Welcome to www.CO2web.info [back-up page here]. Web info about CO 2 and the asserted "Greenhouse Effect" Doom ...

by Tom V. Segalstad (Assoc. Professor Emeritus of Geochemistry, University of Oslo, Norway)

There is no significant cause-and-effect from CO 2 on the global surface temperature, i.e. on climate [click to see the link]. The global temperature was decreasing from 1940 to 1975. Since 1998 the global temperature has not only increased, but rather showing also decreasing trends, while the very low CO 2 level in the air apparently is steadily rising. See the figure below, from Professor Ole Humlum's www.climate4you.com (click the figure to come to his web-site).



CO 2 is a non-toxic gas; no pollutant; we use it a lot in our daily life (soda "pop" and other carbonated drinks like beer and champagne; baking soda; fire extinguishers; life jackets; and more...); and it has only a trace concentration in the air (some 0.04% by volume - as in a dry atmosphere). CO 2 is FUNDAMENTAL for most organic life on Earth (photosynthesis and breathing), which supplies us with the vital oxygen , which we need to breathe in order to survive. More CO 2 and solar energy will make the plants produce more oxygen - and more carbohydrates, i.e. our food . Some 9 million people die of hunger every year. More CO 2 in the air would therefore be the best for humanity! This message I have delivered at hearings in the Norwegian Parliament (Oslo), the European Parliament (Brussels), and the US Senate (Washington, D.C.), where I have said that actions with the intent of reducing the atmosphere's content of the gas of life CO 2 violate the declarations of Human Rights!



The stable 13C/12C carbon isotopes in the air's CO 2 (Segalstad 1992, and later) give us the only way to determine its anthropogenic fraction: maximum ~4%. This fraction would account for less than 0.5 W/m2, less than 0.1% of the Greenhouse Effect, or ~0.1°C. Clouds have far more temperature regulating power than atmospheric CO 2 .



~96% of the air CO 2 comes from non-fossil-fuel sources, i.e. natural inorganic marine and volcanic degassing. But our stable carbon isotope analysis cannot separate organogenic CO 2 from organisms, and CO 2 from burnt fossil fuel. When studying satellite CO 2 maps, we can estimate that some 3% of CO 2 in air comes from organisms, and only some 1% of the already low amount of CO 2 in air comes from anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels (Segalstad 2018).



Hence the anthropogenic contribution to the global temperature would be some ~0.025°C - completely negligible. Harde (2017; in the scientific journal "Global and Planetary Change") has calculated the anthropogenic part of CO 2 in the air to be only 0.7% .



Isotopic mass balance calculation (Segalstad 1992, and later) finds an air CO 2 lifetime (halflife) ~5 years, like many other studies with other methods. ~18% of air CO 2 is exchanged annually in nature, about 20 times more than added anthropogenically. The ocean's upper 200 m has enough calcium to bind ALL remaining fossil fuel CO 2 as calcium carbonate, which will precipitate, and not dissolve in the upper ocean. IPCC's models for the future climate of the Earth is based on an assumption that anthropogenic doubling of the CO 2 level in the air will lead to a higher temperature in the air. Henry's Law dictates that anthropogenic doubling of the global air CO 2 is impossible . Furthermore, the Lambert-Beer Law points out that there is an exponential attenuation of the "Greenhouse Effect" for further additions of "Greenhouse Effect" gases, like CO 2 . These effects by well established laws of nature have not been considered in the IPCC predictions!



The ocean pH varies considerably in surface water due to temperature. The pH buffers in the ocean constitute an almost infinite buffer capacity, hence the assertion on anthropogenic acidification of the upper ocean, and dissolution of lime there, is not realistic.



The International Energy Agency (IEA) has published that the global anthropogenic releases of CO 2 were constant (not rising) in 2014, 2015, and 2016. But for these years the apparent CO 2 (measured by non-validated instrumental analyses) in the air was continuously rising, and the global temperature has been almost constant for some 20 years (as of 2018). This constitutes a proof that the apparently rising CO 2 level in the air is NOT caused by increasing anthropogenic releases of CO 2 - and that apparently rising CO 2 levels are NOT causing increasing global temperatures .



No scientific experiments have yet shown that increasing amounts of the very low amount of CO 2 in the air will lead to higher air temperatures. All nations in the world are now misled by IPCC to believe that IPCC's computer modeling of an increasing CO 2 level in air will lead to global warming and all kinds of catastrophes - without any proofs at all.



The Sun' s heat radiation is the primary power for making a global climate on Earth. But the Sun's radiation is not constant! The last solar sunspot cycle (No. 24) is the weakest since the late 1700s, when the 40 year long "Dalton solar minimum" started (1790-1830). This solar minimum was associated with lower solar irradiance, and hence lower global temperature. From 1645 to 1715 we had the "Maunder solar minimum" (1645-1715) coexisting with "The Little Ice Age" on Earth - a bitter cold period indeed.



Therefore it is most likely that we are now heading for a new solar minimum with weaker solar radiation, making a colder global climate on Earth, may be lasting for some decades - just because of a "quieter" Sun, regardless of the levels of CO 2 and other "greenhouse gases" in the Earth's atmosphere. These facts are not included in IPCC's prognoses for "a warmer, wetter, and wilder" global climate on Earth. On the contrary, the Earth's global climate has varied throughout the Earth's history - and will continue to vary by natural forces, much stronger than the powers which humans have access to.



A number of peer-reviewed scientific papers are linked below, documenting the abstract above. Enjoy your reading, and please note the facts.







DOWNLOAD my ESEF Vol. 1 Chapter (PDF approx. 200 kbytes):

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DOWNLOAD my ESEF Vol 2 Chapter (PDF approx. 500 kbytes):



Segalstad, T. V. 1998: Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric CO 2 : on the construction of the "Greenhouse Effect Global Warming" dogma. In Bate, R. (Ed.): Global warming: the continuing debate. ESEF, Cambridge, U.K. (ISBN 0952773422), pp. 184-219.





WATCH my "CO2 Experiment" . This video shows that a candle floating on water, burning in the air inside a glass, converts the oxygen in the air to CO 2 . The water rises in the glass because the CO 2 , which replaced the oxygen, is quickly dissolved in the water. The water contains calcium ions Ca++, because we initially dissolved calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 in the water. The CO 2 produced during oxygen burning reacts with the calcium ions to produce solid calcium carbonate CaCO 3 , which is easily visible as a whitening of the water when we switch on a flashlight. This little kitchen experiment demonstrates the inorganic carbon cycle in nature. The oceans take out our anthropogenic CO 2 gas by quickly dissolving it as bicarbonate HCO 3 -, which in turn forms solid calcium carbonate either organically in calcareous organisms or precipitates inorganically. The CaCO 3 is precipitating and not dissolving during this process, because buffering in the ocean maintains a stable pH around 8. We also see that CO 2 reacts very fast with the water, contrary to the claim by the IPCC that it takes 50 - 200 years for this to happen. Try this for yourself in your kitchen!



SE HER mitt "CO2 Eksperiment" . Uten å kunne påberope meg noen ekspertise når det gjelder videoproduksjoner, har jeg laget en liten (bare 36 sekunder lang) video av et kjøkken-eksperiment med CO 2 . Eksperimentet er nesten det samme som de fleste av oss gjorde på skolen, for å vise at luften består av ca. en femtedel oksygen og ca. fire femtedeler nitrogen. Eksperimentet viser at oksygen og nitrogen løses svært dårlig i vann, men at CO 2 løses godt og raskt opp i vann. Denne lille videoen viser at et lite stearinlys flytende på vannet, brenner i luften inni et glass som settes over, ved at oksygenet i luften brenner til CO 2 . Vannet stiger opp i glasset fordi CO 2 , som erstatter oksygenet, raskt oppløses i vannet. Vannet her inneholder kalsiumioner Ca++, fordi vi først løste opp kalsiumhydroksid Ca(OH) 2 i vannet. Den CO 2 som ble produsert da oksygenet brant, reagerer med kalsiumionene for å danne fast kalsiumkarbonat CaCO 3 , som sees tydelig som en blakking av vannet når vi belyser det med lyset fra en lykt.

Dette lille kjøkken-eksperimentet demonstrerer den uorganiske karbonsyklusen i naturen. Oseanene tar ut vår menneskeskapte (antropogene) CO 2 -gass ved raskt å løse den opp som bikarbonat HCO3-, som videre feller ut fast kalsiumkarbonat med oseanenes oppløste kalsiumioner, enten organisk i kalkdannende organismer eller utfelles uorganisk. Vi observerer at kalsiumkarbonat CaCO 3 utfelles, og oppløses ikke ved denne prosessen, fordi bufring i oseanene gjør at det holdes en konstant pH rundt 8. Vi observerer også at CO 2 løses meget raskt opp i vannet, stikk i strid med det som hevdes av FN's klimapanel IPCC, at det skulle ta 50 - 200 år før dette vil skje. Prøv det selv hjemme i ditt eget kjøkken!





DOWNLOAD our report "Atmospheric CO2 and global warming: a critical review - 2nd revised edition" by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Hisdal, V. (1992) published in Norsk Polarinstitutt [Norwegian Polar Institute] Meddelelser [Letters], Vol. 119, 76 pp. (PDF approx. 3.7 Mbytes). Note that this best-selling issue is sold out, and will not be re-issued. The report is now downloadable here, with summary in Norwegian at the end of the report [med norsk sammendrag på slutten av rapporten].





DOWNLOAD our paper "Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO 2 story?" by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Ono, N. (1992) published in the top international environmental scientific journal "Science of the Total Environment" Vol. 114, p. 227 - 284 (PDF approx. 6.5 Mbytes)

DOWNLOAD our geochemical research paper about extremely CO 2 rich volcanics by: Anthony, E. Y., Segalstad, T. V. & Neumann, E.-R. (1989): Unusual mantle source regions for nephelinites from the Oslo Rift, Norway. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, p. 1067-1076 (PDF approx. 1.3 Mbytes).

DOWNLOAD my petrological research paper about these extremely CO 2 rich volcanics: Segalstad, T. V. (1979): Petrology of the Skien basaltic rocks, southwestern Oslo region, Norway. Lithos 12, p. 221-239 (PDF approx. 2.6 Mbytes).

DOWNLOAD my paper on stable isotope analysis: Segalstad, T. V. (1982): Stable Isotope Analysis. In: Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Norwegian Petroleum Society No. 6904, Stavanger, 21 pp (PDF approx. 4 Mbytes).

DOWNLOAD our paper on stable isotope analysis of juvenile CO 2 from the Earth's mantle: O'Reilly, S., Griffin, W. L. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): The nature and role of fluids in the upper mantle: Evidence in xenoliths from Victoria, Australia. In Herbert, H. K. & Ho, S. E. (Eds.): Stable isotopes and fluids in mineralization. Geology Department & University Extension, The University of Western Australia Publ. 23, p. 315-323. (PDF approx. 1.1 Mbytes).





REFERENCES TO SOME OF MY OTHER RELEVANT PAPERS ON CO 2 IN ROCKS, ICE, MELTS, FLUIDS, AND AIR:

Segalstad, T. V. (1978): Petrology of the Skien basaltic rocks and the early basaltic (B 1 ) volcanism of the Permian Oslo rift. In Neumann, E.-R. & Ramberg, I. B. (Eds.): Petrology and geochemistry of continental rifts. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 209-216. Anthony, E. Y., Segalstad, T. V. & Neumann, E.-R. (1987): Characterization of mantle source regions for alkali basalts from a continental rift zone: The Oslo Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 19, p. 573. Anthony, E. Y. & Segalstad, T. V. (1988): Unusual mantle source regions for nephe­li­nite magmas from the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Geological Society (London) Newsletter 17, No. 1, p. 44. Segalstad, T. V. (1983): Eksplosive vulkanutbrudd - 100 år siden Krakatau-utbruddet. Naturen 107, No. 5-6, p. 163-169. Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Analysis of dissolved solids in fluid inclusion waters from the Drammen Granite, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 23 (5), p. 148. Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Fluid inclusion gas analysis of hydrothermal vein molybdenum deposits associated with the Drammen granite in the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 42, p. 195-203. Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. R. & Segalstad, T. V. (1992): Hydrothermal fluid chemistry of fluid inclusion extracted gases and salts of the Drammen granites, Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. 20th Nordic Geologic Winter Meeting, Reykjavik, p. 181. Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T. V. & Hisdal, V. 1990: Atmospheric CO 2 and global warming: a critical review. Norsk Polarinstitutts Rapportserie 59, 1-75 & i-ii. Jaworowski, Z., Hoff, P., Lund, W., Hagen, J.O. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): Radial migration of impurities in the glacier ice cores. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 71 pp. Segalstad, T. V. & Jaworowski, Z. (1991): CO 2 og globalt klima. Kjemi 51 (10), p. 13-15. Segalstad, T. V. (1997): Die CO 2 -Verteilung in Atmosphäre, Hydrospäre und Lithosphäre; minimale Auswirkung von anthropogenem CO 2 auf den globalen Treibhaus-effekt. In Emsley, J. (Ed.): Die Klima-Diskussion. ESEF, Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K., p. 36-48.





Klikk for å lese om Islands vulkanisme, og bl.a. hvor mye CO 2 som kommer fra islandske vulkaner.

Click to read about Iceland's volcanism, and how much CO 2 comes from Icelandic volcanoes [in Norwegian, with animations of the April 2010 eruption].

The animation above I made from multiple web camera frames; courtesy of http://eldgos.mila.is.





LAST NED min artikkel "Eksplosive vulkanutbrudd - 100 år siden Krakatau-utbruddet" fra Naturen, Vol. 107, No. 5-6, side 163-169; 1983 (ca. 1.5 Mbyte).





DOWNLOAD my "What is CO 2 - friend or foe?" Invited Speaker PowerPoint Presentation for the KTH International Climate Seminar, Stockholm, 11 Sept. 2006 (expanded version; approx. 6.5 Mbytes); updated 23 April 2008.

DOWNLOAD my abstract "What is CO 2 - friend or foe?" presented at 9th International Symposium on Mining in the Arctic, Norway, 10 Sept. 2007, Program & Abstracts, p. 9-10 (PDF file; approx. 18 kbytes).

DOWNLOAD my abstract "Carbon isotope mass balance modelling of atmospheric vs. oceanic CO 2 ." presented at 33rd International Geological Congress, Norway, 8 Aug. 2008, Program & Abstracts (PDF; 57 kBytes).





DOWNLOAD my abstract "The amount of non-fossil CO 2 in the atmosphere." Oral and poster presentation at the AGU (American Geophysical Union) Chapman Conference on Climate, Volcanism, and Global Change, March 23 - 27, 1992, Hilo, Hawaii; Abstracts, page 25 (PDF 33 kbytes)





DOWNLOAD my extended abstract "Stable isotope geochemistry applied to paleoclimatological and greenhouse gas problems." Invited Keynote Lecture, 1st International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry (AIG), Aug. 29 - Sept. 3, 1993, Geiranger, Norway. Program and Abstracts, Institutt for Energiteknikk, IFE/KR/E-93/007 (ISSN 0333-2039; ISBN 82-7017-130-1), pages 95 - 96 (PDF 43 kbytes)











DOWNLOAD my guest editorial article "Correct timing is everything - also for CO 2 in the air." Segalstad, T.V. 2009: Correct timing is everything - also for CO 2 in the air. CO 2 Science, Vol. 12, No. 31; 5 August 2009 (PDF 51 kbytes). LINK to "CO 2 Science" HERE.