The Brennan Center released a ground-breaking report last summer about diversity on state supreme courts, which hold more power than many people realize. State supreme courts collectively hear 95% of all cases filed in the U.S. and their decisions bind more than 23,000 lower state court judges, the report notes.

The Brennan Center’s review of nearly six decades of data exposed vast racial, ethnic, and gender disparities on state high courts across the country.

Only 15% of state supreme court seats nationwide were held by people of color—who make up nearly 40% of the U.S. population, the report found. Thirteen states have never had a person of color as a supreme court justice, the Brennan Center discovered, and six states have had only one justice of color. In 18 states—more than a third of the country—there’s never been a Black state supreme court justice.

“This deficit of diversity among judges threatens the legitimacy of the judiciary in the eyes of the communities it serves,” wrote report author Alicia Bannon. In an increasingly diverse America, the report observes, the level of public confidence in state courts and the quality of judicial decision-making suffer when more than half (56%) of supreme court justices are white men.

The lack of diversity in our state courts is a legacy of our history of racial injustice and inequality, the report found—especially the persistent racial discrimination in access to law schools and the legal profession, where people of color continue to be underrepresented today.

Its analysis also identified the method of judicial selection as a factor driving the lack of diversity. Due to substantial racial disparities in judicial elections, the report found, judicial elections rarely put justices of color on the state supreme court bench.

The Brennan Center released new data updating the report to reflect the composition of state supreme courts as of early February. There was little change overall. The percentage of state supreme court seats held by people of color increased by just .5% from last May. With Tamika Montgomery-Reeves’s appointment as the first Black supreme court justice in Delaware’s history, that state came off the list of states with all-white supreme courts.

Since May 2019, the Brennan Center reports there have been 19 openings on state supreme courts nationwide—of those, 14 have been filled. White men filled half of the open seats, including in four states where over 30% of the population are people of color.

Two of these seats were filled by Native American justices. Raquel Montoya-Lewis became the first Native American person to ascend to Washington’s highest court, and Dustin P. Rowe, who is Native American, was appointed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court in November. Prior to these two recent appointments, there was only one sitting Native American state supreme court justice in the entire country, Justice Anne McKeig of the Minnesota Supreme Court.

Women now hold 37% of state supreme court seats, up 1% from last year. Alabama falls well below that national number, with only two women justices (22%). Fifteen states currently have one or fewer female justices on their high courts—including Florida, which is the only state in the country that currently has no women on its highest court.