COLUMBUS, Ohio—Hillary Clinton called Donald Trump’s economic policies and private-sector practices reckless and wrongheaded, and warned Tuesday that the presumptive Republican presidential nominee could “bankrupt” the country if elected.

Mrs. Clinton also sought to undercut Mr. Trump’s argument that his business acumen would be a boon for the economy. She cast the New York real-estate developer as an unscrupulous deal maker who has profited at others’ expense.

She listed Trump products made in other countries—including ties made in China and picture frames in India—and said Mr. Trump profited as many of his businesses failed.

“In America, we don’t begrudge people being successful, but we know they shouldn’t do it by destroying other people’s dreams,” Mrs. Clinton said. “We cannot put a person like this, with all his empty promises, in a position of power over our lives. We can’t let him bankrupt America like we are one of his failed casinos.”

In a 45-minute address, the presumptive Democratic nominee also said Mr. Trump’s tax plan would give trillions of dollars in tax relief to the wealthy while running up the national debt.