According to a report Friday by Bloomberg News, Pakistani military officials say they need to return the refugees as part of a "border management program." But experts say such a move would provoke a humanitarian disaster in Afghanistan, which is ravaged by poverty, economic stagnation and an aggressive Taliban insurgency that has displaced more than 1 million people from their rural homes.

"Afghanistan isn't now prepared to embrace a large influx of Afghan immigrants from neighboring nations, given the security problems and lack of resources," an adviser to the Afghan Ministry of Refugees and Repatriation in Kabul told the news service.

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The struggling country has already absorbed several million returnees since 2001, when the extremist Taliban regime fell and an elected government took power with Western backing. Over the past year, moreover, hundreds of thousands of desperate Afghans have fled to Europe, joining the mass flood of illegal migrants from the Middle East.

But there are signs that the threat of forced mass repatriations may be mostly a rhetorical salvo in the complicated political game between Pakistan and the United States over Pakistan's role in the ongoing Afghan conflict. Pakistani civilian officials said this week that they seek a "dignified" return for long-term refugees and may allow them to remain through the end of 2017, as international rights groups have urged.

The immediate cause of Pakistan's umbrage, experts said, is not the burden of harboring a longtime refugee population but official pique over two recent moves by Washington: a recent drone strike that killed Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor inside Pakistan and a refusal by Congress to provide financial subsidies for F-16 fighter jets that the Pakistani military has long sought to buy from the U.S.

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Analysts in Pakistan say that U.S. officials see Pakistan as a hindrance to peace negotiations with the Taliban, whose top leaders have often been sheltered there, and are trying to put pressure on its powerful military establishment. In turn, they said, Pakistan is using the refugees as pawns to remind the United States of its essential role in the region as it seeks more foreign military aid and a dominant hand in shaping the peace talks.

"Both sides are playing their cards," one research center director in Islamabad, Mansur Khan Mahsud, told Bloomberg. Pakistan's attitude toward the U.S., he said, is "if you are building pressure, I'll do the same to counter you."