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takes time to develop. The more time two people spend together, the more likely they are to become friends. On the other hand, there are people we see regularly but don’t consider friends.

So just how many hours of togetherness does it take for an acquaintance to turn into a friend? Or for a friend to rise to the level of a best friend? And does it matter what you spend all that time doing? For the first time, there are answers: 50 hours, more than 200 hours, and yes, it does matter.

These answers come from a newly published report in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships by Jeffrey Hall, a professor of communications studies at the University of Kansas. Hall was motivated in part by the work of evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar of the University of Oxford, who theorizes that there are layers of friendship—e. ., acquaintances, casual friends, friends, and good friends—and that there are cognitive limits to the number of people that we can accommodate in any one layer.

Those limits have a mathematical elegance. We usually are closest to no more than five people, call about 15 people good friends, and about 50 people friends. Famously, Dunbar found that 150 is a rough limit on the number of meaningful relationships our brains seem able to manage.

To that idea, Hall added his own: the Communicate Bond Belong theory, which asserts that we all feel an evolutionary need to belong and that both the amount of time and the type of activity shared with a partner are strategic investments to help us meet that need. Previous research by Dunbar, Hall, and others has established that time spent together matters in building a connection, but no one had actually counted the hours.

Hall set out to quantify the requirements of friendship in two separate studies. The first included 355 adults who had relocated to a new place within the previous six months. Hall asked them to identify someone new they had met. It couldn’t be a family member, romantic interest, or someone they’d known previously. The participants specified where they met this person, how much time they’d spent together the previous week, and how much time they spent together in a typical week. They also categorized the person somewhere on the scale from acquaintance to best friend.

In the second study, Hall recruited 112 brand-new University of Kansas freshmen and asked them to name two new acquaintances. Then he followed up twice over the first nine weeks of the school year to measure time spent with those new acquaintances and see how the relationships had changed.

The results of both studies confirmed that the time spent together was associated with closer friendships. “I was looking for cut-off points,” says Hall, “where there was a 50 percent greater likelihood you switch from acquaintance to casual and from casual to friend, then again from friend to a close friend.” He found that it took about 50 hours of interaction to move from acquaintance to casual friend, about 90 hours to move from casual friend to friend, and more than 200 hours to qualify as a best friend.

Those who never got beyond being acquaintances usually had spent no more than 30 hours together—the equivalent perhaps of being in the same class a few hours a week, but not seeing each other outside of the classroom. On the other hand, time together didn’t automatically make two people friends. Some adults reported spending hundreds of hours with colleagues, but still called those people acquaintances. Basically, they just didn’t like them very much. Or they had no relationship outside of work.

This takes us to an important point. How people spent their time and what they talked about affected how close they became. “When you spend time joking around, having meaningful conversations, catching up with one another, all of these types of communication episodes contribute to speedier friendship development,” Hall says.

As an example, he describes the common situation in which two casual friends bump into each other, and one asks the other: "What’s been going on in your life?" “That action is meaningful because it says that whatever is happening in your life, I want to bring into the present in my relationship with you,” says Hall. “Consider how many people you don’t bother to ask. You wander into the office, and you say, hey. That’s it.”

The conclusions Hall draws from this work are straightforward but important. “You have to invest,” he says. Decades of research have shown that friendship is not just one of life’s pleasures; it’s one of life’s necessities. Having friends helps to keep us healthy, both physically and mentally.

On the other hand, a lack of social connectedness is as bad for us as or . Yet we don’t always budget our time accordingly, says Hall. “It’s clear that many adults don’t feel they have a lot of time, but these relationships are not going to develop just by wanting them. You have to prioritize time with people.”

Copyright: Lydia Denworth 2018

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