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When Theme and Mechanics Collide

Today I’m looking at the importance of well-aligned theme and mechanics. “Theme” here is less “meaning” or “narrative” and more “theming” - Marvel Super Heroes is superhero-themed and Darkstalkers is themed around Universal-style classic monsters.

Misaligned mechanics and theme can be an invisible problem. Complaints often focus on the expression of the problem rather than the root cause: that the rules are hard to remember and unintuitive, that the game never quite clicks.

This piece comes in two parts: in the first I’ll look at examples of theme and mechanics in and out of alignment, and in the second I’ll draw distinctions between that analysis and an ostensibly similar but far less valuable critical concept.

Overland

Player and critic reviews of the recently-released Overland read similarly and repeatedly touch on a few core issues.The game is opaque and it’s hard to know what things do without trying. Rules feel arbitrary: why does a 4-person car hold hold 3 people, and why do dogs count as people in that restriction? Can dogs use objects and weapons? Why are enemies, who detect based on sound, drawn to a car that’s turned off? Why can an able-bodied person with two hands carry only one small item, while a backpack gives them space for just one additional item? Why does a car trunk have the same inventory space as a backpack?

Let’s examine one particular complaint in detail: that the car looks like it should fit 4 people but only holds 3. By itself this isn’t a crippling issue with the game, but it’s representative of a pervasive problem.

How many people and dogs can fit into a 4-seat car, in an apocalypse scenario where not fitting into a car means death? Probably 5 or 6 people and another 2 or 3 dogs. But let’s say, despite the apocalypse, you demand a comfortable fit. In that case a car can hold say 4 people and 2 dogs? But in Overland one person and two dogs fill a car that’s themed as a 4-person coupe.

Overland is a game that can be understood on a purely intellectual level but that defies intuitive understanding. With time you can learn that cars fit 3 and have the same item space as backpacks, but that will never make sense unless you give up, admit “it’s just a game”, and ignore the thematic cues.

Overland is full of these sorts of issues. Here’s an excerpt from the Touch Arcade review:

While the game can be forgiven for some level of contrivance to increase the tension, some of the developer’s decisions strain believably. [sic] Vehicles, which can helpfully run down the game’s smaller creatures, can’t make U-turns, meaning that going backwards requires painfully backing up one a single square at a time. Between each level, characters stop to rest and talk to each other about what’s happening, but they can’t use their items during this time, leading to absurd situations such as an injured character sitting by a campfire and complaining that they need to find a medkit while one is fully in view, strapped to the back of their car.

I’m sure there are good gameplay reasons for these decisions. U-turns would require extra UI and add level layout requirements. Characters can’t use items between levels because a key conceit is that actions are a limited resource with tradeoffs.

But those good gameplay reasons don’t fit the presentation layer. According to the wiki the minivan can fit 5 people but no items - somehow a minivan can’t fit a single knife! I assume this was done to differentiate the minivan from the car: the car holds fewer people but more items, and the truck holds even fewer people and even more items. According to some this is “good game design” - games should pose a series of interesting decisions, after all.

Many Euro-style board games get away with bottom-up mechanics with a weak theme thrown on top. Overland feels like it would work better as a board game. If the car was a little plastic piece it could represent any sort of car, including a 3-person one. A single knife fitting into a backpack is easier to swallow if all items are abstract representations like counters or cards. Nobody cares that in Monopoly you can play as a shoe, an inanimate object that can’t legally own property. But Overland couldn’t get away with a playable shoe. The 3d rendered game world of Overland is a realization, not an abstraction. You can see a car. Not a representation of a car, but an actual car. And see that it should fit four people.

The developers are doing what they can to add UI and explanations, but the underlying problem is deeply entrenched. The ideal fix would be changing the mechanics to more closely match the presentation: the car should fit four people, characters should be able to use items at campfires, etc. Or the theming should be changed to match the mechanics: the car should be remodeled to be a tiny smart car with one row of seats. The campfire scenes should be replaced with frantic chases that imply no time for idle action.

The Implication

Examining theme and mechanics by isolating one and asking what it implies about the other is a useful tool in the designer’s toolkit. This is commonly done in the theme-to-mechanics direction: an army-themed game is going to include firing a gun and lobbing grenades. It’s less common, but still useful, to think in the other direction: given just the mechanics of the game what sort of theme do they suggest?

Let’s strip Street Fighter down to pure mechanics. You might describe it like “you kick and punch each other until you one of you is knocked out” but that’s not quite right: Ryu only punches because they drew him that way. Punching isn’t a mechanic, it’s presentation.

The mechanics, at the most pedantic level, are more like this: “you press buttons that activate hurt and hit boxes. When your hit boxes overlap their hurt boxes their main resource number drops, and when that number hits zero you win the round.” Another way to think about this is what is the minimal representation of Street Fighter that still conveys the mechanics? It’s a line for the ground, some blue (hurt) boxes, some red (hit) boxes, maybe a green box for character position and dimension, and numbers for the timer and HP.



Guile doing a low fierce

Even with all traces of theme stripped away the mechanics of Street Fighter still strongly imply a game about one-on-one fighting. The two characters have roughly human proportions, even when only viewing the hit and hurt boxes. The hitboxes appear where legs and arms would reasonably be located. Without graphics Street Fighter could be a game about robots fighting, but it’s probably not a game about cars ramming. This is a good sanity check on the integration of mechanics and theme - the game is thematically about what the mechanics alone suggest.

Moving forward I’ll apply this sort of examination to the games discussed.

The Banner Saga

Narratively The Banner Saga is a game about battles between Viking squads. Mechanically?

In battles player and enemy units alternate turns. You move one character then they move one character, you move your second then they move their second, then if you don’t have a third character your first character moves again.



The bottom-left illustrates the alternating turn order

Another rule is that damaging a unit lowers their strength, which is both their attack power and health.

These two rules combine for some odd logical consequences. Killing off the weakest enemy unit means the remaining stronger ones act more often. Leaving an enemy unit near-death means they take up a turn while contributing little.

Here are two quotes from Reddit:

“In The Banner Saga I make sure to not kill an enemy, just heavily wound them, because the actual act of killing him suddenly makes his companion attack twice as effectively. Why? Because of the way initiative works. That's it. Completely gamey system that from a story perspective makes literally 0 sense.”

“I got around this issue by starting to look at it as what it actually is: a combat system in a video game.”

This isn’t a fatal flaw in the series but it’s a sort of logical bug, like an infinite combo in a fighting game or how intentionally fouling at the end of NBA games is a good strategy.

What theme do these mechanics suggest? If you take the alternating turn structure literally it suggests a highly formalized battle. Perhaps two rigid societies fight using game-like rules of war. In essence the battle itself is arbitrarily video-gamey. Seems far fetched but in the Revolutionary War not lining up to be shot was considered cheating.

If you take the turn-based structure less literally and interpret it as a representation of “everybody does stuff at once” then the implication is that killing enemy units makes others units move faster...for some reason. Maybe when an enemy dies their mystical Chi powers split and enter comrade’s bodies, powering them up with mathematical precision.

Neither of these interpretations is a great fit for Vikings but the second one has promise. Consider this change: when you kill an enemy the nearest remaining enemy plays a voice line like “you killed my friend Steve!” and enters a rage state. This provides some narrative justification for the battle mechanics and it works with ill-tempered Vikings. If that’s too big a change we could not mess with the mechanics at all and add only narrative justification: when one character dies their comrades lament their death (“you killed our friend Steve!”) and all get a bit angrier, perhaps accompanied by a red hue-shift or a flame effect. Mechanically identical but now with justification beyond “those are just the rules of this video game.” Admittedly that justification isn’t strong, but players often accept weak narrative justifications. Vaguely plausible can be good enough.

Pokemon Go



Pokemon Go has all your favorites: Indicat, Glizard, Clownhamster and Tepig (I actually know this one)

Here’s an example of great alignment. When Pokemon Go first released many mobile devs griped that it was just a reskin of Ingress and was succeeding based on the Pokemon brand. Certainly Pokemon branding pushed sales, and Pokemon Go would be much less successful were it the original IP Monster Friends Go, but what this analysis leaves out is how well-suited the Pokemon theme is to the mechanics of Ingress - far better suited than Ingress itself.

The Ingress fiction follows the worst trends in sci-fi video game writing: it’s a series of proper nouns and generic concepts mixed together in a bland slurry:

“To claim a portal for a faction, a player equips, or deploys, at least one resonator on it. If a portal is claimed by the enemy, the player must first neutralize it by destroying the opponents' resonators with weapons called XMP ("Exotic Matter Pulse") Bursters, the principal means of attacking a portal. XM itself is neutral, not aligned with either faction, but an XMP Burster fired by a player of one faction will damage any portal of the other faction within range, while having no effect on portals of the player's own faction.”

I mean...sure. Ingress needed a theme and this is one; it meets the bare minimum qualification of existing. Whereas Pokemon Go feels like it was designed to translate the Pokemon fiction into a game - to “deliver the player fantasy.”

In Go you wander around and run into entities, capturing them via a thrown object. Once captured you can power them up and transform them. You can deploy them to hold areas or battle with them to take over areas. There’s a complex type system for both entities and their attacks.

Even with the theming removed this sounds an awful lot like Pokemon - more like Pokemon than any other property I can think of.

There are many Pokemon Go style games out now or coming soon - Harry Potter Go, Star Wars Go, Ghostbusters Go, Jurassic Park Go, Walking Dead Go. (These aren’t their real names) But these games illustrate what a great fit Pokemon is. Ghostbusters as a Pokemon Go game feels off - the Ghostbusters didn’t collect and use ghosts, they threw them in a high-tech trash can. Ghostbusters only has a handful of iconic ghosts - Killerwatt is cool but he’s no Psyduck. The geography tie-in is also weak. You expect water Pokemon near water, ghost Pokemon at night, and pigeon Pokemon in cities. Maybe you expect Slimer to be near restaurants and the evil painting from Ghostbusters 2 to be in a museum?

Jurassic Park has similar problems. What are the iconic collectibles in Jurassic Park? DNA? (“I got ATACGTCATTCGG!”) At least Ghostbusters is arguably about collecting things - Jurassic Park isn’t about collecting dinosaurs, Harry Potter isn’t about collecting wizards and the Walking Dead isn’t about collecting zombies. All these games lean on Pokemon Go mechanics but those mechanics don’t suggest these themes.

Splatoon

Apparently Splatoon originally featured rabbits.

But when he took the prototype to other people within Nintendo, they’d ask the most obvious questions: Why are rabbits shooting ink? Why are rabbits diving into ink? How does this make any sense? “Something about the concept still didn’t sit right,” Nogami said, explaining that there was a “disconnect between gameplay and appearance.”

Top-down and bottom-up design are not competing methods and good games often use both. Splatoon started with mechanics, a bottom-up approach. But the mechanics suggest certain themes and rule out others, including rabbits, which make little sense. Squids make a lot of sense, and that theme then suggests further mechanics. With rabbits Splatoon would never have escaped that “disconnect between gameplay and appearance.” (AKA, mechanics and theme)

The Fundamental Confusion of Playstation All Stars Battle Royale

Playstation All Stars, the Sony answer to Smash Brothers, has many issues, but here’s one critics rarely pinpoint: the mechanics of the game just don’t line up with what it’s ostensibly about. Everything about the theming screams fighting but the mechanics don’t match that.

Here are the (incomplete) mechanics of PAS, stated without theme:

When you hit an enemy you gain a resource - “substance X” from now on You can spend substance X to perform special moves Those moves, and only those moves, can defeat enemies.

Thematically PAS is about people punching, kicking and shooting each other. If you’re playing as a guy with a gun and you shoot another character they should lose health, and if you shoot them enough times they should die. That’s just how guns work. But that’s not even close to how PAS works. You can shoot an enemy in PAS an infinite number of times and not kill or even damage them - the game has no concept of damage.

Professional wrestling matches typically end after a finishing move, which rarely come early in a match. The non-kayfabe reason is that it’s scripted drama, but the in-fiction explanation is that wrestlers have to build up hype or inner strength, as if gated by a meter that must be filled.

That’s how PAS works, kind of. You build up meter, unleash your finisher and defeat your opponent. But wrestling matches can end without a finishing move, or without the finishing move being used last. Landing normal moves canonically hurts the other wrestler - they grimace in pain and take time rising up from the mat. In theory if a wrestler suplexed their opponent a hundred times in a row they could then pin them, with or without a finisher.

So PAS is mechanically kind of like wrestling but it’s not a great fit, and certainly not a great fit for regular old fighting. Maybe PAS models point-sparring? Hitting people gives you a resource and having more of that resource is good. If we call that resource “points” we’re on the right track. But in PAS simply having those points doesn’t do anything, you have to spend them on a potential death blow. It’s like Olympic point sparring if collecting enough points let you trade them in for one attempt at beheading your opponent. So not like point sparring at all really.

One of the problems the game OnRush ran into is that it looked like a racing game but wasn’t one - you don’t win it by being in the lead. Maybe this could have been solved by making it more of a racing game, or by making it look like less of one, but it sat in an uncomfortable middle ground. The marketing never got away from “it’s an arcade racer but not actually racing”, and they never found a theme that was informative rather than confusing. PAS suffers a similar problem. It hews closer to standard fighting than Smash’s more transformative kineticism-centric approach (that is in spirit Sumo), but the damage and win mechanics don’t align with how the fighting is portrayed. The rules of the game, including the most important rule - how you win - feel arbitrary, like they were chosen to mimic Smash while avoiding accusations of being a Smash clone.

Why Not Ludonarrative Dissonance?

On to part two of this blog. This is going to be much more academic and thinky, so this is a good time to either skip to the end, strap in or bail out.

At this point you may have noticed that I haven’t used “ludonarrative dissonance” once. I’m talking about mechanics and theme not aligning - “mechanics” is suspiciously similar to “gameplay” (or “ludus”, if we’re LARPing as ancient Romans for some reason), and “theme” and “narrative” are clearly related. So am I really writing about ludonarrative dissonance?

No.

I don’t have a fancy term for when mechanics and theme don’t align but the concept is useful. Ludonarrative dissonance is not a useful concept, and for the remainder of this piece I’ll explain why.

Common Uses of Ludonarrative Dissonance

There are two common uses of “ludonarrative dissonance.” The first is a way to say “this thing in an Uncharted-style game is dumb.” “In Bioshock Infinite, a game about poverty, you can find money in trash cans!”

The second use is to describe how a Nathan Drake-style protagonist who is affable in cutscenes murders people without a second thought in gameplay.

Both uses are mostly restricted to a narrow type of game - third or first person, narrative-heavy, high-production-value action-adventure prestige games. You rarely hear the term applied to visual novels, platformers, rogue-likes, or even B-level or less-serious action-adventure titles like Gears of War or Crackdown.

Many critics stick to games like Uncharted and Bioshock when talking about ludonarrative dissonance because they don’t understand it well enough to use it outside of established formulations - like Bari Wiess calling Tulsi Gabbard an “Assad toady” without knowing what “toady” means.

The wikipedia page for the term is a bizarre definition followed by examples that reference mostly Bioshock and Uncharted. According to wikipedia: “Ludonarrative dissonance is the conflict between a video game's narrative told through the story and the narrative told through the gameplay.” But wikipedia also lists “narrative” and “story” as synonyms!

The supporting links don’t use this same phrasing, nor do I think this is a definition critics would agree on. In fact I don’t think you could get critics to agree on any meaning, which is why so many treatises on ludonarrative dissonance begin with a redefinition or “here’s what the term means to me.”

Plain Old Dissonance

Here’s a simple thought experiment: let’s take perennial ludonarrative-dissonance whipping boy Uncharted and turn it into a (very tedious) movie that follows all the same beats as a typical play through. In this movie Drake makes jokes and seems likable in some scenes, and in others viciously massacres scores then goes right back to joking around like a deranged psychopath.

Is this ludonarrative dissonance?

It can’t be because our movie has no gameplay. But it has the same sort of dissonance as the game even though there’s no ludo - so ludo isn’t a critical part of the term. The conflict in Uncharted is that it’s tonally a mess in a way unspecific to games.

Here’s a portion of an It Chapter 2 review:

Ultimately, Muschietti and writer Gary Dauberman can’t make the variety of tones and styles feel cohesive. It Chapter Two swerves from carnival-based horror to fantasy to romance to nostalgia trip and back again, sometimes within the span of a single scene, thickly layering on comedy from Hader that surely delights in some moments but often diffuses the tension the film sorely needs.

This sounds an awful lot like criticism of Uncharted, even though that criticism is supposedly specific to games.

Part of the issue here is how sloppy the language is. A precise complaint goes like this: the mechanics of Uncharted emphasize shooting, and the game rules require you to shoot an awful lot, but the narrative of Uncharted presents Drake as a happy-go-lucky dude, not a cold-blooded killer.” (Note this still has problems: what if the enemies were themed as robots or zombies?)

This phrasing does what ludonarrative dissonance purports to do but fails: contrast the mechanics (“gameplay”) with narrative in a way that doesn’t mix the two. This version of the complaint doesn’t apply to movies because the fundamental conflict here is between the narrative and the rules, not the “narrative delivered via gameplay.”

“Narrative told through gameplay” is a dodgy concept. Much of the narrative that comes “through gameplay” actually comes during gameplay via the theming on top. And “narrative told through story” seems like a fancy way of saying....cutscenes? But even ignoring these issues contrasting “narrative told through story” and “narrative told through gameplay” contrasts narrative and other narrative, and narrative conflict isn’t unique to games.

Yes, it’s silly that you can find money in the trash in Bioshock: Infinite. But that would also be silly in a TV show.

Ludonarrative Dissonance: Origins

“Ludonarrative dissonance” was coined by Clint Hocking in this blog post.

There are many issues with this blog, but I’ll focus on the key claim in the piece:

In the game’s mechanics, I am offered the freedom to choose to adopt an Objectivist approach, but I also have the freedom to reject that approach and to rescue the Little Sisters, even though it is not in my own (net) best interest to do so (even over time according to this fascinating data ). Yet in the game’s fiction on the other hand, I do not have that freedom to choose between helping Atlas or not. Under the ludic contract, if I accept to adopt an Objectivist approach, I can harvest Little Sisters. If I reject that approach, I can rescue them. Under the story, if I reject an Objectivist approach, I can help Atlas and oppose Ryan, and if I choose to adopt an Objectivist approach – well too bad… I can stop playing the game, but that’s about it.

The blog repeatedly refers to the Objectivist mechanics of the self-interested harvesting of little sisters. The claim is not simply that there’s a choice mechanic that lets you select an Objectivist narrative option, the claim is that the choice itself is Objectivist.

“In the game’s mechanics, I am offered the freedom to choose to adopt an Objectivist approach.” Is this true?

In Bioshock if you harvest a little sister she vanishes and you get a reward, and if you rescue a little sister she...also vanishes and you get a reward, but later. In terms of gameplay consequences there’s little difference between the two options, and importantly both options give you a reward.

The idea that picking the option that gives you a reward is necessarily Objectivism is already weak - the presence of a reward doesn’t make choosing that option motivated by self interest. If I find and return a lost dog knowing there’s a reward that’s not necessarily Objectivism, nor is it more selfish than just leaving the dog be. What if I harvest the little sisters not because I want a reward but because I like murdering little girls? That’s not Objectivism. One can choose a rational-economic choice for non-rational-economic reasons.

But beyond that, again, both choices give you a reward. The choice isn’t between a reward and not, it’s a choice between an immediate and deferred reward. The game doesn’t tell you which reward is better either, meaning that, from the perspective of the player, there’s no basis to decide which is the rational-economic choice.

The only reason harvesting little sisters is the selfish Objectivist choice is because the writing of the explanatory text box makes that choice seem evil, “harvest” sounds sinister, the graphics and sound theme it as murder, etc. But in terms of gameplay there’s no rational self-interested reason to prefer one option over the other.



I'm going to go out on a limb here and suggest that we're supposed to view harvesting as the bad choice.

What happens if we change the game like this: if you choose “rescue” the little girl says “thank you for rescuing me mister, here’s a reward” then vanishes. If you choose “harvest” the girl shrieks “no please don’t murder me ahhhh!”, dies, and then sometime down the road you get an unspecified reward as the text box foretold.

Which of these is the Objectivist choice?

This is tough! If I choose “rescue” I save a little girl - if not altruistic this at least sounds friendly. But I do get a reward - so is that selfish? If I choose “harvest” I murder a little girl and get a reward - seems Objectivist in spirit and certainly evil. But I get the reward later - so is that not Objectivism?

The trick here is I’ve swapped the reward results of the options but not their theming. In the original game choosing “harvest" and getting the immediate reward was supposedly the Objectivist choice in terms of gameplay. So after this swap choosing “rescue” must be the Objectivist choice, because that’s now the option that gives you the immediate reward. Kindly rescuing the little girl is now Objectivism. And choosing “harvest” to get an unspecified future reward must now be the non-Objectivist (altruistic?) one, even though you’re murdering a girl for a reward.

I would also point out that, without any theming, the choice between Objectivism vs non-Objectivism seems moot. If you can choose between getting a reward or not (which isn’t actually the choice, but let’s pretend) and there are no stakes to the choice, no negative implications, you should take the reward. That’s just common sense, not selfishness.

The legitimate underlying complaint of the piece is that you can pick between Objectivist and non-Objectivist narrative choices regarding the Little Sisters, but you can’t choose to be Objectivist in the broader narrative. (You have no choice but to help Ryan) But the piece makes a much stronger claim: that the choice between “harvest” and “rescue” is not just narratively Objectivist but ludically as well.

I don’t think that claim holds up. Harvest is only Objectivist because of the narrative theming, not because of the gameplay ramifications. (This is the part where I point out that the Hocking blog is messy and hard to interface with, so any attempt at grappling with it, including mine, is going to be messy as well)

The weaker complaint is valid but it’s not terribly interesting or worthy of a new term. In Mario you can choose to spare the life of a Goomba, but to beat the game you have to kill Bowser. Nor can you choose to give up stomping all together and go back to life as a plumber.

It sounds silly put like that. To be fair Bioshock feels fundamentally about choice in a way that Mario is not, so you’d expect more freedom of choice in the former. But Bioshock is also fundamentally about lack of choice - that’s the magic trick.

Gameplay and narrative being dissonant seems like a potentially interesting and valid concept, but I don’t know that the Hocking blog crosses the finish line. The meaning of ludonarrative dissonance is murky till the end, and the specific example doesn’t quite work. It’s like an attempt at a proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem that points in a promising direction but is wrong. But unlike Fermat’s Last Theorem, which eventually was proven (if you trust the 10 people on earth who can understand the proof) this may be the best stab at legitimizing "ludonarrative dissonance." Further attempts to define or use it either add confusion or simply refer back. The end result is that the term has a nebulous “I know it when I see it” meaning, where “it” is “a silly thing in an Uncharted-style game.”

I suspect some people will read the above as an Attack on Hocking. Far from it - it took Sir Isaac Newton years to go from being bonked on the head by a falling apple to finishing Principia and he was arguably the smartest person ever. There’s no shame in not nailing it in one take. The problem is that the term was adopted, or more accurately its use widely imitated, without the necessary work done to refine it into a valuable concept. All use of the term in critical discourse is ultimately a Hocking impression.

One Last Philosophical Objection to Ludonarrative Dissonance

Video game academics are obsessed with the idea that gameplay and narrative are pitted in bitter zero-sum struggle. Ludocrusaders battle against narragihadists in blog duels even while claiming that the battle between gameplay and narrative is not and has never been real.



Are these actually "dueling" philosophies? Think carefully before answering.

I find this a destructive approach to game design - games are at their best when mechanics and story work hand in hand, not when you stubbornly devote yourself to one “side.”

This blog is about when theme and mechanics don’t align, but also when they do. There’s no implication that they often or always fight against each other.

Few critics use “ludonarrative harmony.” In fact the “dissonance” part of “ludonarrative dissonance” is effectively optional. To many critics ludonarrative dissonance is just ludonarrative existence - when mechanics and story occupy the same space they’re always at odds. You can confirm this for yourself by Googling “ludonarrative”.

Someone using the terms “ludology” and “narrative” is nearly always pitting them against each other. Together they are like “death taxes” - non-neutral and indicative of a specific world view. I reject the idea that gameplay and narrative must be at odds, and so I reject the loaded terminology of that idea’s proponents.



If you google something like "ludology" and "narrative" you get results like these, with the two terms locked in mortal combat.

The End

Without theme games are a bundle of arbitrary rules, and with the wrong theme those rules are actively confusing and off-putting.

I’m not advocating for slavish realism and precise logic. Players will accept a lot, and even a small dose of weak thematic justification goes a long way. The right theme can turn a weakness into a strength: “the human enemy pathfinding is bad this games sucks” becomes “these zombies are dumb as rocks, just like real zombies - great job!” Avoid theming that confounds player expectations and runs counter to mechanics.

If you model a four person car it should fit four people.