T-80 Tank

The T-80, manufactured by Transmash of Omsk, appeared as production model in 1984, retaining the basic features of the T-64 series (including the 125mm smoothbore gun with autoloader). Major innovations included the first Soviet use of a gas turnine engine, providing increased speed and power, and the first use of a laser rangefinder providing major improvements in fire control. The T-80 is very similar in appearance to the T-72. It incorporates features common to both the T-64 and T-72, especially in weaponry. Easily distinguishable features of this tank as compared with the standard T-72 are the attachment of side skirts and twelve turret-mounted grenade launchers with seven on the left side and five on the right side.

The T-80 uses the same 125-mm gun and horizontal ammunition system as the T-72, though the fire control system is an improvement over that fitted to earlier Soviet tanks. The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects. The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and 50 mm more penetration. The electronic round fuzing system for Ainet rounds is available for other tanks. This round uses technology similar to that for French Oerlikon's AHEAD rouns. The round is specially designed to defeat targets by firing fragmentation patterns forward and radially, based on computer calculated settings from the laser range-finder and other inputs. Targets are helicopters and dug in or defilade priority ground threats, such as ATGM positions. Rate of fire is 4 rd/min. If the BK-29 HEAT-MP is used, it may substitute for Frag-HE (as with NATO countries) or complement Frag-HE. With three round natures (APFSDS-T, HEAT-MP, ATGMs) in the autoloader vs four, more antitank rounds would available for the higher rate of fire. The ATGM may be launched while moving slowly (NFI). The AT-8 can be auto-loaded with the two halves mated during ramming; but the stub charge is manually loaded.

When fitted with explosive reactive armor [ERA] the T-80 is virtually immune over its frontal arc to penetration from all current NATO ATGMs which rely on a HEAT warhead to penetrate armor. On the turret of the T-80, the panels are joined to form a shallow chevron pointing. Explosive reactive armor is also fitted to the forward part of the turret roof to provide protection against top attack weapons. The explosive reactive armor does not provide any added protection against APDS or APFSDS attack.

The challenge facing the Omsk factory is how to get its output onto the international market. Three weapons exhibitions held in Omsk produced minor results. But after participation in international displays in Adu Dabi in the Arab Emirates, Geneva, Cairo, Le Bourget in France and Farnborough in England the T-80U tank captured contracts from number of countries.

It is believed that China had ordered 200 T-80Us in late 1993.

As of late 1997 the well-publicized sale of 320 Ukrainian T-80UD MBTs to Pakistan appeared to be dead in the water. A total of only 35 T-80UDs had been delivered to Pakistan in two separate batches in March and May 1997. These 35 tanks were reportedly drawn from Ukrainian Army stocks and had capabilities below the level agreed to by the two countries. According to Moscow's Kommersant Daily, this apparently caused the Pakistani government to cancel the sale. The Russian government has been publicly against this sale from the very beginning, and has repeatedly refused to supply Ukraine with critical components needed to build the T-80UDs. While the more modern Ukrainian T-84 MBT is �80% Ukrainian-made,� the T-80UD is a largely Russian product. Pakistan had been assured by Ukraine that the contract for the T-80UDs would be honored in spite of pressure and lack of support from Russia. Without Russian support, its likely that the only T-80UDs to be seen in Pakistan will be those few already paraded through Islamabad.

VARIANTS

T-80: The first production model of the T-80 entered production in 1978 with only a few hundred built before production switched to the T-80B.

T-80B: Sometimes referred to Beryoza (Birch Tree), this first major redesign features a modified turret with new composite K ceramic armor providing better protection against APFSDS kinetic energy penetrators.

(Birch Tree), this first major redesign features a modified turret with new composite K ceramic armor providing better protection against APFSDS kinetic energy penetrators. T-80BK: Command version with additional communications equipment and antennae.

T-80BV: Variant has first generation explosive reactive armor [ERA] mounted. This variant is more likely for encounter by US forces. A late production version has a new turret similar to the T-80U but fitted with the turbine engine and first generation ERA.

T-80U: First observed in 1989 and referred to by NATO as the SMT (Soviet Medium Tank) M1989. The new turret has an improved frontal armor package with second generation explosive reactive armor. This version is equipped with the 9K120 Svir (AT-11 Sniper) laser-guided anti-tank missile in place of the older Kobra. Other improvements include a more powerful and fuel efficient gas turbine engine (GTD-1250, developing 1250 hp).

T-80UD: Version produced in Ukraine with a 1000-hp diesel engine instead of the turbine engine, and 1st generation ERA. In August 1996 Pakistan placed an order for 320 T-80UD MBTs under a deal worth about $580 million, and the first 15 were delivered in February 1997.

T-80UK: Command version with R-163-50K and R-163-U radios, TNA-4 land navigation system, and an electronic fuze-setting device that permits use of Ainet Shrapnel Round. The AGAVA thermal sight provides a 2,600-meter night acquisition range.

T-80UM: Upgraded with a gunner's thermal sight with additional tank commander viewing screen. Similar to standard T-80U, but without IR searchlight and with enlarged night sight housing. Outfitted with 2nd Generation ERA.

T-80UM1 "Bars" (Snow Leopard) : Prototype with Shtora and Arena defensive systems, though apparently without Kontakt-5 reactive armor tiles on its turret, since the Arena system with fragmentation charge launchers arranged in a semicircle around the turret front may preclude mounting reactive armor.

T-80UM2? "Black Eagle" : Features a new turret with highly sloped front and a bustle-mounted autoloader on a standard T-80U hull. Also incoporates a redesigned ammunition storage scheme to reduce vulnerability to ammunition fires. It is unclear whether this is simply a technology testbed demonstrator vehicle, possibly intended mainly for export, or whether it may enter Russian service in stead of the new Uralvagonzavod design.

T-84: Recent Ukrainian upgrade of T-80UD with a welded turret, a French ALIS thermal sight, a more powerful engine, optional use of ARENA active protection system (APS) and SHTORA-1 active IR ATGM jammer system. Prototypes have been demonstrated, and the tank is available for export.

Specifications Designations T-80U SMT (Soviet Medium Tank) M1989 Date of Introduction 1987 Current Using Countries China Cyprus Pakistan Russia South Korea Ukraine Description Crew 3 Combat Weight (mt) 46.0 Chassis Length Overall (m) 7.01 Height Overall (m) 2.20 Width Overall (m) 3.60 Ground Pressure (kg/cm 2 ) 0.92 Automotive Performance Engine Type 1250-hp Gas turbine (multi-fuel), diesel on T-80UD Cruising Range (km) 335 km/600 km with extra tanks Speed (km/h) Max Road 70 Max Off-Road 48 Average Cross-Country 40 Max Swim N/A Fording Depths (m) 1.8 Unprepared, 5.0 w/snorkel, 12.0 with BROD-M system Radio R-173, R-174 intercom Protection Armor, Turret Front (mm) Against 120-mm ammunition Applique Armor (mm) Side of hull , over track skirt Explosive Reactive Armor (mm) Kontakt-5 2nd Generation ERA Active Protective System ARENA is available Mineclearing Equipment Roller-plow set and plows available Self-Entrenching Blade Yes NBC Protection System Yes Smoke Equipment Smoke grenade launchers (4x 81-mm each side of turret), and 24 grenades. Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system. ARMAMENT Main Armaments Caliber, Type, Name 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A46M-1 Rate of Fire (rd/min) 7-8 (lower in manual mode) Loader Type KORZINA separate-loading autoloader, and manual Ready/Stowed Rounds 28 in carousel/17 stowed (manual loaded) Elevation (�) -4 to +18 Fire on Move Yes (gun rounds and ATGMs) Auxiliary Weapon Caliber, Type, Name 7.62-mm (7.62x 54R) Machinegun PKT Mount Type Turret coaxial Maximum Aimed Range (m) 2,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day 800 Night 800 Fire on Move Yes Rate of Fire (rd/min) 250 practical / 650 cyclic, 2-10 round bursts Caliber, Type, Name 12.7-mm (12.7x108) AA MG NSVT Mount Type Turret top Maximum Aimed Range (m) 2,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day 1,500 Night 800-1,300 Fire on Move Yes Rate of Fire (rd/min) 210 practical/ 800 air targets in bursts ATGM Launcher Name 2A46M-1 tank gun Launch Method Gun-launched Guidance SACLOS, Laser-beam rider Command Link Encoded infrared laser-beam Launcher Dismountable No FIRE CONTROL FCS Name FCS 1A42 Main Gun Stabilization 2342, 2-plane Rangefinder Laser Infrared Searchlight Yes Sights w/Magnification Gunner Day 1G46/PERFECT, 3.6/12x Field of View (�) INA Acquisition Range (m) 5,000 (70%P-hit for ATGM) Night AGAVA-2 Field of View (�) INA Acquisition Range (m) 2,600 (gun rounds only) Commander Fire Main Gun Yes MAIN ARMAMENT AMMUNITION Caliber, Type, Name 125-mm APFSDS-T, BM-42M Maximum Aimed Range (m) 3,000-4,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day 2,000-3,000 Night 800-1,300 Armor Penetration (mm) 590-630 at 2,000 meters 125-mm HE-Shapnel Focused-fragmentation, Ainet Maximum Aimed Range (m) 5,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day 4,000 Night 800-1,300 Tactical AA Range 4,000-5,000 Armor Penetration (mm) INA 125-mm Frag-HE-T, OF-26 Maximum Aimed Range (m) 5,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day INA Night 800-1,300 Armor Penetration (mm) INA 125-mm HEAT-MP, BK-29M Maximum Aimed Range (m) 4,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day INA Night 800-1300 Armor Penetration (mm) 650-750 125-mm HEAT, BK-27 Maximum Aimed Range (m) 4,000 Max Effective Range (m) Day INA Night 800-1,300 Armor Penetration (mm) 700-800 Other Ammunition Types Giat 125G1 APFSDS-T, Russian BM-42 and BM-32 APFSDS-T. The Russians may have a version of the BM-42M with a DU penetrator. Antitank Guided Missiles Name AT-11/SVIR Warhead Type Shaped charge (HEAT) Armor Penetration (mm) 700 (RHA) behind ERA/800 conventional Range (m) 5,000 Name AT-11B/INVAR Warhead Type Tandem shaped charge Armor Penetration (mm) 800 (RHA) behind ERA /870 conventional Range (m) 5,000

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