Racism in British academe remains as prevalent as it was 20 years ago, the author of a study looking at the experiences of black and minority ethnic academics has said.

Of 65 academics interviewed for the study, the overwhelming majority said they had experienced some kind of racism, either direct or indirect. Only two said gender had had more of an impact on their careers than race.

Some respondents said that they felt they had to work "doubly hard" compared with white colleagues -- ­ publishing more, submitting more grant applications and getting more international recognition ­ to be considered for promotion.

"If there are two people, one an ethnic minority, one a [white] English person vying for the same job, I believe they'll take the English person, unless the ethnic minority is doing much more, at a higher level," said one

interviewee for the study.

Respondents also reported experiencing subtle racism, such as feeling that there was a lack of trust in their abilities or that white colleagues' body language excluded them from activities. Others said they felt hampered in putting themselves forward for senior positions.

"I don't think things have changed very much in the academy from 10 or 20 years ago," the report's author, Kalwant Bhopal, reader in education at the University of Southampton, told Times Higher Education. "I think the situation has changed in the sense that we have equality policies in place that are much stronger, but I still feel there exists an underlying subtext of racism."

Respondents had contrasting views on the impact of the research excellence framework (REF) on equality. Although some welcomed its objective criteria as "neutralizing ethnicity," others were skeptical that publications from journals across the world, or articles that focused on specific areas of the world, would be treated equally.

Bhopal also pointed out that the proportion of minority ethnic groups on REF panels is lower than in the comparable academic staff population, something the UK funding councils said they would try to rectify in panel appointments in 2013.

Ethnic minorities are already underrepresented in academia, making up 12.6 percent of academic staff in 2011-12, according to data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency. This compares with 14 percent of the population in the 2011 England and Wales census.

This is exacerbated in more senior positions, with black and minority ethnic staff making up just 4.5 percent of senior managers and 7.4 percent of professorial roles in 2010-11. It is often cited that Gerald Pillay at Liverpool Hope University remains Britain's only minority ethnic vice chancellor; however, official data are not currently collected.

Among the report's recommendations are that universities should acknowledge that discrimination and exclusionary practices exist and appreciate that they impact negatively on minority ethnic staff and their careers. It adds that universities should develop mentoring systems, appointing senior minority ethnic academic staff as mentors, and ensure that as far as possible there is ethnic diversity on internal REF groups.