These nations either belong to the European Economic Area (EEA) or are overseas territories whose people have EU citizenship.

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Mr Grimsson said that while Britain leaving the EU was a "grim" result for the bloc, it spelled a positive outcome for Iceland.

"First and foremost, the outcome [...] is a verdict so grim that it is hard to find words to describe this historic event," he told Iceland Monitor.

"Iceland and Norway will now, in a totally new way, become participants in negotiations that must take place between the European Union and the United Kingdom, and the European Union and member states of the European Economic Area (EEA) with this new triangle of countries in the North Atlantic," he said.

Mr Grimsson added that Brexit was good for Iceland's status within the international community.

"Our significance with regards to relations with our neighbours as well as the member states of the EU has undergone positive changes," he said.

But Michael Dougan, professor of EU law at Liverpool University, said that even if such a trade bloc was likely, it was "not nearly as desirable as what we are just giving up."

He said that membership of the EEA would require the unanimous consent of all 27 member states, the European Parliament, and the four European Free Trade Association states, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

"That's 32 vetoes," he told The Independent.

"And being part of the EEA involves the free movement of people anyway. How Boris Johnson can stand up there and accuse European migrants of bringing problems, and promise free trade...

"You can't join the EEA unless you have full freedom of movement. Can these people not read?

"They have deliberately set out to terrify people into believing the country had been stolen from them by foreigners."

Brexit reactions – in pictures Show all 10 1 /10 Brexit reactions – in pictures Brexit reactions – in pictures Supporters of the Stronger In campaign look at their phones after hearing results in the EU referendum at London's Royal Festival Hall AP Brexit reactions – in pictures Leave supporters cheer results at a Leave.eu party after polling stations closed in the Referendum on the European Union in London Reuters Brexit reactions – in pictures Mr Cameron announces his resignation to supporters Getty Brexit reactions – in pictures Donald Tusk proposes that the 27 remaining EU member states ‘start a wider reflection on the future of our union’ Getty Brexit reactions – in pictures Ukip leader Nigel Farage greets his supporters on College Green in Westminster, after Britain voted to leave the European Union PA Brexit reactions – in pictures Supporters of the Stronger In Campaign react as referendum results are announced today Getty Brexit reactions – in pictures Boris Johnson leaves his home today to discover a crowd of waiting journalists and police officers Getty Brexit reactions – in pictures Leave EU supporters celebrate as they watch the British EU Referendum results being televised at Millbank Tower in London Rex Brexit reactions – in pictures Supporters of the Stronger In Campaign react as results of the EU referendum are announced at the Royal Festival Hall Reuters Brexit reactions – in pictures Supporters of the Stronger In campaign react after hearing results in the EU referendum at London's Royal Festival Hall PA

Meanwhile Switzerland, which announced in 2005 it would only accept skilled immigrants, consequently lost some of the benefits of EU membership - including exporting services, which makes up a large part of the British economy.

Professor Dougan, who is funded by Liverpool University and works independently of the European Union, said the size of the British economy will not be an automatic bargaining chip with the EU.

"Do these people not realise? The Americans can't have access to the single market without freedom of movement, and they're the biggest economy in the world," he said.

"So basically, goodbye to the single market, particularly in services. That's a disaster."

Joining the EEA or trading within north Atlantic countries would be no real replacement for leaving the EU, added Professor Dougan.

Other experts have pointed out the UK had what many regarded as a good deal within the EU. It was already exempt from the euro, the Schengen agreement, "ever closer union" and several justice and home affairs solutions.

At the same time it received a large part of its science, development and agricultural funding from the EU. There is no agricultural funding available within the EAA and its terms do not make it part of a customs union.

Members of the Leave campaign have said that access to the single market is possible without freedom of movement of immigrants.