In the previous post I introduced and explained the rationale behind Scala Server Toolkit. Today I would like to continue and get into more detail of some of the offered modules.

Getting Started

Our goal is to initialize and start a simple HTTP server using http4s. There are four basic things you will need in order to achieve that:

Configuration, thread pool (execution context), HTTP handler, and router (specification of which URL should call which handler).

Let’s cover these one by one.

Configuration

Every application requires some configuration. It is common in Scala world to use Lightbend Config which is a great library to load HOCON configuration files and retrieve the configuration values by their name and type. The loaded Config is usually passed around your application components so that each one can retrieve its configuration values. This works well for small applications but it is not robust for large applications and has its downsides.

The downsides are that loading of configuration values is scattered around all your codebase and it can fail at any time if you make a mistake in the name or the expected type of the value (it can even fail much later in the lifetime of your app if some components are loaded lazily). Your code is also tied with the Config library and you cannot easily change it for something else (e.g. in tests).

There is a better approach. Use case classes to model your configuration. Case classes are pure Scala solution (no extra dependency needed), everyone understands them well, they can model the configuration with specific types (e.g. Port ) and they are easy to use from tests. What you need to solve then is how to fill them with values from a configuration file because in practice you do not want to do that manually. Luckily there are many libraries for that and the one I would recommend is PureConfig.

Scala Server Toolkit already contains a configuration case class for the server: com.avast.sst.http4s.server.Http4sBlazeServerConfig in subproject sst-http4s-server-blaze which contains all the possible configuration options for the blaze implementation of http4s server. There is subproject sst-http4s-server-blaze-pureconfig which provides implicit ConfigReader instances which you need to import so that PureConfig knows how to fill the case class with values from configuration file. And finally there is sst-pureconfig which allows you to put these together and actually load the configuration:

listen-address = "localhost" listen-port = 8080

import com.avast.sst.http4s.server. Http4sBlazeServerConfig import com.avast.sst.http4s.server.pureconfig.implicits._ import com.avast.sst.pureconfig. PureConfigModule import zio. Task import zio.interop.catz._ val serverConfig = PureConfigModule .makeOrRaise[ Task , Http4sBlazeServerConfig ]

The import com.avast.sst.http4s.server.pureconfig.implicits._ is important because it gives you the ConfigReader instances for the Http4sBlazeServerConfig case class. The default naming convention is kebab-case which means that field named configuration-value in the file is filled into field named configurationValue in the case class. It is also possible to import com.avast.sst.http4s.server.pureconfig.implicits.CamelCase._ in which case both the case class field and field in the file have to match.

The import zio.interop.catz._ is important because it gives you instances for cats-effect typeclasses such as ContextShift and Sync for the Task effect type of ZIO.

Thread Pool

Every application also requires some thread pools to execute on. It is recommended to have at least two pools – one bounded for CPU-bound operations and one unbounded for blocking (IO) operations. Scala Server Toolkit offers subproject sst-jvm which contains ExecutorModule which gives you exactly that out of the box. You can also wrap already existing thread pool if you want to reuse it from your “runtime” (e.g. ZIO). There are more methods which allow you to create more thread pools of different kinds and with different configuration.

import cats.effect. Resource import com.avast.sst.bundle. ZioServerApp import com.avast.sst.jvm.execution. ExecutorModule import zio. Task import zio.interop.catz._ object Application extends ZioServerApp { val executorModule = ExecutorModule .makeDefault[ Task ] val fromZIO = ExecutorModule .makeFromExecutionContext[ Task ](runtime.platform.executor.asEC) }

HTTP Handler

The next thing you need is an HTTP handler. Simply put, it is just a function from HTTP request to HTTP response. In practice it is a bit more complicated because such handler usually does side effects so in http4s HTTP handler has the following type signature: Request[Task] => Task[Response[Task]] . http4s provides DSL to easily create a response. See the documentation for more information.

import org.http4s.dsl. Http4sDsl import org.http4s.{ Request , Response } import zio. Task import zio.interop.catz._ object Handler extends Http4sDsl [ Task ] { def hello (request: Request [ Task ]): Task [ Response [ Task ]] = Ok ( "Hello World!" ) }

Router

And the last piece is a router. We need to tell http4s server which URLs should be routed to which handlers. It is customary to add a default route which return HTTP 404 Not Found .

import com.avast.sst.http4s.server. Http4sRouting import org.http4s.dsl. Http4sDsl import org.http4s.{ HttpApp , HttpRoutes } import zio. Task import zio.interop.catz._ object Router extends Http4sDsl [ Task ] { val routes = HttpRoutes .of[ Task ] { case request @ GET -> Root / "hello" => Handler .hello(request) } val router: HttpApp [ Task ] = Http4sRouting .make(routes) }

HttpRoutes is an object from http4s which allows you to define the actual routing using Http4sDsl . You can see that any GET request at endpoint /hello will call our HTTP handler.

Scala Server Toolkit gives you Http4sRouting object which allows you to combine multiple HttpRoutes objects into one and also adds the default HTTP 404 Not Found route. The result is HttpApp which can be passed directly to http4s server.

Conclusion

Now we have everything we need to start a simple HTTP server from scratch. Note that we need to wrap everything in cats.effect.Resource to achieve resource-safety which is very important. Some of the modules return Resource directly (e.g. Http4sBlazeServerModule ), some do not and then you need to use Resource.liftF to make the types align.

import cats.effect. Resource import com.avast.sst.bundle. ZioServerApp import com.avast.sst.http4s.server.pureconfig.implicits._ import com.avast.sst.http4s.server.{ Http4sBlazeServerConfig , Http4sBlazeServerModule , Http4sRouting } import com.avast.sst.jvm.execution. ExecutorModule import com.avast.sst.pureconfig. PureConfigModule import org.http4s.dsl. Http4sDsl import org.http4s.server. Server import org.http4s.{ HttpRoutes , Request , Response } import zio. Task import zio.interop.catz._ import zio.interop.catz.implicits._ object Application extends ZioServerApp with Http4sDsl [ Task ] { private object Handler { def hello (request: Request [ Task ]): Task [ Response [ Task ]] = Ok ( "Hello World!" ) } private val routes = HttpRoutes .of[ Task ] { case request @ GET -> Root / "hello" => Handler .hello(request) } private val router = Http4sRouting .make(routes) override def program : Resource [ Task , Server [ Task ]] = { for { serverConfig <- Resource .liftF( PureConfigModule .makeOrRaise[ Task , Http4sBlazeServerConfig ]) executorModule <- ExecutorModule .makeFromExecutionContext[ Task ](runtime.platform.executor.asEC) server <- Http4sBlazeServerModule .make[ Task ](serverConfig, router, executorModule.executionContext) } yield server } }

If you run this application you should see the following output:

15 : 10 : 53.126 [zio- default - async -1 -225493257 ] INFO org.http4s.server.blaze.BlazeServerBuilder - http4s v0 .20 .15 on blaze v0 .14 .11 started at http: 15 : 10 : 53.131 [zio- default - async -1 -225493257 ] INFO Application$ - Server started @ 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8080

and if you call the endpoint (using HTTPie) we created you get the expected HTTP response.

> http get http://localhost:8080/hello HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 12 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Date: Tue, 10 Dec 2019 14:12:42 GMT Hello World!

And that’s it!

It might be hard to see the benefits of this approach in such a simple example. You could probably write it in less number of lines of code but the point of all of this is that usually our applications are more complex and are extended over time and only then you start seeing the benefits of principled approach to type safe configuration, proper resource management and unified approach to component initialization. This approach scales very well and all the components and their relationships are directly visible. This is what we have found to work best for us at Avast.