Spring has finally started, and with it the new pilgrimage season. In the weeks and months ahead, numerous people will start their own meditative journey.

One of the most popular routes is the Way of Saint James ("El Camino de Santiago"), Europe's best known pilgrimage route. The various routes, totaling some 42,000 kilometers (26,100 miles), come from different directions, crossing numerous countries before uniting in one path known as the French Way ("Camino Frances"). This medieval main trade route in northern Spain leads westward from the Pyrenees towards the Atlantic Ocean, where it finally reaches the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela.

That's where the apostle James, a disciple of Christ, is said to be buried. This helped make Santiago de Compostela a popular Christian pilgrimage destination over 1,000 years ago, alongside the cities of Jerusalem and Rome. In 1993 the Spanish part of the Way of Saint James was recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Pilgrims can make their way along the Camino Frances on bike as well as on foot

Christian pilgrimage traditions in Europe had nearly fallen into oblivion when a renaissance occurred in the 1970s, followed by even greater interest in the new millennium. While more people have been undertaking Christian pilgrimages, reliable numbers only exist for the Way of Saint James, where a record book is kept in Santiago de Compostela.

If you want to make it into the official statistics, you'll have to walk the last remaining 100 kilometers (or bike 200 kilometers) to the tomb of the apostle James. In 2006, a total of 100,000 pilgrims achieved this goal, whereas in 2013, this number rose to 200,000 and last year it hit 300,000. In 2017, 23,000 Germans were among the crowd, which makes them the third biggest national group after Spaniards and Italians.

What's fueling renewed interest?

"There are more and more virtual worlds, more things that aren't original anymore, more copies of things, and this goes for online, too," said author Raimund Joos. "What's missing is direct contact to the world and to people. And that's exactly what a pilgrimage offers."

The Way of Saint James is an major part of Joos' life, so he knows what he's talking about. He lives in Eichstätt on part of the route that goes through the eastern Bavarian city, and he walks along the path toward Santiago de Compostela, following its scallop shell waymarks, at least three times a year, either as a pilgrim himself, as a tour guide or as the author of travel guides. He has produced a massive amount of literature on the pilgrimage route.

The Way of Saint James — 'El Camino de Santiago' in Spanish — winds its way through the city of Castrojeriz

Joos is convinced that people inherently yearn to go on a pilgrimage: "The desire to extend one's horizons is deeply entrenched in people." That, according to Joss, is even expressed in the term itself. "Originally, pilgrimage meant 'beyond the field.' In early times, a person's world was limited to a village that provided a sense of security. The fields were located around the village, and outside the fields was the forest, where people's world ended," he said.

Individuals who went beyond the fields had to reckon with various dangers looming in the forest, Joos explained, but at the same time, they faced new possibilities. That's why pilgrimages transcend religions, he added, while noting that the major figures of Judaism and Christianity — such as Abraham, Moses and Jesus — served as role models for Christian pilgrims later on in history.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Santiago de Compostela Altogether, the different paths of the epic Saint James pilgrimage route add up to some 42,000 kilometers (over 26,000 miles). The ultimate stop is the burial place of the Apostle Saint James the Great, located in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia (picture). As legend has it, the apostle was executed in Jerusalem after unsuccessfully trying to evangelize Spain.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Sinakara Most pilgrims who go to Sinakara in Peru wear dancers' costumes like the one shown here. There are up to 100 different dances, and which one is chosen depends on the origin of the pilgrim. The ritual is completed with a playful fight. The traditions surrounding this pilgrimage have been listed by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Jerusalem There is hardly any other place on Earth that's been so contested over the centuries as Jerusalem. Jews, Christians and Muslims all consider it their Holy City. The three monotheistic religions share common roots in the figure of Abraham, who recognized the uniqueness of God. Christians believe that Jesus was buried in the Holy Sepulchre (picture) after being crucified.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Mecca All Muslims are called upon to participate in the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in their lifetime. Various rituals, like walking around the Kaaba seven times and touching it (picture) take place over the course of five days. The Prophet Mohamed was born in Mecca, and that's also where the Holy Quran is said to have been revealed to him.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Karbala Each year, an astonishing 30 million Shiite pilgrims visit the tomb of Mohamed's grandson, Hussein, in the Holy City of Karbala in Iraq, southwest of Baghdad. There, they touch his shrine or the silver grids in the mausoleum and other sacred places. The blessing obtained in this way is believed to help cure diseases.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Touba Pilgrimages are a logistical miracle. They only work out thanks to the support of numerous volunteers receiving the pilgrims with open arms. That's also the case in the city of Touba, in Senegal. As there is no hotel there, people welcome the pilgrims in their homes. This gesture is seen as an act of love for the pilgrims who visit the mosque and the mausoleum of Sheikh Amadou Bamba.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Shikoku The Shikoku pilgrimage is a bit like that of Santiago de Compostela. The pilgrims travel on the Japanese island wearing white clothes and carrying a book they fill with stamps of the temples they visit. For 1,200 years, pilgrims have been following the traces of the monk Kobo Daishi in order to find inner peace. Nowadays, tourists do the pilgrimage to try to escape the chores of daily life.

8 pilgrimage sites around the world Mexico City Each year during the month of December, six to eight million Catholics travel to Mexico City for three days in order to venerate Our Lady of Guadalupe in the basilica of the same name. The pilgrimage includes popular festivities with parades, costumes, dances and songs, as well as the sale of devotional objects. Quite a few of these Virgin Mary pictures have however been made in China. Author: Sabine Oelze (ad)



Pilgrimage in Germany

Going on a pilgrimage within Germany is also becoming increasingly popular, notes Oliver Gussmann, who works as a priest for tourists in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, an important tourist destination located on the western Bavarian border. According to him, people are motivated to undertake the journey for various reasons. Some are searching for answers to fundamental questions, while others are pondering about how to rearrange their personal lives. Still others are searching for God, while some are simply trying to free their minds of stress.

Read more: Why pilgrimages are not just for the religious

"What can be observed right now is that a growing number of people are simply looking to take a step back from the stress of their daily lives and be more present in themselves," said Gussmann, a trained theologian. He added that many people tackle some Bavarian pilgrimage paths that are part of the Way of Saint James, though not all of these people are motivated by Christian belief. Many are also walkers and tourists. But, he said, quite often people who start out as regular hikers become pilgrims on the way.

New pilgrimage center in Bavaria

Gussmann stands next to a statue of St. James in Rothenburg

Reacting to the pilgrimage boom, the Protestant-Lutheran Church of Bavaria founded a unique pilgrimage center in the city of Nuremberg in 2015. It informs pilgrims about the various paths and the equipment they need, as well as providing them with a pilgrim's passport.

Gussmann, who also serves as his church's pilgrimage expert, says it's more important that the center takes the special personal needs of the pilgrims into account, especially those who find themselves in moment of life transition. "Quite often, people who find themselves in crisis — whether they have lost a loved one, their children have left home, they're facing professional decisions, unemployment or retirement — these people go on a pilgrimage in order to contemplate their situation and find themselves again," he said. "That's why counseling experts are available to accompany them, in order to help them make decisions." It is effectively companionship for the heart and mind.

Oriented toward needs and themes

As an example, Gussmann highlights how the Johanniter, a religiously affiliated humanitarian group that takes its name from St. John, offer a project entitled Lacrima. Through the framework of the Nuremberg pilgrimage center, the program provides mourning support for children who have lost a parent or sibling. The center also provides e-bikes and regular bicycles for people who can't walk the pilgrimage path due to medical reasons, he added. Themed pilgrimage programs are also available: "We offer a route of quiet and stillness for people who are looking for relaxation."

The Protestant pilgrimage center not only promotes long-distance pilgrimage paths but also regional meditative ones. These are often circular paths with a specific theme. The spiritual atmosphere of these paths comes out through churches, particular locations or landscapes, crosses or signs containing inscriptions that spur reflection, Gussmann explained. The priest and his team are delighted any time people experiencing these paths find new depth in their lives.

The cathedral in Santiago de Compostela is the final goal for many on the Way of Saint James

The secret behind a pilgrimage

However, pilgrims often get in their own way when it comes to discovering and personally experiencing the secrets that a pilgrimage holds, pilgrim expert Joos pointed out. "One of these secrets is letting go, of being open to something new," he said.

For a long time, the Way of Saint James has enabled people to leave behind the routine of daily life and instead live simply, be in nature and broaden their horizons. But modernity seems to have increasingly encroached the path. For instance, almost every pilgrim inn along the Camino Frances is equipped with Wi-Fi.

"The pilgrims sit there with their smartphones, watching the news, checking their emails and communicating with their friends back home, but not with other pilgrims. Their feet may be on the path, but their heads haven't left their daily lives," Joos said.

He advises modern pilgrims to make a conscious decision to undertake the Way of Saint James as it should be made: as a place where you let go. "There's a tendency for growing stress during a pilgrimage, although the way is supposed to have exactly the opposite effect."