President Donald Trump has gone overseas to embark on some of the most consequential diplomatic negotiations of his tenure, threatening an all-out trade war with allies and seizing a chance to make peace with a nuclear-armed menace.

But back home, he left behind a West Wing where burned-out aides are eyeing the exits, as the mood in the White House is one of numbness and resignation that the president is growing only more emboldened to act on instinct alone.

Trump, a former reality television star, may soon be working with a thinned-out cast in the middle of Season 2, well before the midterm elections. Several high-profile aides, including John F Kelly, the president’s chief of staff, and Joe Hagin, a deputy of Kelly’s, are said to be thinking about how much longer they can stay. Last week, Kelly told visiting senators that the White House was “a miserable place to work”, according to a person with direct knowledge of the comment.

The turnover, which is expected to become an exodus after the November elections, does not worry the president, several people close to him said. He has grown comfortable with removing any barriers that might challenge him – including, in some cases, people who have the wrong chemistry or too frequently say no to him.

Trump, who desires a measure of chaos at all times, is revelling in the effects of his own mercurial decision-making, the people said.

Steve Bannon, the president’s former chief strategist, said in an interview that Trump’s love of conflict had driven his approach to the presidency. “This is how he won,” Bannon said. “This is how he governs, and this is his ‘superpower’. Drama, action, emotional power.”

Trump believes that he is gaining ground by trying to set the terms of news coverage around a number of issues affecting his White House, according to interviews with a dozen White House advisers, former aides and people close to the president. He has repeatedly promoted his performance at the one-year and 500-day milestones of his term, sowed confusion about his knowledge of hush payments to a pornographic film actress, and disparaged the special counsel’s Russia investigation, as well as railed against trade imbalances and scored a once-unthinkable meeting with the North Korean leader, to be held Tuesday in Singapore.

His daily torrent of tweets about the Russia inquiry, interpreted by his critics as distress signals, is more often than not a sign that he is less worried about the consequences of using the blunt force of his platform to fight back, according to three advisers.

People who did not work with Trump before the White House see his behaviour as deteriorating; people who have worked for and with him for years say he has never changed, and there are simply fewer people around giving him a level of cover.

“Trump understands the overwhelming power of modern mass communications,” Bannon added. “Trump gets what the media itself has forgotten about themselves.”

The president, whose view of executive power has often crashed into the realities of Washington, is now focused on flexing what muscles he can – including issuing a series of pardons and repeatedly suggesting he has the power to deliver one to himself – and making decisions that do not require him to build coalitions of support. He now dictates to aides what he would like to see happen, as opposed to seeking a range of views, as predecessors may have done, people close to him say.

In one example, John Bolton, the national security adviser, has mostly followed the president’s lead instead of making efforts to maintain detailed briefings for him. Bolton has not won his way into Trump’s inner circle, particularly after comparing North Korea to Libya. (That country’s former leader Moammar Gadhafi gave up his pursuit of nuclear weapons, and was later killed during an uprising.)

Rather than trusting the people around him, Trump has taken to working the phones more aggressively to seek counsel from outside voices, particularly two of his longest-serving advisers – Corey Lewandowski, his first campaign manager, and his longtime friend David Bossie.

Among the president’s other confidants is Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. Trump has dismissed the advice of several aides who have tried to persuade him to fire Pruitt in light of the growing questions about misuse of his authority. The two speak frequently, and the president enjoys discussing his negative view of Jeff Sessions, the attorney general, with the embattled EPA leader.

On Friday, the president told reporters that Pruitt “is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA,” but that “outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press”.

Trump and Kim: the story so far Show all 15 1 /15 Trump and Kim: the story so far Trump and Kim: the story so far 10 February 2016 "Make that guy disappear" While still campaigning for the Republican candidacy, Mr Trump tells CBS news that he would "get China to make that guy [Kim Jong-Un] disappear" AFP/Getty Images Trump and Kim: the story so far 17 May 2016 "I would speak to him" Then presidential candidate Trump is pictured above following an interview with Reuters in which he said, with regards to Mr Kim: "I would speak to him, I have no problem speaking to him" REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 01 January 2017 "Thwarting and countering" In his New Year address, Mr Kim boasts that North Korea's nuclear force is "capable of thwarting and countering any nuclear threats from the United States", adding that "in no way would the United States dare to ignite a war against me and our country" REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 06 March 2017 Military exercises North Korea fires four ballistic missiles into the sea near Japan, following joint military exercises between the US and South Korea. It is feared that North Korea will develop an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile capable of reaching the US REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 4 July 2017 ICBM test Mr Kim celebrates the test launch of the Hwasong-14 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, which is capable of reach Alaska REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 8 August 2017 "Fire and Fury Amidst claims of advancing nuclear capabilities from North Korea, Mr Trump states that further threats would "be met with fire and fury like the world has never seen" REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 8 August 2017 Guam to be "enveloped with fire" Mr Kim responds to Mr Trump's threat of "fire and fury" by threatening the US territory of Guam, home to one of the most significant US military bases in the Pacific, with "enveloping fire" REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 17 September 2017 "Rocket Man" In his 1st United Nations address, Mr Trump states that "Rocket Man is on a suicide mission for him and his regime". Mr Trump repeated the nickname in a tweet later in the month Lucas Jackson/Reuters Trump and Kim: the story so far 20 September 2017 "Mentally deranged US dotard" Mr Kim responded to the president's UN speech in a lengthy diatribe that ended with the line "I will surely and definitely tame the mentally deranged US dotard with fire". Dotard, a word that had been largely forgotten by the English speaking world, refers to an old person, particularly one who is weak or senile AFP/Getty Images Trump and Kim: the story so far 11 November 2017 "Short and far" Mr Trump, seemingly hurt by Mr Kim's reference to his age, assures the world that he just wants to be friends with the "short and fat" North Korean leader Twitter Trump and Kim: the story so far 2 January 2018 Big, working button Following Mr Kim's claim that his nuclear button is constantly prepared, Mr Trump asserts that his nuclear button is bigger and more powerful than the North Korean one Twitter Trump and Kim: the story so far 8 March Invitation extended Chung Eui-Yong, head of South Korea's National Security Office, visits the White House and passes on an invitation for Mr Trump to meet with Mr Kim in Singapore REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 8 March 2018 Invitation accepted Mr Trump accepts the invitation, setting the date for the summit as June 12 2018 REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far May 24 2018 Meeting cancelled Mr Trump cancels the meeting, citing "tremendous anger and open hostility" from Mr Kim as the reason REUTERS Trump and Kim: the story so far 01 June 2018 Meeting back on Mr Trump announces that the meeting is back on, telling reporters that "we're going to deal, and we are really going to start a process", adding "I look forward to the day that I can take the sanctions off North Korea" REUTERS

Being either ignored or attacked by Trump can be demoralising, and the staff churn that was constant during Trump’s first year has not slowed. Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution who has studied White House turnover over the last six administrations, said that Trump’s staff turnover sat at 51 percent. By the time of the midterms, Trump – who, Tenpas said, has shown a tendency to move people into new roles rather than hire from the outside – will lead an emptier White House than his predecessors had.

Trump’s reliance on outside advisers, she said, also signals an “emasculation” of the chief of staff in the White House, who is meant to serve as the president’s confidant and gatekeeper.

“It seems as though Chief of Staff Kelly is losing power by the day,” Tenpas said. “It’s almost like a battery that’s draining. I’ve not seen any presidency operate effectively without putting somebody in there that you respect and you can trust.”

Kelly, several West Wing advisers say, is beaten down. His newly named deputy chief of staff, Zachary Fuentes, a young former military aide with no political experience, has earned the mocking title of “deputy president” over his behaviour as a proxy for Kelly. But Kelly has developed an uneasy truce with the president, and he is among those travelling abroad with Trump this week.

Back at the White House, one of Kelly’s deputies, Hagin, whose connections to the Republican establishment have been a target of Trump’s outside advisers, is looking for a way out: He is said to be considering departing for a high-ranking job at the CIA, according to The Washington Post.

Chris Whipple, author of “The Gatekeepers”, a history of White House chiefs of staff, said in an interview that the president was taking the wrong lessons from his time in office.

“The lesson of the first year and a half of the White House is not that the president needs fewer guardrails,” Whipple said. “He needs more. There’s a huge difference between confidence and competence.”

As Kelly has receded from some of the managerial aspects of his job, a series of fiefs and empire-building efforts have sprouted in the areas of trade and national security. Without Gary D. Cohn, the process-focused former director of the National Economic Council, at the White House, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin has tried to attain more power as the council’s staff has dwindled.

Even as his administration faces a series of diplomatic high-wire acts, including persuading Kim Jong Un, the North Korean leader, to give up his nuclear arsenal, Trump has remained fixated on leaks back home. He has recently pitted aides against one another in his search to find those who may be disloyal.

“Is he the leaker? Is she the leaker?” Trump asks visitors to the Oval Office, or outside advisers he talks to on the phone, whenever the names of specific staff members come up.

Some aides have sought to stoke the president’s fears about leaks, trying to identify people who could be disloyal: At least one senior aide is dropping inaccurate stories into the West Wing rumour mill to identify people who speak to reporters.

The communications office is likely to lose several staff members, some voluntarily but most at the request of a president who often complains that he has the biggest communications team and still gets terrible press.

On other issues, including trade – which roiled the Group of 7 summit meeting on Friday and Saturday, and which people close to the White House say will define the rest of the president’s second year — Trump has ignored the warnings of some advisers and has instead sought out people who will find ways to get done what he wants accomplished.

When the president could not quickly enlist the support of Robert E Lighthizer, the US trade representative, to find a way to make national security an issue with regard to imported automobiles, he circumvented his trade expert and asked Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to carry out an investigation.

Tenpas, the staff turnover expert, said that, as the midterms approach, many talented people are likely to shy away from filling empty roles in a West Wing where the president believes he can function as his own chief of staff, spokesman and human resources manager.

“I think Trump has run through the first string of people pretty quickly,” she said. “If the patterns hold, we’re going to see another huge number of departures simply because people are exhausted and ready to move on.”