Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption President Obama says it is a "hard fact" that drone strikes have killed civilians

President Barack Obama has defended the use of drones in a "just war" of self-defence against deadly militants and a campaign that had made America safer.

In a wide-ranging speech on a programme shrouded in secrecy, he said there must be "near certainty" that no civilians would die in such strikes.

In a renewed push to shut Guantanamo Bay, he said he had lifted a moratorium on prisoner transfers to Yemen.

Mr Obama also defended the use of drones to kill four US citizens.

"We are at war with an organisation that right now would kill as many Americans as they could if we did not stop them first," he said in Thursday's address at the National Defense University in Washington DC.

"So this is a just war - a war waged proportionally, in last resort, and in self-defence."

No-one should doubt President Obama's commitment to close Guantanamo Bay prison, but he cannot point to any reason the old promise might now become a reality after five years of failure

Heckler

He added: "And yet as our fight enters a new phase, America's legitimate claim of self-defence cannot be the end of the discussion. To say a military tactic is legal, or even effective, is not to say it is wise or moral in every instance."

Declaring America at a "crossroads" in its efforts to combat militancy, Mr Obama also said his administration would be willing to accept increased oversight of drone strikes outside war zones like Afghanistan.

Human rights groups have long condemned the use of unmanned drones to carry out killings.

Mr Obama warned that a "perpetual" US war on terror, whether through drone strikes, special forces operations or troop deployments, would be "self-defeating".

As the president addressed efforts to close the detention centre at the US base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, he was interrupted by a protester shouting about the current hunger strike at the prison.

Drone strikes Four US citizens killed in strikes since 2009

Bureau of Investigative Journalism has recorded 368 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004, 46-56 confirmed strikes in Yemen since 2002

Vast majority carried out under Barack Obama Obama's selective disclosure How drones work Video: Close-up look at drone

"I'm willing to cut the young lady who interrupted me some slack because it's worth being passionate about," he said.

Mr Obama told his audience: "Guantanamo has become a symbol around the world for an America that flouts the rule of law."

The president had made shutting the prison a top priority at the beginning of his first term, but his effort foundered amid strong opposition in Congress.

'Nastiest killers'

Calling on Congress not to block his efforts to transfer the facility's inmates to American high-security jails, he added: "No person has ever escaped from one of our super-max or military prisons in the United States."

Mr Obama said he was appointing envoys from the defence and state departments to negotiate transfers of detainees to other countries, and said he would lift a moratorium on transfers to Yemen.

After the speech, Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss told reporters Mr Obama was wrong to lift the Yemen moratorium because Yemeni authorities could not be trusted to "handle them".

US media reaction In an opinion piece, the Washington Post says: "After four years of alarming intelligence reports and attacks that were prevented and those that were not, Obama sounded like a former constitutional law lecturer who sees the nation and its security challenges in more shades of gray than he once did." "We wish Mr Obama had pledged an accounting for the civilian deaths caused by drone strikes, and some form of reparations, but he did not. He should do so," says the New York Times in an editorial. Commenting on the heckler, the Los Angeles Times says: "Obama's careful and almost deferential response suggested that he is closely attuned to such complaints. Rather than dismiss [her] as a heckler, the president engaged her, asking her to let him explain but also pausing to listen as she continued to talk while security closed in around her.

"We've got 166 of the meanest, nastiest killers in the world located at Guantanamo Bay today," he said. "If we were to transfer them to Yemen, it would be just like turning them loose. We should try those individuals at Guantanamo in the courtrooms and then make a decision about what to do with them."

Meanwhile, Yemen welcomed the move, a spokesman at the country's Washington embassy said.

Mr Obama's speech coincided with the signing of new "presidential policy guidance" on the use of drone strikes, the White House said.

The policy document curtails the circumstances in which drones can be used in places that are not overt war zones, such as Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia.

Drone 'rules'

In an outline of the new policy released to the news media, the administration said it preferred to capture terrorist suspects, with drone strikes used only amid a "continuing, imminent threat" to the US.

Reports suggested that the military would assume greater control over the drone programme, which is currently led in most areas by the CIA.

However, it was also reported that the CIA would maintain control of the programme in Pakistan, where most strikes have been carried out.

Beyond that, the administration listed criteria for the approval of a drone strike:

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption President Obama is heckled over his failure to close the Guantanamo Bay prison

"Near certainty" the target was present and that civilians would not be injured or killed

Capture would not be feasible

Authorities of the country in question could not or would not address the threat

No other reasonable alternatives were available

On Wednesday, the US disclosed that four Americans had been killed in drone strikes in Yemen and Pakistan since 2011, marking the first formal public acknowledgement of the US citizen deaths in drone strikes.

In a letter to the Senate judiciary committee, US Attorney General Eric Holder defended the targeted killing in 2011 of Anwar al-Awlaki, whom he described as a "senior operational leader" of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.

Awlaki, who was born in the US state of New Mexico, was killed in a missile strike from an unmanned plane in Yemen in September 2011 along with Samir Khan, a naturalised US citizen who produced an online al-Qaeda magazine.

Awlaki's 16-year-old son Abdulrahman, born in Colorado, was killed in Yemen a month later.

Mr Holder also confirmed Jude Kenan Mohammad, a North Carolina resident, had been killed in a drone strike. He is thought to have died in a strike in November 2011 in Pakistan's South Waziristan region.

Mr Holder said only Awlaki had been "specifically targeted and killed", and that the other men "were not specifically targeted by the United States".