Law professor Cass Sunstein recently posted a draft of a new paper he’s working on. It’s called “Unleashed,” and it begins with a story. In the late 1980s, when Sunstein was a visiting professor at Columbia Law School, he saw an older male professor stroking the hair of a young female student who was talking to him.

“That was completely inappropriate,” he told the student afterward.

“It’s fine,” she reassured him. “He’s an old man. It’s really not a problem.”

Thirty minutes later, back in his office, Sunstein heard a knock at the door. It was the student, and she was sobbing. “He does this all the time,” she said. “It’s horrible.”

To Sunstein, this isn’t just a story about harassment. It’s a story about how power shapes what can and can’t be said. “Social norms imposed constraints on what the law student could say or do,” he writes. “She hated what the professor was doing; she felt harassed. But because of existing norms, she did not want to say or do anything. My little comment liberated her, at least in the sense that she felt free to tell me what she actually thought.”

Sunstein calls this phenomenon “unleashing,” and his paper is about the way it can trigger societal change. “Under the pressure of social norms, people sometimes falsify their preferences,” he writes. “They do not feel free to say or do as they wish. Once norms are weakened or revised, through private efforts or law, it becomes possible to discover preexisting preferences. Because those preferences existed but were concealed, large-scale movements are both possible and exceedingly difficult to predict; they are often startling.”

I’ve been thinking about Sunstein’s paper, and the way we are living through an era of unleashing, a lot lately. Over the past 24 hours, the New York Times published an explosive story detailing decades of sexual harassment by Hollywood megaproducer Harvey Weinstein, and BuzzFeed published a blockbuster story detailing the way Breitbart built itself into a bridge between the white nationalist alt-right community and the Republican Party. Both of these stories, in their own ways, are examples of unleashing, and the way sudden expansions of what people are willing to say and do in public are rocking American society, for better and for worse. And that’s to say nothing of President Donald Trump: the unleasher-in-chief.

Why it took decades for Harvey Weinstein’s abuses to become public

The revelations of Harvey Weinstein’s long history of sexual harassment are all the more shocking because so many seem so unsurprised. His behavior was apparently an open secret — albeit one that no journalist, for decades, could confirm, despite the fact that many, many journalists tried. Weinstein had too much power, and sources were too loath to cross him. In a startling piece recounting her own troubling history with Weinstein, Rebecca Traister reflects on the break:

Something has changed. Sources have gone on the record. It’s worth it to wonder why. Perhaps because of shifts in how we understand these kinds of abuses. Recent years have seen scores of women, finding strength and some kind of power in numbers, come forward and tell their stories about Bill Cosby, Roger Ailes, Bill O’Reilly, Donald Trump. In all of those cases, as in this case, the history of allegations has been an almost wholly open secret, sometimes even having been reported in major outlets, and yet somehow ignored, allowed to pass, unconsidered. But now our consciousness has been raised. And while repercussions have been mixed — Cosby is set to go to trial again in April; Ailes and O’Reilly lost powerful jobs but walked away with millions; Donald Trump was elected president — it is in part the fact that we have had a public conversation that has helped those for whom telling their stories seemed impossible for so long suddenly feel that speaking out might be within their reach.

Weinstein, in a bizarre statement, makes almost the same argument. “I came of age in the 60’s and 70’s, when all the rules about behavior and workplaces were different,” he wrote. “That was the culture then.” Weinstein appears to be trying to justify his behavior by saying that rampant sexual assault was the culture, which is a self-serving delusion. (To echo Jake Tapper’s rejoinder: My father came of age in that era, and he isn’t a sexual predator.) But he’s right that silence around sexual assault was much more culturally entrenched, and he benefited from that norm and did everything in his considerable power to sustain it.

As Traister writes, that norm is changing, and it’s led to an unleashing — against Cosby, against Ailes, against Trump, against Weinstein. Their testimony hasn’t necessarily led to just consequences for their accusers. Trump was elected president, and so far, Cosby was acquitted. But their testimony is changing the society in which they live; it is eroding the norm of silence that emboldens and protects predators.

Breitbart’s bridge to the alt-right

On Thursday night, BuzzFeed’s Joseph Bernstein published a blockbuster story based on a cache of emails between key employees of the Trumpist website Breitbart detailed the way the organization used itself to launder alt-right ideas into the conservative mainstream. This, too, was an unleashing — a calculated, steady effort to expand the boundaries of acceptable political discourse and permit white supremacists to express themselves more freely in public.

Breitbart’s fans often felt themselves censored by standards of conduct, or prevailing sentiments, that forced them to suppress their true opinions. And so they expressed those opinions quietly, secretly, to Breitbart provocateur Milo Yiannopoulos:

He also heard, with frequency, from accomplished people in predominantly liberal industries — entertainment, tech, academia, fashion, and media — who resented what they felt was a censorious coastal cultural orthodoxy. Taken together, they represent something like a network of sleeper James Damores, vexed but silent for fear of losing their jobs or friends, kvetching to Yiannopoulos as a pressure valve. For Yiannopoulos, these emails weren’t just validation, though they were obviously that. They sometimes became more ammunition for the culture war. [...] In an email titled “Working for E! Is Hell,” a production manager at the cable network wrote Yiannopoulos that her employer was a “contributor to the fake news machine and my colleagues have become insufferable. … I … offer you my services … a partner in fighting globalism.”

Yiannopoulos, meanwhile, was steadily using Breitbart to normalize the opinions of his correspondents, and to create more political and media space in which they could be unleashed. “A major part of Yiannopoulos’s role within Breitbart was aggressively testing limits around racial and anti-Semitic discourse,” writes Bernstein:

Frequently, Alex Marlow’s job editing him came down to rejecting anti-Semitic and racist ideas and jokes. In April 2016, Yiannopoulos tried to secure approval for the neo-Nazi hacker “Weev” Auernheimer, the system administrator for the Daily Stormer, to appear on his podcast. “Great provocative guest,” Yiannopoulos wrote. “He’s one of the funniest, smartest and most interesting people I know. ... Very on brand for me.” “Gotta think about it,” Marlow wrote back. “He’s a legit racist. … This is a major strategic decision for this company and as of now I’m leaning against it.” (Weev never appeared on the podcast.)

But Yiannopoulos was broadly successful in legitimizing the alt-right. As Bernstein writes, Breitbart’s guide to the alt-right “quickly became a touchstone, cited in the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the New Yorker, CNN, and New York Magazine, among others. And its influence is still being felt. This past July, in a speech in Warsaw that was celebrated by the alt-right, President Trump echoed a line from the story.” That article, it turns out, was literally line-edited by some of the movement’s most outrightly racist figures.

Breitbart would soon develop a direct line to the Trump campaign and, ultimately, to the Trump presidency. Perhaps that’s no surprise. Trump himself is the unleasher-in-chief: His entire campaign was built on being powerful enough to say what should not be said, and thus creating space for others to say the same.

The unleasher-in-chief

In his paper, Sunstein relates a study showing the effect Trump had. Two weeks before the election, a group of political scientists recruited 458 people from states Trump was certain to win for a study and given money to donate to an outrightly xenophobic nomination. Half were given the option to donate anonymously, and half weren’t. What the authors found was telling. Participants who didn’t know Trump was going to win their state tended to only authorize the donation if they believed it would be anonymous. But among people informed that Trump would definitely win their state, the preference for anonymity vanished. The message people were taking was clear: If Trump could be president, then xenophobia was more socially acceptable than they thought, and it could be expressed more openly than they’d realized.

Similarly, the neo-Nazi march in Charlottesville, Virginia, was part of the post-Trump emboldening of the alt-right. The march was a function of Trump’s victory: If Trump could be president, and the CEO of Breitbart could have a West Wing office, then white supremacy could be expressed more openly, and more successfully, than the alt-right had realized. And Trump delivered on that promise, or tried to. When he subsequently spoke of the “very fine people on both sides” of the neo-Nazi march — a march in which a neo-Nazi murdered a counterprotester — that was the president of the United States explicitly making it more acceptable to express white supremacy in public.

Though free speech is constitutionally protected in America, there is always more lurking in the country’s psyche than can be safely, or politely, expressed. The laws around speech are broad, but the norms are narrower, and the norms govern much of what is actually said. Those norms are changing right now, for better and for worse.