From a recent book chronicling the White Terror (its author, Ilya Rat'kovskij, is not a communist; he earlier wrote a book on the Red Terror). I google-translate just the early months.Илья Ратьковский, Хроника белого террора в России. Репрессии и самосуды (1917–1920 гг.). It is online, for the references: http://readli.net/chitat-online/?b=901832&pg=6 It's literally in the form of a chronicle.In Petrograd, the famous right figure, the creator of the Mikhail Archangel Union, VM Purishkevich (hiding in the city on a fake passport for the name Evreinov), told the participants of his underground anti-Soviet group "The Russian Assembly": "It is necessary ... to hit the rear and destroy them mercilessly: hang and shoot publicly as an example to others. We must start with the Smolny Institute and then go through all the barracks and factories, shooting soldiers and workers in masses "[55]. The Purishkevich organization consisted largely of officers. Among its members were generals DI Anichkov, KI Serbinovich (both graduates of the Academy of the General Staff), doctor, mediocre colonel VP Vsevolozhsky (Chairman of the St. Petersburg / Petrograd Automobile Club in 1912-1916 and from spring to autumn 1917), Colonel F. V. Vinberg (later left for Kiev), Engineer Parfenov, Lieutenant N. A. Shtyrov, Captain D. V. Shatilov, Ensign E. Zelinsky, Staff-captain, Baron de Bode , the former chairman of the monarchist union of academic students N.O. Graf, the cadet S. A. Hesket and the Duke D. G. Leuchtenberg, the officer PN Popov (bol its known as PN Shabelsky-Bork). Some of them will later take an active part in the White movement, including in the implementation of his repressive practices.In November, the organization was disclosed. The revolutionary tribunal that examined this case established the existence of connections between the conspirators with the Don Ataman AM Kaledin, the purchase of weapons, the recruitment of officers and cadets, and plans for an armed appearance in Petrograd. At the trial, a group of 14 people, mostly military men, was held as defendants. Two participants were released by the youth of the years (both cadets and participants in the uprising). VM Purishkevich was sentenced to 4 years probation with a probation period of 1 year; three participants on the same conditions were sentenced to 3 years of conditional work at the prison; The remaining terms were defined in the range of 2 to 9 months. The May Day amnesty of 1918 annulled the remaining prison terms [56].On November 2, 1917, in Yekaterinodar, on the orders of the Kuban Military Government, a pro-Bolshevik protest rally was held in the city after numerous arrests caused by the introduction of the state of emergency in the city on October 26 [57]. According to the historian A. Bugaev, the Bolsheviks, who brought several thousand people to the streets of the city, including soldiers of the garrison, were met by the armed Junkers and Cossacks by the Samurian barracks. "At the same time, according to N. Yanchevsky, five soldiers and three workers were wounded, and four people were killed. The congress established a commission to clarify the circumstances of the disarmament of the artillery and the shooting of demonstrators, but it did not even pass a protest resolution "[58]. A number of Soviet researchers pointed out that the rally was shot by members of the detachment of VL Pokrovsky [59].On the night of November 7, 1917, the Orenburg Ataman General AI Dutov made arrests of members of the local council in Orenburg. On the morning of November 7, the active participant of the white movement, MA Nesterovich-Berg, arrived in the city, along with the 120 officers and cadets brought by her. According to her memoirs, Ataman A. I. Dutov in conversation with her was frank about the fact that when taking control of the city by troops, he not only made the hostages arrest, but also shot the instigators. Subsequently, members of delegations who asked for the arrested, he after a few receptions no longer accepted and passed on to the Cossacks as a whole: "What is being done with it, I have little interest. Now Russia is in such a state that it is not time to talk "[60].Of course, it is necessary to evaluate the data of Ataman AI Dutov's statements quite critically. Most likely, it was only general boasting, the aspiration of the ataman to appear in the image of a man of strong will, and not evidence of shooting based on real events. However, these phrases of Ataman Dutov determine his personal attitude to the problem of possible use of violence. The reaction of other leaders of the White movement to the retelling of the conversation with Dutov MA Nesterovich-Berg is also of interest. In the South of Russia this was received with a cheer. Thus, the general from the cavalry, a graduate of the General Staff, IG Erdeli, who answered the Don among other things for drafting new charters, instructions and statutes, having heard this conversation in a retelling of MA Nesterovich-Berg, frankly stated that "he himself is a supporter of steep measures , that Dutov in this respect is the complete opposite of Kaledin. " General MV Alexeev also expressed similar views, saying that he was delighted with the "steep measures of Ataman Dutov" [61]. It should be noted that General Alekseev during this period (in a conversation on November 14) expressed to Ataman A.M. Kaledin the desire not to stand on ceremony with the delegations of the workers' districts of Rostov and Makeyevka: "There is nothing to be ceremonized with them, Alexei Maksimovich. You see, you forgive me for your frankness, it takes a lot of time to talk, but here - if you make a good bloodletting, then the end is done "[62]. In this way, although General Dutov's bragging did not seem to have any substantiation, it was the impetus for violence in other regions. In addition, in the Orenburg region, such Dutov's statements also served as a practical call for self-lawful reprisals. Although the well-known researcher of the biography of Dutov, D.Sc. AV Ganin, these statements seem to be an insignificant moment, self-advertisement, they should be taken into account in the context of their influence on the subsequent practice of white terror in various regions of Russia [63].On the night of November 25 to November 26, 1917, on the orders of the chief of the Rostov garrison, Major-General D. Potocki, a detachment of Don Cossacks and Junkers defeated the premises of the Rostov-Nakhichevan Soviet located at the Mars Theater. The council meeting ended earlier than usual, so the Cossacks and the cadets were found only by a member of the Council of the locksmith LN Kundu, as well as the Bolshevik worker, member of the Red Guards Staff A. S. Kozberyuk and the 18-year-old youth E. Strizhakov and several Red Guards. Their bodies (including three Red Guards) were found the next day [64]. The mention of one dead member of the Council is also in the Appeal of the Black Sea Flotilla to the population of the Don Region on November 26, 1917 [65] The murder of a member of the Council of Kunda and several Bolsheviks is also mentioned in white sources [66]. These were the first Soviet victims of the Civil War raging on the Don. Later, as early as 1918, the leader of the Rostov Bolsheviks, the organizer of the Red Guard, G. P. Fadeyev-Vasiliev, was killed in the city [67].November 30, 1917 in Samara at the entrance to the building of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies (simultaneously the headquarters of the city Red Guards) unknown persons killed the Red Guard, worker of the Pipe Plant Bolshevik MS Stepanov [68].On December 2, 1917, the troops of the Don Ataman General AM Kaledin, with the key support of the white volunteers, occupy Rostov-on-Don. In the city, executions of Bolsheviks and workers begin. The City Duma of Rostov and Nakhichevan acted against the violence shown in these days. The Duma stated that "in the most energetic way, protesting against the violence, which mainly fell on the working population of both cities (arbitrary searches and arrests, failure to take measures against lynchings and executions, etc.) ... considers it necessary to lift the martial law, stop searches and arrests and cessation of cases initiated in connection with the civil war ... "[69]. Later, on December 11, 1917, the funeral of 62 Rostov workers was held [70]. The fact of death of the population was recognized also by the ataman Kaledin, who met him at the entrance to the city, he declared: "I do not need an ovation. I'm not a hero and my coming is not a holiday. I'm not a happy winner, I'm driving into your city ... blood was shed, and there's nothing to be happy about. It's hard for me. I fulfill my civic duty "[71]. The Kaledinsky confession is also fixed in other white memoirs: "It was terrible to shed the first blood" [72]. According to the literary testimony of the famous Soviet writer MS Shaginyan, who was living in the city at that time (Chapter 5. "Bullets sing" of the story "The Change"), previously workers and Red Guards tortured in the Balabanov grove. "They drove the Cossacks before them. The workers were disarmed, in tattered hats and fur coats, they took pictures of them, which was better. When they stopped, they beat them with their rifle butts in the back. They were driven into the Balabanov grove. They mocked him: twisted like ropes, hands with each other, turned out joints, broke knee cups, cut ears. They shot at them for the last time and, they say, there were corpses piled up with a whole mountain. The snow around melted, the dogs went to the Balabanovo grove and howled out "[73].Conflicts with the fatal outcome of cadets with workers in Rostov-on-Don took place in the following days. When a group of workers surrounded the guard of the Junker battalion on the street and began shouting slogans: "Down with the war! Down with the counter-revolutionaries! Down with the Cadets! ", The cadets, after an oral warning, opened a direct fire to defeat the workers. As a result, four workers were killed and a large number of wounded were present [74].On the night of December 3, 1917, a detachment of Don Cossacks, presumably led by the captain of VM Chernetsov, who came from Novocherkassk to the Taganrog district, attacked the Bokovo-Khrustal Soviet, killed his chairman N. Pereverzev, the chief of staff of the Red Guard A.I. Knyazhichenko and the Red Army soldier I. F. Grigoriev. Their mutilated bodies beyond recognition were discovered in the morning [75].On the night of December 15, 1917, in the explosion in the cellar of the building of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies organized by counterrevolutionaries, 8 Red Guardsmen were killed and 30 wounded. 7 victims of the explosion were solemnly buried in the garden at the city theater on December 26 [76].In mid-December 1917, no later than December 17, at the station Dauria in Manchuria, on the verdict of the military court court, appointed by the czar G. Semenov, the commissar of the Harbin City Council of Arcus was executed. [77] A week earlier, on December 8, 1917, he was arrested and beaten. He will be shot, then the stomach will burst from the corpse, and the body, which has been doused with kerosene, is burnt.December 17, 1917 was arrested and soon killed one of the first Marxist revolutionaries, Semirechie, Cossack Bolshoyalmatinskaya stanitsa, editor of the Semirechinskaya Peasant Newspaper, AP Berezovsky. Together with him, his companion KV Ovcharov was killed. After their arrest, they were taken by counter-revolutionaries to the 12th kilometer of the Verkhnekuljinsky (now Talgar) tract and killed. According to one version, they were hacked down by checkers [78]. More reasonableOn December 19, 1917, the detachment of the captain of the Trans-Baikal district, GM Semenov, and Baron RF von Ungern occupied the Manchurian station, sending the echelon with the disarmed soldiers of the garrison and the "sealed car" with the members of the local council: teachers, workers and persons of other professions [80]. According to the memoirs of GM Semenov, he sent representatives of the local council to Chita in "live form", while Soviet historiography records the arrival of a car with their mutilated corpses in Chita. So, according to the historian SN Shishkin, at the request of the "people's council" of Transbaikalia, troubled by the events at the Manchuria station from Chita, whether such members of the Council were indeed shot, Ataman Semyonov cabled: "They are not shot, but hanged ..." - and after This sent a car to Chita with the mutilated corpses of Soviet people [81].On December 25, 1917, on orders from the Urals ataman GP Martynov, a detachment of whiteguards attacked the barracks of the 7th Cossack regiment, which had returned to Uralsk three days earlier, propagandized by the Bolsheviks three days earlier. One Cossack was killed, three wounded. Perhaps it was a response to events in the city. Earlier on 23-24 December a wave of "drunken pogroms" swept through Uralsk (the Cossacks of the 7th Cossack regiment also participated), in which 4 people were killed [82].December 26, 1917 in Kiev, was arrested and taken away in an unknown direction by the chairman of the Kiev Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies Leonid Pyatakov. During the arrest and search of LL Pyatakov's apartment, his younger brother, also a prominent Bolshevik, GL Pyatakov, was beaten [83]. On January 1, 1918, the body of LL Pyatakov with traces of torture was discovered near Post-Volynsky near Kiev. "In place of the heart was a deep funnel, drilled, obviously, with a sword, and the arms were completely rugged; as the doctors explained, he, alive, was drilled with his heart, and he convulsively grabbed the blade of the drilling piece, "wrote Georgy Pyatakov about the death of his brother. [84] Subsequently, in the autumn of 1918, Soviet newspapers rightly considered LL Pyatakov one of the first victims of anti-Bolshevik terror. The special investigative commission established involvement in the terrorist act of the Ukrainian Central Rada, demanding in its decision merciless reprisal with his executioners.December 27, 1917 Cossack detachment ataman Zaitsev in the village of Groznenskaya killed Sheikh Denis Arsanov (in an attempt to disarm the persons accompanying him). The Sheikh advocated peaceful negotiations among representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus, including for negotiations with the Bolsheviks [85].On December 28, 1917, Nikolai Nikolaevich Konyaev, commander of the Debaltsevo detachment of the Red Guard, was stabbed with bayonets by the Don Cossacks of the partisan detachment of the Cossack V.M. Chernetsov. (Debaltsevo is busy on the eve). N. N. Konyaev was not the only victim of Chernetsov's attack. According to the memoirs of VA Antonov-Ovseyenko, 13 Red Guards and Soviet workers were shot at Debaltsevo station [86]. Later the events in Debaltsevo were described in 1928 in the story "Frosty Night" by writer AN Tolstoy. According to the art text, 20 people were killed at the station (chopped down by checkers), and Chernetsov also took hostages [87].Chernetsov himself reproached the officers for their indecision: "This does not offend me, I hung not one commissar; but it will be a pity to you, nothing that has done for the Don, when you will be hanged! "[88]On December 28, 1917, according to the testimony of the chairman of the Troitsk Land Committee, Goloshchapov, he was arrested in a village near the station. Syrt. In the village, he saw a lot of human corpses, with whom the Orenburg Cossacks were beaten to death by the soldiers and thrown into it, and then the body of the boy was thrown there, who had a skull in his process of beating. Goloschapova was identified by the centurion of Orlov, and he was also beaten and, counting as dead, threw into the same pile of corpses. Waking up after losing consciousness, he crawled out from under a pile of bodies, but he was noticed and wanted to finish the job. However, the officer of the first reserve Cossack regiment, IP Velin, kept the crowd, pointing out the possible retaliatory actions of the Soviet authorities. Later, he managed to escape with the assistance of a sympathetic Cossack [89].Beating with ramrods in the field of the Orenburg Cossack army was an ordinary occurrence. This often led to death. Thus, one of the victims of this procedure was later the father of the famous Soviet military leader, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant-General AI Rodimtsev (1905-1977), a farmhand from the village of Sharlyk I. Rodimtsev. He left in his memoirs a vivid description of how this happened. At the same time, this description was placed in two different memories, almost unchanged. Obviously, for Rodimtsev this was an important moment in his biography. In his personal file, Rodimtsev also pointed to the death of his father from the White Cossacks in 1919 as a result of the execution. This is, in particular, mentioned by the well-known researcher of the Dutov regime AV Ganin, but not counting this as reliable evidence. In support of his words, the "school website", which reproduces the memories of Rodimets about his childhood (referring to the page next to the description of his father's death), and where (there is no link) another date of death as a result of hunger. Unfortunately, Ganin prefers not to believe Rodimtsev, his different memories, his personal business, and the school site and the indication that in local metric books there is no mention of the death of Father Rodimtsev during this period (no, by the way, in a later period ). Thus, AV Ganin accuses AI Rodimtsev of falsifying the biography. This statement on the conscience of the biographer ataman AI Dutov [90].On December 30, 1917, according to the recollections of White General A.P. Bogaevsky, Captain VM Chernetsov with his partisan Cossack Don detachment hanged two Bolshevik workers after a raid on the railway station closest to Lugansk (91).On December 31, 1917, the detachment of the Kaledin captain, VM Chernetsov, after a fierce battle (the assault began on December 28) took control of the Yasinov mine in the Donbas. During the battle, women and children hid in the pit of mine No. 7. When the women began to leave the mine after the ceasefire, they were already waiting for the Cossacks. Three women and five small children were shot at point-blank range, some were thrown alive into the trunk of the mine. The surviving workers and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war (who defended the mine together with the workers) were driven to the square in front of the church. The Cossacks seized every fourth and drove them into the Lime Balk. At dawn, before January 1, there were shot 73 miners and 45 prisoners of war - 118 in all [92]. According to other sources, 117 people were shot [93]. Obviously, the difference is due to contradictory data on the salvation of one sentenced to death.1918On the night of January 1, 1918, soldiers from the Strukovsky Garden fired at soldiers standing in front of the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies [94].January 1, 1918, the first attempt on the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars VI Lenin was being organized. Lenina Delaunay Belleville 45 (driver Taras Gorokhovik) was fired by unknown persons on the way from the rally at the Mikhailovsky Arena back to Smolny. The shelling was carried out while crossing the bridge over the Fontanka, when the car slowed down. The body of the car was holed up in several places with bullets, some of them flew straight through, breaking through the front glass of the car. A slight wound in the hand was received by the Swiss socialist F. Platten, who bent his head down to Lenin's head. VI Lenin's sister, MI Ulyanov, recalled: "On January 1 (January 14), 1918, at night, Vladimir Ilyich spoke at the Mikhailovsky Arena before the first detachment of the socialist army, leaving for the front.At the rally, he was accompanied by the Swiss comrade Platten and the writer of these lines. After leaving the meeting from the arena, we sat in a closed car and drove to the Smolny. But before we could drive a few dozen fathoms, as in the back of the car, like peas, rifled bullets. "They're shooting," I said. This was confirmed by Platten, who first seized Vladimir Ilyich's head (they were sitting behind) and took her aside, but Ilyich began to assure us that we were wrong and that he did not think that it was shooting. After the shots the driver accelerated, then, turning the corner, stopped and, opening the car door, asked: "Are everyone alive?" - "Did they really shoot?" - asked him Ilyich. "And how," replied the driver, "I thought that none of you already exist. Happily got rid of. If they got on the tire, we would not leave. Yes, and so it was very impossible to go - a fog, and then they were already at risk. "Everything around was really white from the thick Petersburg fog.Having reached Smolny, we began to inspect the car. It turned out that the body was punctured in several places by bullets, some of them flew straight through, breaking through the front glass. Immediately we discovered that Comrade Platten's hand was in the blood. The bullet touched him, obviously, when he removed Vladimir Ilyich's head, and tore off the skin on his finger."Yes, we got off happily," we said, climbing the stairs to Lenin's office "[95].The body of the limousine was so riddled that the bent rear part could not be repaired, which resulted in the machine being written off.The circumstances of this terrorist attack are still contradictory, in particular, can not be called with absolute accuracy by its immediate organizers.It is possible that the Eagle-Lansky group is involved, to a lesser extent the right-wing terrorist organization or other groups [96]. Circumstances tend to accept the first version with great justification, since it received an indirect confirmation of a new attempt to capture (murder) VI Lenin in mid-January 1918 by the leadership of the Petrograd Union of St. George Knights: AF Osmin, G. G. Ushakov, AM Zinkevich, MV Nekrasov and others [97]. The role of the organizer of the January assassination attempt was also claimed by Prince ID Shakhovskoy. It is characteristic that during these same days, an observation was detected of the movements of VI Lenin, VD Bonch-Bruevich, LD Trotsky and others [98]. Plausible is also the involvement in the organization of the terrorist attack of the people of B. V. Savinkov, whose organization included many officers, Socialist-Revolutionaries of various persuasions, as well as students. BV Savinkov was associated with the Union of St. George Cavaliers.On January 5, 1918, late in the evening, in Moscow, after the dispersal of the local demonstration of the defenders of the Constituent Assembly, the building of the Dorogomilovskiy district council was blown up. The chief of staff of the Red Guard of the Dorogomilovsky district PG Tyapkin, the head of the arsenal of the district Red Guards AI Vantorin and three Red Guard workers (including I. S. Erov) perished. [99] It was a purposeful terrorist act, designed for numerous victims among those assembled at 9 pm in the building of members of the Council. In total, the explosion killed five people: a relatively small number of victims was due to an earlier end of the meeting. The Presidium of the Moscow Soviet on January 8, 1918, adopted a decree on the burial of the victims of the explosion at the Kremlin wall, where they replenished the "red churchyard", as the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky put it, [100].On January 6, 1918, Petrograd committed an attempt on the commandant of the Constituent Assembly, member of the Extraordinary Military Staff Mikhail Uritsky (future first chairman of the Petrograd GubChK). In the newspaper "Pravda" the following day, a short message appeared:"Attempt on the life of comrade UritskyYesterday morning, an attempt was made on the life of M. Uritsky, the commissioner of the All-Russian Commission on Elections to the Constituent Assembly. The bullet, slightly touching the ear, flew by. The detainee could not be detained "[101].January 7, 1918 begins the invasion of Romanian troops in Bessarabia. The occupation of Bessarabia in early 1918 became possible after the signing on 26 November 1917 of the commander of the Russian Romanian Front, General D. G. Shcherbachev and Romanian General A. Lupescu in Focsani on behalf of Romania, a truce with the command of the Austro-German troops. This allowed the regrouping of the Romanian troops in December 1917. After the establishment of the "order" in the territories adjacent to the Romanian Front, four divisions of the Romanian army under the command of General Prezan entered the beginning of January 1918 in Bessarabia under the pretext of bringing order. The key task for the occupation of Chisinau was assigned to the 11th Division of General E. Broštianu, who occupied the city on January 14. Mass arrests and executions were carried out in Chisinau, including the leaders of the Third Peasants' Congress. On January 23 (February 5), 1918, on February 14 (27), 1918, during the negotiations between Romania and Germany, the representatives of the latter "unofficially assured" the Romanians in the identity of their positions with regard to Soviet power: "Russian anarchy led to the creation of a kind of brotherhood. You are fighting against Bolshevism in Bessarabia; we entered Ukraine with the same goal. " During the same negotiations with the Germans, trying to achieve more favorable conditions for peace, the new Romanian Prime Minister A. Averescu told the German foreign minister Kulman that "in general Bessarabia is infected with Bolshevism and it is dangerous to annex it to the kingdom." To this, Kulman cynically replied: "It is enough for you to shoot every tenth and restore order" [102].On January 7-12, 1918, the so-called "Shamkhor slaughter" occurred in the Caucasus [103]. When the Muslim national committee disarmed five echelons of Russian soldiers in Shamkhor near Elizavetpol (during the Soviet period Kirovabad, now the city of Ganja) thousands of soldiers were killed and maimed. The whole railway line was strewn with corpses [104]. According to the Armenian historian, one of the organizers of the massacre was Lieutenant-General Ali-Aga Shikhlinsky [105]. Another figure, with whom these events connected contemporaries, was the Georgian colonel Prince. L. Magalov, who stood with his Tatar regiment of the "Wild Division" near Elizavetpol [106]. This version is also followed by a number of modern researchers [107].The data of Soviet historians were based mainly on the evidence given in the well-known March article of JV Stalin "Counterrevolutionaries of the Transcaucasus under the guise of socialism," who saw the perpetrator of events in the Menshevik Transcaucasian Commissariat: "The incitation of irresponsible armed Muslim detachments against Russian soldiers, ambushes, beatings and executions - these are the means of this "policy." The highest illustration of this disgraceful "policy" of disarmament is the shooting of Russian soldiers marching from the Turkish front against Kaledin, from Shamkhor, between Elizavetpol and Tiflis. This is what the "Baku Worker" reports: "In the first half of January 1918, on the railway line from Tiflis to Elizavetpol, thousands of gangs of armed Muslims led by members of the Elizavetpol Muslim National Committee with the help of an armored train sent by the Transcaucasian Commissariat carried out a series of violent disarmament leaving military units in Russia. Moreover, thousands of Russian soldiers were killed and maimed, the corpse of which is strewn with a railway line. They have taken up to 15,000 rifles, up to 70 machine guns and two dozen cannons. " These are the facts "[108].It is easy to see that some of the phrases of publications are similar, which can raise doubts about the reliability of the information flow. However, the participant of the white movement AA Stolypin also left memories of these events: "... at Art. Shamkor happened that the approaching echelon of comrades was stopped by the Georgian and Tatar regiments of our former Wild Division and was under threat to hand over the weapon before proceeding further to Baku-Rostov ... The next 11 echelons, having learned about the incident, decided not to stretch, approaching Shamkhor station and Dahlar, and go almost closely to each other.Negotiations dragged on, and the Bolsheviks refused to surrender their weapons; By this time, the Tatars were hastily dug trenches and thousands of chattering Tatars began to draw from the area of Elizavetpol.... The battle began, which lasted about three days. As a result, the Bolsheviks surrendered, they gave up their weapons, but this did not end there, the fact that the Tatars called "small-scale rubber" and "Hamazum Karabachi" began.The convoys of several echelons were burned; at the same time a passenger train from Tiflis was plundered and burned; some of the passengers were killed, and many women were raped. Burned wonderfully equipped sanitation trainI arrived in Elizavetpol by the end of the battle, and disarmed trains approached me and in them were silent, gloomy and evil infantrymen, who, like wolves, squinted at the slender figures of the riders of the Wild Division. From the wagons began to endure countless bloodshot wounded, as well as many killed.We stood in Elizavetpol for 24 hours, my money came to an end, and I switched to bread and water. At last I moved on, but already with the echelon of the Georgian regiment - somehow rather. On the sides of the path are piles of corpses, almost or completely naked and gnarled. The dead were already buried, but the Tatars did not like it, and they dug corpses and threw them to the dogs "[109].The Soviet historical encyclopedia estimated the number of victims of the "Shamkhor slaughter" in several thousand killed and wounded [110]. The total number of dead and wounded, in our opinion, exceeded 5 thousand people. About thousands of dead from both sides as a result of these events, including after retaliatory actions, is said in modern publications [111].Subsequently, many of the rescued soldiers will become the most implacable and ruthless opponents of both the white movement as a whole and the various mountain peoples.On January 9, 1918, about two o'clock in the afternoon, in Moscow unknown workers were bombarded with a working demonstration dedicated to the anniversary of Bloody Sunday (January 9, 1905). With a view to safety, cars with machine guns and armed Red Guards moved in front and behind each group of demonstrators. The measures taken were inadequate, and during the rally in front of the mass graves on Red Square, rifle and machine-gun fire was opened on the demonstrators from the roofs of the adjacent buildings. Among the dead were the Red Guards of the Suschevsky-Maryinsky District: the 18-year-old PA Zasukhin, the 19-year-old NG Drozdov; Red Guards of the Zamoskvoretsky District, 18-year-old DI Yudichev and many others. In total, as a result of the shelling, more than 30 people were killed and 200 wounded. On January 14, 1918, the solemn funeral of seven of these victims was held on Red Square in Moscow [112]. With a greater degree of probability, in our opinion, this machine-gun fire should be connected with the participants in the October events in Moscow. This is not only about the similarity of the shooting of the demonstration with the execution in the Kremlin, but also about finding at that time the organizers of the autumn Kremlin shooting in Moscow, including volley-machine-gunners.January 10, 1918 in Taganrog, the cadet, guarding the warehouse with food, shot and killed a worker. This was not the first time the Junkers collided with the workers of the city. However, it is this case that will soon begin the January Taganrog uprising.January 10-11, 1918 in Yekaterinodar, the next arrests of local Bolsheviks, only 25 people. Among them were the chairman of the Kuban Oblast Council of People's Deputies, the Bolshevik II Yankovsky, the comrades of the chairman Skvortsov, Vygrianov, Fradkin, the Bolsheviks MM Karyakin, AA Limansky, and others. According to A. Bugaev, during this arrest the Bolshevik was shot Sedin and the Left SR, Strelko [113]. At the same time, we note that in Soviet publications the Bolshevik G.M. Sedin and the left SR SR Strilko appear as Soviet parliamentarians sent to Yekaterinodar demanding the surrender of the city. These events continued the practice of mass arrests of Bolsheviks and other Soviet figures, started in the city by Captain VL Pokrovsky on the night of 6 to 7 January [114].On January 11, 1918, battles were fought in the Taganrog direction between the red detachments of RF Sivers and units of the Volunteer Army. Sivers' troops occupy Matveyev Kurgan. There is a sharp tightening on both sides. According to VE Pavlov, the leader of the White movement, General LG Kornilov, speaking before the volunteer officers, said: "... you will soon be sent into battle. In these battles you will have to be ruthless. We can not take prisoners, and I give you an order very cruel: do not take prisoners! The responsibility for this order before God and the Russian people I take on myself ... ". Similar to the dispatch to the front of officers of the Guards company and General SL Markov: "Keep in mind," he said, "the enemy is extremely cruel. Beat it! We do not need our prisoners to overload our prisoners! "[115]. There are also evidences of more stringent directives of this period by General LG Kornilov. So, according to MA Nesterovich-Berg, General Kornilov stated the following: "Let it be necessary to burn half of Russia, pour blood on three-quarters of Russia, but still it is necessary to save Russia. Anyway, one day the Bolsheviks will prescribe unheard-of terror not only to officers and intellectuals, but to workers and peasants "[116]. General Kornilov believed that terror in any form was an effective and effective weapon, arguing that without him, the struggle with the Bolsheviks could not be avoided [117]. As VP Buldakov pointed out, "it is not surprising that there were also such volunteer officers who believed that to eradicate Bolshevism it was necessary to exterminate all workers older than 16" [118].Already on January 12, 1918, a detachment of Colonel A. P. Kutepov launched an offensive in the direction of Matveyev Hill. Soon he captured the station. "Somehow some tens of captured Reds turned out to be somehow incomprehensible. One of them, a worker from Moscow, before his death said: "Yes! In this struggle there can be no mercy. " The officers were amazed at the restraint of the coolness of this communist, his unshakable conviction in the rightness of the matter to which he gave himself. He was not refused a request to write a letter to his mother and wife. This letter was omitted in the mailbox at the Neklinovka station "[119].Mid January 1918 In Hailar (Manchuria) another disarmament of the pro-Soviet garrison by the ataman GM Semenov was carried out jointly with the military sergeant-major Baron R. F. Ungern von Sternberg. The result of disarmament was the arrests and deportation of local Bolsheviks, as well as the self-condemned executions of Baron Ungern. One of them, the shooting of Dr. Grigoriev, was later recalled in his book by Ataman Semyonov himself [120].January 15, 1918 in Evpatoria (Crimea) found the disfigured corpse of the local chairman of the Revkom DL Karaev - with a broken spine and head bent to the feet. Shortly before his death, he left for talks with those arriving in the city from the front of the Tatar cavalry units ("squadrons"). On January 12, the nationalists seized him and staged an exemplary traditional execution on him after the tortures [121]. According to a number of data, after being tortured and tortured, still alive, they were buried in the sand. He was killed on January 13, 1918 [122]January 15, 1918 squad captain VL Pokrovsky took station Timashevka Black Sea-Kuban railway. Partisans Pokrovsky was captured by a local revolutionary committee, headed by Commissioner Khachaturov [123].On January 16, 1918, the partisan detachment of the Cossack V.M. Chernetsov was stopped by the Red Army detachment at the Severo-Donetsk crossing. After the successful battle for the Cossacks, all the captured Red Army men were shot [124].On January 17, 1918, an uprising began against the Kaledin regime in Taganrog. During the insurrection of the cadets, a group of Red Guards and workers of the Russian-Baltic factory was shot in the hotel "European" (the premises of the 3rd Kiev school of ensigns). According to the Soviet historical encyclopedia, only 90 workers were killed in Taganrog [125]. Obviously, it includes both those shot in the hotel and those who died during the uprising. The number of people shot directly in the hotel can be determined by newspaper publications. So, according to the publication of 1918, 12 workers were shot in the yard of the hotel. And this was not a spontaneous execution, since a special grave was dug in advance for the workers, where they were shot [126]. These events are described in more detail in the work of I. Borisenko. According to the memoirs of GV Shablievsky used by him, an armed detachment of workers of the Baltic factory of 12 people, led by Tkachenko, was captured by the cadets after the members of the detachment had run out of ammunition. The members of the detachment were cut off by their noses, ears, eyes gouged out, and later they were buried in the courtyard of the hotel [127].January 18, 1918 detachment of Don Cossacks in Rostov raided the working canteen of Rostov railway workshops: 6 people were killed, 20 wounded. The result was a general city strike [128]. This information of the Soviet encyclopedia supplements I. Borisenko's testimony about the events in the railway workshops of the Vladikavkaz railway, according to which occurred on January 19, 1918. The Junkers who broke into the meeting of the railwaymen opened fire without warning on the present. In a panic, the workers rushed to run, but they were met with bayonets in the doorway. The result of the events was a five-day strike [129].January 18, 1918 partisan Cossack detachment VM Chernetsova captured the station Lihuyu on the Don. The number of victims in the Chernetsov detachment was 11 people, among the reds - 300. However, the correspondent of the "Donskoy dawn" noted that after the battle left 50 corpses of red, and all captive Red Army soldiers were "signed a death sentence" [130]. Thus, the massacre of captured people cost 250 lives to the Red Army men. Note that for the "take" of the station Lihoy VM Chernetsov was made by the Don Ataman General AM Kaledin through the rank immediately to the colonels, and the entire first hundred of his detachment was awarded St. George medals [131].In mid-January 1918 in Petliura troops in Kiev, according to various sources, from 700 to 1200 workers were shot. This was preceded by the following events. January 9, 1918 Ukrainian Central Rada proclaimed the IV universal, in which Ukraine was declared an independent and sovereign country. January 15, 1918 workers of the plant "Arsenal" held a rally at which they decided to resist the Ukrainian authorities, hoping for help from the Red forces. At the joint meeting of the Kiev Committee of the Bolsheviks with the city council of workers 'and soldiers' deputies, the Arsenals proposed immediately to begin an uprising. The delegates from the two regiments who attended the meeting promised to support him. During the day at the post Volynsky was found the mutilated body of the leader of the Kiev Bolsheviks L. Pyatakov. This spurred the course of events. Among the Red Guards began to spread the slogan "Revenge for Pyatakov" [132].The uprising began at 3 am on January 16, 1918, with a speech at the Arsenal plant. It was joined by workers of a number of other enterprises, some of the soldiers from the Bogdanovsky, Shevchenko Regiments and the regiment named after Sagaidachny. The insurgents demanded the transfer of power to the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, but the Central Rada rejected them. Workers managed to seize the Kiev-commodity railway station, bridges across the Dnieper, the Kiev fortress, a number of weapons depots, the Starokievsky police station and the Prague hotel. January 17, the rebels occupied a significant part of the center of Kiev, a general strike began in the city.On January 19, the Central Rada accepted the assistance of the incoming armed forces under the command of Simon Petliura. The next day, the insurrection, with the exception of the Arsenal factory, was suppressed. After a bloody assault on the morning of January 22, the plant was also taken by Petliura's troops.For four days (before the entry of the Red Army Muraviev's units in Kiev), two regiments of Sich Riflemen under the command of S. Petliura and E. Konovalets shot hundreds of workers. The scale of executions was noted even by opponents of the Red Regime. According to the relevant comment in the memoirs of GN Leichtenbergsky, "Ukrainians did not have time to hide their victims and, in general, traces of this new, total justice, as they already had to pay for what they had done" [133].Over the time of the suppression of the Bolshevik speech, more than 1,800 workers will be killed, according to a number of Soviet historical publications [134]. It is possible that this figure goes back to the newspaper publications of 1918 and to a number of memoirs of the red memoirists. So, about 1500 workers killed in Kiev and 300 in the "Arsenal" itself was written in the Petrograd newspapers [135].One of the first evidence of anti-Bolshevik terror in Kiev was given by the Red Commander-in-Chief, left-wing Socialist-Revolutionary Colonel MA Muraviev, who occupied the city with his troops. On January 23, 1918, he telegraphed to the Council of People's Commissars: "The revolutionary Soviet armies, the first Egorova and the second Berzin, occupied part of Kiev. There is a street battle, mainly officers, cadets, white and Black Hundred Guards are being defended. The troops of Rada and all the scum on which the Rada relies are doing horrible atrocities, unarmed workers were shot by hundreds, more than 1,500 people were shot. The blood of the unfortunate demands retribution and revenge, what the Ukrainian bourgeoisie is most guilty of, it must bear a brutal punishment. Our enemies are mainly in Pechersk and in the western part of the city. Revolutionary troops are full of heroism "[136]. Thus, the possible source of the largest number of deaths were Muravyov's data.A somewhat smaller number of victims among the Arsenalians was quoted in a letter from 1918 to NI Muralov S. Chudnovsky: "... The atrocities of the Haidamaks do not lend themselves to description ... In the arsenal, after the surrender of the Haidamaks, they organized a massacre of 700 people ... and in response to the atrocities of the counterrevolutionaries, the Haidamaks were executed ( True, during the shootings, innocent victims were also affected, but this is not Comrade Muravyov's fault, for the wrath of the masses is stronger than any orders) "[137]. The degree of Muravyov's guilt in the response to the red repressions in this letter is undoubtedly underestimated, but the connection of Muravyov's executions with the previous repressions in the city is beyond doubt.Let us note also the red light on the number of workers who died in the city: the immediate head of Muravyov VA Antonov-Ovseyenko. According to him, initially there were shot up to 200 Arsenalians (after the capture of "Arsenal") [138]. Later, more executions were carried out, and Antonov-Ovseyenko gave the following general figures: "In one" Arsenal "Petliurists shot up to 300 people, and more than 1500 people were killed" [139]. It is characteristic that Antonov-Ovseyenko shares two figures - shot and killed in combat (the latter, naturally, more). Perhaps the combination of these figures and became the basis for the figure of 1800 people. In any case, at least 300 people have become victims of these executions these days.On January 21, 1918, the 1st combined-officer battalion of the Volunteer Army under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Borisov seized the Gukovo station in the Eastern Donbass on the second attempt. An auxiliary role was played by the officer detachment, formed by the marching ataman General AM Nazarov. According to the memories of the participant in the battle of Kornilovite S. Paul, four people were killed in this battle, while "the losses of" comrades "were reached by 150 people, and most of them were shot" [140]. He also recalled that after the battle, some Don officers for this fight received the next military rank [141]. Greater than SM Paul, the figures of the victims are called in his work by the modern researcher A. V. Venkov, according to which 300 captured Red Army men were killed with 7 killed among Whites.For this successful battle, Lieutenant-Colonel Borisov will be promoted to the next rank - Colonel. But his further career did not work out. Disagreeing at the beginning of the Ice campaign with the return of the command to the company from the post of regiment commander, he was immediately removed from service by General SM Markov.The cruelty of the Gukovsky events was explained both by general bitterness and, according to the modern researcher A. Bugaev, by the loss at the first attempt to occupy the station of the white division of the captain Dobronravov. Issued by a telegraph operator (who was subsequently shot by the Whites), the detachment was ambushed and almost completely exterminated (captured volunteers were shot after torture) [143]. Unfortunately, this certificate is not accompanied by a reference to the source. In this case, a researcher familiar with the relevant literature understates the figures of the Red Army soldiers shot after the battle. According to A. Bugaev, there were "several dozen", and not 300 people.It is possible that the events referred to by A. Bugaev took place, but it seems that first of all it is necessary to take into account the direct instruction of General LG Kornilov before sending the volunteer officer detachment to Gukovo to not take prisoners, as documented by BA Suvorin: "The first battle of the army, organized and received its current name (i.e. Volunteer - V.C.), was an attack on Gukov in the middle of January. While releasing the officer battalion from Novocherkassk, Kornilov gave him the words in which he expressed his exact view of Bolshevism: in his opinion, it was not socialism, at least the most extreme, but the call of people without conscience, people without conscience either, to the pogrom of the whole working people and state in Russia. He said: "Do not take these scoundrels to me! The more terror, the more victory we will have! "" Obviously, Kornilov's instruction was not a single one, earlier, as already noted, similar to them was pronounced before the detachment of Kutepov, directed to Matveyev's mound. This well-known Kornilov expression of "captives do not take", with the justification of the red repression, was later quoted in the article by the famous Chekist M. Ya. Latsis [144].January 22, 1918 after the victory of the Kuban volunteer squad VL Pokrovsky under Enem's departure in the Kuban, the members of the detachment massacred prisoners. A participant in the campaign recalled: "On the very roadside one can hear single shots. A brutal civil war knows no mercy - a captive surrendered - the same enemy, everything is destroyed. At the entrance to the station building I saw such a scene. The commander of the hundred, the military sergeant-major Shaitor, turning to the pale young man, asked him: "Who are you? - I'm Yanker Yakovlev, Commander ... ". A dry revolver shot, and the commander of the Bolshevik detachment Junker Yanker, without ending his sentence, fell down with a shattered head "[145]. In addition to the commander of the detachment, the chairman of the Novorossiysk revolutionary committee AA Yakovlev, his deputy SN Perov was also killed from the leadership of the detachment. Ordinary victims remained anonymous.January 26, 1918 the first hundred "Chernetsovtsy" under the command of centurion V. Kurochkina engaged in a battle with the red detachment at the approach to the station Zapovednoe (11 kilometers from Zverevo station towards Gukovo). During the battle, a red Latvian parliamentarian with a white flag came out with a proposal to stop the fire and take out the wounded soldiers. The proposal was not adopted, and the parliamentarian was shot by one of the detachment members [146].On January 27, 1918, Colonel AP Kutepov tried to dug between the stations Morskaya and Sinyavskaya near the Cossack village, but ran into resistance from the Cossacks. The village was burned to death by the detachment of Kutepov [147].Late on the night of January 26, 1918, a detachment of Captain VL Pokrovsky attacked the village of Georgi-Afipsky, where the red units were located. The night attack proved to be extremely effective and fleeting. More time, until dawn, took up disarmament, reprisal with the opposing and sheltering fighters of the enemy [148]. The commander of the red detachment, the Left SR, IA Seradze, was seriously wounded in both legs and was taken prisoner, where he was shot the next day [149]. For the victory under Enem and the village of Georgi-Afipsky, VL Pokrovsky was soon made in a solemn atmosphere in the colonels. "The hero was met by Ataman Filimonov and the chairman of the government Bychom at the station, immediately his captain's shoulder straps were changed to colonels, and the most newly-made colonel literally wore in his arms" [150]. However, the attitude towards the newly-born colonel Pokrovsky was ambiguous even among the local authorities. "Pokrovsky acted cruelly, practicing the unconscionable killing of those arrested" when attempting to escape, "the" Chancellors "were found to have been looted. The members of the government preferred to distance themselves from it, without interfering, however, with the activities of the colonel and hoping that Pokrovsky's brutal methods would help to stop the "red threat" "[151].January. On the Berestovo-Bogodukhov mine in the village of Grigorievka Makeyevka Volost of the Taganrog District of the Don Don Cossacks, massive repression and executions are conducted [152].[153]The first half of February. Novocherkassk. A famous local doctor, leftist views on his political convictions, the chairman of the executive committee of PV Brykin was kidnapped and killed by unknown people [154]. A week later, his body was found in a well. Only later did it become known about the involvement in the murder of white officers. In the First Kuban campaign, one of the participants in the crime told NN Lvov in detail the details of the "case": how the doctors lured the "patient", how they were taken out of town and killed there, then throwing the body in the well [155].On February 16 (3), 1918, an officer detachment of the cornet, FD Nazarov, attacked the village of Sultan-Saly Maly (Don), where, according to available information, there were only two red squadrons. Nazarov's detachment was supported by a consolidated volunteer detachment led by the military sergeant-major of the 1st Kuban Regiment Madgavariani. During the battle, 18 prisoners were captured, but the attack itself was repulsed, since there were not two squadrons in the village, but two regiments. Upon retreat, all prisoners were destroyed [156]. There were also volunteers shot several of their seriously injured raiders, including Madgavariani. This was explained by the participants in the campaign, the possibility of capturing all volunteers in red. "There is no way out, you will not reach your own, but they will not take it alive either: a dead shot - and the Troops. The sergeant Madgavariani no longer risks being taken alive ... Another series of shots - and we do not have prisoners ... "[157].On February 18 (5), 1918, the offensive of German troops began after the breakdown of the Brest peace negotiations with Soviet Russia. The beginning of the establishment of the German order in the occupied territories. The Soviet press recorded acts of mass terror by the German troops. According to news reports, 60 Soviet officials were shot in Rylsk, 130 people were killed in Oboyan and Putivl, more than 5,000 people were seized by Nikolaev within 3 days, 530 sailors and soldiers, Sevastopol - 119 soldiers, Revel - 50 soldiers, etc. [158] The shootings were also carried out by the Ukrainian part of the allied German command. According to V. Vladimirova, in our opinion, perhaps exaggerated, only in the Poltava province gaidamaks were shot up to 8 thousand international prisoners of war [159]. Mass executions also took place in other cities [160]. But essentially another circumstance of this offensive: the German occupation (intervention) became a factor that toughened the forms of the Civil War, partly unleashing it [161].On February 19 (6), 1918, an order was issued by the Military Circle on the introduction of military vessels on the Don. Formed military courts were ordered to immediately begin work [162]. Despite the short duration of their functioning, 11 Cossacks of the village of Grushevskaya were betrayed to the military court [163].22 (9) February 1918 - the beginning of the First Kuban (Ice) campaign. The volunteer army of General LG Kornilov leaves Rostov, leaving for Kuban to Yekaterinodar. Participant of the above-mentioned hike Roman Gul makes a characteristic sketch of the last day of his stay in the city: "Someone brought to the barracks of an arrested, badly dressed man. The detainees say that he shouted to them in the street: "Bourgeois, has come to you an end, run away, will not escape anywhere, wait!" They led him to the commander of the site to young General B. [164] The General drank heavily. He listened and ordered: "Take him to the commandant of the city, only in such a way that he does not run away anywhere, you understand?" On the faces of those leading a slight smile: "That's right, Your Excellency." They led us ... shot in the snow ... And in a small, stuffy room, the general treated Colonel S. vodka. "Colonel, by God, drink it. "No, Your Excellency, I do not drink in such matters." - In-from, and I, on the contrary, in such matters, I like to be a half-whistle, - the general smiled "[165]. This was not the only case of executions in the city. The location of the Kornilov units on these days was shelled by workers from Temernik. In response, sent out patrols, which shot suspicious persons in place [166].On February 23 (10), 1918, on the day of the opening of the Transcaucasian Seim, convened by the Transcaucasian Commissariat, on the orders of its head, the Georgian Menshevik EP Gegechkori, a pro-Bolshevik workers' meeting was held in the Aleksandrovsky Garden in Tiflis [167]. The meeting was called by the strike committee of the railwaymen. The shooting was conducted mainly by the presidium of the rally. As a result, according to various sources, 5 people were killed, 13 were wounded [168]. The very circumstances of this rally became the subject of further disputes. The government side, trying to avoid accusations of direct violence, claimed about the first shots from the protesters towards the incoming detachment of the government militia. As a result, according to the government version, one policeman died, and the other tore off his fingers. In turn, the organizers of the rally asserted about the provocation: "There was no shot from the participants of the rally. On the contrary, after the detachment of the so-called tn. "Red Guards", with a red banner in their hands, with their soothing signs and exclamations, instilled confidence in the audience that they were "their own" - the rally welcomed them with applause and shouts of "hurray." The volleys were the answer not to the shooting and the murder on the part of the rally, but to the cheerful greetings of the workers at the address appeared ... the murdered policeman is really there, but he was accidentally killed by his own, a shot from the machine gun, the other tore off his fingers due to his own inability to handle the machine gun. We hope, as well as many other things, to be established by the investigation, under whatever abnormal conditions the latter is conducted "[169].On February 24 (11), 1918, S. Budennyi's cavalry detachment freed the village of Platovskaya of the Salsk district on the Don. The sudden appearance of the red detachment prevented a new mass execution in the village. "After the liberation of the village, the villagers told us how the White Guards cracked down on supporters of the Soviets and generally with people who refused to march on their side, or suspected of having links with the red partisans. For those two days that the whites were in the village, they were killed by three hundred and sixty-five people, including women, old people and children. Among those who were shot were the chairman of the Council of the Sorokin and others who had not managed to hide the activists. The chief of the post of Lobikov and the chief of militia Dolgopolov, who, at the announcement in the cossack office of Soviet power, tore off the sign of the stanitsa ataman and attached the sign of the stanitsa Council instead of it, the Whiteguards tied up, bundled with hay, doused with kerosene and burned in the stanitsa square. This brutal act was attended by General Gnilorybov, officers of Cossack hundreds and their wives. " In total, Budenny managed to release about 400 prisoners, residents of the village and nearby farms [170]. This was not a single instance of the White-Cossack terror on the Don, recorded in the memoirs of S. Budyonny. So, soon one of the nights in Platovskaya arrived refugees from the hamlets of Dalniy, Solyony, Sukhoi and others. They said, "... that white Cossacks burst into the farm and committed reprisals against the residents: many Soviet activists were hacked and shot, and in the hamlet of Hirn some residents were thrown into the wells alive" [171].On February 28 (15), 1918, during the uprising in the Lipov Volost of the Samara province, the chairman of the Lipov Soviet was killed [172].March 1918On March 4 (February 19), 1918, the military commissar of the city GI Chapaev, Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev's brother, was killed in Balakovo, and four more Red Army soldiers along with him [173]. Grigory Chapaev was wounded, and then raised with bayonets, and in this form he was worn dying in the city [174].March 6 (February 21), 1918. The village of Lezhanka (Middle Egorlyk) of the Medvezhensky district, on the border of the Stavropol province and the Donskoy region, was taken with the Kornilovites during the "advance from Rostov in the Yekaterinodar (Ice Campaign). " Fierce resistance cost the lives of four participants in the campaign. Immediately after the battle, several batches of prisoners were shot: large, in dozens of people, and small groups, as well as individual prisoners. By the way of one of such parties of persons doomed to be shot, R. Gul, left about this event memories:"Because of the huts lead a man of 50-60 brightly dressed people, many in protective, without hats, without belts, head and hand are all omitted.The prisoners.They are overtaken by Lieutenant-Colonel Nezhentsev, jumps to us, stopped - under him the mouse's mare's color is scribbling.- Those who want to be punished! He shouts."What? - I think. - Shooting? Really? "Yes, I understood: the execution of these 50-60 people with their heads and hands down.I looked back at my officers."Suddenly, no one will go," - flashed by me.No, they are leaving the ranks. Some, embarrassed smiling, some with fierce faces.Fifteen people came out. They go to a standing little group of strangers and click the bolts.A minute passed.A dry crackling of shots - screams, groans ...People fell on each other, and steps from ten, tightly squeezed into rifles and spread out their legs, they were fired at, hastily clicking shutters. All fell. They fell silent moaning. The shots ceased. Some of the shooters retreated.Some have finished still living with bayonets and rifle butts "[175].One of the same executions was later recalled by the march participant B. Markov, whose company captured 85 Red Army soldiers under Lezhanka: "I sent a report to General Markov on this circumstance with a request to indicate how to deal with them. The situation was really hopeless: we could not lead the prisoners, and leaving them-insanity-meant reinforcing the enemy, but my doubts were dispersed by Markov's resolution: "A strange question." At night, I shot them all "[176].Among those captured in another part of the village was a group of Austrian prisoners of war who worked there and did not take part in the battle. One of these groups of prisoners of war in 12 people Russian officers did not immediately shoot, later they were shot by Czechs [177]. "The Czechs, we had their battalion, they drove off" comrades "somewhere in the garden and shot them with a machine gun," recalled the participant in the march of S. M. Paul [178]. The author of these memories himself gave them one captured Russian, later realizing his fate. However, some Austrian officers were also shot by Russian officers, not disdaining subsequently to chop off their fingers because of rings that were not ringed on them [179].Among those shot on these days was one of the three captured in the Lezhanka, artillery officers of the 39th Infantry Division. In these shootings, in the village gardens, the famous participant of the campaign, the daughter of the Russian general, graduate of the Smolny Institute, the young baroness Sophia Nikolaevna de Bode, took part. Borisov Suvorin also mentioned in his memoirs the addiction of the baroness to executions during the First Kuban campaign. In his book "For the Motherland ..." he wrote: "... Among these women warriors on the march was the ensign of Baroness Bode. There were no limits to her courage. She was a pretty little young lady, an institute girl, who had escaped to the front and then entered the Moscow Junkers College and brilliantly ended his temporary courses. In addition to courage, she was notable for her brutal determination, which was unusual for women. How wild it was to listen in the stories of this young girl (she was about 20) the word "kill". She did not only say "[181].A large party of the executed later lay on the outskirts of the village near the church [182]. As General AI Denikin recalled: "Corpses are lying along the streets. A terrible silence. And for a long time her silence breaks the dry crackling of rifle shots: "liquidate" the Bolsheviks ... Many of them ... "[183]. These single executions went on all night, which was recorded by virtually all eyewitnesses of the events. "At night, there were still occasional single shots: volunteers" cleared "the settlement from the Bolsheviks stuck in it," recalled General Bogaevsky [184]. The situation was described by NN L'vov: "We drove into the village on the wooden bridge across the river. On the other side of the bridge lay a huge child lying flat on his back. His head seemed abnormally large on a heavy body. A wound on the forehead. All the disfigured face represented a mass, not like a human face. It was a huge body with arms and legs spread out, but with a strange, inhuman head. Immediately in that and other situation were seen corpses of the dead, who in a leather jacket, who in a soldier's overcoat, barefoot, wrapped in rags. Separate shots were heard in the village either here or there, when we were approaching the nearest huts "[185]. People were often shot at the slightest suspicion. Thus, one of the volunteers was shot by the former guard of the Turkish front who did not take part in the battle, after which his house was plundered [186].In total, more than 500 people lost their Reds in the battle at Ležanka. About 500 Bolsheviks left corpses mentioned Vl. Wolin [187]. R. Gul wrote about 507 corpses, S. Paul about 540 people, most of them, according to him, were shot after the battle [188]. The figure of about 600 corpses was quoted in his memoirs by Ya. Aleksandrov [189].Subsequently, Roman Gul will write about 500 shot in the Lounge in his book "The Red Horse". "The shootings of captured Bolsheviks," the emigrant magazine wrote in a review of R. Gulya's book, is also true, for the first small Volunteer Army was united not only by patriotism but also by hatred of Bolshevism, transferring this hatred to all its representatives "[190]. Participant of the campaign I. Eikhenbaum recalled later about Lezhanka: "... the human life fell like leaves in the autumn season" [191]. In his book, Boris Suvorin, who wrote: "The corpses of Russian people, scattered through the streets of a large village, all this was a nightmare. The terrible specter of the civil war, with which I had to meet face to face, affected me painfully. Then I had to see a lot, a lot of blood, but this is how the human mechanism works, that there is nothing stronger than habit, and even the horrors of the civil war did not impress the used nerves "[192]. Ya. Aleksandrov spoke of 600 dead soldiers in the Lezhanka [193].After the departure of the white people, the local people put down a song about the battle, which ended traditionally in Russian, long-sad:It's a pity for the comrades who fell in the hands of the Cadets to their enemies, They mocked them and chopped them to pieces. I'll sing, I'll sing to you, my brothers, Show you my result, But who has two sons? -This is a pity, God forbid [194]."We were also stoned in those accursed times of the civil war and therefore did not take prisoners into captivity in the half of the 1st Kuban campaign, from Rostov to Yekaterinodar" [195]. Yemko commented on the results of the events in Lezhanka, a white volunteer, a seventeen-year-old participant in the campaign, DV Lekhovich: "The war to exterminate ideological opponents took a systematic character not only among the Reds" [196]. "And if the Reds, shooting the captive White Guards, sent them to the" headquarters of Dukhonin, "then in the Volunteer Army there was a phraseology of its own: the prisoner, taking away his boots and clothes beforehand, was sent to the" 3rd company ", ie, to be shot , as recalled by Markovets, Colonel VN Birkin "[197].Evidence of the shooting by volunteers for any resistance is confirmed by archival data [198]. It should be noted that on the night of February 23 Red Guards detachments again occupied the village of Middle Egorlyk. Before the Red Army entered the village, the results of the White massacre were presented. "In one day, the white people burned the a quarter of all houses of the village, shot and hung more than 500 Red Guards and civilians. Here there was a terrible tragedy with a company of Shevelev. Kornilovtsi hacked Shevelev, the same fate befell his fighters "[199]. The same figure of 500 people appears in another Soviet source [200]. Thus, the minimum figure of 500 victims of the events in the Lezhanka is confirmed by both sides.On March 6 (February 21), 1918, a detachment of British marines in the number of 170 men with two guns landed from the Glory battleship in Murmansk. The next day on the Murmansk roadstead appeared the English cruiser Cochrane, on March 18 - the French cruiser Admiral Ob, and on May 27 the American cruiser Olimpia. These actions were assessed by Soviet historiography as the beginning of the armed intervention of Entente countries in Russia. In modern domestic science, these events are more often regarded as a prologue to anti-Soviet intervention, the dating of which is often associated with the end of June - the beginning of July 1918At the same time, the interventionists' actions not only had a significant impact on the course of the Civil War, but they themselves became the most important part of the all-Russian anti-Bolshevik terror in the future. The Society for Assistance to Victims of Intervention, created in 1924, collected by July 1, 1927, more than 1 million 300 thousand applications from Soviet citizens who recorded 111,730 murders and deaths, including 71,704 in rural areas and 40,026 in urban areas, the responsibility for which was borne by the interventionists [201].On March 10 (February 25), 1918, a combined detachment under the command of Captain A. Kritsky, who was in the rear of the Volunteer Army, arrested the ataman of the village of Novo-Donetsk, who was subsequently executed. [202]On March 12 (February 27), 1918 in Saratov, by unknown persons, a demonstration was organized on the anniversary (in the old style) of the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia [203].On March 13 (February 28), 1918, the town of Ilek was taken by the Ural Cossacks in battle. During the battle, about 100 Red Army men were killed. Captured in captivity, the Red Army was brought to the shore of the Urals, "leading one by one to the hole, beaten with a mallet on the head and lowered into an ice hole." As the participant in the events recalled, BN Kirov: "... the Cossacks lowered the prisoner into the hole, then dragged him out and again lowered it and repeated it until it turned into an ice column, and then they were let under the ice" [204]. According to the later, April reports of Soviet newspapers in Ilek, the Cossacks massacred 300 people. According to the updated data of Soviet historians, Cossacks in the city were massacred by 400 souls of "nonresident" population [205].On March 13 (February 28), 1918, when the detachment VL Pokrovsky left Yekaterinodar, the Bolsheviks, who had been arrested earlier in January 1918, were taken out of the city as hostages. Among them, A. A. Limansky, P. V. Asaulchenko, I. I. Yankovsky, M. M. Karyakin, Nikolai and Yakov Poluyan and others. It should be noted that a month later, having joined the Volunteer Army of General LG Kornilov, the Kuban government refused to comply with the demand of General S. L. Markov to hang the hostages "to the devil" [206]. This will save some of them, while others will prolong life: from 36 hostages 25 will be shot later.On March 14 (1), 1918, the village of Berezanskaya was occupied by the participants of the Ice campaign after a short battle. According to the memories of the participant in the campaign of S. Paul, after the battle, the practice of shooting captured captive soldiers was continued. S. Paul himself mentions the execution he saw of one sailor and six other prisoners, whose corpses were left unattached. "When I returned five minutes later, I came across a picture. One of the men shot down a skull. Some big pig rummaged in the brain and devoured them with loud champing. The mood has strongly fallen, and I for three days could not eat meat "[207]. In addition to the shootings of soldiers and sailors, Berezanskaya practiced mass flogging of local Cossacks who had joined the soldiers earlier [208].On March 15 (2), 1918, during the First Kuban campaign volunteers took the station and village of Vyselki. There were about 150 sailors in the Reds, almost all were lost during the battle and after him [209]. Even more died in battle and after him the red soldiers. "Hundreds of slaughtered corpses lay on the roads and streets of the village" [210].On March 17 (4), 1918, the uprising of the Don Cossacks of the village Suvorovskaya began against the Bolsheviks. The detachment of Colonel Rastegayev took the village of Nizhne-Chirskaya. According to B. Sheboltaev's archival memoirs, the Cossacks "... captured the entire revolutionary committee in the number of 39 people, of whom only 4, 35 people were saved. were shot. The incoming detachment from Tsaritsyn, including 500 Red Guards, was captured by Suvorov and shot "[211].On March 19 (6), 1918, during the First Kuban campaign, the village of Ust-Labinskaya was taken by volunteers. During and after the battle, whites traditionally did not take prisoners. N. Basov recalled about his colleague, ensign Kapranov: "Under Ust-Labinskaya in the first battle I had to witness how he wanted to hack one red soldier who remained in the trench and did not retreat with his. This soldier was already in the years, he could not be hacked to him and he shot him from the revolver. The impression of execution was that I had the most nightmarish "[212]. Subsequently, ensign Kapranov tried to realize this intention (to cut down once with his infantry saber wounded Red Army man) not once [213]. After the same battle, another wounded elderly Red Army soldier shot the soldiers of the shock battalion [214].March 22, 1918 in the Cossack detachment of the General Staff Major-General P. Kh. Popov (Don) returned to the delegation, negotiating with the Red forces on the conditions for the cessation of hostilities. Together with her, the parliamentarians arrived from the Reds. General Popov, despite the status of the arrivals, immediately hung them [215].On March 23 (10), 1918, Guriev was captured by the Ural Cossacks under the command of the ataman VS Tolstov. Arrested in the city, 23 members of the local Council (A. Yevseyev, G. Nikolaev, S. Kurdyukov, etc.) were later taken to the island of Peshnaya (Caspian Sea) and shot [216].On March 24 (11), 1918, Volunteer detachment of Colonel MG Drozdovsky during the Iasi-Don campaign seized 6 Bolsheviks in Novopavlovka under the list received by the deputy chief of staff of the detachment, Lieutenant-Colonel Leslie of Ananjevo from the local officer organization, and one soldier who agitated in their favor in Svyatotroitsk. Their fate is unknown [217].On March 25 (12), 1918, several "Soviet activists" were shot by the Belphin detachment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel KV Malma (crossed the border on March 21) in Ukhta. Among them was the chairman of the local zemstvo parish council EA Lesonen (Yefim Lezheev) [218].On March 28 (15), 1918, the village of Novo-Dmitrievskaya was taken by Kornilov units during the First Kuban campaign. "The Bolsheviks were knocked out of the house into the hut. They were sailors. Those who were captured in the huts were pierced with bayonets "[219]. In the same village Novo-Dmitrievskaya during the ensuing day, a military court was arranged: eight people were hanged in the square. Among them - two volunteers for violence against women [220].On March 28 (15), 1918, Domashevka. The entry in the diary of Colonel MG Drozdovsky: "We live in terrible times of brutality, devaluation of life. Heart, be silent, and temper, will, for these wild, unbridled hooligans recognize and respect only one law - "an eye for an eye", and I will say: "Two eyes for an eye, all teeth for a tooth," "raising a sword ...". In this merciless struggle for life, I will be level with this terrible animal law - live with wolves ... And let the cultural heart shrink sometimes involuntarily - the lot is thrown, and in this way we will go dispassionately and stubbornly to the cherished goal through the streams of stranger and our own blood. Such is life ... Today you, and tomorrow I am. All around enemies ... We, like a water island, are surrounded by the Bolsheviks, Austro-Germans and Ukrainians. Gnawing on some, leading politics to the left and to the right, you follow the path of blood and treachery to one bright ray, to one right faith, but the path is so far, so thorny ... "[221].On March 28 (15), 1918, in the village of Zaplavskaya on the Don by student F. F. Pukhlyakov, the unarmed Red Cossack commander N. M. Golubov, who was taken prisoner without charge and trial, was accused of having committed his massacres of the Don Cossacks (1881- 1918) [222].On March 28 (15), 1918, in the village of Vetlianskaya Orenburg, the Cossacks cracked down on the surrendered detachment of Red Army men. After the Red Army men had folded their rifles, the Cossack detachment of Colonel AP Donetskov burst into the yard and began to cut down unarmed people. The chairman of the Sol-Ilets Board, P. A. Persiyanov, S. Yakimenok, I. Zhilinsky, A. Kutut, A. Kornyushenko and 10 others died (total 15 people). Of the detachment only two survived, who later reported on the death of their comrades on 29 March in Iletsk [223].On the night of March 28-29, 1918, a white Cossack coup took place in Uralsk led by the ataman Colonel MF Martynov, as a result of which members of the Ural Council and other persons implicated in Soviet activities were arrested [224]. For many of them, the arrest ended in death. Members of the city executive committee P. Chervyakov, A. Almazov, Z. Polovinkin, P. Nuzhdin, F. Lokotkov, S. Puzhalin, N. Chernenko, I. Bykov and other active fighters for the Soviet power were executed in the city. Chairman of the Regional Executive Committee PI Dmitriev committed suicide in prison. Killed M. Ipmagambetov, M. Zhanuzakhov, K. Zhalamov, etc. [225]The Ural Regional Council was almost completely exterminated. Of the arrested 60 people, only 17-18 members of the council managed to escape.All the members of the agricultural commune were destroyed in the village of Krasnenkom in the Mykolayiv district [226].29-30 (16-17) March 1918 Poltava. From the diary of VG Korolenko: "... The Germans and Haidamaks entered the city ... they grab suspects in Bolshevism at the behest of some scoundrels-scammers, get into courtyards and shoot. According to other stories, they bring me to the cadet school, they are terribly beaten with whips and then they are killed ... Only savage beasts can be beaten before execution.Some members of the local self-government, mainly Liakhovich, insisted on issuing orders stating that "every incitement of one part of the population against another to violence, pogroms and robberies from whom they proceed, as well as arbitrary searches, arrests and especially lynching, will be stopped by the most decisive measures, and the perpetrators will be judged in accordance with the strictness of the laws of wartime. " In addition, "no one will be allowed to commit violence against any of the arrested. Everyone will be provided with a right court, with the participation of representatives of local city and zemstvo self-governments ... ". This order was made by Lyakhovich. Ataman Natiev and the head of the staff Verzhbitsky signed, but bargained and in the form of concessions. They had to look for "in positions" when the station was fired. Not before. Lyakhovich looks with gloomy skepticism: probably the violence continues. They also talk about looting. The Germans, apparently, quite unceremoniously proceed to requisition.Yesterday, in the evening session of the Duma, Lyakhovich made exposures about the tortures carried out over the absolutely innocent and not implicated even to Bolshevism by the inhabitants. There were Jews and Russians. They were arrested, brought to the Vilenskoye College (Vilenskoye Junkersk School, evacuated to Poltava), put on the table, beaten with ramrods (in several receptions they gave 200-250 blows), threatened to shoot, for which they even blindfolded, then again beaten and forced beaten do "German gymnastics" with squats and shout cheers "in the Ukraine and cossacks" and curses "Jews and katsapam." Then they released everyone "[227].Later, for his speeches and publications in a local newspaper with the exposure of city authorities, KI Lyakhovich was imprisoned in a German concentration camp and was released only after the Germans left in the autumn of 1918.March 30 (17), 1918 According to the diary of Colonel MG Drozdovsky, in Petropavlovka during his campaign of Iasi-Don, three guilty persons were massacred in the massacre of the colonel in Akmechet [228].March 1918. A major uprising in the Zlatoust district of the Ufa province on the grounds of discontent with the food policy of the Bolsheviks. The uprising began in the Russian village of Sikiyaz, then spread to the large village of Mesyagutovo, located 8 versts from it, serving as the bulwark of the Bolsheviks. After a long battle, the Red Guards detachment defending the village barricaded itself in the building of the women's gymnasium. Siege of the gymnasium by the rebels lasted 12 days, after which 28 Bolsheviks, who ran out of ammunition, surrendered. After a formal trial, the insurgents stabbed them with spears. Suppression of the uprising took place in an atmosphere of mutual embitterment. Only the insurgents killed 80 surrendering to them [229].March 1918 In the Alexander-Grushevsky area, the Cossacks raided the Petropavlovsk and Paramonovo mines. After breaking into the barracks of the workers, they killed about 20 workers, women and children.April 1918April 1 (March 19), 1918 Detachment of Colonel MG Drozdovskiy is putting things in order during the Iasi-Don march in Yelantse. "Little by little we find out and catch the leaders, although the main bosses manage to escape in advance; The headquarters of the center is the testimony of all the landlords; also helped very much the landing of his disguised with the arrested - those he foolishly told a lot. Residents are afraid to show up on formal interrogation, only three or four gave testimony on the condition that their names remain unknown. Our host, a Jew, said that the local Jews were going to send a delegation to ask to leave some threatening announcement about maintaining order, or they were threatened with threatening us before our arrival, and now they threaten to kill us when we leave. But they did not dare to name any name. Of course, he ordered the paper to be written. Perhaps fear after us will give it strength, but only to see yourself as a defender of the Jews is something too funny - it's me, a born, convinced anti-Semitism! .. By the way, they attributed to the paper the surrender of those arrested for robbery and hooliganism to the Ukrainian authorities - laughed a lot, whether Ukrainians would understand all the mockery in these lines ... "[230].On March 2 (March 20), 1918, in the village of Izobilnoy Sol-Iletsky district, Orenburg Cossacks, led by military sergeant SV Bartenev, killed in the ambush a Bolshevik detachment of 300 people, headed by the chairman of the Orenburg Executive Committee, SM Tsvilling. At the same time, all those who surrendered were cut down by Cossacks [231]. It should be noted that in the detachment of Zwilling, along with its other members, nurses and adolescents were registered. Subsequently, the Orenburg Cossacks will have a figurative expression denoting the imposition of the death sentence - "send to Tsvilling."On March 3 (March 21), April 1918, in the Novy Bug, two days before the arrival of Colonel MG Drozdovsky's detachment, three "robbers" were shot by the local committee. Subsequently, the Drozdov detachment will assist the committee in restoring order [232].On March 4 (March 22), 1918, the Cossacks of the village of Nezhinskaya, led by army sergeant N. V. Lukin and Colonel Korchakov, made a night a raid on the Orenburg City Council, which was in the former Junker School, where they made an attempt to completely cut out the entire city council. The Cossacks cut down sleeping people who had not risen from their bed without resistance. Hacked all in a row, along with women and children (families of city council workers) - a total of 129 people were killed. Among the dead there were 6 children and several women. Children's corpses were cut in half, the dead women lay with their breasts cut and their stomachs ripped open [233]. Characteristically, the day before the raid, April 3, 1918, in the village of Sakmarskoy they will also be shot Cossacks Pravdin and Svintsov, who refused to participate in the attack on the Red Orenburg.4 (March 22), April 1918, was deceived into a captivity to the Don Cossacks in the village of the Kazan Don region and subsequently killed the commander of the 2nd Revolutionary Army (Tiraspol revolutionary detachment), the former staff captain Eugene Mikhailovich Venediktov (1895-1918) [ 234].On March 4 (March 22), 1918, a detachment of Colonel MG Drozdovskiy shot more than 20 residents of the village of Dolgorukovka, Mykolayiv Gubernia (Ukraine). M. Drozdovsky's entry in his diary: "March 22, Vladimirovka [235]. Surrounding the village, placing a mountain platoon on the position and cutting off the ferry with a machine gun, they gave two or three turns from machine guns through the village where everything instantly hid, then one mounted platoon instantly broke into the village, ran into the Bolshevik committee, chopped it, then demanded the delivery of assassins and the main culprits in the tortures of four Shirvanites (according to the exact information already, two officers, one Shirvan soldier, scribe and one soldier who stuck to them on the road and also made their way through with them). Our raid was so unexpected and fast that no one guilty disappeared ... They were issued and immediately shot; conductors and identifiers served two survivors and hidden by the Vladimir Shirvan officer. After the execution, the houses of the perpetrators were burned, all the men under the age of 45 were cruelly punished, and the old men were flogging them; in this village before that brutal people, that when these officers were leading, even the Red Guards did not want to shoot them, and this was demanded by peasants and women ... and even by children ... It is characteristic that some women wanted to save their relatives from flogging at the cost of their own body - original manners. Then the inhabitants were ordered to take all the best cattle, pigs, poultry, fodder and bread for the whole detachment with a gift, all the best horses were taken away; All this was brought to us until the night ... "An eye for an eye ..." A continuous howling stood in the village ... In total, 24 people were exterminated "[236].During the same period, the detachment of Lieutenant-General N. Nevadovsky in Maleevka, disarmed the village, under the threat of using chemical weapons (it was not), "strongly shattered by ramrods on the principle of a non-commissioned officer's widow" who had previously signed up for the Red Guard and by this time already deserted from it residents of the village, only 30 people [237]. It should be noted that in addition to the terms "withdrawing money", "ditching" among the white armies of the south of Russia, the new term "shampolize" became popular [238]. General AI Denikin in his memoirs will later note the involuntary and inevitable "reverse side of the coin" - he will write that when the next morning the detachment of Drozdov went further, he often left behind him a "razor-driven anthill, boiling passions and secret revenge" [239]. From the village of Vladimirovka, Colonel MG Drozdovsky also sent a punitive detachment to the village of Fontanka, which suffered the same punishment as Dolgorukovka [240]. Frequent skirmishes with the local population led to the fact that those who fought back from the detachment had "little chance of remaining alive" [241].On April 6 (March 24), 1918, during the First Kuban (Ice) campaign, the village of Smolensk was occupied by Kornilov's troops. According to the memoirs of General A. P. Bogaevsky, a dozen sailors were captured by his forward units in a separate estate, apparently a guard post; all of them were immediately shot. "From the Bolsheviks, it seems, no one raised such hatred in our troops as sailors -" the beauty and pride of the Russian revolution. " Their brutal exploits were too well known to everyone, and therefore these rascals had no mercy. The sailors knew very well what would happen if they were taken prisoner, and so they always fought with unusual persistence, and - it is necessary to give them justice - died courageously, rarely asking for mercy. For the most part, these were healthy, strong fellows, most touched by the revolution "[242]. The same episode of the expedition was recalled by the participant of the campaign N. Kakurin: "Our advanced units in a separate estate captured a dozen sailors who were in the outpost, and immediately shot them. The brutal exploits of the sailors were well known to everyone, and therefore these rascals were not spared "[243].On 6 March (24 March), 1918, during the First Kuban campaign in the village of Georgi-Afipsky, General S. L. Markov, unexpectedly encountering the Kuban hostages among the Reds, ordered them to be shot immediately. Only the intervention of the Kuban convoy prevented the massacre [244].April 6 (March 24) 1918: the destruction of the Tiraspol revolutionary detachment by the Don Cossacks under the Meshkov hamlet. According to the memoirs of VA Antonov-Ovseyenko, after a series of negotiations and exchanges with the Cossacks who rose to mobilize the Cossacks, the Red Guard command of the Tiraspol detachment obeyed the order of the Bolshevik leadership on disarmament, which the Cossacks kept referring to, and ordered the laying down of arms. That's when the Cossack lavas really "overturned the Red Guards." The 5th Amur cavalry regiment broke through and went to Voronezh province, and the rest of the detachment was taken prisoner. The prisoners were driven from the village to the village and chopped up to 500 soldiers of the Stavropol Regiment and 225 Chinese [245].These figures are minimal in historical research and memories. Thus, according to the modern researcher A.Venkov, the Cossacks were killed by the Tiraspol detachment of Ukrainian Red troops, numbering about 2000 people, who surrendered at their request [246].An interesting addition to these events, detailing the tragic events, led FF Kuznetsov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences [247], in his work on the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" by MA Sholokhov. This is a publication of excerpts from the MA Sholokhov museum in the museum preserved in the Veshenskaya manuscript P. Kudinov (volume - 133 pages) "History of my arrest in Bulgaria," which was marked on August 2, 1938. In it Kudinov describes these events in such a way: " As for the "first revolutionary stage," that is, 1918, Kudinov believed that at that time a merciless bloody struggle was unleashed not by the "red" but by the "white" "Cossack nobles". Kudinov tells how they provoked the Cossacks to this bloody struggle. "One such nobleman named Colonel Alferov ... [248] declared himself a district ataman of the Upper-Don district." From his submission, "writes Kudinov," before Easter, in the second half of April, among the population there appeared, like a pestilence, a rumor that on the first day of Christ's Resurrection, when laymen will serve Mass and pay holy, at this very time The Bolsheviks will attack the church, lock the people inside, the church will be lit from all sides ... And, of course, according to the old superstitious skill, women first became alarmed, then husbands whispered to their husbands that, well, so ... The rumor as a bonfire inflated the wind ... How the Cossacks froze up , as the lions turned upside down, and and checkers have taken. " "... As it turned out, this vile, disastrous for the Cossacks provocation was brought in a suitcase by Colonel Alferov from General Krasnov from Novocherkassk and foolishly let her into the civilian population," P. Kudinov writes. "And Krasnov ... got this leprosy from the German laboratory ...". Impressive pages in the "Stories of my arrest ..." are devoted to the Cossack massacre of the Tiraspol detachment of the Second Socialist Army. Here, the tragic history of the destruction of the Tiraspol detachment was documented. In the description of this story, Kudinov has a discrepancy with the "Quiet Don". Sholokhov wrote that the Tiraspol detachment had in some way incurred the wrath of the Cossacks: when the detachment passed through the yurt of the Migulinskaya stanitsa, the Red Guards rioted along the road, "they began to cut the sheep, two Cossacks were raped on the edge of the farm, uncaused shooting in the square, from their own ... ". Kudinov believes that everything was not quite so. He writes: "The Tiraspol Red Division under the command of Comrade Venediktov before it fought heroic battles with the German occupation units ... The retreat of the Tiraspol people took place on Friday before Easter, it was accompanied in full order, without any violence whatsoever over the inhabitants of the farms. Unaware that the Cossacks were provoked by the Krasnovsky-Alferov counter-revolutionary joke and that the Cossacks had already taken up arms and were waiting for an innocent "enemy", the Tiraspolis without any advanced intelligence came to Meshkov and, like sheep, settled there for the night, did not even put up internal security - patrol. On the scene of the agitated Cossacks of the Migulinskaya village there appeared the notorious provocateur esaul Vasily Vasilyevich Filometov, st. Kazan and a certain Chaikin (the same Cossack of the Migulinskaya village of Chaikin, which was already discussed and who was preparing the Verkhnedonsky insurrection, and then made a report about the uprising at the meeting of the Supreme Cossack Circle in Novocherkassk in May 1919 - FK). Of course, that for filthy business are looking for nasty people. At dawn, on the Great Sabbath, the Cossacks, without any slightest excuse from the Tiraspolites, ungodly attacked the sleeping soldiers of the division, surrounded and disarmed them, and the chief of the division, Venediktov, Filomethov himself, with his own hand, shredded with an iron shovel, section naked, and his rings pierced completely with his fingers and ordered to be buried like a dog under a fence. "The conclusion of Kudinov is important: "The Pani of their troublemakers sent to us to drive the Cossacks over to the peasants and that a skirmish occurred - that's what happened, and what else! Azh frosts on the skin ... Here is how the Don noblemen, together with the gentry gang, fomented a bloody fire on the Don. Through a vile provocation, the Cossacks were pushed to the Russian people ... They achieved their goal, but they defeated the entire Cossacks. From the child to the elder, may the damned noblemen and the sergeant-major be cursed ... "[249].We should also mention a letter to the editors of the reader of the Quiet Don, ND Ryabushenko, participant of the events described from the red side, who miraculously survived: "Where comrade. Sholokhov describes it in the second book, pp. 336, 342 and 371, it is said that the strength of the detachment is 800 men, unloaded in Shepetivka, robbed, raped, one-third Chinese; The insurgent Cossacks made a raid, and in an hour it was all over - about Comrade. Sholokhov makes it clear. But it's not true. The Tiraspol detachment, in which I was also a member, did indeed retreat from Ukraine all the time and disembarked in the city of Lugansk, and Com. Sholokhov let out of mind that with this detachment there were also old regiments that were from Romania: 74 Stavropol, 5 and 6 Zamursky mounted regiments, numbering all about 2 thousand people. The only goal was to break into Voronezh-this detachment led, if I'm not mistaken, some Venidiktov, where the detachment threw it. Old war veterans did not want to fight anymore. Nobody robbed or raped anyone. This is not true. This propaganda of the counter-revolution was really such - they say, the Red Guards are going, robbing, raping - this is not true. We were told to treat the residents as best as possible. The only case was, without reaching the farm Meshkov, was a hamlet, where our shoulder straps were torn off by shoulder straps to a Cossack sergeant, a farmer. This is only Comrade. Sholokhov said - the decayed detachment, allegedly under the influence of criminal elements, was not at all the case, as I said. The front-line soldiers of these regiments, when they retreated from the Haidamaks and Germans in Ukraine, believed that they were still dealing with a German, but they did not want to fight, and a smaller part of the partisans could not do anything, as Comrade Says. Sholokhov. Before the morning they made a raid under the command of some colonel in the village, near Meshkov's farm and took one gun, and in Meshkov's farm there was one battery of 4 guns. Night disarmed. When we entered the farm Meshkov after taking our gun from us, then they were already beating us with our guns, and without a shot we came in hut. Meshkov, there was confusion - these are our beats. Some delegate-officer arrives and says that hand over the weapon, and then go where you are going and give up the weapon. Only the mounted Zamursky units were entrenched, in general they made their way, but I do not know the result. And if there was no confusion, in an organized manner, they would pass with a fight. They handed over their weapons, and indeed, "gentlemen of the Cossacks" "got the trophy", "ripped off". In some pants left, drove to the square under the farm Meshkov and began to shoot at the crowd with a machine gun and cut the swords, but thanks to the arrival of Cossack soldiers and drove away the old people and youth. And after, just at Easter, sent under a reinforced convoy at the station. Chertkov and handed over to the Germans, and some did not catch up, especially the Chinese one party - this is the place where the shepherd boy tells Gregory: they chopped wholly along the road. I was in that party too. Out of every village old people came out, broke into the crowd and beat, mocked, leaving the dead behind them. That for some reason comrade. Sholokhov is silent. And survivors through the stage of the Germans, who at the station. Chertkovo was not allowed to eat for three days, and 2 herrings were given on the 4th day, and no water was given, despite the fact that the inhabitants carried Easter, eggs, etc. to us, but they devoured themselves. We got into prison in Novocherkassk in closed wagons, and from the prison of the soldiers of the said regiments were released, and the guerrillas were shot every day for 20-30 people while there was excitement among the residents of Novocherkassk, that they were being shot, they were not digging in, and the pigs brought home that person's head, then an arm or a leg. And after the rest we were sentenced to forced labor in the Paramonov mine in Alexandrogrushevsk. That's all I wanted to say about the one-sided evaluation of Comrade. Sholokhov, as if walking and robbing and raping. Lies comrade. Sholokhov, roughly speaking so, or you just got such information. I do not want to blame Sholokhov especially. Estimates of the books of the "Quiet Don" are nothing, except for this one, where one can bring a crude saying: the older girl says that you, your uncle, e-ta, are in a hurry to tiptoe. Well, Comrade. Sholokhov, you write, only you assess one-sidedly. Why Comrade. Sholokhov did not say where this detachment had gone. If the people of this detachment knew that their fate would be like this, they would go and cut it off, leaving a bare place behind them. I, sitting in prison in Novocherkassk, shouted to the officers and Cossacks in the windows: we'll stay alive, we'll cut out the lamp-bags, we'll cut the cursed bastards with an ax. And what I said was true. I did not give them any mercy. Employee Ryabushenko Mitrofan Dmitrievich, Azov-Black Sea region, Kuban region, Abinsk district, Kholmskaya village "[250].On 8 March (26 March), 1918, Major General P. Kh. Popov, who became a marching ataman of the Don army, issued an order calling for the killing of all Red Army men indiscriminately [251].9 (March 27), April 1918, the Orenburg Cossacks under the Magnetic Hill killed 12 people, includi