As a kid growing up in the 1980s, Shaf Choudry loved Hollywood blockbusters. Back to the Future and Raiders of the Lost Ark were favourites.

But as an adult, he started to see things differently. He noticed a recurring theme when it came to Muslim characters on screen: they were portrayed as terrorists or "bad guys."

"As a child, if you see that enough on screen you're going to internalize that," said Choudry, who is Muslim.

"That has cascading effects as to how you see yourself and your self-worth, your self-esteem."

Choudry can list many examples of films and TV shows that depict negative stereotypes of Muslims, from long-running series like Homeland and 24 to movies such as Sicario 2 and Iron Man.

Riz Ahmed attends a photo call for Venom in Los Angeles, 2018. The British actor called the Riz Test 'much needed.' (Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images)

Determined to fight the stereotypes, the Manchester, England-based tech consultant co-founded the Riz Test, a crowd-sourced, online project that tabulates the portrayal of Muslims in films and TV shows. It's named after Riz Ahmed, who in 2017 became the first Muslim man to win a lead actor Emmy Award, for the miniseries The Night Of.

Born in London to Pakistani parents, the rapper and actor, also known for movies like Venom, Rogue One: A Star Wars Story and Nightcrawler, has regularly spoken out about the need for better representation of Muslims in the media. His 2017 speech to the British Parliament on the subject, for instance, was shared widely.

Choudry created the Riz Test with Isobel Ingham-Barrow and Dr. Sadia Habib. They were inspired by similar measurements tools like the Bechdel Test for Women in Movies, which gauges female representation on screen.

The Riz Test asks viewers to pose the following questions when evaluating a movie or TV show.

If the film/show stars at least one character who is identifiably Muslim (by ethnicity, language or clothing), is the character:

Talking about, the victim of or the perpetrator of terrorism?

Presented as irrationally angry?

Presented as superstitious, culturally backwards or anti-modern?

Presented as a threat to a Western way of life?

If the character is male, is he presented as misogynistic? If female, is she presented as oppressed by her male counterparts?

If the answer for any of the above is yes, then the film/show fails the test.

Actor Numan Acar portrays a Taliban leader in the TV series Homeland. The series and other projects have been singled out for negative and stereotypical depictions of Muslims by creators of the Riz Test. (20th Century Fox)

Soon after the Riz Test launched, Ahmed tweeted his approval, calling it "much needed."

Not sure I ever had anything named after me before, but am glad to see this. Much needed. 👊🏽 <a href="https://t.co/WLQkffyBNu">https://t.co/WLQkffyBNu</a> —@rizmc

Even 'shining examples' can fail

Choudry and his colleagues are gathering results and plan to launch a website that will serve as a film and TV database somewhat like review and ratings site Rotten Tomatoes, but focused on how Muslims are portrayed.

They've discovered that even films that have won acclaim for promoting diversity can fail the Riz Test.

Black Panther is "a watershed film for representation of black people on screen" and "a great film" that Choudry enjoyed. "But even Black Panther lets Muslims down."

He recounts a scene in the superhero blockbuster that depicts Boko Haram-like figures who have kidnapped a group of young women. When confronted, one of the men shouts: "Wallahi (I swear by Allah) I will shoot her."

Lupita Nyong'o, from left, Chadwick Boseman and Letitia Wright appear in Black Panther. The blockbuster is 'a watershed film for representation of black people on screen,' but according to Riz Test co-founder Choudry, 'even Black Panther lets Muslims down.' (Disney/The Associated Press)

"That really drove us to [the realization that] we need to do something about this because even wonderful, shining examples of great representation aren't fully representative."

Another recent, acclaimed project that fails the test is BBC drama Bodyguard, also seen on Netflix, which received multiple Emmy Award nominations — including for outstanding drama series — this month.

"Not only does it fail the Riz Test, but it fails all five criteria of the Riz Test within the first 12 minutes of the first episode, which is horrendous," Choudry said.

"It really is shocking. It is jarring."

A key character in Bodyguard is Nadia, played by Anjli Mohindra, who is discovered wearing a suicide bomb vest by police Sgt. David Budd (Richard Madden). According to Choudry, the series fails all five criteria of the Riz Test in the first 12 minutes of Episode 1. (BBC One/ITV Studios/Netflix)

One of Bodyguard's pivotal characters is Nadia, a hijab-wearing Muslim woman who is part of a suicide bomb plot.

According to Choudry, "there's been incidents in London where women wearing the hijab, the head scarf, on public transport have been shouted at [by people who] said: 'Oh, are you Nadia? Do you have a bomb?'

"That's a real-world implication of shows like Bodyguard," he said.

The goal of the Riz Test is to increase awareness of Muslim stereotypes on screen and inspire more complex depictions.

"What we don't want is to only have wonderful, shining examples of Muslims," Choudry said.

"What we are advocating for is human portrayals of Muslims on film and TV — and that comes with all the wonderful nuances of being flawed characters and complex characters, with personality flaws and traits that everyone has."

'A distortion'

Bodyguard creator Jed Mercurio, however, defends his series from criticism of its depiction of Muslim characters.

"It was a portrayal of various terrorist threats and a wide conspiracy that had a number of elements. One element of that was Islamist terrorism, which exists in the real world," Mercurio said in June from the Banff World Media festival, where he received a Rockie Award as showrunner of the year.

Bodyguard creator Jed Mercurio is nominated for a 2019 Emmy Award for his writing on the drama series, while the project itself is up for outstanding drama series. (Jeff Spicer/Getty Images)

"There were Muslim characters portrayed in the series who were fighting the terrorist threat, so I do reject the assertion that the series is problematic in terms of the Riz Test."

Mercurio believes the Riz Test and the Bechdel Test can create false positives and false negatives.

"It's too early to say how valid the Riz Test is as an analytical tool," he said.

"There are five points to the Riz Test and it's arguable that the series is problematic on one or two of the five. And I have read people whose opinion is that [Bodyguard] fails on all five counts. That is a lie and a distortion."

'Tell better stories'

Since the Riz Test was launched in 2018, interest is growing, with its creators busy with media requests and speaking engagements.

Iranian-Canadian academic Zahra Khosroshahi recently invited Choudry and Habib to present a workshop at England's University of East Anglia in Norwich, where she's completing her PhD on the representation of women in Iranian cinema.

Tehran-born, Toronto-raised Zahra Khosroshahi is completing her PhD at the University of East Anglia, where she is looking at the representation of women in Iranian cinema. (Graham Kelly/CBC)

"In terms of the way Muslims are represented in film and TV, I'd say it's pretty grim," she said.

"Hollywood is extremely powerful and its films are worldwide, they travel globally. And so I think there's a lot of responsibility on Hollywood to tell better stories, to show better representation."

'Super scary' to be a Muslim

For the namesake of the Riz Test, that change can't come soon enough.

It is "super scary" to be a Muslim right now, Ahmed noted in a speech at CAA Amplify, a late-June, invitation-only conference in Ojai, Calif., that brought together artists, sports figures and leaders from other fields to discuss diversity and multicultural issues.

He said U.S. Homeland Security had blocked him from attending a Star Wars celebration in Chicago this spring and that he has frequently been stopped and searched by airport security.

The performer called for "research on Muslim representation on screen, and guidance about establishing a production company to make content that passes the Riz Test," according to the Los Angeles Times.

"The representation of Muslims onscreen affects the policies that get enacted, the people that get killed &countries that get invaded"<a href="https://twitter.com/rizmc?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@rizmc</a> call to action <a href="https://twitter.com/caafoundation?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@caafoundation</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAAAmplify?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#CAAAmplify</a> conf in LA. We're delighted to be a part of this important conversation 👊🏾<br><br>Photo <a href="https://twitter.com/cashleelee?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@cashleelee</a> <a href="https://t.co/XYNjP4psYE">pic.twitter.com/XYNjP4psYE</a> —@theriztest

"Lives are quite literally at stake here," Ahmed said.

"The representation of Muslims on screen affects the policies that get enacted, the people that get killed, the countries that get invaded."