ca. 3100 BCE Cuneiform, one of the earliest known writing systems developed in Sumer (modern day Iraq). Wedge-shaped marks were made on clay tablets by a blunt stylus cut from a reed.

ca. 3000 Papyrus plant, paper-like material used as a writing surface in Egypt.

Ink from lamp-black made in China.

ca. 500 Amate, a beaten paper-like material, made in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

ca. 200 Parchment, a material made from processed animal skin, used as a writing surface in Pergamon (Anatolian Greece, Asia Minor, now Turkey).

105 CE Invention of the papermaking process credited to Ts'ai Lun [Cai Lun] a palace advisor during the Han Dynasty of China

ca. 500 Papermaking in Samarkand (modern day Uzbekistan).

711 Moors invade Spain, introducing papermaking techniques from the east.

794 Papermill established in Baghdad, Abbasid dynasty ( present day Iraq).

ca. 800 Book of Kells illuminated Latin manuscript Gospel produced in Britain and Ireland.

868 The oldest dated printed text known: The Diamond Sutra, a Chinese translation of a Buddhist text now preserved in the British Library.

932 Chinese printers adapt Wood-block printing to mass-produce classical books.

1041 Movable type, made from baked clay, invented in China.

1151 First papermill in Europe at Xàtiva (Spain).

1282 Watermarks first used in Italian-made paper.

1298 Marco Polo reported seeing the printing of paper money in China.

1309 Paper first used in England.

1377 Common screw press used to prints texts cut from single blocks of wood in Korea.

World's oldest extant book printed with movable metal typeBaekun Hwasang Chorok Buljo Jikji Simche Yojeol published in Cheungju, Korea, now at the Bibliothèque Nationale.

Guild of Stationers, consisting of booksellers, scribes, illustrators and bookbinders, founded in London.

1423 European wood block print: St. Christopher with the infant Christ.

1430s Engraving, combined with drypoint, was first used for intaglio printing plates in Germany

1438–44 Adjustable type mold developed by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz (Germany).

1454 First dated European document: a papal indulgence attributed to Gutenberg.

1455 Gutenberg's Bible completed by his creditor Johann Fust and his own workman Peter Schoeffer.

1457 First printed colophon in the Psalter by Fust and Schoeffer. It also had the first error: "Spalmorum" instead of Psalmorum. Corrected in subsequent editions.

1462 Fust and Schoeffer first to use a printer's mark.

1464 Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweinheim, first printers in Italy (Subiaco) and first to use a Roman printing type.

1465 Drypoint engraving developed in Germany.

Greek type used in Cicero's De officiis printed by Fust and Schoeffer.

1473 The Constance Gradual, the earliest printed music (after the single line of music in the 1457 Mainz Psalter).

William Caxton prints the first book in English, Recuyell of the Historyes of Troy, in Bruges in collaboration with the Flemish printer Colard Mansion. Three years later Caxton then set up a printshop in England.

1476 Intaglio used for book illustration, a printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, and the incision line or sunken area holds the ink. It is the opposite of relief printing such as letterpress.

First modern title page in Regiomontanus's Kalendario printed by Erhard Ratdolt in Venice.

1478 Printing begins at Oxford University.

1486 Erhard Ratdolt issues earliest known type specimen in Venice.

1493 Nuremberg Chronicle one of the first books to successfully integrate illustrations and text.

1495 Paper mill established in England.

ca.1495 Etching developed by metalsmith Daniel Hopfer in Augsburg (Germany).

1498–1501 Odhecaton, book of music printed from movable type.

1499 Woodcut of a printing press appears in La Grande Danse Macabre printed by Matthias Huss at Lyon.

1501 Italic type and small format books introduced by Aldus Manutius in Venice.

1514 Book of Hours printed in Arabic types in Fano (Italy).

1520–23 Babylonian Talmud printed by Daniel Bomberg in Venice.

1529 Champfleury published by Geoffroy Tory in Paris. It promoted grammar, punctuation and letterform proportion.

1530 Claude Garamond designs a Roman typeface in Paris.

1537–38 Paganino and Alessandro Paganini produced the first printed edition of the Qur'an in Arabic (Venice).

1539 Juan Pablos (Giovanni Paoli) became the first printer in North America (Mexico City).

1545 Claude Garamond designs his typeface; forms first independent foundry.

1563 Printing in France forbidden without royal permission under penalty of death.

1568–1573 Biblia Polyglotta printed in five languages by Christopher Plantin in Antwerp.

1569 Mercator's world map, his projection was a boon to navigation.

1584 The University Press at Cambridge begins operation, and has done so continuously since. It lays claim to being both the world's oldest university press in and the oldest printing & publishing house.

ca. 1600 Spain outlaws papermaking in its New World colonies.

1605 German language newspaper Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Strasbourg).

1611 Publication of the first edition of the King James Bible

1623 Shakespeare's First Folio published.

1639 The Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in the American colonies (Cambridge).

1642 Mezzotint, the first tonal method to produce half-tones without using line- or dot-based techniques such as cross-hatching or stippleling. It is achieved by roughening the plate with thousands of little dots made by a metal tool with small teeth called a "rocker."

1665 The Oxford Gazette, first regularly published English newspaper. Charles II moved his family (and the newspaper) back to London in 1666.

1683 Mechanick Exercises on The Whole Art of Printing by Joseph Moxon, the first manual on printing.

1690 Papermaking in America (Philadelphia).

Newspaper published in America, Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick (Boston).

1692 Romain du Roi, the first produced type based rational design. Influenced the later transitional typefaces of Pierre Simon Fournier and John Baskerville.

1698 Public library opens in Charleston, South Carolina.

1702 Daily newspaper in England, the Daily Courant.

1710 Statute of Anne regulates copyright in Great Britain.

1725 Coloritto by Jacob Christoph Le Blon. Described a RYB three-color printing process.

1728 Stereotype printing plates developed. It was means of reproducing composed type forms to prevent wear of original types and free them for other use.

1731 Library Company of Philadelphia, first American subscription library, founded by Benjamin Franklin and fellow members of the Junto, a club for mutual improvement.

1733 Poor Richard's Almanack, published by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1735 Publisher John Peter Zenger acquitted of libel in colonial New York City, setting the legal standard.

1743 Joh. Enschedé began manufacturing type in Haarlem (The Netherlands).

1750 John Baskerville designs a typeface in Cambridge, England.

1751 Diderot's Encyclopédie published in France.

1752 Canada's first newspaper the Halifax Gazette in Nova Scotia.

1755 A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson.

The Printer's Grammar by John Smith.

1757 Wove paper developed by James Whatman for Baskerville's Virgil.

1764 Manuel Typographique by Pierre-Simon Fournier. A treatise on the history of French types and printing.

1768 Encyclopædia Britannica

1775 Common Sense by Thomas Paine.

Wood engraving developed by Thomas Bewick.

Kibyoshi, Japanese picture books, birth of the graphic novel.

1776 Declaration of Independence printed July 4 by John Dunlap.

1780 A typographic point system developed by (and later named for) François-Ambroise Didot. Based on the pre-metric French inch.

1790 William Nicholson (1753–1815) patents cylindrical printing press, London.

1786 Philadelphia printers conduct first successful strike for increased wages.

1793 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake.

1796 Lithography invented by Alois Senefelder.

Binny & Ronaldson type foundry established in Philadelphia.

1798 Giambattista Bodoni designs a typeface in Parma (Italy).

1803 An all iron hand press built by Charles Mahon, third Earl of Stanhope.

Fourdrinier continuous web papermaking machine.

1803 Fourdrinier continuous web papermaking machine.

1805 R. Hoe & Company, a printing press manufacturer, established in New York.

Carbon paper developed

1806 Canada's first French language newspaper Le Canadien published in Quebec City until 1810.

1810 Composition ink rollers developed in London to replace ink balls.

The History of Printing in America by Isaiah Thomas

1813 George Clymer develops the Columbian printing press, a cast-iron hand press featuring a lever, which replaced the simple screw mechanism for lowering the platen. It is distinguished by its bald eagle counterweight at top.

1814 Steam-powered, cylinder printing press, built by Frederick Koenig and Conrad Bauer installed at The Times in London.

1816 Sans-serif type shown in a specimen by William Caslon IV.

1818 Manual Tipografico by Giambattista Bodoni, posthumously published by his widow in Parma.

Stephenson Blake typefoundry established in Sheffield, England.

1820s Photoengraving process emerges.

Albion press iron hand press developed by Richard Whittaker Cope. Its simple toggle action is an improvement on the complex lever-mechanism of the Columbian press and the Stanhope press.

American Daniel Treadwell developed the first bed and platen press powered by a treadle (London).

1821 Commercial lithographic firm established by William Armand Genet Barnet and Isaac Doolittle.

1823 Newly-founded Republic of Mexico establishes a Government Printing Office in Mexico City, inside the National Palace.

1824 Books bound in cloth issued by William Pickering in London.

1825 Typographia by Thomas Curson Hansard

Louis John Pouchée, a London typefounder, produces ornamented types now regarded among the best of their kind.

1826 Daniel Fanshaw, NYC, arguably the first "production printer of the machine age." Using Treadwell presses, he held the contracts for the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society. Active till about 1846."

Paper first made in the Toronto area from rags in by Eastwood and Skinner.

1827 John B. Russwurm establishes Freedom's Journal, first African-American newspaper in New York.

Means for mass-producing wood type invented by Darius Wells in New York.

Mass-produced newspaper, The New York Sun, "the penny press."

1827–38 Audubon's The Birds of America. Hand-colored, life-size prints, often referred to its large size as the double elephant folio.

1828 Darius Wells published the first known catalogue of wood type.

Wells introduced the lateral router for cutting endgrain wood type which, when combined with the pantograph in 1834, created the essential wood type making machinery that lasted over 150 years.

1829 Louis Braille develops a tactile writing system used by the blind.

1830 Adams Power Press introduced.

Calendered paper produced in England.

1830s Paperback books appear in England and Ireland.

1834 London Union of Compositors formed by the merger of the London Trade Society of Compositors and the London General Trade Society of Compositors.

Darius introduced the lateral router for cutting endgrain wood type which, when combined with the pantograph created the essential wood type making machinery that lasted over 150 years.

Augustin Zamorano establishes a printing operation at Monterrey, Alta California, the first on the western seaboard of North America.

1835 Padre Martinez brings the first printing press to New Mexico.

1837 Chromolithography (multicolor printing).

1838 Electrotype plates invented by Moritz von Jacobi.

First successful type casting machine patented in the U.S. by David Bruce Jr.

1839 Practical photography developed.

After acquiring a small handpress from a Hawaiian mission, Henry Spaulding establishes the Lapwai Mission Press in Northwestern Idaho and prints the first book produced west of the Rocky Mountains in the Nez Perce language.

1841 First paperback books are published by Tauchnitz Verlag in Germany

A system of syllabic signs for the Cree language compiled by James Evans in Manitoba.

1843 Rotary letterpress developed.

1844 Paper cutter patented by Guillaume Massiquot.

1844 Toronto Typographical Union established, the oldest trade union in Canada.

1849 Thomas Howard forms by hand in Salt Lake City the first paper produced in the arid North American West. The paper was used to produce binder's board and in the local newspaper, the Deseret News.

1850 New York Printers' Union founded.

Heidelberg printing press manufacturer established in Heidelberg, Germany.

1851 Platen job press developed by George Phineas Gordon.

Paper made from wood pulp.

1852 National Typographical Union founded in the United States.

1855 The Bank of England issues modern standardized bank notes.

1856 Paper folding machine.

1857 Work begins on The Oxford English Dictionary.

1860 Rotary gravure printing press developed.

1861 Confederates capture Mesilla (New Mexico Territory) and throw the local printing press into the Rio Grande

1866 American Printer. A Manual of Typography by Thomas MacKellar.

1869 National Typographical Union (U.S.) changes name to International Typographical Union to include Canada. First to admit women as members.

Golding & Co., a manufacturer of platen printing presses, founded in Boston.

1870 Collotype, or photogelatin printing.

Shniedewend & Lee, a printing equipment manufacturer, founded in Chicago.

1871 Daily Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun first newspaper in Japan established.

1873 Barnhart Brothers & Spindler (called Great Western Type Foundry until 1883). Bought out by American Type Founders in 1911.

1875 Rotary offset lithographic printing press developed.

Mimeograph invented by Thomas Edison.

1876 Plantin-Moretus Museum established in Antwerp on the premises of the printing house founded by Christophe Plantin in the sixteenth century.

1879 Benday process for production of color images in newspapers.

Gestetner Cyclograph stencil method duplicator.

Smyth sewing machine for bookbinding.

1880 Halftone printed from a photograph: "A Scene in Shantytown" in the New York Daily Graphic.

Printers' International Specimen Exchange an influential annual subscription publication that ran until 1898.

James E. Hamilton of Two Rivers, Wisconsin opened a wood type factory in which scroll-sawed veneer wood type was made. The company later switched to endgrain router-made wood type and operated until around 1990. See Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum.

1881 Halftone process patented by Frederic Ives.

Chandler & Price, a printing equipment maufacturer, founded in Cleveland, Ohio. Production ceased in 1964.

1883 The Inland Printer trade journal founded in Chicago.

The Yellow Pages.

A. B. Dick Company, manufacturer of offset presses, copy machines and office supplies, founded in Chicago.

1884 Grolier Club, a bibliophilic organization, founded in New York.

1886 Linotype, the first successful automatic typesetting machine developed. The New York Tribune was the first newspaper to install one.

U.S. Type Founders' Association. adopts the American Point System

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

Historic Printing Types by Theodore Low Devinne.

1887 Monotype, hot metal typesetting machine, patented by Tolbert Lanston of Philadelphia. This two-part machine (keyboard and caster) could cast individual types in the order of the text, thus composing and casting at the same time.

Master Printers Club of Boston formed, an owners association.

The United Typothetae of America (UTA) a national owners association organized in Chicago.

1888 The British Printer trade journal founded.

1889 The Kelmscott Press established by William Morris in London. Inspires the modern fine press movement.

International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America (IPPAU) split from the International Typographical Union (ITU)

1890 Flexography developed.

1891 St Bride Library and printing school established in London

1892 American Type Founders, a merger of 23 type foundries.

Bibliographical Society (of London) founded.

Four-color rotary press developed.

International Brotherhood of Bookbinding formed.

1895 Caxton Club (Chicago) founded.

Stempel type foundry established in Frankfurt am Main.

Ashendene Press founded by C.H. St. John Hornby, London.

1896 Central School of Arts and Crafts founded in London.

The Kelmscott Chaucer published.

1900 Doves Press established by T.J. Cobden-Sanderson at Hammersmith, London.

Master Printers Club of Boston establishes a School of Printing Apprentices.

The Practice of Typography by Theodore Low DeVinne.

1902 Air conditioning accidentally invented by Willis Carrier while developing a dehumidifier for a New York printer.

Etched zinc engravings begin to replace hand-cut wood blocks.

Cost Finding Movement, called upon printers to adopt better accounting methods.

International Stereotypers and Electroplaters Union formed

1904 The Bibliographical Society of America established.

1905 The Society of Printers established in Boston.

1906 Ludlow Typograph hot metal typesetting system developed.

CMYK four-color wet process inks developed by the Eagle Printing Ink Co.

Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering by Edward Johnston.

1907 Photostat and Rectigraph developed.

Modern screenprinting process developed.

Peter Behrens was the first designer to create a corporate identity for the German electrical company AEG (Allgemeine Elektricit_ts-Gesellschaft).

1909 Vandercook flatbed cylinder proof press introduced in Chicago.

"Futurist Manifesto" published on the front cover of Le Figaro in Paris.

1911 Allied Printing Trades Association formed from five unions: Includes the International Typographical Union (ITU) and the Pressman, Bookbinders, Photo Engravers, Stereotypers and Electrotypers Unions

Pressmen's Home established by the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America. Situated in Tennessee, it was a training center healthcare facility and resort for union members and their families that operated for sixty-five years.

1912 American Specimen Book of Type Styles: Complete Catalogue of Printing Machinery and Printing Supplies issued by American Type Founders Co. the most extensive catalogue ever published by the conglomerate.

1913 The Imprint a short-lived British journal of printing trade notable for its contributors. Nine issued were published January to November in that year.

Publication of La Prose du Transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne de France, a collaboration between artist Sonia Delaunay and poet Blaise Cendrars. It defined the modern artist's book.

1914 American Institute of Graphic Arts founded in New York.

1919 Bauhaus School founded in Weimar, Germany.

The Newberry Library establishes the John M. Wing Foundation on the History of Printing.

Brandtjen and Kluge, printing press manufacturer founded in St. Paul, Minnesota.

1921 Wirephoto transmitted by telephotography.

1922 Printing Types: Their History, Forms and Use by Daniel Berkeley Updike.

DIN standard for paper sizes introduced in Germany.

Laboratory Press, directed by Porter Garnett, started as the first U.S. fine press educational program at Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1923 Deberny et Peignot typefoundry established in Paris.

The Fleuron, an influential British journal of typography and book arts published in seven volumes through 1930.

Spirit duplicator (ditto machine) developed.

Specimen Book and Catalogue issued by American Type Founders Co.

1924 UTA establishes Lithographers Technical Foundation (forerunner of Graphic Arts Technical Foundation)

1927 Futura a geometric sans-serif typeface designed by Paul Renner. Commercially released in 1936.

Society of Typographic Arts founded in Chicago.

Atelier 17 is founded by Stanley Hayter in Paris.

1928 Gill Sans a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Eric Gill, released by the Monotype Corporation.

Die Neue Typographie by Jan Tschichold.

Roxburghe Club, a bibliographic organization founded in San Francisco.

1929 Graphic Arts Monthly a trade magazine founded.

Modern Typography and Layout by Douglas C. McMurtrie.

1930 The Colophon: A Book Collectors' Quarterly, a limited edition periodical appearing in various formats until 1950.

1931 Albert Skira publishes his first livre de peintre, Ovid's Metamorphoses with etchings by Pablo Picasso in Lausanne, Switzerland.

1932 Times New Roman typeface debuted by the The Times newspaper in London. Commercially released the following year by the Monotype Corporation.

1933 Synthetic rubber printing rollers appear.

The Newspaper Guild established in 1933, affiliated with the Communications Workers of America in 1995.

1934 Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Production Handbook, first issued by Grover Daniels of Daniels' Printing in Everet, Massachusetts.

1935 Penguin paperbacks introduced in Great Britain.

Bookburnings carried out on a large scale in Nazi Germany

1937 Boston Typothetae renamed Graphic Arts Institute of Massachusetts.

FAG (Fournitures pour les Arts Graphiques) prepress equipment manufacturer established in Switzerland.

The American Imprint Inventory begins under Douglas C. McMurtrie, a Depression-era section the Historical Records Survey to identify and catalogue US imprints produced before 1800 (1890 west of the Mississippi). Suspended in 1942.

1938 Xerography (photocopying) developed by Chester S. Carlson of Queens, New York.

1940 Print, A Quarterly Journal of the Graphic Arts.

1943 Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft by Dard Hunter.

1946 Bookbinding, Its Background and Technique by Edith Diehl.

International Standards Organization (ISO) founded in London

1947 Graphic Arts Institute of Massachusetts changes name to PIA-New England

Communications Workers of America (CWA) formed.

1949 Phototypesetting developed.

1950s Photopolymer used for flexography.

Term "prepress" replaces "pre-makeready" used in commercial letterpress, particularly in regard to printing photoengravings.

1951 Inkjet printing developed.

Drupa is the world's largest printing equipment exhibition first held in Düsseldorf.

1952 The Wonderful World of Insects, first book composed by phototypesetting.

1954 Leonard Baskin establishes his Gehenna Press while a student at the Yale School of Art.

1955 Printing for Pleasure by John Ryder, it popularized the amateur and fine press movement after World War II.

Claire Van Vliet establishes the Janus Press.

Allied Printing Trades Association (formed in 1911) admits five unions: United Papermakers and Paperworkers, the Newspaper Guild, the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, and the Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers.

1957 Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI).

Helvetica typeface introduced.

Dye-sublimation printing developed.

Image scanner (176 pixels) introduced.

Tilon, the first photopolymer-based letterpress plate is developed by Time, Inc.

1958 New Graphic Design an internationally influential journal published in Zurich until 1965.

1959 Xerographic office photocopying introduced.

1960 Tamarind Lithography Workshop is founded by June Wayne in Los Angeles.

1961 IBM "golf ball" typewriter introduced.

Letraset, dry rub-down instant lettering developed.

1962 Ed Ruscha publishes Twentysix Gasoline Stations.

1963 Pantone Color Matching System introduced.

"Printing and the Mind of Man" exhibition in London.

1964 Printing Historical Society founded in London.

Walter Hamady founds his Perishable Press. In 1966, he moves to the University of Wisconsin—Madison.

National Graphical Association formed in Great Britain through the merger of the Typographical Association and the London Typographical Society.

1965 Term "hypertext" coined.

1967 WorldCat founded, an online catalog describing the collections of libraries worldwide.

1967 Carl Dair created Cartier, the first Canadian-designed type face.

1968 Dot matrix printing introduced.

1969 Laser printer invented at Xerox.

Printing with A Handpress published by Lewis and Dorothy Allen.

The Visual Studies Workshop is founded in Rochester, New York.

1970 Water-based ink introduced.

1971 Project Gutenberg, oldest digital library of public domain books launched.

1972 Thermal printing developed.

A New Introduction to Bibliography by Philip Gaskell.

1973–75 Graphical User Interface developed by Xerox PARC.

Nexus Press is founded by Michael Goodman and others in Atlanta.

1974 American Printing History Association founded.

The Center for Book Arts founded in New York, the first not-for-profit organization of its kind in the United States.

Women's Studio Workshop is founded by Tatana Kellner, Ann Kalmbach, Anita Wetzel, and Barbara Leoff Burge in Rosendale, New York.

1975 Fine Print a Journal of printing founded. Ran through 1990.

ISO standard for paper sizes introduced (ISO 216).

1977 Gocco compact color screen printing system developed in Japan.

Judith Hoffberg begins publishing Umbrella, a critical journal of artists' books.

1978 Last New York Times set by Linotype; featured in documentary film Farewell, Etaoin Shrdlu.

TeX typesetting system developed by Donald Knuth. It revolutionized the composition and publication of technical books and journals.

1981 The Internet developed.

Matrix: A Review for Printers & Bibliophiles an annual "utilizing a remarkable combination of authoritative scholarship and fine printing." Still produced.

Microsoft Disk Operating System introduced.

1982 Artists Book Works, a community book art student founded by Barbara Lazarus Metz in Chicago.

Adobe Systems Inc. founded.

1983 Desktop publishing appears.

Rare Book School founded by Terry Belanger at Columbia University.

1984 Apple Macintosh personal computer introduced.

3D printing developed.

Emigre, Inc. digital type foundry and Emigre magazine founded.

1985 Microsoft Windows introduced.

Microtek 300 dpi black and white scanner introduced.

PostScript typesetting language introduced.

Apple LaserWriter desktop printer introduced.

PageMaker one of the first desktop publishing programs introduced.

Minnesota Center for Book Arts opens in Minneapolis.

Pyramid Atlantic, a private studio for printmaking, papermaking, and book arts, founded by Helen Frederick.

1986 Wapping Dispute: a significant turning point in the history of the trade union movement and of UK industrial relations.

1987 Soy-based ink appears.

QuarkXPress desktop publishing program.

The International Typographical Union affiliates with the Communication Workers of America.

1988 Adobe Photoshop raster graphics editor introduced.

1989 Photopolymer plates begun to be used by studio letterpress printers.

1990 Xerox DocuTech. Production-publishing system that allowed paper documents to be scanned, electronically edited, and then printed on demand.

1991 World Wide Web launched.

Bookways: A Quarterly for the Book Arts, a journal of fine printing, is published by Thomas Taylor in Austin, Texas. Sixteen issued published through 1995.

TrueType scalable computer introduced.

Heidelberg and Presstek introduce GTO-DI, first platemaking on press.

1992 Rare Book School moves to the University of Virginia.

1993 Indigo digital color printer introduced.

Portable Document Format (PDF) introduced.

Practical Typecasting by Theo Rehak.

1994 The Journal of Artists' Books (JAB) founded by Brad Freeman and Johanna Drucker to further discourse and criticism about artists books. In 2006, it moved with Freeman to Columbia College, Chicago.

Columbia College Chicago takes in the people and structures of Artists Book Works (Barbara Lazarus Metz) and Paper Press (Marilyn Sward) to form the Columbia College Chicago Center for Book and Paper Arts.

1995 Letpress listserv online discussion group for letterpress.

Amazon.com founded.

1996 OpenType scalable computer fonts introduced.

World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty ensures that computer programs are protected as literary works.

Fine Press Book Association founded.

1997 Printing on the Iron Handpress by Richard-Gabriel Rummonds.

The Newspaper Guild and the Independent Association of Publishers' Employees affiliate with the Communication Workers of America.

1998 U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Fine Press Book Association launched its biannual journal Parenthesis.

Printing Digital Type On The Hand-operated Flatbed Cylinder Press by Gerald Lange.

1999 PIA and GATF merge as PIA/GATF.

Blogger online self-publishing app launches.

2000 Theo Rehak produces a new casting in metal reproducing Gutenberg's 42-line Bible type, called B-42. The entire Gutenberg Bible available at gutenbergdigital.de.

2001 Wikipedia free, online collaborative encyclopedia launched.

Creative Commons, a non-profit "devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share."

2003 Hewlett Packard wi-fi laser printer introduced.

WordPress open source online publishing platform launched.

2004 Facebook social network launched.

2006 Twitter social networking service launched. It allows users to send and read 140-character messages called tweets.

2008 PIA/GATF renamed PIA.

College Book Art Association is formed, professionalizing book art education, supporting academic book artists and students, setting standards, and promoting the field.

2007 Kindle e-reader developed by Amazon.com.

2009 Nook e-reader developed by Barnes & Noble.

2010 Apple iPad tablet introduced.

Instagram online mobile photo and video-sharing service launched.

2011 St. John's Bible first completely handwritten and illuminated Bible commissioned by a Benedictine Abbey since the invention of printing.

Snapchat image messaging and multimedia mobile application

2012 London Centre for Book Arts opens.

2014 Sorts from the lost Dove Press type located on the banks of the River Thames.

2017 US Postal Service issued stamp printed with thermochromic ink, which responds to changes in temperature as one touches it. The image is a solar eclipse that becomes the moon. It reverts to the original image as it cools.

2018 The U.S. Government Publishing Office declares the last remnants of its letterpress operation to be hazardous waste and sends off its remaining Vandercooks, Intertypes, Ludlows and 200-300 cases of foundry type—the last physical artifacts of what once was the largest hot metal operation on earth—for scrap.