https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_aorounga1a.jpg

Asteroid impact craters are among the most interesting geological structures on any planet. Many other planets and moons in our solar system, including our own moon, are pock-marked with loads of craters. But because Earth has a protective atmosphere and is geologically active – with plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, mostly relatively young oceanic crust, and harsh weathering from wind and water – impact structures don't last long and can be tough to come by.

But on a few old pieces of continent, especially in arid deserts, the marks of asteroids have been preserved. One well-known example is our own Barringer crater, also known as Meteor Crater, in Arizona. The images here show some of the biggest, oldest and most interesting impact craters on the planet. Aorounga crater, pictured above and below, is one of the best preserved impact craters on Earth, thanks in part to its location in the Sahara Desert in Chad. The 10 mile-wide crater is probably around 350 million years old. The stripes are alternating rock ridges and sand layers, known as yardangs, caused by persistent unidirectional wind. The image above was taken by astronauts in the International Space Station in July. The radar image below, taken from the space shuttle in 1994, reveals that Aorounga may be one of two or three craters.



Images: NASA https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_shoemaker1a.jpg

The Shoemaker crater in Western Australia, formerly known as the Teague crater, was renamed in honor of the planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker for whom the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 is also named. The age of the crater unclear, but it could be 1.7 billion years old, which makes it the oldest known impact in Australia. The brightly colored splotches are seasonal salt-water lakes. This image was taken by the Landsat 7 satellite.

Image: NASA/USGS, 2000. https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_manicouagan1a.jpg

The Manicouagan Crater in northern Canada is one of the largest impact craters known on Earth. The impact occurred around 210 million years ago at the end of the Triassic period and may have caused a mass extinction that killed around 60 percent of all species. Though the crater has mostly eroded, Lake Manicouagan outlines what is left of the 43-mile wide impact structure. The asteroid that created the crater is thought to have been about three miles wide. Today the lake is a reservoir and popular salmon fishing location.



Images: 1) NASA, STS 9 Crew, 1983. 2) NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team, 2001. https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_spider2a.jpg

This crazy looking structure in Western Australia is called the Spider crater, for obvious reasons. Geologists determined it was an impact crater when they found shatter cones, telltale cone-shaped, grooved rocks found only around impacts. The crazy looking legs surrounding the impact are mostly due to erosion of different rock layers. The harder sandstone ridges withstood the weathering of wind and water better than the softer intervening layers. The crater is somewhere between 600 million and 900 million years old and the raised area at its center is around 1,600 feet wide. The image above is a false-color image taken by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA's Terra. The true-color image below was captured by Taiwan's Formost-2 satellite



Images: 1) NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team, 2008. 2) Cheng-Chien Liu, National Cheng-Kung University and Dr. An-Ming Wu, National Space Organization, Taiwan, 2008 https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_gossesbluff1a.jpg

The Gosses Bluff crater in Australia's Northern Territory sits between two mountain ranges. The raised circular feature in the center of the structure is around 2.8 miles across, but the original crater rim was probably at the edge of the surrounding grayish area. The crater was formed caused by an asteroid impact around 140 million years ago.

Image: USGS https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_clearwater1a.jpg

Clearwater Lakes in Quebec, Canada were formed by a pair of asteroid impact craters. The impacts probably occurred simultaneously around 290 million years ago. The larger crater measures 22 miles across.

Image: NASA https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_roterkamm1a.jpg

The Roter Kamm crater in Namibia is hard to see in visible light, but shows up more clearly with imaging radar. The crater's 1.5 mile-wide rim stands out as a bright ring in the lower left of the image, which was taken by a radar instrument on board the space shuttle. Irregular surfaces show up brightly and smooth areas are dark. The white splotch at the bottom of the photo is a rocky hill, the darkest areas are wind-blown sand dunes, the blue around the crater's rim may be material that was ejected during the impact, the red is limestone outcrop and the green areas are mostly vegetation. The impact occurred around 5 million years ago.

Image: NASA/JPL, 1994. https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_lonar1a.jpg

The Lonar crater in Maharashta, India is around 6,000 feet wide and 500 feet deep and contains a saltwater lake. Scientists determined the structure was caused by an asteroid through clues such as the presence of maskelynite, a glass that is only formed by extremely high-velocity impacts. The impact occurred around 50,000 years ago. This image was captured by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA's Terra satellite. It is a simulated true-color image

Image: NASA, 2004 https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_vredefort1a.jpg

The Vredefort Dome in South Africa is possibly the oldest and largest clearly visible asteroid impact on Earth. The 155-mile crater is approximately 60 miles southwest of Johannesburg and was formed around 2 billion years ago.

Images: NASA https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2009/08/impact_bs1a.jpg

We here at Wired Science love a really good, cheesy artist's rendering of a space object or phenomenon, so we couldn't resist this beauty. This is one man's idea of what a 300-mile wide asteroid would look impacting Earth. This event probably would have killed everything on the planet. Fortunately, NASA says nothing this big is headed our way anytime soon.

Image: NASA/Don Davis