Abstract The question whether decapitation is a humane method of euthanasia in awake animals is being debated. To gather arguments in this debate, obsolete rats were decapitated while recording the EEG, both of awake rats and of anesthetized rats. Following decapitation a fast and global loss of power of the EEG was observed; the power in the 13–100 Hz frequency band, expressing cognitive activity, decreased according to an exponential decay function to half the initial value within 4 seconds. Whereas the pre-decapitation EEG of the anesthetized animals showed a burst suppression pattern quite different from the awake animals, the power in the postdecapitation EEG did not differ between the two groups. This might indicate that either the power of the EEG does not correlate well with consciousness or that consciousness is briefly regained in the anesthetized group after decapitation. Remarkably, after 50 seconds (awake group) or 80 seconds (anesthetized group) following decapitation, a high amplitude slow wave was observed. The EEG before this wave had more power than the signal after the wave. This wave might be due to a simultaneous massive loss of membrane potentials of the neurons. Still functioning ion channels, which keep the membrane potential intact before the wave, might explain the observed power difference. Two conclusions were drawn from this experiment. It is likely that consciousness vanishes within seconds after decapitation, implying that decapitation is a quick and not an inhumane method of euthanasia. It seems that the massive wave which can be recorded approximately one minute after decapitation reflects the ultimate border between life and death. This observation might have implications in the discussions on the appropriate time for organ donation.

Citation: Rijn CMv, Krijnen H, Menting-Hermeling S, Coenen AML (2011) Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the ‘Wave of Death’. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016514 Editor: Georges Chapouthier, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France Received: November 25, 2010; Accepted: January 4, 2011; Published: January 27, 2011 Copyright: © 2011 Rijn et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction Decapitation is a procedure to euthanize small animals, such as rats and birds. It is achieved by swiftly cutting the neck of the animal close to the head, by using a guillotine with a sharp blade. The advantage of this technique is that it provides a means to obtain brain tissues and fluids that are not contaminated with chemicals such as gases and anesthetics, and not affected by electrical currents. However, the method is not free from controversies and still not generally accepted as an acceptable humane euthanasia procedure [1]. This is so although the majority of researchers conclude that decapitation is not an inhumane technique [2], [3], [4]. A minority of authors, however, argue that decapitation may induce distress and pain to the animals [5]. The controversy is mainly created by the uncertain interpretation of the brain activity seen from the moment of the neck cut to the point that the EEG is iso-electric, indicating deep unconsciousness. The duration to EEG iso-electricity varies from a few seconds [3] to 14 seconds [5], this discrepancy is considerable. Given the debate about this matter, there is no consensus about the acceptance of decapitation as an adequate euthanasia method in the Animal Ethical Committees in The Netherlands, having the task to consider whether animal experiments are allowed. The question how long consciousness is present after a neck cut is essential to gauge the humane nature and acceptability of decapitation. The present experiment was undertaken in order to analyze in detail the EEG characteristics following decapitation in rats. A group of awake, conscious rats was decapitated while the EEG was recorded before, during and after the severing of the neck. In order to facilitate the interpretation of the EEG in terms of consciousness, a second group of rats were decapitated under anesthesia. Before decapitation these rats were anesthetized to uncover which kind of activity can be present in the EEG, not indicating a form of consciousness. This conscious-anesthesia design allowed a comparison of EEG characteristics of conscious and unconscious rats, in particular with respect to the critical period between the moment of decapitation and the complete disappearance of EEG activity.

Methods Permission for the experiment was obtained from the Ethical Animal Committee of the Radboud University Nijmegen under number RU-DEC 2007-170. Twenty-two male Wistar rats of 6 to 8 months old with weights between 230 and 290 grams, coming from a previous electrophysiological experiment (RU DEC 2007-034), served as experimental subjects. All were already provided with a permanent tripolar electrode set. Two electrodes were aimed at the frontal and parietal cortex, the ground electrode was placed above the cerebellum. Decapitation took place under two experimental conditions. In the first condition (n = 9) rats were fully conscious, while in the second condition (n = 8) rats were under isoflurane anesthesia, in a dose that is commonly used for operation purposes. The experiment started with 22 rats, but 5 rats lost the electrode set during the experiment. The rats were immobilized by an experienced animal technician, put with their head in the guillotine opening and an EEG cable was connected. A baseline EEG was recorded for 30 seconds. Subsequently the animals were decapitated swiftly. The guillotine was constructed by the Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Social Sciences. It consisted of a metal frame and a sharp blade, which could be operated by one hand. During decapitation the EEG was recorded while the animals were observed. EEG recordings were continued for at least 5 minutes after decapitation. EEGs were registered in the frequency band from 0.1–100 Hz, with a notch filter of 50 Hz, digitized with a sample frequency of 512 Hz using a Windaq system (www.dataq.com), and stored for off-line analysis. Following decapitation all rats were anatomically inspected to determine the exact plane of section. This section was aimed at the atlanto-occipital joint to block as much sensory input to the brain as possible [2]. All animals, except three, had a correct spinal section. In these three animals the section had a distance of more than one vertebra to the atlanto-occipital joint. However, data from these rats could not be distinguished from those with a correct section and were pooled to the correctly decapitated animals. The analysis of the EEG was performed using Brain Vision Analyzer (www.brainproducts.com). EEG traces were segmented in epochs of 1.0 seconds with a sliding window of 0.5 seconds. On these epochs FFT was performed with a low cutoff of 1.0 Hz and a high cutoff of 100 Hz, both with 48 dB/oct. The one second epochs just before and after the decapitation artifact were ignored. The output of the FFT was voltage density (V/Hz), which is referred to as the power of the EEG. GraphPad Prism 5.03 (www.graphpad.com) was used for the determination of the time course of the power of the EEG. Statistical analysis was performed in SSPS 15.0 (www.spss.com).

Discussion The critical point for judging decapitation as a humane technique for euthanizing animals is the time it takes after decapitation for animals to become fully unconscious, unable to perceive distress and pain. The aim of this study was to find an answer in the EEG. In awake rats it lasts takes about 17 seconds before the power of the EEG is iso-electric. Since it is not known how the power of the EEG correlates with the level of consciousness, in drug free subjects, iso-electricity forms a solid base to regard the animal as completely unconscious. However, the question arises whether the degree of consciousness at an earlier time is already so low that perception of pain and distress is already totally eliminated. In the literature, it is not easy to find data on the relation EEG power -consciousness in unmedicated individuals. Reports on this relation are either in damaged brains, such as coma patients [9], or during pharmacological induced unconsciousness, such as anesthesia [10]. Therefore, for the present discussion, EEGs were taken from our database, of waking and sleeping rats and the power of these EEGs were compared, to get an indication how the power of a sleep EEG, when consciousness is nearly absent, is related to the waking EEG, when consciousness is high. It is well known that the shape of the spectrograms differ between these two states [11]; the power in the low frequencies (1–12 Hz) during sleep is much higher then that of the awake state (200%, SEM 21%, n = 8 rats, 10 seconds per animal). For the present question is relevant that the power in the cognitive band (13–100 Hz) of the sleep state is still 78%, (SEM 4.4%) of that during waking. Since sleep is not deeply unconscious, it seems save to take a lower value, thus to assume that the animals are unconscious at a power decrease of the cognitive band of 50%. This point is reached in 3.7 seconds. The EEG of an anesthetized subject is very different from that of an unmedicated state. Therefore it is quite surprising that the post-decapitation EEG, and its power, of the anesthetized group are almost the same as that of the awake group. One interpretation is that the resulting power of the EEG in the awake animals is not well indicative of consciousness and distress, since the same activity is present in the EEG of non-conscious anesthetized animals. On the other hand, the resemblance of the power of the post decapitation EEG in both groups might also imply that the animal's consciousness is briefly enhanced immediately after the neck cut. The interpretation might be that the cut is such a powerful arousal stimulus, that even anesthetized animals regain consciousness. This statement is supported by the observation that the correlation dimension of the EEG, a measure for consciousness, sharply rises when a painful stimulus is given to an animal in deep anesthesia [12]. The results presented here warrant the conclusion that decapitation leads to a rapid loss of consciousness, so it seems safe to assume that in 3–4 seconds after decapitation the animal is unconscious, unable to perceive stress and pain. This number corresponds well with results of Derr [3]: 2.7 seconds and of Holson [4]; 3–6 seconds. It might be concluded that decapitation is not an inhumane method for euthanizing small animals. This conclusion, however, does not imply that decapitation is recommended in all situations. It is an offensive method which has an esthetical disadvantage: performing and observing this technique is displeasing. Moreover, achieving decapitation requires experienced and skilled personnel. A remarkable and consistent finding is the occurrence of a very slow, large, late wave in the EEG. A relatively long time after cutting the neck, when iso-electricity is already present in the EEG for a considerable time, a large amplitude positive-negative-positive wave follows at approximately 50 seconds after decapitation of rats of the awake group. In the anesthetized rats this wave is also present but comes later, at about 80 seconds after the neck cut. By carefully inspecting the EEG trace just before and after this wave, it could be seen the amplitude of the EEG is higher that before the wave than after the wave; this was confirmed by FFT analysis. The positive-negative-positive shape of the wave is likely to be brought about by the high-pass filter of 0.1 Hz. It is possible that the original wave is a sigmoid shaped wave, as described by Bureš and Burešová [13]. It is speculated here that, due to lack of energy to maintain this potential, neurons lose their membrane potential at this time. The wave thus might reflect a massive opening of ion channels: a depolarization wave. The still functioning of these ion channels in the period before the wave might be responsible for the observed difference in the pre-wave and post-wave power of the EEG. Hence, it is thought that the wave represents the synchronous death of brain neurons, expressed in a ‘wave of death’. In the anesthetized group this wave is delayed, perhaps because of the protective character of the anesthetic drugs. Also in the EEG of rats euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital such a wave can be observed (see figure 7 for two examples). In a recent paper by Lakhmir and colleagues [14] the EEG of patients was recorded in the form of a bispectral index monitor (BIS) during their dying. In all patients they could record a large wave, near death, which they interpreted as related to the loss of cellular membrane potentials. Perhaps, this wave has some analogies with the ‘wave of death’, although with frequency characteristics are different from the wave described in the present experiment. PPT PowerPoint slide

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larger image TIFF original image Download: Figure 7. EEG of two animals euthanatized with an overdose of pentobarbital. EEG of two animals euthanatized with an overdose of pentobarbital. The time after injection of 120 mg/kg is indicated. The EEG before the break of the abscissa is a typical burst suppression pattern A considerable time after the last burst, a large wave is observed. Note the large difference in the time-delay after injection and after the last burst. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016514.g007 It is concluded from this experimental work that consciousness is likely to vanish within some seconds after decapitation. It is therefore implied that decapitation is a quick and not inhumane method of euthanasia. Interestingly, it seems that it takes nearly one minute for neurons to loose their membrane potentials. In view of this finding, a long EEG monitoring during the process of natural dying and basic research regarding the physiology of brain functioning during this process might give information in the ongoing discussion on the definition of brain death, but it is suggested here that the massive wave which can recorded approximately one minute after decapitation ultimately reflects brain death.

Acknowledgments We cordially acknowledge Gerard van Ooijen for indispensable electrotechnical assistenace and Drs. Jan Pieter Zwart, MSc for critical reading the manuscript and helpful suggestions.

Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: CMvR AMLC. Performed the experiments: CMvR HK SM-H. Analyzed the data: CMvR. Wrote the paper: CMvR AMLC.