Dr. Ghanghro, in an interview with the Times last week, denied accusations that he reused syringes and needles.

His clinic was shut after news of the outbreak broke in the spring. But he said that he had recently renewed his license and was practicing in a government hospital with a stream of patients waiting to be seen by him, questioning the government’s ability to regulate the system.

Health workers say the government needs to revamp the national medical syllabus to prioritize infection control, currently a minor part of doctor training. And they say hospitals often scrimp on the sterilization process for tools.

“The only good thing about the outbreak has been that it laid bare the multiple flaws in the system that the government with support of U.N. agencies needs to address,” said Dr. Fatima Mir, a pediatric infectious disease expert working at the Aga Khan University in Karachi. She was one of the first medical workers to help with the outbreak in Ratodero.

“What the outbreak in Ratodero says about Pakistan’s health care is that infection control is poor or nonexistent. Pakistan’s health care system is now trying to integrate infection control as a formal part of the system,” Dr. Mir added.