Production Uranium was first used to color glass in the 1830s and it has continued to be used for this purpose with the exception of a fifteen year (or so) period beginning in World War II. Prior to World War II, natural uranium was used, but when Vaseline glass production resumed in 1959, the switch was made to depleted uranium (DU). All of the items shown here contain natural uranium except the tube on the right which contains depleted uranium. At present (2004), a few companies in the U.S. are still making Vaseline glass (e.g., Boyd Crystal Art Glass, Mosser, Summit Glass and Fenton Glass), but it is exclusively of the decorative variety. No dinnerware is being made. Buckley et al (1980) estimated that there were at least 4,160,000 pieces of decorative uranium glass produced in the US between 1958 and 1978 and 15,000 drinking glasses from 1968 to 1972. The uranium content of Vaseline glass is often on the order of 2 % by weight. Nevertheless, the uranium content of some glass manufactured in the early 1900s, reached as high as 25 %. Estimates of the Radiation Exposures A very detailed analysis of the radiation exposures due to uranium in glassware can be found in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission publication “Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials” (NUREG 1717). There are three principal radiation exposure pathways associated with Vaseline glass: 1. Exposure to the body from the gamma rays emitted by radionuclides in the glass. Chemically processed uranium of the sort we are considering here consists of the following radionuclides: U-238, Th-234, Pa-234m, U-234, U-235 and Th-231. The principle gamma rays emitted by these nuclides would be 63 keV and 93 keV from Th-234 and 186 keV from U-235. NUREG-1717 estimated the following exposure rates from two different pieces of glass with 10% by weight uranium content: Distance Drinking Glass Decorative Piece 1 foot 9 x 10-4 mrem/hr 1.8 x 10-3 mrem/hr 3 feet 1 x 10-4 mrem/hr 2 x 10-4 mrem/hr 6 feet 2.5 x 10-5 mrem/hr 5 x 10-5 mrem/hr For comparison, the background exposure rate due to gamma rays is approximately 1 x 10-2 mrem/hr. 2. Exposure to the hands from the beta particles emitted by radionuclides in the glass The aforementioned NUREG-1717 also calculated the beta dose rates at a depth of 7 mg/cm2 (i.e., the nominal depth of the germinal layer of the skin) as well as the estimated effective dose equivalent. It was assumed that the source was a 10 inch diameter plate with a 10 % by weight uranium content. Distance Dose Rate Effective Dose Equivalent Rate Contact 27 mrad/hr 0.0027 mrem/hr 1 foot 1.1 mrad/hr 0.0027 mrem/hr 3 feet 0.095 mrad/hr 4.7 x 10-4 mrem/hr The ratio between the effective dose equivalent rate and dose rates vary with distance because the further away from the source, the greater the area of skin that was exposed. 3. Ingestion of uranium that has leached into food that has been in contact with the glass Landa and Councell evaluated the leaching of uranium into different solutions over a 24 hour period. The glassware they used was designed to hold liquids (e.g., drinking glasses). They determined that the average resulting concentrations of uranium were 0.052 ug/liter (1.7 x 10-11 uCi/ml) for water and 5.9 ug/liter (2 x 10-9 uCi/ml) for acetic acid. The highest measured concentrations were 0.63 ug/liter (2.1 x 10-10 uCi/ml) in water and 30.1 ug/liter (1 x 10-8 uCi/ml) in acetic acid. They noted that less uranium would leach into solution when the experiment was repeated. The presumed explanation is that less and less leachable uranium becomes available. After estimating the effective dose equivalents for a variety of potential exposure pathways, NUREG-1717 concluded that the highest doses would be to the personnel involved in the transportation of the glassware from a manufacturer to a truck distribution center. This maximum estimated dose, 4 mrem/year, is approximately 1 to 2 % of the average American’s annual radiation exposure. Pertinent Regulations 10 CFR 40.13 Unimportant quantities of source material. (c) Any person is exempt from the regulation in this part and from the requirements for a license set forth in section 62 of the Act to the extent that such person receives, possesses, uses, or transfers: . . . (2) Source material contained in the following products: . . .(iii) Glassware containing not more than 10 percent by weight source material; but not including commercially manufactured glass brick, pane glass, ceramic tile, or other glass or ceramic used in construction; References Bloemendaal, S. Vaseline Glass Not Dangerous, But Addictive. New York- Pennsylvania Collector XXIV (7). September 2000. Buckley et al. Environmental Assessment of Consumer Products Containing Radioactive Material. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-1775. 1980. Landa, E. and Councell, T. Leaching of Uranium from Glass and Ceramic Foodware and Decorative Items. Health Physics 63 (3): 343-348; 1992. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials. NUREG 1717. June 2001.