House Democrats charged with prosecuting the impeachment case against Donald Trump scaled back their fiery language following a scolding from chief justice John Roberts as they began laying out their case for Mr Trump’s removal from office for pressuring Ukraine to help him win reelection.

But as Democrats softened their tone, if not their message, Mr Trump and his fellow Republicans dialled up their partisan rhetoric, with GOP senators largely ignoring Mr Roberts’s admonition and levelling scathing attacks against the trial’s prosecutors.

Democrats also appeared to shut down talk of a deal to secure testimony from former national security adviser John Bolton by offering to trade testimony from the son of former vice president Joe Biden, who was the focus of Mr Trump’s alleged pressure campaign on Ukraine. Mr Biden himself said he would refuse such an arrangement.

The Republican barrage was led by Mr Trump, who in Davos, Switzerland, called the top House managers “sleazebags” while denouncing his impeachment as a “hoax” and “disgrace” to his presidency.

“I watched the lies from Adam Schiff. He’ll stand, he’ll look at a microphone, and he’ll talk like he’s so aggrieved,” Mr Trump said at a news conference from the World Economic Forum in Davos, referring to the House Intelligence Committee chair leading the prosecution.

All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Show all 6 1 /6 All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Alan Dershowitz Dershowitz is a controversial American lawyer best known for the high-profile clients he has successfully defended. Those clients have included OJ Simpson, Jeffrey Epstein and Harvey Weinstein. One longtime Harvard Law associated told the New Yorker Dershowitz "revels in taking positions that ultimately are not just controversial but pretty close to indefensible." Getty All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Ken Starr Starr became a household name in the 1990s as the independent counsel who led the investigation that led to Bill Clinton's impeachment. That investigation began as a look into a real estate scandal known as Whitewater, and eventually led to impeachment after Mr Clinton lied under oath about having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. AP All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Jay Sekulow Sekulow is the president's longtime personal attorney, and, now, personal lawyer in the White House. He has been accused by former Rudy Giuliani associate Lev Parnas of being "in the loop" during the Ukraine scandal. Getty All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Pam Bondi Bondi is the former attorney general in Florida, and a longtime backer of the president's. She made a name for herself in Florida for taking hyper partisan stances on issues, and her penchant for publicity. She is likely to be a prominent public-facing figure during the trial. AFP/Getty All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Pat Cipollone Cipollone is the White House counsel, and leading the president's defence team. Getty All the president's lawyers: The team fighting Trump's impeachment Rudy Giuliani While not officially named as one of the president's impeachment lawyers, it is hard to ignore Giuliani's outsized role in this process. The former mayor of New York has been making headlines for months as he defends his client, and for his apparent role in the effort to compel Ukraine to launch the investigation into Joe Biden. We'll see how he figures in the actual trial, which he has said he would like to be a part of. Reuters

On Mr Schiff and House Judiciary Committee chair Jerrold Nadler, another impeachment manager and longtime Trump foe, the president added: “These two guys — these are major sleazebags. They’re very dishonest people. Very, very dishonest people.”

On the way to Washington on Air Force One, Mr Trump stirred up a veritable Twitter storm as he tweeted and retweeted messages primarily about impeachment, particularly from his Republican defenders — a barrage that marked the most tweets of any day of his presidency, with 131 as of 4:46pm EDT, according to Factba.se, a website that tracks Mr Trump’s tweets and speeches.

That posturing provided a sharp contrast to the Democratic House managers, who struck a chastened tone in the Senate chamber on Wednesday after the Roberts admonishment issued in the early hours of Wednesday. Saying that the Democrats had “adrenaline going through our veins,” Mr Schiff began opening arguments on Wednesday afternoon by expressing gratitude for the senators’ attentiveness.

And Mr Nadler, whose accusations that GOP senators were engaging in “treacherous” behaviour angered Republicans, made sure to thank Mr Roberts and the lawmakers for “your temperate listening and your patience last night as we went into the long hours.”

“I think that was an attempt to shift the tone,” said senator Josh Hawley. “A lot of senators were offended last night at saying that a vote against their amendments was treachery, that it was a vote against the United States.”

The politics of the trial on Wednesday rippled not only in Europe and in Washington but in Iowa, where 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden was confronted with questions about whether he would be willing to testify in the proceedings.

The former vice president — who, along with his son Hunter has been the target of political investigations that Mr Trump had asked of Ukraine — said he would not participate in any witness swap as part of the Senate impeachment trial, as some Democrats have been discussing.

“The reason I would not make the deal, the bottom line is, this is a constitutional issue,” Mr Biden said in response to a voter’s question in Osage, Iowa. “We’re not going to turn it into a farce or political theatre. I want no part of that.”

Some Senate Democrats had started grappling with the prospect that they might have to greenlight witnesses desired by Republicans to subpoena key Trump administration officials. Such a decision could be made if a majority of senators agree to call witnesses after listening to opening arguments and questioning the two sides.

But Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer told reporters that any deal with Republicans on a witness trade involving the Bidens is “off the table”. His remarks echoed those of Mr Schiff, the lead impeachment manager, who said “trials aren’t trades for witnesses”.

Mr Schiff laid out high expectations for senators as the trial got underway, calling on them to “decide what kind of democracy that you believe we ought to be” and what Americans can expect “in the conduct of their president”.

As he continued his remarks, Mr Schiff called Mr Trump “the key player in the scheme” to pressure Ukraine for investigations that could benefit him politically in exchange for a White House meeting and the release of nearly $400m (£304m) of military aid. Both coveted items were of ”great consequence to Ukraine,” Mr Schiff said, particularly the funding meant to help the small Eastern European nation guard itself from Russia.

“Everyone was in the loop,” Mr Schiff said. “[Trump] directed the actions of his team. He personally asked a foreign government to investigate his opponent. These facts are not in dispute.”

Mr Trump, who had wanted Ukraine to investigate the Bidens as well as a discredited theory that Ukraine worked with Democrats to interfere in the 2016 election, insists he has done nothing wrong and that a rough transcript of a 25 July call with Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, exonerates him of any wrongdoing.

But if the Senate does not hold Mr Trump accountable, Mr Schiff warned, “the damage to our democratic elections, to our national security, to our system of checks and balances will be long lasting and potentially irreversible”.

Even on the first day of opening arguments, the seats of many Republican senators and a handful of Democrats were empty as Mr Schiff wrapped up his remarks. Some members were standing against the back wall to stretch their legs, but others stayed out of the chamber for an extended period, even though the rules call for senators, like jurors at any trial, to be in their seats the entire time.

During breaks outside the Senate chamber, Republicans dismissed the proceedings and said they were learning nothing new as they kept up their attacks on the House managers, particularly Mr Nadler.

When asked whether Mr Trump’s attorneys had also deserved their admonishment by Mr Roberts, senator John Cornyn responded, “No,” saying Mr Nadler “is embarrassing”.

“And it’s outrageous,” Mr Cornyn added. “At some point, you got to call it what it is.”

The heated rhetoric from some Democrats on Tuesday risked turning off a small slate of influential GOP senators in the centre of the procedural fight over witnesses and documents.

“Well, I took it as very offensive,” Lisa Murkowski said of Mr Nadler’s performance. “As one who is listening attentively and working hard to get to a fair process, I was offended.”

At a news conference in Davos, Mr Trump said he “can live either way” with the Senate’s decision about whether to call witnesses at his impeachment trial, but he argued that testimony by former national security adviser John Bolton could pose national security and other concerns, including that Mr Bolton left the administration on bad terms.

“You don’t like people testifying when they didn’t leave on good terms,” Mr Trump said.

Democrats seized on another portion of Mr Trump’s news conference, when he praised his legal team and added: “Honestly, we have all the material. They don’t have the material.”

Representative Val Demings one of the House impeachment managers, said that comment provided more evidence of obstruction of congress. But Jay Sekulow, one of Mr Trump’s lawyers, responded by defending the president’s executive privilege rights.

“This isn’t nonsense,” Mr Sekulow said. “This is really what the constitution is about.”

Meanwhile, Mr Trump said in an interview on Fox Business Network that he would like to see an “acquittal fairly quickly”. He also called the Democrats pressing the case against him “totally nuts”.

But the White House set aside one avenue to end the proceedings quickly, at least for now, deciding against filing a motion on Wednesday to dismiss the charges.

That does not preclude his lawyers from filing such a motion later, but Senate Republican leaders have warned that such a move would not have majority support from senators until fuller trial proceedings take place.