Raw sockets

Raw sockets allow a program or application to provide custom headers for the specific protocol(tcp ip) which are otherwise provided by the kernel/os network stack.

In more simple terms its for adding custom headers instead of headers provided by the underlying operating system.

Raw socket support is available natively in the socket api in linux. This is different from windows where it is absent (it became available in windows 2000/xp/xp sp1 but was removed later).

Although raw sockets don't find much use in common networking applications, they are used widely in applications related to network security.

TCP IP Headers

In this article we are going to create raw tcp/ip packets. For this we need to know how to make proper ip header and tcp headers. A packet = Ip header + Tcp header + data.

So lets have a look at the structures.

Ip header

According to RFC 791

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Time to Live | Protocol | Header Checksum | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Source Address | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Destination Address | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Options | Padding | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Every single number is 1 bit. So for example the Version field is 4 bit. The header must be constructed exactly like shown.

TCP header

Next comes the TCP header. According to RFC 793

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Source Port | Destination Port | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Acknowledgment Number | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| | | Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| Window | | | |G|K|H|T|N|N| | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Checksum | Urgent Pointer | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Options | Padding | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | data | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Create a raw socket

Raw socket can be created in python like this

#create a raw socket try: s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_RAW) except socket.error , msg: print 'Socket could not be created. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1] sys.exit()

To create raw socket, the program must have root privileges on the system. For example on ubuntu run the program with sudo.

The above example creates a raw socket of type IPPROTO_RAW which is a raw IP packet. Means that we provide everything including the ip header.

Once the socket is created, next thing is to create and construct the packet that is to be send out. C like structures are not available in python, therefore the functions called pack and unpack have to be used to create the packet in the structure specified above.

IP Header

So first, lets make the IP Header:

source_ip = '192.168.1.101' dest_ip = '192.168.1.1' # or socket.gethostbyname('www.google.com') # ip header fields ip_ihl = 5 ip_ver = 4 ip_tos = 0 ip_tot_len = 0 # kernel will fill the correct total length ip_id = 54321 #Id of this packet ip_frag_off = 0 ip_ttl = 255 ip_proto = socket.IPPROTO_TCP ip_check = 0 # kernel will fill the correct checksum ip_saddr = socket.inet_aton ( source_ip ) #Spoof the source ip address if you want to ip_daddr = socket.inet_aton ( dest_ip ) ip_ihl_ver = (version << 4) + ihl # the ! in the pack format string means network order ip_header = pack('!BBHHHBBH4s4s' , ip_ihl_ver, ip_tos, ip_tot_len, ip_id, ip_frag_off, ip_ttl, ip_proto, ip_check, ip_saddr, ip_daddr)

Now ip_header has the data for the ip header. Now the usage of pack function, it packs some values has bytes, some as 16bit fields and some as 32 bit fields.

Tcp Header

Next comes the tcp header:

# tcp header fields tcp_source = 1234 # source port tcp_dest = 80 # destination port tcp_seq = 454 tcp_ack_seq = 0 tcp_doff = 5 #4 bit field, size of tcp header, 5 * 4 = 20 bytes #tcp flags tcp_fin = 0 tcp_syn = 1 tcp_rst = 0 tcp_psh = 0 tcp_ack = 0 tcp_urg = 0 tcp_window = socket.htons (5840) # maximum allowed window size tcp_check = 0 tcp_urg_ptr = 0 tcp_offset_res = (tcp_doff << 4) + 0 tcp_flags = tcp_fin + (tcp_syn << 1) + (tcp_rst << 2) + (tcp_psh <<3) + (tcp_ack << 4) + (tcp_urg << 5) # the ! in the pack format string means network order tcp_header = pack('!HHLLBBHHH' , tcp_source, tcp_dest, tcp_seq, tcp_ack_seq, tcp_offset_res, tcp_flags, tcp_window, tcp_check, tcp_urg_ptr)

The construction of the tcp header is similar to the ip header. The tcp header has a field called checksum which needs to be filled in correctly. A pseudo header is constructed to compute the checksum.

The checksum is calculated over the tcp header along with the data. Checksum is necessary to detect errors in the transmission on the receiver side.

Code

Here is the full code to send a raw packet

''' Raw sockets on Linux ''' # some imports import socket, sys, time from struct import * # checksum functions needed for calculation checksum def checksum(msg): s = 0 # loop taking 2 characters at a time for i in range(0, len(msg), 2): w = ord(msg[i]) + (ord(msg[i+1]) << 8 ) s = s + w s = (s>>16) + (s & 0xffff); s = s + (s >> 16); #complement and mask to 4 byte short s = ~s & 0xffff return s # the main function def main(): #create a raw socket try: s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_RAW) except socket.error , msg: print 'Socket could not be created. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1] sys.exit() # tell kernel not to put in headers, since we are providing it, when using IPPROTO_RAW this is not necessary # s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1) # now start constructing the packet packet = ''; source_ip = '1.2.3.4' dest_ip = '192.168.1.1' # or socket.gethostbyname('www.google.com') # ip header fields ip_ihl = 5 ip_ver = 4 ip_tos = 0 ip_tot_len = 0 # kernel will fill the correct total length ip_id = 54321 #Id of this packet ip_frag_off = 0 ip_ttl = 255 ip_proto = socket.IPPROTO_TCP ip_check = 0 # kernel will fill the correct checksum ip_saddr = socket.inet_aton ( source_ip ) #Spoof the source ip address if you want to ip_daddr = socket.inet_aton ( dest_ip ) ip_ihl_ver = (ip_ver << 4) + ip_ihl # the ! in the pack format string means network order ip_header = pack('!BBHHHBBH4s4s' , ip_ihl_ver, ip_tos, ip_tot_len, ip_id, ip_frag_off, ip_ttl, ip_proto, ip_check, ip_saddr, ip_daddr) # tcp header fields tcp_source = 1234 # source port tcp_dest = 80 # destination port tcp_seq = 454 tcp_ack_seq = 0 tcp_doff = 5 #4 bit field, size of tcp header, 5 * 4 = 20 bytes #tcp flags tcp_fin = 0 tcp_syn = 1 tcp_rst = 0 tcp_psh = 0 tcp_ack = 0 tcp_urg = 0 tcp_window = socket.htons (5840) # maximum allowed window size tcp_check = 0 tcp_urg_ptr = 0 tcp_offset_res = (tcp_doff << 4) + 0 tcp_flags = tcp_fin + (tcp_syn << 1) + (tcp_rst << 2) + (tcp_psh <<3) + (tcp_ack << 4) + (tcp_urg << 5) # the ! in the pack format string means network order tcp_header = pack('!HHLLBBHHH' , tcp_source, tcp_dest, tcp_seq, tcp_ack_seq, tcp_offset_res, tcp_flags, tcp_window, tcp_check, tcp_urg_ptr) user_data = 'Hello, how are you' # pseudo header fields source_address = socket.inet_aton( source_ip ) dest_address = socket.inet_aton(dest_ip) placeholder = 0 protocol = socket.IPPROTO_TCP tcp_length = len(tcp_header) + len(user_data) psh = pack('!4s4sBBH' , source_address , dest_address , placeholder , protocol , tcp_length); psh = psh + tcp_header + user_data; tcp_check = checksum(psh) #print tcp_checksum # make the tcp header again and fill the correct checksum - remember checksum is NOT in network byte order tcp_header = pack('!HHLLBBH' , tcp_source, tcp_dest, tcp_seq, tcp_ack_seq, tcp_offset_res, tcp_flags, tcp_window) + pack('H' , tcp_check) + pack('!H' , tcp_urg_ptr) # final full packet - syn packets dont have any data packet = ip_header + tcp_header + user_data # increase count to send more packets count = 3 for i in range(count): print 'sending packet...' # Send the packet finally - the port specified has no effect s.sendto(packet, (dest_ip , 0 )) # put this in a loop if you want to flood the target print 'send' time.sleep(1) print 'all packets send'; main()

Output

Run the above program from the command line using python. Make sure to run with root privileges using sudo, since raw sockets need root privileges.

$ sudo python raw_socket.py sending packet... send sending packet... send sending packet... send all packets send $

Run the above program from the terminal and check the network traffic using a packet sniffer like wireshark. It should show the packet.

You could also use tcpdump in a separate terminal to check that the packets were indeed sent. We need to provide the filter expression to tcpdump to check for the exact packet that we generated from our python program.

Here is a quick example of how it would look:

$ sudo tcpdump -n -i enp1s0 'tcp and src 1.2.3.4' tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on enp1s0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 16:50:10.228944 IP 1.2.3.4.1234 > 192.168.1.1.80: Flags [S], seq 454:472, win 53270, length 18: HTTP 16:50:11.230101 IP 1.2.3.4.1234 > 192.168.1.1.80: Flags [S], seq 454:472, win 53270, length 18: HTTP 16:50:12.231100 IP 1.2.3.4.1234 > 192.168.1.1.80: Flags [S], seq 454:472, win 53270, length 18: HTTP

In the above tcpdump output note that the source ip is 1.2.3.4 which we used in our program. To learn more about tcpdump check this post:

Tcpdump Tutorial - How to Sniff and Analyse Packets from Commandline

Conclusion

Raw sockets find application in the field of network security. The above example can be used to code a tcp syn flood program.

Syn flood programs are used in Dos attacks. Raw sockets are also used to code packet sniffers, port scanners etc.