A simple recipe--including just four ingredients--can transform adult human skin cells into cells that resemble embryonic stem cells, researchers report in the journal Cell. The converted cells have many of the physical, growth and genetic features typically found in embryonic stem cells and can differentiate to produce other tissue types, including neurons and heart tissue, according to the researchers.

They added, however, that a comprehensive screen of the activity of more than 30,000 genes showed that the so-called "induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells" are similar, not identical, to embryonic stem cells. "Pluripotent" refers to the ability to differentiate into most other cell types.

The chemical cocktail used in the new study is identical to one the team showed could produce iPS cells from adult mouse cells in another Cell report last year. That came as a surprise, said Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan, because human embryonic stem cells differ from those in mice. Those differences had led them to suspect "that some other factors might be required to generate human iPS cells," he said.

The findings are an important step forward in the quest for embryonic stem cell-like cells that might sidestep the ethical stumbling blocks of stem cells obtained from human embryos. He emphasized, however, that it would be "premature to conclude that iPS cells can replace embryonic stem cells."

Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of mammalian blastocysts--balls of cells that develop after fertilization and go on to form a developing embryo--have the ability to grow indefinitely while maintaining pluripotency, the researchers explained. Those properties have led to expectations that human embryonic stem cells might have many scientific and clinical applications, most notably the potential to treat patients with various diseases and injuries, such as juvenile diabetes and spinal cord injury.

The use of human embryos, however, faces ethical controversies that hinder the applications of human embryonic stem cells, they continued. In addition, it is difficult to generate patient or disease-specific embryonic stem cells, which are required for their effective application. One way to circumvent these issues is to induce pluripotent status in other cells of the body by direct reprogramming, Yamanaka said.

advertisement

Last year, his team found that four factors, known as Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, could lend differentiated fibroblast cells taken from embryonic or adult mice the pluripotency normally reserved for embryonic stem cells. Fibroblasts make up structural fibers found in connective tissue. Those four factors are "transcripton factors," meaning that they control the activity of other genes. They were also known to play a role in early embryos and embryonic stem cell identity.

The researchers have now shown that the same four factors can generate iPS cells from fibroblasts taken from human skin. "From about 50,000 transfected human cells, we obtained approximately 10 iPS cell clones," Yamanaka said. "This efficiency may sound very low, but it means that from one experiment, with a single ten centimeter dish, you can get multiple iPS cell lines."

The iPS cells were indistinguishable from embryonic stem cells in terms of their appearance and behavior in cell culture, they found. They also express genetic markers that are used by scientists to identify embryonic stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells and iPS cells display similar patterns of global gene activity.

They showed that the converted human cells could differentiate to form three "germ layers" in cell culture. Those primary germ layers in embryos eventually give rise to all the body's tissues and organs. They further showed that the human iPS cells could give rise to neurons using a method earlier demonstrated for human embryonic stem cells. The iPS cells could also be made to produce cardiac muscle cells, they found. Indeed, after 12 days of differentiation, clumps of cells in the laboratory dishes started beating.

The human iPS cells injected under the skin of mice produced tumors after nine weeks. Those tumors contained various tissues including gut-like epithelial tissue, striated muscle, cartilage and neural tissue. They finally showed that iPS cells can also be generated in the same way from other human cells.

"We should now be able to generate patient- and disease-specific iPS cells, and then make various cells, such as cardiac cells, liver cells and neural cells," Yamanaka said. "These cells should be extremely useful in understanding disease mechanisms and screening effective and safe drugs. If we can overcome safety issues, we may be able to use human iPS cells in cell transplantation therapies."

The researchers include Kazutoshi Takahashi, Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan; Koji Tanabe, of Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan; Mari Ohnuki, of Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan; Megumi Narita, of Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, and the Japan Science and Technology Agency, in Kawaguchi, Japan; Tomoko Ichisaka, of Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, and the Japan Science and Technology Agency, in Kawaguchi, Japan; Kiichiro Tomoda, of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; and Shinya Yamanaka, of Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, in Kawaguchi, Japan; and the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, in San Francisco, CA, USA