Author notes

LifeLines Cohort Study: A list of participants and affiliations appears in the Supplementary Information .

Peter M. Visscher, Tõnu Esko, Philipp D. Koellinger, David Cesarini and Daniel J. Benjamin: These authors jointly supervised this work.

Aysu Okbay, Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Mark Alan Fontana, James J. Lee, Tune H. Pers, Cornelius A. Rietveld and Patrick Turley: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Ronald de Vlaming & A. Roy Thurik

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A. Rietveld, Ronald de Vlaming, Sven J. van der Lee, Najaf Amin, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Henning Tiemeier, André G. Uitterlinden & Albert Hofman

Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands Aysu Okbay, Cornelius A. Rietveld, S. Fleur W. Meddens, Ronald de Vlaming, A. Roy Thurik & Philipp D. Koellinger

Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, Massachusetts, USA Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Patrick Turley, Olga Rostapshova & David I. Laibson

Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-3332, California, USA Mark Alan Fontana & Daniel J. Benjamin

Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA James J. Lee, Michael B. Miller, William G. Iacono, Matt McGue & Robert F. Krueger

Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, 2116, Massachusetts, USA Tune H. Pers & Tõnu Esko

Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA Tune H. Pers, Pascal Timshel, Harm-Jan Westra, Philip L. de Jager, Aarno Palotie & Tõnu Esko

The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark Tune H. Pers, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia & Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark Tune H. Pers

Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Guo-Bo Chen, Zhihong Zhu, Andrew Bakshi, Riccardo E. Marioni, Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen, Jacob Gratten, Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland Valur Emilsson & Vilmundur Gudnason

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 107, Iceland Valur Emilsson

Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands S. Fleur W. Meddens, Christiaan deLeeuw, Danielle Posthuma & Philipp D. Koellinger

Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands S. Fleur W. Meddens, Maël P. Lebreton & Philipp D. Koellinger

Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden Sven Oskarsson & Karl-Oskar Lindgren

New York Genome Center, New York, 10013, New York, USA Joseph K. Pickrell

Department of Economics, New York University, New York, 10012, New York, USA Kevin Thom & David Cesarini

Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark Pascal Timshel

Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands Abdel Abdellaoui, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Gonneke Willemsen & Dorret I. Boomsma

COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Klaus Bønnelykke, Johannes Waage & Hans Bisgaard

Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia & Johannes Waage

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, 416 85, Sweden Jonas Bacelis & Bo Jacobsson

Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany Clemens Baumbach & Christian Gieger

Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany Clemens Baumbach & Christa Meisinger

deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, 101, Iceland Gyda Bjornsdottir, Augustine Kong, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Bjarni Gunnarsson, Bjarni V. Halldórsson, Kari Stefansson & Unnur Thorsteinsdottir

Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands Johannes H. Brandsma & Raymond A. Poot

Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy Maria Pina Concas, Simona Vaccargiu & Mario Pirastu

Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, 61820, Illinois, USA Jaime Derringer

23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, 94041, USA Nicholas A. Furlotte, David A. Hinds & Joyce Y. Tung

Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands Tessel E. Galesloot & Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney

Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34100, Italy Giorgia Girotto, Dragana Vuckovic, Ilaria Gandin, Paolo Gasparini & Nicola Pirastu

Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland Richa Gupta, Antti Latvala, Anu Loukola & Jaakko Kaprio

Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK Leanne M. Hall, Christopher P. Nelson & Nilesh J. Samani

NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK Leanne M. Hall, Christopher P. Nelson & Nilesh J. Samani

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK Sarah E. Harris, Gail Davies, David C. M. Liewald, Riccardo E. Marioni & Ian J. Deary

Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Sarah E. Harris & David J. Porteous

Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria Edith Hofer, Katja E. Petrovic, Helena Schmidt & Reinhold Schmidt

Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, 8036, Austria Edith Hofer

Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK Momoko Horikoshi

Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK Momoko Horikoshi

MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Jennifer E. Huffman, Jonathan Marten, Caroline Hayward, Veronique Vitart, James F. Wilson & Alan F. Wright

Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland Kadri Kaasik, Jari Lahti, Liisa Keltigangas-Järvinen & Katri Räikkönen

Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece Ioanna P. Kalafati & George V. Dedoussis

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden Robert Karlsson, Paul Lichtenstein, Nancy L. Pedersen & Patrik K. E. Magnusson

Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, 00014, Finland Jari Lahti, Katri Räikkönen & Johan G. Eriksson

Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands Christiaan deLeeuw

Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia Penelope A. Lind & Sarah E. Medland

Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, 14195, Germany Tian Liu

Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK Massimo Mangino, Lydia Quaye, Cristina Venturini & Tim D. Spector

NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK Massimo Mangino & Cristina Venturini

Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia Evelin Mihailov, Natalia Pervjakova, Reedik Mägi, Lili Milani, Andres Metspalu, Markus Perola & Tõnu Esko

Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands Peter J. van der Most, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh & Judith M. Vonk

Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia Christopher Oldmeadow, Elizabeth G. Holliday & John R. Attia

Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia Christopher Oldmeadow, Elizabeth G. Holliday, Rodney J. Scott & John R. Attia

Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK Antony Payton & William E. R. Ollier

Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Antony Payton

Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland Natalia Pervjakova, Niina Eklund, Seppo Koskinen, Tomi Mäki-Opas, Veikko Salomaa, Jaakko Kaprio & Markus Perola

Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands Wouter J. Peyrot, Yusplitri Milaneschi & Brenda W. J. H. Penninx

Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21224, Maryland, USA Yong Qian, Jun Ding & David Schlessinger

Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland Olli Raitakari

Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland Rico Rueedi & Zoltan Kutalik

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland Rico Rueedi & Zoltan Kutalik

Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, 20142, Italy Erika Salvi & Daniele Cusi

Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany Börge Schmidt, Lewin Eisele & Karl-Heinz Jöckel

Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK Katharina E. Schraut, Harry Campbell, Peter K. Joshi, Igor Rudan, Ozren Polasek & James F. Wilson

Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892-9780, Maryland, USA Jianxin Shi

Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland Albert V. Smith

Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland Albert V. Smith, Vilmundur Gudnason, Kari Stefansson & Unnur Thorsteinsdottir

MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK Beate St Pourcain, David M. Evans, George McMahon, Lavinia Paternoster, Susan M. Ring, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Nicholas J. Timpson & George Davey Smith

School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK Beate St Pourcain

Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany Alexander Teumer, Sebastian E. Baumeister, Henry Völzke & Wolfgang Hoffmann

Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands Niek Verweij, Klaus Berger & Pim van der Harst

Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany Juergen Wellmann

Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA Harm-Jan Westra

Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA Harm-Jan Westra

Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA Jingyun Yang, Patricia A. Boyle & David A. Bennett

Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA Jingyun Yang & David A. Bennett

Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA Wei Zhao, Jennifer A. Smith, Erin B. Ware & Sharon L. R. Kardia

Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands Behrooz Z. Alizadeh

Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany Sebastian E. Baumeister

Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, 27100, Italy Ginevra Biino

Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, 60612, Illinois, USA Patricia A. Boyle

Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK Francesco P. Cappuccio

Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK Gail Davies, David C. M. Liewald & Ian J. Deary

Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK Jan-Emmanuel De Neve

William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK Panos Deloukas & Stavroula Kanoni

Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia Panos Deloukas

The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, 13347, Berlin, Germany Ilja Demuth & Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen

Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany Ilja Demuth

German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany Peter Eibich & Martin Kroh

Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK Peter Eibich

The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia David M. Evans, Jian Yang & Peter M. Visscher

Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA Jessica D. Faul & David R. Weir

Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63018, Missouri, USA Mary F. Feitosa, Aldi T. Kraja, Ingrid B. Borecki & Michael A. Province

Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany Andreas J. Forstner

Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany Andreas J. Forstner

Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland Bjarni V. Halldórsson

Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892-9205, Maryland, USA Tamara B. Harris

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA Andrew C. Heath & Pamela A. Madden

Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK Lynne J. Hocking

Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany Georg Homuth & Uwe Völker

Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK Michael A. Horan

Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA Philip L. de Jager

Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA Philip L. de Jager

Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway Astanand Jugessur, Ronny Myhre & Bo Jacobsson

Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK Marika A. Kaakinen

Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland Mika Kähönen

Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland Mika Kähönen

Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia Ivana Kolcic

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1010, Switzerland Zoltan Kutalik

Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892-9205, Maryland, USA Lenore J. Launer

Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands Maël P. Lebreton

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305-5797, California, USA Douglas F. Levinson

Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany Peter Lichtner & Thomas Meitinger

Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Riccardo E. Marioni

Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland Pedro Marques-Vidal & Peter Vollenweider

Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands Gerardus A. Meddens

Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia Grant W. Montgomery & Dale R. Nyholt

Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia Dale R. Nyholt

Department of Medicine, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA Aarno Palotie

The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA Aarno Palotie

Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA Aarno Palotie

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland Aarno Palotie, Antti-Pekka Sarin & Jaakko Kaprio

Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA Aarno Palotie

Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, 34100, Italy Antonietta Robino, Sheila Ulivi & Paolo Gasparini

Social Impact, Arlington, 22201, Virginia, USA Olga Rostapshova & Diego Vozzi

Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA Aldo Rustichini

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, 60201-3137, Illinois, USA Alan R. Sanders & Pablo V. Gejman

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA Alan R. Sanders & Pablo V. Gejman

Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00300, Finland Antti-Pekka Sarin

Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria Helena Schmidt

Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, 2305, NSW, Australia Rodney J. Scott

Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK Blair H. Smith

Department of Cardiovascular Science, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium Jan A. Staessen

R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands Jan A. Staessen

Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany Konstantin Strauch

Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 81377, Germany Konstantin Strauch

Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, Florida, USA Antonio Terracciano

Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK Martin D. Tobin

Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands Frank J. A. van Rooij

Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48104, Michigan, USA Erin B. Ware

Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany Lars Bertram

Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK Lars Bertram

Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands Ute Bültmann

Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, 12308, New York, USA Christopher F. Chabris

Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 9042, Cagliari, Italy Francesco Cucca

Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano), 20090, Italy Daniele Cusi

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland Johan G. Eriksson

Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands Barbara Franke

Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands Lude Franke & Pim van der Harst

Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Sidra, 26999, Doha, Qatar Paolo Gasparini

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany Hans-Jörgen Grabe

Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, 18437, Germany Hans-Jörgen Grabe

Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands Patrick J. F. Groenen

Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands Pim van der Harst

Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Caroline Hayward

Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Elina Hyppönen

South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Elina Hyppönen

Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK Elina Hyppönen & Christine Power

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90029, Finland Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland Terho Lehtimäki

Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, 33014, Finland Terho Lehtimäki

Economics, NYU Shanghai, Pudong, 200122, China Steven F. Lehrer

Policy Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Steven F. Lehrer

Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia Nicholas G. Martin

Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia Andres Metspalu

Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK Neil Pendleton

Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Neil Pendleton

Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia Ozren Polasek

Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands Danielle Posthuma

Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000, Denmark Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, 34080, France A. Roy Thurik

Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands A. Roy Thurik

Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands Henning Tiemeier

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands Henning Tiemeier

Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands André G. Uitterlinden

Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, 10012, New York, USA Dalton C. Conley

School of Medicine, New York University, New York, 10016, New York, USA Dalton C. Conley

Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College – Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, 12308, New York, USA Michelle N. Meyer

Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, 113 83, Sweden Magnus Johannesson

Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA Tõnu Esko