Today, sitting down to my Twitter feed, I saw a new link to Dr. Alex Berezow's old piece on why psychology cannot call itself a science. The piece itself is over a year old, but seeing it linked again today brought up old, angry feelings that I never had the chance to publicly address when the editorial was first published. Others, like Dave Nussbaum, have already done a good job of dismantling the critiques in this article, but the fact that people are still linking to this piece (and that other pieces, even elsewhere on the SciAm Network, are still echoing these same criticisms) means that one thing apparently cannot be said enough:

Psychology is a science.

Shut up about how it's not, already.

I clearly cannot just say that without explaining why psychology is a science, although sometimes I wish I could just join the biologists, chemists, and physicists who are never faced with having to answer such questions. So I will start by quoting the main thrust of Dr. Berezow's argument, and then explaining why the 20-year-olds who take my Intro Social Psych class each semester could have told Berezow why he's wrong by the end of our first week of class.

From Berezow's piece:

Psychology isn't science. Why can we definitively say that? Because psychology often does not meet the five basic requirements for a field to be considered scientifically rigorous: clearly defined terminology, quantifiability, highly controlled experimental conditions, reproducibility and, finally, predictability and testability.

[To claim that psychology] is "science" is inaccurate. Actually, it's worse than that. It's an attempt to redefine science. Science, redefined, is no longer the empirical analysis of the natural world; instead, it is any topic that sprinkles a few numbers around.

First of all, if anyone is attempting to "redefine" science here, it is Berezow himself, with his claim that science has ever been limited to an empirical analysis of the natural world. I am an expert on psychology, not physics or chemistry, so there are many things about these fields that I do not have the expertise to fully address, and as a result my examples are sadly limited. But even with my limited perspective into the "hard sciences," I know that there is no way anyone can claim that they all revolve around empirical analyses of observable facets of the natural world. From what I can gather, there are plenty of phenomena in the "hard sciences" -- most notably, in physics -- that are not observable. String theory? Quantum mechanics? I mean, for goodness sake -- how long were physicists searching for the Higgs Boson without even knowing if it actually existed?! The technology required to search for it didn't even exist for over 30 years. And "natural"? What does natural mean? Produced by nature, so we can't count anything chemical or man-made as scientific? A tangible substance, so we can't count anything theoretical? Selectively using these qualifications as an excuse to exclude psychology and other "soft sciences" (excuse me while I roll my eyes so hard that I risk sending them permanently into the back of my head) from the scientific discipline without questioning the fact that "hard sciences" routinely address topics that are both "unnatural" and "unobservable" is simply lazy.

Now, let's address the charge that psychological concepts are "unquantifiable." Admittedly, yes -- this is often the most valid critique that can be leveled at psychology (although I'm sure the many cognitive psychologists I know who deal in fMRIs, ERPs, EEGs, reaction times, and eye tracking would cringe at this blatant misrepresentation of how they operate). But when it comes to us "social psychologists" who typically study fuzzier concepts (like feeeeeeelings), we already know that we must address these potential critiques of our field in a responsible, rigorous way. And we do. With something called operationalization.

During the very first week of my Intro to Social Psychology class, I send my students home with one simple assignment -- come back next class with an answer to the question, "What is Love?" I play the Haddaway song as they're walking out the door and tell them to come back in 2 days with a way that they would define and measure "love" if they were creating their own experiments.

A silly exercise? Sure. But after they've handed in their responses and they return to class the following Tuesday, I put up a pie chart that shows them exactly how much their answers truly varied.

About 25% of the students tend to suggest closed-ended self-report measurements. "Ask Person A how much she loves Person B on a scale of 1 to 5."

About 25% of the students tend to suggest more open-ended self-report measurements. "Ask Person A to write about how much she loves Person B; ask several independent coders to read these responses and then provide judgments of how much Person A really seems to love Person B."

About 25% of the students lean towards physiological measurements. "Hook Person A up to a bunch of psychophysiological equipment. When Person B comes in the room, measure how much Person A's heart rate goes up and how much Person A's palms sweat."

And, finally, about 25% of the students find a way to surprise me. I can't remember many of the specific responses that fell into this category off the top of my head, but my all-time favorite one had something to do with making Person A imagine that Person B was about to be pushed off a cliff and then finding out how many other people Person A would be willing to sacrifice in order to save Person B's life. I'm not sure if that experiment would make it past the IRB, but I did really appreciate the creativity.

I put some of these examples up on the board, and the students all laugh. When they first got the assignment, they all inevitably thought it was just a fun, easy way to get quiz points during their first week of class -- and that it was an excuse for me to play "What Is Love?" a few too many times. Almost all of them initially think that operationalizing love is an easy question with an obvious answer. They are almost universally surprised when they see the sheer diversity of their classmates' responses, and come to realize that the answer they thought was "obvious" was not quite so obvious to their classmates after all.

Each and every semester, my class of 100 sophomore-aged undergraduates immediately comes to understand what Dr. Berezow has apparently yet to learn: Measurement is complicated. No matter what you study. Period. It's complicated if you're trying to explain what exactly Schrodinger was trying to say with his infamous cat problem. It's complicated if you're trying to figure out why there are EIGHT DIFFERENT SCALES that measure the exact same physical concept. It's complicated if you're trying to create the technology that might let you detect a hypothetical particle that, if found, would validate an entire model of particle physics. So why exactly are we supposed to be surprised that it's still complicated when you're trying to measure something abstract? Like feeeeeeelings?

There is nothing that makes "palm sweatiness" a more valid operationalization of love than "hypothetical willingness to sacrifice other people for your partner," even if the former is the only indicator that is "natural" or "directly observable." Yet we can see how each and every indicator might make sense, and might tell us something unique about that person and his/her relationship. Maybe palm sweatiness is a great indicator of the amount of sex a couple will have during the next few months, but willingness to sacrifice is a better indicator of how long that couple will ultimately stay married. Does that mean that we have to throw the entire concept of "love" out the window because there are many different ways to measure it and these operationalizations have different correlations with our outcomes of interest? Does that mean that love is no longer worth empirical examination? Does that mean that it's no longer worth trying to approximate how we can study and improve human relationships? Or does it just mean that we might have to suck it up and give some thought to the theoretical basis of our operationalizations so we can confidently justify our operational choices, recognize their weaknesses, and understand their strengths?

Now, psychology can -- and does -- run into problems when operationalization is inconsistent or abused. For example, this can be how you end up with too many "researcher degrees of freedom." Make no mistake: If a psychologist tries ten different operationalizations of love and only one results in a significant finding, so that operationalization is the one that is chosen for publication, that is wrong. If a psychologist can't get the finding that he/she wants with the typically accepted operationalization for a concept and goes with something totally untested for no good theoretical reason just because it happens to provide a p-value less than .05, that is wrong.

But operationalization itself? The creation, validation, and testing of an operational definition that will serve as the proxy for an unobservable or abstract concept?

That's science, baby. Take it or leave it.

In the end, wouldn't it make more sense to just appreciate the nuances involved in operationalization instead of dismissing operational definitions themselves as an inherent weakness of an entire discipline? Rather than throwing out psychology, why don't we throw out sensationalist headlines that undermine how much hard work goes into psychological operationalization in the first place? If only we science writers -- myself included -- would pay more attention to how we treat operationalization when we write about psychological research, I think we could all be amazed at how much more information we would glean from these discussions. The thought, the creativity, the pure brilliance that goes into finding measurable, testable proxies for "fuzzy concepts" so we can experimentally control those indicators and find ways to step closer, every day, towards scientifically studying these abstractions that we once thought we would never be able to study -- that's beautiful. Quite frankly, it's not just science -- it's an art. And often times, the means that scientists devise to help them step closer and closer towards approximating these abstract concepts, finding different facets to measure or different ways to conceptualize our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors? That process alone is so brilliant, so tricky, and so critical that it's often worth receiving just as much press time as the findings themselves.

At the end of the day, what a sad, simplistic view of science we must have if we want to throw the baby out with the bathwater every time this complicated, beautiful world we live in gets just a little bit messy.

Featured image available via Creative Commons from antsandneedles at DeviantArt.