For some college students, the 2016 presidential election was a crash course in psychological trauma.

Published Monday in the Journal of American College Health, a study of 800 university students suggests that nearly one in four found Donald Trump’s election victory so upsetting, they developed “clinically significant” symptoms considered predictors of PTSD.

Researchers from San Francisco State University, the University of California in San Francisco and Arizona State University surveyed a culturally and politically diverse pool of Arizona State students in January and February 2017, around the time Trump took office. Using a tool called the Impact of Event Scale, which measures subjective distress in trauma survivors, the researchers explored the students’ thoughts and behaviors surrounding the election. The assessment also probed the students’ interpersonal relationships.

While 66 percent said the election had no impact on their personal lives, about 24 percent reported mild to severe negative impacts. Symptoms of trauma included avoidance (attempting to distance oneself from negative stimuli) and intrusion (the inability to escape unwanted thoughts).

Race, gender and religion correlated with the responses. Black and non-white Hispanic students reported greater impacts than white respondents, and women were 45 percent more likely to experience symptoms than men. Non-Christians were also more likely to report negative effects.

Just over 18 percent of students reported feeling satisfied with the election.

Trump triumphed in Arizona — a key battleground state — by a slim margin, garnering 48.7 percent of the vote. Lead researcher Melissa Hagan, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychology at San Francisco State, says that Trump’s rhetoric, based in personal attacks rather than abstract policy, may have amplified perceived hardships.

Since students were surveyed only once, the study doesn’t establish whether the effects are long-lasting. But the researchers are calling for universities to consider the political climate in addition to normal college-kid stressors when extending mental-health services to students.