A former TransCanada engineer says he reported its substandard practices to the federal energy regulator because he believed the company's management, right up to the chief executive officer, refused to act on his complaints.

In an exclusive television interview with CBC News, Evan Vokes said he raised concerns about the competency of some pipeline inspectors and the company's lack of compliance with welding regulations set by the National Energy Board (NEB), the federal energy industry regulator.

"I wrote a series of emails to a series of project managers saying, 'We can't do this practice, we can't do this practice, we can't do this practice,'" Vokes said. "And I received increasingly pressured emails about how things were OK to do it that way."

Vokes said he refused to back down and the workplace friction eventually took its toll.

"It was unbelievable the effect it was having on my health," Vokes told CBC News chief investigative correspondent Diana Swain. "I was certainly on my way to a heart attack, or a stroke, for sure. There is no doubt about it."

Vokes said he met with the Calgary-based company's vice-president of operations, and he also wrote a detailed letter to TransCanada Corp. chief executive officer Russ Girling. Frustrated, he finally made a formal complaint to the NEB, a version of events confirmed in an interview by the board's chief engineer.

"We understand he went right through the chain of command to the top in [TransCanada Pipelines Ltd.]," Iain Colquhoun said in an interview.

"Evan Vokes took the initiative to try and resolve the problem using the internal procedures and we would encourage people to do that," Colquhoun said. "But having not got there, he took the extra step of involving the regulator, and we would certainly encourage that."

Vokes went on stress leave in November 2011. In March 2012, he met with top National Energy Board officials and on May 1, he filed a formal written complaint with the NEB. TransCanada fired him on May 8.

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Vokes, 46, had been a machinist and a welder before he returned to the University of Alberta at age 30 to become a metallurgical engineer. Barry Patchett, a retired metallurgy professor, said he knows his former student as an engineer who is technically proficient, honest and responsible.

Patchett said if Vokes made a complaint, "you can take that seriously; take it to the bank, because from what I know, he takes his responsibility, his work seriously."

Last Friday, the NEB issued a public letter to TransCanada. Without naming Vokes, it said "many of the allegations of regulatory non-compliance identified by the complainant were verified by TransCanada's internal audit."

The NEB said it was "concerned by TransCanada's non-compliance with NEB regulations, as well as its own internal management systems and procedures."

Pipeline safety of 'paramount importance'

The regulator warned the company it would not tolerate further infractions of regulations related to welding inspections, the training of pipeline inspectors and internal engineering standards. It also announced a further audit of the company's inspection and engineering procedures.

"Pipeline safety is of paramount importance to the NEB, and it will take all available actions to protect Canadians and the environment," the regulator stated.

The board, however, said the deficiencies "do not represent immediate threats to the safety of people or the environment."

In an email statement to CBC News, TransCanada said "our reviews concluded that the items raised by the former employee were identified and addressed through routine quality control processes well before any facilities went into service.

"We are confident that any remaining concerns the regulator has about compliance and pipeline safety will be unwarranted," the TransCanada statement said.

The NEB is continuing its investigation of TransCanada and warned that if the company doesn't fix the identified problems, it "will not hesitate to impose appropriate corrective actions."

Lack of independent inspection questioned

Many of the complaints by Vokes focused on TransCanada's practice of allowing its pipeline and fabrication contractors to hire the inspectors that would be inspecting the contractors' work.

In 1999, the NEB imposed a regulation which requires the companies contracting the work, such as TransCanada, to supply independent inspectors to inspect the contractors' work.

"There is an inherent conflict when a prime contractor does his own inspections," Vokes said, especially when the project involves gas pipelines under high pressure because the consequence could be greater since it relates to public safety.

"In pipelining, there is a huge amount of stress for a very thin pipe," he said. "You certainly should be paying attention to what is wrong with your pipe, making sure nothing happens to it, and there are no injurious defects to your pipe as it is being put into the ground."

Vokes said the NEB regulation ensures contractors can't pressure inspectors to sign off on work that is not up to code.

TransCanada has publicly admitted it did not always follow this regulation in the past, but said it was industry standard. Vokes said TransCanada believed independent inspection slowed production, driving up construction costs.

Keystone XL pipeline a U.S. election issue

These latest revelations about TransCanada's substandard practices come in the midst of a U.S. presidential election campaign in which the proposed Keystone XL pipeline is an issue.

The Keystone XL pipeline project would extend an existing pipeline that carries oil from northern Alberta to refineries in the United States. (TransCanada Corp.)

A subsidiary of Calgary-based TransCanada Corp. is proposing to build the controversial $12-billion pipeline to transport 830,000 barrels a day of mostly Alberta oilsands crude to refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast.

U.S. President Barack Obama rejected the application by TransCanada in November 2011, saying more time was required to assess its environmental risks.

The firm resubmitted its proposal for an altered northern segment of the route in May. It said the proposal addressed concerns about potential damage to a massive aquifer beneath the environmentally sensitive Nebraska Sandhills. The pipeline, however, is also facing strong public opposition in Texas from landowners and others.

The New York Times published a letter to the editor in May from TransCanada Corp. CEO Russ Girling in support of its Keystone XL application. In it, Girling said TransCanada had "safely and reliably operated pipelines and other energy infrastructure across North America for more than 60 years."

"Our existing 2,154-mile Keystone pipeline from Alberta to Cushing, Okla., has delivered 240 million barrels of Canadian oil safely to American markets since 2010," Girling wrote.

TransCanada Corp. is one of North America's biggest pipeline companies, with approximately 57,000 kilometres of natural gas pipelines, plus storage facilities and power plants in Canada and the U.S.

If you have more information on this story, or other investigative tips, please email investigations@cbc.ca.