A customer looks at a bottle of wine at a supermarket in Beijing, China. Getty Images

No secret technology to steal

China is currently the sixth-largest wine producer, bottling 11.4 million hectoliters in 2016, just behind Australia's 13 million. China is fifth in terms of consumption.

China ranks high

China is both a top producer and consumer of wine. The table shows the world's biggest countries in terms of wine consumption and production in 2016 (in millions of hectoliters). If a row is empty, it means the country didn't rank among the top 10 in that category. COUNTRY PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION Italy 50.9 22.5 France 43.5 27.0 Spain 39.3 9.9 U.S. 23.9 31.8 Australia 13.0 5.4 China 11.4 17.3 South Africa 10.5 Chile 10.1 Argentina 9.4 9.4 Germany 9.0 19.5 Russia 9.3 U.K. 12.9 A few years ago, as we explained in The Conversation, China's wine industry was focused on overcoming the rising cost of labor, dealing with difficult climates and improving grape quality. Now, the biggest obstacles Chinese vintners have to overcome are the country's image problem and growing competition from foreign wine. And that's where the foreign ventures have proven so valuable. China has long had a reputation for counterfeiting and food safety scandals. At the same time, the wine industry has become less protected from foreign competition after bilateral trade deals with countries such as Chile and Australia eliminated some tariffs. And although there are still such barriers in place with Europe (as well as the U.S.), Chinese wine lovers still drink a ton of French wine, despite the higher prices. That has meant Chinese makers of premium wines have had to raise their game to compete with skilled foreign competitors. And perhaps ironically, some of those foreign rivals have been only too happy to share knowledge and skills. Unlike for cars, making good wine doesn't require proprietary technology. Any serious student can learn the techniques, whether they are traditional or cutting edge, by reading, going to school or finding a mentor. Becoming a good winemaker requires experimenting with a range of tried and true methods, both in the vineyard and the cellar. There is no secret recipe, only hard work and problem solving. Such collaborative partnerships have been essential to helping China wine producers overcome the image problem and better compete.

Enter the French

It might surprise readers that French Cognac producer Remy Martin was one of the first Western companies to form a joint venture in China, in this case with the city of Tianjin in 1980 to set up a winery. The French brought winemaking skills and, in exchange, got a foot in the door into a promising market for imported Cognac. The result, Dynasty Winery, is now one of the largest Chinese wine producers. Remy and other Western companies brought not only skills but also their brand name. Chinese wine enthusiasts – vulnerable to the same stereotypes Westerners have – might question how good a wine from an unknown domestic company might be. But if is made by a famous French wine group, whose wines they enjoy, they might give it a chance. While Dynasty is a mass market brand, other more recent French-Chinese partnerships have focused on developing premium wines. One involved LVMH and a state-owned enterprise in Ningxia, a poor province often hailed as China's most promising wine region. In 2013, the French luxury conglomerate launched Chandon China, the latest offspring in the global Chandon family of sparkling wine. Unlike in other sectors, such as clothing or electronics, Western winemakers are not in China to take advantage of low costs. Chinese wine is expensive to make, due to the rising cost of labor, and, in some regions, the need to bury the vines to protect them from cold winters and dig them out every spring. Moreover, you can't outsource the production of wine to another country. Champagne can only be made in the Champagne region of France. Napa Valley wine can only be made in the Napa Valley. If a wine is made in China, it becomes Chinese wine.

Soaring wine quality

The result, for Chinese winemakers, has been soaring quality. Not long ago, really good Chinese wines were very hard to find. Mass market wine brands, like Changyu, Great Wall or Dynasty, were ubiquitous in supermarkets and convenience stores around the country. But most award-winning boutique wineries you read about in the media were too small or lacked marketing skills and deals with distributors that could put their wines in front of consumers. Today the best boutique Chinese wines are far more available in major cities because the major distributors have begun to include more Chinese producers in their porfolios of primarily imported wines. This has made the best Chinese wines available in local shops frequented by wine enthusiasts, like Pudao Wines in Beijing and Shanghai, and on a few restaurant wine lists. At a hotel restaurant in Guangzhou's main airport in 2016, for example, we were able to order an glass of Pretty Pony, an award winning Ningxia red by Kanaan winery – something we couldn't have done just a year earlier.

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