1. Aghanim, N. et al. (Planck Collaboration) Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209 (2018).

2. Aghanim, N. et al. (Planck Collaboration) Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12875 (2019).

3. 2018 Cosmological Parameters and MC Chains (Planck Legacy Archive Wiki); https://go.nature.com/2OHvQme

4. Linde, A. D. A new inflationary Universe scenario: a possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems. Phys. Lett. B 108, 389–393 (1982).

5. Albrecht, A. & Steinhardt, P. J. Cosmology for grand unified theories with radiatively induced symmetry breaking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1220–1223 (1982).

6. Linde, A. D. Inflation with variable Ω. Phys. Lett. B 351, 99–104 (1995).

7. Linde, A. D. Can we have inflation with Ω > 1? J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0305, 002 (2003).

8. Uzan, J. P., Kirchner, U. & Ellis, G. F. R. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data and the curvature of space. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 344, L65–L68 (2003).

9. Efstathiou, G. Is the low cosmic microwave background quadrupole a signature of spatial curvature? Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 343, L95–L98 (2003).

10. Freivogel, B., Kleban, M., Rodríguez Martínez, M. & Susskind, L. Observational consequences of a landscape. J. High Energy Phys. 3, 039 (2006).

11. Guth, A. H. & Nomura, Y. What can the observation of nonzero curvature tell us? Phys. Rev. D 86, 023534 (2012).

12. Riess, A. G. et al. New parallaxes of galactic cepheids from spatially scanning the Hubble Space Telescope: implications for the Hubble constant. Astrophys. J. 855, 136 (2018).

13. Riess, A. G., Casertano, S., Yuan, W., Macri, L. M. & Scolnic, D. Large Magellanic Cloud cepheid standards provide a 1% foundation for the determination of the Hubble constant and stronger evidence for physics beyond ΛCDM. Astrophys. J. 876, 85 (2019).

14. Hildebrandt, H. et al. KiDS-450: cosmological parameter constraints from tomographic weak gravitational lensing. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 465, 1454–1498 (2017).

15. Joudaki, S. et al. KiDS-450: testing extensions to the standard cosmological model. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 471, 1259–1279 (2017).

16. Motloch, P. & Hu, W. Tensions between direct measurements of the lens power spectrum from Planck data. Phys. Rev. D 97, 103536 (2018).

17. Charnock, T., Battye, R. A. & Moss, A. Planck data versus large scale structure: methods to quantify discordance. Phys. Rev. D 95, 123535 (2017).

18. Raveri, M. & Hu, W. Concordance and discordance in cosmology. Phys. Rev. D 99, 043506 (2019).

19. Adhikari, S. & Huterer, D. A new measure of tension between experiments. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1901, 036 (2019).

20. Bernal, J. L., Verde, L. & Riess, A. G. The trouble with H 0 . J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1610, 019 (2016).

21. Zhao, G. B. et al. Dynamical dark energy in light of the latest observations. Nat. Astron. 1, 627–632 (2017).

22. Di Valentino, E., Melchiorri, A., Linder, E. V. & Silk, J. Constraining dark energy dynamics in extended parameter space. Phys. Rev. D 96, 023523 (2017).

23. Poulin, V., Smith, T. L., Karwal, T. & Kamionkowski, M. Early dark energy can resolve the Hubble tension. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 221301 (2019).

24. Yang, W., Pan, S., Di Valentino, E., Saridakis, E. N. & Chakraborty, S. Observational constraints on one-parameter dynamical dark-energy parametrizations and the H 0 tension. Phys. Rev. D 99, 043543 (2019).

25. Bond, J. R., Efstathiou, G. & Tegmark, M. Forecasting cosmic parameter errors from microwave background anisotropy experiments. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 291, L33–L41 (1997).

26. Efstathiou, G. & Bond, J. R. Cosmic confusion: degeneracies among cosmological parameters derived from measurements of microwave background anisotropies. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 304, 75–97 (1999).

27. Elgaroy, O. & Multamaki, T. On using the CMB shift parameter in tests of models of dark energy. Astron. Astrophys. 471, 65–70 (2007).

28. Hinshaw, G. et al. Nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: final maps and results. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 208, 25 (2013).

29. Spiegelhalter, D., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. P. & van der Linde, A. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 64, 583–639 (2002).

30. Trotta, R. Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology. Contemp. Phys. 49, 71–104 (2008).

31. Liddle, A. R. Information criteria for astrophysical model selection. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 377, L74–L78 (2007).

32. Verdinelli, I. & Wasserman, L. Computing Bayes factors using a generalization of the Savage–Dickey density ratio. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90, 614–618 (1995).

33. Trotta, R. Applications of Bayesian model selection to cosmological parameters. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 378, 72–82 (2007).

34. Ade, P. A. R. et al. (Planck Collaboration) Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters. Astron. Astrophys. 594, A13 (2016).

35. Addison, G. E. et al. Quantifying discordance in the 2015 Planck CMB spectrum. Astrophys. J. 818, 132 (2016).

36. Beutler, F. et al. The 6dF Galaxy Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations and the local Hubble constant. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 416, 3017–3032 (2011).

37. Ross, A. J. et al. The clustering of the SDSS DR7 main galaxy sample—I. A 4 per cent distance measure at z = 0.15. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 449, 835–847 (2015).

38. Alam, S. et al. The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological analysis of the DR12 galaxy sample. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 470, 2617–2652 (2017).

39. Aghanim, N. et al. (Planck Collaboration) Planck 2018 results. VIII. Gravitational lensing. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06210 (2019).

40. Abbott, T. M. C. et al. (Dark Energy Survey and South Pole Telescope Collaborations) Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: a precise H 0 measurement from DES Y1, BAO, and D/H data. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 480, 3879–3888 (2018).

41. Hikage, C. et al. Cosmology from cosmic shear power spectra with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam first-year data. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 71, 43 (2019).

42. Schlaufman, K. C., Thompson, I. B. & Casey, A. R. An ultra metal-poor star near the hydrogen-burning limit. Astrophys. J. 867, 98 (2018).

43. Bond, H. E., Nelan, E. P., VandenBerg, D. A., Schaefer, G. H. & Harmer, D. HD 140283: a star in the solar neighborhood that formed shortly after the big bang. Astrophys. J. 765, L12 (2013).

44. Jimenez, R., Cimatti, A., Verde, L., Moresco, M. & Wandelt, B. The local and distant Universe: stellar ages and H0. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 3, 043 (2019).

45. Cyr-Racine, F. Y., de Putter, R., Raccanelli, A. & Sigurdson, K. Constraints on large-scale dark acoustic oscillations from cosmology. Phys. Rev. D 89, 063517 (2014).

46. Blennow, M., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Mena, O., Redondo, J. & Serra, P. Asymmetric dark matter and dark radiation. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1207, 022 (2012).

47. Mangano, G., Melchiorri, A., Serra, P., Cooray, A. & Kamionkowski, M. Cosmological bounds on dark matter–neutrino interactions. Phys. Rev. D 74, 043517 (2006).

48. Leonard, C. D., Bull, P. & Allison, R. Spatial curvature endgame: reaching the limit of curvature determination. Phys. Rev. D 94, 023502 (2016).

49. Bull, P., Ferreira, P. G., Patel, P. & Santos, M. G. Late-time cosmology with 21 cm intensity mapping experiments. Astrophys. J. 803, 21 (2015).

50. Lewis, A. & Bridle, S. Cosmological parameters from CMB and other data: a Monte Carlo approach. Phys. Rev. D 66, 103511 (2002).

51. Scolnic, D. M. et al. The complete light-curve sample of spectroscopically confirmed SNe Ia from Pan-STARRS1 and cosmological constraints from the combined Pantheon sample. Astrophys. J. 859, 101 (2018).

52. Cooke, R. J., Pettini, M. & Steidel, C. C. One percent determination of the primordial deuterium abundance. Astrophys. J. 855, 102 (2018).

53. Kazin, E. A. et al. The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: improved distance measurements to z = 1 with reconstruction of the baryonic acoustic feature. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 441, 3524–3542 (2014).

54. Abbott, T. M. C. et al. (Dark Energy Survey Collaboration) Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: measurement of the baryon acoustic oscillation scale in the distribution of galaxies to redshift 1. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 483, 4866–4883 (2019).

55. Bautista, J. E. et al. Measurement of baryon acoustic oscillation correlations at z = 2.3 with SDSS DR12 Lyα-Forests. Astron. Astrophys. 603, A12 (2017).

56. Ata, M. et al. The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: first measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations between redshift 0.8 and 2.2. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 473, 4773–4794 (2018).