Warning: High risk of controversy and/or cuteness. The world's penguins are a diverse and interesting bunch. Part of that diversity is the range of species - but where the species line is drawn is difficult to determine, especially in animals that are as closely related as penguins. Taxonomists agree that there are at least 16 penguin species, but there are arguments to be made for up to 22! Whether species, subspecies or colour morphs* - here are the 26 "types" of penguins that walk the earth.

1. African penguin

African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are the only species of penguin native to Africa, living only in South Africa and Namibia. They use their noisy birdsong to identify each other, find a mate and ask for food.

Catch the African penguins' feeding time at the Two Oceans Aquarium, every day at 11:30 and 14:30!

2. Northern rockhopper penguin

Northern rockhoppers (Eudyptes moseleyi) are native to Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. Inhabiting naturally uninhabited islands, these little birds have little fear of humans and treat us with curiosity - all they want is your love and respect.

Meet the rockies in a Pengiun Experience at the Two Oceans Aquarium!

3. King penguin

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus) are native to the frozen and cold islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean, particularly the Falkland Islands. These penguins are stunningly beautiful, but their fuzzy brown chicks may just be the ugly ducklings of all penguins. These majestic birds are the second largest penguin species.

4. Adélie penguin

For many people, Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) are by far the cutest species, but did you know that these Antarctic predators are one of the region's most fierce hunters. Unfortunately, climate change is affecting their food source and thousands of their chicks starve every year.

5. Fairy penguin

Fairy penguins (Eudyptula minor minor), also known as southern little penguins, inhabit the western and southeastern coasts of the southern island of New Zealand. Fairy penguins and other little penguin subspecies are the smallest penguins on the planet, and the only ones with blue eyes and feathers.

6. Yellow-eyed penguin

The uninspiringly-named yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) call New Zealand's South Island home, where they are known as "hoiho" - Maori for "noise shouter". With fewer than 3 400 of these penguins remaining, they are the species facing the most critical risk of extinction in the very near future.

7. Chinstrap penguin

Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) call the shores of Antarctica and several Pacific and Southern Ocean islands home. Not only do chinstrap penguins look like they are wearing little army helmets all the time, but they are the most common penguin on Antarctica - with almost 13 million individuals.

8. Magellanic penguin

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) look very similar to African penguins, but they have a dark black neck stripe which distinguishes them from their African cousins. They inhabit the southern coasts of South America, but do occasionally nest as far north as Brazil. Unlike their African counterparts, Magellanic penguins actively hunt jellyfish!

9. Southern rockhopper penguin

Southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) call the Falkland Islands home. They look very similar to other rockhoppers, but do not have the usual patch of pale skin below their beaks, and a few black feathers in their crests. They are cute, but their birdsong is very rough and they are probably the least musical penguin.

10. Macaroni penguin

Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) are the most abundant species in the world, with almost 24 million penguins in 260 colonies spanning South America, Australia, Antarctica and Marion Island - more than all other penguins combined. They are vulnerable, as almost all colonies are under threat from human settlement, but huge conservation efforts are being made to protect these little ones in Chile and Argentina.

11. Australian little penguin

Australian little penguins (Eudyptula novaehollandiae), live on the southern Australian coast, Tasmania and a single small colony in New Zealand. They were only recently determined to be a unique species by DNA testing. Australian little penguins "speak" with a higher pitched "accent" than their closely related New Zealand cousins.

12. Emperor penguin

Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are the largest and tallest of all the penguins, and call the shores of Antarctica home. These penguins nest almost exclusively on Antarctic sea ice, making them the only bird species that never sets foot on land.

13. Snares penguin

Snares crested penguins (Eudyptes robustus) are very unusual, nesting in open coastal forests on small islets around New Zealand's South Island. The main way these penguins communicate is by chest pumping to attract mates and bowing regularly to their partners and children.

14. Galápagos penguin

Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) are the northernmost species of penguin, living on the equatorial Galápagos archipelago. They are a banded penguin, closely related to the African penguin, but far smaller. Their small size allows them to subsist entirely on small coastal minnows and shellfish, avoiding deep-water predators.

15. Erect-crested penguin

Inhabiting Bounty and Antipodes Islands of New Zealand, erect-crested penguins (Eudyptes sclateri) are serious long-distance swimmers - hunting as far as South America and Antarctica to fatten up for their summer moults. We think they have the coolest hairstyles of all penguins - and they spend large amounts of time grooming each other!

16. Subantarctic gentoo penguin

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua papua) are larger than their Antarctic counterpart, even though those are the ones you most likely recognise from photos. The subantarctic gentoos inhabit islands in the southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans, such as Marion Island.

17. Royal penguin

Royal penguins (Eudyptes schlegeli) are unusual, living only on the sub-Antarctic island of Macquarie. They look like Macaroni penguins, but with white faces instead of a black ones - for this reason there is much disagreement about whether they are actually two distinct species. Together with the Macaroni penguin, these are the only two species whose crests meet in the middle.

18. Humboldt penguin

Another close relative of African penguins, Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) have a distinct black face with a white ring around it and pink exposed skin below its bill. A Humboldt penguin made world news when it escaped from Tokyo Sea Life Park by climbing a 4m high wall and a barbed wire fence. It then survived in the waters of Japan for 82 days before being found.

19. Eastern rockhopper penguin

Eastern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi) are very closely related to southern rockhoppers - in fact they can only be differentiated by their DNA and their unique birdsongs. These cryptic penguins inhabit several sub-Antarctic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

20. Fiordland penguin

Fiordland penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) are small crested penguins of New Zealand's South Island. They are unusual (and awesome), as they are the only penguin to live in rainforests!

21. Allied king penguin

Allied king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus halli) inhabit the southern islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, such as Marion Island. There are no easily identifiable differences between the two types of king penguins, but they are genetically distinct. Allied king penguins tend to be highly variable in size due to the different diets they are exposed to on the islands they inhabit.

22. Ellsworth's gentoo penguin

Ellsworth's gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) live exclusively on the coast of Antarctica. They look identical to their Falkland Island counterparts, but are significantly smaller - a possible adaptation to food scarcity in the colder Antarctic waters.

Honourable mention, the little penguins of New Zealand:

Until recently, New Zealand's little penguins were recognised as different subspecies of Eudyptula minor. When genetic testing was done to determine if these subspecies were significant, it was determined that they are all genetically similar, and thus no longer considered separate. Still, they are cute enough to share with you.

23. White-flippered penguin

The diminutive white-flippered penguins (Eudyptula minor albosignata) live only in a few small colonies on the tiny islands on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island. Not only are they unique among little penguins for the white markings on the flippers, but they are the only nocturnal penguin.

24. Cook Strait little penguin

Cook Strait little penguins (Eudyptula minor variabilis) inhabit the southern end of the northern island of New Zealand.

25. North Island little penguin

Northern little penguins (Eudyptula minor iredalei) live at the northern end of the northern island of New Zealand.

26. Chatham Island little penguin

Chatham Island little penguins (Eudyptula minor chathamensis) nest on Chatham Island, to the east of New Zealand.

*Why are some a "species" and others not?

If you've read this far, you may be wondering why some of these penguins are regarded as their own species, but others aren't. Why are the white-flippered penguins and fairy penguins the same species, but the Macaroni and royal penguins are different? We'll try to keep this simple:

A species is a group of animals that are genetically distinct to the point that they are unable to cross-breed successfully. At one extreme, humans, penguins and lions are clearly different species, but species can be quite similar - eg. African and Magellanic penguins. Looks have nothing to do with it, it is entirely based on DNA.

is a group of animals that are genetically distinct to the point that they are unable to cross-breed successfully. At one extreme, humans, penguins and lions are clearly different species, but species can be quite similar - eg. African and Magellanic penguins. Looks have nothing to do with it, it is entirely based on DNA. A subspecies is a distinct population group of a species, that is capable of cross-breeding with the rest of its species, but usually doesn't due to some or other anatomical or geographical barrier. Due to this genetic isolation, the DNA of a subspecies can be distinct. The two subspecies of king penguins are excellent examples of birds that are virtually identical except for this genetic drift.

is a distinct population group of a species, that is capable of cross-breeding with the rest of its species, but usually doesn't due to some or other anatomical or geographical barrier. Due to this genetic isolation, the DNA of a subspecies can be distinct. The two subspecies of king penguins are excellent examples of birds that are virtually identical except for this genetic drift. A morph is simply a member of a species that displays different physical characteristics from others of the same species - and sometimes this unusual trait can extend to a group. White-flippered penguins are a colour morph of fairy penguins.

The fact that many penguin types are geographically isolated from each other creates difficulty in determining their status as species, but with more research and genetic testing, this list will be narrowed down further.

Which penguin on this list is your favourite?