How I build Node.js Applications

"Keep it simple, keep it modular."

Today I would like to share with you how I build Node.js applications with the hope that someone else will find it useful. This article is structured in a sequence of steps that I use in my workflow and will attempt to be as detailed as possible.

Development Process

My development process usually begins with a wireframe illustrating the project requirements. It is very important to plan how you will build your application before writing any code. Here is a series of steps I like to follow for each project:

Analyse project wireframe and understand domain requirements Create README file with project documentation Based on the wireframe, document all routes and API end points Create a domain model Go shopping - Select software stack and dependencies Set up project repo and do necessary installations Write database schema, and create database Start Coding, Create Models and Collections Write unit tests Create Controllers and Library modules Create Routes Write integration tests Create API Review code and make adjustments where necessary

Architecture

My applications are heavily influenced by the MVC architecture which has served me well in my short Software Development career. The MVC architecture is well suited for Node.js development because it promotes modular code and separation of concerns.

Below is my typical directory structure.

/ api/ bin/ collections/ config/ controllers/ env/ lib/ models/ public/ routes/ test/ views/ .gitignore .jshintrc app.js package.json README.md

I will now zoom-in and look at each first level directory/file in the architecture, describing its role.

Documentation (./README.md)

The README.md is one of the most important files in my projects. I like to practice Readme Driven Development because I find it very effective for clarity and project direction.

My README.md file usually contains the following information:

Project title and description Software requirement Dependencies Getting started instructions Required configuration Tasks commands Style Guide Application Architecture Routes/API End Points License information

The API and routes are the entry points to the application, they give us a rough idea about its size. Below is a simple example of how I document my routes/api:

/** * Routes **/ GET /items - get a collection of items GET /items/:id - get one item POST /items - save an item

./models

Now that we are armed with some valuable information about all the requests our beloved users will be making to our application, let us create models to store and retrieve information. A model represents a set of information describing a particular database entity. In a software application, a model usually represents a single record in a database table.

Please Note: All examples in this post will use Bookshelf for database interaction.

./models/mymodel.js

// get config var config = require('../config'); // connect to the database var Bookshelf = require('../lib/dbconnect')(config); // define model var myModel = Bookshelf.Model.extend({ tableName: 'items' }); // export collection module module.exports = myModel;

./collections

We also need to be able to handle batch requests for a particular set of data. This is the job for collections . If you are familiar with backbone.js then the concept of collections should be easy to follow. Collections represent a group of the same model , they come with special methods to easily query and fetch data. A collection usually represents a complete database table.

./collections/mycollection.js

//require the model for this collection var myModel = require('../models/mymodel'); // define collection var myCollection = Bookshelf.Collection.extend({ model: myModel }); // export collection module module.exports = myCollection;

./controllers

Controllers, like in any other typical MVC set up, are responsible for the business logic of the application. Our controllers process data passed by routes and then query the database using models and collections .

./controllers/items.js

var myModel = require('../models/mymodel'); var myCollection = require('../collections/mycollection'); module.exports = { // GET /items/:id getItem: function(req, res, next) { var id = req.params.id; myModel.forge({id: id}) .fetch() .then(function (model) { res.json(model.toJSON()); }) .otherwise(function (error) { res.status(500).json({msg: error.message}); }); }, // GET /items getItems: function(req, res, next) { var id = req.params.id; myCollection.forge() .fetch() .then(function (collection) { res.json(collection.toJSON()); }) .otherwise(function (error) { res.status(500).json({msg: error.message}); }); }, // POST /items // (Don't forget to validate and sanitize all user input) saveItem: function(req, res, next) { myModel.forge(req.body) .save() .then(function (model) { res.json(model.toJSON()); }) .otherwise(function (error) { res.status(500).json({msg: error.message}); }); } };

./routes

Routes are responsible for handling traffic and connecting it to the appropriate controllers, for example, if a user requests for one item, the job of a router would be to direct the request to the getItem method of the itemsController .

./routes/items.js

var express = require('express'); var itemsController = require('../controllers/items'); module.exports = function () { var router = express.Router(); router.get('/items', itemsController.getItems); router.get('/items/:id', itemsController.getItem); router.post('/items', itemsController.saveItem); return router; };

./config

Earlier, we required the config module when we were creating our model. The sole purpose of the config directory is to check the environment mode and load the appropriate config file from the env directory. The config directory contains a single file, index.js .

module.exports = (function (env) { var config = {}; switch (env) { case 'production': config = require('../env/production'); break; case 'development': config = require('../env/development'); break; case 'testing': config = require('../env/testing'); break; case 'staging': config = require('../env/staging'); break; default: console.error('NODE_ENV environment variable not set'); process.exit(1); } return config; })(process.env.NODE_ENV);

./env

The env directory contains files representing different environment modes: development.js , production.js , test.js , and staging.js .

Here is an example of one file:

module.exports = { pg: { host: '127.0.0.1', database: 'test', user: 'test', password: 'test', charset: 'utf8' }, mongodb: { url: 'mongodb://localhost:27017/test' }, sessionSecret: 'ninja_cat' };

Heads up: Do not include any sensitive data in your config file, instead use environment variables.

./api

The api directory contains the application API files. I create api files exactly the same way as I do controllers , the only difference being that controllers sometimes load a view template.

./lib

The lib directory is very common in most Node modules. If your application uses any special algorithms or helpers then the lib directory is the perfect destination for them. In most cases a controller will require a lib file to perform a certain special task.

./bin

The bin directory contains all my command-line scripts. Below is an example:

#!/usr/bin/env node console.log('I am an executable file');

./public

The public directory contains asset files like images, css, front-end JavaScript, fonts, e.t.c.

./views

All my application templates go into the views directory .

./test

The test directory contain all test cases.

./.gitignore

The .gitignore is used to to inform GIT about which files to ignore and not track. Some of the file and directories that I don't track with git include node_modules , PSDs, and temp files.

*.zip *.psd *~ node_modules/ bower_components/ build/ temp/

./.jshintrc

The .jshintrc is a config file for jshint, it sets the rules for JavaScript quality validation.

{ "curly": false, "eqeqeq": true, "immed": true, "latedef": false, "newcap": true, "noarg": true, "sub": true, "undef": true, "boss": true, "eqnull": true, "node": true, "browser": true, "globals": { "jQuery": true, "define": true, "requirejs":true, "require": true, "describe": true, "it": true, "beforeEach": true, "before": true } }

./package.json

package.json is a standard npm file for listing app dependencies and metadata. While Grunt and Gulf serve their purpose, in most cases I find package.json scripts adequate for doing command-line tasks.

Example:

{ ... "scripts": { "start": "node app.js", "dev": "nodemon app", "jshint": "jshint api collections config controllers env lib models public/javascripts routes test app.js", "test": "npm run jshint && mocha test", "precommit": "npm test", "prepush": "npm shrinkwrap && npm test", "postmerge": "npm install" } ... }

Some of my most used modules

Express - App frameworks

Bookshelf - Postgres and MySQL ORM

lodash - utility library

passport - authentication

mongoose - MongoDB ODM

when.js - promises library

moment - parsing, validating, manipulating, and formatting dates

Conclusion

I have tried to cram in as much information as I can in one post but it is by no means exhaustive. Building Node.js application is constantly evolving and it is important to always be on the lookout for new and better solutions from the community.

I have more posts lined up for this month - subscribe to my RSS feed to stay up-to-date.