Sydney put on its biggest-ever fireworks display, kicking off a wave of celebrations for billions around the world.

Revellers around the globe are bidding a weary farewell on Monday to an unsettling year filled with challenges to many of the world’s most basic institutions, including politics, trade, alliances and religion.

Here’s a look at how people are ushering in the new year across Asia, Europe, Africa and the Americas as the clock ticks past midnight.

Kiribati

The Pacific island nation of Kiribati was the first in the world to welcome the new year, greeting 2019 with muted celebrations after spending 2018 on the front line of the battle against climate change.

Kiribati is made up of low-lying atolls along the equator which intersect three time zones.

Kirbati sacana, tecnicamente seria um dos últimos países à entrar no ano novo, mas decidiram mudar a "linha internacional de data" por questões de turismo. E "monetárias", afinal o 1º é o 1º. Mas eu ainda quero dar uma volta lá. Feliz 2019 #FelizAnoNovoTrajaza #voubuscarem2019 pic.twitter.com/QXHl2HwgBq — Alexandre Callegaro (@guedxander) December 31, 2018

Much of the nation’s land mass, occupied by 110,000 people, is endangered by rising seas which have inundated coastal villages. The rising oceans have turned freshwater sources brackish, imperilling communities and raising doubts the nation will exist at the next New Year. Former President Anote Tong said the only future for Kiribati may be mass migration.

The new year was welcomed in the capital, Tarawa, with church services and mostly quiet private celebrations.

New Zealand

In Auckland, New Zealand‘s biggest city, tens of thousands gathered around Sky Tower as fireworks exploded from the top of the 328-metre structure.

Across the southern hemisphere nation, thousands took to beaches and streets, becoming the first major nation in the world to usher in 2019.

New Year has already arrived in New Zealand !!! Happy New Year, friends and girlfriends living in New Zealand! pic.twitter.com/BTayRfxS8j — Simonov K.V. 🇷🇺 (@simonovkvramble) December 31, 2018

Fireworks boomed and crackled above city centres and harbours.

Australia

An estimated one million people crowded Sydney Harbor as Australia‘s largest city rang in the new year with a spectacular, soul-tinged fireworks celebration.

One of the most complex displays in Australia’s history included gold, purple and silver fireworks pulsating to the tune of “(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman”, made famous by Aretha Franklin, who died in August. The show used 8.5 tonnes of fireworks and featured more than 100,000 pyrotechnic effects, the city’s biggest-ever fireworks display.

Sydney's firework display for New Years. Incredible. pic.twitter.com/N5NvwiAoKm — Ultra Pics 📸🌎 (@ultrafree) December 31, 2018

Earlier, a thunderstorm drenched tens of thousands of people as they gathered for the traditional display, creating a show of its own with dozens of lightning strikes.

More than one billion people around the world were expected to watch the fireworks on television.

In Melbourne, 14 tonnes of fireworks deployed on the ground and on roofs of 22 buildings produced special effects including flying dragons. In Brisbane, an estimated 85,000 people watched as fireworks exploded from five barges moored on the Brisbane River.

Philippines

Dozens of people have been injured by firecrackers ahead of New Year’s Eve when many across the Philippines set off powerful firecrackers in one of Asia’s most violent celebrations despite a government scare campaign and threats of arrests.

The Department of Health said it has recorded more than 50 firecracker-caused injuries in the last 10 days, which is expected to increase overnight when Filipinos usher in 2019 with a bang.

Let's have a safe and healthy New Year’s Eve celebration! Try alternate means of welcoming 2019:

🎆 Watch the community fireworks display

🎉 Blow a horn

🍲 Clang household items together such as pots & pans

🎶 Sing#HappyNewYear2019! pic.twitter.com/56cu2DJE9h — World Health Organization Philippines (@WHOPhilippines) December 31, 2018

Although still a concern, the figure is significantly lower than a year ago, partly because fewer Filipinos have purchased firecrackers due to hard economic times.

Officials have urged centralised fireworks displays to discourage wild and sometimes fatal merry-making. The notorious tradition, worsened by celebratory gunfire that turned deadly, stems from a Chinese-influenced belief that noise drives away evil and misfortune.

Japan

At least nine people were injured, one seriously, when a driver deliberately ploughed his car into crowds celebrating New Year’s Eve along a famous street in Japan’s capital, Tokyo, according to police and media reports.

With an “intent to murder”, a 21-year-old man drove a small vehicle into Takeshita Street in Tokyo’s fashion district of Harajuku at 10 minutes past midnight (15:10 GMT on Monday), a police spokesperson told AFP news agency.

The driver, identified as Kazuhiro Kusakabe, was arrested at the scene on suspicion of arrested murder.

According to national broadcaster NHK, he told police he was acting in “retribution for the death penalty” without giving more precise details.

North Korea

Leader Kim Jong Un will keep North Korea watchers busy on New Year’s Day when he is expected to give his annual address laying out the country’s priorities for the year ahead. The speech is often the best gauge of what the North Korean leadership is focused on and what tone it will take in its dealings with the outside world.

Kim’s speech will be parsed carefully for clues about his thinking on denuclearisation talks with Washington and a second summit with US President Donald Trump, relations with South Korea, and North Korea’s efforts to get out from under international sanctions as it tries to build its domestic economy.

In his New Year’s speech this past year, Kim proposed talks with South Korea to reduce tensions and said the North would be willing to participate in South Korea’s Winter Olympics, setting off a series of summits with the South and the United States.

South Korea

After an eventful year that saw three inter-Korean summits and the easing of tensions over North Korea’s nuclear programme, South Koreans enter 2019 with hopes that the hard-won detente will expand into a stable peace.

Thousands of South Koreans were expected to fill the streets of the capital, Seoul, for a traditional bell-tolling ceremony near City Hall to usher in the new year.

https://twitter.com/archpng/status/997416081227681792?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw

Dignitaries picked to ring the old Bosingak bell at midnight include famous surgeon Lee Guk-jong, who successfully operated on a North Korean soldier who escaped to South Korea in 2017 in a hail of bullets fired by his comrades.

Elsewhere, about 10,000 people were expected to attend the tolling of a “peace bell” at Imjingak, a pavilion near the border with North Korea.

China

New Year’s Eve isn’t celebrated that widely in mainland China, where the Lunar New Year in February is a more important holiday, but countdown events were being held in major cities and some of the faithful headed to Buddhist temples for bell-ringing and prayers.

The city of Beijing was holding a gala with VIP guests at the main site of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The event looked ahead to the 2022 Winter Games, which also will be held in the Chinese capital.

Additional police were deployed in parts of Shanghai, where a New Year’s Eve stampede in 2014 killed 36 people. In Beijing, outdoor revelers had to brave temperatures well below freezing.

President Xi Jinping, in a message broadcast at the top of the evening news, outlined the country’s achievements over the past year and said that by hosting a series of multinational meetings in 2018, “we have put forward China’s proposals and sent out China’s voice.”

In Hong Kong, festive lights on the city’s iconic skyscrapers provided the backdrop for a fireworks, music and light show over Victoria Harbor on a chilly evening. About 300,000 people were expected to line the waterfront.

Thailand

While many celebrate New Year’s Eve with fireworks, hundreds of Thais travelled to Takien Temple in a suburb of Bangkok to lie inside coffins for traditional funeral rituals. Participants believe the ceremony – symbolising death and rebirth – helps rid them of bad luck and allows them to be born again for a fresh start in the new year.

Participants held flowers and incense in their hands as monks covered them with pink sheets and chanted prayers for the dead.

“It wasn’t scary or anything. It is our belief that it will help us get rid of bad luck and bring good fortune to our life,” said Busaba Yookong, who came to the temple with her family.

Bangkok is filled with modern glitzy malls and high-rise buildings, but superstitious beliefs still hold sway in many aspects of Thai society.

Fireworks light up the sky around the London Eye wheel to welcome the New Year in the UK capital [Toby Melville/Reuters]

Britain

Cities across Europe have also welcomed 2019 with a series of firework displays, including one in London that was dedicated to the EU citizens living in the British capital.

The words “London is open” were spoken in seven languages as the fireworks at the London Eye ferris wheel went off, while the soundtrack included the songs “We Are Your Friends”, “Stay” and “Don’t Leave Me Alone”.

“By paying tribute to our close relationship with Europe as we welcome in the New Year tonight, we will once again show the world that London will always be open,” Mayor Sadiq Khan said.

The London mayor has been vocal about how Britain’s planned departure from the European Union on March 29 will affect his city.

From Berlin to Athens

Fireworks also lit up the skies over the Brandenburg Gate in the German capital, Berlin, as well the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, where the names of this year’s victorious French football World Cup-winning team were projected onto the landmark.

Sweden greeted the New Year with its annual tradition of a reading of Alfred Lord Tennyson’s poem “Ring Out Wild Bells”, read this year by actor Mikael Persbrandt.

In the Russian capital, Moscow, the bells in the Kremlin’s Spasskaya Tower rang out, but the party mood was dampened by a gas explosion at an apartment building in the southern city of Magnitogorsk. Dozens of people are still missing.

In Athens, where fireworks went off above the Acropolis despite pouring rain, Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras promised that “2019 will be a year of rebirth for our country.”

Greece, which has struggled with a financial crisis for the best part of a decade, officially exited its bailout programme in August.

United States

Meanwhile in the United States, about a million people counted down the seconds on rainy Times Square in New York City as they watched the traditional crystal ball drop.

Snoop Dogg, Sting, Christina Aguilera and Bastille were among the performers welcoming 2019 in the made-for-TV extravaganza.

Happy New Years Eve! Our favorite New Years tradition is to watch the ball drop in times square. Did you know that it takes 50,000 watts to power the famous Waterford Crystal ball? #KraftElectric #NewYearsEve pic.twitter.com/6vbLvTGwUz — Kraft Electric (@KraftElectric1) December 31, 2018

Security was tight as thousands of police officers patrolled with the help of bomb-sniffing dogs, 1,225 security cameras and 235 “blocker vehicles” used to stop potential vehicle attacks.

The event went off safely, with no major disruptions, though the rain forced police to cancel plans to deploy a drone to help monitor the crowd.

Christina Aguilera performs during New Year’s Eve celebrations in Times Square [Darren Ornitz/Reuters]

Eleven journalists were invited to press the button releasing the crystal ball, the New York Times reported, as part of an effort to recognise the erosion of press freedoms at home and abroad.

Los Angeles and Honolulu round out the US reverie.

Brazil

Hundreds of thousands of people celebrated the arrival of the New Year in Rio de Janeiro with fireworks, music and dancing.

Locals and tourists mixed on the city’s famous Copacabana beach to watch a 14-minute spectacle that saw several tonnes of fireworks fired into the air at midnight (02:00 GMT).

Before and afterwards there was music and dancing by bands and DJs including well-known guitarist and former culture minister Gilberto Gil and popular funk singer Ludmilla.

Latin America’s largest country will undergo a radical change on New Year’s Day, when far-right President Jair Bolsonaro is sworn in.

UN chief’s message

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres issued a bleak New Year’s message that called climate change an existential threat and warned that “it’s time to seize our last best chance.”

He noted growing intolerance, geopolitical divisions and inequality, resulting in people “questioning a world in which a handful of people hold the same wealth as half of humanity.”

“But there are also reasons for hope,” he said. “As we begin this New Year, let’s resolve to confront threats, defend human dignity and build a better future together”.