19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard saw busyness as a vice. This article explores his arguments and discusses why, even when you have minimal time, being attentive to yourself is so crucial.

Are you busy today? On your feet? Rushing between appointments? Having no time is a symptom typical of modern life — and busyness is often worn as a badge of honor. Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855), however, saw busyness as nothing more than a ridiculous vice.

In his hyper-intelligent 1843 treatise Either/Or: A Fragment of Life, Kierkegaard writes:

Of all ridiculous things the most ridiculous seems to me, to be busy — to be someone who is brisk about their food and work. Therefore, whenever I see a fly settling, in the decisive moment, on the nose of such a person of affairs; or if he is spattered with mud from a carriage which drives past him in still greater haste; or the drawbridge opens up before him; or a tile falls down and knocks him dead, then I laugh heartily.

Laughter is the appropriate response to the busy person, Kierkegaard believes, for it’s the perfect way to undercut his or her self-importance.

Indeed, busy people haughtily fill their time, always finding things to do — 'I just have so much on' — but this self-generated activity is simply a trivial means of escapism, Kierkegaard argues.

Such people block out their calendars to avoid confronting the general emptiness of their existences — to distract themselves from truly important questions, such as who they are and what their lives are for.

Everything matters but nothing matters: busy people are thus ridiculous.

But what if you just are busy?

It could be argued, however, that not every busy person is busy by choice. Sometimes circumstances are set so that time simply becomes an incredibly rare and precious resource.

And when it comes to the end of a long day, contemplating who you are and what your life is for may not be at the top of your to-do list. Much better to wind down and relax with some TV.

But here we must remember Kierkegaard’s diagnosis of 'the unhappy person', which comes in a later chapter of Either/Or: A Fragment of Life:

The unhappy person is one who has his ideal, the content of his life, the fullness of his consciousness, the essence of his being, in some manner outside of himself. The unhappy man is always absent from himself, never present to himself.

Investing everything you have in external events, people, or things is a surefire way to unhappiness, Kierkegaard advises.

Rather, it’s crucial to be attentive to yourself, present to your own wants and needs, as understanding what’s important to you is the first step in working out how to make your life a little less 'busy' — knowing which things to shed, and which to pay due time, care, and attention to.

So: who are you and what is your life for?

Further reading

If you’re looking to explore Kierkegaard further, Either/Or: A Fragment of Life is a brilliant place to start. A fascinating work on duality, the book’s first section is written from the perspective of an aesthetic and rather callous young man named simply A; the second from the reasonable, ethical Judge Vilhelm.

Kierkegaard invites us to explore subjects like boredom, romance, meaning, and culture from these two seemingly irreconcilable perspectives. In doing so, he writes some utterly heart-wrenching, deeply witty, and memorable prose. It’s a perfect accompaniment to break up a busy existence.

Alternatively, for further clearings in your cluttered schedule, we’ve put together a reading list on the best books on the history of western philosophy. Check it out by hitting the banner below.