FILE - In this March 7, 2017 file photo, rowers paddle down the Charles River past the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. A lawsuit alleging racial discrimination against Asian American applicants in Harvard's admissions process is heading to trial in Boston's federal court on Monday, Oct. 15, 2018. Harvard denies any discrimination, saying it considers race as one of many factors when considering applicants. (AP Photo/Charles Krupa, File)

FILE - In this March 7, 2017 file photo, rowers paddle down the Charles River past the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. A lawsuit alleging racial discrimination against Asian American applicants in Harvard's admissions process is heading to trial in Boston's federal court on Monday, Oct. 15, 2018. Harvard denies any discrimination, saying it considers race as one of many factors when considering applicants. (AP Photo/Charles Krupa, File)

BOSTON (AP) — Harvard University intentionally uses a vague “personal rating” to reject Asian-American applicants in favor of students from other racial backgrounds, according to lawyers on one side of a trial that began Monday and carries weighty implications for dozens of other U.S. colleges.

Harvard’s legal team denied any discrimination in its opening statement at Boston’s federal courthouse, saying race is just one factor that’s considered and can only help a student’s chances of getting admitted. In its hour-long opening, lawyers for Students for Fair Admissions accused Harvard of intentionally discriminating against Asian-Americans through a personal rating score that measures character traits such as “courage” and “likeability.”

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The case drew dozens of spectators who packed into the courtroom and two overflow rooms Monday, some wearing blue shirts that read “Defend Diversity” in support of Harvard. A day earlier, backers from both sides hosted dueling rallies in the Boston area.

The trial began nearly four years after Harvard was sued by Students for Fair Admissions, a nonprofit based in Arlington, Virginia, that believes schools should not consider race when selecting students. Since then, Harvard and other elite colleges have faced mounting scrutiny over the way they factor race into admission decisions, a topic that has drawn renewed interest among federal authorities.

The suit says Asian-American applicants bring stronger academic records than any other race, yet they are admitted at the lowest rate. The group says that’s because Harvard consistently gives them lower scores on the personal rating, which, according to a document revealed by the group Monday, is only loosely defined in Harvard policies.

Lawyers for the group presented a document they say is Harvard’s only guidance on the personal rating. It was simply a numeral rating ranging from one, for “outstanding,” to five, for “questionable personal traits.”

Adam Mortara, a lawyer for Students for Fair Admissions, says the subjective measure has been influenced by prejudice.

“You have let the wolf of racial bias in through the front door,” he said.

Students for Fair Admissions is led by Edward Blum, a legal strategist who has fought against the use of race at other colleges, including a Supreme Court case in 2016 that upheld policies at the University of Texas. Yet Mortara argued Monday the lawsuit is not a broader attack on affirmative action, saying Harvard has simply gone too far in its “zeal” to consider race.

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“Diversity and its benefits are not on trial here. Students for Fair Admissions supports diversity on campus,” he said.

Harvard’s lawyers depicted the lawsuit as an attack on the school and many others that consider race as a way to admit a diverse mix of students. William Lee, a lawyer for the school and a member of its governing board, said race is just one of many factors that can work in favor of an applicant, getting no more weight than a student’s geography or family income.

“Race alone is never the reason a student is granted admission,” Lee said. “And race is never the reason a student is denied.”

Lee downplayed the influence of any single numerical rating, saying the final decision comes down to a 40-person committee that spends weeks reviewing and discussing applications.

After opening statements, Students for Fair Admissions questioned Harvard’s admissions dean, William Fitzsimmons, who acknowledged Harvard uses different cutoffs based on race and geography when choosing which high school students the school invites to apply.

In some heavily rural states, for example, white students have been invited to apply if they scored 1310 or better on the PSAT, while Asians in the same area needed a 1370. Fitzsimmons denied any bias, explaining it as an “evenhanded” way to reach rural students who otherwise wouldn’t consider Harvard. But in a heated moment, John Hughes, the lawyer questioning him, described it differently.

“That’s race discrimination plain and simple, isn’t it Dean Fitzsimmons?” Hughes said.

The trial is expected to last three weeks, with the final decision to be made by U.S. District Court Judge Allison D. Burroughs.

The legal showdown begins amid a revived national debate over the role race should play in college admissions. The U.S. Justice Department is also investigating Harvard over alleged discrimination against Asian-Americans, and Yale University was announced as the subject of a similar investigation by the Justice and Education departments in September.

The Harvard case has captured the attention of many in the education world, including leaders of some colleges who say a loss for Harvard could put their own policies in jeopardy.

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Follow Collin Binkley on Twitter at https://twitter.com/cbinkley