Adam McCann, Financial Writer

Jan 13, 2020

Retirement might be the end of your career, but it doesn’t have to be the end of financial security or life satisfaction. Retirement generally coincides with the age at which we may receive Social Security or pension benefits. However, not everyone can retire when they want to. 26 percent of non-retired adults haven’t saved any money for retirement, though not necessarily through any fault of their own.

But in addition to when to retire, a good question to ask is where. Finding the best states to retire can be difficult without doing lots of research. Even in the most affordable areas of the U.S., most retirees cannot rely on Social Security or pension checks alone to cover all of their living expenses. Social Security benefits increase with local inflation, but they replace only about 39 percent of the average worker’s earnings.

If retirement is still a big question mark for you because of finances, consider relocating to a state that lets you keep more money in your pocket without requiring a drastic lifestyle change. To determine the best states to retire, WalletHub compared the 50 states across 47 key indicators of retirement-friendliness. Our analysis examines affordability, health-related factors and overall quality of life. Read on for our findings, insight from a panel of experts and a full description of our methodology.

Main Findings

Best & Worst States to Retire

Overall Rank

(1=Best) State Total Score ‘Affordability’ Rank ‘Quality of Life’ Rank ‘Health Care’ Rank 1 Florida 63.02 2 5 26 2 Colorado 60.99 17 11 4 3 New Hampshire 59.25 27 4 6 4 Utah 58.33 15 18 17 5 Wyoming 58.17 11 12 33 6 Delaware 58.10 7 35 18 7 Virginia 57.93 18 13 24 8 Wisconsin 57.16 24 8 22 9 Idaho 56.80 13 19 30 10 Iowa 56.70 31 7 13 11 South Dakota 56.49 26 27 7 12 Montana 56.47 20 15 28 13 Pennsylvania 56.41 29 3 27 14 Massachusetts 56.28 40 2 3 15 Ohio 55.99 16 17 34 16 Minnesota 55.53 46 1 1 17 Texas 55.20 3 37 37 18 South Carolina 55.02 4 39 36 19 North Dakota 54.75 33 22 8 20 Missouri 54.61 22 28 29 21 Michigan 54.17 28 16 31 22 Arizona 52.97 30 36 12 23 Illinois 52.56 35 21 16 24 Kansas 52.37 25 26 35 25 Nebraska 52.19 39 20 10 26 North Carolina 52.14 21 30 39 27 Washington 51.53 34 14 32 28 Maine 51.18 42 10 15 29 Hawaii 51.14 45 32 2 30 Georgia 51.07 12 41 40 31 Alaska 51.00 36 34 11 32 California 50.98 38 25 19 33 Connecticut 50.72 44 23 5 34 Indiana 50.60 23 33 41 35 Nevada 50.45 8 42 42 36 Vermont 49.92 49 6 9 37 Oklahoma 49.66 6 43 44 38 Oregon 49.65 41 24 21 39 Alabama 48.74 1 47 49 40 Maryland 48.41 43 29 20 41 Louisiana 48.29 10 44 43 42 New York 47.57 50 9 14 43 Mississippi 47.25 5 49 47 44 Arkansas 47.21 9 50 45 45 Tennessee 45.83 14 48 46 46 West Virginia 45.38 19 40 50 47 New Jersey 45.06 48 31 23 48 Rhode Island 43.49 47 38 25 49 New Mexico 43.33 37 45 38 50 Kentucky 41.89 32 46 48

Ask the Experts

In order to choose the best state to retire for you, you must carefully consider various factors such as your finances, health and how you plan to spend your time. For advice on these choices, we turned to a panel of experts in fields such as aging and taxes. Click on the experts’ profiles to read their bios and responses to the following key questions:

What is the most common mistake that retirees make when choosing where to live? What are some tips for living on a fixed income in retirement? What are the top factors retirees should consider when choosing a state for retirement? Should states work to attract retirees? What are the pros and cons to having a large retiree population? Should retirees be exempt from certain state and local taxes? How might changes to the tax code influence retirement security?

Methodology

In order to identify the most retirement-friendly states, WalletHub compared the 50 states across three key dimensions: 1) Affordability, 2) Quality of Life and 3) Health Care.

We evaluated those dimensions using 47 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the most favorable conditions for retirement. For metrics marked with an asterisk (*), we used the square root of the population to calculate the population size in order to avoid overcompensating for minor differences across states.

We then calculated each state’s weighted average across all metrics to determine its overall score and used the resulting scores to rank-order our sample.

Affordability – Total Points: 40

Adjusted Cost of Living: Double Weight (~10.00 Points)

General Tax-Friendliness: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s States with the Highest & Lowest Tax Rates ranking.

Tax-Friendliness on Pensions & Social Security Income: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Tax-Friendliness on Estate or Inheritance Tax: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Annual Cost of In-Home Services: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Annual Cost of Adult Day Health Care: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older Who Could Not Afford a Doctor Visit: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Note: This metric measures the share of the population aged 65 years and older who needed to see a doctor in the past 12 months but were restricted due to cost.

Quality of Life – Total Points: 30

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older: Double Weight (~2.50 Points)

Risk of Social Isolation: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric considers the following six risk factors of social isolation in population aged 65 years and older: a) Divorced, separated or widowed; b) Never married; c) Poverty; d) Disability; e) Independent Living Difficulty and f) Living alone.

Elderly-Friendly Labor Market: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric takes into account both the share of population aged 65 years and older working and the number of part time employees for every full time employee for population aged 65 years and older.

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older in Poverty: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Elderly Food Insecurity Rate: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric refers to the share of population aged 60 years and older who faced the threat of hunger in the past 12 months.

Expenditures Captured by the Administration on Aging per Population Aged 60 Years and Older: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: The Older Americans Act (OAA) is administered by the Administration on Aging. It funds “personal care, congregate meals, transportation and nutrition-education programs for seniors.”

Access to Public Transportation: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric measures the share of commuters who use public transit as a proxy for the availability of public transportation.

Mildness of Weather: Double Weight (~2.50 Points)

Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s Cities with the Best & Worst Weather ranking.

Access to Scenic Byways: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric takes into account both the number of scenic byways and the length of scenic byways.

Shoreline Mileage: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Museums per Capita*: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Theaters per Capita*: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Golf Courses per Capita*: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Bingo Halls per Capita*: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Access to Adult Volunteer Activities: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric measures the number of rated charity organizations per capita*.

Elderly Volunteer Rate: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Share of Residents Who Do Favors to Their Neighbors (proxy for Neighborhood Friendliness): Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Violent-Crime Rate: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Property-Crime Rate: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Quality of Elder-Abuse Protections: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric is based on WalletHub’s States with the Best Elder-Abuse Protections ranking.

Air Quality: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Drinking-Water Quality: Full Weight (~1.25 Points)

Note: This metric measures the share of the population potentially exposed to water exceeding a violation limit.

Health Care – Total Points: 30

Family & General Physicians per Capita: Double Weight (~3.00 Points)

Dentists per Capita: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Nurses per Capita: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Home Health Aides per Capita: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Note: Home health aides often help older adults who need assistance. In some states, home health aides may be able to give a client medication or check the client’s vital signs under the direction of a nurse or other healthcare practitioner.

Share of Geriatricians Required to Meet Estimated Need (Geriatrician Shortfall): Double Weight (~3.00 Points)

Top-Rated Geriatrics Hospitals: Double Weight (~3.00 Points)

Health-Care Facilities per Capita: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Quality of Public Hospitals: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Note: This metric is based on Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ ranking of public hospitals.

Well-Being Index for Population Aged 55 Years and Older: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older with Good or Better Health: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older with Poor Mental Health: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Note: This metric refers to the share of population 65 years and older who reported their mental health was not good 14 or more days in the past 30 days.

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older with a Disability: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older Who Are Physically Active: Half Weight (~0.75 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older Who Are Obese: Half Weight (~0.75 Points)

Share of Population Aged 65 Years and Older with Inadequate Sleep: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Note: This metric refers to the share of adults 65 years and older who reported sleeping less than seven hours in a 24 hour period on average.

Share of Medicare Enrollees Aged 65 Years and Older Who Have a Creditable Prescription Drug Plan: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Life Expectancy: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)

Death Rate for Population Aged 65 Years & Older: Full Weight (~1.50 Points)



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Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Council for Community and Economic Research, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retirement Living Information Center, Genworth Financial, United Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Corporation for National and Community Service, Natural Resources Defense Council, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Charity Navigator, Gallup Healthways, GolfLink, The Tax Foundation, America's Scenic Byways, Bingo Halls U.S.A., NOAA Office for Coastal Management, U.S. News & World Report, Institute for Health Metrics & Evaluation and WalletHub research.

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