Artist's impression of a diamond quantum sensor. The 'spotlight' represents light passing through the diamond defect and detecting the movement of electrons. Electrons are shown as red spheres, trailed by red threads that reveal their path through graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms). Credit: David A. Broadway/cqc2t.org

Researchers at the University of Melbourne are the first in the world to image how electrons move in two-dimensional graphene, a boost to the development of next-generation electronics.

Capable of imaging the behaviour of moving electrons in structures only one atom in thickness, the new technique overcomes significant limitations with existing methods for understanding electric currents in devices based on ultra-thin materials.

"Next-generation electronic devices based on ultra-thin materials, including quantum computers, will be especially vulnerable to contain minute cracks and defects that disrupt current flow," said Professor Lloyd Hollenberg, Deputy Director of the Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology (CQC2T) and Thomas Baker Chair at the University of Melbourne.

A team led by Hollenberg used a special quantum probe based on an atomic-sized 'colour centre' found only in diamonds to image the flow of electric currents in graphene. The technique could be used to understand electron behaviour in a variety of new technologies.

"The ability to see how electric currents are affected by these imperfections will allow researchers to improve the reliability and performance of existing and emerging technologies. We are very excited by this result, which enables us to reveal the microscopic behaviour of current in quantum computing devices, graphene and other 2D materials," he said.

Animated artist's impression of the experimental setup for a quantum sensing experiment. The diamond quantum sensor is controlled by lasers. An atomistic representation of graphene (a single layer of carbon atoms) sits atop the sensor. Red lines represent the trajectory of the electrons as they move through the graphene. Credit: David A. Broadway/cqc2t.org

"Researchers at CQC2T have made great progress in atomic-scale fabrication of nanoelectronics in silicon for quantum computers. Like graphene sheets, these nanoelectronic structures are essentially one atom thick. The success of our new sensing technique means we have the potential to observe how electrons move in such structures and aid our future understanding of how quantum computers will operate."

In addition to understanding nanoelectronics that control quantum computers, the technique could be used with 2D materials to develop next generation electronics, energy storage (batteries), flexible displays and bio-chemical sensors.

"Our technique is powerful yet relatively simple to implement, which means it could be adopted by researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines," said lead author Dr Jean-Philippe Tetienne from CQC2T at the University of Melbourne.

"Using the magnetic field of moving electrons is an old idea in physics, but this is a novel implementation at the microscale with 21st Century applications."

The work was a collaboration between diamond-based quantum sensing and graphene researchers. Their complementary expertise was crucial to overcoming technical issues with combining diamond and graphene.

An image of the current flow in graphene, obtained using a diamond quantum sensor. The colour reveals where defects lie by showing the current intensity i.e. the number of electrons passing through each second. Credit: University of Melbourne/cqc2t.org

"No one has been able to see what is happening with electric currents in graphene before," said Nikolai Dontschuk, a graphene researcher at the University of Melbourne School of Physics.

"Building a device that combined graphene with the extremely sensitive nitrogen vacancy colour centre in diamond was challenging, but an important advantage of our approach is that it's non-invasive and robust - we don't disrupt the current by sensing it in this way," he said.

Tetienne explained how the team was able to use diamond to successfully image the current.

"Our method is to shine a green laser on the diamond, and see red light arising from the colour centre's response to an electron's magnetic field," he said.

"By analysing the intensity of the red light, we determine the magnetic field created by the electric current and are able to image it, and literally see the effect of material imperfections."

The current-imaging results were published today in the journal Science Advances.

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More information: "Quantum imaging of current flow in graphene," Science Advances (2017). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602429 , Journal information: Science Advances "Quantum imaging of current flow in graphene,"(2017). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602429 , advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/4/e1602429

Provided by Centre for Quantum Computation & Communication Technology