Over 750 plaintiffs are suing Johns Hopkins University over its role in medical experiments in Guatemala in the 1940s and 1950s. Hundreds were deliberately infected with sexually-transmitted diseases as part of a US government program.

The lawsuit in Baltimore seeks $1 billion in damages for individuals, spouses and children of the victims, who were infected with diseases including syphilis and gonorrhea. It seeks at least $75,000 in damages for each of nine counts.



Former research subjects and their families claim Johns Hopkins officials had "substantial influence" over the studies and were involved in masterminding the experiments. The plaintiffs also feature the estates and families of 124 people who died from complications of diseases that they contracted through the hazardous experiments.

While an attorney for the university has called the suit "baseless," officials from the institution described the experiments as "deplorable" and "unconscionable," while arguing they didn't “initiate, pay for, direct or conduct” the Guatemala studies.

“For more than half a century since the time of the Guatemala study, scholars, ethicists and clinicians have worked with government officials to establish rigorous ethical standards for human research. Johns Hopkins welcomes bioethical inquiry into the US government’s Guatemala study and its legacy,” Kim Hoppe, a university spokeswoman, said in an email, according to the Baltimore Sun.



“This lawsuit, however, is an attempt by plaintiffs’ counsel to exploit a historic tragedy for monetary gain,” he added.



In 2010, US President Barack Obama called the experiments carried out during the administration of President Truman, "clearly unethical" and apologized to those subjected to them, expressing “deep regret.”



In 2011, the victims sued eight US government officials over the study, a federal judge dismissed the case, however, saying that the government could not be held liable for actions committed in another country.

The initial intent of the study in Guatemala was to look for new ways to prevent STDs, including gonorrhea, chancroid and syphilis, which can be fatal if untreated. The first experiments involved infecting prostitutes with gonorrhea or syphilis, and then allowing them to have unprotected sex with soldiers or prison inmates. When a few of these men became infected, the research approach changed to direct inoculation of soldiers, prisoners, and mental patients.



About 1,500 study subjects were involved. Although institutional officials were aware of the study, the subjects were not informed of the purpose of the study and did not provide consent.





The ethical violations included use of study subjects who were members of highly vulnerable populations; research without consent and deception in conducting the experiments. According to US Department of Health and Human Services, correspondence between the investigators indicates that they and their superiors recognized the unethical nature of the research studies.

The study was halted in 1948, when rumors about dodgy experiments began spreading.

The unethical study was funded by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (which became the Pan American Health Organization) to several Guatemalan government ministries. Apparently, the study had never been published.



According to the report on the Guatemala experiments by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, a committee of the National Research Council, dedicated to venereal diseases, was responsible for giving the go-ahead to the studies. Dr. Joseph Moore, from Johns Hopkins University, chaired the 1946 study section that approved the Guatemala research.



“The experiments in Guatemala starkly reveal that, despite awareness on the part of government officials and independent medical experts of then existing basic ethical standards to protect against using individuals as a mere means to serve scientific and government ends, those standards were violated," the report stated.



The Guatemala experiments have called to mind the notorious Tuskegee syphilis experiment, conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the US Public Health Service to study the progression of untreated syphilis in black men in rural Alabama, who were told they were receiving free healthcare from the government as a treatment for "bad blood".



None of the men infected was informed he had the disease, nor was anyone treated for it with penicillin when it became proven as effective in syphilis cases.