The label merges with or is acquired by another company.

"It is a little confusing because most of these companies, they get bought and sold several times," says Ben McLane, an entertainment lawyer whose past clients have included DMX, Keith Sweat, and LL Cool J. Repeated changes in ownership caused problems for Blackground Records, an independent label that was distributed by Interscope, a subsidiary of Universal. Blackground's CEO Barry Hankerson (uncle to the late Aaliyah, and responsible for launching her career) is known for making abrupt business decisions that leave his artists in a constant state of flux. "He'll have a hit, and then he'll have hard times with his label, and he'll sell it to some other distributor and then the artists just kind of float around," says McLane. "That's part of the problem — there are a lot of mergers and acquisitions that go on, and the artists get stuck in the middle of it. If you're not U2 or Justin Bieber, at the top of the food chain, a lot of times artists just get lost in the middle."

The music industry has changed rapidly in the digital age. Where there were once six major labels in 1998, now there are just three remaining: Sony, Warner Music Group, and Universal, which became the largest international record company after merging with EMI last year. The mergers have left many artists lost in limbo. "Sky Ferreira's label has gone through four or five label presidents since she's been signed, and a big merger," says McLane, who calls Ferreira's experience "the worst-case scenario."

"It's a complicated space," McLane says, "and I don't want to say just because one artist's experience is shitty, it doesn't mean that another artist couldn't sign with a major label and maybe get treated really well." McLane points out that Katy Perry was signed to Ferreira's label around the same time but has had a very different experience. "Maybe she just got lucky, or she just had a better team, or the right timing."

The artist's A&R rep or management leaves the label.

When a label goes through transition, losing the initial person who was pushing for you and had your back can be really confusing — and lonely.

"A lot of times, historically, how this would happen, an A&R guy would be like, 'Oh, I'm so excited about this new band! You guys are gonna be big!'" says Casey Rae, deputy director of the Future of Music Coalition, an advocacy group for musicians. "And we get you on the label, and everyone's all excited, and then all of a sudden that A&R person loses their job and you're just out in the wilderness, and maybe you're just a line item on some accountant's ledger sheet. And you can easily be X'ed out because, well, we have other priorities."

"Once you get signed, the question is politics within the record company; the person who's championing you — how much power do they have?" says Paul Fakler, a partner at law firm Arent Fox who practices media and entertainment law. And, just as important: "Are they still going to be there in six months?"