ATLANTA — Less than a year after the Supreme Court recognized a constitutional right to same-sex marriage, conservative lawmakers across the country are pushing for a new round of legal protections for opponents of gay rights. But the proposals are meeting the kind of resistance from business interests and gay rights groups that similarly motivated, but less specific, legislation faced last year in Arkansas and Indiana.

The dispute is escalating here in Georgia, where the Senate last month approved a measure barring “adverse action” by the government against anyone following religious beliefs about marriage, including “that marriage should only be between a man and a woman.” Though some of Georgia’s senior elected officials, including the House speaker and governor, both Republicans, have expressed caution about the proposal, business groups are taking no chances.

“We think the lessons learned in Indiana should allow for some straight thinking by our Legislature that this would be harmful to Georgia if passed in the current form,” said Jenner Wood, the chairman of the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and one of the founders of Georgia Prospers, a coalition of more than 400 companies, including Coca-Cola and Google, that oppose the bill.

Lawmakers in at least seven other states have proposed similar bills, according to the Human Rights Campaign, a gay rights group. The measures are usually known as First Amendment Defense Acts, a new front in the legislative conflict over religion and gay rights.