French prosecutors have issued international arrest warrants for three senior Syrian intelligence and government officials, including security chief Ali Mamlouk, for alleged collusion in war crimes, legal sources said Monday.

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Mamlouk, one of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's most senior advisers, was targeted by the order alongside Jamil Hassan, the head of Air Force Intelligence who is already the subject of a German warrant, the sources said.



Another senior Air Force Intelligence official, Abdel Salam Mahmoud, who lawyers say heads a detention facility at Mezzeh military airport in Damascus, was named in the order.



The warrants stem from a long-running case involving two French-Syrian nationals, father and son Mazen and Patrick Dabbagh, who were arrested by Syrian Airforce Intelligence agents in Syria in November 2013 and subsequently disappeared.

They were officially declared dead this summer.



The Dabbagh family obtained documents from Syria in July 2018 indicating that Mazen died in custody in November 2017 and Patrick in January 2014, lawyers for the family said.

A 'first victory'

"This is a first victory and I hope the beginning of a new era of justice and accountability for crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Syria," said Obeida Dabbagh, the brother and uncle of the victims, who worked with legal and human rights groups to bring the case and secure the warrants.



In a statement, the rights groups -- the International Federation for Human Rights, France's League for the Rights of Man and the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression -- said the warrants were issued on October 8.



"The international arrest warrants demonstrate that the wall of impunity surrounding Syrian officials at the highest level can indeed be broken," said lawyers Clemence Bectarte and Patrick Baudouin in a joint statement.



Prosecutors in Paris had already opened a probe into the pair's disappearance, starting with a preliminary investigation in 2015, and had found that their house in Damascus had been raided by intelligence officials, the judicial source said.



The French warrants bring charges including collusion in torture, forced disappearances, crimes against humanity and war crimes against the Syrian officials. All three suspects could face trial in France, whether they are arrested or not.

Evidence from former Syrian police photographer

Germany - which has universal jurisdiction over war crimes, meaning it can prosecute and try crimes committes abroad - has also taken similar steps, issuing an arrest warrant in June for Air Force Intelligence official Hassan.

In June, the German weekly Der Spiegel reported that German prosecutors had also issued an international arrest warrant for Hassan on charges he oversaw the torture and murder of hundreds of detainees.

In both Germany and France, investigations have touched on evidence provided by "Caesar", a former Syrian police photographer who fled his country in 2013 taking 55,000 photographs of tortured detainees with him, legal sources said in France.

Efforts to prosecute members of the Assad government have repeatedly failed because Syria is not a signatory of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague. Russia and China have also vetoed attempts to give the ICC a mandate to set up a special tribunal for Syria.

More than 350,000 people are believed to have been killed in the seven-year Syrian war, which started with the brutal repression of anti-government protests in 2011.

According to the FIDH, between 250,000 and a million civilians have also been arrested and detained by government forces and affiliated militias since the start of the protests.

(FRANCE 24 with AFP and REUTERS)

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