



CAVENDISH, HENRY

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) was an English chemist and physicist. Cavendish discovered that hydrogen gas was a substance different from ordinary air (whose components he analyzed), described the composition of water (hydrogen and oxygen) and other important works. Cavendish was the first person to determine Newton's gravitational constant gravitational constant and accurately measured of the Earth's mass and density.



ERATOSTHENES

Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) was a Greek scholar who was the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. He compared the midsummer's noon shadow in deep wells in Syene (now Aswan on the Nile in Egypt) and Alexandria. He properly assumed that the Sun's rays are virtually parallel (since the Sun is so far away ). Knowing the distance between the two locations, he calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 250,000 stadia. Exactly how long a stasia is is unknown, so his accuracy is uncertain. He also accurately measured the tilt of the Earth's axis and the distance to the sun and moon, and devised a method for determining the prime numbers up to a given number (the Sieve of Eratosthenes). Eratosthenes made numerous contributions to the sciences and arts in many fields, including geography, mathematics, astronomy, chronography (calendars), music, and literature. Eratosthenes was a brilliant all-around scholar; although not the top expert on any topic, he was well-versed in all subjects, and therefore nicknamed "Beta" (which is the second letter of the Greek alphabet).





GALILEI, GALILEO

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was the first person to use a telescope to observe the skies (in 1609). Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter, observed the phases of Venus, studied sunspots, and discovered many other important phenomena. After publishing the many discoveries he made using his telescope, including the motion of the Earth around the Sun (the Copernican System), Galileo was accused of heresy by the Inquisition (in 1633).