Artistic composition of the radio telescopes in space and on the ground observing NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster of galaxies at a distance of 230 million light years. The obtained radio image shows a newly forming jet that is about 3 light years long. The central black hole is inside the bright spot at the top of the image. The details visible in the image are smaller than the Oort’s comet cloud around our Solar system. Credit: Pier Raffaele Platania INAF/IRA (compilation); ASC Lebedev Institute (RadioAstron image)

An international team of researchers has imaged newly forming jets of plasma from a massive black hole with unprecedented accuracy. Radio images made with a combination of telescopes in space and on the ground resolved the jet structure a couple of hundred black hole radii, or 12 light days from its origin point.

Black holes weighing as much as several billion times the mass of the sun are found at the centres of all massive galaxies. Some of these massive black holes eject spectacular jets composed of plasma flows at close to the speed of light, and which can extend far beyond the confines of their host galaxy. How these jets form in the first place is a longstanding mystery. One of the main difficulties in studying them has been astronomers' inability to image the structure of the jets driven by the black hole closely enough to their origin point so that direct comparison to theoretical and computational models of jet formation would be possible.

An international team of researchers from eight different countries has now made ultra-high angular resolution images of the black hole jet in the centre of the giant galaxy NGC 1275, also known as radio source Perseus A, or 3C 84. They were able to resolve the jet structure 10 times closer to the black hole in NGC 1275 than previously possible using ground-based instruments. The image reveals unprecedented details of the jet formation region.

"The result was surprising. It turned out that the observed width of the jet was significantly wider than what was expected in the currently favoured models where the jet is launched from the black hole's ergosphere – an area of space right next to a spinning black hole where space itself is dragged to a circling motion around the hole," explains Professor Gabriele Giovannini from the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, the lead author of the paper published in Nature Astronomy this week.

"This may imply that at least the outer part of the jet is launched from the accretion disk surrounding the black hole. Our result does not yet falsify the current models where the jets are launched from the ergosphere, but it hopefully gives the theorists insight about the jet structure close to the launching site and clues how to develop the models," adds Dr. Tuomas Savolainen from Aalto University in Finland, the leader of the program that produced the images

Part of the global network of ground radio telescopes that participated in the observations. Credit: . Satellite image: Blue Marble Next Generation, courtesy of NASA Visible Earth (visibleearth.nasa.gov). Credit: Paul Boven (boven@jive.eu)

Another result from the study is that the jet structure in NGC 1275 significantly differs from the jet in the nearby galaxy Messier 87, which is the only other jet whose structure has been imaged equally close to the black hole. Researchers think that this is due to the difference in the age of these two jets. "The jet in NGC 1275 re-started just over a decade ago, and is currently still forming, which provides a unique opportunity to follow the very early growth of a black hole jet. Continuing these observations will be very important," says Professor Masanori Nakamura from Academia Sinica in Taiwan.

"This study of the innermost region of NGC 1275 continues our investigations of Active Galactic Nuclei at the highest possible resolution. With a distance of only 70 Megaparsec or 230 million light years to that galaxy we are able to examine the jet structure in an unprecedented accuracy of only a few hundred black hole radii or 12 light days," concludes Professor Anton Zensus, director at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany and head of its VLBI research department, a co-author of the paper.

The significant improvement in the sharpness of the jet images was made possible by the Earth-to-Space Interferometer RadioAstron, which consists of a 10-metre orbiting radio telescope and a collection of about two dozen of the world's largest ground-based radio telescopes. When the signals of individual telescopes are combined using the interference of radio waves, this array of telescopes has the angular resolution equivalent to a radio telescope of 350,000 kilometers in diameter – almost the distance between the Earth and moon. This makes RadioAstron the highest angular resolution instrument in the history of astronomy. The RadioAstron project is led by the Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Lavochkin Scientific and Production Association under a contract with the State Space Corporation ROSCOSMOS, in collaboration with partner organizations in Russia and other countries.

"The RadioAstron mission is truly happy that the unique combination of the Russian-made space radio telescope and the huge international ground array of the largest radio telescopes has allowed researchers to study this young relativistic jet in the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black hole," says Professor Yuri Kovalev from the Lebedev Institute in Moscow, the head the Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research of Relativistic Objects of the Universe at MIPT, the RadioAstron Project Scientist.

The paper, "A wide and collimated radio jet in 3C84 on the scale of a few hundred gravitational radii," has been published in Nature Astronomy.

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More information: G. Giovannini et al. A wide and collimated radio jet in 3C84 on the scale of a few hundred gravitational radii, Nature Astronomy (2018). Journal information: Nature Astronomy G. Giovannini et al. A wide and collimated radio jet in 3C84 on the scale of a few hundred gravitational radii,(2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-018-0431-2