A piece on child labor in Palestine, by Matt Surrusco, at the World Policy Journal, reports illegal Israeli settlements’ use of children, aged 13-17, for agricultural work, as documented by a Palestinian group, the Ma’an Development Center. Employment of children under 18, on an exploitative basis, violates international law.

Chris [Whitman, formerly of Ma’an] jots down all the Jordan Valley settlements that he knows employ children: Tomer, Petza’el, Argaman, Yafit, Na’ama, Niran, Gilgal, Netiv Hagedud, Qalia, Beit HaArava, Ro’i.

Though Argaman does not have near­ly the number of child laborers as Tomer, Chris says Argaman—the second Israeli set­tlement built in the Jordan Valley, and the third in the West Bank—has a long history. For Hamza [Zbeidat, of Ma’an] … Argaman was where he first learned about settlements, working with his father and brothers as a child…

Hamza’s work has also focused on 31 Israeli settle­ments in the Jordan Valley, including Argaman, the settlement nearest [the Palestinian village of] Zbeidat.

Many of the men and boys in this West Bank vil­lage—including some chil­dren as young as 13—work on Argaman’s farms. They earn below the Israeli mini­mum wage, receive no social security or health benefits from their Israeli employers, and have no job security. Many are hired on a daily basis by a Palestinian intermediary, a waseet, contracted by the Israeli farm own­er to recruit Palestinian laborers. Some 500 to 1,000 Palestinian children work on Jor­dan Valley agricultural settlements, accord­ing to Ma’an. The workers, some 10,000 to 20,000 Palestinians, plant, harvest, transport, clean, and package settlement produce for sale mostly in European mar­kets. “The whole point of the agricultural settlement is exports,” Chris says. Unlike a kibbutz, or cooperatively owned farm, Ar­gaman is a moshav, a farming settlement, where settlers own some of the land in com­mon, though most is privately owned.

Under international law, enshrined in Article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which Israel has signed, par­ticipating nations must “recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physi­cal, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.” The convention defines a child as any person under 18. Inter­national Labor Organization (ILO) conventions and Israeli and Palestinian child labor laws set the minimum age to work as 15, but for employ­ment considered hazardous to a young person’s health or safety, the minimum age is 18.

In the Jordan Valley, many child labor­ers, aged 13 to 17, work before and after school and on breaks, averaging six to seven hours daily. But in Zbeidat and other vil­lages, some leave school before graduating to work full time and help support their families. Few teenagers return to finish their education after starting to work full time. The physically demanding labor puts children at risk of exposure to pesticides, skin cancer from working long hours in the sun, and fatigue, resulting in stunted growth and bodily injury. Moreover, chil­dren are not monitored, work long hours, and are doing jobs not suitable for their age nor physical capacities, says Mira Nasser, a child labor program coordinator in the ILO’s Jerusalem office. “There are more children dropping out of schools entering the labor market to work,” she adds.

Despite the low pay and taxing physi­cal labor, young Palestinians go to work on settlements because there are few other jobs. In the Jericho governorate, which in­cludes Zbeidat, the unemployment rate is among the highest in the West Bank—19 percent. In Zbeidat, at least two genera­tions have worked on Argaman, where labor relations between the earliest Israeli settlers and older Palestinian residents stretch back a generation further.