It's common knowledge that driving aggressively can dent gas mileage, but it's difficult to determine exactly how much gas drivers waste.

A new study by researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has quantified the impact speeding and slamming on the brakes has on fuel economy and consumption.

They found that aggressive behavior behind the wheel can lower gas mileage in light-duty vehicles by about 10 to 40 percent in stop-and-go traffic and roughly 15 to 30 percent at highway speeds. This can equate to losing about $0.25 to $1 per gallon.

"Our findings added credence to the idea that an aggressive driving style does affect fuel economy probably more than people think," said ORNL's John Thomas, who led the study published by engineering professional organization SAE International.

To address this complex topic, ORNL researchers examined several previous studies, developed a new vehicle energy model and applied it to two similar mid-sized sedans: a hybrid electric vehicle and a conventional gasoline vehicle.

The researchers ran the two test vehicles through driving experiments at the lab's National Transportation Research Center to compare the differences in fuel consumption. In particular, they evaluated the HEV's limitations when recapturing energy to replenish the battery during different levels of hard braking.

"The new vehicle energy model we created focused on the limitations of regenerative braking along with varying levels of driving-style aggressiveness to show that this could account for greater fuel economy variation in an HEV compared to a similar conventional vehicle," Thomas said.

The results confirmed a large dataset of gas mileage values self-reported by drivers on the government-maintained fueleconomy.gov, which helps consumers make informed fuel economy choices. This dataset also implied that HEVs are more sensitive to driving style than conventional gasoline vehicles, although HEVs almost always achieve much better fuel economy.

The study's findings appear on the website -- which is maintained by ORNL for DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy with data provided by the Environmental Protection Agency -- along with other simple fuel-saving measures such as obeying posted speed limits, avoiding excessive idling or carrying too much weight, and using cruise control.

Understanding the impact of aggressive driving on fuel consumption is relevant to broader studies on improving traffic flow through "smart" traffic control systems and autonomous vehicles.

The study titled, "Fuel Consumption Sensitivity of Conventional and Hybrid Electric Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles to Driving Style," was coauthored by ORNL's John Thomas, Shean Huff, Brian West and Paul Chambon and was funded by the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office. Larry Moore, an ORNL subcontractor, provided professional driving services during the vehicle experiments. The National Transportation Research Center is a DOE-EERE designated user facility operated by ORNL.