In the aftermath of Liverpool’s rip-roaring 2018 Champions League quarter-final win over Manchester City, Pep Guardiola was torturing himself trying to work out how his side had been so well beaten.

The first leg was a match that set many of the pieces for this current duopoly at the top of the English game and European football, and also a match where Jurgen Klopp began to set the necessary pace. Although Liverpool were at that point way behind an utterly dominant City in the league, the reality at Anfield that night was they were just so much better. Guardiola’s side were simply devastated, almost unable to live with the force of attacking football they encountered.

The manager’s solution, however, was not to concentrate on any of that.

“The reason we’ve lost is that we were not good on the ball,” Guardiola told his coaches. “If we’re better on the ball, Liverpool don’t get the transition.”

The City manager’s feeling was that they just couldn’t cope with the speed of Liverpool once the ball went free.

Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Show all 22 1 /22 Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Karius – 6 Never tested. City didn’t have a single shot on target. Seriously. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Alexander-Arnold – 8 Coped superbly with the threat posed by the lively Leroy Sane. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Lovren – 7 Actually looks a decent defender with Van Dijk beside him. The Croat produced a crucial interception in the second half to deny David Silva a free shot at goal from Sane’s cut-back. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Van Dijk – 7 A Rolls Royce of a defender. He’s been the answer to Liverpool’s defensive troubles since arriving in January. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Robertson – 8 Full of energy all game. The Scot suits Jurgen Klopp’s style of play down to the ground. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Oxlade-Chamberlain – 8 Scored the second-best Champions League goal of the week as his 25-yard drive rocketed past Ederson to make it 2-0. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Henderson – 7 Solid in midfield but booked late on for a foolish challenge and will now miss next week’s second leg. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Milner – 8 Colossal in the first half and showed good aggression to win the ball back for the hosts in the build-up to their second goal. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Salah – 8 Scored and assisted on another memorable Anfield outing for the Egpytian. Injury forced him off early in the second half, though. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Firmino – 8 His tireless running brought about Liverpool’s opener as he dispossessed Kyle Walker to give Salah an easy finish. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Mane – 8 Headed home from Salah’s pinpoint cross to make it 3-0. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Ederson – 5 Got a hand to Mo Salah’s opener for Liverpool but couldn’t keep it out and stood no chance with the Reds’ second and third goals. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Walker – 5 Cost City the opening goal of the game as he dithered on the ball inside his own area. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Otamendi – 5 Booked for a rash challenge on FIrmino in first-half injury time and never looked comfortable. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Kompany – 6 Might’ve blocked Salah’s opener on the line if it wasn’t for a touch by Ederson. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Laporte – 5 Played well at left-back at Selhurst Park on Saturday but failed miserably in his attempts to contain Mo Salah tonight. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings De Bruyne – 5 Chose a bad night to produce perhaps his worst display of an otherwise-superb season. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Fernandinho – 5 Not his usual self at the base of midfield. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Gundogan – 5 Pep Guardiola’s decision to start with the German ahead of Raheem Sterling backfired and he was substituted after an hour. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Silva – 6 Failed to really exert any influence on the match, which is unusual for a player who is so frequently the most influential player on the pitch. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Sane – 7 City’s liveliest player in the first half but couldn’t do it all on his own. Liverpool vs Manchester City - player ratings Jesus – 5 Anonymous on a night when the Blues might’ve benefited from having the more experienced but currently injured Sergio Aguero up front.

Guardiola is said to have become obsessed with the issue in the time since that match, and has worked hard to incorporate solutions into his side.

It has already made a difference. It may well represent the difference at Anfield on Sunday. This will be a match - probably more than any other possible pairing in the world right now - decided by transitions, and responses. Think Leroy Sane’s winning goal the last time they met in January as the prime example.

It has certainly made a difference in the game, and perhaps represents the deepest and most influential recent tactical evolution in the sport. It is the natural next step from the post-2008 Guardiola-inspired emphasis on pressing, and what it has logically given way to. That is evidenced by how Guardiola himself has taken it on, undoubtedly influenced by his time in German football and - yes - Klopp.

Chris Davies, Brendan Rodgers’ assistant at Leicester City and part of a modern breed of coaches who were initially analysts, has described “transition, or controlling transition” as the “most important part of the game now”. Most modern coaches feel the same.

It is the instance that possession is lost and a ball is free, leaving one side out of shape and disorganised, and offering a millisecond of an entirely uncontrolled game for the more forceful side to pounce.

It is consequently also the moment of nothingness that means everything. If you control the transitions, you control the game.

Much of this is itself the natural consequence of the scientific evolution within football,

“The game is so much faster now,” Davies says. “The pitches are better, balls are lighter, fitness levels are higher, and it all adds up to much greater speed.

“Teams now have the ability to get 50 yards up the pitch and into the opposition box in six seconds. They can devastate you in a way that wasn’t as possible 15 years ago. It doesn’t take long if space is there to break into. That’s why it’s such a threat. So many goals are scored in transitions.”

It’s why so many managerial teams now so focus on it.

Klopp and Guardiola have built sides based around transitions in play (Getty)

“That’s why you get specialist coaches in possession and out of possession,” David Powderly, a coach at Brighton and Hove Albion explains. “It’s so important.”

Many modern game analysts will similarly divide passages of play into distinctive phases when analysing matches or opposition: attacking play, attacking transition, defensive play, and defensive transition.

In looking to defend from transitions, coaching staff will thereby seek to ensure any spaces are blocked off, to pre-emptively stop opposition breaking through. A lot of preparation is built around that, closing spaces that teams can attack into.

This is actually one of Liverpool’s great qualities. Many often wonder why Klopp sets up his midfield in the more functional manner he does, but that is specifically because the number-eights - usually now Fabinho and Jordan Henderson - are there to link up with the movement of the full-backs to effectively build up an guard and control the flow of the play.

“Liverpool control the channel of the ball,” Powderly says. “They play certain passes that are obviously attacking, but also hurt the opposition by preventing counter-attacks.

“You see Trent Alexander-Arnold, Andy Robertson higher up the pitch, then with the protection from Fabinho and Henderson. It locks the opposition in. Look at the game against Tottenham Hotspur. Tottenham couldn’t get out, from the way Liverpool were positioned.”

It can look chaotic, but there is an obvious control, of the space rather than the ball.

City are meanwhile more clinical about it. They seek to achieve the same effect through - of course - possession, and their positional play dictated by that. Hence Guardiola being so obsessed with being better on the ball in that 2018 defeat.

“I’ve seen it a couple of times when Manchester City are playing,” Powderly says. “They’ve just regained the ball, and they recycle it around the back. Then you’ve got [Kevin] De Bruyne and [David] Silva, they’re not even facing the play where their teammates are. They’re just dropping into position, and waiting for the ball to come.”

You can thereby understand why Guardiola gets so fixated on this. A coach whose impossible ambition is to assert total control over the entire 90 minutes of a match, he is suddenly faced with those rare moments where it is all out of his control. They have probably been the reason he has gone out of the Champions League in each elimination with City so far.

“That’s what frustrates managers,” Powderly says. They hate not being in control. That’s why the transition so key. But it can take intelligent players to cope.”

In looking to attack from transitions, then, the key is co-ordinated responses. It is triggers to run into certain spaces, to play certain passes.

You only have to look at Liverpool every week for exquisite examples of this. Because this is obviously about much more than just running fast at goal when the opportunity presents itself.

“It’s speed and power, but teams will then add details onto their counter-attacks,” Davies says. “It’s about not being in straight lines, or looking for movements that are diagonal runs, to disrupt the covering defenders.

“The ability to make the last pass - to offer the right weight of pass, the right detail on the ball, the right time - is then crucial.”

Roberto Firmino offers the best examples of those disrupting diagonal runs. David Silva offers the best examples of those weighted passes.

Salah has been a force in this fixture (AFP via Getty Images)

Players like Mohamed Salah and the unfortunately injured Leroy Sane, then, offer the best examples of the speed fundamental to all of this.

The fact Guardiola has so fully incorporated this is similarly an illustration how influential this is, as well as an illustration of the evolution of the game and his own style. His Barcelona side used to often enact “the 15-pass rule”, which was deemed the number of passes necessary for a team to get back into shape and then built an attack from their preferred formation.

City vary that much more. They are capable of just going for it in the manner of Klopp’s sides, and it has of course been influenced by Klopp.

“Pep has evolved,” Powderly says. “You see how they change it up in terms of when the time to break is, and when the time to keep hold of the ball and get into shape is. I’d be fascinated to know why the players make these decisions, and how. What is the trigger for when to suddenly break, or when to get into shape?”

That variation is also what truly elevates these two sides. Some teams - most notably Diego Simeone’s Atletico Madrid - base their entire gameplan on exploiting moments of transition. It means they don’t actively want the ball in that way. City and Liverpool, however, are just dangerous all the time.

The way they have perfected transitional play means they are now as dangerous in possession as they are out of it.

It means they are both so capable of those moments that Davies cites as the most crushing for any coach, that instance when the ball is lost and an opposition attack is suddenly bearing down on your goal in one of those devastating six-second moves.

We may see a lot of that on Sunday. We’ll also see the best proponents at actually stopping that.