The Federal Reserve lowered its benchmark rate by a quarter point Wednesday as an insurance policy not against what's wrong with the economy now, but what could go wrong in the future. It was the first rate cut by the central bank in more than a decade. Amid President Donald Trump's intense political pressure and persistent market expectations, the policymaking Federal Open Market Committee dropped the target range to 2% to 2.25% for its overnight lending rate, or 25 basis points from the previous level. In approving the cut, the FOMC cited "implications of global developments for the economic outlook as well as muted inflation pressures." The committee called the current state of growth "moderate" and the labor market "strong," but decided to loosen policy anyway. The stock market dove later in the afternoon when Fed Chair Jerome Powell noted that the cut was simply a "midcycle adjustment" and that the committee did not see the type of marked economic weakness that would necessitate a longer rate-cutting cycle.

The rate is tied to most forms of consumer debt and is likely to almost immediately have an impact on lowering credit costs.

Balance sheet reduction ends

The Fed also left the door open to future cuts, saying it will "act as appropriate to sustain the expansion" as it continues to evaluate the incoming data. "There's a range of things that they're looking at. Really, the low inflation allows the Fed some latitude to take preemptive steps and hopefully avoid moving in the future to something like negative rates," said Mark Haefele, global chief investment officer at UBS Wealth Management. "Because they did only 25 basis points, they avoided doing what some would have felt was more shock and awe with 50 basis points. So they can move towards language like 'data dependent' now that they've shown they are prepared to be flexible." The vote to cut also came with a move to end, two months earlier than planned, the reduction of bonds the central bank holds on its balance sheet. "This action supports the Committee's view that sustained expansion of economic activity, strong labor market conditions, and inflation near the Committee's symmetric 2 percent objective are the most likely outcomes, but uncertainties about this outlook remain," the FOMC's post-meeting statement said. The rate cut saw two dissents, with Fed presidents Esther L. George of Kansas City and Eric Rosengren of Boston casting no votes, as many observers had expected. Trump had been looking for a 50 basis point cut, so it remains to be seen whether the easing will stem his ongoing criticism of Powell and his fellow policymakers. The quarter-point cut was widely expected. The initial reaction from the financial markets was muted with major stock indexes and bond yields remaining little changed.

First cut since 2008

The move marked the first reduction in the funds rate since Dec. 16, 2008, as the U.S. economy was spiraling through a financial crisis that had threatened to crush the global economy. In that case, a sense of urgency over the depth of the downturn pushed the FOMC to take the rate from 1% down to a range of 0%-0.25%, where it remained for seven years. In making the move following this week's two-day meeting, policymakers noted business investment that "has been soft" though household spending "has picked up from earlier in the year."

Along with the rate cut, the committee decided to end the reduction of bonds it is holding on its balance sheet. In another action aimed at resuscitating the moribund crisis-era economy, the Fed had instituted three rounds of purchases involving Treasurys and mortgage-backed securities. The program, known in the markets as quantitative easing, took the balance sheet past $4.5 trillion at one point. In October 2017, the committee began reducing the size of the bond portfolio by allowing a capped level of proceeds to roll off each month while reinvesting the rest. The end had been targeted for September, but the FOMC decided to go two months earlier, with all proceeds now to be reinvested as of Thursday. In all, the holdings fell by $618 billion, but remain at $3.6 trillion. That's well above the level most Fed officials and market participants anticipated by the time the rolloff finished. Ending the program sooner than expected is indicative that it did not turn out to be, as former Chair Janet Yellen had once estimated, "like watching paint dry." Instead, the nine rate hikes since December 2015 as well as the end of QE wound up being more disruptive than Fed officials had anticipated. Powell learned that the hard way when markets erupted after he said in December that the balance sheet reduction was on "autopilot."

Trump effect