Since returning as speaker of the House of Representatives in January, Nancy Pelosi has emerged as the face of a revitalised resistance movement against Donald Trump.

Once written-off, the California Democrat, 78, now finds herself the third-most powerful politician in America after a “blue wave” saw her party win back the House majority during the November midterms.

She and Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer have already capitalised on their newfound advantage by standing firm to block the president’s demand for $5.7bn in federal funding to build his much-touted Mexico border wall.

The Democratic leaders held out for 35 days during the stand-off – the longest US government shutdown in history, beginning before Christmas and running well into the new year – forcing President Trump to blink first and back down, a retreat that will have pained him personally.

All eyes were on Ms Pelosi during the president’s delayed State of the Union address, waiting keenly for her reactions as he inevitably bragged about his administration’s legislative achievements, took credit for an “economic miracle” and stressed the need for the wall to combat the southern immigration crisis he insists poses a growing danger.

President Trump delivers State of the Union address Show all 22 1 /22 President Trump delivers State of the Union address President Trump delivers State of the Union address Nancy Pelosi’s ‘sarcastic’ clapping stole Trump’s thunder For many the president's speech was overshadowed by Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's applause after his call for political unity, which many interpreted as "sarcastic" AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Trump issues ominous threat over investigations as he rails against immigration and abortion In a State of the Union speech calling on Washington to cast aside “revenge, resistance and retribution”, Donald Trump was accused of issuing a veiled threat over the investigations dogging his administration. “An economic miracle is taking place in the United States — and the only thing that can stop it are foolish wars, politics or ridiculous partisan investigations,” Mr Trump said AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Congresswomen, dressed in white in tribute to the women's suffrage movement, pose for a photo as they arrive AFP/Getty Images President Trump delivers State of the Union address The 72-year-old harkened back to American achievements, celebrating the moon landing as astronaut Buzz Aldrin looked on from the audience and heralding the liberation of Europe from the Nazis AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address He also led the House chamber in singing happy birthday to a Holocaust survivor sitting with first lady Melania Trump. "Together, we represent the most extraordinary nation in all of history. What will we do with this moment? How will we be remembered?" Mr Trump said Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez – dressed in white in an act of solidarity with other women – declined to join a standing ovation for Donald Trump despite his purported call for “unity” Reuters President Trump delivers State of the Union address The president ticked through a litany of issues with crossover appeal, including boosting infrastructure, lowering prescription drug costs and combating childhood cancer Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Republican Veronica Escobar reacts as President Trump claims that El Paso, Texas, has become safer due to a wall along the border with Mexico Reuters President Trump delivers State of the Union address Despite no one working in the White House Office of National Aids Policy, and having sacking his HIV advisory council last year, Mr Trump pledged to inject funds to stop the spread of the disease in America by 2030 Getty Images President Trump delivers State of the Union address "Scientific breakthroughs have brought a once-distant dream within reach," the president said. “Together, we will defeat Aids in America and beyond." he said Reuters President Trump delivers State of the Union address Trump led the House chamber in singing happy birthday to a Holocaust survivor sitting with first lady Melania Reuters President Trump delivers State of the Union address He also appealed to his political base, both with his harsh rhetoric on immigration and a call for Congress to pass legislation to prohibit the "late-term abortion of children” EPA President Trump delivers State of the Union address Women from both political parties wore white outfits tonight at the behest of the Democratic Womens Working Group to honor the legacy of women's suffrage in the United States AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address He devoted much of his speech to foreign policy, another area where Republicans have increasingly distanced themselves from the White House EPA President Trump delivers State of the Union address Trump greets Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, alongside Vice President Mike Pence AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address US First lady Melania Trump (left) with Grace Eline and Joshua Trump, special guests of President Donald Trump AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Trump announced details of a second meeting with North Korea's Kim Jong Un, outlining a summit in Vietnam starting on 27 February AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address "If I had not been elected president of the United States, we would right now, in my opinion, be in a major war with North Korea," he said AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address *** BESTPIX *** WASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 05: Democratic members of the House of Representatives applaud as President Donald Trump delivers the State of the Union address in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives at the U.S. Capitol Building on February 5, 2019 in Washington, DC. President Trump's second State of the Union address was postponed one week due to the partial government shutdown. (Photo by Zach Gibson/Getty Images) Zach Gibson Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address Supreme Court Justices John Roberts, Elena Kagan and Neil Gorsuch laugh AFP/Getty President Trump delivers State of the Union address President Trump greets lawmakers after delivering his second State of the Union address EPA President Trump delivers State of the Union address Independent Senator from Vermont Bernie Sanders holds his notes EPA

Her seemingly sarcastic applause at the conclusion was the moment commentators were waiting for and quickly became a meme, just as her exit from the White House in a red winter coat and sunglasses had in December.

Or, for that matter, her appearance on TV to rebut the president’s scaremongering early January broadcast from the Oval Office, appearing side-by-side with Mr Schumer like concerned parents after a curfew had passed or the dour rural siblings of Grant Wood’s American Gothic (1930).

Christine Pelosi, one of the speaker’s five children, joked on Twitter that the State of the Union clap took her back to her teenage years. President Trump might well have felt similarly.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, in March 1940, Nancy Pelosi is the daughter of activist Annunciata Lombardi and Thomas “Big Tommy” D’Alesandro Jr, a congressman and later the port city’s mayor.

Acquainted with the Democratic political machine from an early age, Pelosi had a role in the family business as a teenager, helping at her father’s campaign events and answering eight separate phone lines on his behalf. Her brother, Thomas D’Alesandro III, would in turn sport Baltimore’s mayoral chains of office.

She attended John F Kennedy’s inauguration in January 1961 and graduated from the Catholic all-girls high school the Institute of Notre Dame a year later. Before graduating in political science from Trinity College, Washington, she interned with Maryland Senator Daniel Brewster.

She married financier Paul Pelosi in September 1963 at Baltimore’s Cathedral of Mary Our Queen. The couple moved first to Manhattan, then to San Francisco where they settled, Nancy initially a stay at home mother who had five children in six years.

Nancy Pelosi poses with her gavel after being sworn-in as Speaker for a second time on 3 January (Getty)

By the early 1970s, she returned to politics after befriending California congressman Phillip Burton, working her way up the Democratic Party ranks. In 1976, she helped California governor Jerry Brown win the Maryland primary during an unsuccessful presidential run and was herself elected as the Democratic National Committee member for California, a position she would hold for 20 years. She was chair of the California Democratic Party between 1981 and 1983.

That year, Phillip Burton passed away and was succeeded by his wife Sala. She in turn fell ill and decided not to seek re-election in 1988, designating Ms Pelosi as her successor.

When Sala Burton died one month into her second term, Ms Pelosi won the special election to replace her and became the 5th District’s new congresswoman. She was one of just 24 women in the 435-seat chamber at the time.

In the House of Representatives, she served on the Appropriations and Intelligence committees in the 1990s, campaigning for greater AIDS research funding and for a San Francisco military base abandoned in 1994 to be turned into a national park. She succeeded and the Presido near the the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco Bay was opened to the public in 1996.

She was elected House minority whip in 2001, the first woman to hold the post, beating Steny Hoyer, an old contemporary from her intern days. A year later she became her party’s minority leader when Dick Gephardt of Missouri stepped down, emerging as an outspoken opponent of George W Bush’s War on Terror.

Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer and speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi deliver a televised response to President Donald Trump's national address about border security at the US Capitol on 8 January (Chip Somodevilla/Getty) ((Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images))

This stood her in good stead in 2006 when the Democrats won back their majority after 12 years in the midterms. She was duly elected the first female speaker of the House in American history on 4 January 2007. She was also the first Italian-American and first California speaker.

In accepting the gavel, she spoke of her generation having broken “the marble ceiling” for their daughters and granddaughters, for whom “the sky is the limit”.

Unfortunately for herself, the triumph would be short lived, the Democrats surrendering their advantage just four years later.

Her tenure coincided with the 2008 economic collapse and her chamber pushed through a $840bn stimulus package and legislation backing financial reform and outlawing gender discrimination in pay.

She also fought tirelessly for President Obama’s Affordable Care Act reforming healthcare, reportedly holding countless meetings and phone calls day and night to secure a “yes”. In doing so, she became a focal point for Republican outrage and negative campaigning thereafter, making her return to the speaker’s chair after being unseated in 2011 look entirely unlikely.

Nancy Pelosi 'I don't think the President would be that petty, do you-'

Close observers credit her subsequent renaissance to a tenacious work ethic and her skill as a fundraiser and organiser. She is said to get up at 5.30am every morning.

Her return as speaker came with one major concession, agreeing to eight-year term limits for members of the Democratic leadership. She has said she regards herself as a “bridge” to the next generation of party leaders at an exciting moment in which 89 of the 235 Democratic members of Congress are women. The fact was celebrated when they all wore white in solidarity with the suffragettes at the State of the Union.

“This House will be for the people,” she promised as she was sworn-in for a second time on 3 January 2019.

Pointedly, she also quoted Ronald Reagan’s final speech as president: “If we ever close the door to new Americans, our leadership role in the world will soon be lost.”

Perhaps her most scorching burn of recent days came when she was asked by a reporter whether Mr Trump had denied her the use of a military plane to take a congressional delegation to Afghanistan as an act of revenge after she had suggested he postpone the State of the Union.

“I don’t think the president would be that petty, do you?”