After reading Google’s AngularJS guidelines, I felt they were a little too incomplete and also guided towards using the Closure library. They also state “We don’t think this makes sense for all projects that use AngularJS, and we’d love to see our community of developers come up with a more general Style that’s applicable to AngularJS projects large and small”, so here goes.

From my experience with Angular, several talks and working in teams, here’s my opinionated styleguide for syntax, building and structuring Angular applications.

Module definitions

Angular modules can be declared in various ways, either stored in a variable or using the getter syntax. Use the getter syntax at all times (angular recommended).

Bad:

var app = angular . module ( ' app ' , []); app . controller (); app . factory ();

Good:

angular . module ( ' app ' , []) . controller () . factory ();

From these modules we can pass in function references.

Module method functions

Angular modules have a lot of methods, such as controller , factory , directive , service and more. There are many syntaxes for these modules when it comes to dependency injection and formatting your code. Use a named function definition and pass it into the relevant module method, this aids in stack traces as functions aren’t anonymous (this could be solved by naming the anonymous function but this method is far cleaner).

Bad:

var app = angular . module ( ' app ' , []); app . controller ( ' MyCtrl ' , function () { });

Good:

function MainCtrl () { } angular . module ( ' app ' , []) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

Define a module once using angular.module('app', []) setter, then use the angular.module('app') getter elsewhere (such as other files).

To avoid polluting the global namespace, wrap all your functions during compilation/concatenation inside an IIFE which will produce something like this:

Best:

( function () { angular . module ( ' app ' , []); // MainCtrl.js function MainCtrl () { } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl ); // AnotherCtrl.js function AnotherCtrl () { } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' AnotherCtrl ' , AnotherCtrl ); // and so on... })();

Controllers

Controllers are classes and can use a controllerAs syntax or generic controller syntax. Use the controllerAs syntax always as it aids in nested scoping and controller instance reference.

controllerAs DOM bindings

Bad:

<div ng-controller= "MainCtrl" > {{ someObject }} </div>

Good:

<div ng-controller= "MainCtrl as main" > {{ main.someObject }} </div>

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Binding these ng-controller attributes couples the declarations tightly with our DOM, and also means we can only use that controller for that specific view (there are rare cases we might use the same view with different controllers). Use the router to couple the controller declarations with the relevant views by telling each route what controller to instantiate.

Best:

<!-- main.html --> <div> {{ main.someObject }} </div> <!-- main.html --> <script> // ... function config ( $routeProvider ) { $routeProvider . when ( ' / ' , { templateUrl : ' views/main.html ' , controller : ' MainCtrl ' , controllerAs : ' main ' }); } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . config ( config ); //... </script>

This avoids using $parent to access any parent controllers from a child controller, simple hit the main reference and you’ve got it. This could avoid things such as $parent.$parent calls.

controllerAs this keyword

The controllerAs syntax uses the this keyword inside controllers instead of $scope . When using controllerAs , the controller is infact bound to $scope , there is a degree of separation.

Bad:

function MainCtrl ( $scope ) { $scope . someObject = {}; $scope . doSomething = function () { }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

You can also use the prototype Object to create controller classes, but this becomes messy very quickly as each dependency injected provider needs a reference bound to the constructor Object.

Bad and Good:

Good for inheritance, bad (verbose) for general use.

function MainCtrl ( $scope ) { this . someObject = {}; this . _$scope = $scope ; } MainCtrl . prototype . doSomething = function () { // use this._$scope }; angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

If you’re using prototype and don’t know why, then it’s bad. If you are using prototype to inherit from other controllers, then that’s good. For general use, the prototype pattern can be verbose.

Good:

function MainCtrl () { this . someObject = {}; this . doSomething = function () { }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

These just show examples of Objects/functions inside Controllers, however we don’t want to put logic in controllers…

Avoid controller logic

Avoid writing logic in Controllers, delegate to Factories/Services.

Bad:

function MainCtrl () { this . doSomething = function () { }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

Good:

function MainCtrl ( SomeService ) { this . doSomething = SomeService . doSomething ; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

This maximises reusability, encapsulated functionality and makes testing far easier and persistent.

Services

Services are instantiated and should be class-like also and reference the this keyword, keep function style consistent with everything else.

Good:

function SomeService () { this . someMethod = function () { }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . service ( ' SomeService ' , SomeService );

Factory

Factories give us a singleton module for creating service methods (such as communicating with a server over REST endpoints). Creating and returning a bound Object keeps controller bindings up to date and avoids pitfalls of binding primitive values.

Important: A “factory” is in fact a pattern/implementation, and shouldn’t be part of the provider’s name. All factories and services should be called “services”.

Bad:

function AnotherService () { var someValue = '' ; var someMethod = function () { }; return { someValue : someValue , someMethod : someMethod }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' AnotherService ' , AnotherService );

Good:

We create an Object with the same name inside the function. This can aid documentation as well for comment-generated docs.

function AnotherService () { var AnotherService = {}; AnotherService . someValue = '' ; AnotherService . someMethod = function () { }; return AnotherService ; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' AnotherService ' , AnotherService );

Any bindings to primitives are kept up to date, and it makes internal module namespacing a little easier, we can easily see any private methods and variables.

Directives

Any DOM manipulation should take place inside a directive, and only directives. Any code reusability should be encapsulated (behavioural and markup related) too.

DOM manipulation

DOM manipulation should be done inside the link method of a directive.

Bad:

// do not use a controller function MainCtrl ( SomeService ) { this . makeActive = function ( elem ) { elem . addClass ( ' test ' ); }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

Good:

// use a directive function SomeDirective ( SomeService ) { return { restrict : ' EA ' , template : [ ' <a href="" class="myawesomebutton" ng-transclude> ' , ' <i class="icon-ok-sign"></i> ' , ' </a> ' ]. join ( '' ), link : function ( $scope , $element , $attrs ) { // DOM manipulation/events here! $element . on ( ' click ' , function () { $ ( this ). addClass ( ' test ' ); }); } }; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . directive ( ' SomeDirective ' , SomeDirective );

Any DOM manipulation should take place inside a directive, and only directives. Any code reusability should be encapsulated (behavioural and markup related) too.

Naming conventions

Custom directives should not be ng-* prefixed to prevent future core overrides if your directive name happens to land in Angular (such as when ng-focus landed, there were many custom directives called this beforehand). It also makes it more confusing to know which are core directives and which are custom.

Bad:

function ngFocus ( SomeService ) { return {}; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . directive ( ' ngFocus ' , ngFocus );

Good:

function focusFire ( SomeService ) { return {}; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . directive ( ' focusFire ' , focusFire );

Directives are the only providers that we have the first letter as lowercase, this is due to strict naming conventions in the way Angular translates camelCase to hyphenated, so focusFire will become <input focus-fire> when used on an element.

Usage restriction

If you need to support IE8, you’ll want to avoid using the comments syntax for declaring where a directive will sit. Really, this syntax should be avoided anyway - there are no real benefits of using it - it just adds confusion of what is a comment and what isn’t.

Bad:

These are terribly confusing.

<!-- directive: my-directive --> <div class= "my-directive" ></div>

Good:

Declarative custom elements and attributes are clearest.

<my-directive></my-directive> <div my-directive ></div>

You can restrict usage using the restrict property inside each directive’s Object. Use E for element , A for attribute , M for comment (avoid) and C for className (avoid this too as it’s even more confusing, but plays better with IE). You can have multiple restrictions, such as restrict: 'EA' .

Resolve promises in router, defer controllers

After creating services, we will likely inject them into a controller, call them and bind any new data that comes in. This becomes problematic of keeping controllers tidy and resolving the right data.

Thankfully, using angular-route.js (or a third party such as ui-router.js ) we can use a resolve property to resolve the next view’s promises before the page is served to us. This means our controllers are instantiated when all data is available, which means zero function calls.

Bad:

function MainCtrl ( SomeService ) { var self = this ; // unresolved self . something ; // resolved asynchronously SomeService . doSomething (). then ( function ( response ) { self . something = response ; }); } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

Good:

function config ( $routeProvider ) { $routeProvider . when ( ' / ' , { templateUrl : ' views/main.html ' , resolve : { doSomething : function ( SomeService ) { return SomeService . doSomething (); } } }); } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . config ( config );

At this point, our service will internally bind the response of the promise to another Object which we can reference in our “deferred-instantiated” controller:

Good:

function MainCtrl ( SomeService ) { // resolved! this . something = SomeService . something ; } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl );

We can go one better, however and create a resolve property on our own Controllers to couple the resolves with the Controllers and avoid logic in the router.

Best:

// config with resolve pointing to relevant controller function config ( $routeProvider ) { $routeProvider . when ( ' / ' , { templateUrl : ' views/main.html ' , controller : ' MainCtrl ' , controllerAs : ' main ' , resolve : MainCtrl . resolve }); } // controller as usual function MainCtrl ( SomeService ) { // resolved! this . something = SomeService . something ; } // create the resolved property MainCtrl . resolve = { doSomething : function ( SomeService ) { return SomeService . doSomething (); } }; angular . module ( ' app ' ) . controller ( ' MainCtrl ' , MainCtrl ) . config ( config );

Route changes and ajax spinners

While the routes are being resolved we want to show the user something to indicate progress. Angular will fire the $routeChangeStart event as we navigate away from the page, which we can show some form of loading and ajax spinner, which can then be removed on the $routeChangeSuccess event (see docs).

Avoid $scope.$watch

Using $scope.$watch should be avoided unless there are no others options. It’s less performant than binding an expression to something like ng-change , a list of supported events are in the Angular docs.

Bad:

<input ng-model= "myModel" > <script> $scope . $watch ( ' myModel ' , callback ); </script>

Good:

<input ng-model= "myModel" ng-change= "callback" > <!-- $scope.callback = function () { // go }; -->

Project/file structure

One role, one file, rule. Separate all controllers, services/factories, directives into individual files. Don’t add all controllers in one file, you will end up with a huge file that is very difficult to navigate, keeps things encapsulated and bitesize.

Bad:

|-- app.js |-- controllers.js |-- filters.js |-- services.js |-- directives.js

Keep naming conventions for files consistent, don’t invent fancy names for things, you’ll just forget them.

Good:

|-- app.js |-- controllers/ | |-- MainCtrl.js | |-- AnotherCtrl.js |-- filters/ | |-- MainFilter.js | |-- AnotherFilter.js |-- services/ | |-- MainService.js | |-- AnotherService.js |-- directives/ | |-- MainDirective.js | |-- AnotherDirective.js

Depending on the size of your code base, a “feature-driven” approach may be better to split into functionality chunks.

Good:

|-- app.js |-- dashboard/ | |-- DashboardService.js | |-- DashboardCtrl.js |-- login/ | |-- LoginService.js | |-- LoginCtrl.js |-- inbox/ | |-- InboxService.js | |-- InboxCtrl.js

Naming conventions and conflicts

Angular provides us many Objects such as $scope and $rootScope that are prefixed with $ . This incites they’re public and can be used. We also get shipped with things such as $$listeners , which are available on the Object but are considered private methods.

Avoid using $ or $$ when creating your own services/directives/providers/factories.

Bad:

Here we create $$SomeService as the definition, not the function name.

function SomeService () { } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' $$SomeService ' , SomeService );

Good:

Here we create SomeService as the definition, and the function name for consistency/stack traces.

function SomeService () { } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' SomeService ' , SomeService );

Minification and annotation

Annotation order

It’s considered good practice to dependency inject Angular’s providers in before our own custom ones.

Bad:

// randomly ordered dependencies function SomeCtrl ( MyService , $scope , AnotherService , $rootScope ) { }

Good:

// ordered Angular -> custom function SomeCtrl ( $scope , $rootScope , MyService , AnotherService ) { }

Minification methods, automate it

Use ng-annotate for automated dependency injection annotation, as ng-min is deprecated. You can find ng-annotate here.

With our function declarations outside of the module references, we need to use the @ngInject comment to explicitly tell ng-annotate where to inject our dependencies. This method uses $inject which is faster than the Array syntax.

Manually specifying the dependency injection arrays costs too much time.

Bad:

function SomeService ( $scope ) { } // manually declaring is time wasting SomeService . $inject = [ ' $scope ' ]; angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' SomeService ' , SomeService );

Good:

Using the ng-annotate keyword @ngInject to instruct things that need annotating:

/** * @ngInject */ function SomeService ( $scope ) { } angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' SomeService ' , SomeService );

Will produce:

/** * @ngInject */ function SomeService ( $scope ) { } // automated SomeService . $inject = [ ' $scope ' ]; angular . module ( ' app ' ) . factory ( ' SomeService ' , SomeService );

Thanks for reading!