For every $1 in company equity held by men, women hold 47 cents, according to a study released this week by Carta, a Silicon Valley firm that helps start-ups manage their equity shares. The study finds that women tend to be disadvantaged in the amount of equity they hold at almost every stage of a new start-up’s life.

Equity can be the deciding factor in a worker’s financial fortunes. Many start-ups lack the cash to lure new employees with premium salaries, so they offer ownership shares in the company instead. If the company is successful, those shares rise in value, and employees can cash out to the tune of millions in some cases.

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But the imbalance Carta found in an analysis of roughly 180,000 workers and entrepreneurs across 6,000 companies suggests women are being left behind as men reap the rewards of equity.

Despite accounting for 35 percent of the equity-holding population in Carta’s study, women held a small share, 20 percent, of the total value of equity across the various firms.

Meanwhile, the stock compensation picture is even bleaker for female start-up founders. On average, the study found that male founders each hold nearly $2.2 million worth of company equity, compared with about $858,000 for each woman.

Male founders significantly outnumbered female founders in Carta’s study, by a ratio of more than 6 to 1. Overall, women tend to join start-up companies at much later stages of a firm’s life, compared with men. Those trends set women even further back, according to the report, because equity packages are typically more favorable to earlier hires.

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The result not only skews the amount of money women can hope to earn in equity but can also have an impact on the direction of the tech ecosystem, according to #Angels, a group of female investors who have worked at companies such as Google, Twitter, Yahoo and Netflix.