On Friday morning, employees at Twitter's Hamburg offices were forced to step over hate-fueled messages, such as "Hitler did nothing wrong," and "Retweet if you hate Muslims," stenciled on the street in front of their office.

The stencils were plastered outside Twitter's German headquarters by Berlin-based author and satirist, Shahak Shapira, who wanted to take a stand after the social network had failed to take down any of the 300 tweets he had reported for their hateful and racist content.

Read more: Hate speech curb should look beyond Facebook, Twitter

In a video in which he explained the stunt, Shapira said: "The statements I reported weren't just plain insults or jokes, but absolutely serious threats of violence, homophobia, xenophobia or Holocaust denial. Things that nobody should say and nobody should read."

Shapira received just nine responses from Twitter to more than 300 flags. All responses said the same thing: that the content of the tweets did not violate the social network's policy on hate speech and harassment. "So I thought: 'OK, if Twitter forces me to see those things, then they'll have to see them too,'" Shapira said.

Shapira, an Israeli Jew, also grabbed headlines in January, when his 'Yolocaust' project combined photos of people posing by the Holocaust memorial in Berlin with footage from Nazi concentration camps.

Twitter's hate speech problem

According to Twitter's policies, limitations on speech are kept to a bare minimum. Users are told that they "may not promote violence against or directly attack or threaten other people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or disease."

However, Twitter's efforts have not satisfied policymakers in Europe in particular. In June, the European Commission singled out Twitter and YouTube for lagging behind in complying to the EU's voluntary "code of conduct," a legislation that requires tech firms to review reported content within 24 hours.

The Commission found that Twitter only provided feedback in just over 30 percent of cases.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Free speech or illegal content? Whether hate speech, propaganda or activism, governments across the globe have upped efforts to curb content deemed illegal from circulating on social networks. From drawn-out court cases to blanket bans, DW examines how some countries try to stop the circulation of illicit content while others attempt to regulate social media.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Social media law After a public debate in Germany, a new law on social media came into effect in October. The legislation imposes heavy fines on social media companies, such as Facebook, for failing to take down posts containing hate speech. Facebook and other social media companies have complained about the law, saying that harsh rules might lead to unnecessary censorship.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Right to be forgotten In 2014, the European Court of Justice ruled that European citizens had the right to request search engines, such as Google and Bing, remove "inaccurate, inadequate, irrelevant or excessive" search results linked to their name. Although Google has complied with the ruling, it has done so reluctantly, warning that it could make the internet as "free as the world's least free place."

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Blanket ban In May 2017, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Russian social media platforms and web services. The blanket ban affected millions of Ukrainian citizens, many of whom were anxious about their data. The move prompted young Ukrainians to protest on the streets, calling for the government to reinstate access to platforms that included VKontakte (VK), Russia's largest social network.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Safe Harbor In 2015, the European Court of Justice ruled that Safe Harbor, a 15-year-old pact between the US and EU that allowed the transfer of personal data without prior approval, was effectively invalid. Austrian law student Max Schrems launched the legal proceedings against Facebook in response to revelations made by former US National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, Edward Snowden.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Regulation In China, the use of social media is highly regulated by the government. Beijing has effectively blocked access to thousands of websites and platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest. Instead, China offers its citizens access to local social media platforms, such as Weibo and WeChat, which boast hundreds of millions of monthly users.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Twitter bans Russia-linked accounts Many politicians and media outlets blame Russia's influence for Donald Trump's election victory in 2016. Moscow reportedly used Facebook, Twitter, Google, and Instagram to shape public opinion on key issues. In October 2017, Twitter suspended over 2,750 accounts due to alleged Russian propaganda. The platform also banned ads from RT (formerly Russia Today) and the Sputnik news agency.

Fighting for the internet: Social media, governments and tech companies Facebook announces propaganda-linked tool With social media under pressure for allowing alleged Russian meddling, Facebook announced a new project to combat such efforts in November 2017. The upcoming page will give users a chance to check if they "liked" or followed an alleged propaganda account on Facebook or Instagram. Meanwhile, Facebook has come under fire for not protecting user data in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Author: Lewis Sanders IV (dj)



In a statement to the Reuters news agency, Twitter's head of public policy for Europe, Karen White, said: "Over the past six months, we've introduced a host of new tools and features to improve Twitter for everyone. We've also improved the in-app reporting process for our users and we continue to review and iterate on our policies and their enforcement."

Facebook, by contrast, managed to issue a timely response within almost 94 percent of cases, according to the Commission's report. Its ability to provide timely feedback was echoed by Shapira, who said of the 150 comments he had reported to Facebook, 80 percent were removed within one to three days.

Social networks face stern laws in Germany

Twitter's sluggishness to adequately tackle hate speech could have major financial repercussions. In June, Germany became the first country to introduce legal guidelines against online hate speech, after the Bundestag passed a controversial new law imposing fines on social media companies that fail to delete hateful content within 24 hours.

Read more: Opinion: Social media monitoring law a step in the right direction

Justifying the legislation, German Justice Minister Heiko Maas, said the new law wasn't designed to curb freedom of expression but was instead a prerequisite for it. "We do not accept the fact that companies in Germany do not adhere to the law," he said.

Critics of the law, however, worry that it could lead to social networks deleting a flurry of flagged posts, just to be on the safe side, without properly checking them.