U.S. law enforcement has repeatedly rejected Turkey’s efforts to force Gulen back to his home country — despite intense pressure from Erdogan, who says that the cleric is responsible for a failed 2016 coup attempt, in which Gulen denies any involvement. By prosecutors’ account, the foreign government found a powerful and enthusiastic ally in Flynn — who was willing on the eve of the presidential election to pen an op-ed pushing for Gulen’s expulsion.

Flynn, who went on to serve as President Trump’s national security adviser, admitted last year to lying about his consulting firm’s business with the Turkish government and agreed to cooperate with law enforcement in a deal with special counsel Robert S. Mueller III’s team. That almost certainly helped produce charges against Kian and Alptekin. But the indictment Monday spells out for the first time how intimately Flynn was involved in the effort, which involved weekly conference calls to coordinate with Turkish officials.

Flynn’s piece in the Hill, which called Gulen a “radical” cleric “running a scam,” was the culmination of a months-long public and private lobbying campaign for which the Turkish government agreed to pay Flynn’s firm $600,000, according to the indictment.

The money was funneled through a company run by Alptekin — who also arranged meetings and delivered guidance from his country’s leaders — to obscure that the effort was directed by Turkey, according to the indictment.

Watch more!

Kian and Alptekin are charged with conspiracy and acting as agents of a foreign government; Alptekin is also accused of making false statements. Kian — who also goes by Rafiekian — made his first appearance in Alexandria, Va., federal court Monday morning; Alptekin, who notably co-chaired a conference on U.S.-Turkey relations at Trump’s Washington hotel in 2017, remains in Turkey. While that event was being held, there was a violent clash between Turkish guards and protesters outside the Turkish ambassador’s residence near Dupont Circle.

Molly Toomey, a spokeswoman for Alptekin, said Alptekin relayed to her that he initially wanted to broker a contract between Flynn Intel Group and the Turkish government, but that never occurred and he ultimately hired the company himself.

“Ekim has never changed his story,” Toomey said. “He has always been perfectly clear that the government of Turkey did not participate in this project and that he was the only person, and his company was the only entity, directing the work and paying for the work.”

As the Mueller investigation has moved forward, the Justice Department has seemed to take a more aggressive posture in recent months toward prosecuting those who lobby for foreign interests without registering appropriately. Mueller charged former Trump campaign advisers Paul Manafort and Rick Gates with similar crimes for their work in Ukraine, and the Justice Department recently reached a plea agreement with a Russian woman whom it had accused of acting as a Kremlin agent in the United States.

Flynn is set to be sentenced Tuesday for lying to FBI agents as part of the special counsel investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential campaign. Prosecutors have asked that he receive no prison time, citing his “substantial assistance.”

On Monday night, prosecutors filed in court in the District the notes of FBI agents’ January 2017 interview with Flynn in which, he later admitted, he misled agents.

The filings show that Flynn was asked about Obama-era sanctions that were announced Dec. 29, 2016, as punishment for Russia’s interference in the election and that he insisted he had not discussed them with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Flynn claimed he had not even known about the newly announced sanctions because he had been on vacation in the Dominican Republic, where he did not have access to television news and his government BlackBerry was not working.

In fact, Flynn had called a senior transition official at Trump’s Florida resort, Mar-a-Lago, to talk about what he should say to Kislyak about the sanctions that had been announced, and he followed up later to report the upshot of the conversation with the ambassador, according to his plea agreement. People familiar with the case have said the official was Flynn’s deputy, K.T. McFarland.

Trump allies who have alleged that Flynn was entrapped by the FBI have sought the release of the interview notes for months, believing they could reveal that Flynn was confused in the session or tricked by agents. The document, however, shows that Flynn spun an elaborate story to hide the details of his conversation with Kislyak.

As part of his plea, Flynn agreed that he had lied to FBI agents about that and the Turkey scheme. The Turkey case is being handled by Assistant U.S. Attorneys James P. Gillis and Evan Turgeon in the Eastern District of Virginia, not the special counsel.

While Flynn’s efforts to have Gulen extradited from the United States were previously known, the indictment offered new details.

Those involved dubbed their project the “Truth Campaign” and later “Operation Confidence,” according to the indictment, and prosecutors described emails among the men discussing what they hoped to accomplish.

Negotiations began in July 2016, according to the court records, after the Justice Department told the Turkish government that Gulen could not be extradited without more evidence of wrongdoing. That was during the heart of Trump’s presidential campaign, when President Barack Obama was still in office.

“We are ready to engage on what needs to be done,” Kian wrote Alptekin on July 27.

“I just finished in Ankara after several meetings today” with Turkish ministers, Alptekin responded to Kian and Flynn the next month, according to the indictment. “I have a green light to discuss confidentiality, budget, and the scope of the contract.”

That contract, drawn up in September 2016, required Flynn’s company, Flynn Intel Group, to “deliver findings and results including but not limited to making criminal referrals” against Gulen.

That same month, according to the indictment, Flynn, Kian and Alptekin met with high-level Turkish officials in New York to discuss the campaign. Over the next two months Flynn’s firm lobbied a member of Congress, a congressional staffer and a state government official, according to the indictment.

A statement released by the Alliance for Shared Values, a nonprofit affiliated with Gulen, said that the indictment “shows just how far the Erdogan government will go in breaking US law.”

Erdogan has engaged in a years-long, worldwide campaign against Gulen, a former political ally he now claims is a leader of a “terrorist organization.” In Turkey, tens of thousands of people have been arrested and more than 100,000 civil servants fired for alleged links to Gulen. At least 80 Turkish nationals have been extradited from other countries and arrested. Turkish lobbying efforts to have Gulen himself extradited from Pennsylvania, where he has lived for two decades, continue to this day.

Following a phone call between Erdogan and Trump last week, Turkish officials told reporters that the U.S. president said possible tax violations by Gulen were being reviewed. But administration officials dispute that there is a justifiable legal case for returning him to Turkey.

In the fall of 2016, even with Flynn’s help, efforts were similarly unsuccessful. In October of that year, Alptekin complained that there had been no “smoking gun.” Kian, according to prosecutors, then produced a draft of the op-ed, which compared Gulen to Iran’s Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and argued that the United States should not provide a “safe haven” for the cleric.

“The arrow has left the bow!” Kian emailed Alptekin on Nov. 4, 2016. “This is a very high profile exposure one day before the election.”

Flynn’s piece was published in the Hill on Nov. 8, the day Trump was elected. It prompted concern in the Justice Department’s national security division, where officials wondered why Flynn, then aspiring to be national security adviser to the next president, was parroting the talking points of the Turkish government.

Prosecutors alleged that those involved in the effort used Alptekin’s company in the Netherlands to obscure the role of the Turkish government in directing the project and that Alptekin himself was paid $40,000 for his involvement.

Flynn Intel Group, based in Alexandria, registered retroactively with the Justice Department as a foreign agent in March 2017, disclosing that Alptekin’s firm, Inovo BV, had paid it more than $500,000 for work that could benefit Turkey.

But according to the indictment, Kian and Alptekin lied about the involvement of Turkish government officials in the project, claiming it was done on behalf of an Israeli company seeking to do business in Turkey.

Prosecutors said the men falsely claimed that Flynn wrote the op-ed on his own and that Alptekin opposed its publication, and that the $40,000 payment to Alptekin’s firm was a refund for unperformed work.

The Flynn Intel Group also falsely claimed that a meeting in New York with Turkish officials on Sept. 19, 2016, was just for background on the country, prosecutors said.

Flynn left the White House in February 2017 after it was revealed that he had lied about his conversation with the Russian ambassador. But Flynn had informed the incoming White House legal counsel during the transition that he might need to register as a foreign agent, and that apparently raised no alarms — even though he would soon become Trump’s national security adviser. Flynn’s firm is now defunct.

Kian was allowed out on a personal recognizance bond Monday, with one condition: that he keep the probation office abreast of his movements. Defense attorney Robert Trout told a magistrate judge that Kian is in the process of relocating from California to the D.C. area. Trout declined to comment after the proceeding.

This story has been updated.