1829 Neanderthal skulls are first discovered in Engis in present-day Belgium.

1908 A nearly complete Neanderthal skeleton is discovered in a pit in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. The findings indicate Neanderthals were capable of early modern human behaviour such as burial ceremonies.

1880 The mandible of a Neanderthal child is found alongside a set of flint tools in what is now known as the Czech Republic.

1975 A study by Erik Trinkaus of Neanderthal feet confirms that they walked like modern humans

2012 Cave paintings suspected to be the oldest in the world are found in the Nerja Caves of Spain. Scientists at the University of Cordoba believe they were made by Neanderthals rather than early modern humans.