Automatic cameras operated by France’s national office for hunting and wildlife captured this image of brown bear near the Pyrénées mountain community of Bordes-Uchentein in the French department of Ariège, 28 March 2019.

A French government plan to boost the brown bear population in the Pyrénées is causing concern among farmers about attacks on their sheep and raising anxieties over the future of the mountains. This first of three features explores the issues around the reintroduction of the bears and how people are learning, or not, to living with them.

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Coexistence of bears and humans in the Pyrénées is an old story: paintings of the predators have been found on the walls of prehistoric caves, and shepherds have been wary of them since at least the Middle Ages.

In the twentieth century, the large omnivores were hunted to near extinction as humans expanded roads, settlements and farming practices into the mountains. To stop them from disappearing, the French government began relocating brown bears from Slovenia in the mid-1990s.

In terms of conservation, the plan has been a success: their numbers have grown from a half dozen to an estimated 45 to 50.

At the end of the transhumance, the summer grazing season, Tarascon sheep are brought down from the pasture above Siguer in the French department of Ariège. RFI/Mike Woods

But for just as long, farmers have raised alarm bells over the impact of bear attacks on their flocks, particularly during the summer months when animals are sent to graze freely in mountain pastures.

Farmers say attacks are out of control

Concerns are particularly strong in the department of Ariège, where most of the bears have converged.

In 2019, some parts of Ariège were the target of bear attacks on individual or groups of sheep almost every day. Bears have also been blamed for scaring herds into running blindly off cliffs by the dozens, or even hundreds.

A farmer shows photographs of sheep decimated after plunging en masse off a cliff while trying to flee a bear. RFI/Mike Woods

“If there were just a few, there would limited damage, but it’s getting to the point it’s out of control,” says Joel Seguela, a sheep farmer who sends his flock to the mountain above the town of Siguer.

He has been working at Siguer for three years, partly in the hope of avoiding bear attacks, but he knows nowhere is without risk and wonders about the future of his practice.

“If the mountain becomes complicated, and we have fewer sheep or sheep in bad shape at the end of the season, it’s not worth it.”

Farmers warn that if this happens, it will impact more than their own livelihoods. As is the case in many of France’s mountain regions, the Pyrenean mining and manufacturing sectors have declined, and agriculture and tourism are the main sources of revenue.

High mountain pastures are integrated with tourist infrastructure, including ski stations, cabins and the GR10 hiking trail that crosses the full length of the French Pyrénées. RFI/Mike Woods

“If there are no farmers or sheep to keep the mountain clean, tourism will suffer, as well,” says another farmer, Jean-Luc Peille.

Difficult to adapt

Farmers say the landscape that makes the region so suited to transhumance, the practice of sending herds to graze in high pastures during the summer, also makes it difficult to adapt to the bears.

“The Pyrénées, especially in Ariège, have varied terrain that’s good for sheep, because they like rocky areas and they make the most of the grasses,” says Sophie Alzieu, who heads the group of 10 farmers working at Siguer.

Sophie Alzieu, with apprentice Hugo, says it is impossible to protect sheep from bears in some parts of the Pyrénées. She warns if there are many more bears, farmers will stop bringing flocks to the mountains. RFI/Mike Woods

“But these places become dangerous if a bear comes. One scare is all it takes, and you find sheep piled at the bottom of a cliff.”

To help adapt to having bears around, the French government offers funding for training Great Pyrénées guard dogs, installing protective fences and hiring shepherds to spend the summer living in the cabins that dot the mountain terrain.

But farmers say the landscape makes it difficult or sometimes impossible to use these measures effectively, especially when it comes to protecting sheep, which tend to spread out in small groups across pastures stretching up to 3000 hectares.

The Plateau de Beille above the town of Les Cabannes, contains wooded areas (left) in which bears move around and views of neighbouring high pasture and steep cliffs, a dangerous combination for sheep spooked by predators. RFI/Mike Woods

“If they’re kept too close together, they’re easily bothered and they don’t make the most of the mountain,” Alzieu says. “The idea of the high pasture is that they eat what they want and where they want. We’re there to watch over them, but not to impose their route and diet.”

Reports of attacks double

Many in the region are calling for the bears to be removed, and opposition has intensified over the past two years.

In Ariège, the number of reported bear attacks doubled between 2017 and 2018, and twice as many sheep died in suspected bear-related incidents in 2019 compared with the same period in 2018.

Conservation groups say not all these cases will prove to be bear-related and that the figures have more to do with the anti-bear sentiment in Ariège. That said, state services acknowledge there has been a long-term rise in the number of attacks, while also noting how abruptly opposition has grown.

“The general trend over the past 10 years is that the bear population has grown, as have the number of cases where damage was caused,” says Nicolas Alban, regional director of France’s national office for hunting and wildlife (ONCFS), whose agents are responsible for analysing sites of suspected attacks for signs of predators.

Graffiti on the road leading to the Plateau de Beille demonstrates divided opinions over having the bears around. RFI/Mike Woods

But, he continues: “There has been no particular change as far as bears are concerned this year. What has changed is that a small group that has become radical in its methods.”

ONCFS agents suspended their visits to mountain pastures in two small sectors of Ariège in July 2019 after tensions with protesters reached fever pitch.

“After several acts of vandalism on our vehicles, threats, insults, intimidation, we had one of our vehicles set on fire,” Alban says. “We were no longer able to ensure our agents’ safety, so we decided to suspend our analyses in two valleys in Ariège.”

Some say coexistence is possible

Alban notes that such incidents do not reflect conditions in general, and that the majority of the estimated 700 analyses in Ariège in the past year went ahead calmly. And not everyone working in agriculture is opposed to the repopulation effort.

“I want to work with the bear, because it’s an honour to live with this animal in my mountain,” says Mario Barbosa, a shepherd who has spent three and a half months tending sheep on the mountain above Siguer.

“I know it can be hard, I can lose some sheep, but every year, many sheep die in the mountain for other reasons than bears, such as accidents,” he says.

Barbosa knows the mountain well, because his parents used to keep their own herds at Siguer. His mother, Catherine Brunet, is one of few in the community to publically argue in favour of coexistence and the proposed protective measures. Now retired, she recalls getting along fine during the two years when a bear was known to be in the area.

Catherine Brunet kept a herd of sheep at Siguer for 20 years. She argues that cohabitation between bears and herds is possible, even if adopting the right model can take time and pose real challenges. RFI/Mike Woods

“We had too many sheep to use the protective measures properly, so we started by making the flocks smaller,” Brunet explains.

“We set up a fence and stopped the local practice of letting the sheep roam freely. It took some time to set up and be really efficient, but once we got how it worked, it was great to know the bear was there and that guard dogs would prevent it from approaching. And there were no problems.”

Future of mountains at stake

Brunet’s activism has made her a target for the most virulent opponents of the bear programme. In a book published in 2017, La Bergère et l’ours (The Shepherdess and the Bear), she describes finding her tires slashed and her car and property tagged with insults during her many years defending the repopulation effort.

Joel Seguela has been bringing his sheep to the mountain at Siguer for three years in hopes of avoiding bear attacks, but wonders how long his luck will last. RFI/Mike Woods

For defenders of the bear programme, the opposition to bears is misplaced frustration.

“The real problem today, bears or no bears, is that small farms are disappearing and big farms and multinationals are taking over,” says Florence Cortès, a Green Party activist and publisher of Brunet’s book. “The bear is a pretext, unfortunately.”

Although the farmers and shepherds at Siguer have differing views on the bears, no one wants to stop bringing sheep to the mountains. But the models and visions for farming in the Pyrénées are so different, it is hard to know how to find the right balance.

Shepherds Antonin Bernard and Mario Barbosa spent the summer months tending to sheep above Siguer. They argue that it should be possible for farms to coexist with bears in the mountains. RFI/Mike Woods

“If we stop going to the mountain, the consequences will be hard to reverse,” says shepherd Antonin Bernard, warning it would take a generation to rebuild the pastures if they are neglected for even a short time. But he is open minded about bears.

“Maybe the bear will help us respect nature again,” Bernard says. “At first the bear seemed like an enemy, but maybe it will be an ally.”

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