This blog-post presents building a demonstration of emotion recognition from the detected bounded face in a real time video or images.

Introduction

An face emotion recognition system comprises of two step process i.e. face detection (bounded face) in image followed by emotion detection on the detected bounded face. The following two techniques are used for respective mentioned tasks in face recognition system.

Haar feature-based cascade classifiers : It detects frontal face in an image well. It is real time and faster in comparison to other face detector. This blog-post uses an implementation from Open-CV. Xception CNN Model (Mini_Xception, 2017) : We will train a classification CNN model architecture which takes bounded face (48*48 pixels) as input and predicts probabilities of 7 emotions in the output layer.

Data-set

One can download the facial expression recognition (FER) data-set from Kaggle challenge here. The data consists of 48×48 pixel gray scale images of faces. The faces have been automatically registered so that the face is more or less centered and occupies about the same amount of space in each image. The task is to categorize each face based on the emotion shown in the facial expression in to one of seven categories (0=Angry, 1=Disgust, 2=Fear, 3=Happy, 4=Sad, 5=Surprise, 6=Neutral).

The training set consists of 35,888 examples. train.csv contains two columns, “emotion” and “pixels”. The “emotion” column contains a numeric code ranging from 0 to 6, inclusive, for the emotion that is present in the image. The “pixels” column contains a string surrounded in quotes for each image. The contents of this string a space-separated pixel values in row major order

Loading FER Data-set

The below code loads the data-set and pre-process the images for feeding it to CNN model. There are two definitions in the code snippet here:

1. def load_fer2013 : It reads the csv file and convert pixel sequence of each row in image of dimension 48*48. It returns faces and emotion labels.

2. def preprocess_input : It is a standard way to pre-process images by scaling them between -1 to 1. Images is scaled to [0,1] by dividing it by 255. Further, subtraction by 0.5 and multiplication by 2 changes the range to [-1,1]. [-1,1] has been found a better range for neural network models in computer vision problems.

import pandas as pd import cv2 import numpy as np dataset_path = 'fer2013/fer2013.csv' image_size=(48,48) def load_fer2013(): data = pd.read_csv(dataset_path) pixels = data['pixels'].tolist() width, height = 48, 48 faces = [] for pixel_sequence in pixels: face = [int(pixel) for pixel in pixel_sequence.split(' ')] face = np.asarray(face).reshape(width, height) face = cv2.resize(face.astype('uint8'),image_size) faces.append(face.astype('float32')) faces = np.asarray(faces) faces = np.expand_dims(faces, -1) emotions = pd.get_dummies(data['emotion']).as_matrix() return faces, emotions def preprocess_input(x, v2=True): x = x.astype('float32') x = x / 255.0 if v2: x = x - 0.5 x = x * 2.0 return x faces, emotions = load_fer2013() faces = preprocess_input(faces) xtrain, xtest,ytrain,ytest = train_test_split(faces, emotions,test_size=0.2,shuffle=True)

5 expression samples of each of the 7 emotions in the data-set can be seen below.

Originally in the dataset provided in kaggle link, each image is given as string which is a row 1×2304 which is 48×48 image stored as row vector. The strings in the .csv files can be converted into images using the code in github link here.

Training CNN model : Mini Xception

Here comes the exciting architecture which is comparatively small and achieves almost state-of-art performance of classifying emotion on this data-set. The below architecture was proposed by Octavio Arragia et al. in this paper.

One can notice that the center block is repeated 4 times in the design. This architecture is different from the most common CNN architecture like one used in the blog-post here. Common architectures uses fully connected layers at the end where most of parameters resides. Also, they use standard convolutions. Modern CNN architectures such as Xception leverage from the combination of two of the most successful experimental assumptions in CNNs: the use of residual modules and depth-wise separable convolutions.

There are various techniques that can be kept in mind while building a deep neural network and is applicable in most of the computer vision problems. Below are few of those techniques which are used while training the CNN model below.

Data Augmentation : More data is generated using the training set by applying transformations. It is required if the training set is not sufficient enough to learn representation. The image data is generated by transforming the actual training images by rotation, crop, shifts, shear, zoom, flip, reflection, normalization etc. Kernel_regularizer : It allows to apply penalties on layer parameters during optimization. These penalties are incorporated in the loss function that the network optimizes. Argument in convolution layer is nothing but L2 regularisation of the weights. This penalizes peaky weights and makes sure that all the inputs are considered. BatchNormalization : It normalizes the activation of the previous layer at each batch, i.e. applies a transformation that maintains the mean activation close to 0 and the activation standard deviation close to 1. It addresses the problem of internal covariate shift. It also acts as a regularizer, in some cases eliminating the need for Dropout. It helps in speeding up the training process. Global Average Pooling : It reduces each feature map into a scalar value by taking the average over all elements in the feature map. The average operation forces the network to extract global features from the input image. Depthwise Separable Convolution : These convolutions are composed of two different layers: depth-wise convolutions and point-wise convolutions. Depth-wise separable convolutions reduces the computation with respect to the standard convolutions by reducing the number of parameters. A very nice and visual explanation of the difference between standard and depth-wise separable convolution is given in the paper.

Below python codes implements the above architecture in Keras.

from keras.callbacks import CSVLogger, ModelCheckpoint, EarlyStopping from keras.callbacks import ReduceLROnPlateau from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from keras.layers import Activation, Convolution2D, Dropout, Conv2D from keras.layers import AveragePooling2D, BatchNormalization from keras.layers import GlobalAveragePooling2D from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Flatten from keras.models import Model from keras.layers import Input from keras.layers import MaxPooling2D from keras.layers import SeparableConv2D from keras import layers from keras.regularizers import l2 import pandas as pd import cv2 import numpy as np # parameters batch_size = 32 num_epochs = 110 input_shape = (48, 48, 1) verbose = 1 num_classes = 7 patience = 50 base_path = 'models/' l2_regularization=0.01 # data generator data_generator = ImageDataGenerator( featurewise_center=False, featurewise_std_normalization=False, rotation_range=10, width_shift_range=0.1, height_shift_range=0.1, zoom_range=.1, horizontal_flip=True) # model parameters regularization = l2(l2_regularization) # base img_input = Input(input_shape) x = Conv2D(8, (3, 3), strides=(1, 1), kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(img_input) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) x = Conv2D(8, (3, 3), strides=(1, 1), kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) # module 1 residual = Conv2D(16, (1, 1), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False)(x) residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) x = SeparableConv2D(16, (3, 3), padding='same', kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) x = SeparableConv2D(16, (3, 3), padding='same', kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(x) x = layers.add([x, residual]) # module 2 residual = Conv2D(32, (1, 1), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False)(x) residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) x = SeparableConv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) x = SeparableConv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', kernel_regularizer=regularization, use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(x) x = layers.add([x, residual]) # module 3 residual = Conv2D(64, (1, 1), strides=(2, 2),padding='same', use_bias=False)(x) residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) x = SeparableConv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same',kernel_regularizer=regularization,use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) x = SeparableConv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same',kernel_regularizer=regularization,use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(x) x = layers.add([x, residual]) # module 4 residual = Conv2D(128, (1, 1), strides=(2, 2),padding='same', use_bias=False)(x) residual = BatchNormalization()(residual) x = SeparableConv2D(128, (3, 3), padding='same',kernel_regularizer=regularization,use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = Activation('relu')(x) x = SeparableConv2D(128, (3, 3), padding='same',kernel_regularizer=regularization,use_bias=False)(x) x = BatchNormalization()(x) x = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding='same')(x) x = layers.add([x, residual]) x = Conv2D(num_classes, (3, 3), padding='same')(x) x = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x) output = Activation('softmax',name='predictions')(x) model = Model(img_input, output) model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy',metrics=['accuracy']) model.summary() # callbacks log_file_path = base_path + '_emotion_training.log' csv_logger = CSVLogger(log_file_path, append=False) early_stop = EarlyStopping('val_loss', patience=patience) reduce_lr = ReduceLROnPlateau('val_loss', factor=0.1, patience=int(patience/4), verbose=1) trained_models_path = base_path + '_mini_XCEPTION' model_names = trained_models_path + '.{epoch:02d}-{val_acc:.2f}.hdf5' model_checkpoint = ModelCheckpoint(model_names, 'val_loss', verbose=1,save_best_only=True) callbacks = [model_checkpoint, csv_logger, early_stop, reduce_lr] model.fit_generator(data_generator.flow(xtrain, ytrain,batch_size), steps_per_epoch=len(xtrain) / batch_size, epochs=num_epochs, verbose=1, callbacks=callbacks, validation_data=(xtest,ytest))

The model gives 65-66% accuracy on validation set while training the model. The CNN model learns the representation features of emotions from the training images. Below are few epochs of training process with batch size of 64.

Testing the Model

On Images

While performing tests on the trained model, I felt that model detects the emotion of faces as neutral if the expressions are not made distinguishable enough. The model gives probabilities of each emotion class in the output layer of trained mini_xception CNN model. Below are the 18 facial expressions taken from google images to validate the trained model.

In order to detect emotion in a single image, one can execute the python code below.

from keras.preprocessing.image import img_to_array from keras.models import load_model import imutils import cv2 import numpy as np import sys # parameters for loading data and images detection_model_path = 'haarcascade_files/haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml' emotion_model_path = 'models/_mini_XCEPTION.106-0.65.hdf5' img_path = sys.argv[1] # hyper-parameters for bounding boxes shape # loading models face_detection = cv2.CascadeClassifier(detection_model_path) emotion_classifier = load_model(emotion_model_path, compile=False) EMOTIONS = ["angry","disgust","scared", "happy", "sad", "surprised","neutral"] #reading the frame orig_frame = cv2.imread(img_path) frame = cv2.imread(img_path,0) faces = face_detection.detectMultiScale(frame,scaleFactor=1.1,minNeighbors=5,minSize=(30,30),flags=cv2.CASCADE_SCALE_IMAGE) if len(faces) &amp;amp;gt; 0: faces = sorted(faces, reverse=True,key=lambda x: (x[2] - x[0]) * (x[3] - x[1]))[0] (fX, fY, fW, fH) = faces roi = frame[fY:fY + fH, fX:fX + fW] roi = cv2.resize(roi, (48, 48)) roi = roi.astype("float") / 255.0 roi = img_to_array(roi) roi = np.expand_dims(roi, axis=0) preds = emotion_classifier.predict(roi)[0] emotion_probability = np.max(preds) label = EMOTIONS[preds.argmax()] cv2.putText(orig_frame, label, (fX, fY - 10), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.45, (0, 0, 255), 2) cv2.rectangle(orig_frame, (fX, fY), (fX + fW, fY + fH),(0, 0, 255), 2) cv2.imshow('test_face', orig_frame) cv2.imwrite('test_output/'+img_path.split('/')[-1],orig_frame) if (cv2.waitKey(2000) &amp;amp;amp; 0xFF == ord('q')): sys.exit("Thanks") cv2.destroyAllWindows()

On Video

In order to detect emotion in webcam, one can execute the python code here.

References

The demonstration codes has been ingested from following sources.

[1] https://github.com/oarriaga/face_classification

[2] https://github.com/omar178/Emotion-recognition

[3] Real-time Convolutional Neural Networks for Emotion and Gender Classification

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Happy deep learning 🙂

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