Ministers must urgently bring on a new economic revolution to end greenhouse gas emissions including changing the heating in every building to green sources such as hydrogen, the government has been told by its climate change watchdog.

The experts insist Britain can make money by leading the globe in overhauling power, transport, industrial, agricultural and aviation systems – because the rest of the world will want the UK’s pioneering technology.

Eco-friendly electricity supplies should be quadrupled, based on new large-scale hydrogen production, the advisers say in their most ambitious report yet on tackling climate change.

And they call for a ban on sales of petrol and diesel cars to come forward by 10 years to 2030.

Setting out a vision for Britain to stop contributing to climate change by 2050, the Committee on Climate Change said such steps should be put into law as soon as possible.

Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Show all 46 1 /46 Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Canary Wharf A protester gives a thumbs up as he stalls a DLR train at Canary Wharf station in London Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London City of London Protesters hold up traffic on Upper Thames Street in the City of London Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Canary Wharf Protesters hold a banner as they hold up a DLR train at Canary Wharf station in London Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Officers remove plants that were placed in the occupation of Waterloo Bridge PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Police officers arrive at Oxford Circus as they prepare to remove protesters during the fifth day of a coordinated protest by the Extinction Rebellion group, April 19 Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge An activist waters the plants at the occupation on Waterloo Bridge PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Heathrow airport Undeterred by over 400 arrests, climate change activists continued their demonstration into a fifth day in London with a small protest at the country's main Heathrow Airport, along with the ongoing protest camps at other iconic locations around the British capital Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Protesters with the words 'glued on' written on their hands hold hands as police officers arrive at Oxford Circus Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Officers circle the lorry that serves as the central stage to the Waterloo Bridge occupation, repeating their tactic from a earlier at the Oxford Circus occupation Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Oxford Circus reopens after being closed for days due to occupation AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Officers prepare to move in on the occupation of Waterloo Bridge PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Activists relax on a sofa at the occupation on Waterloo Bridge AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus British actress Emma Thompson talks to members of the media from atop the pink boat after police officers surrounded the boat being used as a stage as climate change activists occupy the road junction at Oxford Circus in central London during the fifth day of environmental protesst by the Extinction Rebellion group AFP Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge An Extinction Rebellion demonstrator is carried away by police on Waterloo Bridge PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Activists on Waterloo Bridge have made a garden for their occupation site, April 20 Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Demonstrators began blocking off a bridge and major central road junctions on April 15 at the start of a civil disobedience campaign calling for governments to declare an ecological emergency over climate change, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2025, halt biodiversity loss and be led by new "citizens' assemblies on climate and ecological justice" Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Emma Thompson joins the Extinction Rebellion protest at Oxford Circus. Thompson spoke from the pink boat at the centre of the occupation AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Heathrow airport Extinction Rebellion protesters sit outside Heathrow Airport on April 19 Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Heathrow airport Climate protestors hold a demo outside Heathrow Airport Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Police officers detain a climate change activist at Waterloo Bridge Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Marble Arch Protesters prepare for another day at Marble Arch as the Extinction Rebellion protests enter their fifth day Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus British actress Emma Thompson gives an address from the stage atop the pink boat AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Actress Emma Thompson takes a photo with a Extinction Rebellion demonstrator PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Climate change activists blockade Oxford Circus on the third day of an environmental protest by the Extinction Rebellion group AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Climate change activists stand atop a bus shelter as they take part in a blockade of Waterloo Bridge AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Canary Wharf Police is seen as climate change activists demonstrate during the Extinction Rebellion protest, at Canary Wharf DLR station in London Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Police speak to climate change activists blockading Waterloo bridge AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge epa07511673 A demonstrator gestures the hand heart as protesters from the Extinction Rebellion campaign group block Waterloo Bridge in central London, Britain, 17 April 2019. The Extinction Rebellion are holding a number of protests across London to draw attention to climate change. EPA/NEIL HALL NEIL HALL EPA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Climate change activists, one (right) with her hand glued to the underside of a truck parked across Waterloo Bridge AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Environmental campaigners protest in the centre of Oxford Circus Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Jeremy Corbyn's Home Climate change activists from Extinction Rebellion protest sit after glueing themselves to the front fence of Britain's opposition Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn's house Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Marble Arch Dozens of tents have been pitched at Marble Arch in a large scale occupation Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Canary Wharf station Police remove climate activists who glued themselves on top of a train at Canary Wharf station EPA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Police forces carry a protester AP Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Canary Wharf station A climate change protestor who glued his hand to a window halts a DLR train AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Extinction Rebellion demonstrators on Waterloo Bridge, London, after police issued a Section 14 Public Order Act 1986 warning. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Wednesday April 17, 2019. See PA story ENVIRONMENT Climate. Photo credit should read: Jonathan Brady/PA Wire Jonathan Brady PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge epa07512336 Extinction Rebellion climate change demonstrators protest on Waterloo Bridge during climate change protests in London, Britain, 17 April 2019. The Extinction Rebellion are holding a number of protests across London to draw attention to climate change. EPA/ANDY RAIN ANDY RAIN EPA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge epa07512368 Extinction Rebellion climate change demonstrators protest on Waterloo Bridge during climate change protests in London, Britain, 17 April 2019. Waterloo Bridge remains closed as protests continue. EPA/ANDY RAIN ANDY RAIN EPA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Extinction Rebellion demonstrators in Oxford Circus, London, as more than 200 people have been arrested as police deal with ongoing climate change protests. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Wednesday April 17, 2019. See PA story ENVIRONMENT Climate. Photo credit should read: Kirsty O'Connor/PA Wire Kirsty O'Connor PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus LONDON, ENGLAND - APRIL 17: An Environmental campaigner is carried by police officers at Oxford Circus during the third day of a coordinated protest by the Extinction Rebellion group on April 17, 2019 in London, England. More than 100 arrests have been made, with demonstrations blocking a number of locations across the capital. (Photo by Leon Neal/Getty Images) Leon Neal Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Pedestrians and a cyclist pass graffiti drawn by protestors who blocked Waterloo Bridge AP Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Climate change protestors practice yoga on Waterloo Bridge AFP/Getty Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge A climate change activist gestures while being detained by police officers Reuters Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Protestors sit on the road AP Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Waterloo Bridge Extinction Rebellion demonstrators on Waterloo Bridge, London, as more than 200 people have been arrested as police deal with ongoing climate change protests. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Wednesday April 17, 2019. See PA story ENVIRONMENT Climate. Photo credit should read: Yui Mok/PA Wire Yui Mok PA Extinction Rebellion: Climate change protests cause chaos in London Oxford Circus Police forces carry a protestor to arrest him at Oxford Circus in London, Wednesday, April 17, 2019. The group Extinction Rebellion is calling for a week of civil disobedience against what it says is the failure to tackle the causes of climate change. (AP Photo/Frank Augstein) Frank Augstein AP

Mass tree-planting, cutting meat consumption and making planes more efficient will also play a role, as will stopping biodegradable waste going to landfill and cutting farm emissions, the report says.

But environmental campaigners insisted the middle of the century was too distant a target and even more urgency was needed.

Experts agree the world is currently heading for droughts, floods and wildfires caused by climate change.

Signalling the importance of net-zero emissions target to the world would have a big impact diplomatically, said committee chief executive Chris Stark.

“This is a moment for the UK to lead. We have a lot of leverage. If the UK doesn’t do this it will be very difficult for others to follow,” he said.

The landmark report says current policy is not enough even for the existing target of an 80 per cent reduction, and action needs to be significantly ramped up.

The changes are “achievable with known technologies, alongside improvements in people’s lives”.

Offshore wind and solar is now cheaper than fossil fuels, meaning the cost of inaction is higher than acting, Mr Stark said.

The panel insists that developing ways to capture and store carbon is “a necessity not an option”.

When carbon in the earth is released into the atmosphere by deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, it causes the planet to warm, raising temperatures and sea levels.

Significantly, for the first time emissions from global aviation and shipping have been taken into account; previous targets from the UK, EU and elsewhere, including the Paris agreement, have excluded them.

The report also recommends Scotland reach net-zero emissions by 2045 but Wales could achieve only 95 per cent cuts because of its large sheep-farming industry.

In 2008 the UK set a legally binding target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent by 2050 but the committee now says upping that to 100 per cent is realistic.

However, ending Britain’s contribution to global warming will be done only with significant changes in government policy and approaches, members warned.

The Scottish and Welsh governments have this week both declared a climate emergency.

On Monday, a cross-party group of politicians warned the government must be put on a “war footing” to tackle climate change, just hours before Extinction Rebellion members were due to meet environment secretary Michael Gove to press for an earlier target of 2025 to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions.

How hydrogen could be used

Hydrogen is considered greener than the natural gas that is used to heat more than four in five homes, because when burned it produces only water vapour.

Using it as power could involve installing heat pumps to replace gas boilers which may require bigger radiators, or retrofitting hybrid heat pumps.

We’ll make money as a nation out of this if we do it properly Lord Deben

On a larger scale, gas distribution grids could be changed over to hydrogen, area by area, which would take up to 20 years.

There are also hybrid heating systems, with a heat pump providing most heat, and a boiler kicking in on the coldest days.

Plans for two year-long trials of using hydrogen to heat 750 homes in the north of England are already under way.

Costs

The report says that falls in green technology costs mean that achieving net-zero emissions is now possible within the economic cost that MPs accepted when they passed the Climate Change Act in 2008.

Breaching 1.5C would expose tens of millions of people to droughts, floods and wildfires Friends of the Earth

The cost of overhaul is thought to be 1-2 per cent of GDP. Committee chairman Lord Deben – the former agriculture minister John Gummer – said: “We started the industrial revolution and have been responsible for the biggest segment of climate change and we need to be not only responsible for the leadership to overcome those damages but also we have an opportunity of leading the new industrial revolution which will be based on that sustainable economy.

“This is the key to a very considerable amount of economic benefit – we’ll make money as a nation out of this if we do it properly because the rest of the world will want it.”

The committee’s calculations do not rely on carbon credits, he said.

Instead, “we in Britain will be able to satisfy a lot of the technological changes that other countries will need”.

The costs of the transition must be fair, and must be seen as such by workers and energy bill payers. The committee wants the Treasury to review how the costs can be managed fairly.

Lifestyles

Mr Stark said the plan involves planting trees covering 30,000 hectares a year.

It will mean less monoculture and more mixed farming, people eating 20 per cent less meat and dairy, and driving electric cars, said Lord Deben.

Last month the government promised £40bn of infrastructure spending over a decade to deliver a third of the UK’s electricity needs by 2030 through offshore wind.

And chancellor Philip Hammond announced the phase-out of fossil-fuelled heating in new homes.

Warming trend

Global average temperatures have already risen by 1C from pre-industrial levels, and the five-year period to 2018 was the hottest ever recorded.

Under the 2015 Paris agreement the world’s nations agreed to aim to keep global temperatures under 2C and to aim for no more than 1.5C, but at current rates the 1.5C mark will be breached within 20 years, the committee says.

Efforts in the past decade worldwide have eased forecasts of warming from above 4C by the end of the century to around 3C.

Six months ago scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued the most dramatic alert yet on the risks of rising global temperatures, warning of dying corals, melting sea ice and rising sea levels.

Reaction

The Climate Coalition, whose members range from the WI to the RSPB, Unicef and the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), agreed with the 1.5C target but said action should happen faster, with a 2045 deadline that would stop contributing to climate change “before it is too late”.

How the UK can end greenhouse gas emissions Climate Change Committee recommendations Power: Decarbonise electricity production, ramp up renewables, carbon capture and storage, start large-scale hydrogen production, to be used widely in industry Buildings: Widespread electrification for heat, hydrogen heat pumps to be installed, and gas grids potentially switching to hydrogen Transport: Turn fleets to zero-emission cars and vans before HGVs, lorries and trains to run on hydrogen Industry: Widespread use of hydrogen and some electrification Land use: Mass tree-planting and peatland restoration Agriculture: Healthier diets with a cut of at least 20 per cent in meat consumption and farm emissions cuts Aviation: More efficient planes, limiting growth of demand, biofuels Waste: Landfill ban on biodegradable waste

Clara Goldsmith, of the coalition, supported the report’s aims but added: “We call on the government to set in legislation a world-leading target for net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045 and put in place the ambitious policies and investment to back it up. This would put the UK in pole position to lead the global zero carbon revolution.”

Beccy Speight, chief executive of the Woodland Trust, said: “To make an impact, new woodland creation and regeneration will need to happen faster and on a far greater scale than ever before and be sustained over several decades.”

Friends of the Earth said more urgency was needed than the panel advised, and that breaching 1.5C “would sound the death knell for 90 per cent of coral reefs”.

“It would expose tens of millions of people to droughts, floods and wildfires. And it could set in chain an unstoppable melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets which would lead to a multi-metre sea level rise,” the group said.

Aaron Kiely, of Friends of the Earth, said: “While this is a massive body of important and credible work, it needs to inject more urgency.

“A roughly 50-50 chance of exceeding 1.5C is worse odds than Russian roulette. Every government across the globe should be aiming to get to net zero as soon as possible.

“There are no speed cameras on the road to net zero, we can and must go faster.”

We need to radically change course, and the sooner the better for the economy, people and nature Greenpeace UK

John Sauven, executive director of Greenpeace UK said the government could no longer faff around with promises and half measures and it needed “plausible, deliverable plans”.

“We might argue over the committee’s 2050 date for a net-zero carbon economy but what nobody can argue is that the government’s business-as-usual approach will suffice.

“We need to radically change course, and the sooner the better for the economy, people and nature.”

Jonathan Church, of legal eco group ClientEarth, said: “We need this net zero by 2050 target to be put in place right away because every month of delay will make achieving it more challenging and less cost-effective in future.”

Matthew Spencer, of Oxfam, welcomed the report, saying: “The recent cyclones in Mozambique have illustrated once again that despite having done the least to cause climate change, the world’s poorest people are increasingly suffering the full, brutal force of the consequences. The UK must now take decisive action to reduce emissions across the board.”