MOSCOW—Russian President Vladimir Putin thanked U.S. President Donald Trump by telephone for intelligence that the Kremlin said had helped prevent a series of terrorist bombings in St. Petersburg, Mr. Putin’s office said Sunday.

The Kremlin said Mr. Putin had asked Mr. Trump to convey his appreciation to the Central Intelligence Agency director for the information, which allowed Russian authorities to locate and detain the alleged plotters who had intended to set off explosions at a cathedral and other public places.

The...