

Online Course

Where do policymakers from the US, EU, Russia, and NATO see the world heading? How do technologists such as Larry Page, Sergey Brin, Eric Smidt, Peter Thiel, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates think about the future? How do renowned academics such as Steven Pinker, Nassim Taleb, and Philip Tetlock challenge our intuitions about predictions? How can we systematically think about the future with philosophers including Michael Walzer, Saul Kripke, Thomas Pogge, Peter Singer, Michael Doyle, and John Rawls?

Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs asked for me to teach a course on the e-book for its Ethics Fellows for the Future on www.globalethicsnetwork.org. The fellows come from all over the world, ranging from England, China, Japan, Singapore, Argentina, Brazil, Ghana, South Africa, Canada, and the US. We may open the class in the future. However, now anyone can freely access the course materials below. Ethics is for everyone.

Of All Possible Future Worlds: Global Trends, Values, and Ethics

Syllabus

Download the syllabus from Carnegie Council.

Description

What will our world be like in the next fifteen to twenty years? Trends may bend in many potential directions, ranging from the rise of technologically empowered individuals; to an aging, more crowded, urbanized, and resource-stressed planet; to a more equal, interdependent, and interconnected borderless citizenry; or to a competitive stage where once developing nation-states will increasingly co-define the contours of a no less divided globe.

In the end, though, some future worlds may be freer than others. Some less just. Others possibly more peaceful, and still others more diverse. We must work toward a logic of one world to understand what will be possible, impossible, and necessary. The ethical choice for us then will be to determine what degree of our values we can achieve not only in the next fifteen years, but also, as we have in the past, for the longer future of humanity to come.

Objectives

Systematically think about the future of the world. Assess the global trends of the next 15–20 years as predicted by citizens, academics, and think tanks in civil society; states; and international organizations as told in the reports by the US, EU, Russia, and NATO. Categorize possible worlds that might emerge from these trends and compare different worlds conceived by major theorists and philosophers. Establish what values might be used as metrics to evaluate possible worlds. Mitigate and understand how selection biases (traditional, methodological, and temporal) shape predictions about and reactions to possible worlds. Frame worlds according to the formal logic of possible worlds semantics and evaluate what future values will be possible, impossible, and necessary. Compare how cosmopolitan, liberal democratic, and Rawlsian ethics might help us understand and achieve the best of all possible worlds.

Readings

This course is based on the book, Of All Possible Future Worlds: Global Trends, Values, and Ethics (2014) by Thong Nguyen, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com. The book is based on the extensive readings, video, and audio listed below. Other than the book, students are only expected to read what they find relevant and interesting here (or elsewhere).

Schedule and Assignments

The course is divided into eight sections in line with the book’s chapters. Assignments include eight short reaction essays and a final long paper prompting the student to envision their own megatrend(s), possible world(s), and ethic(s) that might best achieve the values that the student chooses.

Section 1: A Framework—Not Fortune Cookies

Introduction and Chapter 1, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/introduction and www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter1.

We will begin by evaluating one view among many: the US National Intelligence Council's framework of individual-, society-, state-, and global-level megatrends and game-changers, which lead to four alternative worlds for the year 2030.

Guiding Questions:

Where do you see the world heading in 15–20 years? What trends and worlds are predicted by the US?

Week 1: Trends

US Global Trends 2030

National Intelligence Council (NIC), “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds,” Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, December 2012, available at www.dni.gov/files/documents/GlobalTrends_2030.pdf.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “What Is Distinct About Our Era?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/distinct.

Individual Empowerment Through Technology

Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business (New York: Random House, 2013). See a video presentation of the book, “Google’s Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen: The New Digital Age,” at Oxford University, June 14, 2013, available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=OugIleOqIw0.

Peter Theil and Blake Masters, Zero to One: Notes on Startups or How to Build the Future (Crown Business, 2014) or Masters’s lecture notes on Thiel’s spring 2012 Stanford course, “CS183: Startup” at www.blakemasters.com/peter-thiels-cs183-startup.

Glenn Greenwald, “Edward Snowden: The Whistleblower Behind the NSA Surveillance Revelations,” The Guardian, June 9, 2013, available at www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance.

“NSA Files: Decoded,” The Guardian, November 1, 2013, available at www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/nov/01/snowden-nsa-files-surveillance-revelations-decoded.

Julian Assange, “The Banality of ‘Don’t Be Evil,’” The New York Times, June 1, 2013, available at www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/opinion/sunday/the-banality-of-googles-dont-be-evil.html?pagewanted=all.

Evgeny Morozov, To Save Everything, Click Here (Philadelphia, PA: Perseus Book Groups, 2013). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on April 12, 2013 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/31339661.

Week 2: Trends (cont.)

Urbanization and Migration

McKinsey and Company, “Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class,” McKinsey Global Institute, June 2012, available at www.mckinsey.com/insights/urbanization/urban_world_cities

_and_the_rise_of_the_consuming_class. View an interactive map, McKinsey and Company, “Global Cities of the Future,” available at www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/global_cities

_of_the_future_an_interactive_map.

_and_the_rise_of_the_consuming_class. View an interactive map, McKinsey and Company, “Global Cities of the Future,” available at www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/global_cities _of_the_future_an_interactive_map. Benjamin Barber, If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities (Yale University Press, 2013).



The Diffusion of Power

Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Future of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on February 10, 2011 is available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20110210/index.html.

G. John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on October 12, 2011 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/17837299.

An Increasingly Peaceful World

Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011). For a video book summary, see “A History of Violence: Steven Pinker at TEDxNewEngland,” available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjT4HlNJNgI.

Section 2: Our Future Values

Chapter 2, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter2

Trends are only important insofar as they affect the quality of our and our posterity’s future lives. Any prediction that does not take values into consideration is normatively worthless. With this in mind, we will extrapolate from the previous section’s trends and worlds the greater consequences they have on four particular values: individual liberty, distributive justice, cultural pluralism, and peace.

Guiding Questions:

What values are most important to you? Can you define liberty, justice, pluralism, and peace? What values are not considered but should have been? Is there a better way to compare worlds? Will our values change?

Week 3: Values

Goals and Measures

Bill Gates, “Annual Letter from Bill Gates 2013,” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, January 2013, available at www.gatesfoundation.org/~/media/GFO/Documents/Annual

%20Letters/2013annualletter/2013_AL_English.pdf.

%20Letters/2013annualletter/2013_AL_English.pdf. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, available at www.un.org/en/documents/udhr.

W.B. Gallie, "Essentially Contested Concepts," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol. 56, (1955–1956), pp. 167–98.

Andrew Hurrell, “Power Transitions, Global Justice, and the Virtues of Pluralism,” Ethics and International Affairs 27, No. 2 (2013): 189–205, p. 196, available at www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2013/power-transitions-global-justice-and-the-virtues-of-pluralism.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “What Should Happen This Century?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/future.

Liberty

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Other Writings, ed., Stefan Collini, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2003).

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Basic Books, 1974).

Justice

Plato, Gorgias, trans. Donald Zeyl, (Hackett Publishing, 1987).

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, (Harvard University Press, 1971). For a summary, see John Rawls, “The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice,” in Ethics, edited by Peter Singer, (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 362–367.

Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999).

Peace

Thomas Hobbes, “Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery,” in Leviathan, available at www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html.

Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace" (I795) in The Philosophy of Kant, edited by Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Modem Library, I949). Read an alternate version at www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm. For a video, see Michael Doyle’s leading modern interpretation, www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/leaders/doyle-michael/index.html.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “Is World Peace Possible?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/peace.

Pluralism

Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 2006). For a video on related themes see Kwame Anthony Appiah, “Citizenship Within and Across Nations,” Carnegie Council, November 7, 2013, available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/40567350.

Seyla Benhabib ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996). See a video presentation on similar themes, “The Future of Democratic Sovereignty and Transnational Law: Democratic Iterations, Transjudicial Conversations and Epistemic Communities,” at www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL0bu4Bk_Y0.

Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press 2013). A video presentation of the book at held at Carnegie Council on November 1, 2013 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/40375679.

Section 3: Global Political Orders

Chapter 3, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter3

We will systematically evaluate possible future worlds that explain why our future values might vary in particular cases. We will look to Michael Walzer's “Governing the Globe” for guidance and lay out a spectrum of archetypical worlds: international anarchy; weak states and institutions, international civil society network, decentered world, federation of nation-states, global hegemonic empire, and unified global state.

Guiding Questions:

How does global political unity shape values in Walzer’s seven worlds? Is Walzer’s spectrum truly linear, and is each archetypical world distinct? Are you convinced that global governance is the best way to explain a variation of values? Is there another systematic way to arrange worlds? Which is the best means of achieving our values: individuals, communities, states, or institutions?

Week 4: Global Orders

Global Governance and Values

Michael Walzer, “Governing the Globe: What is the Best We Can Do?,” Dissent (Fall 2000).

International Anarchy

Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Basic Books, 1974).

Weak States and Institutions

Stewart Patrick, “Global Governance Monitor,” Council on Foreign Relations, available at www.cfr.org/global-governance/global-governance-monitor/p18985#!/.

Bruce Jones et. al., “The State of the International Order,” Policy Paper No. 33, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, February 2014, available at www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2014/02/state-of-the-international-order.

International Civil Society Network

Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72, No. 3 (Summer 1993): 22–49, available at http://online.sfsu.edu/mroozbeh/CLASS/h-607-pdfs/S.Huntington-Clash.pdf.

Anne-Marie Slaughter, “America’s Edge: Power in the Networked Century,” Foreign Affairs 88, No. 1 (January/February 2009): 94–113. See a video presentation on similar themes “Lego World” at www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv0z7tIsO8U.

Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet: Illusions of a Borderless World (New York: Oxford University Press 2006).

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Humanitarianism in the Network Age, OCHA Policy and Studies Series (New York: UN, 2013), available at www.unocha.org/hina.

Week 5: Global Orders (cont.)

Decentered World

Ian Bremmer, Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (New York: Portfolio, 2012). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on June 5, 2012 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/23098456. See also, www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/leaders/bremmer-ian/index.html.

Charles Kupchan, No One’s World: The West, The Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on April 4, 2012 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/21596646.

Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World and the Rise of the Rest (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).

Andrew Hurrell, “One World? Many Worlds? The Place of Regions in the Study of International Society,” International Affairs 83, No. 1 (January 2007): 127–146, available at www.mwmt.co.uk/documents/MWML2006_Hurrell.pdf.

Federation of Nation-States

Global Hegemonic Empire

Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs 70, No. 1 (1990/1991): 23–33, available at www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Krauthammer.pdf.

Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).

Unified Global State

Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?,” The National Interest 16, (Summer 1989): 3–18.

Section 4: Selection Bias

Chapter 4, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter4

We will look at the phenomenon of selection bias, which happens when all meaningful options are not given due consideration. A limited option set could preclude planning for a possible world not considered in that set. The chief importance of such biases is that they compromise planners’ abilities to steward policies that will safeguard our values.

Guiding Questions:

What trends and worlds were not predicted in the US global trends report? And why were they not? What are the policy implications of biases? Would you explain the world according to one big idea or many small ones? How reliable are experts and forecasters in predicting the future? Is the future random and indeterminate? Should we be pessimistic or optimistic about the future?

Week 6: Selection Bias

Hedgehogs and Foxes

Philip E. Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005). For a video on similar themes see “How to Win at Forecasting: A Conversation with Philip Tetlock,” Edge, December 12, 2012, available at www.edge.org/conversation/how-to-win-at-forecasting.

Isaiah Berlin, “The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy’s View of History,” Chicago, Ivan R. Dee, 1953.

Black Swans

Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 2010). Listen to an audio presentation of the book, “The Future has Always Been Crazier Than W Thought,” The Long Now Foundation Seminar Series, February 4, 2008, available at https://soundcloud.com/longnow/the-future-has-always-been-crazier-than-we-thought.

Lucky Rabbits

Peter Thiel, “You Are Not a Lottery Ticket,” South by Southwest Interactive 2013 conference, October 14, 2013, video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZM_JmZdqCw.

Section 5: Other Possible Worlds

Chapter 5, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter5

We will look at the trends and worlds presented by the European Union, Russia, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. These illustrations show us how other worlds with their own set of values are possible, while also suggesting how selection biases can shape worlds and downstream policies.

Guiding Questions:

What trends and worlds do the EU, Russia, and NATO predict? What are the selection biases of the EU, Russia, and NATO? How might the non-Western world’s view of the future be different? Where do the worlds fit along Walzer’s spectrum? What is the difference between multipolarity and polycentrism? Can states determine values, as suggested by the Russian case? How shared and universal will our values be when we, within capable developed countries, choose not to intervene to protect values for all people regardless of boundaries? Could the future of the developing world be less conflict-ridden than predicted by NATO—might the economic rise of the rest, the decline of inter- and intra-state conflict, etc. preclude a call for Western intervention?

Week 7: Other Worlds

European Union 2030

European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), “Global Trends 2030: Citizens in an Interconnected and Polycentric World,” Paris: Institute for Security Studies, European Union, April 2012, available at www.iss.europa.eu/publications/detail/article/espas-report-global-trends-2030-citizens-in-an-interconnected-and-polycentric-world.

Russia 2030

Alexander A. Dynkin, “Strategic Global Outlook 2030,” Moscow: Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011, available at www.imemo.ru/en/publ/2011/forecasts/11001.pdf.

NATO 2030

NATO, “Multiple Futures Project: Navigating Towards 2030,” 2009, available at www.iris-france.org/docs/pdf/up_docs_bdd/20090511-112315.pdf.

Leadership and Accountability

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “What Does Moral Leadership Mean?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/leadership.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “Who is Ultimately Accountable?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/accountable.

Section 6: Past Future Worlds

Chapter 6, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter6

We will look at past trends and worlds envisioned by the US National Intelligence Council. We will continue to illustrate the effects that temporal selection biases have on how our future values might form.

Guiding Questions:

How have the US’s predictions of trends and worlds changed over time? Why did people in the past predict the futures that they did? Are we trapped in time? Can we escape temporal biases? Why aren’t past global trends of globalization and democratization considered the megatrends of today?

Week 8: Past Future Worlds

US Global Trends 2015, 2020, 2025

NIC, “Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future with Nongovernment Experts,” Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, December 2000, available at www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20Trends_2015%20

Report.pdf.

Report.pdf. NIC, “Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intelligence Council’s 2020 Project,” Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, December 2004, available at www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20

the%20Global%20Future%202020%20Project.pdf.

the%20Global%20Future%202020%20Project.pdf. NIC,“Global Trends 2015: A Transformed World,” Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, November 2008, available at www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20

Pubs/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf.

Section 7: Toward a Logic of One World

Chapter 7, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/chapter7

We will attempt to reconcile the ten possible future worlds presented by the US, EU, Russia, and NATO. In order to precisely answer the question of what determines the variance of our future values, we need to first form a more formal and rigorous conceptualization of necessity, impossibility, and possibility. I draw upon the possible worlds semantics pioneered by the philosopher Saul Kripke in order to frame a logic of one world.

Guiding Questions:

Is a one-world logic described by Mahbubani and the High-Level Panel sufficient to explain how the world works and how people actually behave? According to possible world semantics, what are the definitions of possibility, impossibility, and necessity? Can you assess what values are possible, impossible, and necessary? Do you agree with the evaluations of the book?

Week 9: Logic

One World

Kishore Mahbubani, The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World (New York: Public Affairs, 2013). A video presentation of the book held at Carnegie Council on February 8, 2013 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/29126091. See also www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/leaders/mahbubani-kishore/index.html.

High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, “A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development,” New York: United Nations, May 2013, available at www.post2015hlp.org/the-report.

Michael W. Doyle and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Eliminating Extreme Inequality: A Sustainable Development Goal, 2015¬–2030,” Ethics and International Affairs 28, No. 1 (2014), available at www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2014/eliminating-extreme-inequality-a-sustainable-development-goal-2015-2030.

Week 10: Logic (cont.)

Formal Logic: Possible Worlds Semantics

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Modal Logic,” available at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/ - PosWorSem.

Kane B,, “Modal Logic 0.1—Basic Introduction,” January 23, 2013, video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaCLZ9OZzAg&list=PLXKKIUdnOESGk43pUg3NTkRWjglvKXKi7.

Kane B,, “Modal Logic 0.2—Basic Introduction,” January 23, 2013, video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=0djILNja3ZE&list=PLXKKIUdnOESGk43pUg3NTkRWjglvKXKi7.

Kane B,, “Modal Logic 1.1—System K—Introduction,” January 23, 2013, video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLgflakE0lY&list=PLXKKIUdnOESGk43pUg3NTkRWjglvKXKi7.

Saul Kripke, “A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 24, No. 1 (March 1959): 1–14.

Saul Kripke, “Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic,” Acta Philosophica Fennica, 16 (1963): 83–94.

Section 8: One World, Many Ethics

Conclusion, Of All Possible Future Worlds, available at www.possiblefutureworlds.com/conclusion

We will close by suggesting that we should not simply work toward one particular world with one global ethic, but rather toward the best possible world, featuring all of our values and considering many global ethics. We look at three potential ethics: social-contractarian and utilitarian cosmopolitanism, liberal democratic ethics, and the ethics found in John Rawls's Law of Peoples.

Guiding Questions:

Should we subscribe to one or many ethics? Which of the three ethics is the most desirable? Most pragmatic? Which ethic best explains our worlds of today and tomorrow? Do you think these ethics are conflicted or complementary? Are there other ethics that should be considered?

Week 11: Ethics

Ex uno, plures

Joel Rosenthal, “In Search of a Global Ethic,” Carnegie Council, August 31, 2011, available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/multimedia/20110831/index.html.

Michael Ignatieff, “Reimagining a Global Ethic,” Ethics and International Affairs 26, No. 1 (Spring 2012): 7–19, available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/journal/26_1/001/000001. A video presentation on the article’s themes held at Carnegie Council on November 10, 2011 is available at www.ustream.tv/recorded/18435237. See also Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), Chapters 9 and 10.

David Rodin, “Toward a Global Ethic,” Ethics and International Affairs 26, No. 1 (Spring 2012): 33–42, available at www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2012/toward-a-global-ethic-full-text.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “How Do You Define a Global Ethic?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/ethics.

Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, “The Greatest Ethical Challenges?,” Thought Leaders Forum, February 2014, video available at www.carnegiecouncil.org/studio/thought-leaders/questions/challenges.

Week 12: Ethics (cont.)

Social Contract Cosmopolitanism

Charles R. Beitz, “Justice and International Relations,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 4, No. 4 (Summer 1975): 360–389, available at http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/beitz_

justice_ir.pdf.

justice_ir.pdf. Thomas W. Pogge, “An Egalitarian Law of Peoples,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 23, No. 3 (Summer, 1994): 195–224, available at http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/Pogge-An-Egalitarian-Law-of-Peoples.pdf.

Week 13: Ethics (cont.)

Utilitarian Cosmopolitanism

Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).

Peter Singer, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1, No. 3 (Spring 1972): 229–243, available at http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/Singeressay

spring1972.pdf.

Week 14: Ethics (cont.)

Neo-Kantian Liberalism

Thomas Nagel, “The Problem of Global Justice,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 33 (No. 2 2005): 113–147, available at http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1172/globaljustice.pdf.

Michael W. Doyle, “One World, Many Peoples: International Justice in John Rawls’s ‘The Law of Peoples,’” Perspectives on Politics 4, No. 1 (March 2006): 109–120, available at www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3688631?uid=3739832&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21103679403233.

Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).

Michael W. Doyle, “A More Perfect Union? The Liberal Peace and the Challenge of Globalization,” Review of International Studies 26 (2000): 81–94.

John Gerard Ruggie, “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,” International Organization 36, (No. 2 Spring 1982): 379–415, available at www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum_e/ruggie_

embedded_liberalism.pdf.

Week 15: Ethics (cont.)

Rawls and the Law of Peoples