This document is all about deciphering behavior of Ruby code using nothing but Ruby code. I recommend you get familiar with a debugger like pry-debugger, this doc doesn’t go into debuggers because they’re not always available.

Many of these techniques are pulled from my first popular talk Dissecting Ruby with Ruby.

This page is open source and a living document, send suggestions in PR form to my blog on GitHub.

Unless otherwise stated, all techniques work for the last major release of Ruby.

Figure out where a method was defined

object = Object . new puts object . method ( :blank? ). source_location => [ "/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb" , 14 ]

This method was defined on line 14 of the file active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb .

Opening a dependency from a project

$ bundle open active_support

This will open the version of active_support you have in your Gemfile.lock . From here you can add debugging statements.

This command will use the value in your EDITOR environment variable. The default is vi or something. You can set this in your .bashrc file. For example I use Sublime text and have this in my .bashrc

export EDITOR = "subl -w"

Google for the appropriate invocation for your editor.

If you close the file accidentally you can use gem pristine which is discussed below.

See where an object was created

You can use object space to see where a constant or an object was created.

require 'objspace' ObjectSpace . trace_object_allocations_start Kernel . send ( :define_method , :sup ) do | obj | puts " #{ ObjectSpace . allocation_sourcefile ( obj ) } : #{ ObjectSpace . allocation_sourceline ( obj ) } " end world = "hello" sup world # => /tmp/scratch.rb:10

Since the invocation to get the file and line number is so long, I added a helper method sup . Make sure tracing is started early as possible, I usually put this code in the top of my Gemfile. Remove this code when you’re not debugging, tracing allocations has a performance impact.

If you find yourself on a remote machine without access to an editor you can inject this into a Gemfile in a few lines of bash

Thanks to Aaron’s “I need to find where this object came from”.

Figuring out how a method was called

To generate a backtrace without raising an exception use the caller method like:

class Project def foo puts "=====================" puts caller end end

Now when you generate a request you’ll get a backtrace like:

===================== /Users/richardschneeman/documents/projects/my_rails_app/app/controllers/projects_controller.rb:18:in ` new ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/basic_implicit_render.rb:4:in `send_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:183:in ` process_action ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:30:in `process_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:20:in ` block in process_action ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:126:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:506:in ` block ( 2 levels ) in compile ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:455:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:101:in ` __run_callbacks__ ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in `_run_process_action_callbacks' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in ` run_callbacks ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb:19:in `process_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb:27:in ` process_action ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:31:in `block in process_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in ` block in instrument ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb:21:in `instrument' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/notifications.rb:164:in ` instrument ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb:29:in `process_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb:248:in ` process_action ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activerecord-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_record/railties/controller_runtime.rb:18:in `process_action' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:128:in ` process ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionview-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_view/rendering.rb:30:in `process' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal.rb:192:in ` dispatch ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_controller/metal.rb:264:in `dispatch' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:50:in ` dispatch ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:32:in `serve' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:42:in ` block in serve ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:29:in `each' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb:29:in ` serve ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb:715:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionview-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_view/digestor.rb:14:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/etag.rb:25:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/conditional_get.rb:25:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/head.rb:12:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:220:in ` context ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/session/abstract/id.rb:214:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb:608:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activerecord-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb:36:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activerecord-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:963:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activerecord-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_record/migration.rb:524:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:29:in ` block in call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:97:in `__run_callbacks__' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:750:in ` _run_call_callbacks ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:90:in `run_callbacks' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:27:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb:71:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:79:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:49:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/web-console-3.0.0/lib/web_console/middleware.rb:27:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:31:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/railties-5.0.0.beta1/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:42:in ` call_app ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/railties-5.0.0.beta1/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:24:in `block in call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:70:in ` block in tagged ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:26:in `tagged' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb:70:in ` tagged ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/railties-5.0.0.beta1/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:24:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb:24:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/method_override.rb:22:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/runtime.rb:22:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/activesupport-5.0.0.beta1/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb:28:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/load_interlock.rb:13:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/actionpack-5.0.0.beta1/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb:132:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/rack-2.0.0.alpha/lib/rack/sendfile.rb:111:in ` call ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/railties-5.0.0.beta1/lib/rails/engine.rb:522:in `call' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/puma-2.15.3/lib/puma/server.rb:541:in ` handle_request ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/puma-2.15.3/lib/puma/server.rb:388:in `process_client' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/puma-2.15.3/lib/puma/server.rb:270:in ` block in run ' /Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/puma-2.15.3/lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:106:in `block in spawn_thread'

Ugh, long ugly backtrace. What does it mean? The top line is the last method that was run before our, puts caller was called. In this case

/Users/richardschneeman/documents/projects/my_rails_app/app/controllers/projects_controller.rb:18:in ` new '

This was called from the projects_controller line 18, in the new method in my app. We can trace this back all the way to the beginning of the request by looking at the first line

/Users/richardschneeman/.gem/ruby/2.3.0/gems/puma-2.15.3/lib/puma/thread_pool.rb:106:in ` block in spawn_thread '

This is where Puma instantiated the request.

If you work from the bottom of the backtrace and go up, you can see exactly how Puma turns a request into code.

Find which method Super is Calling

Let’s say you have code that calls super you can find where that method is defined like this:

def foo puts method ( :foo ). super_method . source_location super end

I love this one since I proposed the method 😉. You can read more about super_method here: Debugging Super methods in Ruby 2.2+.

List all methods on an object

object . methods # => [:instance_of?, :public_send, :instance_variable_get, :instance_variable_set, :instance_variable_defined?, :remove_instance_variable, :private_methods, :kind_of?, :instance_variables, :tap, :is_a?, :extend, :define_singleton_method, :to_enum, :enum_for, :<=>, :===, :=~, :!~, :eql?, :respond_to?, :freeze, :inspect, :display, :send, :object_id, :to_s, :method, :public_method, :singleton_method, :nil?, :hash, :class, :singleton_class, :clone, :dup, :itself, :taint, :tainted?, :untaint, :untrust, :trust, :untrusted?, :methods, :protected_methods, :frozen?, :public_methods, :singleton_methods, :!, :==, :!=, :__send__, :equal?, :instance_eval, :instance_exec, :__id__]

Get instance method location without an instance

User . instance_method ( :github_url ). source_location

Introspect method arguments

def parse ( input , skip_code_comments: false , ignore_whitespace: true ) # do stuff end

method ( :parse ). parameters #=> [[:req, :input], [:key, :skip_code_comments], [:key, :ignore_whitespace]]

Now you can see all available keyword arguments.

See where an argument is mutated

Often times, I’ll instantiate a variable

config . thing = { "foo" => "bar" }

But later I’ll find it was changed, but I don’t know where:

puts config . thing # => {"bar" => "THE FOO KEY IS GONE"}

You can see where the value of an object was modified by first freeze -ing the object:

config.thing.freeze

Then later if other code modifies the object, an error will be raised:

config.thing.delete("foo") # active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:151:in `delete': can't modify frozen Hash (RuntimeError) # from active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:151:in `yield_shares' # from active_support/concurrency/share_lock.rb:79:in `block in stop_exclusive'

There are some caveats: In this example the hash is frozen, but the keys and values are not. If you try to modify a key or value, no exception will be raised. If you’re trying to freeze a complex object such as a Hash, you’ll need to deep freeze it. This technique also won’t work for cases where a variable is assigned instead of mutated.

Originally on my “missing pieces” list, TLo documented it An object is being mutated but I don’t know where.

Un-debug a gem

If you’ve opened a gem and added debug statements, but forget to remove them before closing the file: you’ll get those debug statements every time you run your program. To reset every gem to its original state you can use gem pristine . For example to reset Active Support:

$ gem pristine activesupport Restoring gems to pristine condition... Restored activesupport-3.2.21 Restored activesupport-3.2.22 Restored activesupport-4.0.0 Restored activesupport-4.1.1 Restored activesupport-4.2.0 Restored activesupport-4.2.1 Restored activesupport-4.2.3 Restored activesupport-4.2.5.rc1 Restored activesupport-4.2.5 Restored activesupport-5.0.0.beta1

To reset ALL gems you can run:

$ gem pristine --all

Note: this may take a LONG time, especially if you’ve got gems with c-extensions.

Missing Pieces Wish List

Warning: These things don’t exist, but I wish they did. Don’t try to use them, they won’t work.

Here’s a list of things I want to do from time to time, but haven’t found a way to yet. Some of these might not be possible due to limitations in the VM. When a “missing piece” is found it is removed from this section and given it’s own heading above.

Find where a variable is over-written with a different value. While we can use the freeze trick to see where a value is modified, we won’t see when it is replaced.

config . thing = { "foo" => "bar" }. freeze config . thing = nil # No error is raised as the hash isn't being mutated, the variable is being assigned a different value

Not debugging

These are a few tricks that aren’t debugging related, but I’ve found helpful for understanding how the interpreter works.

Disassemble Ruby code:

code = <<~ CODE a = 4 b = 10 puts a + b CODE puts RubyVM :: InstructionSequence . compile ( code ). disasm

Generates something like this: