FinalGROM 99

The TI 99/4A FinalGROM Cartridge, or FinalGROM 99 for short, is a cartridge for the TI 99/4A home computer that allows you to run ROM and GROM cartridge images from an SD card. It succeeds the FlashROM 99 released in 2016.

The FinalGROM 99 supports ROM images, GROM images, and mixed images of up to 1 MB in size that use the write-to-ROM bank switching scheme. The cartridge does not require the Peripheral Expansion Box and runs on both PAL and NTSC consoles, including modified consoles with an F18A. It will also run on v2.2 consoles and enables those to run ROM-only programs.

The cartridge offers some advanced modes that provide RAM and GRAM to programs. It also allows a running program to reload another program from SD card or to dump its state to SD card. All firmware of the FinalGROM 99 can be updated by SD card.

The FinalGROM 99 board has standard cartridge size and can be mounted in a TI 99 cartridge shell.

The FinalGROM 99 is released as Open Source Hardware under the CERN OHL license and the GNU GPL license. Both hardware design files and firmware sources are available on GitHub.

The project homepage with detailed instructions is located at GitHub.

How to Start with the FinalGROM 99

Using the FinalGROM 99 is simple and doesn't require any special hardware or software.

To begin, copy some cartridge dumps or other images files onto an SD or SDHC card. You can create directories to organize your programs. Switch off the TI 99 and plug in the FinalGROM 99, then insert the SD card into the FinalGROM 99. Switch on the TI 99 and wait until the activity indicator on the FinalGROM 99 is no longer lit.

Press any key to bring up the TI menu screen. You should see the FINALGROM 99 entry. Select it to start the image browser, where you can page through the list of available image entries with , , . , SPACE , and number keys. When you descend into a folder, the FinalGROM will reload its contents from the SD card. To go back up to the parent folder, select the special folder / .. .

Select the image you want to run. The screen will show a loader animation while the image loads. Once the image has been loaded, it will start automatically. The SD card is now no longer required and may be removed.

If only one image is found on the SD card, it is loaded immediately without the need to select it first. This method ensures maximum compatibility. Note that ROM images loaded as single-image SD card will not run on v2.2 consoles!

If you want to run a different program from the SD card, reset the TI 99 by pressing FCTN-= and then reset the FinalGROM 99 by pushing the reset button. If you do not reset the FinalGROM 99, the TI menu will show only the previously selected image. Alternatively, you can power cycle the console, which will reset both TI 99 and FinalGROM 99.

How to Prepare the FinalGROM 99

This section explains in greater detail how to prepare an SD card with images for use with the FinalGROM 99.

Images

A cartridge image consist of one or several binary files containing raw machine code that is loaded verbatim into the TI 99 cartridge memory. Many programs are distributed as a single file images that typically end in .bin .

An additional source for images are cartridge dumps for emulators. The MESS emulator, for example, uses .rpk files, which are ordinary ZIP archives that contain the actual image files:

helloc.bin <- hellod.bin <- the image files hellog.bin <- layout.xml meta-inf.xml

Note that newer versions of MESS also support ZIP files, but those cannot be used without conversion. Classic 99 uses plain dump files that may be used as-is.

Finally, many assemblers such as the xas99 cross-assembler or the xga99 GPL cross-assembler from the xdt99 tools can generate ROM and GROM images. Files generated for Editor/Assembler Option #5 cannot be used, but they may be converted for the FinalGROM 99 plus 32K RAM expansion.

Images may contain ROM code and GROM code. GROM code is the binary result of assembling the Graphics Programming Language (GPL) created by TI. An image for the FinalGROM 99 may contain up to 1024 KB of ROM code only, or 40 KB of GROM code plus 960 KB of ROM code. You can also configure the cartridge to provide RAM and GRAM instead of ROM and GROM, respectively.

Note that the FinalGROM 99 responds to all GROM bases, so it can support up to 64 KB of GROM, of which only the upper 40 KB (GROMs 3-7) are usable.

The FinalGROM 99 uses "non-inverted" ROM images, which is the default for images until noted otherwise by the creator. Images ending in 3 or 9 are usually inverted. If you have an inverted ROM image, you can use the Python script tools/invert.py found in the repository to de-invert the image. If a single file ROM image crashes the TI 99, invert it and see if that works instead.

Images may have more than one program entry to select. The FinalGROM 99 lists all entries of all images. Most autostarting GROM images don't have any menu entries, so their filename followed by an asterisk * is shown instead.

It is not recommended to use image collections for the FinalGROM 99 when the individual images are available. An image collection increases the loading time for the selected image and requires an additional key press to start the program.

Filenames

Images are single files or multiple files with a common root name. All filenames must end in .bin , and case is ignored. Files with other extensions are ignored.

A GROM-only image is always a single file whose filename ends in G :

hellog.bin

IMPORTANT! The trailing G indicates that the file contents are GROM code, so ROM files must not end in G !

A mixed ROM and GROM image is always split into up to 3 files, ending with C and D for the ROM files and G for the GROM file:

helloc.bin hellod.bin (optional) hellog.bin

For mixed images, the ROM file must always end in C , but an optional second ROM bank ending in D may be present. The GROM G file may be up to 40 KB in size, whereas the ROM C file may be up to 960 KB in size. If a D file is given, it must be exactly 8 KB in size.

Finally, ROM-only images may be a single file of almost arbitrary name or split files like in the mixed case. When using a single file, the filename must not end in D or G .

The split file format has been used for virtually all cartridge dumps for several decades now.

The filesystem used on SD cards has an filename character limitation, which ignores case and shortens all filenames to fit into a 8.3 schema. Thus, hellogromg.bin would be seen as HELLOG~1.BIN , and the trailing GROM indicator G would be missed.

IMPORTANT! When using split files, make sure that each filename has no more than 8 characters (excluding the extension)! This is always true for legacy cartridge dumps.

HINT: A filename with more than 8 characters for a single file ROM-only image will never end incorrectly in D or G .

In summary, don't rename cartridge dumps. GROM filenames must not exceed 8 characters AND must end in G . ROM filename must have more than 8 characters OR must not end in D or G .

For all images, there is always a main file that is used for help texts or RAM/GRAM configurations. For GROM and mixed images, the main file is the G file, for ROM-only files this is the C file or the actual filename of a single-file image.

SD Cards

The FinalGROM 99 supports both SD and SDHC cards, but not SDXC. Cards must be formatted with the FAT16 or FAT32 filesystem. FAT16 is the default for new SD cards of up to 2 GB, and FAT32 is the default for new SDHC cards of 4 GB and up.

Note that some cards seem to have a difficult personality. For SD cards, it may help to use FAT32 instead of the FAT16 default. If you absolutely cannot get a particular SD/SDHC card to work, just move on and use a different card.

Image files can be dragged and dropped without modification onto an SD card. To organize your card, you may create folders and subfolders with names of up to 8 characters and without extension. Each folder, including the root folder, may contain up to 171 images or folders. (Strictly speaking, it is 171 entries and folders, as one image can have more than one entry.)

The startup speed of the FinalGROM 99 depends on the internal order of the image files on the SD card. For optimal startup, erase your SD card and copy all image files and folders at once. If you have a root folder of about a dozen folders, the startup time should be no more than a fraction of a second.

Tools

The tools/ folder in the repository contains some Python scripts that help you to manage your images.

The showcart.py tool will list the menu entries for the image files given.

Example: showcart.py images/*.bin

The invert.py tool will create an inverted version of the image given. This can be used to de-invert an image.

Example: invert.py image.bin

The pad.py tool will pad a given file with zeros until it has the desired length (default is 8192, or 8K).

Examples: pad.py image.bin pad.py largeimage.bin 65536

The mkea5cart.py will convert E/A5 programs to cartridge ROM images. The resulting image needs the 32K memory expansion to run.

Example: mkea5cart.py program1 theprogram.bin "THE PROGRAM"

How to Use the FinalGROM 99

This section details the operation of the FinalGROM 99 and explains all of its features.

Normal Operation

The FinalGROM 99 is always in one of two modes: menu mode or image mode.

When powering up, or after pushing the FinalGROM 99 reset button (marked FG RESET ), the FinalGROM 99 is in menu mode. In this mode, the TI 99 menu screen shows the image browser with the list of all entries of all available images. Entries followed by an asterisk show the filenames of autostarting GROM images without menu entries.

Selecting an entry will load the selected image from the SD card and run it. Once the image is running, the FinalGROM 99 switches to image mode.

In image mode, the FinalGROM 99 acts like a ROM or GROM cartridge containing the selected image only. In this mode, the TI 99 menu screen shows the entries of the selected image. Pressing FCTN-= will warm reset the console without affecting the currently stored image. The only way to return to menu mode is to push the FinalGROM 99 reset button or power cycle the console.

The SD card is scanned only once in menu mode. If you swap SD cards, you need to push the FinalGROM 99 reset button to re-read the SD card. Once in image mode, the SD card is no longer needed and may be removed until you want to run a different image.

If only one image is found on the SD card at startup, the image is loaded immediately. In this case the FinalGROM 99 skips menu mode and enters image mode directly.

Programs running on the FinalGROM 99 may load and start other programs on the SD card. During a reload, the cart remains in image mode.

The activity indicator LED lights up whenever the FinalGROM 99 is busy reading the SD card. During this time, the entire cartridge is "offline" so that the TI 99 cannot detect that a cartridge is plugged in. If you enter the TI menu while the LED is still on, the FINALGROM 99 entry will be missing.

At any time, you can press the TI reset button (marked TI RESET ) to reset the TI 99 console. The current contents of the FinalGROM 99 will be preserved, and any image loading process will continue.

To summarize, these simple rules of thumb will make sure that you run the FinalGROM 99 without issues:

After inserting an SD card, push the FinalGROM 99 reset button or power cycle the console.

Only push the FinalGROM 99 reset button when the TI 99 title screen is shown.

Leave both TI 99 and SD card alone whenever the LED is lit and not blinking.

Press the TI reset button when you want to restart the console with the same image.

It is not possible to damage the FinalGROM 99 by incorrect menu or image operation.

Help Viewer

The FinalGROM 99 allows you to view image help texts stored on the SD card.

To display a help text, press FCTN-7 (AID) to enter help mode, and then press the letter of the image. The cart will briefly become offline before the help text viewer will start.

In the help text viewer, you can press E or X to scroll the text by one line, or , , B , . , or SPACE to scroll by one page. Press F to find some text ignoring case, or N to find the next occurrence of the last find.

To return to the FinalGROM 99 menu, press Q to quit the help viewer.

If no help text is found, you'll return immediately to the FinalGROM menu.

If you want to write some help text, create a DIS/VAR 38 text file. You can use both upper case and lower case letters, but should restrict yourself to plain ASCII. Consecutive line breaks will be merged into one, so to insert an empty line, enter followed by a newline. Longer lines will be wrapper around without proper line breaking.

The first line of your help file may contain a hexadecimal color code for the text

>1E

denoting foreground and background color. Note that the line must start with > , and only the last two hexadecimal characters are taken into account. If no color is given, the default color is used.

The name of the help text file must end in .TXT . The filename of the .TXT file must match the main filename of your image (see Filenames).

Advanced Modes

Most legacy cartridge images and homebrew programs will run as-is on the FinalGROM 99. This includes games, educational programs, tools, and programming languages.

But the FinalGROM 99 also offers two advanced modes that emulate advanced cartridge types that did not exist previously:

[ R ] RAM Mode: provides up to 512 KB of ROM and 512 KB of RAM

] RAM Mode: provides up to 512 KB of ROM and 512 KB of RAM [ G ] GRAM Mode: turns occupied GROM into writable GRAM

] GRAM Mode: turns occupied GROM into writable GRAM [ X ] RAM/GRAM Mode: provides both RAM and GRAM

To enable one of these modes for a specific image, put character R , G or X at image offset 3, also known as "reserved" byte. For legacy images, you may use a Hex Editor to modify the fourth byte. For new images, your GPL header would start like

aorg >6000 data >aa01 byte >00, 'R' ; activate RAM mode

Note that each image type can use only certain modes, e.g., a ROM-only mode cannot use GRAM mode.

These advanced modes are mostly targeted at developers (see "How to Develop"), but RAM Mode is also required for running the Mini Memory image.

Compatibility

In general, all cartridge dumps with a write-to-ROM banking scheme should work fine on the FinalGROM 99. Some images converted from other formats, such as MBX or side carts, and many modern homebrew programs may also require a 32K RAM expansion.

A few programs, however, don't expect to be started by something other than the TI 99 menu, or have difficulties to deal with the remnants of previously run programs left over by a warm reset. In rare cases, this may lead to graphical glitches or other unexpected behavior. Also, some GROM programs written specifically for the TI 99/4, may confuse the menu system of the TI 99/4A.

Please refer to the troubleshooting section for a list of programs with known issues.

If you find additional images that don't work as intended on the FinalGROM 99, first check their filenames (see section "Filenames"), and then please send a note to the developer at r@0x01.de. Compatibility may be improved with a firmware update.

How to Develop for the FinalGROM 99

In normal mode, the FinalGROM acts as a 1024 KB ROM cartridge with 128 banks of 8 KB each. To switch to a specific bank, a program writes to cartridge address >60xx , where xx is the bank index times two. Note that unused switch bits are ignored, so for a 4-bank program, addresses >6006 and >7afe are equivalent.

For GROM or mixed images, the upper 8 banks are reserved for GROM code. The system GROMs 0, 1, and 2 cannot be used, though, so GROM images are loaded into GROMs 3 and up. Bank switching for the remaining 960 KB of ROM works as above.

Note that the FinalGROM 99 always starts programs with bank 0 selected, so you don't need to replicate the GPL header in all banks unless you want compatibility with other carts.

Advanced Modes

Two advanced modes can be enabled by setting the fourth byte in the main image file (see "How to Use").

In RAM Mode, each 8 KB bank is split into a ROM half-bank >6000->6fff and a RAM half-bank >7000-7fff . The RAM may be freely written to, but it is not battery-backed and will be lost on power down or cart reset. ROM half-banks are switched by writing to >60xx , and RAM half-banks are switched independently by writing to >68xx . Intermediate bits are again ignored. Note that writing to >7xxx will not switch banks but update the RAM at that location.

You can preset the RAM by putting the desired values in the upper half banks of your image. Only occupied banks contain RAM, so if you load a 4 bank image, you'll have 4 * 4 KB = 16 KB of RAM available.

In GRAM Mode, all occupied GROM banks will be GRAM banks. GPL doesn't support GRAM except for the MOVE instruction, so

move 10, g@data, g@>7800

and alike would be the only way to write to GRAM.

Reloading

Although 1024 KB is plenty of space for a TI 99 program, the FinalGROM 99 enables programs to reload and start other programs from the SD card. Any program type may load any program type.

To initiate the reload of a new program, the sequence >99 , "OKFG99", >99 followed by the file data must be sent. Since the new image will overwrite the running image, the reload code must be relocated to RAM before it can be run. To check if the new image has been loaded, the program must watch addresses >6000->6200 for a non-zero word to appear. (For a reloaded ROM program, watching >6000 suffices.)

The repository contains sample code lib/reload_example.a99 and lib/gload_example.gpl that may serve developers as a blueprint for reloading. The syntax requires the xas99 or xga99 assemblers, but the code is easily adapted to other assemblers as well.

Dumping

To save the progress or high scores of games or to persist personal tool preferences, the FinalGROM 99 supports the dumping of ROM images, GROM images, or mixed images with one ROM bank. Dumping an image writes back some or all image files that are marked as RAM or GRAM. This selection is made by the dump initiator and can comprise the RAM bank, the GRAM bank, or both.

To initiate the dump, the sequence >99 , "OKFG99", >99 followed by the file data and dump code >ffx3 must be sent, where x equals 1, 2, or 3 for RAM, GRAM, or RAM+GRAM, resp. During the dump, the cartridge logic needs exclusive access to the SRAM, so dumping can only be initiated from scratchpad RAM or expansion RAM. To detect when the dump has completed, the program must watch address >6000 (or more) for a non-zero word to appear. Note that loading a GROM-only programs will always set ROM address >6000 to value >9999 .

Dumping saves entire files with RAM or GRAM content and overwrites the original image files on the SD card. For technical reasons, the dump cannot be written to new, non-existing files, so keep a copy of the original image around.

The repository contains sample code lib/dump_example.a99 and lib/gdump_example.gpl that may serve developers as a blueprint for dumping. The syntax requires the xas99 and xga99 assemblers, but the code is easily adapted to other assemblers as well.

How the FinalGROM 99 Works

The FinalGROM 99 uses a 1M x 8 SRAM chip to store cartridge images of up to 1 MB. The TI 99 addresses the SRAM just like it would address a cartridge ROM or GROM chip. The 1 MB is divided into 128 banks of 8 KB each. GROMs occupy the upper 8 banks, although only 5 are used. Each GROM can hold up to 8 KB.

The XC95144XL CPLD at the heart of the FinalGROM 99 implements all of the cartridge logic. It manages access to the SRAM, isolates the cart from the TI bus when needed, handles the storage of images, emulates the GROMs, switches banks, and controls write access. Note that the TI bus is not connected to the SRAM, instead the CPLD will act as a scheduler for incoming bus requests.

The ATmega 328 microcontroller reads the SD card and sends the generated image browser and the selected image to the CPLD for storage in the SRAM. The microcontroller also contains an XSVF player that can update the programming of the CPLD. Similarly, its bootloader can update the microcontroller itself.

The image browser is generated by the microcontroller that analyzes all images stored on the SD card to extract their TI menu entries and start addresses. For GROM images, this may involve a lot of work, as the menu or autostarting information may be located high up in the GROMs.

The image selection in the image browser is recorded by the CPLD as a sequence of writes to >7xxx on the bus, which is passed to the microcontroller for processing. Currently, 12 bytes of data are transferred, containing filename, action, and image type of the selected image or folder.

When the image loads, the TI 99 keeps reading ROM addresses >6000->6200 in a loop. A complete run of zero values indicates that the cart is still offline, but a single non-zero value, such as the GPL header, signals that the cart is back online. This implies that the loading has completed, and the TI will branch to the saved start address of the image. GROM-only images write to bogus bytes to ROM, and mixed images will hopefully contain some non-zero value in the first 512 bytes.

Before the selected image runs, the FinalGROM 99 will clear the screen and restore both scratchpad RAM, color palette, and some character patterns. The FinalGROM 99 also ensures that all programs start with bank 0 selected.

The microcontroller uses a modified version of the Petit FatFs library to make sense of the FAT16/FAT32 filesystems used by SD cards. It also uses a port of the Xilinx XSVF player described in Application Note 058.

How to Update the FinalGROM 99

All currently available updates are listed below. These updates are distributed as binary files that must be applied via SD card. No special equipment is required to update the FinalGROM 99. Please check if the scope of a specific update concerns you before you apply the update. All updates are cumulative, so you only have to apply the latest update shown here.

Files ending in .AVR are updates for the microcontroller. To work, you need to rename such a file to UPDATE.AVR and copy it onto an SD card. Insert it into the FinalGROM 99, plug the FinalGROM 99 into the TI 99 and turn on the console. The update will start automatically, and is complete after a few seconds when the LED turns off. Make sure to remove the SD card first before you reset the FinalGROM 99 or power-cycle the console, and to delete the UPDATE.AVR before you use the SD card again! (Otherwise, the update will be applied again.)

IMPORTANT! Do not turn off the the TI 99 while the update is in progress! You may brick your FinalGROM 99, which will require an AVR programmer to debrick again.

Files ending in .PLD will update the main logic inside the CPLD. Rename such a file to UPDATE.PLD and copy it to an SD card. Now follow the procedure above. The update will take about 15 seconds. Note that the TI may crash during the update, but this does no harm. Do not forget to remove the SD card before you power cycle or reset the FinalGROM 99, and to delete the UPDATE.AVR before you use the SD card again!

A failed .PLD update may leave your FinalGROM 99 not working, but it cannot brick your cart. In case of a failure, make sure the update file is correct, and simply retry your update. Note that you do not need a working TI 99, but just its power.

Any errors during the update will be indicated by a blinking LED. The blink pattern tells you what kind of error occurred:

#U1 (o)........(o).........(o)........(o)........(o)........(o) ...

indicates a bad SD card reader, a bad SD card, or the wrong filesystem,

#U2 (o).(o)........(o).(o).........(o).(o)........(o).(o)...... ...

indicates a missing or corrupt update file.

A higher number of blips indicates an error of the XSFV player while reading the UPDATE.PLD file, which should not happen.

Latest Firmware

Released 16 August 2019

The latest firmware version is required for the enhanced and fixed Mini Memory cartridge image that allows to save the contents of the RAM bank back to SD card.

Download Firmware

Update 1.1

Issues:

When you turn on your console, the FinalGROM 99 blinks with pattern #1 (see troubleshooting section), but works normally when you press the FinalGROM 99 reset button once.

The FinalGROM 99 menu shows system or hidden files or folders.

This update delays the mounting of the SD card by half a millisecond, and ignores hidden and system files and folders on the SD card.

Download 1.1

Update 1.2

Issues:

None

This update improves the dumping capability. The FinalGROM 99 now can dump ROM images, GROM images, and mixed images with at most one ROM bank. This functionality is needed for the persisting Mini Memory image with SAVE option.

Update 1.3

Issues:

Programs of images with subprograms, e.g., TE II, are no longer shown in the FinalGROM 99 menu.

This update fixes this issue, while still auto-loading single images with only subprograms.

Download 1.3

Troubleshooting the FinalGROM 99

If you're in doubt if your FinalGROM 99 is working correctly, run the cartridge tests in folder images/tests/ in the repository. All tests run endlessly and will show errors as ERROR xxxx yyyy at the bottom of the screen. The hex value xxxx is the expected word and yyyy is the actual word read.

The LED blinks.

If the LED starts blinking, the FinalGROM 99 could not read some part of the SD card:

#1 (o)........(o).........(o)........(o)........(o)........(o) ...

indicates a bad SD card reader, a bad SD card, or the wrong filesystem,

#2 (o).(o)........(o).(o).........(o).(o)........(o).(o)...... ...

indicates the root folder cannot be read, or the image cannot be dumped,

#3 (o).(o).(o)........(o).(o).(o).........(o).(o).(o)......... ...

indicates a corrupt image, a corrupt help file, or an error during dumping.

In case of one blip, try re-formatting your SD card using FAT32, or try a different card.

The TI 99 title screen won't show.

The LED lights for some time, but the TI title screen won't show.

The FinalGROM 99 is active, but it interferes with the console GROMs.

Check if the CPLD is damaged, or if there are any solder bridges or other kind of unwanted contacts. If you just updated your CPLD, retry the procedure and note if there were any errors.

There is no FinalGROM 99 entry.

The TI 99 starts normally, but the menu shows only TI BASIC.

If the LED doesn't turn on at least briefly when powering up or pushing reset, some contacts on the card may be bad.

Make sure that you won't enter the TI menu while the LED is still lit. Check that your SD card contains at least one valid image file, ending in .bin or .BIN . Also review the filename requirements in "How to Prepare".

Some menu entry is missing.

The menu entry of some image, in particular some educational title, is missing.

Some programs start automatically and thus don't have a menu with an entry that the FinalGROM 99 could show. Instead, the cart lists the filename followed by an asterisk.

Check the filename of your image, and look for that filename in the image browser.

The image browser shows weird entries.

The image browser shows meaningless entries such as DEUTSCH or ITALIANO .

Some GROM cartridges don't show their own name in the TI menu screen, but only offer different language options.

Select your language to see which program this is. To show more friendly entries in the future, patch the image and replace the entry names with more meaningful ones. Alternatively, create a new folder with the image's abbreviated real name and put the image in there.

If you don't know which image is producing these rogue entries, you can use the tools/showcart.py script in the repository like this:

$ showcart.py phm3112C.BIN phm3112G.BIN

to get the list of entries for the specified list of programs:

phm3112C.BIN: **MISSING >AA** phm3112G.BIN: PARSEC

The image browser crashes.

The images browser shows weird characters and does no longer react to key presses.

The connector of the FinalGROM 99 may be dirty/greasy, or the cart isn't inserted properly.

Please make sure that the cart is inserted firmly and the connector is clean. If necessary, remove the little sponge in the cart connector that may cause the greasiness of the cart.

Some program crashes.

Running some particular program from the browser crashes, either right away or after using the program for some time.

You may run an inverted image, a badly named image, an image with an incompatible bank switch scheme, an old program for the TI 99/4, or a "fragile" cartridge program.

To fix an inverted image, use the tools/invert.py script. Note that image files with 8K only cannot be inverted.

Make sure that the filename is correct. GROM files must not exceed 8 chars, and end in G . Single ROM files must not end in D or G , or exceed 8 chars. For example, STATISTIKG.BIN is too long for a GROM, and DIGDUG.BIN ends in G , but is a ROM.

A "fragile" program is a program that makes certain assumptions about the state of scratchpad RAM and VDP RAM when it starts. Try loading the program directly to RAM by copying this image file as the only file on an SD card. This will provide the exact environment the program expects.

If this doesn't help, the image may be incompatible. Please send a note to the developer at r@0x01.de for further analysis.

Some program doesn't work properly.

Some functionality of the program doesn't work as expected.

Images for the TI 99/4 (not A) have a different menu structure that may confuse the FinalGROM 99. Video Chess is one such program.

Some programs don't expect to be started by another program or to find the remnants of previously run programs. This may lead to graphical glitches or other unexpected behavior.

Try restarting the program by pressing FCTN-= and selecting it from the menu again to eliminate most issues. Alternatively, put the image as the only image on the SD card so that it is loaded directly.

If this doesn't help, please send a note to the developer at r@0x01.de for further analysis.

RAM/GRAM cannot be written to.

The program cannot write to the RAM banks or the GRAM banks.

Make sure that the forth byte of the image is R , G , or X . For GROM-only images, the G file must contain G . For ROM-only images, the C file or the single file must contain R . For mixed images, the G file must contain G , R , or X .

Mini Memory won't work.

The Mini Memory won't save assembly programs.

The Mini Memory is a special cartridge that features some RAM, which is not present in other cartridges.

Open a hex editor and write the letter R or hex code >52 into the fourth byte at >6003 . This will enable RAM Mode required for the Mini Memory. (For details, see section "Advanced Modes".)

Note however, that the FinalGROM 99 is not battery-backed, so any RAM contents will be discarded once the power is cut or a different image is loaded. There is a special Mini Memory image available that features an additional SAVE menu option.

Programs with known issues.

These programs are know to have minor or major flaws when run on the FinalGROM 99:

As of this writing, no issues or glitches are known.

Note that this list refers to particular images. There might be alternative images of the same programs that work fine with the FinalGROM 99.

Please report problems to the developer at r@0x01.de so that they may be fixed with a future update.

Where to Get the FinalGROM 99

The GitHub repository contains all hardware design files and software sources required to build the FinalGROM 99 by yourself.

Also, fully assembled FinalGROM 99 carts are sold by various people on the net, including Arcadeshopper and The Brewing Academy.

Please note that I no longer offer FinalGROMs myself, as I want to focus on my current project, the SDD 99 (working title).

About the Project

The TI 99/4A FinalGROM Cartridge is Open Source Hardware released under the CERN OHL license, in the hope that TI 99 enthusiasts may find it useful. Software components are released under the GNU GPL license.

The hardware was designed with the open source electronics design automation suite KiCad. The microcontroller code uses a modified version of the Petit FatFs library.

Heartfelt thanks go to Erik Spiehl (speccery) for helping me analyze an electrical problem on the development boards, and to Jim Brain (Brain) for showing me how to replace the Arduino shields by proper SD sockets.

Contributions to both hardware and software are welcome. Please email feedback, support questions, inquiries for parts, and bug reports to the developer at r@0x01.de. Discussions about the FinalGROM 99 happen over at AtariAge.