The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday finalized new rules that for the first time will require U.S. food manufacturers to develop and implement detailed plans to prevent foodborne illness.

The two long-awaited regulations move the government closer to implementing the Food Safety Modernization Act, a sweeping overhaul of food-safety oversight that Congress passed five years ago. The seven major rules that comprise the law—all due to be finalized next year—are aimed at modernizing food-manufacturing processes after a...