If you’ve built anything with AngularJS you know there’s a lot of “magic” that you can usually ignore because it just works. One of the most magical parts for me is dependency injection. Just by adding a parameter to your controller function you suddenly get access to a powerful Angular service. It’s really pretty amazing but you sorta just have to trust it … until something goes wrong.

It turns out one easy way to break an AngularJS app is to minify your javascript. This happened to me when I deployed my app to production. The Angular app was being served from a Rails application and Rails automatically minifies javascript in prodution. It turns out there’s a simple and a well documented fix in their tutorial (search for “A Note on Minification”) that boils down to “use an array of parameter names” but it wasn’t clear to me why it worked.

In the rest of this article we’re going to

Build a simple AngularJS application See how magical dependency injection is Investigate how dependency injection is implemented in AngularJS Break our app by minifying the javascript Understand how the fix works

An AngularJS application using the GitHub API

We’re going to build a simple AngularJS app that uses the GitHub API to find the most recent commits on the angular.js project.

Here’s the source for that page:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 <html ng-app > <head> <script src= "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.0.4/angular.js" ></script> <script> var MyController = function ( $scope , $http ) { $http . get ( 'https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits' ) . success ( function ( commits ) { $scope . commits = commits }) } </script> </head> <body ng-controller= "MyController" > <h1> Recent commits to AngularJS </h1> <ul> <li ng-repeat= "commit in commits" > {{ commit.commit.committer.date | date }} <a ng-href= "https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/{{commit.sha}}" > {{ commit.sha }} </a> {{ commit.commit.message }} </li> </ul> </body> </html>

Let’s walk through what’s going on here:

Line 1 - The ng-app attribute tells angular to treat this page as an angular app.

attribute tells angular to treat this page as an angular app. Line 6-11 - Some JavaScript that defines the controller and tell angular to “inject” the $scope and $http services.

and services. Line 15 - The ng-controller="MyController" attribute tells angular the body tag will be scoped by the MyController controller.

attribute tells angular the tag will be scoped by the controller. Line 18-22 - This section will be expanded to many li elements in the DOM, each containing information about one commit.

This is pretty cool. Of course not everyone is a fan, in Dependency injection is not a virtue DHH argues that it is a legacy of the Java language that is unnecessary in Ruby (and I suspect he would argue JavaScript). AngularJS is figuring out what the hash part of the url is and automatically inserting it in the page.

Dependency Injection is magical

So where does dependency injection come in? Here’s where it gets weird… let’s try reordering the arguments in the controller function.

var MyController = function ( $http , $scope ) { $http . get ( 'https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits' ) . success ( function ( commits ) { $scope . commits = commits }) }

We changed function($scope, $http) to function($http, $scope) and surprisingly it still works!

What seems to be going on as it runs is AngularJS

Knows what services our controller function needs in each parameter slot (originally $scope first & $http second now $http first & $scope second). Decides what object should “provide” each of the named services (eg. $httpProvider provides $http ). Calls our controller with the appropriate providers in each slot (either MyController(scope, $httpProvider) or MyController($httpProvider, scope) ).

How does Angular do step #1?

In JavaScript the order of the parameters is important and the names do not matter to the caller (see this egghead.io video: $scope vs. scope)

Let’s take a look at some straight JavaScript and convince ourselves this is true. If we define a function divide that takes two arguments

var divide = function ( numerator , denominator ) { return numerator / denominator ; }

As expected divide(1, 2) == 0.5 .

When we change the order of the parameters, we also change the definition of the function.

var divide = function ( denominator , numerator ) { return numerator / denominator ; }

Now the definition has changed and divide(1, 2) == 2

It seems Angular is going above and beyond what JavaScript the language supports.

How Dependency Injection implements Named Parameters in JavaScript

We saw that Angular’s dependency injection relies on the name of the parameters not their order which is a language feature called named parameters that does not exist in JavaScript. How do they do it?

AngularJS makes clever use of the fact that every object in JavaScript has a toString function to parse and extract the names of the parameters before deciding what arguments to call your controller function with.

Let’s play around with toString and get a feel of how it works. On function objects it returns the source code definition of the object, including the function signature with the names of the parameters.

When we call it on our divide function we can see this in action, divide.toString() == "function (numerator, denominator) { return numerator / denominator; }"

Angular takes this to the next level in a function called annotate in injector.js that takes a function and returns the names of its parameters.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 $inject = []; fnText = fn . toString (). replace ( STRIP_COMMENTS , '' ); argDecl = fnText . match ( FN_ARGS ); forEach ( argDecl [ 1 ]. split ( FN_ARG_SPLIT ), function ( arg ){ arg . replace ( FN_ARG , function ( all , underscore , name ){ $inject . push ( name ); }); }); fn . $inject = $inject ; // ... return $inject ;

line 2 - use the toString() trick to get the function definition.

trick to get the function definition. line 3 - do regular expression pattern matching FN_ARGS = /^function\s*[^\(]*\(\s*([^\)]*)\)/m to find the function signature.

to find the function signature. line 4-8 - loop through all the parameters and save their names in an array.

line 11 - return the array or parameter names.

We can see this in action with our trusty divide function, angular.injector().annotate(divide) == ["numerator", "denominator"]

Minification breaks our App

The technique of using toString has a big problem. We often minify our javascript before sending it to the browser, in my case the Rails asset pipeline was configured to automatically do this in the production environment.

// whitespace re-added for readability var MyController = function ( e , t ) { t . get ( "https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits" ) . success ( function ( t ) { e . commits = t }) }

When minified the parameter names are mangled to e or t so cannot be mapped to service names by angular. How can it know that t should be implemented by the $httpProvider or that e is the $scope ?

In fact if you open the minified_broken.html example and look at the console you will see the error Error: Unknown provider: eProvider <- e .

Angular’s annotate function is sophisticated enough to handle minification, in fact, I only showed part of it before. When we look at the whole thing, we see it can annotate a function or an array of parameter name strings followed by a function. In the array form, the first string names the first argument, the second string names the second, etc. and the actual names of the parameters are unimportant.

function annotate ( fn ) { var $inject , fnText , argDecl , last ; if ( typeof fn == 'function' ) { if ( ! ( $inject = fn . $inject )) { // omitting the code we saw before } } else if ( isArray ( fn )) { last = fn . length - 1 ; assertArgFn ( fn [ last ], 'fn' ) $inject = fn . slice ( 0 , last ); } else { assertArgFn ( fn , 'fn' , true ); } return $inject ; }

When we can now redefine our MyController

var MyController = [ '$scope' , '$http' , function ( $scope , $http ) { $http . get ( 'https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits' ) . success ( function ( commits ) { $scope . commits = commits }) }]

When it is minified the strings are not touched so annotate will still work.

var MyController = [ "$scope" , "$http" , function ( e , t ) { t . get ( "https://api.github.com/repos/angular/angular.js/commits" ) . success ( function ( t ) { e . commits = t }) }]

We can see the annotate function parsing this array angular.injector().annotate(MyController) == ["$scope", "$http"]

Of course what really matters is that it works on the page - which it does.

If you’ve made it to the end of this long post, I hope you’ve enjoyed the journey into how AngularJS knows what services to inject in your controllers. Again all you really need to know is to use an array naming the parameters followed by your function but I hope you enjoyed learning how it actually works. I know I did!