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RICHMOND, Va. — Virginia officially became the critical 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment on Monday, clearing the way for likely court fights over whether the measure can be added to the U.S. Constitution.

State lawmakers made history earlier this month when each chamber of the General Assembly separately approved ratification resolutions. On Monday, the House and the Senate took the final procedural step of signing off on each other's measures.

"We must begin to see a world without discrimination of any kind," Democratic Sen. Mamie Locke said, speaking in support of the measure. "Equality based on sex is not just good for women. It is good for society."

Both chambers advanced the resolutions on bipartisan votes overseen by women. Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax, who usually presides over the Senate, deferred to Senate President Pro Tem Louise Lucas, and House Speaker Eileen Filler-Corn presided in that chamber. Both Filler-Corn and Lucas share the distinction of being the first women to hold their respective titles.

Virginia's ratification opens a new chapter in the nearly century-long push to get the amendment added to the Constitution. Constitutional amendments must be ratified by three-quarters of the states, or 38. But the ERA's future is uncertain, in part because of a 1982 deadline for ratification that Congress enacted decades ago.

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Earlier this month, the Justice Department issued a legal memo concluding that because the deadline has expired, it is too late for states to ratify the ERA. The only option for supporters now is to begin the ratification process all over again in Congress, the department said.

The National Archives, which certifies the ratification of constitutional amendments, said it would abide by that opinion "unless otherwise directed by a final court order."

ERA supporters argue that because the deadline was included in a preamble of the amendment, it is not legally binding. There's also a push in Congress to remove the deadline. Many legal scholars expect the issue will likely be resolved in the courts. Another issue that may only be settled through lawsuits is a move by five states to rescind their previous ratification of the amendment.

The ERA has been a top priority of Democrats who retook control of the Virginia General Assembly in November's elections. The state is now expected to submit copies of the resolution to the U.S. archivist and others. Senate Clerk Susan Clarke Schaar said Monday that she could not provide an exact timeline.

House Speaker Eileen Filler-Corn speaks during a news conference as Senate President Pro Tem Lucas applauds at the state Capitol in Richmond, Virginia, on Monday. Steve Helber / AP

Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring has said his office has been preparing for potential challenges to Virginia’s ratification and is ready to go to court if necessary.

"To the naysayers and to the opponents of women’s equality, I say do not underestimate Virginia and do not underestimate this movement," Herring said at a news conference Monday.

The ERA was initially proposed in Congress in 1923 and passed in 1972. Its first section reads: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Advocates say the measure would enshrine equality for women in the Constitution, offering stronger protections in sex discrimination cases. They also argue the ERA would give Congress firmer ground to pass anti-discrimination laws.

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Opponents warn it would erode common-sense protections for women, such as workplace accommodations during pregnancy. They also worry it could be used by abortion-rights supporters to quash abortion restrictions on the grounds they discriminate against women.

"The vague, poorly written language of the ERA does not allow any distinction to be made between men and women, even when it makes sense to do so based on their biological differences," said Republican Sen. Amanda Chase.

ERA advocates said Monday that the ERA was closer to ratification than ever and pledged to continue the fight, whether that was in court or in Congress.

"After nearly 100 years of persistent, determined work, the ERA is on fire," said Carol Jenkins, co-president and CEO of the nationwide ERA Coalition.