Underhill has been shipping CSA boxes for almost 25 years, and for over a decade and a half, business grew steadily. Then the recession hit, and things have been downhill ever since.

"Back in 2008 we were delivering 1,300 to 1,400 boxes a week," Underhill said. "Now we’re doing somewhere between 750 and 850."

'The local food system has shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two.' Evan Wiig, The Farmers Guild

Underhill attributes some of the decline in CSA business to meal and produce delivery services like Sun Basket, HelloFresh and Blue Apron. He said these companies co-opted the direct-from-the-farmer brand established by CSAs, and unlike small farmers, they have the benefit of venture capital to capture market share.

These companies run ads -- often on public radio and podcasts -- offering discounts and freebies. Underhill said giving away free boxes or making steep discounts "would blow a giant hole in any farm’s budget."

Evan Wiig is founder of The Farmers Guild, an advocacy group for local farms. “The new produce box schemes, they really aren’t the death of the CSAs,” Wiig said. “They’re just the newest iteration in a long evolving trend.”

CSAs used to be one of the few ways for urbanites to get their fix of things like heirloom kohlrabi and purple carrots. Now there are more farmers markets, and organic produce is available at many grocery stores, even Costco. "The local food system, the local food models, have shifted so dramatically in just the past decade or two," Wiig said.

With all these choices, Wiig said customers are demanding more control over what they get and when. The buy-direct, support-the-farm ethos of CSAs is getting lost in the pursuit of convenience.

Lorraine Walker's Eatwell Farm near Davis relies on the CSA model. She is trying to retain customers by offering add-ons to her boxes: eggs, chicken stock and sodas made with herbs on the farm. She also invites members to the farm to do things like pick strawberries and make pasta sauce.

"That's the one thing no one else can offer," Walker said, "The true connection to the farm, to the soil, to the plants, and to where your food comes from."

To make up for the loss of CSA revenue, Underhill has gone back to growing more for restaurants and grocery stores. He said other nearby CSA farms have started selling to the new meal and produce delivery services.

“I’m trying to think of a word other than depressing,” Underhill said. “But that’s what it is.”

Selling wholesale might help make ends meet for a while. But with today’s low produce prices and slim margins, Underhill said going through any middleman is not a long-term solution for a small farmer like him.