THE SENATE

Thursday, June 8, 2017

The Senate met at 1:30 p.m., the Speaker in the chair.

Prayers.

Hon. Wanda Thomas Bernard: Honourable senators, I rise today to pay tribute to Wade Smith, the highly regarded African Nova Scotian high school principal of Citadel High School who passed away on Friday, June 2, after a seven-week battle with stomach cancer. He was 50 years young. This loss has shocked the community with a level of grief and sadness that is hard to articulate.

Wade Smith was an educator, basketball coach, mentor, role model, extraordinary husband, father, son, brother and friend. His teaching career and his track record as a school administrator were stellar. He was an exceptional role model as he inspired youth, their parents and the community at large. He also spent countless hours working with African Nova Scotian inmates in the various federal correctional services institutions in Atlantic Canada. Some of the inmates were former students of his and they looked forward to his visits because he did not judge them. Instead, he tried to inspire them, and he did so in an outstanding manner.

Corey Wright, a former student and inmate, when describing how much Wade made an impact on his life, is quoted as saying: "He cared and sometimes that's all it takes, for somebody to care when you are in a dark place."

The African Nova Scotian community has lost a valuable, humble leader. Wade Smith's legacy will live on forever. I know that all the great seeds he planted in our youth and his peers will help us to mourn his loss, and find a way to move forward without him.

Honourable senators, please join me in extending sympathy to his wife, Sherry Jackson-Smith, his sons, Jaydon and Jaxon, his mother, Muriel Smith, all of his family, students and hundreds of community members who mourn his loss.

I conclude with a quote from his March 27 TED talk: "Giving back was never a choice in my life. Giving back was an obligation to my community, to the young kids coming up after me."

Wade Smith, it was an honour to know you.

Honourable senators, thank you for allowing me to honour this amazing individual. I mourn with the Smith family and the community as they gather today to say farewell to this good and faithful servant.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear.

Hon. Mobina S. B. Jaffer: PasSurMonÉcran, NotOnMyScreen.

Honourable senators, I have worked closely with the International Justice Mission, a global organization pursuing a raging war against child cybersex trafficking. I have worked and travelled with the International Justice Mission and seen their work firsthand.

Cybersex trafficking is a type of sex trafficking that exposes all children globally to countless predators. Underage boys and girls, even toddlers, are forced to perform sexual activities in front of a camera. Cybersex has become a massive industry where small children bring in big profits.

Honourable senators, I know you agree with me that we will never accept cybersex of children.

The International Justice Mission has made progress toward ending cybersex. In the Philippines, over 1,275 victims were freed and over 145 sex traffickers were arrested. This is great work, but so much more needs to be done, even in our own country.

Let me tell you about Cassie. Cassie was one of the many children abducted and trapped against her will in the cybersex world. She was saved by the International Justice Mission at the age of 17, five years after her kidnapping. In her words:

It was really hard. I kept thinking "I want to die, I want to die" because of the pain, but I can't. My recruiter hurt me every day when I do something bad that he didn't like.

Cassie was subject to horrific sexual abuse and violence in front of a webcam. Among Cassie were other children. The youngest child was only two years old. Today Cassie is safe, but other children around the world are still suffering from cybersex trafficking. Pedophiles and child predators use the Internet to abuse children in homes.

Without a doubt, the Internet has a dark side. Children who are victims of cybersex trafficking don't get to say no, but we do.

Honourable senators, I ask you to join me in raising awareness on global child cybersex and take action by proudly displaying a #NotOnMyScreen sticker or #PasSurMonÉcran.

This malicious, destructive crime cannot be allowed, not in Canada or in any country. French and English stickers have been provided by my office to your offices to put on your mobile devices and computers to raise awareness to stop cybersex.

Every minute we wait, a young child is forced to perform sexual acts live on camera. Together we can stop this horrendous crime. Honourable senators, I ask you to join me to help end child cybersex trafficking. I ask you to put the stickers on to raise awareness. #NotOnMyScreen, #PasSurMonÉcran.

Hon. Elaine McCoy: I was not expecting to have this honour quite this soon in the rotation today. I appreciate the opportunity to rise in the chamber today to acknowledge the tremendous work that Senator Willie Moore, recently retired from the chamber, has undertaken over the years, but particularly honouring his work in the area of marine conservation.

Specifically, I wish to acknowledge his recent award from the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies presented a month or so ago here in Ottawa.

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I found an historical anecdote which I thought you would be interested to learn; namely, the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies was actually started by a senator. He was an appointee from New Brunswick of Prime Minister St. Laurent. He started this association and this award. He retired in 1988.

His life was guided by a deep passion and commitment to animal welfare. We have seen this same passion and commitment from former Senator Wilfred Moore.

I am sure we would all be pleased to acknowledge his award because, of course, we have Bill S-203 in committee at the moment. It is designed to release whales and other mammals from captivity, and now we have this further encouragement to bring it through committee and to a vote in this chamber as soon as we can.

To continue the historical note about former Senator Wilfred Moore, his deep attachment to all things maritime goes further than just mammals because he, of course, was a major force behind refurbishing Bluenose II. He was very active in preserving lighthouses and has started the Lunenburg School of the Arts, which is on the coast. He was Canada's witness at the signing of the Hamilton Declaration, which committed Canada to the protection and conservation of the Sargasso Sea, which is a critical birthing place for eel stocks.

I invite all senators here today to join me in congratulating former Senator Wilfred Moore on his latest award and to join me in planning for a speedy passage of his bill through the process in the Senate.

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I wish to draw your attention to the presence in the gallery of a number of representatives and members of the Association of Usher Syndrome of Quebec; Canadian Deafblind & Rubella Association — Ontario Chapter; Canadian Deafblind Association — New Brunswick; Canadian Helen Keller Centre; Canadian National Society of the Deaf-Blind; CDBA National; CNIB; Deaf-blind Association of Toronto; Deafblind Ontario Services; Lions McInnes House; and the Translation Bureau. They are the guests of the Honourable Senators Martin and Munson.

On behalf of all honourable senators, I welcome you to the Senate of Canada.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

Hon. Yonah Martin (Deputy Leader of the Opposition): Honourable senators, I rise today to celebrate June as Deafblind Awareness Month in Canada, as adopted in our chamber in 2015.

Today I had the honour of co-hosting the third annual Deafblind Awareness Month reception on Parliament Hill with our colleague, Senator Jim Munson, who co-sponsored the Deafblind Awareness Month motion along with Senator Joan Fraser.

We met with members of the deaf-blind communities today and heard about some of the challenges they face and obstacles they have overcome to be where they are today. They are truly remarkable individuals determined not to let their disability stop them from living a productive and fulfilling live.

As honourable senators may be aware, June is also the birth month of Helen Keller, perhaps the most well-known person who was deaf-blind. She was a courageous person whose admirable revolve and leadership made a difference and inspired the whole world. June 27 is known as Helen Keller Day in the United States and is celebrated every year.

The number of people living with deaf-blind challenges in Canada is quite significant. Statistics Canada reveals that there are approximately 69,700 Canadians over the age of 12 living with the dual disability of deaf-blindness or a combination of both vision and hearing losses that limit their everyday activities. Only 3,000 of them are currently being serviced by the organizations providing intervenor services. So, honourable senators, there is much more that must be done for deaf-blind Canadians, and our annual recognition of June as Deafblind Awareness Month is one of them.

I must acknowledge our former colleague, the Honourable Vim Kochhar, who opened my eyes to the importance of these courageous Canadians who deserve our recognition. It was through him that I was inspired to work with my colleagues to move the motion that our chamber adopted unanimously.

Vim Kochhar cofounded the Canadian Helen Keller Centre and Rotary Cheshire Homes, which are two examples of excellent facilities for the deaf-blind community. In fact, Rotary Cheshire Homes is said to be the only facility in the entire world where those who are deaf-blind can live independently.

I would like to commend Jennifer Robbins, Executive Director of the Canadian Helen Keller Centre, the Rotary Cheshire Homes, and all of the organizations represented, their caregivers, members of the board, volunteers and intervenors who provide such dedicated care and service to the deaf-blind community.

Honourable senators, there are many deaf-blind persons around the world who have overcome adversity and achieved leaps and bounds like Helen Keller. We must continue to bring awareness to this important cause and recognize the strength, resilience and courage that the deaf-blind and those caring for them show every day. They that a true inspiration to us all.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I wish to draw your attention to the presence in the gallery of Brad Smith, son of our colleague, the Honourable Senator Larry Smith. He is accompanied by Audra Mari. They are, of course, the guests of the Honourable Senator Smith.

On behalf of all honourable senators, I welcome you to the Senate of Canada.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

Hon. Bob Runciman: Honourable senators, I rise today to express concern that political gamesmanship could jeopardize the second largest wetlands reclamation project in North American history.

Plan 2014, a new water levels management plan for Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, was approved late last year by Canada and the United States and came into effect January 1, just in time for some of the worst flooding in half a century.

This spring, a heavy snow melt and runoff, along with record rainfall in both April and May, have combined to submerge and destroy docks and boathouses, causing serious damage to shoreline homes all along the river and hurting businesses, many of them small and seasonal, on both sides of the border.

That flooding and the damage it has done has opened the door to politicians who opposed Plan 2014 to claim falsely that the record flooding is the result of the plan being implemented.

Members of Congress in the Rochester, New York, area who represent flooded areas on the south shore of Lake Ontario — an area where many homes are built on a flood plain — are now calling for President Trump to back out of the agreement.

Unfortunately, their false claims of blame have been supported by no less than the Governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo. Governor Cuomo has charged that the international joint commission "blew it" with the adoption of Plan 2014. Quite simply, this is the worst kind of political distortion and misrepresentation.

A phone call to the officials who regulate the water levels would have told Governor Cuomo the implementation of Plan 2014 has had no impact on how this situation has been handled up to this point. And my office has confirmed this through frequent contact with regulators all spring.

Water levels in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River are regulated by the Moses-Saunders Dam near Cornwall, Ontario. The flow through the dam has been at record levels for some time. There is no doubt this is a crisis for many along the waterway, but playing the blame game and spreading falsehoods, as Governor Cuomo has done, is no way to deal with it.

I encourage the Minister of Foreign Affairs and officials in her department to ensure that their counterparts in the United States are aware of the facts surrounding Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River flooding, along with reinforcing their support for Plan 2014.

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The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I wish to draw your attention to the presence in the gallery of Leizyl Sobrinho, President of the Project Management Toastmasters Club. She is accompanied by other members of their group. They are the guests of the Honourable Senator Enverga.

On behalf of all honourable senators, I welcome you to the Senate of Canada.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

Hon. Lynn Beyak: Honourable senators, I would like to use this time to thank Senator Christmas for his wonderful speech on Tuesday, presenting a compelling model of forward thinking on indigenous affairs. The story of his home community of Membertou and how it overcame the situation it faced is an inspiration for all of us and we should look to this as proof that change is possible.

I have heard similar stories from across Canada of how indigenous people suffered absolute and complete dependency under the Indian Act, and they desire change. Witnesses to our Standing Senate Committee Aboriginal from Saskatchewan, Alberta and B.C. told us success stories as well. Although some of them are great, none are as remarkable as the one of the community of Membertou.

In my region, we have worked together, as you did, senator, for decades. And although we still have some problems, we have our own success stories to share as well. Success stories should be the rule, not the exception.

It is clear that the status quo needs to change. Governments have spent billions of dollars over many decades and still there is no clean water or adequate housing on many reserves in Canada.

What we are doing isn't working. During the dialogue opened during the residential school debate, Canadians from sea to sea, indigenous and non-indigenous alike, told me we must find change. They pointed out the schools are but a small part of the challenge. The Indian Act, as you so clearly articulated, is the major problem. We need to take this example of success and build on it. We should be promoting others to follow the solution to prosperity and independence.

In the wise words of Chief Robert Joseph, whom I had the pleasure to meet in my office last month, with his wonderful daughter, Shelley, over time we should realize as people sharing the land, we all belong here. The sooner we discover that, the sooner we will be working together and cheering each other on.

Cheers to you, Senator Christmas, for a magnificent example.

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I wish to pay tribute to two more of our pages who will be leaving us this year.

Nicolas Daoust will be entering his third year of university studies in a Bachelor of Commerce with honours in accounting at the University of Ottawa.

[Translation]

Since age 11, he dreamed of becoming a Senate page and representing the Franco-Ontarian community within the page program.

[English]

Nicolas is grateful for his two years working as a Senate page and to finish this chapter as the Deputy Chief Page. He would like to thank all honourable senators and employees of the Senate for making his experience an unforgettable one.

Thank you, Nicolas.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

The Hon. the Speaker: After three years in the Senate Page Program, our Chief Page, France Svistovski, is saying goodbye. France is graduating from Carleton University with an honours degree in law and political science. In the fall, she will be attending Fordham University's School of Law in the heart of New York City, a dream she has had since she was 16. She is excited to represent Canada in the United States.

France is incredibly thankful for having been able to represent Manitoba in the Senate and credits her acceptance at Fordham to the knowledge and experience she has gained here as Chief Page and page.

She would like to thank all honourable senators, Senate Administration and everyone on the Hill for making her time here so wonderful. For France, it has been an honour and pleasure working with the Usher of the Black Rod, and she would like to wish all her fellow pages and honourable senators the very best in the future.

Thank you, France.

Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

[Translation]

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the annual report of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner on the performance of her duties and functions under the Conflict of Interest Act in relation to public office holders, for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017, pursuant to the Parliament of Canada Act.

[English]

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the ninth Annual Report of the Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying, for the period ending March 31, 2017, pursuant to section 11 of the Lobbying Act.

[Translation]

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the annual report of the Information Commissioner for the period ending March 31, 2017, pursuant to the Access to Information Act.

[English]

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Official Languages for the year ending March 31, 2017, pursuant to section 66 the Official Languages Act.

Hon. Bob Runciman: Honourable senators, I have the honour to inform the Senate that pursuant to the orders of reference adopted on November 1, 2016 and March 2, 2017, and to the order adopted by the Senate on June 1, 2017, the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs deposited with the Clerk of the Senate, on June 8, 2017, its seventeenth report entitled Controlling Foreign Influence in Canadian Elections, and I move that the report be placed on the Orders of the Day for consideration at the next sitting of the Senate.

The Hon. the Speaker: Is it your pleasure, honourable senators, to adopt the motion?

Hon. Senators: Agreed.

(On motion of Senator Runciman, report placed on the Orders of the Day for consideration at the next sitting of the Senate.)

Hon. Leo Housakos: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the fourteenth report of the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration, which deals with international travel.

Hon. A. Raynell Andreychuk: Honourable senators, I have the honour to table, in both official languages, the report of the Canadian parliamentary delegation of the Canada-Africa Parliamentary Association respecting its Bilateral Mission at the Republic of Zimbabwe and the Republic of Botswana, held in Harare, Zimbabwe and Gaborone, Botswana, from March 26 to 31, 2017.

Hon. Thomas J. McInnis: Honourable senators, I give notice that, at the next sitting of the Senate, I will move:

That, notwithstanding the order of the Senate adopted on Monday, December 12, 2016, the date for the final report of the Special Senate Committee on Senate Modernization in relation to its study of methods to make the Senate more effective within the current constitutional framework be extended from June 30, 2017 to December 15, 2017.

[Translation]

Hon. Pierrette Ringuette: Honourable senators, I give notice that, at the next sitting of the Senate, I will move:

That: 1. the next time Other Business is called after the adoption of this motion, the Senate resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole in order to consider the role of the Communications Directorate; 2. this Committee of the Whole meet at each subsequent sitting of the Senate, at the start of Other Business, until it has completed its work, without having to report progress and seek leave to sit again; 3. while this Committee of the Whole is meeting, the provisions of rule 12-33 be suspended, provided that a senator may at any point move that the committee rise, with that question being put without debate or amendment, and, if adopted, the committee then rising until the next time provided for in paragraph 2 of this order; 4. this Committee of the Whole hear from the Chair of the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration; the Director of Communications; the Director of Information Services; the Director of Human Resources; and such other witnesses as it may consider appropriate; and 5. once the committee has completed its work, the chair report as soon as convenient during Presenting or Tabling of Reports from Committees during Routine Proceedings.

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[English]

Hon. Richard Neufeld: Honourable senators, I give notice that, at the next sitting of the Senate, I will move:

That the Standing Senate Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources be permitted, notwithstanding usual practices, to deposit with the Clerk of the Senate, between June 15 and June 23, 2017, a report relating to its study on the transition to a lower carbon economy, if the Senate is not then sitting, and that the report be deemed to have been tabled in the Chamber.

Hon. Larry W. Smith (Leader of the Opposition): My question today is for the Leader of the Government in the Senate.

Yesterday, the Minister of National Defence unveiled the government's new defence policy. I think we can agree that many of the initiatives are potentially important to ensure that the Canadian Armed Forces are able to sustain key core capabilities in the decades ahead.

However, there will be a need for the government to actual follow through. For instance, there is a decided lack of clarity when it comes to renewing Canada's national fighter capability. The defence policy document indicates that the budget of the new fighter program has been enhanced to ensure that the Royal Canadian Air Force can acquire 88 new fighters; yet under the government's plan, those aircraft, if and when ordered, will not arrive until a decade from now. In the meantime, the life of the current CF-18 fleet will have to be extended, and the government is also still musing about the possibility of purchasing Super Hornet fighters from Boeing — or possibly not.

First, what is the combined projected cost of the CF-18 life extension and the Super Hornet acquisition? Second, will additional money be allocated to cover these costs, or will National Defence be forced to fund these programs from existing reference levels?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for his question. Before I get to the question, I salute him for having his son in the chamber. I'm sure he's grateful for that. I'm equally grateful that my son is not in the chamber for my response.

Let me reassure all honourable senators that the statement made yesterday by the Minister of Defence on behalf of the government represents a very forward-looking and robust response to changing global security threats. It does commit the government to a new set of very long-term priorities, and as the honourable senator notes, defence spending as a result of this proposal will increase about 70 per cent over the next 10 years, from $18.9 billion to $32.7 billion. As well, there is projected growth in the regular forces and in investments that will be required to acquire, maintain and upgrade CF-18 capabilities.

With respect to the interim arrangements, those are still being discussed. The minister will be making an announcement when appropriate. But the overall direction of the government is clear: to ensure that the commitments being stated from a policy point of view also match the commitments anticipated from this budget and future budgets to align the policy of the Government of Canada to ensure a strong, secure and engaged military.

Hon. Larry W. Smith (Leader of the Opposition): Thank you, Mr. Leader.

The government has discussed the need for Canada to pull its weight internationally. The Minister of Foreign Affairs recently stated that in order to have weight, we must also pull our own weight.

Yet one of the first steps the government took when it assumed office was to withdraw the CF-18 fighters from the campaign against ISIL. The government indicated at the time that Canada should only play a supporting role in that campaign, not a front-line role.

Leader of the Government in the Senate, given the change of heart that the government appears to have had, is it prepared to back up its words with action? Specifically, is the government prepared to reconsider its position and recommit Canadian CF-18s to a front-line role against ISIL?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I again thank the honourable senator for his question.

The government is and continues to be committed to the fight against ISIL. The change in orientation of the Canadian participation is one that was discussed and agreed to among the participating allies. The government continues to be part and parcel of the allied efforts with respect to ISIL. As those efforts evolve over time, they will evolve in the context of those collaborative discussions.

It is important for all Canadians to recommit in the cause of the challenge we face with ISIL. The Government of Canada in this statement and in previous statements has been at the forefront in the fight against ISIL, Daesh or however you wish to characterize it.

Hon. Betty Unger: Senator Harder, we seem to be on a bit of a pattern here. I ask a question about the unnecessary and devastating closure of the Vegreville Case Processing Centre, and you provide me with incorrect answers.

Yesterday, you indicated that the department of immigration was having difficulty recruiting employees. This is false. In fact, last year, the CPC had 274 employees, the highest number of employees over the last four years. If more are needed, there are more workers available in Vegreville.

You also said that 42 per cent of workers will be reaching retirement in the next five years. Again, this is false. It appears to be the conclusion of a bureaucrat consulting a spreadsheet instead of talking to actual employees.

You suggested that moving the CPC will save money. Again, this is false.

You indicated that the current facility is too small and is unable to accommodate growth. This is false.

I could go on and on, but we have limited time. Suffice it to say, the government is clearly misleading you and this chamber when the livelihood of so many families and the future of a community are at stake.

Are you not concerned that the government is providing you and the Senate with incorrect information? So much for openness and transparency. Will you commit to going back to the minister to ask him to abandon this wrong-headed business case?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I will not.

Senator Unger: The Liberal government's claim to be open and transparent is a myth. You are just proving it.

The town of Vegreville received no public consultation before being abruptly notified that the Vegreville Case Processing Centre would be closed. Government bureaucrats actually spent six months planning and doing case studies behind closed doors, and yet they did not bother talking to the people of Vegreville.

How is this either open or transparent? Will you ask the government if they are willing to relaunch their examination of this facility in order to properly consult with the people of Vegreville to get their facts straight?

And I don't think "no answer" is an answer.

Senator Harder: To the question being posed, yes I will.

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Hon. Mobina S. B. Jaffer: Honourable senators, my question is also to the Leader of the Government in the Senate. Leader, for this question, I don't think there is anybody more knowledgeable in our country about foreign affairs than you.

In her speech on June 6 in the House of Commons, Minister Freeland stated that Canada must pursue foreign policy, one that advocates cooperation on a multitude of fronts, such as supporting a rules-based international order, investing in our military and strengthening trade relationships.

I note that Minister Freeland focused her attention on our western allies, such as NATO, the EU and NAFTA, but she hardly mentioned the two most important institutions that we have always worked with, and that is the Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Has our focus changed? Are we not going to be working as much with the Commonwealth and La Francophonie? What is our focus now?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for her question.

The references made to multilateral institutions are not an exhaustive list; it is representative of the government's participation in multilateral organizations. Certainly the Prime Minister's participation last year at the francophone summit in Madagascar is an indication of the Prime Minister and his government's commitment to La Francophonie. The support for and dedication of the new Secretary-General of La Francophonie in the person of the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean is an expression of Canada's commitment to multilateralism, and similarly with respect to the Commonwealth heads of government, which the Prime Minister has been and will continue to participate in.

I think the context of the minister's excellent foreign policy outline describes the appropriate Canadian participation in this wide range of multilateral institutions, and her vigorous defence of multilateralism is at the heart of Canada's foreign policy interests.

Senator Jaffer: I have a supplementary question. Leader, I think I've almost memorized the minister's speech, and I am most disappointed because when the new government came in, we said Canada was back. That was not a speech of Canada is back. That was a speech of Canada working with western allies, increasing our military and doing trade. I'm convinced that was not a speech of Canada is back because you don't even mention the Africa Union. We do so much work with them, yet it is not a multilateral organization the minister deemed necessary to mention. Is Canada back?

Senator Harder: I thank the honourable senator for her question and her ongoing interest in these matters of foreign policy.

I read the speech differently, and in response, I want to speak directly to a quote from the speech where the minister reviews the previous challenges of earlier generations with respect to the threats they face and the challenges that Canada faces as those challenges themselves have altered.

She said that the international order that earlier generations built face two new challenges, both unprecedented. What is the first one? The rapid emergence of the global South and Asia:

. . . and the need to integrate these countries into the world's economic and political system in a way that is additive, that preserves the best of the old order that preceded their rise, and that addresses the existential threat of climate change. This is a problem that simply cannot be solved by nations working alone. We must work together. I have focused these remarks on the development of the postwar international order—a process that was led primarily by the Atlantic powers of North America and Western Europe. But we recognize that the global balance of power has changed greatly since then—and will continue to evolve as more nations prosper.

The speech goes on to reference the role of the G20 and other new models of multilateralism that are both referenced, including specific references to Latin American countries, the Caribbean, Africa and Asia, which are on the ascent.

[Translation]

Hon. Claude Carignan: To revisit the words of Senator Jaffer who declared that Canada "is back," I would say, rather, that Canada "is going back," and I have two reports tabled in this chamber today to back me up.

The first, the report from the Interim Commissioner of Official Languages, reveals that the number of admissible complaints under the Official Languages Act practically doubled, increasing from 550 in 2014-15 to 1,018 in 2016-17, and that this trend is steady in most Canadian provinces and territories.

How does the government plan to enforce the Official Languages Act and ensure that the number of infractions under this legislation drops to an acceptable level, which would be zero?

[English]

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for his question and his commitment to official languages.

I want to reiterate the commitment of the minister responsible for official languages for her dedication to not only improving the results to which he refers and learning from the report that was tabled today, but I also note the commitments made in anticipation of the fiftieth anniversary of the Official Languages Act, to examine a refreshment of the act so that it responds more fully to the needs and circumstances of today.

[Translation]

Hon. Claude Carignan: Another report was tabled today, namely the report from the Information Commissioner of Canada, Suzanne Legault. I would like to refer you to an article in the Journal de Montréal that talks about the fact that the culture of secrecy continues to reign in Ottawa. The article also says, and I quote:

Despite promises of "openness and transparency" from Justin Trudeau's Liberals, the federal government is more opaque today than it was in the last year of the Stephen Harper Conservative government . . . In her annual report tabled Thursday, Suzanne Legault notes a "decline" in government transparency at a time when Canadians are increasingly interested in what is going on in the various departments.

According to the Journal de Montréal, among the factors that should be considered when assessing the quality of requests, the commissioner noted the following:

Overall, in 2015-16, institutional performance in relation to compliance with the Act showed signs of decline. Last year, 24 per cent of requests were disclosed in full, which is a three per cent decrease from 2014-15. Red alert status was even given to two departments whose refusal rates were around 40 per cent: the Department of National Defence and Health Canada.

Other parts of the Information Commissioner's report show that there is a culture of secrecy and a lack of transparency and openness within the government. However, the Liberal Party was elected on the promise that it would be transparent, that it would make specific commitments, and that it would take decisive action.

Could the Leader tell us what specific actions the government has taken, since it took office, in order to be more transparent from a legislative and monetary perspective? What concrete actions has it taken? We are not seeing any, Mr. Speaker.

[English]

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for his question. With respect to the Access to Information Act and the report of the commissioner, it does speak to the need for a refreshment of the act and the process by which access is provided.

The government, in its election commitments and in the mandate letters of the respective ministers, made this a priority. The minister responsible, the President of the Treasury Board, is deeply committed to this, and I would expect announcements in the very near future with respect to how the campaign commitments and the mandate letters can be fulfilled.

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Hon. Jim Munson: My question is for the Government Leader in the Senate.

Senator, I never thought I would have to ask this question — and actually, I really don't want to ask this question — because I felt that, in March, when we had the budget, those of us who work in the autism community held out a strong hope, a really strong hope, that the government would approve — in the scheme of things, with the billions of dollars that are being spent — a modest amount of money, less than $20 million over a four- or five-year period, for a Canadian Autism Partnership — a partnership that was put in place by the Conservative government and through my work with Conservative MP Mike Lake. That was a modest amount of money, $2 million over two years. That partnership, which was established by CASDA, Canadian Autism Spectrum Disorders Alliance, brings together the overwhelming majority of autism groups across this country. Through that partnership, we wanted the federal government to take the national lead in working on research, surveillance, indigenous groups — you name it — across this country so that we can build upon the foundation we have now.

Alas, the money was not in this budget. However, I don't give up hope. None of us give up hope; we sincerely hope.

How do you see the federal role in the future in terms of leading a partnership with the autism community?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): Senator Munson, let me first thank you for your question and for your ongoing advocacy for the disabled generally, and the autism community in particular.

As I have said in response to several other questions on this matter, autism spectrum disorder is an area of significant concern for the ministers responsible. There is specific funding in Canadian Institutes of Health Research on the research side, about $8 million.

With respect to the funding that the honourable senator is speaking of, I will certainly raise that with the minister responsible. The government is taking other initiatives, including those of general application to families with disabled, in terms of the Canada child benefit and other measures, but I understand exactly the question being asked and I will endeavour not only to seek an answer but to ensure that the question is asked with the advocacy of your question.

Senator Munson: I thank you for that answer, because I don't think one can ever give up hope. You have to remember as well, Senator Harder — and I think you do understand — that it was the Senate of Canada, all of us in this room, who approved a Senate report called Pay Now or Pay Later: Autism Families in Crisis. That was almost 10 years ago now. Yes, incrementally there have been a few things there, but it was the Senate that urged the government — all governments — to get involved. When we made that push at that particular time, the Conservative government took it upon themselves, with the Public Health Agency of Canada, to work on these things.

I can't help but express real disappointment. When we began this quest, 1 in 150 had some form of autism; now it is 1 in 68. There is a crisis in this country. Everybody has a neighbour down the street, somebody in their family, somebody they know. People are moving across the country to get better services, from Atlantic Canada to Alberta. People are remortgaging their homes and, sadly, a lot of parents have divorced because of the stress that's involved.

This is a request to implore you to talk to the ministers involved. I have spoken with both of them, and I'm hoping there is some sort of concrete announcement where, again, the federal government leads and works with the provinces, because we cannot continue to work in silos in this country.

Hon. Nicole Eaton: Leader, I was kind of surprised; I was thrilled that Minister Sajjan launched a new military thrust, because I do believe our military is in crisis. What surprised me more was the absence of emphasis on the North.

When you look at the Chinese and Russians building icebreakers, and Denmark and everybody circling around, I don't think the United States has given us ownership completely of the Northwest Passage. That is still questionable. Yet, there is no emphasis or mention of the Northern Rangers, or building more icebreakers, or any emphasis at all on the North.

How do you feel about that? Why is that absent in Minister Sajjan's report?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for her question. In my reading of the report, and in the minister's statements and questions, I do not see that absence. It starts, after all, with the defence of Canada and North America, which certainly includes the North, as the first priority of the Government of Canada.

The investment in equipment reflects the ability to serve that priority, whether that is with aircraft or vessels, but, more important, increasingly with the investment being made in space and technology that will allow surveillance and other forward-looking, forward-advancing interests of Canada's sovereignty and expression of our commitment to defence to be engaged primarily in the defence of the country, which of course references a good deal to the North.

Rather than seeing an absence, I see a complete, robust thrust in the North, including with new technology, satellites and other modern approaches to utilization of space.

Hon. Linda Frum: My question is for the Leader of the Government in the Senate.

Leader, today the Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee released a report that highlights the significant gaps in the Canada Elections Act that enable foreign entities to influence Canadian elections. Both the Commissioner of Canada Elections and the Chief Electoral Officer acknowledge that under the current electoral financing regime, third parties can receive unlimited foreign funds, provided they accept the funds six months and one day prior to a writ period.

In the eyes of Elections Canada, once the foreign funds are mingled with Canadian funds, it no longer matters if the funds come from Russia, the United States or Iran; they are considered usable during an election.

This is an outrageous loophole that undermines our national sovereignty. That is why last week I tabled Bill S-239, the eliminating foreign funding in elections act. This act will close the loophole and ensure that Canada's electoral process belongs to the Canadian people and only to the Canadian people. The intent of this legislation is now supported by the Senate report released today.

My question to you, leader, is this: Will the Government of Canada listen to the recommendations by the Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee and support Bill S-239?

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): Thank you, senator, for your question. Let me begin by congratulating you for not only tabling the legislation but advancing it as quickly as you have. It is entirely appropriate that the Senate do that.

As you would expect in the normal consideration of legislation coming from the Senate through Senate public bills, there is a process by which the government determines whether or not, as a government, to support those private initiatives.

I have brought your bill to the attention of the appropriate ministers and would expect that, upon appropriate review and deliberation, I will be in a position to inform the Senate of the position the government is taking. However, I want you to know, and all senators to know, that this is a serious question, which the government, and the responsible minister in particular, are very much seized with.

[Translation]

Hon. Claude Carignan: My question is for the Leader of the Government in the Senate. This time last year, the Senate was in the middle of a debate on Bill C-14 on medical assistance in dying. This bill was finally passed, on division, and was given Royal Assent on June 17, 2016. The bill provided for an independent review of certain issues in the months following its passage, namely those set out in section 9.1, which are mature minors, advance requests, and requests where mental illness is the sole underlying medical condition.

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The media has recently reported on some heart-wrenching cases of people dealing with serious challenges. On May 19, Véronique Dorval, a young woman from Saguenay suffering from serious mental illness who was denied medical assistance in dying, took her own life in Quebec City in tragic circumstances.

On March 10, 2017, a Quebecer in his 40s, Sébastien Gagné-Ménard, had to pay $35,000 to receive medical assistance in dying in Switzerland, far from his loved ones.

On December 13, 2016, the Trudeau government quietly announced that it had implemented a legislative review process and mandated the Council of Canadian Academies, a not-for-profit organization, to conduct independent reviews of these three particularly complex and sensitive issues. The organization had to first discuss the scope of its work and then develop a detailed plan.

My question is as follows: what is the status of the work of this organization that is acting for and on behalf of the government? Furthermore, did this organization publicly disclose its detailed review plan?

[English]

Hon. Peter Harder (Government Representative in the Senate): I thank the honourable senator for his question. He is correct in referring to the mandate that the ministers have given to the Canadian academies, and I would be happy to determine an update and report to the Senate and to the senator.

On the Order:

Resuming debate on the motion of the Honourable Senator Mitchell, seconded by the Honourable Senator Gagné, for the third reading of Bill C-16, An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code.

Hon. Donald Neil Plett: Honourable senators, I rise today to speak at third reading to Bill C-16.

Since I last rose to speak on this topic, we have had an in depth study of this legislation at committee. Witnesses gave impassioned pleas to the committee and made substantive contributions.

This legislation was not studied in the House of Commons, so I would like to start my speech by saying that I am proud of the thorough work that the Senate has done on this legislation to date. If I had to sum up the witness testimony in a few short sentences it could be characterized by the following: Trans people face discrimination and marginalization in Canadian society; this legislation could have a disproportionate impact on women; and, third, the interpretation of this bill and its surrounding policies will likely constitute the most egregious infringement on freedom of speech in Canadian history.

My speech today will focus on this last issue because, colleagues, this cannot be swept under the rug.

I raised this concern — the issue of compelled speech — at second reading, and it was expanded upon in great detail by several witnesses at committee, including litigators, law professors, constitutional experts and a free speech advocate from the transgender community.

Some proponents of the bill have tried to get around this point by stating that there is nothing written in the bill that compels speech. After all, the bill simply adds two grounds — gender identity and gender expression — to the Canadian Human Rights Act and to the Criminal Code.

As the same proponents know, the problem is when we leave the interpretation of these new grounds to the Canadian Human Rights Commission.

Most of us have worked with legislation for long enough to know that the appropriate level of analysis is not the words written on a page. The analysis we must provide, at a most basic level, as legislators, includes how the bill will likely be interpreted and how it will impact Canadians.

As Senator Jaffer stated earlier this week, the minister herself denied the infringement upon freedom of speech by referring to the hate speech provisions in the Criminal Code.

None of the arguments that have been made with respect to the compelling of speech have anything to do with the Criminal Code amendments, despite senators at the table disingenuously claiming that this bill is only about genocide.

One senator, who I respect immensely, was furious at two witnesses who testified about the infringement upon freedom of speech, implying that they were okay with inciting genocide of trans people. This was truly appalling, and I received letters from both witnesses afterwards, one of whom is a trans woman, about the treatment that they received from this senator and the insinuations he had made. The two were just there to talk about the impact this legislation would have on freedom of expression.

I cannot believe that I would even need to say this, but let me be perfectly clear: Opponents of the legislation, including myself and witnesses who appeared at committee, do not believe in discrimination against transgender people and do not believe in the promotion of genocide of transgender people. The insinuation is absurd and insulting.

However, as I said, it is clear that the minister does not even understand the "compelled speech" concern raised repeatedly by legal experts at committee as she responded by making reference to the hate speech provisions in the Criminal Code.

For Canadians who are paying attention and who still have questions about how the words on the page in front of us get us to compelled speech, let me explain. The origins of Bill C-16 can be found in the same legislation at the provincial level, including the Ontario Human Rights Code. When a new ground of protection is added to the Canadian Human Rights Act, like the Ontario Human Rights Code, the respective commissions are tasked with setting the surrounding policies and guidelines.

There is a long documented history of the federal policies mirroring those found at the provincial level when interpreted by the commission. With respect to this particular bill, the government's intention was made expressly clear through a Department of Justice review of Bill C-16 published on their website. The review includes a question and answer section in which the government states:

Definitions of the terms "gender identity" and "gender expression" have already been given by the Ontario Human Rights Commission, for example. The Commission has provided helpful discussion and examples that can offer good practical guidance. The Canadian Human Rights Commission will provide similar guidance on the meaning of these terms in the Canadian Human Rights Act.

Colleagues, this statement of intent is perfectly clear. The Ontario Human Rights Commission has produced a policy on gender identity and expression and what constitutes harassment and discrimination, including refusing to refer to a person by their self-identified name and personal pronoun.

With the passage of Bill C-16 in its current form, if one encounters a person in a sphere of activity covered by the federal code and addresses that person by a pronoun that is not the chosen personal or preferred pronoun of that person, your action can constitute discrimination.

As Jared Brown stated in his legal analysis, "In the event that your personal or religious beliefs do not recognize genders beyond simply male and female (for example, your beliefs do not recognize non-binary, gender neutral or other identifies), you must still utilize the non-binary, gender neutral or other pronouns required by non-binary or gender neutral persons, lest you be found to be discriminatory."

The pronouns I am referring to include words like "zi," "zir," "they," et cetera, but the list is truly infinite as the pronouns accompany the 70-plus genders that exist to date. Any such pronouns are at the sole discretion of the non-binary or gender non-conforming individual.

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These are words that are not yet even in the dictionary. Nevertheless, this is effectively changing language by statute, which means that language is now in the purview of the state.

Honourable senators, this is so wrong in a free country. When Jared Brown testified before committee on freedom of expression issues, he stated:

It's a foundational issue. We all know that section 2(b) of the Charter sets out that everybody has the fundamental freedoms of thought, belief, opinion and expression. We all know that the government has successfully restricted freedom of expression over the years. But what if, rather than restricting what you can't say, the government actually mandated what you must say? In other words, instead of legislating that you cannot defame someone, for instance, the government says, "When you speak about a particular subject, let's say gender, you must use this government-approved set of words and theories."

The American jurisprudence clearly defines this as unconstitutional compelled speech. In Canada, honourable senators, the Supreme Court has enunciated the principle that anything that forces someone to express opinions that are not their own is a penalty that is totalitarian and as such alien to the tradition of free nations like Canada.

Some proponents have claimed this issue to be a red herring, stating things like "Professor Jordan Peterson would never actually find himself before the courts for his stance on the gender spectrum or for failing to use a gender neutral pronoun."

With respect, this is simply incorrect. First, Professor Peterson made his initial video stating he would not use the zie or zir pronouns, language that he regards as part of an ideological linguistic vanguard.

The University of Toronto's legal department — not an administrator — sent him two letters ordering him to cease and desist in his public utterances because they believed he was not only violating the university's standards of conduct but was also violating the relevant provisions of the Ontario Human Rights Commission.

As Professor Peterson said in committee:

. . . that vindicated the statement I made when I made the video to begin with, that the act of making the video itself was probably already illegal.

Second, as Professor Peterson publicly criticized the Ontario policy, the OHRC clarified its policy with respect to pronoun use and went even further by setting out the following:

. . . refusing to refer to a trans person by their chosen name and a personal pronoun that matches their gender identity or purposely misgendering will likely be discrimination.

So what is the big deal? What happens to an individual who is found to be discriminatory by the Human Rights Tribunal? There are a number of possible sanctions the tribunal can order, including both monetary and non-monetary orders. Non-monetary orders can include forced apologies, gag orders, publication bans and orders to undertake sensitivity and anti-bias training.

If you, as an intellectual dissenter, fail to complete one of these reprehensible and backward court orders, the likely consequence is prison time. In fact, failure to comply has led to jail time at both provincial and federal levels. This is truly outrageous. It is particularly appalling when it comes to an issue like this, when we are talking about a new ground that is not based on immutable characteristics but on a social science theory about social construction and a spectrum of gender.

While I knew why I would be reluctant to undergo court-mandated sensitivity training, I asked Dr. Peterson to elaborate why someone like him who dissents as an intellectual and as a practitioner would have an objection to taking such training. His answer was rather enlightening:

I have a profound objection to undergoing such training. In fact, I would flatly refuse under all conditions to undergo it, and there are multiple reasons for that. The first reason is that the science surrounding the so-called charge of implicit bias that's associated with the perception is by no means settled . . . .

He later continued:

Where's the evidence that anti unconscious bias training works? There's no evidence, and what little evidence there is suggests it actually has the opposite effect because people don't like being brought in front of a re-education committee and having their fundamental perceptions . . . altered by collective fiat.

Honourable senators, language evolves as we use it and as it becomes relevant in a modern society. Think of the word "Ms." The term was born out of a need to fix a clear problem. Many women didn't want their marital status unnecessarily disclosed, and wanted the option to not define themselves based on their marital status. This was a natural societal evolution, and the language evolved organically. It did not evolve by legal force.

Some senators tried to call into question the certainty of these policies by highlighting other segments of the incoherent Ontario Human Rights Code that were less specific than the clauses I read out. The fact that the policy is full of internal contradictions does not make for a strong argument, especially considering that the most detailed guidance was clarified after Jordan Peterson rose to public consciousness.

On this point, University of Toronto Professor Brenda Cossman, a proponent of the bill and a witness at committee, has said this regarding Bill C-16:

. . . pronoun misuse may become actionable, through Human Rights Tribunals and courts.

Another supporter of the bill, Law Professor Kyle Kirkup, answered a question about a person who wants a non-traditional pronoun used, and whether that person would have a case before the Human Rights Commission. Kirkup replied with this:

So we haven't seen cases on that at this point, but I would say absolutely . . .

Honourable senators, there is another concept that came up a lot at committee, and that is the notion of respect. We do not legislate respect, honourable senators. Respect is earned. It is ludicrous to suggest that it is harassment to refuse to refer to an individual by a made-up word that they have chosen for themselves.

On this point, constitutional expert Jay Cameron weighed in:

In our society, which is a free and just society, we do not compel respect. It is not the government's role to compel us to respect each other. There is no case law that says I must respect any person or that they must respect me. I'm a lawyer. I don't require people to speak to me as "esquire" or "Mr. Cameron" or "barrister and solicitor." If they refuse to address me as such, I would have no legal recourse against them. Neither does a doctor, neither does a professor, neither does a knight, neither does a senator.

Professor Peterson also weighed in on the question of respect:

I would say that the very idea that calling someone a term that they didn't choose causes them such irreparable harm that legal remedies should be sought, rather than regarding it as a form of impoliteness, that legal remedies should be sought, including potential violation of the hate speech codes, is an indication of just how deeply the culture of victimization has sunk into our society.

Personal or intellectual dissenters of the gender spectrum theory or the social constructionist viewpoint would not be afforded any special accommodation. Even though the science is overwhelmingly in favour to the point where the social constructionist theory has been all but disproven, the law would not accommodate this perspective. The law and its future interpretation will only accommodate proponents of the flawed and self-contradictory social science theory of the infinite gender spectrum.

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This is the same theory that is predicated on the notion that sex, sexual orientation and gender identity all vary independently of one another and, thus, that one has no influence on the other.

There are lots of valid reasons to not want to use ideologically driven gender-neutral language, and none of them have to do with a regressive, backward or ignorant perspective.

Evolutionary biology professor Dr. Gad Saad told the committee that the tenets of evolutionary biology — namely, the scientifically proven distinctions between men and women — are already viewed as micro-aggressions and as systemic violence on some university campuses.

From a scientific and academic perspective, he has grave concerns with being forced to use gender-neutral language that implies a passive endorsement of this theory.

Likewise, Theryn Meyer told the committee:

As a trans woman myself, I take advantage of the freedom of speech that this amazing country has granted me to argue for tolerance and understanding for my fellow man, and to explore how best to negotiate integration of my transgender brothers and sisters into society.

Meyer later stated:

The reason I am here is because I have witnessed first-hand the unprecedented ideological motivations behind the terms being used, the way they're used and the way they are defined.

The question that we need to consider is whether the benefits of this legislation outweigh the drawbacks. In my opinion, given that the Canadian Human Rights Commission has already stated that trans people are protected in Canadian human rights law, and given the impending outrageous infringement on freedom of expression, the answer is clear.

However, I know that there are members of the trans community who feel that the passage of this legislation will be the final piece of the puzzle in Canada's multi-jurisdictional human rights regime. Many also feel that the symbolic gesture of this legislation means that Canada is recognizing the legitimacy of transgender people as equal under the law.

Honourable as those goals may be, they do not detract from the problem that we have before us. We do not have the wherewithal to define the surrounding policies and guidelines in this place, but we can make Parliament's intent clear. As Senator Baker has pointed out a number of times, the courts constantly make reference to the Senate when determining Parliament's intent. In this case, we have an obligation to make our intention clear, or make no mistake, we will have compelled speech at the federal level upon the passage of this bill.

Witnesses pleaded with us to make an amendment. The minister herself said this legislation is not intended to compel speech. For that reason, the government should have no problem accepting an amendment in this regard and, in fact, should welcome it.

In committee, Senator Pratte stated to Queen's law professor Bruce Pardy:

. . . there is nothing in the legislation that mandates pronouns or nouns. There is nothing in the legislation that says that.

Professor Purdy responded with this:

It sounds like you interpret the statute as though it does not require speech and should not require speech. I agree with you. All I'm saying is it does leave open that possibility because of the control the commission has, and there is an easy way to make sure that your objective and mine are met, and that is to insert a very simple amendment saying what you just said.

Let's make our intention clear.

Before I conclude, I need to make reference to a couple of issues that tremendously disappointed me at committee.

I already spoke of the one incident in which a senator angrily replied that the witnesses were okay with the incitement of genocide of transgender people. But later, I wanted to append an observation stating the following:

The committee heard from witnesses who raised serious concerns regarding interpretations of this legislation by the Canadian Human Rights Commission, specifically with respect to the compelling of gender-neutral speech from persons who may or may not subscribe to this particular theory of gender.

I felt that it would be a gross mistake on the part of the committee to not include a note about the very serious concerns raised about compelled speech.

The arguments put forward by some esteemed members of the committee were that we did not want to imply that there was any credibility or validity to the arguments raised by the six experts who raised these concerns.

I found this fascinating. The senator who raised this point was not even present for the meeting on compelled speech, and it was even more surprising that not one senator could come up with a single argument to dispute these claims. That is very telling.

Senator Joyal's argument against this observation was not that there were not valid concerns, but that if we were putting in observations every time we have serious concerns, we would have too many observations. And Senator Mitchell's objection was that we would be giving credence to these concerns without giving similar credence to the proponents of the bill.

As I stated then, the committee's passing of the bill without amendments was a fairly good indicator that the proponents' testimony was heard. This bizarre attempt to pull the wool over the eyes of Canadians on this issue is disturbing, to say the least.

I asked Senator Harder last week about why the Department of Justice web page linking Bill C-16 to the reprehensible Ontario policies disappeared mysteriously after Peterson's concerns gained traction. I am looking forward to receiving that answer as to why, and at whose direction, the page was removed. As one witness pointed out, this page was really the smoking gun.

The concern is not hypothetical, as some have tried to suggest. It is very real. As we know, many proponents are acknowledging this is precisely how the legislation will be interpreted. They just somehow manage to believe that giving language control over to the state is a good idea. It is happening currently at the provincial level, and based on the statement of intent from the government and the usual course of federal human rights policies mirroring their provincial equivalents, we have absolutely every reason to suspect a similar interpretation at the federal level.

All we have to do is make our intention clear.

When Senator Joyal asked Professor Bruce Pardy about letting the courts decide whether there is an infringement on freedom of speech rather than introducing a clarifying amendment, Professor Pardy responded:

But it's even not clear what it is you're trying to do. Is the bill intended to force speech or not? People are saying, "No, no, it doesn't do that." If that's what you mean, then say so. If you do mean that, then let's say that. Why would you want the courts to be making the law in the country? You're the legislature. Legislate.

Colleagues, Canadians are watching. There is a reason that thousands of people tuned into the particular committee hearing on compelled speech live, and over 400,000 people have watched the hearing on YouTube since. Canadians are concerned, engaged and paying attention. They are listening today. In fact, in my eight years in the Senate, I have never seen such a strong and engaged response from Canadians of all political stripes who are concerned about this infringement on their freedom of speech and the general precedent this represents. If you believe in sending a strong message to the Canadian Human Rights Commission that Canadians should be free from having to mouth opinions and ideologies that are not their own, while enshrining explicit protection for trans people under the law, I look forward to your support on the following amendment.

I will leave you with one final comment from Professor Pardy at committee:

. . . forced speech is the most egregious infringement of freedom of speech, and freedom of speech may be the most important freedom that we have. Compelled speech puts words in the mouths of citizens and threatens to punish them if they do not comply. When speech is merely restricted, you can at least keep your thoughts to yourself. Forced speech makes people say things with which they do not agree.

Hon. Donald Neil Plett: Therefore, honourable senators, in amendment, I move:

That Bill C-16 be not now read a third time, but that it be amended on page 2, by adding the following after line 3: "2.1 The Act is amended by adding the following after section 4: 4.1 For greater certainty, nothing in this Act requires the use of a particular word or expression that corresponds to the gender identity or expression of any person.".

Thank you.

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Hon. Chantal Petitclerc: Would the honourable senator take a question?

Senator Plett: Yes, certainly.

Senator Petitclerc: Thank you very much, Senator Plett. I feel I have to ask this question because your speech resonates strongly with me.

As someone who has been in a wheelchair for 35 years, I have been called many things. I have been called a person with a disability, handicapped, crippled. When I used to go to France, we were called "invalid." Now when I go to France I'm called "less valid," which I guarantee I don't like, but I can assure you that I never took anyone to court because I knew that the intent was never to be hurtful or discriminatory.

The best answer to that was from my friend Rick Hansen. We had this discussion, and at one point he said, "Why don't people just call us Rick or Chantal?"

Why are we trying to complicate something that is quite simple, when we will continue to have the freedom to choose to call someone just by their name?

Senator Plett: Thank you very much, Senator Petitclerc.

Let me say I agree 100 per cent with your observation. The bill, however, according to the Ontario Human Rights Commission, will compel me to call people certain things that I don't agree with.

I'm fine that I shouldn't call you something that you don't want to be called. My argument is this bill will require me — not in your case, but in the case of transgender people — to call them by what they tell me to call them. It won't just be "he" or "she."

I'm fine if the bill would say that if someone identifies as a woman to call them "Miss." I have always called Theryn "Theryn." Theryn is a transgender woman, and we had a perfectly good relationship. I called her Theryn, and I think that's perfectly acceptable. Senator Pratte brought this up a few times.

But this bill will compel me to call a person "zi" or "zir," if that's what they want to be called. That is what I object to.

This is not taking away freedom of speech; this is compelling speech. This is the opposite.

Senator Petitclerc, I agree with you entirely. If you want to be called "Senator Petitclerc," I should respect you and call you exactly that.

The Hon. the Speaker: Senator Mitchell, on debate on the amendment.

Hon. Grant Mitchell: Thank you very much. I would like to address a couple of points that Senator Plett has used to build his case for an amendment, which I'm in profound disagreement.

He bases his arguments largely on the testimony three witnesses: a lawyer, Brown; a lawyer, Pardy; and a psychology professor, Jordan Peterson. They stated the case that Senator Plett is trying to make, but in each case, they didn't give us a single example of where their concern has ever been realized, in real time in the real world. Even though this provision has existed in 12 jurisdictions across this country, it has never come to the level of anything beyond the hypothetical.

In the case of Mr. Peterson, who has made a great deal of his concern that he might lose his job, that he might be forced to say "zi" or "zir," and I have read the letters he received. There was no threat to his job. There was a suggestion that he be careful about the respect with which he treats his students. Not only has he not lost his classroom, he still has his classroom. It sounds like a significant forum for free speech. The University of Toronto gave him another room where Dr. Cossman was able to debate him. That sounds like a significant place where you can have freedom of speech. In fact, he was invited to the Senate of Canada, one of the most public places in the country, to say whatever he wanted to. That sounds like he has very little prohibition on his freedom of speech.

He has never said that he was forced by any of his students to say "zi" or "zir," but I would say as a father of children, who have been to university, and a student, as all of us have been, would a professor not want to create a respectful and accommodating environment to his or her students? He said that if they ask in a respectful way, he might use those pronouns.

The second point I want to make is this idea that somehow we are changing or compelling speech. I will get into that in more detail, but I'm struck by the fact that about 45 per cent of the members of this Senate are women, because almost 100 years ago there was a very powerful case where the courts ultimately compelled speech. They said that when you say "person," you don't just mean men; you mean men and women. Isn't it ironic that 40 per cent or so of the people in this very room are here because of exactly that kind of legislative and rights initiative?

Senator Plett talks about social construct. It's very difficult to understand any of the arguments that any of the witnesses made when they used the term "social construct." But I will say about social construct arguments is that each of them were trying to dismiss the case for this bill by saying that somehow it was premised upon a social construct, and what are social constructs? They are not real.

Well, if someone out there buys into the social construct that they don't like trans people, and they discriminate against them or beat them up or harass or bully them, then that social construct is entirely real. That's exactly what this bill deals with. It gives protections and rights and some sense of equality and accommodation that people like Brown, Pardy and Peterson, and like each of us accept almost every day of our lives without question. When we fight it, we fight it for other people.

This bill is about fighting for the rights of other people, and in doing so, the great and wonderful irony is that we enhance and strengthen the rights of all people. That's how human rights work. They are not a zero-sum game. There are trans people in this country who fundamentally need our help, our embrace and the protections we can extend with this bill.

I fundamentally disagree with what Senator Plett's amendment attempts to do, and I say that Bill C-16 in no way compels speech or the use of any words, including pronouns. It simply requires us all to refrain from behaving in a way that discriminates against or harasses a person on any of the specified grounds in certain environments like workplaces and provisions of public services.

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Words matter. It is widely understood. Every one of us absolutely and fundamentally knows that even the most benign words, when used inappropriately or perniciously, can hurt, harm and rise to the level of harassment. The most benign words can do damage if they are not used in a respectful way. If words like "sweetheart" or "dear" are used in a workplace to demean or patronize anyone, we all know that is absolutely unacceptable. If someone wanted to demean a trans person, one very effective and particularly damaging way of doing that would be to continuously misgender them, calling a woman "he" or "him" continuously against their will would be harassment whether that person were trans or not.

If, on the other hand, somebody feels unable to refer to a woman as "her" because it is somehow inconsistent with their values, this can be resolved simply by calling them by their first name. How in our society, known for its respect, decency and acceptance, could the very remote possibility — hypothetical possibility — of being asked to use a person's first name ever be a reason to oppose protections so desperately needed by one the most vulnerable, alienated, bullied and harassed groups in our society?

To include this special amendment or this special provision that Senator Plett is providing to the two new grounds that are being brought forward in Bill C-16, would, in fact, be to invoke a technique that is not used for any of the other grounds specified in the human rights codes or Criminal Code.

For example, we do not include a list clarifying what religious leaders might be able to say. We don't do that because the specifications of their religious freedoms absolutely suffice. We have a sophisticated legal and rights system in this country with institutions, courts and tribunals that are expert in determining the parameters of the grounds protected in our legislation and in meshing and managing when rights bump up against each other. These courts and tribunals do not do it in the abstract of debate in places like this. They do it with specific cases, contexts and facts and with specific discussion about those facts, contexts and cases. They have done it many times across this country for many decades, and they have done it with great success. That is one of the reasons we have the remarkable human rights record and human rights privileges in this country today.

I want to make and emphasize a fact. The Canadian Human Rights Act is a human rights law which evolves with society. It is a remedial law, not a punitive one. Its goal is to address discrimination, not to punish anyone.

For those who raise a concern about freedom of speech, each of us already has significant protections in the law for our freedom of speech. Speech, of course, is a form of expression. Yet, opposing Bill C-16 denies trans people protections for their freedom of gender expression. On the one hand, when somebody denies or opposes Bill C-16 on this basis, they are really saying: "Well, I want my protections for the freedom of my form of expression, but I don't want that person over there to have protections for the freedom of their form of expression."

The real beauty of our human rights experience in Canada is it is simply not a zero-sum game and we do not prioritize one person's freedom of expression over someone else's. We work it out respectfully and politely. There will be exactly the same process invoked by the application of these provisions of Bill C-16. There is simply no need for this amendment. Our rights experiences in general and the two specific codes that Bill C-16 strengthens have served Canadians well, and they have enhanced our quality of community, respect and life immensely, for every single one of us.

Today, with this bill, we extend more of that to more people, and, in doing so, we strengthen the rights of everyone in this country. We can be leaders in the world of doing that.

Some Hon. Senators: Hear, hear.

Senator Plett: Would Senator Mitchell take a question?

Well, Senator Mitchell, you spent 10 minutes arguing my argument for me. You are arguing for freedom of speech, and I didn't argue against freedom of speech. I support that. In my answer to Senator Petitclerc, I 100 per cent supported freedom of speech.

This is not about freedom of speech; it is about compelling speech. You used the analogy of our being called "persons." I don't think there is any law for me to call you a person. I think I can call you a man; I can call Senator Petitclerc a woman, a lady. I'm not compelled to call you a person. I'm not sure where this argument is. I would like you to explain how that even equates to this particular bill.

You talk about calling people by their first name. I agree with you entirely. I said in my remarks that I had a good relationship with Theryn Meyer, and I'm happy to call Theryn Meyer "her." She identifies as a woman, and my argument isn't against that.

My argument is against my being compelled to use names and pronouns that are not even in the dictionary. Somebody can simply make up a word, and I'm supposed to call them that. You talk about just calling them by their first name. I agree with that, but the bill doesn't say that.

So, Senator Mitchell, I'm not sure why you wouldn't support the amendment because I'm not arguing against the rights of transgenders and having protection under the law.

I am asking you, Senator Mitchell, where in my speech do I suggest we should not be respectful? Where does using the term "person" have anything at all to do with what I said? It's not a compelled term.

I'll leave it there for now. I might ask another question, but please.

Senator Mitchell: It seems to me, Senator Plett, although I'm sure this is wrong, that you are not aware of the Persons Case. It's the Persons Case I was referring to. It is because the Persons Case was won, interestingly enough, by the grandfather of Senator Nancy Ruth, that she was allowed to sit in this very chamber. The implication was that prior to the Persons Case, "persons," when you used that term in that context, and, of course, all terms are used in a context, meant only men. After that, we were compelled to say when we use the word "person" in that context that it meant men and women. This is not particularly new. In fact, it's intrinsic to who we are and what we are as an institution.

There is another assumption that you make, which I find hypothetical and a "sky is falling" default to disaster kind of assumption. It might be. I have been working closely with the trans community and trans people for probably five years now, and I have never once heard of anyone asking anyone else to use the words "ze" or "zir." I expect that almost all of us will live our entire lives never being asked to use "ze" or "zir" by anyone.

But in the event that someone actually did that, the Ontario human rights group, which you refer to frequently, has said that if you don't want to use that, you can use "they," and if you don't want to use "they," simply use their first name. I might say tongue in cheek, to lighten things for a moment, that, of course, in the Senate this is no problem whatsoever because if you can't remember a senator's first name you just call him or her "senator."

If it got to the point where somebody wanted to be called "ze" or "zir," which, again, is fundamentally hypothetical, why is it that you assume the tribunal would rule in their favour and against the other party? Again, it's just a purely hypothetical assumption. When I consider the damage and the harm and the hurt that is done to trans people every day —

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The Hon. the Speaker: Excuse me, Senator Mitchell, your time has expired. I know there are a couple of other senators who want to ask a question. Are you asking for more time?

Senator Mitchell: Sure.

The Hon. the Speaker: Five more minutes?

Hon. Senators: Agreed.

Senator Mitchell: The pain those people feel is so significant and profound it is almost — and I don't want to be aggressive about this — embarrassing that we are in any way, shape or form suggesting that Canadians, who we know to be fundamentally, respectful, wonderful, accommodating, embracing people, would ever get to a point over something like zi and zir, where they would be called before a tribunal. It seems to me to be almost a sky-is-falling argument that really and truly doesn't behoove this level of debate and does not make the case against this bill.

You make one other point, and Senator Baker makes this point all the time. The courts often refer to us and quote us, but it is not necessarily that they have to refer to an amendment or quote an amendment. It's not as though your words and arguments aren't on the record, and it's not as though the Supreme Court and other courts don't go through the record. That's what they quote. Yes, that's another way to make your point, but it can have unintended consequences and is not good law because we don't use it anywhere else. In fact, it would be intrinsic discrimination to use this kind of provision to further clarify a grounds when, in the particular case of trans people and gender, no other grounds are clarified in these two codes in that same way.

The Hon. the Speaker: Honourable senators, I know there are a couple other senators who want to ask questions, but if you want to ask a question, please ask a question. If you want to make a statement, enter the debate and take your full 15 minutes. If you are asking a question, get to your point, please.

Hon. George Baker: Is it correct that in every province in Canada and every territory except one, this same change to the Human Rights Act in every single other jurisdiction is in effect and has been in effect for a decade in some provinces, with no problems that arise? Is it not correct that some of the witnesses before the committee actually were complaining about the provincial legislation, about matters that had not arisen in the past decade, when that legislation has already been taken into account?

Senator Mitchell: Yes, in fact there are 12 jurisdictions. Nine, almost ten, actually have both gender expression and identity, and three have gender identity. There have been no examples of this problem.

Senator Plett mentioned Gad Saad who was quite perturbed about this legislation having an effect on him in his classroom, no t realizing that since 2010, Quebec has had gender identity and gender expression in their provincial legislation, which covers his classroom. He has never once confronted the problem that he thinks he is going to confront when this passes, even though it doesn't have any jurisdiction over his classroom or that particular feature of his life at all. It was vacuous and irrelevant testimony.

The Hon. the Speaker: On debate on the amendment.

Hon. Marilou McPhedran: May I ask a question of Senator Plett?

Some Hon. Senators: No.

The Hon. the Speaker: Sorry, it's too late for that, Senator McPhedran.

Senator McPhedran: May I respond?

The Hon. the Speaker: Are you entering the debate on the amendment?

Senator McPhedran: Yes, thank you, on the amendment.

I would like to speak to this from a particular perspective and slice of my life. I'm a former Chief Commissioner of Human Rights in a province, and I'm a former member of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, having responsibility for interpreting the Canadian Human Rights Act. I'd like to comment on the proposed amendment with a number of observations.

My first observation is that beginning in 2013, surveys of Canadians of what is the strongest symbol of being Canadian, the Charter and the flag match up almost equally at the top of the list.

The whole concept of a Charter of Rights and Freedoms in this country that is aligned at the provincial and territorial level, with similar codes, with protections for the people who live in this country, is core to who we are.

I want to take a moment to reflect on some of the decisions that have occurred across this country, because they have recurring themes directly pertinent to the point being made in this amendment.

But I also need to observe that thus far, to the best of my knowledge, those who have spoken in support of versions of this amendment, those mentioned by Senator Plett in moving the amendment, are each and every one in a level of both privilege and power in our society that makes this a highly relevant aspect of the amendment.

The amendment is being made, spoken to and proposed from the perspective of a man of privilege and power. The examples given to us to support and to persuade us on the amendment are based also all on men, all in positions of privilege and power; a tenured professor, an editor at a major news outlet, lawyers, a senator.

There is a huge difference between what is being termed "compelled speech" and speech that is questioned because of its context and its impact.

These are very important elements of the jurisprudence in this country that deals with so-called hate speech. If you have a friend who is Black, a co-worker who is Chinese or Korean, or you are socializing with people who are not the same race as you, and you choose to call them a horrible name like nigger, like kike, et cetera, you are exercising your freedom of speech. While there may be social consequences for what you have chosen to do in such a hurtful and disrespectful and discriminatory way, it is highly unlikely that you will be able to successfully argue that your speech has been compelled in some way. It is also very unlikely that even if you were challenged regarding those particular comments that you would be held to be in any way censured.

It is also ridiculous in the references in support of this amendment that somehow people end up going to jail because they don't use a particular pronoun.

When the jurisprudence in this country at the provincial level, the territorial level and the national level has examined the concept of hate speech, it has required looking at impact, the effects, the results and the context.

Just turn the lens slightly away from these privileged, powerful men who don't want to anyone to question how they get to use language. Ask a question about impact; put it in context.

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Where there have been findings of hate speech with any kinds of censure, any kind of consequences attached to those, we have in this country jurisprudence that demonstrates that there must be proof of damage done and that the nature of the challenge is such that someone forgetting to use a proper pronoun doesn't meet the standard of any of the decisions where there has been any level of censure in this country.

This is an amendment built out of a perception of privilege and power in our society to say whatever those who hold those positions of power and privilege wish to say. It is a fabrication in terms of any kind of actual legal cases that have evolved in this country based on the existing hate speech that used to operate in the Canadian Human Rights Act and still does operate at the provincial level.

So I would simply ask colleagues in the chamber to think very carefully about the significant difference between personal inclinations and responsibility not to inflict harm on others through the use of language, particularly for those of us who hold positions of power and privilege.

I would therefore invite all of us to decline to support this particular manifestation of power and privilege.

Some Hon. Senators: Hear, hear!

Senator Plett: Would you accept a question, senator?

Senator McPhedran: Of course, senator.

Senator Plett: Thank you. I clearly understand, senator, how you feel about privileged men; that was quite evident in your comments at the beginning.

Would you put Theryn Meyer, a transgender woman, into that same category? She was also one of the people who came and testified and supported Dr. Gad Saad, Dr. Peterson, the lawyer that we had here, and other professors. Is Theryn Meyer in the same category as the rest of them?

Senator McPhedran: Let me clarify that I was responding, senator, to the examples that you chose to use in your arguments in support of your amendment. Therefore, I observed the men have power privilege, but I would include anyone in a position of power and privilege who would feel that he or she or they could use any language they wish as a result of their position of power and privilege.

Hon. Linda Frum: Honourable senators, I rise today to speak to Senator Plett's amendment to Bill C-16, An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code by adding the words "gender identity" and "gender expression" as prohibited grounds of discrimination.

Regardless of whether one supports or opposes this legislation, I know that there is a unanimous view in this chamber that hostility and discrimination against transgendered persons is completely unacceptable and must not be tolerated in a just and caring society like our own.

The intent of this legislation is to protect the rights of transgender and gender nonconforming persons. I believe that this is a virtuous intent because there should be no person in our country who feels unsafe due to their gender or their sexual identity.

Although there is a lack of consensus among transgendered individuals, the gay and lesbian community, and the feminist community on the value and efficacy of this legislation, there are a large number of people who do believe that this legislation is required to protect their rights.

It is for this reason that I voted to support this legislation at the clause-by-clause stage in committee.

To those who believe that Bill C-16 will make them safer and more protected against bigotry and hatred, it is my sincere hope that it succeeds in doing so. However, we would be fooling ourselves to believe that this legislation is any kind of panacea to end the extremely elevated depression and suicide rates among transgendered people. It does not have the power to stop bullying in schools nor on social media. It will not end transphobia.

Those are issues that need to be dealt with on a societal and educational level. Unfortunately, every social ill cannot be remedied through well-meaning legislation.

This has been our experience provincially, where the Ontario Human Rights Commission's addition of gender identity and gender expression has not had an impact on the suicide, depression or discrimination rate.

My support for this bill does not mean that I have no reservations about it. I remain concerned that due to its overly broad language and the Justice Minister's failure to provide definitions for the vague terms "gender identity" and "gender expression," there is reason to be worried that this bill will have a chilling effect on the right to freedom of speech.

The compelled use of pronouns, a potential consequence of Bill C-16 — and I think we heard just now the argument that Bill C-16 will not compel speech but that it is okay if it does — that is what I heard — because benign words can do damage and misgendering is harassment. Compelling pronouns may seem harmless to some, but for those of us who cherish the supreme ideal of free speech, the slippery slope is obvious and alarming.

Our committee heard testimony to this effect from a number of academics, including Professor Bruce Pardy from the Queen's University law school who said:

Any speech that is compelled is, by definition, unreasonable. If you had a statute, for example, that compelled people to say 'hello' and 'please' and 'thank you,' all of which are perfectly reasonable things to say, the statute would be totalitarian because it puts words in the mouths of citizens. In a free country people, decide for themselves what to say, and as soon as you take that right away from them, you cannot claim to be living in a free society any longer.

Because I wholeheartedly agree with this sentiment, I support Senator Plett's amendment that makes it clear that the purpose of this legislation is not to compel speech but, rather, to protect individuals against workplace and other forms of discrimination.

The text reads:

4.1 For greater certainty, nothing in this Act requires the use of a particular word or expression that corresponds to the gender identity or expression of any person.".

This simple sentence makes clear Parliament's intent: This bill is designed to combat prejudice and discrimination, not to infringe on the freedom of speech.

Colleagues, most Canadians are not concerned with this bill's intent. Rather, many Canadians have legitimate concerns about the effects Bill C-16 will have on their right to speak freely. We have the opportunity to alleviate those concerns without hindering the intent of this legislation.

If we pass the amendment before us today, we will ensure a clear-minded focus on what this debate should be about: protecting transgender and gender non-conforming persons.

I applaud Senator Plett for bringing this amendment forward and urge all honourable senators to support me in supporting it.

Hon. Frances Lankin: Will you take a question, Senator Frum?

Senator Frum: Yes.

Senator Lankin: Thank you very much. I am in agreement with you with respect to support for the bill and the intolerance we should show to discrimination against the transgender community.

I am having a hard time following the argument — I wanted to ask Senator Plett, but time went on — that this is compelled speech somehow.

I have listened to what others have said. You just made a comment that the senator who said continuous misgendering is harassment. That is not compelled speech. It restricts you from misgendering someone.

Everyone has said that if you are uncomfortable using pronouns that are not within our historical speech, you can always call a person by their first time. You can even always say, "Hey, you."

There is nothing that compels you to use a particular word. There is a restriction in a context, as Senator McPhedran said, from being hurtful, harmful, harassment in workplaces and situations such as that.

Please tell me how this actually compels, as Senator Plett and you are concerned about. I understand your concern, but how does this legislation actually do that?

Senator Frum: We are muddying the intent in this debate. We are opening up the possibility that it is all about being labelled by the right pronoun, that the legislation is there to protect people against potential misgendering.

What we know is that while heretofore most of us are accustomed to the idea that there are two genders, what we now know, in modern parlance, is that is there could be up to 72 different forms of gender.

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When you say people will not be compelled to use either "he" or "she," but an individual may decide that in order to be properly recognized and properly gendered, they do need to be called some word and we can't even imagine what that word is right now. And if that individual is not called by that label or by that term, that can be deemed a form of harassment. I think the possibility is there.

It is a real possibility and I think I have also heard in the debates on this floor that that is, in fact, what this chamber would like to see happen.

The Hon. the Speaker: Senator Lankin, are you going to ask a question or enter the debate?

Senator Lankin: I have a question.

You haven't said how the legislation compels the use of speech.

If I were to call you "him" and you objected to that, and I did it consistently and you found that very objectionable or if I, for some reason, didn't want to use the word "she" or "her," which is how you wanted to be referred to, I could call you "senator" or "Linda." I have options. I am not compelled to use the term that you want me to.

By the way, when I was a minister of the Crown, MPP Ruprecht consistently asked me questions and called me Mr. Minister. It was very bizarre. I didn't take an affront because of the MPP that it was coming from and how he used speech, but if I found that objectionable, I suppose he could have used said "minister of health" and not be compelled to call me Madam Minister.

Senator Frum: I think we are thinking about this largely in the context of academia. It is easy to imagine a situation where a professor stands at the fronts of the room and says, "Can everyone please take his or her seat," or, "Can everyone please pick up his or her or their" — and what if that doesn't cover me?

But now you're inhibiting my speech. I'm in the habit of saying pick up "his" or "her" or "their" and then I am told I am harassing an individual in the room. This is a real fear that people in the academic environment have, and there is a real reason they fear it.

Senator Plett: Senator Frum, Senator L