Each typhoon season costs the Philippines 2 percent of its GDP from lost crops and productivity, and an additional 2 percent in reconstruction costs, according to estimates from Naderev Madla Saño, the country’s climate change commissioner.

There’s little hope that next year will be any better. The effects of climate change are irreversible, and getting worse. The sea level in the eastern Philippines is rising at one of the fastest rates worldwide—a fact that made coastal flooding in Haiyan worse, and likely contributed to the death toll.

Last December, a tearful Saño pleaded with nations that had agreed to adopt the Kyoto Protocol to act fast, after Typhoon Bopha, another “extreme weather event,” killed hundreds in the Philippines. This week in Warsaw, the next round of Kyoto Protocol discussions are scheduled to take place. A top priority is the idea of developing a way to compensate poorer countries for damage caused by climate change. Richer nations, which have historically contributed the bulk of the gases that cause climate change, are expected to foot the bill.

While billing wealthy countries directly for storms sounds unlikely, the disproportionate effects low-income countries feel from climate change and extreme weather is a growing topic of discussion for development experts. There’s also a push from international aid agencies to develop climate change and extreme weather insurance for these countries.

Still, discussions about how much responsibility developed nations should have in these situations have been contentious and complicated. Developed nations, many of which are traditionally the biggest donors after natural disasters, have raised questions about their liability because a lack of infrastructure and poor-quality construction often compounds the damage. In 2001, developed nations pledged to give billions of dollars to help low-income countries adapt to climate change through the Green Climate Fund. It has yet to actually raise any money.

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