[Hint: The idea is to create pages for the stuff, not just link it.]

C/C++

There a various tools which make it easier to bridge the gap between Python and C/C++:

Pyrex - write your extension module on Python

Cython -- Cython -- an improved version of Pyrex

CXX - PyCXX - helper lib for writing Python extensions in C++

ctypes is a Python module allowing to create and manipulate C data types in Python. These can then be passed to C-functions loaded from dynamic link libraries.

elmer - compile and run python code from C, as if it was written in C

PicklingTools is a collection of libraries for exchanging Python Dictionaries between C++ and Python.

weave - include C code lines in Python program (deprecated in favor of Cython)

ackward exposes parts of Python's standard library as idiomatic C++

CFFI - interact with almost any C code from Python, based on C-like declarations that you can often copy-paste from header files or documentation.

C/C++ Binding Generators

Tools to make C/C++ functions/methods accessible from Python by generating binding (Python extension or module) from header files.

boost.python - Expose C++ classes functions and objects to Python, and vice-versa, using just C++ compiler

PyAutoC - Automatically wrap C functions and structs, using just C compiler.

pwig is a SWIG extension for writing new language modules in Python.

PyBindGen Python bindings code generator for pure C or C++ APIs. The generator is written in Python and has low complexity. The generated code is lean, efficient, and highly readable

shiboken - Binding Generator used to create PySide Python bindings for Qt

SIP - similar to SWIG but specialised for Python and C++. Used to create PyQt, the Qt API wrapper library

SWIG - generate extension module from your .h files

pybind11 - Similar to Boost.Python, but with a lean header-only implementation for C++11-capable compilers.

pyclif - Google tool. Similar to SWIG, but user-friendly and targeted only C++11 well-written libs.

cppyy - Fast, automatic, Python-C++ bindings, including run-time template instantiations, cross-inheritance, auto-casting, etc.

Scapix Language Bridge - generates Python (and other languages) bindings directly from C++ headers.

Articles

Using Python as glue SciPy Documentation

Building Hybrid Systems with Boost.Python in C/C++ User Journal (2003)

Integrating Python, C and C++, presented at the ACCU conference by Duncan Booth (2003)

Embedding Python in Multi-Threaded C/C++ Applications in LinuxJournal (2000)

Related

Delphi

Python4Delphi - Python for Delphi is a set of free components that wrap up the Python Dll into Delphi. (https://github.com/pyscripter/python4delphi)

Fortran

F2PY - Fortran to Python Interface Generator (http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/)

PyFort - The Python-Fortran connection tool (http://pyfortran.sourceforge.net/)

Lisp

CLPython - Python implemented in Common Lisp

Lython (archived page) - Lisp front-end for Python

Pymacs - integration of Python with Emacs Lisp

Prolog

PyLog (actually two different products)

prolog a simple interface to SWI-Prolog

bedevere - Python wrapper to GNU Prolog http://bedevere.sourceforge.net/

pwig includes examples of wrapping Python for SWI-Prolog.

pyswip is a ctypes based module that enables querying SWI-Prolog.

See also http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Python+prolog

Java

Jython - Python implemented in Java

JPype - Allows Python to run java commands

Jepp - Java embedded Python

JCC - a C++ code generator for calling Java from C++/Python

Javabridge - a package for running and interacting with the JVM from CPython

py4j - Allows Python to run java commands.

voc - Part of BeeWare suite. Converts python code to Java bytecode.

p2j - Converts Python code to Java. No longer developed.

C#/.NET

ActiveState supports Python .NET.

Python for .NET is a near-seamless integration of the CPython runtime with the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR).

IronPython is an implementation of Python for .net, which allows you to import .net class libraries seamlessly in Python.

Perl

See http://www.faqts.com/knowledge_base/view.phtml/aid/17202/fid/1102

PyPerl http://search.cpan.org/dist/pyperl/

Inline::Python

PyPerlish - Perl idioms in Python

For converting/porting Perl code to Python the tool 'Bridgekeeper' http://www.crazy-compilers.com/bridgekeeper/ may be handy.

PHP

PiP (Python in PHP) http://www.csh.rit.edu/~jon/projects/pip/

PHP "Serialize" in Python http://hurring.com/scott/code/python/serialize/ (broken link; see the Web Archive Wayback Machine for the latest working version)

R

Objective-C

Tcl

elmer - compile and run python code from Tcl, as if it was written in Tcl

TclPython - A package for Tcl that allows you to pass strings of Python code from a Tcl environment to a Python (Python 2.x or 3.x) interpreter.

Tcl and other languages - Tcl's equivalent of this page.

Lua

LunaticPython - a two-way bridge between Python and Lua.

Lupa - fast wrapper for LuaJIT2 written in Cython.

Lux - a mutant Lua emphasizing interoperation with Python, Perl, etc.

OCaml

Pycaml - write Python extension modules in OCaml (instead of C), and use Python code and native libraries from OCaml programs.

Eiffel and Haskell

Eiffel/Haskell http://epolyglot.sourceforge.net/ (last updated 2001)

PythonVsHaskell has a section "Using both Python & Haskell with ctypes".

Other (applications)

LotusNotes http://www.dominopower.com/issuesprint/issue200008/command.html

PostgreSQL http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue80/nielsen.html

RenderMan http://www.lysator.liu.se/~ture/terry.html

CorbaPython: for a generic solution to language integration

to name a few. There are much more...

Other (standards and protocols)

XMLRPC and SOAP

Yaml: http://www.yaml.org

See also

Thinki: UsingPythonWithOtherLanguages