Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

Class 12 CBSE Chemistry is a feared subject that requires a lot of memory power and theoretical “mugging up” in order to score high marks in the CBSE exams. This general notion brings down the confidence level in many students. But chemistry should be viewed as a subject which “throws away” marks to its students.

Chemistry is divided into three parts- Organic , Inorganic and Physical.

Organic Chemistry

A sure shot scoring area as the concepts revolve around specific rules.Hence it is necessary to study these rules and exceptions for certain reactions.

Inorganic Chemistry

Without a doubt , the NCERT material provided in Inorganic Chemistry for class 12 is the primer in the field. It is important to read through the entire chapters of Inorganic chemistry as the students are tested on his/her memory of certain reactions.

Physical Chemistry

The only way to score high in physical chemistry is practice as much as you can. You should be very clear with their formulas and should be able to apply them in any way possible.

Unit No. Title Marks Unit I Solutions 23 Unit II Electrochemistry Unit III Chemical Kinetics Unit IV Surface Chemistry Unit V General Principles and processes of Isolation fo Elements 19 Unit VI p- Block Elements Unit VI d and f-Block Elements Unit VII Coordination Compounds Unit VIII Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 28 Unit IX Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Unit X Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Unit XI Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen Unit XII Biomolecules Unit XIII Polymers Unit XIV Chemistry in Everyday Life Total 70

Unit I: Solutions (10 Periods)

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor.

Unit II: Electrochemistry (12 Periods)

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit III: Chemical Kinetics (10 Periods)

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit IV: Surface Chemistry (08 Periods)

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.

Unit V: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (08 Periods)

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Unit VI: p -Block Elements (14 Periods)

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulfur – allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulfuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).

Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VII: ‘d’ and ‘f’ Block Elements (12 Periods)

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4 . Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit VIII: Coordination Compounds (12 Periods)

Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit IX: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (12 Periods)

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit X: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (12 Periods)

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XI: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (14 Periods)

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit XII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen (12 Periods)

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in text.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Unit XIII: Biomolecules (12 Periods)

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.

Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure. Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Unit XIV: Polymers (06 Periods)

Co polymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit XV: Chemistry in Everyday life (06 Periods)

Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquillizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.