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The world is warming … and fast. The global average temperature has already risen by more than 1°C as a result of greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, and most of that warming has come in just the last 50 years.

Given our projected greenhouse gas emissions, it’s likely that the world will continue to warm for several decades yet and we’re on track for global warming to reach around 3°C above pre-industrial temperatures by the end of the century.

A helicopter dumping water on bushfires in New South Wales on December 21, 2019. Under a “transient” climate scenario of rapidly rising temperatures, more parts of the world will be exposed to extreme temperatures when compared with a scenario of more gradually rising temperatures, even if the global rise in temperatures is the same in either case. Picture: David Gray/Getty Images

In contrast, under the Paris climate agreement, we’re aiming to limit global warming to under 2°C, and preferably 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels. The global warming limits in the Paris Agreement are, at least implicitly, about stabilising the climate whereas at the moment, we’re on a pathway that in the next few decades will result in temperatures rapidly warming through these limits.

This begs the question of how different does the world look between a future where the climate warms rapidly in a consistent trend, compared to a future where temperatures rise more gradually and stabilise? This is a question we tried to answer in our recent study published in Nature Climate Change.

We compared two groups of global climate model simulations: one assuming rapid warming through the 21st Century, and another with slower warming that eventually stabilises in the 23rd Century. By comparing these two different groups of climate simulations we could examine the effect of different rates of global temperature increases on the temperature patterns across the world.

And we found that the rate of temperature increase, irrespective of the absolute temperature rises, has significant implications for local climates.

In a rapidly-warming climate the land heats up faster than the ocean, but if the climate is given time to stabilise then the oceans start to catch up. This means that in a scenario of rapid warming, or what we call a “transient” climate, temperatures in many land areas are at least 0.5°C warmer on average compared with a stabilised climate even at the same level of global warming.

In a transient climate, where the world is rapidly warming, land areas are warmer and ocean areas cooler than in a stabilised climate. These two figures shows the pattern of temperature difference between a transient scenario relative to an equilibrium climate for both the June-August period (l) and December-February period (r). Graphic: Supplied

In contrast, some areas of the ocean, like the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic, take a long time to warm up so these areas are a lot cooler in a rapidly warming climate than in a comparable but stabilised warmer world.

This difference between rapidly warming and stabilised climates extends to temperature extremes too. In many populated areas around cities ranging from New York to Baghdad and from Istanbul to Tokyo, the probability of a hot summer is at least twice as high in a transient, or rapidly warmer world, than in a stabilised warmer climate at the same level of global warming.

Why does this matter?

It is clear that in a rapidly warming world as we pass through the 1.5°C global warming level, we would have a very different climate than if we were to achieve the Paris Agreement goals and limit global warming to 1.5°C. So, even though we’re talking about the same level of global warming, the regional impacts are very different depending on the pace of warming.

For temperature extremes, stabilising the climate would be beneficial as we would have fewer land-based heatwaves and hot seasons.

In fact for some areas of the world, if we were to achieve the Paris Agreement goal of stabilising the climate at 1.5°C global warming, we would experience cooler average summer temperatures and fewer hot summers than we do in our current rapidly warming world after 1.1°C of human-induced global warming.

Many land areas would experience twice as many hot seasons in a rapidly warming “transient” climate scenario compared to a stabilised climate at the same global temperature. These figures shows the probability ratio (PR) of hot seasons for a transient climate scenario relative to an equilibrium climate both for the June-August period (l) and December-February period (r). Graphic: Supplied

This difference in temperature patterns depending on the rate of global warming that we’ve highlighted in our study has been under-appreciated previously. Studies of future warmer worlds that were included in the recent Intergovernmental Report on Climate Change (IPCC) report on the Paris Agreement 1.5°C limit used model simulations at various rates of global warming. This means that on regional scales they are not comparable.

Both types of studies are useful: analyses of 1.5°C or 2°C transient global warming tell us about the world we’re likely to experience in the next few decades, whereas analyses of 1.5°C or 2°C stabilised global warming inform us about how the world might look if we achieve the Paris Agreement.

However, there is a risk of poor policy making if, for example, policies to limit emissions and mitigate climate change are based solely on gradual and stabilising warming, when the potential for more rapid warming may imply more urgent or drastic action. Scientists need to clearly frame their studies to reduce the risk of misinterpretation by decision-makers.

Our study shows that the rate of global warming has a large effect on the pattern of warming. If we do manage to stabilise our climate and meet the Paris Agreement goals we will benefit from fewer hot summers, and, in some populated areas, we should see a reduction in heat extremes relative to today’s climate as well.

This should be another incentive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and stabilise the global climate.

Banner: The sky is filled with smoke, and ash from bushfires on December 21, 2019 in Shoalhaven Heads, NSW, Australia. Cassie Spencer/Getty Images