MEXICO CITY—Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán, the drug lord who staged two spectacular escapes from maximum-security prisons in Mexico, has arrived in New York to face trial, U.S. officials said Thursday.

Mr. Guzmán was extradited Thursday, arriving on a U.S. government plane in the custody of federal agents at Long Island MacArthur Airport in Islip, N.Y., officials said. The Justice Department plans to put the former boss of the notorious Sinaloa cartel on trial in Brooklyn federal court, which is one of the most secure courthouses...