Hallie Bradley, right, author of the blog "The Soul of Seoul" sits with her husband, guitarist Jung Jae-oo. The couple has implemented "fighting rules" to help handle cultural differences in their marriage.

/ Courtesy of Hallie Bradley



Balancing love, race and culture

By Kim Young-jin

After Jenny, an American, decided to move to Busan to teach English, she researched the expat dating scene in Korea. And then she resigned herself to being single.

"A lot of people say that Western guys in Korea only want to date Korean girls and Korean guys only want to date Korean girls," she said. Such views weren't completely accurate, however. "There are men who are exceptions."

She eventually began going out with a Korean, a "rebellious and unique" man who "liked being different." But her initial expectations reflected common perceptions about dating here, where it's more common to see heterosexual couples of expatriate men and Korean women, than vice-versa.

The number of Korean man-expat woman couples appears to be on the rise, however. While data on expat dating patterns are difficult to come by, longtime observers say the increase is visible in hip areas such as Seoul's Itaewon and Hongdae districts.

This may seem a matter of course, given the rapid growth of the foreign population, whose number recently surpassed 1.5 million. Still, it raises intriguing questions in a country where locals often joke about how Korean women are coveted for their beauty while the men are disregarded for having diminutive bodies.





A foreign traveler examines items at an accessory shop in the leisure district of Jongno, Seoul. / Courtesy of Korea Tourism Organization



"In terms of income, education and culture, South Korea is a developed nation now," said Kookmin University professor Andrei Lankov, a keen observer Korean history. "This means that more equal relations are becoming the norm in all areas and the decades-old gender imbalance, in both dating and marriage unions with Westerners, is going to disappear."

Such a shift would come as society grapples with newfound diversity. The number of foreign spouses living here has risen rapidly in recent years, a development linked to economic development. However, international couples and families face stigmatization, and in the dating scene, conditions vary by race and economic background.

Early marriages between Westerners and Koreans occurred in the Joseon Kingdom (1392-1910), when foreign seamen found themselves shipwrecked on the coast. Law required that they stay in Korea, and some married Koreans.

Agnes Davis Kim, an American woman who moved to Korea in 1934 to marry her Korean husband, described hardships faced by the few expat spouses of the era in her memoir "I Married a Korean." Other expats pressured her not to go through with the marriage. "If you marry this man, your life will, without a question of a doubt, end in tragedy, for interracial marriages just will not work in Korea," she was told.

A major shift in the makeup of expat-Korean couples occurred in the late 1940s. "The reasons were manifold, but economy played a major role," Lankov says.

"Women from poor countries often tend to marry men from more affluent places...from that point on Korea had a number of Western men who were seen as affluent and hence attracted much attention.

"Of course, the large U.S. military presence helped, since the US Army brought to Korea a large number of young, unmarried, fit men from the U.S.," he said. Many soldiers returned home with Korean wives.

Dating culture

In recent years, various Internet blogs have popped up, focused on the expat dating scene. These reveal a list of common perceptions about Korean men — though these often come with caveats about over-generalization.

Near the top is the observation that Korean men are "shy" and unwilling to try to strike up a conversation in a bar, for instance, a common way to meet dating partners in the West.

Hallie Bradley, author of the blog "Soul of Seoul," said the reluctance can throw expats for a loop. "On the subway someone might sit next to you because they want to practice English. So to go from very outward Koreans to guys who won't approach you in a bar...can be confusing."

Until recently, marriages were commonly arranged by family, friends or professionals, a result of Confucian mores that emphasized the separation of the sexes. Today, meeting new partners often involves being set up by friends, but increased travel abroad is beginning to diversify the scene, according to some.

"For men, going to ‘booking clubs' where the waiters bring the female customers to the table used to be the only way to meet women, that's how shy men were," said Chung, a 29-year-old office worker. "But now it's more about Western style clubs, and you're starting to see people mingle more."

It's also frequently heard that some Korean men harbor fantasies about dating white women.

"A lot of times it will be ‘fun dating,'" said Abby Kaye, author of blog "I Love Airplane Food." "If you want to get into a serious relationship you might want to make sure the other person is looking for that."

If the relationship gets serious, the approval of parents often becomes critical. "There seems to be a three-month mark," observed Kaye. "You could think things are going well, but then you don't hear from them. It's a parent thing."

Kaye added that communication between dating partners is accelerated here. "Back home, I was used to more space, both physically and in terms of (frequent) text messaging. It's a different way of getting to know someone in the beginning."

Stereotypes

Last month, Twitter exploded with racially-tinged insults when photographs of Kiwi singer-songwriter Lorde and her rumored boyfriend, who is of Asian descent, were posted online. The tweets touched a nerve because they hit on long-held stereotypes of Asian men as nerdy and un-dateable.

Sharon Heijin Lee, an assistant professor of social and cultural analysis at New York University, said new representations of Asian men are beginning to challenge these stereotypes, citing popular Korean-American actors Daniel Dae Kim ("Hawaii Five-O") and Steven Yeun ("Walking Dead") as well as Korean pop stars.

The new images, she said, could affect international dating patterns.

Male K-pop stars, she said, "offer a more versatile masculinity that incorporates hard bodies with soft features that are highly stylized. Korean pop culture — in conjunction with new representations of Asian-American men — is contributing to new ways of thinking about Asian and Asian-American masculinity."

Racial stereotypes can be a hurdle to dating in Korea as well. Kychele Boone, an English teacher here, said "exoticization" of foreign women often extends to black women in ugly ways.

Men "will come up to me or one of my friends, and try to speak urban slang, or say, ‘You're black and wild in bed,'" she said, adding that in some cases, men have attempted to touch her or her friends inappropriately in public.

Some link such attitudes to the Korean entertainment industry's notorious misrepresentation of black people. Entertainers here have drawn criticism for racist caricatures, including comedians who present themselves in blackface. In the latest example, pop star Rain's video for "L.A. Song" features an egregious caricature of a black woman's body.

One Korean-American, who asked not to be named, said interacting with men here sometimes thrust her in between two cultures. "There can be a sense of feeling overlooked when I'm next to my Caucasian female friends. People just think, ‘She's just Korean, but this girl next to her is so exotic,'" she said.

Communication

After two years of marriage in Korea, Bradley has learned a few survival techniques for maintaining a relationship here — including one to deflect the occasional stares in the street.

"It's getting more comfortable to walk around. But I have noticed some people, usually older, and I can see them wonder if I'm just some foreign floozy," she said. "So I make a point to wear my wedding ring."

In long-term relationships, the American stressed the importance of being prepared for the cultural differences — including those with gender roles — that will inevitably arise.

She and her husband, Jung Jae-oo, for example, have created "fighting rules" to avoid cultural misunderstandings.

"We had to make (the rules) because he would start talking quickly in Busan dialect when he was upset and I would talk passively-aggressively and we couldn't understand each other or the problem. We chose to implement a five-minute silent period to think about why we were upset and figure out how to explain it to the other person."

Kaye, the blogger, added that humor was essential for a healthy dating life.

"It's important when we don't have the same capabilities in each other's language. Because if you make a comment, it can result in an hour-long discussion about what you said."