Fishbone Receiving Antenna Author: Edmund A. Laport The principles of the Beverage wave antenna were first applied to high-frequency reception in the form of the fishbone antenna. Two forms of this antenna have been evolved in the United States and England, both intended for the reception of horizontally polarized waves. The RCA fishbone antenna is diagrammed in Fig. 3.92 and pictured in Fig. 3.121. To the central feeder are attached horizontal dipoles with a length of the order of one-half wavelength at the center frequency of the response band, on both sides of the central feeder, in series with high-reactance capacitors. The dipoles, with the series capacitors, smoothly load the feeder. The velocity of propagation along the system is adjusted, by means of the capacitors, to be about 90 percent of free-space velocity. This loading reduces the characteristic impedance somewhat, and the usual design value is about 400 ohms. The maximum directivity is along the line of the feeder. The antenna is made unidirectional by terminating the end toward the transmitting station in a resistance which matches the characteristic impedance. The receiver is fed from the far end over a balanced transmission line of the same impedance. Fishbone antennas may be used in various arrays, according to the directivity patterns desired. The one commonly used consists of two fishbones in broadside using common intermediate supporting structures. Typical patterns for single- and two-bay fishbones are shown in Figs. 3.93 and 3.94. The two-bay design unites the transmission lines symmetrically and the main line to the receiver is then of one-half of the antenna characteristic impedance. For this purpose it has been the practice to employ the four-wire cross-connected balanced type of line, a picture of which is shown in Fig. 4.95. FIG. 3.92. RCA fishbone-antenna circuitry. Constructional dimensions for fishbone antennas for various ranges of frequencies in the high-frequency band are given in Table 3.4. The measured performance of fishbone antennas compares closely with that of a rhombic antenna having the same main beam orientations even FIG. 3.93. Horizontal and vertical patterns for RCA fishbone unit. (After Beverage and Peterson.) though the former occupies a much smaller land area. The fishbone pattern is relatively free of secondary lobes and the corresponding parasitic directional responses. TABLE 3.4. RCA FISHBONE-ANTENNA DIMENSIONS Length dipoles Optimum frequency Useful range Width(two bays) Length total Pole height Useful angle (azimuth) feet megacycles megacycles feet feet feet degrees 34 18 13-22 120 312 60 10 48 14 10-19 148 312 90 10 66 9 3-13 200 312 120 10 The number of dipoles used is sufficient to produce the effect of smooth continuous loading of the central feeder. This requires seven or more per wavelength, the wavelength in this case being that in the feeder at the wave velocity employed. Another version of the fishbone antenna is diagrammed in Fig. 3.95. The dipoles in this system are one-half wavelength long at some chosen frequency and omit the series capacitors. They are spaced at one-quarter-wavelength intervals along the feeder. In all other respects the performance and structural characteristics resemble those of the RCA fishbone. The fishbone antenna is one of the preferred forms for wide-band response in the high-frequency fixed services. Its higher cost in many cases is offset by the smaller land area required as compared with an equivalent horizontal rhombic antenna. FIG. 3.94. Horizontal pattern for two-bay RCA fishbone array. FIG. 3.95. English type HAD fishbone antenna (two-bay).