JACKSON HOLE, Wyo.— President Trump’s antagonistic posture toward international institutions at foreign summits this summer soured some European officials on the candidacy of a top Federal Reserve official to helm an international regulatory body, according to people familiar with the matter.

Randal Quarles, the Fed’s vice chairman for bank supervision, had emerged as a front-runner this spring to chair the Financial Stability Board, a body formed in 2009 to monitor and advise governments on financial regulation, when the term of the current chairman, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney, expires in December.

But officials in several Western European capitals later argued that an American shouldn’t be rewarded with the position after Mr. Trump lashed out at both the Group of Seven summit in Canada in June and the NATO summit in Brussels in July.

European diplomats were dismayed after Mr. Trump pulled his support from a final G-7 communiqué after he left early the June summit in Quebec. Mr. Trump grew irritated after Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau held a news conference at the conference’s conclusion, where he warned Canada wouldn’t be pushed around by the U.S.

Mr. Trump later delivered blunt critiques of European nations at the July meeting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He pressed them to spend more on defense during tense meetings and later questioned on Twitter the point of the alliance.