When Abdul-Raouf Beit al-Mal, the mayor of central Tripoli, was abducted last year, and held by militiamen for 24 hours, he presumed that would be the worst moment of his career – perhaps his life.

But the biggest test was yet to come. With a new war encroaching upon Libya’s capital, the crumbling, cash-starved city is once again engulfed in a chaotic armed conflict that is swelling the ranks of the displaced and straining Tripoli’s limited resources.

On 4 April, Beit al-Mal’s city came under attack by the so-called Libyan National Army of rebel warlord Khalifa Haftar.

“What’s happening is really hurting us,” he says. “The city needs everything. We need to fix the roads, the infrastructure, sewage, water, electricity, parks, garbage collection.”

Greater Tripoli is home to 3 million, spread out across 13 municipalities. After the collapse of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime in a 2011 armed uprising backed by Nato, there were plans to unify the disparate parts of the city under one local government, but they came to naught.

Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Show all 10 1 /10 Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Screengrab from a video published on the LNA’s War Information Division’s Facebook page on 16 April shows a fighter running while firing a machine gun reportedly in a southern suburb of Tripoli AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Smoke rising from an airstrike behind a tank belonging to forces loyal to Libya’s Government of National Accord during clashes in the Tripoli suburb of Wadi Rabie AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Fighters loyal to the government run for cover during clashes with forces loyal to Khalifa Haftarsouth of the capital Tripoli's suburb of Ain Zara, on 25 April 2019 AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Forces loyal to the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) take aim during clashes with forces loyal to strongman Khalifa Haftar south of the capital Tripoli's suburb of Ain Zara on 23 April 2019 AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures A displaced Libyan family, who fled their house because of the fighting in Tripoli, sits at the industrial complex, which is used as a shelter, in the capital on 16 April 2019 Reuters Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures A technical (pickup truck mounted with a turret) firing reportedly during clashes with forces loyal to Libya's UN-recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) on the outskirts of the capital Tripoli on 24 April 2019 AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Government forces look out from a destroyed building in the Khallat Farjan area of Tripoli on 20 April 2019 Reuters Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures A Libyan fighter loyal to the Government of National Accord (GNA) fires a machine gun during clashes with forces loyal to strongman Khalifa Haftar south of the capital Tripoli's suburb of Ain Zara, on 10 April 2019 AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Two men stand at the scene of an overnight rocket attack, which no group claimed responsibility for so far, in the Libyan capital of Tripoli on April 17 Photos AFP/Getty Battle for Tripoli: In Pictures Libyan National Army members, commanded by Khalifa Haftar, head out of Benghazi to reinforce the troops advancing to Tripoli on April 7 2019 Reuters

Central Tripoli is the biggest of the 13. It has about half a million people, and perhaps a million or so more a day flooding in for work, school or in desperate attempts to seek meetings at the many central government offices including the national oil company and the central bank.

Beit al-Mal, an engineering graduate from Utah State University who speaks flawless English, was elected in 2014 municipal elections, before the start of the civil conflict that has pitted Haftar against various other armed forces. His mandate was set to expire last year, but because of the chaos, no new elections have been held.

Beit al-Mal graduated from Utah State University with an engineering degree, and was optimistic his tenure would see a development boom in the capital

He had hoped to bring his engineering skills and problem-solving acumen to help fix the city. Instead, he’s been plunged from one crisis to the next, as various armed groups battle each other for control – over turf and resources.

The mayor’s jurisdiction includes the ancient but crumbling medina built by Phoenicians, Romans, and Ottomans – the city’s oldest quarter – and the elegant but fraying downtown built by Italian colonisers a century ago. It includes Martyrs’ Square, the heart of the city, and lively districts of hotels and cafes where much of Tripoli’s nightlife unfolds.

The damage to Tripoli’s Rixos hotel, which was hit by rockets last month (Reuters) (REUTERS/Goran Tomasevic)

Until Haftar’s offensive, it appeared Tripoli might be heading towards better times. Just six months ago, under pressure from the UN, Tripoli militias agreed to withdraw from the city, and to be folded into the army and interior ministry, or to demobilise and return to civilian life.

In March, civic leaders organised a small business conference at the Radisson Blu hotel along the waterfront. And in April, a peace conference was supposed to bring all the country’s various factions to the table in the city of Ghadames.

But the country’s latest war has halted all such plans, and quashed any nascent sense of optimism.

The city needs everything. We need to fix the roads, the infrastructure, sewage, water, electricity, parks, garbage collection Abdul-Raouf Beit al-Mal, mayor of central Tripoli

“We need to focus on developing schools and launching start-ups,” says Salah Taqhi, 54, a Tripoli developer.

“Instead of paying attention to ways to improve the economy, we’re again in war. Now we’re talking about refugees.”

As the war came to the city’s edges, thousands of residents began leaving their homes, crowding into a city centre already clogged with traffic and residents. Nearly 80,000 people have been displaced by the eight-week conflict, the number rising every day, according to the United Nations.

“We have 250 families that are registered,” Beit al-Mal tells The Independent in an interview in his city hall office.

“Most of the people are living in either rented houses or are staying with their friends and family. We don’t have much information on them, but we know there are thousands of them.”

The displaced need shelter, blankets, food, and medicine, as well as medical care.

The war has created other problems. Rubbish collection has crawled to a halt, with some companies complaining that the city’s landfill sites are too close to the front line. Heaps of rotting rubbish pile up along the streets.

The shelling and rocket attacks have damaged infrastructure, including schools and mosques, as well as residential buildings in areas that have been largely evacuated. The destruction accumulates daily.

The interior ministry of the Tripoli-based government announced on Tuesday that four homes and a hospital were struck by a barrage of missiles fired by Haftar’s forces on the Ain Zara district of the capital.

Beit al-Mal worries about the coming summer months, when power outages will add to already strained services if the war continues.

“There’s going to be a crisis beyond our abilities if this war continues,” he says. “We’re already suffering from electric power cuts. If the temperature rises and the fighting continues, that will damage power lines. We’re already in a crisis. During peaceful times we can deal with that. But during a war it’s much more difficult.”

Footage allegedly shows forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar battle fighters defending Tripoli

The UN is helping to provide some food and resources to the displaced, as well as to African migrants stuck in Libya – often at detention centres. Resources are scarce.

“We cannot provide services for our own people,” Beit al-Mal says. “It’s eight years after the revolution and you still have all this chaos. Garbage is everywhere. Healthcare is not functioning. We don’t have money to provide services for the our own people.

During his kidnapping, he says he refused to give in to the gunmen’s political demands, which he declined to elaborate upon, but was released under local and international pressure after 24 hours.

Men pray at a now shuttered school near central Tripoli, which is being used to house internally displaced people

He hopes international pressure will convince the warring parties to stop, even if it’s just to prevent migrants from travelling to European shores and Libyan refugees from fleeing the country.