Investors have endured a white-knuckle ride in recent weeks. World stock markets have plunged after government bank bail-outs in the US and Europe failed to stem fears of slower global economic growth. On Wall Street, the Dow Jones fell 370 points, ending below 10,000 for the first time since 2004. UK and French indexes also suffered big falls. And Asian shares continued the trend early on Tuesday, with Tokyo's Nikkei opening 1.38% down. Investors fear that official action might not be enough to stem the crisis. This was despite a $700bn (£398bn) US bank bail-out being passed late last week, and efforts by several European countries including Germany and Denmark to boost confidence in their banks. "The fact is people are scared and the only thing they're doing is selling," said Ryan Detrick, senior technical strategist at Schaeffer's Investment Research. "Investors are cleaning out portfolios and getting rid of everything because nothing seems to be working." In New York, the Dow fell 369.88 points, or 3.58%, to end at 9,955.50. At one point the blue-chip index had been down more than 800 points. London's key UK share index lost 7.85% - its biggest percentage fall since 1987 and in Paris the Cac-40 suffered its largest fall on record. The Nikkei's fall on Tuesday followed its 4.3% drop on Monday, which saw it close at its lowest since February 2004. Restoring confidence President George W Bush said on Monday that it would take some time for the rescue plan to restore confidence to the financial system. He said it was important that the programme was implemented properly and did not waste taxpayers' money. "We don't want to rush into this situation and not have the programme be effective," he said. Stock markets are falling... and it's the troubles of Europe's banks, and the messy response of the authorities, that's to blame

Robert Peston

BBC business editor

Read Robert's blog Interactive map: How European governments have reacted "It's going to take a while to restore confidence in the financial system." The Treasury has appointed Neel Kashkari, 35, an assistant secretary and a former employee of Goldman Sachs, to head the Office of Financial Stability that will run the rescue programme. In an attempt to reassure investors, the President's Working Group on Financial Markets said on Monday that it was moving quickly to exercise the new powers it had been given as part of the Wall Street rescue package. The group, which was formed after the 1987 stock market crash, said it would move "with substantial force on a number of fronts". As one of the first effects of the rescue plan, the Federal Reserve announced that it would start paying interest on the reserves that banks are forced to deposit at the central bank. 'Collective action' In Europe, analysts said that Germany's increased 50bn-euro ($68bn; £38.7bn) bail-out of Hypo Real Estate, the country's second-biggest commercial property lender, had alarmed investors. Earlier, Germany had appeared to announce an unlimited guarantee for private savings - though it later said this was not the case and it had instead given only a "political commitment" that savers would not lose deposits. However, Denmark had already moved to offer full protection, while Sweden massively increased the level of protection it offered. Late on Monday the parliament in Iceland passed a bill giving the state the power to intervene at will in the banking system. "We were faced with the real possibility that the national economy would be sucked into the global banking swell and end in national bankruptcy," said Prime Minister Geir Haarde. Other developments on Monday included: EU leaders issued a joint statement saying they would take the necessary measures to protect both the system and individual depositors

BNP Paribas has taken a controlling interest in Fortis Trading in shares of Benelux bank Fortis was suspended, on the day BNP Paribas took a controlling interest in the troubled finance group under an emergency deal with the Belgian and Luxembourg governments

Central banks across Europe - including the ECB and Bank of England - offered more than $74bn to banks in short-term loans in separate efforts aimed at trying to making cash available for the banking sector

International Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn said Europe needed a collective response to the financial crisis and warned countries not to act alone

Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero and French President Nicolas Sarkozy arranged meetings with the heads of their respective countries' main banks to discuss the global financial crisis - and said the two leaders would meet later this week. Markets suspended In London, the FTSE 100 index ended down 391.1 points, or 7.85%, at 4,589.2 - having lost 8.5% at one point. Germany's Dax index lost 7.39%, while France's Cac-40 index dropped 9.04% - its biggest one-day fall since the index was created in 1988. Trading on key stock markets in Brazil and Russia was temporarily suspended after share prices plummeted by 10% and 15% respectively. Russia's RTS index ended 19.1% down. The prospect of a slowdown denting energy demand saw oil prices fall further, dipping under $90 a barrel. In London Brent crude dropped $6.57 to $83.68 a barrel, while US light, sweet crude fell $6.07 to $87.81 a barrel.



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