chroma.js

chroma.js is a small-ish zero-dependency JavaScript library (13.5kB) for all kinds of color conversions and color scales.

Quick-start

Here are a couple of things chroma.js can do for you:

read colors from a wide range of formats

analyze and manipulate colors

convert colors into wide range of formats

linear and bezier interpolation in different color spaces

Here's an example for a simple read / manipulate / output chain:

chroma('pink').darken().saturate(2).hex()

Aside from that, chroma.js can also help you generate nice colors using various methods, for instance to be used in color palette for maps or data visualization.

chroma.scale(['#fafa6e','#2A4858']) .mode('lch').colors(6)

chroma.js has a lot more to offer, but that's the gist of it.

API

chroma

(color)

The first step is to get your color into chroma.js. That's what the generic constructor chroma() does. This function attempts to guess the format of the input color for you. For instance, it will recognize any named color from the W3CX11 specification:

chroma('hotpink')

If there's no matching named color, chroma.js checks for a hexadecimal string. It ignores case, the # sign is optional, and it can recognize the shorter three letter format as well. So, any of these are valid hexadecimal representations: #ff3399 , FF3399 , #f39 , etc.

chroma('#ff3399'); chroma('F39');

In addition to hex strings, hexadecimal numbers (in fact, just any number between 0 and 16777215 ) will be recognized, too.

chroma(0xff3399)

You also can pass RGB values individually. Each parameter must be within 0..255 . You can pass the numbers as individual arguments or as an array.

chroma(0xff, 0x33, 0x99); chroma(255, 51, 153); chroma([255, 51, 153]);

You can construct colors from different color spaces by passing the name of color space as the last argument. Here we define the same color in HSL by passing the hue angle (0-360) and percentages for saturation and l*ightness:

chroma(330, 1, 0.6, 'hsl')

New (since 2.0): you can also construct colors by passing an plain JS object with attributes corresponding to a color space supported by chroma.js:

chroma({ h:120, s:1, l:0.75}); chroma({ l:80, c:25, h:200 }); chroma({ c:1, m:0.5, y:0, k:0.2});

chroma.valid

Also new: you can use chroma.valid to try if a color argument can be correctly parsed as color by chroma.js:

chroma.valid('red'); chroma.valid('bread'); chroma.valid('#F0000D'); chroma.valid('#FOOOOD');

chroma.hsl

(hue, saturation, lightness)

Alternatively, every color space has its own constructor function under the chroma namespace. For a list of all supported color spaces, check the appendix.

chroma.hsl(330, 1, 0.6)

chroma.hsv

(hue, saturation, value)

chroma.lab

(Lightness, a, b)

chroma.lch

(Lightness, chroma, hue)

The range for lightness and chroma depend on the hue, but go roughly from 0..100-150. The range for hue is 0..360.

chroma.lch(80, 40, 130); chroma(80, 40, 130, 'lch');

chroma.hcl

(hue, chroma, lightness)

You can use hcl instead of Lch. Lightness and hue channels are switched to be more consistent with HSL.

chroma.hcl(130, 40, 80); chroma(130, 40, 80, 'hcl');

chroma.cmyk

(cyan, magenta, yellow, black)

Each between 0 and 1.

chroma.cmyk(0.2, 0.8, 0, 0); chroma(0.2, 0.8, 0, 0, 'cmyk');

chroma.gl

(red, green, blue, [alpha])

GL is a variant of RGB(A), with the only difference that the components are normalized to the range of 0..1 .

chroma.gl(0.6, 0, 0.8); chroma.gl(0.6, 0, 0.8, 0.5); chroma(0.6, 0, 0.8, 'gl');

chroma.temperature

(K)

Returns a color from the color temperature scale. Based on Neil Bartlett's implementation.

chroma.temperature(2000); // candle light chroma.temperature(3500); // sunset chroma.temperature(6500); // daylight

The effective temperature range goes from 0 to about 30000 Kelvin,

f = function(i) { return chroma.temperature(i * 30000) }

chroma.mix

(color1, color2, ratio=0.5, mode='lrgb')

Mixes two colors. The mix ratio is a value between 0 and 1.

chroma.mix('red', 'blue'); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.25); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.75);

The color mixing produces different results based the color space used for interpolation.

chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.5, 'rgb'); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.5, 'hsl'); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.5, 'lab'); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.5, 'lch'); chroma.mix('red', 'blue', 0.5, 'lrgb');

chroma.average

(colors, mode='lrgb', weights=[])

Similar to chroma.mix , but accepts more than two colors. Simple averaging of R,G,B components and the alpha channel.

colors = ['#ddd', 'yellow', 'red', 'teal']; chroma.average(colors); // lrgb chroma.average(colors, 'rgb'); chroma.average(colors, 'lab'); chroma.average(colors, 'lch');

Also works with alpha channels.

chroma.average(['red', 'rgba(0,0,0,0.5)']).css();

As of version 2.1 you can also provide an array of weights to

compute a weighted average of colors.

colors = ['#ddd', 'yellow', 'red', 'teal']; chroma.average(colors, 'lch'); // unweighted chroma.average(colors, 'lch', [1,1,2,1]); chroma.average(colors, 'lch', [1.5,0.5,1,2.3]);

chroma.blend

(color1, color2, mode)

Blends two colors using RGB channel-wise blend functions. Valid blend modes are multiply , darken , lighten , screen , overlay , burn , and dodge .

chroma.blend('4CBBFC', 'EEEE22', 'multiply'); chroma.blend('4CBBFC', 'EEEE22', 'darken'); chroma.blend('4CBBFC', 'EEEE22', 'lighten');

chroma.random

()

Creates a random color by generating a random hexadecimal string.

chroma.random(); chroma.random(); chroma.random();

chroma.contrast

(color1, color2)

Computes the WCAG contrast ratio between two colors. A minimum contrast of 4.5:1 is recommended to ensure that text is still readable against a background color.

// contrast smaller than 4.5 = too low chroma.contrast('pink', 'hotpink'); // contrast greater than 4.5 = high enough chroma.contrast('pink', 'purple');

chroma.distance

(color1, color2, mode='lab')

Computes the Euclidean distance between two colors in a given color space (default is Lab ).

chroma.distance('#fff', '#ff0', 'rgb'); chroma.distance('#fff', '#f0f', 'rgb'); chroma.distance('#fff', '#ff0'); chroma.distance('#fff', '#f0f');

chroma.deltaE

(reference, sample, L=1, C=1)

Computes color difference as developed by the Colour Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (CMC) in 1984. The implementation is adapted from Bruce Lindbloom. The parameters L and C are weighting factors for lightness and chromaticity.

chroma.deltaE('#ededee', '#edeeed'); chroma.deltaE('#ececee', '#eceeec'); chroma.deltaE('#e9e9ee', '#e9eee9'); chroma.deltaE('#e4e4ee', '#e4eee4'); chroma.deltaE('#e0e0ee', '#e0eee0');

chroma.brewer

chroma.brewer is an map of ColorBrewer scales that are included in chroma.js for convenience. chroma.scale uses the colors to construct.

chroma.brewer.OrRd

chroma.limits

(data, mode, n)

A helper function that computes class breaks for you, based on data. It supports the modes equidistant (e), quantile (q), logarithmic (l), and k-means (k). Let's take a few numbers as sample data.

var data = [2.0,3.5,3.6,3.8,3.8,4.1,4.3,4.4, 4.6,4.9,5.2,5.3,5.4,5.7,5.8,5.9, 6.2,6.5,6.8,7.2,8];

equidistant breaks are computed by dividing the total range of the data into _n_ groups of equal size.

chroma.limits(data, 'e', 4);

In the quantile mode, the input domain is divided by quantile ranges.

chroma.limits(data, 'q', 4);

logarithmic breaks are equidistant breaks but on a logarithmic scale.

chroma.limits(data, 'l', 4);

k-means break is using the 1-dimensional k-means clustering algorithm to find (roughly) _n_ groups of "similar" values. Note that this k-means implementation does not guarantee to find exactly _n_ groups.

chroma.limits(data, 'k', 4);

color

color.alpha

(a)

Get and set the color opacity using color.alpha .

chroma('red').alpha(0.5); chroma('rgba(255,0,0,0.35)').alpha();

color.darken

(value=1)

Once loaded, chroma.js can change colors. One way we already saw above, you can change the lightness.

chroma('hotpink').darken(); chroma('hotpink').darken(2); chroma('hotpink').darken(2.6);

color.brighten

(value=1)

Similar to darken , but the opposite direction

chroma('hotpink').brighten(); chroma('hotpink').brighten(2); chroma('hotpink').brighten(3);

color.saturate

(value=1)

Changes the saturation of a color by manipulating the Lch chromaticity.

chroma('slategray').saturate(); chroma('slategray').saturate(2); chroma('slategray').saturate(3);

color.desaturate

(value=1)

Similar to saturate , but the opposite direction.

chroma('hotpink').desaturate(); chroma('hotpink').desaturate(2); chroma('hotpink').desaturate(3);

color.set

(channel, value)

Changes a single channel and returns the result a new chroma object.

// change hue to 0 deg (=red) chroma('skyblue').set('hsl.h', 0); // set chromaticity to 30 chroma('hotpink').set('lch.c', 30);

Relative changes work, too:

// half Lab lightness chroma('orangered').set('lab.l', '*0.5'); // double Lch saturation chroma('darkseagreen').set('lch.c', '*2');

color.get

(channel)

Returns a single channel value.

chroma('orangered').get('lab.l'); chroma('orangered').get('hsl.l'); chroma('orangered').get('rgb.g');

color.luminance

([lum, mode='rgb'])

If called without arguments color.luminance returns the relative brightness, according to the WCAG definition. Normalized to 0 for darkest black and 1 for lightest white.

chroma('white').luminance(); chroma('aquamarine').luminance(); chroma('hotpink').luminance(); chroma('darkslateblue').luminance(); chroma('black').luminance();

chroma.js also allows you to adjust the luminance of a color. The source color will be interpolated with black or white until the correct luminance is found.

// set lumincance to 50% for all colors chroma('white').luminance(0.5); chroma('aquamarine').luminance(0.5); chroma('hotpink').luminance(0.5); chroma('darkslateblue').luminance(0.5);

By default, this interpolation is done in RGB, but you can interpolate in different color spaces by passing them as second argument:

chroma('aquamarine').luminance(0.5); // rgb chroma('aquamarine').luminance(0.5, 'lab'); chroma('aquamarine').luminance(0.5, 'hsl');

color.hex

(mode='auto|rgb|rgba')

Finally, chroma.js allows you to output colors in various color spaces and formats. Most often you will want to output the color as hexadecimal string.

chroma('orange').hex()

Note that as of version 1.4.0 the default mode is "auto" which means that the hex string will include the alpha channel if it's less than 1. If you don't want the alpha channel to be included you must explicitly set the mode to "rgb" now:

chroma('orange').hex(); chroma('orange').alpha(0.5).hex(); chroma('orange').alpha(0.5).hex('rgb');

color.name

Returns the named color. Falls back to hexadecimal RGB string, if the color isn't present.

chroma('#ffa500').name(); chroma('#ffa505').name();

color.css

Returns a RGB() or HSL() string representation that can be used as CSS-color definition.

chroma('teal').css(); chroma('teal').alpha(0.5).css(); chroma('teal').css('hsl');

color.rgb

(round=true)

Returns an array with the red , green , and blue component, each as number within the range 0..255 . Chroma internally stores RGB channels as floats but rounds the numbers before returning them. You can pass false to prevent the rounding.

chroma('orange').rgb(); chroma('orange').darken().rgb(); chroma('orange').darken().rgb(false);

color.rgba

(round=true)

Just like color.rgb but adds the alpha channel to the returned array.

chroma('orange').rgba(); chroma('hsla(20, 100%, 40%, 0.5)').rgba();

color.hsl

Returns an array with the hue , saturation , and lightness component. Hue is the color angle in degree ( 0..360 ), saturation and lightness are within 0..1 . Note that for hue-less colors (black, white, and grays), the hue component will be NaN.

chroma('orange').hsl(); chroma('white').hsl();

color.hsv

Returns an array with the hue , saturation , and value components. Hue is the color angle in degree ( 0..360 ), saturation and value are within 0..1 . Note that for hue-less colors (black, white, and grays), the hue component will be NaN.

chroma('orange').hsv(); chroma('white').hsv();

color.hsi

Returns an array with the hue , saturation , and intensity components, each as number between 0 and 255. Note that for hue-less colors (black, white, and grays), the hue component will be NaN.

chroma('orange').hsi(); chroma('white').hsi();

color.lab

Returns an array with the L, a, and b components.

chroma('orange').lab()

color.lch

Returns an array with the Lightness, chroma, and hue components.

chroma('skyblue').lch()

color.hcl

Alias of lch, but with the components in reverse order.

chroma('skyblue').hcl()

color.num

Returns the numeric representation of the hexadecimal RGB color.

chroma('#000000').num(); chroma('#0000ff').num(); chroma('#00ff00').num(); chroma('#ff0000').num();

color.temperature

Estimate the temperature in Kelvin of any given color, though this makes the only sense for colors from the temperature gradient above.

chroma('#ff3300').temperature(); chroma('#ff8a13').temperature(); chroma('#ffe3cd').temperature(); chroma('#cbdbff').temperature(); chroma('#b3ccff').temperature();

color.gl

Like RGB, but in the channel range of [0..1] instead of [0..255]

chroma('33cc00').gl();

color.clipped

When converting colors from CIELab color spaces to RGB the color channels get clipped to the range of [0..255] . Colors outside that range may exist in nature but are not displayable on RGB monitors (such as ultraviolet). you can use color.clipped to test if a color has been clipped or not.

[c = chroma.hcl(50, 40, 20), c.clipped()]; [c = chroma.hcl(50, 40, 40), c.clipped()]; [c = chroma.hcl(50, 40, 60), c.clipped()]; [c = chroma.hcl(50, 40, 80), c.clipped()]; [c = chroma.hcl(50, 40, 100), c.clipped()];

As a bonus feature you can access the unclipped RGB components using color._rgb._unclipped .

chroma.hcl(50, 40, 100).rgb(); chroma.hcl(50, 40, 100)._rgb._unclipped;

color scales

chroma.scale

(colors=['white','black'])

A color scale, created with chroma.scale , is a function that maps numeric values to a color palette. The default scale has the domain 0..1 and goes from white to black.

f = chroma.scale(); f(0.25); f(0.5); f(0.75);

You can pass an array of colors to chroma.scale . Any color that can be read by chroma() will work here, too. If you pass more than two colors, they will be evenly distributed along the gradient.

chroma.scale(['yellow', '008ae5']); chroma.scale(['yellow', 'red', 'black']);

scale.domain

(domain)

You can change the input domain to match your specific use case.

// default domain is [0,1] chroma.scale(['yellow', '008ae5']); // set domain to [0,100] chroma.scale(['yellow', '008ae5']).domain([0,100]);

You can use the domain to set the exact positions of each color.

// default domain is [0,1] chroma.scale(['yellow', 'lightgreen', '008ae5']) .domain([0,0.25,1]);

scale.mode

(mode)

As with chroma.mix , the result of the color interpolation will depend on the color mode in which the channels are interpolated. The default mode is RGB :

chroma.scale(['yellow', '008ae5']);

This is often fine, but sometimes, two-color RGB gradients goes through kind of grayish colors, and Lab interpolation produces better results:

chroma.scale(['yellow', 'navy']); chroma.scale(['yellow', 'navy']).mode('lab');

Also note how the RGB interpolation can get very dark around the center. You can achieve better results using linear RGB interpolation:

chroma.scale(['#f00', '#0f0']); chroma.scale(['#f00', '#0f0']).mode('lrgb');

Other useful interpolation modes could be HSL or Lch , though both tend to produce too saturated / glowing gradients.

chroma.scale(['yellow', 'navy']).mode('lab'); chroma.scale(['yellow', 'navy']).mode('hsl'); chroma.scale(['yellow', 'navy']).mode('lch');

scale.gamma

Gamma-correction can be used to "shift" a scale's center more the the beginning (gamma < 1) or end (gamma > 1), typically used to "even" the lightness gradient. Default is 1.

chroma.scale('YlGn').gamma(0.5); chroma.scale('YlGn').gamma(1); chroma.scale('YlGn').gamma(2);

scale.correctLightness

This makes sure the lightness range is spread evenly across a color scale. Especially useful when working with multi-hue color scales, where simple gamma correction can't help you very much.

chroma.scale(['black','red','yellow','white']); chroma.scale(['black','red','yellow','white']) .correctLightness();

scale.cache

(true|false)

By default chroma.scale instances will cache each computed value => color pair. You can turn off the cache by setting

chroma.scale(['yellow', '008ae5']).cache(false);

scale.padding

(pad)

Reduces the color range by cutting of a fraction of the gradient on both sides. If you pass a single number, the same padding will be applied to both ends.

chroma.scale('RdYlBu'); chroma.scale('RdYlBu').padding(0.15); chroma.scale('RdYlBu').padding(0.3); chroma.scale('RdYlBu').padding(-0.15);

Alternatively you can specify the padding for each sides individually by passing an array of two numbers.

chroma.scale('OrRd'); chroma.scale('OrRd').padding([0.2, 0]);

scale.colors

(num, format='hex')

You can call scale.colors(n) to quickly grab n equi-distant colors from a color scale. If called with no arguments, scale.colors returns the original array of colors used to create the scale.

chroma.scale('OrRd').colors(5); chroma.scale(['white', 'black']).colors(12);

If you want to return chroma instances just pass null as format .

scale.classes

(numOrArray)

If you want the scale function to return a distinct set of colors instead of a continuous gradient, you can use scale.classes . If you pass a number the scale will broken into equi-distant classes:

// continuous chroma.scale('OrRd'); // class breaks chroma.scale('OrRd').classes(5); chroma.scale('OrRd').classes(8);

You can also define custom class breaks by passing them as array:

chroma.scale('OrRd').classes([0,0.3,0.55,0.85,1]);

scale.nodata

(color)

When you pass a non-numeric value like null or undefined to a chroma.scale, "#cccccc" is returned as fallback or "no data" color. You can change the no-data color:

chroma.scale('OrRd')(null); chroma.scale('OrRd')(undefined); chroma.scale('OrRd').nodata('#eee')(null);

chroma.brewer

chroma.js includes the definitions from ColorBrewer2.org. Read more about these colors in the corresponding paper by Mark Harrower and Cynthia A. Brewer.

chroma.scale('YlGnBu'); chroma.scale('Spectral');

To reverse the colors you could simply reverse the domain:

chroma.scale('Spectral').domain([1,0]);

You can access the colors directly using chroma.brewer .

chroma.brewer.OrRd

chroma.bezier

(colors)

chroma.bezier returns a function that bezier-interpolates between colors in Lab space. The input range of the function is [0..1] .

// linear interpolation chroma.scale(['yellow', 'red', 'black']); // bezier interpolation chroma.bezier(['yellow', 'red', 'black']);

You can convert an bezier interpolator into a chroma.scale instance

chroma.bezier(['yellow', 'red', 'black']) .scale() .colors(5);

cubehelix

chroma.cubehelix

(start=300, rotations=-1.5, hue=1, gamma=1, lightness=[0,1])

Dave Green's cubehelix color scheme!!

// use the default helix... chroma.cubehelix(); // or customize it chroma.cubehelix() .start(200) .rotations(-0.5) .gamma(0.8) .lightness([0.3, 0.8]);

cubehelix.start

(hue)

start color for hue rotation, default= 300

chroma.cubehelix().start(300); chroma.cubehelix().start(200);

cubehelix.rotations

(num)

number (and direction) of hue rotations (e.g. 1= 360° , 1.5= 540°` ), default=-1.5

chroma.cubehelix().rotations(-1.5); chroma.cubehelix().rotations(0.5); chroma.cubehelix().rotations(3);

cubehelix.hue

(numOrRange)

hue controls how saturated the colour of all hues are. either single value or range, default=1

chroma.cubehelix(); chroma.cubehelix().hue(0.5); chroma.cubehelix().hue([1,0]);

cubehelix.gamma

(factor)

gamma factor can be used to emphasise low or high intensity values, default=1

chroma.cubehelix().gamma(1); chroma.cubehelix().gamma(0.5);

cubehelix.lightness

(range)

lightness range: default: [0,1] (black -> white)

chroma.cubehelix().lightness([0,1]); chroma.cubehelix().lightness([1,0]); chroma.cubehelix().lightness([0.3,0.7]);

cubehelix.scale

You can call cubehelix.scale() to use the cube-helix through the chroma.scale interface.

chroma.cubehelix() .start(200) .rotations(-0.35) .gamma(0.7) .lightness([0.3, 0.8]) .scale() // convert to chroma.scale .correctLightness() .colors(5);

Changelog

2.0.3

hsl2rgb will, like other x2rgb conversions now set the default alpha to 1

2.0.2

use a more mangle-safe check for Color class constructor to fix issues with uglifyjs and terser

2.0.1

added chroma.valid() for checking if a color can be parsed by chroma.js

2.0.0

chroma.js has been ported from CoffeeScript to ES6! This means you can now import parts of chroma in your projects!

changed HCG input space from [0..360,0..100,0..100] to [0..360,0..1,0..1] (to be in line with HSL)

added new object unpacking (e.g. hsl2rgb({h,s,l}) )

) changed default interpolation to lrgb in mix/interpolate and average.

in mix/interpolate and average. if colors can't be parsed correctly, chroma will now throw Errors instead of silently failing with console.errors

1.4.1

chroma.scale() now interprets null as NaN and returns the fallback color. Before it had interpreted null as 0

as NaN and returns the fallback color. Before it had interpreted as added scale.nodata() to allow customizing the previously hard-coded fallback (aka "no data") color #cccccc

1.4.0

color.hex() now automatically sets the mode to 'rgba' if the colors alpha channel is < 1. so chroma('rgba(255,0,0,.5)').hex() will now return "#ff000080" instead of "#ff0000" . if this is not what you want, you must explicitly set the mode to rgb using .hex("rgb") .

will now return instead of . if this is not what you want, you must explicitly set the mode to using . bugfix in chroma.average in LRGB mode (#187)

chroma.scale now also works with just one color (#180)

1.3.5

added LRGB interpolation

1.3.4

passing null as mode in scale.colors will return chroma objects

1.3.3

added color.clipped

added chroma.distance

added chroma.deltaE

color.set now returns a new chroma instance

chroma.scale now allows disabling of internal cache

chroma.average now works with any color mode

added unit tests for color conversions

use hex colors as default string representation

RGB channels are now stored as floats internally for higher precision

bugfix with cubehelix and constant lightness

bugfix in chroma.limits quantiles

bugfix when running scale.colors(1)

bugfix in hsi2rgb color conversion

1.2.2

scale.colors() now returns the original colors instead of just min/max range

1.2.0

added chroma.average for averaging colors

1.1.0

refactored chroma.scale

changed behaviour of scale.domain

added scale.classes

added scale.padding

1.0.2

standardized alpha channel construction

chroma.bezier automatically returns chroma.scale

1.0.1

added simple color output to chroma.scale().colors()

1.0.0