Shelby Davis did not start investing until he was 38. He started investing with $50,000…

By the time of his death he amassed a $900 million fortune and joined the list of the Forbes 400 wealthiest individuals.

Despite his tremendous investing success, few investors know of Shelby Davis. This article explores the investing method Shelby Davis used to build his fortune

Shelby Davis & Insurance Stocks

Shelby Davis started investing in earnest in 1947 when he was 38.

He invested almost exclusively in insurance stocks for much of his career.

Shelby Davis recognized that insurance is an excellent industry in which to invest for 3 primary reasons:

Insurance float is very valuable The insurance industry changes slowly Good management is a competitive advantage in insurance

The real value of an insurer comes from its float. Insurance float is money collected from premiums that has not been paid out as claims.

This large pool of money sits on the balance sheet as a liability. Do not be confused by accounts. Insurance float is an asset. The float can be invested in stocks, bonds, and other securities. These investments generate cash for the insurer.

This is where having good management comes into play. If an insurer is disciplined they will only write profitable policies. This means that the company pays out less than $1 in both claims and expenses for every $1 in premiums the company brings in.

The combined ratio measures insurance profitability. The combined ratio is calculated as expenses and claim losses divided by premium revenue.

A combined ratio below 100% shows profitable operations before investment gains. This is very important if you are looking to compound your wealth.

Insurers that can maintain a combined ratio under 100% are effectively getting paid to invest other people’s money. These insurers get paid to have their float. This may sound like the same set up an investment advisor has – but it is actually much better.

A traditional investment advisor makes 1% of assets under management every year. An insurer with a combined ratio under 100% gets to keep all of the investment gains from its insurance float. It would take a very poor investment management team to generate less than 1% a year on float. On top of investment gains, the insurer is also making money from its actual operations because the combined ratio is under 100%.

There are three other critical components to Shelby Davis’ success… The first of these is discussed below.

Value Matters

Shelby Davis did not invest in all insurers.

He looked specifically for well-managed insurers with a history of growth (as discussed above).

Additionally, he looked for undervalued insurers. Shelby Davis was an avid Benjamin Graham reader. Benjamin Graham is the father of modern value investing. In 1947, Shelby Davis was elected President of Benjamin Graham’s stock analysis organization. This shows how impactful the ‘margin of safety’ idea was on Shelby Davis.

Daivs was not the only investor influenced by the margin of safety. Seth Klarman titled his book ‘Margin of Safety’. Warren Buffett says the margin of safety is 1 of his 3 cornerstones of sound investing.

As a value investor, Shelby Davis looked for insurance companies trading at low price-to-earnings or price-to-book ratios. The typical ‘value’ benchmark for insurers is a price-to-book ratio under 1. If you can find a high quality insurer with a price-to-book ratio under 1, you will likely do well over time.

He looked for companies that would increase his wealth by both growing earnings and benefiting from rising price-to-earnings ratios.

Finding undervalued insurers was not difficult in the 1940’s. Wall Street had long ignored the industry. Insurers attempted to under-report or obscure their earnings to appear less profitable and avoid regulation. This had the negative effect of making these stocks appear less-than-worthwhile to Wall Street.

Shelby Davis’ deep analysis of the industry helped uncover the value in insurers. Even to this day many insurers trade at price-to-earnings ratios lower than most other industries.

The next component to Shelby Davis’ phenomenal wealth compounding is discussed below.

Leverage

Many investors shy away from leverage. Leverage is not intrincically evil. There are good types of leverage and bad types of leverage.

In the excellent paper Buffett’s Alpha, Frazzini, Kabiller, and Pedersen show that Warren Buffett’s great wealth has come from investing in high quality value stocks and applying low-cost leverage.

Warren Buffett uses the good type of leverage.

Shelby Davis followed a similar path to wealth, except he focused almost exclusively on insurance stocks.

Shelby Davis also used the good type of leverage.

Good leverage has the following characteristics:

It is cheap (the lower interest rate, the better) You cannot be forced to sell securities purchased on leverage

Additionally, even good leverage can be used unwisely. Over-leveraging is a very real possibility and should be avoided at all costs.

The leverage offered by most retail brokerages is bad. If your securities decline, you can be forced to sell when using leverage. This makes the likelihood of ‘blowing up’ much higher.

Shelby Davis used leverage to boost his returns. He purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange which gave him access to lower margin rates than the typical investors. He used the maximum allowable amount of margin (slightly over 50%). The interest payments on his margin were tax deductable, which helped him save money on taxes.

Notice that Shelby Davis purchased about 50% of his stocks on margin. He did not leverage himself by 5x or 10x. This is extremely dangerous. He used a sensible amount of leverage that did not drastically increase his risk, yet significantly increased his returns.

The combination of high quality insurers, low valuations, and leverage gave Shelby Davis very strong returns over a multi-decade period. He generated a 23.2% compound annual growth rate over his investing career.

Leverage boosted his returns out of the teens and into the 20%+ range. This is a big difference over long time periods.

The final component to Shelby Davis’ wealth building is analyzed below.

Long-Term Investing

Shelby Davis invested in high quality, well managed insurers that were trading at a discount to fair value.

He did not dart in and out of his favorite insurers. Shelby Davis held many of his largest investments through his entire investment career. Long-term investing helps investors compound wealth because it minimizes frictional costs and lets you reap the maximum amount of reward from your best (highest total return) ideas.

When you constantly trade stocks you must always have ‘new ideas’. Sometimes your new ideas will be better than your old ideas. Often they will not. Trading creates frictional costs from:

Taxable events

Brokerage trading costs

Bid-ask spreads

Slippage

The less you trade, the more money you have to compound in your account – where it belongs. Charlie Munger coined a phrase for do nothing investing: “Assiduity”.

“Assiduity is the ability to sit on your ass and do nothing until a great opportunities presents itself”

Summary of the Shelby Davis Method

Shelby Davis generated compound returns of 23.2% a year by following the method below:

Invest in high quality insurers Invest in undervalued insurers Invest with cheap leverage Invest for the long-run

Shelby Davis started investing relatively late in life. He would have been a billionaire many times over if he had started investing in his 20’s.

Despite his late start he amassed a fortune worth nearly $1 billion. Shelby Davis invested in high quality insurers trading at low prices and held them for the long-run. He used a sensible amount of leverage to boost his compound annual growth rate and more quickly build his wealth.

Using leverage to boost returns may not be the best course of action for everyone, however. Leverage causes higher drawdowns that may unsettle investors who are not sure of themselves.

Additionally, margin calls can force selling at the worst possible time. We do not all have access to cheap sources of ‘good leverage’ like Buffett and Davis. But everyone does have access to investing in high quality businesses trading at fair or better prices.

Warren Buffett and Shelby Davis have very similar investing styles and compound annual growth rates. Both employed about the same amount of leverage (1.5x) to their investments.

Warren Buffett is the more well known of the two because he started investing earlier, which has given him a far larger net worth.

His folksy Americana wisdom and well-thought-out public persona add to his fame, whereas Shelby Davis was known almost exclusively in insurance circles.