Make way for a new color under the sea. The orange tint in Leafy Seadragons and the yellow and purple hues of Common Seadragons is now getting some red: Scientists have discovered a new species named Phyllopteryx dewysea, which means Ruby Seadragon.The discovery was made while researching the two known species of seadragons as part of an effort to understand and protect the exotic and delicate fish. Using DNA and anatomical research tools, University of California - San Diego graduate student Josefin Stiller and marine biologists Nerida Wilson of the Western Australia Museum (WAM) and Greg Rouse of Scripps Oceanography found evidence for the new species while analyzing tissue samples.The researchers then requested the full specimen as well as photographs taken just after it was retrieved from the wild in 2007. They were further surprised by the appearance of the newly identified animal.A 3-D scan of the newly discovered Ruby Seadragon. Credit:Scripps"We're now in a golden age of taxonomy and these powerful DNA tools are making it possible for more new species than ever to be discovered," said Rouse, curator of the Scripps Benthic Invertebrate Collection. "That such large charismatic marine species are still being found is evidence that there is still much to be done. This latest finding provides further proof of the value of scientific collections and museum holdings."Stiller identified the original Ruby Seadragon, a male carrying several dozen babies, as part of her graduate research on population genetics of the two known seadragons across the Australian coast (seadragons are found exclusively off southern Australia). She studies migration patterns and genetic diversity to help bolster seadragon conservation efforts."A CT (computer tomography) scan gave us 5,000 X-ray slices that we were able to assemble into a rotating 3-D model of the new seadragon," said Stiller. "We could then see several features of the skeleton that were distinct from the other two species, corroborating the genetic evidence."The team believes the animal's coloring suggests it inhabits deeper waters than the Leafy and Common Seadragons, as the red shading would be absorbed at depth and effectively serve as camouflage.Following the initial finding, Wilson combed through the collections at WAM and found a second Ruby Seadragon specimen that had washed up on a Perth beach nearly a hundred years ago, and Stiller tracked down two others archived in the Australian National Fish Collection."This new seadragon first entered the Western Australia Museum's collection in 1919, and lay unidentified for almost a century," said Wilson. "Recognizing this new species demonstrates how museum collections underpin biodiversity discovery."The authors now hope to put together a search expedition for Ruby Seadragons and witness them alive in the wild."It has been 150 years since the last seadragon was described and all this time we thought that there were only two species," said Wilson. "Suddenly, there is a third species! If we can overlook such a charismatic new species for so long, we definitely have many more exciting discoveries awaiting us in the oceans.""I've always been fascinated with marine life, especially seadragons, so this is an amazing discovery," said Mary White, cofounder of the Lowe Family Foundation, which supported the research. "People always talk about going to outer space but they forget about the ocean we have here on our own planet. For me ocean conservation and research is paramount, and we need to do what we can to encourage and nurture ocean exploration."Following in the footsteps of its successful Seahorse Propagation Program, now in its 21st year, Birch Aquarium at Scripps has developed a seadragon propagation program. Seadragons are heavily protected in Australia and programs such as the one at Birch Aquarium can help safeguard these animals in the wild.Published in Royal Society Open Science