Yet rarely do recollections of this high civil rights drama consider the religious backdrop for these grisly events. Paradoxically, it would seem, Mississippi boasted among the highest degrees of religious adherence in the nation; more than 60 percent of the state's whites identified as either Southern Baptist or Methodist, and membership in other denominations pushed rates of observance over 90 percent. Importantly, by the summer of 1964, the state's white religious bodies had repeatedly and decisively rejected the quest for black equality. While national representatives of the Southern Baptist Convention, the Methodist Church, and the Southern Presbyterian Church all endorsed the Supreme Court's Brown vs. Board of Education ruling on school desegregation, Mississippi spokesmen for these groups denied its applicability to their state. While black Americans waged a death-defying struggle for their full humanity, leading religious figures in Mississippi lent their pens to the cause of white supremacy and white congregations affirmed the virtues of segregation. When 28 young Methodist ministers authored a manifesto suggesting that "our Lord Jesus Christ... permits no discrimination because of race, color, or creed," their Mississippi coreligionists responded with swift and decisive censure. Perhaps most ingloriously, beginning in June 1963, white congregations in Jackson rejected black activists who came to Sunday worship. For the next nine months, the city's once-serene Sabbaths turned tumultuous, as police with clubs, dogs, and wagons protected the white churches from "disturbances to divine worship." This ordeal culminated on Easter Sunday 1964, when a downtown Methodist Church refused two bishops of its own denomination.



If by June of 1964 Mississippi's white Christians had not adequately disavowed racial integration, a final opportunity arose when Southern Baptists from across the country streamed to Atlantic City, NJ for their annual convention -- just weeks before the three civil rights workers disappeared. Progressives at this meeting offered up a statement that condemned segregation, endorsed civil rights activity, and urged support of the Civil Rights Bill then before Congress. Yet Baptist leaders from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama substituted a much watered-down version that excised all such endorsements and offered only the rather innocuous recommendation that "Christians and churches [act] under the direction of the Holy Spirit and in the spirit of our Lord Jesus Christ." The Convention narrowly approved the eviscerated statement, relegating the progressive report to the trash heap. And even as Mississippi Baptists returned home to the summer's escalating violence, they castigated the socially conscious arm of their denomination for its "liberalism" and its attention to the "distraction" of race relations, arguing that the "cause of Christianity is being undermined by leaders who are more interested in social reforms than the Gospel of Jesus Christ."