First, we need to define some terms: Elixir Collections include things like HashDicts, Tuples, and Lists. A List is a very specific type of collection: It’s a singly linked list, basically. It has an order, which the other collections don’t have.

If you want to do anything with a list, it’s expensive. You need to traverse the whole list before you can do much with it. You can’t get to the nth member of the list without going through the first n-1 members to get there. There’s no direct references to individual members of the list. No indices. No extra pointers.

The Enum module works with collections. It takes the place of the various types of loops you might write in other languages.

Lists, in particular, have their own module, cleverly named List , that handles functions that make sense only to lists and not collections as a whole. You can flatten a list there, find an item in a specific position, or fold a list to the left or right, for four examples.

So, to sum it up:

Lists are a special form of Collections.

Enum deals with Collections.

deals with Collections. List deals with list-specific things an Enum isn’t appropriate for.

With that out of the way:

Conversion Therapy

Can we convert a collection to a list? Of course we can! We use Enum.to_list/1 .

The crazy thing is how that function does it.

Remember that with Elixir it’s easy to separate the head (first value) from the tail (everything afterwards) of a list. It’s not easy to do the reverse and break the last value off the rest of the list. (The List.last function does this by traversing its way all the way to the end in tail-recursive style.) You need to always move from the front to the back of a list; performance can be rather dismal, particularly as your list gets bigger.

There’s no direct way of converting a collection into a list. You can’t wave a magic wand and have it happen. Instead, you trick Elixir into looping over every value in the collection and adding those values to a list. As it happens, that’s a side effect for one of the Enum functions! How convenient.

Thinking Backwards

The Elixir Enum.reverse function takes in a collection and reverses it, making it a list in the process. It uses reduce and everything. Look:

def reverse(collection, tail) do reduce(collection, to_list(tail), fn(entry, acc) -> [entry|acc] end) end

That reduce statement goes item by item in the collection and keeps putting the next item at the head of a new list. See that line perfectly in the middle of the code? [entry|acc] is forming that list. acc is the list so far (the accumulator), and entry is the head of the remaining collection that gets stapled into front of the list.

When all is said and done, you have a list of elements that came out of a collection.

The new list it creates, however, is in the reverse of the order the collection started with, since you’re always placing the next element ahead of all the others so far.

For example, we’ll take a new Map (which is a collection), give it some values, and see what happens when we Enum.reverse it:

iex> m = Map.new() %{} iex> m = Map.put_new(m, :a, 1) %{a: 1} iex> m = Map.put_new(m, :b, 2) %{a: 1, b: 2} iex> m = Enum.reverse(m) [b: 2, a: 1]

(Yes, I know the Enum.into trick, but for clarity’s sake, I’m spelling this out long hand. Maybe we’ll talk about Enum.into in the future…)

Look at that: You have a list now. You can tell because it’s surrounded in brackets and not a percent sign and curly braces. Or, you can tell programmatically:

iex> is_list(m) true

Elixir’s List module doesn’t contain a reverse function. That’s because the List module only contains functions that wouldn’t make sense as an Enum function.

Up to this point, you’ve done two things at the same time: Converted a collection to a list, and reversed the order. That’s more than you wanted to do, though. You just wanted the conversion part, not the reversal part.

Since you just wanted to convert the collection to a list, you need to reverse the list back into its original order. Since it’s a list now, it makes sense to use the list version of reverse . On the off chance you skipped what I wrote two paragraphs ago: There is no Elixir List version of the reverse function.

We do the next best thing: we call directly out to Erlang’s.

That follows Elixir’s standards. Per the List module documentation:

A decision was taken to delegate most functions to Erlang’s standard library but follow Elixir’s convention of receiving the target (in this case, a list) as the first argument.

In any case, whether you do the second reversal with the Enum or :lists library, it will work, since we’re dealing with a list at that point, either way:

iex> Enum.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2}) |> Enum.reverse [a: 1, b: 2] iex> Enum.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2}) |> :lists.reverse [a: 1, b: 2]

But the source code goes with the latter.

That’s 800 words to describe what is a one-liner in Core Elixir:

def to_list(collection) do reverse(collection) |> :lists.reverse end

But we’re not done yet!

The Easier Way (Doesn’t Work)

05 August 2015: Major updates to change the example code in this section to be the same as the Maps-based example above. A new section has been added right afterwards, as well.

Wait, isn’t there a way to traipse across the collection one item at a time and not reverse the subsequent list?

What if we took the Enum.reverse function and rewrote it?

Here again is what the key part of it looks like today:

def reverse(collection, tail) do reduce(collection, to_list(tail), fn(entry, acc) -> [entry|acc] end) end

As an exercise, try flip-flopping the [entry|acc] to give you [acc|entry] . Don’t you think that might stop the loop over the collection from returning results in reverse order?

Sorta, but the results are not pretty:

[[[] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}]

If you tease that apart, the first item in the list (the head) is a list of an empty list with a tail of {:a, 1}.

The reverse/2 call is fronted by this reverse/1 call:

def reverse(collection) do reverse(collection, []) end

The programmer just sends in a collection and doesn’t worry about it. Let the library worry about the accumulator. And, here, it’s seeded as an empty list, [].

Since we started the recursion with [] as the list, that starts as the head with {:a, 1} as the tail. Then, that whole construct becomes the new head, while the next value, {:b, 2} becomes the tail of a list where the head is an empty list and {:a, 1}.

If we extended the original map out a little bit, the new list looks even wonkier. (I rewrote the reverse function in a new module I named after myself. I’m not just an egomaniac, but I am very fast at typing my own name.)

iex> Augie.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6}) [[[[[ [[] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] | {:d, 4}] | {:e, 5}] | {:f, 6}]

This is the head of that list:

[[[[[[] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] | {:d, 4}] | {:e, 5}]

And the tail:

{:f, 6}

So I suppose you could do a weird kind of reverse recursion where you keep dealing with the tail and passing the head along. You’d process the list backwards. And since that would go against every bit of conventional wisdom in programming, it’s probably safe to ignore that. It also doesn’t bring us closer to converting a collection to a list without the second reverse.

This is how the new list is then constructed:

[ [] | {:a, 1} ] [ [ [] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] [ [ [ [] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] [ [ [ [ [] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] | {:d, 4} ] etc.

I stopped there before you got dizzy from the brackets and pipes. I’ve spent my whole career avoiding Lisp. This is getting perilously too close.

Note the distinct lack of commas in there. You can’t flatten that list if you tried. And, yes, I tried. Because I’m thorough:

iex> list = [[[[[[[[] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] | {:d, 4}] | {:e, 5}] | {:f, 6}], {:g, 7}] iex> List.flatten(list) ** (FunctionClauseError) no function clause matching in :lists.do_flatten/2 (stdlib) lists.erl:625: :lists.do_flatten(9, '

') (stdlib) lists.erl:626: :lists.do_flatten/2

You break Erlang with that crazy request… Congratulations.

New on August 5, 2015 – You CAN Do It!

I received an email from a reader, Roman, who made a smart suggestion to help fix this. Instead of [ acc | entry ] , try [ acc | [entry] ] . The system is expecting a list after the pipe “|”, so give it one.

The new reverse function looks like this:

defmodule Augie do def reverse(collection, tail \\ []) do Enum.reduce(collection, Enum.to_list(tail), fn(entry, acc) -> [acc|[entry]] end end end

Look at the big difference that gives us in results, before and after:

iex> Augie.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6}) # [ acc | entry ] [[[[[[[] | {:a, 1}] | {:b, 2}] | {:c, 3}] | {:d, 4}] | {:e, 5}] | {:f, 6}] iex> Augie.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6}) # [ acc | [entry] ] [[[[[[[], {:a, 1}], {:b, 2}], {:c, 3}], {:d, 4}], {:e, 5}], {:f, 6}]

All of those pipes for the head/tails separators have been replaced by glorious commas. Now you can flatten it:

iex> Augie.reverse(%{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6}) |> List.flatten [a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5, f: 6]

Doesn’t that look prettier now? And you don’t need to reverse it anymore, either!

So why not go this way? It’s slower.

Just as a down and dirty test, I ran these two lines in iex to see how many milliseconds it would take to create a list with 100,000 entries and create a flat version of it. I used the Erlang :os.timestamp function to grab the time before and after each calculation. Even with the extra step, the current Enum.reverse clearly wins:

{_,_,c} = :os.timestamp; 1..100000 |> Augie.reverse |> List.flatten; {_, _, c1} = :os.timestamp; IO.puts c1 - c; {_,_,c} = :os.timestamp; 1..100000 |> Enum.reverse |> List.flatten |> :lists.reverse; {_, _, c1} = :os.timestamp; IO.puts c1 - c;

The results are never identical, but the range for the current Enum.reverse solution sits somewhere in the 20,000 – 23,000 microseconds range, while the Augie.reverse solution ranges between 24,000 and 30,000 microseconds.

Thanks again to Roman for pointing this out. It’s a good reminder to keep more proper lists…

The Anti-Climax

This is not an essay that ends with a brilliant pull request to convert a collection into a list in one less step with moderate gains in speed and performance.

I don’t have an answer to this. Honestly, this isn’t a problem that needs a solution. That’s not why I started writing this one. This is about finding out how Elixir works behind the scenes. What are the quirks of the language? Where does it hand things off to Erlang? What would be useful for you to know as a programmer?

Sometimes, it’s a winding path that goes in circles as we blindly grope for an answer. Or an explanation.

It’s that little kid’s tendency to ask “Why?” constantly that drives this series.

Even when we hit the bottom without a clickbait twist to put in the headline.

It’s just plain old Elixir. And it’s lots of fun.

Did you ever think the way to convert one data type to another is to use two functions that do completely unrelated things to the task at hand, but do the same thing logistically in two different languages? Crazy, right?

Post Script: Did You Know?

:lists.reverse has two different versions in Erlang. You have your pick between sending one argument or two. What’s the difference? The first argument in both cases is the list you’re looking to turn around.

When the arity is 2, though, the second argument is another list that will be added to the end of your reversed list, just in case you need that kind of thing:

iex> :lists.reverse([1,2,3,4,5]) [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] iex> :lists.reverse([1,2,3,4,5],[100,200,300]) [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 100, 200, 300]

Note that the second list doesn’t get reversed.

If your second argument isn’t a list, it becomes the list’s new tail:

iex> :lists.reverse([1,2,3,4,5],1001) [5, 4, 3, 2, 1 | 1001]

(Again, don’t try to run flatten on that. It doesn’t work that way. Weren’t you paying attention 500 words ago?!?)

Elixir has the same thing. When you run Enum.reverse against a collection, it actually calls Enum.reverse/2 , with an empty list as the the tail.

But if you call Enum.reverse/2 on purpose with some list to add to the end of a collection, then you’re actually using an optimization in the language. Elixir could just reverse the collection and then append the tail to it like this:

Enum.concat(Enum.reverse(collection), tail)

Instead, Elixir pulls out Yet Another Reduce function:

reduce(collection, to_list(tail), fn(entry, acc) -> [entry|acc] end)

Really, is there anything that reduce can’t do?

Summing it all up

If you feel the need to convert a collection to a list, just reverse it. Twice. Once in Elixir, once in Erlang.

For extra credit, pin a tail on it afterwards.

If you have any comments, questions, complaints, criticisms, or corrections, catch me on Twitter, @AugieDB. Or make a pull request on Github! That Twitter handle and Github ID is the same as my GMail account, if you want to deal with it more quietly. I want these articles to be factually correct and will update them as necessary.

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