Anyone who‘s been caught at a wedding reception or a cocktail party discussing recent precipitation knows that making small talk isn‘t as easy as it sounds. On the contrary, conversing with strangers can be awkward, stilted, even painful. But there is an art to it, and it can be mastered. “A golden rule is that you don‘t have to be brilliant―just nice,” says Bernardo J. Carducci, Ph.D., director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast, in New Albany, Indiana. “If you start with simple, even obvious comments, that makes it easier for others.” Here are 10 rules―gleaned from communication specialists and women whose jobs require extensive networking and party-going―for navigating sticky small-talk situations with style and grace.

1. Do a Little Homework

If your conversational skills are more reminiscent of Oscar the Grouch than Oscar Wilde, a bit of preparation is in order. “As I drive to a party, I try to come up with two or three things to talk about in case the conversation runs dry,” says Debra Fine, lecturer and author of The Fine Art of Small Talk ($17, amazon.com). “If I've met the host before, I try to remember things about her, like her passion for skiing or a charity we're both involved in.” Anne-Marie Fowler, a San Francisco investment adviser and president of the fund-raising group San Francisco Ballet Encore!, attends business and social functions as often as seven nights a week. She says, “I think about the key guests and what I can say to bring them into their element.” For instance, when Fowler attended the party of a recently retired CFO, she remembered that he loves modern art and asked him about his collection. To keep your conversation timely and lively, Carducci suggests scanning newspaper headlines and movie and book reviews. “And I listen to a lot of NPR,” he says.

2. Greet People Appropriately

To kiss or not to kiss? The question is so universal (and, for some, vexing) that Hamlet might have asked it. Generally, a firm handshake is a safe, neutral bet. In social situations where faces are more familiar, the rules soften. “If someone’s a good friend, I kiss, and if someone makes that overture to me, I’ll respond accordingly,” says Barbara Roberts, a board member of the Saint Louis Art Museum who chaired a recent fund-raising gala. Cindy Cawley, an active fund-raiser and volunteer in Omaha, Nebraska, adds, “If you’ve kissed someone before, remember to do it again, or they may feel shunned. And if you’re greeting a husband and wife, peck both, or it will look like you’re picking a favorite.”

3. Remember Names

Introductions tend to pass in a blur, with both parties quickly blurting out names and then taking sips of wine. As a result, no one remembers who anyone is. The solution: Slow down and stay present. “I always repeat a name once or twice after I’ve heard it,” says Cathy Filippini, a governing member of the Chicago Symphony and a sustaining fellow at the Art Institute of Chicago. If someone has an unusual name, take time to learn it, advises Fine. “Don’t just move on,” she says. “Say, ‘I’m sorry. Let me try that. Did I get it right?’ ” Similarly, if someone mumbles, says Fowler, “say, ’Would you kindly repeat your name?’ And when you speak your own name, do so clearly.”

If you forget a name, discreetly ask a third party for help, or listen for it in conversation. If all else fails, come clean. “Don’t panic, and don't feel awful,” says etiquette guru Peggy Post. “Just say, ‘I can’t believe it. I’ve just drawn a blank.’ It’s such a normal, widespread, human happening that most people will understand.”

4. Don’t Hold Back

Begin the conversation by giving the other person something to work with. But don’t put her to work. For example, if asked what you do for a living, don’t give the short answer, thereby forcing the other person to scramble for more questions. “Embellish your response,” says Carducci. “Say, ‘I’m an accountant, but I don’t cook the books.’ ” If someone asks what you’ve been up to, “say, ‘We took the kids to Italy this year,’ ” suggests Fine. “Now they know that you have kids and have been to Italy.”

5. Draw the Other Person Out

“People love to talk about themselves, so be a great listener,” says Cawley. Roberts concurs: “If we’re at an exhibition, I ask what their favorite painting was. If I’ve never met them before, I ask what they do professionally and what they enjoy recreationally.” Filippini says, “I’ll ask if they’ve seen a particular exhibit or play.” The questions don’t have to be that specific, adds Fine: “You can simply say, ‘Bring me up to date.’ ” Questions can also be utterly superficial―to begin with. “I always ask about someone’s shoes or jewelry,” says Fowler. “Both make statements about a person. I often ask what meaning a piece of jewelry has to its wearer, and that opens up a lot of other topics.”

6. When in Doubt, Discuss the Setting

It sounds like a cop-out, but it works. “It’s something you share,” says Carducci. “If you comment on the good music or the interesting floral arrangements or how long a line for food is, and the other person agrees, that means they’re willing to talk to you.” Another fail-safe, setting-specific question is “How do you know the host?”

7. Revive a Dying Conversation.

Don’t panic when there’s a lull in the conversation. “Silences aren’t as long as you think they are,” says Carducci. “Remember that if you say something, the other person may need to process it. Think of silence as a transition.” Roberts adds, “Sometimes silence is appropriate. You don’t want to seem like a babbling idiot.” If you sense that the other person is dying to get away, give him the opportunity to do so. Otherwise, take the conversation in a new direction using one of the above tactics. “Throw something out there,” says Carducci, “and don’t worry about making the transition smooth.”

8. Make Proper Introductions

The true hallmark of a skilled and gracious small-talker is the ability to introduce people with ease. In addition to announcing names, offer a piece of information about each person, or a shared interest, thereby facilitating a conversation. “I try to be genuine and sincere and convey that each person is important, and I try to say both names slowly,” says Roberts, who gives the following example: “Kate, this is Jane. Jane and her husband just moved here from Cincinnati. Jane is interested in painting and is an artist herself. Jane, this is Kate. Kate is the museum’s director of communications.”

Things get tricky when you forget one of the names. In that instance, “mention one person’s name and gesture to the other one,” says Post. “That person will usually sense you’re at a loss and volunteer their name.” Cawley cleverly passes the buck: “I say the name of the person I do know and then say to her, ‘I’ll put you in charge of the introduction.’ ”

9. Defuse Unpleasant Situations

For every group of lovely people you meet at a party, there’s bound to be a lemon. Type 1 is the person who has met you on several occasions but acts as if he’s never seen you before in his life. “I don’t like to play games, so I acknowledge that we’ve met right away,” says Cawley. “I’ll say, ‘You may not recall, but I remember meeting you at a fund-raiser two years ago.’ ”

Type 2 invades your personal space. “I don’t say anything; I just move back,” says Filippini. “If they get me against a wall, I maneuver around them.” Cawley also steps back, and “if they follow me, I extend whichever hand is holding my cocktail, so they’re an arm’s length away,” she says.

Type 3 won’t stop talking about himself and hasn’t asked you a single question. “If someone is that self-centered, exit the conversation gracefully,” says Carducci. Which leads us to:

10. Make a Clean Getaway

“Use the phrase ‘I need,’” advises Fine. “I need to get some food; I haven’t eaten all day. I need to talk to a client over there. I need to meet the speaker.” Freshening your drink, using the restroom, chatting with a friend who has just arrived, and checking in with your spouse are also valid needs.

“If you can mention something from the conversation that meant something to you,” says Roberts, “it shows that you’re not running off because you’re bored. I say, ‘I’ve enjoyed talking to you about your volunteer work, and I hope to talk to you again.’”