Tens of thousands of people filled the streets of this capital city Wednesday morning, demanding that President Jacob Zuma step down or be forced from office after a string of political scandals that have rocked his administration.

The rally marked the second week of anti-Zuma demonstrations, which have included some of the largest protests in South Africa since the country’s anti-apartheid struggle. This time, the galvanizing issue is not race but Zuma’s leadership — most recently, his decision to fire a respected finance minister and eight other cabinet members.

The country’s currency subsequently crashed, and ratings agencies downgraded its investment grade to junk status.

[South Africa faces political turmoil after Zuma sacks finance minister]

The Pretoria demonstration drew as many as 30,000 people, police estimated. Participants from a range of South Africa’s opposition parties, including some with major ideological differences, chanted in unison “Zuma must go.” That emboldened front of opposition to Zuma, 75, is chipping away at the popularity of the African National Congress (ANC), which has ruled South Africa since Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994.

(Kevin Sieff/The Washington Post)

In coming weeks, Parliament is due to hold a no-confidence vote that theoretically could cut short Zuma’s term, up in 2019. Experts say that outcome is unlikely, but the ANC’s longer-term prospects appear to be dimming as Zuma’s popularity declines.

“This is a major mobilization that is inflicting a massive amount of damage on the ANC,” said Susan Booysen, a professor at the University of the Witwatersrand who has written extensively about the party. “Even if the rallying call is around Zuma, it’s an indictment of the ANC.”

The ANC suffered historic losses in last year’s municipal elections, but until recently, analysts had suggested that the party had enough nationwide support to win the presidential election in 2019. Now, with Zuma stumbling and nostalgia-driven attachment to the ANC fading, some question that assumption.

“He has pissed on the graves of our forefathers and those who fought for our freedom,” said John Moodey, the leader of the Democratic Alliance (DA) in Gauteng province. The DA is the most popular opposition party in South Africa.

More than two decades after apartheid ended, South Africa still struggles with poverty and inequality. For many, frustration with the Zuma government is heightened by resentment that the country’s rebirth as a democracy has brought them little economic benefit.

“They told us they were going to build us homes. They made so many promises, but we’ve seen nothing,” said Mthobehi Sigagayi, 35, who had traveled to Pretoria from the Alexandra township, a development just across from Sandton, Johannesburg’s modern business capital, that has battled poverty and crime.

[In South Africa, violence follows a surge in xenophobia]

Many South Africans saw the cabinet reshuffle as a naked attempt to consolidate power, with Zuma surrounding himself with inexperienced, manipulable bureaucrats. But that scandal was not the president’s first. Last year, he was ordered to reimburse the state after the top court ruled that he had spent public money on his private mansion.

Also last year, then-public protector Thulisile Madonsela alleged that South Africa’s wealthy Gupta family had bribed public officials and driven policy under Zuma. Zuma disputed her report, but the opposition embraced its findings, branding the president “Zupta” because of his alleged ties to the family.

In Pretoria on Wednesday, protesters carried signs reading “Zupta must go” and “Our country is not for sale.” And opposition leaders made an effort to apply the lessons of the anti-apartheid struggle to their new political crusade.

“Apartheid was brought down by a united front,” Floyd Shivambu, deputy president of the Economic Freedom Fighters party (EFF), told the roaring crowd. “Now we must unite against Jacob Zuma.”

The EFF and its leader, Julius Malema, have advocated a major redistribution of white-owned land. In February, Malema told his supporters: “Where you see a beautiful land, take it. It belongs to you.”

In a statement last year, DA leaders said Malema’s “radical and hateful statements” have “sought to divide South Africa.” Yet on Wednesday, Malema and his supporters marched alongside DA members, many of them white.

“We don’t agree on many things,” Moodey said, “but we agree that Zuma must go. The rest we can sort out later.”

Read more:

South African President Jacob Zuma survives vote to oust him

How a quiet, wonky lawyer became South Africa’s corruption-buster

Opinion: South Africa has reached its Mugabe moment

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