No heat. Leaking roofs. Mold and pests. New York City public housing has become synonymous with dilapidated living conditions. But it wasn’t always like this.

Harlem River Houses was one of the first federally financed public housing developments in the country.

Harlem River Houses was one of the first federally financed public housing developments in the country. The New York Times

No heat. Leaking roofs. Mold and pests. Interminable waits for basic repairs.

Public housing in New York City has become synonymous with the dilapidated living conditions many of its more than 400,000 residents have endured in recent years.

But it wasn’t always like this in the 325 housing projects owned and managed by the New York City Housing Authority, also known as Nycha. The country’s largest public housing system was once a seemingly reliable option for the working poor . Nycha successfully endured some of New York City’s most turbulent eras while other public housing buildings across the country came tumbling down.

Now, Nycha is at a crossroads. As part of a settlement in June in which Nycha admitted to covering up its actions and lying to the federal government, a court-appointed monitor will soon oversee the beleaguered agency as it tries to come up with billions of dollars to keep thousands of its aging buildings habitable for decades to come.

To understand how Nycha arrived at this point, we combed through our photo archives for forgotten images and spoke to longtime residents, former housing officials, historians and others about the housing authority’s often overlooked and surprising eight-decade history. That story, in their words, is below.

Lower Manhattan tenements were cleared in 1934 to make way for the Knickerbocker Village, a private development of low-income housing that was federally funded. Ewing Galloway

Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia speaking at the dedication of the Harlem River Houses in 1937. The development had 577 apartments. N.Y.C. Housing Authority

1934-1968

A Progressive Housing Solution to Fix New York City

Nycha was founded in 1934 as Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia’s antidote to the shoddy tenements of New York City’s housing crisis during the Great Depression. Public housing was trumpeted as the duty of progressive government, and the swift construction of sprawling complexes became a slum-clearing machine that reshaped the city’s urban landscape.

But Nycha developments were not poorhouses: Unlike other cities, New York effectively barred lower-income residents from public housing. From 1953 to 1968, it excluded most residents on welfare by screening applicants using a list of moral factors, including alcoholism, irregular work history, single motherhood and lack of furniture.

Applicants lined up at the Housing Authority office in 1947, by which time Nycha had constructed 15 housing developments, most of them in Manhattan. Fred Sass/The New York Times A public housing registration form from 1946.

Richard Plunz Professor and author of “A History of Housing in New York City”

[Nycha] was a creation of liberal politics in New York. In the depth of the Depression there had to be jobs and housing that people could afford.

Nicholas D. Bloom Professor and author of “Public Housing That Worked”

They were relatively low-rise walk-ups built to extraordinarily high-quality standards. Basically, as good or better as middle-class housing. They were built for a very carefully-selected tenancy, mostly working families that even during the Depression had no social service background or history.

Natividad Nieves, 78 Resident of the Queensbridge Houses in Queens since 1945

When my mother came, only white people lived here, until the 1950s.

A mother and daughter in their apartment in 1940. The six-story steel and concrete buildings of the Red Hook Houses, with 2,545 units, proved Nycha could build big and cheap. Morse-Pix

Children playing outside the Queensbridge Houses in 1940. The complex is still the largest in the country, with 26 buildings and more than 3,000 apartments. Keystone View Co.

Bloom

The problem of this housing, though, was that it was too good in many people’s eyes. The response was projects like the Queensbridge Houses: much bigger projects, more repetitive design, units finished at a much more basic level, and a lot of economizing done.

Elaine Walker, 80 Resident of the Queensbridge Houses since 1958

In my day, the staff was the best. They had their job, they did their job, and they were qualified for their job. You’d call, and it would be fixed right away.

The Vladeck Houses, built in 1940 on Manhattan's Lower East Side, were a series of six-story plain brick buildings with generous open spaces. Arnold & Kellogg

Plunz

The amazing thing about New York is the scale of this.

Bloom

You have 69 projects with over 1,000 units by the 1960s. That’s amazing, and these are enormous developments that are created. Maintaining such a big system was already a challenge, but by then it was too late. The genie had left the bottle.

Public housing in Harlem in 1965. By this time, a carefully selected tenancy of black and Puerto Rican residents accounted for the majority of public housing families. Sam Falk/The New York Times

1969-1999

A Changing Mission, and New Problems

Nycha was housing about 500,000 New Yorkers by the sixties. Minority residents now outnumbered whites, but the percentage of tenants on welfare was just half the national average for public housing.

Nycha loosened its selectivity in 1968, under immense pressure from the federal government and social justice activists, and the percentage of residents on public assistance doubled by the early seventies. And by the eighties, many of New York City’s troubles also plagued housing developments : crime, drugs, vandalism.

However, the authority’s robust management capabilities, financial resources and tough policing kept it afloat while public housing in the rest of the nation spiraled into disrepair and demolishment.

A tenant in 1971 on a volunteer safety patrol, a common fixture in public housing developments to combat the violence of the era. Donal F. Holway/The New York Times

Bloom

The number of social issues increased significantly. The challenge managerially went up. They had to replace an enormous number of windows, and elevator maintenance became much more difficult because of the vandalism. It was a break-and-repair kind of cycle.

Walker

There would be mailboxes bashed into and broken. Because back then, everyone was getting paper checks, for their jobs or welfare. So you could cash them in anywhere. It didn’t matter who you were.

One of the Harlem River Houses in 1987. Vic DeLucia/The New York Times

Joseph Shuldiner General manager at Nycha from 1986 to 1990

Obviously the authority had much more staff at that time. We had 17,000 employees, not including the 2,700 police officers. The authority at that time had its own police force. My impression in those days is that there was a lot of capacity. There wasn’t unlimited money. We couldn’t renovate every building out there, but if a problem came along there was enough money to address that particular problem.

Gregory Umbach Professor and author of “The Last Neighborhood Cops”

As New York falls apart in the 1970s, in ways that have been largely forgotten, the housing authority’s projects were anchors of stability and safety. They were places that you wanted to get into as the neighborhoods were deteriorating around you. All of this changes in the late 1980s. The 1980s is the first time when you’re more at risk of criminal violence on Nycha property than you are in the surrounding neighborhood.

Chloe B. Hamilton in the Harlem River Houses in 1975. Chester Higgins Jr./The New York Times Agnes Manson in her apartment in the Louis H. Pink houses in Brooklyn in 1974. Neal Boenzi/The New York Times

The Colberg family apartment in 1965. Robert Walker/The New York Times The Frasier family in their living room in King Towers in Harlem in 1972. Chester Higgins Jr./The New York Times

L.B. Tillman, 43 Resident of the Marcy Houses in Brooklyn since 1975

When the crack epidemic came, it took over. There were fights everyday, shootouts everyday, people playing music outside of your building to get someone out to fight.

Patrick Conry, 54 Assistant chief at the New York Police Department and former member of the Housing Authority Police Department

It was a very small percentage of bad actors having a huge impact on the quality of life for hard-working people. We always felt like we were the underdogs. We were doing the most difficult job in the city while at the same time being looked down upon as second-class for not being N.Y.P.D.

Earline Jenkins, 70 Resident of the Grant Houses in Manhattan since 1976

Every place you step, you would step on a crack bottle, back in the ’80s, a long time ago. In Grant, you would be afraid to walk down the steps because they had a bunch of crack bottles and they get stuck in the groove of your shoe.

Housing Authority police officers at the Queensbridge Houses in 1992. In 1995, the department merged with the New York Police Department. Steve Berman/The New York Times

Members of the Fort Greene Youth Patrol working out their route schedules in 1970. Larry C. Morris/The New York Times

Shuldiner

At that time, cameras were not prevalent to the extent that they are now. We also had a fairly active tenant patrol where residents would volunteer and sit in lobbies and check in people coming in and out.

Conry

The first day on patrol in the Farragut Houses, I got hit with a padlock. It grazed my face. There were some people that did not want us there because we were interfering with their business. I saw objects as big as a living room couch thrown off the roof of a building onto a police car. Those were the bad old days. You don’t hear those stories anymore.

The Wagner Housing complex in East Harlem, where residents wait 15 to 20 minutes for the elevators. Christian Hansen for The New York Times

2000-2018

An Era of Defunding Begins

By the turn of the century, the idea of government as landlord went out of fashion. Suddenly, Nycha became a victim of disinvestment as all levels of government steered billions of dollars away from the agency.

The housing authority’s operating deficits and mounting costs to maintain and renovate its aging 2,462 buildings quickly impacted living conditions. Hurricane Sandy’s wrath and last winter’s frigid temperatures further exposed the buildings’ vulnerabilities.

Mismanagement followed, and the authority admitted in June to lying, covering up missed lead inspections and deceiving federal inspectors. Now, Nycha is waiting on a federal monitor and the infusion of at least $2 billion in city funds, although even that might be a drop in the bucket next to the system’s estimated $25 billion in unmet capital needs .

The Riis Houses on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Hiroko Masuike/The New York Times

Bloom

Everything is getting old at once, because everything was kind of built at once. So it’s like a 30-year window where almost all of public housing was built, and now we’re in that 30-year window where it’s going to be totally revamped or redeveloped. A lot of these buildings have had more than your normal wear and tear.

Greg Floyd President of Teamsters Local 237, which represents 8,000 Nycha employees

They stopped doing preventive maintenance, which led to a lot of boilers not working. You have to service the boilers in the summer so they’re ready for the winter, and that stopped being done because they didn’t have the staff to do it.

Walker

Now, it’s different. It takes time, because there’s a backlog. I called for a paint job in May and they’re coming in August. It can take months for anything.

Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York examined peeling paint in a Nycha apartment in 2018. Pool photo by James Keivom

Miriam Booth, 55 Resident of the Astoria Houses in Queens since 1996

Recently, we didn’t have hot water for three days. So you couldn’t take a bath or shower.

Bloom

It was built under a model where tenant incomes would increase, and thus rents would increase in proportion. But the thing in New York, as in other cities, is that the income of the residents in public housing, as opposed to the private market, have not kept pace with society or the cost of maintaining these buildings.

Tino Hernandez Chairman at Nycha from 2001 to 2008

I did some things that were kind of radical. I raised rents, but I did it in a way that really took people’s fixed incomes into consideration.

In this apartment in the Bronx, sewage flows into the apartment when it rains and water leaks from the roof. Ángel Franco/The New York Times

Riis Houses in darkness without power after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Nicole Bengiveno/The New York Times

Floyd

Sandy’s effect on Nycha put the icing on the cake. Nycha was in decay already. Hurricane Sandy and the developments that it hit really devastated the properties, because the boilers and electricity were located in the basements. Sandy came in and really finished the job — in the Rockaways, in Coney Island, in the Lower East Side.

Shuldiner

The authority doesn’t have the reputation it had 30 years ago. It was considered the best large housing authority in the United States. People wanted to work for us. People wanted to live there. It was a better attitude all-around.

Tomika Anderson's 13-year-old son Gustavo on the couch in their Bronx apartment. They lost heat this winter. Holly Pickett for The New York Times

Patricia Elcock, 59, used an open oven to heat the apartment she shares with her grandson Michael this winter. Sam Hodgson for The New York Times

Robert Harrison, 77 Resident of the St. Nicholas Houses in Harlem since 1975

In the seventies it was great. They would fix up anything that you needed. They used to have two people working in each building. We don’t have that anymore.

Plunz

Still today, with all its problems, Nycha hasn’t folded. Part of that is because of demand for housing in New York, of course. But it’s amazing how they’ve been able to adapt to attrition. It remains a model of how to survive.

Hernandez

I’m heartbroken because this is an important resource for poor people in New York City.