Tuesday’s election was an expression of voter angst that heralded a new type of populism. For Silicon Valley, it also marked the ascension of a vision starkly at odds with its own.

The world is changing faster than ever, and Donald Trump’s campaign tapped into concern about where that change is taking the country. Many of the campaign’s central issues—jobs, globalization and immigration—had in common that they were rooted, in large part, in technological change.

The populist wave Mr. Trump rode appears to be on a collision course with the fruits of technology and the people who build it.

Uber Technologies Inc. and others are testing self-driving trucks. That augurs trouble for the 3.5 million truck drivers in the U.S., who hold some of the best-paying jobs that don’t require a college degree. Meanwhile, advances in artificial intelligence are beginning to consume white-collar jobs in fields such as medicine and finance, shifting the debate over the impact of technology.

The tech industry champions immigration. Many of its executives are foreign born. It embraces trade. Overseas markets accounted for 58% of its revenue last year, the second-highest share for any U.S. industry after energy, according to CFRA Research. And overseas workers build most of the electronic gadgets that U.S. tech companies sell.