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During a recent talk to tech investors and “edupreneurs,” Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, the least regarded of all of the rogues and billionaires who compose the Trump cabinet, returned to a favorite theme of hers. Apple, Uber, and Airbnb have worked their disruptive magic on one industry after another. Why aren’t our public schools being similarly disrupted? “Who here can pull out their Blockbuster card?” she asked the crowd. But if the nation’s schools are the equivalent of a kitchen-wall rotary phone or the cab that never comes, DeVos was eager to let the audience know that a quick fix is at hand: school choice. The way to disrupt our educational malaise once and for all is to shift the way we think about education to focus “on students, not buildings. If a child is learning, it shouldn’t matter where they learn.” Even the best schools won’t be the right “fit” for all kids, DeVos noted. “The simple fact is that if a school is not meeting a child’s unique needs, then that school is failing that child.” Beneath the folksy tech talk, though, lurks a radical vision, one that is taking root in state after state. The ultimate aim of the project of which DeVos is now the most visible face is to remove education from the public system. Those “buildings” of which she speaks so disdainfully, the disparaging “status quo” never far behind, represent the entire architecture of public education, and more importantly, its democratic control. Diminishing this is key to reaching the promised land of privatization. Stodgy school boards are standing in the way of getting there; so are superintendents and parent teacher associations and teachers unions — above all, the teachers unions. Unfettering the markets is only part of the vision. Control over the process of socializing children, the near-monopoly domain of a system that is both secular and, as the libertarian right deridingly characterizes it, collectivist, is another prize. And if there is some money to be made along the way, well, there’s nothing wrong with that. DeVos’s efforts to take public education private are uniting seekers of profits and prophets. Let’s take a look at some of the key battles over those efforts.

Back to the Future After Arizona passed the country’s first universal voucher program this spring, allowing parents to use their allotted state education funding to pay for “a la carte learning options,” including private school tuition, State Senator Debbie Lesko, who sponsored the legislation, was ebullient. “From the national level on down, the winds have changed,” Lesko told the New York Times. “All children are different, and they learn in different educational environments. We shouldn’t force them to be in the same educational model we’ve used for the last 150 years.” DeVos was quick to weigh in approvingly, applauding the state and its GOP governor for “a big win for kids.” The implication, of course, is that armed with their pre-loaded education debit cards, Arizona’s youngsters will boldly stride forth into the future. But despite all of the Silicon Valley-ish talk of disruption, innovation, and technology-spurred personalized learning, the winds of change are also blowing backwards. Go back a century and a half and you land roughly in the time of Horace Mann, who ushered in the Prussian model of universal, secular education paid for by the public themselves — something that irked the wealthy even back then. They could smell higher taxes coming, and besides, they sent their own children to private schools. The rich have grown no fonder of footing the bill for public schools over the years, but the 150-year-old shift away from the family as the locus of education and to the secular state still rankles. “There is a segment of the conservative evangelical world that has never accepted public education as a legitimate enterprise to begin with. They think public education is ‘secular,’ and they are therefore hostile to it,” says Katherine Stewart, author of The Good News Club, which examined efforts by the religious right to infiltrate and undermine public education. For DeVos and her ilk, enabling the flow of public money into schools with conservative religious and ideological programming comes with an added benefit, says Stewart. “It weakens so-called ‘government schools’ that they assert tilt liberal and secular.” The number of parents who homeschool their kids, especially for religious or “moral” reasons, is exploding; the school choice bills popping up in state after state are aimed at expanding their ranks further. The Arizona voucher program — which the fundamentalist America Family News Network describes as “funds for the individual, not the masses” — allows parents to use state funding to pay for homeschooling. So did a bill that came close to being enacted in New Hampshire, a state whose new education commissioner, Republican businessman Frank Edelblut, homeschooled his seven children. Edelblut has been tasked by New Hampshire’s GOP governor with bringing “innovation” to the state’s public education system, something he says he’ll do by “break[ing] down the system so each kid is treated as a unique entity.” The irony is that antipathy to democratic public education, a cause that took off in earnest almost as soon as Mann’s common schools were born, has found new life thanks to the anodyne “personalization” speak of Silicon Valley. Since every child is a software-enabled snowflake, are public schools (or the taxes that pay for them or the teachers who staff them or the unions they belong to) really necessary at all?

Before Socialism In a recent New Yorker profile of Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah, the conservative mega-donors who have fueled and funded “Galt-right” populism, Jane Mayer notes that the Mercers’ first significant political investment went to an obscure Oregon pol named Arthur Robinson. In Oregon, Robinson is known as a kooky Tea Party-ish chemist who has been stockpiling urine as part of his mission to improve health, happiness, prosperity — and boost student test scores. He’s also a perennial GOP congressional candidate whose long-shot bids have been mostly underwritten by the Mercers. In Christian homeschooling circles, Arthur Robinson is a household name. The Robinson Self-Teaching Curriculum, developed by Robinson and his six home-schooled children, teaches children to “teach themselves and to acquire superior knowledge as did many of America’s most outstanding citizens in the days before socialism in education.” Robinson fleshed out his views on education during his 2016 run for Congress, releasing an education platform called “Art’s Education Plan!” He called for a nationwide voucher program, providing every student in the United States with the “freedom and resources to apply to any school in our nation, public or private.” There was also a bold plan for Congress to shut down the schools of Washington, DC, for three months, long enough to fire the “unionized deadwood” and create a model in which students and parents are customers rather than “vassals of school administrators.” Robinson lost the election, his fourth bid against Democrat Peter DeFazio, a thirty-year incumbent. But his call to free youngsters from “schools of political, bureaucratic, and union design” could be lifted from a recent Betsy DeVos speech. The Mercers are better known for their patronage of Steve Bannon, including bankrolling Breitbart News and the Government Accountability Institute, previously devoted to attacking Hillary Clinton from the right. Last year, Rebekah Mercer, who homeschools her four children, teamed up with Bannon on yet another collaboration: Reclaim NY, an organization that “believes deeply in helping each citizen reclaim ownership in government.” Reclaim is providing this assistance by targeting every school district and municipal government in the state with FOIA requests and lawsuits so that citizens can see for themselves what the wealthy have long understood: taxes are a wasteful indignity. While Bannon’s version of economic nationalism doesn’t have much to say about public education (save that undocumented immigrants shouldn’t receive it), the overlap between his aims to destroy the administrative state and break up the institutions of public education sought by DeVos et al is obvious. Education is the largest ticket item in nearly every state. Starving the beast will necessitate dismantling the schools.

College and Heaven “College and heaven” is the stated goal of the Florida Catholic school that Betsy DeVos dropped by on one of her first official school visits as the nation’s top education official. The all-star delegation to St Andrew in Orlando, which included Donald Trump, Jared Kushner, and Ivanka Trump, was intended to showcase Florida’s $700 million tax credit scholarship program, a concept that has more in common with money laundering than charitable giving. Florida, like many states, prohibits public money from paying for religious institutions, including schools. Tax credit scholarship programs are a nifty workaround to this dilemma, incentivizing wealthy donors and corporations to direct their tax dollars to religious schools through nonprofit organizations that serve as middlemen. The Florida program is the brainchild of right-wing venture capitalist and close DeVos ally John Kirtley, who likens public education to East Berlin under Communism, “where decisions were made at the top.” Over the past decade, Kirtley has invested millions to get school choice candidates elected to school boards and the state legislature as part of his crusade against what he calls “uniformity.” Tax credit scholarship programs like Florida’s are spreading from state to state; seventeen states have enacted some version of these, while new varieties seem to pop up every week. These “neo-vouchers” are a new solution to the same old problem that has vexed the anti-public-school crowd since the days of Mann. Here at last is a way for the wealthy and corporations who don’t enjoy paying taxes, least of all to public institutions, to score a windfall at the expense of the state’s public education system. And their young beneficiaries have an alternative to the “uniformity” of secularism and socialism. Sunshine State students can now attend the Thales Academy network of “classical” schools, founded by a libertarian businessman, that stresses the importance of a market-driven economy a la Von Mises. But count the Florida kids being schooled in alt-dismal science as among the lucky few. Of the one hundred thousand students now attending private schools courtesy of the Tax Credit Scholarship Program, 83 percent are in religious schools, where they learn about creationism instead of evolution, and agree to adhere to Biblical principles like not being gay. As for how students in the program are faring, it’s hard to tell; Florida’s private schools are exempt from annual state testing. The Florida program has just been expanded again, a priority for the new speaker of the House, a Koch-branded conservative who kicked off the legislative session by calling out the state’s teachers unions as “evil.” But the real goal in Florida is to make vouchers universal, finally freeing up the state’s youngsters from the dictates of the central planners, and incentivizing their parents to “seek the best bang for their buck” in education spending.