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While China’s Communist Party rolled back its long-standing one-child policy last month, economists are expecting another equally powerful deterrent to kick in: the soaring cost of raising kids.

Their projections are borne out by middle-class Chinese like Liu He. A project manager in Beijing’s thriving technology industry, 38-year-old Liu and her husband together make 40,000 yuan ($6,300) a month. About 40 percent of that goes toward their three-year-old daughter. There are fixed costs like food, kindergarten and a nanny besides savings for future painting and piano lessons, and even college in the U.S. some day.

In the U.S., a middle-class couple, on average, can spend about 16 percent of their income on a child, according to a U.S. government report last year that examined spending till the age of 18. The budgetary constraints on Chinese families show how economic pressures might stymie the government’s efforts to boost its labor force by allowing couples to have two children.

While the new policy was also intended to boost consumption, financial realities may prevent a big jump in the fertility rate -- a case of market forces trumping the iron fist of the state. In the past, Chinese children were raised at modest cost to produce future labor. Now, for China’s growing middle class, rearing kids is an expensive process focused on keeping them ahead in a fiercely competitive economy. Liu says her family simply can’t afford a second child.

“The high cost of raising a child is probably China’s new birth control," said Credit Suisse economist Dong Tao.

Share Surge

Introduced in the late 70s to manage scarce resources, China’s one-child policy has since emerged as a threat to growth, with the country’s working-age population shrinking last year for the first time in two decades.

The day after the Communist Party loosened its regulation many " two-child stocks" -- shares of companies such as baby food maker Danone, skincare products maker China Child Care Corp. and stroller company Goodbaby International Holdings Ltd. -- surged as investors bet that families would loosen the purse strings to have another baby.

“The demographics are not going to change overnight, the market is probably getting overexcited about that," said Dong about the policy to allow two children. “It’ll help China’s consumption story but the impact is probably substantially more muted than the market is indicating."

Dong estimates that the child rearing cost for an additional kid until he or she is 18 would be around 499,200 yuan in China, which translates to about 27,700 yuan a year.

When Dong first did the calculation in December 2013, the figure -- which includes baby toys, medical expenses and standard school fees -- was 416,000 yuan. Dong estimates the costs would have gone up around 10 percent a year, and says that the calculation doesn’t include other factors such as the surging price of education.

Family Planning

The government estimates that 90 million couples are eligible to have two children, and births will increase over the next few years peaking at over 20 million newborns a year, Wang Peian, an official with the National Health and Family Planning Commission said the day after the new two-child policy was announced on Oct 29. The commission didn’t respond to a fax seeking comment.

The government has proven overly optimistic before. At the end of 2013, it allowed couples where either husband or wife was a single child to have two kids. At the time, the health authorities estimated an extra 2 million births each year from that policy. But only 1.76 million couples had applied for approval to have a second child as of September under those rules, according to Wang. The government did not disclose the number of people who actually gave birth to a second child.

It may also take a while for the new, two-child policy to actually come into effect. China has ordered local family planning agencies to keep enforcing the one-child policy until legislators formally amend the law this spring.

“Bear in mind the mentality of young Chinese couples -- they are of the one-child generation. The social DNA is in place and it’s okay for them to not think about having brothers or sisters," said Credit Suisse’s Dong.

Working Women

Other factors are also likely to play a role. At 64 percent, China has the highest female workforce participation rate among the world’s ten largest economies, according to data from the World Bank. Without help from the grandparents, Chinese mothers often have little choice but to drop out of work, at least for a few years.

Some like 30-year-old Wang Dandan aren’t keen to do that. "At this stage I do not want to have a second child because the time you have to make good career progress is from your thirties to forties -- it’s crucial," said Wang, the mother of a two-year-old girl and a magazine reporter in Shanghai.

"If I were to have a child, for the next two to three years I would have little to no income," she said. "It’s not that we wouldn’t survive, but there will be a strong sense of crisis."

Wang and her husband have some 20,000 yuan of disposable income each month after paying mortgages on their house and car. While they only spend 10 percent of that on their daughter at the moment, Wang expects to have to devote most if not all of her 8,000 yuan monthly salary to her daughter’s expenses soon.

"Once she enters kindergarten and there are education investments, it will be a very big need," said Wang. "It’s like a ticking time bomb."

(Updates with added details in seventh paragraph.)