One of America's corporate giants is investing billions of dollars in the new boom of oil and gas drilling that relies on a controversial extraction method known as fracking.

General Electric Co. is opening a new laboratory in Oklahoma, buying up fracking-related companies and placing a big bet that cutting-edge science will improve profits for clients and reduce the environmental and health effects of the boom.

"We like the oil and gas base because we see the need for resources for a long time to come," said Mark Little, a senior vice-president. He said GE did "almost nothing" in oil and gas just over a decade ago but has invested more than $15 billion US in the past few years.

GE doesn't drill wells or produce oil or gas, but Little said the complexity of the fracking boom plays into the company's strengths. Wells are being drilled horizontally at great depths in a variety of shale, rock and coal formations all around the country, and that means each location may require different techniques.

During the fracking process, a pressurized mix of water, sand and chemicals is injected into underground shale rock formations or coal beds to release trapped natural gas — or sometimes hard-to-reach oil. The technique has raised environmental concerns because of the large amount of water that is used, the risk of chemicals and waste water leaching into the ground and contaminating ground and drinking water, and the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are released.

Concerns can be 'managed': GE

There are big differences in how communities where fracking is occurring view the boom. There's been little controversy in traditional oil and gas states such as Oklahoma, but nearby landowners in Pennsylvania, Colorado and other states have complained of environmental and health effects.

"My own view is … things can be managed," Little said of concerns about drilling, adding they need to be managed carefully.

He drew a parallel to GE's work with the aircraft industry, since many decades ago flying was considered a risky business, but the industry evolved so that even as the speed, distance and number of flights increased, overall safety improved greatly.

Little also pointed out that GE has significant experience in wind energy, solar and in nuclear power.

"I think the world needs all of these kinds of systems," Little said.

New technologies needed

One environmentalist welcomed the news.

"It's exciting to see," said Michael Shellenberger, one of the founders of Oakland's Breakthrough Institute. "I think it is a positive response to legitimate public concerns about the environmental impacts [of fracking]."

He added that other companies are working to reduce and clean up wastewater, use more benign fracking methods and reduce air pollution related to drilling.

"It's the kind of continuous improvement of technologies that's needed," Shellenberger said.

Little said the GE strategy ultimately comes down to looking at "minds and machines together." For example, GE has devices that can relay information to people on the surface about exactly what's happening a mile or two below ground.

"We'll get more information than ever before," he said, and that can be used to help improve production and profits, and to monitor and reduce environmental impacts.

Cleaning up of car industry a model

One scientist said that the approach makes sense, and that there are past examples of success.

Modern cars are "incomparably cleaner" than older ones, said Neil Donahue, a professor of engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. "There are some real technical issues that these folks at GE might be able to make real progress on."

But Donahue added that GE's research is separate from — and can't address — the issue of how society should regulate fracking. He said it's likely that over time, GE will be able to look back and "say we've made it safer."

"It's up to a different level of discussion: how do we deal with this as a society," he said of the benefits and risks that come with fracking.

It's less obvious, he said, whether GE research will reduce the many other contentious issues around fracking, such as whether it should be allowed at all in some communities.