England suffered its driest spring in a century last month, leaving fields parched and many rivers at record lows, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) said on Friday, as government officials met experts and utilities to discuss the drought conditions prevailing in many parts of the country.

But Scotland, by contrast, had its wettest spring on record for the three-month period of March, April and May, showing the wide regional variation. Much of the south-east of England has also escaped drought.

Most reservoir stocks throughout northern Scotland and Northern Ireland were described as "healthy" by the CEH, the public sector research centre charged with collating drought data. For England and Wales as a whole in May, stocks were within 4% of the early June average. In areas such as London, stocks are also estimated within 10% of capacity, but in the south-west, Wales and the Midlands, reservoir stocks are 10-20% below where they should be at this time of year.

Terry Marsh, senior hydrologist at the CEH, said: "Late May soils were the driest on record across large parts of eastern and central England, causing substantial agricultural stress [and] impacting on crop yields. Currently, the most evident hydrological impact of the drought is on river flows across much of southern Britain – flows in responsive rivers were close to, or below, previous late-May minima over wide areas."

The drought conditions will continue even if rainfall returns in the next two months, because the soils are so dry it will take longer to recover than usual.

Marsh explained: "The very moderate infiltration since the winter has left groundwater levels below, to well below, average across most major aquifers. Above-average summer rainfall would ameliorate the drought's impact but with soils still exceptionally dry in much of southern Britain drought stress will continue with an expected substantial delay in seasonal recovery in runoff and recharge rates and, correspondingly, notably low autumn flows."

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) confirmed on Friday that Anglia was suffering a severe drought, and is expected to confirm soon drought conditions in parts of the south-west of England, the Midlands and Wales.

Farmers have been worst hit, but other companies – such as food processors, energy companies and some manufacturers – that rely heavily on abstracting water from rivers or underground sources are expected to experience problems. The amount of water they are allowed to abstract is to be cut in the worst affected areas. The Environment Agency said it was difficult to predict accurately at this stage exactly which businesses would be hit.

National Farmers Union president, Peter Kendall, said on Friday: "Let's make sure we make food production a priority. That we talk to farmers in advance, we don't just turn the taps right off. That we allow farmers to eke out supplies. It would be crazy, with such a big investment in the value of crops if you say 'that's it, no water from now on'. We'd much rather say 'actually it's getting low – you can have 30%, 40% of your water."

However, water companies are hopeful that consumers may get off lightly. Caroline Spelman, secretary of state for the environment, said: "Water companies are confident that supplies are high enough so that widespread restrictions to the public are unlikely. We're doing all we can to reduce the impact on agriculture and wildlife, but everyone can play their part. Households know how to use less water and everyone can do their bit to use water more wisely, not only through the summer but throughout the year."

Friday's meeting, attended by Defra officials and meteorologists as well as business representatives, was one of a series of government-held emergency meetings to monitor and respond to the drought situation. Next Tuesday, Natural England will meet environmental groups and their views, as well as the CEH data, will be fed into a major "drought summit" to take place in the next few weeks, the second such summit so far.

The first, on 16 May, chaired by Spelman, brought together the Environment Agency, farmers representatives and officials from the water industry.

The Environment Agency is also undertaking emergency measures in some places, such as moving fish from drying up rivers to safer habitats, and pumping oxygen into depleted rivers to save aquatic life.