Writing about the history and culture of beer in Central Europe invariably involves acts of translation — not only translation of the German-language sources that I read, but also translation in a broad sense. The Russian linguist Roman Jakobson identified three modes of translation, including intersemiotic translation. Unlike “translation proper,” intersemiotic translation allows us to translate cultural phenomena such as customs or even the organization of space from one cultural sign system or linguistic code into another. In plain terms, intersemiotic translation helps us translate affective terms like Gemütlichkeit, or terms that refer to spaces imbued with cultural significance, such as a Stube or a Wirtshaus.

Such words, though, cannot be exchanged as one-to-one tokens. We cannot simply render Gemütlichkeit as coziness, or Stube as parlour. Indeed, as the Weimar-era cultural theorist Walter Benjamin observes in his essay, “The Task of the Translator,” there remains something of all languages that cannot be conveyed or communicated. But Benjamin sounds a reassuring note regarding the transmission of experience from one language to the next. The task of the translator involves incorporating “the original’s mode of signification, thus making both the original and the translation recognizable as fragments of a greater language, just as fragments are part of the vessel” (Benjamin, 78). Like words themselves, cultural phenomena are akin to fragments of a vessel that the translator pieces together in the “spirit” of the original.

Yet sometimes the circumlocution involved in rendering a simple word like Stube or Stammtisch or Schwemme in English adds up to too many fragments. Hence this “lexicon of beer culture” for terms that come up frequently in the posts I write about Germany and Austria. What follows is a list of terms ordered alphabetically with cross-references. It may eventually include Central European food and its regional variations. I’ll add new terms as I come across them.

Let me know if your favourite beer culture term isn’t on the list, and I’ll include it. Also, if you have a pithy formulation that can stand in for any of the terms below, fire away in the comments!

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Ausschank . Bar counter with beer taps, other beverages, and, occasionally, casks. It can also refer to a tavern in a broad sense, as in the Ausschank for XYZ brewery. Also refers to the bar area of a Heuriger (Austrian wine garden).

Bierkeller . A beer garden. Historically, beers were lagered in cellars (Keller) cut into riverbanks or hillsides, with trees such as horse chestnuts planted atop these cellars to provide additional coolness in the summer. In a curious linguistic twist, Bavarians (and Franconians in particular) do not go “in den Keller,” but rather “auf den Keller” (atop the cellar) for their summer refreshments.

Frühschoppen . A morning pint with friends, usually on Sundays. Often accompanied by a light meal of sausages and pretzels. In much of Bavaria, Frühschoppen typically consists of Weissbier and Weisswurst, a very pale (almost white) sausage made from minced veal, pork loin, and various spices.

Gasthaus, Gasthof, Gaststätte . See “Wirtshaus.”

Gemütlichkeit . (Adjective form: gemütlich). Gemüt means “heart, temper, feeling,” and is related to the English “mood.” Gemütlichkeit conveys the state or feeling of warmth, coziness, friendliness, and good cheer. Other qualities encompassed by Gemütlichkeit include peace of mind and a sense of wellbeing. When a Stube or Wirtshaus (see below for both) is gemütlich, its atmosphere brings all senses of the word into play.

Kachelofen . A tiled masonry furnace that originated in the Alpine regions of Central Europe. Provides warmth in winter through radiant heat, and personality throughout the year. Tiles are glazed or hand-painted, and come in many shapes and colours, though green is widespread. Historically, the tiles bore intricate designs testifying to the wealth and status of the owner.

Keller . See “Biergarten, Bierkeller.”

Kneipe . A pub that does not serve hot food. As far as I can tell, usage of the word is more widespread outside of Bavaria. (Please feel free to correct me if I’m wrong.)

Schwemme . Literally: a watering place for horses or other animals. Whether in Munich, Bamberg, Cologne, Düsseldorf, or any town in between, many of Germany’s brewery-taverns and beer halls have an antechamber or corridor leading to the sit-down area (Stube). Still others feature a covered archway running through them. In times past, carts carrying barrels to and from the brewery would pass through this archway. Brewers, patrons, and wagoners gathered for drinks in these archways, which came to be known as Schwemmen. Nowadays, the Schwemme serves as a passageway between the front entry of the building and the various Stuben in a tavern. More often than not, the Schwemme features a small Ausschank (bar counter) for draught beer, and almost all have a window for patrons to purchase beer to go. The Schwemmen are lively affairs populated by regulars and visitors alike throughout the day. Some patrons show up just after the tavern opens for a morning drink and a round of cards with their friends.

Stammtisch . The table at a beer garden or in a Wirtshaus or Stube reserved for regulars. Can also refer to a regular meeting of a club or of a group of like-minded people. Stamm means stem, stock, root, or tribe.

Stube (pl. Stuben). A sit-down tavern area where both food and drink are served. English translations include parlour or lounge, but these standard renderings fail to capture the essence of a Stube. Commonly described as “rustic, cozy, time-worn,” the Stube is the epitome of Gemütlichkeit. Common features include: wood paneling ranging in colour from dark chocolate, through mahogany, to light pine; built-in wooden bench seating along the outer walls; well-worn wooden furniture; wooden-beamed ceilings; a Kachelofen to provide heat during winter months; an Ausschank for beer and other beverages; historical etchings of maps and city views, or black-and-white photos lining the walls; and antlers or various other hunting trophies throughout the room. Though never dark like a candle-lit cavern, lighting is typically subdued, rarely bright. Windows provide pleasantly dispersed natural light during the day. Regional variations: Stüberl, Bräustüberl, Stübli. Of note: a Braustube/Bräustüberl refers to a brewery-tavern, and a Weinstube to a wine tavern.

Wirtshaus, Gasthaus, Gasthof, Gaststätte . Much debate exists even among German speakers regarding the subtle distinctions and fine gradations between these various drinking and eating establishments. Add in the Viennese Beisl, and the intensity of the debate only increases. English translations of these words include inn, tavern, taproom, or public house. (Sometimes I’ll use the hyphenated “brewery-tavern” in my posts to refer to breweries that operate their own taverns.) The latter, Gaststätte, is more commonly associated with a restaurant, although these still bear a strong resemblance to Wirtshäuser and Gasthäuser (the plural forms of these words). Historically, many of these establishments offered accommodations to weary travelers. Some, such as the Brauereigasthof Rothenbach in Aufseß or the Brauerei Spezial in Bamberg, still do.

Sources:

Walter Benjamin, “The Task of the Translator,” in Illuminations, edited with an introduction by Hanna Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn, New York: Schocken Books, 1968.

Roman Jakobson, “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation,” in Selected Writings, vol. 2, Paris: Mouton, 1971 (cited in Naoki Sakai, Translation and Subjectivity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

Related posts:

Bamberg’s Storied Rauchbier: A Brief History of Smoke and Beer

Will Walk for Beer: Franconian Brews Beyond Bamberg

Munich’s Beer Gardens East and West of the Isar

Images by F.D. Hofer

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