Mental models around Ok-Wrapping

I’m a bit reluctant writing this, because it’s about a controversial and sensitive topic. Yet, after two days of sleeping on it, I hope this’ll hopefully not cause any more heated discussions and may help some mutual understanding.

This is in part triggered by this post by a blog post by withoutboats, in part by some twitter exchanges. So, let me start with this, as a response to withoutboats and everyone in the „Ok-wrapping camp“.

I very much value what You do for Rust. I appreciate all the great work, some of which I know is done by You and probably much that I enjoy that I don’t know was done by You. Without people who passionately love the language like You, Rust wouldn’t be what it is. Therefore, I thank You. I thank You even for proposing and supporting the Ok-wrapping ideas, even though I disagree with them. I know You do so because You care about the language and because You try to make it better. I thank You and You have my great respect. I usually try to respond in a professional manner, but if in the past I’ve failed in that and some of my answers were more passionate, I apologize. I also consider Rust dear to me and therefore can react emotionally.

As text doesn’t carry tone of voice properly and I’m not a native English speaker, I’ll add this just to make sure: I mean the above literally, not as sarcasm.

Despite all the respect and gratitude, I still keep my opinion that, to me, Ok-wrapping would make the situation worse, not better. So here I’d like to take a step back and use some analytical approach of where this disagreement comes from. I know withoutboats expressed their intent not to continue pushing for the idea, yet others might want to and I hope both sides could benefit from understanding the other one ‒ if not to resolve the disagreement, than at least to gain some perspective and mutual respect. I’m not that optimistic about this leading to finding a third solution that suits everyone, but one can always hope.

After reading the above blog post, I think I understand (at least to some level) the mental model where Ok-wrapping fits well. I still don’t operate in it, but I can see why someone who does would see Ok-wrapping would as a good fit or even a missing piece that should be filled in.

Fallible and infallible functions

So, this is the world in which Ok-wrapping works. In this world, functions are either fallible or infallible. A function that’s infallible always guarantees to provide the asked for answer (let’s pretend for today that there are no such things as panics nor infinite loops). In a mathematical terminology, the function is called total.

A fallible function, however, can refuse to answer given some inputs. For some inputs you get an answer and for some you don’t. Again, let’s simplify and pretend functions are pure, or that we consider the „state of the world“ part of the input parameters so we don’t have to dig into details about how this works with std::fs::read and similar. Simply, functions have a hidden &mut World parameter, or something like that.

If you have a function like this:

fn sqrt ( number : f64 ) -> Result < f64 , NegativeInput >

then, in this model you say and think that this function returns f64 , but for negative numbers it doesn’t have an answer for you. Negative numbers simply are not valid inputs for it and the function is defined only for half of the real numbers.

And indeed, if you already think that this function returns f64 , then the whole stuff around Result and Ok(3.141592) is just an annoying technicality that’s getting in the way of expressing the idea. In this model, writing something like this:

fn sqrt ( number : f64 ) -> Result < f64 , NegativeInput > { 42.0 }

makes total sense (the point isn’t about the particular buggy number; please ignore that, we’ll fix this bug in some future version of the library) and aligns well with the thinking.

The operations report model

(I’ve just made that name up)

Imagine you hire a scientist to evaluate the feasibility and ways to use a cigarette smoke to produce gold. You certainly hope they will give you the ways to do it, because then you can make a lot of money. And, after some time, you receive a report stating it is not possible to produce gold from cigarette smoke. While dissatisfied with the result, you wouldn’t say the scientist failed.

As another example, let’s have the following function:

fn check_credentials ( username : & str , password : & str ) -> Result < Privileges , NotAuthorized >

If the function returns Err(NotAuthorized) , I wouldn’t say it failed. I’d say it’s doing its job very well indeed.

Therefore, in the mental model I use, functions don’t fail. There are no two separate categories of functions, all functions are total in the mathematical sense (still ignoring panics and infinite loops). The above sqrt function is defined on the whole axis of real numbers, producing either Ok(f64) or Err(NegativeInput) . Both the input set and the output set are bigger.

If there’s any failure, it is not tagged to the function but to the resulting value. The task of the function is to produce this „operations report“ that may describe the desired outcome or it might describe why it wasn’t possible. This model has some nice properties which I take the liberty of describing few paragraphs below.

This might sound like hair splitting, but try to think about it. I actually believe this is very crucial detail with a lot of consequences of how one thinks about the code.

My sqrt function doesn’t return f64 , but Result<_, _> . Not only formally, but in my head too.

I don’t know why I prefer this particular model. Maybe it’s because I don’t have to make special categories of functions, saving some mental bandwidth to reason about them. Maybe because I’m of a pessimistic nature (it’s said most programmers are inherent optimists) and the fact that the Ok values are more prevalent doesn’t make them more important or special. Yes, the statistical distribution might have performance consequences. But it’s my job to consider all the error cases too and when thinking about what I can expect from some subsystem, I usually spend more time thinking about what can and will go wrong ‒ the „happy path“ being mostly an afterthought.

Part of the reason why I like Rust is being able to use this particular mental model. Languages that have exceptions force me into the fallible-function model, which doesn’t come to me naturally (and until being nudged to it more explicitly by the above blog post, without really understanding what I don’t like about it). I take Rust to be a rare alternative.

Back a little bit. I want to put this into the perspective of how much the Ok-wrapping doesn’t work in this mental model and why people using this model might have a strong reactions to it.

Imagine following code:

struct Meters ( u64 ); #[new_type_wrapping] fn distance () -> Meters { 128 // Due to the attribute, it gets auto-wrapped into Meters(128) }

If you are like me, your mental type checker just died. Obviously one can’t return 128 and pretend that it’s of the Meters type.

For me, in this particular mental model, Ok-wrapping is very much the same thing. Because, in this model, the example sqrt function doesn’t return f64 . It returns Result<f64, _> and 42.0 is not a Result . I guess I’d learn to accept the exception that, for Result s, the types don’t sometimes match, but that would be an irregularity in otherwise quite regular and well-behaving language.

So, for a long time, we had people using the fallible-function mental model, where it makes total sense and people using this or some other model where it totally doesn’t make sense, each one not understanding how the other side can still not understand them. Yes, I can see how this is frustrating for both sides.

Note that the ? operator fits perfectly well into both models. For me, ? is a short-circuit flow control operator. Basically a syntax sugar for match & return, because that pattern appeared in common code very often. Therefore it deserves a syntax shortcut (I sometimes miss the ¿ operator to short-circuit in the Ok case). For similar reasons I’m not really against having a helpful macro expanding to something like return Err(e.into()) (I’d prefer it not to be called throw , as in this mental model exception terminology is mostly a lie).

Monads?

I’ve heard monads mentioned around error handling and futures and streams and that futures and results are somehow similar.

I have an admission to make. While I was able to write things like GUI applications in Haskell and generally liked the language, I’ve not yet seen an explanation of what a monad is that I could understand. Monads are just too abstract for me to grasp, let alone reasoning about. This obvious lack on my side never stopped me from using either Haskell or Rust.

Nevertheless, it prevents me from seeing any kind of similarity between a Result and a Future. For me, these are really very much dissimilar ‒ Results are inert, already finished things. These are products, values, objects. Futures are potentially active, alive. Plans, processes, computations.

So there might be another third mental model around monads, but that one eludes me completely.

Some nice properties of the operations report model

So, do I get something else than one mental drawer saved by not having a special function category (and maybe a keyword not used up)?

Similarly as in functional programming where functions and closures are „just values“, here results are „just values“. This opens up some new possibilities.

I still haven’t figured how to map things like cached_results: HashMap<u32, Result<String, Error>> into the fallible function model. In this case, there’s no function that could be fallible. Therefore, to do such thing one has to mentally switch the models to something else and „convert“ the fallible function’s result into a „frozen“ representation. This is perfectly natural in the operations report model, because by the time any function has finished the result is already frozen.

I can go even further and do something like this:

fn some_operation () -> Result < Result < u32 , E1 > , E2 >

Again, I have no idea how to map this into the fallible model. This might be because I’m not familiar with it enough. But I believe this nesting is not expressible in languages that primarily use exceptions as their main error handling mechanisms and I believe the fallible function mental model and exceptions are closely related.

Nevertheless, I think is useful to be able to express.

One example is:

fn rpc_call ( remote_procedure : ProcedureName ) -> Result < Result < (), ProcedureFailed > , ConnectionError >

Here, I can flatten them (maybe using an enum) to one level, but I don’t want to, because these errors happen at completely different levels. Being able to convey this multi-layerity through the API feels useful to the reader. This is lost in the flat representation, eg. in throws (ProcedureFailed | ConnectionError) .

Another example is described in this blog post about sled error handling, where unwrapping the errors one by one has nice effect on overall application robustness.

Needless to say that I would consider this to be confusing to read (no matter which specific Ok-wrapping proposal it would be). What would it mean in the fallible model anyway, that the function successfully failed?

#[try] fn some_operation () -> Result < Result < u32 , u32 > , u32 > { Err ( 42 ) // Note: this actually turns into Ok(Err(42)) due to Ok wrapping }

Conclusion?

Honestly, I don’t know if there’s any. I just hope to illustrate some reasons why I personally don’t like the Ok-wrapping in as analytical way as possible. I hope we can at least learn to agree to disagree on this point and respect that each one has their reasons for the preferences.