But as it turns out, not all of that underage drinking is, strictly speaking, illegal: At least 37 states have some sort of exception in their drinking laws that allow underage people to drink at home and within the company of family members. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the patchwork of state laws governing exceptions to statutes on underage alcohol possession looks like this when simplified:

This map masks incredible complexity and variety in underage drinking exceptions. Some states make exceptions for when minors may consume alcohol. Others make exceptions for when they may possess it. Still other states, like Arkansas, have no exceptions for underage possession or consumption but nonetheless make exceptions for parents who want to provide alcohol to their children. It all adds up to a confusing mess that can be next to impossible for parents, teens and even legal professionals to understand.

"It's perplexing — what do we tell parents?" said David J. Hanson, an emeritus professor of sociology at SUNY Potsdam, in an interview. Hanson has studied alcohol policies for more than 40 years, and he says that sometimes self-contradictory underage drinking regulations make for confusion and "legal mischief."

AD

AD

I asked Hanson what he thought about the legal situation in Arkansas, where the law simultaneously says that minors are prohibited from possessing alcohol in all circumstances but that parents are nonetheless permitted to give alcohol to their children. If a parent gives a drink to a child, does that mean that the child is breaking the law but the parent isn't?

"I simply don't know," Hanson said. "And that is I think one of the fundamental problems. We're of normal intelligence and we can't figure out what the law is. That is a serious problem."

It's not just regular people who have a hard time making sense of these apparent contradictions — some states even give out seemingly conflicting information about their underage statutes. If you search for underage drinking laws in New York, for instance, you'll find this pamphlet from the State Liquor Authority that states, rather unequivocally, that "if you're under 21 years old, it is a violation of the law to possess alcohol with the intent to consume."

AD

AD

But New York's actual underage drinking statute makes an explicit exception for drinking with parents: "A person under the age of twenty-one years may possess any alcoholic beverage with intent to consume if the alcoholic beverage is given ... to the person under twenty-one years of age by that person's parent or guardian."

Bill Crowley, a spokesperson for the State Liquor Authority, points out that they're primarily concerned with what happens in the bars, restaurants and stores that they license — not with what may happen in people's homes. So if a parent tried to buy a drink for their kid in a bar, that would be a citeable offense.

Could the waters get any muddier? Of course they could. Besides exceptions for parental consent or drinking at home, there are many other legal carve-outs. According to the nonprofit nonpartisan site procon.org, 26 states allow minors to drink as part of religious services. Another 16 allow minors to consume alcohol for "medical" purposes, although these provisions are likely intended to protect the use of alcohol-containing medicines like cough syrup. Students in culinary school can drink for educational purposes in 11 states, and people under 21 can legally drink as part of government research or police work in four states — for instance, to go undercover and have a drink with a suspect at a bar.

Hanson, the sociologist, says these muddled laws reflect muddled attitudes toward alcohol consumption in the United States. "All these conflicting laws result from a cultural ambiguity — basically they reflect the fact that we as a society don't really agree on how to deal with alcohol."

AD

AD

The story of American drinking is a complicated one. As with many other vices, alcohol is simultaneously celebrated — "It's Miller time!" — and condemned in popular culture. More than 1 in 7 U.S. adults say drinking alcohol is a sin, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey.

All this ambiguity, and the legal confusion it creates, might have real-world consequences, too. If people don't understand what the laws say, they don't know whether they're being broken. "I suspect many people are being convicted for crimes they didn't commit because of the confusion," Hanson says.