Introduction

The Provincial Bank of Ireland was established in 1825, pioneered branch banking in Ireland. The terms, rights and privileges of the Bank of Ireland allowed it to effectively strangle the development of banking in Ireland until the Irish Banking Crisis that followed the post-Napoleonic War Depression. The Bank of Ireland effectively held a monopoly within Dublin and the surrounding areas within a radius of 50 Irish miles – it did not issue banknotes outside of Dublin until 1824.

As such, there was a shortage of currency in the country outside of the Dublin and Ulster areas in the years prior to this.

Until the Provincial Bank of Ireland was founded in 1825, the Bank of Ireland made little or no attempt at expanding its branch network and it used its status as a quasi-Central Bank (or, lender of last resort) to suppress the development of branch banking in Ireland right up until the 1880’s.

In 1845, a period of financial crisis prompted new legislation to regulate the issue of notes. Only six Irish banks were authorised to issue banknotes and this new law allowed notes in ’round pounds’ only, so banks had to withdraw (over time) any of their banknotes in guineas, fractional guineas and such oddities as 25s, 30s and 35s denominations. The ability to print their own banknotes gave these banks a huge commercial advantage over their new and emerging 19th C rivals – the Provincial Bank of Ireland was one of these six banks.

In 1920 the Banknotes (Ireland) Act ended the practice of making notes payable only at specific branches. Instead, notes could be redeemed at a bank’s head office. This meant there was no need for banks to list all of their branches on their banknotes any more – just the location of the bank’s principal offices. In line with this new legislation, most banks issued a new series of banknotes from 1920 onward – the Provincial Bank of Ireland was one of six banks affected by this legislation.

With the inauguration of the Irish Free State on 6th December, 1922 these six banks continued to have the right to issue banknotes in Ireland. Shortly afterwards (in 1923) the Belfast Banking Company sold its Free State business to the Royal Bank of Ireland, which in turn bought the Northern Ireland business of the Royal Bank.

The Currency Commission (Coimisiún Airgid Reatha) of the Irish Free State, was created by the Currency Act, 1927 (Section 14) as part of the policy of the Irish Free State to set up and issue its own currency, sometimes known as the ‘Saorstát pound’. The Currency Commission commissioned the “A Series” Banknotes, through the advice of an advisory commission.

The new Currency Commission had a problem insofar as the five banks operating in the newly declared Irish Free State also operated in Northern Ireland, so withdrawing their existing banknotes was not a simple operational or legal matter.

Technically, the new Irish banknotes were Sterling notes, guaranteed by the Bank of England

In appearance, they were Irish Free State Pounds and the Bank of England guarantee was based on bullion deposits owned by the Irish Free State but held in London by the Bank of England.

The ‘promissory notes’ issued by the eight banks operating in Ireland were also backed by ‘specie’ held in the vaults of the Bank of England in London. This covered notes used in Northern Ireland, as well as the Irish Free State.

The Currency Commission of the Irish Free State agreed a novel solution The five banks would withdraw their existing banknotes and replace them with new designs One ‘new design’ would be applicable to Northern Ireland The other ‘new design’ would comprise the new Consolidated Banks series (or ‘Ploughman’ notes) for the Irish Free State. These five banks would decide how much of their ‘old’ banknotes would be printed for use in each jurisdiction and ‘split’ their bullion holdings in London accordingly In addition, another three banks were granted permission to issue their own notes in the Irish Free State The Hibernian Bank The Royal Bank of Ireland The Munster & Leinster Bank These three banks had to lodge bullion with the Bank of England in order to guarantee their newly acquired ability to issue banknotes in the Irish Free State



Provincial Bank of Ireland (Ploughman) notes

A set of six banknotes were issued – ranging from £1 to £100 for each of the eight Consolidated Banks – the Provincial Bank of Ireland only issued £1, £5, £10 and £20 notes, i.e. no £50 or £100 notes were produced for them.

All eight banks featured the same ‘ploughman’ design on their obverse design

Each bank was named on the obverse design The signatory also differed from bank to bank

Each denomination of banknote was printed in a different colour

The size of the banknotes increased slightly with each increment in denomination.

Provincial Bank of Ireland £1 Ploughman

Signature Issued Period P G VG F VF EF Type 1 600,000 1929 €15 €60 €120 €375 €650 €470 Type 2 700,000 1931-36 €15 €50 €120 €300 €550 €380 Type 3 1,000,000 1937-40 €15 €50 €120 €250 €300 €380

Signatures – Provincial Bank of Ireland £1 notes Type 1 – Hume Robertson (1929) There are 2 date variations for this signature type Type 2 – F. S. Forde (1931–1936) There are 5 date variations for this signature type Type 3 – G. A. Kennedy (1937–1940) There are 8 date variations for this signature type



Provincial Bank of Ireland £5 Ploughman

Signature Issued Period P G VG F VF EF Type 1 35,000 1929 €150 €300 €575 €700 €900 €1,200 Type 2 95,000 1931 €150 €300 €575 €700 €900 €1,200 Type 3 10,000 1939 €150 €300 €575 €450 €700 €900

Signatures – Provincial Bank of Ireland £5 notes Type 1 – Hume Robertson (1929) There is only one date of issue for this signature type Type 2 – F. S. Forde (1931–1936) There are 2 date variations for this signature type Type 3 – G. A. Kennedy (1937–1940) There are 2 date variations for this signature type



Provincial Bank of Ireland £10 Ploughman

Signature Issued Period P G VG F VF EF Type 1 ? 1929 €500 €1,500 €2,250 €3,000 €4,000 €5,000 Type 2 ? 1931 €500 €1,200 €1,800 €2,200 €2,500 €3,500 Type 3 ? 1939 €500 €1,200 €1,800 €2,200 rare rare

Signatures – Provincial Bank of Ireland £10 notes Type 1 – Hume Robertson (1929) Type 2 – F. S. Forde (1931–1936) Type 3 – G. A. Kennedy (1937–1940)



Provincial Bank of Ireland £20 Ploughman

All £20 Provincial Bank of Ireland ‘ploughman’ notes have been withdrawn and accounted for, i.e. they no longer exist

Signatures – Provincial Bank of Ireland £20 notes Type 1 – Hume Robertson (1929)



There are no Type 2 or Type 3, Provincial Bank of Ireland £20 ‘ploughman’ notes as none were issued after 1929.

No Provincial Bank of Ireland £20 notes overprinted ‘SPECIMEN’ are known to exist

Provincial Bank of Ireland £50 Ploughman

No £50 notes were ever issued for the Provincial Bank of Ireland

No £50 notes overprinted ‘SPECIMEN’ are known to exist

Provincial Bank of Ireland £100 Ploughman

No £100 notes were ever issued for the Provincial Bank of Ireland

No £100 notes overprinted ‘SPECIMEN’ are known to exist