+------------------------------------+ | | | | | \ / | | \ / | | \ / o | | \ / | | \ / | | | \ / | | | \ / | | | \ / | | | \/ _-_ | | | | Essentials | | | | | | | | | | | | Palash Kanti Kundu | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------+























Vi Essentials by Palash Kanti Kundu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.





















Table of Contents









Chapter 1

Introduction

Working with text is pretty common in Computer Systems. All programs are written in plain text, many configuration files are written in plain text. Also for quick notes, plain text is far more quick and useful than processed documents. Until and unless a document needs to be presented in a well formatted way, we do not need heavy processing of text. Also, it should be noted that, before presentation of any information (in formats like Word Document, PDF, Powerpoint Presentation etc.), user needs to collect and store the information first in plain text, then only he or she will be able to present it in desired format.

The usefulness of text editing led the way to have a text editor present in any OS. Like, Windows provides Notepad.exe, Mac OS provides TextEdit, any version of Gnome based Linux provides GEdit and almost all the *nix systems by default provide vi editor or Vim (vi improved) for editing text.

1.1 The importance of vi

While there are many text editors available (both GUI-based and text-Based), vi is pretty popular in the *nix community. The reasons behind this are the following -

The vi editor is standardized by POSIX, so any POSIX compliant system must have this editor. Thus it can be a life saver at times when you have to perform some text editing but you do not have any other option available to you. Also if you are connecting to other machine using ssh, no GUI based editor will work. So, vi can be used to edit files in remote systems as and when required. vi is extremely fast and runs on low resources. While using the vi editor, users need not use a mouse and there are very few control key combination required in vi. This saves a lot of time. As vi is available everywhere and many Unix/Linux users use this text editor, you can get plenty of help over the internet. So, day to day job becomes easier.

Due to the reasons mentioned above, many programmers and system administrators rely on the vi editor.

1.2 What this book covers

This book is mainly focused on the basic commands of vi editor, which is available in any other improved version of vi like vim, nvi, elvis etc. So, all the commands and instructions available in the book will be applicable for basic vi editor as well as any improved version of it. This book does not contain any advanced feature which vim or other feature-rich clone of vi editor provides. It leaves the reader in a stage where he or she knows just enough for basic text editing using vi. From there he or she can take it forward for performing complex editing tasks easily.

1.3 Who should read this book

If you are thinking whether to read this book, please check if you fall into either of the following categories -

You just started using vi and are getting stuck at times and you need some help to get out of the situation. You had used vi editor previously but may be due to no use for long time you have forgotten many commands. In other words you need a quick refresher of vi editor. You are pretty enthusiastic about learning vi editor and as you read this book you are ready to open the terminal and actually edit some files to check how vi editor works. If you want to learn any vi editor clone (like nvi, vim and elvis). Though this book will not cover all details of a specific vi clone, it will be enough to grab the basics and this book will leave you at a stage from where you can take it forward and learn any clone of vi.

1.4 Who should avoid this book

This book may dissatisfy you if -

You already know the basics of how to use vi editor or any of its clones. You are looking for a quick reference of all the vi commands. You want to learn vi editor and its usages by only reading this book (and not doing anything in vi).

1.5 How to read this book

Open this book, in your favourite web browser and parallelly open vi editor in a terminal window or gvim (if you are running Windows). As you read through the chapters, you can experiment with the commands and instructions written in this book. Repeat the commands and practice until you are well familiar with the commands and it has become your second nature to use them. Then move on to next chapter. Every chapter uses the concept of the previous one. So, it is not recommended to skip a chapter. Repeat the process until you have finished.

1.5.1 Prerequisite

Computer or tablet which has vi/vim/nvi/elvis editor installed. If you are on Windows and want to have vi, you can go for gvim. Google this phrase “gvim for windows”. Reader should have knowledge on how to move between directories in command line and how to create directories using commands. Patience. It takes a lot of time to get familiar with all the controls of vi. But this actually pays off in long run.

1.6 Feedback is important

This book is an ongoing project, if you find any mistake or you have a suggestion please raise an issue here. Your changes and suggestions may get into future releases.

1.7 Colophon

This book is written using VIM - Vi Improved 7.4 on a Lenovo G50-70 laptop running Linux Mint 18.1 Cinnamon 64 bit and later moved to Ubuntu 19.04 64 bit. All the movements and operators have been tested in vi, nvi, vile and vim editor.









Chapter 2

vi Editor

In earlier days of Unix, only text editor available was ed , which still today is available in any POSIX compliant System but it is really painful to work with ed as it is a line based editor. That means, it displays one line of text at a time on the command line and allows users to make some change and save the line to file. Struggling with the lack of a good text editor in UNIX, the then student of University of California at Berkeley, Bill Joy developed ex text editor which was a superset of ed text editor. Still it was lacking one important thing, a visual interface. So, he started developing a visual interface for ex editor around 1976. Vi editor got its name from the fact that it is a visual interface to the ex text editor. Such a gift can be expected from a co-founder of Sun Microsystems. In spite of the fact that, GUI has gone a long way from where it was at 1976, vi is still a very popular choice as a text editor. It is not surprising that it has made its way into the POSIX Standards. While vi editor might not be intuitive and easy for beginners, a few days of practice can make users edit files a lot faster and in a convenient way.

2.1 Modes in vi

vi editor is a modal editor, which means that, depending on the mode vi editor is, commands change their course of action. While using vi editor you don’t have to move your hands from keyboard to mouse, which is why it makes editing faster. Most of the commands in vi editor resides in the typing section of your keyboard, to facilitate this vi comes with the concept of different modes. vi offers three modes of operation. Following are details of them -

2.1.1 Normal Mode

This is the mode when vi editor first opens. This mode facilitates moving around a file and run commands which changes the text in the file.

2.1.2 Insert Mode

In this mode users can type in the keyboard and text gets inserted into the file. This behavior is similar to the one you can expect in a Graphical Editor like Notepad or GEdit.

2.1.3 ex mode

vi is an extension to the text editor ex , so it supports commands from ex editor as well. This mode in vi allows the users to run ex commands. At times ex commands are far more convenient to use than using vi commands. Also to configure the behavior of vi editor, user need ex mode.

In the beginning, it may be pretty difficult to understand the concept of modes and it confuses all beginners. To add to the difficulty, there are keys which changes the mode on the fly, changes cursor positions. So, it is confusing at first, but as you practice, this is easy to use.

2.2 Let’s get started

After reading until this point, it can be a fair estimate that you want your hands to get dirty on the command line. Now is the time to do some actual stuff. To perform the operations in this section, I would suggest you to create a directory of your choice and navigate into it. In the subsequent hands-on sections also, you can use this directory. First thing we’ll run on command line is vi command and see how the editor looks like.

$ mkdir vi-essentials $ cd vi-essentials/ $ vi

Once you hit this command on the command prompt, depending on the installation, you can either find a vim editor window opened or a classic vi window opened. Following are the two different editors’ default looks -

+--------------------------------------------------------+ |~ | |~ | |~ VIM - Vi IMproved | |~ | |~ version 7.4.1689 | |~ by Bram Moolenaar et al. | |Modified by pkg-vim-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.or | |~ Vim is open source and freely distributable | |~ | |~ Become a registered Vim user! | |~ type :help register<Enter> for information | |~ | |~ type :q<Enter> to exit | |~ type :help<Enter> or <F1> for on-line help | |~ type :help version7<Enter> for version info | |~ | |~ | |~ | | 0,0-1 All | +--------------------------------------------------------+ Vim editor with no file input

+--------------------------------------------------------+ |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |/tmp/vi.FajNUg: new file: line 1 | +--------------------------------------------------------+ vi editor

In case you are using nvi, you can find the following

+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |~ | |/tmp/vi.WjfEDi: new file: line 1 | +--------------------------------------------------------+ nvi editor

Some points to be noticed here, first is that, once you are in, you loose access to terminal, the second point to notice is, you see screen full of ‘~’ (tilde) character followed by blank lines (except for vim, which shows some information instead).

Also you see some information printed on the last line.

Now, we’ll cover them one by one.

When you open vi it replaces your terminal - you can get out of vi editor by hitting <Esc> key and typing :q! . The <Esc> key puts you in normal mode. While you type : in normal mode, mode changes to ex mode and q is the command to exit out of the vi editor, ! is added to it just in case you have made some changes in the buffer, it will overwrite the changes and allow you to get back to terminal without saving anything. We’ll talk about these later while editing actual files. The ~ denotes that these lines are not in file. So, if you see the whole screen full of tilde characters followed by blank lines, it means the file is empty. In case of vim editor, instead of showing blank lines, it shows some information on how to get out of vim or how to get help in vim. But as soon as a character is entered, this information is hidden. None of these are part of your text content. The last line shows some information. Basically, it shows the position of the cursor in the file like, on which line cursor is or on which column the cursor is waiting etc. The other part of information shown in the last line is about the file you are writing; as vi editor is not opened for a particular file, it opens a buffer.

You can close the vi editor by typing <Esc> :q!

2.2.1 Some Notes

Vi always puts you in a buffer while opening. While opening vi, if it was not supplied a file name, it will open empty buffer and when you save the content, then only it gets saved in a file with a name of your choice. In case of editing an existing file, vi opens a buffer with the content from the file and when you are ready to save, it actually saves the changed content in the file. Vi is case-sensitive. So, q and Q are two different commands. So, if you are experiencing an unexpected output, please check the <Caps Lock> first.

Now it’s time to practice it over and over again. Once you are comfortable getting in and out of vi editor, you can move forward with doing some actual change in the buffer and save to file.









Chapter 3

Basic Movement

Moving around the contents of a file is the most common thing anyone does. Once you have opened a file and want to change its contents, you must move cursor to exact location and perform the change. Also, movement commands form the basis of editing commands. So, they are pretty much used every time you open vi. Vi editor provides a very easy and fast way to navigate around the file content. Well to be frank, it is not that easy at first but after some movements, it is pretty easy. Because the movement commands reside at your right hand home row, the easiest location to reach on the keyboard.

3.1 The movement commands

To use the movement commands, you will need to have a file which has some text in it. So, you can copy an existing file full of text to your working directory and try using the movement commands on it.

$ vi ~/vi-essentials/book

3.1.1 Move by characters

When you open a file in vi editor, the cursor resides at the first character of the file. Press <Esc> key once just to make sure, you are in normal mode. In normal mode you can use the movement commands and move the cursor to your desired position.

Following are the commands to move cursor in Normal Mode -

h - move cursor to the left

j - move cursor one line down

k - move cursor one line up

l - move cursor to the right

Pretty confusing (who assigns ‘l’ to move right), but you should notice that all the commands are there on your right hand home row. After some movements, this would be fine and it will make the most sense.

Following guide may be of use -

h - resides on left

j - has hook down

k - points up

l - is on right

Or may be you can put a sticker on your desktop monitor with the following print out -

k ^ h< >l v j

Practice this movement until you don’t have to think which key to use for which direction.

3.1.2 Alternatives to hjkl

All the hassles can be minimized and all confusions can be eliminated by just using the arrow keys in your keyboard. But think this way, it will slow you down while editing text and it can distract you to search for arrow keys in your keyboard while in between a serious editing. Choice is yours but recommendation would be to use hjkl. Another alternative to h and l is to use <Backspace> and <Space> . While it is true that <Space> key is also easy to reach, <Backspace> is not. Also, you do not get the flexibility to move line up or down with this combination.

3.1.3 Move by lines

Once you are comfortable moving by characters, now it’s time to move in the line and out of the line. The following line level movements can be performed in vi editor normal mode

0 - move to the first character of the line $ - move to the end of the line ^ - move to the first non-blank character of line + - move to first non-blank character of the next line <Enter> - move to first non-blank character of the next line - - move to first non-blank character of the previous line

3.1.4 Move by Words

With the commands covered till now, you should be pretty much comfortable in moving around a file. Still something is missing. Perhaps, you also felt that, it would be nice to tap into the middle of a line or move to a particular word and change it. To do so, there are commands to move back and forth between words in vi editor. These are the three basic word movement commands to be used in normal mode

w - cursor moves to the first character of the next word e - cursor moves to the last character of the current/next word. If the cursor is in the last character of the current word, it moves to the last of the next word. Otherwise, it moves to the last character of the current word b - cursor moves to the first character of the previous/current word. If the cursor is in the first character of a word, then it moves to the first character of the previous word. Otherwise, it moves to the first character of the current word.

You might have noticed that while moving, special characters/punctuations are also treated as a single word, so ‘vi.’ is actually two different words. But at times, you may want to treat them a single word. To do so, you just have to use capital letters of the command (W, E, B). Just try it out, you will understand the difference.

Let’s have a quick hands-on of these movement commands. To do this, open vi editor with a file full of text or download this file and open in vi.

Move to the directory you have downloaded the file and open using vi -

$ vi data.txt

This will open vi editor with the content of the file-

In its simplest form, Data is a collection of information. This information may be of any type, numbers, words, observations, measurement or even just a description. With that said, let’s dive deeper. Data can be of two forms, Qualitative – it represents description or quality of something. Analogous to Adjectives in grammars. Quantitative – it represents numerical information like 8 chairs, 9.8 meters, 20 litters etc. Now, in a way, we can divide quantitative data into two parts as well, Discrete – it has some restrictions on it. It can take certain values and the values are distinct and separate. This data can’t be broken in smaller units. It’s typically counted in whole numbers. For example: number of pages in a book, gender of a person (male or female), blood group of a person (A, B, O, AB) etc. Continuous – it is the data that can be measured and broken down in smaller parts and still be meaningful. It is the data that can be measured on a scale and can have any value within a range. For example: height of a person, length of a road, volume of a cube etc.

When you first open vi, the cursor resides below the first character of the file. In this case, it resides below the first I in the file. At this point, we’ll go through the movement commands ( h , j , k , l ). First we’ll try hitting h . As there is nothing on the left of the character, cursor won’t move anywhere. So, now we’ll try the next one which is j . This will bring the cursor down one line on the second line on the first character, that is T. Now we’ll try hitting k which will again bring back the cursor on the first line first character, which is I. In short, this will bring you back to the initial position. Now, we’ll try the last one, l , this will bring the cursor to the right below the character n. From here, you can try hitting h which will again bring you back to the initial position. Try using these commands for a fair amount of time, until your brain gets accustomed to it and you can automatically navigate the cursor without thinking.

In case, you have accidentally hit on some key which puts you in Insert Mode, immediately hit <Esc> key or <Ctrl> + [ combination to change the mode back to Normal Mode.

Once you are accustomed to the basic movements, try the other movement commands, like 0 , $ , + , <Enter> , ^ , - , w , e , b , B , E , W . Try to understand the commands by using them on a text file with huge number of lines and they will be your second nature eventually.

3.2 Using a count

While it is possible to traverse the whole file with these simple commands, you can actually make the movements extremely fast by simply putting a count in front of the motion command. For example, if you want to move 9 lines below, you can press j 9 times or you can use 9j , the cursor will immediately move 9 lines below. Similarly, if you need to move 9 lines up, you can use 9k . The same goes with other movement commands as well. So, 2h , 3l , 5k , 6w , 6W , 6B , 7b , 8e , 9E , 4$ , 9+ , 8- are also valid movements. The movement commands that do not work with a count is 0 and ^ . Also, the $ command works with counts a bit differently. If you press 4$ , it will move to the last of 3 lines below. Actually, the first $ is used to move to the last of the current line. Then, it applies the other 3 $ commands to move three lines below to the end of the line.

3.3 Summary

In this chapter we learnt a lot about moving around the file content. So, it is better to jot them down and make a table for future reference.

Summary of Movements

Movement Commands left arrow, down arrow, up arrow, right arrow h, j, k, l To first non-blank character of current line ^ To first non-blank character of next line + or Enter To first non-blank character of previous line - To end of word e or E Forward by word w or W Backward by word b or B To end of line $ To beginning of line 0 Move 5 characters left 5h Move 5 characters right 5l Move 5 lines up 5k Move 5 lines below 5j Move 5 words forward to the first 5w Move to the first of 5 words forward not counting Punctuations 5W Move 6 words forward to the last 6e Move 7 words forward to the last not counting punctuation 6E Move 3 words backward to the first 3b Move 4 words backward to the first not counting punctuation 4B Move to the last of 3 lines below 4$ Move to the start of 5 lines above 5- Move to the start of 6 lines below 6+

These are pretty much all the basic movement commands, using which you can move through a file. We’ll look at other tools for movement. But you should be pretty much comfortable with the current set of movement commands before moving further. As mentioned earlier, these form the basis of editing commands. In the next chapter, we’ll look into the basic editing commands which work in conjunction with these movement commands.









Chapter 4

Basic Editing

Till now we have seen how to move by characters, words and lines, go to start and end of a line, go to start of previous, current and next lines. These consist the basic movements.

Now it’s time to understand basics of some editing. In this chapter we’ll look into some commands which are used for editing text. Some command may put you into Insert Mode, so be careful on what you are doing and if you are in confusion about the mode, press <Esc> key or Ctrl+[ (Press and hold <Ctrl> key and press [ key). This will put you back into Normal mode.

4.1 Insert Mode

Till this point whatever commands we have used, we used them in normal mode. That means, whatever we have done, we did not make any change to the actual content of the file. We never changed the mode of vi to Insert mode or used any command which changes any text, even if we did, we always used <Esc> :q! to get out of vi, which assures that the file you opened in vi, is left intact. But now, we are going to make changes to the content of the file. We have to use Insert mode to do so.

In Insert mode, your key hits are used as an input to file content and it gets stored into the buffer until you either save or discard the changes. There are many commands to be used in Normal Mode to change the mode to Insert Mode. Your key hits will be treated as an input to the file content when you are in Insert Mode. As you read through this chapter and the next one, you will discover them one by one.

The first command that changes the mode of vi editor is i . In Normal mode, if you press i , it will enter Insert mode and whatever key you press will be treated as an input to the buffer content and you will see the change immediately. Let’s start with an empty file, we’ll add some content in it and save it.

$ cd ~/vi-essentials/ $ vi

This will open the vi editor like we’ve seen earlier. Now hit i . The editor will enter the Insert mode. Some clones of vi will show the mode information on the last line of the screen.

If you press any key, they will be added to the screen in front and will be getting stored in the buffer. It is very common to have mode confusion at this point. If your editor shows the mode in the last line of the screen, you are saved. Otherwise, it is difficult understand. If you are not seeing as you are typing, then please press <Esc> key or Ctrl+[ key combination and again hit i key. This will put you in Insert Mode. Keep typing your heart’s content in it and once you are happy, go back to Normal mode by pressing <Esc> or Ctrl+[ . Make it a habit to return to Normal Mode as soon as your typing is over.It is always better to leave vi in Normal Mode when you are not typing. If you forget to return to Normal Mode and want to move cursor using movement commands, they will be taken as input to the file content. So, make it a habit from day one to return to Normal Mode as soon as you are done with typing.

Once you are done with typing, you have many choices. You can save the content to a file, you can discard the content and exit or you can make the whole screen empty again and start fresh. To do any of these you have to enter ex mode.

4.2 Ex Mode

When you are in Normal Mode, you simply type : and it moves to ex mode and you can see cursor waiting for you in the bottom left corner of your screen after a : . Now type a command and hit <Enter> key and the command gets executed.

There are many commands you can use in ex mode but for our current purpose, we can use either of the following -

Command Action :w [file name] This is Save Command. A new file is created with name ‘file name’ and the buffer content is saved in the file. If the file exists, it won’t allow you to save. :w! [file name] If the file exists with name ‘file name’, the file is overwritten with the content otherwise, a new file is created. Please be careful while using this command. Improper use of this can loss existing data :q This is Quit command. So, it will try to quit the editor. But will show an error mentioning that the content of the buffer is not saved :wq Combined Save and Quit Command. So, it will try to save the content but as no file name is mentioned, it cannot save the buffer content and will show similar error as before :wq [file name] Combined Save and Quit Command. So, the content will be saved to file named ‘file name’ and quit the editor. :e! This command is issued to discard the changes. As we started with empty file, a blank screen will be shown discardin all the changes. :q! Will discard the changes and exit vi

According to your wish, you can either save the buffer content to a file by using :w [file name] command or discard the changes using :q! command or you can remove everything and start typing fresh content by typing :e! command. Remember to hit <Enter> key after typing the command.

Before moving to the next section, get used to Insert Mode and type different texts to one or more files. Also try the ex commands mentioned in this section.

To deep dive into our next section, I chose a limerick from Book of Nonsense by Edward Lear. Open vi without any file name and type the following limerick in it and save it with the file name limerick.txt . In next section, we’ll edit the limerick.txt file.

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+ Limerick from Book of Nonsense

4.3 Operator Commands

Now we know how to insert some text in a file using vi editor. We saved a file with some text in it. Next we’ll open the file and make some changes to it using edit operators. There are some operators you can use to change text. They are- c , d , y and p .

To change text, we use c , to delete we use d , to copy text (which is known as yanking in vi), we use y and to put back the copied text, we use p . Operators work in conjunction with movement commands to make changes. The operator defines what you want to do and the movement command defines on which part of the text you want the change to be made. The part of the text to be changed is also known as a Text Object . So, in a nutshell, an editing command consists of two parts, an operator and a movement (Text Object).

Let’s try some hands-on to understand what we are talking about.

Open the file created in section 4.2 to try editing commands and make changes to the file.

$ cd vi-essentials $ vi limerick.txt

The limerick.txt file’s content will be shown-

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

4.3.1 Change Operator

Let’s try to change the “Old Man” in the first line to Young Man. To do so, we have to move to the first line of the text and move to the word “Old”. To do so, we need to move to the first line, we can do so, by using j and k commands in Normal mode. Then we need to move to the first character of the line, which we can achieve by using 0 command. Then, we need to move 3 words forward, that can be done using 3w command, then the cursor is in the first character of the word Old. Now, let’s change the word “Old”. The command c in Normal mode works to change the text.

Remember, operators work on a movement. So, if you think a little, you can understand that, using c operator with w motion will give you the exact result. So, to change the word “Old” we can use cw here. Once you press cw , the word “Old” gets copied into copy buffer, it gets deleted from the content shown on screen and the editor changes to Insert Mode for you to type the replacement for the word ‘Old’. The screen looks like the following -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an _ Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Now you can type the new word-

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Young_ Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Once you are done, you can hit <Esc> or Ctrl+[ key to be back to normal mode. The same way, you can use b , h , l , $ , 0 , e , ^ , W , B , E etc. movements with the c command. Remember, c commands puts you in Insert Mode.

4.3.2 Delete Operator

The delete operator in vi editor is d . d operator works the same way c operator works, except for the fact that, it does not put you in Insert Mode. Let’s delete the word “Young” from the content. To do that, move the cursor to the starting of the word “Young” and hit dw . It will delete the word and the following space and the cursor will blink just below the letter ‘M’. The word “Young” gets copied into copy buffer.

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Similar to c operator, d operator also works on b , h , l , $ , 0 , e , ^ etc. movements.

4.3.3 Yank Operator

In vi terminology, copying is known as ‘yanking’. Yanking means, copy a text for future use without deleting the original text. To yank in vi, we use y operator. The y operator works like d operator except it does not delete the original text. It just copies it. Now, let’s try to copy the word “Man”. The cursor now already blinks under Man, so, if we press yw , it will copy the word “Man” into buffer -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Notice that, there is no change in the text. It means, that y operator did not change any text, instead, it just copied the content into buffer.

4.3.4 Put Operator

Now we know that how to copy, cut and change text. We also know that, all the three change operators copy the text object in a buffer (which we called as Copy Buffer, aka Unnamed Default Buffer). vi editor also allows to paste the copied text object. In vi terminology, this is known as ‘put’. The operator to put text back is p . When you type p in Normal mode, it will paste the text from buffer in the cursor location. If you type P , it will paste the text from buffer on the left of the cursor.

Now we’ll paste (put) the copied text after the word “some”, so, we’ll move the cursor after the word “some” and press p . The result would be the following -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Man on some Man rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

If we now try to paste the same word just before the word “Who” on the second line, we’ll move the cursor to the first of the second line by using + and press P . The text shold look like the following -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Man on some Man rocks, | |Man Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

4.4 Operator with Count

Edit operators work on text objects (which are text based on the cursor movement). So, if you want to delete 2 words on the right of the cursor, you type d2w or to delete 2 characters on the left of cursor, you use d2h . Similarly it works with c and y as well. That is the operator is performing an edit based on repeated motion.

However, you can also perform repeated operations as well. So, to delete 2 characters on the left of cursor you can use 2dh instead of d2h . So, d2h and 2dh works the same. The first combination means, delete 2 characters on the left of the cursor while the second one means, delete a character on the left of the cursor 2 times. Same goes for c and y as well. So, d2h and 2dh work same way, 3ch and c3h work same way, 2yw and y2w work same way.

You can also combine both. So, 2d3h is also a valid change command. This means, delete 3 characters on the left of the cursor 2 times. So, a total 6 characters on the left from the cursor position will be deleted. Similarly 3c2w , 4y3w etc. also are valid commands.

4.5 Whole Line Editing

In some cases, you also need to change a whole line of text, or you need to copy a whole line and paste it back in some other location of the file. To do this, you can move to the line you want to change or copy, press 0 which will move the cursor to the first of the line and press d$ , c$ or y$ . This will do the job but is a little bit of extra work. vi editor solves this problem by using shorcut. You can move to the line you want to change or copy and press cc or dd or yy . These commands will perform the exact same task.

If you copied or changed or deleted a whole line using cc or dd or yy , p operator works in a different way. If a whole line has been copied in buffer and you use p command after that, it pastes the whole line just below the current line. If you press P , then the line is pasted above the current line.

4.6 Summary

These were pretty much all the basic editing staffs to be performed in vi editor. You should practice these as much as possible as these form the base of using vi editor.

For your reference, here we put another table for easy recapitulation -

Edit commands

Text object Change Delete Copy One word forward cw dw yw Two words, not counting punctuation 2cW or c2W 2dW or d2W 2yW or y2W Three words back 3cb or c3b 3db or d3b 3yb or y3b Six words back 3c2b or c6b or 2c3b or 6cb 3d2b or d6b or 2d3b or 6db 3y2b or y6b or 2y3b or 6yb Six words forward 3c2w or c6w or 2c3w or 6cw 3d2w or d6w or 2d3w or 6dw 3y2w or y6w or 2y3w or 6yw To end of line c$ d$ y$ To beginning of line c0 d0 y0 One line cc or 0c$ dd or 0d$ yy or 0y$

For saving or discrading changes, use the following ex commands -

Command Action :w [file name] This is Save Command. A new file is created with name ‘file name’ and the buffer content is saved in the file. If the file exists, it won’t allow you to save. :w! [file name] If the file exists with name ‘file name’, the file is overwritten with the content otherwise, a new file is created. Please be careful while using this command. Improper use of this can loss existing data :q This is Quit command. So, it will try to quit the editor. But will show an error mentioning that the content of the buffer is not saved. If there is no change It quits the edior and returns to shell :wq Combined Save and Quit Command. So, if vi is opened with no file input, it will try to save the content but as no file name is mentioned, it cannot save the buffer content and will show error. If vi is opened with an existing file, it will save the changes to the file. If vi is opened with an input as a file name that does not exist, the file is created and the content is saved into file :wq [file name] Combined Save and Quit Command. So, the content will be saved to file named ‘file name’ and quit the editor. :e! This command is issued to discard the changes. As we started with empty file, a blank screen will be shown discarding all the changes. :q! Will discard the changes and exit vi

p pastes the content of buffer in the cursor location, on the other hand P pastes the contents of buffer on the left of the cursor. If you copied whole line using cc or dd or yy then p pastes the line from buffer below the current line and P pastes the line from buffer above the current line.

Till now we have covered all the basic movement and editing commands. You can definitely save your day on a remote machine connected through ssh using this set of commands. Though the editing will neither be fast nor be efficient, you will at least be able to complete. So, you can stop here if you want.

On the other hand, if your intention is to employ vi for your day to day editing needs, you need speed. Which we’ll see how to achieve in our upcoming chapters, where we’ll talk about some shortcuts, some advance movements and some ex commands which will make your editing a lot faster and more conventient.









Chapter 5

Some Shortcuts

It is actually boring and frustrating to edit a lot of text. While manipulating text, user can employ some shortcuts to ease some tasks. At times, these save users from repetitive tasks and some of them are better to there longer counterparts. In this chapter, we will discover some of these time saving shortcuts.

A word of caution, if you are not habituated with all the basic movements, change operators, and ex commands that we covered in chapters through 2 to 4, you are strongly recommended to go back and review them, apply them in your day to day needs. Until those become your second nature, you should not proceed ahead.

5.1 Undo Change

Having an option to undo a change is a life saver at times. Let’s say by mistake you deleted a whole line and you don’t know what was written in the line. If you do not know how to undo a change, you are lost and you use <Esc> :q! to quit and discard all the changes. If you have not saved your work periodically, unfortunately you have to redo all the required changes. Horrible idea…

Don’t worry vi editor designers may have faced the situation and covered this scenario. They designed to use u as a command to undo the last change.

While in Normal Mode, if you hit u , your last change will be undone. Let’s try this in a practical way. We will start with a fresh copy of the limerick, we were working on chapter 4.

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Now let’s delete the third line of the limerick. You use dd to do that once you are in third line by using movement command j or k . The text in the editor looks like the following after deletion-

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Now hit u key while you are in Normal mode and the line comes back to the original position -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Now let’s delete a word and use u command -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | | | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

We have now deleted the word “doubt” in fourth line, we can now use u command to restore it.

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

That’s how you can undo your change in vi editor.

There is also a line variation of undo command. In this case, the editor undoes changes made to a whole line and restores it.

For example, let’s say we delete the word shut in second line and deleted the word wife in the same line. Now if you want to undo the change, you can only restore the word wife but not the word shut (in vim editor you can do this by using multi level undo but that’s out of scope of this book). In that case, you can restore the whole line using U command. U command restores the whole line.

Let’s try this now. Below we deleted the words shut and wife from second line -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who his up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

We try the u command -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

This only restored the word wife but not the word shut.

Now we’ll try U command -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

This time, to restore the whole line, U command was used in Normal mode and it restored not only the last change but also the other change made to the line.

These are the ways to undo changes in vi editor. Try them with different changes and move on to the next section.

5.2 Replace

Now we’ll talk about replacing character in a text content. Changing a character in text content is achievable using c command and movement command but replacing it in Normal mode is a better way, you save some keystrokes and hassle of switching between Insert mode and Normal mode. In vi editor you can change character or even a whole word without switching mode. To do that, there is a replace command. In normal mode, move to the desired character and hit r follwed by the replacement character. Let’s change a character in the limerick we are using -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in a box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Let’s change the character a in second line to 1 . To do this, we move to the character using h , j , k , l commands and then press r , then press 1 and the character a gets replaced by 1 -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in 1 box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

There is a longer version of replace also. You can use R to change a sequence of characters. Keep in mind that, when you want a longer replace, you can only change the same number of characters, for example, you can not change character ‘a’ by the word “the” because, it contains 3 characters while ‘a’ contains only one. Also remember, you have to move back to Normal mode using Ctrl+[ or <Esc> key after you are done with R command. Let’s try some hands-on with the limerick -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in 1 box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in that box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

We’ll change the last line of the limertick and replace the word “that” to “the”, now you can immediately think how we can do that as the two words differ in character count. Actually we’ll use a space after the word “the”. That will fill the gap of 4 characters and 3 characters. So there we’ll be two spaces before the last word in the limerick.

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | |Who shut his Wife up in 1 box: | |When she said, "Let me out," he exclaimed, "Without | |doubt | |You will pass all your life in the box." | +-----------------------------------------------------+

Remember to hit <Esc> or Ctrl+[ after you are done.

5.3 Shortcuts for deletion

While replacing a character or a sequence of characters makes editing simpler, there are still ways which makes vi editor elegant. For example, you have to use <Delete> or <Backspace> keys to delete single characters in Normal mode and Insert mode respectively, but they take a longer to reach than alphabets. So, vi editor uses alphabets to solve this problem as well. You can use dh and dl to delete a single character. These are better still not best. Now we’ll see how we can delete character using a single key hit. In Normal mode, you can use x to delete the character which is above the cursor. This does the same job of <Delete> key. In Normal mode, you cannot use <Backspace> key to delete a character. In Normal mode, <Backspace> and h does the same job, which is to move the cursor one character left. To delete characters on left of the cursor, you can use X in Normal mode. In Insert Mode, you can use <Backspace> . To delete until the end of a line, we use d$ . There is shortcut for that too. You can use D for the same effect. You can remember the following table of shortcuts -

Longer Version Shorcut dl x dh X d$ D

Remember that, the shortcuts also can be used to work with a count as well. So, 5x will delete 5 characters on the right of cursor and 5X will delete 5 characters on the left of the cursor.

5.4 Shortcuts for change

There are shorcuts for change commands as well. For changing a single character, you can use s command, which works as cl . The shortcut for c$ is C , which deletes until the end of the line from cursor position and puts you in Insert mode. The shortcut command for cc is S which deletes the whole line and changes to Insert mode. You can remember the following table for change shortcuts -

Longer Version Shorcut cl s c$ C cc S

5.5 Shortcut for Save and Quit

While we are talking about shorcuts, this one deserves a mention. When you want to save your changes to a file, you need <Esc> :wq which is a bit of typing, You can do the same with <Esc> ZZ . ZZ is easier to type than :wq .

Longer Versio n Shorcut <Esc> :wq <Esc> ZZ

5.6 Appending text

There are instances, you need to add text after the cursor. For example, you want to add a new word in the end of a line, how would you do that? You move to end of line using $ , press i to change to Insert mode, then you search for the right arrow key on your key board and start typing new characters.

Wait, I have to use arrow keys, not a good way, isn’t so? Yes, that is not a good way. That’s why vi editor comes with concept of appending texts. Go to the end of the line using $ , hit a and the cursor moves to the right and editor is in Insert mode, you start typing and it appends the text to the line. The similar can be done to anywhere in the line, a command shifts the cursor to the right and changes the editor in Insert mode.

In some cases, you may be in between a line and want to append text at the end of the line. You can do that by pressing $ which takes you to the end of the line and hit a which allows you to append text. But you can still make the process shorter, by using A , which works the same way as $a does.

You can also add text in the beginning of a line by using I command. Which is a shortcut for 0i .

Longer Version Shorcut i <Right Arrow> a $i <Right Arrow> A 0i I

5.7 New Lines

In some cases, you may have to add a new line in between two lines and you might also have done that while you were editing texts in earlier sections. The usual way to do that is to follow either - $i→<Enter> or 0i<Enter> . Depending on the command sequence used, it starts an empty line below or above the current line and you have to move to that line either using arrow key or using j or k command in Normal mode. But these can be achieved in an extremely short manner with just one key hit. Use o to start a blank line below the current line and O to start a blank line above the current line. The editor is automatically changed to Insert Mode.

The shortcut table for this is as follows-

Longer Version Shorcut $i <Right Arrow> <Enter> <Esc> j or A <Enter> <Esc> j o 0i <Enter> <Esc> k or I <Enter> <Esc> k O

5.8 Summary

In this chapter we walked through some shortcuts to some tedious editing command combinations. We also discovered ways to undo a change.

In next chapters, we’ll talk about some advanced movement and editing commands and also we’ll talk about some ex commands which make editing task convenient.









Chapter 6

Advanced Movements

In the last 5 chapters we have covered the basic movements and editing commands that you can perform using vi. In this chapter we’ll talk about some more movements which are a little advance in nature. Here you will learn how to move by screens, go to a particular line, adjust your screen for viewing purpose etc. These will make your editing faster than before. Remember, these all are movement commands. So, all of them work in Normal mode.

6.1 Move by Screens

Earlier we have seen how to move by lines, characters, words etc. Using these movements you can move anywhere in the content but it takes time. Here we’ll discuss how to move by screens. That means, you can move one full or half screen at a time or in other terms, you can scroll texts. The following are the ways to do that,

6.1.1 Forward one screen

If you have opened a very long text, which spans across more than one screen and you are done editing with the first screen, you have to move to the next screen. You can move to the next screen by using j / k but that will take time. The elegant and more popular way is to use shortcut. vi editor assigns Ctrl+F combination to move forward one screen. So, once you are done with first screen and hit Ctrl+F , text in the screen gets replaced with text from the next part of the file.

6.1.2 Backward one screen

In case, you want to go back and want to see what was there in the earlier screen, you can use Ctrl+B combination. It replaces the text in the screen with the previous chunk of text.

6.1.3 Forward half screen

In times, it is convenient to have the last part of the first screen to be visible while reading/editing the first part of the second screen. In these cases, you can use Ctrl+D combination. It will replace the first half of the screen with text from the second half of the current screen and in the second half of the screen will show the first half of the next chunk.

6.1.4 Backward half screen

Like forward half screen, there is a backward version of it as well, Ctrl+U replaces the first half of the screen with the text from the last half of the last screen and the last half of the screen will retain the text from the first half of the current screen.

6.1.5 Scroll forward one line

Like whole screen, you can also scroll one line. Ctrl+E works to scroll forward one line.

6.1.6 Scroll backward one line

Scrolling backward one line is achieved using Ctrl+Y .

Try these scroll commands in Normal mode while using vi editor. These are real time savers.

6.2 Moving within Screen

Scrolling is useful when you want to quickly move between screens. But what about moving within a screen?

vi also helps in that, you can move to the top, middle or bottom of screen.

H - moves the cursor to the top of the screen

M - moves the cursor in the middle of the screen

L - moves the cursor to the last line of the screen

H and L can also work with a count. To move to the fourth line from the top, you can use 4H , it will move the cursor to the fourth line from top. To move to 5 lines above the bottom, you use 5L .

6.3 Moving to a Particular Line

If you want to move to a particular line, you can do so in vi editor. This is quite useful for programmers who get compiler errors in a particular line. To go to a particular line, follow this pattern nG , where n is the line number you want to jump to.

For example, to go to line 12, we use 12G or to go to line 5, we use 5G . To go to the last line of the file, use G . To know which line, you are in, use Ctrl+G combination. This will show you file status information in the bottom of the screen. There you can see the position of the cursor.

6.4 Adjusting the cursor

Scrolling around the file, jumping to lines, moving within screen moves the cursor heavily and sometimes this may be inconvenient. To solve this you may want to reposition the cursor acocording to your choice for editing purpose. This can be done by z command.

z has three positions to move the cursor to and scroll the file accordingly.

z. - moves the current line to the middle of the screen and scroll text as required z- - moves the current line to the end of the screen and scroll text as required z<Enter> - moves the current line to the top of the screen and scrolls accordingly

6.5 Some ex Commands to Help Viewing

At this point, it can be safely assumed that, you are pretty familiar with vi editor and you can employ vi editor to do a lot of udeful stuffs using it, may be you already have started using vi in your day to day editing needs. Now comes, a bunch of ex commands which makes your editing a little more convenient.

While you have opened a file and navigating through it using screen movement, line jump commands etc., it is really convenient to see the line number the cursor is in. You can use commands in ex mode to view line details of file.

6.5.1 Line number

Till now we have used ex commands to save files and/or exit editor. Now we’ll learn how to use ex commands to change the behavior of the editor. These are also known as configuration.

The first one to learn is set number command. This command shows line number before each line. To run this, change the mode to ex mode by <Esc> or Ctrl+[ and then press : then type set number and hit <Enter> and the editor will show line number before each line of text. These numbers are not part of the file opened in vi editor. These are numbers given to each line of text by vi editor.

To stop showing line number, use set nonumber command in ex mode.

6.5.2 Jump to line

There are times when you need to move to a particular line. This can be done using nG command where n represents the line number you want to move to. But it can be done using ex commands as well. Depending on the situation, you can use either. To move to a particular line using ex command, you can use :n command where n represents the line number you want to move to. For example, if you type :15 while you are in command mode it takes the cursor to line number 15.

6.5.3 View which line you are in

This is a variant of Ctrl+G command. This command will tell you in which line you are in. While in command mode, type :.= to find the current line the cursor is in. This is part of ex editor command set and is not very common in use but at times can prove to be useful.

6.5.4 View total number of lines

While you are in vi editor and you want to know the total number of lines the file contains, you can do so by using Ctrl+G or if you have set number , then using G will show you the total number of lines the file contains. There is also another way to view this information and that is using ex command.

The command to show total number of lines in the editor is :=

Ctrl+G shows the combined output of this command and the previous one.

6.6 Some More Movements

Until now we have discussed a lot of movement commands. We are only left with a few commands which we’ll cover in this section and conclude this chapter.

6.6.1 Moving by sentences

While you are working on a long text file, you may need to move between sentences or paragraphs. You can use ( and ) to move between sentences. The ( command moves the cursor to the beginning of the current or previous sentence while ) moves to the beginning of the next sentence.

6.6.2 Moving by paragraphs

Working with long texts comes with a lot of maintenance headache with it. So, you need powerful tools to move around the content. While moving by words, lines, screens and sentences make things easier, it is not sufficient. vi editor thus comes with one more useful command which moves cursor back and forth between paragraphs. You can use { and } to move between paragraphs. { command moves the cursor to the beginning of the current or previous paragraph while } moves the cursor to the beginnig of the next paragraph.

6.6.3 Moving by matching brackets

This movement is useful for programmers. This commands move the cursor to the matching bracket. If the cursor is right now under a bracket ( (){}[] ) then typing % moves the cursor to the matching pair of it. For example if the cursor is below { then typing % will move the cursor to the matching bracket, i.e }

6.6.4 Moving to a particular column in line

Each character takes some place in the file. While we can move by lines, we also have choice to move by columns in a line. Usually, a visible character takes one column but for special characters like <tab> takes more than one. To move to particular column in a line, we use n| command, where n represents the column number to move to.

For example, in the following line, we want to move to column 5, we use 5| and the cursor moves under the end of the first word -

+-----------------------------------------------------+ |There was an Old Man on some rocks, | +-----------------------------------------------------+

6.7 Summary

In this chapter, we have seen some advanced movements to faciliatate our editing tasks. Remember that, most of these can be used in conjunction with edit commands like d , c and y . Once you are accustomed with these advanced movement commands, you have a pretty big editing toolset at your fingertips which you can employ to ease your editing job. In next chapter we’ll look into some more editing commands which will make your job even easier.









Chapter 7

Advanced Vi

Till now we have seen many movement and editing commands in Vi editor, which will make your day to day job easier. However, there are some more commands in vi editor, that you can employ to make your life even easier.

7.1 Redraw

Vi is a shell based editor. Which means that, the visual interface is built on top of shell. So, while using vi editor on slow shell or slow and heavy network text streams or when vi opens a temporary buffer during usage of other shell command ( git commit is a popular example), it is possible that vi shows some junk characters along with the buffer content. It confuses the user. This is a rare scenario these days but still possible. In such cases, you can use Ctrl + L key combination to redraw the screen with actual content, vi discards all garbage characters introduced by shell.

7.2 Search

Searching within text is very common in text editing. Vi editor provides some search commands that you can employ to quickly navigate to the location where the search character or pattern is present and search in forward and backward direction. The search also works with Regular Expression. So, if you want to search with a particular regular expression pattern, you can use this feature. Keep in mind while searching that, vi editor search is case sensitive. So, D and d are different and yields different search results.

7.2.1 Search for a pattern

Vi editor gives you flexibility to search for a pattern in the file. To use this feature, you need to be in normal mode. Press Esc twice to make sure you are in normal mode and press / . If you already searched something earlier, hitting Enter will repeat the same search. If there was no search pattern used earlier, you will see a message at the bottomm of your screen.

If you want to start a new search, change to normal mode and type / and type the pattern you want to search and hit Enter , if there exists a pattern, the cursor will navigate to the start of the pattern. Otherwise, it will show a message that pattern could not be found. This command searches for the pattern in forward direction. So, it will find the next occurence of the pattern in the file. If the cursor is already at the last character of the file, then it wraps and starts the search from the start of the file.

The search works in two directions, forward and backward. To go to the next occurence of the pattern, hit n and to go to the previous occurence, hit N .

The / command searches for a pattern in forward direction by default. To find previous occurence, you need N . To ease the process, vi editor provided ? command which searches for a pattern in backward direction, so you will see the previous occurence of the search pattern. To see the next occurence of the patten used in ? , you need to type N .

So searching of pattern works in different ways -

/ works in forward direction and n shows the next occurence of search pattern in the file.

/ with N shows the previous occurence of search pattern in the file.

? works in backward direction and n shows the previous occurence of search pattern in the file.

? with N shows the next occurence of search pattern in the file.

Like hitting Enter immediately after typing / repeats the last search in the forward direction, hitting Enter immediately after typing ? repeats the last search in backward direction.

7.2.2 Search for a character in a line

Searching for a pattern is useful and you can do many of the text search using this. Vi provides another useful find command to work with characters present in line. This feature works in normal mode.

To search for a character in a line, place your cursor on a line and type f followed by the character you want to search in the line. If the specified character is present in the line, it will move to the location of the character otherwise, it will stay in its position. The search happens in forward direction by default. To find a character in the line in backward direction, type F followed by the search character.

The last character search can be repeated with ; in same direction as the search happened and , repeats the character serach in opposite direction.

There is another variant of the search which finds the character and places the cursor just before it. This search takes place when you type t followed by the search character. The T on the other hand places the cursor just after the previous occurence of the search character. These two search commands can also be repeated with ; and , command as before.

7.2.3 Move to last context

While searching is a useful feature in vi, searching here and there and returning to the last position can be daunting task to perform, especially in case of large text files. Vi provides a useful feature to handle this scenario. Vi will remember the last location of the search that it performed and you can go to that location and move back to the last edit location, to use this feature, use `` in normal mode. This will move between last search location and last edit location.

7.3 Advanced Edits

The basic commands cover almost all the required editing you have to do on a regular basis, however there are three more edit commands, that proves to be highly useful while doing heavy text processing.

7.3.1 Join Lines

This commands is useful when you have many lines and want to join them together. To use this feature, change to normal mode and move to the line you want to append and type J . The next line will be appended to this line.

7.3.2 Case Toggling

This makes more sense to programmers. At times, we misspell keywords and many of the times, it is because of Case. So, for becomes For . Or for text editing of huge texts, we may forget to capitalize the first letter of a sentence. This feature is fairly useful in these cases. To use this feature, change to normal mode and move to the location of the character you want to change its case and hit ~ . This will toggle the case of the letter.

7.3.3 Repeat last edit

Vi remembers the last edit action we performed and it can repeat that action. To use this feature, change to normal mode and type . and it will perform the last edit action.

7.4 Summary

In this chapter we saw some advance usage of vi editor. Vi editor basic commands provides a full array of edit and movement commands. These new set can help you do text processing quickly. Following is the summary of all the commands we reviewed in this chapter.

Summary of advanced commands

Action Command Redraw the screen ^L Search forward for pattern /pattern Search backward for pattern ?pattern Repeat last search n Repeat last search in opposite direction N Repeat last search forward / Repeat last search backward ? Move to next occurrence of x in current line fx Move to previous occurrence of x in current line Fx Move to just before next occurrence of x in current line tx Move to just after previous occurrence of x in current line Tx Repeat previous find command in same direction ; Repeat previous find command in opposite , direction Return to previous mark or context `` Join current and next line J Toggle case ~ Repeat last action .

7.5 Book Summary

This book was devoted to the essential commands that a user needs while using vi editor for his day to day works. There are many commands vi editor provides. A user may not need to remember all of them, he/she may choose to use only a handful of commands that he/she is comfortable using. With time and practice, a user advances his/her vi skill and once he/she is comfortable with a set of commands, can progress for a new set of commands.