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Scans finds evidence of 'chemo brain'

Chemo brain Women who survive breast cancer after undergoing chemotherapy may also have to contend with impairments in attention, memory and planning skills, say US researchers.

According to their study, appearing in the Archives of Neurology, women who underwent chemotherapy for breast cancer had significantly less activity in parts of the brain responsible for executive functioning tasks compared with breast cancer patients who were not treated with chemotherapy.

Among those treated with chemotherapy, the study also found a strong correlation between women who complained they were having trouble with memory and thinking skills and actual deficits in these regions of the brain.

The study may help explain why many breast cancer patients complain of "chemo brain" - a term used to describe foggy thinking and memory lapses following treatment with chemotherapy.

"This is a huge validation for these women who are telling their doctors 'something is wrong with me'," says Dr Shelli Kesler of Stanford University School of Medicine in California.

Kesler says the conventional thinking is that chemotherapy drugs cannot cross a protective membrane called the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from toxins.

And doctors have dismissed women's complaints of brain deficits after chemotherapy, chalking them up to exaggeration and stress related to the cancer.

"This shows that when a patient reports she's struggling with these types of problems, there's a good chance there has been a brain change," says Kesler.

Card-sorting task

Kesler's study involved 25 breast cancer patients who had been treated with chemotherapy, 19 breast cancer patients who had surgery and other treatments, and 18 healthy women.

All were asked to perform a card-sorting task that involves problem-solving skills while their brain activity was monitored through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The women also completed questionnaires to assess their own cognitive abilities.

As in prior studies of cancer patients, the team saw significant reductions in activity in two parts of the prefrontal cortex, including one used for working memory, cognitive control and monitoring.

But they also found significantly reduced activation of an additional region of the prefrontal cortex linked with executive function - the area of the brain needed for planning.

Women in the chemotherapy group were also found to make more errors on the card-sorting task and take longer to complete it than healthy women and cancer patients who were not treated with chemotherapy.

Call for baseline studies

While a finding in 25 women seems small, Kesler says it is large for a brain scan study and points to a need to start identifying which women who undergo chemotherapy are most vulnerable to these types of deficits.

She says future studies should be done in which women are tested before they undergo chemotherapy to determine the impact of treatment on brain function.