Like many developers, I heard a lot of buzz about Golang (or is it Go, I’m still not sure). In case you’re not familiar with it, it’s an open source language developed by Google. It mostly caught my interest due to the fact that it’s pitched as a statically typed, compiled modern language.

For a long time that was the extent of my Golang knowledge. I knew I wanted to take a closer look at it at some point, but I had other priorities. About 4 months ago, I realized the Golang could be the solution to one of the problems I was facing with CapsuleCD, my application for generically automating package releases for any language (npm, cookbooks, gems, pip, jars, etc).

The problem was that CapsuleCD was a executable distributed in a Ruby gem, which meant that anyone who wanted to use CapsuleCD needed to have a Ruby interpreter installed on their build machine, even if all they were just trying to do was package a Python library. This made my Docker containers bloated, and more complicated to develop. Wouldn’t it be nice to just have single binary I could download into the container? And so the migration to Golang began, if only in my head at that point.

Over the next couple months, I kept going back to that idea, and a couple weeks ago, I finally sat down and started porting my ~3000 line Ruby application to Golang. While I could have just bought a book like Golang for Dummies, I decided to just jump into the coding, and just read blog posts and stack overflow when I got stuck.

I can already hear some of you cringing. To be honest, while I was having a lot of fun, my initial development was pretty slow. I was trying to write an application in a new language, without knowing any of the conventions. The thing is, I loved it. Those “Ah-Ha!” moments and getting things compiling again after a huge refactor were an incredible motivator.

Here’s a bunch of the unexpected/unconventional things I learned while porting my app to Golang.

Please note, these are things that I didn’t expect when I started writing Golang code with a background in popular typed and dynamically typed languages, (C++, C#, Java, Ruby, Python and NodeJS). These are not necessarily criticisms of Golang. I was able to go from 0 -> working release of my software in a completely new language in 2 weeks. That’s pretty awesome if you ask me.

Before your first line.

Package Layout

While not required for a compiled language, I was still unprepared for the fact that there doesn’t seem to be a Standard™ folder structure for a Golang library, like there is for Ruby, Chef & Node. There seem to be a couple of popular community structures, and I found myself liking Peter Bourgon’s recommendations.

github.com/peterbourgon/foo/ circle.yml Dockerfile cmd/ foosrv/ main.go foocli/ main.go pkg/ fs/ fs.go fs_test.go mock.go mock_test.go merge/ merge.go merge_test.go api/ api.go api_test.go

!Circular Dependencies

Package layout becomes even more important when you find out that Golang does’t support circular dependencies between packages. If A imports B, and B imports A, Golang will give up and complain. I actually kinda like it, as it forced me to think a bit more about my application’s domain model.

import cycle not allowed package github.com/AnalogJ/dep/a imports github.com/AnalogJ/dep/b imports github.com/AnalogJ/dep/a

Dependency management

npm , pypi , bundler . Each of these package managers are synonymous with their language. However Golang doesn’t have an official package manger (yet). In the meantime the community has come up with a couple of good alternatives. The problem is that they are all really good, and it can be a bit daunting to pick one. I ended up choosing Glide, because it has a similar feel to bundler and npm .

Documentation

This is actually one of the best things about Golang. go docs and the godoc.org site are awesome and standardize the documentation for any library you might use. This is a nice step up from the NodeJS community where all package documentation is custom and self hosted.

GOROOT, GOPATH

Golang imports are done in a kind of weird way. Unlike most other languages, Golang basically requires that your source live in pre-configured folder(s). I’m not going to delve into the details, but you should know that it takes a bit of setup & getting used to. Dmitri Shuralyov’s How I use GOPATH with multiple workspaces is a great resource.

GOPATH=/landing/workspace/path:/personal/workspace/path:/corporate/workspace/path

Scratching that Itch.

Pseudo Class Struct Inheritance

The Golang developers did some interesting things when designing the inheritance model. Instead of using one of the more conventional inheritance models of typed languages like multiple-inheritance or classical inheritance, Golang follows a multiple composition pattern similar to Ruby. Method-Shadowing can cause some unexpected results if not understood completely.

Duck-Typed Interfaces

This is another cool unexpected feature of Golang. Interfaces are duck-typed, something I’ve only seen in dynamically typed languages. This duck-typing works hand-in-hand with struct composition.

Structs have fields, Interfaces don’t

Unfortunately structs can’t have the same API as interfaces , as the latter cannot define fields. This is not a huge issue, as one can just define a getter and a setter method on the interface, but it was a bit confusing. I’m sure theres a good technical/CS theory answer for why this is, but yeah.

Public/Private naming

Golang took Python’s public and private method naming scheme one level further. When I initially found out that functions, methods and struct names starting with an uppercase character are public and lowercase are private, I wasn’t sure how to feel about it. But honestly, after working with Golang for 2 weeks, I really like this convention.

type PublicStructName struct {} type privateStructName struct {}

defer

Another surprisingly useful feature Golang. I’m sure it’s a result of Golang’s parallel processing and error model, but defer ’s make it really easy to keep your cleanup close to the originating code. Mentally I treat it like an alternative to a finally method in the try-catch-finally pattern or the using block in C# / Java but I’m sure there are more creative uses for it.

go fmt is awesome

You’ll never have the “tabs vs spaces” debate with a Golang developer. There is a standardized Golang style and go fmt can reformat your code to comply with it. It’s a neat tool, and reading its source introduced me to the powerful parser and ast libraries.

GOARCH, GOOS, CGO & Cross Compiling

My goal of creating a single standalone CapsuleCD binary is the entire reason I started my port to Golang. However it quickly became apparent that simple static binaries aren’t an intrinsic feature of Golang (which should have been obvious). If your code is all written in vanilla Golang, and the code of all your dependencies (and their dependencies), then you can build static binaries to your heart’s content using GOOS and GOARCH . However if you’re unlucky like I was, and you have a dependency that calls C code under the hood (by importing a C pseudo-package ) then you’re in for a world of pain. Don’t get me wrong, creating a dynamically linked binary is still super easy. But to generate a static binary, with no external dependencies, means you need to ensure that all your C dependencies (and their dependencies) are all statically linked too. Like I said, obvious. C pseudo-packages are compiled via CGO , and you’ll need to look at the documentation to find all the compiler flags necessary to help CGO locate your static libraries. A table of all supported GOOS and GOARCH pairs is located in the Golang docs

How do I test this?

Hidden in plain sight

Test files are suffixed with _test.go and should be located side-by-side with the code they test, rather than relegated to a special testing folder. Its nice, even though it feels a bit cluttered at first.

Test data goes in a special testdata folder. Both the testdata folder and _test.go files are completely ignored by the compiler during go build .

go list and vendor folder

So, dependency management is pretty new to the Golang language, and not all tools understand the special vendor folder. As such, when you run go test , by default you’ll find it running the tests of all your dependencies. Use go list | grep -v /vendor to get Golang to ignore the vendor folder.

go fmt $(go list ./... | grep -v /vendor/)

if err != nil

I’m a stickler for code coverage. I try to keep my open source projects above 80% coverage, but I’m having a hard time doing that with Golang. Those of you already familiar with Golang will probably just point out that Golang is one of the easiest languages to get good coverage in. Rather than creating a seperate execution path for errors ( try-catch-finally ) Golang treats all errors as standard objects. Golang convention states that functions which can produce errors should return them as it’s last return argument.

It’s a pretty interesting model, which reminds me a bit of Node ’s built-in functions. However, just like Node , it can be difficult to write unit tests that produce errors in built-in functionality. This becomes even more annoying when you follow a coding pattern where you bubble-up errors, and then handle them at a higher level. When doing this, you’ll write alot of code the looks like the following:

data, err := myfunction(...) if(err != nil){ return err } data2, err2 := myfunction2(...) if(err2 != nil){ return err }

This starts to clutter up your code pretty quick. At this point some of you may be thinking that interface s and mock s would solve these problems. While that’s true in some cases, I don’t think it makes sense to write massive interface s for built-in libraries like os and ioutil , or pass those libraries in as arguments, just so that we can artifically generate errors for ioutil.WriteFile and os.MkdirAll .

I’m that this is definitely a shortcoming in my mental-model, but I’ve read a ton of documentation and blog posts on how unit tests and code coverage should be done in Golang, and I still haven’t found a pattern that makes sense without seeming to require a dependency injection engine of some sort, something that Golang seems to actively dislike as too cumbersome.

Conclusion

I’d love to hear your thoughts. I’ve only been working with Golang for a few weeks, but it’s been an incredibly educational and enjoyable experience. I was able to go from no experience to building a real, working application in Golang in very little time, not just toy examples from some book. I know that I’m no expert in Golang yet, and that there are still theory gaps in my understanding of Golang, but I feel like they are much further apart than I expected when I went down this self-taught without books path.

Golang worked exactly as I thought it would, giving me binaries that I can easily download onto slim Docker containers, without requiring a Ruby interpreter. If you maintain executables in other languages, I would definitely recommend you consider giving Golang a try.