Researchers from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and state Department of Health have developed and applied a new technology in Hawaiʻi that identifies where coral reef ecosystems and associated fisheries are vulnerable to human activities and where to focus management actions to minimize these impacts.

The authors of the newly published study in the journal Ecological Applications identified specific locations on land where improved wastewater management and landscape practices would yield the greatest benefits for downstream reefs in terms of mitigating harm to coral communities and associated reef fish populations.

Assessing impacts in the Hawaiian Islands

Expansion of coastal development, along with wastewater discharge and fertilizers, can harm coral reefs and their fisheries through increases in sediment and nutrient runoff. Consequent reef degradation directly affects ecological resilience, food security, human well-being and cultural practices in tropical island communities around the world.

The researchers focused on the ahupuaʻa (land divisions) of Hāʻena on Kauaʻi and Kaʻūpūlehu on Hawaiʻi Island, at opposite ends of the main Hawaiian Islands, where native Hawaiian communities are taking action to manage their resources through a place-based management approach.

To determine where management on land can most effectively support current community-led efforts to restore reef health and abundance, the researchers built a fine-scale, linked land-and-sea computer model that integrates existing land-use with coral reef condition and fisheries health. The team then simulated various future coastal development and climate change scenarios to pinpoint areas in each ahupuaʻa where upgrading cesspools and reducing fertilizer application would provide the greatest benefits to downstream coral reefs.

Informing conservation and management efforts

In every scenario, the tool confirmed that coral reefs on wave-sheltered shores with low circulation are more vulnerable to land-based source pollution under a changing climate, but also revealed that some reef areas on wave-exposed shores are vulnerable at the local scale.

According to Jade Delevaux and Kostantinos Stamoulis, co-lead authors of the study at UH Mānoa, the technology can be applied across the main Hawaiian Islands as well as in more data-limited regions worldwide, where satellite data are becoming more freely available. The products of this tool provide a platform for dialogue among decision-makers and inform management of linked land and sea areas.

“Cesspools in coastal areas can be detrimental to the health of coral reefs and nearshore fisheries, which is a huge issue right now,” said Kawika Winter, manager of the Heʻeia National Estuarine Research Reserve and a co-author of the study, who is also a member of the state’s Cesspool Conversion Working Group. “This research will help us to prioritize where we should focus resources when it comes to cesspool conversion in Hawaiʻi.”

Applications beyond Hawaiʻi

These new methods are especially relevant for many indigenous island communities across Oceania seeking to revitalize customary ridge-to-reef management systems and for governments that recognize the need to apply integrated land-sea planning approaches.

Said study co-author Tamara Ticktin, a UH Mānoa professor of botany and principal investigator on the National Science Foundation grant that funded the research, “This technology is widely applicable to other Pacific Islands, and is exciting because it demonstrates that resilience of coral reefs to global climate change can be promoted by coordinating local actions across land and sea, thereby empowering local people to become better stewards over their resources.”

For the full story, see the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology website.

—By Marcie Grabowski