(A) Recoverable bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) from feces of mice after supplementing the drinking water with an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) containing ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, neomycin, vancomycin, compared with no-antibiotic-treated conventional (CNV) controls housed under specific pathogen-free conditions.

(B) Bacterial-specific 16S rDNA qPCR of feces for mice described in (A) normalized to conventional (CNV) controls housed under specific pathogen-free conditions.

(C) Recoverable fungal CFUs in the feces (left) and each intestinal segment (right) for mice inoculated with C. albicans (CA) and maintained on ABX treatment for 14 days (ABX + CA), compared with ABX-treated controls without CA administration (ABX).

(D) Fungal-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) rDNA (left) and eukaryotic 18S rDNA (right) qPCR of feces for mice described in (C) normalized to germ-free (GF) controls.

(E) Weight gain after C. albicans inoculation among antibiotic-treated mice (ABX + CA) compared with ABX only controls.

(F) Percent survival after DSS supplementation in the drinking water (for 6 days) for mice described in (A and C).

(G) Percent survival after influenza A PR8-OVA (Flu A) intranasal infection (6 × 104 PFUs) for mice described in (A and C).

(H) Total number of Flu A-specific KbOVA tetramer+ CD8 T cells (left), and IFN-γ+ CD8 T cells after in vitro OVA 257-264 peptide stimulation (right), from lungs 9 days after Flu A infection for mice described in (A and C).