Facebook recently rolled out a new feature, 3D Photos, or, as they call it in their javascript: 2.5D Photos. Here is how it looks like:

Photo by Roman Vabishchevych

To create such a photo, choose 3D Photo when post to Facebook, and use new portrait mode on iPhone. That’s it.

But how does it work under the hood? I like to learn new ideas by reading other people’s code. So I was curious enough to learn how they implemented this effect at Facebook. Here is the story. If you just want to know the tech, skip to the “how it all works” part.

First guess, fragment shader?

There is a popular way of faking 3D with shader, by using depth map and distort image pixels with fragment shader in WebGL:

Check it out live here. Everything is flat here, it’s just 3D illusion.

At first I thought facebook team went for that, as it’s very easy to do, and the image size is quite small. But that’s not how they made it. 🤔 You can see rough edges on a depth change at facebook implementation.

Another idea that might be used by Facebook, is vertex displacement based on image, like the one we used with Denys recently on his loveiko.com website:

3D object on left is built as a displacement of vertices using texture on the right. See it live.

There are some other ways to fake it, but now I needed to know how they did it! Because i’m curious, you know.

How i decompiled

Best way to start is a network tab in DevTools. Everything sorted by file size, and that’s what you get for that kangaroo:

heaviest file is 400k, next, two 2048x2048 jpegs

Downloaded biggest file, it turned out to be a .glb file. Which is a binary form of glTF format, the best choice for 3D models on the web now.

So I went to the online glTF viewer, uploaded that file, and saw this:

it’s a bit hard, but you can guess the kangaroo shape here

Not very helpful, but now I knew, it was not about vertex-fragment displacement, that’s an actual 3D model here.

So I went to javascript sources of Facebook page (using this extension), and found out they use Three.js framework for that viewer. Nice, I knew how to handle that one.

Found (that’s actually hardest part) the three.js scene object, and just changed one value:

material.wireframe = true;

Finally I was able to see the magic behind this effect!

now you can see all the vertex data. It’s pretty detailed!

How it all works?

First of all, when new iPhone is taking a picture in portrait mode, it also stores a depth data along with usual .jpg. Here is a little video explanation on how it gathers it:

According to apple specification this data comes as a point cloud. Not a mesh.

Next, facebook based on some interpolation algorithm creates an actual 3D model out of it, with photo as a texture:

left is actual texture for 3d kangaroo, right is 3d model vertex data.

Now when you load a facebook page, it starts a three.js scene, and loads this model with a texture.

When you move you mouse — camera position is changing, so you experience sweet 2.5D effect. Which is actually a true 3D as we just found out.

In the end

I don’t know why Facebook picked a more complicated and techy way of doing this effect. May be because they already have a 3D viewer, or they plan something bigger soon. No idea.

Still curious about exact algorithm used to create the glTF model out of depth field, specifically, notice how this part is not just “depth” but more like a separate object in front of the background.

See vertical column on the left.

I think that’s some kind of special interpolation of depth data. But may be you have any other idea? May be thats TrueDepth information we can get out of photo?

There is also one strange (possibly just test) image loaded additionally on each 3D photo:

i think they just test image compatibility with your current GPU? Any ideas? UPDATE: thats

Thanks to Michael Feldstein, he uncovered the mistery, so that image is PreMultipliedRadienceEnvironmentMap that threejs uses to pack into instead of a mipmapped cubemap.

That’s it. Hope you liked this small investigation. I’d be grateful if you share any of your ideas on this. Have a nice day!