Much of the decline comes from consumers who, ill or not, got medical cards in their states because it was the only way to buy marijuana legally and then discarded them when broader legalization arrived. But for people who truly rely on marijuana to control ailments such as nausea or cancer pain, the arrival of so-called recreational cannabis can mean fewer and more expensive options.

PORTLAND, Ore. — When states legalize pot for all adults, longstanding medical marijuana programs take a big hit, in some cases losing more than half their registered patients in just a few years, according to a data analysis by The Associated Press.


Robin Beverett, a 47-year-old disabled Army veteran, said she resumed taking a powerful prescription mood stabilizer to control her anxiety and PTSD when the cost of her medical marijuana nearly tripled after California began general sales. Before last year, an eighth of an ounce of dry marijuana flower cost her $35. Now it’s approaching $100, Beverett said.

‘‘It’s ridiculous. The prices are astronomical,’’ said Beverett, who moved to Sacramento from Texas because medical marijuana is illegal there. ‘‘Going to the dispensary is just out of the question if you’re on any kind of fixed income.’’

It’s a paradox playing out nationwide as more states take the leap from care-centered medical programs to recreational models aligned with a multibillion-dollar global industry.

States see a ‘‘massive exodus’’ of medical patients when they legalize marijuana for all adults — and then, in many cases, the remaining ones struggle, said David Mangone, director of government affairs for Americans for Safe Access.

‘‘Some of the products that these patients have relied on for consistency — and have used over and over for years — are disappearing off the shelves to market products that have a wider appeal,’’ he said.


Cost also rises, a problem that’s compounded because many of those who stay in medical programs are low-income and rely on Social Security disability, he said.

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In Oregon, where the medical program shrank the most following recreational legalization, nearly two-thirds of patients gave up their medical cards, the AP found. As patients exited, the market followed: The number of medical-only retail shops fell from 400 to two, and hundreds of growers who contracted with individual patients to grow specific strains walked away.

Now, some of the roughly 28,000 medical patients left are struggling to find affordable medical marijuana products they’ve relied on for years. While the state is awash in dry marijuana flower that’s dirt cheap, the specialized oils, tinctures and potent edibles used to alleviate severe illnesses can be harder to find and more expensive to buy.

‘‘Lots of people have started trying to figure out how to make these concentrates and edibles themselves in their kitchen,’’ said Travis MacKenzie, who runs TJ’s Gardens, which provides free medical cannabis to children with epilepsy. ‘‘There are things that we don’t really want people to do at home, but the market conditions are such that people are trying to do more at home.’’

The numbers compiled by the AP through public records requests and publicly available documents provide a snapshot of the evolution of marijuana as more states — Michigan was last in the door, and Illinois is about to follow — legalize pot for all adults.

Ten states have both medical and recreational markets. Four of them — Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, and Alaska — have the combination of an established recreational marketplace and data on medical patients. The AP analysis found all four saw a drop in medical patients after broader legalization.


In Alaska, the state with the second-biggest decline, medical cardholders dropped by 63 percent after recreational sales began in 2016, followed by Nevada with nearly 40 percent since 2017 and Colorado with 19 percent since 2014.

The largest of all the legal markets, California, doesn’t keep data on medical patients, but those who use it say their community has been in turmoil since recreational pot debuted last year. That’s partly because the state ended unlicensed cannabis cooperatives where patients shared their homegrown pot for free.

There is limited scientific data backing many of the health claims made by medical marijuana advocates, and the US government still classifies cannabis in any form as a controlled substance like LSD and cocaine.

Still, the popularity of medical pot is rising as more states legalize it. There are 33 such states, including the politically conservative recent additions of Oklahoma and Utah. Oklahoma has among the more liberal guidelines for use and has approved more than 100,000 patient licenses since voters backed legalization last June.

Getting a precise nationwide count of medical patients is impossible because California, Washington, and Maine don’t keep data. However, absent those states, the AP found at the end of last year nearly 1.4 million people were active patients in a medical marijuana program. The AP estimates if those states were added, the number would increase by about 1 million.


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As more states legalize marijuana for all adults, some who have been using it medically are feeling disenfranchised.

In Michigan, where medical marijuana has been legal for over a decade, the creation of a new licensing system for medical dispensaries has sparked court challenges as the state prepares for the advent of general marijuana sales later this year. A cancer patient there filed a federal lawsuit this month, alleging the slow licensing pace has created a shortage of the products she needs to maintain her weight and control pain.

In Washington, medical patients feel they were pushed aside when that state merged its medical and general-use markets, which is also what’s happening in California.

Los Angeles dispensary owner Jerred Kiloh sells medical and recreational marijuana and said those markets are quickly becoming one, since few companies are going to produce products for a vanishing group of customers. He said his medical business has dipped to 7 percent of overall sales and is dropping month to month.

‘‘It’s going to be gone,’’ said Kiloh, president of the LA trade group United Cannabis Business Association.

In Oregon, regulators are struggling to find a path that preserves the state’s trailblazing low-cost medical pot program while tamping down on a still-thriving black market. A special state commission formed to oversee the market transition put out a report earlier this year that found affordability and lack of access are major hurdles for Oregon’s patients.


‘‘Patients have needs. Consumers have wants,’’ said Anthony Taylor, a medical marijuana advocate who sits on the Oregon Cannabis Commission. ‘‘Patients are in crisis right now.’’

General legalization has ‘‘indelibly changed the medical market,’’ and regulators want to identify the patients most affected by the transition, said Steve Marks, executive director of the Oregon Liquor Control Commission, which oversees Oregon’s recreational marijuana program.

Lawmakers just passed a bill that includes language that will allow the commission to explore a pilot program for home delivery of medical cannabis to patients in underserved areas, he said.

Meanwhile, Oregon US Attorney Billy Williams has demanded lawmakers get control of excess marijuana being trafficked out of state and cited the medical industry as a potential source of illicit cannabis.

As a result, lawmakers are ‘‘paring the medical program back to what it probably should have been from the outset,’’ said Ben Pirie, a cannabis law attorney in Portland.

‘‘There are patients with legitimate needs, but there are many more growing way more cannabis than needed to address those needs — and what do you do with that?’’ Pirie said, adding ‘‘there is this sweet spot in the middle that’s difficult to hit.’’

Oregon law allows medical patients to shop tax-free at general-use stores, and recreational stores can sell medical pot, although those products comprise just 8.5 percent of their sales.

Meanwhile, the rules that came with general legalization put lower caps on the potency of edibles. That means medical customers often pay more for the same dose they got before broad legalization.

Medical cardholders, for example, used to buy gummies or chocolate bars infused with 400 mg of THC, the high-inducing element of cannabis. Now, edibles are capped at 100 mg for medical patients but cost the same or more.

‘‘Who, with any medical condition, needs to be eating 20 pieces of candy a day?’’ asked Erich Berkovitz, Oregon’s last remaining state-licensed medical marijuana processor.

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Patients can also grow a small number of plants, but that doesn’t address the needs of the many medical patients who don’t smoke and instead rely on marijuana-infused edibles or tinctures.

Bill Blazina, a Navy veteran, used Oregon’s medical program in 2013 when he was diagnosed with esophageal cancer. But the 73-year-old grandfather found the landscape had changed dramatically when he was diagnosed last year with a new cancer in his lung.

The highly concentrated marijuana oil he took before — and wanted to take again — was selling for $60 a gram, his daily dose. A two-month supply would cost thousands at a retail pot shop, so Blazina connected with what he calls a ‘‘compassionate grower’’ who sold him the same amount at cost for $750, a transaction that fell in a legal gray area.

‘‘I didn’t even know his name,’’ said Blazina, sitting in a rocking chair in his home in the tiny coastal town of Waldport. ‘‘I met him ... and he’d bring it to me and smile, and I’d give him money and say, ‘Thank you,’ and I’d be on my way.’’

After surgery and chemo, his cancer is in remission, but he still swallows a tiny drop of the oil on a piece of tortilla twice a day. He’s learned how to make it himself: He and his neighbor combine their eight legal plants, pulverize a pound (0.45 kilograms) of marijuana flower, steep it in grain alcohol, strain it, and then simmer the resulting mix of alcohol and plant juice in a rice cooker until only dark black oil is left.

A pound of that flower at a retail store would be about $2,000, Blazina said.

‘‘I think the regulations should go toward more access and how do we get more access, realistically, for the people who need it medically,’’ he said, before taking his afternoon dose. ‘‘It prohibits people who don’t have the ability to grow from getting the medicine they need because it drives the price up — and I don’t see that as being helpful at all.’’

Kastanis is an AP data reporter in Los Angeles. Associated Press writers David Eggert in Lansing, Michigan, and Michael R. Blood in Los Angeles contributed to this report. Flaccus, Kastanis, and Blood are members of AP’s marijuana beat team.