In the first part of this series, I presented a simple solution to run selenium based tests from inside a container, using Docker and Docker Compose.

While this solution serves the cause of orchestrating the Selenium server and the tests, it does not address more specific problems that would inevitably happen in a Continuous Integration environment.

There are a few improvements than can be made:

Prebuild the Docker image for better performances

Specify dependencies among the containers to run the tests only when all the dependencies are ready (selenium, the app itself, ...)

Specify browser type/version

Stop the containers when the tests are completed

Report the right exit code to the CI when the Docker container ends its execution, in order to correctly mark the build

Prebuild the Docker image

This is what the docker-compose.yml file looked like in part I:

app.local: build: . command: npm test -- --host selenium links: - selenium

I am changing the tests to point to a locally running application, so it needs to be running alongside the tests:

# package.json ... "scripts": { "start: "node src/index.js", "test": "wdio wdio.conf" }, ...

To run it, another container can be added to the docker-compose.yml file:

app.local: build: . command: npm start tests: build: . command: npm test -- --host selenium ...

Here I basically want to run two different commands from the same Docker image, but it is being built twice now.

The solution to this problem is to pre-build the image and then run commands from it. This also makes the docker-compose file cleaner.

To do this I'm going to use a small shell scripts that builds the image and then starts docker-compose :

#!/usr/bin/env bash echo "Starting Docker build" DOCKER_IMAGE="integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0}" docker build --rm -t ${DOCKER_IMAGE} . && docker-compose up

I am declaring what the name of the image will be (note that I'm assuming that a BUILD_COUNTER env variable is available, in case it's not it'll fallback to zero). I'm building the image, tagging it with the name chosen in point 1. If the build is succesfull, the stack is started.

With the image being built outside our Docker compose orchestration, the docker-compose.yml file can be updated:

app.local: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm start tests: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm test -- --host selenium ...

NOTE: The ${BUILDCOUNTER:-0} syntax allows to refer to an environment variable ( BUILDCOUNTER ) and in case it is not defined, Docker will fall back to 0 . Find more information about environment variables interpolation on the Docker website.

Now two isolated containers are using the same image to run different commands.

This is the docker-compose.yml file so far:

app.local: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm start expose: - "3000" tests: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm test -- --host selenium selenium: image: selenium/standalone-chrome expose: - "4444" log_driver: "none"

Specify dependencies between the containers

Another subtle problem that can arise as the number of independent containers increases, is managing the dependencies among them: what if the tests start before the Selenium server is ready, or before the mock server is listening?

This may not happen every time, but it's a problem that can seriously undermine the stability of our tests, and in turn our confidence in them.

To define dependencies in a docker-compose file, depends_on is the way to go.

From the official Docker documentation, depends_on :

Express dependency between services, which has two effects: docker-compose up will start services in dependency order.

will start services in dependency order. docker-compose up SERVICE will automatically include SERVICE 's dependencies.

but also

There are several things to be aware of when using depends_on : depends_on will not wait for the dependencies to be "ready" before

starting SERVICE - only until they have been started. If you need to wait for a service to be ready, see Controlling startup order for more on this problem and strategies for solving it.

Version 3 no longer supports the condition form of depends_on .

The depends_on option is ignored when deploying a stack in swarm mode with a version 3 Compose file.

With this in mind, the configuration can be improved like this:

app.local: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm start expose: - "3000" tests: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm test -- --host selenium depends_on: - selenium - app.local selenium: image: selenium/standalone-chrome expose: - "4444" log_driver: "none"

Now the tests container will wait until app.local and selenium have been started.

This, though, doesn't mean that the services are ready and listening. The "readiness" of the service is specific to every application, so Docker cannot help here: wait-for-it can.

wait-for-it.sh is a pure bash script that will wait on the availability of a host and TCP port. It is useful for synchronizing the spin-up of interdependent services, such as linked docker containers.

With wait-for-it the docker-compose.yml becomes:

tests: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: ["./wait-for-it.sh", "selenium:4444", "--", "npm", "test", "--", "--hostname", "selenium"] depends_on: - selenium - app.local

Note: This setup is only waiting for selenium to be "ready" as it's the slowest of the two services.

Waiting on a condition like the above for multiple services (for example selenium on port 4444 and app.local on port 3000) is a problem for which I haven't found an elegant solution yet, so there's a tradeoff here (although a possible workaround can be found on github).

Choose a specific browser/browser version

Usually, tests need to target a specific browser version/make.

To do this the docker-compose configuration can be tweaked to run a Selenium grid (hub) and have different browsers connect to it.

The grid can:

scale by distributing tests on several machines ( parallel execution )

) manage multiple environments from a central point, making it easy to run the tests against a vast combination of browsers/OS .

. minimize the maintenance time for the grid by allowing you to implement custom hooks to leverage virtual infrastructure for instance.

For now the second point is of more interest, but parallel execution is definitely a very nice to have feature.

With the grid, we need at least one node (browser) that will connect to it and eventually run the tests.

The configuration for Selenium looks like this at the moment:

selenium: image: selenium/standalone-chrome expose: - "4444" log_driver: "none"

The new configuration, a bit more verbose:

selenium-hub: image: selenium/hub:3.141.59-neon container_name: selenium-hub expose: - "4444" chrome: image: selenium/node-chrome:3.141.59-neon volumes: - /dev/shm:/dev/shm depends_on: - selenium-hub - app.local environment: - HUB_HOST=selenium-hub - HUB_PORT=4444 - CHROME_VERSION=62.0.3202.94

The selenium-hub container will accept connections from the nodes.

The chrome container depends on selenium-hub .

A link to the tests container is added so that this container (chrome) can talk to the application.

The grid's hostname and port can be specified through environment variables ( HUB_HOST=selenium-hub , HUB_PORT=4444 ), same for the browser's version required ( CHROME_VERSION=62.0.3202.94 ).

The new docker-compose file, including all the improvements so far:

version: "3" services: app.local: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: npm start expose: - "3000" tests: image: integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0} command: ["./wait-for-it.sh", "selenium-hub:4444", "--", "npm", "test", "--", "--hostname", "selenium-hub"] depends_on: - selenium-hub - app.local selenium-hub: image: selenium/hub:3.141.59-neon container_name: selenium-hub expose: - "4444" chrome: image: selenium/node-chrome:3.141.59-neon volumes: - /dev/shm:/dev/shm depends_on: - selenium-hub - app.local environment: - HUB_HOST=selenium-hub - HUB_PORT=4444 - CHROME_VERSION=google-chrome-stable

Note: I added versions to the docker images to make sure new releases don't break the example :)

Also note that the name app.local was chosen because Chrome tends to redirect non-local domains to https. To prevent this from happening I added the .local domain to the dns name.

Stop the container when the tests are completed and report the right exit code to CI

The current configuration starts up all the containers in order, runs the tests with a specific browser, but never stops the container because selenium-hub and app.local are long running processes that listen on a port forever.

Regardless of when the tests are completed, these services will keep listening and never return: the CI process will therefore never complete.

All the containers need to be stopped when the tests are completed, the exit code from the tests container taken and returned to the CI, so that it can mark the build as passing or failing.

docker-compose accepts --abort-on-container-exit and --exit-code-from SERVICE :

--abort-on-container-exit stops all containers if any container was stopped.

stops all containers if any container was stopped. --exit-code-from SERVICE return the exit code of the selected SERVICE container. Implies --abort-on-container-exit .

The bash script can be now modified to include these two options:

#!/usr/bin/env bash echo "Starting Docker build" DOCKER_IMAGE="integration-tests:${BUILD_COUNTER:-0}" echo DOCKER_IMAGE: ${DOCKER_IMAGE} docker build --rm -t ${DOCKER_IMAGE} . docker-compose up --exit-code-from tests docker-compose down

Note: I added docker-compose down to cleanup after everything's done.

Conclusions

Making the tests execution more reliable and flexible helps a lot with achieving that confidence that is so needed when it comes to functional/e2e tests being used as gatekeepers to production.

Part III will look into debugging during execution using the browser running inside the container and saving reports on the CI to be used for port-mortem analysis.

You can find a working version of this example on Github.

Happy hacking!