By Lauren McCauley | 27 April 2015

Common Dreams

It’s not just your imagination. The punishing heat waves, record snowfall, and 500-year floods, which seem to be occurring with increasing frequency, are doing just that, thanks to global warming.

According to a study (pdf) published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, these extreme weather events are clearly attributed to human-induced climate change and will only worsen as average temperatures tick higher and higher.

According to report authors Dr. Erich Markus Fischer and Reto Knutti, both with the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, under present-day warming of 0.85° Celsius, the likelihood of a “moderate hot extreme” occurring is 75 percent greater than in pre-industrial times.

However, because warming increases non-linearly, under the projected warming of 2° Celsius—widely considered the threshold for the worst effects of climate change—the probability of a “hot extreme” is more than five times greater than current levels.

“This result,” the authors note, “has strong implications for the discussion of different mitigation targets in climate negotiations, where differences between targets are small in terms of global temperatures but large in terms of the probability of extremes.”

Furthermore, according to the study, roughly 18 percent of current precipitation extremes occurring worldwide are attributable to “anthropogenic,” or human-caused, warming. This rises to roughly 40 percent under 2° Celsius.

Put another way, an extreme precipitation event expected once every 10,000 days, or 30 years, in pre-industrial conditions, is expected every 10 to 20 years at 2° warming.

While the study focuses primarily on daily events, the authors note that with increased warming, the probability of “5-day, 15-day, or 31-day temperature and precipitation extremes increase even faster with rising temperatures.”

“People can argue that we had these kinds of extremes well before human influence on the climate—we had them centuries ago,” the New York Times quoted Fischer as saying. “And that’s correct. But the odds have changed, and we get more of them.”

Commenting on the difficulty of attributing a particular weather event to human-induced global warming, the authors continue:

In a broader context, the approach here is reminiscent of medical studies, where it is not possible to attribute a single fatality from lung cancer to smoking. Instead, a comparison of the lung-cancer-related mortality rate in smokers with the rate in non-smokers may allow attribution of the excess mortality to smoking. Likewise, no single weather event exclusively results from anthropogenic influence in a deterministic sense but arises from complex interactions of atmospheric dynamics, local boundary layer and land-surface interaction and potential anomalous sea-ice and ocean conditions. Warmer temperatures may influence some of those factors and favour extreme events to happen, and thus the probability of such events increases because of warming.

In fact, it is the “rarest and most extreme weather events”—which the study notes typically have the “highest socio-economic impacts”—that will become increasingly familiar due to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.

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