Key definitions

Blockchain

An information system that is shared between many computers and in which new information cannot be removed or changed after it has been written. In real life, it allows any set of parties to agree on some information and be certain that it will still be in the system in the future. They don't need to trust one another, nor do they need to trust a third party. Blockchains do not belong to anyone, however they can be trusted.

Consortium chain

A blockchain on which consensus is found between a closed, predefined set of validators. Users trust this set of validators to reach consensus only on valid data.

Data verification

The ability to corroborate product or company-level information along the supply chain with data provided by trusted third parties and other stakeholders.

Downstream

Any later stage of the production process involving processing, packaging and the sale of the finished product to the end consumer. In this pilot, downstream is the direction of the supply chain away from the fishermen and towards the end consumer.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Business management software that is used internally to gather and observe information relating to business processes i.e purchasing, marketing, sales and inventory management

Electronic product code (EPC)

A unique identifier that is used in RFID tags to distinguish products in the supply chain.

First Mile

The first stage of the supply chain. In this pilot the first mile is the fishermen.

Grassroots

The origin or basis of something.

GS1

This is an international not-for-profit organisation, which assists anyone involved in making, moving and trading goods to standardise and automate their supply chains.

Interoperability

When different information technology systems or software programs can communicate seamlessly, to exchange and use data.

Near field communication (NFC)

A set of communication protocols enabling two electronic devices to establish communication by bringing them within at least 4 cm of each other.

Public chain

A blockchain anyone can join as a paid validator at any time. Users trust the protocol itself assuming that unrelated people cannot collude and reach consensus on invalid data.

Purse seine fishing

A large fishing net is used to encircle and capture a school of fish.

Quick response code (QR)

A printed code that a smartphone camera can read, to display a specific webpage.

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

This technology uses small tags that store and transmit electronic product codes (EPCs). The tags can be attached to products and unlike bar codes, the tags do not need to be in the reader’s line of sight.

Single source of truth (SSOT)

The practice of having a piece of data stored in exactly one place - any usage of that piece of data refers to this single source instead of storing it somewhere else as a duplicate. For example, registering your name on Facebook and Twitter does not comply with the SSOT approach.

Skipjack tuna

Katsuwonus (or Euthynnus) pelamis, family Scombridae. A small tuna with dark horizontal stripes, widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate seas. Also called bonito or oceanic bonito.

Supply chain visibility

The ability to know relevant information about the companies supplying products i.e their location, what they do, how they do it and if they abide by the law. Supply chain visibility focuses on the company or facility level, not on the product.

Traceability

The ability to accurately identify and trace the history, distribution, location and application of products, parts and materials, to ensure the reliability of claims in the areas of human rights, the environment, and labour (including health and safety).

Upstream

Any stage of the production process occurring before another supply chain process. In this pilot, upstream is the direction of the process towards the fishermen and away from the end consumer.

Yellowfin tuna

Thunnus albacares, family Scombridae. A widely distributed, commercially important tuna that has yellow anal and dorsal fins.

References

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Aneka Sumber Tata Bahari’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Bintang Mandiri Bersaudara’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Chen Woo Fishery’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Harta Samudera’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Hatindo Makmur’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Intimas Surya’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Nutrindo Fresfood International’

AP2HI (2015), ‘PT. Sinar Pure Food International’

AP2HI (2016), ‘Indonesian Pole & Line and Handline Fisheries Association’

Center for American Progress (2016), ‘The Future of Seafood Security: The Fight Against Illegal Fishing and Seafood Fraud’

Ether Camp (2016)

Fairtrade Foundation (2016), ‘Fairtrade and Sustainability’

Food and Agricultural Organisation (2016), ‘Fisheries Technology’

Food Safety News (2016), ‘NOAA plans traceability regs for seafood importers’

Future of Fish (2016), ‘T101 Seafood traceability glossary’

Gillet, R (2014), ‘Improving the Management of Baitfisheries Associated with Pole-and-Line Tuna Fishing in Indonesia’, IPNLF Technical Report 3, International Pole & Line Foundation: London

Gillett, R (2015), ‘Pole-and-line Tuna Fishing in the World: Status and Trends’, IPNLF Technical Report No.6, International Pole & Line Foundation: London

Gizmag (2015), ‘"Nano-spirals" could make counterfeiting almost impossible’

GS1 (2016) ‘About GS1’

International Labour Office (2013), ‘Caught at sea: forced labour and trafficking in fisheries’

Marine Stewardship Council (2016), ‘MSC Fisheries Standard’

Moore, T (2016), ‘USAID Oceans and Fisheries Partnership’

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2012), ‘Fisheries Management: Building a Sustainable Future for America's Fisheries’

NEPCon (2014), ‘Tackling FSC fraud: will the Online Claims Platform fail or fly?’

Open Government Licence (2015), ‘Modern Slavery Act 2015’

Open Product Data (2013), ‘Who is hiding behind the barcode?’

Phillips, R. A (2010), ‘Ethics and Network Organizations’, Business Ethics Quarterly, 20, 3, 533–543.

Provenance (2015), ‘Blockchain: the solution for transparency in product supply chains’

Smart Contract (2016)

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (2009), ‘Sustainable fisheries partnership update’

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (2011), ‘Sustainable Indonesian Tuna Initiative: White paper’

The Co-operative (2012), ‘Ethical Consumer Report’

The Guardian (2014), ‘Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK’

The Guardian (2014), ‘Trafficked into slavery on Thai trawlers to catch food for prawns’

ThisFish (2013)

Tone (No date), ‘mFish Case Study’

USAID (2016) ‘Oceans and Fisheries catch documentation and traceability in southeast Asia: a conceptual overview’, Draft document.

USAID (2016)

Wall Street Journal (2014), ‘Sony made it easy, but any of us could get hacked’

Wikipedia (2016), ‘Single source of truth’

Young, C.W., K. Hwang, S. McDonald and C. Oates (2010), ‘Sustainable consumption: green consumer behaviour when purchasing products’, Sustainable Development, 18, 1, 18-31