a, Percentage of IL-22+ cells in CD45+ lineage− RORγT+ ILC3s from siLP of mice with or without TUDCA treatment (n = 4 mice per group; t 6 = −5.767). b, mRNA expression of Il22 in the intestines (n = 6 mice per group; t 10 = −4.175). c, Serum IL-22 levels of the DHEA or DHEA + GDCA mice (n = 6 mice per group; t 10 = −6.067). The mice were divided into three groups (control, GDCA and Il22r−/− + GDCA) for d–i. For the control, wild-type mice were injected daily with DHEA subcutaneously. For GDCA, wild-type mice were injected daily with DHEA subcutaneously and gavaged with 30 mg kg−1 d−1 GDCA. For Il22r−/− + GDCA, Il22r−/− mice were injected daily with DHEA and gavaged with GDCA. d, GTT (n = 6 mice per group). e, AUC of GTT (n = 6 mice per group; F 2,15 = 6.293). f, ITT (n = 6 mice per group). g, AUC of ITT (n = 6 mice per group; F 2,15 = 14.899). h, Representative estrous cycles for mice from the three groups. i, Quantitative analysis of estrous cycles for the mice from the control, GDCA and Il22r−/− + GDCA groups (n = 6 mice per group). j, IL-22 levels in the cell culture supernatant (n = 4 mice per group; F 3,12 = 49.221; DMSO versus GDCA, P = 0.000002; GDCA versus triamterene + GDCA, P = 3.60 × 10−7). k, Il22 mRNA expression levels (n = 4 mice per group; F 3,12 = 17.708; GDCA versus triamterene + GDCA, P = 0.000047). l, Gata3 mRNA expression levels in ILC3s with or without GDCA or triamterene treatment in vitro (n = 4 mice per group; F 3,12 = 24.044; GDCA versus triamterene + GDCA, P = 0.000012). m, cAMP levels in the intestines of mice treated with DHEA or B. vulgatus (n = 8 mice per group; F 2,21 = 29.246; control versus B. vulgatus, P = 3.52 × 10−7; control versus DHEA, P = 0.000013). n, Representative flow cytometry plots of IL-22+ cells in CD45+ lineage− RORγT+ ILC3s from siLP. Three independent experiments were performed with similar results. o, Percentage of IL-22+ cells in CD45+ lineage− RORγT+ ILC3s from siLP of the mice (n = 4 mice per group; F 2,9 = 23.175). For a–c, P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test and data are presented as means ± s.e.m. For d–g, j–m and o, P values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison post-hoc test and data are presented as means ± s.e.m. For i, P values were determined by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test and data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges. Source Data