Critics say new legislation is so vague the government can now brand any inconvenient figure a traitor.

A new law expanding the definition of treason has taken effect in Russia, and critics say it could be used to call anyone who bucks the government a traitor.

On Wednesday, just two days after President Vladimir Putin told his human rights advisory council that he was ready to review it, the law went into effect.

Putin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told Russian news agencies that the president would be willing to review the legislation if its implementation reveals “some problems or aspects restricting rights and freedoms”.

But what Putin might consider a problem was unclear. His opponents say a series of measures enacted since Putin returned to the Kremlin in May for a third term show he is determined to intimidate and suppress dissidents.

One recent measure imposes a huge increase in potential fines for participants in unauthorised demonstrations. Another requires non-governmental organisations to register as foreign agents if they both receive money from abroad and engage in political activity.

Another gives sweeping power to authorities to ban websites under a procedure critics denounce as opaque.

After fraud-tainted parliamentary elections last December, an unprecedented wave of protest arose, with some demonstrations attracting as many as 100,000 people. Putin still won the March presidential election handily, but the protests boldly challenged his image as the strongman Russia needs to achieve stability and prosperity.

Under the new law, anyone who without authorisation possesses information deemed a state secret – whether a politician, a journalist, an environmentalist or a union leader – could potentially be jailed for up to 20 years for espionage.

‘Very dangerous’ new law

While the previous law described high treason as espionage or other assistance to a foreign state that damages Russia’s external security, the new legislation expands the definition by dropping the word “external”.

Activities that fall under it include providing help or advice to a foreign state or giving information to an international or foreign organisation. The definition is so broad that rights advocates say it could be used as a driftnet to sweep up all inconvenient figures.

“I believe this law is very dangerous,” said human rights council member Liliya Shibanova, according to the ITAR-Tass news agency. Shibanova also heads Golos, Russia’s only independent elections watchdog group.

“If, for example, I pass on information about alleged poll violations to a foreign journalist, this could be considered espionage,” she said.

“It’s very broad and it’s very dangerous,” Rachel Denber, deputy director of Human Rights Watch’s Europe and Central Asia division, told the AP news agency.

She said it was not clear yet how vigorously Russian authorities will enforce the bill, but says it recreates a “sense of paranoia and suspicion and uneasiness about foreigners”.

Putin has repeatedly dismissed opposition leaders as pawns of the West and once accused US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of instigating protesters to weaken Russia.

The law, which was drafted by the Federal Security Service, the main KGB successor agency, also introduced a punishment of up to eight years for simply getting hold of state secrets illegally even if they are not passed to foreign hands.

KGB defends law

The KGB explained in a statement run by ITAR-Tass that the new clause better protects confidential information. It said the previous law, which dated back to the 1960s, failed to provide efficient deterrence against foreign spies.

“Tactics and methods of foreign special services have changed, becoming more subtle and disguised as legitimate actions,” the spy agency said.

“Claims about a possible twist of spy mania in connection with the law’s passage are ungrounded and based exclusively on emotions.”

Tamara Morshchakova, a former Constitutional Court judge, told the presidential rights council meeting on Monday that the new law is so broad the FSB no longer needs to provide proof that a suspect inflicted actual damage to the nation’s security.

“Their goal was simple: We have few traitors, it’s difficult to prove their guilt, so it’s necessary to expand it,” Morshchakova said.

“Now they don’t have to prove it any more. An opinion of law enforcement agencies would suffice.”

The revised treason bill first came up in 2008, under then-President Dmitry Medvedev, who quickly shelved the bill after an outburst of public criticism.

Medvedev, now prime minister, was seen as more reform- and compromise-inclined than Putin and initially raised tepid hopes that Russia would turn away from the domineering policies of Putin’s first two terms as president.