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Reformers' Interpretations

of Anti-Christ As early as the 12th century, the Waldensian dissentients outside the church identified the "little horn" and "Man of Sin" as the Roman Papacy. But even within the church, among the most learned godly men, Papacy also became increasingly identified as "Anti-Christ" and the "Man of Sin." Pre-Reformation Interpretations: Date Name Reference Interpretation c. 1310 Dante Alighieri Rev. 17 Harlot Roman Church c. 1331 Michael of Cesena Rev. 17 Harlot

Antichrist Roman Church

Pope c. 1345 Johannes de Rupescissa Antichrist

Rev. 17 Babylon

Rev. 17 Harlot Pope

Roman church

Roman church c. 1350 Francesco Petrarch Rev. 17 Harlot Papal Court c. 1367 John Milicz Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Man of Sin Papacy

Papacy

Papacy c. 1379 John Wycliffe Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Harlot Pope

Papacy

Popes

Papacy

Papacy c. 1388 Matthias of Janow Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Hierarchy

Fallen Church

Present Church

Papacy

Hierarchy

Popes c. 1389 R. Wimbledon Abomination of Desolation Papacy c. 1390 John Purvey Antichrist

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 13 666

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Pope

Papacy

Hierarchy

Pope

Papacy

Papacy c. 1393 Walter Brute Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin Papacy

Bishop of Rome

Rome

Papacy c. 1412 John Huss Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Pope

Papacy

Rome

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy c. 1497 Girolamo Savonarola Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Pope

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy Reformation Era Interpretations: Date Name Reference Interpretation 1522 Martin Luther Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 2nd Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1543 Philipp Melanchthon Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1545 Andreas Osiander Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papal Traditions

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1554 Nicolaus von Amsdorf Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papal Traditions

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1558 Johann Funck Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1560 Virgil Solis Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1570 Georg Nigrinus Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast Pope, Turk

Papacy

Pagan Rome

Papal Rome 1572 David Chytraeus Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Roman Empire

Papacy 1530 Johann Oecolampadius Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1557 Heinrich Bullinger Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Pagan Rome

Papal Rome

Roman Church

Papacy 1550 William Tyndale Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1545 George Joys Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1554 Nicholas Ridley Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon

Rev. 17 Beast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1553 Hugh Latimer Antichrist Papacy 1582 Thomas Cranmer Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1550 John Bale Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon

Rev. 17 Beast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Prelates

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1562 John Jewel Antichrist

Abomination of Desolation

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon

Rev. 17 Beast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Rome 1587 John Foxe Antichrist

Man of Sin Bishop of Rome

Bishop of Rome 1563 Anglican Formulas Antichrist Papacy 1547 John Knox Antichrist

Little Horn Church of Rome

Papacy 1593 John Napier Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon

Rev. 17 Beast Pope

Papacy

Latin Empire

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Latin Empire 1614 Thomas Brightman Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Pope

Papacy

Papacy

Early Papacy

Later Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1618 David Pareus Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Beast Pope & Turk

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Empire Post-Reformation Interpretations: Date Name Reference Interpretation 1600 James I of England Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1603 George Downham Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1604 George Pacard Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Rome

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1607 Hugh Broughton Little Horn Antiochus 1612 Andress Holwig Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast Papacy is also Antichrist

Papacy 1618 Matthias Hoe Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy is Antichrist

Imperial Rome

Papal Rome

Papacy 1618 Daniel Cramer Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Pagan Rome

Papal Rome

Papacy 1631 Joseph Mede Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Civil Rome

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1643 Johannes Gerhard Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Civil Rome

Papal Rome

Papacy

Papacy 1654 Thomas Goodwin Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast Papacy

Papacy

Protestant Image 1655 John Tillinghast Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1664 Henry More Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1670 William Sherwin Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1681 Johann H. Alsted Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot Papacy is Antichrist, Little Horn

Imperial Rome

Papal Rome

Papacy 1684 Thomas Beverley Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1685 Jacques Phillipot Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy also Antichrist

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1687 Pierre Jurieu Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Eccl. Emp.

Papacy 1689 Drue Cressener Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Hierarchy

Papacy 1699 "Mysteries ... Finished" Antichrist Papacy 1700 William Lowth Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1701 Johannes Cocceius Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Hierarchy

Papacy 1701 Robert Fleming, Jr. Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1702 Georg her. Giblehr Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1703 Daniel Whitby Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Babylon Roman Church is Antichrist

Papacy 1706 William Whiston Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1712 Heinrich Horch Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1720 Charles Daubux Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Civil Rome

Eccl Rome

Papacy

Papacy 1727 Sir Isaac Newton Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

W. Rome

Greek Empire

Papacy

Latin Kingdom 1729 Th. Crinsox de Bionens Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Roman Empire

Popes

Papacy 1735 Thomas Pyle Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy also Little Horn

Papacy

Papacy 1740 Johann Aal. Bengel Antichrist

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Jesuitism

Papacy

Papacy 1743 Berienberg Bible Antichrist Papacy 1745 John Willison Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1754 Thomas Newton Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

W. Rome

Papacy

Papacy

Roman Clergy

Papacy 1758 John Gill Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast Papacy

Papacy also AntichristPapacy 1764 John Wesley Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy also Antichrist

Papacy

East Empire

Papal Rome

Papacy 1768 Johann Ph. Petri Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast Papacy

Turks

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1787 R. M. Antichrist Papacy 1787 Hans Wood Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

East Empire

Papacy

Papacy 1793 James Becheno Antichrist

Little Horn

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Louis XIV

Papacy 1794 Joseph Priestly Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1795 George Bell Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1796 Christian G. Thube Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1797 David Simpson Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy 1798 Edward King Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1798 Joseph Galloway Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 13 2nd Peast

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

France

Papacy 1798 Richard Valpy Antichrist

Little Horn

Man of Sin

Rev. 13 1st Beast

Rev. 17 Harlot

Rev. 17 Babylon Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy

Papacy 1800 Jean G. de la Flechers Antichrist

Little Horn Papacy

Papacy

The Catholic Counter-Reformation Why did the "protest" change? In view of the foregoing Reformation interpretations identifying Papacy as the Antichrist and Man of Sin, why do so many Evangelical Protestants today believe the Man of Sin and Antichrist are future individuals? The Reformation break from Papacy. The Man of Sin had been "revealed," recognized and proclaimed as the Papacy by the Reformers. Not only the Reformers, but thousands of their followers and their kings agreed with the prophetic interpretations. Their united stand against Papacy gave the Reformers and nations the power to break away from allegiance to the Papal system. The Papal reaction -- the "Counter Reformation." In an attempt to divert the undermining influence of the Protestant Reformation, a two-pronged counter attack was made. Praeterist school of interpretation

founded by Alcazar, a Spanish Jesuit in 1614. Futurist school of interpretation

founded by Francisco Ribera and Robert Bellarmine The fulfillment of Revelation is in the past with the Fall of Jerusalem or the Fall of Pagan Rome, before the Popes ever ruled Rome. The fulfillment of Revelation is in the future with an individual man as the Antichrist, Man of Sin, and a literal rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem. Around 1590, Francisco Ribera published a 500-page book on Revelation. The first chapters of Revelation he applied to the time of the early church. From Revelation chapter 4 onward he applied literally, to a literal 3-1/2 year reign of an individual man, Antichrist. He taught that Antichrist would rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, deny Christ, pretend to be God, and conquer the world. Robert Bellarmine, one of the most renowned Jesuit cardinals, taught that the Antichrist would be an individual Jew, who would reign a literal 3-1/2 years in Jerusalem, in whom would dwell all the power of the devil. Paving the way for Papal-Protestant Union. The Evangelical Fundamentalist interpretation of Antichrist and Man of Sin as follows Ribera's and Bellarmine's Futuristic viewpoints. Not only has the Futuristic interpretation negated the powerful Reformation interpretation against Papacy, but it also allows room for ecumenism between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. If the Papacy is not the Antichrist, then there is no point to the Reformation separation from Papacy. Other Articles on the Antichrist

Man of Sin

John Paul II - Esteemed World Statesman

Can We Identify Antichrist? Introduction-"Even so, Come [quickly], Lord Jesus"



1-The Antichrist and the "Little Horn"



2-What Do the Apostles Say?



3-A Search Through History



4-Man of Sin Becomes the Antichrist



5-The Man of Sin Revealed



6-The 1260 Days of Daniel, The Saints are Worn Out



7-Wounded to Death-And Then Healed



8-The Antichrist in the Twentieth Century



9-Antichrist's End-Time Rule



10-Historic Documentation of Antichrist's Rise to Power



