Office of the Inspector General

Department of Health and Human Services, August 2011

Prescription drug rebates reduce the program costs of both Medicare Part D and Medicaid. Medicaid rebates are defined by statute; additional rebates are required when prices for brand-name drugs increase faster than inflation. Unlike the Medicaid program, Part D sponsors (or contractors acting on their behalf) negotiate rebates with drug manufacturers without any statutory requirements on rebate amounts. In fact, the law establishing the Part D program expressly prohibits the Government from instituting a price structure for the reimbursement of covered Part D drugs.

In this review, we found that Part D sponsors and State Medicaid agencies paid pharmacies similar amounts for most brand-name drugs under review. However, statutorily defined Medicaid unit rebate amounts for brand-name drugs exceeded Part D unit rebate amounts by a substantial margin. As a result, Medicaid collected nearly two-thirds as much as Part D in rebates for the 100 brand-name drugs ($2.9 billion vs. $4.5 billion), despite having only about one-fourth of the expenditures ($6.4 billion vs. $24 billion).

Overall, rebates reduced Part D expenditures by 19 percent for the 100 brand-name drugs under review (from $24 billion to $19.5 billion) in 2009. Medicaid rebates accounted for a substantially higher percentage of total expenditures, reducing Medicaid spending for the 100 drugs under review by 45 percent (from $6.4 billion to $3.5 billion).

http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-03-10-00320.pdf

Comment:

By Don McCanne, MD

We are inundated with nonsense about how private health insurance competition in the marketplace brings us higher quality at lower costs when compared with government-administered programs. This study by the Inspector General of Health and Human Services provides an enlightening test of that theory by controlling for quality while measuring the differences in cost. Both Medicaid (government) and Medicare Part D (private) use the same brand-name drugs with identical quality, so cost becomes the sole variable.

Our government-run Medicaid program has been able to negotiate a 45 percent discount on these brand-name drugs, whereas the private Medicare Part D sponsors or contractors have been able to extract only a 19 percent discount on these same drugs. Clearly, when quality is controlled, the private sector brings us much higher prices than does the government.

Under a single payer national health program – an improved Medicare for All – these highly wasteful middlemen would be eliminated and the government would use its monopsonistic buying power to get the prices right. Payment would be based on actual costs, including legitimate research, plus fair profits.

Having to change the rhetorical framing of the dialog from “markets and competition” to “social solidarity” is a small price to pay for achieving the efficient use of our health care dollars. Thinking about that, being able to dump the ideology behind the intrusive, wasteful middlemen is not a price that we would be paying, but a superb benefit that we would be gaining.