Dozens of ancient ice volcanoes once dotted the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, a new study finds.

Whereas regular volcanoes on Earth erupt with molten rock, ice volcanoes—which are also known as cryovolcanoes—spew out plumes of water-ice and other frozen molecules. Previous research has detected traces of cryovolcanism on several bodies in the outer solar system, such as Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Pluto. However, much remains unknown about cryovulcanism, especially compared with regular volcanism.

In 2015, NASA’s Dawn spacecraft discovered a 2.5-mile-high (4 kilometers), dome-shaped cryovolcano dubbed Ahuna Mons on Ceres. With a diameter of about 585 miles (940 km), Ceres is the largest member of the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter. [Dwarf Planet Ceres’ Bizarre Bright Spots Shine in Stunning Up-Close View]

“Ceres is the only cryovolcanic body we’ve orbited with a spacecraft,” study lead author Michael Sori, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona at Tucson, told Space.com. “This is the best opportunity we’ve had so far to learn more about the similarities and differences between cryovolcanism and regular volcanism.”

Based on the number and size of meteor craters that Ahuna Mons has engulfed and the estimated rate of meteor strikes that Ceres has experienced, prior work suggested that Ahuna Mons is at most 240 million years old. (Like the rest of the solar system, Ceres itself formed about 4.56 billion years ago.)

Ahuna Mons is the only prominent cryovolcano that scientists have spotted on Ceres. This is odd: If the interior of Ceres were still warm enough to have a cryovolcano, then it should have generated cryovolcanoes in the past, when it was warmer, and evidence of those cryovolcanoes should dot the dwarf planet’s surface today.

Sori and his colleagues reasoned that cryovolcano domes gradually settle down, ultimately blending in with the surrounding landscape. To find this hidden evidence of ancient cryovolcanoes, they compared images from Dawn with computer models of slumped domes.

The scientists identified 22 former cryovolcanoes on Ceres, ranging from 10 to 53.4 miles (16 to 86 km) wide and 0.7 to 2.7 miles (1.1 to 4.4 km) high. After estimating the ages of these features, they suggest that new cryovolcanoes have appeared on Ceres about every million years, on average, in the past billion years.

All in all, the researchers estimated the amount of icy material that has erupted onto the surface of Ceres is 100 to 100,000 times less than the amount of molten rock that has erupted on Earth, the moon, Venus or Mars. Whereas cryovolcanoes on Ceres generate an average of more than 13,000 cubic yards (9,940 cubic meters) of material each year—enough to fill a movie theater or four Olympic-size swimming pools—volcanoes on Earth generate an average of more than 1 billion cubic yards (765 million cubic m) of rock a year, according to the statement.

As such, while cryovolcanism helped shape Ceres, “it’s nowhere near as dominant a process on Ceres as rocky volcanism has been on the geology of Earth, the moon, Mars and Venus,” Sori said. “The dark spots you see on the moon at night are huge volcanic plains, and we don’t see anything analogous like that on Ceres.”

Future research can investigate other icy bodies to see if cryovolcanism plays a similar role on those worlds, Sori said. “I’m most looking forward to the 2020s, when we’ll be launching missions to Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter,” Sori said.

The scientists detailed their findings online Sept. 17 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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