Mixed Integer Programming is a methodology where you can specify convex (usually linear) optimization problems that include integer/boolean variables.

Flappy Bird is a game about a bird avoiding pipes.

We can use mixed integer programming to make a controller for Flappy Bird. Feel free to put this as a real-world application in your grant proposals, people.

While thinking about writing a MIP for controlling a lunar lander game, I realized how amenable to mixed integer modeling flappy bird is. Ben and I put together the demo on Saturday. You can find his sister blog post here.

The bird is mostly in free fall, on parabolic trajectories. This is a linear dynamic, so it can directly be expressed as a linear constraint. It can discretely flap to give itself an upward impulse. This is a boolean force variable at every time step. Avoiding the ground and sky is a simple linear constraint. The bird has no control over its x motion, so that can be rolled out as concrete values. Because of this, we can check what pipes are relevant at time points in the future and putting the bird in the gap is also a simple linear constraint.

There are several different objectives one might want to consider and weight. Perhaps you want to save the poor birds energy and minimize the sum of all flaps cvx.sum(flap) . Or perhaps you want to really be sure it doesn’t hit any pipes by maximizing the minimum distance from any pipe. Or perhaps minimize the absolute value of the y velocity, which is a reasonable heuristic for staying in control. All are expressible as linear constraints. Perhaps you might want a weighted combo of these. All things to fiddle with.

There is a pygame flappy bird clone which made this all the much more slick. It is well written and easy to understand and modify. Actually figuring out the appropriate bounding boxes for pipe avoidance was finicky. Figuring out the right combo of bird size and pipe size is hard, combined with computer graphics and their goddamn upside down coordinate system.

We run our solver in a model predictive control configuration. Model predictive control is where you roll out a trajectory as an optimization problem and resolve it at every action step. This turns an open loop trajectory solve into a closed loop control, at the expense of needing to solve a perhaps very complicated problem in real time. This is not always feasible.

My favorite mip modeling tool is cvxpy. It gives you vectorized constraints and slicing, which I love. More tools should aspire to achieve numpy-like interfaces. I’ve got lots of other blog posts using this package which you can find in my big post list the side-bar 👀.

The github repo for the entire code is here: https://github.com/philzook58/FlapPyBird-MPC

And here’s the guts of the controller:

import cvxpy as cvx import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt N = 20 # time steps to look ahead path = cvx.Variable((N, 2)) # y pos and vel flap = cvx.Variable(N-1, boolean=True) # whether or not the bird should flap in each step last_solution = [False, False, False] last_path = [(0,0),(0,0)] PIPEGAPSIZE = 100 PIPEWIDTH = 52 BIRDWIDTH = 34 BIRDHEIGHT = 24 BIRDDIAMETER = np.sqrt(BIRDHEIGHT**2 + BIRDWIDTH**2) SKY = 0 GROUND = (512*0.79)-1 PLAYERX = 57 def getPipeConstraints(x, y, lowerPipes): constraints = [] for pipe in lowerPipes: dist_from_front = pipe['x'] - x - BIRDDIAMETER dist_from_back = pipe['x'] - x + PIPEWIDTH if (dist_from_front < 0) and (dist_from_back > 0): #print(pipe['y'] + BIRDDIAMETER, pipe['y'] + PIPEGAPSIZE) constraints += [y <= (pipe['y'] - BIRDDIAMETER)] # y above lower pipe constraints += [y >= (pipe['y'] - PIPEGAPSIZE)] # y below upper pipe #if len(constraints) > 0: #print(constraints) return constraints def solve(playery, playerVelY, lowerPipes): global last_path, last_solution print(last_path) pipeVelX = -4 playerAccY = 1 # players downward accleration playerFlapAcc = -14 # players speed on flapping # unpack variables y = path[:,0] vy = path[:,1] c = [] #constraints c += [y <= GROUND, y >= SKY] c += [y[0] == playery, vy[0] == playerVelY] x = PLAYERX xs = [x] for t in range(N-1): dt = t//10 + 1 #dt = 1 x -= dt * pipeVelX xs += [x] c += [vy[t + 1] == vy[t] + playerAccY * dt + playerFlapAcc * flap[t] ] c += [y[t + 1] == y[t] + vy[t + 1]*dt ] c += getPipeConstraints(x, y[t+1], lowerPipes) #objective = cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum(flap)) # minimize total fuel use objective = cvx.Minimize(cvx.sum(flap) + 10* cvx.sum(cvx.abs(vy))) # minimize total fuel use prob = cvx.Problem(objective, c) try: prob.solve(verbose = False, solver="GUROBI") #print(np.round(flap.value).astype(bool)) #plt.plot(y.value) #plt.show() last_path = list(zip(xs, y.value)) last_solution = np.round(flap.value).astype(bool) return last_solution[0], last_path except: last_solution = last_solution[1:] last_path = [((x-4), y) for (x,y) in last_path[1:]] return last_solution[0], last_path

I think it is largely self explanatory but here are some notes. The dt = t//10 + 1 thing is about decreasing our time resolution the further out from the current time step. This increases the time horizon without the extra computation cost. Intuitively modeling accuracy further out in time should matter less. The last_solution stuff is for in case the optimization solver fails for whatever reason, in which case it’ll follow open-loop the last trajectory it got.

Bits and Bobbles

We changed the dynamics slightly from the python original to make it easier to model. We found this did not change the feel of the game. The old dynamics were piecewise affine though, so are also modelable using mixed integer programming. http://groups.csail.mit.edu/robotics-center/public_papers/Marcucci18.pdf . Generally check out the papers coming out of the Tedrake group. They are sweet. Total fanboy over here.

The controller as is is not perfect. It fails eventually, and it probably shouldn’t. A bug? Numerical problems? Bad modeling of the pipe collision? A run tends to get through about a hundred pipes before something gets goofy.

Since we had access to the source code, we could mimic the dynamics very well. How robust is flappy bird to noise and bad modeling? We could add wind, or inaccurate pipe data.

Unions of Convex Region. Giving the flappy bird some x position control would change the nature of the problem. We could easily cut up the allowable regions of the bird into rectangles, and represent the total space as a union of convex regions, which is also MIP representable.

Verification – The finite difference scheme used is crude. It is conceivable for the bird to clip a pipe. Since basically we know the closed form of the trajectories, we could verify that the parabolas do not intersect the regions. For funzies, maybe use sum of squares optimization?

Realtime MIP. Our solver isn’t quite realtime. Maybe half real time. One might pursue methods to make the mixed integer program faster. This might involve custom branching heuristics, or early stopping. If one can get the solver fast enough, you might run the solver in parallel and only query a new path plan every so often.

3d flappy bird? Let the bird rotate? What about a platformer (Mario) or lunar lander? All are pretty interesting piecewise affine systems.

Is this the best way to do this? Yes and no. Other ways to do this might involve doing some machine learning, or hardcoding a controller that monitors the pipe locations and has some simple feedback. You can find some among the forks of FlapPyBird. I have no doubt that you could write these quickly, fiddle with them and get them to work better and faster than this MIP controller. However, for me there is a difference between could work and should work. You can come up with a thousand bizarre schemes that could work. RL algorithms fall in this camp. But I have every reason to believe the MIP controller should work, which makes it easier to troubleshoot.