How did the officer end up on the ground?

But officers in Missouri and Texas , New Jersey and states in between have also been criticized in recent months for treating black drivers aggressively during traffic stops.

These encounters can quickly turn dangerous. Last year, an officer in Georgia was dragged along the side of a car by a driver trying to flee (the series of events was captured by his body camera ).

Now to the final video, which focuses on a fairly common responsibility for state and local police: scrutinizing vehicles and drivers at traffic stops or in neighborhoods.

Now watch the same encounter filmed from the police car’s dash camera.

That didn’t add much clarity, did it?

Professor Stoughton said that after watching both videos, most people usually say: “It looked like he pushed the officer, or he fell because he was going to get hit by the door.”

Why? Here’s a hint: Of those who said they trusted the police at the beginning of this quiz, 0.00% said the officer was knocked down by the driver or the door. Of those who said they tend to distrust or strongly distrust the police, 0.00% said the officer was knocked down by either of those. (These results are updated every few minutes based on quiz responses.)

Now here is the same incident, from a bystander’s smartphone. Watch and listen.

So here’s what really happened: The man jumped out because he was trying to get away from a bee inside his car. All that flailing had nothing to do with the officer. It was all about the fear of getting stung.

The video also shows that the officer was not knocked down by the man in the car, or the door — he was too far away.

Why might some of us have missed these details?

Let’s take a deeper look at the responses.

Readers who said at the start that they had a high level of trust in the police or tended to trust the police were more likely to believe that the officer faced a very threatening, or somewhat threatening, situation, according to our updated results. For those who said they distrusted the police, or tended to, the interaction looked less dangerous for the officer.

People who generally trust the police 0 % Saw a serious threat

People who generally distrust the police 0 % Saw a serious threat

This confirms what Professor Stoughton has found in his own presentations with judges, lawyers and students: What we see in police video footage tends to be shaped by what we already believe.

“Our interpretation of video is just as subject to cognitive biases as our interpretation of things we see live,” Professor Stoughton said. “People disagree about policing and will continue to disagree about exactly what a video shows.”

Race can also play a role. While Professor Stoughton’s work did not seek to determine how the race of the driver affected viewers’ conclusions, numerous studies have shown that some sort of conscious or unconscious bias is present in all of us, including law enforcement.

Body cameras can have a positive impact. In San Diego, complaints about officers fell 40.5 percent and use of “personal body” force by officers dropped by 46.5 percent after officers adopted body cameras, according to a 2015 report from the city’s police department.

But Professor Stoughton said that as such videos become more commonly used in court to either bolster or dispute the accounts of police officers, people must be careful how they interpret the footage, keeping in mind the cameras’ limits and viewers’ biases.

“People are expecting more of body cameras than the technology will deliver,” Professor Stoughton said. “They expect it to be a broad solution for the problem of police-community relations, when in fact it’s just a tool, and like any tool, there’s a limited value to what it can do.”

Given that, and looking back at the videos and this experiment, has your view of policing and the role of video changed? Read responses from other quiz-takers then