It is almost a year since the controversial Health and Social Care Act was passed in March 2012. At the time, campaigners issued apocalyptic warnings that it would break up the health service, allowing the NHS to be offered up for privatisation bit by bit. A year on that fear is being realised at breathtaking speed.

The Act ended the English National Health Service in all but name by abolishing the 60-year duty on the government to provide comprehensive healthcare for all. In its place is not so much a new structure as a process with its own dynamic – that of a snowball tumbling down a hillside.

But if you listen to the politicians you wouldn’t know it. David Cameron insists: ‘We will not be selling off the NHS.’ If you believe Nick Clegg (anyone?): ‘There will be no privatisation.’ They are able to get away with this deception because the transformation they unleashed is messy. It is happening everywhere, but not uniformly. It is hidden by its very scale and spread.

All across the country treatments that patients used to receive are no longer available to them. Hip and knee replacements, tonsillectomies and cataract operations are among the procedures being restricted, forcing patients to wait longer, suffer in pain, or go private. Surgeries, wards, units and community services have been closed and clinical staff shed as the NHS desperately seeks to make ‘savings’ of £20 billion.

Consolidation not competition





In perfect symmetry, the private sector expects to win £20 billion of business from the NHS, according to the corporate finance adviser Catalyst. Huge slices of the health service are being awarded to the highest bidder. A few gluttonous companies – Virgin Care, Serco, Care UK – have secured dominant positions in the market, gobbling up services from Cornwall to Cumbria. The defenders of the reforms talk about competition driving improvements, but already it is consolidation, not competition, that we are seeing.

There may be a GP surgery near you that is now run by Virgin. Until March 2012 Virgin Care did not exist, although it had been operating under another name since 2010. It now runs at least 358 GP practices. Behind the friendly PR façade of the bearded entrepreneur, patients see a different face, cold and sinister.

Take the Kings Heath practice in Northampton. Since Virgin took it over from the NHS, patients have had to wait up to three weeks for an appointment instead of three days, three GPs have been reduced to one, and three nurses cut to one part-time nurse. When the single GP went on leave, the surgery was staffed entirely by locums for five months. And while the company boasts about the surgery’s opening hours, often there are no clinicians present, just an open empty building. Locals complain that Virgin has ‘brought third world medical standards to Kings Heath.’

Consolidation is also happening in out-of-hours GP cover. In November Care UK took over out-of-hours services for up to 15 million people across England by simply buying Harmoni, a company that started as a GP co-operative. The only competition patients see is between their health needs and the profit margin. People in Cornwall know which wins out: an official report in July found the Serco-run out-of-hours service in the county was under-staffed and falsified data to meet targets.

39 steps to privatisation

The biggest privatisations are taking place in community health services. The government’s ‘any qualified provider’ policy means whole services must be subject to competition, leading to the demise of NHS-run options. Local NHS bodies have already been instructed to outsource 39 types of service. Dubbed the ‘39 steps to privatisation,’ this covers everything from autism care to wheelchair provision. Even publicly provided vasectomies are for the chop.

The logic of privatisation favours a few big winners over the co-ops, charities and social enterprises that act as window dressing for the policy. A prime example came on April Fools’ Day 2012, when Virgin Care took over a £500 million contract to deliver community services in parts of Surrey. The joke was on Central Surrey Health, a ‘social enterprise’ formed by former NHS staff that was praised by David Cameron and hailed as a model for the Big Society. Central Surrey Health scored the most points in the bidding process, but the contract was given to Virgin because of its financial backing. Unfortunately, the prank did not end at midday.

Not even hospitals offer shelter from the destructive gale blowing through the NHS. Many hospital trusts are being pushed to the financial brink by the disastrous legacy of the private finance initiative (PFI), under which new hospital buildings were financed by a deal that is akin to paying by credit card, leaving trusts with crippling debts.

This has led to some trusts literally going bankrupt, such as the South London Healthcare Trust, which serves over a million people in three hospitals. Its PFI debts, like a black hole, have sucked in surrounding hospitals and units, including Lewisham’s A&E department which is now facing closure. Patients are left high and dry. As for the trust, it is to be carved up and offered piece by piece for privatisation, with the familiar vultures – Virgin, Serco, Care UK and Circle – picking at the remains.

The priority is profit

In a first for the private sector, in February 2012 Circle took over an entire general hospital at Hinchingbrooke in Cambridgeshire. The hospital has since fallen 19 places in the patient satisfaction rankings and its finances have worsened, forcing Circle to ask for a bailout after just six months. Despite being prepared to make a potential 20 per cent cut to the hospital’s workforce, and while mostly owned by investment funds operating out of tax-havens like the Cayman Islands, Circle nevertheless vaunts its friendly-sounding business model under which doctors and nurses are given part-ownership of the company. But in this way clinicians are being co-opted into a system where profit, not medical need, is the motivation.

Combine this with another controversial aspect of the Health and Social Care Act – the provision for NHS hospitals to earn half their income from private patients – and the implications are scary. A chilling investigation by ITV’s Exposure programme secretly filmed doctors assuring a private patient that her money would buy priority over NHS patients within the same hospital. It revealed a tragic case where a consultant left half way through a dangerous birth to carry out a private caesarean section. The baby later died. A two-tier health system is not on the way; it is already here.

The drive for profit is insatiable, not least because many of the dominant players in the new market are owned by ruthless private equity firms. Similar funding models to that which led to the collapse of the Southern Cross care-home company are now operating in the NHS. For example, Hospital Corporation of America, which is entering into joint ventures with NHS hospitals, is majority owned by three private equity firms, including Mitt Romney’s notorious Bain Capital. It is hardly surprising, then, to see the use of tax havens and Starbucks-style tax avoidance by the likes of Spire Healthcare, to take just one example, which channels £65 million a year through Luxembourg, almost cancelling out its taxable UK earnings.

All of this comes before the most high-profile part of the Health and Social Care Act – the replacement of primary care trusts with clinical commissioning groups – has been fully implemented. Sold to the public as ‘giving power to GPs’, this transfers responsibility for spending £60 billion of public money to largely unaccountable new groups, which will in turn outsource the work to privatised ‘commissioning support units’ – allowing the private sector to decide how taxpayers’ money is spent. If that sounds complicated, it is. David Nicholson, the head of the health service, fears it could end in ‘misery and failure’.

New reality

This is the reality of the new NHS: services and decision-making privatised, hospitals reoriented towards making money, and treatments withdrawn as the health service shrinks. The logical next step is charging for treatments. Just think of how the dentist might offer a standard filling on the NHS or a white ‘cosmetic’ filling privately – both options available from the same dentist in the same premises – and imagine that occurring throughout the NHS. Except it will be more than cosmetic. Already in Greenwich there has been an attempt to charge appointment fees for podiatry, one of the outsourced community services on the ‘39 steps’.

Andrew Lansley, the former health secretary, sacrificed his career to get the Health and Social Care Act through. He was thanklessly moved aside in September, but his name will not be forgotten. His replacement, Murdoch-loving Jeremy Hunt, offers no relief, having personally intervened to encourage a contract for Virgin Care in his constituency. As for Labour, after its shameful record in government of opening the way for privatisation, it has changed tack in opposition, repeatedly pledging to repeal the Act and scrap the market if elected – important commitments that it must be held to.

But the quantity of contracts that are likely to be signed in the coming year may take the NHS over a tipping point, where the facts on the ground cannot be reversed. That is why it is crucial to monitor, expose, slow and disrupt the destruction of the NHS now, while there may still be time to save it.