The Grand Canyon may be much older than widely believed, according to a new study that challenges the view that the American landmark was born 5 million or 6 million years ago.

Analyzing helium levels in rocks chipped away from outcrops in the western portion of the canyon, geologist Rebecca Flowers of the University of Colorado at Boulder and geochemist Kenneth Farley of Caltech concluded that the gorge was already there — and within a few hundred meters of its modern depth — around 70 million years ago, when dinosaurs still roamed Earth.


The findings, published online Thursday in the journal Science, add fuel to an ongoing debate between scientists who argue in favor of an “ancient Grand Canyon” and colleagues who maintain that the 280-mile-long, mile-deep formation must have been carved far more recently by the Colorado River.

“It’s one of these classic conundrums,” said Caltech geologist Brian Wernicke, a supporter of the ancient canyon theory who has worked with the coauthors in the past but was not involved in this research. “You have two pieces of information that butt heads against each other. One of them isn’t going to be right.”


Determining a precise history of how and when the Grand Canyon came to be is a difficult problem, Flowers said, because there are few direct ways to read how it was carved from the rock.

For example, scientists can determine the age of volcanic rocks that have been deposited in some portions of the canyon, she said. But while knowing the ages of such rocks does provide evidence that a river flowed through the area at a certain time, it doesn’t explain when the canyon was hewn in the first place.


The prevailing theory that the Grand Canyon was carved 5 to 6 million years ago is supported by the absence of river sediment dating from before that time in certain areas near the canyon. But just because the Colorado River didn’t flow then doesn’t necessarily mean the canyon wasn’t there, Flowers said.

To pinpoint a date for the canyon’s carving, Flowers and her colleagues measured helium levels in a mineral called apatite, which comes from granitic rocks formed below Earth’s surface more than a billion years ago.


Uranium and thorium within the apatite decay into helium. When apatite remains deep underground, where temperatures are relatively hot, the helium dissipates away. But as the mineral cools, it begins to hold on to its helium. Canyon formation can cool apatite by eroding away the rocks above, bringing the apatite closer to the surface.

By detecting and measuring how much helium remained in exposed apatite she collected from the Grand Canyon’s walls, Flowers calculated that the rocks had cooled to less than 30 degrees Celsius about 70 million years ago — suggesting that some kind of canyon was already present by then.


Similar analyses had been done in the past, but for this study, Flowers and Farley introduced a refinement to the helium measurement method: They looked at the spatial distribution of the helium within individual apatite crystals. The researchers found that the helium was distributed evenly over the grain, a sign that the rocks had cooled slowly. Those observations added further support for the idea that a deep canyon had been there for a very long time, she said.

If an ancient date of origin turns out to be correct, it would have implications for scientists’ understanding of how the topography of the American West came to be, Flowers said.


But other researchers said they doubted that would be the case.

Karl Karlstrom, a geologist at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, said a preponderance of evidence — including geological observations and apatite measurements that were not incorporated in the new study — pointed toward a younger Grand Canyon that probably incorporated older paleocanyons already in existence.


“The new data are interesting, but they don’t change the big picture,” he said.

Richard Young of the State University of New York in Geneseo, who has studied the geology of the region for more than 40 years, said he too could point to data that contradicted Flowers’ conclusions.


He said he thought the debate was partly semantic. Some sort of formation may have existed 70 million years ago, he said, but “why do you have to say it’s the Grand Canyon?”

Experts on both sides agreed the discussion would continue.


“Science is a succession of funerals for ideas that have been proven wrong,” Wernicke said.

eryn.brown@latimes.com