C++20 Concepts

A quick syntax-based overview of C++20 Concepts, as they are in the standard (circa January 2020).

TL;DR

With the release of MSVC 16.3 (and some holiday time), I decided to convert my Eric Niebler-inspired templated SFINAE hocus-pocus approximation of concepts into actual concepts. But it’s so hard to find up-to-date docs on how the syntax is actually supposed to be. After some experiements (and reading), here are examples to get you started.

Using Concepts in Functions

Let’s come up with a synthetic problem that SFINAE/Concepts can fix. So, we have a log function for numbers, I guess. We want to treat integers and floating-point numbers differently I suppose? So let’s have one function, log , that forwards the handling to different places.

Example

This doesn’t compile, but this is basically what we want:

// pick between these two somehow template < typename T > void log ( T && x ) { log_integral ( x ); } template < typename T > void log ( T && x ) { log_floating_point ( x ); }

SFINAE

This is what you’d write today, or maybe I should say yesterday? Haha nah your workplace won’t catch up for years.

template < typename T , typename = std :: enable_if_t < std :: is_integral_v < T > >> void log ( T && x ) { /* implementation irrelevant */ } template < typename T , typename = std :: enable_if_t < std :: is_floating_point_v < T > >> void log ( T && x ) { /* implementation irrelevant */ }

Concepts, Explicit Edition

Here is your first taste of concepts, constraining your function template:

This (a “requires clause”) is unnecessarily verbose for simple concepts

You will need to use requires clauses like this for concepts that take multiple types

My syntax highlighter doesn’t highlight ‘requires’ yet :(

template < typename T > requires std :: integral < T > void log ( T && x ) { ... } template < typename T > requires std :: floating_point < T > void log ( T && x ) { ... }

Concepts, Decltype Edition

This won’t make sense until the very next example, but you can also place the requires clause after the parameter-list. This allows you to do some funky things with decltype , shown here.

You need to std::remove_reference_t your decltypes for many concepts (some you don’t)

your decltypes for many concepts (some you don’t) I don’t recommend doing this unless you really have to, it’s hard to read

template < typename T > void log ( T && x ) requires std :: integral < std :: remove_reference_t < decltype ( x ) >> { ... } template < typename T > void log ( T && x ) requires std :: floating_point < std :: remove_reference_t < decltype ( x ) >> { ... }

Concepts, Generic Function Edition

C++20 allows you to write generic functions which take auto as the parameter type, just like generic lambdas. You then can omit the template specification. You don’t get a typename, so you have to decltype the argument. Now the above makes more sense!

void log ( auto && x ) requires std :: integral < std :: remove_reference_t < decltype ( x ) >> { ... } void log ( auto && x ) requires std :: floating_point < std :: remove_reference_t < decltype ( x ) >> { ... }

Concepts, Useful Edition

This what you want to write most of the time if:

Your concepts are simple and apply to the one type

You’re not using Generic Functions

template < std :: integral T > void log ( T && x ) { ... } template < std :: floating_point T > void log ( T && x ) { ... }

Concepts, Combo Edition

Highlighting the terseness you can achieve with “Constrained auto”.

void log ( std :: integral auto && x ) { ... } void log ( std :: floating_point auto && x ) { ... }

Putting Things Together

Here’s a slightly more complex example showing things together:

template < typename D , std :: integral T > requires std :: assignable_from < D , T > void assign_the_thing ( D & dest , T && x ) { dest = std :: forward < T > ( x ); } // here's the generic-function version. // // in this case we don't need to std::remove_reference_t our decltypes because // we actually want to know if we can assign the lvalue/rvalue x to the lvalue dest // // it's up to you which you prefer void assign_the_thing ( auto & dest , std :: integral auto && x ) requires std :: assignable_from < decltype ( dest ), decltype ( x ) > { dest = std :: forward < decltype ( x ) > ( x ); }

Writing A Concept

Okay so you can use concepts defined in the standard library. Now let’s write a concept, because that’s where the real magic is. And everyone loves magic.

The simplest concept

Concepts are defined by a compile-time boolean expression. So this restricts nothing:

template < typename T > concept superfluous = true ;

A concept specified using a boolean

Here we create a concept from a standard-library compile-time boolean. This is, in fact, how std::integral is (probably) implemented.

template < typename T > concept integral = std :: is_integral_v < T > ;

Boolean operators fully supported:

// note -- std::integral & std::floating_point are concepts template < typename T > concept number = std :: integral < T > || std :: floating_point < T > ;

You want certain expressions to be valid

We can require the type to be able to do things. To do so we wrap expressions in braces:

template < typename T > concept you_can_increment_it = requires ( T x ) { { ++ x }; }; // look, this concept requires two types template < typename X , typename Y > concept they_are_mathsy = requires ( X x , Y y ) { { x * y }; { x / y }; { x + y }; { x - y }; };

You care about the types returned

Using some serious voodoo magic, C++20 will substitute the evaluated result-type of the expression into the return-type-requirement, at the front, which is a little weird, but okay.

template < typename T > concept you_can_increment_it = requires ( T x ) { // incrementing doesn't change type // // the substitution is evaluated as: // std::same_as<your-expressions-resultant-type, T> { ++ x } -> std :: same_as < T > ; // addition results in something convertible to an int { x + x } -> std :: convertible_to < int > ; };

You want to inspect types, members, and methods

Prefacing a statement in the requires clause with typename tells the compiler you’re about to interrogate the type to ensure it has a sub-type. If it doesn’t, the concept hasn’t been satisfied.

template < typename T > concept its_a_dragon = requires ( T x ) { // this type trait must be able to be instantiated typename dragon_traits < T > ; // T has a nested typename for some pointer idk use your imagination typename T :: dragon_clan_ptr ; { x . breathe_fire ()}; { x . dragon_breath_firepower ()} -> std :: convertible_to < uint > ; }; // notice we don't need a 'x' argument if we don't do any expression stuff template < typename T > concept its_a_knight = requires { typename T :: castle_type ; typename T :: armour_type ; typename knight_traits < T > ; };

Invovled Example

Here we use several of our previous ideas to describe something we can new & delete.

template < typename T > concept dynamically_allocatable = std :: default_constructible < T > && std :: copy_constructible < T > && std :: destructible < T > requires ( T a , size_t n ) { requires std :: same_as < T * , decltype ( new T ) > ; requires std :: same_as < T * , decltype ( new T ( a )) > ; requires std :: same_as < T * , decltype ( new T [ n ]) > ; { a . ~ T () } noexcept ; // destructor must be noexcept (and exist!) { delete new T }; { delete new T [ n ] }; };

Constrained auto, but everywhere

“Constrained auto” means you jam a concept in front of auto to ensure whatever type it is conforms to the concept. You can put this damn near anywhere you use auto .

template < typename G , knight_concept K > void murder_jim ( G && game_mode , K && knight ) { dragon_concept auto jim = find_jim ( game_mode ); knight . murder_dragon ( jim ); }

No but like everywhere:

auto find_jim ( game_mode_concept auto && game_mode ) -> dragon_concept auto { return game_mode . get_antogonist (); }

I hope that helps you get a quick handle on how concepts are crafted and used in C++20.