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China is in preliminary talks to support the European Union’s backup plan for settling international trade disputes as President Donald Trump’s administration gets closer to scuttling the World Trade Organization’s role in refereeing cross-border commerce.

On Tuesday, China’s Ambassador to the WTO Zhang Xiangchen told Bloomberg News that Beijing is actively working to support the EU’s vision of an appeal-arbitration model, which essentially replicates the work of the WTO’s soon-to-be defunct appellate body.

Until now, only Canada and Norway have endorsed the EU’s plan.

“This is not the best option” but “this is an interim solution that can help countries to deal with their disputes,” Zhang said in the interview.

Read more: How Trump Is Sabotaging Trade’s Ultimate Tribunal: QuickTake

While the conversations are still preliminary, the plan has drawn serious interest from various other WTO members such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Japan and Turkey, according to officials familiar with the matter.

“There has been a gradual support for this as a very unfortunate Plan B,” former appellate body member James Bacchus told Bloomberg in an interview. “Now it seems to be the best option, given all the lousy options we have left.”

The Trump administration’s decision to block new appointments to the WTO appellate body will effectively paralyze it on Dec. 11. The panel has the final say in trade rulings that can affect billions of dollars in commerce. That’s forced governments to select among four options for settling disagreements:

Option 1: Wage trade wars with tit-for-tat tariffs and other beggar-thy-neighbor trade policies

Option 2: File a claim at the WTO with the knowledge that the losing party may appeal it into legal limbo

Option 3: Launch a dispute with an understanding that neither party will appeal the WTO’s dispute ruling

Option 4: Engage in an appeal-arbitration system that replicates the work of the WTO appellate body

The U.S. administration has shown a preference for using option one -- unilateral tariffs instead of waiting years for a WTO dispute settlement award. Just last month Trump announced by Twitter that he would impose fresh tariffs on Argentina and Brazil’s steel and aluminum exports for what he alleged to be currency manipulation.

Brazil and Argentina have been presiding over a massive devaluation of their currencies. which is not good for our farmers. Therefore, effective immediately, I will restore the Tariffs on all Steel & Aluminum that is shipped into the U.S. from those countries. The Federal.... — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) December 2, 2019

Trade officials concede that the second option is basically a waste of time and money and the third option isn’t much better because there’s little incentive for a defending nation to participate if they know they’re going to lose.

Which is why a growing number of WTO members -- except for the U.S. -- are beginning to take a hard look at the appeal-arbitration approach.

The model is rooted on an existing WTO rule -- Article 25 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding -- that permits nations to agree to a voluntary form of arbitration to settle their disputes.

Under the EU’s appeal-arbitration approach, the WTO Director-General can select a panel of previously vetted former appellate body members who apply the same procedures of the appellate body to reach a final judgment.

As a practical matter, WTO members who sign on to such an approach will basically undergo the same process as the appellate body.

“If enough other countries sign up to the EU proposal, it could work as a stop-gap measure that would temporarily allow the WTO to arbitrate disputes between the other 163 members,” said Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Washington-based Peterson Institute for International Economics.

EU’s Toolkit

“But there are downsides,” Bown said. “The biggest is obviously that the U.S. is unlikely to sign up, so it will not work to solve any disputes that countries have with America.”

But the EU has a plan for that, too.

The EU is due as soon as this week to move toward strengthening its trade-policy arsenal by allowing for penalties against nations that undermine WTO rulings by appealing them into a legal void.

Ursula von der Leyen Photographer: Geert Vanden Wijngaert/Bloomberg

The plan has high-profile backing from European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, who instructed European Trade Commissioner Phil Hogan to bolster the EU’s toolkit in the area of international commerce.

In September, von der Leyen urged Hogan to upgrade the EU’s enforcement regulation “to allow us to use sanctions when others adopt illegal measures and simultaneously block the WTO dispute settlement process.”

“In anticipation of the suspension of the functioning of the appellate body, the EU proposed interim appeal arrangements to those partners who are willing to continue to resolve disputes in a binding way in respect of the WTO rules,” Hogan said in a statement. “The European Commission will soon unveil further proposals to make sure that the EU can continue to enforce its rights in international trade matters should others block the system.”

1/2 Tomorrow, the @wto's Appellate Body will stop functioning. This is a regrettable & very serious blow to the international rules-based trade system. The #EU firmly believes that a WTO with an effective dispute settlement system is indispensable for ensuring open & fair trade — Phil Hogan (@PhilHoganEU) December 10, 2019

— With assistance by Jonathan Stearns