In this blog post I want to reflect on things which make Ruby a beautiful language to read and write, and on things which make Ruby on Rails a convenient tool to quickly prototype.

This is an introductory level blog post.

Ruby

The goal of Ruby is to make programmers happy. Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto The Creator of Ruby

Programming languages are rarely optimized for programmers’ happiness. Usually they are advertised as “fast”, “easy to learn”, “low level”, “high level”, “functional with static typing”, but “pleasant to write” isn’t on this list.

I want to show you basic Ruby constructs, but focus on these little details which make programming in Ruby fun.

Data structures

1 2 3 str = "this is a string" array = [ "first" , "second" , "third" ] hash = { "key" => "value" , "next_one" => "its value" }

What can we see here? First of all – dynamic typing. Next, in Ruby there are two basic collections – Array and Hash. This is simple, but allows to model many structures.

Readable expressions

1 2 str = "the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog" str . split ( ',' ) . join ( ' ' ) . gsub ( "the" , "a" ) . upcase

Even if you don’t know Ruby at all, this code looks quite understandable. First you split on comma, then you join with space, replace all “the” with “a” and finally transform the whole string to upper case. This is possible thanks to rich standard library which saves you from reinventing the wheel.

Defining methods

1 2 3 def generate_password ( length ) ( 'a' . . 'z' ) . to_a . shuffle . first ( length ) . join end

This is a method definition, but as you can see there is no return statement. Last evaluated expression is the return value of the method. This makes one line methods even shorter.

We also have here the instance of Range class – ('a'..'z') which is smart enough to iterate over characters.

I want to stress one more detail here – first method. You may wonder what happens if we take more elements than there are in the array:

1 [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. first ( 5 ) # => [1, 2, 3]

Nothing blows up and we just get all available elements. Ruby makes a reasonable assumption that in most cases we want it to return all elements, not throw an exception.

Conditional expressions

1 2 3 4 str = "lorem ipsum" if str . end_with? ( "ipsum" ) str . capitalize! end

Please notice lack of parenthesis around if condition. What’s more, method names may end with question mark or exclamation mark. By convention those ending with question mark return boolean value. They look nice in conditional expressions. Methods ending with exclamation mark do something dangerous – for example mutate the object (this example) or throw exception.

1 str . capitalize! if str . end_with? ( "ipsum" )

When the block inside conditional expression consists of single line we can make it even more compact.

Loops

1 2 3 4 small_numbers = [] [ 78 , 32 , 44 , 1 , 7 , 23 , 56 , 98 , 45 ]. each do | number | small_numbers . push ( number ) if number < 50 end

Ruby has “normal” loops, but they are rarely used. When you have to use a loop, you usually want to iterate over a collection and do something with each element. In Ruby you can use each method and pass it a block of code. This block of code will be invoked for each element of the collection.

Defining classes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 class User def initialize ( name ) @name = name end def name @name end def name = ( name ) @name = name end end john = User . new ( "john" ) john . name

This is a definition of a simple class. initialize method is the constructor, we also have getter and setter for name . Variables prefixed with @ are instance variables. What’s worth noting – we don’t have to explicitly state all fields of the class, we can just assign to a new instance variable and start using it.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 class User def initialize ( name ) @name = name end attr_accessor :name end

And this is a shorthand syntax which does exactly the same. We replace 7 lines of code with one attr_accessor macro.

Everything is an object

1 2 3 user . class # => User user . class . class # => Class user . class . class . class # => Class

In Ruby everything is an object. Even integers are objects of class Fixnum . What’s more interesting – every class is an object of class Class and Class class is also an object of class Class .

Functional programming

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [ 78 , 32 , 44 , 1 , 7 , 23 , 56 , 98 , 45 ]. map do | number | number * 2 end # => [156, 64, 88, 2, 14, 46, 112, 196, 90] [ "John" , "Kate" , "George" , "Victoria" ]. map do | name | name [ 0 ]. downcase end # => ["j", "k", "g", "v"]

Method map is quite similar to each . It invokes block of code for each element of the collection, but the result of the block (last evaluated expression) is pushed into the new array and this array is returned.

1 2 3 4 [ 78 , 32 , 44 , 1 , 7 , 23 , 56 , 98 , 45 ]. select do | number | number < 50 end # => [32, 44, 1, 7, 23, 45]

This one is very readable – we take only these elements which match condition in the block.

Switch statement

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 case value when "test" puts "test string" when 1 . . 10 puts "between 1 and 10" when /\Afoo/ puts "starts with foo" when String puts "another string" else puts "something else" end

Switch statement in Ruby is powerful. We can match by value, by range membership, by regular expression, by class, … And there are no awful break s here.

Ruby on Rails

Ruby as a programming language is beautiful, but Ruby on Rails as a web framework emphasizes convenience. The code below may seem a little bit “hacky”, but it’s convenient.

present? or blank?

1 2 3 nil . present? # => false "" . present? # => false []. blank? # => true

Date, time

1 2 10 . minutes . ago # => Tue, 26 May 2015 17:39:55 BST +01:00 3 . days . from_now . beginning_of_day + 2 . hours # => Fri, 29 May 2015 02:00:00 BST +01:00

I cannot imagine more readable syntax to work with date and time.

… and timezones

1 2 3 Time . zone . name # => "London" 5 . hours . ago # => Tue, 26 May 2015 13:06:00 BST +01:00 5 . hours . ago . in_time_zone ( "Warsaw" ) # => Tue, 26 May 2015 14:06:19 CEST +02:00

No more programmer’s nightmares about timezones!

try

1 2 3 [ "John" , "Kate" , nil , "Robert" ]. map do | name | name . downcase end

This code blows up with NoMethodError: undefined method `downcase' for nil:NilClass . This is a common situation: we expect a string, but are given a nil value. Rails has a quick fix for it:

1 2 3 4 [ "John" , "Kate" , nil , "Robert" ]. map do | name | name . try ( :downcase ) end # => ["john", "kate", nil, "robert"]

Calling try invokes a method if it’s defined for given object or returns nil.

File size

1 2 2 . kilobytes # => 2048 3 . megabytes # => => 3145728

This converts to bytes – I have yet to use it in practice :)

Displaying numbers

1 2 4567 . to_s ( :human ) # => "4.57 Thousand" 1500000 . to_s ( :human ) # => "1.5 Million"

Ordinal numbers

1 2 21 . ordinalize # => "21st" 45 . ordinalize # => "45th"

This probably could be easily implemented by you, but why you would want to do it if it’s already done and tested?

Grouping

1 2 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. in_groups_of ( 3 ) # => [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, nil]] [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. in_groups ( 2 ) # => [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]]

This may be useful when dividing array into columns or rows.

Plural form

1 2 3 "apple" . pluralize # => "apples" "fish" . pluralize # => "fish" "foot" . pluralize # => "foots" Whoops!

Your ideas

Do you have your favorite examples of beautiful Ruby syntax? Or convenient Rails methods? Share them in the comments!