Disney Research has demonstrated an LED-to-LED networking method whereby toys, wearables, mobile devices, and IoT gizmos could communicate with one another.



Disney Research has demonstrated an LED-to-LED “Linux Light Bulb” networking technology that would let toys communicate with each other, thereby bringing us one step closer to the reality of Disney/Pixar’s Toy Story. Instead of lip-syncing to the voice of Tom Hanks, however, Woody would argue with Buzz Lightyear with a flash of his eyes.

The Linux Light Bulb concept, which was developed with the help of Swiss university ETH Zurich, uses a Linux-driven system-on-chip to control LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights so they can send and receive messages with other similarly equipped devices. Suitable candidates are said to include toys, wearables, phones, computers, cars, and other Internet of Things gizmos.







Concept art: VLC devices and LED light bulbs communicating with each other

(click image to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)



The system uses emerging Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology, which exploits the ability of modern LEDs to interact with digital systems to quickly change brightness and frequency of light. LEDs can also receive light input, much like photodiodes. The light modulation is faster than human eye sensitivity can detect, so there’s no visible flickering of lights or other safety concerns, says Disney.

The project’s main contribution the VLC field is the addition of networking technology. Disney Research has developed a smart bulb prototype and has defined a VLC networking framework for it based on Internet Protocol (IP) communications.







Linux Light Bulb prototype

(click image to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)











Linux Light Bulb demonstration video



Networked VLC technology would be much cheaper than embedding toys and other low-cost gizmos with WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, or other short-range wireless technologies . By implementing the Linux Light Bulb chip, the LEDs embedded in many modern toys would become precisely controlled smart lights. The lights could be linked in a mesh network in order to coordinate device activities and establish communications even without direct line of sight.The Disney Research video above shows a Linux Light Bulb starting and stopping an educational game on a tablet, as well as controlling LED-equipped toy cars. In another segment, a smartphone’s flashlight and camera are used to communicate with a toy car, which then drives over to interact with a tablet app. For a final Disney-like touch, the video shows a smart wand that activates pink LEDs embedded in a Magic Princess Dress. Different messages create different light patterns on the dress.

Disney Research and ETH Zurich jointly published an academic paper [PDF] describing both the networking system and a proof-of-concept hardware platform.







Linux Light Bulb network stack and topology

(click images to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)



The paper describes a VLC link layer for Linux that uses a new VLC network driver module. The module sits on top of VLC Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers, which were previously developed by Disney Research. The network driver interfaces between IP protocols and the VLC layers.



OpenWRT-on-Atheros controls Arduino-driven lights

Disney’s hardware test bed is built around a module that runs the lightweight, networking savvy OpenWRT Linux on a MIPS-based Qualcomm Atheros AR9331 SoC. This same combo has found its way into many low-end IoT devices, wireless-enabled computer-on-modules, and simple hacker SBCs, such as the Arduino Yún.







VLC technology test bed

(click image to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)







Linux Light Bulb functional architecture

(click image to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)







Inside the Linux Light Bulb: circuit boards (left) and putting it together

(click image to enlarge; source: Disney Research & ETH Zurich whitepaper)



On the Linux side, the VLC controller is abstracted as a standard Ethernet interface, implemented as a kernel driver module. This is said to enable communications using the Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).The Atheros-enabled controller module communicates with a separate VLC firmware module, which in the test bed is implemented on Arduino Uno boards with ATmega328p MCUs. The Linux controller module communicates with the Arduino-based firmware module using a serial interface. The Arduino module then directly drives the LED and sensors. The connected LED lightbulb is modified with the addition of four photodiode sensors, as well as a heatsink and power supply to support the intensive light communications.Disney Research said it considered skipping the separate Arduino-based module by controlling the bulbs directly from the Linux module using GPIO connections. However, this would essentially preclude the Linux module from doing any other work, an added value “which motivated the addition of an operating system to VLC,” says the paper. The separate VLC firmware design is said to ensure real-time critical performance while freeing up the Atheros module for other duties.

The Atheros chips in the Linux Light Bulbs have built-in WiFi, which Disney Research used for testing purposes. Yet, the lights are intended to communicate with each other only using VLC, notes the Disney paper. Presumably, the mesh networking capability would support a design in which only one endpoint in a network would require wireless, which might well be a smartphone already equipped with it.

With a maximum payload of only 200 bytes per transmission, resulting in a maximum of 1Kbps bandwidth, Disney’s VLC technology is not going to to be used for streaming media, but only for sending and receiving simple commands. Yet, much more sophisticated VLC systems have demonstrated point-to-point communications at speeds of up to 800Mbps, albeit without any networking smarts. Disney’s proposed, low-cost platform will likely be able to ramp up to more useful dial-up level Kbps bandwidths, although it’s unclear if it could achieve even single-digit Mbps speeds anytime soon.

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By adding networking to VLC, Disney has apparently overcome the technology’s major limitations of range and signal interference. Advantages over wireless communications not only include lower cost and power consumption, but also better security.

Disney Research envisions the technology as extending beyond the next generation of Disney toys to other low-bandwidth IoT applications. The paper notes potential VLC-based localization services using existing lighting infrastructure, as well as controllable LED lighting, identification, and indoor tracking.

A wider role for light communications may await future processors that incorporate so-called III-V materials. Such optical-friendly chips should be able to enable high-speed optical communications not only within computers, but between devices as well.



Further information

Additional details regarding the Disney Research & ETH Zurich Linux Light Bulb project may be found at Disney Research’s Visible Light Communication page, and in the two group’s jointly published Linux Light Bulb technical whitepaper [PDF].

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