NEW YORK—Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera, the infamous Mexican drug lord who escaped twice from maximum-security prisons, was convicted by a U.S. jury of 10 criminal counts in connection with his narcotics empire, a victory for drug-enforcement authorities who had pursued him relentlessly for more than two decades.

Mr. Guzmán, 61 years old, is now expected to spend the rest of his life in a U.S. prison without possibility of parole. As part of the verdict, he was found guilty of leading the Sinaloa cartel in a “continuing...