If the claim of responsibility proves true, it would not be the first attack from Belmoktar’s group in Bamako. In March, Al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for an attack that killed five people at the popular La Terrace bar and restaurant in the capital’s Hippodrôme neighborhood. The group also said it was behind shots fired at a United Nations vehicle and compound. This year alone, Mali’s violence has killed at least 342 people — including U.N. peacekeepers, foreign personnel and contractors, as in the attack this summer on the Byblos Hotel in the central city of Sévaré. Civilians have also fallen victim to inter-communal fighting and improvised explosive devices. Some were also targeted by AQIM, the largely Tuareg group Ansar Al-Din and the newer Front pour la Libération du Masina (FLM) for allegedly collaborating with Malian and French security forces.

While the rebel environment in Mali appears fragmented, the separation and scattering of fighters after the French intervention has also helped these movements remain active. Moreover, this is part of a larger pattern of dealing with conflict by separating into smaller groups built in part around ethnic, social and linguistic ties.

For instance, the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) split from AQIM in 2011 — in part over frustration among Saharan and Sahelian fighters with Algerian dominance within AQIM; yet this did not stop these groups from collaborating in the occupation of Mali in 2012. Similarly, longstanding radical and political actor Iyad Ag Ghali’s Ansar Al-Din, created in 2011, connected Tuareg fighters from AQIM with newer recruits from Tuareg and other groups, especially in the area around the northern city of Kidal. And FLM leader Amadou Kouffa was initially part of the rebel push south in 2013, before splitting off and reportedly recruiting largely among his ethnic Peulh community, staging attacks in central and southern Mali and harkening back to the 19th-Century Masina state established by the reformist Muslim leader Shekou Amadou.

As AQIM, Ansar Al-Din and Belmoktar’s fighters scattered after the French intervention, other rebels relocated or simply returned home to bide their time. But the fighting never stopped, and in the past year in particular these groups have returned to the fore and expanded their combat operations across Mali, even as French forces fanned out across the Sahel as part of Operation Barkhane, designed to combat armed groups across the region. Rebels target U.N. and other convoys almost daily with IEDs, while AQIM fighters killed six U.N. peacekeepers in a complex attack near Timbuktu in June. Other attacks in the region of Mopti as well as near the borders with Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire have been attributed to the FLM or to groups associated with Ansar Al-Din. Like water thrown onto an oil fire, the flames have simply spread elsewhere, instead of being extinguished.

Although today’s attack follows closely on the heels of last week’s gun and bomb attacks that killed at least 129 people in the streets of Paris, it is more likely that the carnage in the Radisson Blu was tied to local factors. The hotel, always popular with diplomats and other foreign personnel, was preparing for the sixth meeting of the Coordinating Committee (Comité de Suivi) of the Algiers Accords, signed in June between rebel groups and the Malian government. The attack also takes place soon after a series of local truces around the town of Anéfis brought a halt — for the moment — to inter-communal conflict between different Tuareg and Arab armed groups that had raged since the signing of the Algiers Accords. The attacks also came just days after Ansar Al-Din leader Ag Ghali released an audio tape railing against the accords, praising the attacks in central and southern Mali, and threatening France.

We will know more in the days to come about why and how this attack took place. But no matter what the cause, it appears dishearteningly likely that insecurity and violence will continue to spread in Mali for the foreseeable future.

Andrew Lebovich is a Visiting Fellow with the European Council on Foreign Relations and a PhD student in African History at Columbia University. He is a Research Fellow for Fall 2015 with the Social Science Research Council.