“We know that the price signals are not uncontested. Let us just take the pricing of CO2 abatement costs in the industrial sector. If the price per tonne rises to over 20 euros, business becomes aware and says: These market-based instruments are not free of effects either," Merkel said. She added it would be preferrable to introduce a CO2 price on an international level.

Merkel stressed there were several options to cut emissions. "We have regulatory law as an option, we have fiscal incentive measures, and we have general CO2-pricing, which we are looking at but we have not yet decided. We will, however, include it [in the considerations]", Merkel said.

A recent expert hearing in parliament highlighted which conflicts within the climate cabinet could flare up when discussing a carbon price: Opinions on whether such a price should be implemented as a tax or a cap-and-trade system, whether there should be a universal price or sector-specific pricing vary widely between experts and parties. Löschel would like to see a carbon price to make electricity cheaper but also use the revenues from the CO2 pricing scheme to reduce existing burdens on renewable electricity. “But the most important thing is that we get started and then build it up over time,” he said.

MP Lukas Köhler from opposition party FDP is one of the proponents of integrating the transport and building sectors into the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS). He told Clean Energy Wire that “climate action can only be effective and cost-effective with a politically fixed overall CO2 budget and a uniform CO2 price”. If Merkel’s climate cabinet came to the same conclusion, the FDP would support the federal government in the implementation.

A first draft of a binding climate action framework law by environment minister Schulze included not only strict emission budgets for each sector (as already set in the government’s Climate Action Plan 2050) but also a (financial) responsibility by the related ministries to fulfil their annual targets. Merkel said that part of the climate cabinet's work would be to look into recent expert opinions on carbon pricing as another option to the sector-specific approach which Germany had pursued so far in the transport, heating and agriculture sectors.

This part of Schulze’s draft received particularly strong criticism – but, according to Löschel, a CO2 pricing approach doesn’t make these sector budgets redundant. “If these sector targets are used as benchmarks then they are very important to understand the political idea for every sector of the economy.” A CO2 price would provide a big impetus and likely lead to knock-on effects that would achieve more than previously planned in many areas, Löschel said. At the same time, every ministry would still have separate tasks to pursue, such as building up the infrastructure for alternative fuels in the mobility sector or improving public transport, Löschel said.

The FDP’s MP Köhler said he was pleased that the chancellor was questioning the detailed sector targets laid out in the climate action law draft. “Hopefully this will bring a new dynamic to the debate.”

Merkel said that by the end of the year, her cabinet would have relevant legislative proposals ready to be discussed in parliament.