I don't know. You aknowlegdge that a nation is not easy to define, yet you reduce Spanish nationalism to its Liberal, homogenizing form. It does exclude the federalists from being adherents to an idea of a cultural Spanish nation, and it does not seem that obvious to me that they radically excluded/exclude that notion, or that it is logically neccesary that they should exclude it (what justifies the federation in first place, then)?. A nation-state does not need to be homogeneous. A nation-state, at its core, needs a shared identity and its citizens adscribing to it, the former heavily dependent on the latter. In that sense, Spain is very obviously a nation, until its citizens decide otherwise. What I mean is that people, by definition, cannot be wrong about it, because it's the loyaties of the people what seal the existence of a nation. And in that sense, it's perfectly possible that a nation contains nations. To the Murcia case, I'll add a more obvious exaple of the complexity of the matter: Are gypsies a nation?



Also, it does not seem that obvious to me at all that Spain lacks a common cultural framework. You are from Asturias, I'm from Murcia. Let's imagine a third person from Portugal, because I lived a year there. I'm sure we both know Vaya Semanita or La Hora Chanante, and it's very possible you don't know Gato Fedorento, or at the bery least not to that degree. I'm sure you know Gustavo adolfo Bécquer, and probably not Florbela Espanca. I'm sure we both know lyrics from Extremoduro songs, and it's very possible you don't know who Xutos e Pontapés are. I'm sure I can find tortilla and tapas in your city, and I know that I'm virtually helpless if I want to find them in Lisbon. I'm sure we know the same card games, while the Portuguese guy doesn't even use the same card deck to start with. Memes, jokes, pop culture, gestures (Portuguese people have a very humble, different gestual code... heck, I swear a woman figured out I was a Spaniard just because of the way I walk)... does that mean homogeneity? If it meant homogeneity, it would be all said and done. But it does not mean something that drastic. To me, those are the exact details that hint at Spain being a cultural nation, just as some of its parts are.