For decades Victoria Falls has drawn millions of holidaymakers to Zimbabwe and Zambia to watch southern Africa's Zambezi River cascade down 100 metres into a gash in the earth.

Key points: Victoria Falls usually attracts millions of tourists but recently many have arrived disappointed

Victoria Falls usually attracts millions of tourists but recently many have arrived disappointed Not all scientists categorically blame climate change, but say it's likely responsible

Not all scientists categorically blame climate change, but say it's likely responsible As the Zambezi River gets hotter, 437 cubic million cubic metres of water evaporate every second

But the worst drought in a century has slowed the waterfalls to a trickle, fuelling fears climate change could kill one of the region's biggest tourist attractions.

While they typically slow down during the dry season, officials said this year had brought an unprecedented decline in water levels.

"In previous years, when it gets dry, it's not to this extent. This is our first experience of seeing it like this," Dominic Nyambe, a seller of tourist handicrafts in his 30s said outside his shop in Livingstone, on the Zambian side.

"It affects us, because … clients … can see on the internet [that the falls are low] … We don't have so many tourists."

Victoria Falls on January 17, 2019. ( Reuters )

As world leaders gather in Madrid for the COP25 to discuss ways to halt catastrophic warming caused by human-driven greenhouse gas emissions, southern Africa is already suffering some of its worst effects — with taps running dry and some 45 million people in need of food aid amid crop failures.

Zimbabwe and Zambia have suffered power cuts as they are heavily reliant on hydropower from plants at the Kariba Dam, which is on the Zambezi River upstream of the waterfalls.

Stretches of this kilometre-long natural wonder are nothing but dry stone. Water flow is low in others.

Dry cliffs are seen following a prolonged drought at Victoria Falls on December 4, 2019. ( Reuters: Mike Hutchings )

A 'stark reminder'?

Data from the Zambezi River Authority shows water flow at its lowest since 1995, and well under the long-term average.

Zambian President Edgar Lungu has called it "a stark reminder of what climate change is doing to our environment".

Yet scientists are cautious about categorically blaming climate change. There is always seasonal variation in levels.

Harald Kling, hydrologist at engineering firm Poyry and a Zambezi River expert, said climate science deals in decades, not particular years, "so it's sometimes difficult to say this is because of climate change because droughts have always occurred".

"If they become more frequent, then you can start saying, OK, this may be climate change," he added.

He said early climate models had predicted more frequent dry years in the Zambezi basin, but that "what was surprising was that [drought] has been so frequent" — the last drought was only three years ago.

As the river gets hotter, 437 million cubic metres of water are evaporating every second, he said.

In Livingstone this week, four tourists stared into a mostly dry chasm normally gushing with white water. German student Benjamin Konig was disappointed.

"Seems to be not much (water), a few rocky stones with a little water between it," he said.

Richard Beilfuss, head of the International Crane Foundation, who has studied the Zambezi for the past three decades, thinks climate change is delaying the monsoon, "concentrating rain in bigger events which are then much harder to store, and a much longer, excruciating dry season".

Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume. Watch Duration: 44 seconds 44 s At COP25, UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres warned humanity is running out of time to save itself from climate change.

Reuters