Thanks to undeconstructed from #vala at irc.gimp.net

In the last few weeks I’ve been playing around with Vala, and enjoying it. “What the heck is Vala”, you might ask, and of course you will get an explanation. Not only because Vala, though still in its infancy, hasn’t gotten the attention it deserves.

Vala is, in some sense, a new programming language. It’s syntax and structure leans heavily towards C#. As Jürg Billeter, the mastermind behind Vala, likes to put it; Vala is an amalgam of different C inspired languages, mostly C++ and C#. An though there is no mercury in this mixture, you’ll find many a gold nugget in Vala.

“Why another programming language? Aren’t there enough out there yet?” might be your next question. And of course this also deserves an explanation. Yes, there is an awful lot of programming languages out there. But what makes Vala special is it’s unique combination of high-level programming and low-level interface. You see; even though Vala supports modern programming language features like objects, foreach-loops, generics, annotations, memory management and exception handling, Vala is very slim. It doesn’t require a virtual machine. Indeed; Vala compiles are binary compatible to C. You can use C libraries from within Vala, you can even use Vala libraries from C. That’s because Vala, at it’s core, still builds upon the foundations of C. But more on that later. First, let’s take a look at a piece of Vala code.

int main (string[] argv) { stdout.printf ("Hello, World!

"); return (0); }

Well, that does look familiar, doesn’t it? All control structures (for-loop, while-loop, switch/case, if/else, …) behave like their C counterparts. Vala is very much like C, although there are some peculiarities. Like that string-datatype, and that stdout-whatsit.

Having stored this piece of code in a file called hello0.vala, it can be compiled:

valac hello0.vala

No rocket science thus far. The resulting binary can be executed and will result in following output:

$./hello0 Hello, World!

Now that we have made ourselves a little bit comfortable with the Vala tool chain, let’s take a look at some of the more interesting features Vala has to offer. That string data type, for example.

In our main function, we’ve defined a single input parameter. string[] argv; an array of strings. But other than simple C arrays, this is not only a block of continuous memory. It’s an object by itself and thus has properties we can inspect. It’s length, for example.

int main (string[] argv) { stdout.printf ("Argument vector length: %i

", argv.length); return (0); }

There is more. Using the foreach-loop we can even iterate over this array.

int main (string[] argv) { foreach (string arg in argv) { stdout.printf ("Argument: %s", arg); } return (0); }

Neat, isn’t it? But Vala has even more to offer. Like Classes. Everyone likes classes, so let’s make some! Animals are always good for examples, so I’ll use them as well.

public class Animal { public string name; public bool can_fly; public bool can_swim; public bool can_walk; public string noise; public string make_noise () { return (this.noise); } } int main (string[] argv) { Animal dog0 = new Animal (); dog0.can_fly = false; dog0.can_walk = true; dog0.can_swim = true; dog0.noise = "Whuff"; dog1.can_fly = false; dog1.can_walk = true; dog1.can_swim = true; dog1.noise = "Whuff"; stdout.printf ("dog0: %s", dog1.make_noise ()); stdout.printf ("dog1: %s", dog1.make_noise ()); }

This little example already shows some features of Vala. Obviously there are classes, with members and methods. But this example isn’t very sophisticated. Let’s try something more interesting. For example, let’s replace those booleans with a bitmap, bring in some generics and inheritance.

public enum Locomotion { NONE = 0, WALK = 1, SWIM = 2, FLY = 4, EVERYTHING = Locomotion.WALK | Locomotion.SWIM | Locomotion.FLY } public abstract class Animal : Object { public string noise { public get; construct; } public Locomotion locomotion { public get; construct; } public string make_noise () { return this.noise; } construct { this.locomotion = Locomotion.NONE; this.noise = ""; } public abstract string introduce (); } public class Dog : Animal { public string name { private get; construct; } Dog (string name) { this.name = name; } construct { this.locomotion = Locomotion.WALK | Locomotion.SWIM; this.noise = "Whuff"; } public override string introduce () { return ("My name is " + this.name); } } public class Finch : Animal { construct { this.locomotion = Locomotion.WALK | Locomotion.FLY; this.noise = "Tchirp"; } public override string introduce () { return ("Buggeroff"); } } public class Fish : Animal { construct { this.locomotion = Locomotion.SWIM; this.noise = "Blubb"; } public override string introduce () { return (this.noise); } } public class Bass : Fish { public string name { public get; construct; } Bass (string name) { this.name = name; } public override string introduce () { return ("I am " + this.name); } } int main (string[] argv) { List<Animal> a_list = new List<Animal> (); Dog wulfie = new Dog ("Wulfie"); Finch bert = new Finch (); Bass bob = new Bass("Bob"); a_list.append (wulfie); a_list.append (bert); a_list.append (bob); foreach (Animal a in a_list) { string loc = "i can"; if ((a.locomotion & Locomotion.FLY) == Locomotion.FLY ) loc = loc + " fly"; else loc = loc + "'t fly"; stdout.printf ("(%s)\t%s: %s, %s

", a.get_type ().name (), a.make_noise (), a.introduce (), loc); } return (0); }

As you can see, Vala supports all features you’d expect from a modern programming language. Classes, abstract classes, inheritance, generics, method overloading and so on. And still there are many features I didn’t touch in this essay, like interfaces, signals, exceptions, namespaces, access level modifiers, lambda functions and packages. And most important; Vala provides memory management, freeing the developers of most the hassles usually associated with low-level application programming.

So with all those fancy features, how can Vala still be compatible to C? It’s because valac, the Vala compiler, uses the GLib type system for its underlying framework; Vala code is translated to plain C code with hooks to GLib and (if one uses GLib.Object as superclass) GObject. This generated code in turn is compiled by GCC. Vala applications thus are native binaries, requiring neither an interpreter nor a virtual machine.

Vala provides (very) complete mappings to many important Unix C libraries, such as stdlib, D-Bus, Cairo, SDL, Poppler. And of course, with its roots deep in GLib, Vala also supports the Gtk+ framework and all related libraries. The excellent libgee, also developed in Vala, provides array lists, hashes, sets and collections. Use of the pkg-config system makes using libraries very easy. And as soon as GObject introspection is in place, bindings to all kinds of scripting languages come with the package for free.

Vala, now at version 0.3.4, is still under heavy development. My first experiments have already uncovered some bugs, which got fixed immediately. Vala might still need some time to come of age, but already it is picking up momentum, as the first projects start to use it. Especially developers with an aversion towards C++ might find Vala interesting, for it links the solid GLib type and event system with an elegant syntax, providing all the necessary tools for rapid application development on a stable foundation.

Links:

Vala (Project site)