Based on extensive research on each president’s personality traits as revealed through their words and deeds—as well as my entirely subjective judgment calls—here’s how each of the 44 US presidents probably would have scored on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

You may disagree with these assessments, but you only have the right to do so because all of these presidents sent young men away to die horrible and painful deaths in order to protect that right.

1. George Washington…ISTJ

“If the freedom of speech is taken away then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.”

2. John Adams…INTJ/ENTP

“I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy.”

3. Thomas Jefferson…INTJ/INFJ

“Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.”

4. James Madison…INTP

“If men were angels, no government would be necessary.”

5. James Monroe…ESTJ

“A little flattery will support a man through great fatigue.”

6. John Quincy Adams…INTP

“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.”

7. Andrew Jackson…ESTP

“I have always been afraid of banks.”

8. Martin Van Buren…INFJ

“The less government interferes with private pursuits, the better for general prosperity.”

9. William Henry Harrison…ESTJ

“All the measures of the Government are directed to the purpose of making the rich richer and the poor poorer.”

10. John Tyler…INTP

“I can never consent to being dictated to.”

11. James K. Polk…INTJ

“There is more selfishness and less principle among members of Congress than I had any conception of, before I became President of the U.S.”

12. Zachary Taylor…ISTP

“I have always done my duty. I am ready to die. My only regret is for the friends I leave behind me.”

13. Millard Fillmore…ISFP

“May God save the country, for it is evident that the people will not.”

14. Franklin Pierce…ESTP

“Frequently the more trifling the subject, the more animated and protracted the

15. James Buchanan…ESTP

“I like the noise of democracy.”

16. Abraham Lincoln…INTP

“The best way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend.”

17. Andrew Johnson…ISTJ

“Slavery exists. It is black in the South, and white in the North.”

18. Ulysses S. Grant…ISFP

“I have never advocated war except as a means of peace.”

19. Rutherford B. Hayes…ENTP

“The filth and noise of the crowded streets soon destroy the elasticity of health which belongs to the country boy.”

20. James A. Garfield…ENTP

“Man cannot live by bread alone; he must have peanut butter.”

21. Chester A. Arthur…INTJ

“I may be president of the United States, but my private life is nobody’s damned business.”

22. & 24. Grover Cleveland…ESTJ

“No man has ever yet been hanged for breaking the spirit of a law.”

23. Benjamin Harrison…ISTJ

“Great lives never go out; they go on.”

25. William McKinley…ESFJ

“In the time of darkest defeat, victory may be nearest.”

26. Theodore Roosevelt…ESTP

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

27. William Howard Taft…ISFJ

“Politics makes me sick.”

28. Woodrow Wilson…INTJ

“I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow.”

29. Warren G. Harding…ISFP

“Only solitary men know the full joys of friendship. Others have their family; but to a solitary and an exile his friends are everything.”

30. Calvin Coolidge…ISTJ

“Don’t expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong.”

31. Herbert Hoover…ISTJ

“Older men declare war. But it is the youth that must fight and die.”

32. Franklin Delano Roosevelt…ESTP

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

33. Harry S. Truman…ISTJ

“If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.”

34. Dwight Eisenhower…INTJ/ISTJ

“We are going to have peace even if we have to fight for it.”

35. John F. Kennedy…ESFP

“Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.”

36. Lyndon B. Johnson…ESTP

“Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is ours to win or lose.”

37. Richard Nixon…ISTJ

“I can take it. The tougher it gets, the cooler I get.”

38. Gerald Ford…INTP

“A government big enough to give you everything you want is a government big enough to take from you everything you have.”

39. Jimmy Carter…ISFJ/INFP

“I have often wanted to drown my troubles, but I can’t get my wife to go swimming.”

40. Ronald Reagan…ESFP/ENFJ

“When you can’t make them see the light, make them feel the heat.”

41. George H. W. Bush…ISTJ

“I have opinions of my own, strong opinions, but I don’t always agree with them.”

42. Bill Clinton…ESFP

“You can put wings on a pig, but you don’t make it an eagle.”

43. George W. Bush…ESTP

“I want to thank you for taking time out of your day to come and witness my hanging.”

44. Barack Obama…ENTP