• Al-Ghazālī, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, translated by M.E. Marmura (Provo: 1997).

• B. Abrahamov, “Al-Ghazālī’s Theory of Causality,” Studia Islamica 67 (1988), pp. 75-98.

• I. Alon, “Al-Ghazālī on Causality,” American Oriental Society Journal 100 (1980), pp. 397-405

• L.E. Goodman, “Did al-Ghazālī Deny Causality?,” Studia Islamica 47 (1978), pp. 83-120.

• F. Griffel, “Taqlīd of the Philosophers: al-Ghazālī’s Initial Accusation in the Tahāfut,” in Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal, ed. S. Günther (Leiden: 2005).

• B.S. Kogan, “The Philosophers al-Ghazālī and Averroes on Necessary Connection and the Problem of the Miraculous,” in P. Morewedge (ed.), Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism (Delmar: 1981), 113-32.

• T. Kukkonen, “Possible Worlds in the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa: al-Ghazālī on Creation and Contingency,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 38 (2000), 479-502.

• M.E. Marmura, “Ghazali and Ash‘arism revisited,” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 12 (2002), 91-110.

• S. Riker, “Al-Ghazālī on Necessary Causality,” The Monist 79 (1996), pp. 315-324.