1 Seeman, N.C. DNA in a material world. Nature 421, 427–431 (2003).

2 Modi, S., Nizak, C., Surana, S., Halder, S. & Krishnan, Y. Two DNA nanomachines map pH changes along intersecting endocytic pathways inside the same cell. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 459–467 (2013).

3 Douglas, S.M., Bachelet, I. & Church, G.M. A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science 335, 831–834 (2012).

4 Amir, Y. et al. Universal computing by DNA origami robots in a living animal. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 353–357 (2014).

5 Huang, Y. et al. The angiogenic function of nucleolin is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor and nonmuscle myosin. Blood 107, 3564–3571 (2006).

6 Jungmann, R. et al. Multiplexed 3D cellular super-resolution imaging with DNA-PAINT and Exchange-PAINT. Nat. Methods 11, 313–318 (2014).

7 Bhatia, D., Surana, S., Chakraborty, S., Koushika, S.P. & Krishnan, Y. A synthetic icosahedral DNA-based host-cargo complex for functional in vivo imaging. Nat. Commun. 2, 339 (2011).

8 Lee, H. et al. Molecularly self-assembled nucleic acid nanoparticles for targeted in vivo siRNA delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 389–393 (2012).

9 Chauhan, V.P. & Jain, R.K. Strategies for advancing cancer nanomedicine. Nat. Mater. 12, 958–962 (2013).

10 Huang, X. et al. Tumor infarction in mice by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumor vasculature. Science 275, 547–550 (1997).

11 Hu, P. et al. Comparison of three different targeted tissue factor fusion proteins for inducing tumor vessel thrombosis. Cancer Res. 63, 5046–5053 (2003).

12 Jain, R.K. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307, 58–62 (2005).

13 Agemy, L. et al. Nanoparticle-induced vascular blockade in human prostate cancer. Blood 116, 2847–2856 (2010).

14 Sambrano, G.R., Weiss, E.J., Zheng, Y.W., Huang, W. & Coughlin, S.R. Role of thrombin signalling in platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis. Nature 413, 74–78 (2001).

15 Pinheiro, A.V., Han, D., Shih, W.M. & Yan, H. Challenges and opportunities for structural DNA nanotechnology. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 763–772 (2011).

16 Rothemund, P.W.K. Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature 440, 297–302 (2006).

17 Gerling, T., Wagenbauer, K.F., Neuner, A.M. & Dietz, H. Dynamic DNA devices and assemblies formed by shape-complementary, non-base pairing 3D components. Science 347, 1446–1452 (2015).

18 Benson, E. et al. DNA rendering of polyhedral meshes at the nanoscale. Nature 523, 441–444 (2015).

19 Schüller, V.J. et al. Cellular immunostimulation by CpG-sequence-coated DNA origami structures. ACS Nano 5, 9696–9702 (2011).

20 Jiang, Q. et al. DNA origami as a carrier for circumvention of drug resistance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 13396–13403 (2012).

21 Zhang, Q. et al. DNA origami as an in vivo drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy. ACS Nano 8, 6633–6643 (2014).

22 Chen, Y.J., Groves, B., Muscat, R.A. & Seelig, G. DNA nanotechnology from the test tube to the cell. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 748–760 (2015).

23 Soundararajan, S., Chen, W., Spicer, E.K., Courtenay-Luck, N. & Fernandes, D.J. The nucleolin targeting aptamer AS1411 destabilizes Bcl-2 messenger RNA in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 68, 2358–2365 (2008).

24 Nutiu, R. & Li, Y. Structure-switching signaling aptamers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4771–4778 (2003).

25 Blanco, E., Shen, H. & Ferrari, M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 941–951 (2015).

26 Kong, G., Braun, R.D. & Dewhirst, M.W. Hyperthermia enables tumor-specific nanoparticle delivery: effect of particle size. Cancer Res. 60, 4440–4445 (2000).

27 Zhang, H. et al. Identification of urine protein biomarkers with the potential for early detection of lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 5, 11805 (2015).

28 Surana, S., Shenoy, A.R. & Krishnan, Y. Designing DNA nanodevices for compatibility with the immune system of higher organisms. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 741–747 (2015).

29 Liu, Y., Zeng, B.H., Shang, H.T., Cen, Y.Y. & Wei, H. Bama miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) as a model for drug evaluation for humans: comparison of in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetics of lovastatin. Comp. Med. 58, 580–587 (2008).

30 Goldberg, S.N. et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: proposal for standardization of terms and reporting criteria. Radiology 228, 335–345 (2003).

31 Miniard, A.C., Middleton, L.M., Budiman, M.E., Gerber, C.A. & Driscoll, D.M. Nucleolin binds to a subset of selenoprotein mRNAs and regulates their expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 4807–4820 (2010).

32 Thompson, J.S. et al. BAFF binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor-like molecule B cell maturation antigen and is important for maintaining the peripheral B cell population. J. Exp. Med. 192, 129–135 (2000).

33 Douglas, S.M., Chou, J.J. & Shih, W.M. DNA-nanotube-induced alignment of membrane proteins for NMR structure determination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 6644–6648 (2007).

34 Alvarez-Erviti, L. et al. Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 341–345 (2011).

35 Guyer, R.A. & Macara, I.G. Loss of the polarity protein PAR3 activates STAT3 signaling via an atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)/NF-κB/interleukin-6 (IL-6) axis in mouse mammary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 290, 8457–8468 (2015).

36 Gottfries, J., Melgar, S. & Michaëlsson, E. Modelling of mouse experimental colitis by global property screens: a holistic approach to assess drug effects in inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 7, e30005 (2012).