On the opening day of Hawaii’s last constitutional convention, the conch blower forgot to show up.

It was one of the few Native Hawaiian notes the convention didn’t hit.

On July 6, 1978, the 102 convention delegates adorned with lei elected Bill Paty — a Waialua sugar plantation manager who’d fought in Normandy — to be convention president.

They had spent the previous weeks discussing the convention’s organization and leadership. “Con con opens with fragile aloha,” read a headline in one of the state’s two major newspapers.

University of Hawaii

It was an apt characterization. Just prior to Paty’s election, a group of “independents” pushing to bring direct democracy to Hawaii through citizens initiative, referendum and recall proposals tried unsuccessfully to derail him after no one in their group was given a committee chairmanship.

The convention unfolded in the midst of a transformative decade for Hawaii. Native Hawaiians were asserting their rights and the environmental movement was gaining traction.

On Nov. 6, voters will be asked if they want to hold another constitutional convention. It’s a question put to a public vote every 10 years and it’s been turned down for the past four decades.

This recap of the convention held in the summer of 1978 is based on nearly a dozen interviews with participants and observers along with a review of newspaper articles, TV newscasts and the convention’s official minutes.

PF Bentley/Civil Beat

Jerry Burris, then the 34-year-old Capitol Bureau chief for the Honolulu Advertiser, says the previous convention in 1968 had been “very much a political establishment-run convention.”

In 1978, the vast majority of the delegates were political neophytes.

“A whole group of people who primarily had never held office before were suddenly there with the whole constitution in their hands,” Burris says. “The sense of momentousness was pretty strong.”

1978 Proposed Amendments Delegates from the 1978 convention approved 34 constitutional amendments and voters later ratified all of them. Click here for a full list. A few highlights: Amendment 3 enshrined the right to privacy

Amendment 16 gave counties the exclusive power to levy property taxes

Amendment 22 established the state Water Commission

Amendment 28 created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs

Amendment 31 enshrined Hawaii’s state motto and the Hawaiian language

In his opening day remarks, Gov. George Ariyoshi urged delegates to have open minds and consider that the best ideas may be ones they hadn’t thought of yet.

It was prescient advice. Carol Fukunaga, a delegate and committee chairwoman, had anticipated the convention would focus on governmental issues like whether the attorney general should be an elected position.

“Nobody expected Native Hawaiian rights to emerge as sort of a key cornerstone of the convention,” says Fukunaga, now a Honolulu City Council member.

Fighting Against ‘Extinction’

Fukunaga and many other delegates may not have seen what was coming, but behind the scenes Hawaiian activists like the late Frenchy de Soto were gathering support for codifying indigenous rights into the constitution.

Walter Ritte, one of the activists who had gone to Kahoolawe in defiance of the Navy to protest the island’s use as a bombing range, said he was on Molokai when de Soto called him to come volunteer at the convention.

“She said that Hawaiians could pass laws that were going to be beneficial for Hawaiians,” Ritte says. “So I jumped on a plane and I called my wife to send all my clothes over.”

Ian Lind

Three months before the convention’s opening day, Hawaiian surfer Eddie Aikau had disappeared while paddling to shore to help his capsized Hokulea crew members. The Hawaiian canoe was part of a renaissance of native culture after decades of suppression following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893.

Aikau was only the latest casualty in the push to revive Hawaiian rights and culture. A year previously, Hawaiian activists George Helm and Kimo Mitchell had disappeared after traveling to Kahoolawe in defiance of the Navy.

These painful losses followed years of eviction protests, including at Waiahole-Waikane on the Windward Coast in 1976, a struggle that united Hawaiian, Filipino and Okinawan tenants against a developer who wanted to build 7,000 condo units.

An influx of outside money and migration was literally changing the landscape of Hawaii. Native people were fighting in court and on the streets to make sure their voices were not lost in the process.

Ritte went door-to-door at the convention venue in the old federal building downtown, urging delegates to support de Soto’s proposals. He says most people knew who he was because the Kahoolawe protests were well-publicized.

Ultimately, delegates approved constitutional amendments that ensured Hawaiian was one of two official state languages; supported the teaching of Hawaiian history, language and culture in schools; created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs; mandated funding for the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands; and protected traditional and customary rights.

“The purpose of the entire Hawaiian affairs package can be summed up in one brief statement from one of the Hawaiian Affairs Committee reports,” wrote de Soto in a letter to the editor in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin: “‘To check the extinction of a dying native Hawaiian race.'”

Citizens’ Initative Proposal Shot Down

While Ritte was going door-to-door, Daryl Huff was writing up briefs on an IBM electric typewriter as a staffer for the convention’s youngest delegate, 18-year-old Donna Odanaka.

The days were long and sometimes meetings lasted past midnight. It was like a legislative session with half the time to do the work, a lot more people and less entrenched factions. Lobbyists and activists told one reporter that it was an easier political arena in which to be heard.

But there was still a lot of plotting and scheming, and novices like Huff faced an uphill battle. Huff, now the managing editor at Hawaii News Now, was an advocate for creating a statewide citizens initiative process, and a separate proposal to add a “None of the above” line to state ballots for voters who didn’t like any of the candidates.

“We had bumper stickers that said, ‘None of the above.’” he says.

At the 1968 convention, delegates had taken only about a half-hour to reject the citizens initiative idea. This time, the debate was more protracted and emotional.

Huff says he thought going into the convention that most people supported a citizens initiative process. But it ultimately failed in the face of strong opposition from the Hawaii Government Employees Association, an influential union representing state government workers, along with many in the business community.

The Hawaii state constitution was one of the few that protected workers’ retirement benefits, and there were fears that this could someday be changed by a citizens initiative.

Then-delegates John Waihee and Jim Shon say many of their colleagues weren’t disillusioned enough with the Legislature to support an initiative process.

“We didn’t necessarily want to tear down the system, we wanted to reform the system,” says Shon.

Cory Lum/Civil Beat

Waihee, who was the unofficial majority leader of the convention, recalls that the Legislature was then considered one of the most progressive in the nation because it had recently mandated employer-sponsored health care for anyone working at least 20 hours per week.

From Huff’s perspective, the horse-trading that ensued was “masterful.” He remembers the “None of the above” provision looked like it would pass and then someone left the room and it narrowly failed.

“I was surprised at how willingly people would just trade one issue for another,” he says. “You’d think something was going to pass and it would die and you’d go what the heck happened? … Fairly early the idealism kind of got knocked out of you.”

Locals Wielded Political Power

The summer of the convention coincided with the release of a pamphlet called “Palaka Power,” which Burris describes as an “ideological defense of local people trying to maintain and hold some power against institutional forces such as the outside media, outside economic forces.”

Some delegates wore palaka shirts, checkered fabric that was a symbol of Hawaii’s plantation history. In the 1970s, the shirts were popularized by local musicians like Cecilio & Kapono.

Pride in Hawaii’s local culture and fear of how outsiders were changing the islands was another backdrop to the convention that influenced proposals.

Foreigners and mainlanders were buying land and businesses and high-rises were popping up across the city.

“That’s when we all really started hating Waikiki,” recalls Huff, referencing Joni Mitchell’s 1970 “Big Yellow Taxi” song with the catchline, “They paved paradise and put up a parking lot.”

Even the locally owned news media was largely led by haole editors.

“The people who had something see the con con as a way to hold onto it. The people who feel left out see the con con as a way to get in,” Buriss says.

Despite the shifting island economics, “In 1978 the haves in terms of political power were local people. The have-nots were haoles, they wanted initiative and referendum.”

Convention delegates talked about putting limits on immigration and land purchases but those proposals didn’t pass muster in the face of the U.S. Constitution.

Delegates weren’t worried about outside money buying candidates in the statehouse, Waihee says. Rather, people were “afraid that foreign corporations would buy up Hawaii and the Legislature was our protection against it.”

Courtesy: Maui County

Supporters of localism, the indigenous rights movement and environmentalism ultimately converged to propel certain issues forward. They found common ground on amendments protecting important agricultural land and enshrining water rights.

Disillusionment with the status quo also helped push forward governmental and budgetary changes. Republicans successfully pushed for open primaries. Delegates passed a spending limit that ensured the government couldn’t hold onto big surpluses.

Riki Hokama — then a 25-year-old legislative staffer who got elected as a delegate to represent West Maui, Molokai and Lanai — says he and other neighbor island legislators successfully gave counties control over property taxes.

“The property tax became a critical component of self-government, allowing the counties to have a true sense of home rule,” Hokama says.

Launching Political Careers

Most of the delegates were young political novices, and the convention launched what Burris calls a “generation of political leaders.”

“It was a springboard,” he says. “That’s the irony. It was a people’s convention not a professional politicians’ convention.” But afterwards, “pretty much half of the convention went off and tried to run for office.”

Hokama is now a county councilman on Maui. Fukunaga is a longtime Honolulu councilwoman. Jeremy Harris, a delegate known during the convention as a Kauai environmentalist, eventually became mayor of Honolulu.

De Soto and Ritte both served as OHA trustees. Shon and Les Ihara became state legislators. Waihee went on to serve two terms as governor.

Many participants and observers didn’t realize the significance of those two and a half months.

Gerald Kato was a young reporter at the Honolulu Advertiser covering city hall who occasionally wrote about the convention. He said the more significant story that year was Fasi’s attempt to unseat incumbent Ariyoshi in the governor’s race.

The convention was a sideshow to that bigger political story.

“I don’t think we realized how much of a long-term impact it would have,” Kato says.

Burris agrees, saying, “Elections come and go but the constitution endures.”

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