Across Iraqi Kurdistan , a scene is starting to become familiar: young and old alike fill the public squares and parks clad in Kurdish dress, furiously waving Kurdish flags in a rallying cry for independence. “Long live Kurdistan!” they chant. The iconic red, white, and green Kurdish flag, with a giant sun in the middle, was first unveiled at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, but it has never had as strong of a possibility of belonging to an actual nation until this moment. While Iraqi Kurds currently enjoy a semi-autonomous region in northern Iraq — technically governed by Iraq’s central government in Baghdad but controlled by Kurdish security forces and political parties — many have longed for an independent state after decades of oppression, suffering, and political marginalization. In the wake of the Kurdish Peshmerga forces defeating Islamic State fighters in key battles in northern Iraq, including Mosul earlier this year, many Kurds hope their chance has finally arrived to gain independence — which they are voting on in a controversial referendum on Monday.

Crowd at a pro-Kurdish independence rally on the Kirkuk citadel on Sept. 19, 2017. Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept

A pro-Kurdish independence rally on the Kirkuk citadel, Iraq on Sept. 19, 2017. Photo: Sebastian Meyer

A young boy runs around the Sulaymaniyah Stadium carrying a Kurdish flag during a pro-independence rally in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, on Sept. 20, 2017. Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept

But in some regions, there are signs that the upcoming referendum could spark a violent future. Late last Monday, a group of Kurdish gunmen rode through the contested city of Kirkuk on motorcycles after a rally, opening fire on the Iraqi Turkmen Front headquarters — one of the key points of opposition to the referendum in the city. Armed guards returned fire, killing one perpetrator and wounding two others. “Right now, Arabs and Turkmen are worried for their lives,” said Ali Mehdi, a spokesperson for the Iraqi Turkmen Front. Mehdi, in an interview with photographer Sebastian Meyer, on assignment for The Intercept, said he fears the referendum will disrupt the delicate economic and security relationship between the Kurdish-controlled regions of Iraq and the central government in Baghdad. Kirkuk is a particularly disputed territory. It does not technically lie within the boundaries of the Kurdish-controlled region, but the Peshmerga have claimed the area since they successfully fought to secure its oil fields from the ISIS three years ago. Many Kurds hope to fold the resource-rich city into a future Kurdistan.

Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept

However, Kirkuk’s Turkmen — and a vast majority of the Sunni and Shia Arab population — fear that an independent Kurdistan could further fracture Iraq, especially if it includes mixed areas like Kirkuk. While the referendum is overwhelmingly supported in Kurdish-majority provinces, such as Erbil, Dohuk, and Sulaymaniyah, mixed areas may soon find themselves facing internal conflict, the religious and ethnic diversity they once celebrated becoming their downfall. For instance, since last Monday’s shooting incident, Mehdi now changes his physical location every two hours, fearing Kurdish retaliation and escalating violence ahead of the vote. “If they start shooting at us, we will start shooting at them as well,” he continues, showing how easily both sides could be triggered toward a violent scenario. “Of course we don’t want this to happen. But it’s the job of the central government to prevent this from happening.”

Men wave flags at a pro-Kurdish independence rally on the Kirkuk citadel on Sept. 19, 2017. Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept

A young man dressed in the Kurdish flag at the Sulaymaniyah Stadium during a pro-independence rally on Sept. 20, 2017. Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept

“I would be so happy if the referendum happens here,” Goran Gowhar, a major in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)-affiliated branch of the Peshmerga told Meyer from his home in Tuz Khurmatu, a mixed — and similarly contentious — village around 55 miles south of Kirkuk. Gowhar’s village has been on the front lines of the war against ISIS, and Gowhar, as well as many others who have fought, hope that the Kurdish sacrifice was not in vain.

Photo: Sebastian Meyer for The Intercept