There are an increasing number of resources about different ways of running Python on Android. Kivy (and its subprojects) are commonly mentioned, as one of the most mature and popular ways to do so, but one thing that gets less attention is the details of what you can do with Python itself once it’s running on the device - what are the limitations of this? Can we use any Python module? What about calling Android APIs, can we perform all of the functions of a Java application? These are all somewhat leading questions, they are things addressed by Kivy or its associated projects, and in this post I’ll summarise some of the most interesting and important details.

python-for-android Before anything else, let’s look quickly at the tool Kivy actually uses to get Python on Android; the unimaginatively-named python-for-android project. The basic functionality of this tool is to first build a distribution, an Android project directory that includes all the components Kivy needs to run, compiled for Android by its NDK. This includes in particular the Python interpreter itself, plus Kivy and the libraries it depends on - currently Pygame and SDL amongst others, although we are working to modernise this bit. The distribution also includes a Java bootstrap, a normal app structure whose job is to display Kivy’s OpenGL surface and to mediate between Kivy and Android. All these components can then be bundled into an APK with the user’s Python script and different settings (icon, name, orientation etc.) to taste. This is only the basic procedure, the APK can (and does) include much more than just these essentials. Amongst other things, most of the Python standard library is built in by default, and pure Python modules can be included easily so in general you can perform tasks using just the same libraries you would on the desktop. Libraries with compiled components are more complex, but can be built and included as long as python-for-android has a compilation recipe for them (or you provide your own) - these are often quite simple, just setting some compilation flags and running the normal build procedure, although some modules need additional patching. Python-for-android includes quite a few recipes by default, including very popular modules like numpy, sqlite3, twisted and even django! The above is the basics of how python-for-android works but is far from the whole story, and you can check the documentation for more information about building your own APKs - in particular, we recommend using Buildozer, which gives python-for-android a more convenient interface and can manage some dependencies (in particular the Android SDK and NDK) automatically. This is also quite focused on Kivy itself, but we’re trying to move to make it easier for other projects to use the same toolchain - the core process of building and including Python should be similar, but there’s no need for the bootstrap app at the end to support only Kivy’s specific needs.

Calling Android APIs with PyJNIus In normal Android application development, interaction with the Android API is an important part of how your app behaves - getting sensor data, creating notifications, vibrating, pausing and restarting, or just about anything else. Kivy takes care of the essentials for you, but many of these are things you’ll still want to manage yourself from Python. For this reason we have the PyJNIus project, also developed under the Kivy organisation, which automatically wraps Java code in a Python interface. As a simple example, here’s the Python code to have an Android device vibrate for 10s: from jnius import autoclass # We need a reference to the Java activity running the current # application, this reference is stored automatically by # Kivy's PythonActivity bootstrap: PythonActivity = autoclass ( 'org.renpy.android.PythonActivity' ) activity = PythonActivity . mActivity Context = autoclass ( 'android.content.Context' ) vibrator = activity . getSystemService ( Context . VIBRATOR_SERVICE ) vibrator . vibrate ( 10000 ) # the argument is in milliseconds If you’re familiar with the Android API, you’ll notice that this is very similar to the Java code you’d use for the same task; PyJNIus just lets us call the same API directly from Python. Most of the Android API can be called from Python in the same way, letting you achieve the same things as a normal Java application. The main disadvantages of using PyJNIus directly are that it requires some understanding of how the Android API is structured, and that it is quite verbose - though the latter just reflects the nature of the equivalent Java code. For this reason, the Kivy project set includes Plyer.

Plyer: A platform-independent API for platform-specific features The Plyer project takes a step back from the specific implementation details of individual platforms in order to try to create a simple, pythonic interface for a subset of (mostly) shared functionality. For instance, the vibration example above would become from plyer.vibrator import vibrate vibrate ( 10 ) # in Plyer, the argument is in seconds Further, Plyer is not just for Android but would try to do something appropriate on any of its supported platforms - currently Android, iOS, Linux, Windows and OS X (on iOS, PyOBJus fulfils a similar role to PyJNIus on Android). The vibrator is actually a bad example as only Android is currently implemented, but other APIs such as checking the battery ( from plyer import battery; print(battery.status) ) or text-to-speech ( from plyer import tts; tts.speak('hello world') ) would already work on both desktop and mobile devices, and others such as the compass or gyroscope sensors or sending SMS messages would work on both Android and iOS. Plyer is very much under development, with new API wrapper contributions very welcome, and is the subject of a (second) GSoC project this year. We hope that it will become increasingly feature-complete.