NASA/Operation IceBridge

The extent of the sea ice in the Arctic at the end of the annual summer melt was 4.1 million square kilometres, tied for the second lowest level with 2007, the National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC) in the US said.

There was about 750,000 square kilometres more ice in the polar region at the end of the 2016 summer melt than the record low set in 2012, as ice cover fell well below the 37-year average for this point in the year, the preliminary figures show.

With more typical warmer conditions, the Arctic could see very dramatic losses of ice in the coming years, the scientists warned.


“It was a stormy, cloudy, and fairly cool summer,” said NSIDC director Mark Serreze. “Historically, such weather conditions slow down the summer ice loss, but we still got down to essentially a tie for second lowest in the satellite record.”

More dramatic melt expected

Ted Scambos, NSIDC lead scientist, said: “It really suggests that in the next few years, with more typical warmer conditions, we will see some very dramatic further losses.”

“It is highly noteworthy that the ten years with the lowest extent of Arctic sea ice have all been within the last ten years,” said Ed Blockley who leads the UK’s Met Office Polar Climate Group. “The current rate of loss of Arctic summer sea ice of 13 per cent per decade is equivalent to an annual loss greater than the size of Scotland.”

Sea ice in the Arctic melts in the summer’s warmer temperatures before cold conditions cause the ice to increase to a maximum extent during the winter months.

But last winter saw ice cover at record low levels for the season.

NSIDC scientists said there was a lot of thin ice at the beginning of this year’s melt season, which takes less energy to melt and may have contributed to the lows seen this year.

Experts from Nasa in the US added that the melt season began with a record low extent of ice in March and saw rapid ice loss throughout May, but in June and July low pressure and cloudy skies slowed down melting.

After two large storms went across the Arctic in August, sea ice melt picked up speed in early September, they said. The long-term loss of ice may also affect animals, such as ivory gulls and polar bears.

Read more: Loss of Arctic sea ice to doom polar bears by 2075; Polar wildlife under threat as ice melts and makes seas brighter