You’re walking at $HOME , minding your own business.

$ whoami > user $ pwd > /home/user

But something is bothering your feet. It’s like if a little rock has fallen into your shoe. You take it off, to see what’s going on.

$ ls -lah ./left-shoe ---------- 1 root root 4 May 30 13:20 little-rock

That’s odd. It’s there, but it doesn’t seem to be yours. It’s left there by root , the Rock Tamer, and only he can decide its fate.

# bash -c "echo 'You stay here' > /home/user/left-shoe/little-rock" # chmod 0000 /home/user/left-shoe/little-rock

You reach into your pocket for your phone, to speed dial him with sudo . Suddenly, you feel powerful (from watching Gladiator last night), and decide to put back the phone, and try your luck.

$ rm -f ./left-shoe/little-rock $ ls -lah ./left-shoe/little-rock ls : cannot access little-rock: No such file or directory

You look down at your shaking hands, trying to figure out if this is the real world. It is. You did it. Without the Rock Tamer. But how?

The little rock in your shoe had absolutely no idea what’s coming. As seen from it’s incarnation, nobody had any permissions on it ( --- --- --- ). No reads, no writes, no throwing by anyone (owner, group, others).

The catch

What happened is, the Rock Tamer forgot that you are even more powerful than him, when you’re at $HOME . Let’s see why.

To be able to do anything with a file, the first step is to look it up in its directory. Listing a directory’s contents is controlled by the execute flag. If a user has execute permissions on a directory, he can see what’s inside it. Also, the execute flag on the directory gives access to its files’ inode s, which is crucial in this context, as the removal process unlinks the file.

Next, the removing part. Renaming or removing a file doesn’t involve the write() system call. Practically, we don’t need any permissions to remove the file, nor do we care about its owner. The only requirement is to have write permissions on the parent directory (and the execute flag on the parent directory).

The $HOME directory naturally fulfills both of these requirements from the user’s perspective.

The contra-catch

If the Rock Tamer, really didn’t want anyone to mess around with his rocks, he would’ve done:

# chattr +i /home/user/left-shoe/little-rock

This operation makes the file immutable, which among other things, prevents its removal. Excerpt from the man page:

A file with the 'i' attribute cannot be modified: it cannot be deleted or renamed, no link can be created to this file and no data can be written to the file. Only the superuser or a process possessing the CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE capability can set or clear this attribute.

Moonwalks away.