On paper, Matthew Kroenig would be a strong candidate to serve in U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration. The 40-year-old professor of government at Georgetown University is an expert on nuclear proliferation. He has a record of public service at both the CIA and the Pentagon. And he says he supports much of the Trump administration’s foreign policy. But there’s one hitch. During the 2016 Republican primaries, Kroenig signed a letter criticizing Trump’s candidacy and calling him unfit for the presidency. Now, as Secretary of State Mike Pompeo races to fill key positions in an understaffed institution badly neglected by his predecessor, he’s finding that some of the best-qualified people in Washington remain unacceptable to a president notorious for his thin skin. In political circles, they’re known as the Never Trumpers, a loose-knit group of several hundred high-profile Republican Party members who denounced Trump in petitions and other public statements at a moment when it seemed his candidacy was a long shot. Two years later, they remain outcasts in their own party. Some continue to believe Trump poses a danger to America’s “national security and well-being,” as they wrote at the time. Others regret their criticism, including politicos who had hoped to serve in a Republican administration and are now shut out. But while the petitions offered a moment of moral clarity in a town not exactly known for it, their legacy is largely a failed one. The Never Trumpers did not slow Trump’s momentum — their criticism hardly resonated outside Washington. Instead, it ensured they would remain on the outside, looking in, powerless to curb the president’s worst impulses. Eric Edelman, who served as a diplomat in the George W. Bush administration and also put his name to the Never Trump petitions, said it’s always a challenge to find good candidates for key government positions. For Pompeo, National Security Advisor John Bolton, and other top Trump officials, having to take into account Trump’s ongoing fixation with loyalty makes it especially tricky. “The talent pool for recruitment is [now] very shallow,” Edelman said. “[Pompeo] faces enormous staffing challenges.”

Above: Secretary of State Mike Pompeo speaks while flanked by President Donald Trump, left, and Vice President Mike Pence during Pompeo’s ceremonial swearing-in at the State Department on May 2. (Mark Wilson/Getty Images) (Top image: Foreign Policy illustration)

The first Never Trump letter was published in March 2016 on the national security analysis website War on the Rocks, just as Trump emerged as the front-runner for the Republican nomination. It drew enough traffic to crash the website for several hours.

Signed by 122 Republicans from the foreign-policy community, it focused primarily on Trump’s character flaws and warned that he was unfit for the Oval Office.

“Mr. Trump’s own statements lead us to conclude that as president, he would use the authority of his office to act in ways that make America less safe, and which would diminish our standing in the world,” it said. “Furthermore, his expansive view of how presidential power should be wielded against his detractors poses a distinct threat to civil liberty in the United States.”

The letter was drafted four months earlier by a former naval officer turned foreign-policy advisor, Bryan McGrath, but he encountered resistance among even Trump’s sharpest critics.

“I shopped it around to some people who I respect, and essentially what they said to me was, ‘Don’t worry about it. He’ll be gone after the first or second primary. He won’t lose gracefully. It’s just not worth doing,’” McGrath said.

But when Trump prevailed in the early primaries, McGrath called his friend Eliot Cohen, a conservative foreign-policy writer and former senior official in Republican administrations. Together, they rewrote the letter and shared it with fellow Republicans in the foreign-policy world. Dozens of people signed on, including young policy experts and former senior officials.

Neither McGrath nor Cohen thought Trump could win, but they were worried about the harm he was causing to the Republican Party.

“The key thing was, I think, a sense of outrage at the character of Trump. And that’s reflected in the language,” Cohen said.

When Trump became the party’s candidate for president in July 2016, an even sharper petition emerged, this one in the name of Republicans who had served at the highest levels of government.

Drafted by former State Department official John Bellinger and quoted on the front pages of newspapers across the country, it predicted that Trump would be the “most reckless President in American history.”

“None of us will vote for Donald Trump,” the letter said. “He weakens U.S. moral authority as the leader of the free world. He appears to lack basic knowledge about and belief in the U.S. Constitution, U.S. laws, and U.S. institutions, including religious tolerance, freedom of the press, and an independent Judiciary.”

Bellinger said he hoped the letter might reach voters who remained undecided. Like Cohen and McGrath, he now says he has no regrets about writing it.

“I think every word has turned out to be true, and worse,” he said.

At the time, Bellinger resisted including a sentence that argued Trump could not be trusted with managing the nuclear arsenal. “It would never have occurred to me that he would literally be taunting North Korea by Twitter with the size of his nuclear button.”