The East Pacific Barrier; over 5,000 km of open ocean separating eastern Pacific coral reefs (in red) from their nearest neighbors to the west. Credit: S. Wood. Reef locations obtained from UNEP-WCMC (2010; http://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/1). Image created using ArcGIS® software by Esri (Copyright © Esri. All rights reserved)

An international team of researchers have shown that vulnerable coral populations in the eastern tropical Pacific have been completely isolated from the rest of the Pacific Ocean for at least the past two decades.

Ocean currents can change speed and even direction depending on the season or climatic events like El Nino.

The new study led by University of Bristol researchers has used a state-of-the-art computer model to trace the journeys of coral larvae transported at the whim of these currents.

The international team discovered that even during the record-breaking El Nino of 1998, coral larvae could not survive long enough to make the 5,000 km trip from reefs in the central Pacific to those in the east.

These findings support the opinion of Charles Darwin, who considered this intimidating expanse of open ocean 'impassable' - countering recent arguments that the 'East Pacific Barrier' must be breachable since the same coral species are found on both sides. If so, the study argues, such breaches have not occurred recently.

Dr Sally Wood, from the Coral Reef Research at Bristol (CRAB) group in the School of Earth Sciences and lead author of the paper, explains: "Coral build the framework of tropical coral reefs, creating habitats which support one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.

Coral releasing egg/sperm bundles which will be fertilized in the water to form poppy-seed-sized larvae. Credit: Jamie Craggs, Project Coral, Horniman Museum and Gardens

"Whether coral reefs can survive the pressure of climate change as well as local stresses will depend to a large extent on the ability of coral to reproduce and disperse; to replenish damaged populations, migrate from deteriorating conditions and colonise new frontiers. So it's important to map where coral are able to get to."

Dr Erica Hendy, Lecturer in Biogeochemical Cycles in the School of Earth Sciences, added: "However, you simply can't tag a coral larvae to follow where it ends up as you would a large marine animal like a turtle or shark. Coral larvae are smaller than a poppy seed, soft-bodied and released in overwhelming numbers.

"When swept off their home reef, they have an infinitesimally small chance of ever reaching a suitable place to settle and become a coral colony. We therefore use computer simulations to answer these critical questions about coral biology and conservation."

This video shows the density of modeled larval paths from the Northern Line Islands by month of release from Jan 1997 to August 1998, showing variability in the direction of transport due to seasonal fluctuations in ocean currents. Credit: S. Wood

The study tracked the journeys of over five billion model 'larvae' from 636 remote reefs scattered across the central and eastern Pacific Ocean over a 14 and a half year period. Using the state-of-the-art Connectivity Modeling System, developed by Claire Paris, associate professor of ocean sciences at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and run on the University of Bristol's BlueCrystal supercomputer, the researchers could manage the massive computational demands of modelling such large numbers.

This allowed the team to test, for the first time, a long-standing theory that countered Darwin - that El Nino events promote long-distance dispersal of coral larvae across the Pacific Ocean.

The results showed that the eastern Pacific corals (from Baja California in the north to the coastline of Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands in the south) have been completely cut off from the rest of the Pacific since at least the 1998 El Nino.

Density of larval paths from the Northern Line Islands, the closest neighbors of eastern Pacific reefs, modeled over the 1997-98 El Nino. Modeled larvae fall short of making the >5,000 km journey from these potential central Pacific sources of population replenishment to imperiled reefs in the eastern Pacific. Credit: S. Wood

As is happening worldwide at the moment, this extreme El Nino wiped out many of the corals in the eastern Pacific.

Coral populations recover from such stress events through the proliferation of survivors and colonisation by new recruits from neighbouring less-impacted reefs. However, the more isolated a reef, the more self-reliant, and the higher the likelihood of local extinctions.

The study's findings provide evidence that local conservation is essential for the sparse and poorly-protected, but economically and environmentally-important coral reefs of the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Dr Wood concluded: "Our results demonstrate that it is even more important to conserve the genetic diversity of the remote reefs in this environmentally hostile part of the Pacific.

"They're on their own out there, so whatever we can do to protect them locally really will have an impact."

The research is published today in Nature Communications.

Explore further Epic ocean voyages of coral larvae revealed

More information: 'El Nino and coral larval dispersal across the Eastern Pacific marine Barrier' by Wood, S., Baums, I.B., Paris, C.B., Ridgwell, A., Kessler, W.S. & Hendy, E.J. in Nature Communications. dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCOMMS12571 Journal information: Nature Communications 'El Nino and coral larval dispersal across the Eastern Pacific marine Barrier' by Wood, S., Baums, I.B., Paris, C.B., Ridgwell, A., Kessler, W.S. & Hendy, E.J. in