•The 9th Circuit Court, which oversees nine Western states, including California, Hawaii and Alaska, found in 2011 that police using a Taser on a pregnant woman who refused to sign a speeding ticket was unreasonable and constitutionally excessive despite the woman's resistance because her alleged offense was minor and she posed no immediate threat. One officer twisted her arm behind her back as she refused to let go of the steering wheel while another officer used a Taser on her left thigh, left arm and neck until they were able to handcuff her.