Whether or not you find it to taste, Hogan's Heroes is an extremely interesting television show for many reasons. Not only did this rather silly situation comedy—set in Germany during World War Two—run for 6 successful seasons and 168 prime-time episodes, but it did so during a time (September 17, 1965 - July 4, 1971) when anti-war sentiment in America was growing daily due to the involvement of the US in Vietnam.Set in a German POW camp during WWII, the series starred Bob Crane as Colonel Robert E. Hogan.

The show was broadcast in West Germany for one week in 1974 on the US Armed Forces Network, but the German Government strongly insisted on its immediate removal from the airways. Hogan's Heroes didn't reach Germany directly until the early 1990's. Initially titled Barbed Wire and Turning Tail (Stacheldraht und Fersengeld), it flopped. Eventually re-worked and run under the name A Cage of Heroes (Ein Käfig voller Helden), it became a smash hit. The German version is actually funnier by a good margin than the original English-language episodes. This is due to clever translations that make imaginative use of various German dialects and regional accents. The greeting 'Heil Hitler' in today's Germany is illegal, so when the characters give the party salute, the German voice-over says: 'How high is your corn?' They even managed to introduce a new (off-screen) character into the mix; Kalinke, Klink's mistress and personal maid.

But the aspect of Hogan's Heroes that is intrinsically intriguing is the fact that five of the cast members, including the major German characters, are of Jewish extraction. The Jewish actors involved were: Werner Klemperer as Colonel Oberst Wilhelm Klink, John Banner as Sergeant Feldwebel Hans Georg Schultz, Leon Askin as General der Infanterie Albert Burkhalter, Howard Caine as Major Wolfgang Hochstetter, and Robert Clary as French Army Corporal Louis LeBeau. Each has more than a bit of triumph and tragedy in their histories, and will serve to highlight questions that remain important to this day.

Robert Clary

A human being is a human being. As long as we are nice to one another and treat each other as individuals, that’s all that matters.

Diminutive French-born singer, painter and actor Robert Clary—who played French Army Corporal Louis LeBeau on the classic sit-com Hogan's Heroes—is now nearly ninety-years-old (April 2015). The last to emerge from a litter of fourteen, Clary first broke into show business at the age of 12 singing on an amatuer radio show. Clary's first love, however, is art. At fourteen he enrolled in a Paris art school, but two years later his education was cut short by Hitler's war-mongering. In 1942, Clary would find himself in the Buchenwald concentration camp along with most of his family. He still has the number A-5714 tattooed to his arm. His parents and four siblings, as well a numerous other family members, would be tragically murdered by the Nazis before the occupation of Germany finally put a stop to the systematic killing.

Robert Clary, from his wonderful memoir,

"After I found out that none of my family who was deported came back, my prayers ended, and so did my belief in God. What did my parents, who were extremely religious, my sisters and the rest of my family do to deserve such an end to their lives? Where is the justice? These gentle people who tried to make decent lives for themselves - why would God take them away so cruelly? To teach a lesson? Nothing has been learned from their deaths. Man's inhumanity to man still exists."

Somehow surviving the ordeal, Clary's post-war career began with a multi-year run singing in blackface before French audiences. Two tunes he had recorded in collaboration with American songwriter Harry Bluestone eventually charted in the US, giving him the opportunity to sign a 7-year recording contract that led, in 1949, to his re-locating to America. Before long, Robert's considerable talent for acting, particularly in comedy roles, made him a sought-after commodity. His most notable role during this period was that of the emcee in the stage-musical Cabaret, to outstanding reviews. Clary would say, years later, that this success had something to do with the "ample experience (of) being around Germans during the war and anti-Semites."

Mr. Clary is best known for his portrayal of Corporal Louis LeBeau, a French POW imprisoned in the fictitious Stalag 13. From 1965 to 1971, Clary delighted audiences with his entertaining performance as the camp's resident Chef, whose apple strudel was enough to drive Sgt. Shultz into culinary ecstasy. Clary rationalized his role in the controversial comedy by emphasizing that the show really 'made fun' of the Germans, making them seem like 'bumbling fools,' thereby effectively de-legitimizing them. In an interview with Army Archerd he would comment: "Every week we made fools of our captors ... As an actor, you have to be able to put yourself in a role. And we were not dealing with concentration camp situations in this show.''

"When the show went on the air, people asked me if I had any qualms about doing a comedy series dealing with Nazis and concentration camps. I had to explain that it was about prisoners of war in a stalag, not a concentration camp, and although I did not want to diminish what soldiers went through during their internment’s, it was like night and day from what people endured in concentration camps."

When HH ended after six successful seasons, Clary began a memorable fourteen year run on the popular soap opera Days of Our Lives, portraying fictional Holocaust survivor Robert LeClair to rave reviews. In 1975, the critically-panned disaster film The Hindenberg was released, with Clary played the part of real-life circus performer Joseph Spah (erroneously credited as Joe Spahn), who had escaped the doomed airship by jumping out the window. Clary's performance was one was of the few highlight in a film that was, indeed, a disaster.

Clary would not talk about the Holocaust for 36 years, and then only because of anger over those who were denying the event. He would begin lecturing about the Holocaust in the early 1980's, to great effect. Robert was in the made-for-television Holocaust film, Remembrance of Love, with Kirk Douglas in 1982 and in 1984 starred in the acclaimed ' Robert Clary A5714: A Memoir of Liberation about his Holocaust experiences.

Retiring in 2001, Clary published his remarkable autobiography,; highly recommended reading. Though he no longer appears much in public, he continues to follow his first love, painting, as well as recording a string of exceptional CD's. In an interview with Steven Spielberg for the Actor’s Studio on Bravo, Robert summed up his life with these words: "I don’t see myself as others see me…I’m not an idol…just a man trying to live life, have friends, and have fun."

Werner Klemperer

Werner Klemperer, who played the vain and bumbling Colonel Klink on the classic sit-com Hogan's Heroes, was the most accomplished performer in the cast. He was the son of the renowned conductor Otto Klemperer, a German of Jewish descent, and opera soprano Johanna Geisler. Raised Catholic, Werner became an accomplished concert pianist and violinist whose baritone voice boomed across the opera stage as well as on Broadway. A highly versatile actor, he played comedic, as well as deathly serious roles, with equal aptitude.Born in Cologne, Germany on March 22, 1920, his early years saw many changes of locale due, at first, to the rapid advancement of his brilliant father, legendary conductor Otto Klemperer. Director of the Cologne Opera until 1924, the elder Klemperer took up the baton of the State Opera in Wiesbaden before achieving the plum position in his field as conductor at the Kroll Opera in Berlin in 1927. It would not be long before his musical genius would cause patrons of the arts to refer to the Kroll Operahouse as 'Klemperer's Kroll.'

But while the muses sang at the Kroll, there was little harmony elsewhere in the Weimar Republic. Thirteen-year-old Werner Klemperer witnessed some of the violence, and he would always remember the SA rioting in the streets of Berlin; the smell of fear in the air. After Hitler's thugs commandeered the Kroll for their own insidious uses, and the illustrious conductor narrowly escaped two assassination attempts, he wisely fled to Switzerland and then to Vienna, his family later joining him as inconspicuously as possible.Otto Klemperer would never fully recover from injuries received during one of the failed attempts, and would remain mentally and physically unstable throughout the rest of his life. Werner would later comment on his up bringing: "It wasn't the typical childhood where you went out and played ball with your father. My father was an artist and we didn't see that much of our parents. We were raised by a nanny who lived with us."In 1935 the family moved to Los Angeles, where the linguistically gifted 15-year old emigrant would learn English within a matter of months. After High School, he studied acting at the Pasadena Playhouse, graduating in 1942. Called up to serve in the US military that same year, he found himself in Hawaii as a MP before eventually being accepted into Maurice Evans' Special Services battalion. Thus began what he would later call 'the greatest theatrical training I could've asked for,' entertaining the troops in the PTO.After the war, Werner relocated to NYC to engage in an acting career, going through the usual routine of grabbing any job available, including waiting on tables between acting gigs. In 1947 he debuted in the Broadway play Heads or Tails, and for the next fourteen years would play a variety of roles, honing his skills as a character actor.In 1961, the already-balding actor would land the part of fictional Nazi judge Emil Hahn in the award-winning court drama 'Judgment at Nuremberg,' based loosely on the so-called Judge's Trial of 1947. He would follow up on this triumph with the lead role in the docu-drama 'Operation Eichmann,' released just months before the real Eichmann went on trial in Jerusalem. He would first meet HH's Sgt. Shultz (John Banner) on this project. Soon, he was landing role after role on many of the TV shows of the time, often playing the bad guy. He would later say that 'if you have an accent, they give you foreign roles...I've played villains in almost any country you can think of."

The story goes that in 1965, Werner read for the part of a commandant of a POW camp, but was not initially told that it was a comedy for fear that he would refuse the role. When he read the script and realized that he was being offered a part a sit-com about Nazis, of all things, he at first was inclined to pass, but ultimately took the role with one condition: "I had one qualification when I took the job - if they ever wrote a segment whereby Colonel Klink would come out the hero, I would leave the show." Klemperer's publicist, Bernie Ilson, put it this way: "He insisted in all the shows that he come out as the loser. He was sensitive about that. He was worried that the commandant would come out as a winner." His critics, however, would later comment that he spent the next six years "goose-stepping all the way to the bank." From a 1994 interview with Peter Anthony:

The only thing that they should, in my opinion, people should care about is whether they liked my performance or not. You know, I find it so difficult being a...as a matter of fact, little do people know that most of the leading members of the cast have a background that they would never expect them to have, and play the show they did. As an example, Robert Clary, the little Frenchman, when he was a very, very young man spent quite awhile...he was in a concentration camp. He had a number branded on his arm. The man who played Sergeant Schultz, his whole family was gassed. So a lot of us have historical events that took place in our lives. But it's so difficult for me to understand that a person would stop and say, 'God, how could he play a part like that?' My job is to be an actor, and as long as it has, you know, decent tastes, I shall portray anything, no matter how ugly it is or how pretty it is.

Despite the controversy, the show would become a smash hit, and Klemperer would be nominated for five Emmy's, winning two for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. They were honors well earned, as the character was almost entirely of his own creation. "The part of Colonel Klink became a part that people had a lot of kind of odd identification with," Klemperer would explain. "He was a little greedy, a little pompous, a little vain and a little insecure. All those things are very much part of our own personalities in many ways, so that's what made him fun."It was on the HH set that Werner met his second wife, actress Louise Troy, who would die of breast cancer in 1994. In 1997, he would wed African-American actress Kim Hamilton, who would survive him.During the shows run, Werner kept himself busy with other projects, doing The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz in 1968 and Wake Me When the War Is Over in 1969. Klemperer: "Sure, an actor takes a chance associating himself with a role for a long time. But I'm a character actor. Character actors usually survive that sort of risk better."From the 1994 Holder Interview:

Yes, well you know we have a....when I say we, I include all of us, not just Americans but I suppose Canadians too....people have to me...it's very difficult to understand, but they have a habit of identifying characters, particularly characters that are supposedly well played and successful. They identify the person with the character and they can't do anything else. I mean, they feel that's Col. Klink, that's all there is. I think that's so strange, because they do know that we're all actors and we perform things that have not necessarily anything to do with us personally...For the first couple of years we had a choice to make. And that is, do I accept offers for roles that were not Col. Klink, but they were the same kind of character, or do I stay away from that in order to remove as much of the image as possible and continue my work, and I decided on the latter because I thought that was better for my career as an actor. I may have lost a bunch of money because of it, but it was worth the trip to me.

Unfortunately, when the show was cancelled in 1971, Werner's optimism seemed misplaced; the only movie and TV offers he received were for Klink-type characters, all of which he declined. He would continue to refuse such roles until, in 1975, the death of his famous father would allow him to pursue his love of music in his own right.

Music influences every move I make, and always has. It is a very personal thing for me, and it may be of little use to other actors. But I have often called upon Stravinsky, upon Strauss and Prokofiev for guidance in timing and rhythmic propulsion and nuance. I probably could not have gotten through those six 'Hogan' years, those 175 television installments, without this special technical crutch.

Werner was a conductor with the Buffalo Orchestra, as a narrator with nearly every major symphony orchestra in the US, and was awarded a Tony nomination for his supporting role in the acclaimed 1988 revival of Cabaret.

In a way I guess there's sort of a circle because of my Dad and my genuine love for classical music. It does....there's is something pleasing about that. But also as an actor, it's a medium that very interesting. In other words, to be able to work like a liaison between audience and orchestra and with the spoken voice create an atmosphere. That's an interesting acting challenge and more importantly, it keeps me in front of an audience in what's called a "live" actor meaning not film or tape, and that to me is the essence of my work anyway.

Werner continued to make many appearances in films and TV shows, even doing a voice-over as Colonel Klink in an episode of the Simpson's. In his 70's at the time, he reportedly had to be reminded how to play his famous character. Werner: "I actually swore to myself privately, that I was never going to do anything with that character again on television. But when they offered this little situation for me to do this voice in this special segment, I found it so incredibly humorous that I said yes, and I enjoyed it. It was fun." His wife, Kim Hamilton Klemperer: "He sometimes felt he was too identified with that character. But it had such a major impact on his career. He loved it when people stopped him on the street."Werner Klemperer died on December 6, 2000 at the age of 80.

John Banner

John Banner was born to Jewish parents on January 28, 1910. 21-year-old Adolf Hitler, a street artist who had failed to be accepted by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, was living down the street in a Vienna men's hostel. Both were sons of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As luck would have it, when Hitler's Germany occupied Austria on March 12, 1938, Banner, a budding young actor, was on tour in Switzerland with an acting company. Accepted by the US as a political refugee, Banner soon got a gig as the Master of Ceremonies for a musical revue, learning English along the way. Unfortunately, most of his family, still trapped in Austria, would perish in Hitler's death camps.



Banner studied law for two terms until he was was cast in the feature film Pacific Blackout in 1941. He would go on to play in over 40 films including portraying Rudolph Hess in Operation Eichmann (with Werner Klemperer) in 1961 and Gregor Strasser in the film Hitler in 1962. The now 280-pound character actor also made over 70 television appearances, including Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Man From UNCLE, Mr. Ed, The Adventures of Superman, Perry Mason, The Lucy Show, Rocky Jones, Space Ranger, The Red Skelton Show, and The Partridge Family.

In 1965, Banner created Sergeant Hans Schultz for the sit-com Hogan's Heroes. He once explained: "Well, who better to play Nazis than we Jews?" Serial number 23781, a draftee from Bavaria, Schultz, anything but a Nazi, wants only for the war to be over. In civilian life Shultz is the proprietor of the Schotzie Toy Company. So unmilitary is the rotund Feldwebel that his Krag-Jørgensen rifle is never loaded. As the allied POW's in Stalag 13 sabotage the German war effort, Shultz, not wanting any trouble, ignores and denies any evidence implicating his charges. Closing his eyes and repeating "I hear nothing, I see nothing, I know nothing!,' Shultz became a metaphor for all those 'regular' Germans who refused to acknowledge the reality of Hitler's rule in the face of overwhelming evidence.

In an interview in 1967, Banner said: "Schultz is not a Nazi. I see Schultz as the representative of some kind of goodness in any generation." Banner died on his birthday in 1973 of an abdominal hemorrhage in Vienna.



Leon Askin

When Leon Askin was born on September 18, 1907 in Vienna, Austria, Adolf Hitler was an 18-year old high-school drop-out looking for quarters in the city. Vienna would build no monuments to Hitler, but Leon Askin was ultimately honored as a favorite son, receiving the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art, the Silver Cross of Honor and Gold Cross of Honor for service to the City of Vienna, the Austrian Cross of Honor (First Class) for Science and Art, and the prestigious Silver Decoration of Merit for Service to the Province of Vienna. Leon Askin's autobiography, Quietude and Quest I am a Viennese by birth and I was born on the highest and holiest Jewish Day YOM KIPPUR. My father was an ardent socialist for many years. The interest of my mother was more in the entertainment field. She loved to go to concerts and to the theatre. These different interests - art and politics - more or less governed my childhood. The later years in my youth were influenced by the political change in Austria from the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to the first republic of Austria. Especially for my father it was a great change. He used to be a socialist and even a member of the socialist party. But then he became an orthodox Jew. In addition I could feel the growing Anti-Semitism in school as well as among my friends and comrades. Leon was the eldest son of Samuel Aschkenasy and Malvine Susman. Samuel was politically-minded, a social democratic activist, later a Zionist. Malvine Aschkenasy encouraged her young son in his early interest in music and theatre. Between these two influences, it is only natural that Leon would find his way to the political cabaret theater (as a sort of anti-establishment stand-up comic with the Künstlerclub Paris-Vienne). Known as 'the man of a thousand faces,' Leon's skills as a character actor became legendary. We wanted to bring the political situation in Austria on stage. Naturally we could not do that without pointing to Austrian's northern neighbor Germany. In the years 1933 to 1938 fascist social systems became more and more presentable. With our artistic means we wanted to point out the dangers that Austria was exposed to in the embrace of Hitler, Mussolini and Horthy. When Hitler took power in Germany in early 1933, Askin was unfortunate enough to have been playing a gig in Düsseldorf. He was hauled off the stage on March 11, 1933, and told not to return. On April 15, 1933, he was arrested by the SA, taken to a make-shift 'jail' and beaten senseless by an SS-Mann. In March 1938, Leon fled to Paris as Hitler rode into Vienna in triumph. Soon, France declared war on Hitler's Germany, and the young actor was eventually interned for a short time at the Meslay du Maine prison camp. During the first few months Mesley du Maine was a nightmare. We slept in the open air, sometimes it rained, we tried to cover ourselves with some old tents and in the evening we walked through thick mud to one of the dry tents where we made cabaret. One opera singer sang arias, but this whole period in the mud was pretty much of a nightmare...In the morning we received some very thin coffee. For lunch we had potato soup with a few pieces of meat in it, in the evening we had a very thin meat soup with some potatoes in it. But we were very enterprising. Out of old cans we made a shower and so we were very modern. When we stepped out of the douche we stepped out on a piece of wood so we had some comfort. Captain Bertrand, the commander of the camp, let us build a little theater and he borrowed from the nearby village some musical instruments, so we started an orchestra. We also cooked some coffee ourselves, but we had no spoons, so we used big nails. One day I received notice that my emigration was accepted and I could leave for America with the next transport. When I said 'Goodbye' to Captain Bertrand he said to me: 'I thought you love France, why are you quitting it now?' My answer was short and brief: 'Yes, mon Captain, I loved France but did France love me ?' He understood, stretched his hand out and said: 'Bonne chance, mon ami !' The goodbye from the international camp in Meslay du Maine was very sad. Leon emigrated to the US in 1940, and immediately began work in the theater in the US, directing as well as acting. When America. entered WW2, Askin joined the Army Air Force as a public relations officer. He also became the chief editor of the AAF weekly Orientation Digest. It was during this time that Leon Askin became a citizen of the US, and changed his name from Leon Aschkenasy to Leon Askin. I was put in the Air Corps. I was never educated to serve in the military, but soon my activities in the American Air Corps became very interesting to me. 1944 I was put in charge to write a weekly digest, 'The Orientation Digest', which became one of the most outstanding military publications. It provided important information about the situation in Europe for the soldiers who were sent overseas...Perhaps I was a bit to courageous, one could also say a bit too impertinent. I wrote an editorial in which I attacked Sweden. A totally neutral state as not being so neutral because it delivered the little match-sticks to Germany...With hope and anxiety I went to the place where there was such a list, where I could find out places and time what happened to my poor parents. But all I could find out was that both my mother and my father were deported to the death camp of Theresienstadt on the 22nd of July 1942. I also was told that further places where my parents were transported to was the infamous Auschwitz and later Lublin where they were burned to death. Upon his release, Leon founded the Veterans Memorial Stage in New York, before hooking up with 'The Players from Abroad,' Felix Gerstmann's émigré troupe. At the same time, he began teaching acting at the American Theater Wing and other venue's. In 1950 he hit Broadway in the comedy 'Twentieth Century' with Gloria Swanson and José Ferrer. In February 1952 Askin did his first film work for Hollywood, eventually playing in 40 feature films and over 130 television appearances, including his outstanding portrayals of Karl Marx and Martin Luther in Steve Allen's superior PBS series, Meeting of Minds. Askin also directed two episodes of the award-winning series. But most of the many roles this skilled character actor received were of 'heavies.' That is why I was known among my colleagues and to my producers as an accent actor and I was condemned, if one could say so, to wait for roles where a Russian, French, Arabian, Rumanian or Chinese accent is expected, but no American. I never became a superstar, yet in the TV series 'Hogan's Heroes' I played the starring part of General Burghalter. I also played a very important part in the first Cinemascope film 'The Robe' with Richard Burton. I had the great chance to play in this film. I played the traitor Abidor and I also was in the 'Virgin Shot', the very first scene, of this important first Cinemascope film. Askin would appear in 67 of 168 Hogan's Heroes episodes as General der Infanterie Albert Burkhalter, Colonel Klink's immediate superior, whose number one goal seems to be finding some poor fellow to marry his spinster sister.

The journalists in Vienna and Austria and also in Germany call me a legend. I'm a man who lived through difficult times. I'm a man who survived the monster of all times, Adolf Hitler and I'm still, at my high old age of 93, successful in my profession and that is the pride with which I live and survive. Askin was a member of the Oscar Selection Committee of the Academy of Motion Pictures. He died on June 3, 2005, in Vienna.





Howard Caine

In 1939, as Hitler's forces were gearing for their push in the West, Howard (Cohen) Caine and his Jewish parents moved to New York City - from Nashville, Tennessee. At the age of thirteen, he was already working toward a career in acting, losing his Southern accent and learning the first of some 32 foreign languages and dialects. When the US entered WW2, Caine joined the US Navy, serving in the Pacific Theator for the duration. After the war, he graduated Summa Cum Laude from Columbia University's school of acting and immediately hit Broadway running. In 1961, Caine was cast in a minor role in the award-winning court drama 'Judgment at Nuremberg,' based loosely on the so-called Judge's Trial of 1947, with Werner Klemperer. He would ultimately act in over 750 live and filmed TV shows and movies.



One of the television shows Howard played in was Hogan's Heroes. He portrayed two different German officers early in the shows five-year run and was so well liked by the other cast-members that he was written into the series as the continuing character SS Major Wolfgang Hochstetter of the Gestapo. The presence of Hogan in Klinks office would often prompt Hochstetter to demand of Klink: "Who is this man?" and then, frustration building: "What is this man doing here?" Hochstetter is the most 'Nazi' of the shows German officers and is disliked and feared by all. His black Gestapo uniform was an old design that had been replaced in 1939. Further, Hochstetter wears the shoulder insignia of an SS Major, but the collar insignia is that of Standartenführer, which equates with a Colonel (Oberst) in the Wehrmacht. A highly motivated and decorated Nazi, Hochstetter had an Iron Cross (1st Class). the War Merit Cross (1st Class), a 1939 Wound Badge, the SA Sport Badge and the Golden Party Badge.



Since taking up the Appalachian five-string Banjo in the mid-1960's, Howard went on to win 29 Banjo contests for both Best Traditional Banjo and Traditional Singing. He died on December 28, 1993 in Hollywood.



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