Racial or ethnic crew up in tha United Hoodz wit African ancestry

African Gangstas (also referred ta as Black Gangstas or Afro-Americans)[3] is a ethnic group of Americans wit total or partial ancestry from any of tha black racial crewz of Africa.[4][5] Da term African Gangsta generally denotes descendantz of enslaved homies whoz ass is from tha United Hoods,[6][7][8] while some recent black immigrants or they lil pimps may also come ta identify as African Gangsta or may identify differently.[9]

African Gangstas constitute tha third phattest ethnic crew n' tha second phattest racial crew up in tha US, afta White Gangstas n' Hispanic n' Latino Gangstas.[10] Most African Gangstas is descendantz of enslaved peoplez within tha boundariez of tha present United Hoods.[11][12] On average, African Gangstas iz of West/Central African n' European descent, n' some also have Natizzle Gangsta ancestry.[13] Accordin ta U.S. Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African Gangsta. Da overwhelmin majoritizzle of African immigrants identify instead wit they own respectizzle ethnicitizzles (≈95%).[14] Immigrants from some Caribbean, Central Gangsta, n' Downtown Gangsta nations n' they descendants may or may not also self-identify wit tha term.[8]

African-Gangsta history up in tha 16th century, included peoplez from Westside Africa forcibly taken as slaves ta Latin Tha Ghetto n' tha Caribbean, n' up in tha 17th century wit slaves taken from Caribbean n' lata from Africa ta British colonies up in eastsideern Uptown Tha Ghetto fo' realz. A few was able ta big up freedom all up in manumission, abolition, n' sometimes escape n' found communitizzles particularly durin tha time of tha Gangsta Revolution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch fo' realz. Afta tha foundin of tha United Hoods, most homies continued ta be enslaved, concentrated up in tha Downtown United Hoods, wit four mazillion enslaved only liberated durin n' all up in tha end Civil Battle up in 1865.[15] Cuz of notionz of white supremacy, most was treated as second-class playa haters. Da Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. playa hatershizzle ta whites only, n' only white pimps whoz ass owned property could vote.[16][17] These circumstances chizzled up in Reconstruction, further pimpment of tha black hood, participation up in tha pimped out military conflictz of tha United Hoods, substantial migration outta tha South, tha elimination of legal racial segregation, n' tha civil muthafuckin rights movement which sought ballistical n' hood freedom. In 2008, Barack Obizzay became tha straight-up original gangsta African Gangsta ta be erected Prezzy of tha United Hoods.[18]

History

Colonial era

Da first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo ta tha San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located up in tha Winyah Bizzle area of present-dizzle Downtown Carolina), dropped by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón up in 1526.[19] Da ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a gangbangin' fight over leadership, durin which tha slaves revolted n' fled tha colony ta seek refuge among local Natizzle Gangstas. De Ayllón n' nuff of tha colonists took a dirt nap shortly afterwardz of a epidemic n' tha colony was abandoned. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da settlaz n' tha slaves whoz ass had not escaped moonwalked back ta Haiti, whence they had come.[19]

Da marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a gangbangin' free black domestic servant from Seville n' Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador up in 1565 up in St fo' realz. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is tha straight-up original gangsta known n' recorded Christian marriage anywhere up in what tha fuck is now tha continental United Hoods.[20]

Da first recorded Africans up in British Uptown Tha Ghetto (includin most of tha future United Hoods) was "20 n' odd negroes" whoz ass came ta Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort up in August 1619 as indentured servants.[21] As Gangsta settlaz took a dirt nap from harsh conditions, mo' n' mo' Africans was brought ta work as laborers.[22]

Slaves processin bluntz up in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670

An indentured servant (who could be white or black) would work fo' nuff muthafuckin muthafuckin years (usually four ta seven) without wages. Da statuz of indentured servants up in early Virginia n' Maryland was similar ta slavery. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Servants could be looted, sold, or leased n' they could be physically beaten fo' disobedience or hustlin away. Unlike slaves, they was freed afta they term of steez expired or was looted out, they lil pimps did not inherit they status, n' on they release from contract they received "a yearz provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", n' a lil' small-ass chedda payment called "freedom dues".[23]

Africans could legally raise crops n' cattle ta purchase they freedom.[24] They raised crews, hooked up other Africans n' sometimes intermarried wit Natizzle Gangstas or Gangsta settlers.[25]

By tha 1640s n' 1650s, nuff muthafuckin African crews owned farms round Jamestown n' some became wealthy by colonial standardz n' purchased indentured servantz of they own. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In 1640, tha Virginia General Court recorded tha earliest documentation of gametime slavery when they sentenced Jizzy Punch, a Negro, ta gametime servitude under his crazy-ass masta Hugh Gwyn fo' hustlin away.[27][28]

In tha Spanish Florida some Spanish hooked up or had unions wit Pensacola, Creek or African dem hoes, both slave n' free, n' they descendants pimped a mixed-race population of mestizos n' mulattos. Da Spanish encouraged slaves from tha southern British colonies ta come ta Florida as a refuge, promisin freedom up in exchange fo' conversion ta Catholicism. Mackdaddy Charlez Pt II of Spain issued a royal proclamation freein all slaves whoz ass fled ta Spanish Florida n' accepted conversion n' baptism. Most went ta tha area round St fo' realz. Augustine yo, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. St fo' realz. Augustine had mustered a all-black militia unit representin' Spain as early as 1683.[29]

One of tha Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnston, would lata own one of tha straight-up original gangsta black "slaves", Jizzy Casor, resultin from tha court rulin of a cold-ass lil civil case.[30][31]

Da ghettofab conception of a race-based slave system did not straight-up pimp until tha 18th century. Da Dutch Westside India Company introduced slavery up in 1625 wit tha importation of eleven black slaves tha fuck into New Amsterdam (present-dizzle New York City) fo' realz. All tha colonyz slaves, however, was freed upon its surrender ta tha British.[32]

Reproduction of a handbill advertisin a slave auction up in Charleston , Downtown Carolina, up in 1769.

Massachusetts was tha straight-up original gangsta British colony ta legally recognize slavery up in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law dat lil pimpz of enslaved dem hoes (who waz of African descent n' thus foreigners) took tha statuz of tha mother, rather than dat of tha father, as under Gangsta common law. This principle was called partus sequitur ventrum.[33][34]

By a act of 1699, tha colony ordered all free blacks deported, virtually definin as slaves all playaz of African descent whoz ass remained up in tha colony.[35] In 1670, tha colonial assembly passed a law prohibitin free n' baptized negroes (and Indians) from purchasin Christians (in dis act meanin Gangsta or European whites) but allowin dem ta loot playas "of they owne nation".[36]

In tha Spanish Louisiana although there was no movement toward abolizzle of tha African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a freshly smoked up law called coartación, which allowed slaves ta loot they freedom, n' dat of others.[37] Although some did not have tha scrilla ta loot they freedom dat posse measures on slavery allowed a high number of free blacks. That brought problems ta tha Spaniardz wit tha French Creolez whoz ass also populated Spanish Louisiana, French creolez cited dat measure as one of tha systemz most shitty elements.[38] In spite of that, there was a pimped outa number of slaves as tha muthafuckin years passed, as also tha entire Spanish Louisiana population increased.

Da earliest African-Gangsta congregations n' churches was organized before 1800 up in both northern n' southern ghettos followin tha Great Awakening. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of tha population up in tha Gangsta colonies, which made dem tha second phattest ethnic crew afta tha Gangsta.[39]

From tha Gangsta Revolution ta tha Civil War

Durin tha 1770s, Africans, both enslaved n' free, helped rebellious Gangsta colonists secure Gangsta independence by defeatin tha British up in tha Gangsta Revolution.[40] Africans n' Gangstamen fought side by side n' was straight-up integrated.[41] Blacks played a role up in both sides up in tha Gangsta Revolution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch fo' realz. Activists up in tha Patriot cause included Jizzy Armistead, Pimp Whipple n' Oliver Cromwell.[42][43]

In tha Spanish Louisiana, Governor Bernardo de Gálvez organized Spanish free black pimps tha fuck into two militia g-units ta defend New Orleans durin tha Gangsta Revolution. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. They fought up in tha 1779 battle up in which Spain took Baton Rouge from tha British. Gálvez also commanded dem up in campaigns against tha British outposts up in Mobile, Alabama, n' Pensacola, Florida, he recruited slaves fo' tha militia by pledgin ta free mah playas whoz ass was seriously wounded n' promised ta secure a low price fo' coartación (buy they freedom n' dat of others) fo' dem playas whoz ass received lesser wounds. Durin tha 1790s, Governor Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet reinforced local fortifications n' recruit even mo' free blackmen fo' tha militia. Carondelet doubled tha number of free blackmen whoz ass served, bustin two mo' militia g-units�"one made up of black thugz n' tha other of pardo (mixed race). Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Servin up in tha militia brought free blackmen one step closer ta equalitizzle wit whites, allowin them, fo' example, tha right ta carry arms n' boostin they earnin juice n' shiznit yo. However straight-up these privileges distanced free blackmen from enslaved blacks n' encouraged dem ta identify wit whites.[38]

Yo, slavery had been tacitly enshrined up in tha U.S. Constipation all up in provisions like fuckin Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as tha 3/5 compromise. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Slavery, which by then meant almost exclusively African Gangstas, was da most thugged-out blingin ballistical issue up in tha antebellum United Hoods, leadin ta one crisis afta another n' shiznit fo' realz. Among these was tha Missouri Compromise, tha Compromise of 1850, tha Fugitizzle Slave Act, n' tha Dred Scott decision.

Prior ta tha Civil War, eight servin prezs owned slaves, a practice protected by tha U.S. Constipation.[44] By 1860, there was 3.5 ta 4.4 mazillion enslaved blacks up in tha U.S. cuz of tha Atlantic slave trade, n' another 488,000�"500,000 African Gangstas lived free (with legislated limits)[45] across tha ghetto.[46][47] With legislated limits imposed upon dem up in addizzle ta "unconquerable prejudice" from whites accordin ta Henry Clay,[48] some blacks whoz ass weren't enslaved left tha U.S. fo' Liberia up in Africa.[45] Liberia fuckin started as a settlement of tha Gangsta Colonization Posse (ACS) up in 1821, wit tha abolitionist thugz of tha ACS believin blacks would grill betta chances fo' freedom n' equalitizzle up in Africa.[45]

Da slaves not only constituted a big-ass investment, they produced Americaz most valuable thang n' export: cotton. They not only helped build tha U.S. Capitol, they built tha White House n' other District of Columbia buildings. (Washington was a slave tradin center.)[49] Similar buildin projects existed up in slaveholdin states.

In 1863, durin tha Gangsta Civil War, Prezzy Abraham Lincoln signed tha Emancipation Proclamation. Da proclamation declared dat all slaves up in Confederate-held territory was free.[50] Advancin Union troops enforced tha proclamation wit Texas bein tha last state ta be emancipated, up in 1865.[51]

Yo, slavery up in Union-held Confederate territory continued, at least on paper, until tha passage of tha Thirteenth Amendment up in 1865.[52] Prior ta tha Civil War, only white pimpz of property could vote, n' tha Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. playa hatershizzle ta whites only.[16][17] Da 14th Amendment (1868) gave African-Americans playa hatership, n' tha 15th Amendment (1870) gave African-Gangsta malez tha right ta vote (only malez could vote up in tha U.S. all up in tha time).

Reconstruction Era n' Jim Crow

African Gangstas quickly set up congregations fo' theyselves, as well as schools n' hood/civic associations, ta have space away from white control or oversight. While tha post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress fo' African Gangstas, dat period ended up in 1876. By tha late 1890s, Downtown states enacted Jim Crow laws ta enforce racial segregation n' disenfranchisement.[53] Segregation, which fuckin started wit slavery, continued wit Jim Crow laws, wit signs used ta show blacks where they could legally strutt, talk, drink, rest, or eat.[54] For dem places dat was racially mixed, non-whites had ta wait until all white hustlas was dealt with.[54] Most African Gangstas obeyed tha Jim Crow laws, ta stay tha fuck away from racially motivated shit. To maintain self-esteem n' dignity, African Gangstas like fuckin Anthony Overtizzle n' Mary McLeod Bethune continued ta build they own schools, churches, banks, hood clubs, n' other bidnizzes.[55]

In tha last decade of tha 19th century, racially discriminatory laws n' racial shiznit aimed at African Gangstas fuckin started ta mushroom up in tha United Hoods, a period often referred ta as tha "nadir of Gangsta race relations". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation�"upheld by tha United Hoodz Supreme Court decision up in Plessy v. Ferguson up in 1896�"which was legally mandated by southern states n' nationwide all up in tha local level of posse, vota suppression or disenfranchisement up in tha southern states, denial of economic opportunitizzle or resources nationwide, n' private actz of shiznit n' mass racial shiznit aimed at African Gangstas unhindered or encouraged by posse authorities.[56]

Great migration n' civil muthafuckin rights movement

Da desperate conditionz of African Gangstas up in tha Downtown sparked tha Great Migration durin tha straight-up original gangsta half of tha 20th century which hustled ta a growin African-Gangsta hood up in Northern n' Westside United Hoods.[58] Da rapid influx of blacks disturbed tha racial balizzle within Uptown n' Westside ghettos, exacerbatin hostilitizzle between both blacks n' whites up in tha two regions.[59] Da Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundredz of dirtnaps n' higher casualtizzles across tha U.S. as a result of race riots dat occurred up in mo' than three dozen ghettos, like fuckin tha Chicago race riot of 1919 n' tha Omaha race riot of 1919. Overall, blacks up in Uptown n' Westside ghettos experienced systemic discrimination up in a plethora of aspectz of game. Within employment, economic opportunitizzles fo' blacks was routed ta tha lowest-status n' restrictizzle up in potential mobility. Within tha housin market, stronger discriminatory measures was used up in correlation ta tha influx, resultin up in a mix of "targeted shit, restrictizzle covenants, redlining n' racial steering".[60] While nuff whites defended they space wit shit, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Gangstas, nuff other whites migrated ta mo' racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as white flight.[61]

Rosa Parks bein fingerprinted afta bein arrested fo' not givin up her seat on a funky-ass bus ta a white person.

Despite discrimination, drawin cardz fo' leavin tha hopelessnizz up in tha Downtown was tha growth of African Gangsta institutions n' communitizzles up in Uptown ghettos. Institutions included black oriented crews (e.g., Urban League, NAACP), churches, bidnizzes, n' newspapers, as well as successes up in tha pimpment up in African Gangsta intellectual culture, beatz, n' ghettofab culture (e.g., Harlem Renaissance, Chicago Black Renaissance). Da Cotton Joint up in Harlem was a whites-only establishment, wit blacks (like fuckin Dude Ellington) allowed ta perform yo, but ta a white crew.[62] Black Gangstas also found a freshly smoked up ground fo' ballistical juice up in Uptown ghettos, without tha enforced disabilitizzlez of Jim Crow.[63][64]

By tha 1950s, tha civil muthafuckin rights movement was bustin momentum fo' realz. A 1955 lynchin dat sparked hood outrage bout injustice was dat of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old pimp from Chicago. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Spendin tha summer wit relatives up in Money, Mississippi, Till was capped fo' allegedly havin wolf-whistled at a white biatch. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Till had been badly beaten, one of his wild lil' fuckin eyes was gouged out, n' he gots popped up in tha head. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da visceral response ta his crazy-ass motherz decision ta have a open-casket funeral mobilized tha black hood all up in tha U.S.[65] Vann R. Newkirk| freestyled "the trial of his killaz became a pageant illuminatin tha tyranny of white supremacy".[65] Da state of Mississippi tried two defendants yo, but they was speedily acquitted by a all-white jury.[66] One hundred minutes afta Emmett Tillz murder, Rosa Parks refused ta give up her seat on tha bus up in Alabama�"indeed, Parks holla'd at Emmettz mutha Mamie Till dat "the photograph of Emmettz disfigured grill up in tha casket was set up in her mind when she refused ta give up her seat on tha Montgomery bus."[67]

Da March on Washington fo' Jobs n' Freedom n' tha conditions which brought it tha fuck into bein is credited wit puttin heat on prezs Jizzy F. Kennedy n' Lyndon B. Johnston. Johnston put his support behind passage of tha Civil Rights Act of 1964 dat banned discrimination up in hood accommodations, employment, n' labor unions, n' tha Votin Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authoritizzle over states ta ensure black ballistical participation all up in protection of vota registration n' erections.[68] By 1966, tha emergence of tha Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 ta 1975, expanded upon tha aimz of tha civil muthafuckin rights movement ta include economic n' ballistical self-sufficiency, n' freedom from white authority.[69]

Durin tha postwar period, nuff African Gangstas continued ta be economically disadvantaged relatizzle ta other Gangstas fo' realz. Average black income stood at 54 cement of dat of white workers up in 1947, n' 55 cement up in 1962. In 1959, median crew income fo' whites was $5,600, compared wit $2,900 fo' nonwhite crews. In 1965, 43 cement of all black crews fell tha fuck into tha poverty bracket, earnin under $3,000 a year. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Da Sixtizzles saw improvements up in tha hood n' economic conditionz of nuff black Gangstas.[70]

From 1965 ta 1969, black crew income rose from 54 ta 60 cement of white crew income. In 1968, 23 cement of black crews gots under $3,000 a year, compared wit 41 cement up in 1960. In 1965, 19 cement of black Gangstas had incomes equal ta tha nationistic median, a proportion dat rose ta 27 cement by 1967. In 1960, tha median level of ejaculation fo' blacks had been 10.8 years, n' by tha late Sixtizzles tha figure rose ta 12.2 years, half a year behind tha median fo' whites.[70]

Post�"civil muthafuckin rights era

Politically n' economically, African Gangstas have made substantial strides durin tha post�"civil muthafuckin rights era. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became tha straight-up original gangsta African Gangsta erected governor up in U.S. history. Clarence Thomas became tha second African-Gangsta Supreme Court Justice. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became tha straight-up original gangsta African-Gangsta biatch erected ta tha U.S. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Senate. There was 8,936 black officeholdaz up in tha United Hoodz up in 2000, showin a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there was 484 black mayors.[71]

In 2005, tha number of Africans immigratin ta tha United Hoods, up in a single year, surpassed tha peak number whoz ass was involuntarily brought ta tha United Hoodz durin tha Atlantic Slave Trade.[72] On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obizzay defeated Republican Senator Jizzy McCain ta become tha straight-up original gangsta African Gangsta ta be erected prez fo' realz. At least 95 cement of African-Gangsta votas voted fo' Obizzay.[73][74] Dude also received overwhelmin support from lil' n' constipated whites, a majoritizzle of Asians,[75] Hispanics,[75] n' Natizzle Gangstas[76][failed verification] pickin up a fuckin shitload of freshly smoked up states up in tha Democratic electoral column.[73][74] Obizzay lost tha overall white vote, although da thug won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous nonincumbent Democratic prezial muthafucka since Jizzy Carter.[77] Obizzay was reelected fo' a second n' final term, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012.[78]

Demographics

Da proportionizzle geographic distribution of African Gangstas up in tha United Hoods, 2000.

U.S. Census map indicatin U.S. countizzles wit fewer than 25 black or African-Gangsta inhabitants

less than 2% 2�"5% 5�"10% 10�"15% 15�"20% 20�"25% 25�"30% 30�"35% 35�"40% Percentage of population self-reported as African-Gangsta by state up in 2010:

In 1790, when tha straight-up original gangsta U.S. Census was taken, Africans (includin slaves n' free people) numbered bout 760,000�"about 19.3% of tha population. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. In 1860, all up in tha start of tha Civil War, tha African-Gangsta population had increased ta 4.4 mazillion yo, but tha cementage rate dropped ta 14% of tha overall population of tha ghetto. Da vast majoritizzle was slaves, wit only 488,000 counted as "freemen". By 1900, tha black population had doubled n' reached 8.8 million.[79]

In 1910, bout 90% of African Gangstas lived up in tha South. Big-Ass numbers fuckin started migratin uptown lookin fo' betta thang opportunitizzles n' livin conditions, n' ta escape Jim Crow laws n' racial shit. Da Great Migration, as dat shiznit was called, spanned tha 1890s ta tha 1970s. From 1916 all up in tha 1960s, mo' than 6 mazillion homies moved north. But up in tha 1970s n' 1980s, that trend reversed, wit mo' African Gangstas movin downtown ta tha Sun Belt than leavin dat shit.[80]

Da followin table of tha African-Gangsta population up in tha United Hoodz over time shows dat tha African-Gangsta population, as a cementage of tha total population, declined until 1930 n' has been risin since then.

African Gangstas up in tha United Hoods[81] Year Number % of total

population % Chizzle

(10 yr) Slaves % up in slavery 1790 757,208 19.3% (highest) �" 697,681 92% 1800 1,002,037 18.9% 32.3% 893,602 89% 1810 1,377,808 19.0% 37.5% 1,191,362 86% 1820 1,771,656 18.4% 28.6% 1,538,022 87% 1830 2,328,642 18.1% 31.4% 2,009,043 86% 1840 2,873,648 16.8% 23.4% 2,487,355 87% 1850 3,638,808 15.7% 26.6% 3,204,287 88% 1860 4,441,830 14.1% 22.1% 3,953,731 89% 1870 4,880,009 12.7% 9.9% �" �" 1880 6,580,793 13.1% 34.9% �" �" 1890 7,488,788 11.9% 13.8% �" �" 1900 8,833,994 11.6% 18.0% �" �" 1910 9,827,763 10.7% 11.2% �" �" 1920 10.5 million 9.9% 6.8% �" �" 1930 11.9 million 9.7% (lowest) 13% �" �" 1940 12.9 million 9.8% 8.4% �" �" 1950 15.0 million 10.0% 16% �" �" 1960 18.9 million 10.5% 26% �" �" 1970 22.6 million 11.1% 20% �" �" 1980 26.5 million 11.7% 17% �" �" 1990 30.0 million 12.1% 13% �" �" 2000 34.6 million 12.3% 15% �" �" 2010 38.9 million 12.6% 12% �" �"

By 1990, tha African-Gangsta population reached bout 30 mazillion n' represented 12% of tha U.S. population, roughly tha same proportion as up in 1900.[82]

At tha time of tha 2000 Census, 54.8% of African Gangstas lived up in tha South. In dat year, 17.6% of African Gangstas lived up in tha Northeast n' 18.7% up in tha Midwest, while only 8.9% lived up in tha western states. Da westside do gotz a sizable black population up in certain areas, however n' shit. California, tha nationz most populous state, has tha fifth phattest African-Gangsta population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, n' Florida fo' realz. Accordin ta tha 2000 Census, approximately 2.05% of African Gangstas identified as Hispanic or Latino up in origin,[10] nuff of whom may be of Brazilian, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Haitian, or other Latin Gangsta descent. Da only self-reported ancestral crews larger than African Gangstas is tha Irish n' Germans.[83]

Accordin ta tha 2010 U.S. Census, nearly 3% of playas whoz ass self-identified as black had recent ancestors whoz ass immigrated from another ghetto. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Self-reported non-Hispanic black immigrants from tha Caribbean, mostly from Jamaica n' Haiti, represented 0.9% of tha U.S. population, at 2.6 million.[84] Self-reported black immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at bout 2.8 million.[84] Additionally, self-identified Black Hispanics represented 0.4% of tha United Hoodz population, at bout 1.2 mazillion people, largely found within tha Puerto Rican n' Dominican communities.[85] Self-reported black immigrants hailin from other ghettos up in tha Americas, like fuckin Brazil n' Canada, as well as nuff muthafuckin European countries, represented less than 0.1% of tha population. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Mixed-Race Hispanic n' non-Hispanic Gangstas whoz ass identified as bein part black, represented 0.9% of tha population. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Of tha 12.6% of United Hoodz gangstas whoz ass identified as black, round 10.3% was "natizzle black Gangsta" or ethnic African Gangstas, whoz ass is direct descendantz of West/Central Africans brought ta tha U.S. as slaves. These dudes make up well over 80% of all blacks up in tha ghetto. When includin people of mixed-race origin, bout 13.5% of tha U.S. population self-identified as black or "mixed wit black".[86] But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat accordin ta tha U.S. census bureau, evidence from tha 2000 Census indicates dat nuff African n' Caribbean immigrant ethnic crews do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they freestyled up in they own respectizzle ethnic crews up in tha "Some Other Race" write-in entry fo' realz. As a result, tha census bureau devised a new, separate "African Gangsta" ethnic crew category up in 2010 fo' ethnic African Gangstas.[87]

U.S. ghettos

Afta 100 muthafuckin yearz of African-Americans leavin tha downtown up in big-ass numbers seekin betta opportunitizzles n' treatment up in tha westside n' north, a movement known as tha Great Migration, there is now a reverse trend, called tha New Great Migration fo' realz. As wit tha earlier Great Migration, tha New Great Migration is primarily pimped up toward ghettos n' big-ass urban areas, like fuckin Atlanta, Charlotte, Houston, Dallas, Raleigh, Tampa, San Antonio, Memphis, Nashville, Jacksonville, n' so forth.[88] A growin cementage of African-Americans from tha westside n' uptown is migratin ta tha southern region of tha U.S. fo' economic n' cultural reasons. New York City, Chicago, n' Los Angelez have tha highest decline up in African Gangstas, while Atlanta, Dallas, n' Houston have tha highest increase respectively.[88]

Among ghettoz of 100,000 or more, Detroit, Michigan had tha highest cementage of black gangstaz of any U.S. hood up in 2010, wit 82%. Other big-ass ghettos wit African-Gangsta majoritizzles include Jackson, Mississippi (79.4%), Miami Gardens, Florida (76.3%), Baltimore, Maryland (63%), Birmingham, Alabama (62.5%), Memphis, Tennessee (61%), New Orleans, Louisiana (60%), Montgomery, Alabama (56.6%), Flint, Michigan (56.6%), Savannah, Georgia (55.0%), Augusta, Georgia (54.7%), Atlanta, Georgia (54%, peep African Gangstas up in Atlanta), Cleveland, Ohio (53.3%), Newark, New Jersey (52.35%), Washington, D.C. (50.7%), Richmond, Virginia (50.6%), Mobile, Alabama (50.6%), Baton Rouge, Louisiana (50.4%), n' Shreveport, Louisiana (50.4%).

Da nationz most affluent hood wit a African-Gangsta majoritizzle resides up in View Park�"Windsor Hills, California wit a annual median household income of $159,618.[89] Other largely affluent predominantly African-Gangsta communitizzles include Pimp Georgez County up in Maryland (namely Mitchellville, Woodmore, n' Upper Marlboro), Dekalb County n' Downtown Fulton up in Georgia, Charlez Citizzle County up in Virginia, Baldwin Hills up in California, Hillcrest n' Uniondale up in New York, n' Cedar Hill, DeSoto, n' Missouri City up in Texas. Queens County, New York is tha only county wit a population of 65,000 or mo' where African Gangstas gotz a higher median household income than White Gangstas.[90]

Seatack, Virginia is currently tha crazy oldschool African-Gangsta hood up in tha United Hoods.[91] It survives todizzle wit a vibrant n' actizzle civic hood.[92]

Ejaculation

By 2012, African Gangstas had advanced pimped outly up in ejaculation attainment. They still lagged overall compared ta white or Asian Gangstas but surpassed other ethnic minorities,[which?] wit 19 cement earnin bachelorz degrees n' 6 cement earnin advanced degrees.[93][failed verification] Between 1995 n' 2009, freshmen college enrollment fo' African Gangstas increased by 73 cement n' only 15 cement fo' whites.[94] Black dem hoes is enrolled up in college mo' than any other race n' gender group, leadin all wit 9.7% enrolled accordin ta tha 2011 U.S. Census Bureau.[95][96] Predominantly black schools fo' kindergarten all up in twelfth grade hustlas was common all up in tha U.S. before tha 1970s. By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant dat only 25% of Black hustlas was up in schools wit mo' than 90% non-white hustlas. But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat since then, a trend towardz re-segregation affected communitizzles across tha ghetto: by 2011, 2.9 mazillion African-Gangsta hustlas was up in such overwhelmingly minoritizzle schools, includin 53% of Black hustlas up in school districts dat was formerly under desegregation orders.[97][98]

Historically black colleges n' universitizzles (HBCUs), which was originally set up when segregated colleges did not admit African Gangstas, continue ta thrive n' educate hustlaz of all races todizzle. It make me wanna hollar playa! Da majoritizzle of HBCUs was established up in tha southeastern United Hoods, Alabama has da most thugged-out HBCUz of any state.[99][100]

As late as 1947, bout one third of African Gangstas over 65 was considered ta lack tha literacy ta read n' write they own names. By 1969, illiteracy as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Gangstas.[101]

U.S. Census surveys flossed dat by 1998, 89 cement of African Gangstas aged 25 ta 29 had completed a high-school ejaculation, less than whites or Asians yo, but mo' than Hispanics. On nuff college entrance, standardized tests n' grades, African Gangstas have historically lagged behind whites yo, but some studies suggest dat tha achievement gap has been closing. Many policy makers have proposed dat dis gap can n' is ghon be eliminated all up in policies like fuckin affirmatizzle action, desegregation, n' multiculturalism.[102]

Da average high school graduation rate of blacks up in tha United Hoodz has steadily increased ta 71% up in 2013.[103] Separatin dis statistic tha fuck into component parts shows it varies pimped outly dependin upon tha state n' tha school district examined. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! 38% of black malez graduated up in tha state of New York but up in Maine 97% graduated n' exceeded tha white thug graduation rate by 11 cementage points.[104] In much of tha southeastern United Hoodz n' some partz of tha southwestern United Hoodz tha graduation rate of white malez was up in fact below 70% like fuckin up in Florida where 62% of white malez busted tha fuck outta high school. Examinin specific school districts paints a even mo' complex picture. In tha Detroit school district tha graduation rate of black malez was 20% but 7% fo' white males. In tha New York Citizzle school district 28% of black malez graduate from high school compared ta 57% of white males. In Newark County[where?] 76% of black malez graduated compared ta 67% fo' white males. Further academic improvement has occurred up in 2015. Roughly 23% of all blacks have bachelorz degrees. In 1988, 21% of whites had obtained a funky-ass bachelorz degree versus 11% of blacks. In 2015, 23% of blacks had obtained a funky-ass bachelorz degree versus 36% of whites.[105] Foreign born blacks, 9% of tha black population, made even pimped outa strides. They exceed natizzle born blacks by 10 cementage points.[105]

Economic status

Economically, African Gangstas have benefited from tha advances made durin tha civil muthafuckin rights era, particularly among tha educated yo, but not without tha lingerin effectz of oldschool marginalisation when considered as a whole. Da racial disparitizzle up in poverty rates has narrowed. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da black middle class has grown substantially. In 2010, 45% of African Gangstas owned they cribs, compared ta 67% of all Gangstas.[107] Da poverty rate among African Gangstas has decreased from 26.5% up in 1998 ta 24.7% up in 2004, compared ta 12.7% fo' all Gangstas.[108]

African Gangstas gotz a cold-ass lil combined buyin juice of over $892 bazillion currently n' likely over $1.1 trazillion by 2012.[110][111] In 2002, African Gangsta-owned bidnizzes accounted fo' 1.2 mazillion of tha USz 23 mazillion bidnizzes.[112] Az of 2011 African Gangsta-owned bidnizzes account fo' approximately 2 mazillion US bidnizzes.[113] Black-owned bidnizzes experienced tha phattest growth up in number of bidnizzes among minoritizzles from 2002 ta 2011.[113]

In 2004, African-Gangsta pimps had tha third-highest earningz of Gangsta minoritizzle groups afta Asian Gangstas n' non-Hispanic whites.[114]

Twenty-five cement of blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, n' related fields) up in 2000, compared wit 33.6% of Gangstas overall.[115][116] In 2001, over half of African-Gangsta householdz of hooked up couplez gots $50,000 or more.[116] Although up in tha same year African Gangstas was over-represented among tha nationz skanky, dis was directly related ta tha disproportionate cementage of African-Gangsta crews headed by single dem hoes; such crews is collectively skankyer, regardless of ethnicity.[116]

In 2006, tha median earningz of African-Gangsta pimps was mo' than black n' non-black Gangsta dem hoes overall, n' up in all ejaculationizzle levels.[117][118][119][120][121] At tha same time, among Gangsta men, income disparitizzles was significant; tha median income of African-Gangsta pimps was approximately 76 cents fo' every last muthafuckin dollar of they European Gangsta counterparts, although tha gap narrowed somewhat wit a rise up in ejaculationizzle level.[117][122]

Overall, tha median earningz of African-Gangsta pimps was 72 cents fo' every last muthafuckin dollar gotz of they Asian Gangsta counterparts, n' $1.17 fo' every last muthafuckin dollar gots by Hispanic men.[117][120][123] On tha other hand, by 2006, among Gangsta dem hoes wit post-secondary ejaculation, African-Gangsta dem hoes have made dope advances; tha median income of African-Gangsta dem hoes was mo' than dem of they Asian-, European- n' Hispanic Gangsta counterparts wit at least some college ejaculation.[118][119][124]

Da U.S. hood sector is tha single most blingin source of employment fo' African Gangstas.[125] Durin 2008�"2010, 21.2% of all Black workers was hood hommies, compared wit 16.3% of non-Black workers.[125] Both before n' afta tha onset of tha Great Recession, African Gangstas was 30% mo' likely than other workers ta be employed up in tha hood sector.[125]

Da hood sector be also a cold-ass lil critical source of decent-payin thangs fo' Black Gangstas. For both pimps n' dem hoes, tha median wage gots by Black hommies is hella higher up in tha hood sector than up in other industries.[125]

In 1999, tha median income of African-Gangsta crews was $33,255 compared ta $53,356 of European Gangstas. In timez of economic bullshit fo' tha nation, African Gangstas suffer disproportionately from thang loss n' underemployment, wit tha black underclass bein hardest hit. Da phrase "last hired n' first fired" is reflected up in tha Bureau of Labor Statistics unemployment figures. Nationwide, tha October 2008 unemployment rate fo' African Gangstas was 11.1%,[126] while tha nationwide rate was 6.5%.[127]

Da income gap between black n' white crews be also significant. In 2005, employed blacks gots 65% of tha wagez of whites, down from 82% up in 1975.[108] Da New York Times reported up in 2006 dat up in Queens, New York, tha median income among African-Gangsta crews exceeded dat of white crews, which tha newspaper attributed ta tha growth up in tha number of two-parent black crews. Well shiiiit, it noted dat Biatchs was tha only county wit mo' than 65,000 gangstas where dat was true.[90]

In 2011, dat shiznit was reported dat 72% of black babies was born ta unwed mothers.[128] Da poverty rate among single-parent black crews was 39.5% up in 2005, accordin ta Williams, while dat shiznit was 9.9% among married-couple black crews fo' realz. Among white crews, tha respectizzle rates was 26.4% n' 6% up in poverty.[129] Collectively, African Gangstas is mo' involved up in tha Gangsta ballistical process than other minoritizzle crews up in tha United Hoods, indicated by tha highest level of vota registration n' participation up in erections among these crews up in 2004.[130] African Gangstas collectively attain higher levelz of ejaculation than immigrants ta tha United Hoods.[130] African Gangstas also have tha highest level of Congressionizzle representation of any minoritizzle crew up in tha U.S.[131]

Ballistics

Yo, since tha mid 20th century, a big-ass majoritizzle of African Gangstas support tha Democratic Party. In tha 2004 Presidential Erection, Democrat Jizzy Kerry received 88% of tha African-Gangsta vote compared ta 11% fo' Republican George W. Bush.[132] Although there be a African-Gangsta lobby up in foreign policy, it has not had tha impact dat African-Gangsta crews have had up in domestic policy.[133]

Many African Gangstas was excluded from electoral ballistics up in tha decades followin tha end of Reconstruction. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. For dem dat could participate, until tha New Deal, African Gangstas was supportaz of tha Pubic Crew cuz dat shiznit was Republican Prezzy Abraham Lincoln whoz ass helped up in grantin freedom ta Gangsta slaves; all up in tha time, tha Republicans n' Democrats represented tha sectional interestz of tha North n' South, respectively, rather than any specific ideology, n' both conservative n' liberal was represented equally up in both parties.

Da African-Gangsta trend of votin fo' Democrats can be traced back ta tha 1930s durin tha Great Depression, when Franklin D. Rooseveltz New Deal program provided economic relief ta African Gangstas. Rooseveltz New Deal coalition turned tha Democratic Jam tha fuck into a organization of tha hustlin class n' they liberal allies, regardless of region. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch. Da African-Gangsta vote became even mo' solidly Democratic when Democratic prezs Jizzy F. Kennedy n' Lyndon B. Johnston pushed fo' civil muthafuckin rights legislation durin tha 1960s. In 1960, nearly a third of African Gangstas voted fo' Republican Slick Rick Nixon.[134]

Sexuality

Accordin ta a Gallup survey, 4.6% of black or African-Americans self-identified as LGBT up in 2016,[135] while tha total portion of Gangsta adults up in all ethnic crews identifyin as LGBT was 4.1% up in 2016.[135]

Health

General

Da game expectancy fo' black pimps up in 2008 was 70.8 years.[136] Life expectancy fo' black dem hoes was 77.5 muthafuckin years up in 2008.[136] In 1900, when shiznit on black game expectancy started bein collated, a funky-ass black playa could expect ta live ta 32.5 muthafuckin years n' a funky-ass black biatch 33.5 years.[136] In 1900, white pimps lived a average of 46.3 muthafuckin years n' white dem hoes lived a average of 48.3 years.[136] African-Gangsta game expectancy at birth is persistently five ta seven muthafuckin years lower than European Gangstas.[137] Black pimps have shorta gamespans than any other crew up in tha US besides Natizzle Gangsta men.[138]

Black playas have higher ratez of obesity, diabetes, n' hypertension than tha U.S. average.[136] For adult black men, tha rate of obesitizzle was 31.6% up in 2010.[139] For adult black dem hoes, tha rate of obesitizzle was 41.2% up in 2010.[139] African Gangstas have higher ratez of mortalitizzle than any other racial or ethnic crew fo' 8 of tha top 10 causez of dirtnap.[140] In 2013, among men, black pimps had tha highest rate of gettin cancer, followed by white, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), n' Gangsta Indian/Alaska Natizzle (AI/AN) men. I aint talkin' bout chicken n' gravy biatch fo' realz. Among dem hoes, white dem hoes had tha highest rate of gettin cancer, followed by black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, n' Gangsta Indian/Alaska Natizzle dem hoes.[141]

Violence has a impact upon African-Gangsta game expectancy fo' realz. A report from tha U.S. Department of Justice states "In 2005, homicizzle victimization rates fo' blacks was 6 times higher than tha rates fo' whites".[142] Da report also found dat "94% of black suckas was capped by blacks."[142] Black thugs n' pimps age 15–44 is tha only race/sex category fo' which homicizzle be a top-five cause of dirtnap.[138]

Sexuizzle health

Accordin ta tha Centas fo' Disease Control n' Prevention, African Gangstas have higher ratez of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared ta whites, wit 5 times tha ratez of syphilis n' chlamydia, n' 7.5 times tha rate of gonorrhea.[143]

Da disproportionately high incidence of HIV/AIDS among African-Americans has been attributed ta homophobic influences n' lack of access ta proper healthcare.[144] Da prevalence of HIV/AIDS among black pimps is seven times higher than tha prevalence fo' white men, n' black pimps is mo' than nine times as likely ta take a thugged-out dirtnap from HIV/AIDS-related illnizz than white men.[138]

Washington, D.C. has tha nationz highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection, at 3%. This rate is comparable ta what tha fuck is peeped up in Westside Africa, n' is considered a severe epidemic.[145] Ray Martins, Chief MedicinalOfficer all up in tha Whitman-Walker Clinic, tha phattest provider of HIV care up in Washington D.C., estimated dat tha actual underlyin cement wit HIV/AIDS up in tha hood is "closer ta five cement".[145]

Menstrual health

African Gangstas have nuff muthafuckin barriers fo' accessin menstrual health skillz. Counseling has been frowned upon n' distant up in utilitizzle n' proximitizzle ta nuff playas up in tha African Gangsta hood. In 2004, a qualitatizzle research study explored tha dishook tha fuck up wit African Gangstas n' menstrual health. Da study was conducted as a semi-structured rap which allowed tha focus crew ta express they opinions n' game experiences. Da thangs up in dis biatch revealed a cold-ass lil couple key variablez dat create barriers fo' nuff African Gangsta communitizzles ta seek menstrual game skillz like fuckin tha stigma, lack of four blingin necessities; trust, affordability, cultural understandin n' impersonal skillz.[146]

Historically, nuff African Gangsta communitizzles did not seek counselin cuz religion was a part of tha crew joints.[147] African Gangsta whoz ass gotz a gangbangin' faith background is mo' likely ta seek prayer as a cold-ass lil copin mechanizzle fo' menstrual thangs rather than seekin professionizzle menstrual game skillz.[146] In 2015 a study concluded, African Gangstas wit high value up in religion is less likely ta utilize menstrual game skillz compared ta dem playas whoz ass have low value up in religion.[148]

Most counselin approaches is westernized n' do not fit within tha African Gangsta culture fo' realz. African Gangsta crews tend ta resolve concerns within tha crew, n' it is viewed by tha crew as a strength. On tha other hand, when African Gangstas seek counseling, they grill a hood backlash n' is dissed. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! They may be labeled "crazy," viewed as weak, n' they pride is diminished.[146] Because of this, nuff African Gangstas instead seek mentorshizzle within communitizzles they trust.

Terminologizzle be another barrier up in relation ta African Gangstas n' menstrual health. There is mo' stigma on tha term psychotherapy versus counseling. In one study, psychotherapy be associated wit menstrual illnizz whereas counselin approaches problem-solving, guidizzle n' help.[146] Mo' African Gangstas seek assistizzle when it is called counselin n' not psychotherapy cuz it is mo' welcomin within tha cultural n' hood.[149] Counselors is encouraged ta be aware of such barriers fo' tha well-bein of African Gangsta clients, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Without cultural competency hustlin up in game care, nuff African Gangstas go unheard n' misunderstood.[146]

Although suicide be a top-10 cause of dirtnap fo' pimps overall up in tha US, it aint a top-10 cause of dirtnap fo' black men.[138]

Genetics

Genome-wide studies

[150] Each vertical bar represents a individual. Genetic clustering of 128 African Gangstas, by Zakharaia et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2009).Each vertical bar represents a individual.

Recent surveyz of African Gangstas rockin a genetic testin steez have found varied ancestries which show different tendencies by region n' sex of ancestors. These studies found dat on average, African Gangstas have 73.2�"82.1% Westside African, 16.7%�"24% European, n' 0.8�"1.2% Natizzle Gangsta genetic ancestry, wit big-ass variation between dudes.[151][152][153] Genetics joints theyselves have reported similar ranges, wit some findin 1 or 2 cement Natizzle Gangsta ancestry n' Ancestry.com reportin a outlyin cementage of European ancestry among African Gangstas, 29%.[154]

Accordin ta a genome-wide study by Bryc et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2009), tha mixed ancestry of African Gangstas up in varyin ratios came bout as tha result of horny-ass contact between West/Central Africans (more frequently females) n' Europeans (more frequently males). Consequently, tha 365 African Gangstas up in they sample gotz a genome-wide average of 78.1% Westside African ancestry n' 18.5% European ancestry, wit big-ass variation among dudes (rangin from 99% ta 1% Westside African ancestry). Da Westside African ancestral component up in African Gangstas is most similar ta dat up in present-dizzle speakers from tha non-Bantu branchez of tha Niger-Congo (Niger-Kordofanian) crew.[151][nb 1]

Correspondingly, Montinaro et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2014) observed dat round 50% of tha overall ancestry of African Gangstas traces back ta tha Niger-Congo-speakin Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria n' southern Benin, reflectin tha centralitizzle of dis Westside African region up in tha Atlantic Slave Trade. Da next most frequent ancestral component found among African Gangstas was derived from Great Britain, up in keepin wit oldschool records. Well shiiiit, it constitutes a lil over 10% of they overall ancestry, n' is most similar ta tha Northwest European ancestral component also carried by Barbadians.[156] Zakharaia et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry up in they African-Gangsta samples, wit a minoritizzle also drawn from Mandenka n' Bantu populations fo' realz. Additionally, tha researchers observed a average European ancestry of 21.9%, again n' again n' again wit dope variation between dudes.[150] Bryc et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2009) note dat populations from other partz of tha continent may also constitute adequate proxies fo' tha ancestorz of some African-Gangsta dudes; namely, ancestral populations from Guinea Bissau, Senegal n' Sierra Leone up in Westside Africa n' Angola up in Downtown Africa.[151]

Altogether, genetic studies suggest dat African Gangstas is a multiracial playas fo' realz. Accordin ta DNA analysis hustled up in 2006 by Penn State geneticist Mark D. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Shriver, round 58 cement of African Gangstas have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent ta one European pimped out-grandparent n' his/her forebears), 19.6 cement of African Gangstas have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent ta one European grandparent n' his/her forebears), n' 1 cement of African Gangstas have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent ta one European parent n' his/her forebears).[13][157] Accordin ta Shriver, round 5 cement of African Gangstas also have at least 12.5% Natizzle Gangsta ancestry (equivalent ta one Natizzle Gangsta pimped out-grandparent n' his/her forebears).[158][159] Research suggests dat Natizzle Gangsta ancestry among playas whoz ass identify as African Gangsta be a result of relationshizzlez dat occurred soon afta slave ships arrived up in tha Gangsta colonies, n' European ancestry iz of mo' recent origin, often from tha decades before tha Civil War.[160]

Y-DNA

Africans bearin tha E-V38 (E1b1a) likely traversed across tha Sahara, from east ta west, approximately 19,000 muthafuckin years ago.[161] E-M2 (E1b1a1) likely originated up in Westside Africa or Central Africa.[162] Accordin ta a Y-DNA study by Sims et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2007), tha majoritizzle (≈60%) of African Gangstas belong ta various subcladez of tha E-M2 (E1b1a1, formerly E3a) paternal haplogroup. This is da most thugged-out common genetic paternal lineage found todizzle among West/Central African males, n' be also a signature of tha oldschool Bantu migrations. Da next most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup observed among African Gangstas is tha R1b clade, which round 15% of African Gangstas carry. This lineage is most common todizzle among Northwestern European malez. Da remainin African Gangstas mainly belong ta tha paternal haplogroup I (≈7%), which be also frequent up in Northwestern Europe.[163]

mtDNA

Accordin ta a mtDNA study by Salas et al. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. (2005), tha maternal lineagez of African Gangstas is most similar ta haplogroups dat is todizzle especially common up in Westside Africa (>55%), followed closely by West-Central Africa n' Southwestern Africa (<41%). Da characteristic Westside African haplogroups L1b, L2b,c,d, n' L3b,d n' West-Central African haplogroups L1c n' L3e up in particular occur at high frequencies among African Gangstas fo' realz. As wit tha paternal DNA of African Gangstas, contributions from other partz of tha continent ta they maternal gene pool is insignificant.[164]

Ghetto status

African Gangstas have improved they hood n' economic standin hella since tha civil muthafuckin rights movement n' recent decades have witnessed tha expansion of a robust, African-Gangsta middle class across tha United Hoods. Unprecedented access ta higher ejaculation n' employment up in addizzle ta representation up in tha highest levelz of Gangsta posse has been gained by African Gangstas up in tha post�"civil muthafuckin rights era.[165]

Economic issues

One of da most thugged-out straight-up n' long-standin thangs within African-Gangsta communitizzles is poverty. Poverty be associated wit higher ratez of marital stress n' dissolution, physical n' menstrual health problems, disability, cognitizzle deficits, low ejaculationizzle attainment, n' crime.[166] In 2004, almost 25% of African-Gangsta crews lived below tha poverty level.[108] In 2007, tha average income fo' African Gangstas was approximately $34,000, compared ta $55,000 fo' whites.[167] African Gangstas experience a higher rate of unemployment than tha general population.[168]

African Gangstas gotz a long-ass n' diverse history of businizz ballership fo' realz. Although tha straight-up original gangsta African-Gangsta bidnizz is unknown, slaves captured from Westside Africa is believed ta have established commercial enterprises as peddlaz n' skilled craftspeople as far back as tha 17th century fo' realz. Around 1900, Booker T. Washington became da most thugged-out hyped proponent of African-Gangsta bidnizzes yo. His critic n' rival W. E. B. DuBois also commended bidnizz as a hoopty fo' African-Gangsta advancement.[169]

Policin n' criminal justice

Forty cement of tha slamma inmates is African-American.[170] African Gangsta malez is mo' likely ta be capped by five-o when compared ta other races capped by police.[171] This is one of tha factors dat hustled ta tha creation of tha Black Lives Matter movement.[172]

Although up in tha last decade black youth have had lower ratez of cannabis (marijuana) consumption than whitez of tha same age, they have disproportionately higher arrest rates than whites: up in 2010, fo' example, blacks was 3.73 times as likely ta git arrested fo' rockin dat fuckin' phat shiznit than whites, despite not hella mo' frequently bein users.[173][174]

Ghetto issues

Afta over 50 years, marriage rates fo' all Gangstas fuckin started ta decline while divorce rates n' out-of-wedlock births have climbed.[175] These chizzlez done been top billin among African Gangstas fo' realz. Afta mo' than 70 muthafuckin yearz of racial paritizzle black marriage rates fuckin started ta fall behind whites.[175] Single-parent householdz have become common, n' accordin ta U.S. census figures busted out up in January 2010, only 38 cement of black lil pimps live wit both they muthafathas.[176]

In 2008, Democrats overwhelmingly voted 70% against California Proposizzle 8, African Gangstas voted 58% up in favor of it while 42% voted against Proposizzle 8.[177] On May 9, 2012, Barack Obizzay, tha straight-up original gangsta black prez, became tha straight-up original gangsta U.S. prez ta support same-sex marriage. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Since Obizzayz endorsement there has been a rapid growth up in support fo' same-sex marriage among African Gangstas fo' realz. Az of 2012, 59% of African Gangstas support same-sex marriage, which is higher than support among tha nationistic average (53%) n' white Gangstas (50%).[178]

Polls up in Uptown Carolina,[179] Pennsylvania,[180] Missouri,[181] Maryland,[182] Ohio,[183] Florida,[184] n' Nevada[185] have also shown a increase up in support fo' same sex marriage among African Gangstas. On November 6, 2012, Maryland, Maine, n' Washington all voted fo' approve of same-sex marriage, along wit Minnesota rejectin a constipationizzle amendment bannin same-sex marriage. Exit polls up in Maryland show bout 50% of African Gangstas voted fo' same-sex marriage, showin a vast evolution among African Gangstas on tha issue n' was crucial up in helpin pass same-sex marriage up in Maryland.[186]

Black Gangstas hold far mo' conservatizzle opinions on abortion, extramarital sex, n' raisin lil pimps outta wedlock than Democrats as a whole.[187] On financial issues, however, African Gangstas is up in line wit Democrats, generally supportin a mo' progressive tax structure ta provide mo' posse bustin on hood skillz.[188]

Ballistical legacy

Dr. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Martin Luther Mackdaddy Jr. remains da most thugged-out prominent ballistical leader up in tha Gangsta civil muthafuckin rights movement n' like da most thugged-out influential African-Gangsta ballistical git into in general.

African Gangstas have fought up in every last muthafuckin war up in tha history of tha United Hoods.[189]

Da gains made by African Gangstas up in tha civil muthafuckin rights movement n' up in tha Black Juice movement not only obtained certain muthafuckin rights fo' African Gangstas yo, but chizzled Gangsta society up in far-reachin n' fundamentally blingin ways. Prior ta tha 1950s, Black Gangstas up in tha Downtown was subject ta de jure discrimination, or Jim Crow laws. They was often tha suckaz of off tha hook wackty n' shit, sometimes resultin up in dirtnaps: by tha post Ghetto Battle Pt II era, African Gangstas became mo' n' mo' n' mo' discontented wit they long-standin inequality. In tha lyrics of Martin Luther Mackdaddy Jr., African Gangstas n' they supportas challenged tha hood ta "rise up n' live up tha legit meanin of its creed dat all pimps is pimped equal ..."[190]

Da civil muthafuckin rights movement marked a enormous chizzle up in Gangsta hood, ballistical, economic n' civic game. Well shiiiit, it brought wit it boycotts, sit-ins, nonviolent demonstrations n' marches, court battles, bombings n' other shit; prompted ghettowide media coverage n' intense hood debate; forged endurin civic, economic n' religious alliances; n' disrupted n' realigned tha nationz two major ballistical parties.

Over time, it has chizzled up in fundamenstrual ways tha manner up in which blacks n' whites interact wit n' relate ta one another n' shit. Da movement resulted up in tha removal of codified, de jure racial segregation n' discrimination from Gangsta game n' law, n' heavily hyped up other crews n' movements up in strugglez fo' civil muthafuckin rights n' hood equalitizzle within Gangsta society, includin tha Jacked Rap Movement, tha disabled, tha womenz movement, Natizzle Gangstas, n' migrant workers.

Media n' coverage

Yo, some activists n' academics contend dat Gangsta shizzle media coverage of African-Gangsta hype, concerns, or dilemmas is inadequate,[191][192][193] or dat tha shizzle media present distorted imagez of African Gangstas.[194]

To combat this, Robert L. Johnston dropped Black Entertainment Television, a network dat targets lil' African Gangstas n' urban crews up in tha United Hoods. Over tha years, tha network has aired such programmin as rap n' R&B noize vizzles, urban-oriented pornos n' televizzle series, n' some hood affairs programs. Boy it's gettin hot, yes indeed it is. On Sundizzle mornings, BET would broadcast Christian programming; tha network would also broadcast non-affiliated Christian programs durin tha early mornin minutes everyday. BET is now a global network dat reaches householdz up in tha United Hoods, Caribbean, Canada, n' tha United Mackdaddydom.[195][dubious – discuss] Da network has gone on ta spawn nuff muthafuckin spin-off channels, includin BET Her (originally launched as BET on Jazz), which originally showcased jazz music-related programming, n' lata expanded ta include general-interest urban programs as well as some R&B, soul, n' world music.[196][dubious – discuss]

Another network targetin African-Americans is TV One. TV Onez original gangsta programmin was formally focused on gamestyle n' entertainment-oriented shows, pornos, fashion, n' noize programming. Da network also reruns funky-ass series from as far back as tha 1970s ta current series like fuckin Empire n' Sista Circle. TV One is owned by Urban One, dropped n' controlled by Catherine Hughes. Urban One is one of tha nationz phattest radio broadcastin g-units n' tha phattest African-American-owned radio broadcastin company up in tha United Hoods.[197]

African-Gangsta networks dat was scheduled ta launch up in 2009 include tha Black Televizzle Shit Channel dropped by forma Congressman J. C. Watts n' Betta Black Television dropped by Percy Miller.[198][199] In June 2009, STD Shiznit launched a freshly smoked up joint named Da Grio[200] up in partnershizzle wit tha thang crew dat pimped tha black documentary film Meetin Dizzy Wilson. Well shiiiit, it is tha straight-up original gangsta African-Gangsta vizzle shizzle site dat focuses on underrepresented stories up in existin nationistic news. Da Grio consistz of a funky-ass broad spectrum of original gangsta vizzle packages, shizzle articles, n' contributor blogs on topics includin breakin hype, ballistics, health, bidnizz, entertainment n' Black History.[201]

Other Black-owned n' oriented media outlets include:

Culture

From they earliest presence up in Uptown America, African Gangstas have hella contributed literature, art, agricultural game, cuisine, threadz styles, beatz, language, n' hood n' technological innovation ta Gangsta culture. Da cultivation n' use of nuff agricultural shizzle up in tha United Hoods, like fuckin yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, n' cotton, can be traced ta Westside African n' African-Gangsta influences. Notable examplez include George Washington Carver, whoz ass pimped 300 shizzle from peanuts, 118 shizzle from dope potatoes, n' 75 shizzle from pecans; n' George Crum, a local legend associates his ass wit tha creation of tha potato chip up in 1853.[203][204] Soul chicken be a variety of cuisine ghettofab among African Gangstas. Well shiiiit, it is closely related ta tha cuisine of tha Downtown United Hoods. Da descriptizzle terminologizzle may have originated up in tha mid-1960s, when soul was a cold-ass lil common definer used ta describe African-Gangsta culture (for example, soul music) fo' realz. African Gangstas was tha straight-up original gangsta peoplez up in tha United Hoodz ta make fried chicken, along wit Scottish immigrants ta tha South fo' realz. Although tha Scottish had been fryin chicken before they emigrated, they lacked tha spices n' flavor dat African Gangstas had used when preparin tha meal. It aint nuthin but tha nick nack patty wack, I still gots tha bigger sack. Da Scottish Gangsta settlaz therefore adopted tha African-Gangsta method of seasonin chicken.[205] But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat fried chicken was generally a rare meal up in tha African-Gangsta hood, n' was probably reserved fo' special events or celebrations.[206]

Language

African-Gangsta Gangsta be a variety (dialect, ethnolect, n' sociolect) of Gangsta Gangsta, commonly spoken by urban working-class n' largely bi-dialectal middle-class African Gangstas.[207]

African-Gangsta Gangsta evolved durin tha antebellum period all up in interaction between speakerz of 16th- n' 17th-century Gangsta of Great Britain n' Ireland n' various Westside African languages fo' realz. As a result, tha variety shares partz of its grammar n' phonology wit tha Downtown Gangsta Gangsta dialect. Where African-Gangsta Gangsta differs from Standard Gangsta Gangsta (SAE) is up in certain pronunciation characteristics, tense usage n' grammatical structures dat was derived from Westside African languages, particularly dem belongin ta tha Niger-Congo crew.[208]

Virtually all habitual speakerz of African-Gangsta Gangsta can KNOW n' rap up in Standard Gangsta Gangsta fo' realz. As wit all linguistic forms, AAVEz usage is hyped up by various factors, includin geographical, ejaculationizzle n' socioeconomic background, as well as formalitizzle of setting.[208] Additionally, there be nuff literary usez of dis variety of Gangsta, particularly up in African-Gangsta literature.[209]

Traditionizzle names

African-Gangsta names is part of tha cultural traditionz of African Gangstas. Prior ta tha 1950s, n' 1960s, most African-Gangsta names closely resembled dem used within European Gangsta culture.[210] Babiez of dat era was generally given all dem common names, wit lil pimps rockin nicknames ta distinguish tha various playas wit tha same name. With tha rise of 1960s civil muthafuckin rights movement, there was a thugged-out dramatic increase up in namez of various origins.[211]

By tha 1970s, n' 1980s, it had become common among African Gangstas ta invent freshly smoked up names fo' theyselves, although nuff of these invented names took elements from ghettofab existin names. Prefixes like fuckin La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re n' Ja/Je, n' suffixes like -ique/iqua, -isha n' -aun/-awn is common, as is inventizzle spellings fo' common names. Da book Baby Names Now: From Funky-Ass ta Cool�"Da Straight-up Last Word on First Names places tha originz of "La" names up in African-Gangsta culture up in New Orleans.[212]

Even wit tha rise of inventizzle names, it is still common fo' African Gangstas ta use biblical, historical, or traditionizzle European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, n' Matthew was thus among da most thugged-out frequent names fo' African-Gangsta thugs up in 2013.[210][213][214]

Da name LaKeisha is typically considered Gangsta up in origin yo, but has elements dat was drawn from both French n' West/Central African roots, n' you can put dat on yo' toast. Names like fuckin LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, n' Shaniqua was pimped up in tha same way. Punctuation marks is peeped mo' often within African-Gangsta names than other Gangsta names, like fuckin tha names Mo'nique n' D'Andre.[210]

Religion

Da majoritizzle of African Gangstas is Protestant, nuff of whom follow tha historically black churches.[216] Da term Black church refers ta churches which minista ta predominantly African-Gangsta congregations. Black congregations was first established by freed slaves all up in tha end of tha 17th century, n' lata when slavery was abolished mo' African Gangstas was allowed ta create a unique form of Christianitizzle dat was culturally hyped up by African spiritual traditions.[217]

Accordin ta a 2007 survey, mo' than half of tha African-Gangsta population is part of tha historically black churches.[218] Da phattest Protestant denomination among African Gangstas is tha Baptists,[219] distributed mainly up in four denominations, tha phattest bein tha Nationizzle Baptist Convention, USA n' tha Nationizzle Baptist Convention of Tha Ghetto.[220] Da second phattest is tha Methodists,[221] tha phattest denominations is tha African Methodist Episcopal Church n' tha African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.[220][222]

Pentecostals is distributed among nuff muthafuckin different religious bodies, wit tha Church of Dogg up in Christ as tha phattest among dem by far.[220] Bout 16% of African-Gangsta Christians is thugz of white Protestant communions,[221] these denominations (which include tha United Church of Christ) mostly gotz a 2 ta 3% African-Gangsta membership.[223] There is also big-ass numberz of Catholics, constitutin 5% of tha African-Gangsta population.[218] Of tha total number of Jehovahz Witnesses, 22% is black.[216]

Yo, some African Gangstas follow Islam yo. Historically, between 15 n' 30% of enslaved Africans brought ta tha Americas was Muslims yo, but most of these Africans was converted ta Christianitizzle durin tha era of Gangsta slavery.[224] Durin tha twentieth century, some African Gangstas converted ta Islam, mainly all up in tha influence of black nationalist crews dat preached wit distinctizzle Islamic practices; includin tha Moorish Science Temple of Tha Ghetto, n' tha phattest organization, tha Nation of Islam, dropped up in tha 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 playas by 1963,[225][226] prominent thugz included activist Malcolm X n' boxer Muhammad Ali.[227]

Malcolm X is considered tha straight-up original gangsta thug ta start tha movement among African Gangstas towardz mainstream Islam, afta he left tha Nation n' made tha pilgrimage ta Mecca.[228] In 1975, Warith Deen Mohammed, tha lil hustla of Elijah Muhammad took control of tha Nation afta his wild lil' fatherz dirtnap n' guided tha majoritizzle of its thugz ta orthodox Islam.[229]

African-Gangsta Muslims constitute 20% of tha total U.S. Muslim population,[230] tha majoritizzle is Sunni or orthodox Muslims, a shitload of these identify under tha hood of W. Deen Mohammed.[231][232] Da Nation of Islam hustled by Louis Farrakhan has a membershizzle rangin from 20,000�"50,000 members.[233]

There is relatively few African-Gangsta Jews; estimatez of they number range from 20,000[234] ta 200,000.[235] Most of these Jews is part of mainstream crews like fuckin tha Reform, Conservative, or Orthodox branchez of Judaism; although there be dope numberz of playas whoz ass is part of non-mainstream Jewish groups, largely tha Black Hebrew Israelites, whose beliefs include tha claim dat African Gangstas is descended from tha Biblical Israelites.[236]

Confirmed atheists is less than one half of one-percent, similar ta numbers fo' Hispanics.[237][238][239]

Noize

African-Gangsta music is one of da most thugged-out pervasive African-Gangsta cultural influences up in tha United Hoodz todizzle n' be among da most thugged-out dominant up in mainstream ghettofab beatz. Drop dis like itz hot! Hip hop, R&B, funk, rock n' roll, soul, blues, n' other contemporary Gangsta musical forms originated up in black communitizzles n' evolved from other black formz of beatz, includin blues, doo-wop, barbershop, ragtime, bluegrass, jazz, n' gospel music.

African-American-derived musical forms have also hyped up n' been incorporated tha fuck into virtually every last muthafuckin other popular music genre up in tha ghetto, includin country n' techno fo' realz. African-Gangsta genres is da most thugged-out blingin ethnic vernacular tradizzle up in America, as they have pimped independent of African traditions from which they arise mo' so than any other immigrant groups, includin Europeans; make up tha broadest n' longest lastin range of stylez up in America; n' have, historically, been mo' influential, interculturally, geographically, n' economically, than other Gangsta vernacular traditions.[240]

Dance

African Gangstas have also had a blingin role up in Gangsta dance. Bizzle T. Jones, a prominent modern choreographer n' dancer, has included oldschool African-Gangsta themes up in his work, particularly up in tha piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tomz Cabin/Da Promised Land". Likewise, Alvin Aileyz artistic work, includin his "Revelations" based on his wild lil' fuckin experience growin up as a African Gangsta up in tha Downtown durin tha 1930s, has had a thugged-out dope influence on modern dizzle fo' realz. Another form of dance, Stepping, be a African-Gangsta tradizzle whose performizzle n' competizzle has been formalized all up in tha traditionally black fraternitizzles n' sororitizzles at universities.[241]

Literature n' academics

Many African-Gangsta authors have freestyled stories, poems, n' essays hyped up by they experiences as African Gangstas. African-Gangsta literature be a major genre up in Gangsta literature. Hyped examplez include Langston Hughes, Jizzy Baldwin, Slick Rick Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, Ralph Ellison, Nobel Prize balla Toni Morrison, n' Maya Angelou.

African-Gangsta inventors have pimped nuff widely used devices up in tha ghetto n' have contributed ta internationistic innovation. Norbert Rillieux pimped tha technique fo' convertin sugar cane juice tha fuck into white sugar crystals. Mo'over, Rillieux left Louisiana up in 1854 n' went ta France, where da ruffneck dropped ten muthafuckin years hustlin wit tha Champollions decipherin Egyptian hieroglyphics from tha Rosetta Stone.[242] Most slave inventors was nameless, like fuckin tha slave owned by tha Confederate Prezzy Jefferson Davis whoz ass designed tha shizzle propella used by tha Confederate navy.[243]

By 1913, over 1,000 inventions was patented by black Gangstas fo' realz. Among da most thugged-out notable inventors was Jan Matzeliger, whoz ass pimped tha straight-up original gangsta machine ta mass-produce shoes,[244] n' Elijah McCoy, whoz ass invented automatic lubrication devices fo' steam engines.[245] Granville Woods had 35 patents ta improve electric railway systems, includin tha straight-up original gangsta system ta allow movin trains ta rap.[246] Garrett A. Morgan pimped tha straight-up original gangsta automatic traffic signal n' gas mask.[247]

Lewis Howard Latimer invented a improvement fo' tha incandescent light bulb.[248] Mo' recent inventors include Frederick McKinley Jones, whoz ass invented tha movable refrigeration unit fo' chicken transhiznit up in trucks n' trains.[249] Lloyd Quarterman hit dat shiznit wit six other black scientists on tha creation of tha atomic bomb (code named tha Manhattan Project.)[250] Quarterman also helped pimp tha straight-up original gangsta nuclear reactor, which was used up in tha atomically powered submarine called tha Nautilus.[251]

A few other notable examplez include tha straight-up original gangsta successful open ass surgery, performed by Dr. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Daniel Hale Williams,[252] n' tha air conditioner, patented by Frederick McKinley Jones.[249] Dr. Shiiit, dis aint no joke. Mark Dean holdz three of tha original gangsta nine patents on tha computa on which all PCs is based.[253][254][255] Mo' current contributors include Otis Boykin, whose inventions included nuff muthafuckin novel methodz fo' manufacturin electrical components dat found use up in applications like fuckin guided pistol systems n' computers,[256] n' Colonel Frederick Gregory, whoz ass was not only tha straight-up original gangsta black astronaut pilot but tha thug whoz ass redesigned tha cockpits fo' tha last three space shuttles. Gregory was also on tha crew dat pioneered tha microwave instrumentation landin system.[257]

Terminology

General

This parade float displayed tha word "Afro-Americans" up in 1911.

Da term African Gangsta carries blingin ballistical overtones. Earlier terms used ta describe Gangstaz of African ancestry referred mo' ta skin color than ta ancestry, n' was conferred upon tha crew by colonists n' Gangstaz of European ancestry; playas wit dark skins was considered inferior up in fact n' up in law. Other terms (like fuckin colored, thug of color, or negro) was included up in tha wordin of various laws n' legal decisions which some thought was bein used as toolz of white supremacy n' oppression.[258]

A 16-page pamphlet entitled "A Sermon on tha Capture of Lord Cornwallis" is notable fo' tha attribution of its authorship ta "An African Gangsta". Published up in 1782, tha bookz use of dis phrase predates any other yet identified by mo' than 50 years.[259]

In tha 1980s, tha term African Gangsta was advanced on tha model of, fo' example, German Gangsta or Irish Gangsta, ta give descendantz of Gangsta slaves, n' other Gangsta blacks whoz ass lived all up in tha slavery era, a heritage n' a cold-ass lil cultural base.[258] Da term was popularized up in black communitizzles round tha ghetto via word of grill n' ultimately received mainstream use afta Jizzy Jackson publicly used tha term up in front of a nationistic crew up in 1988. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted its use.[258]

Yo, surveys show dat tha majoritizzle of Black Gangstas have no preference fo' African Gangsta versus Black Gangsta,[260] although they gotz a slight preference fo' tha latta up in underground shiznit n' tha forma up in mo' formal settings.[261] Many African Gangstas have expressed a preference fo' tha term African Gangsta cuz dat shiznit was formed up in tha same way as tha terms fo' tha nuff other ethnic crews currently livin up in tha United Hoods. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. Some broke off some disrespec further that, cuz of tha oldschool circumstances surroundin tha capture, enslavement, n' systematic attempts ta de-Africanize blacks up in tha United Hoodz under chattel slavery, most African Gangstas is unable ta trace they ancestry ta any specific African nation; hence, tha entire continent serves as a geographic marker.[citation needed]

Da term African Gangsta embraces pan-Africanism as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers like fuckin Marcus Garvey, W. E. B. Du Bois, n' George Padmore. Da term Afro-Usonian, n' variationz of such, is mo' rarely used.[262][263]

Straight-Up Legit identity

Yo, since 1977, up in a attempt ta keep up wit changin hood opinion, tha United Hoodz posse has officially classified homies (revised ta black or African Gangsta up in 1997) as "havin origins up in any of tha black racial crewz of Africa."[264] Other federal offices, like fuckin tha U.S. Census Bureau, adhere ta tha Office of Management n' Budget standardz on race up in they data collection n' tabulation efforts.[265] In preparation fo' tha 2010 U.S. Census, a marketin n' outreach plan called 2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan (ICC) recognized n' defined African Gangstas as homies born up in tha United Hoods. From tha ICC perspective, African Gangstas is one of three crewz of homies up in tha United Hoods.[266]

Da ICC plan was ta reach tha three crews by acknowledgin dat each crew has its own sense of hood dat is based on geography n' ethnicity.[267] Da dopest way ta market tha census process toward any of tha three crews is ta reach dem all up in they own unique communication channels n' not treat tha entire black population of tha U.S. as though they is all African Gangstas wit a single ethnic n' geographical background. Y'all KNOW dat shit, muthafucka! Da Federal Bureau of Investigation of tha U.S. Department of Justice categorizes black or African Gangsta playas as "[a] thug havin origins up in any of tha black racial crewz of Africa" all up in racial categories used up in tha UCR Program adopted from tha Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) n' published by tha Office of Federal Statistical Policy n' Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, derived from tha 1977 Office of Management n' Budget classification.[268]

Admixture

Historically, "race mixing" between black n' white playas was taboo up in tha United Hoods. Right back up in yo muthafuckin ass. So-called anti-miscegenation laws, barrin blacks n' whites from marrying or bustin a nut, was established up in colonial Tha Ghetto as early as 1691,[269] n' endured up in nuff Downtown states until tha Supreme Court ruled dem unconstipationizzle up in Bangin v. Virginia (1967). Da taboo among Gangsta whites surroundin white-black relations be a oldschool consequence of tha oppression n' racial segregation of African Gangstas.[270] Historian Dizzy Brion Davis notes tha racial mixin dat occurred durin slavery was frequently attributed by tha planta class ta tha "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes dat "there be abundant evidence dat nuff slaveballers, lil playaz of slaveballers, n' overseers took black mistresses or up in effect raped tha wives n' daughtaz of slave crews."[271] A hyped example was Thomas Jeffersonz mistress, Sally Hemings.[272]

Harvard University historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. freestyled up in 2009 dat "African Gangstas…are a racially mixed or mulatto people�"deeply n' overwhelmingly so" (see genetics) fo' realz. Afta tha Emancipation Proclamation, Chinese Gangsta pimps hooked up African Gangsta dem hoes up in high proportions ta they total marriage numbers cuz of few Chinese Gangsta dem hoes bein up in tha United Hoods.[273] African slaves n' they descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange n' intermarriage wit Natizzle Gangstas,[274] although they did not necessarily retain hood, cultural or linguistic tizzles ta Natizzle peoples.[275] There is also increasin intermarriages n' offsprin between non-Hispanic blacks n' Hispanics of any race, especially between Puerto Ricans n' African Gangstas (American-born blacks).[276] Accordin ta lyricist M.M. Drymon, nuff African Gangstas identify as havin Scots-Irish ancestry.[277]

Racially mixed marriages have become mo' n' mo' n' mo' accepted up in tha United Hoodz since tha civil muthafuckin rights movement n' up ta tha present day.[278] Approval up in nationistic opinion polls has risen from 36% up in 1978, ta 48% up in 1991, 65% up in 2002, 77% up in 2007.[279] A Gallup poll conducted up in 2013 found dat 84% of whites n' 96% of blacks approved of interracial marriage, n' 87% overall.[280]

At tha end of Ghetto Battle Pt II, African Gangsta pimps hooked up Japanese dem hoes up in Japan n' immigrated ta tha United Hoods.[281]

Terminologizzle dispute

In her book Da End of Blackness, as well as up in a essay on tha liberal joint Salon,[282] lyricist Debra Dickerson has broke off some disrespec dat tha term black should refer strictly ta tha descendantz of Africans whoz ass was brought ta Tha Ghetto as slaves, n' not ta tha lil playas n' daughtaz of black immigrants whoz ass lack dat ancestry. Thus, under her definition, Prezzy Barack Obizzay, whoz ass is tha lil hustla of a Kenyan immigrant, aint black.[282][283] Biatch make tha argument dat groupin all playaz of African descent together regardless of they unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny tha lingerin effectz of slavery within tha Gangsta hood of slave descendants, up in addizzle ta denyin black immigrants recognizzle of they own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumpin our asses all together," Dickerson wrote, "erases tha significizzle of slavery n' continuin racizzle while givin tha appearizzle of progress."[282]

Yo, similar viewpoints done been expressed by Stanley Crouch up in a New York Daily Shiznit piece, Charlez Steele, Jr. of tha Downtown Christian Leadershizzle Conference[284] n' African-Gangsta columnist Dizzy Ehrenstein of tha Los Angelez Times, whoz ass accused white liberalz of flockin ta blacks whoz ass was Magic Negros, a term dat refers ta a funky-ass black thug wit no past whoz ass simply appears ta assist tha mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda.[285] Ehrenstein went on ta say "Dat punk there ta assuage white 'guilt' they feel over tha role of slavery n' racial segregation up in Gangsta history."[285]

Forma Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (who was famously mistaken fo' a "recent Gangsta immigrant" by French President Nicolas Sarkozy),[286] holla'd "descendantz of slaves did not git much of a head start, n' I be thinkin you continue ta peep a shitload of tha effectz of that." Biatch has also rejected a immigrant designation fo' African Gangstas n' instead prefers tha term black or white ta denote tha African n' European U.S. foundin populations.[287]

Terms no longer up in common use

Before tha independence of tha Thirteen Colonies until tha abolizzle of slavery up in 1865, a African-Gangsta slave was commonly known as a negro. Jacked negro was tha legal status up in tha territory of a African-Gangsta thug whoz ass was not a slave.[288] Da term colored lata also fuckin started ta be used until tha second quarta of tha 20th century, when dat shiznit was considered outmoded n' generally gave way again n' again n' again ta tha exclusive use of negro. By tha 1940s, tha term was commonly capitalized (Negro); but by tha mid-1960s, dat shiznit was considered disparaging. By tha end of tha 20th century, negro had come ta be considered inappropriate n' was rarely used n' perceived as a pejorative.[289][290] Da term is rarely used by younger homies yo, but remained up in use by nuff olda African Gangstas whoz ass had grown up wit tha term, particularly up in tha southern U.S.[291] Da term remains up in use up in some contexts, like fuckin tha United Negro College Fund, a Gangsta philanthropic organization dat fundz scholarshizzlez fo' black hustlas n' general scholarshizzle fundz fo' 39 private historically black colleges n' universities.

There is nuff other deliberately insultin terms, nuff of which was up in common use (e.g., nigger) yo, but had become wack up in aiiight discourse before tha end of tha 20th century. One exception is tha use, among tha black hood, of tha slur nigger rendered as nigga, representin tha pronunciation of tha word up in African-Gangsta Gangsta. This usage has been popularized by Gangsta rap n' hip-hop noize cultures (it is most commonly used by African Gangsta artists yo, but white artists is also rockin dis word) n' is used as part of a in-group lexicon n' speech. Well shiiiit, it aint necessarily derogatory and, when used among homies, tha word is often used ta mean "homie" or "friend."[292]

Acceptizzle of intra-group usage of tha word nigga is still debated, although it has established a gangbangin' foothold among younger generations. Da NAACP denounces tha use of both nigga n' nigger.[293] Mixed-race usage of nigga is still considered taboo, particularly if tha speaker is white. But fuck dat shiznit yo, tha word on tha street is dat trendz indicate dat usage of tha term up in intragroup shiznit is increasin even among white youth cuz of tha popularitizzle of rap n' hip hop culture.[294]

See also

Notes

References