The image here displays Saturns rings, which differ from those studied but are a good visualization. Credit: NASA

Moons orbiting planets outside our solar system could offer another clue about the pool of worlds that may be home to extra-terrestrial life, according to an astrophysicist at the University of Lincoln.

Exoplanets are planets outside our solar system and up to this point nearly 4,000 have been discovered. Only a small proportion of these are likely to be able to sustain life, existing in what is known as the habitable zone. But some planets, especially large gas giants, may harbour moons which contain liquid water.

Dr. Sutton said: "These moons can be internally heated by the gravitational pull of the planet they orbit, which can lead to them having liquid water well outside the normal narrow habitable zone for planets that we are currently trying to find Earth-like planets in. I believe that if we can find them, moons offer a more promising avenue to finding extra-terrestrial life."

This interest has inspired Dr. Sutton's latest research, which looked at the possibility of moons orbiting the exoplanet J1407b, analysing whether they may have caused gaps in the planet's ring system.

Because of their size and distance from Earth, exomoons are very difficult to detect. Scientists have to locate them by looking for the effect they have on objects around them, such as planetary rings.

Dr. Sutton ran computer simulations to model the rings around J1407b, which are 200 times larger than those around Saturn. Gravitational forces between all particles were calculated and used to update the positions, velocities and accelerations in the computer models of the planet and its ring system. He then added a moon that orbited at various ratios outside of the rings to test whether this caused gaps to form where expected over 100 orbital periods.

Findings revealed that while the orbiting moon did have an effect on the scattering of particles along the ring edge, the expected gaps in the ring structure were unlikely to be caused by the gravitational forces of a currently unseen moon orbiting outside the rings.

Explore further Searching for alien life on other moons

More information: Phil J Sutton, Mean motion resonances with nearby moons: an unlikely origin for the gaps observed in the ring around the exoplanet J1407b, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2019). arxiv.org/abs/1902.09285 Journal information: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Phil J Sutton, Mean motion resonances with nearby moons: an unlikely origin for the gaps observed in the ring around the exoplanet J1407b,(2019). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz563