1 Koch, C. Biophysics of Computation (Oxford University Press, 1999).

2 Stuart, G., Spruston, N. & Hausser, M. Dendrites (Oxford University Press, 2008).

3 Haider, B. & McCormick, D.A. Rapid neocortical dynamics: cellular and network mechanisms. Neuron 62, 171–189 (2009).

4 Gold, C., Henze, D.A., Koch, C. & Buzsáki, G. On the origin of the extracellular action potential waveform: a modeling study. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3113–3128 (2006).

5 Pettersen, K.H. & Einevoll, G.T. Amplitude variability and extracellular low-pass filtering of neuronal spikes. Biophys. J. 94, 784–802 (2008).

6 Steriade, M., Nunez, A. & Amzica, F. A novel slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components. J. Neurosci. 13, 3252–3265 (1993).

7 Steriade, M., Nunez, A. & Amzica, F. Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (<1 Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram. J. Neurosci. 13, 3266–3283 (1993).

8 Vanderwolf, C.H. Hippocampal electrical activity and voluntary movement in the rat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 407–418 (1969).

9 Buzsáki, G., Leung, L.W. & Vanderwolf, C.H. Cellular bases of hippocampal EEG in the behaving rat. Brain Res. 287, 139–171 (1983).

10 Buzsáki, G. Theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Neuron 33, 325–340 (2002).

11 Lubenov, E.V. & Siapas, A.G. Hippocampal theta oscillations are travelling waves. Nature 459, 534–539 (2009).

12 Buzsáki, G., Horvath, Z., Urioste, R., Hetke, J. & Wise, K. High-frequency network oscillation in the hippocampus. Science 256, 1025–1027 (1992).

13 Ylinen, A. et al. Sharp wave–associated high-frequency oscillation (200 Hz) in the intact hippocampus: network and intracellular mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 15, 30–46 (1995).

14 Arvanitaki, A. Effects evoked in an axon by the activity of a contiguous one. J. Neurophysiol. 5, 89–108 (1942).

15 Traub, R.D., Dudek, F.E., Taylor, C.P. & Knowles, W.D. Simulation of hippocampal afterdischarges synchronized by electrical interactions. Neuroscience 14, 1033–1038 (1985).

16 Chan, C.Y. & Nicholson, C. Modulation by applied electric fields of Purkinje and stellate cell activity in the isolated turtle cerebellum. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 371, 89–114 (1986).

17 Jefferys, J.G. Nonsynaptic modulation of neuronal activity in the brain: electric currents and extracellular ions. Physiol. Rev. 75, 689–723 (1995).

18 Radman, T., Su, Y., An, J.H., Parra, L.C. & Bikson, M. Spike timing amplifies the effect of electric fields on neurons: implications for endogenous field effects. J. Neurosci. 27, 3030–3036 (2007).

19 Deans, J.K., Powell, A.D. & Jefferys, J.G. Sensitivity of coherent oscillations in rat hippocampus to AC electric fields. J. Physiol. 583, 555–565 (2007).

20 Anastassiou, C.A., Montgomery, S.M., Barahona, M., Buzsáki, G. & Koch, C. The effect of spatially inhomogeneous extracellular electric fields on neurons. J. Neurosci. 30, 1925–1936 (2010).

21 Chan, C.Y., Hounsgaard, J. & Nicholson, C. Effects of electric fields on transmembrane potential and excitability of turtle cerebellar Purkinje cells in vitro. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 402, 751–771 (1988).

22 Ozen, S. et al. Transcranial electric stimulation entrains cortical neuronal populations in rats. J. Neurosci. 30, 11476–11485 (2010).

23 Noebels, J.L. & Prince, D.A. Development of focal seizures in cerebral cortex: role of axon terminal bursting. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1267–1281 (1978).

24 Jefferys, J.G. & Haas, H.L. Synchronized bursting of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells in the absence of synaptic transmission. Nature 300, 448–450 (1982).

25 Ghai, R.S., Bikson, M. & Durand, D.M. Effects of applied electric fields on low-calcium epileptiform activity in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 274–280 (2000).

26 Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M. & Born, J. Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature 444, 610–613 (2006).

27 O'Keefe, J. & Recce, M.L. Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm. Hippocampus 3, 317–330 (1993).

28 Fries, P., Reynolds, J.H., Rorie, A.E. & Desimone, R. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291, 1560–1563 (2001).

29 Womelsdorf, T., Fries, P., Mitra, P.P. & Desimone, R. Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection. Nature 439, 733–736 (2006).

30 Womelsdorf, T. et al. Modulation of neuronal interactions through neuronal synchronization. Science 316, 1609–1612 (2007).

31 Colgin, L.L. et al. Frequency of gamma oscillations routes flow of information in the hippocampus. Nature 462, 353–357 (2009).

32 Rutishauser, U., Ross, I.B., Mamelak, A.N. & Schuman, E.M. Human memory strength is predicted by theta-frequency phase-locking of single neurons. Nature 464, 903–907 (2010).

33 Kamondi, A., Acsady, L., Wang, X.J. & Buzsáki, G. Theta oscillations in somata and dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo: activity-dependent phase-precession of action potentials. Hippocampus 8, 244–261 (1998).

34 Weiss, S.A. & Faber, D.S. Field effects in the CNS play functional roles. Front Neural Circuits 4, 15 (2010).

35 Mann, E.O. & Paulsen, O. Local field potential oscillations as a cortical soliloquy. Neuron 67, 3–5 (2010).

36 Pastalkova, E., Itskov, V., Amarasingham, A. & Buzsáki, G. Internally generated cell assembly sequences in the rat hippocampus. Science 321, 1322–1327 (2008).

37 Kreiman, G. et al. Object selectivity of local field potentials and spikes in the macaque inferior temporal cortex. Neuron 49, 433–445 (2006).

38 Harvey, C.D., Collman, F., Dombeck, D.A. & Tank, D.W. Intracellular dynamics of hippocampal place cells during virtual navigation. Nature 461, 941–946 (2009).

39 Kreiman, G., Koch, C. & Fried, I. Category-specific visual responses of single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 946–953 (2000).

40 Quiroga, R.Q., Reddy, L., Kreiman, G., Koch, C. & Fried, I. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature 435, 1102–1107 (2005).

41 Logothetis, N.K., Kayser, C. & Oeltermann, A. In vivo measurement of cortical impedance spectrum in monkeys: implications for signal propagation. Neuron 55, 809–823 (2007).

42 Montoro, R.J. & Yuste, R. Gap junctions in developing neocortex: a review. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 47, 216–226 (2004).

43 Histed, M.H., Bonin, V. & Reid, R.C. Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation. Neuron 63, 508–522 (2009).

44 Milstein, J., Mormann, F., Fried, I. & Koch, C. Neuronal shot noise and Brownian 1/f2 behavior in the local field potential. PLoS ONE 4, e4338 (2009).

45 Holt, G.R. & Koch, C. Electrical interactions via the extracellular potential near cell bodies. J. Comput. Neurosci. 6, 169–184 (1999).

46 Jacobson, G.A. et al. Subthreshold voltage noise of rat neocortical pyramidal neurones. J. Physiol. 564, 145–160 (2005).

47 Hutcheon, B. & Yarom, Y. Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. Trends Neurosci 23, 216–222 (2000).

48 Kayser, C., Montemurro, M.A., Logothetis, N.K. & Panzeri, S. Spike-phase coding boosts and stabilizes information carried by spatial and temporal spike patterns. Neuron 61, 597–608 (2009).

49 Tabareau, N., Slotine, J.J. & Pham, Q.C. How synchronization protects from noise. PLOS Comput. Biol. 6, e1000637 (2010).