An infectious disease specialist says the soaring rates of HIV on Saskatchewan First Nations are "shocking" and "a real Canadian crisis."

CBC's iTeam has learned the rate of new HIV infections on Saskatchewan reserves is 11 times higher than the national rate.

Dr. Mona Loutfy, an infectious disease specialist at Women's College Hospital in Toronto, flies to northern Saskatchewan every two months to provide treatment to HIV patients. (CBC) According to the most recent numbers available from Health Canada, there were 64 new infections per 100,000 people on reserves, compared with 5.9 per 100,000 in the country as a whole.

"Those are incident rates that are equivalent to an African country such as Nigeria," said Mona Loutfy, an infectious disease specialist with Women's College Hospital in Toronto.

And she says things could be much worse than they appear, because little testing has been done on Saskatchewan reserves.

Since July she's been coming to the province every couple of months for HIV clinics on the Ahtahkakoop First Nation.

"You don't need to go to Africa to do HIV humanitarian work. You can go to Saskatchewan," Loutfy said. "It's unbelievable."

Health officials say 60 of Ahtahkakoop First Nation's 1,700 on-reserve members are HIV positive, which is comparable to infection rates in some African countries. (CBC) And she said Health Canada, which is responsible for public health on reserves, isn't treating this problem with the urgency it deserves.

"I don't think they're being aggressive enough," Loutfy said. "I think they can do more."

HIV rates rising for a decade

Just a decade ago, the rate of new HIV infections on Saskatchewan First Nations was identical to the provincial average of about five infections per 100,000 people.

But since that time, it has soared. In 2011, the rate spiked to 95 per 100,000.

Dr. Ibrahim Khan is Health Canada’s regional medical health officer responsible for Saskatchewan First Nations. (CBC) Health Canada's regional medical health officer responsible for Saskatchewan First Nations, Ibrahim Khan, said the increased rate is due to an increase in testing.

He said testing and treatment are being offered on a handful of reserves, but he acknowledged much more needs to be done.

"We're not confident yet that the disease is dropping," Khan said.

He said testing has shown that some reserves have virtually no HIV problem while others have a serious epidemic.

Ahtahkakoop a 'golden example'

About 3.5 per cent of Ahtahkakoop's population has contracted HIV. That's a rate 17 times higher than the national average. (CBC) The Ahtahkakoop First Nation is one reserve staring down an epidemic.

Health officials said 60 of the band's 1,700 on-reserve members are HIV positive. That's about 3.5 per cent of the population; a rate 17 times higher than the national average.

Back in 2011, Chief Larry Ahenakew was approached by federal health officials with the news.

"I was afraid myself when I first found out," Ahenakew said.

He said he and his council felt helpless, but they decided to take an open, transparent approach and ask for help.

"We don't hide. We let everybody know our numbers," he said. "We have to take it seriously just to stop the transfer of infection disease of HIV."

Health Canada provided additional funding that pays for HIV testing and treatment in Ahtahkakoop's health clinic.

Chief Larry Ahenakew of the Ahtahkakoop First Nation says he first learned about the soaring HIV infection rate on his reserve in early 2011. (CBC) Loutfy praised the First Nation for its efforts, and said it is a "golden example of a First Nations community taking charge and taking care of the HIV problem."

Tanys Isbister, whose home reserve is Ahtahkakoop, is the registered nurse who runs the program.

"Lots of people are very well-managed on their medications and take their medications daily, so lots of them, their viral load is undetectable," Isbister said.

Health Canada is also funding a couple of other programs on Ahtahkakoop, including a needle exchange program and Canada's only on-reserve methadone clinic.

HIV spreading through IV drug use

Those programs are aimed at addressing the source of the HIV epidemic.

Health Canada has provided funding to Ahtahkakoop that pays for HIV testing and treatment, a needle exchange program and Canada’s only on-reserve methadone clinic. (CBC) In Saskatchewan, HIV is most commonly spread by intravenous drug users sharing needles.

Loutfy said that's causing the disease to spread rapidly.

"So you'll get a mother who is injecting with a daughter who is injecting with an uncle and a cousin. So in our clinics we will see entire families as patients."

She said she's troubled that "about 70 [reserves] don't know what their HIV rates are and don't have any care programs," Loutfy said.

Loutfy said widespread testing must happen immediately on Saskatchewan reserves for the sake of public health.

Some reserves 'not ready' for HIV testing

Khan said he would like to see Ahtahkakoop's HIV program replicated across the province.

"So it has already proven that the care that you provide on reserve with this particular multidisciplinary and holistic approach is making a difference," Khan said.

However, he said, "not every community is willing and ready to offer that testing, so we go where you find an open door and you find the leadership open to that."

Darryl Caldwell, an HIV patient living on the Ahtahkakoop First Nation, travels the province teaching aboriginal people about HIV.

Darryl Caldwell is an HIV patient who travels the province teaching aboriginal people about HIV. (CBC) He said in his travels he's learned there are some chiefs and councils who would "rather sweep [HIV] under the carpet."

"There's a couple of reserves I know when you're found out you have HIV you're shunned."

He's frustrated that some chiefs won't approve HIV testing and treatment on their reserves.

"It's just sad," Caldwell said.

"In those cases you can't do [anything] about it, I don't think, because the chief and council are the ones you answer to on the reserves."

Khan said there are continuing discussions with First Nations leaders about the importance of this issue.

"We work in a very respectful manner. We work with the community leadership," Khan said.

However, Loutfy is not impressed with that approach.

"Do you think it's respectful to let people die in First Nations communities not even knowing their HIV diagnoses with a disease that is completely manageable and where people can have life-saving medication?" she asked.