The techniques will be put to test in a clinical trial starting next year

To be declared officially dead in the majority of countries, you have to experience complete and irreversible loss of brain function, or 'brain death.'

And although this sounds final and absolute, a joint US and Indian venture believes it doesn't have to be.

Bioquark and Revita lifeciences biotech are healthcare companies looking into so-called 'repair' and 'reanimation' technologies, and claim death may not be 'irreversible' and we have reached a point to 'push the envelope' and test if this is really the case.

The complete and irreversible loss of brain function, or 'brain death', is the legal definition of human death in most countries around the world. But one company believes brain death may no longer be the end of the line

The project has gained ethical approval from regulatory bodies for the first stage and is set to recruit a small number of patients, who will have been declared clinically dead from brain injury.

'We are repeatedly told through the medical establishment that brain death is "irreversible" and should be considered the end of the line,' Ira Pastor, boss of Bioquark said.

'Or is it? Have we come to a technological point where we are able to 'push the envelope' to see if this is truly the case?

'While it is true that human beings lack substantial regenerative capabilities in the central nervous system (CNS), many non-human species, such as amphibians, planarians, and certain fish, can repair, regenerate and remodel substantial portions of their brain and brain stem even after critical life-threatening trauma,' Mr Pastor said.

WHAT IS BRAIN DEATH? The complete and irreversible loss of brain function, or 'brain death', is the legal definition of human death in most countries around the world. In the UK and the US, among other countries, a person is confirmed as being dead when their brain stem function is permanently lost. Being brain dead is widely accepted to be just as final as cardiac death. Advertisement

Confirming death used to be straightforward, according to the NHS. It was said to occur when the heart stopped beating and a person was unresponsive and no longer breathing.

The lack of oxygen, which occurred as a result of no blood flow, quickly led to the permanent loss of brain stem function.

But now confirming death is more complicated, because it's possible to keep the heart beating after the brain stem has permanently stopped functioning.

This can be done by keeping a person on a ventilator, which allows the body and heart to be artificially oxygenated, for example.

In the UK and the US, among other countries, a person is confirmed as being dead when their brain stem function is permanently lost. Being brain dead is widely accepted to be just as final as cardiac death.

Mr Pastor, along with Dr Sergei Paylian, the founder of Bioquark, is on the advisory board of a project called ReAnima.

The ReAnima project website describes the project as 'exploring the potential of cutting edge biomedical technology for human neuro-regeneration and neuro-reanimation.'

A salamander (pictured) is part of a group of amphibians that can repair, regenerate and remodel substantial portions of their brain and brain stem even after critical life-threatening trauma. A study in 2007 showed that after a portion of their brains were removed, the animals managed to grow it back

'The mission of the ReAnima Project is to focus on clinical research in the state of brain death, or irreversible coma, in subjects who have recently met the Uniform Determination of Death Act criteria, but who are still on cardio-pulmonary or trophic support - a classification in many countries around the world known as a "living cadaver"' Mr Pastor told MailOnline.

THE REANIMA PROJECT The ReAnima project website describes the project as 'exploring the potential of cutting edge biomedical technology for human neuro-regeneration and neuro-reanimation.' 'The mission of the ReAnima Project is to focus on clinical research in the state of brain death, or irreversible coma, in subjects who have recently met the Uniform Determination of Death Act criteria, but who are still on cardio-pulmonary or trophic support - a classification in many countries around the world known as a "living cadaver"' Mr Pastor, one of the project's advisors, told MailOnline. He said the project has an 'ultimate goal of inducing epimorphic, intercalary, regenerative and remodeling events that can begin to restore CNS form and function.' Advertisement

He said the project has an 'ultimate goal of inducing epimorphic, intercalary, regenerative and remodeling events that can begin to restore CNS form and function.'

Mr Pastor added that 'epimorphic' in this context refers to the ability of cells to erase their history and re-start life again.

'To undertake such a complex initiative, we are combining certain biologic regenerative tools, with other existing medical devices typically used for stimulation of patients with other severe disorders of consciousness,' he explained.

'We just received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for our first 20 subjects and we hope to start recruiting patients immediately.'

The first stage, named 'First In Human Neuro-Regeneration & Neuro-Reanimation' will be a non-randomised, single group 'proof of concept' study.

The team will examine individuals aged 15-65 declared brain dead from a traumatic brain injury using MRI scans, in order to look for possible signs of brain death reversal.

They will use techniques involving peptides, lasers, stem cells and median nerve stimulation to try and bring about the reversal of brain death, whilst monitoring the patients using MRI scans.

'We hope to see results within the first two to three months,' he said.

Dr Himanshu Bansal, principal investigator of the project and also owner of the Anupam Hospital, where first clinical trial will be conducted, is very enthusiastic about the project.

'We have got some very encouraging results in patients in coma, persistent vegetative state,' he said.

'We have even offered the same protocol to a couple of brain dead subjects in Gulf and Europe. We have been able to revert those terminal coma impending brain dead subjects into useful human beings, the same protocol with more intensity has brought back couple of brain dead subjects into a stage of consistent vegetative state as of now.

'So encouraged by those results, we are now trying to create a definitive study in 20 subjects and prove that the brain death is reversible. This will open the door for future research and show that all damage in the body is reversible if treated appropriately.'

The team will examine individuals aged 15-65 declared brain dead from a traumatic brain injury using MRI scans, in order to look for possible signs of brain death reversal. False colour of an MRI scan of a human brain shown. They will use techniques involving peptides, lasers, stem cells and median nerve stimulation

A positive initial result would be 'an epimorphic event upwards at the intersection of the upper spinal cord, the highest part still "alive" in a living cadaver subject, and the lowest region of the brain stem, the lowest area of brain stem death and the source of independent breathing / and subsequently heart beat.

UNDERSTANDING CLINICAL TRIALS All clinical trials of new medicines go through a series of phases to test whether the medicines are safe and whether they work. A non-randomised single group study is far from the randomised control trial, which is seen as the gold standard of clinical trials. In a randomised control trial (RTC) participants are randomly assigned to a study group. This means they have an equal probability of being assigned to any group - either receiving the treatment or the 'control' group receiving a placebo. Advertisement

But this research is likely to be years from any stage where it could be applied widely.

A non-randomised single group study is far from the randomised control trial, which is seen as the gold standard of clinical trials.

'While there have been numerous demonstrations in recent years that the human brain and nervous system may not be as fixed and irreparable as is typically assumed, the idea that brain death could be easily reversed seems very far fetched, given our current abilities and understanding of neuroscience,' Dr Dean Burnett, neuroscientist at the Cardiff University Centre For Medical Education told MailOnline.

'The brain is a very demanding and vastly complex organ, but this also means it's very fragile.'

He said even a brief interruption of blood supply could cause permanent damage to the active parts of the brain.

'It's true some brain areas may be more durable, or have a more reliable blood supply, but a person, despite the myth, needs all of their brain working. It's not just the brain cells that are important, it's the incredibly intricate ways they're connected to many other areas.

'Saving individual parts might be helpful but it's a long way from resurrecting a whole working brain, in a functional, undamaged state. There's been nothing to suggest we're even close to that point yet.'

But Mr Pastor thinks the trials could lead to results by as early as next year.

'We believe we are quite close to a point in time where the delineation between coma, and irreversible coma or brain death will become "blurred" and hope to have such promising insights by 2017,' Pastor told MailOnline.