The Java Platform Module System (JPMS) not only comes with an entire set of new rules to abide by, it also introduces a host of command line options to break them. Whether you need to access internal APIs, add unforeseen modules, or extend modules with classes of your own, they have you covered. In this post I want to go over the five most important command line options that you will need to get your project to compile, test, and run in the face of various migration challenges.

Beyond presenting a few specific options, I close with some general thoughts on command line options and particularly their pitfalls.

By the way, I use $var as placeholders that you have to replace with the module, package, or JAR names that fix your problem.

Five Critical Command Line Options

This post covers --add-exports, --add-opens, --add-modules, --add-reads, and --patch-module. Let’s get it on!

Accessing Internal APIs With -- add - exports

The command line option --add-exports $module/$package=$readingmodule exports $package of $module to $readingmodule. Code in $readingmodule can hence access all public types in $package but other modules can not. (The option is available for the java and javac commands.)

When setting $readingmodule to ALL-UNNAMED, all code from the class path can access that package. When accessing internal APIs during a migrating to Java 9, you will always use that placeholder – only once your own code runs in modules does it really make sense to limit exports to specific modules.

As an example, assume you have a class that uses com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus.NimbusLookAndFeel – during compilation you would get the following error:

1 2 3 4 5 6 error: package com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus is not visible import com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus.NimbusLookAndFeel; ^ (package com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus is declared in module java.desktop, which does not export it) 1 error

The troublesome class imports NimbusLookAndFeel from the encapsulated package com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus. Note how the error message points out the specific problem, including the module that contains the class.

This clearly doesn’t work out of the box on Java 9, but what if we want to keep using it? Then we’d likely be making a mistake because there’s a standardized alternative in javax.swing.plaf.nimbus, but for the sake of this example let’s say we still want to use this one – maybe to interact with legacy code that can not be changed.

All we have to do to successfully compile against com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus.NimbusLookAndFeel is to add --add-exports java.desktop/com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus=ALL-UNNAMED to the compiler command. If we do that manually, it would like as follows:

1 2 3 4 5 javac --add-exports java.desktop/com.sun.java.swing.plaf.nimbus=ALL-UNNAMED --class-path $dependencies -d $target-folder $source-files

Adding exports on the command line only changes the one compilation

This way, code happily compiles against encapsulated classes. But it is important to realize that we’ve only pushed the problem to run time! Adding this export on the command line really only changes the one compilation – there is no information put into the resulting bytecode that would allow that class to access that package during execution. So we still have to figure out how to make it work at run time.

Reflectively Accessing Internal APIs With -- add - opens

The java option --add-opens $module/$package=$reflectingmodule can be used to open $package of $module for deep reflection to $reflectingmodule. Code in $reflectingmodule can hence reflectively access all types and members in $package but other modules can not.

When setting $reflectingmodule to ALL-UNNAMED, all code from the class path can reflectively access that package.When accessing internal APIs during a migrating to Java 9, you will always use that placeholder – only once your own code runs in modules does it really make sense to limit exports to specific modules.

A common case are dependency injection libraries like Guice that use the class loader’s internal API, which results in errors like the following:

1 2 3 Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InaccessibleObjectException: Unable to make ClassLoader.defineClass accessible: module java.base does not "opens java.lang" to unnamed module

Note how the error message points out the specific problem, including the module that contains the class. To make this work we simply need to open the package containing the class:

1 2 3 4 java --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED --class-path $dependencies -jar $appjar

Adding Classes To Modules With --patch-module

The compiler and runtime option --patch-module $module=$artifact merges all classes from $artifact into $module. There are a few things to look out for, but let’s see an example before we get to them.

When discussing split packages during migration, we looked at the example of a project that uses the annotations @Generated (from the java.xml.ws.annotation module) and @Nonnull (from a JSR 305 implementation). We discovered three things:

both annotations are in the javax .annotation package, thus creating a split

package, thus creating a split we need to add the module manually because it’s a Java EE module

doing so makes the JSR 305 portion of the split package invisible

We can use --patch-module to mend the split:

1 2 3 4 5 java --add-modules java.xml.ws.annotation --patch-module java.xml.ws.annotation=jsr305-3.0.2.jar --class-path $dependencies -jar $appjar

This way all classes in jsr305-3.0.2.jar becomes part of the module java.xml.ws.annotation and can hence be loaded for a successful execution. Yay!

There are a few things to look out for, though. First, patching a module does not automatically add it to the module graph. If it is not required explicitly, it might still need to be added with --add-modules. Then, classes added to a module with --patch-module are subject to normal accessibility rules:

code that depends on them needs to read the patched module, which must export the necessary packages

likewise these classes’ dependencies need to be in an exported package in a module read by the patched one

This might require manipulating the module graph with command line options like --add-reads and --add-exports. Since named modules can not access code from the class path, it might also be necessary to create some automatic modules.

Extending The Module Graph With -- add - modules

The option --add-modules $modules, which is available on javac and java, allows explicitly defining a comma-separated list of root modules beyond the initial module. (Root modules form the initial set of modules from which the module graph is built by resolving their dependencies.) This allows you to add modules (and their dependencies) to the module graph that would otherwise not show up because the initial module does not depend on them (directly or indirectly).

An important use case for --add-modules are Java EE modules

A particularly important use case for --add-modules are Java EE modules, which are not resolved by default when running an application from the class path. As an example, let’s pick a class that uses JAXBException from the Java EE module java.xml.bind. Here’s how to make that module available for compilation with --add-modules:

1 2 3 4 5 javac --class-path $dependencies --add-modules java.xml.bind -d ${output_dir} ${source_files}

When the code is compiled and packaged, you need to add the module again for execution:

1 2 3 4 java --class-path $dependencies --add-modules java.xml.bind -jar $appjar

Other use cases for --add-modules are optional dependencies.

The --add-modules option has three special values: ALL-DEFAULT, ALL-SYSTEM, and ALL-MODULE-PATH. The first two only work at run time and are used for very specific cases that this post does not discuss. The last one can be quite useful, though: With it, all modules on the module path become root modules and hence all of them make it into the module graph.

When adding modules it might be necessary to let other modules read them, so let’s do that next.

Extending The Module Graph With -- add - reads

The compiler and runtime option --add-reads $module=$targets adds readability edges from $module to all modules in the comma-separated list $targets. This allows $module to access all public types in packages exported by those modules even though $module has no requires clauses mentioning them. If $targets is set to ALL-UNNAMED, $module can even read the unnamed module.

As an example let’s turn to the ServiceMonitor application, which has a monitor.statistics module that could sometimes make use of a monitor.statistics.fancy module. Without resorting to optional dependencies (which would likely be the proper solution for this specific case), we can use --add-modules to add the fancy module and then add-reads to allow monitor.statistics to read it:

1 2 3 4 5 java --module-path mods --add-modules monitor.statistics.fancy --add-reads monitor.statistics=monitor.statistics.fancy --module monitor

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Thoughts On Command Line Options

With Java 9, you might end up applying more command line options than ever before – it sure has been like that for me. While doing so I had a few insights that might make your life easier.

Argument Files

Command line options do not actually have to be applied to the command. An alternative are so-called argument files (or @-files), which are plain text files that can be referenced on the command line with @<file-name>. Compiler and runtime will then act as if the file content had been added to the command.

The example on --patch-module showed how to run code that uses annotations from Java EE and JSR 305:

1 2 3 4 5 java --add-modules java.xml.ws.annotation --patch-module java.xml.ws.annotation=jsr305-3.0.2.jar --class-path $dependencies -jar $appjar

Here, --add-modules and --patch-module are added to make the compilation work on Java 9. We could put these two lines in a file called java-9-args and then launch as follows:

1 2 3 java @java-9-args --class-path $dependencies -jar $appjar

What’s new in Java 9 is that the JVM also recognizes argument files, so they can be shared between compilation and execution.

Unfortunately, argument files don’t work with Maven because the compiler plugin already creates a file for all of its own options and Java does not supported nested argument files. Sad.

Relying On Weak Encapsulation

Don’t rely on weak encapsulation

The Java 9 runtime allows illegal access by default to code on the class path with nothing more than a warning. That’s great to run unprepared applications on Java 9, but I advise against relying on that during a proper build because it allows new illegal accesses to slip by unnoticed. Instead, I collect all the --add-exports and --add-opens I need and then activate strong encapsulation at run time with --illegal-access=deny.

The Pitfalls Of Command Line Options

Using command line options has a few pitfalls:

these options are infectious in the sense that if a JAR needs them, all of its dependencies need them as well

developers of libraries and frameworks that require specific options will hopefully document that their clients need to apply them, but of course nobody reads the documentation until it’s too late

application developers will have to maintain a list of options that merge the requirements of several libraries and frameworks they use

it is not easy to maintain the options in a way that allow sharing them between different build phases and execution

it is not easy to determine which options can be removed due to a dependency update to a Java 9 compatible version

it can be tricky to apply the options to the right Java processes, for example for a build tool plugin that does not run in the same process as the build tool

Command line options are a fix, not a proper solution

All of these pitfalls make one thing very clear: Command line options are a fix, not a proper solution, and they have their own long-term costs. This is no accident – they were designed to make the undesired possible. Not easy, though, or there would be no incentive to solve the underlying problem.

So do your best to only rely on public and supported APIs, not to split packages, and to generally avoid picking fights with the module system. And, very importantly, reward libraries and frameworks that do the same! But the road to hell is paved with good intentions, so if everything else fails, use every command line option at your disposal.

Reflection

These five options should get you through most thickets:

-- add - exports to export a package, which makes its public types and members accessible ( javac and java )

to export a package, which makes its public types and members accessible ( and ) -- add - opens to open a package, which makes all its types and members accessible ( java )

to open a package, which makes all its types and members accessible ( ) --patch-module adds classes to a specific module

adds classes to a specific module -- add - modules adds the listed modules and their transitive dependencies to the module graph

adds the listed modules and their transitive dependencies to the module graph -- add - reads makes one module read another

As discussed, command line options come with a set of pitfalls, so make sure to only use them where absolutely necessary and work to reduce those cases.

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