WHITEPAPERS

Abstract— Cyber–physical systems combine physical objects or systems with integrated computational facilities and data storage. From that perspective, Smart Grids are a mixture of physical actuators, sensors, physical communication networks; and cyber computational and communication protocols and algorithms. In our work, we propose to extend the applicability of decentralized blockchain consensus protocols to the broad field of Cyber–Physical systems. Our contribution includes a proposal of a new family of cyber–physical systems, an in-depth discussion of new possibilities and inherent shortcomings. The proposed coupling of the data storage mechanisms, communication and consensus protocols, allows for deployment of self-sustaining cyber–physical environments in which all the mission-critical aspects in both the cyber and physical layer are effectively incentivized, coordinated and maintained. This includes the essential data storage, data exchange, but also the production, transmission and distribution of energy. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first such a comprehensive undertaking toward symbiotic cyber–physical systems and environments. The proposed family of systems is decentralized and does not imply the necessity of reliance on trusted third parties. We propose and discuss an architecture which incorporates physical, blockchain-enabled sensors and actuators capable of monitoring and altering parameters of the underlying physical layer. We analyze a particular instance of a blockchain-aided CPS’, where we are concerned with the power grid at both the micro and macro-grid level. At the macro-grid level we explore the possibility of utilizing blockchain-enabled physical actuators. These theoretical actuators are able to introduce savings by a near real-time routing of energy and enable for tracking of power losses thanks to decentralized accountability. At the micro-grid level we propose a network of blockchain-enabled smart meters to coordinate real-time auction-based energy trade. To glue together the elements of such an open, trustless, decentralized system, we discuss an intrinsic communication protocol capable of rewarding intermediaries of a data exchange for each transmitted byte. We tackle the feasibility, security and accountability challenges which we have faced and which will need to be considered by future architects of the new, exciting family of cyber–physical systems.

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Abstract— The flow of information among people in today’s world is essential. People need to exchange data, but they also need to store larger chunks of data for future retrieval. Various business schemes have grown by feeding themselves on these assumptions. Some of them provide the needed infrastructure, such as, cables or wireless base stations in case of GSM/LTE networks, while others provide complimentary storage capabilities (cloud storage services). In this paper, we introduce a Fully Distributed GRIDNET protocol (FD-GRIDNET). It facilitates a solution to a problem of motivating users to intercede in a data exchange. MANET/DTN networks were envisioned as a target environment, however we do not restrain our protocol by design only to such. FD-GRIDNET is the first fully distributed data exchange protocol, which rewards intermediaries with a cryptocurrency, one created on behalf of the described communication system itself. It constitutes a communication system with a closed economy cycle, where acting as a router earns cryptocurrency, which in turn can be used for one’s own needs, such as, but not limited to – data transmission. Indeed, FD-GRIDNET can be said to facilitate a cryptocurrency of its own. It builds upon a proof-of-work concept, but introduces elements of proof-of-stake as well.

EVERYTHING WE DO IS BACKED ENTIRELY BY PURE RESEARCH AND SCIENCE.

Abstract— The blockchain technology seems to be regarded by many, as a revolution, on the scale comparable to the advent of the Internet. The blockchain by itself is a rather simple data structure. The cryptocurrency design details account for the security of the underlying system. In this work, we present the design of our cryptographic system for use in Smart Grid environments. The mechanism is to incentivize distribution of greenfield energy, but also, to handle and encourage the required data transmission and storage. In our design, the value of cryptocurrency, as well as, of the energy itself, is determined solely by forces of supply and demand. Our design is unique in that, Smart Meters are the only trusted actors. We stress the importance of features required by, such a system; to be regarded as secure, distributed and indeed - decentralized. We advocate, that a smart-meter is the only element required to be trusted; and that should hold true only in regard to making energy measurements. We show, why a cryptocurrency based system, which we have designed, is particularly suitable for energy-distribution scenarios, especially in limited-trust environments, where anonymity and security of data transmission are of the essence. Our hereby proposed system provides a fully distributed market for prosumers, customers, power line owners and any other entities involved in both energy and data distribution. In this paper we focus on the architectural design.

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