Posted on 2020-04-27 by Oleg Grenrus overloaded

The Overloaded:Do is one of the new features of recent overloaded 0.2.1 release. overloaded package uses source plugins to reinterpret syntax in different ways.

It solves the same problem as Local Do ghc-proposal, but the details differ.

#GHC Pipeline

Before diving into differences between proposal and overloaded approach, we should recall the part of GHC compilation pipeline. We are interested in the frontend steps.

After parsing the AST with RdrNames (essentially just strings), is renamed to AST with Name s (resolved names, contain package and module names). The resulting AST is made well-scoped.

(essentially just strings), is renamed to AST with s (resolved names, contain package and module names). The resulting AST is made well-scoped. Then that well-scoped surface syntax AST is type-checked and transformed into Core expressions.

The desugaring of built-in constructs (e.g. do notation) happens in type-checking phase. This allows reporting better type-errors (referring to the original source).

On the other hand, OverloadedStrings features are desugared already during renaming. The AST string literal node is expanded into fromString ... , where fromString is the Data.String.fromString .

overloaded takes one step forward, and Overloaded:String can be configured to desugar into some other combinator.

Similarly to OverloadedStrings , I'd expect QualifiedDo extension to work in the same phase.

There is also RebindableSyntax extension. It works so, that the AST for do statements is also populated with names it should be desugared to. This is how I should have implemented Overloaded:Do too, but currently I actually desugar statements manually in OverloadedStrings way.

This is short overview of GHC pipeline parts relevant for syntax desugaring. Let's next review the Local Do ghc-proposal.

#Local Do ghc-proposal

The idea is that we could write

builder . do x <- u stmts

And it will be desugared into

case builder of K { ( >>= ) = v } -> v u (\x -> builder . do { stmts })

instead of ordinary

u Control.Monad.>>= \x -> do { stmts }

This would allow locally change how the do-notation is desugared, instead of global RebindableSyntax approach.

Here builder is a value of record data type defined elsewhere as

data NameIrrelevant = K { (>>=) :: sometype }

Informally one could think about QuantifiedDo desugaring into:

case builder of K { .. } -> do x <- u stmts

with RebindableSyntax semantics only for the outer do block.

I think this desugaring is not elegant. If you read the proposal, you will notice that the builder must have fully settled type T, which is obscure way to say we should know the type of builder before type-checking is done.

Why so you may ask. This is an artifact of Haskell records using in desugaring. In the desugaring, we have to know a field Name . Note, the field name is not just a string ">>=" , but it should be a Name of field of the right type.

We can use the same name for fields of different types (e.g. when they are defined in different modules, without any extensions to Haskell98). And these Name s are not the same after the renaming step.

This feels limiting. Vladislav Zavialov (int-index) asked about more "dynamic" approach:

data CustomDo m = CustomDo { (>>=) :: forall a b . m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b , return :: forall a . a -> m a } mkCustomDo :: String -> CustomDo IO main = do str <- getLine let customDo = mkCustomDo str customDo . do putStrLn "Hello" putStrLn "World"

If I'm reading the proposal right, here the customDo before do is not an expression with fully settled type. You would need to write

( customDo :: CustomDo IO ) . do putStrLn "Hello" putStrLn "World"

which is just ugly. Overloaded:Do approach doesn't need such extra annotation.

#How Overloaded:Do is desugared

We need to find a way to desugar in a single "global" way. And we have builder expression available.

You can arrive to this approach by thinking about

If field selectors are all different, is there an abstraction making them the same?

To which answer is yes: GHC.Records is one, but not (yet?) powerful enough.

Or you can think through How I would write this in Agda (or imaginary Dependent Haskell), which is the way I thought about this originally.

Instead of a record with unique field names, we can have a dependent function.

Using pseudo-syntax it would look like:

data Method = Then -- ^ '>>' | Bind -- ^ '>>=' ... type family BuilderMethodType ( m :: Method ) :: Type where BuilderMethodType Then = ... BuilderMethodType Bind = ... ... builder :: ( m :: Method ) -> BuilderMethodType m builder Then = ... builder Bind = ...

Then our running example

builder . do x <- u stmts

would be desugared into

builder GHC.QuantifiedDo.Bind u (\x -> builder . do { stmts } )

In simple examples this is possible to express in today's GHC Haskell. We need a singleton of Method , and then we can write

data SMethod :: Method -> Type where SBind :: SMethod 'Bind SThen :: SMethod 'Then type family BuilderMethodType ( method :: Method ) :: Type where BuilderMethodType Then = Int -> Int -> Int BuilderMethodType Bind = TypeError ( 'Text "no bind for you" ) builder :: SMethod m -> BuilderMethodType m builder SThen = ( + ) builder SBind = error "error"

By the way, is there a way to write something else than error for values of impossible types: TypeError or Int ~ (a, b) => ... . Like EmptyCase , but there are nothing to case on.

Then we could use do notation as small addition calculator. The >> will be replaced by builder SThen in:

total = sugar . do 1 2 * 3 4 * 5

This approach is currently doomed, we run into problems: If we try to write builder for ordinary Monad s, we'll need RankNTypes as values of a type family:

type family MonadMethodType ( method :: Method ) :: Type where MonadMethodType Then = forall a b m . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b ...

which will error with

• Illegal polymorphic type : forall a b ( m :: * -> * ) . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b • In the equations for closed type family ‘ MonadMethodType ’

Ok, TypeFamilies don't work (yet?). Luckily we have FunctionalDependencies , which is kind of the same, but sometimes helpfully different. Type class definition is accepted, as there is nothing special. We declare "type-family" and builder-value at the same time. Note the similarity with GHC.Records.HasField .

class MonadMethod ( m :: Method ) ( ty :: Type ) | m -> ty where monad :: SMethod m -> ty

but when we try to write instance (after enabling scary ImpredicativeTypes ):

instance (ty ~ ( forall a b m . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b)) => MonadMethod 'Then ty where monad SThen = _

GHC-8.8.3 says

ghc : panic ! (the 'impossible' happened) ( GHC version 8.8 . 3 for x86_64 - unknown - linux) : unusedInjTvsInRHS . injTyVarsOfType

Ok. let's try GHC-8.10.1:

• Found hole : _ :: forall a b ( m :: * -> * ) . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b

Nice! exactly what we want. The >> should fit that hole perfectly... except it doesn't...

instance (ty ~ ( forall a b m . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b)) => MonadMethod 'Then ty where monad SThen = ( >> )

errors with

• Couldn't match type ‘m0 a0 -> m0 b0 -> m0 b0’ with ‘forall a b ( m :: * -> * ) . Monad m => m a -> m b -> m b’ Expected type : ty Actual type : m0 a0 -> m0 b0 -> m0 b0

I run out of ideas how to make GHC-8.10 accept that. I haven't tried whether GHC with Quick Look Impredicativity would accept that. Maybe it would, which will be nice.

The final solution used in overloaded is to not use FunctionalDependencies at all. Then the instances can be written as

instance (ty ~ m a -> m b -> m b, Monad m) => MonadMethod 'Then ty where monad SThen = ( >> )

We can have type-variables in the context which are not used in the instance head ( MonadMethod 'Then ty ), because they are "defined" by type-equality constraint.

Note: Instances don't need to be written for all methods, or they can be guarded by TypeError . Therefore it's straight-forward to have a desugaring forbidding fail or >>= (if you are using ApplicativeDo ). This is a benefit of a "type-approach".

Also the overloaded version doesn't use singletons, but rather TypeApplications and AllowAmbiguousTypes . The >> is desugared into builder @Then . This allows to write builders for ordinary Monad or IxMonad and many others. And in fact, the above is only a sketch how builder could be implemented. Any approach works as far as builder @method type application is legal.

With overloaded we had to diverge from the ideal solution. But as GHC becomes smarter, we could improve.

The Local Do ghc-proposal and Overloaded:Do both solve the same problem of locally altering how do notation is desugared. The machinery is however slightly different.