In the last one month lot of great things happening in fsharp world around suave, a simple web development fsharp library. Scott Hanselman blogged about it, Tomas Petricek kick-started an awesome hands on session and followed up with a great talk on Channel 9. Last but not the least, Tomasz Heimowski authored a clear and crisp book on Suave

I got super excited after learning suave from these resources and started playing with it. One of the great things about the fsharp community is, if you want to improve any existing library all you need is just send a pull request with the feature you would like to have. Yes, it’s as simple as that! It worked for me and I am sure for you too, if you wish.

In this blog post, you are going to learn how to build a REST api using suave. The REST api that we are going to create here follows the standard being used in the StrongLoop, a node.js REST api library. To keep things simple, we are not going to see validation and error handling as part of this post and I will be covering that in an another post.

Let’s get started

Setting up the project

Create a new “F# Console Application” project in Visual Studio with the name SuaveRestApi and rename Program.fs to App.fs . This file is going to contain the application bootstrap logic. Add two more files Db.fs and RestFul.fs which would contain database access and restful api implementation code respectively. Ensure these files are in the order as shown in below.

After creating, install the following nuget packages

WebPart

The basic building block of Suave is WebPart. It is an alias of function type HttpContext -> Async<HttpContext option> . This simple function type actually model whole set of Request and Response model of Http protocol. From the Tomasz Heimowski’s book here is the definition of the WebPart

Based on the http context, we give you a promise (async) of optional resulting http context, where the resulting context is likely to have its response set with regards to the logic of the WebPart itself

A WebPart represents a http request and response. Since it is a function, we can combine multiple WebPart s together and build a complex web application which handles multiple requests and responses. This is the beauty of functional programming. You just think in terms of one function at a time and make it work. Once you are done, all you need to do is just gluing them together. Solving problems using this functional abstraction will make things much easier and help you to write less code compare to its Object Oriented version.

The OK webpart is a very simple one in Suave which takes a string and returns a http response with the status code 200 and the given string. Add the following code in the App.fs and run the console app.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 open Suave.Web open Suave.Successful [< EntryPoint >] let main argv = startWebServer defaultConfig ( OK "Hello, Suave!" ) 0

The is the simplest Suave application that greets all visitors with the string “Hello, Suave!”. The startWebServer is a blocking function that takes a configuration (port number, ssl, etc.,) and starts a http web server in the port 8083 upon calling.

The Rest Api that we are going to design here is a WebPart which will be replacing this OK webpart.

HTTP GET

Let’s begin by defining a record type representing a restful resource. Open Restful.fs and update it as below

1 2 3 4 5 6 namespace SuaveRestApi . Rest [< AutoOpen >] module RestFul = type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq }

This RestResource is a container representing all the operations on a restful resource. This record type abstracts the actual resource from the rest api web part. This enables the reuse of rest api web part across multiple resources.

Let’s create a function in RestFul.fs which takes a resource name and this RestResource and returns a web part representing the restful api.

1 2 3 // string -> RestResource<'a> -> WebPart let rest resourceName resource = // TODO

We are going to use the following building blocks of the suave library to implement the rest function.

The path is a function of type: string -> WebPart . It means that if we give it a string it will return WebPart . Under the hood, the function looks at the incoming request and returns Some if the paths match, and None otherwise.

The GET is a static inbuilt WebPart which matches the HTTP GET requests.

The >=> operator composes two WebParts into one by first evaluating the WebPart on the left, and applying the WebPart on the right only if the first one returned Some .

To return a json response we need to change the mime type to “application/json” of the response. There is an inbuilt function in suave to do this but it is using .Net’s DataContractJsonSerializer . I feel it’s not ideal to use as we need to write decorator attribute DataMember to serialize the types.

As Newtonsoft.Json provides serialization support for fsharp types without any need of decorating attributes, we will be using them there.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 // 'a -> WebPart let JSON v = let jsonSerializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings () jsonSerializerSettings . ContractResolver <- new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver () JsonConvert . SerializeObject ( v , jsonSerializerSettings ) |> OK >=> Writers . setMimeType "application/json; charset=utf-8"

As the signature indicates JSON function takes a generic type, serialize it using Newtonsoft.Json and return the json response. Writers.setMimeType takes a mime type and a web part returns the web part with the given mime type.

Now we have everything to implement the HTTP GET request

1 2 3 4 let rest resourceName resource = let resourcePath = "/" + resourceName let gellAll = resource . GetAll () |> JSON path resourcePath >=> GET >=> getAll

The one caveat here is the path resolution of Suave library. Based on the webpart given, the startWebServer function configures it’s internal routing table during the application startup and it is static after the application has been started. So, the getAll webpart will be created only during application startup. To avoid this, we need to wrap the getAll webpart with a warbler function which ensures that it is called only when the incoming request matches the given resource path.

1 2 3 4 let rest resourceName resource = let resourcePath = "/" + resourceName let gellAll = warbler ( fun _ -> resource . GetAll () |> JSON ) path resourcePath >=> GET >=> getAll

Now we have the middleware to create a web part. Let’s create other things and glue them together.

Open Db.fs file and add the following code

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 namespace SuaveRestApi . Db open System.Collections.Generic type Person = { Id : int Name : string Age : int Email : string } module Db = let private peopleStorage = new Dictionary < int , Person > () let getPeople () = peopleStorage . Values |> Seq . map ( fun p -> p )

Since it’s a sample application, I am just using an in memory dictionary to store the details of people. You can easily replace this with any data source. The Person type represents the People resource of the rest api.

The next step is wiring the Restful web part with the application. Open App.fs and update it as below

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 open SuaveRestApi.Rest open SuaveRestApi.Db open Suave.Web open Suave.Http.Successful [< EntryPoint >] let main argv = let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople } startWebServer defaultConfig personWebPart 0

That’s it! Now we have the HTTP GET Request up and running

Since we are having no people in our in-memory dictionary, we are getting an empty result here. Let’s add a new person using HTTP POST

HTTP POST

HTTP POST uses the same workflow as HTTP GET. To implement this, we are going to use the following features in Suave.

The choose function takes a list of WebParts, and chooses the first one that applies (i.e which returns Some ), or if none WebPart applies, then choose will return None

The request function takes a function of type HttpRequest -> WebPart and returns the WebPart . We will use this HttpRequest to get the POST content.

The POST is a static in-built WebPart which matches the HTTP POST requests.

The first step in implementing POST request is updating the RestResource .

1 2 3 4 type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq Create : ' a -> ' a }

Then add the following utility functions in Restful.fs to get the resource from the HttpRequest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 let fromJson < ' a > json = JsonConvert . DeserializeObject ( json , typeof < ' a >) :?> ' a let getResourceFromReq < ' a > ( req : HttpRequest ) = let getString rawForm = System . Text . Encoding . UTF8 . GetString ( rawForm ) req . rawForm |> getString |> fromJson < ' a >

The rawForm field in the HttpRequest has the POST content as a byte array, we are just deserializing to a fsharp type.

The next step is updating the rest function to support POST

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 let rest resourceName resource = let resourcePath = "/" + resourceName let gellAll = warbler ( fun _ -> resource . GetAll () |> JSON ) path resourcePath >=> choose [ GET >=> getAll POST >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Create >> JSON ) ]

Thanks to the awesome function composition feature, we have combined all these tiny functions and implemented a new request and response.

Then update Db.fs and App.fs respectively as follows

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 module Db = let createPerson person = let id = peopleStorage . Values . Count + 1 let newPerson = { Id = id Name = person . Name Age = person . Age Email = person . Email } peopleStorage . Add ( id , newPerson ) newPerson

1 2 3 4 let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople Create = Db . createPerson }

The HTTP POST function in action

HTTP PUT

As we did for GET & POST we will be starting by updating the RestResource

1 2 3 4 5 type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq Create : ' a -> ' a Update : ' a -> ' a option }

We have added a bit of error handling here. This Update function tries to update a resource and returns the updated resource if the resource exists. If it didn’t it returns None

To support HTTP PUT we will be using the following from suave library

The BAD_REQUEST function takes a string and returns a WebPart representing HTTP status code 400 response with given string as it response.

The PUT is a static in-built WebPart which matches the HTTP PUT requests.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 let rest resourceName resource = let resourcePath = "/" + resourceName let badRequest = BAD_REQUEST "Resource not found" let gellAll = warbler ( fun _ -> resource . GetAll () |> JSON ) let handleResource requestError = function | Some r -> r |> JSON | _ -> requestError path resourcePath >=> choose [ GET >=> getAll POST >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Create >> JSON ) PUT >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Update >> handleResource badRequest ) ]

Then update Db.fs and App.fs as usual

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 module Db = let updatePersonById personId personToBeUpdated = if peopleStorage . ContainsKey ( personId ) then let updatedPerson = { Id = personId Name = personToBeUpdated . Name Age = personToBeUpdated . Age Email = personToBeUpdated . Email } peopleStorage .[ personId ] <- updatedPerson Some updatedPerson else None let updatePerson personToBeUpdated = updatePersonById personToBeUpdated . Id personToBeUpdated

We have created one more function here updatePersonById which will be used later.

1 2 3 4 5 let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople Create = Db . createPerson Update = Db . updatePerson }

Updating an existing resource

Updating a non-existing resource

HTTP DELETE

Let’s begin by updating the RestResource

1 2 3 4 5 6 type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq Create : ' a -> ' a Update : ' a -> ' a option Delete : int -> unit }

HTTP DELETE is little different from the other implemented requests as we will be retrieving the id of the resource to be deleted from the URL.

For example, DELETE /people/1 will delete a person with the id 1.

To retrieve the id from the url, we will be using the pathScan function in Suave. This function similar to printf which takes a PrintfFormat and a function which takes the output of the printfformat and returns the WebPart. You can get more details about it from the suave-music-store book.

In addition to this, we will be using the following from suave

The NO_CONTENT is a static WebPart represents the HTTP Response with the status code 204

is a static represents the HTTP Response with the status code 204 The DELETE matches the HTTP request of type DELETE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 let rest resourceName resource = let resourcePath = "/" + resourceName let resourceIdPath = new PrintfFormat <( int -> string ), unit , string , string , int >( resourcePath + "/%d" ) let badRequest = BAD_REQUEST "Resource not found" let gellAll = warbler ( fun _ -> resource . GetAll () |> JSON ) let handleResource requestError = function | Some r -> r |> JSON | _ -> requestError let deleteResourceById id = resource . Delete id NO_CONTENT choose [ path resourcePath >=> choose [ GET >=> getAll POST >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Create >> JSON ) PUT >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Update >> handleResource badRequest ) ] DELETE >=> pathScan resourceIdPath deleteResourceById ]

One thing to notice here is we have wrapped the existing choose function with an another choose function. It may be little complex to understand but if you understand what each thing mean, it is easier. Here the inner choose function represents the handler functions for GET, POST & PUT requests having the url “/{resourceName}” and the DELETE webpart represents the HTTP DELETE handler for the url “/{resourceName}/{resourceId}”.

The outer choose function chooses one of these based on the incoming request.

Db.fs

1 2 let deletePerson personId = peopleStorage . Remove ( personId ) |> ignore

App.fs

1 2 3 4 5 6 let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople Create = Db . createPerson Update = Db . updatePerson Delete = Db . deletePerson }

HTTP GET & HTTP PUT by id

I hope by this time you know how to wire things up in Suave to create an API. Let’s add features for getting and updating resource by id.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq Create : ' a -> ' a Update : ' a -> ' a option Delete : int -> unit GetById : int -> ' a option UpdateById : int -> ' a -> ' a option }

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 let rest resourceName resource = // .. Existing code ... let getResourceById = resource . GetById >> handleResource ( NOT_FOUND "Resource not found" ) let updateResourceById id = request ( getResourceFromReq >> ( resource . UpdateById id ) >> handleResource badRequest ) choose [ path resourcePath >=> choose [ GET >=> getAll POST >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Create >> JSON ) PUT >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Update >> handleResource badRequest ) ] DELETE >=> pathScan resourceIdPath deleteResourceById GET >=> pathScan resourceIdPath getResourceById PUT >=> pathScan resourceIdPath updateResourceById ]

Db.fs

1 2 3 4 5 let getPerson id = if peopleStorage . ContainsKey ( id ) then Some peopleStorage .[ id ] else None

App.fs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople Create = Db . createPerson Update = Db . updatePerson Delete = Db . deletePerson GetById = Db . getPerson UpdateById = Db . updatePersonById }

HTTP HEAD

Http HEAD request checks whether the request with the given id is there or not. Its implementation is straight forward.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 type RestResource < ' a > = { GetAll : unit -> ' a seq Create : ' a -> ' a Update : ' a -> ' a option Delete : int -> unit GetById : int -> ' a option UpdateById : int -> ' a -> ' a option IsExists : int -> bool } let rest resourceName resource = // .. Existing code ... let isResourceExists id = if resource . IsExists id then OK "" else NOT_FOUND "" choose [ path resourcePath >=> choose [ GET >=> getAll POST >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Create >> JSON ) PUT >=> request ( getResourceFromReq >> resource . Update >> handleResource badRequest ) ] DELETE >=> pathScan resourceIdPath deleteResourceById GET >=> pathScan resourceIdPath getResourceById PUT >=> pathScan resourceIdPath updateResourceById HEAD >=> pathScan resourceIdPath isResourceExists ]

Db.fs

1 let isPersonExists = peopleStorage . ContainsKey

App.fs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople GetById = Db . getPerson Create = Db . createPerson Update = Db . updatePerson UpdateById = Db . updatePersonById Delete = Db . deletePerson IsExists = Db . isPersonExists }

That’s all.. We have successfully implemented a REST API using Suave

Extending with a new Resource

The beautiful aspect of this functional REST API design we can easily extend it to support other resources.

Here is the rest API implementation of the albums resource in the music-store application. You can find the source code of MusicStoreDb here.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 [< EntryPoint >] let main argv = let personWebPart = rest "people" { GetAll = Db . getPeople GetById = Db . getPerson Create = Db . createPerson Update = Db . updatePerson UpdateById = Db . updatePersonById Delete = Db . deletePerson IsExists = Db . isPersonExists } let albumWebPart = rest "albums" { GetAll = MusicStoreDb . getAlbums GetById = MusicStoreDb . getAlbumById Create = MusicStoreDb . createAlbum Update = MusicStoreDb . updateAlbum UpdateById = MusicStoreDb . updateAlbumById Delete = MusicStoreDb . deleteAlbum IsExists = MusicStoreDb . isAlbumExists } startWebServer defaultConfig ( choose [ personWebPart ; albumWebPart ]) 0

Conclusion

In the amazing presentation on Functional Programming Design Patterns, Scott Wlaschin had this slide

I wondered how this can be applied in real-time. By creating a rest API using suave I’ve understood this.

Just create functions and combine it to build a bigger system.

What a nice way to develop a system!

You can get the source code associated with this blog post in my GitHub repository.