An extensive chronology of the life and activities of notorious Lithuanian-American anarchist, Emma Goldman.

The chronology was created to assist researchers using the comprehensive collection ofand to supplement the introductory essays and indexes to the microfilm edition. It serves also to fill some of the obvious gaps in the collection, to compensate for the various government seizures of Goldman's letters and papers during her most active period of political activity in the United States up to her deportation--papers that Goldman herself unsuccessfully tried to retrieve while she was writing her autobiography. The chronological details of Goldman's public life in America--the magnitude of her lecture schedule, the extent of her travels, and the evolution of her varied and far-reaching political friendships--are a critical complement to her correspondence, lecture manuscripts, and government surveillance documents, and together, they constitute a more accurate historical representation of Goldman's life work.

The research involved in locating relatively rare source material for tracking and recording a full list of Goldman's speaking engagements (sometimes numbering over three hundred in a year), and determining which of her scheduled lectures were barred by the police, was daunting. For these, and other events in her life, the Project editors relied primarily on the sometimes flawed recollections in Goldman's autobiography, reports from Mother Earth magazine, her chronicle of her experiences in Russia, letters and government documents in the collection, and various secondary historical sources. Despite the generally inconsistent reporting in the mainstream press about controversial anarchists, newspaper accounts of Goldman's lectures were a crucial resource for the identification of dates and places of, as well as the character of the public response to, Goldman's lectures. Though inevitably incomplete, the chronology will facilitate effective use of this immense collection.



1869

June 27

Emma Goldman born to Taube Bienowitch and Abraham Goldman in Kovno (present-day Kaunas), Lithuania, then a province of the Russian Empire. Siblings include step-sisters Helena (b. 1860) and Lena (b. 1862) Zodikow, and brothers Louis (b. 1870), Herman (b. 1872), and Morris (b. 1879, identified as "Yegor" in Goldman's autobiography, Living My Life). Goldman's girlhood and adolescence spent in Kovno, Popelan, Königsberg, and St. Petersburg.



1870

November 21

Alexander (Sasha) Berkman born in Vilna, Russia (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania).



1881

March 1

Czar Alexander II assassinated by Nihilists in St. Petersburg.



1885

December

Goldman immigrates to the United States with her sister Helena; they settle in Rochester, N.Y., with their sister Lena.



1886

Goldman finds employment as a garment worker.

On May 1, three hundred thousand workers throughout the country strike for the eight-hour workday. On May 4 in Chicago's Haymarket Square during a workers' protest of police violence the day before, a bomb is thrown that results in the deaths of seven police officers. Although the identity of the bomb-thrower is never determined, prominent anarchists and organizers of the event are held responsible and sentenced to death. Goldman attributes her political awakening to German socialist Johanna Greie's eloquent defense of the innocence of the Haymarket anarchists at a Rochester lecture during the Haymarket trial. During this period, Goldman begins to read anarchist literature on a regular basis, including German anarchist Johann Most's paper Die Freiheit.

The other members of Goldman's family emigrate from St. Petersburg to Rochester.



1887

February

Marries fellow factory worker Jacob A. Kersner, gaining U.S. citizenship.

November 11

Execution of four Chicago anarchists found guilty in the Haymarket Square bombing elicits international outcry.



1888

Goldman divorces Kersner and leaves Rochester. Moves to New Haven, Conn., where she works at a corset factory. Meets many Russian socialists and anarchists, including Dr. Hillel Solotaroff who, during visits from New York, lectures in New Haven.

Goldman returns to Rochester where she lives with her sister Helena's family and works in a sewing factory. Under pressure, she agrees to remarry Kersner; after a brief reconciliation, Goldman is shunned by her parents and the Jewish community of Rochester for her insistence on finalizing the divorce.



1889

Goldman arrives in New York City on Aug. 15; meets Johann Most, editor of Die Freiheit, and Alexander Berkman; gains employment doing piece work for a silk waist factory. Goldman's political activities include support work at the office of Die Freiheit, and help with the organization of the second anniversary commemoration of the hanging of the Haymarket martyrs.

Goldman and Berkman become lovers. She shares an apartment with Berkman, his cousin Modest Stein, and their mutual friend Helen Minkin.

Berkman and Goldman contemplate returning to Russia when they hear about political repression there, but lack the necessary financial resources.



1890

January

Johann Most arranges Goldman's first public lecture tour to Rochester, Buffalo, and Cleveland to speak on the limitations of the eight-hour movement. In the course of her tour, Goldman demonstrates her talents as an orator and realizes the need to articulate her political beliefs independently; her growing autonomy causes tensions with Most.

February-July

Goldman presents a series of lectures in New York City and Newark, N.J., on subjects ranging from the "Paris Commune, 1871," to "The Right To Be Lazy," and on Most's Pittsburgh Manifesto of 1883, sponsored primarily by the International Working People's Association, and delivered in German and in Yiddish.

Goldman works tirelessly to recruit women workers to join the cloakmakers strike, organized by Jewish labor leader Joseph Barondess that begins in February.

Goldman becomes ill and is forced to spend several weeks convalescing. During this period she has a brief affair with Modest Stein.

Accompanies Johann Most on his two-week lecture tour of New England.

Summer

To earn enough money to return to Russia and respond to the political repression there, Goldman moves briefly with comrades, including Berkman, to New Haven, with plans to start a dressmaking cooperative. Until they build a clientele, Goldman works temporarily at the corset factory where she had worked in 1888. Berkman gains employment in the printing trade.

Goldman helps to organize an anarchist educational and social group in New Haven that becomes a gathering place for German, Russian, and Jewish immigrants; among their invited speakers are Johann Most and Hillel Solotaroff, a leader of the anarchist group Pioneers of Liberty.

Fall

When the members of Goldman's dressmaking cooperative fall ill or move away, Goldman and Berkman move back to New York where they begin to attend meetings of the Autonomie group, led by Most's chief contender, Josef Peukert.

October

Goldman lectures in Elizabeth, N.J., and Baltimore. Her two talks in Baltimore are before the International Workingmen's Association and the Workingmen's Educational Society. She reaches both German and Eastern European Jewish immigrant communities, many of whom participate in a conference of Yiddish anarchist organizations in December.



1891

March 16

Goldman scheduled to speak at the "Great Commune Celebration" sponsored by the International Worker's Association in New Haven.

May 1

Goldman marches with the Working Women's Society of the United Hebrew Trades in New York's May Day parade.

June 18

Goldman addresses a mass meeting to protest the second imprisonment of Johann Most at Blackwell's Island after the Supreme Court rejects the appeal of his 1887 conviction for illegal assembly and incitement to riot following the Haymarket executions.



1892

Winter and Spring

In search of a financial base, Goldman moves to Massachusetts--first to Springfield to work in a photography studio with Modest Stein ("Fedya"), and then to Worcester, where, with Alexander Berkman, Stein and Goldman open their own studio. When the photography business fails, they open an ice-cream parlor with the renewed aim of returning to Russia to respond to the political repression under Czar Alexander III.

May 1

Anarchists disrupt the Central Labor Union's May Day celebration in Union Square, New York. In retaliation, the organizers of the celebration stop Goldman's speaking by hitching a horse to the open wagon she is using as a platform and pulling it away.

July-August

Goldman, Berkman, and Stein return to New York to respond to the lockout of employees of the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pa. On July 6, Pinkerton guards hired by plant manager Henry Clay Frick kill nine striking steel workers; Goldman and Berkman decide to avenge their deaths.

On July 23, Berkman attempts to assassinate Frick, but fails. Goldman is suspected of, but not charged with, complicity; police raid her apartment and seize her papers. Debate within the labor movement about the effectiveness of Berkman's action follows; Johann Most denounces Berkman and questions his motives. As public antagonism to Berkman's act mounts, Goldman temporarily goes into hiding.

August 1

Goldman chairs a meeting of over three hundred anarchists to discuss Berkman's act. Other speakers include Autonomie group leader Josef Peukert, Dyer D. Lum, editor of the Alarm, and Italian anarchist Saverio Merlino, an editor of Solidarity.

September 19

Berkman found guilty on all counts and sentenced to twenty-two years in prison; Goldman learns about his sentence while she is lecturing in Baltimore. Announcement prompts audience pandemonium, police action, and Goldman's consequent arrest.

November 24

Goldman visits Berkman at the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh.

December

Goldman appears only occasionally in public to lecture. Speaks in Manhattan on Dec. 4, denouncing government anti-immigration legislation; other speakers at the event include anarchist journalist John Edelmann, Spanish anarchist Pedro Esteve, and Saverio Merlino.

During this period, Goldman meets German anarchist Robert Reitzel, editor of the Der arme Teufel.

Attends anarchist meetings, where, in late December, Goldman meets and falls in love with Austrian anarchist Edward Brady.



1893

General financial panic deepens into one of the worst economic depressions in U.S. history.

June-July

Goldman returns temporarily to Rochester to recuperate from illness.

June 26

Governor John Peter Altgeld pardons three men found guilty of the Haymarket bombing.

August

The day after a riot of the unemployed on Aug. 17, Goldman addresses a public meeting, urging those in need to take bread if they are hungry. The next evening she helps lead a procession of several hundred anarchists to Union Square, where, among many other speakers, she addresses a crowd of the unemployed.

On Aug. 21, Goldman again leads a march of a thousand people to Union Square, where, speaking in German and English, she repeats her belief that workers have a right to take bread if they are hungry, and to demonstrate their needs "before the palaces of the rich"; about three thousand gather to listen. Goldman's speech is characterized by the press as "incendiary" and, over a week later, cited as the reason for her arrest.

Goldman lectures in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, on Aug. 23, before traveling to Philadelphia. While in Philadelphia, Goldman meets German anarchist Max Baginksi and American-born anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre for the first time.

August 31

Scheduled to speak to the unemployed, Goldman is arrested in Philadelphia on New York warrants charging her with incitement to riot for her Aug. 21 speech.

September

On Sept. 6, a New York Grand Jury indicts Goldman on three charges. She is returned from Philadelphia to New York on Sept. 9, where she is placed in confinement. On Sept. 11, pleads not guilty; released on bail Sept. 14. Benefit concert on Sept. 23 intended to raise money for Goldman's defense is a financial failure.

October 4-9

Goldman tried in court; defended by ex-mayor of New York A. Oakey Hall. Denies speaking the words attributed to her by police detectives who monitored her speech. Jury finds Goldman guilty of aiding and abetting an unlawful assemblage.

October 16

Goldman is sentenced to Blackwell's Island penitentiary for one year. Begins her term on Oct. 18.

In prison, Goldman is initially put in charge of the sewing shop, but soon trained to serve as a nurse in the prison hospital. Reads widely while in prison.

December 16

Benefit concert and ball held in New York City for Goldman and others imprisoned for speaking at the Aug. 21 demonstration. Voltairine de Cleyre delivers a speech, "In Defense of Emma Goldman and the Right of Expropriation."



1894



May-July

Strike of the Pullman railroad car plant in Chicago begins on May 11; by July 3, federal troops are called in to quell the strike.

August 17

Goldman released from prison after serving ten months. She sells a report about her prison experience for $150 to the New York World, which publishes it the day after her release.

August 19

Large anarchist gathering in New York welcomes Goldman back. Among the speakers are Voltairine de Cleyre, English anarchist Charles Mowbray, and Italian anarchist Maria Roda.

August 21

Goldman scheduled to speak on "The Right of Free Speech" at a mass meeting called by the American Labor Union in Newark.

September

Meets with the American journalist and labor rights advocate John Swinton and his wife Orsena, who had both visited her at Blackwell's Island.

Goldman's interest in reaching more American-born citizens grows; resolves to conduct more propaganda in the English language.

Goldman speaks in Baltimore.

Moves into an apartment with Edward Brady.

October

Goldman begins a new campaign for the commutation of Berkman's prison sentence; works as a nurse.

November 11

Goldman speaks at a poorly attended commemoration of the Haymarket martyrs in New York; other speakers include Charles Mowbray, German anarchist and barkeeper Justus Schwab, Voltairine de Cleyre, Max Baginski, and John Edelmann, editor of the anarchist journal Solidarity.

Mid-November

Scheduled to speak with Charles Mowbray in West Hoboken, N.J., and Baltimore.



1895

January 5

Goldman helps organize a benefit ball sponsored by the joint anarchist groups of New York.

January 24

Goldman lectures on strikes at a meeting in New York City.

Spring

Goldman and friends Claus Timmerman and Edward Brady open an ice-cream parlor in Brownsville, Brooklyn; within three months, the venture fails and the shop is closed.

Summer

Upon investigating the possibility of appealing Berkman's case before the Supreme Court, Goldman and others discover there are no grounds for an appeal, as Berkman made no formal objections to the judge's rulings during the proceedings. Goldman tries to convince Berkman to appeal to the Pennsylvania Board of Pardons to set aside or reduce his prison sentence and begins to solicit funds for that purpose.

Mid-August

Goldman sails to England under the name "Mrs. E. G. Brady" fearing that her real identity would limit her freedom to travel in Europe. Funds for her travel and a portion of living expenses are provided by Modest Stein.

Fall

Spends five-and-a-half weeks in Great Britain, where she finds a greater amount of political freedom than in the United States. During her three weeks in England, she addresses large crowds at open-air meetings in London, and meetings at Hyde Park, Whitechapel, Canning Town, Barking, and Stratford. Topics include "The Futility of Politics and Its Corrupting Influence."

On Sept. 13, Goldman appears among several other lecturers--including James Tochatti of the British anarchist journal Liberty and French anarchist Louise Michel--at an event in Finsbury. She lectures on "Political Justice in England and America," highlighting Berkman's case.

In England, meets anarchist theorists Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta, among others.

German police authorities monitor Goldman's movements in London, prepared to arrest her if she enters Germany.

Mid-September-December

On Sept. 14 Goldman travels to Scotland; delivers successful lectures in Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Maybole.

By Oct. 1, Goldman travels to Vienna to begin formal training in nursing and midwifery at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus. Keeps a low profile in Vienna, as political persecution there is known to be harsh.

During this period she discovers and devours works by Friedrich Nietzsche, attends performances of Wagner operas, sees Eleonora Duse perform, and attends the lectures of Professor Karl Bruhl and Sigmund Freud.



1896

March

Goldman completes her medical training in Austria; travels to Paris where she meets anarchist editor Augustin Hamon.

April

Back in New York, Goldman resides with Edward Brady in a German neighborhood on Eleventh Street; she rebels against Brady's periodic fits of jealousy. Earns a meager living as a midwife and nurse; witnesses the plight of many women suffering from unwanted pregnancies.

Persuades Berkman to appeal to the Pennsylvania Board of Pardons for his release from prison. Helps to launch a broad-based campaign for his case; solicits Voltairine de Cleyre's support.

Helps to arrange lectures for the English anarchist and labor leader John Turner, whose visit gives Goldman the opportunity to gain experience addressing English-speaking audiences. Goldman speaks at Turner's concluding lecture in New York on Apr. 30.

Begins to suffer from "nervous attacks" that are attributed to an inverted womb; Goldman unwilling to undergo surgery to resolve the problem.

May 1

At a demonstration in Union Square, Goldman helps to distribute a May Day anarchist manifesto written by her and a group of American-born comrades in New York.

June

Brady supports Goldman financially so that she can take a break from nursing to relax and begin preparations for an East Coast winter lecture series. In her leisure time, Brady tutors Goldman's reading of the works of the seventeenth-century French dramatists Racine, Corneille, and Moliere. Independently, she studies modern literature, including the novels of Emile Zola.

June 7

Bomb explodes in a religious procession in Barcelona, killing eleven people; Spanish authorities imprison over four hundred people, including anarchists, suspected of involvement in the bombing. The severity of the punishment sparks international protests.

September

Goldman is urged to support the free-silver campaign of presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan; she declines, considering the free-silver issue and the presidential campaign diversions from a radical agenda.

October 12

Johann Most, Goldman's former mentor, denounces her at an event in New York when she solicits funds for the commemoration of the execution of the Haymarket martyrs.

November 4-8

In Philadelphia, on Nov. 4, Goldman speaks at the Ladies' Liberal League about her "Experiences on Blackwell's Island." On Nov. 8, she delivers two lectures--before a mass meeting called by a Jewish group to honor the Haymarket martyrs and to raise money for Berkman, the second on "Woman's Cause" to the Young Men's Liberal League.

November 11-15

Goldman lectures in Baltimore and raises money for Berkman's appeal.

November 18-26

Following an appearance in Buffalo, Goldman lectures to enthusiastic audiences in Pittsburgh, primarily in German, and continues to raise money for the Berkman fund. Topics include "The Jews in America," "Anarchism in America," and "The Effect of the Recent Election on the Condition of the Workingmen." Her concluding lecture addresses the Haymarket Affair.



1897

March 4

William McKinley inaugurated as president of the United States.

April 23-25

Goldman's lectures in Providence, R.I., include "What Is Anarchism?" and "Is It Possible to Realize Anarchism?" The audience at an open-air meeting is reportedly "spell-bound" by Goldman's message. When she attempts to speak at another open-air meeting, however, the police intervene on the grounds that she doesn't have a permit. Local socialists disavow any connection to Goldman.

May

Goldman speaks in Philadelphia; her lecture on "The Women in the Present and Future" is "loudly applauded." She is credited with the ability to relate anarchism to the working people of Philadelphia, thus helping to boost the movement there.

Returning to New York, Goldman undergoes an operation on her foot, requiring several months of recuperation.

May 28

Carl Nold and Henry Bauer, convicted and imprisoned for aiding Berkman's attempt to assassinate Frick, are released from the Western State Penitentiary in Pittsburgh.

July

Goldman's lecture on "Marriage" is published in the anarchist journal The Firebrand.

August 8

Anarchist Michel Angiolillo assassinates Antonio Canovas del Castillo, premier of Spain, who in May had ordered the execution of five anarchists held responsible for the bombing in Barcelona the year before. The torture and inhumane treatment of several hundred others imprisoned in connection with the bombing were widely protested throughout Europe. In New York, Goldman and others--including Italian and Spanish anarchists, and Harry Kelly, John Edelmann, Justus Schwab, and Edward Brady--had organized a demonstration in front of the Spanish consulate.

August 16

Goldman among several speakers at a meeting of one thousand people in New York celebrating Canovas's assassination.

August 22

In response to criticism from anarchists that she had glorified Canovas's murder, Goldman defends her position at a small meeting in New York.

September-December

Goldman conducts a lecture tour through eighteen cities in eastern and midwestern states to promote anarchism and Alexander Berkman's release from prison--intended topics include "Why I am an Anarchist-Communist," "Woman," "Marriage," and "Berkman's Unjust Sentence."

September 3-8

Lectures begin in Providence, R.I.; speaks at two open-air meetings--attended by thousands--when the mayor warns Goldman that she will be arrested if she speaks in the open-air again. Despite the prohibition, Goldman continues to lecture in Providence; addresses the assassination of the Spanish premier.

On Sept. 5, she speaks in Boston on "Must We Become Angels to Live in an Anarchist Society?" and collects money for the victims of the Spanish authorities in the aftermath of the assassination of the premier.

When she attempts to address another open-air meeting in Providence on Sept. 7, she is arrested and jailed overnight. The following day she is given twenty-four hours to leave town or face three months imprisonment.

Mid-September

Goldman returns to Boston on Sept. 12 where she lectures on the Sept. 10 killings of immigrant miners striking in Hazleton, Pa. Travels to New Haven and New York to speak again on the Hazleton strikers.

Beginning Sept. 15, Goldman delivers four lectures in Philadelphia before several English-speaking organizations, including the Ladies' Liberal League and the Single Tax Society. Her lectures include "Free Love." Before the largest free-thought organization of Philadelphia, the Friendship Liberal League, she critiques the freethinkers' "partial application of the principles of freedom."

September 17

Portland editor A. J. Pope arrested and jailed for sending "obscene" material in the anarchist Firebrand through the mail. Abe Isaak and Henry Addis, the other Firebrand editors, are arrested within the next few days on the same charge.

Late September

From Philadelphia, Goldman travels to Washington, D.C., where she lectures before a German free-thought society.

Goldman then travels to Pittsburgh to meet Carl Nold and Henry Bauer; they inform her that if Berkman's appeal for pardon is denied, he plans to attempt an escape from prison.

Goldman speaks before the Turnerverein in Monaca, Pa.; complies with their request not to speak on her proposed topic, "Woman, Marriage, and Prostitution."

On Sept. 27, Goldman addresses a labor congress organized by Eugene Debs in Chicago.

October

Goldman remains in Chicago to lecture; speaks to the Lucifer Circle on the theme of "Prostitution: Its Causes and Cure" and on "Free Love." On Oct. 13 Goldman is among several speakers-- including Max Baginski, Lucy Parsons, and Moses Harman--at a well-attended event to raise money for the imprisoned editors of the Firebrand.

October 16-23

In St. Louis, Goldman speaks to German- and English-speaking audiences while continuing to raise money for Berkman's prison fund.

On Oct. 19, the St. Louis House of Delegates passes a resolution supporting the mayor's prohibition of Goldman's open-air meetings. Goldman's lectures--including "Revolution" and "Why I Am an Anarchist and Communist"--are held in private halls under police surveillance.

Late October

Traveling for hours by train and wagon to learn about the plight of farmers, Goldman speaks to well-attended meetings in Caplinger Mills, Mo., home of rural anarchist Kate Austin. Her lecture topics include "The Aim of Humanity," "Religion," "Anarchy," and "Free Love."

Early November

Goldman scheduled to lecture in Kansas City and Topeka, Kans.

On Nov. 11 in Chicago, Goldman addresses an assembly in German to commemorate the Haymarket martyrs.

Mid-November

Goldman lectures four times in Detroit, aided by Robert Reitzel and his paper, Der arme Teufel. On Nov. 19, Goldman speaks at the People's Tabernacle despite opposition from the congregation; the event is sensationalized in the press. In response to Goldman's talk, the deacons and members of the church request the pastor's resignation.

Late November-December

Goldman lectures in Cleveland before several liberal societies, including the Franklin Club. On Nov. 21 she lectures on "What Anarchy Means" and collects donations for the Firebrand editors.

Goldman delivers several successful lectures in Buffalo--where she speaks at the Trade and Labor Council Hall, the Spiritualist Temple, and before German anarchists--and Rochester, where she visits her family for the first time since 1894. Considers her meetings in Rochester, Buffalo, and Detroit to be the best of her 1897 tour.

Berkman's appeal before the Pennsylvania Board of Pardons is postponed.

By mid-December, Goldman returns to New York.



1898

January

Goldman announces her lecture topics for the year: "Charity," "Patriotism," "Authority," "Majority Rule," "The New Woman," "The Woman Question," and "The Inquisition of Our Postal Service."

Goldman's youngest brother, Morris, moves into the apartment she shares with Brady in New York City.

During this period, Goldman is in contact with Filipino rebels and helps to support their attempts to gain independence from Spain.

January 5

Goldman scheduled to speak on "The New Woman" (in German) to the Social Science Club in Brooklyn.

January 21-23

Lectures on anarchism in English and Yiddish in Providence without interference from the mayor or police; Goldman assisted by John H. Cook, former president of the Central Labor Union.

To help cover traveling expenses, Goldman earns a percentage on sales she makes for Brady's stationery business while on tour.

January 24

Lectures on "Authority" to economics students in Boston.

February 13

Goldman scheduled to speak to the Philosophical Society in Brooklyn.

February-June

Twelve-state lecture tour: Goldman addresses sixty-six meetings and participates in one debate. Several reporters note Goldman's improvement as a public speaker as she develops her command of the English language.

February 15

The U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana harbor, killing 2 officers and 258 crew members, which becomes the spark for the Spanish-American War.

February 16-20

Goldman's tour begins in Philadelphia where she lectures before several well-attended gatherings sponsored by the Ladies' Liberal League, the Single Tax Society, the Society of Ethical Research, and the German Anarchist Society. Notes an increasing interest in anarchism among younger members of the Friendship Liberal League, to which she lectures twice. Topics include "The Absurdity of Non-resistance to Evil," "The Basis of Morality," and "Freedom."

February 23-March 12

After scheduled visits to Baltimore and Washington, D.C., Goldman is invited to Pittsburgh and coal mining towns in western Pennsylvania by anarchists Carl Nold and Henry Bauer in association with the International Workingmen's Association. Though the Pittsburgh region is heavily populated by Germans, most of Goldman's speaking engagements are purposely conducted in English.

Talks include "Patriotism," with specific reference to the miners shot by the police at Hazleton, Pa., in September, and the possibility of war between Spain and the United States. She addresses the Monaca, Pa., local of the Glass Blowers' Union, one of the most conservative unions in the country. Lectures in western coal mining towns include McKeesport, Roscoe, West Newton, and Homestead; Goldman also scheduled to speak in Beaver Falls, Carnegie, Duquesne, Charleroi, and Tarentum. Goldman's engagement in Allegheny is canceled when the owners of the liberal Northside Turner Hall refuse to let her speak.

Goldman suffers several "nervous attacks" from the strain of continuous lecturing.

March 12

Goldman among several speakers at an international celebration of the twenty-seventh anniversary of the Paris Commune in Pittsburgh attended by three hundred people.

Mid-March

Goldman delivers three lectures in Cleveland, including a well-attended meeting of the Franklin Club.

Just weeks before his death on Mar. 31, Goldman visits the ailing Robert Reitzel in Detroit.

March 20-26

In Chicago, Goldman is aided by Josef Peukert, who secures for her several speaking engagements before labor unions. Addresses the Economic Educational Club (a primarily American-born audience), the Brewers and Malters Union, the Painters and Decorators Union, the Co-operative College of Citizenship, the Turn-Verein Vorwärts Society, the German group of the International Workingmen's Association, and the Bakers' and Confectioners' Union. Lectures include "Trades Unionism," "Passive Resistance" (both in German), and "The New Woman."

While in Chicago, she visits Max Baginski at the Arbeiter Zeitung office. Fearing that Baginski had disapproved of Berkman's attempt to kill Frick, she had avoided seeing him; she finds, however, that they share many similar viewpoints. She also meets Moses Harman, the editor of Lucifer, with whom she discusses women's emancipation.

Visits Michael Schwab, who served more than six years in prison for charges relating to the Haymarket affair before he was pardoned. Hospitalized with tuberculosis, Schwab dies a few months later, on June 29.

March 27-28

Goldman lectures in Cincinnati to a large meeting of the Ohio Liberal Society.

Brady complains about their separation; she responds by asserting her need for freedom.

March 29-April 2

Goldman returns to Chicago for additional lectures; speaks before the gymnastic society Gut Heil in a Chicago suburb and to residents of a Jewish neighborhood in Chicago.

On Mar. 31, Goldman lectures on "The Inquisition of Our Postal Service" to the Progressive Bohemian Labor Organization, addressing recent censorship cases, including the conviction of the Firebrand editors. The organization votes unanimously to adopt a resolution protesting postal censorship.

On Apr. 2, Goldman honored at a farewell meeting held by the Committee on Agitation of the Progressive Labor Organizations of Chicago.

April 3-4

Goldman scheduled to speak in Milwaukee.

April 6-10

"Patriotism" is among the five lectures Goldman presents in St. Louis; encounters no interference by the mayor or police. Local comrades note an increase of young women in attendance.

April 13-18

Goldman makes her first visit to Denver, where she is hosted by a small group of American anarchists. Her five lectures are met with surprising enthusiasm--"The Basis of Morality" noted as her best. Sponsors include the Denver Educational Club, a largely Jewish group.

Mid-April

Goldman visits Salt Lake City.

April 24

Spanish-American War begins.

Late April-May

Goldman in San Francisco; opens her engagements with a lecture on "Patriotism," which, following the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, becomes her most important and successful lecture. Her other speeches--at least four, including a talk at a May Day celebration--are well attended and receive fair press coverage. Goldman also debates the German socialist Emil Lies, editor of the Tageblatt. Goldman especially impressed with Abe Isaak, former editor of the Firebrand and current editor of Free Society, who had recently settled in San Francisco with his family. Goldman's San Francisco activities supported in part by local single-taxers.

While in San Francisco, Goldman meets the young socialist Anna Strunsky, who will become a lifelong friend and associate, and through Strunsky, the writer Jack London.

In San Jose, her lecture on "Patriotism" is so controversial that she has difficulty maintaining control of the platform. From San Jose, she travels for the first time to Los Angeles, sponsored by a wealthy acquaintance from New Mexico. Lectures to several large audiences. Goldman severs her relationship with her sponsor when he proposes marriage; she continues lecturing among Jewish sympathizers and organizes a group to conduct ongoing anarchist activities. Goldman denounced in the Freiheit for having alienated workers from anarchism when, under the direction of her wealthy manager, she lectured and resided in expensive halls and hotels.

Following Los Angeles, she returns to San Francisco for additional lectures.

Early June

Goldman delivers three lectures in Portland, Oreg. Logistical problems cause the cancellation of scheduled events in Tacoma and Seattle.

June 7

In Chicago, Goldman attends the first convention of Eugene Debs's Social Democracy movement; in her view it is a "fiasco." When she is at first prevented from speaking at the event, Debs personally invites Goldman to address the convention.

July

Pleased with the success of her lecture tour, Goldman returns to New York. In association with Salvatore Palavicini and other Italian anarchists, helps to support local labor struggles.

September 10

Empress Elizabeth of Austria is stabbed by anarchist Luigi Leccheni. Goldman considers the act a "folly" but refuses to condemn it; her activities are subsequently monitored by the police and scorned by the press.

November-December

Goldman supports efforts of Berkman's defense committee to seek a pardon. With Justus Schwab and Brady, she reluctantly follows the recommendation of defense attorneys to seek Andrew Carnegie's influence in granting a pardon. They approach Benjamin Tucker, editor of Liberty, to meet with Carnegie, but reject his suggestion that Berkman be presented as a "penitent sinner." All plans to meet with Carnegie are eventually abandoned.

November 24

International Anti-Anarchist Conference, prompted by the assassination of the Empress of Austria, is convened by Italian government officials in Rome; attended by fifty-four delegates representing twenty-one countries, including police chiefs from several European countries and major cities. Conference marks the development of strategic international surveillance of and exchange of information about anarchist activities.



1899

January

Goldman ends her relationship with Edward Brady.

January 5

Goldman speaks at a large meeting at Cooper Union to protest the International Anti-Anarchist Conference in Rome.

Late January-September

Goldman conducts a nine-month lecture tour of eleven states, beginning in Barre, Vt., where she is hosted by Salvatore Palavicini. She delivers several lectures in Barre, including "The New Woman" and "The Corrupting Influence of Politics on Man"--the first anarchist lectures in English ever presented there.

When she is prevented from delivering her last lecture, "Authority versus Liberty," on Jan. 31, Goldman's comrades print and distribute five thousand copies of a manifesto containing the text of Goldman's barred speech.

While in Barre, Goldman meets Luigi Galleani, editor of the anarchist journal Cronaca Sovversiva.

February

President William McKinley signs peace treaty with Spain. United States acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines; Spain relinquishes its claim to Cuba.

Insurgent forces begin rebellion against U.S. rule in the Philippines.

Mid-February

Goldman delivers ten lectures, in German and English, in Philadelphia; speaks before the Friendship Liberal League, Ladies' Liberal League, the Fellowship for Ethical Research, the Knights of Liberty, and the Arbeiter Bund.

Goldman helps organize a regional committee of anarchists from Philadelphia and surrounding areas.

Late February

Goldman addresses two large meetings in Cleveland.

March

Goldman's lectures in Detroit include "The Power of the Idea" and "A Criticism of Ethics." Goldman is offered financial support for her future medical studies by Herman Miller, a friend of Robert Reitzel and president of the Cleveland Brewing Company.

Invited by the Ohio Liberal Society to lecture on trade unionism, Goldman addresses three meetings in Cincinnati. From Cincinnati, Goldman travels to St. Louis where she delivers ten lectures, including one before the conservative Bricklayers' Union.

Close by, she speaks before two large gatherings in the mining town of Mount Olive. Her lecture on "The Eight-Hour Struggle and the Condition of the Miners of the Whole World" is especially well received.

April-May

Goldman spends over a month in Chicago, delivering about twenty-five lectures. Her efforts to speak before a wide variety of trade unions, philosophical and social societies, and women's clubs are aided by Max Baginski and other German comrades; the International Workingmen's Association helps her organize English lectures.

Goldman lectures on "Trades-Unionism and What It Should Be" and other issues in German and English before the International Workingmen's Association and trade unions including the Brewers and Malters Union, the Painters and Decorators Union, and the Journeymen Tailors Union. Goldman's presentation to the conservative Amalgamated Wood Workers Union is the first to take place by an anarchist.

Additional lectures--including "Religion," "Women's Emancipation," "Politics and Its Corrupting Influence on Man," "The Origin of Evil," and "The Basis of Morality"--are delivered to the Friesinuge Gemeinde, several chapters of the Turner Society, the Freethought Society, and the Women's Sick Benefit Society. Her lecture on "Sex Problems" is debated by many of the Chicago comrades who feel the subject matter is inappropriate for public discussion.

Before leaving Chicago, Goldman organizes a social science club so that the local comrades will continue to organize in her absence.

May

Goldman spends a few days visiting miners in Spring Valley, Ill. By May 20, she arrives in Tacoma, Wash., where she participates in a debate on "Socialism versus Anarchism." A group of spiritualists lend her use of their temple free of charge for a series of lectures, but when she proposes to lecture on "Free Love," they deny her the use of the hall.

Goldman delivers two well-attended lectures in Seattle.

June

Goldman visits an anarchist colony at Lakebay, Wash. By June 10, she is scheduled to hold a series of meetings in Portland, Oreg., followed by lectures in the farming community of Scio, Oreg., where use of the city hall is donated to Goldman by the marshal of Scio.

June-August

Goldman arrives in San Francisco on June 22, where she begins a seven-week series of lectures in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Stockton. "Why I Am an Anarchist Communist," "The Aim of Humanity," "The Development of Trades-Unionism," and "Charity" number among her lectures. Socialists antagonistic to her on several occasions. Her lecture on "Sex Problems" continues to stir debate; some applaud her courage to speak about this taboo issue.

Mid-Late August

Goldman delivers three lectures in Ouray, Colo., followed by several lectures in Denver, including "The Power of an Idea," "Education" before the Smeltermen's Union, and an open-air meeting on "Patriotism."

September

At the invitation of Kate Austin, Goldman travels to the farming community of Caplinger Mills, Mo., where she delivers three lectures, including "Patriotism."

September 6

In the mining town of Spring Valley, Ill., Goldman heads a Labor Day procession, which ends with a meeting in the central market place, a direct violation of the mayor's denial of authorization to do so.

September 23-October 10

Goldman addresses thirteen meetings in Pittsburgh and surrounding cities, including West Newton, McDonald, and Roscoe, Pa.

Fall

Goldman arranges for their trusted comrade Eric B. Morton to begin to dig a tunnel for Berkman's escape.

Mid-October

Goldman's lecture tour complete, she returns to New York City. Under the guise of pursuing a new legal action in Berkman's case, with Saul Yanofsky of the Freie Arbeiter Stimme, Goldman raises money to support the cost of digging Berkman's prison escape tunnel. If successful, Berkman intends to meet Goldman in Europe.

November 3

Goldman embarks for Europe to attend the 1900 International Anti-Parliamentary Congress in Paris and with the intention of studying medicine in Zurich, Switzerland.

November 13-December 9

Goldman arrives in London where she stays with Harry Kelly and his family and lectures in English and German. Among her proposed topics are "America: The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave," "Strikes and Their Effect on the American Worker," and "Marriage." While visiting Peter Kropotkin at his home in Bromley, she meets the Russian populist Nicholas Chaikovsky, whom Goldman greatly admires. She argues heatedly with Kropotkin about the political significance of "the sex problem."

Following one of her German lectures, she meets the Czechoslovakian refugee Hippolyte Havel, with whom she later falls in love.

December 9

Goldman appears in London among a cast of international speakers, including Louise Michel and Kropotkin, at a "Grand Meeting and Concert for the Benefit of the Agitation in Favour of the Political Victims in Italy."

December 10-22

Goldman travels to Leeds and Bradford for several lectures.

December 23

Goldman returns to London.



1900

January

Goldman attends a Russian New Year party in London where she meets notable Russian revolutionary exiles, including L. B. Goldenberg and V. N. Cherkezov.

Goldman travels to Glasgow, Dundee, and Edinburgh, Scotland to lecture. On Jan. 21 in Dundee she lectures on "Authority versus Liberty" and "The Aim of Humanity." In Edinburgh, she meets anarchist Thomas Bell.

February

Goldman spends the month in London before traveling to Paris. On Feb. 20, Goldman speaks out against the Anglo-Boer War at a meeting of the Freedom Discussion Group; lectures on "The Effect of War on the Workers." Her activities are credited for providing impetus to the London anarchist movement.

On Feb. 25, Goldman scheduled to deliver her lecture "The Basis of Morality" in German. On Feb. 26, she is honored at a farewell concert and ball where she speaks about the striking Bohemian miners; other speakers include Peter Kropotkin and Louise Michel.

Goldman begins debate in the anarchist press about the importance of developing consistent propaganda and supporting individual lecturers financially.

March-October

Accompanied by Hippolyte Havel, Goldman visits Paris in preparation for the September International Anti-Parliamentary Congress in Paris. While immersing herself in French culture, Goldman becomes acquainted with the leading figures of the French anarchist movement and other progressive circles, including Augustin Hamon and Victor Dave. Decides against pursuing further medical studies so that she can concentrate on political activities.

Goldman delivers a statement to the organizing committee of the Paris congress about her most recent lecture tour in the United States, the necessity of organizing American-born citizens into the anarchist movement, and the reluctance of some anarchists to participate in the Paris congress.

U.S. anarchists debate the importance of selecting American-born delegates to represent their movement at the Paris congress; it is eventually decided that Goldman, although an immigrant, will be a suitable representative. Other representatives also selected. Goldman asked by several American comrades, including Lizzie and William Holmes, Abe Isaak, and Susan Patton, to present papers at the congress.

June-July

Goldman meets up with some Italian comrades from the United States, including Salvatore Palavicini. Reunites with Max Baginski when he arrives in Paris.

June 14

French intelligence notes presence of Goldman and Havel at a women's congress in Paris.

July 16

The tunnel being dug for Berkman's escape is discovered. Although prison officials cannot verify who is responsible, Berkman is placed in solitary confinement. Eric B. Morton, sick from the physical hardship of digging the tunnel, sails to France where he is nursed back to health by Goldman.

July 29

King Umberto of Italy is killed by Gaetano Bresci, an Italian anarchist Goldman had met in Paterson, N.J.

September

Meets Oscar Panizza, whose writings she had read in the Der arme Teufel. Discusses issues of sexuality, including homosexuality, with Dr. Eugene Schmidt.

September 18

The International Anti-Parliamentary Congress, scheduled to begin the following day, is prohibited by the French Council of Ministers. Protest meeting called for that evening is prevented by the police. Though some of the scheduled meetings are canceled, others take place in secret locations.

Goldman's "The Sex Question" is one of eight anarchist lectures scheduled to be presented on Sept. 21--although some French comrades were opposed to this topic being addressed in public for fear that it would lead to further misconceptions of anarchism.

During this period, Goldman also attends the Neo-Malthusian Congress in Paris, which holds its meetings in secret because of a French law prohibiting organized attempts to limit offspring. Goldman obtains birth control literature and contraceptives to take back to the United States.

Late September-November

Following the Paris congress, Goldman earns her living as a boarding room cook and as an American tour guide at the Paris Exposition.

December

Goldman returns to New York with Hippolyte Havel and Eric B. Morton. Newspaper reports claim that Goldman had, under an assumed name, rented a hall on Dec. 11 for a mass meeting of the Social Science Club. Goldman the principal speaker; statement favoring the assassination of King Umberto attributed to her.

Goldman scheduled to speak to the Italian group of New London, Conn., on Dec. 23.

1901

January-March

Goldman supports herself by working as a nurse in New York City; helps to arrange a U.S. tour for Peter Kropotkin in March and April.

Goldman reestablishes friendship with her former lover Edward Brady.

April-July

Goldman lecture tour begins with a free-speech battle in Philadelphia when she is prevented from speaking before the Shirt Makers Union. Goldman and the organizations that sponsor her talks, including the Single Tax Society, defy police orders; Goldman speaks in public on at least two occasions. On April 14 she speaks at an event sponsored by the Social Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre. Despite the Social Science Club's opposition to Goldman's anarchist views, it passes a resolution protesting the violation of her right to free speech.

Speaks in Lynn, Mass., Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago, and Spring Valley, Ill., on such topics as "Anarchism and Trade Unionism," "The Causes of Vice," and "Cooperation a Factor in the Industrial Struggle."

July 15-August 15

Goldman spends a month with her sister Helena, in Rochester, N.Y., traveling briefly to Niagara Falls and to Buffalo, N.Y., to visit the Pan-American Exposition.

Early September

Goldman visits Alexander Berkman at the penitentiary in Allegheny, Pa., the first time she has seen him in nine years.

September 6

President William McKinley shot by self-proclaimed anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., at the Pan-American Exposition. Police claim that Czolgosz was inspired by one of Goldman's lectures. She is in St. Louis when she learns about the assassination and recollects that she first met Czolgosz at her May 5 lecture on "The Modern Phase of Anarchy" before the Franklin Liberal Club in Cleveland.

September 7

Goldman leaves St. Louis for Chicago.

September 9-23

In an atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria, Goldman goes into temporary hiding at the home of American-born anarchist sympathizers. On Sept. 10, she is arrested by Chicago police and subjected to intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail is set at $20,000.

President McKinley dies on Sept. 14.

September 24

Goldman released; case dropped for lack of evidence.

October

Goldman expresses her sympathy for Leon Czolgosz in an article, "The Tragedy at Buffalo," published in Free Society (Chicago), prompting many of her close anarchist associates to distance themselves from her.

Finding much difficulty in securing an apartment and job, Goldman adopts the pseudonym "E. G. Smith."

Czolgosz executed on Oct. 29.

November-December

Goldman avoids public appearances.



1902

Criminal Anarchy Act passed in New York State.

Goldman continues to conceal her real identity, at times to no avail. Chased from her apartment on First Street, Goldman moves to a crowded Lower East Side tenement building on Market Street. She finds work as a night-shift nurse for poor immigrants living on the Lower East Side.

May-December

Increased repression in Russia and a strike of Pennsylvania coal miners propel Goldman to resume her political work.

Conducts lecture tour to raise funds for the students and peasants under attack in Russia and for the striking coal miners. Her activities are closely monitored by police detectives; many of her lectures are outlawed, especially in coal-mining cities like Wilkes-Barre and McKeesport, Pa. Despite police harassment, Goldman holds successful lectures in Chicago; scheduled to speak in Milwaukee and Cleveland.



1903



January 27

Police arrest Goldman and Max Baginski in New York City for being "suspicious persons"; released after questioning.

March 3

Anti-anarchist immigration act passed by Congress.

April

Edward Brady, former lover of Goldman, dies.

June-September

Alarmed by the threat to civil liberties posed by the anti-anarchist immigration law and the public hysteria of the moment, prominent American liberals, including Theodore Schroeder, rally to her support.

October 23

First attempt to test anti-anarchist immigration act: At an event at Murray Hill Lyceum, where Goldman is scheduled to speak, English anarchist John Turner is arrested and charged with promoting anarchism and violating alien labor laws. Turner detained on Ellis Island until his deportation.

November

In an effort to mobilize broad support from American citizens for John Turner, Goldman acts under the pseudonym E. G. Smith to form a permanent Free Speech League in New York City.

December

Cooper Union mass meeting protests anti-anarchist proceedings against John Turner, still awaiting deportation.



1904

January

Goldman, on behalf of the Free Speech League, undertakes a brief lecture tour to gain support for John Turner; speaks before garment workers in Rochester and miners in Pennsylvania.

February

Russo-Japanese War begins.

April

Goldman seeks to extend her influence beyond the immigrant community by exposing a broader American audience to anarchism. Travels to Philadelphia to lecture on "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation." Her first attempts to deliver lecture stalled by police. Public support for free speech gains her eventual success in delivering the lecture.

Supreme Court rules on the John Turner case (Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279) that Congress has unlimited power to exclude aliens and deport those who have entered in violation of the laws, including philosophical anarchists.

Fall

Goldman hosts two members of the Russian Social Revolutionary party seeking to organize support for political freedom in Russia. With the assistance of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Goldman manages a successful tour of Catherine Breshkovskaya (the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution"), recently freed from Siberian exile.

September 11

Goldman among a cast of speakers at one of the largest reported New York City anarchist meetings in support of the Russian anarchist movement.

December

Exhausted by nursing, Goldman opens her own business as a "Vienna scalp and face specialist" in New York City.



1905



January 9 (22)

"Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg, Russia. Goldman continues to lecture and raise funds to gain support for political freedom in Russia.

February

Goldman speaks at memorial meeting for Louise Michel.

Ricardo Flores Magon moves to St. Louis where his friendship with Goldman begins.

Catherine Breshkovskaya returns to Europe.

July

Goldman meets Russian actor Paul Orleneff; assists him in the management of the Orleneff troupe's theater engagements in New York City.

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) established in Chicago.

September

Russia and Japan sign peace treaty at Portsmouth, N.H.

October 17 (30)

Czar Nicholas II signs manifesto guaranteeing civil liberties in Russia.

November

Renewed pogroms of Jews in Russia. Orleneff troupe arranges benefit performances on behalf of Jewish victims.

Goldman accompanies Orleneff troupe on tour to Boston.

December

Russian revolution crushed.



1906

February

Goldman, in Chicago with the Orleneff troupe, identifies herself without a pseudonym at lectures to local anarchists.

March

First issue of Mother Earth published; first run numbers three thousand.

Goldman begins national lecture tour with associate editor Max Baginski; speaking engagements scheduled in Cleveland, Toronto, Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica. Encounters interference in Buffalo when the police mandate that their lectures be presented in English, preventing Baginski from addressing the audience.

March 17

Death of Johann Most.

April

Goldman discontinues her scalp and facial massage business; devotes full attention to the publication of Mother Earth.

April 1

Goldman speaks at an anarchist gathering at Grand Central Palace in New York City to commemorate the life of Johann Most.

May 18

Alexander Berkman released from prison; Goldman and Berkman unite in Detroit.

May 22

Goldman and Berkman travel to Chicago, where they are followed by the press. Newspaper falsely reports that Goldman and Berkman have married.

June 10-12

Goldman scheduled to speak in Yiddish and English in Pittsburgh on the following topics: "The Constitution," "The Idaho Outrage" (addressing the arrests of Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George A. Pettibone of the Western Federation of Miners), "The General Strike," and "The False and True Conception of Anarchism."

June 17

Goldman and others address a crowd of two thousand people who had gathered to greet Alexander Berkman in New York City.

Mid-July

Goldman vacations at farm in Ossining with Berkman and Baginski.

October

Goldman devotes October issue of Mother Earth to the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of Leon Czolgosz's death, despite the objection of many of her political associates.

October 30

Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27 arrests of several anarchists for debating whether Czolgosz was an anarchist, Goldman is arrested for articles published in Mother Earth and for inciting to riot. Nine others also arrested.

October 31

Goldman released on $1,000 bail.

November 2

Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy charges before the New York City magistrate.

November 11

Goldman scheduled to speak at the nineteenth anniversary commemoration of the Chicago martyrs, organized by the Freiheit Publishing Association.

November 23

Mother Earth Masquerade Ball at Webster Hall in New York City disrupted by police; owner is forced to close the hall.

December 16

Goldman lectures on "False and True Conceptions of Anarchism" before the Brooklyn Philosophical Association.



1907

January 6

Goldman arrested by the New York City Anarchist Police Squad while delivering the same lecture she had successfully presented the previous month; charged with publicly expressing "incendiary sentiments." Berkman and two others also arrested.

January 9

Case against Goldman from Oct. 30, 1906, arrest dismissed by the New York City grand jury.

January 11

Police evidence from Goldman's Jan. 6 arrest presented before the New York City magistrate's court; case later dismissed.

January 24

New York City police suppress meeting where Goldman is scheduled to speak.

January-March

Berkman attempts to run a small printing business.

February

Goldman speaks in Boston, Lynn, and Chelsea, Mass.

February 27

Goldman shares platform with Luigi Galleani at the Barre, Vt., opera house.

Late February, Early March

Russian exile Grigory Gershuni, recently escaped from Siberia, visits Goldman to encourage her work on behalf of Russian freedom.

March 3

Goldman leaves New York City for national lecture tour; asks Berkman to take charge as editor of Mother Earth in her absence.

March 9

All lecture halls in Columbus, Ohio, are closed to Goldman.

March 10-15

Mayor Brand Whitlock of Toledo, Ohio does not allow Goldman to speak until Kate Sherwood, a respected political activist and community leader, convinces him of Goldman's right to speak.

March 16-17

Goldman's scheduled Detroit lectures stopped by the local police.

March 18-28

Successful lecture series in Chicago before audiences of many nationalities, including Jewish, Danish, and German. Her topics include the Paris Commune, the trial of Moyer and Haywood, and the "Revolutionary Spirit of the Modern Drama."

March-April

Speaking on such subjects as "Education of Children" and "Direct Action versus Legislation," Goldman continues lecture tour in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and Minneapolis.

April 10-15

Goldman makes her first visit to Winnipeg, Canada; lectures in German and English on topics including "Crimes of Parents and Education" and "The Position of Jews in Russia."

April

Goldman expected to lecture in St. Louis; lectures in Denver.

May 5-19

Addressing audiences in German and English, Goldman speaks in San Francisco and San Jose on such issues as "The Corrupting Influence of Religion" and character building.

May 23-28

Hundreds of people turn out on successive nights in Los Angeles to hear Goldman speak, and, on one occasion, debate socialist Claude Riddle. Organizes a Social Science Club with fifty-five charter members to study social issues, literature, and art. goldman declares her intent to start a movement on behalf of Mexico among U.S. radicals.

June 2-16

Buoyed by the success of her speaking engagements--"the first tour of any consequence I have made since 1898"--Goldman travels to Portland, Tacoma, Home Colony, Wa., Seattle, and Calgary, Canada.

June 27

Goldman back in New York City in time to celebrate her thirty-eighth birthday.

July-August

Goldman's essay, "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" translated and published by German and Japanese anarchists.

Goldman selected to act as an American representative at the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam.

July 28

Haywood acquitted; Goldman and associates send telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt to express their joy.

Early August

Goldman and other anarchists speak about the Boise trials (of Haywood et al.) at the Manhattan Lyceum in New York City.

Mid-August

Goldman travels with Baginski to Amsterdam.

August 25-30

International Anarchist Congress takes place in Amsterdam, attended by three hundred delegates.

Early September

After attending anti-militarist congress organized by Dutch pacifist anarchists, Goldman tours major European cities. In Paris, Goldman visits Peter Kropotkin and Max Nettlau; visits Sébastien Faure's experimental school for poor and orphaned children, and studies syndicalism at the Confédération Générale du Travail.

September 24

U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, anticipating Goldman's return from Europe, directs the East Coast commissioners of immigration to fully verify Goldman's U.S. citizenship before allowing her to cross the border.

October 7

Goldman speaks in London, England, on "The Labor Struggle in America"; is trailed by Scotland Yard detectives.

Mid-October

Goldman evades U.S. immigration authorities by entering New York via Montreal.

November-December

Finding Mother Earth in terrible financial shape upon her return from Europe, Goldman conducts lecture tour in Massachusetts and Connecticut.



1908

January

Goldman lectures in German, English, and Yiddish on "Trade Unionism," "The Woman in the Future," and "The Child and its Enemies," among other topics, in cities throughout New York State.

Large crowd turns out to hear Goldman in Baltimore.

Police prevent Goldman from delivering her lecture on "The Revolutionary Spirit in Modern Drama" in Washington, D.C.

Lectures in Pittsburgh.

February 13

Goldman heads out for a tour of the western states via Montreal, London, Ont., Toronto, and Cleveland; scheduled to speak in English and German on "The [Economic] Crisis: Its Cause and Remedy," "The Relation of Anarchism to Trade Unionism," "Syndicalism a New Phase of the Labor Struggle," and "Woman Under Anarchism."

February 23

Giuseppe Guarnacoto, reported to be a former resident of Paterson and a follower of Goldman, assassinates Father Leo Henrichs at the altar of a Catholic church in Denver.

February 28

Goldman delivers several lectures in St. Louis, despite word from Chicago authorities who, in coordination with Washington D.C. officials, threaten to deport Goldman under the immigration law.

March 2

Chicago Chief of Police George Shippy attacked by alleged anarchist Lazarus Averbuch; Shippy's son shot. Goldman implicated in incident, which prompts new legislation to coordinate efforts of city, state, and federal authorities to stamp out all anarchist agitation.

March 6

In Chicago, Goldman is barred by police from addressing any meetings in a public hall. Goldman meets with the press, vowing that she will seek an opportunity to lecture in Chicago no matter what the authorities do to prevent her.

March 7-12

Goldman repeatedly barred from speaking at public lecture halls in Chicago; meets Ben Reitman, a physician specializing in gynecology and venereal disease, who offers to arrange a speaking engagement for Goldman at a storeroom on Dearborn Street, the meeting place of his Brotherhood Welfare Association, otherwise known as the Hobo College.

March 13

Despite an indication from Chicago authorities that Goldman will be allowed to speak if she makes no incendiary remarks against the police or the government, Goldman is prevented from speaking at Ben Reitman's hall.

March 15

Chicago newspapers report a budding romance between Goldman and Reitman.

March 16

Police forcibly remove Goldman from Workingmen's Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on "Anarchy as It Really Is," an event organized by the newly created Freedom of Speech Society.

March 17-19

Goldman unable to secure a hall in Chicago.

March 20-22

Temporarily abandoning attempts to speak in Chicago, Goldman meets success in Milwaukee, where large crowds, including Milwaukee socialist Victor Berger, come to hear her.

March 28

Lecturing in Minneapolis, Goldman denies knowledge of those involved in a bomb explosion at a New York City demonstration of the unemployed in Union Square. News reports claim that Selig Silverstein, the bomb-thrower, was a member of Goldman's Anarchistic Federation.

March 31-April 5

Goldman delivers several lectures in Winnipeg, including discussions encouraging street railway employees to strike for an eight-hour workday.

April

President Theodore Roosevelt investigates legality of not only barring anarchist propaganda that advocates political violence, but also prosecuting those who produce the material.

April 6

Goldman leaves Winnipeg; temporarily detained and interrogated at the border by U.S. immigration officials.

April 7

Goldman enters the United States; itinerary includes lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, and Sacramento.

April 17

Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Goldman arrives in San Francisco, where the police notify her that anarchist propaganda cannot be circulated.

April 18

Objecting to the notoriety caused by Goldman's presence, the management of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco forces Goldman to leave; encounters an escalated level of surveillance.

April 19

Despite warnings, police do not interfere with Goldman's lecture at Walton's Pavilion in San Francisco, which is attended by five thousand people.

April 26

Goldman ends her San Francisco lecture series with a speech on patriotism. In attendance is U.S. soldier William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is witnessed shaking hands with Goldman following her speech. Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for this action.

April 28-May 2

Goldman lectures in Los Angeles; debates socialist Kaspar Bauer on the question of "Socialism versus Anarchism." While in Los Angeles, Goldman visits George A. Pettibone.

Mid-late May

Goldman delivers five lectures in Portland--including "Why Emancipation Has Failed to Free Women" and "Direct Action a Logical Method of Anarchism"--following initial free-speech battle. Goldman's success attributed in part to support received from Charles Erskine Scott Wood, Portland attorney and writer.

Local Portland anarchists organize protest against the court-martial and imprisonment of William Buwalda.

May 31

Goldman presents two lectures in Spokane: "What Anarchism Really Stands For" and "The Menace of Patriotism."

June

Marking the last leg of her tour, Goldman travels to Montana; despite police harassment and lack of press coverage, Goldman speaks in Butte and Helena.

July

Goldman vacations in Ossining, N.Y.

Goldman captivated by J. W. Fleming's invitation to make a two-year tour of Australia; tentatively plans to travel to Australia in February.

July 19

New York World publishes Goldman's article, "What I Believe."

September 7

Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience learns that the speech was written by Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist Becky Edelsohn arrested.

September 13

Goldman begins five-week Sunday afternoon Yiddish lecture series under the sponsorship of the Free Worker Group in New York City; talks include "Love and Marriage," "The Revolutionary Spirit in the Modern Drama," and "The Political Circus."

Late September

Goldman tormented by revelation of Reitman's infidelity.

October 16

On the eve of her departure for her next lecture tour, Goldman delivers a farewell lecture in New York City on "The Exoneration of the Devil" (based on a popular play at the time).

October 17

Goldman begins national lecture tour while the country is immersed in presidential campaigning; hopes to wind up her tour on the West Coast and depart for Australia in the new year. Lecture topics include "The Political Circus and Its Clowns," "Puritanism, the Great Obstacle to Liberty," and "Life versus Morality."

October 18-24

Large audiences attend Goldman's lectures in Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

October 27

Goldman prevented from speaking in Indianapolis.

October 30-November 1

Goldman lectures in St. Louis; meets William Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, whose article "The Daughter of the Dream," published later that week, praises her.

November 2-6

Goldman lectures in cities throughout Missouri: Springfield, Liberal, and Kansas City.

November 7-13

Omaha chief of police prevents Goldman from lecturing in the hall of her choice; crowds gather to hear Goldman at other sites in the city.

November 15

Goldman's lectures in Des Moines, Iowa, are successful.

November 17-23

Lectures in Minneapolis and St. Paul poorly attended.

November 24-30

Goldman in Winnipeg for lectures and a debate with socialist J. D. Houston.

December 2-11

Goldman scheduled to lecture in Fargo, N.Dak., Butte, and Spokane.

December 13

Seattle police take Goldman into custody after the lock on a closed hall is broken to allow Goldman entry to speak; released when she promises to leave the city.

December 14

Goldman protests actions of the police authorities in Everett, Wash., who prevent her from speaking on the claim that vigilantes will harm her.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Bellingham, Wash., in anticipation of Goldman's scheduled lecture.

December 15

Goldman released from jail; placed on board a train bound for Canada.

December 16-28

Following lectures in Vancouver, Goldman lectures in Portland and conducts two debates--one with Democrat John Barnhill, the other with socialist Walter Thomas Mills.



1909

January 2-6

Goldman lectures in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Pasadena on such topics as "The Psychology of Violence" and "Puritanism, the Greatest Obstacle to Liberty." Some of Los Angeles's leading drama critics attend her lecture "The Drama, the Most Forcible Disseminator of Radicalism."

January 13

Goldman lectures on "The Dissolution of Our Institutions" in San Francisco, followed by a statement by William Buwalda, the soldier court-martialed the previous year and recently pardoned by President Roosevelt. Event takes place without police interference.

January 14

Goldman and Reitman arrested on charges of conspiracy against the government; both held on bail. Buwalda arrested for disturbing the peace. Supporters of Goldman and Reitman rally to protest the arrests on Jan. 15; police forcibly end gatherings.

In jail, Goldman learns about her father's death.

Goldman released Jan. 18; participates in a public debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism." Case dropped Jan. 28.

January 23

Goldman's anticipated departure for Australia is postponed.

January 31

Goldman speaks to a crowd of over two thousand people in San Francisco on "Why I Am an Anarchist."

February

Goldman stays in San Francisco with hopes of delivering the lectures she was prevented from giving during the week of her arrest and imprisonment.

March 1-10

Delivers two lectures and participates in one debate in Los Angeles.

March 12

Goldman lectures in El Paso, Tex.; prevented by city authorities from holding meeting in Spanish.

March 14-15

Goldman attempts to lecture in San Antonio; unable to secure a hall.

March 16

Goldman speaks on the outskirts of Houston in a hall owned by the Single Taxers; remarks that this event is "the most inspiring meeting of my entire tour."

Mid-March

Tour ends with two meetings in Forth Worth.

March 27

Goldman in Rochester, N.Y.

April-May

Goldman conducts Sunday lecture series in Yiddish and English in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Violence," "Minorities versus Majorities," and the modern drama.

April 8

U.S. Court in Buffalo invalidates the citizenship of Jacob A. Kersner, Goldman's legal husband; threatens Goldman's claim to U.S. citizenship and results in cancellation of Goldman's trip to Australia.

May

Goldman's essay "A Woman Without a Country," responding to the threat of deportation, published in Mother Earth.

With increased public attention on her citizenship status, Goldman is stopped repeatedly by the police.

May 1

Scheduled to speak at a Mother Earth May Day concert and dance in New York City.

May 6

Goldman speaks at a convention of the National Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed in New York City, encouraging the unemployed to organize.

May 10 and 13

Goldman scheduled to speak in New York on "Direct Action as a Logical Tactic of Anarchists" and "How Parents Should Raise Children" (in Yiddish).

May 14

Goldman scheduled to speak in New Haven on "Anarchy: What It Stands For"; police admit her into the lecture hall, but prevent entry to thousands of people waiting outside.

May 21

Goldman and Berkman invited by civil libertarian Alden Freeman to lunch at the elite New Jersey Society of Mayflower Descendants; subsequent scandal threatens Freeman's membership in the club.

May 23

Police break up Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming that she did not follow the subject of her lecture on "Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama"; two arrests made.

May 24

Goldman speaks at the Sunrise Club in New York City on "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism," sharply criticizing Anthony Comstock, anti-vice crusader.

May 28

Brooklyn chief of police orders cancellation of a Goldman lecture.

Late May

"A Demand for Free Speech" manifesto signed and circulated by prominent individuals to protest the recent suppression of Goldman's rights. Free Speech Society is formed.

June 7

Free-speech conference to take place in New York City.

June 8

Goldman scheduled to speak in East Orange, N.J., at a meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of Thomas Paine's death; police prevent her from entering the lecture hall. Crowd relocates to Freeman's barn, where Goldman delivers lecture suppressed by police on May 23.

June 30

Large meeting organized by the Free Speech Society takes place at Cooper Union to protest harassment of Goldman and to win back the right of free speech. Speakers include former congressman Robert Baker, Alden Freeman, Voltairine de Cleyre, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Telegrams from Eugene Debs and others read.

July 2

Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff with police, but no interference.

August 11

Goldman prevented from speaking in New York City at a meeting sponsored by Mother Earth to celebrate the antiwar uprising in Spain. Other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre, Harry Kelly, and Max Baginski.

August 24

Reitman secures a lecture hall in Boston despite police intimidation of hall owners.

September

Goldman, accompanied by Reitman, conducts a short lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Rhode Island.

While in Worcester, Goldman attends lecture by Sigmund Freud at Clark University.

September 3

Mayor of Burlington, Vt., prevents Goldman from speaking anywhere in his city.

September 8

Unable to secure a lecture hall in Worcester, Goldman is invited to speak on the private property of Rev. Eliot White.

September 24-October 21

Goldman engaged in free-speech battle in Philadelphia. Police chief will let Goldman speak on the condition that he review her speech prior to the engagement; Free Speech Association deems proposed review an infringement on Goldman's free-speech rights and Goldman refuses to comply.

When Goldman is prevented from entering lecture hall, Voltairine de Cleyre reads Goldman's lecture to the audience.

Goldman appeals for injunction to restrain the Philadelphia police from further intimidation; testifies before the Philadelphia courts.

Philadelphia judge denies injunction, claiming that the police had the right to prevent both citizens and aliens from speaking if their words were deemed likely to cause a public disturbance; in addition, claims that Goldman is not a citizen and therefore is not guaranteed constitutional right to free speech.

October 17

Goldman is chief speaker at a New York City mass meeting called to protest the Oct. 13 execution of Francisco Ferrer, founder of the modern school movement, in Spain.

October 23

Goldman marches in a parade of six hundred anarchists and socialists in New York City to protest Ferrer's execution.

November 5

Prevented from speaking in a Brooklyn lecture hall, Goldman addresses a crowd of three thousand in an open-air meeting; Reitman arrested for failing to obtain a permit.

December 12

Goldman speaks on "Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage" to an audience of three hundred women, many of whom are suffragists. A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

December 26

Goldman scheduled to deliver her last lecture, "White Slave Traffic," in New York City before embarking on her western tour.



1910

January-June

Goldman delivers a total of 120 lectures before forty thousand people in thirty-seven cities in twenty-five states; credits her success to the organizing skills of Ben Reitman.

January

Her tour begins with free-speech battles that thwart her from speaking in Detroit, Columbus, and Buffalo.

January issue of Mother Earth held by the U.S. Postmaster on Anthony Comstock's objection to the publication of Goldman's essay "White Slave Traffic." Released on Jan. 29 when officials decide there is nothing legally objectionable in the magazine.

January 9-10

Large audiences attend Goldman's lectures in Cleveland.

Mid-January

Goldman holds a successful meeting in Toledo.

In Chicago, Goldman conducts six lectures in English and three in Yiddish.

January 23-24

Goldman holds three successful meetings in Milwaukee.

January 26-27

Goldman's speaking engagements in Madison, Wis., set off a storm of protest from state and university officials who deny any formal endorsement of Goldman.

Late January

Press attributes Goldman's unsuccessful meeting in Hannibal, Mo., to the intimidation posed by police when they record the names of everyone who stepped inside the lecture hall.

February 2-6

Goldman's lectures in St. Louis include "Ferrer and the Modern School," "Leo Tolstoy, the Last Great Christian, His Life and His Work," and "Art in Relation to Life."

Early February

Police chief of Springfield, Ill., attempts to stop Goldman from lecturing.

February 14-18

Goldman attracts sizable crowds in Detroit.

February 19

Goldman hissed by her Ann Arbor audiences.

Late February

Goldman speaks in Buffalo, despite residues of Czolgosz-inspired apprehension and disapproval of anarchism.

Holds three meetings in Rochester.

March 11

Goldman speaks on "The General Strike [of Philadelphia]" in Pittsburgh. Press does not announce her talks in fear that she will prompt a riot.

March 18

A celebration of the fifth anniversary of Mother Earth takes place in New York City.

Mid-March

Despite an absence of press coverage, Goldman conducts four lectures in Minneapolis.

Goldman lectures for the first time in Sioux City, Iowa.

Organized on short notice, Goldman's lecture in Omaha is well received.

March 26

Amendment to the Immigration Act of 1907 is passed, forbidding entrance to the United States of criminals, paupers, anarchists, and persons carrying diseases.

Early April

Goldman's lectures in Denver well attended.

Goldman and Reitman arrested in Cheyenne, Wyo., while conducting an open-air meeting. Arrests spur further interest in Goldman.

Mid-April

Goldman lectures in San Francisco and debates a socialist on "whether collective regulation or free love will guarantee a healthy race."

Late April

Goldman visits Jack London and his wife Charmian at their ranch at Glen Ellen, Calif.

May 1

Goldman lectures on anarchism and "Marriage and Love" in Reno.

May 6-18

Goldman pleased by the overwhelmingly positive reception to her lectures and debate in Los Angeles; claims to have delivered that city's first-ever Yiddish lecture.

Late May

Goldman lectures in San Diego, Portland, Seattle, and Spokane.

May 31

Car in which Goldman and Reitman are riding is struck by a freight train in Spokane. Goldman thrown from car and badly bruised.

June

Goldman speaks in Butte, Bismarck, and Fargo; travels through Milwaukee and Chicago.

June 25

The Mann Act, popularly known as the "white slave traffic act," passed by Congress, prohibiting interstate or international transport of women for "immoral purposes."

Summer and Fall

Goldman divides her time between New York City and the Ossining farm where she prepares Anarchism and Other Essays for publication; Berkman begins writing Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

October

Canadian subscribers denied receipt of Mother Earth books on orders of Canadian authorities because of their "treasonable nature."

October 1

Bombing of the Los Angeles Times building by James and John McNamara kills twenty people; anarchist involvement immediately suspected.

November 1

At a public meeting in New York City, Goldman and Reitman question Anthony Comstock about his promotion of laws denying the use of mails for "obscene" materials.

November 10

Goldman sets out to organize public protest in response to the pending execution of Japanese anarchist Kotoku Shusui (Denjiro), his common-law wife, Kanno Sugako, and twenty-four others.

November 20

Goldman scheduled to lecture on "The Danger of the Growing Power of the Church" in New York City.

November-December

Police authorities deny Goldman the right to speak in Washington, D.C., and Indianapolis. Escapes police interference in Baltimore where she presents five lectures.

December

Anarchism and Other Essays published.

December 4

Goldman begins Sunday lecture series in New York City on anarchism, the drama, "Tolstoy, the Rebel," and "The Parody of Philanthropy."

December 24

Anarchist ball sponsored by Mother Earth in New York City.



1911

Early January

Mother Earth office moved from 210 East Thirteenth Street to 55 West 28th Street, New York City.

January 5

Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer School in New York City.

January 6

Goldman begins her annual "pilgrimage" with a lecture in Rochester. Over the next six months she will travel to fifty cities in eighteen states, delivering 150 lectures and debates.

January 8-14

Goldman's lectures in Buffalo and Pittsburgh poorly attended.

January 15-16

Successful events in Cleveland, especially the Jewish meeting.

January 17-20

Goldman has mixed results in Columbus; denied opportunity to speak on several occasions. Goldman receives support from many members of the United Mine Workers, although the leaders of the UMW vote against inviting Goldman to speak at their convention.

Mid-January

Goldman holds small meetings in Elyria and Dayton, Ohio.

January 21-23

Speaks in Cincinnati.

January 24

Execution of twelve anarchists in Japan.

January 24-25

After free-speech battle in Indianapolis, Goldman is offered use of the Pentecost Tabernacle by a preacher; the next day she speaks at the Universalist Church.

Late January

Goldman holds two meetings in Toledo.

January 31-February 5

Lectures in Detroit disappointing.

Early February

Goldman's lectures in Ann Arbor received more favorably than previous year.

Speaking engagement in Grand Rapids hosted by William Buwalda.

February 10-16

Goldman lectures in Chicago.

February 26-March 3

With the help of William Marion Reedy, Goldman's lectures are widely attended in St. Louis. Meets political artist Robert Minor. Roger Baldwin arranges two speaking engagements for Goldman at the exclusive Wednesday Ladies' Club. Lecture topics include "The Eternal Spirit of Revolution," "The Social Importance of Ferrer's Modern School," "Tolstoy--Artist and Rebel," and "Galsworthy's Justice."

March 5

Goldman encounters police interference in Staunton, Ill., but manages to speak before members of this mining town despite arrest of one comrade.

March 6-12

Goldman lectures in Belleville, Ill., Milwaukee, and Madison.

March 13

Ricardo Flores Magón appeals to Goldman for support of the revolutionary movement in Mexico.

March 13-21

Scheduling problems for Goldman's lecture series in St. Paul-- holds only one meeting.

March 25

Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City kills 146 people, mostly young women.

Late March

Goldman delivers six lectures in Minneapolis and three lectures in Omaha.

Early April

Goldman speaks to law students in Lincoln, Nebr., and Lawrence, Kans.

Scheduled to participate in a debate and speak before a Jewish audience in Chicago.

April 6-7

Goldman scheduled to speak in Kansas City, Mo.

April 7

Free Speech League incorporated in Albany, N.Y., by Leonard D. Abbott, president, and Brand Whitlock, vice president.

April 14-19

Goldman's lecture on "Victims of Morality" among the most well attended in Denver.

April 22-26

Goldman speaks in Salt Lake City.

May

Climax of land revolt in Baja California led by the Partido Liberal Mexicano; Porfirio Diaz signs a peace treaty with Francisco Madero in Mexico.

April 30-May 7

Goldman immensely pleased with success of her tour in Los Angeles; holds eleven meetings and raises financial support for the Mexican cause, and likens the uprising to the Paris Commune.

May 9-10

Goldman holds two meetings in San Diego.

May 13

Goldman accused of being an agent provocateur by the editors of Justice, a publication of the Social-Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers to rally to Goldman's defense; statement protesting charges made by Justice is circulated.

May 14

Goldman lectures twice in Fresno, Calif.

May 16-25

Eight lectures and a debate in San Francisco.

Late May-early June

Goldman lectures in Portland and Seattle.

June

Six-month tour concluded with lectures in Spokane, Colville, Wash., Boise, and Denver. Collections made for Mexican comrades.

Summer

Goldman spends time with Alexander Berkman at their Ossining summer retreat while Berkman completes Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

August 26

Goldman rallies support for the Mexican Revolution at a mass meeting at Union Square in New York City. Other speakers include Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Max Baginski.

Fall

Unable to secure a mainstream publisher for Berkman's book, Goldman seeks financial support from attorney Gilbert Roe and journalist Lincoln Steffens for its publication by the Mother Earth Publishing Association.

October 1

Goldman speaks out about "The Growing Religious Superstition" at a mass meeting in New York City.

October 13

Goldman among speakers at a New York City commemoration of the second anniversary of the death of Francisco Ferrer. Other speakers include Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University and a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by university administrators for having shared the platform with Goldman at this event.

October 15-December 10

Series of Sunday afternoon and evening lectures in Yiddish and English to residents of New York City's Lower East Side. Lecture topics include "Marriage and the Lot of Children among the Poor," "Government by Spies: The McNamara Case and Burns," "Art and Revolution," "Communism, the Most Practical Basis for Society," "Mary Wollstonecraft, the Pioneer of Modern Womanhood," and "Socialism Caught in Its Political Trap."

November 18

Mother Earth concert and ball to take place in New York City.

December 1

John and James McNamara plead guilty to bombing the Los Angeles Times building; admission of guilt creates controversy among their supporters who believed them to be innocent. Goldman defends their action in Mother Earth editorial.

December 17

Goldman scheduled to present a farewell lecture on "Sex, the Element of Creative Work," in New York City, before departing for annual lecture tour with Ben Reitman.



1912

January

Paul Orleneff returns to the United States for a brief series of dramatic performances.

January 12

Lawrence, Mass., textile strike begins.

February

Goldman debates socialist Sol Fieldman twice in New York on "Direct versus Political Action." Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn take collections for the striking textile workers.

Mother Earth alerts its readers to a major free-speech fight in San Diego.

February 3

Goldman a scheduled speaker at a meeting organized by the Italian Socialist Federation in Union Square to raise support for the Lawrence strikers.

February 10-18

Goldman's annual lecture tour begins in Ohio; speaks in Cleveland, Lorain, Elyria, Columbus, and Dayton; topics include "Anarchism, the Moving Spirit in the Labor Struggle" and "Maternity," a Drama by Eugene Brieux (Why the Poor Should Not Have Children)."

February 21-29

Lectures in Indianapolis and St. Louis.

March

Aroused by the experience of hearing her lecture, Almeda Sperry begins a passionate correspondence with Goldman.

March 3-9

Goldman continues lectures in Chicago; topics include "The Failure of Christianity" and "Edmond Rostand's Chantecler." Debates Dr. Denslow Lewis on "Resolved, that the institution of marriage is detrimental to the best interests of society."

Meets Russian revolutionary Vladimir Bourtzeff.

March 10-April 13

Speaking engagements in Grand Rapids, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha, Kansas City, and Lawrence, Kans.

April 14-27

Goldman's lectures in Denver positively received; lecture topics include "Woman's Inhumanity to Man" and "The Failure of Charity." Denver Post features interviews with and articles by Goldman.

Extends stay in Denver to teach a course on the modern drama.

Late April

Goldman in Salt Lake City.

May 1-13

Continuation of lecture tour in Los Angeles; Goldman responds to growing intensity of free-speech battle in San Diego. On May 13, she speaks at the Los Angeles funeral of IWW agitator Joseph Mikolasek, killed by the San Diego police on May 7.

May 14

Mob of vigilantes waits for Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station; follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters "I.W.W." Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles.

May 15

U.S. grand jury initiated to investigate the IWW as "an organization operating contrary to the laws of the United States." Proceedings terminated before Goldman formally called to testify.

May 16

Goldman and Reitman among speakers at two large protest meetings held in Los Angeles.

May 18-29

Goldman and Reitman in San Francisco; lectures on anarchism and the San Diego free-speech battle are widely attended despite condemnation of Goldman in the press.

Socialists deny Goldman use of their Oakland auditorium.

May 30

Reitman and Goldman speak in Sacramento about their recent experience in San Diego.

June 1-6

Goldman continues lecture tour in Portland.

June 9-20

Goldman's lecture series in Seattle threatened by U.S. military veterans who protest her right to speak. Mayor orders a large contingent of police to monitor, rather than bar, her lectures. Goldman speaks in public in defiance of anonymous death threat; no attempts made on her life.

Mid-June

Goldman travels to Spokane, Colville, Wash., and Butte to lecture.

June 20

Following a long illness, Voltairine de Cleyre dies at the age of forty-five.

June 26-July 13

Goldman returns to Denver intending to teach classes on eugenics and on modern drama; eugenics class canceled for lack of interest. Public lecture topics include "Patriotism--a Menace to Liberty" and "Vice, Its Cause and Cure."

July 16

Her lecture circuit completed, Goldman stops at the Waldheim cemetery in Chicago to visit Voltairine de Cleyre's grave.

July 22

Goldman pleased to return to a well-organized _Mother Earth_ office in New York.

Summer and Fall

Goldman vacations and writes at the Ossining farm; grows impatient with Berkman's difficulties with revision of Prison Memoirs.

August 1

Goldman impressed by African-American political theorist W. E. B. Du Bois lecture at the Sunrise Club in New York.

October 6-December 22

Goldman holds a Yiddish and English Sunday lecture series in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Anarchism," "The Dupes of Politics," "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Resurrection of Alexander Berkman: Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "The Failure of Democracy," "Economic Efficiency--the Modern Menace," and Damaged Goods by Eugène Brieux (A Powerful Drama, Dealing with the Curse of Venereal Disease).

November 5

Woodrow Wilson elected president; Socialist candidate Eugene Debs receives over 900,000 votes.

November 11

Goldman participates in major commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs in New York, sponsored by more than a dozen anarchist and labor organizations.

November 26-30

Goldman scheduled to speak at a meeting organized by Almeda Sperry in New Kensington, Pa., followed by meetings in Pittsburgh, New Castle, and McKees Rocks.

December 6

Goldman scheduled to lecture on syndicalism in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn.

December 7

Gala celebration of Peter Kropotkin's seventieth birthday in New York City cosponsored by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme and Mother Earth; Goldman a featured speaker.

December 11

Berkman and Goldman speak at the Chicago celebration of Kropotkin's birthday.

December 20

Goldman scheduled to lecture on Leonid Andreyev's King Hunger in Brownsville.

December 24

Mother Earth Grand Ball and Reunion in New York.



1913

January 12-February 16

Goldman delivers six Sunday lectures in New York City on the modern drama, discussing the plays of Scandinavian, German, Austrian, French, English, and Russian dramatists including August Strindberg, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Edmond Rostand, Octave Mirbeau, Eugène Brieux, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Pinero, John Galsworthy, Charles Rann Kennedy, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorki, and Leonid Andreyev.

February 12

Lecture in Hartford, Conn.

February 14

Lecture in Newark, N.J.

February 17

The International Exhibition of Modern Art--the Armory Show--opens at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City.

February 20

Benefit event for Mother Earth's eighth anniversary and for Goldman on the eve of her departure for her annual lecture tour.

February 22-April 22

Goldman describes her engagements in Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Mo., Coffeyville, Lawrence, and Topeka, Kans., as "dreadfully uneventful and dull." Lecture topics include "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Psychology of Anarchism," "Woman's Inhumanity to Man," "Syndicalism--the Modern Menace to Capitalism," "Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "Syndicalism, the Strongest Weapon of Labor--a Discussion of Direct Action, Sabotage and the General Strike," and the modern drama.

February 25

Paterson, N.J., silk strike begins.

April 25

Goldman opens series of lectures on Nietzsche at the Woman's Club in Denver.

May 1-8

Goldman lectures on the modern drama in Denver, which "brought larger and more representative audiences than we have ever had in Denver."

May 11-19

Goldman delivers thirteen lectures in Los Angeles.

May 19

Goldman accompanies Reitman, obsessed with returning to San Diego, to the place of his abduction by vigilantes the previous year.

May 20

Goldman and Reitman arrested on arrival in San Diego; vigilantes surround the police station. Police order Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon train back to Los Angeles.

May 22

In Los Angeles, Goldman and others speak out against continued vigilante intimidation in San Diego.

May 25-June 8

Goldman delivers a series of anarchist propaganda lectures in San Francisco, followed by several talks on the modern drama, including Stanley Houghton's Hindel Wakes, John Galsworthy's The Wheels of Justice Crush All, and Charles Rann Kennedy's The Dignity of Labor.

June

Arahata Kanson translates Goldman's essay "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" into Japanese.

June 16-July 9

Goldman lectures on anarchism and the modern drama in Los Angeles. General lecture topics include "Friedrich Nietzsche, the Anti-Governmentalist," "The Social Evil," and "The Child and Its Enemies: The Revolutionary Developments in Modern Education." Dramatists discussed include Henrik Ibsen, Hermann Sudermann, Otto Hartleben, J. M. Synge, William Butler Yeats, Lady Isabella Gregory, Lennox Robinson, Thomas C. Murray, and E. N. Chirikov.

July

Paterson silk strike ends in failure.

July 13-31

Due to her popular success the previous month, Goldman is welcomed back to San Francisco to continue her lecture series. Debates socialist Maynard Shipley, and, in addition to a series on the modern drama, delivers several talks on general topics including "The Relation of the Individual to Society" and, in Yiddish, "Should the Poor Have Many Children." Goldman notes that her lecture on "The Social Evil" attracted the biggest and most diverse audience.

August 3-9

In Portland, Goldman delivers lectures on the modern drama, including the works of playwrights Ludwig Thoma, Stanley Houghton, and Katherine Githa Sowerby. Other public speaking engagements include a debate with socialist W. F. Ries and a lecture on the sterilization laws adopted by the state of Oregon.

August 9

In Seattle, while distributing advance lecture bills for Goldman, Reitman and another publicist are arrested on the charge of "peddling bills without a license," and released on five dollars bail.

August 10

The Seattle Free Speech League protests the actions of the president of the University of Washington, who disallowed the scheduling of Goldman's lectures at campus facilities.

August 11-17

Goldman delivers several lectures in Seattle, including three in the IWW meeting hall; describes them as "the most wonderful I have addressed in many years."

Mid-August

Canadian immigration authorities prevent Goldman from entering the country.

August 17

Goldman participates in debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism," and speaks on "Marriage and Love" in Everett, Wash., despite the mayor's intention to bar her public talks.

Late August

Goldman delivers three lectures in Spokane, including "The Social and Revolutionary Significance of the Modern Drama."

"The Growing Danger of the Power of the Church" is the most popular of two lectures delivered by Goldman in Butte, Mont.

September

Back in New York City, Goldman engages in a search for a large apartment to combine the Mother Earth office with a household comprised of Reitman and his mother, Berkman, Mother Earth secretary M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, and French housekeeper Rhoda Smith. By the end of the month, she moves from 210 East 13th Street, where she has lived since 1903, to 74 West 119th Street.

Fall-Winter

Settled in her new home, Goldman prepares her modern drama manuscript for publication.

Goldman organizes political support for IWW members arrested in connection with strike of Canadian miners, and for Jesus Rangel, Charles Kline and twelve members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano charged with murdering a deputy sheriff in San Antonio, Tex.

October 12

Goldman among speakers at a Francisco Ferrer memorial meeting in New York City.

October 18

Annual Mother Earth reunion concert and ball takes place in New York.

October 26

Goldman delivers two lectures in Trenton, N.J.

November 2-December 28

Goldman conducts Sunday evening lectures series in New York City; topics include "Our Moral Censors," "The Place of Anarchism in Modern Thought," "The Strike of Mothers," "The Intellectual Proletarians," and "Why Strikes Are Lost."

December 15

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