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I'm happy to announce the 0.3.0 release of conduit. As many readers are aware, conduit is a library to address the issue of streaming data in constant space. This release does not come alone; a number of other packages have been released to support this updated version. See the end of this post for a full list.

There have been a number of improvements to the library. Quoting the changelog:

ResourceT has been greatly simplified, specialized for IO, and moved into a separate package. Instead of hard-coding ResourceT into the conduit datatypes, they can now live around any monad. The Conduit datatype has been enhanced to better allow generation of streaming output. The SourceResult, SinkResult, and ConduitResult datatypes have been removed entirely.

For users of the high-level API, nothing has changed. In other words, the following line is still completely valid:

runResourceT $ sourceFile input $$ sinkFile output

Mid-level API users (conduitState, sourceIO, etc) should also avoid any changes to their code. Only users dealing directly with the low-level API should need to change their code. We'll cover the major changes, and some of their motivation, in the next few sections.

Note: The chapter in the Yesod book on conduits still covers version 0.2. Eventually, I will bring the content up-to-date. The concepts have stayed completely the same through all versions, and therefore the chapter should still be mostly relevant. If you're just starting with conduit, I recommend reading the chapter and then coming back here. Eventually I'll merge the two together.

Simplified, separated ResourceT

As we discussed previously, ResourceT has been simplified, targeting just the IO monad. It has also been released as a separate package, resourcet .

There have been a few minor changes: with and withIO are now replaced by allocate . There are now a number of typeclasses available.

MonadResource is any monad stack with a ResourceT in it.

is any monad stack with a in it. MonadUnsafeIO is a stack with either IO or ST as a base.

is a stack with either or as a base. MonadThrow is a monad that can throw Exception s.

is a monad that can throw s. MonadActive is specifically added for ResourceT usage. It tracks whether or not the state of current monad is still active. This is vital for properly implementing lazy I/O for conduits. For non- ResourceT monad stacks, MonadActive indicates that the monad is always active.

Less reliant on ResourceT

A ResourceT is used for safely allocating resources. But if all I'm doing is printing the numbers 1 to 10, e.g.:

sourceList [1..10] $$ Data.Conduit.List.mapM_ print

who needs it? As a result, the ResourceT transformer is no longer baked into the Source , Conduit , and Sink types. Instead, functions that need to allocate resources (e.g., sinkFile ) should place a MonadResource constraint on their inner monad.

Improved Conduit type

Previously, the Conduit type could return a list of return values every time it was pushed to. This, however, is inadequate. If you have a Conduit That can produce large amounts of output for a single input (e.g., a decompressor), you have to allocate it all in memory.

A Conduit has been improved in two ways:

After being pushed new input, it can return multiple outputs separated by monadic actions, instead of returning a single list.

When a Conduit is closed, it returns a Source . If you want to consume the rest of its output, you can do so. And if you don't care, and just want to ignore it, you can close the Source and not spend any more cycles on it.

You'll see below that there is a new, updated version of zlib-bindings available as well. This release does away with the previous callback-based API, and makes it possible to implement a decompressor in zlib-conduit in a fully constant-memory manner.

No more result types

Originally, conduit had three types for sinks: Sink , PreparedSink , and SinkResult . We did away with the Sink / PreparedSink distinction in conduit 0.2, and in the process greatly simplified the library and improved performance. Now we're unifying Sink and SinkResult , with the exact same benefits. (And yes, the same applies to Source and Conduit .)

In this process, I've come up with a guiding principle of sorts for the design of conduit. It comes down to: only ever do one thing at a time. As a concrete example, consider pushing to a Sink in conduit 0.2. We have the type (greatly simplified):

data Sink input m output = Sink (input -> m (SinkResult input m output))

Seems fairly straight-forward, right? But imagine that we have a pure sink, which never performs any monadic actions (e.g., fold ). We've now tied together the concept of pushing new data, and that of performing a monadic action. While this may seem benign, it has two important ramifications:

It can drastically slow down code. Consider 417us versus 88us.

Taking the opposite approach (having an explicit constructor for monadic actions) allows us to unify the datatypes.

For the second point, consider Source and sourceFile . sourceFile cannot return any data until it has performed an IO action. But the SourceResult type in conduit 0.2 requires that either data is available immediately (the Open constructor), or that the Source indicate that it is closed ( Closed ). That's why we needed an extra type Source , which had a record m SinkResult for pulling from the Source .

However, if we add a third constructor for performing monadic actions to our SourceResult type, we don't actually need the Source type any more. The result looks like:

data Source m a = Open (Source m a) (m ()) a | Closed | SourceM (m (Source m a)) (m ())

Open provides more data, tells you the next Source in the stream, and provides an action to close the Source early. Closed is pretty boring. SourceM now allows you to perform an action to get the next Source , or perform another action to close early.

Here's a slightly long-winded example which should hopefully demonstrate the point. In real life code, we would just use sourceIO , but hopefully this makes it clear how to pass control back and forth between the Open and SourceM constructors.

import Data.Conduit import qualified Data.Conduit.List as CL import System.IO import Control.Monad.Trans.Resource import Control.Monad.IO.Class (liftIO) sourceFile :: MonadResource m => FilePath -> Source m Char sourceFile fp = -- Need to start off with a monadic action SourceM initPull initClose where initClose = return () -- haven't opened anything, nothing to close initPull :: MonadResource m => m (Source m Char) initPull = do -- Open the file handle, and register a release action (releaseKey, handle) <- allocate (openFile fp ReadMode) hClose -- pass off to the pull function, that does the real work pull handle releaseKey pull :: MonadResource m => Handle -> ReleaseKey -> m (Source m Char) pull handle releaseKey = do eof <- liftIO $ hIsEOF handle if eof then do -- file exhausted, close the handle release releaseKey return Closed else do -- more data, get a character c <- liftIO $ hGetChar handle return $ Open -- The next Source to use, which needs to perform another -- monadic action (sourceM handle releaseKey) -- Early close (release releaseKey) -- The newly pulled data c sourceM :: MonadResource m => Handle -> ReleaseKey -> Source m Char sourceM handle releaseKey = SourceM (pull handle releaseKey) (release releaseKey) main :: IO () main = do str <- runResourceT $ sourceFile "test.hs" $$ CL.consume putStrLn str

Overall, this change probably complicates the writing of low-level code a bit. However, the simplicity of implementation for the connect and fuse operators, plus the overall efficiency improvements, reinforce my belief that this was the right change to make.

Updated packages

You'll notice that, missing from this list, are any of the WAI, Persistent, or Yesod packages. We are purposely holding off on releasing WAI and Persistent code- even though it's ready- to help avoid confusion for Yesod users. The upcoming Yesod 1.0 release will depend on conduit 0.3, and will hopefully be out in the next few weeks. Distribution maintainers: please do not begin the upgrade cycle on conduit 0.3 until Yesod 1.0 is released.