Lenses are a great way to deal with functional references, but there are two common issues that arise from their use.

There is a long-standing folklore position that lenses do not support polymorphic updates. This has actually caused a fair bit of embarrassment for the folks who'd like to incorporate lenses in any Haskell record system improvement. Access control. It'd be nice to have read-only or write-only properties -- "one-way" or "mirrored" lenses, as it were. Moreover, lenses are commonly viewed as an all or nothing proposition, in that it is hard to mix them with arbitrary user functions. Finally there is a bit of a cult around trying to generalize lenses by smashing a monad in the middle of them somewhere, it would be nice to be able to get into a list and work with each individual element in it without worrying about someone mucking up our lens laws, and perhaps avoid the whole generalized lens issue entirely.

We'll take a whack at each of these concerns in turn today.



{-# LANGUAGE Rank2Types #-} -- we'll relax this later import Data.Complex -- for complex examples

First, let us consider the type of van Laarhoven lenses:

type Lens a b = forall f. Functor f => (b -> f b) -> a -> f a

with a couple of examples:

realLens :: RealFloat a => Lens ( Complex a ) a realLens f ( r :+ i ) = fmap ( :+ i ) ( f r ) imagLens :: RealFloat a => Lens ( Complex a ) a imagLens f ( r :+ i ) = fmap ( r :+ ) ( f i )

These lenses have some very nice properties that we're going to exploit. By far their nicest property is that you can compose them using just (.) and id from the Prelude rather than having to go off and write a Category .

Lens Families

Russell O'Connor recently noted that these lenses permit polymorphic update if you simply generalize their type signature to

type LensFamily a b c d = forall f. Functor f => ( c -> f d ) -> a -> f b

I'd like to note that you can't just let these 4 arguments vary with complete impunity, so I'll be referring to these as "lens families" rather than polymorphic lenses, a point that I'll address further below. In short, we want the original lens laws to still hold in spite of the generalized type signature, and this forces some of these types to be related.

As an aside, each of the other lens types admit this same generalization! For instance the Lens type in data-lens can be generalized using an indexed store comonad:

data Store c d b = Store ( d -> b ) c instance Functor ( Store c d ) where fmap f ( Store g c ) = Store ( f . g ) c newtype DataLensFamily a b c d = DataLensFamily ( a -> Store c d b )

and we can freely convert back and forth to van Laarhoven lens families:

dlens :: LensFamily a b c d -> DataLensFamily a b c d dlens l = DataLensFamily ( l ( Store id ) ) plens :: DataLensFamily a b c d -> LensFamily a b c d plens ( DataLensFamily l ) f a = case l a of Store g c -> fmap g ( f c )

I leave it as an exercise to the reader to generalize the other lens types, but we'll stick to van Laarhoven lens families almost exclusively below.

As Russell noted, we can define functions to get, modify and set the target of a lens very easily. I'll create local names for Identity and Const , mostly to help give nicer error messages later.

We can read from a lens family:

infixl 8 ^. newtype Getting b a = Getting { got :: b } instance Functor ( Getting b ) where fmap _ ( Getting b ) = Getting b ( ^. ) :: a -> ( ( c -> Getting c d ) -> a -> Getting c b ) -> c x ^. l = got ( l Getting x )

We can modify the target of the lens:

newtype Setting a = Setting { unsetting :: a } instance Functor Setting where fmap f ( Setting a ) = Setting ( f a ) infixr 4 %= ( %= ) :: ( ( c -> Setting d ) -> a -> Setting b ) -> ( c -> d ) -> a -> b l %= f = unsetting . l ( Setting . f )

We can set the target of the lens with impunity:

infixr 4 ^= ( ^= ) :: ( ( c -> Setting d ) -> a -> Setting b ) -> d -> a -> b l ^= v = l %= const v

We can build a lens family from a getter/setter pair

lens :: ( a -> c ) -> ( a -> d -> b ) -> LensFamily a b c d lens f g h a = fmap ( g a ) ( h ( f a ) )

or from a family of isomorphisms:

iso :: ( a -> c ) -> ( d -> b ) -> LensFamily a b c d iso f g h a = fmap g ( h ( f a ) )

With these combinators in hand, we need some actual lens families to play with. Fortunately they are just as easy to construct as simple lenses. The only thing that changes is the type signature.

fstLens :: LensFamily ( a,c ) ( b,c ) a b fstLens f ( a,b ) = fmap ( \x -> ( x,b ) ) ( f a ) sndLens :: LensFamily ( a,b ) ( a,c ) b c sndLens f ( a,b ) = fmap ( ( , ) a ) ( f b ) swap :: ( a,b ) -> ( b,a ) swap ( a,b ) = ( b,a ) swapped :: LensFamily ( a,b ) ( c,d ) ( b,a ) ( d,c ) swapped = iso swap swap

These can also build 'traditional' lenses:

negated :: Num a => Lens a a negated = iso negate negate

And since Lens and LensFamily are both type aliases, we can freely mix and match lenses with lens families:

ghci> ( 1 : +2 , 3 ) ^.fstLens.realLens 1.0 ghci> fstLens . realLens ^= 4 $ ( 1 : +2 , 3 ) ( 4.0 :+ 2.0 , 3 )

But, we can now change types with our lens updates!

ghci> ( fstLens . sndLens ^= "hello" ) ( ( 1 , ( ) ) , 3 ) ( ( 1 , "hello" ) , 3 )

We can even do things like use the combinator

traverseLens :: ( ( c -> c ) -> a -> b ) -> a -> b traverseLens f = f id

to project a Functor out through an appropriate lens family:

ghci> :t traverseLens ( fstLens . sndLens ) traverseLens ( fstLens . sndLens ) :: Functor f => ( ( a, f b ) , c ) -> f ( ( a, b ) , c )

That takes care of polymorphic updates.

Why is it a Lens Family?

So, why do I use the term "lens family" rather than "polymorphic lens"?

In order for the lens laws to hold, the 4 types parameterizing our lens family must be interrelated.

In particular you need to be able to put back (with ^= ) what you get out of the lens (with ^. ) and put multiple times.

This effectively constrains the space of possible legal lens families to those where there exists an index kind i , and two type families outer :: i -> * , and inner :: i -> * . If this were a viable type signature, then each lens family would actually have 2 parameters, yielding something like:

-- pseudo-Haskell -- type LensFamily outer inner = -- forall a b. LensFamily (outer a) (outer b) (inner a) (inner b)

but you can't pass in type families as arguments like that, and even if you could, their lack of injectivity doesn't give the type checker enough to work with to compose your lenses. By specifying all 4 type arguments independently, we give the compiler enough to work with. But since the arguments aren't just freely polymorphic and are instead related by these index types, I'm choosing to call them "lens families" rather than "polymorphic lenses".

Getters

Note, we didn't use the full polymorphism of the van Laarhoven lenses in the signatures of (^.) , (%=) and (^=) above.

What happens when we restrict the type of Functor we're allowed to pass to our lens?

If we generalize the type of our getter ever so slightly from the type we pass to (^.) to permit composition, we get:

type Getter a c = forall r d b. ( c -> Getting r d ) -> a -> Getting r b

and we can make getters out of arbitrary Haskell functions that we have lying around with

-- | build a getting out of a function getting :: ( a -> b ) -> Getter a b getting g f = Getting . got . f . g

For example:

getFst :: Getter ( a,b ) a getFst = getting fst getSnd :: Getter ( a,b ) b getSnd = getting snd

But this is particularly nice for things that can't be made into real lenses or lens families, because of loss of information:

getPhase :: RealFloat a => Getter ( Complex a ) a getPhase = getting phase getAbs, getSignum :: Num a => Getter a a getAbs = getting abs getSignum = getting signum

Notably, getMagnitude and getPhase can't be legal lenses because when the magnitude is 0, you lose phase information.

These can be mixed and matched with other lenses when dereferencing with (^.)

ghci> ( 0 , ( 1 : +2 , 3 ) ) ^. getting snd . fstLens . getting magnitude 2.23606797749979

But we get a type error when we attempt to write to a Getter .

ghci> getting magnitude ^= 12 <interactive>: 2 : 1 : Couldn't match expected type `Setting d0' with actual type `Getting r0 d1' Expected type : ( c0 -> Setting d0 ) -> a1 -> Setting b1 Actual type : ( c0 -> Getting r0 d1 ) -> a0 -> Getting r0 b0 In the return type of a call of `getting' In the first argument of ` ( ^= ) ', namely `getting magnitude' </interactive>

Setters

So what about write-only properties?

These have a less satisfying solution. We have to break our lens family structure slightly to make something that can strictly only be written to, by disabling the ability to read our current value entirely.

type Setter a d b = ( ( ) -> Setting d ) -> a -> Setting b setting :: ( a -> d -> b ) -> Setter a d b setting f g a = Setting ( f a ( unsetting ( g ( ) ) ) )

Now we can make setters out of functions that take two arguments:

plus, times :: Num a => Setter a a a plus = setting ( + ) times = setting ( * )

ghci> setting ( + ) ^= 12 $ 32 44 ghci> fstLens . setting ( * ) ^= 12 $ ( 2 , 3 ) ( 24 , 3 )

However, these lenses have the unsatisfying property that they can only be placed last in the chain of lenses we're setting.

ghci> ( setting ( + ) . realLens ^= 12 ) 1 <interactive>: 15 : 16 : Couldn't match expected type ` ( ) ' with actual type `Complex d0' Expected type : ( d0 -> Setting d0 ) -> ( ) -> Setting b0 Actual type : ( d0 -> Setting d0 ) -> Complex d0 -> Setting ( Complex d0 ) In the second argument of ` ( . ) ', namely `realLens' In the first argument of ` ( ^= ) ', namely `setting ( + ) . realLens' </interactive>

This isn't surprising, if you consider that to compose data-lens lenses you need to use %= to chain setters.

Modifiers

So what do we need to do to make a lens we can only modify but not read?

Lets restore the lens family structure!

type Modifier a b c d = ( c -> Setting d ) -> a -> Setting b modifying :: ( ( c -> d ) -> a -> b ) -> Modifier a b c d modifying f g a = Setting ( f ( unsetting . g ) a )

modifying makes a modify-only lens family you can modify using local information, but can't tell anyone about the contents of.

This lets us work with a lens over a variable number of elements in a structure, without worrying about a user accidentally "putting back" too many or too few entries.

ghci> modifying map %= ( +1 ) $ [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]

They can be composed with other lenses:

ghci> modifying map . sndLens %= ( +1 ) $ [ ( "hello" , 1 ) , ( "goodbye" , 2 ) ] [ ( "hello" , 2 ) , ( "goodbye" , 3 ) ]

and unlike with a Setter , you can compose a Modifier with a Modifier :

modifying fmap . modifying fmap :: ( Functor g, Functor f ) => ( c -> Setting d ) -> f ( g c ) -> Setting ( f ( g d ) )

but they cannot be read from directly:

ghci> [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] ^. modifying fmap <interactive>: 18 : 12 : Couldn't match expected type `Getting c0 d0' with actual type `Setting d1' Expected type : ( c0 -> Getting c0 d0 ) -> [ t0 ] -> Getting c0 b1 Actual type : Modifier a0 b0 c0 d1 In the return type of a call of `modifying' In the second argument of ` ( ^. ) ', namely `modifying map ' </interactive>

We can map over restricted domains:

reals :: ( RealFloat a, RealFloat b ) => Modifier ( Complex a ) ( Complex b ) a b reals = modifying ( \f ( r :+ i ) -> f r :+ f i )

and everything still composes:

ghci> reals %= ( +1 ) $ 1 :+ 2 2 :+ 3 ghci> fstLens . reals %= ( +1 ) $ ( 1 :+ 2 , 4 ) ( 2.0 :+ 3.0 , 4 )

These aren't limited to actions that map over the entire structure, however!

ghci> :m + Data.Lens ghci> modifying ( `adjust` "goodbye" ) %= ( +1 ) $ fromList [ ( "hello" , 1 ) , ( "goodbye" , 2 ) ] fromList [ ( "goodbye" , 3 ) , ( "hello" , 1 ) ]

This lets us update potentially nested structures where something may or may not be present , which was fairly tedious to do with earlier lens representations.

Both the former map-like example and the latter update-like behavior were commonly used examples in calls for partial lenses or 'multi-lenses', but here they are able to implemented using a restricted form of a more traditional lens type, and moreover they compose cleanly with other lenses and lens families.

Rank-1 Lens Families

At the very start I mentioned that you can dispense with the need for Rank-2 Types. Doing so requires much more tedious type signatures as the LensFamily , Getter , Setter and Lens aliases are no longer legal. Also, if you want to take a lens as an argument and use it in multiple contexts (e.g. as both a getter and a setter), you'll need to clone it to obtain a lens family. For example, this fails:

ghci> :t \l y -> l ^= y ^. l + 1 $ y <interactive>: 1 : 19 : Couldn't match expected type `Getting d0 d1' with actual type `Setting d0' Expected type : ( d0 -> Getting d0 d1 ) -> a1 -> Getting d0 b1 Actual type : ( d0 -> Setting d0 ) -> a0 -> Setting b0 In the second argument of ` ( ^. ) ', namely `l' In the first argument of ` ( + ) ', namely `y ^. l' </interactive>

But we can clone the supplied monomorphic lens using the composition of dlens and plens above, since the DataLensFamily completely characterizes the LensFamily with:

clone :: ( ( c -> Store c d d ) -> ( a -> Store c d b ) ) -> LensFamily a b c d clone l f a = case l ( Store id ) a of Store g c -> fmap g ( f c )

and then the following code type checks:

ghci> :t \l y -> clone l ^= y ^. clone l + 1 $ y \l y -> clone l ^= y ^. clone l + 1 $ y :: Num d => ( ( c -> Store c d1 d1 ) -> a -> Store d d b ) -> a -> b

This means you could implement an entire library to deal with lens families with restricted getters and setters and remain within the confines of Haskell 98. However, the type signatures are considerably less elegant than what becomes available when you simply add Rank2Types.

Conclusion

So, we've demonstrated that van Laarhoven lens families let you have lenses that permit polymorphic update, let you offer lenses that are restricted to only allowing the use of getters, setters or modifiers, while granting you easy composition with the existing (.) and id from the Prelude .

I think the practical existence and power of these combinators make a strong case for their use in any serious record reform proposal.