Judge Tahaliyani said 35 men, including Hafiz Saeed, the founder of the group, appeared to have been involved in planning the attack. But the judge added that their guilt could not be proven in his court.

India has sought the extradition of Mr. Saeed and other Pakistanis without success. Officials in Pakistan have said that India needs to provide more evidence of their involvement.

The trial took just over a year, a swift resolution for the judicial system here, where cases can drag on for decades. The court heard testimony from more than 600 witnesses, and reviewed thousands of pages of evidence and video and audio surveillance of the attack. The judge’s verdict ran more than 1,500 pages.

The trial has stumbled and lurched through setbacks and reversals. Mr. Kasab’s court-appointed lawyer was dismissed on the first day of hearings when she was found to be representing a witness to the attacks in a separate civil case. His second lawyer was dismissed late last year after a disagreement with the judge over a procedural matter.

Mr. Kasab has also changed his version of the events several times. After his arrest, he provided the authorities with a rich narrative about how he became a terrorist. But he recanted the statement at the start of the trial. Last July, he said in court that he was guilty and wanted to be hanged. He changed his mind again in December and told the court he was a tourist who had been framed by the police.

The attacks started Nov. 26, 2008. Mr. Kasab and a partner, Abu Ismail, shot and killed commuters at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, a busy train station, where the Indian authorities said 58 people died. After a confrontation later that evening, police officers killed Mr. Ismail and arrested Mr. Kasab.

It took commandos nearly three days to kill the other eight attackers who had taken over two of Mumbai’s finest hotels, the Oberoi and the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower, and a Chabad-Lubavitch center then known as Nariman House.