“What Did the Golden Plates Look Like?” New Era, July 2007, 28–33

A longer version of this article was originally published by the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship as “How Witnesses Described the ‘Gold Plates,’” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, vol. 10, no. 1 (2001), 16–21.

When some people interested in the Book of Mormon ask to see the golden plates, they are disappointed to learn that Joseph returned them to Moroni. When told that several witnesses did see and handle them, they ask, “What did they look like?”

Joseph Smith was careful to obey the command from the Lord that he not show the plates to others. As he translated the Book of Mormon, Joseph learned that special witnesses would be called to bear testimony of the ancient record written on metal plates. He was quite relieved when he was permitted to show the plates to several witnesses. Those witnesses were then commanded to testify of their experience to others and to write their testimonies concerning the Book of Mormon.

Three men, David Whitmer, Oliver Cowdery, and Martin Harris, were privileged to be shown the plates by the Angel Moroni. Then eight witnesses were shown the plates by Joseph Smith. Their testimonies are printed at the front of every copy of the Book of Mormon.

What Do We Know? Although no single comprehensive description of the Book of Mormon plates has been preserved, the Prophet Joseph Smith and several people closely associated with him made various statements that include partial descriptions of the plates. When all of the available sources are considered, quite a detailed picture emerges of the physical characteristics of the ancient Nephite record.

What Were the Plates Made Of? “The appearance of gold.”1﻿—Joseph Smith Jr., Eight Witnesses, Orson Pratt “Golden plates.”2﻿—David Whitmer Neither Joseph nor any of the witnesses said that the ancient record was made from solid gold. Nor did they use the term “gold plates” or “plates of gold.” All Joseph said is that they had “the appearance of gold.” The presumption that the plates were made of solid gold is curious but probably not correct. It was Joseph’s enemies that coined the phrase “Gold Bible.” It is more appropriate to refer to the ancient metal record as “the Golden Plates,” referring to their color, not the material they were made of.

How Much Did the Plates Weigh? “Weighing altogether, from forty to sixty lbs.”3﻿—Martin Harris “I moved them from place to place on the table, as it was necessary in doing my work.”4﻿—Emma Smith People of that time period were accustomed to purchasing household supplies by weight. A farmer would have a good idea of what a 60-pound bag of grain would feel like. A woman working in her kitchen would be required to lift a heavy iron kettle filled with water that may weigh up to 60 pounds.

How Big Were They? “Six inches wide by eight inches long.”5﻿—Joseph Smith Jr. “Seven inches wide by eight inches in length.”6﻿—Martin Harris “Of the thickness of plates of tin.”7﻿—Martin Harris “When piled one above the other, they were altogether about four inches thick.”8﻿—Martin Harris “About eight inches long, seven inches wide.”9﻿—David Whitmer “About as thick as parchment.”10﻿—David Whitmer “Each plate was not far from seven by eight inches in width and length.”11﻿—Orson Pratt “Not quite as thick as common tin.”12﻿—Orson Pratt “Something near six inches in thickness, a part of which was sealed.”13﻿—Orson Pratt “They seemed to be pliable like thick paper, and would rustle with a metalic sound when the edges were moved by the thumb, as one does sometimes thumb the edges of a book.”14﻿—Emma Smith In court, testimonies that vary slightly from each other are often seen as more truthful than when they match precisely. If all the statements are exactly the same, it can indicate that the witnesses have compared notes to fabricate a story that is too perfect. The length of eight inches is given in all of these statements. Three give a width of seven inches. Memory of things like dimensions should be regarded as approximate and should not be assumed as exact. What is evident is that the page size was only slightly longer than it was wide.

How Were They “Sealed”? “What there was sealed appeared as solid to my view as wood. … About the half of the book was sealed.”15﻿—David Whitmer “A large portion of the leaves were so securely bound together that it was impossible to separate them.”16﻿—David Whitmer “About two-thirds were sealed up, and Joseph was commanded not to break the seal; that part of the record was hid up. The plates which were sealed contained an account of those things shewn unto the brother of Jared.”17﻿—Orson Pratt The plates were sealed by Moroni after he had separated from the rest of his people. He would have used materials that were readily available to him at that time. The descriptions say they were “securely bound” and “appeared solid.” The statements indicate a complete encapsulation of the plates to protect and preserve them for the future. None of the witnesses mentions metal bands around the plates. This seems to be an artistic creation of the mid-twentieth century that has no documentary basis.

What Shape Were the Three Rings? “They were fastened with rings thus [a sketch shows a ring in the shape of a capital D with six lines drawn through the straight side of the letter to represent the leaves of the record].”18﻿—David Whitmer “Bound together like the leaves of a book by massive rings passing through the back edges.”19﻿—David Whitmer “Put together on the back by three silver rings, so that they would open like a book.”20﻿—Martin Harris “Bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book, and fastened at one edge with three rings running through the whole.”21﻿—Orson Pratt “Through the back of the plates were three rings which held them together, and through which a rod might easily be passed, serving as a greater convenience for carrying them.”22﻿—Orson Pratt We have more detail about the rings than any other aspect of the plates. Still, people tend to imagine what they are familiar with. Desktop calendars with vertical posts sharply curved at the top were commonly used in the mid-twentieth century. It was only natural for people to transfer this image to the plates. But that is not what the witnesses describe. They use the term “massive rings.” Taken literally, “ring” describes a circular shape. David Whitmer approved of a sketch showing the rings shaped like a rounded capital “D” with the plates indicated on the straight side. We found that this design allows the plates to be turned along the ring smoothly and that the rings can be pivoted back to lay nearly flat against the stack of plates. It also fits Orson Pratt’s description of rings “through which a rod might easily be passed, serving as a greater convenience for carrying them.”

How Full Were the Pages? “[The plates] were filled with … characters … small, and beautifully engraved. The whole book exhibited many marks of antiquity in its construction and much skill in the art of engraving.”23﻿—Joseph Smith Jr., Orson Pratt “There were fine engravings on both sides.”24﻿—John Whitmer “We also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship.”25﻿—Eight Witnesses “Upon each side of the leaves of these plates there were fine engravings, which were stained with a black hard stain so as to make the letters more legible and easier to be read.”26﻿—Orson Pratt What Was the Reading Order? “I wish to mention here that the title-page of the Book of Mormon is a literal translation, taken from the very last leaf, on the left hand side of the collection or book of plates, which contained the record which has been translated, the language of the whole running the same as all Hebrew writing in general.*” [The asterisk directs the reader to a note that says, “*That is, from right to left.”]27﻿—Joseph Smith Jr.