Waking after a night’s heavy drinking at the court of a strange king, Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua found his companions gone and his hands tied.



It was the start of a nightmarish journey that saw the low-ranking Muslim civil servant from west Africa sold into slavery and shipped to Brazil in the middle of the 19th century.

Years later, a free man living in Canada, he recounted the horrors of his experiences in a dictated memoir – the only autobiographical account of an African-born slave in Brazil.

“I imagine there can be but one place more horrible in all creation than the hold of a slave ship, and that place is where slaveholders and their myrmidons are the most likely to find themselves some day,” he wrote.

Brazil imported more African slaves than any other country in the Americas – for every one European who immigrated to the country, eight Africans were imported as slaves – but until now, no memoir by a Brazilian slave has ever been published in the country.

This month Baquaqua’s story will finally be released online in Portuguese as part of a project to improve the teaching of Afro- Brazilian history.



A law passed in 2003 mandated the teaching of black Brazilian history in schools, but until now there has been a severe lack of engaging teaching materials.



Funded by Brazil’s ministry of culture and the Canadian government, Project Baquaqua is the initiative of Bruno Verás, a doctoral candidate at York University, Canada, and a former history teacher from the north-eastern state of Pernambuco.

“When I taught in high school, whenever we taught slavery we would just have a few small, indistinct images of black people working on a sugar plantation,” he said. “The point of this project is that you can see the real people affected by slavery.”

More than 4 million Africans, or some 40% of all the slaves that crossed the Atlantic, landed in Brazil. Yet despite the African population’s profound impact on the country, the teaching of Afro-Brazilian history still encounters serious resistance.

“I think it’s shameful that slavery has not been examined very deeply in Brazil,” Verás said. “It’s a past that those in power want to forget. But this legacy for a part of the population that is still marginalised should not be forgotten.”

Baquaqua was sold to a baker who forced him to carry heavy stones on his head, then made him sell bread under threat of whipping. He attempted to run away, but also considered suicide or killing his master, before he was sold to a merchant in Rio de Janeiro who took him to the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul.

In 1847 he was on a ship carrying coffee when it docked in New York, shortly after the state had abolished slavery and emancipated its slaves.

Liberated by a group of abolitionists, Baquaqua was spirited away on the underground railway – first to Haiti, then back to the US and finally to Canada, where he dictated his story to an Irish abolitionist, Samuel Moore, in 1854.

His last documented whereabouts were in the British port of Liverpool in 1857, where scholars believe he sought to find a ship to take him back to Africa.

While in the US slave narratives played a hugely important role in the abolitionist movement, external pressure – particularly from the British navy – was more significant in Brazil, which only ended slavery in 1888, becoming the last country in the western hemisphere to do so.

Although a fragment of Baquaqua’s story was published in a Brazilian academic journal in 1988, the full text has never been published in the country until now.

“Baquaqua’s story matters because it is one of the only surviving biographies of someone who was enslaved in Brazil,” Paul Lovejoy, a distinguished research professor at York University, said.



Project Baquaqua, due to go live on 30 November, is based on Lovejoy’s annotated English-language account, published in 2001.