This is it. After months of teaser trailers, blog posts and even the occasional leak, we can finally reveal firm, hard facts on Xbox Series X. We visited Microsoft's Redmond WA mothership in the first week of March, we saw the unit, handled it, played on it and even constructed it from its component parts. We've seen the NVMe expandable storage, we've had our first taste of hardware accelerated ray tracing on next-gen console and we've seen how one of Microsoft's most talented developers is looking to enhance one of the most technically impressive games available today for the new Xbox. We've had a taster of some brilliant backwards compatibility features - and yes, today we can reveal the full, official specification for the Xbox Series X console.

There's a vast amount of material to share but for now, we'll be trying to deliver the key points with the promise of much more to come. In this piece, we'll be looking in depth at the tech powering the new machine, and we'll reveal:

How Series X is more than twice as powerful as Xbox One X in practice;

The difference its hardware accelerated ray tracing will make to the look of your games;

How its radical approach to memory and fast storage could be a game-changer - including the amazing Quick Resume feature;

Microsoft's war on input lag and screen tearing;

And some impressive compatibility features, including automated HDR for older games!

It all starts with the three key tenets that the next generation Xbox is built upon: power, speed and compatibility. Microsoft doubtless has its own messaging to share built around these pillars, but they also serve as a solid foundation for our story too.

Just how powerful is Xbox Series X? With power, it all begins with the Project Scarlett SoC - system on chip. The processor is fabricated on an enhanced rendition of TSMC's 7nm process, which we understand rolls up a bunch of improvements to the technology, right up to but not including the new EUV-based 7nm+. The chip itself is a 360mm2 slice of silicon (significantly smaller than we speculated), that pairs customised versions of AMD's Zen 2 CPU core with 12.155 teraflops of GPU compute power. As expected, we're getting eight CPU cores and 16 threads, delivered via two quad-core units on the silicon, with one CPU core (or two threads) reserved for running the underlying operating system and the front-end 'shell'. Microsoft is promising a 4x improvement in both single-core and overall throughput over Xbox One X - and CPU speeds are impressive, with a peak 3.8GHz frequency. This is when SMT - or hyper-threading - is disabled. Curiously, developers can choose to run with eight physical cores at the higher clock, or all cores and threads can be enabled with a lower 3.6GHz frequency. Those frequencies are completely locked and won't adjust according to load or thermal conditions - a point Microsoft emphasised several times during our visit. In our PC-based tests, having SMT enabled can deliver up to 30 per cent - or more - of additional performance in well-threaded applications. However, for launch titles at least, Microsoft expects developers to opt for the higher 3.8GHz mode with SMT disabled. "From a game developer's perspective, we expect a lot of them to actually stick with the eight cores because their current games are running with the distribution often set to seven cores and seven worker threads," explains Microsoft technical fellow and Xbox system architect Andrew Goossen. "And so for them to go wider, for them to go to 14 hardware threads, it means that they have the system to do it, but then, you have to have workloads that split even more effectively across them. And so we're actually finding that the vast majority of developers - talking with them about the their choices for launch - the vast majority are going to go with the SMT disabled and the higher clock." This content is hosted on an external platform, which will only display it if you accept targeting cookies. Please enable cookies to view. Manage cookie settings A video presentation of the Xbox Series X's specifications and features - and a look at a range of impressive demos showing the key technologies in action. There are customisations to the CPU core - specifically for security, power and performance, and with 76MB of SRAM across the entire SoC, it's reasonable to assume that the gigantic L3 cache found in desktop Zen 2 chips has been somewhat reduced. The exact same Series X processor is used in the Project Scarlett cloud servers that'll replace the Xbox One S-based xCloud models currenly being used. For this purpose, AMD built in EEC error correction for GDDR6 with no performance penalty (there is actually no such thing as EEC-compatible G6, so AMD and Microsoft are rolling their own solution), while virtualisation features are also included. And this leads us on to our first mic-drop moment: the Series X processor is actually capable of running four Xbox One S game sessions simultaneously on the same chip, and contains an new internal video encoder that is six times as fast as the more latent, external encoder used on current xCloud servers. But up until now at least, the focus has been on the GPU, where Microsoft has delivered 12 teraflops of compute performance via 3328 shaders allocated to 52 compute units (from 56 in total on silicon, four disabled to increase production yield) running at a sustained, locked 1825MHz. Once again, Microsoft stresses the point that frequencies are consistent on all machines, in all environments. There are no boost clocks with Xbox Series X. "12 TFLOPs was our goal from the very beginning. We wanted a minimum doubling of performance over Xbox One X to support our 4K60 and 120 targets. And we wanted that doubling to apply uniformly to all games," explains Andrew Goossen. "To achieve this, we set a target of 2x the raw TFLOPs of performance knowing that architectural improvements would make the typical effective performance much higher than 2x. We set our goal as a doubling of raw TFLOPs of performance before architectural improvements were even considered - for a few reasons. Principally, it defined an audacious target for power consumption and so defined our whole system architecture. "But also, in the early stages of design, it's difficult for us to accurately predict the uplift from architectural improvements across our worst cases. Our bar was a doubling in all cases, not just an average. So the most practical engineering way to ensure baseline 2x improvement across the worst cases logged in all games was to set a goal of twice the raw TFLOPs performance. So then we concentrated our efforts on making the effective performance even higher with architectural improvements and new features." We've got a separate piece covering the basics of the Series X's form factor - but right now, here's the console in its horizontal configuration. Xbox Series X Xbox One X Xbox One S CPU 8x Zen 2 Cores at 3.8GHz (3.6GHz with SMT) 8x Custom Jaguar Cores at 2.13GHz 8x Custom Jaguar Cores at 1.75GHz GPU 12 TFLOPs, 52 CUs at 1.825GHz, Custom RDNA 2 6 TFLOPs, 40 CUs at 1.172GHz, Custom GCN + Polaris Features 1.4 TFLOPS, 12 CUs at 914MHz, Custom GCN GPU Die Size 360.45mm2 366.94mm2 227.1mm2 Process TSMC 7nm Enhanced TSMC 16nmFF+ TSMC 16nmFF Memory 16GB GDDR6 12GB GDDR5 8GB DDR3, 32MB ESRAM Memory Bandwidth 10GB at 560GB/s, 6GB at 336GB/s 326GB/s 68GB/s, ESRAM at 219GB/s Internal Storage 1TB Custom NVMe SSD 1TB HDD 1TB HDD IO Throughput 2.4GB/s (Raw), 4.8GB/s (Compressed) 120MB/s 120MB/s Expandable Storage 1TB Expansion Card - - External Storage USB 3.2 HDD Support USB 3.2 HDD Support USB 3.2 HDD Support Optical Drive 4K UHD Blu-ray Drive 4K UHD Blu-ray Drive 4K UHD Blu-ray Drive Performance Target 4K at 60fps - up to 120fps 4K at 30fps - up to 60fps 1080p at 30fps up to 60fps We've demonstrated across the months that AMD's RDNA architecture offers substantially more 'performance for your teraflop', owing to the radical new design in combination with much higher clocks (the Series X GPU runs with a 56 per cent frequency advantage up against Xbox One X), but there are multipliers that should come into effect through the use of new features baked into the design such as variable rate shading, which basically attempts to increase and decrease rendering precision based on visibility. However, even basic ports which barely use any of the Series X's new features are delivering impressive results. The Coalition's Mike Rayner and Colin Penty showed us a Series X conversion of Gears 5, produced in just two weeks. The developers worked with Epic Games in getting UE4 operating on Series X, then simply upped all of the internal quality presets to the equivalent of PC's ultra, adding improved contact shadows and UE4's brand-new (software-based) ray traced screen-space global illumination. On top of that, Gears 5's cutscenes - running at 30fps on Xbox One X - were upped to a flawless 60fps. We'll be covering more on this soon, but there was one startling takeaway - we were shown benchmark results that, on this two-week-old, unoptimised port, already deliver very, very similar performance to an RTX 2080. "I think relative to where we're at and just looking at our experience with the hardware with this particular game, I think we're really positive to kind of see how this thing is performing, especially knowing how much untapped performance is still there in the box based on the work we've done so far," enthuses Coalition tech director Mike Rayner. "Gears 5 will be optimised, so the work that you've seen today will be there, available at launch on Xbox Series X. The title will support Smart Delivery, so if you already have the title in whatever form you'll be able to get it on Series X for free." It was an impressive showing for a game that hasn't even begun to access the next generation features of the new GPU. Right now, it's difficult to accurately quantify the kind of improvement to visual quality and performance we'll see over time, because while there are obvious parallels to current-gen machines, the mixture of new hardware and new APIs allows for very different workloads to run on the GPU. Machine learning is a feature we've discussed in the past, most notably with Nvidia's Turing architecture and the firm's DLSS AI upscaling. The RDNA 2 architecture used in Series X does not have tensor core equivalents, but Microsoft and AMD have come up with a novel, efficient solution based on the standard shader cores. With over 12 teraflops of FP32 compute, RDNA 2 also allows for double that with FP16 (yes, rapid-packed math is back). However, machine learning workloads often use much lower precision than that, so the RDNA 2 shaders were adapted still further. Mana from heaven for silicon fans: a CG visualisation of how the various components within the Series X SoC are positioned within the chip. "We knew that many inference algorithms need only 8-bit and 4-bit integer positions for weights and the math operations involving those weights comprise the bulk of the performance overhead for those algorithms," says Andrew Goossen. "So we added special hardware support for this specific scenario. The result is that Series X offers 49 TOPS for 8-bit integer operations and 97 TOPS for 4-bit integer operations. Note that the weights are integers, so those are TOPS and not TFLOPs. The net result is that Series X offers unparalleled intelligence for machine learning." Other forward-looking features also make the cut. Again, similar to Nvidia's existing Turing architecture, mesh shaders are incorporated into RDNA 2, allowing for a potentially explosive improvement in geometric detail. "As GPUs have gotten wider and computing performance has increased, geometry processing has become more and more bound on the fixed function vertex issue triangle setup and tessellation blocks of the GPU," reveals Goossen. "Mesh shading allows developers to completely bypass those fixed function bottlenecks by providing an optional alternative to the existing parts of the GPU pipeline. In addition to performance, mesh shading offers developers flexibility and memory savings. Mesh shading will allow game developers to increase detail in the shapes and animations of objects and render more complex scenes with no sacrifice to frame-rate." There is more. Much more. For example, the Series X GPU allows for work to be shared between shaders without involvement from the CPU, saving a large amount of work for the Zen 2 cores, with data remaining on the GPU. However, the big innovation is clearly the addition of hardware accelerated ray tracing. This is hugely exciting and at Digital Foundry, we've been tracking the evolution of this new technology via the DXR and Vulkan-powered games we've seen running on Nvidia's RTX cards and the console implementation of RT is more ambitious than we believed possible.

The ray tracing difference RDNA 2 fully supports the latest DXR Tier 1.1 standard, and similar to the Turing RT core, it accelerates the creation of the so-called BVH structures required to accurately map ray traversal and intersections, tested against geometry. In short, in the same way that light 'bounces' in the real world, the hardware acceleration for ray tracing maps traversal and intersection of light at a rate of up to 380 billion intersections per second. "Without hardware acceleration, this work could have been done in the shaders, but would have consumed over 13 TFLOPs alone," says Andrew Goossen. "For the Series X, this work is offloaded onto dedicated hardware and the shader can continue to run in parallel with full performance. In other words, Series X can effectively tap the equivalent of well over 25 TFLOPs of performance while ray tracing." It is important to put this into context, however. While workloads can operate at the same time, calculating the BVH structure is only one component of the ray tracing procedure. The standard shaders in the GPU also need to pull their weight, so elements like the lighting calculations are still run on the standard shaders, with the DXR API adding new stages to the GPU pipeline to carry out this task efficiently. So yes, RT is typically associated with a drop in performance and that carries across to the console implementation, but with the benefits of a fixed console design, we should expect to see developers optimise more aggressively and also to innovate. The good news is that Microsoft allows low-level access to the RT acceleration hardware. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. The transformative qualities of ray tracing are best demonstrated in the fully path-traced DXR version of Minecraft, running on Xbox Series X. "[Series X] goes even further than the PC standard in offering more power and flexibility to developers," reveals Goossen. "In grand console tradition, we also support direct to the metal programming including support for offline BVH construction and optimisation. With these building blocks, we expect ray tracing to be an area of incredible visuals and great innovation by developers over the course of the console's lifetime." The proof of the pudding is in the tasting, of course. During our time at the Redmond campus, Microsoft demonstrated how fully featured the console's RT features are by rolling out a very early Xbox Series X Minecraft DXR tech demo, which is based on the Minecraft RTX code we saw back at Gamescom last year and looks very similar, despite running on a very different GPU. This suggests an irony of sorts: base Nvidia code adapted and running on AMD-sourced ray tracing hardware within Series X. What's impressive about this is that it's fully path-traced. Aside from the skybox and the moon in the demo we saw, there are no rasterised elements whatsoever. The entire presentation is ray traced, demonstrating that despite the constraints of having to deliver RT in a console with a limited power and silicon budget, Xbox Series X is capable of delivering the most ambitious, most striking implementation of ray tracing - and it does so in real time. Minecraft DXR is an ambitious statement - total ray tracing, if you like - but we should expect to see the technology used in very different ways. "We're super excited for DXR and the hardware ray tracing support," says Mike Rayner, technical director of the Coalition and Gears 5. "We have some compute-based ray tracing in Gears 5, we have ray traced shadows and the [new] screen-space global illumination is a form of ray traced screen-based GI and so, we're interested in how the ray tracing hardware can be used to take techniques like this and then move them out to utilising the DXR cores. "I think, for us, the way that we've been thinking about it is as we look forward, we think hybrid rendering between traditional rendering techniques and then using DXR - whether for shadows or GI or adding reflections - are things that can really augment the scene and [we can] use all of that chip to get the best final visual quality." This content is hosted on an external platform, which will only display it if you accept targeting cookies. Please enable cookies to view. Manage cookie settings In this DF Direct shot on location in Redmond WA, Rich Leadbetter and John Linneman discuss their initial reactions to Xbox Series X directly after a day of deep-dive presentations.

Efficiency in design One of the key takeaways for me about the Series X silicon isn't just the power, but also the efficiency in design. With all of the new graphics features and the 12 teraflops of consistent compute performance, we envisaged a monstrously large, prohibitively expensive processor design - in short, a very expensive console. However, the size of the SoC at 360mm2 means we have a slice of silicon that is, in reality, much smaller than any speculative measurement we could come up with from prior teaser reveals - its 15.3 billion transistors mean that we are looking at just over twice the transistor density seen on the 16nmFF Xbox One X processor, and yet we are getting significantly more than twice the performance across the board. However, achieving the performance, power and silicon area targets Microsoft set for itself did require some innovative thinking. Graphics power isn't just about teraflops - compute power needs to be backed up with memory bandwidth, presenting a unique challenge for a console. Microsoft's solution for the memory sub-system saw it deliver a curious 320-bit interface, with ten 14gbps GDDR6 modules on the mainboard - six 2GB and four 1GB chips. How this all splits out for the developer is fascinating. "Memory performance is asymmetrical - it's not something we could have done with the PC," explains Andrew Goossen "10 gigabytes of physical memory [runs at] 560GB/s. We call this GPU optimal memory. Six gigabytes [runs at] 336GB/s. We call this standard memory. GPU optimal and standard offer identical performance for CPU audio and file IO. The only hardware component that sees a difference in the GPU." In terms of how the memory is allocated, games get a total of 13.5GB in total, which encompasses all 10GB of GPU optimal memory and 3.5GB of standard memory. This leaves 2.5GB of GDDR6 memory from the slower pool for the operating system and the front-end shell. From Microsoft's perspective, it is still a unified memory system, even if performance can vary. "In conversations with developers, it's typically easy for games to more than fill up their standard memory quota with CPU, audio data, stack data, and executable data, script data, and developers like such a trade-off when it gives them more potential bandwidth," says Goossen. A render highlighting Microsoft's custom 320-bit memory interface. It sounds like a somewhat complex situation, especially when Microsoft itself has already delivered a more traditional, wider memory interface in Xbox One X - but the notion of working with much faster GDDR6 memory presented some challenges. "When we talked to the system team there were a lot of issues around the complexity of signal integrity and what-not," explains Goossen. "As you know, with the Xbox One X, we went with the 384[-bit interface] but at these incredible speeds - 14gbps with the GDDR6 - we've pushed as hard as we could and we felt that 320 was a good compromise in terms of achieving as high performance as we could while at the same time building the system that would actually work and we could actually ship." The power tenet is well taken care of, then, but it's not just about the raw compute performance - the feature set is crucial too. Way back in 2016, a year before work completed on Xbox One X, the Xbox silicon team was already working on Series X, beginning the architectural work on the next generation features that we'll finally see hitting the market at holiday 2020 - a keen reminder of how long it takes for new technology to be developed. Even back then, ray tracing was on the agenda - and the need for a revolutionary approach to storage was also required, all of which brings us to the second tenet of the Series X hardware design: a fundamental shift away from mechanical hard drives, embracing solid-state storage instead.

Why fast storage changes everything The specs on this page represent only the tiniest fraction of the potential of the storage solution Microsoft has engineered for the next generation. In last year's Project Scarlett E3 teaser, Jason Ronald - partner director of project management at Xbox - described how the SSD could be used as 'virtual memory', a teaser of sorts that only begins to hint at the functionality Microsoft has built into its system. On the hardware level, the custom NVMe drive is very, very different to any other kind of SSD you've seen before. It's shorter, for starters, presenting more like a memory card of old. It's also rather heavy, likely down to the solid metal construction that acts as a heat sink that was to handle silicon that consumes 3.8 watts of power. Many PC SSDs 'fade' in performance terms as they heat up - and similar to the CPU and GPU clocks, this simply wasn't acceptable to Microsoft, who believe that consistent performance across the board is a must for the design of their consoles. The form factor is cute, the 2.4GB/s of guaranteed throughput is impressive, but it's the software APIs and custom hardware built into the SoC that deliver what Microsoft believes to be a revolution - a new way of using storage to augment memory (an area where no platform holder will be able to deliver a more traditional generational leap). The idea, in basic terms at least, is pretty straightforward - the game package that sits on storage essentially becomes extended memory, allowing 100GB of game assets stored on the SSD to be instantly accessible by the developer. It's a system that Microsoft calls the Velocity Architecture and the SSD itself is just one part of the system. "Our second component is a high-speed hardware decompression block that can deliver over 6GB/s," reveals Andrew Goossen. "This is a dedicated silicon block that offloads decompression work from the CPU and is matched to the SSD so that decompression is never a bottleneck. The decompression hardware supports Zlib for general data and a new compression [system] called BCPack that is tailored to the GPU textures that typically comprise the vast majority of a game's package size." PCI Express 4.0 connections hook up both internal and optional external SSDs directly to the processor. The final component in the triumvirate is an extension to DirectX - DirectStorage - a necessary upgrade bearing in mind that existing file I/O protocols are knocking on for 30 years old, and in their current form would require two Zen CPU cores simply to cover the overhead, which DirectStorage reduces to just one tenth of single core. "Plus it has other benefits," enthuses Andrew Goossen. "It's less latent and it saves a ton of CPU. With the best competitive solution, we found doing decompression software to match the SSD rate would have consumed three Zen 2 CPU cores. When you add in the IO CPU overhead, that's another two cores. So the resulting workload would have completely consumed five Zen 2 CPU cores when now it only takes a tenth of a CPU core. So in other words, to equal the performance of a Series X at its full IO rate, you would need to build a PC with 13 Zen 2 cores. That's seven cores dedicated for the game: one for Windows and shell and five for the IO and decompression overhead." Asset streaming is taken to the next level, but Microsoft wasn't finished there. Last-gen, we enjoyed a 16x increase in system memory, but this time it's a mere 2x - or just 50 per cent extra if we consider Xbox One X as the baseline. In addition to drawing more heavily upon storage to make up the shortfall, Microsoft began a process of optimising how memory is actually used, with some startling improvements. "We observed that typically, only a small percentage of memory loaded by games was ever accessed," reveals Goossen. "This wastage comes principally from the textures. Textures are universally the biggest consumers of memory for games. However, only a fraction of the memory for each texture is typically accessed by the GPU during the scene. For example, the largest mip of a 4K texture is eight megabytes and often more, but typically only a small portion of that mip is visible in the scene and so only that small portion really needs to be read by the GPU." Microsoft has partnered with Seagate for its proprietary external 1TB SSD expansion. It's very short, quite weighty for its dimensions and actually presents rather like a memory card. As textures have ballooned in size to match 4K displays, efficiency in memory utilisation has got progressively worse - something Microsoft was able to confirm by building in special monitoring hardware into Xbox One X's Scorpio Engine SoC. "From this, we found a game typically accessed at best only one-half to one-third of their allocated pages over long windows of time," says Goossen. "So if a game never had to load pages that are ultimately never actually used, that means a 2-3x multiplier on the effective amount of physical memory, and a 2-3x multiplier on our effective IO performance." A technique called Sampler Feedback Streaming - SFS - was built to more closely marry the memory demands of the GPU, intelligently loading in the texture mip data that's actually required with the guarantee of a lower quality mip available if the higher quality version isn't readily available, stopping GPU stalls and frame-time spikes. Bespoke hardware within the GPU is available to smooth the transition between mips, on the off-chance that the higher quality texture arrives a frame or two later. Microsoft considers these aspects of the Velocity Architecture to be a genuine game-changer, adding a multiplier to how physical memory is utilised. The Velocity Architecture also facilitates another feature that sounds impressive on paper but is even more remarkable when you actually see it play out on the actual console. Quick Resume effectively allows users to cycle between saved game states, with just a few seconds' loading - you can see it in action in the video above. When you leave a game, system RAM is cached off to SSD and when you access another title, its cache is then restored. From the perspective of the game itself, it has no real idea what is happening in the background - it simply thinks that the user has pressed the guide button and the game can resume as per normal. We saw Xbox Series X hardware cycling between Forza Motorsport 7 running in 4K60 Xbox One X mode, State of Decay 2, Hellblade and The Cave (an Xbox 360 title). Switching between Xbox One X games running on Series X, there was around 6.5 seconds delay switching from game to game - which is pretty impressive. Microsoft wasn't sharing the actual size of the SSD cache used for Quick Resume, but saying that the feature supports a minimum of three Series X games. Bearing in mind the 13.5GB available to titles, that's a notional maximum of around 40GB of SSD space, but assuming that the Velocity Architecture has hardware compression features as well as decompression, the actual footprint may be smaller. Regardless, titles that use less memory - like the games we saw demonstrated - should have a lower footprint, allowing more to be cached.

The war on input lag and screen tearing Microsoft's speed tenet for Series X also factors in a radical revamp of input processing, designed to shave off latency on every conceivable part of the game's pipeline - meaning that the time taken between button press to resulting reaction on-screen should reduce significantly. Microsoft has already mentioned Dynamic Latency Input, but only now reveals just how extensive its work is here. It starts with the controller, where the typical 8ms latency on analogue controller input is now reduced significantly by transmitting the most up to date inputs just before the game needs them. Digital inputs like button presses are time-stamped and sent to the game, reducing latency without the need of increasing the polling rate, while USB-connected pads see digital inputs transmitted immediately to the console. To facilitate all of this, the entire input software stack was rewritten, which delivered further latency improvements. Latency has been a crucial, but invisible variable for developers to contend with and as game engines grow more complex and more parallel, it's not easy to keep track of additional lag - something else Microsoft attempts to resolve with DLI. "We made it easier for game developers to optimise in-game latency. Games on Xbox output an identifier for every frame as it flows through its engine," explains Andrew Goossen. "When it queries controller input, it associates that frame identifier with the timing of the input and when it completes rendering for that frame, it passes that identifier along with the completed front buffer information to the system. So with this mechanism, this system can now determine the complete in-game latency for every frame." Microsoft says it's delivered a system that allows developers to accurately track input lag across the engine just as easily as game-makers can track frame-rate - the metric has been added to its in-house performance analysis tool, Pix. The final element of DLI is Xbox Series X's support for the new wave of 120Hz HDMI 2.1 displays hitting markets now. The firm has already began testing of this feature at lower-than-4K output resolutions on supported HDMI 2.0 screens via Xbox One S and Xbox One X. Because the screens are updating twice as quickly as their 60Hz equivalents, users should have faster response - a state of affairs that should also apply to variable refresh rate (VRR) modes too. Microsoft has also pioneered ALLM modes in its existing machines, meaning that the console can command the display to shift automatically into game mode. The Xbox One pad evolves - smaller, more accessible to people with smaller hands and now featuring a revamped d-pad and share button. Microsoft has also made innovations that may also see the end of screen-tearing. Typically, displaying a new frame during scan-out is used to cut latency. Triple-buffering can even out drops to frame-rate, but can add extra lag - but Series X sees this situation evolve. "We redesigned the presentation API the games use to send their completed frames to the TV," shares Andrew Goossen. "We completely decoupled the traditional link between double- or triple-buffering and latency. It used to be that triple buffering was good to improve frame-rate when the game couldn't maintain their target frame-rate, but triple buffering was bad because it increased latency. But no longer. Now frame buffering and latency are fully decoupled, games can enable triple-buffering while separately specifying their desired latency. So that latency between the CPU frame start time and the GPU frame start time can now be specified in microseconds, rather than v-syncs. "So, game developers can precisely dial down the latency between the CPU and the GPU until just before bubbles start to form or the GPU might idle because the CPU isn't feeding it fast enough - and the runtime provides extensive latency feedback statistics for the game to inform the dynamic adjustment. So using this mechanism, the games can very precisely reduce the in-game latency as much as possible - and quite easily as well." While enhancements and optimisations - not to mention a new share button - are added to the Xbox Series X controller, the good news is that the DLI technology is compatible with existing pads, which should be upgraded with a simple firmware update.