First, the boat speed ebbs and flows during the stroke. The minimum speed is found just after the entry of the blade into the water. The maximum speed is found at different places in the recovery, depending on the rating: at lower rates, the maximum speed is found not long after the blade is extracted from the water; at higher rates, it is found when the athlete is at about three-quarter length slide.

Second, as the stroke rate increases the stroke length also increases until about 24 in rating – but thereafter it decreases. This is the case for both elite rowers and average club rowers: the fastest rowers just happen to be able to maintain longer strokes at all rates (even if stroke length is decreasing, overall). In terms of the point in the drive or recovery that stroke length decreases as rate increases, in a sculling boat the stroke shortens at the finish, and in a sweep boat it shortens at the catch.

Third, applying pressure to the footplate when the blade is not in the water slows the boat down. In addition, the later the athlete applies pressure to the footplate during the recovery, the faster the boat will be travelling when the blade enters in the water (plus the boat will also have travelled further). The more direct, quick, and aggressively the athlete is in applying pressure to the footplate at the beginning of the stroke, the sooner the athlete will connect body mass to the hull of the boat in the drive phase: the sooner body mass is connected to the hull, the sooner the hull will accelerate.

In essence, you push the footplate to accelerate the athlete, and pull the handle to accelerate the hull.

Fast hands away has no effect on boat speed, but a fast rock-over of the body creates significant – and detrimental – downward pressure on the hull.As the blade enters the water at the catch, the best athletes apply a great deal of pressure on the foot stretcher. Initially this has a large, detrimental effect on the acceleration of the hull: the more pressure an athlete applies, the greater the negative effect on the acceleration of the hull; but it also means the hull accelerates sooner and with a greater positive effect.

When an athlete does apply force on the stretcher at the catch, the greater the stretcher force applied at the beginning of the stroke the better. This will reduce the time it takes for the athlete’s body mass to ‘catch up’ with the boat. The sooner the mass catches up with the boat, the sooner it will add to acceleration of the boat.

Fourth, to more effectively use the body’s major muscle groups, the heal should press on the foot stretcher before the back angle opens.

Fifth, if the handle force is greater than the stretcher force, the boat is not accelerating. The handle only accelerates for the first two-thirds of the drive, and it decelerates into the body at the finish. The blade begins exiting the water as the handle reaches the finish.

Finally, maximum seat speed occurs at three-quarter slide on the recovery. At high rates this coincides with maximum boat speed, but this is not the case at lower rates.

The next question is how to go about coaching all of that? Does a coach focus on the visual side of things, or on the skill of making the boat go fast? Suddenly the position of the little finger on the outside hand seems less important.