1824 Providence- white mobs attack blacks for refusing to get off sidewalk; destroy 20 buildings in black district. #Ferguson #whiteriots

1841 Cincinnati-white mobs riot against black dock workers using a cannon, destroying property & killing an unknown number. #whiteriots

1842-Philadelphia white mobs attack a black parade and riot for 3 days, beating many, looting black homes & burning a church. #whiteriots

A reminder of what the term “race riot” has usually meant throughout American history. This list is NOT comprehensive, and does not include events such as the Anti-Filipino Riots , Rosewood, the Zoot Suit Riots or the 26 anti-black race riots during the Summer of 1919. But they offer a glimpse.

NY Draft Riots 1863 NY Draft Riots NY Draft Riots- mob hunting black women and children The draft riots in New York

1863 Detroit-after a sensationalist rape trial white mobs riot, beating and killing blacks and burning down some 35 buildings. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1866 New Orleans- whites attack black political parade outside the Mechanics Institute in New Orleans; 38 killed and 46 wounded. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1866 Memphis-white mobs riot against black Union soldiers; 46 blacks killed, 5 black women raped, 100 buildings looted & burned #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

“shooting down Negroes in the morning” – Memphis Race Riot 1866 1866 Memphis Riot- white mobs burn black school #whiteriots

1868 Louisiana-"Opelousas Massacre" political riots result in over 1000 armed whites massacring perhaps over 100 black opponents #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1870 Laurens, SC- mob of 2500 armed whites riot against local freedman's militia, black officeholders & their white allies. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1870 Eutaw, Alabama- in political unrest, white mobs spark riots at polling places to terrorize and intimidate black voters. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1871 Meridian, MS- rioting white mobs kill 30 blacks over several days. local black homes burned along with a black school. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 26, 2014

1873 Colifax, LA- armed white mobs riot against black officeholders, burning courthouse with blacks inside, killing 60 to 150. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

Colfax Massacre 1873, Louisiana. Image: New York Times April 16 1873 Colfax Massacre, Louisiana 1873. Survivors dragging away the dead and injured

1874 Vicksburg, MS- white citizens, angered by black voters and officeholders, erupt into a riot. 31 people were killed. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1874 Coushatta, Louisiana- paramilitary White League sparks riot killing some 20 freedmen officeholders and their white allies. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1874 Liberty Place Riot- in Louisiana 5000 White League members riot against local govt seen favorable to blacks. 40 killed. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1876 Hamburg, SC- armed white mobs riot in local black district, killing members of black militia and looting the town. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1898 Wilmington, NC- white mob of 2000 attacks black newspaper, rampaging & looting black district. 15 to 60 blacks killed. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

gathering white mob. Wilmington North Carolina riots1898 Wilmington massacre, NC

1898 Phoenix, SC- white mobs riot to stop blacks from voting, killing many prominent blacks, chasing others from their homes. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1898 Lake City, SC- white mob riots against black postmaster, burning his home, killing him and his infant 1 yr old daughter. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1906 Atlanta- 10,000 whites rampage thru black Atlanta for 3 days. 40 blacks killed, black property burned, forced to flee city #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

Atlanta Georgia Race Riots September 1906

1908 Springfield, IL- for two days white mobs riot in black district. 2 blacks killed, 40 homes & 20 businesses destroyed. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

1917 St. Louis- 3000 strong white mob burn & loot black homes & destroy local black business district. 100 to 200 blacks killed. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

African American History in STL At the Municipal Lodging House During the East St Louis Race Riot – Crisis Magazine, 1917

1921 Tulsa- white mobs riot in black business district. 10,000 left homeless; 35 blocks destroyed; 800 injured; 25 to 300 killed #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

Tulsa Race Riot 1921 3rd June 1921: Martial law in Tulsa

for most of America's history "race riot" meant white supremacy asserting itself through ritualized violence. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

modern American notions of "race riot" pull from images of the 1960s: Watts & Detroit. but the term has a much longer history. #whiteriots — Disgruntled Haradrim (@pdjeliclark) November 27, 2014

p.s Unrelated – Post-game riots at West Virginia University

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Read more by Phenderson Djeli Clark find him on Twitter @pdjeliclark

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