An upsurge in anti-Muslim activities across the United States in recent years has tracked closely with changes in the political cycle, according to data released in a new report by the New America Foundation. The report, “Anti-Muslim Activities in the United States: Violence, Threats, and Discrimination at the Local Level,” tracks more than 650 separate anti-Muslim incidents across the country since 2012. These incidents include public denunciations of Islam and Muslims by elected officials, proposed laws targeting Muslim religious practice, mosque vandalism, and acts of violence. According to the data, these incidents have markedly increased in recent years, with public attitudes toward Islam and Muslims darkening significantly. But it’s not clear that these attitudes are being driven solely by acts of terrorism committed by Muslims. Several major terrorist attacks that took place during the period of the study did not produce a surge in recorded anti-Muslim incidents. Those attacks that did coincide with increased anti-Muslim incidents came in particular political contexts. The largest spike in the incidents came after the November 2015 terrorist strike in Paris, but the attack at the Bataclan came as the 2016 presidential campaign was getting into full swing, with Donald Trump’s candidacy propelling anti-Muslim sentiment into the spotlight. “Looking at the statistics, it is clear that the rise in these incidents are tied to the election cycle,” said Robert McKenzie, a senior fellow at New America and the author of the report. “If spikes in anti-Muslim activity only occurred due to terrorism, we would expect to see more incidents following high-profile attacks like the Boston Marathon bombing and Charlie Hebdo, but we didn’t. What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”

“What we do have are folks running for elected office who are using megaphones to talk about how dangerous Muslims are.”

The mix between political opportunism at home and instability abroad is potentially combustible. “There is a very dangerous interplay between global incidents, activities by national politicians like Trump, as well as state and local officials, who are saying and doing things to get people fired up,” McKenzie said. “All these factors are building upon one another.” The New America tracker, which will be continually updated, breaks down incidents into five categories: “anti-Sharia” legislation; opposition to refugee resettlement; opposition to mosques, Muslim cemeteries, and schools; anti-Muslim actions and statements by elected and appointed officials; and media reports of anti-Muslim violence and crimes.



Photo: Shadi Nsoor/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images



The researchers were conservative in their tally of violent acts, only including incidents in which the attacker professed clear anti-Muslim animus or was charged with a hate crime. A number of high-profile incidents — such as the 2015 murder of three Muslim students in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and the abduction and murder of a young Muslim woman in Virginia last year — were not included in the statistics. “There were a number of very troubling incidents that we did not include based on our criteria and because of the difficulty of verifying motive,” McKenzie said, noting that the statistics would have been considerably higher had every alleged bias incident been included. The researchers were conservative in their tally of violent acts, only including incidents in which the attacker professed clear anti-Muslim animus or was charged with a hate crime. A number of high-profile incidents — such as the 2015 murder of three Muslim students in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and the abduction and murder of a young Muslim woman in Virginia last year — were not included in the statistics. “There were a number of very troubling incidents that we did not include based on our criteria and because of the difficulty of verifying motive,” McKenzie said, noting that the statistics would have been considerably higher had every alleged bias incident been included. The April 2013 Boston marathon bombing, which came before the presidential election, provides an example of what happens after a sensational attack outside of a political environment like the 2016 presidential race. Eight anti-Muslim activities were reported following the attack, a relatively minor number compared to the surges after Muslim individuals carried out terrorist attacks during the 2016 election cycle. The data indicates that, after the Boston bombing, extremist anti-Muslim activists spurred attacks against Muslims, rather than politicians seeking to ride a wave of hysteria to benefit their campaigns. The relatively small rise in anti-Muslim incidents after the Boston attack “suggests that this movement of violence and rights violation is a fringe, extremist movement that does not represent mainstream America,” said Dalia Mogahed, director of research at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, a think tank whose research focuses on the American-Muslim community. Mogahed’s research bolsters McKenzie’s analysis of the New America data: Negative sentiments about Islam in the U.S. are correlated to domestic politics, rather than international politics or acts of terrorism. By looking at Pew polling, Mogahed found that public opinion connecting Islam to violence spiked during the run-up to the Iraq war and during the 2008 and 2012 election cycles. Politicians regularly trafficked in anti-Muslim rhetoric during those time periods. “That means that Islamophobia is a manufactured phenomenon,” Mogahed said last year. “It is not an organic regrettable outcome of bad Muslims doing bad things. It is something that is being deliberately created in the public, and there’s research that proves that there is an entire industry dedicated to manufacturing fear.”



Anti-Sharia demonstrators march along the beach during the March for Human Rights and Against Sharia Law demonstration in Oceanside, Calif., on June 10, 2017. Photo: Sandy Huffaker/AFP/Getty Images



The New America researchers found that California had a greater number of anti-Muslim incidents than other states over the last six years. On June 25, 2017, at the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, an individual left a large number of cut-up pages outside a mosque in Davis, while in Sacramento a burned Quran filled with bacon was found hanging by a handcuff outside a mosque (the consumption of pork is barred in the practice of Islam). researchersfound that California had a greater number of anti-Muslim incidents than other states over the last six years. On June 25, 2017, at the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, an individual left a large number of cut-up pages outside a mosque in Davis, while in Sacramento a burned Quran filled with bacon was found hanging by a handcuff outside a mosque (the consumption of pork is barred in the practice of Islam). On the other side of the country, Maine has the highest number of incidents per capita, with 16 anti-Muslim activities recorded since 2012. Those include several anti-immigrant statements by Republican Gov. Paul LePage, who was one of 31 governors across the country to protest the admission of refugees into their states following the 2015 Paris attacks. Several lawmakers across the state made explicitly anti-Muslim statements. In 2016, an Iraqi resident of the state found a typed note at their apartment that read, “All Muslims are Terrorists and should be killed.” The local police department investigated the incident as a hate crime but closed the investigation after failing to turn up any plausible leads. Hate incidents in the U.S. are not only directed against Muslims. The FBI’s most recent hate crime statistics reveal a 5 percent increase in hate crimes between 2015 and 2016; the latter of those years saw 6,063 hate crimes with 7,509 victims reported to the FBI. Almost 60 percent of the victims were attacked because of their race or ethnicity, while 21.1 percent of attacks were based on religious identity. For Muslims in today’s America, however, a few unique threats linger. Perhaps more worrying than the individual acts of violence is the growing boldness of elected officials, particularly at the state and local level, to express open hostility and even make genocidal threats against Muslims. While some of this anti-Muslim animus has been expressed through public rhetoric, it has also been expressed through proposed legislation aimed at banning Muslim religious practice under the guise of defending the U.S. judicial system.

Perhaps more worrying than the individual acts of violence is the growing boldness of elected officials.