No:

27 Hacktivism

Contribution Type:

Short Essay

Keywords:

In this article, I propose the concept of safer spaces as a way to understand feminist hackerspaces. To do this, I focus on the creation of spaces that are based on the assumption that shared common values, whether explicit through a community agreement and/or implicit through a common experience, enable group members to flourish and empower themselves. I follow an intersectional feminist standpoint as 1) an epistemological tool that connects those who experience interlocking oppressions at the crossroads of their gender, race, class, citizenship, sexuality and other identities; and 2) as a commitment to radical inclusivity. Using such a framework helps bring to the fore latent notions of privileges, oppressions and latent discrimination explain why so few women and queer invest and participate in hackerspaces. Creating spaces within hackerspaces on the basis of the fluid concept of gender and other axes of inequalities is not only strategic, but also a constitutive element of feminist hackerspaces.

Hackerspaces are relatively new in North America. They were introduced in 2007 following the participation of North American hackers at the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers held every four years in Germany, organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC). From then on, hackerspaces started to mushroom in North America and beyond, helping to kick off a hackerspace movement. Hackerspace> (also referred to as a hacklab, makerspace, or hackspace) is defined on Wikipedia as “a community-operated physical space where people with common interests, often in computers, technology, science, digital art or electronic art, can meet, socialize and/or collaborate.”

To know more about the Hackerspace Movement, watch a presentation by Mitch Altman, co-founder of Noisebridge, at TEDxBrussels.

Hackerspaces are generally volunteer-run, self-managed, autonomous spaces. When located in social centers,[i] [ii] hackerspaces often become a hub for hacktivists in an attempt to create, conspire and communicate a collective challenge against capitalism and defend their utopian vision based on open access, horizontal collaboration, self-management coordination and the free circulation of information.[iii] The sharing of such space, where social justice issues are foregrounded, also favours the collaboration and synergy of actions between hacktivists and activists.

Hacktivism[iv] comes from the contraction between hacking and activism and can be broadly understood as representing a source of technology mediated radical political (direct) actions[v] or, in other words, hacking for a political cause. Hacktivism “is not strictly the importation of activist techniques into the digital realm. Rather it is the expression of hacker skills in the form of electronic direct action.” (See metac0m 2003) The tactics used by hacktivists have, over the years, included electronic civil disobedience,[vi] virtual sit-ins,[vii] Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks), among others.

To know more about DDoS attacks, watch Molly Sauter’s presentation entitled “The Ethics of Activist DDoS Actions,” at the 29th Chaos Communication Congress (29c3).

Hackerspaces, whether in or outside of social centers, might not necessarily represent spaces where everyone feels safe and secure to hack, learn, socialize and experiment. As hackerspaces are generally dominated by (white) men, where a particular “dudecore” culture might be explicitly or implicitly foregrounded, such a space might be less inviting to women, queers and people of colour,[viii] demographics that are often largely missing from hackerspaces. Thus, the creation of feminist spaces or safer spaces within hackerspaces is a way to address those issues, while at the same time, creating a safer physical space attuned to intersectional feminist and queer inflections.

Methodology

This article is based on discussions and interviews conducted mostly with women and queers involved in hackerspaces and in the free/libre/open source movement in North America. Moreover, it draws from my own experience with FouFem, a feminist hackerspace in Montreal that aims at being a safer space for (self-identified) women and queers to demystify technologies, learn from peers, and create a core group of local women interested in technologies and hacking. FouFem grew from the desire to have more women and queers in the hacker/hacktivist movement in Montreal while evolving in an environment where feminist principles would be explicitly foregrounded. FouFem also stems from the desire to imagine feminist hacker projects to expand the hacker/hacktivist movement and make it even more inclusive.

As a feminist scholar and activist, I am sensitive to questions of positionality. Here, I draw from Linda Alcoff[ix] who saw key aspects of (self-identified) women and queers’ identity as markers of relational positions rather than essential qualities. I therefore recognize that the account and analysis I present here is situated by my particular positionality of gender, class, sexual orientation, and ethnicity, among others, contributing a “partial truth”[x] to a body of feminist work on hackerspaces, specifically, and the hacker culture, more broadly.

FemHack organized by FouFem, November 2012, Montreal. Permission of: Anne Goldenberg.

Safer spaces are based on the assumption that shared common values, whether explicit, through a community agreement, or implicit through the sharing of values, enable members of a group to flourish, empower themselves and create community. Safer spaces “originated in women’s and queer movements of the past decades as an identifier of space that is explicitly committed to safety for individuals or communities that are targets of oppression” (p. 138).[xi] Consciousness raising groups prevalent in the United States during the women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s were among the first safer spaces that aimed at providing a safe speaking and awareness raising environment for women and queers. The notion of a safer space implies the possibility to speak and act freely, generate strategies of resistance and build community, among others (p. 24).[xii] Though the range, nature and raison d’être of safer spaces have evolved and expanded over time, the concept is still central to feminist pedagogy, organizing and liberation.

FemHack organized by FouFem, November 2012, Montreal. Permission of: Anne Goldenberg.

Why Do We Need (Safer) Feminist Hackerspaces?

In the case of feminist hackerspaces, such safer spaces are not only about safer speaking spaces, but also safer making and trying spaces. In fact, some of the premises nurtured by safer spaces are the adoption of an anti-oppressive stance as well as making well-being and empowerment a necessary goal for individual and collective liberation.[xiii] With that framework in mind, feminist hackerspaces might help individuals put a hacker identity and a feminist identity on equal footing. Therefore, instead of having to hide or somewhat compromise one’s identity over the other, those identities might be able to co-exist and flourish, leading perhaps to a distinct form of feminist hacking and/or feminist hacktivism.

Moreover, the idea of creating safer spaces within hackerspaces is a way to invite and/or retain more feminists and gender non-conformists, among others, who might not fully identify with the dominant hacker culture (see Coding Freedom).[xiv] In talking about safer spaces, Dreher argues that they “might be less about an absolute security in which there is no risk, no pain and no difficult conversations, but rather more about a redistribution of the risks and discomforts of speaking and organizing”(p.17).[xv] Additionally, feminist hackerspaces might be a way to create community around shared experiences and common interests, while at the same time, sharing an understanding of what intersectional feminism in the hacker or hacktivist culture means and how to attempt to translate it within this culture.

Mz Baltazar’s Laboratory organized an art workshop at Labitat, a hackerspace in Copenhagen, Denmark, March 2013. The workshop was for women and trans only. Permission of: Lesley Flanigan.

Feminist hackerspaces can also be spaces where consciousness raising on and about feminist issues, hacking and/or hacktivism happens because of a somewhat shared positionality and experience. As there have been cases where feminists have found it particularly hard to discuss issues of privileges (such as sexism, patriarchy and racism) within the hacker and hacktivist community,[xvi] having a safer space where such issues can be discussed is important.[xvii]

When feminist and anti-oppression politics are not explicitly part of the ethos of a space whether virtual or physical, the burden of education will often be placed upon the people who are living these oppressions. The burden of educating about white supremacy will be placed upon indigenous or people of colour, while the burden of educating about gender analysis will be put upon women and queers. Having to explain the pertinence of working on gender issues in and of themselves all the time, and meeting resistance and defensiveness when trying to build such analysis in a space, can be a constant struggle for feminist and anti-oppression activists. For many feminist hackers or hacktivists, the notion that one does not need to talk about gender, race, sexual orientation, class, etc. because what matters is how well you can hack (see hacker ethics) largely disregards privileges that people have in society and constitutes part of the explanation for why there are so few women, queers and people of colour in hackerspaces, in particular, and in the hacker or hacktivist community, more broadly.[xviii] Hence, the creation of safer feminist spaces within hackerspaces may help to build community, find allies and move forward with sharing and learning skills, in a feminist and anti-oppression hacking environment.

The need for and desire to create feminist hackerspaces has surfaced in recent years. These feminist endeavours have not necessarily followed the same intersectional feminist standpoint, but nonetheless have tried to create spaces where (intersectional) feminists will be able to hack and/or learn to hack together in what they might consider a safer space. Examples of such initiatives are with the feminist hackerspace FouFem that was recently launched in Montreal, the Mz Baltazar’s Laboratory, a start-up organization and feminist hackspace in Vienna, the Anarchafeminist Hackerhive in San Francisco, the Hacktory in Philadelphia and the Miss Despionas in Tasmania, Australia. The Ada Initiative, and their AdaCamp conferences in particular, is another example of creating ad hoc safer spaces mostly for women, queers and gender non-conformists with the purpose of enhancing one’s skills through sharing, and creating national and international links of solidarity.

Watch Stefanie Wuschitz, founder of Mz Baltazar’s Laboratory, discussing the issue of women artists in the world of open-source technology, at TEDxBratislava in 2011.

Conclusion

Feminist hackerspaces can be understood as safer spaces where a set of common values is foregrounded by its members. Feminist hackerspaces are not an end in themselves, but rather a means to address some of the felt shortcomings of hacktivism and to possibly help create a stronger feminist hacker (counter)culture. The safer feminist hackerspaces that have emerged in the past few years deserve much more attention from scholars, researchers, activists, feminists and hacktivists. The potentiality of creating new forms of hacking or hacktivism with feminist-queer inflections and influences as a result of the creation of feminist hackerspaces are a fascinating area to research. Academic research, particularly empirical research, is lacking on that front and would greatly inform feminist hackerspaces and feminist hacktivist initiatives.