Report 1083

Highlights of women's earnings in 2018

In 2018, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of the earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect calendar-year averages of information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences between these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the mid-point in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

View Chart Data Chart 1. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979–2018 annual averages Year Percentage 1979 62.3 1980 64.2 1981 64.4 1982 65.7 1983 66.5 1984 67.6 1985 68.1 1986 69.5 1987 69.8 1988 70.2 1989 70.1 1990 71.9 1991 74.2 1992 75.8 1993 77.1 1994 76.4 1995 75.5 1996 75.0 1997 74.4 1998 76.3 1999 76.5 2000 76.9 2001 76.4 2002 77.9 2003 79.4 2004 80.4 2005 81.0 2006 80.8 2007 80.2 2008 79.9 2009 80.2 2010 81.2 2011 82.2 2012 80.9 2013 82.1 2014 82.5 2015 81.1 2016 81.9 2017 81.8 2018 81.1

Earnings of full-time workers

Below are data highlights for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2018, median weekly earnings were $789 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $973. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 and 54, with no difference in the earnings of 35- to 44-year-olds and 45- to 54-year-olds (both at $876). Women age 55 to 64 and age 65 and older had earnings that were only slightly lower ($853 and $811, respectively). For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 64-year-olds, with no difference in the earnings of 45- to 54- year-olds and 55- to 64-year-olds (both at $1,137). Earnings were lowest among young women and men age 16 to 24 ($522 and $575, respectively) compared with other ages. (See chart 2 and table 1.)

View Chart Data Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 2018 annual averages Age Women Men 16 to 24 522 575 25 to 34 750 862 35 to 44 876 1,101 45 to 54 876 1,137 55 to 64 853 1,137 65 and older 811 1,050

In 2018, women’s earnings ranged from 75 percent to 80 percent of men’s earnings among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller, with women earning 87 percent to 92 percent of what men did. (See table 1.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. The earnings ratio for workers age 65 and older has been relatively flat since the late 1990s. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Asian women and men continued to earn more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2018. Among women, Whites ($817) earned 87 percent as much as Asians ($937); Blacks ($654) earned 70 percent; and Hispanics ($617) earned 66 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,002) earned 81 percent as much as Asian men ($1,241); Black men ($735) earned 59 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($720) earned 58 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

View Chart Data Chart 3. Median usual weekly earnings of women and men who are full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women Men Total 789 973 White 817 1,002 Black or African American 654 735 Asian 937 1,241 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 617 720

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 76 percent as much as Asian men in 2018, and White women earned 82 percent as much as their male counterparts. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 89 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 86 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably over time, while men’s earnings have not. This can be seen among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups, with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available). From 1979 to 2018, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 37 percent for White women, by 20 percent for Black women, and by 21 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004. Since that time, White and Black women have seen little net change in earnings. From 2004 to 2018, the earnings of White women edged up 5 percent, while the earnings of Black women edged slightly lower (-3 percent). On the other hand, Hispanic women’s earnings have remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. Over the full period, 1979 through 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings have shown little change on net for White (4 percent) and Hispanic men (2 percent). Black men’s inflation-adjusted earnings showed no net change from 1979 to 2018. (See table 18.)

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Between 2000 and 2018, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend. Asian women’s earnings grew by 17 percent and Asian men’s earnings grew by 24 percent over the period for which data are available. (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among workers age 25 and older, those without a high school diploma had median weekly earnings of $553, representing 42 percent of the earnings of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,324) in 2018. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($730) were 55 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Workers with some college or an associate degree (median weekly earnings of $826) made 62 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree or more made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced declines in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, the drop for women was much smaller than that for men: a 5-percent decrease for women, compared with a 26-percent decline for men. On an inflation-adjusted basis, earnings for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher have increased by 34 percent since 1979, while earnings for men with a bachelor’s degree or higher have risen by 19 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

View Chart Data Chart 4. Percentage change in inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings of women and men, by educational attainment, 1979–2018 Sex Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher Women -5 3 5 34 Men -26 -18 -11 19

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations continued to have higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2018 ($1,168 for women and $1,537 for men). Within this category, women who were chief executives ($1,736) and computer and information systems managers ($1,727) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were chief executives ($2,488) and architectural and engineering managers ($2,285) had the highest earnings within this major occupational category in 2018. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,024 for women and $1,425 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields such as computer science, engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were nurse practitioners ($1,891) and pharmacists ($1,890) had the highest earnings in 2018. For men, those who were physicians and surgeons ($2,513), pharmacists ($2,271), and lawyers ($2,202) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations continued to earn less in 2018 ($511 for women and $641 for men) than workers in other major occupational categories. Within service occupations, women who were employed as dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ($408), as cooks ($437), and as food preparation workers ($446) had the lowest median weekly earnings in 2018. For men, those who were employed as combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ($410) and as dishwashers ($434) earned the least.

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in construction, production, or transportation occupations, and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support occupations. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

View Chart Data Chart 5. Distribution of full-time wage and salary employment for women and men, by major occupational group, 2018 annual averages Occupation Women Men Management, business, and financial operations occupations 18 17 Professional and related occupations 31 20 Service occupations 16 12 Sales and related occupations 9 9 Office and administrative support occupations 19 6 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 1 17 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 6 19

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2018, 31 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 20 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying job groups is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2018, 10 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the two relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,345 for women and $1,604 for men) and engineering ($1,259 for women and $1,528 for men) occupation groups, compared with 47 percent of men. Women were more likely to work in the education ($934 for women and $1,235 for men) and healthcare ($1,078 for women and $1,383 for men) occupation groups, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-seven percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2018, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were elementary and middle school teacher ($982), registered nurse ($1,156), and secretary or administrative assistant ($753). Each of these occupations employed roughly 2 million women in 2018, collectively representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common occupation by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $829). In 2018, 2.6 million men were truck drivers, representing 4 percent of all male full-time wage and salary workers. Although engineering occupations are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2018, a total of 1.9 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,551 to $1,858). (See table 2.)

Earnings for workers with and without children under 18

In 2018, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (Children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Fathers of children under 18 earned more than men without children ($1,098 and $919, respectively). Among women, however, the difference in median weekly earnings between mothers of children under 18 ($799) and those without children under 18 ($784) was much smaller. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2018, 25 percent of men who work full time usually worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2018, while 4 percent of men did. A large majority of full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek (75 percent of women and 71 percent of men). Among those with a 40-hour workweek, women earned 86 percent as much as men. (This analysis excludes people who usually work 35 or more hours per week but whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are about twice as likely as men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job (including those whose hours vary). Women who worked part time made up 24 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2018. In comparison, 12 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $275 in 2018, slightly higher than the $263 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2018. Among full-time workers, 9 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2018, 61 percent of women and 56 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $14.06 in 2018, which were 88 percent of the $16.01 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2018, about 3 percent of women and 2 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Age Total, 16 years and older 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1 16 to 24 years 10,428 548 4 4,611 522 3 5,818 575 5 90.8 16 to 19 years 1,382 449 7 545 421 5 837 471 9 89.4 20 to 24 years 9,046 576 3 4,065 546 6 4,981 592 4 92.2 25 years and older 105,138 932 2 46,814 830 3 58,324 1,026 4 80.9 25 to 34 years 28,874 808 4 12,681 750 4 16,193 862 6 87.0 35 to 44 years 26,452 986 5 11,528 876 6 14,924 1,101 10 79.6 45 to 54 years 25,565 1,002 5 11,621 876 6 13,944 1,137 7 77.0 55 to 64 years 19,585 994 6 8,937 853 8 10,647 1,137 8 75.0 65 years and older 4,662 944 12 2,046 811 19 2,616 1,050 25 77.2 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 88,953 916 3 38,384 817 3 50,570 1,002 4 81.5 Black or African American 15,041 694 4 7,760 654 5 7,282 735 7 89.0 Asian 7,643 1,095 16 3,474 937 17 4,169 1,241 16 75.5 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 20,297 680 4 8,071 617 4 12,226 720 5 85.7 Marital Status Never married 34,984 710 3 15,541 675 4 19,444 738 4 91.5 Married, spouse present 62,409 1,013 3 25,643 880 4 36,766 1,140 4 77.2 Widowed, divorced, or separated 18,173 851 6 10,241 778 6 7,933 956 9 81.4 Widowed 1,807 812 17 1,313 755 17 494 946 31 79.8 Divorced 12,008 897 7 6,789 823 8 5,219 990 8 83.1 Separated 4,359 750 10 2,139 667 10 2,220 855 16 78.0 Union Affiliation Members of unions 13,415 1,051 7 5,773 968 9 7,642 1,123 8 86.2 Represented by unions 14,844 1,042 7 6,493 958 9 8,352 1,121 8 85.5 Not represented by a union 100,722 860 3 44,932 764 2 55,790 948 4 80.6 Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and older 105,138 932 2 46,814 830 3 58,324 1,026 4 80.9 Less than a high school diploma 6,999 553 4 2,238 469 4 4,761 607 4 77.3 High school graduates, no college 26,237 730 3 10,132 616 3 16,105 819 4 75.2 Some college or associate degree 27,476 826 4 12,755 717 4 14,721 951 6 75.4 Bachelor's degree and higher 44,427 1,324 7 21,689 1,145 4 22,738 1,524 8 75.1 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Occupation Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Number of workers Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Total, full-time wage and salary workers 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1 Management, professional, and related occupations 48,808 1,246 4 25,123 1,078 6 23,685 1,468 8 73.4 Management, business, and financial operations occupations 19,863 1,355 6 9,195 1,168 8 10,668 1,537 10 76.0 Management occupations 13,477 1,429 10 5,724 1,236 11 7,754 1,585 16 78.0 Chief executives 1,098 2,291 23 307 1,736 96 790 2,488 90 69.8 General and operations managers 939 1,338 32 283 1,139 23 656 1,427 39 79.8 Legislators 14 - - 4 - - 10 - - - Advertising and promotions managers 39 - - 16 - - 23 - - - Marketing and sales managers 963 1,567 38 447 1,362 34 517 1,852 75 73.5 Public relations and fundraising managers 61 1,415 52 43 - - 18 - - - Administrative services managers 147 1,215 74 46 - - 101 1,266 123 - Computer and information systems managers 601 1,877 39 153 1,727 222 448 1,920 98 89.9 Financial managers 1,158 1,466 38 663 1,262 32 495 1,784 69 70.7 Compensation and benefits managers 21 - - 16 - - 5 - - - Human resources managers 294 1,381 49 221 1,330 66 73 1,761 79 75.5 Training and development managers 52 1,448 106 31 - - 21 - - - Industrial production managers 243 1,465 47 55 1,296 155 188 1,573 95 82.4 Purchasing managers 222 1,362 73 99 1,229 82 123 1,431 46 85.9 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 269 1,131 28 43 - - 226 1,138 30 - Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers 119 945 47 21 - - 99 1,010 134 - Construction managers 625 1,431 37 53 1,202 23 572 1,467 38 81.9 Education administrators 857 1,381 41 563 1,245 33 294 1,563 50 79.7 Architectural and engineering managers 149 2,226 192 19 - - 131 2,285 43 - Food service managers 827 809 27 407 708 26 420 922 39 76.8 Funeral service managers 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Gaming managers 23 - - 8 - - 15 - - - Lodging managers 112 955 52 64 920 99 48 - - - Medical and health services managers 567 1,408 33 418 1,331 45 149 1,729 140 77.0 Natural sciences managers 8 - - 4 - - 4 - - - Postmasters and mail superintendents 22 - - 15 - - 8 - - - Property, real estate, and community association managers 390 1,018 32 208 927 47 181 1,148 31 80.7 Social and community service managers 363 1,141 27 251 1,057 32 112 1,336 43 79.1 Emergency management directors 9 - - 3 - - 6 - - - Managers, all other 3,285 1,525 21 1,263 1,341 21 2,022 1,628 29 82.4 Business and financial operations occupations 6,385 1,216 12 3,471 1,105 15 2,914 1,383 22 79.9 Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 31 - - 18 - - 13 - - - Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products 10 - - 3 - - 7 - - - Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 147 878 61 65 880 114 82 878 97 100.2 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 223 1,160 50 102 1,032 60 121 1,209 23 85.4 Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators 334 998 19 189 913 35 145 1,167 32 78.2 Compliance officers 278 1,296 75 149 1,165 49 129 1,450 56 80.3 Cost estimators 109 1,165 36 14 - - 95 1,208 80 - Human resources workers 620 1,161 29 429 1,107 48 190 1,328 127 83.4 Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 48 - - 31 - - 17 - - - Training and development specialists 111 1,092 65 64 1,086 116 47 - - - Logisticians 127 1,019 49 46 - - 81 1,131 222 - Management analysts 635 1,532 45 279 1,437 29 356 1,642 88 87.5 Meeting, convention, and event planners 89 1,002 77 69 1,006 162 21 - - - Fundraisers 82 1,262 259 60 1,168 37 22 - - - Market research analysts and marketing specialists 299 1,246 50 174 1,148 32 125 1,503 183 76.4 Business operations specialists, all other 223 1,150 17 127 1,072 116 95 1,234 205 86.9 Accountants and auditors 1,615 1,209 19 969 1,108 30 646 1,404 57 78.9 Appraisers and assessors of real estate 47 - - 22 - - 24 - - - Budget analysts 52 1,351 79 35 - - 17 - - - Credit analysts 27 - - 14 - - 12 - - - Financial analysts 261 1,470 51 122 1,197 55 138 1,599 110 74.9 Personal financial advisors 414 1,473 89 146 1,207 107 268 1,647 59 73.3 Insurance underwriters 122 1,268 94 71 1,032 76 51 1,413 519 73.0 Financial examiners 11 - - 9 - - 2 - - - Credit counselors and loan officers 332 1,168 47 177 948 38 155 1,443 50 65.7 Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents 42 - - 29 - - 13 - - - Tax preparers 62 1,028 82 36 - - 26 - - - Financial specialists, all other 35 - - 22 - - 13 - - - Professional and related occupations 28,945 1,176 5 15,929 1,024 6 13,017 1,425 9 71.9 Computer and mathematical occupations 4,755 1,539 15 1,184 1,345 28 3,571 1,604 22 83.9 Computer and information research scientists 20 - - 4 - - 16 - - - Computer systems analysts 580 1,521 45 222 1,246 34 358 1,647 39 75.7 Information security analysts 93 1,635 96 18 - - 75 1,625 176 - Computer programmers 428 1,591 45 91 1,445 54 338 1,662 55 86.9 Software developers, applications and systems software 1,611 1,864 25 327 1,644 36 1,283 1,894 11 86.8 Web developers 164 1,333 56 49 - - 115 1,418 105 - Computer support specialists 516 1,085 50 140 1,015 68 376 1,114 56 91.1 Database administrators 108 1,493 95 40 - - 67 1,573 229 - Network and computer systems administrators 192 1,430 65 37 - - 155 1,478 60 - Computer network architects 112 1,765 39 10 - - 102 1,771 50 - Computer occupations, all other 678 1,226 57 131 1,208 64 548 1,238 89 97.6 Actuaries 35 - - 11 - - 24 - - - Mathematicians 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - - Operations research analysts 125 1,418 77 58 1,299 168 66 1,566 297 83.0 Statisticians 85 1,437 107 43 - - 41 - - - Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations 5 - - 2 - - 3 - - - Architecture and engineering occupations 2,994 1,484 17 453 1,259 30 2,541 1,528 16 82.4 Architects, except naval 170 1,464 37 52 1,301 74 118 1,538 87 84.6 Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 35 - - 7 - - 28 - - - Aerospace engineers 145 1,788 67 16 - - 129 1,836 142 - Agricultural engineers 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Biomedical engineers 12 - - 1 - - 11 - - - Chemical engineers 65 1,858 33 8 - - 57 1,858 31 - Civil engineers 410 1,495 55 63 1,282 48 346 1,551 47 82.7 Computer hardware engineers 70 1,772 271 11 - - 60 1,852 86 - Electrical and electronics engineers 282 1,646 37 31 - - 251 1,661 35 - Environmental engineers 35 - - 5 - - 30 - - - Industrial engineers, including health and safety 245 1,499 39 54 1,163 57 191 1,571 57 74.0 Marine engineers and naval architects 15 - - 0 - - 15 - - - Materials engineers 42 - - 10 - - 32 - - - Mechanical engineers 313 1,562 47 31 - - 282 1,581 67 - Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 8 - - 2 - - 6 - - - Nuclear engineers 13 - - 1 - - 12 - - - Petroleum engineers 27 - - 5 - - 22 - - - Engineers, all other 528 1,575 36 65 1,356 113 463 1,610 58 84.2 Drafters 112 1,021 46 22 - - 91 1,029 45 - Engineering technicians, except drafters 398 1,129 26 66 934 73 332 1,154 22 80.9 Surveying and mapping technicians 63 984 80 3 - - 60 995 83 - Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,308 1,270 34 575 1,156 24 733 1,357 20 85.2 Agricultural and food scientists 30 - - 13 - - 16 - - - Biological scientists 101 1,250 82 46 - - 55 1,164 203 - Conservation scientists and foresters 17 - - 8 - - 9 - - - Medical scientists 160 1,319 139 81 1,156 49 80 1,416 223 81.6 Life scientists, all other 1 - - 1 - - 0 - - - Astronomers and physicists 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - - Atmospheric and space scientists 7 - - 1 - - 6 - - - Chemists and materials scientists 115 1,284 73 45 - - 70 1,362 57 - Environmental scientists and geoscientists 80 1,336 40 28 - - 52 1,427 43 - Physical scientists, all other 289 1,455 39 120 1,341 57 169 1,582 51 84.8 Economists 35 - - 6 - - 29 - - - Survey researchers 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Psychologists 134 1,331 106 99 1,255 73 35 - - - Sociologists 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - - Urban and regional planners 28 - - 13 - - 15 - - - Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers 39 - - 14 - - 25 - - - Agricultural and food science technicians 31 - - 7 - - 24 - - - Biological technicians 17 - - 7 - - 10 - - - Chemical technicians 58 1,002 42 17 - - 42 - - - Geological and petroleum technicians 11 - - 4 - - 7 - - - Nuclear technicians 11 - - 3 - - 8 - - - Social science research assistants 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians 124 862 31 58 856 23 66 893 123 95.9 Community and social service occupations 2,223 913 10 1,469 886 11 754 984 21 90.0 Counselors 705 941 15 506 913 19 199 1,004 19 90.9 Social workers 753 907 15 611 897 15 141 958 40 93.6 Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 105 944 30 60 930 34 45 - - - Social and human service assistants 166 749 22 133 752 22 33 - - - Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers 62 881 78 48 - - 14 - - - Clergy 337 990 45 68 855 39 268 1,036 36 82.5 Directors, religious activities and education 51 927 49 25 - - 27 - - - Religious workers, all other 45 - - 18 - - 27 - - - Legal occupations 1,466 1,467 29 815 1,243 32 651 1,910 31 65.1 Lawyers 853 1,947 70 344 1,762 26 509 2,202 187 80.0 Judicial law clerks 15 - - 8 - - 7 - - - Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers 69 1,602 84 19 - - 49 - - - Paralegals and legal assistants 413 948 25 359 953 25 54 917 42 103.9 Miscellaneous legal support workers 117 1,143 46 85 1,109 58 32 - - - Education, training, and library occupations 7,166 1,002 9 5,251 934 8 1,915 1,235 17 75.6 Postsecondary teachers 994 1,439 29 460 1,253 36 534 1,603 60 78.2 Preschool and kindergarten teachers 568 648 28 555 643 28 14 - - - Elementary and middle school teachers 3,030 1,010 11 2,410 982 11 620 1,148 19 85.5 Secondary school teachers 948 1,141 12 556 1,092 26 392 1,226 36 89.1 Special education teachers 324 1,039 20 281 1,042 18 43 - - - Other teachers and instructors 388 957 47 215 840 41 172 1,095 47 76.7 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 37 - - 20 - - 17 - - - Librarians 127 927 79 98 910 55 29 - - - Library technicians 10 - - 7 - - 3 - - - Teacher assistants 615 556 14 553 550 17 62 584 82 94.2 Other education, training, and library workers 125 1,095 98 95 1,036 83 30 - - - Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 1,880 1,086 24 828 997 23 1,052 1,151 14 86.6 Artists and related workers 64 1,078 71 18 - - 46 - - - Designers 684 1,060 24 327 932 38 357 1,169 27 79.7 Actors 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - - Producers and directors 147 1,224 113 49 - - 98 1,476 204 - Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 164 1,044 25 35 - - 129 1,049 27 - Dancers and choreographers 11 - - 7 - - 4 - - - Musicians, singers, and related workers 47 - - 19 - - 28 - - - Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other 17 - - 10 - - 7 - - - Announcers 26 - - 4 - - 22 - - - News analysts, reporters and correspondents 59 1,012 42 30 - - 29 - - - Public relations specialists 118 1,313 92 78 1,169 78 40 - - - Editors 124 1,112 35 67 1,138 129 57 1,104 34 103.1 Technical writers 60 1,318 108 35 - - 25 - - - Writers and authors 110 1,233 70 68 1,036 55 42 - - - Miscellaneous media and communication workers 62 880 28 51 850 36 12 - - - Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators 73 1,028 67 7 - - 66 1,038 61 - Photographers 68 904 102 16 - - 51 1,006 124 - Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors 35 - - 6 - - 30 - - - Media and communication equipment workers, all other 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - - Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 7,154 1,140 8 5,354 1,078 11 1,800 1,383 27 77.9 Chiropractors 15 - - 3 - - 12 - - - Dentists 56 1,884 40 28 - - 27 - - - Dietitians and nutritionists 70 967 45 63 940 41 8 - - - Optometrists 29 - - 15 - - 13 - - - Pharmacists 263 2,071 249 165 1,890 172 98 2,271 111 83.2 Physicians and surgeons 827 2,001 148 352 1,677 101 475 2,513 231 66.7 Physician assistants 118 1,752 37 80 1,646 585 37 - - - Podiatrists 4 - - 1 - - 3 - - - Audiologists 8 - - 6 - - 2 - - - Occupational therapists 80 1,283 41 64 1,252 65 16 - - - Physical therapists 209 1,395 46 139 1,387 53 71 1,410 79 98.4 Radiation therapists 13 - - 8 - - 6 - - - Recreational therapists 11 - - 10 - - 1 - - - Respiratory therapists 95 1,074 48 59 1,000 44 36 - - - Speech-language pathologists 105 1,215 64 100 1,214 62 6 - - - Exercise physiologists 2 - - 2 - - 0 - - - Therapists, all other 155 1,047 37 122 1,014 75 33 - - - Veterinarians 64 1,677 107 46 - - 18 - - - Registered nurses 2,584 1,167 11 2,270 1,156 11 315 1,271 31 91.0 Nurse anesthetists 22 - - 8 - - 13 - - - Nurse midwives 2 - - 2 - - 0 - - - Nurse practitioners 158 1,894 23 134 1,891 22 24 - - - Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other 10 - - 4 - - 6 - - - Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 290 893 34 215 911 34 75 819 41 111.2 Dental hygienists 75 1,047 45 72 1,055 64 3 - - - Diagnostic related technologists and technicians 269 1,140 44 172 1,061 61 97 1,232 44 86.1 Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 180 894 48 59 764 24 122 943 50 81.0 Health practitioner support technologists and technicians 542 691 17 431 655 15 112 807 21 81.2 Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 490 757 21 434 743 21 56 936 139 79.4 Medical records and health information technicians 140 765 40 129 739 38 11 - - - Opticians, dispensing 47 - - 36 - - 11 - - - Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians 117 873 97 73 791 31 44 - - - Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 100 1,022 52 52 961 40 48 - - - Service occupations 16,288 569 3 8,340 511 2 7,948 641 6 79.7 Healthcare support occupations 2,595 561 6 2,235 548 6 361 661 21 82.9 Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides 1,419 516 4 1,265 513 4 154 558 22 91.9 Occupational therapy assistants and aides 24 - - 21 - - 4 - - - Physical therapist assistants and aides 68 848 32 43 - - 24 - - - Massage therapists 40 - - 24 - - 15 - - - Dental assistants 197 606 13 187 598 12 9 - - - Medical assistants 499 612 10 454 607 10 45 - - - Medical transcriptionists 23 - - 18 - - 4 - - - Pharmacy aides 28 - - 23 - - 5 - - - Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 49 - - 39 - - 10 - - - Phlebotomists 96 624 16 67 602 14 29 - - - Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers 154 598 16 93 559 20 61 703 52 79.5 Protective service occupations 2,836 848 15 578 613 10 2,258 922 17 66.5 First-line supervisors of correctional officers 47 - - 13 - - 35 - - - First-line supervisors of police and detectives 85 1,460 48 12 - - 74 1,461 63 - First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers 52 1,304 65 2 - - 50 1,321 59 - First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other 74 839 212 16 - - 58 886 61 - Firefighters 295 1,126 43 14 - - 280 1,133 24 - Fire inspectors 18 - - 2 - - 16 - - - Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers 394 742 28 105 646 26 289 811 35 79.7 Detectives and criminal investigators 157 1,331 65 35 - - 122 1,317 71 - Fish and game wardens 6 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Parking enforcement workers 4 - - 4 - - 0 - - - Police and sheriff's patrol officers 728 1,092 26 106 816 80 622 1,131 24 72.1 Transit and railroad police 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Animal control workers 13 - - 8 - - 5 - - - Private detectives and investigators 89 851 69 46 - - 43 - - - Security guards and gaming surveillance officers 781 596 9 187 506 9 594 636 19 79.6 Crossing guards 28 - - 6 - - 22 - - - Transportation security screeners 33 - - 6 - - 27 - - - Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers 31 - - 16 - - 15 - - - Food preparation and serving related occupations 4,394 501 4 2,184 473 5 2,210 533 9 88.7 Chefs and head cooks 365 615 13 65 562 38 300 624 20 90.1 First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers 397 583 20 231 539 17 166 668 21 80.7 Cooks 1,325 486 6 521 437 9 804 518 8 84.4 Food preparation workers 473 463 11 267 446 13 206 486 14 91.8 Bartenders 275 581 11 151 560 23 124 601 17 93.2 Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 147 436 26 83 475 32 64 410 16 115.9 Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 41 - - 22 - - 19 - - - Waiters and waitresses 932 496 8 611 478 9 321 551 35 86.8 Food servers, nonrestaurant 106 484 13 74 475 46 32 - - - Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 118 447 34 58 408 13 59 500 24 81.6 Dishwashers 111 441 22 22 - - 89 434 22 - Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 102 471 23 78 473 22 24 - - - Food preparation and serving related workers, all other 2 - - 1 - - 1 - - - Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 3,695 551 6 1,322 477 5 2,373 604 5 79.0 First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers 193 711 27 77 615 49 116 772 34 79.7 First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers 95 770 20 2 - - 93 774 34 - Janitors and building cleaners 1,672 571 8 480 491 8 1,193 607 8 80.9 Maids and housekeeping cleaners 825 467 8 723 457 8 102 559 21 81.8 Pest control workers 75 688 94 4 - - 70 725 82 - Grounds maintenance workers 834 572 12 36 - - 798 576 10 - Personal care and service occupations 2,768 544 7 2,022 517 5 746 638 25 81.0 First-line supervisors of gaming workers 125 793 71 43 - - 83 914 46 - First-line supervisors of personal service workers 86 747 47 60 739 49 27 - - - Animal trainers 11 - - 7 - - 4 - - - Nonfarm animal caretakers 102 555 42 79 548 55 24 - - - Gaming services workers 73 654 44 36 - - 37 - - - Motion picture projectionists 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 5 - - 3 - - 3 - - - Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers 85 523 33 28 - - 56 518 24 - Embalmers and funeral attendants 11 - - 3 - - 8 - - - Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors 27 - - 7 - - 20 - - - Barbers 48 - - 15 - - 34 - - - Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 309 545 17 287 548 16 22 - - - Miscellaneous personal appearance workers 258 523 22 206 512 13 52 615 40 83.3 Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges 73 620 16 13 - - 59 652 103 - Tour and travel guides 22 - - 9 - - 13 - - - Childcare workers 437 500 10 405 492 10 32 - - - Personal care aides 786 500 7 654 493 8 132 555 33 88.8 Recreation and fitness workers 208 603 24 109 543 43 100 724 57 75.0 Residential advisors 29 - - 18 - - 11 - - - Personal care and service workers, all other 74 522 50 42 - - 32 - - - Sales and office occupations 23,714 742 3 14,166 696 4 9,548 846 8 82.3 Sales and related occupations 10,077 798 7 4,455 651 7 5,621 949 10 68.6 First-line supervisors of retail sales workers 2,421 795 14 1,062 672 12 1,359 911 16 73.8 First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers 893 1,153 21 305 1,054 49 588 1,199 64 87.9 Cashiers 1,390 465 7 1,013 463 8 377 468 16 98.9 Counter and rental clerks 82 729 22 30 - - 51 769 24 - Parts salespersons 109 702 40 11 - - 98 718 43 - Retail salespersons 1,860 657 12 716 543 14 1,144 764 14 71.1 Advertising sales agents 169 998 119 79 1,053 39 91 950 39 110.8 Insurance sales agents 466 859 22 261 809 20 205 1,048 189 77.2 Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 197 1,440 35 66 1,047 95 131 1,639 249 63.9 Travel agents 53 789 57 43 - - 10 - - - Sales representatives, services, all other 427 1,230 89 113 933 103 315 1,345 30 69.4 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing 1,112 1,161 15 295 1,009 36 817 1,239 27 81.4 Models, demonstrators, and product promoters 15 - - 11 - - 3 - - - Real estate brokers and sales agents 528 1,019 51 291 883 53 236 1,264 127 69.9 Sales engineers 38 - - 4 - - 34 - - - Telemarketers 50 559 29 31 - - 19 - - - Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 41 - - 17 - - 25 - - - Sales and related workers, all other 227 1,036 62 109 873 40 118 1,323 57 66.0 Office and administrative support occupations 13,637 717 3 9,711 711 4 3,926 738 8 96.3 First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,279 885 15 892 835 14 386 1,050 37 79.5 Switchboard operators, including answering service 21 - - 19 - - 3 - - - Telephone operators 29 - - 22 - - 6 - - - Communications equipment operators, all other 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - - Bill and account collectors 114 711 21 85 694 20 28 - - - Billing and posting clerks 417 721 22 361 725 19 56 664 27 109.2 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 679 742 10 575 739 10 104 778 52 95.0 Gaming cage workers 7 - - 6 - - 1 - - - Payroll and timekeeping clerks 111 827 38 100 807 39 11 - - - Procurement clerks 30 - - 14 - - 16 - - - Tellers 240 584 8 206 584 8 34 - - - Financial clerks, all other 77 839 166 48 - - 30 - - - Brokerage clerks 5 - - 4 - - 2 - - - Correspondence clerks 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - - Court, municipal, and license clerks 78 897 71 61 804 54 17 - - - Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 50 818 149 30 - - 21 - - - Customer service representatives 1,904 683 9 1,226 680 10 678 689 18 98.7 Eligibility interviewers, government programs 67 887 61 53 841 79 14 - - - File clerks 110 650 33 86 624 26 23 - - - Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 85 520 28 56 505 26 29 - - - Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 114 702 45 96 686 53 18 - - - Library assistants, clerical 34 - - 26 - - 8 - - - Loan interviewers and clerks 115 827 42 99 797 49 16 - - - New accounts clerks 21 - - 13 - - 8 - - - Order clerks 57 659 29 29 - - 28 - - - Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 53 816 126 45 - - 7 - - - Receptionists and information clerks 934 605 6 853 606 6 81 593 33 102.2 Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 109 745 114 60 766 86 50 681 143 112.5 Information and record clerks, all other 95 733 22 71 724 21 24 - - - Cargo and freight agents 18 - - 12 - - 6 - - - Couriers and messengers 192 786 33 29 - - 164 821 42 - Dispatchers 270 783 47 162 725 29 108 926 63 78.3 Meter readers, utilities 24 - - 2 - - 22 - - - Postal service clerks 115 765 58 63 771 80 51 758 84 101.7 Postal service mail carriers 288 931 28 118 808 51 170 983 30 82.2 Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 53 980 139 32 - - 22 - - - Production, planning, and expediting clerks 252 870 39 134 790 49 119 1,004 88 78.7 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 524 632 16 160 590 24 365 654 20 90.2 Stock clerks and order fillers 988 562 11 359 570 16 629 558 15 102.2 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 44 - - 14 - - 30 - - - Secretaries and administrative assistants 1,977 759 7 1,855 753 7 122 903 54 83.4 Computer operators 67 763 31 40 - - 27 - - - Data entry keyers 224 655 22 173 643 25 52 730 68 88.1 Word processors and typists 53 858 69 43 - - 9 - - - Desktop publishers 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 211 719 20 175 713 26 36 - - - Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 44 - - 13 - - 31 - - - Office clerks, general 925 697 11 797 701 11 128 670 29 104.6 Office machine operators, except computer 13 - - 9 - - 5 - - - Proofreaders and copy markers 7 - - 4 - - 2 - - - Statistical assistants 41 - - 25 - - 16 - - - Office and administrative support workers, all other 456 794 25 352 762 15 104 920 38 82.8 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 11,546 824 6 516 638 28 11,030 834 7 76.5 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 850 581 7 183 483 12 667 602 8 80.2 First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 45 - - 7 - - 37 - - - Agricultural inspectors 18 - - 6 - - 13 - - - Animal breeders 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - - Graders and sorters, agricultural products 75 593 26 37 - - 38 - - - Miscellaneous agricultural workers 641 552 13 130 474 13 512 578 9 82.0 Fishers and related fishing workers 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - - Hunters and trappers 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - - Forest and conservation workers 17 - - 3 - - 15 - - - Logging workers 36 - - 0 - - 36 - - - Construction and extraction occupations 6,414 808 5 191 785 41 6,223 809 6 97.0 First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers 541 1,059 36 20 - - 521 1,073 37 - Boilermakers 16 - - 0 - - 16 - - - Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons 102 763 48 2 - - 100 761 48 - Carpenters 973 756 15 20 - - 953 759 15 - Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers 108 692 31 4 - - 105 682 31 - Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers 46 - - 0 - - 46 - - - Construction laborers 1,470 717 8 49 - - 1,421 717 8 - Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 19 - - 0 - - 18 - - - Pile-driver operators 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 328 905 21 5 - - 323 905 21 - Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers 125 704 26 1 - - 124 707 26 - Electricians 781 965 22 16 - - 766 966 22 - Glaziers 35 - - 0 - - 35 - - - Insulation workers 49 - - 1 - - 48 - - - Painters, construction and maintenance 380 679 15 20 - - 360 679 14 - Paperhangers 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - - Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 531 921 31 17 - - 514 916 26 - Plasterers and stucco masons 15 - - 1 - - 14 - - - Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - - Roofers 148 687 18 2 - - 146 686 19 - Sheet metal workers 129 881 24 2 - - 127 882 23 - Structural iron and steel workers 52 934 52 1 - - 51 941 52 - Solar photovoltaic installers 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - - Helpers, construction trades 68 620 18 1 - - 67 622 18 - Construction and building inspectors 82 996 121 14 - - 68 1,015 93 - Elevator installers and repairers 25 - - 2 - - 23 - - - Fence erectors 21 - - 0 - - 21 - - - Hazardous materials removal workers 30 - - 3 - - 27 - - - Highway maintenance workers 109 781 35 4 - - 105 772 39 - Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 12 - - 0 - - 12 - - - Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - - Miscellaneous construction and related workers 25 - - 0 - - 24 - - - Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 29 - - 1 - - 28 - - - Earth drillers, except oil and gas 23 - - 0 - - 23 - - - Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - - Mining machine operators 59 1,402 81 4 - - 55 1,389 79 - Roof bolters, mining 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Roustabouts, oil and gas 9 - - 0 - - 9 - - - Helpers--extraction workers 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - - Other extraction workers 35 - - 0 - - 34 - - - Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4,282 934 9 142 823 62 4,140 936 9 87.9 First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers 270 1,087 75 15 - - 255 1,111 77 - Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 157 932 25 20 - - 137 940 24 - Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers 125 1,131 50 18 - - 108 1,134 37 - Avionics technicians 11 - - 1 - - 10 - - - Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 22 - - 2 - - 20 - - - Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility 12 - - 2 - - 10 - - - Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 29 - - 0 - - 29 - - - Security and fire alarm systems installers 47 - - 0 - - 47 - - - Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 155 1,117 34 7 - - 147 1,141 51 - Automotive body and related repairers 114 820 42 0 - - 114 820 44 - Automotive glass installers and repairers 22 - - 1 - - 21 - - - Automotive service technicians and mechanics 709 800 12 10 - - 698 802 13 - Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 358 942 31 5 - - 352 943 31 - Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics 199 1,013 26 3 - - 196 1,011 26 - Small engine mechanics 28 - - 0 - - 28 - - - Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 68 611 38 3 - - 65 612 37 - Control and valve installers and repairers 20 - - 2 - - 18 - - - Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 384 890 38 3 - - 381 891 38 - Home appliance repairers 28 - - 0 - - 28 - - - Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics 424 981 32 6 - - 418 982 32 - Maintenance and repair workers, general 456 870 30 16 - - 439 874 29 - Maintenance workers, machinery 23 - - 0 - - 23 - - - Millwrights 40 - - 1 - - 39 - - - Electrical power-line installers and repairers 129 1,300 55 5 - - 124 1,292 54 - Telecommunications line installers and repairers 196 1,014 46 9 - - 187 1,026 51 - Precision instrument and equipment repairers 46 - - 6 - - 39 - - - Wind turbine service technicians 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - - Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 25 - - 2 - - 23 - - - Commercial divers 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Locksmiths and safe repairers 18 - - 0 - - 18 - - - Manufactured building and mobile home installers 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Riggers 13 - - 0 - - 13 - - - Signal and track switch repairers 14 - - 0 - - 14 - - - Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 17 - - 1 - - 17 - - - Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers 111 827 68 3 - - 108 837 83 - Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 15,210 707 4 3,279 561 6 11,932 762 5 73.6 Production occupations 7,668 723 5 2,041 575 6 5,627 793 6 72.5 First-line supervisors of production and operating workers 792 980 28 150 745 37 642 1,050 38 71.0 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 6 - - 1 - - 5 - - - Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers 110 605 27 53 518 20 57 706 200 73.4 Engine and other machine assemblers 7 - - 2 - - 5 - - - Structural metal fabricators and fitters 27 - - 0 - - 27 - - - Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators 989 663 13 348 583 10 641 723 15 80.6 Bakers 151 549 16 89 533 23 61 565 21 94.3 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers 223 606 11 65 557 56 158 632 31 88.1 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - - Food batchmakers 55 557 22 34 - - 21 - - - Food cooking machine operators and tenders 8 - - 5 - - 3 - - - Food processing workers, all other 142 624 31 52 539 24 90 749 55 72.0 Computer control programmers and operators 106 882 29 12 - - 94 890 30 - Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 17 - - 4 - - 12 - - - Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 11 - - 3 - - 7 - - - Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 58 745 35 5 - - 53 766 39 - Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - - Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35 - - 2 - - 33 - - - Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - - Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 2 - - 0 - - 2 - - - Machinists 309 863 29 16 - - 293 878 26 - Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters 17 - - 1 - - 16 - - - Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35 - - 3 - - 32 - - - Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - - Tool and die makers 47 - - 2 - - 45 - - - Welding, soldering, and brazing workers 562 840 23 32 - - 530 847 23 - Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 10 - - 2 - - 8 - - - Layout workers, metal and plastic 10 - - 1 - - 9 - - - Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 17 - - 4 - - 13 - - - Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Metal workers and plastic workers, all other 356 698 18 66 611 14 290 724 29 84.4 Prepress technicians and workers 14 - - 3 - - 11 - - - Printing press operators 137 754 48 26 - - 111 804 55 - Print binding and finishing workers 12 - - 6 - - 6 - - - Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 108 432 23 76 416 13 32 - - - Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 28 - - 18 - - 11 - - - Sewing machine operators 131 498 9 94 497 11 37 - - - Shoe and leather workers and repairers 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Shoe machine operators and tenders 6 - - 3 - - 2 - - - Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers 43 - - 24 - - 19 - - - Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - - Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 5 - - 3 - - 2 - - - Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 3 - - 1 - - 2 - - - Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Fabric and apparel patternmakers 3 - - 3 - - 0 - - - Upholsterers 19 - - 5 - - 14 - - - Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other 14 - - 7 - - 7 - - - Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 47 - - 3 - - 44 - - - Furniture finishers 15 - - 2 - - 13 - - - Model makers and patternmakers, wood 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 32 - - 4 - - 27 - - - Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 23 - - 10 - - 13 - - - Woodworkers, all other 11 - - 0 - - 11 - - - Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers 33 - - 1 - - 32 - - - Stationary engineers and boiler operators 84 1,073 96 2 - - 82 1,086 72 - Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators 99 943 45 5 - - 94 940 44 - Miscellaneous plant and system operators 35 - - 0 - - 35 - - - Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders 65 894 35 8 - - 57 899 34 - Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers 83 672 37 5 - - 78 673 51 - Cutting workers 56 595 35 12 - - 43 - - - Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 17 - - 3 - - 14 - - - Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 20 - - 4 - - 15 - - - Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 756 771 17 267 679 23 490 868 38 78.2 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 20 - - 7 - - 13 - - - Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians 74 741 31 41 - - 33 - - - Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 250 529 25 140 496 14 110 602 27 82.4 Painting workers 159 710 24 16 - - 142 725 35 - Photographic process workers and processing machine operators 15 - - 4 - - 11 - - - Semiconductor processors 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - - Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders 8 - - 3 - - 5 - - - Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - - Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - - Etchers and engravers 8 - - 2 - - 6 - - - Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 28 - - 0 - - 27 - - - Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 20 - - 4 - - 16 - - - Tire builders 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Helpers--production workers 37 - - 10 - - 26 - - - Production workers, all other 992 678 13 263 566 18 729 725 16 78.1 Transportation and material moving occupations 7,542 689 5 1,237 538 9 6,305 724 7 74.3 Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers 197 850 39 45 - - 152 878 66 - Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 98 1,743 593 7 - - 91 1,837 291 - Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists 38 - - 3 - - 35 - - - Flight attendants 74 878 82 53 822 60 21 - - - Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - - Bus drivers 361 655 23 144 599 14 216 735 33 81.5 Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 2,791 817 10 155 559 39 2,636 829 12 67.4 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 399 611 13 58 450 32 341 628 19 71.7 Motor vehicle operators, all other 39 - - 5 - - 34 - - - Locomotive engineers and operators 34 - - 5 - - 30 - - - Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 3 - - 0 - - 3 - - - Railroad conductors and yardmasters 54 1,132 65 4 - - 50 1,143 56 - Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers 17 - - 0 - - 17 - - - Sailors and marine oilers 21 - - 1 - - 20 - - - Ship and boat captains and operators 30 - - 1 - - 29 - - - Ship engineers 7 - - 0 - - 7 - - - Bridge and lock tenders 5 - - 0 - - 5 - - - Parking lot attendants 61 575 46 8 - - 54 575 45 - Automotive and watercraft service attendants 70 570 68 14 - - 56 575 54 - Transportation inspectors 37 - - 3 - - 34 - - - Transportation attendants, except flight attendants 19 - - 13 - - 5 - - - Other transportation workers 19 - - 0 - - 18 - - - Conveyor operators and tenders 4 - - 0 - - 4 - - - Crane and tower operators 64 1,122 108 3 - - 60 1,079 271 - Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators 19 - - 0 - - 19 - - - Hoist and winch operators 8 - - 0 - - 8 - - - Industrial truck and tractor operators 596 641 15 48 - - 549 641 16 - Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 232 538 22 40 - - 192 536 25 - Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 1,595 603 6 318 541 12 1,277 620 7 87.3 Machine feeders and offbearers 25 - - 10 - - 15 - - - Packers and packagers, hand 490 495 6 285 484 6 205 516 11 93.8 Pumping station operators 16 - - 0 - - 16 - - - Refuse and recyclable material collectors 63 524 30 8 - - 55 536 45 - Mine shuttle car operators 0 - - 0 - - 0 - - - Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6 - - 0 - - 6 - - - Material moving workers, all other 41 - - 4 - - 37 - - - Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] State Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median United States 115,567 $886 $2 51,425 $789 $3 64,142 $973 $3 81.1 Alabama 1,658 805 18 749 688 23 910 922 23 74.6 Alaska 251 972 18 113 857 29 138 1,081 41 79.3 Arizona 2,404 826 12 1,062 762 17 1,342 910 26 83.7 Arkansas 991 739 13 462 681 16 529 809 22 84.2 California 13,536 934 9 5,800 876 12 7,736 992 12 88.3 Colorado 2,144 975 17 922 908 18 1,221 1,069 36 84.9 Connecticut 1,330 1,029 23 597 923 36 733 1,140 29 81.0 Delaware 366 882 20 174 789 28 192 982 13 80.3 District of Columbia 315 1,355 23 160 1,259 25 155 1,445 35 87.1 Florida 7,251 786 8 3,357 716 9 3,894 867 13 82.6 Georgia 3,812 831 15 1,749 744 15 2,063 919 21 81.0 Hawaii 497 889 16 234 797 23 263 965 31 82.6 Idaho 581 788 13 234 702 17 348 883 17 79.5 Illinois 4,606 943 12 2,049 831 16 2,557 1,069 21 77.7 Indiana 2,517 824 14 1,092 726 21 1,425 910 28 79.8 Iowa 1,172 858 14 523 753 17 649 977 27 77.1 Kansas 1,060 836 18 467 753 21 593 908 24 82.9 Kentucky 1,511 772 15 691 696 20 820 847 24 82.2 Louisiana 1,498 808 19 690 698 19 808 918 21 76.0 Maine 450 876 19 209 814 21 241 934 34 87.2 Maryland 2,353 1,042 30 1,085 950 39 1,268 1,147 35 82.8 Massachusetts 2,704 1,080 24 1,231 995 17 1,473 1,170 22 85.0 Michigan 3,436 902 11 1,483 811 17 1,952 987 17 82.2 Minnesota 2,083 1,022 18 948 937 32 1,135 1,096 43 85.5 Mississippi 965 734 13 458 637 19 506 831 23 76.7 Missouri 2,190 868 19 1,013 763 24 1,177 946 28 80.7 Montana 330 825 16 143 722 19 187 918 22 78.6 Nebraska 703 830 16 318 747 17 386 931 26 80.2 Nevada 1,154 775 11 501 720 13 653 827 16 87.1 New Hampshire 532 997 20 234 898 21 298 1,104 41 81.3 New Jersey 3,321 1,034 15 1,487 933 16 1,834 1,148 20 81.3 New Mexico 658 788 21 293 711 24 365 873 25 81.4 New York 6,994 928 10 3,230 849 10 3,764 993 14 85.5 North Carolina 3,679 815 11 1,700 739 13 1,979 885 13 83.5 North Dakota 283 889 17 122 749 16 161 1,013 24 73.9 Ohio 4,042 873 11 1,822 764 12 2,220 965 17 79.2 Oklahoma 1,338 828 15 579 712 17 760 946 19 75.3 Oregon 1,372 900 13 598 808 19 774 985 32 82.0 Pennsylvania 4,465 909 12 1,991 804 12 2,474 998 15 80.6 Rhode Island 389 942 29 181 781 28 208 1,088 32 71.8 South Carolina 1,692 822 18 773 739 13 919 922 21 80.2 South Dakota 312 803 11 143 731 11 169 884 14 82.7 Tennessee 2,357 792 16 1,051 719 14 1,306 894 21 80.4 Texas 10,168 824 9 4,362 739 8 5,806 918 13 80.5 Utah 1,036 879 13 394 729 15 641 1,016 18 71.8 Vermont 233 901 19 105 821 25 128 954 24 86.1 Virginia 3,276 948 15 1,464 851 21 1,812 1,069 35 79.6 Washington 2,685 1,019 20 1,114 860 29 1,571 1,140 21 75.4 West Virginia 575 771 15 259 662 16 316 879 24 75.3 Wisconsin 2,101 892 14 933 795 20 1,168 985 19 80.7 Wyoming 190 880 17 77 708 16 112 1,044 35 67.8 Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Age Total, 16 years and older 24,346 $271 $1 15,968 $275 $2 8,378 $263 $2 104.6 16 to 24 years 8,242 206 2 4,708 204 2 3,534 209 3 97.6 16 to 19 years 3,619 171 2 2,050 170 3 1,570 172 3 98.8 20 to 24 years 4,623 239 2 2,658 235 3 1,965 244 4 96.3 25 years and older 16,103 315 2 11,260 314 2 4,843 316 3 99.4 25 to 34 years 4,312 316 3 2,821 316 5 1,490 316 5 100.0 35 to 44 years 2,946 338 6 2,272 332 7 673 360 14 92.2 45 to 54 years 2,922 343 6 2,296 344 6 626 338 15 101.8 55 to 64 years 3,226 311 4 2,317 307 5 909 321 9 95.6 65 years and older 2,697 270 5 1,552 257 7 1,145 286 6 89.9 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 19,054 274 2 12,590 280 2 6,463 264 3 106.1 Black or African American 2,935 254 3 1,896 254 4 1,038 254 5 100.0 Asian 1,326 279 6 843 277 8 483 282 9 98.2 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 4,265 267 3 2,735 265 3 1,530 271 6 97.8 Marital Status Never married 11,914 231 2 6,726 229 2 5,188 233 3 98.3 Married, spouse present 9,158 330 4 6,769 329 4 2,388 333 8 98.8 Widowed, divorced, or separated 3,274 292 4 2,473 287 4 802 308 8 93.2 Widowed 731 266 8 616 261 9 115 288 21 90.6 Divorced 1,820 308 5 1,349 301 5 471 335 14 89.9 Separated 724 279 7 508 280 8 216 277 16 101.1 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Hours of work Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

weekly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Total, 16 years and older 140,099 $764 $2 67,467 $660 $2 72,632 $884 $3 74.7 0 to 34 hours 22,288 274 1 14,701 278 2 7,587 267 2 104.1 0 to 4 hours 543 60 3 365 58 3 177 66 5 87.9 5 to 9 hours 1,237 96 2 816 97 3 420 94 4 103.2 10 to 14 hours 1,882 127 3 1,211 131 3 671 122 2 107.4 15 to 19 hours 2,625 179 2 1,750 184 2 875 171 2 107.6 20 to 24 hours 6,733 252 2 4,397 259 2 2,336 241 3 107.5 25 to 29 hours 3,234 311 2 2,172 313 3 1,063 307 3 102.0 30 to 34 hours 6,034 396 3 3,990 399 4 2,044 391 4 102.0 35 hours and over 110,872 890 2 49,546 795 3 61,326 977 3 81.4 35 to 39 hours 7,805 565 5 5,151 571 6 2,653 551 10 103.6 40 hours 80,619 823 2 37,320 765 3 43,300 886 3 86.3 41 hours and over 22,448 1,302 10 7,075 1,191 13 15,373 1,362 8 87.4 41 to 44 hours 1,233 982 16 496 950 26 737 1,003 20 94.7 45 to 48 hours 6,225 1,150 8 2,259 1,069 17 3,966 1,187 16 90.1 49 to 59 hours 10,172 1,389 10 3,066 1,272 23 7,105 1,429 12 89.0 60 hours and over 4,818 1,476 16 1,254 1,354 27 3,564 1,526 17 88.7 Hours vary 6,939 532 12 3,219 393 7 3,720 702 12 56.0 Usually less than 35 hours 2,058 231 5 1,267 235 7 791 224 8 104.9 Usually 35 or more hours 4,695 745 11 1,878 578 15 2,816 885 18 65.3 Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands] Characteristic Total

employed Number of workers by usual weekly earnings Under

$350.00 $350.00

to

$499.99 $500.00

to

$599.99 $600.00

to

$749.99 $750.00

to

$999.99 $1,000.00

to

$1,199.99 $1,200.00

to

$1,999.99 $2,000.00

or

more Age Total, 16 years and older 115,567 4,463 13,817 10,511 16,216 20,098 12,372 24,140 13,948 16 to 24 years 10,428 1,099 3,151 1,634 1,928 1,326 587 597 108 16 to 19 years 1,382 291 588 189 173 74 29 31 7 20 to 24 years 9,046 807 2,562 1,445 1,755 1,252 558 565 101 25 years and older 105,138 3,365 10,667 8,877 14,288 18,772 11,785 23,543 13,840 25 to 34 years 28,874 1,048 3,567 3,024 4,911 5,697 3,271 5,386 1,971 35 to 44 years 26,452 744 2,480 1,980 3,380 4,600 2,891 6,350 4,027 45 to 54 years 25,565 718 2,393 1,940 3,056 4,363 2,848 6,196 4,052 55 to 64 years 19,585 573 1,673 1,525 2,443 3,419 2,266 4,632 3,054 65 years and older 4,662 282 554 409 499 693 510 979 736 Women, 16 years and older 51,425 2,553 7,492 5,451 7,896 9,271 5,300 9,281 4,182 16 to 24 years 4,611 562 1,473 762 806 538 243 202 26 16 to 19 years 545 149 240 65 47 27 11 6 1 20 to 24 years 4,065 413 1,234 697 759 511 232 196 24 25 years and older 46,814 1,991 6,019 4,689 7,090 8,734 5,057 9,079 4,156 25 to 34 years 12,681 596 1,857 1,467 2,271 2,552 1,350 1,988 601 35 to 44 years 11,528 448 1,406 1,032 1,634 2,104 1,221 2,458 1,225 45 to 54 years 11,621 443 1,400 1,113 1,618 2,107 1,232 2,474 1,235 55 to 64 years 8,937 349 1,054 873 1,307 1,667 1,010 1,783 894 65 years and older 2,046 154 301 204 261 304 245 375 201 Men, 16 years and older 64,142 1,911 6,326 5,060 8,320 10,827 7,072 14,860 9,766 16 to 24 years 5,818 537 1,677 872 1,122 789 344 395 82 16 to 19 years 837 142 349 124 126 47 18 25 5 20 to 24 years 4,981 394 1,329 748 996 742 325 370 77 25 years and older 58,324 1,374 4,648 4,189 7,198 10,038 6,729 14,465 9,684 25 to 34 years 16,193 452 1,710 1,557 2,640 3,145 1,921 3,398 1,371 35 to 44 years 14,924 296 1,074 948 1,746 2,496 1,670 3,892 2,802 45 to 54 years 13,944 275 993 827 1,438 2,256 1,617 3,722 2,817 55 to 64 years 10,647 224 619 652 1,136 1,752 1,256 2,850 2,159 65 years and older 2,616 128 253 205 239 389 265 604 535 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 88,953 3,109 9,677 7,567 12,247 15,810 9,897 19,427 11,220 Women 38,384 1,763 5,160 3,771 5,908 7,199 4,179 7,210 3,192 Men 50,570 1,346 4,516 3,796 6,338 8,611 5,717 12,216 8,029 Black or African American 15,041 908 2,812 1,945 2,493 2,464 1,353 2,124 942 Women 7,760 550 1,562 1,129 1,271 1,229 602 992 424 Men 7,282 359 1,250 816 1,222 1,235 751 1,132 518 Asian 7,643 259 712 547 783 1,108 761 1,974 1,499 Women 3,474 136 418 299 429 528 371 826 466 Men 4,169 122 294 248 353 580 390 1,148 1,033 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 20,297 1,141 3,961 2,583 3,747 3,483 1,712 2,572 1,097 Women 8,071 634 1,923 1,155 1,389 1,273 569 830 299 Men 12,226 508 2,038 1,429 2,358 2,210 1,143 1,742 798 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2018 annual averages Characteristic Number of workers (in thousands) Median weekly earnings Standard error of median Women Total, all marital statuses 51,425 $789 $3 With children under 18 years old 17,678 799 6 With children 6 to 17, none younger 10,908 809 7 With children under 6 years old 6,770 780 9 With no children under 18 years old 33,747 784 3 Total, married, spouse present 25,643 880 4 With children under 18 years old 11,663 903 6 With children 6 to 17, none younger 7,129 891 7 With children under 6 years old 4,534 927 10 With no children under 18 years old 13,980 858 6 Total, other marital statuses 25,781 714 3 With children under 18 years old 6,015 640 5 With children 6 to 17, none younger 3,778 687 8 With children under 6 years old 2,236 588 5 With no children under 18 years old 19,767 739 4 Men Total, all marital statuses 64,142 973 3 With children under 18 years old 22,264 1,098 8 With children 6 to 17, none younger 12,069 1,146 8 With children under 6 years old 10,195 1,033 10 With no children under 18 years old 41,878 919 4 Total, married, spouse present 36,766 1,140 4 With children under 18 years old 19,416 1,147 6 With children 6 to 17, none younger 10,679 1,175 11 With children under 6 years old 8,737 1,115 11 With no children under 18 years old 17,350 1,132 6 Total, other marital statuses 27,376 793 4 With children under 18 years old 2,848 807 11 With children 6 to 17, none younger 1,390 923 20 With children under 6 years old 1,458 723 12 With no children under 18 years old 24,528 791 4 Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Total Women Men Women's

earnings

as a

percentage

of men's Number

of

workers Median

hourly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

hourly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Number

of

workers Median

hourly

earnings Standard

error

of

median Age Total, 16 years and older 81,915 $14.99 $0.01 41,223 $14.06 $0.03 40,691 $16.01 $0.04 87.8 16 to 24 years 15,963 11.16 0.02 7,969 10.93 0.03 7,994 11.74 0.06 93.1 16 to 19 years 4,751 10.03 0.02 2,491 9.91 0.03 2,261 10.15 0.03 97.6 20 to 24 years 11,211 11.96 0.02 5,479 11.68 0.08 5,733 12.18 0.03 95.9 25 years and older 65,952 16.11 0.03 33,254 15.04 0.02 32,698 17.76 0.07 84.7 25 to 34 years 19,831 15.10 0.02 9,460 14.64 0.10 10,371 15.87 0.06 92.2 35 to 44 years 15,181 16.94 0.07 7,433 15.22 0.10 7,748 18.44 0.17 82.5 45 to 54 years 14,610 17.02 0.07 7,645 15.20 0.06 6,966 18.99 0.14 80.0 55 to 64 years 12,303 17.26 0.14 6,542 15.62 0.13 5,761 19.56 0.22 79.9 65 years and older 4,027 14.35 0.17 2,175 13.77 0.21 1,852 14.90 0.10 92.4 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 62,204 15.16 0.02 30,695 14.27 0.06 31,509 16.53 0.09 86.3 Black or African American 12,135 13.64 0.11 6,598 13.02 0.05 5,537 14.22 0.11 91.6 Asian 4,130 15.24 0.18 2,221 14.95 0.08 1,909 16.69 0.42 89.6 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 17,452 13.99 0.05 7,909 12.80 0.06 9,543 15.01 0.04 85.3 Marital Status Never married 33,131 12.85 0.03 15,843 12.15 0.03 17,289 13.68 0.10 88.8 Married, spouse present 35,753 17.17 0.06 17,405 15.54 0.10 18,348 18.88 0.09 82.3 Widowed, divorced, or separated 13,030 15.20 0.06 7,975 14.63 0.12 5,055 17.23 0.18 84.9 Widowed 1,612 14.42 0.31 1,251 13.95 0.16 361 17.76 1.22 78.5 Divorced 8,150 16.02 0.09 4,897 15.05 0.06 3,253 17.94 0.12 83.9 Separated 3,268 14.25 0.22 1,827 13.22 0.16 1,441 15.89 0.21 83.2 Union Affiliation Members of unions 8,638 20.23 0.19 3,314 17.85 0.15 5,324 22.17 0.16 80.5 Represented by unions 9,488 20.08 0.06 3,726 17.70 0.18 5,762 21.96 0.11 80.6 Not represented by a union 72,426 14.75 0.04 37,497 13.79 0.04 34,929 15.19 0.03 90.8 Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and older 65,952 16.11 0.03 33,254 15.04 0.02 32,698 17.76 0.07 84.7 Less than a high school diploma 6,631 12.79 0.07 2,641 11.19 0.04 3,990 14.17 0.07 79.0 High school graduates, no college 22,206 15.16 0.03 9,807 13.62 0.09 12,399 17.17 0.09 79.3 Some college or associate degree 21,568 16.22 0.07 11,570 15.09 0.03 9,998 18.20 0.10 82.9 Bachelor's degree and higher 15,546 20.16 0.07 9,236 20.01 0.06 6,310 20.99 0.27 95.3 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [In thousands] Characteristic Total

employed Number of workers by hourly earnings Under

$6.00 $6.00

to

$7.99 $8.00

to

$9.99 $10.00

to

$11.99 $12.00

to

$14.99 $15.00

to

$19.99 $20.00

or

more Age Total, 16 years and older 81,915 1,004 1,366 6,562 13,489 16,440 19,099 23,955 16 to 24 years 15,963 431 717 2,991 4,674 3,728 2,356 1,065 16 to 19 years 4,751 145 410 1,420 1,661 756 272 88 20 to 24 years 11,211 286 307 1,572 3,014 2,972 2,084 977 25 years and older 65,952 572 650 3,570 8,815 12,712 16,743 22,890 25 to 34 years 19,831 220 244 1,215 2,834 4,457 5,567 5,295 35 to 44 years 15,181 144 143 677 1,901 2,687 3,819 5,808 45 to 54 years 14,610 111 115 665 1,774 2,650 3,670 5,626 55 to 64 years 12,303 67 91 608 1,493 2,121 2,928 4,995 65 years and older 4,027 30 57 405 813 797 760 1,165 Women, 16 years and older 41,223 669 812 4,054 7,815 8,839 9,162 9,872 16 to 24 years 7,969 291 422 1,670 2,402 1,863 950 373 16 to 19 years 2,491 99 248 785 867 365 96 31 20 to 24 years 5,479 192 174 884 1,535 1,498 854 342 25 years and older 33,254 378 390 2,384 5,414 6,976 8,212 9,500 25 to 34 years 9,460 143 152 750 1,596 2,195 2,501 2,122 35 to 44 years 7,433 90 76 472 1,218 1,461 1,818 2,298 45 to 54 years 7,645 74 70 474 1,161 1,628 1,897 2,341 55 to 64 years 6,542 47 55 439 980 1,258 1,610 2,153 65 years and older 2,175 24 37 249 459 435 384 586 Men, 16 years and older 40,691 334 555 2,508 5,674 7,600 9,937 14,083 16 to 24 years 7,994 140 295 1,322 2,273 1,865 1,406 693 16 to 19 years 2,261 46 162 634 794 392 176 57 20 to 24 years 5,733 95 133 688 1,479 1,474 1,231 635 25 years and older 32,698 194 260 1,186 3,401 5,735 8,531 13,391 25 to 34 years 10,371 77 92 465 1,238 2,262 3,065 3,174 35 to 44 years 7,748 54 68 205 683 1,226 2,000 3,511 45 to 54 years 6,966 37 45 192 613 1,022 1,773 3,285 55 to 64 years 5,761 20 36 169 514 863 1,317 2,842 65 years and older 1,852 6 20 156 354 362 375 579 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 62,204 779 949 4,596 9,789 12,098 14,710 19,283 Women 30,695 538 552 2,851 5,658 6,415 6,969 7,712 Men 31,509 241 397 1,746 4,132 5,683 7,741 11,570 Black or African American 12,135 126 308 1,403 2,409 2,773 2,719 2,396 Women 6,598 69 192 886 1,387 1,561 1,363 1,139 Men 5,537 57 116 517 1,022 1,212 1,356 1,257 Asian 4,130 44 41 280 651 780 857 1,477 Women 2,221 31 24 160 384 450 468 704 Men 1,909 13 17 120 267 329 390 773 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 17,452 197 247 1,332 3,531 4,180 4,283 3,682 Women 7,909 122 143 840 1,942 2,019 1,683 1,160 Men 9,543 75 104 493 1,589 2,160 2,600 2,522 Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Characteristic Workers paid hourly rates Total Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage At

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage Total at or below

prevailing federal

minimum wage Number Percentage of

workers

paid hourly

rates Age Total, 16 years and older 81,915 1,276 434 1,711 2.1 16 to 24 years 15,963 534 271 805 5.0 16 to 19 years 4,751 195 166 361 7.6 20 to 24 years 11,211 339 106 444 4.0 25 years and older 65,952 742 163 905 1.4 25 to 34 years 19,831 285 65 349 1.8 35 to 44 years 15,181 181 38 219 1.4 45 to 54 years 14,610 136 25 161 1.1 55 to 64 years 12,303 98 18 116 0.9 65 years and older 4,027 43 17 60 1.5 Women, 16 years and older 41,223 812 267 1,078 2.6 16 to 24 years 7,969 348 156 504 6.3 16 to 19 years 2,491 125 103 228 9.2 20 to 24 years 5,479 222 53 276 5.0 25 years and older 33,254 464 110 575 1.7 25 to 34 years 9,460 170 48 217 2.3 35 to 44 years 7,433 109 21 130 1.7 45 to 54 years 7,645 90 16 105 1.4 55 to 64 years 6,542 64 11 75 1.1 65 years and older 2,175 33 14 47 2.2 Men, 16 years and older 40,691 464 168 632 1.6 16 to 24 years 7,994 186 115 301 3.8 16 to 19 years 2,261 69 63 133 5.9 20 to 24 years 5,733 117 52 169 2.9 25 years and older 32,698 278 52 331 1.0 25 to 34 years 10,371 115 17 132 1.3 35 to 44 years 7,748 72 17 89 1.2 45 to 54 years 6,966 46 10 56 0.8 55 to 64 years 5,761 34 6 41 0.7 65 years and older 1,852 11 2 13 0.7 Race and Hispanic or

Latino Ethnicity White 62,204 958 283 1,242 2.0 Women 30,695 626 182 808 2.6 Men 31,509 333 101 434 1.4 Black or African American 12,135 198 114 313 2.6 Women 6,598 113 63 175 2.7 Men 5,537 85 52 137 2.5 Asian 4,130 53 16 69 1.7 Women 2,221 36 10 46 2.1 Men 1,909 17 6 23 1.2 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 17,452 246 78 324 1.9 Women 7,909 141 52 194 2.4 Men 9,543 105 26 131 1.4 Full- and Part-time Status Full-time workers 61,650 621 121 742 1.2 Women 27,913 377 76 454 1.6 Men 33,736 244 45 288 0.9 Part-time workers 20,155 653 312 965 4.8 Women 13,260 434 190 624 4.7 Men 6,895 219 122 341 4.9 Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2018 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Year Total

wage

and

salary

workers Workers paid hourly rates Total Percentage

of total

wage

and

salary

workers Below

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage At

prevailing

federal

minimum

wage Total at or below

prevailing federal

minimum wage Number Percentage of

workers

paid hourly

rates Total 1979 87,529 51,721 59.1 2,916 3,997 6,912 13.4 1980 87,644 51,335 58.6 3,087 4,686 7,773 15.1 1981 88,516 51,869 58.6 3,513 4,311 7,824 15.1 1982 87,368 50,846 58.2 2,348 4,148 6,496 12.8 1983 88,290 51,820 58.7 2,077 4,261 6,338 12.2 1984 92,194 54,143 58.7 1,838 4,125 5,963 11.0 1985 94,521 55,762 59.0 1,639 3,899 5,538 9.9 1986 96,903 57,529 59.4 1,599 3,461 5,060 8.8 1987 99,303 59,552 60.0 1,468 3,229 4,698 7.9 1988 101,407 60,878 60.0 1,319 2,608 3,927 6.5 1989 103,480 62,389 60.3 1,372 1,790 3,162 5.1 1990 104,876 63,172 60.2 2,132 1,096 3,228 5.1 1991 103,723 62,627 60.4 2,377 2,906 5,283 8.4 1992 104,668 63,610 60.8 1,939 2,982 4,921 7.7 1993 106,101 64,274 60.6 1,707 2,625 4,332 6.7 1994 107,989 66,549 61.6 1,995 2,132 4,128 6.2 1995 110,038 68,354 62.1 1,699 1,956 3,656 5.3 1996 111,960 69,255 61.9 1,863 1,861 3,724 5.4 1997 114,533 70,735 61.8 2,990 1,764 4,754 6.7 1998 116,730 71,440 61.2 2,834 1,593 4,427 6.2 1999 118,963 72,306 60.8 2,194 1,146 3,340 4.6 2000 122,089 73,496 60.2 1,752 898 2,650 3.6 2001 122,229 73,392 60.0 1,518 656 2,174 3.0 2002 121,826 72,508 59.5 1,579 567 2,146 3.0 2003 122,358 72,946 59.6 1,555 545 2,100 2.9 2004 123,554 73,939 59.8 1,483 520 2,003 2.7 2005 125,889 75,609 60.1 1,403 479 1,882 2.5 2006 128,237 76,514 59.7 1,283 409 1,692 2.2 2007 129,767 75,873 58.5 1,462 267 1,729 2.3 2008 129,377 75,305 58.2 1,940 286 2,226 3.0 2009 124,490 72,611 58.3 2,592 980 3,572 4.9 2010 124,073 72,902 58.8 2,541 1,820 4,361 6.0 2011 125,187 73,926 59.1 2,152 1,677 3,829 5.2 2012 127,577 75,276 59.0 1,984 1,566 3,550 4.7 2013 129,110 75,948 58.8 1,768 1,532 3,301 4.3 2014 131,431 77,207 58.7 1,737 1,255 2,992 3.9 2015 133,743 78,232 58.5 1,691 870 2,561 3.3 2016 136,101 79,883 58.7 1,451 701 2,153 2.7 2017 137,890 80,439 58.3 1,282 542 1,824 2.3 2018 140,099 81,915 58.5 1,276 434 1,711 2.1 Women 1979 38,129 23,329 61.2 2,070 2,644 4,714 20.2 1980 38,944 23,626 60.7 2,104 2,990 5,095 21.6 1981 39,672 24,294 61.2 2,394 2,778 5,172 21.3 1982 39,777 24,365 61.3 1,651 2,561 4,212 17.3 1983 40,433 24,989 61.8 1,492 2,603 4,095 16.4 1984 42,172 26,003 61.7 1,348 2,499 3,847 14.8 1985 43,506 26,869 61.8 1,198 2,356 3,554 13.2 1986 44,961 27,863 62.0 1,192 2,125 3,317 11.9 1987 46,365 29,078 62.7 1,105 1,946 3,051 10.5 1988 47,495 29,820 62.8 1,008 1,542 2,550 8.6 1989 48,691 30,702 63.1 994 1,056 2,050 6.7 1990 49,323 31,069 63.0 1,420 711 2,131 6.9 1991 49,105 30,988 63.1 1,582 1,792 3,374 10.9 1992 49,842 31,454 63.1 1,286 1,751 3,036 9.7 1993 50,626 31,937 63.1 1,133 1,534 2,667 8.4 1994 51,419 33,021 64.2 1,322 1,241 2,563 7.8 1995 52,369 33,934 64.8 1,157 1,161 2,318 6.8 1996 53,488 34,418 64.3 1,244 1,106 2,350 6.8 1997 54,708 35,214 64.4 1,843 1,092 2,935 8.3 1998 55,757 35,680 64.0 1,794 965 2,760 7.7 1999 57,050 36,233 63.5 1,426 700 2,126 5.9 2000 58,427 36,777 62.9 1,170 579 1,749 4.8 2001 58,582 36,848 62.9 1,021 409 1,430 3.9 2002 58,555 36,508 62.3 997 350 1,347 3.7 2003 59,122 37,093 62.7 1,062 332 1,394 3.8 2004 59,408 37,133 62.5 1,013 310 1,323 3.6 2005 60,423 37,957 62.8 944 290 1,234 3.3 2006 61,426 38,321 62.4 861 263 1,124 2.9 2007 62,299 38,082 61.1 1,002 181 1,183 3.1 2008 62,532 37,972 60.7 1,302 196 1,498 3.9 2009 60,951 37,426 61.4 1,603 612 2,215 5.9 2010 60,542 37,404 61.8 1,598 1,151 2,749 7.3 2011 60,502 37,469 61.9 1,366 1,029 2,395 6.4 2012 61,679 38,163 61.9 1,288 999 2,287 6.0 2013 62,316 38,404 61.6 1,148 910 2,058 5.4 2014 63,383 38,802 61.2 1,139 739 1,878 4.8 2015 64,445 39,500 61.3 1,062 540 1,602 4.1 2016 65,512 40,315 61.5 952 432 1,384 3.4 2017 66,421 40,658 61.2 829 316 1,146 2.8 2018 67,467 41,223 61.1 812 267 1,078 2.6 Men 1979 49,400 28,392 57.5 846 1,353 2,199 7.7 1980 48,700 27,709 56.9 983 1,696 2,678 9.7 1981 48,844 27,576 56.5 1,119 1,533 2,652 9.6 1982 47,591 26,481 55.6 697 1,587 2,284 8.6 1983 47,856 26,831 56.1 585 1,658 2,243 8.4 1984 50,022 28,140 56.3 490 1,626 2,116 7.5 1985 51,015 28,893 56.6 440 1,544 1,984 6.9 1986 51,942 29,666 57.1 408 1,336 1,743 5.9 1987 52,938 30,474 57.6 364 1,283 1,647 5.4 1988 53,912 31,058 57.6 311 1,066 1,377 4.4 1989 54,789 31,687 57.8 379 733 1,112 3.5 1990 55,553 32,104 57.8 712 385 1,097 3.4 1991 54,618 31,639 57.9 795 1,114 1,909 6.0 1992 54,826 32,155 58.6 653 1,231 1,885 5.9 1993 55,475 32,337 58.3 573 1,091 1,664 5.1 1994 56,570 33,528 59.3 674 891 1,565 4.7 1995 57,669 34,420 59.7 542 796 1,338 3.9 1996 58,473 34,838 59.6 619 755 1,374 3.9 1997 59,825 35,521 59.4 1,147 673 1,820 5.1 1998 60,973 35,761 58.7 1,039 628 1,667 4.7 1999 61,914 36,073 58.3 768 446 1,214 3.4 2000 63,662 36,720 57.7 582 319 901 2.5 2001 63,647 36,544 57.4 497 247 744 2.0 2002 63,272 36,000 56.9 582 217 799 2.2 2003 63,236 35,853 56.7 493 213 706 2.0 2004 64,145 36,806 57.4 470 210 680 1.8 2005 65,466 37,652 57.5 459 189 648 1.7 2006 66,811 38,193 57.2 422 146 568 1.5 2007 67,468 37,790 56.0 460 86 546 1.4 2008 66,846 37,334 55.9 638 90 728 1.9 2009 63,539 35,185 55.4 990 368 1,358 3.9 2010 63,531 35,498 55.9 943 669 1,612 4.5 2011 64,686 36,457 56.4 785 648 1,433 3.9 2012 65,898 37,113 56.3 696 567 1,263 3.4 2013 66,794 37,544 56.2 621 622 1,243 3.3 2014 68,048 38,405 56.4 598 516 1,114 2.9 2015 69,298 38,732 55.9 629 330 959 2.5 2016 70,589 39,568 56.1 499 270 769 1.9 2017 71,469 39,781 55.7 452 226 678 1.7 2018 72,632 40,691 56.0 464 168 632 1.6 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 Year Total,

16 years

and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older Total 16 to 19

years 20 to 24

years Total 25 to 34

years 35 to 44

years 45 to 54

years 55 to 64

years 65 years

and older 1979 62.3 78.6 85.2 76.3 62.1 67.5 58.3 56.8 60.6 77.6 1980 64.2 80.3 89.5 78.1 62.8 69.4 58.3 56.9 59.4 76.4 1981 64.4 82.6 91.7 80.6 62.6 70.3 59.9 56.8 58.9 71.1 1982 65.7 85.3 92.9 82.4 64.9 72.1 61.1 60.1 61.4 70.3 1983 66.5 88.8 94.0 85.5 65.8 73.3 61.5 59.5 61.8 68.8 1984 67.6 87.9 93.1 85.2 67.1 74.6 62.0 59.4 61.5 66.8 1985 68.1 87.6 90.7 85.7 66.8 75.1 63.0 59.7 61.0 65.9 1986 69.5 89.0 91.4 87.5 66.5 76.1 63.9 60.9 61.2 71.5 1987 69.8 88.3 87.8 88.0 67.3 76.7 66.1 62.3 62.2 68.7 1988 70.2 89.7 89.8 90.0 68.8 77.7 68.5 61.7 62.3 70.9 1989 70.1 90.8 94.3 89.7 70.2 78.3 68.3 62.7 63.9 74.3 1990 71.9 90.1 90.8 90.3 72.1 79.3 69.6 63.8 63.7 74.4 1991 74.2 93.3 93.6 93.3 74.0 81.0 70.7 65.0 64.5 68.3 1992 75.8 94.0 94.0 94.3 74.6 82.0 71.9 65.8 64.9 77.9 1993 77.1 94.8 92.8 95.4 74.8 83.0 73.0 67.4 67.4 74.3 1994 76.4 93.9 92.5 94.5 73.1 82.9 72.6 67.1 66.0 76.2 1995 75.5 90.8 88.1 92.4 72.8 82.2 72.6 67.7 64.7 80.0 1996 75.0 92.5 88.8 92.8 74.1 83.2 73.3 68.9 65.3 70.0 1997 74.4 92.1 91.6 90.5 75.1 82.9 74.0 69.4 64.7 77.0 1998 76.3 91.3 88.6 89.4 75.9 82.9 73.6 70.5 68.1 72.6 1999 76.5 91.0 91.4 90.5 74.4 81.5 71.7 70.0 67.9 78.7 2000 76.9 91.7 92.5 92.7 74.5 82.4 71.6 73.2 69.1 75.1 2001 76.4 90.3 90.3 91.9 75.4 83.0 72.5 73.5 70.5 69.0 2002 77.9 93.9 94.6 93.9 77.6 84.5 75.2 74.6 71.6 73.8 2003 79.4 93.2 93.1 93.9 78.5 86.9 76.1 73.0 72.7 71.1 2004 80.4 93.8 92.1 93.8 78.6 87.8 75.6 72.9 73.0 74.6 2005 81.0 93.2 92.1 93.8 79.4 89.0 75.5 75.5 74.7 76.4 2006 80.8 94.5 87.6 94.9 78.7 88.2 77.2 73.5 72.9 77.5 2007 80.2 92.3 89.1 90.3 78.5 86.9 76.5 74.5 72.8 77.8 2008 79.9 91.1 87.3 92.5 78.2 88.5 74.5 74.9 75.4 74.8 2009 80.2 92.6 90.7 92.9 78.7 88.7 77.4 73.6 75.3 76.1 2010 81.2 95.3 94.6 93.8 80.5 90.8 79.9 76.5 75.2 75.7 2011 82.2 92.5 88.6 93.2 81.0 92.3 78.5 76.0 75.1 80.9 2012 80.9 88.9 88.5 89.0 79.9 90.2 78.1 75.1 76.2 77.6 2013 82.1 88.3 89.7 89.8 81.1 89.4 80.2 76.6 77.1 73.7 2014 82.5 91.5 91.1 92.3 81.6 89.9 81.0 77.2 76.4 78.6 2015 81.1 88.2 89.4 89.7 80.4 89.6 81.8 76.8 73.7 73.8 2016 81.9 94.9 92.6 95.6 80.9 88.8 83.3 77.8 73.7 75.5 2017 81.8 91.2 87.6 90.2 81.3 88.2 81.0 77.5 78.0 77.0 2018 81.1 90.8 89.4 92.2 80.9 87.0 79.6 77.0 75.0 77.2 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 Year Total,

16 years

and older White Black or

African

American Asian Hispanic

or

Latino ethnicity 1979 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 1980 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 1981 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 1982 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 1983 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 1984 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 1985 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 1986 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 1987 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 1988 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 1989 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 1990 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 1991 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 1992 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 1993 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 1994 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 1995 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 1996 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 1997 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 1998 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 1999 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 2000 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 2001 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 2002 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 2003 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 2004 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 2005 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 2006 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 2007 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 2008 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 2009 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 2010 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7 2011 82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7 2012 80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0 2013 82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1 2014 82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0 2015 81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7 2016 81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4 2017 81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4 2018 81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2018 Year Total, 25 years and older Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college Some college or associate degree Bachelor's degree and higher 1979 62.1 60.3 60.1 64.1 66.7 1980 62.8 61.4 61.5 64.5 67.9 1981 62.6 61.2 61.0 65.6 66.9 1982 64.9 62.8 63.1 66.7 68.8 1983 65.8 64.8 63.4 68.2 71.2 1984 67.1 64.9 64.9 68.4 69.4 1985 66.8 64.3 65.8 67.2 70.2 1986 66.5 64.8 66.6 68.0 70.6 1987 67.3 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.4 1988 68.8 66.6 68.2 71.6 71.4 1989 70.2 66.8 67.6 73.3 71.9 1990 72.1 68.8 68.6 72.9 72.2 1991 74.0 71.6 69.8 72.6 73.6 1992 74.6 72.9 70.4 73.3 75.1 1993 74.8 73.9 71.3 73.8 75.8 1994 73.1 75.1 70.8 72.1 76.8 1995 72.8 75.5 70.2 71.6 76.2 1996 74.1 75.1 70.7 73.2 75.2 1997 75.1 75.3 70.7 73.9 75.0 1998 75.9 73.9 70.8 74.0 75.3 1999 74.4 73.4 69.8 73.4 75.7 2000 74.5 74.9 71.1 73.1 74.1 2001 75.4 75.4 72.7 71.9 73.7 2002 77.6 77.2 74.2 74.3 74.2 2003 78.5 76.7 75.5 75.7 73.6 2004 78.6 74.9 75.7 75.8 75.2 2005 79.4 74.9 75.6 76.6 75.7 2006 78.7 76.3 73.7 75.6 75.1 2007 78.5 76.7 74.3 75.2 75.0 2008 78.2 76.1 73.3 75.7 74.3 2009 78.7 76.4 75.7 75.4 73.1 2010 80.5 79.8 76.5 75.5 74.1 2011 81.0 80.9 76.9 76.8 74.9 2012 79.9 76.0 76.3 76.9 73.0 2013 81.1 80.0 78.3 76.6 74.8 2014 81.6 79.1 77.0 75.8 75.7 2015 80.4 80.4 77.2 75.2 74.9 2016 80.9 76.8 77.9 76.8 75.2 2017 81.3 76.5 76.5 76.3 76.4 2018 80.9 77.3 75.2 75.4 75.1 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 Year Total,

16 years

and

older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older Total 16 to 19

years 20 to 24

years Total 25 to 34

years 35 to 44

years 45 to 54

years 55 to 64

years 65 years

and

older 1979 64.1 81.8 95.0 75.9 58.3 63.3 55.8 54.1 56.9 87.6 1980 64.8 84.1 93.2 77.0 58.7 64.1 54.9 54.4 56.4 89.2 1981 65.1 86.1 96.7 80.0 60.3 66.7 57.5 54.1 56.2 88.1 1982 67.3 86.3 97.0 81.8 62.1 67.7 57.1 55.7 59.0 88.1 1983 69.4 87.2 96.7 84.4 62.9 70.3 57.6 56.7 58.0 87.6 1984 69.8 86.0 96.5 84.5 63.7 71.1 59.0 56.9 59.5 89.0 1985 70.0 85.7 96.3 87.2 64.7 72.4 60.3 57.8 60.4 88.8 1986 70.2 85.8 95.5 86.7 66.0 74.1 61.4 59.0 60.3 91.3 1987 72.1 85.9 93.9 86.1 67.2 74.3 62.9 61.3 62.0 91.2 1988 73.8 89.1 94.4 87.2 68.7 75.6 66.1 61.6 62.4 92.8 1989 75.4 90.7 93.4 86.9 69.8 78.0 67.0 63.4 63.8 87.1 1990 77.9 91.0 93.8 90.1 71.8 79.4 68.7 64.3 66.2 89.6 1991 78.6 91.0 97.9 91.7 73.5 80.4 70.4 65.0 68.9 92.6 1992 80.3 91.3 97.7 92.5 76.0 82.6 73.1 66.1 69.3 92.6 1993 80.4 91.7 97.1 94.2 77.3 83.6 73.1 67.3 69.0 92.1 1994 80.6 90.5 97.0 91.2 78.2 85.5 73.4 69.9 70.7 94.0 1995 80.8 90.9 96.1 89.3 76.1 83.7 72.6 70.8 71.4 94.2 1996 81.2 92.1 97.0 89.6 78.2 83.1 74.6 72.1 72.4 91.6 1997 80.8 92.2 96.6 91.2 78.8 82.7 75.7 72.3 70.5 98.1 1998 81.8 90.3 96.7 89.1 77.9 86.1 77.4 75.0 72.4 93.2 1999 83.8 92.7 96.8 89.9 79.4 83.9 76.9 72.7 76.4 95.4 2000 83.8 91.7 93.8 93.0 80.8 88.3 76.3 73.2 76.8 94.7 2001 85.2 90.5 95.8 89.7 79.2 85.8 75.0 76.1 80.2 90.4 2002 85.0 92.5 96.9 91.3 82.1 85.1 78.7 77.6 80.8 89.3 2003 84.8 93.2 97.6 91.0 83.1 87.5 79.1 79.0 78.4 90.3 2004 84.6 93.9 95.9 91.7 81.7 88.3 78.4 79.1 79.6 92.5 2005 84.8 92.6 96.0 92.4 83.2 89.2 79.6 80.2 80.2 97.8 2006 84.0 90.9 95.7 90.5 83.2 87.6 80.0 76.4 80.6 93.0 2007 84.8 89.3 95.4 90.4 81.7 87.4 81.5 79.6 79.2 92.2 2008 85.4 91.2 96.6 91.6 83.0 87.0 80.5 78.2 81.8 91.6 2009 85.5 93.1 97.1 92.0 84.7 90.6 80.7 77.0 84.5 92.6 2010 86.0 93.6 97.8 91.7 85.6 91.9 82.9 79.9 83.2 93.8 2011 86.8 94.6 97.5 92.5 86.7 92.0 83.8 81.5 82.2 91.5 2012 86.4 93.0 97.9 92.0 86.8 91.5 83.9 81.2 83.1 90.9 2013 86.6 92.3 96.7 94.0 87.5 91.1 84.9 81.2 84.1 94.9 2014 84.6 92.4 96.1 96.3 85.7 87.0 84.6 81.2 81.3 89.2 2015 85.6 95.1 97.5 93.5 87.8 91.0 85.7 84.3 82.1 89.5 2016 87.0 97.7 95.7 91.9 87.6 88.2 85.8 83.0 83.7 88.1 2017 89.2 93.5 97.1 92.6 87.2 92.4 83.4 80.9 81.8 93.0 2018 87.8 93.1 97.6 95.9 84.7 92.2 82.5 80.0 79.9 92.4 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2018 Year Total,

16 years

and

older White Black or African American Asian Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979 64.1 62.5 72.6 - 71.8 1980 64.8 63.6 74.9 - 75.1 1981 65.1 63.8 72.1 - 76.4 1982 67.3 66.0 75.2 - 75.6 1983 69.4 68.0 79.2 - 76.1 1984 69.8 68.6 79.1 - 77.0 1985 70.0 67.8 82.0 - 79.4 1986 70.2 68.8 78.7 - 80.8 1987 72.1 70.9 80.1 - 80.2 1988 73.8 72.7 80.8 - 81.1 1989 75.4 74.0 83.2 - 83.0 1990 77.9 75.6 84.5 - 86.1 1991 78.6 76.6 86.5 - 86.9 1992 80.3 78.6 87.1 - 88.3 1993 80.4 78.9 89.6 - 88.6 1994 80.6 79.7 87.5 - 89.3 1995 80.8 78.4 87.3 - 90.9 1996 81.2 79.6 88.0 - 88.8 1997 80.8 80.3 87.5 - 86.3 1998 81.8 81.8 86.9 - 87.6 1999 83.8 82.3 83.2 - 86.6 2000 83.8 83.0 88.8 90.5 87.3 2001 85.2 83.8 89.9 85.1 85.6 2002 85.0 83.8 92.3 91.7 86.1 2003 84.8 84.0 91.7 89.8 88.5 2004 84.6 84.0 91.3 88.8 90.2 2005 84.8 84.2 91.1 91.3 90.1 2006 84.0 83.6 88.5 90.7 87.6 2007 84.8 83.7 90.3 89.5 88.5 2008 85.4 84.5 89.9 87.3 85.1 2009 85.5 84.8 89.7 90.4 84.6 2010 86.0 85.0 92.1 88.0 86.2 2011 86.8 85.9 93.5 89.8 86.8 2012 86.4 85.3 92.0 90.1 85.4 2013 86.6 85.7 94.9 91.6 87.5 2014 84.6 83.3 94.8 90.2 86.6 2015 85.6 85.9 92.4 92.8 85.8 2016 87.0 87.2 92.6 93.6 85.2 2017 89.2 87.8 94.1 85.5 84.1 2018 87.8 86.3 91.6 89.6 85.3 Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2018 annual averages [In constant 2018 dollars] Year Total, 16 years and older 16 to 24 years 25 years and older Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and older Total 1979 $780 $557 $466 $602 $858 $825 $906 $893 $848 $641 1980 762 544 448 581 831 802 878 866 828 590 1981 755 532 428 566 819 787 867 851 822 590 1982 757 521 411 551 820 779 887 865 815 634 1983 752 507 394 536 825 772 889 882 832 627 1984 753 501 390 533 836 774 898 889 845 628 1985 768 500 388 536 846 779 906 893 850 663 1986 787 509 390 544 857 789 919 912 871 654 1987 792 515 394 549 854 790 922 909 858 657 1988 787 509 401 544 847 783 920 926 857 661 1989 782 508 400 541 837 773 925 925 845 655 1990 770 503 391 533 839 761 908 914 854 641 1991 768 499 384 524 841 748 897 914 845 686 1992 775 486 373 511 843 743 886 919 85