MY EAR TRAINING ROUTINE This free online ear training tool is one of the most important parts of my daily practice routine. When I began ear training back in 2004, I'd start each day with melodic intervals and work my way through harmonic intervals and chords. Now that my aural skills have improved, I jump right in with scale patterns, popular songs, and jazz licks (all part of the melodies feature). Once I've demonstrated some accuracy playing melodies by ear, I continue my ear training practice by improvising over random chord progressions and playing along with actual recordings. To help you understand how I use this ear training tool in my daily practice routine, I recorded clips of myself actually using it. Next to each clip you'll see a [CONFIGURE TRAINER] link. If you click on that link, the ear training tool will auto-configure itself so all you need to do is click the ear trainer's play button and it will use the same settings that you hear in the clip. Random intervals played melodically [CONFIGURE TRAINER] Random chords played harmonically [CONFIGURE TRAINER] Random 6-note melody [CONFIGURE TRAINER] Long jazz lick with a modulated repeat [CONFIGURE TRAINER] As you'll notice, each of these clips demonstrates call-and-response ear training, where the ear trainer plays some notes and I respond by playing back what I heard using my instrument. I prefer this type of ear training because it simultaneously improves my aural skills and ear-hand coordination (the ability to play something by ear on an instrument). With test-based ear training applications (e.g. "click the button to identify the interval"), you may develop the skills needed to identify intervals and chords by ear, but you still have to transfer those skills to your instrument. While recording these clips, I didn't look at the ear trainer's staff for starting notes. Instead, I relied solely on my ears to find each note. Yes, there are some mistakes in these clips, and yes I hesitated before playing some of the notes, but with each passing month/year my accuracy improves. You should have heard me before I started practicing ear training. I couldn't play anything by ear!

SING FIRST, PLAY SECOND For beginners, I definitely recommend singing back the notes before you try playing them on your instrument. Singing will ensure that you heard the pitches correctly and it will also help you to better internalize the sound of each note. When I hear a melody and I can't play it accurately by ear on my instrument, I immediately try to sing the melody. More often than not, my attempt to sing will prove that I didn't actually retain the sound of the melody. I might have forgotten some of the notes, or maybe I simply didn't hear them correctly the first time. Regardless, by removing the instrument from the equation, singing allows me to isolate the pitches and really get into the sound of each note. For more on the importance of singing, check out my article on vocal improvisation.

MY THOUGHTS ON INTERVALS If you're already able to play random melodic sequences of three or more notes fairly accurately by ear, you can skip right over intervals. However, if you're struggling to play simple phrases by ear, intervals might be a good starting point since they're comprised of just two notes. But that's all they are: a starting point. Once you've developed some accuracy with intervals, you should move on to 3- and 4-note melodies so you can begin to hear and play longer phrases by ear. When learning intervals, some people like to associate each interval with sounds from popular tunes (e.g. "Here Comes the Bride" for a perfect 4th). While I think this is ok when you're first learning the interval sounds, you will want to internalize the sound of the intervals so you don't need to think about the song associations at all.

ADDITIONAL EAR TRAINING SUGGESTIONS When playing along, be sure to set the "Key center" to your instrument's key (Bb: trumpet, clarinet, tenor sax, Eb: alto sax, F: french horn, etc) so the notes and pitches will match your instrument... unless, of course, you'd also like to work on transposing! As you become more familiar with how the ear training tool works, you'll probably want to use the automatic looping function for many of the exercises. This is done simply by selecting one of the "Auto" Play Modes. Looking for more material to play by ear? If so, be sure to check out my simple song randomizer.

ABOUT THE CUSTOM EAR TRAINING SCRATCHPAD The scratchpad, located under the custom tab, allows you to create your own sequences. It's based on ABC notation (I think this section of the docs is the most useful). ABC notation can be a bit daunting at first, so you can also create simpler sequences using a raw format that I created. Following are some examples to get you started with the scratchpad: EXAMPLE 1: QUARTER-NOTE MELODY This sample includes 3 octaves of notes, starting from G below the staff and ascending chromatically. As you can see, if you want a melody comprised of quarter notes, you can just list the individual notes. Also notice the use of a natural sign ("=") to cancel the use of a previous sharp or flat. G, _A, =A, _B, =B, C ^C D _E =E F ^F G _A =A _B =B c ^c d _e =e f ^f g _a =a _b =b c' ^c' d' _e' =e' =f' ^f' g'



EXAMPLE 2: SIMULTANEOUS NOTES To play multiple notes simultaneously, enclose the notes in brackets ("[ ]"). By default, the notes will sound for one beat, but you can add a number after the closing bracket if you want to hold the notes for a longer period of time. The following example starts with a C major cadence and then it rests for two beats ("z" rests for one beat, "Z" rests for one measure) before playing each note of a G dominant 7th suspended 4th chord. Finally, it plays the chord and holds it for 4 beats. [CEG] [FAC] [B,GD] [CEG]

z2 G, C D F [G,CDF]4



EXAMPLE 3: JAZZ CHORD PROGRESSIONS If you want chords without a melody (ideal for improvising), begin with a 'N:chords' line. This tells the system that you want to use the abbreviated chord notation. The actual chords should be separated into measures with a pipe ( | ) symbol. N:chords

F | F | E-7b5 | A7+9 | D- | D-| C- | F7 |

Bb | Eb7 | F | D- | G7 | G7 | G- | C7 |



The following example shows all of the currently supported chord types. The -^7 is a minor chord with a major 7th. N:chords

C | C6 | C+4 | C+ | C- | C-6 | C-7b5 | C7 | C7b9 | C7+9 | Csus | Cdim | C-^7



EXAMPLE 4: CHORDS AND QUARTER-NOTE MELODIES This 2-measure sample includes chords and a simple melody. When combining chords and melodies, chords should appear in quotation marks, with the melody notes appearing afterwards. In the second measure, we add a 4 to the 'C' to indicate that it should be held for 4 beats. Note that while melody notes use ABC notation, chords can use a standard sharp and flat notation (e.g. "F#7", "Eb-"). "G7" G F E D | "C" C4 | "C-" _E2 "F7" A2 | "Bb" _B,4



EXAMPLE 5: CHORDS AND EIGHTH-NOTE MELODIES By default, each note is treated as a quarter-note in 4/4 time. If you want to treat each note as an eighth-note, start with a "L:1/8" line. L:1/8

"Gm" F C F A ^F D F A |"C7" G A _B G ^G e d _d |"F" c4 z4



EXAMPLE 6: EVEN RHYTHMS AND SIXTEENTH-NOTE MELODIES By default, the ear trainer will use jazz swing rhythms for eighth and sixteenth notes. If, however, you have a stand-alone melody that you want to play with even rhythms, add "R:even" to the beginning. Additionally, to support sixteenth-notes, you can add a "L:1/16" line. L:1/16

R:even

A4 e4 c6 B2 | A2c2B2A2 ^G2B2 E4 | A2E2B2E2 c2BA B2E2 | A2EA B2EB c2BA B2E2 | cBAc BA^GB A4 z4



EXAMPLE 7: RANDOM SEQUENCES Use the following syntax to randomly select from a list of sequences: { randomSequence1 ; randomSequence2 ; randomSequence3 }



The following example will play a C, followed by either an F or a G. Afterwards it will play a C for two beats, followed by an E, Eb, or a D major triad that's held for two beats. C { F ; G } C2 { E2 ; _E2 ; [D^FA]2 }



By default, the ear trainer will play only one of the random options within each set of curly braces. You can control how many of the options are played by adding a number or "all" immediately after the curly brace as shown below. C {all: F ; G } C2 {2: E2 ; _E2 ; [D^FA]2 }



EXAMPLE 8: MODULATION If you want to play a static note/chord followed by another sequence that's in a random key, you can use the special modulation tag ([M]). Set "Keys to Play" to "Orig" and the following will always play a C major cadence, two beats of rest, and then a major seventh arpeggio in a random key. [CEG] [FAC] [B,GD] [CEG] z2 [M] C E G B





ADDITIONAL READING If you'd like to learn more about ear training, here are some recommended articles from my jazz blog: If you'd like to learn more about ear training, here are some recommended articles from my jazz blog: Learning To Improvise - Introduction: This article discusses my jazz education and the odd absence of adequate ear training. Learning To Improvise - Ear Training: This article discusses the importance of ear training in jazz improvisation. Suzuki Method & Music Education: This article discusses some of the principles behind the Suzuki Method and how those principles help students learn to play by ear. Dave Douglas on Ear Training: Jazz trumpeter, Dave Douglas, shares his thoughts about ear training. John Murphy - Ear Training Interview: In this article, I present an interview I did with University of North Texas professor, John Murphy.

TECHNICAL NOTES

I built the first version of my online ear trainer back in 2004. Back then, Java applets were fairly common and they offered the best performance for audio sequencing in a web browser. Although I can still get better performance from a Java applet, applets themselves are no longer in favor. This is largely due to various security issues and a general disdain for browser plugins like Java and Flash.

I've wanted to move away from Java for my ear trainer for some time, but I couldn't accomplish the fine-grained sequencing directly in HTML prior to the advent of HTML5. With the power of HTML5 and MIDI.js, I'm finally able to create a version of my ear trainer that runs without any additional plugins!

This ear training application performs best in recent versions of Chrome, Opera, and Firefox web browsers (Chrome seems to be the best). Performance is fine in Safari, but the audio quality isn't as good. If you find any bugs, please let me know. For the time being, though, I will not be addressing any issues with Internet Explorer.