International Boxing Federation / U.S. Boxing

Association Has 615 boxers and last year held about 140 bouts. Tests every boxer after every championship and elimination bout for controlled substances, painkillers, barbiturates, steroids, amphetamines and marijuana. Strangely, does not test for alcohol. Policy posted on Web site. State commission where fight is held suspends violators, in most cases, for six months. If a boxer fails a drug test after a title fight, title is vacated. 94.75

International Olympic Committee Uses World Anti-Doping Agency Code, with policy posted on its Web site. All athletes who establish a world record or an Olympic record are tested; does precompetition testing at any time; top-five finishers in individual sports plus two other athletes are tested; various systems of testing in team sports. Sanctions include disqualification from event and forfeiture of any medals; athlete may be disqualified from rest of the games and future Olympiads; prior Olympic results may be nullified. Policy is "clear and draconian!" one panelist says. 93.75

International Tennis Federation Uses WADA standards in Women's Tennis Association tour of about 1,100 ranked women, with 51 events and four Grand Slams; and the Association of Tennis Professionals men's tour of 61 tournaments featuring about 1,800 ranked men. Random testing in competition and out; target testing. Violations lead to disqualification of results in related events, with forfeiture of all medals, titles, ranking points and money; also one-year ineligibility up to a lifetime ban depending on offenses. Web page includes news on suspensions, naming the offenders. Andre Agassi claims to have tested positive in 1997 and escaped punishment with an excuse. 92

International Association of

Athletics Federations World governing body for track and field, road racing and race walking; uses WADA Code. Any athlete who has broken or matched a record is tested; athletes also tested based on finish, randomly or by target; all athletes subject to in- and out-of-competition testing at any time. Violation in an in-competition test means disqualification from the event and loss of related awards, points and winnings; ineligibility beginning at two years for first offense depending on infraction up to a life ban for third infraction, any of which may be mitigated. 91.25

Nascar Has nine racing series with close to 2,000 drivers. The misuse or abuse of any drug or alcohol is a violation. Even prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs that may cause a driver "to have a competitive advantage or diminished or impaired ability to perform" on the day of the event are banned. Competitors are subject to out-of-season testing, preseason testing, random testing and testing for cause. Positive test result means an indefinite suspension. Competitors are offered a treatment program to undergo and afterward may seek reinstatement. No drivers' union to contend with and an obligation to protect spectators allow for strict policy. 90

Kentucky Derby The first of racing season's Triple Crown of "graded stakes" features about 20 three-year-old thoroughbreds; is regulated by the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission. Policy is Web-posted. "We test all horses in graded stakes," says Kentucky Equine Medical Director Dr. Mary Scollay. For every Kentucky race, first offense, class A violation, license suspension or revocation up to three years, but paying a fine or surrendering purse could mitigate suspension; second offense, three- to five-year license suspension (fine or surrendering of purse may mitigate); third offense, suspension of license at least five years, but may be mitigated by fine/surrendering of purse and suspension time for the horse. Jockeys are also drug tested. 82.25

Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation's three-week race of 21 stages covers some 2,000 miles. Testing overseen by French Anti-Doping Agency and the International Cycling Union. Every rider is tested before starting. Every stage winner and up to eight other cyclists picked at random are tested at each stage. Overall winner tested. Per WADA Code, any cyclist is liable to a two-year suspension for first antidoping violation; life ban for a second serious violation, according to UCI Web site. Major scandals in 2007 led to stepped-up scrutiny. Most prominent recent sanction--stripping Floyd Landis of 2006 victory for a positive test for synthetic testosterone. 78.75

Major League Soccer U.S. association of 15 clubs with rosters of up to 24 players each; uses WADA Code. Tests all players at least once per year; randomly tests players year-round; "Provides for possible contract termination for a first-time offense, the strictest discipline in professional sports," the league says. 73.75

National Football League Thirty-two teams of 53 active players each playing 16 regular-season games and possibly playoffs. Pre-employment testing; testing of all players at least once per year. Also, each week, including preseason, 10 players per team are randomly selected for testing; same formula for all teams making postseason play; up to six off-season tests per player; targeted testing. First violation, minimum four-game suspension; second violation, minimum eight-game suspension; third violation, minimum 12-month suspension, disqualification from Pro Bowl and other honors that year. Policy states in-season testing "will ordinarily be conducted on two days each week," which seems to leave room for some to try to beat the system. 72.5

Formula One Racing Series of 17 international auto races; lists 24 drivers; sanctioned by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. Policy is Web-posted. Tests in competition and out; maintains registered testing pool of international-level drivers; requires national associations to maintain own registered testing pools; also target tests. Violations lead to disqualification of results in the event; for first violation, two years' ineligibility; second violation, lifetime ineligibility, both with chance to argue mitigation. 68.75

Ultimate Fighting Championship Mixed martial arts promoter formed in 2001 by Zuffa, LLC. Holds about 25 fight cards per year, 11 fights per card; lists 212 fighters. As a combat sport it is regulated in most states, and elsewhere. Competitors are tested by state athletic or boxing commissions. Most randomly test six fighters per card. Also, Nevada, for example, "has a right to test fighters at any time and they do," says Marc Ratner, UFC's vice president of regulatory affairs and a former director of the Nevada State Athletic Commission. 68.75

Women's National Basketball Association League of 13 teams, 11 players each, 34 games roughly over four months. All players are subject to up to three random drug tests during training camp, the regular season and playoffs; also conducts reasonable-cause testing. Policy encourages voluntary admission of a problem, with league paying for treatment. Otherwise, a positive test result for a drug of abuse results in league dismissal; positive result for performance-enhancing drugs, five-game suspension and mandatory enrollment in league treatment program; second positive result, 10-game suspension and re-entry into the treatment program; third positive result, one-year suspension and re-entry into treatment program. 58.75

National Basketball Association Thirty teams, maximum 15 players each, playing 82 regular-season games and playoffs over nine months. All players subject to four random tests each season; league conducts reasonable-cause testing. Positive test result for drugs of abuse by a first-year player results in suspension with a chance for reinstatement after one year; all other players suspended for at least two years; first positive result for a performance-enhancing drug gets a 10-game suspension, second violation gets 25-game suspension and third PED offense gets a one-year suspension and re-entry into treatment program; for fourth positive, player is disqualified; players coming forward with a problem receive league-paid treatment. Rates slightly lower than WNBA because pool of athletes is far larger. 57.5

National Hockey League About 690 athletes playing 82 games over about nine months; uses WADA Code. Players tested up to three times per year at random. For first positive test, 20-game suspension and referral to league substance-abuse program; for second positive, 60-game suspension; third positive, "permanent" suspension with chance to apply for reinstatement after two years. Panel says testing players only three times per year hardly seems enough. 57.5

PGA / LPGA / European PGA The major world golf organizations began their policy in July 2008 using WADA Code. About 500 active players on the PGA Tour, about 230 on the LPGA Tour and 250 in the European Tour. Players "may be selected for testing at any time or place," in and out of tournament. Sanctions may include disqualification; loss of results, points, and prize money from event; and for nondrugs-of-abuse some term of ineligibility; for drugs of abuse, sanctions include Tour-approved treatment at player's expense. 56.6

Major League Baseball Has 30 teams of 25 active players; 162 regular-season games over six months, plus playoffs. Bans all the major drugs""steroids, stimulants, masking agents""but violations involving drugs of abuse are first treated through a clinical program, not suspension. All players tested for performance-enhancing substances and stimulants within five days of arrival at spring training. All players must have at least one other test on a randomly selected date. Additionally, all players subject to random tests in and out of season "Players could be tested up to 6 times per year," says Rob Manfred, MLB executive vice president for labor. "There are certain factors that distinguish Major League Baseball's program and demonstrate its strength. In addition to testing for performance-enhancing substances, we test for stimulants, both pre- and post-game during the regular season and postseason. We have an independent program administrator""unrelated to the sport and with tenure""who reports annually to the public." 56.2

National Collegiate Atheltic Association Affiliation of about 1,030 four-year colleges and universities, with over 400,000 athletes. Tests approximately 13,500 student-athletes a year. Visits every Division I school during the year at least once. About 15% of those schools get a second and maybe third visit. About 20 Division I and Division II schools are visited during the summer. Schools with a football program have 18 football players tested each visit, and other athletes are tested randomly. Nonfootball schools have eight athletes tested per visit. NCAA relies heavily on schools' own testing programs so it is difficult to rate. 55

English Premier League Governed by England's Football Association, which adheres to the WADA Code. Has 20 teams of about 34 first-squad players. Two players from each team at a game randomly selected for testing; May "target test." Code says discipline may include no action, a warning, a ban, a clinical assessment of the player, treatment and target testing of player after treatment. Panelist Professor Brian Leiter says, "Discretionary punishment is probably an inadequate deterrent--everything will turn on what actually happens in practice." 51.25

Professional Bowlers Association The "major league" of bowling in the world with nearly 4,300 members from 13 countries; 21 official events between mid-October and mid-April. Competitors may not drink alcohol while competing or while wearing name shirts; "Members may not participate in the sale or distribution of controlled substances," policy states. Does not test bowlers but, "It is something we are monitoring, largely due to the prominence the issue receives in sports," says spokesman Jerry Schneider. 30

World's Strongest Man Competition Run by IMG sports and entertainment company; this fall, Web site says, 32 men competed in Malta in 14 events. Procedures unclear. Multiple attempts to get policy and comment were unsuccessful, but competitor Derek Poundstone said he was tested twice at random at this year's weeklong event. "A disaster waiting to happen," says one of our panelists. 27.5

Canadian Football League Eight teams of 53 players each plus practice squads. Has no policy but a spokesman said it has been working with the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport and hopes to have a policy in place by the start of next season. 16.25