Catalonia is now theoretically under the direct control of the Spanish national government in Madrid after the area’s regional parliament voted in favour of an independent republic.

Early on Saturday morning Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy made direct control from Madrid ‘official’ by publishing a document dismissing Catalan president Carles Puigdemont, his deputy Oriol Junqueras and all regional government members.

The Madrid government has also removed Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez as chief of Catalonia's autonomous Mossos police force, and Mr Rajoy has announced the impending dissolution of the Catalan parliament and the closure of Catalan embassies abroad.

Declaring that a snap Catalan regional election would be held on 21 December, Mr Rajoy insisted: “We have enough means to restore legal normality in a pacific, moderate way.”

Whether peace really will be maintained, however, remains to be seen.

Many now fear the possibility of clashes between the Mossos and police or army trying to enforce the control of Madrid, with some commentators even suggesting there may be a second Spanish civil war.

Catalonia’s push for autonomy in the 1930s was one of the causes of the 1936-1939 civil war which led to the dictator General Franco suppressing Catalan civil liberties and language – a repression that is bitterly remembered to this day.

Although Mr Puigdemont and the 12 members of the Catalan Cabinet will now no longer be paid and could be charged with usurping others' functions if they refuse to obey Madrid, there was no immediate sign that they were willing to comply.

Tensions are being further exacerbated by the strong likelihood that some regional nationalist MPs will face Spanish state charges of rebellion with the possibility of a maximum prison sentence of 30 years.

Some among the 200,000 civil servants working in the regional administration have also said they will refuse to obey orders from Madrid, even though they now risk being fired under the new special powers adopted by the central government.

Spain and the world now waits to see what will happen after the Catalan secession crisis took its most dramatic turn yet on Friday when the regional parliament voted in favour of an independent Catalan republic - and 45 minutes later, the Spanish Senate granted Madrid the right to direct rule.

One by one on Friday afternoon, members of Catalonia’s regional parliament walked down the steps of the debating chamber, then passed their vote, written on paper to maintain anonymity, up to an official on the Speaker’s desk to be dropped into a wooden ballot box. The final vote count was 70 in favour of an independent Catalonia to 10 against, with two abstentions.

But in a symptom of the depth of the fracture within Catalan society over independence, nearly all the opposition parties had already abandoned the chamber in protest before the vote took place, leaving behind them only Catalan and Spanish flags draped over their empty seats.

The outcome of the vote, nonetheless, was given a rapturous welcome by thousands of pro-independence supporters waiting in warm sunshine outside the parliament. Amongst them were dozens of mayors from towns and villages who had travelled specially to Barcelona, many with their ceremonial staff of office, to express their support for secession.

When the vote was confirmed, many broke into spontaneous renditions of El Segadors, the Catalan national anthem - even as inside, nationalist MPs were doing the same.

Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Show all 15 1 /15 Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Catalan independence supporters react to the news that the Catalan Parliament voted to declare independence Getty Images Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Catalan separatists react as the Catalan Parliament votes the independence of Catalonia Rex Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence People react as they celebrate the unilateral declaration of independence of Catalonia AP Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Catalan government members, pro independence deputies, and Mayors from pro indpendence towns sing the Catalan anthem REUTERS Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence People celebrate after the approval of the declaration of a uniteral independence EPA Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Catalan pro-independence mayors raise their batons as they gather in the parliament AFP/Getty Images Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Catala president Carles Puigdemont sings the Catalan anthem AFP/Getty Images Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Protesters shouts slogans during a rally outside the Catalan Parliament AP Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence People react as they watch on giant screens a plenary session outside the Catalan regional parliament REUTERS Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence An aerial view shows thousands of people gathering near the Catalan regional Parliament EPA Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Protesters during a rally outside the Catalan Parliament AP Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence People react as they watch on giant screens REUTERS Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Leftist party CUP leader Anna Gabriel casts her ballot REUTERS Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence A protester reacts AP Catalan parliament votes on independence: in pictures Catalan parliament votes for independence Popular Party leader Xavier Garcia Albiol gestures REUTERS

Later on Friday the huge crowds surrounding the parliament slowly moved across to the Plaza San Jaume, where both the regional and Barcelona town governments are located.

Even when news began to filter through of the measures taken by Mr Rajoy, the mood in the old quarter surrounding the plaza remained largely good-humoured with impromptu firework displays, loud music and the waving of Catalan flags.

“The people are the motor of any country and they will be here when they need to be,” said one middle-aged nationalist, Pep Gracia, standing in a nearby street, when asked how he felt about the possible measures.

“We’re very used to the Spanish reacting strongly. And it’s the people who will handle matters, not the [regional] government. Look at where the people are, standing around calmly here in the street.”

“Yesterday we were a monarchy, today we’re a republic. It’s nothing to get too uptight about.”

A small pro-unity demonstration in another part of central Barcelona ended with scuffles between regional police and protestors, with one radio station reporting it had had windows broken. But the nationalist celebrations in the Plaza San Jaume continued unabated.

“It’s a historic day”, insisted one young independista named Marc, wearing a Catalan flag - or estellada - T-shirt, as he walked through the emblematic Plaza de Catalunya. “It’s very important, because a lot of the population has been looking for a solution to our situation regarding Spain.”

“We’ve tried to talk, looked for a negotiated, peaceful solution. Finally, we’ve got a majority in favour of independence from Spain, which we think is the only way forward.”

Catalonia Spain PM Rajoy asks Senate for powers to depose Catalan president Puigdemont

Meanwhile just 45 minutes after Friday’s pro-independence vote in Barcelona, in Madrid, the Senate voted in favour of giving the Spanish government unprecedented sweeping powers for direct rule in Catalonia.

“There is no alternative,” Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, told the Senate. “We are faced with a serious situation which is very serious for many people.”

“In Catalonia the law has been ignored and disobeyed. This is the greatest ever case of disrespect to democracy with the exception of the [attempted] coup d’etat of 1981.”

Mr Rajoy confirmed he would apply those measures already outlined in a speech he made last weekend. “There has been no change,” he argued, after which he received a standing ovation from the ruling Partido Popular senators.

Prospects of the declaration of independence garnering any recognition from the international community are currently very slim, too, with European Council president Donald Tusk saying the EU would continue only to deal with the Spanish government.

In London, Theresa May also made it clear the British Government would not support the separatist movement. In a statement released by Downing Street the Prime Minister said: “The UK does not and will not recognise the Unilateral Declaration of Independence made by the Catalan regional parliament. It is based on a vote that was declared illegal by the Spanish courts.

"We continue to want to see the rule of law upheld, the Spanish Constitution respected, and Spanish unity preserved, ” Ms May added.

Germany also said it would not recognise the legality of the independence referendum. Berlin supported the “clear position” of Prime Minister Rajoy in his bid to restore calm and order, a government spokesperson said.