From 2015 EURO 6 emission standards where introduced for cars and similar EURO VI requirements for heavy vehicles. These requirements are including NOx and particulate matter from new cars.

Since 2011, TØI and VTT have conducted emission measurements of 12 heavy vehicles with Euro VI engines, and seven Euro 6 diesel cars. In addition, several petrol vehicles (Euro 5 and 6) and diesel vehicles (Euro 5) are measured. All vehicles were tested in laboratory under conditions that as far as possible should correspond to the actual use of the vehicles.

Our measurements show that Euro 6 type approved private cars with diesel engines have 4-20 times higher emission of NOx in city traffic and during cold weather than the type approval limit value (0,08 g/km). The average emission of NOx from the tested Euro 6 private cars with diesel engines was also about four times higher than the average emission from the tested city buses and heavy vehicles with Euro VI engines.

In real traffic, Euro 5 diesel cars and the seven tested Euro 6 passenger cars with diesel engines generally have low emissions of PM. The limit value for Euro 6 approval is significantly higher than what we measure from new Euro 6- approved diesel vehicles under all driving conditions. New diesel cars have, in other words efficient and well-functioning particle filters.

Modern heavy vehicles including city buses with Euro VI engines have low emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and exhaust particles (PM) for all types of test cycles. The reductions are more than 90% compared to the emissions from previous Euro V generations.

Figure 1: Comparison between limit values from EUs type approval regulations (black clouds) to emissions in “real life” city traffic from the average Euro 6 diesel passenger car. NOx, PM and CO2 emission when using the Helsinki city cycle. Measured at +23 °C (red clouds) and -7 °C (blue clouds). The size of the red and blue clouds indicate the difference in emission from the emission in the type approval test (NEDC).

Figure 2: New heavy vehicles with Euro VI approved diesel engines have very low emission of all types of local emissions. NOx emission from new passenger cars with Euro 6 diesel engines under demanding city driving conditions is still a challenge for urban air quality. The emissions shown are typical for demanding city-driving for passenger cars and city-buses, respectively.

For fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of CO2, the values from all kinds of new light vehicles are higher than what is measured in the type approval cycle NEDC. Type approval values for CO2 emissions from cars are, despite the fact that they are low, in proportion to the size of CO2 emissions in real traffic. A car that has low CO2 emissions in type approval have as a rule somewhat higher emissions (20 95 %) in real traffic. A car that has high CO2 emissions in type approval will have even higher emissions in real traffic. The low emission values from the type approval may give the impression that the cars are more environmentally friendly than they actually are.

The study was funded by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, as part of the "EMIROAD" program.

Please read more about our studies in these reports (summary in English):

TØI Report 1407/2015. Emissions from new vehicles - trustworthy? Authors: Rolf Hagman, Christian Weber and Astrid H. Amundsen

TØI Report 1405/2015. Emission from vehicles with Euro 6/VI-technology. Authors: Christian Weber, Rolf Hagman, Astrid H. Amundsen

TØI Report 1259/2013. Exhaust emissions from vehicles with Euro 6/VI technology. Authors: Rolf Hagman and Astrid H. Amundsen