Author, Article and Disclosure Information

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Department of Veterans Affairs or U.S. government.

Grant Support: By grant R01-DA15612 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Ms. Bernard was supported by a PACCAR Inc. Stanford Graduate Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship (DGE-114747). Christopher Weyant was supported by a Stanford Department of Management Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship (DGE-114747). Drs. Owens, Humphreys, and Holodniy were supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Dr. Goldhaber-Fiebert was supported by a Career Development Award (K01AG037593-01A1) from the National Institute on Aging.

Disclosures: Ms. Bernard reports grants from National Science Foundation and Stanford University PACCAR Inc. Graduate Fellowship during the conduct of the study. Dr. Brandeau reports grants from National Institute on Drug Abuse during the conduct of the study. Dr. Weyant reports grants from National Science Foundation during the conduct of the study. Dr. Owens reports grants from NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr. Goldhaber-Fiebert reports grants from NIH/NIA (K01 AG037593) during the conduct of the study. Authors not named here have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Disclosures can also be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictsOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M15-2634.

Editors' Disclosures: Christine Laine, MD, MPH, Editor in Chief, reports that she has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Darren B. Taichman, MD, PhD, Executive Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy Editor, reports that she has no relationships or interests to disclose. Deborah Cotton, MD, MPH, Deputy Editor, reports that she has no financial relationships or interest to disclose. Jaya K. Rao, MD, MHS, Deputy Editor, reports that she has stock holdings/options in Eli Lilly and Pfizer. Sankey V. Williams, MD, Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Catharine B. Stack, PhD, MS, Deputy Editor for Statistics, reports that she has stock holdings in Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson.

Reproducible Research Statement:Study protocol: Not applicable. Statistical code: Additional detail can be made available where technical appendix is insufficient by contacting Cora Bernard (e-mail, [email protected]). Data set: Not applicable.

Corresponding Author: Cora L. Bernard, MS, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4026; e-mail, [email protected].

Current Author Addresses: Ms. Bernard: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4026.

Dr. Brandeau: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4026.

Dr. Humphreys: Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 401 N. Quarry Road, Room C-305, Stanford, CA 94305-5717.

Dr. Bendavid: Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Room 204, Stanford, CA 94305-6019.

Dr. Holodniy: AIDS Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave. (132), Palo Alto, California 94304-5107.

Mr. Weyant: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4026.

Dr. Owens: Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy , Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305-6019.

Dr. Goldhaber-Fiebert: Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Room 217, Stanford, CA 94305-6019.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: E. Bendavid, C.L. Bernard, M.L. Brandeau, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, K. Humphreys, D.K. Owens, C. Weyant.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: C.L. Bernard, M.L. Brandeau, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, M. Holodniy, K. Humphreys, D.K. Owens, C. Weyant.

Drafting of the article: C.L. Bernard, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, D.K. Owens.

Critical revision for important intellectual content: E. Bendavid, C.L. Bernard, M.L. Brandeau, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, M. Holodniy, K. Humphreys, D.K. Owens.

Final approval of the article: E. Bendavid, C.L. Bernard, M.L. Brandeau, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, M. Holodniy, K. Humphreys, D.K. Owens, C. Weyant.

Statistical expertise: C.L. Bernard, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, D.K. Owens.

Obtaining of funding: M.L. Brandeau, J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, D.K. Owens.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: D.K. Owens.

Collection and assembly of data: E. Bendavid, C.L. Bernard, D.K. Owens, C. Weyant.