TL;DR : Just want the code? Click here

This post assumes you have a basic grasp of how to use URLSession and that URLSession is asynchronous.

There might be scenario where your app have to download external resource files from the internet, as URLSession is asynchronous, if we call multiple dataTask or downloadTask in the code, they might all run together and make multiple requests to the server at the same time.

// yes I know using force unwrap is bad // urls are ordered in alphabetical order let urls = [ URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/AppStoreCard/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/currentLocation/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/DispatchQueue/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/dynamicFont/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/telegrammy/archive/master.zip")! ] // call multiple urlsession downloadtask, these will all run at the same time! for url in urls { print("start fetching \(url.absoluteString)") URLSession.shared.downloadTask(with: url, completionHandler: { (tempURL, response, error) in print("finished fetching \(url.absoluteString)") }).resume() }

Some external API might have restriction that only 1 request can be made at the same time from the same IP address, performing multiple requests at the same time might result in HTTP status 403 Forbidden ! Or worse, all the heavy downloadTasks run concurrently and your app gets overloaded and crash!

You might have heard of OperationQueue and tried to download files sequentially using operation queue like this :

let queue = OperationQueue() // set maxConcurrentOperationCount to 1 so that only one operation can be run at one time queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1 // yes I know using force unwrap is bad // urls are ordered in alphabetical order let urls = [ URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/AppStoreCard/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/currentLocation/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/DispatchQueue/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/dynamicFont/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/telegrammy/archive/master.zip")! ] for url in urls { let operation = BlockOperation(block: { print("start fetching \(url.absoluteString)") URLSession.shared.downloadTask(with: url, completionHandler: { (tempURL, response, error) in print("finished fetching \(url.absoluteString)") }).resume() }) queue.addOperation(operation) }

But when you run it, all the download tasks are being executed at the same time even though maxConcurrentOperationCount is set to 1 ! 😱

Why did this happen?

This is because of URLSession dataTask / downloadTask .resume() method is asynchronous, meaning it will return / complete immediately and move to the next line before the response is retrieved.

Say we have the following code :

print("before URLSession downloadTask") URLSession.shared.downloadTask(with: url, completionHandler: { (tempURL, response, error) in print("finished downloadTask") }).resume() print("after URLSession downloadTask")

This will result on the following output :

before URLSession downloadTask after URLSession downloadTask finished downloadTask

Your program will continue to execute the line print("after URLSession downloadTask") right after calling .resume() without waiting for the response to be retrieved.

Operation has 3 states (ready, executing, finish), the way block operation works is that right before the code inside the block is executed, it is in ready state, when the code inside the block is being executed, it is in executing state, and when the last line of the code inside the block has finished executing, its state become finished , and the operation queue will move on to another operation.

As you have guessed, the operation state will become finished right after it execute the print("after URLSession downloadTask") line, even before the downloadTask has completed, and then the operation queue will move on to another block operation and repeat the same thing. Before the first downloadTask is completed, all other downloadTasks has been started (resumed) !

This is why all the download tasks are being executed at (almost) the same time even though maxConcurrentOperationCount is set to 1.

As BlockOperation will execute code from top to bottom and set the state to finish when the last line has been executed, we can't use BlockOperation to make sequential URLSession calls, we will need to create our own subclass of Operation. In this custom subclass, we will define when the operation is finished, which is when the downloadTask has been completed, instead of when it reach the last line of code.

Custom Operation Subclass

Let's create a custom operation subclass named DownloadOperation :

class DownloadOperation : Operation { // declare the download task as variable // so we can call self.task.resume() to start the download // and also call self.task.cancel() to cancel the download if needed // assume the task will never be nil since it will be created during init() private var task : URLSessionDownloadTask! }

Operation class has three boolean variables indicating the status of the operation :

isReady isExecuting isFinished

We will need to override the value of these three variables as we want to handle the state of the operation manually (instead of following the default ready -> executing -> finish state mentioned previously).

To ease the management of state, we will create a custom enum OperationState with three possible value : ready, executing and finished. Next, we create another variable state with that enum type to keep track of the operation state. Then we override the Operation class variables isReady , isExecuting and isFinished .

class DownloadOperation : Operation { private var task : URLSessionDownloadTask! enum OperationState : Int { case ready case executing case finished } // default state is ready (when the operation is created) private var state : OperationState = .ready { willSet { self.willChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting") self.willChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished") } didSet { self.didChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting") self.didChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished") } } override var isReady: Bool { return state == .ready } override var isExecuting: Bool { return state == .executing } override var isFinished: Bool { return state == .finished } }

You might notice that there is additional code inside the state variable declaration, the willChangeValue() and didChangeValue() methods inside the willSet and didSet blocks. The code inside willSet block will be called right before the variable value is updated (eg: state = .finished ). The code inside didSet block will be called right after the variable value is updated.

The way OperationQueue works is that the queue will observe the value of isExecuting and isFinished variables of the operation, the queue will move on to process the next operation once the current operation notifies the queue that it has finished executing. The willChangeValue and didChangeValue methods are used to notify the queue that the value of the variable (the forKey refers to the variable name) has changed, once the queue receive this notification, the queue will check for the value of isExecuting and isFinished variables. If the value of isFinished is true, then the queue will move on to the next operation.

This pattern of value observing and notification is known as Key-Value Observing (KVO), you can read more about it on Apple's Key-Value Observing Programming Guide

Next, we will add a custom init method for the DownloadOperation class to allow us to pass an existing URLSession, URL and an optional custom completion handler (the function you want to run after the download has completed) into it :

class DownloadOperation : Operation { // ... init(session: URLSession, downloadTaskURL: URL, completionHandler: ((URL?, URLResponse?, Error?) -> Void)?) { super.init() // use weak self to prevent retain cycle task = session.downloadTask(with: downloadTaskURL, completionHandler: { [weak self] (localURL, response, error) in /* if there is a custom completionHandler defined, pass the result gotten in downloadTask's completionHandler to the custom completionHandler */ if let completionHandler = completionHandler { // localURL is the temporary URL the downloaded file is located completionHandler(localURL, response, error) } /* set the operation state to finished once the download task is completed or have error */ self?.state = .finished }) } }

And finally we need to override the start() and cancel() methods of the operation, start() contains code that will be run when the queue perform the operation, and cancel() contains code that will be run when the operation gets cancelled while in the mid of executing.

class DownloadOperation : Operation { // ... override func start() { /* if the operation or queue got cancelled even before the operation has started, set the operation state to finished and return */ if(self.isCancelled) { state = .finished return } // set the state to executing state = .executing print("downloading \((self.task.originalRequest?.url?.absoluteString)") // start the downloading self.task.resume() } override func cancel() { super.cancel() // cancel the downloading self.task.cancel() } }

According to Apple's documentation, you should never call super.start() inside the overrided start() function :

At no time in your start method should you ever call super .

and also that we need to check if the operation itself was cancelled before start :

Your start method should also check to see if the operation itself was cancelled before actually starting the task.

Combining all the code together, we will get the class like this :

class DownloadOperation : Operation { private var task : URLSessionDownloadTask! enum OperationState : Int { case ready case executing case finished } // default state is ready (when the operation is created) private var state : OperationState = .ready { willSet { self.willChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting") self.willChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished") } didSet { self.didChangeValue(forKey: "isExecuting") self.didChangeValue(forKey: "isFinished") } } override var isReady: Bool { return state == .ready } override var isExecuting: Bool { return state == .executing } override var isFinished: Bool { return state == .finished } init(session: URLSession, downloadTaskURL: URL, completionHandler: ((URL?, URLResponse?, Error?) -> Void)?) { super.init() // use weak self to prevent retain cycle task = session.downloadTask(with: downloadTaskURL, completionHandler: { [weak self] (localURL, response, error) in /* if there is a custom completionHandler defined, pass the result gotten in downloadTask's completionHandler to the custom completionHandler */ if let completionHandler = completionHandler { // localURL is the temporary URL the downloaded file is located completionHandler(localURL, response, error) } /* set the operation state to finished once the download task is completed or have error */ self?.state = .finished }) } override func start() { /* if the operation or queue got cancelled even before the operation has started, set the operation state to finished and return */ if(self.isCancelled) { state = .finished return } // set the state to executing state = .executing print("downloading \(self.task.originalRequest?.url?.absoluteString ?? "")") // start the downloading self.task.resume() } override func cancel() { super.cancel() // cancel the downloading self.task.cancel() } }

In the next section, we will discuss the usage of the DownloadOperation in a queue.

Using the custom operation in a queue

Now that we have implemented the DownloadOperation, we can use it download multiple files sequentially in a queue like this :

// remember to set maxConcurrent OperationCount to 1 let queue = OperationQueue() queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1 let urls = [ URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/AppStoreCard/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/currentLocation/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/DispatchQueue/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/dynamicFont/archive/master.zip")!, URL(string: "https://github.com/fluffyes/telegrammy/archive/master.zip")! ] for url in urls { let operation = DownloadOperation(session: URLSession.shared, downloadTaskURL: url, completionHandler: { (localURL, response, error) in print("finished downloading \(url.absoluteString)") }) queue.addOperation(operation) }

And we will get the result like this 🙌 :

One advantage of using queue is that we can let user to cancel all the download tasks should they become impatient 😬 :

@IBAction func cancelDownloadTapped(_ sender: UIButton) { queue.cancelAllOperations() self.progressLabel.text = "Download cancelled" }

Multicore Consideration

In the documentation of NSOperation, Apple mentioned that if we implemented custom data accessor (ie. modifying value of a variable), we should make sure that these methods are thread-safe.

When you subclass NSOperation , you must make sure that any overridden methods remain safe to call from multiple threads. If you implement custom methods in your subclass, such as custom data accessors, you must also make sure those methods are thread-safe.

There might be situation where the .state value is being read and write at the same time, causing the state read by the operation queue is not the latest value, or that multiple writes are performed on the .state value, causing it to be corrupt.

One way to solve it is to use a dispatch queue for the read / write operation, to ensure that no concurrent write ever happens, and also allow multiple read to happen at the same time (since read won't alter the value).

As explaining how to solve the reader writer problem is out of the scope of this article, I recommend referring this Stack Overflow answer.

Further Reading

Apple's Operation class documentation

Apple's OperationQueue class documentation

Apple's Key-Value Observing Programming Guide