“The E.U. has been delaying us for 53 years. How can such a thing happen?” the paper quoted Mr. Erdogan as saying. Turkey first expressed interest in joining the union in the 1960s, although formal accession talks began in 2005.

The European Parliament’s vote comes at an awkward time for both the European Union and Turkey. Accession talks formally resumed this year in a limited number of areas as part of the deal to limit migration, though they could also help unlock an agreement for Cyprus, one of the longest-running disputes in the world. But talks in Switzerland between Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders collapsed on Tuesday, with no date set for resumption.

“The E.U. finds itself devoid of a flexible response toward Turkey and is now contemplating the nuclear option, suspension of negotiations,” said Sinan Ulgen, a Turkish scholar at Carnegie Europe, a foreign policy think tank in Brussels. That, he said, could threaten the refugee deal that Europe has with Turkey.

That deal, which was reached last March, provides for the union and member states to pay Turkey 3 billion euros, or about $3.2 billion, for refugee assistance in 2016 and 2017, and it foresees a further €3 billion in 2018. In exchange, Turkey agreed to help stop the flow of refugees across its border and to take back migrants rejected for asylum in Europe. Turkey hosts an estimated 2.7 million refugees or other migrants from Afghanistan, Syria and other countries.

The agreement has been broadly successful in reducing the flow into Europe. The number of migrants crossing into Greece was at about 100 or fewer a day in the last few weeks, compared with 2,000 a day last year. So far, Europe has disbursed €677 million of the promised funds, badly needed at a time of economic hardship in Turkey.

The deal was a complex one, however. It tied returns of migrants to progress on visa-free travel to Europe for Turks, as well as resettlement of registered refugees. Visa-free travel was further conditioned on Turkey modifying its antiterror legislation, but the attempted coup on July 15 led instead to even harsher tactics under extraordinary emergency powers that have seen some 40,000 people jailed and more than 100,000 fired from public sector jobs, including 15,000 on Tuesday.