Physics Phenomena "Physics is Fun" (Feimer's Physics Page) Physics Dictionary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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The Letter A:

Absolute zero: lowest possible temperature at which gas would have a zero volume.

Absorption spectrum: spectrum of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by matter when radiation of all frequencies is passed through it.

Acceleration: change in velocity divided by time interval over which it occurred.

Accuracy: closeness of a measurement to the standard value of that quantity.

Achromatic lens: lens for which all light colors have the same focal length.

Action-reaction forces: pair of forces involved in an interaction that are equal in magnitude and opposition in direction.

Activity: number of decays per second of a radioactive substance.

Adhesion: force of attraction between two unlike materials.

Air resistance: force of air on objects moving through it.

Alpha decay: process in which a nucleus emits an alpha particle.

Alpha particle: positively- charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons emitted by radioactive materials.

Ammeter: device to measure electrical current.

Amorphous solid: solids that have no long- range order; no crystal structure.

Ampere: unit of electric current; one ampere is the flow of one coulomb of charge per second.

Amplitude: in any periodic motion, the maximum displacement from equilibrium.

Angle of incidence: angle between direction of motion of waves and a line perpendicular to surface the waves are striking.

Angle of reflection: angle between direction of motion of waves and a line perpendicular to surface the waves are reflected from.

Angle of refraction: angle between direction of motion of waves and a line perpendicular to surface the waves have been refracted from.

Angular momentum: quantity of rotational motion. For a rotating object, product of moment of inertia and angular velocity.

Annihilation: process in which a particle and its antiparticle are converted into energy.

Antenna: device used to receive or transmit electromagnetic waves.

Antineutrino: subatomic particle with no charge or mass emitted in beta decay.

Antinode: point of maximum displacement of two superimposed waves.

Archimedes principle: object immersed in a fluid has an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Artificial radioactivity: radioactive isotope not found in nature.

atomic mass unit: unit of mass equal to 1/12 the atomic mass of carbon- 12 nucleus.

Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

Average acceleration: acceleration measured over a finite time interval

Average velocity: velocity measured over a finite time interval.

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The Letter B:

Back-EMF: potential difference a cross a conductor caused by change in magnetic flux.

Band theory: theory explaining electrical conduction in solids.

Baryon: subatomic particle composed of three quarks. Interacts with the strong nuclear force.

Battery: device that converts chemical to electrical energy consisting of two dissimilar conductors and an electrolyte.

Beat : slow oscillation in amplitude of a complex wave

Bernoullis principle: when a fixed quantity of fluid flows, the pressure is decreased when the flow velocity increases.

Beta decay: radioactive decay process in which an electron or positron and neutrino is emitted from a nucleus.

Beta particle: high speed electron emitted by a radioactive nucleus in beta decay.

Binding energy: negative of the amount of energy needed to separate a nucleus into individual nucleons.

Boiling point: temperature at which a substance, under normal atmospheric pressure, changes from a liquid to a vapor state.

Breeder reactor: nuclear reactor that converts nonfissionable nuclei to fissionable nuclei while producing energy.

Bubble chamber: instrument containing superheated liquid in which the path of ionizing particles is made visible as trails of tiny bubbles.

Buoyant force: upward force on an object immersed in fluid.

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The Letter C:

Calorimeter: device that isolates objects to measure temperature changes do to heat flow.

Candela: unit of luminous intensity.

Capacitance: ratio of charge stored per increase in potential difference.

Capacitor: electrical device used to store charge and energy in the electrical field.

Capillary action: rise of liquid in narrow tube due to surface tension.

Carnot efficiency: ideal efficiency of heat engine or refrigerator working between two constant temperatures.

Centripetal force: force that causes centripetal acceleration.

Chain reaction: nuclear reaction in which neutrons are produced that can cause further reactions.

Charged : object that has an unbalance of positive and negative electrical charges.

Charging by conduction: process of charging by touching neutral object to a charged object.

Charging by induction: process of charging by bringing neutral object near charged object, then removing part of resulting separated charge.

Chromatic aberration: variation in focal length of lens with wavelength of light.

Circular motion: motion with constant radius of curvature caused by acceleration being perpendicular to velocity.

Clock reading: time between event and a reference time, usually zero.

Closed, isolated system: collection of objects such that neither matter nor energy can enter or leave the collection.

Closed-pipe resonator: cylindrical tube with one end closed and a sound source at other end.

Coefficient of friction: ratio of frictional force and the normal force between two forces.

Coefficient of linear expansion: change in length divided by original length and by temperature change.

Coefficient of volume expansion: change in volume divided by original volume and by temperature change.

Coherent waves: waves in which all are in step; are in phase.

Cohesive force: attractive force between similar substances.

Complementary color: two colors that, when added , produce white light. Two pigments, that when combined, produce black.

Compound machine: machine consisting of two or more simple machines.

Compton effect: interaction of photons, usually X rays, with electrons in matter resulting in increased wavelength of X rays and kinetic energy of electrons.

Concave lens: lens thinner in center than edges; a diverging lens.

Concave mirror: converging mirror, one with center of curvature on reflecting side of mirror.

Conduction band: energies of charge carries in a solid such that the carries are free to move.

Conductor: materials through which charged particles move readily; or heat flow readily.

Conserved properties: property that is the same before and after an interaction.

Consonance: two or more sounds that, when heard together, sound pleasant.

Constant acceleration: acceleration that does not change in time.

Constant velocity: velocity that does not change in time.

Constructive interference: superposition of waves resulting in a combined wave with amplitude larger than the component waves.

Convection: heat transfer by means of motion of fluid.

Conventional current: motion of positive electrical current.

Converging lens: lens that causes light rays to converge; usually a convex lens.

Convex lens: lens that is thicker in the center than at edges.

Convex mirror: diverging mirror. Center of curvature is on side opposite reflecting side of mirror.

Cosine: the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse.

Coulomb: unit of electrical charge. Charge caused by flow of one ampere for one second.

Crest of wave: high point of wave motion.

Critical angle: minimum angle of incidence that produces total internal reflection.

Crystal lattice: structure of solid consisting of regular arrangment of atoms.

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The Letter D:

De Broglie wavelength: length of de Broglie wave of particle; Plancks constant divided by momentum of particle.

Decibel: unit of sound level.

Dependent variable: variable that responds to change in manipulated variable.

Derived units: unit of quantity that consists of combination of fundamental units.

Destructive interference: superposition of waves resulting in a combined wave with zero amplitude.

Diffraction: bending of waves around object in their path.

Diffraction grating: material containing many parallel lines very closely spaced that produces a light spectrum by interference.

Diffuse reflection: reflection of light into many directions by rough object.

Dimensional analysis: checking a derived equation by making sure dimensions are the same on both sides.

Diode: electrical device permitting only one way current flow.

Dispersion of light: variation with wavelength of speed of light through matter resulting in separation of light into spectrum.

Displacement: change in position. A vector quantity.

Dissonance: two or more sounds that, when together, sound unpleasant.

Distance: separation between two points. A scalar quantity.

Diverging lens: lens that causes light rays to spread apart or diverge; usually a concave lens.

Dopants: small quantities of material added to semiconductor to increase electrical conduction.

Doppler shift: change in wavelength due to relative motion of source and detector.

Dynamics: study of motion of particles acted on by forces.

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The Letter E:

Effective current: DC current that would produce the same heating effects.

Effective voltage: DC potential difference that would produce the same heating effects.

Efficiency: ratio of output work to input work.

Effort force: force extended on a machine.

Elastic collision: interaction between two objects in which the total energy is the same before and after the interaction.

Elasticity: ability of object to original shape after deforming forces are removed.

Electrical charge pump: device, often a battery or generator, that increase potential of electrical charge.

Electrical circuit: continuous path through which electrical charges can flow.

Electrical current: flow of charged particles.

Electrical field: property of space around a charged object that causes forces on other charged objects.

Electric field lines: lines representing the direction of electric field.

Electric field strength: ratio of force exerted by field on a tiny test charge to that change.

Electric generator: device converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electric potential: ratio of electric potential energy to charge.

Electric potential difference: difference in electric potential between two points.

Electric potential energy: energy of a charged body in an electrical field.

Electromagnet: device that uses an electric current to produce a concentrated magnetic field.

Electromagnetic force: one of fundamental forces due to electric charges, both static and moving.

Electromagnetic induction: production of electric field or current due to change in magnetic flux.

Electromagnetic radiation: energy carried by electromagnetic waves throughout space.

Electromagnetic waves: wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that move at speed of light through space.

Electromotive force: potential difference produced by electromagnetic induction.

Electron: subatomic particle of small mass and negative charge found in every atom.

Electron cloud: region of high probability of finding an electron around an atom.

Electron diffraction: effects on electrons due to wave-like interference of electrons with matter.

Electron gas model: description of current flow through conductors.

Electroscope: device to detect electric charges.

Electrostatics: study of properties and results of electric charges at rest.

Electroweak force: unification of electromagnetic and weak forces.

Elementary charge: magnitude of the charge of an electron. 1.602 *10^ -19

Emission spectrum: spectrum produced by radiation from excited atoms.

Energy: non-material property capable of causing changes in matter.

Energy levels: amounts of energy an electron in an atom may have.

Entropy: measure of disorder in a system; ratio of heat added to temperature.

Equilibrant force: force needed to bring an object into transitional equilibrium.

Equilibrium: condition in which net force is equal to zero. Condition in which net torque on object is zero.

Equivalent resistance: single resistance that could replace several resistors.

Evaporation: change from liquid to vapor state.

Excited state: energy level of atom higher than ground state.

External forces: forces exerted from outside a system.

Extrinsic semiconductor: semiconductor in which conduction is primarily the result of added impurities.

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The Letter F:

Factor-label method: dimensional analysis.

Farad: unit of capacitance. One coulomb per volt.

Ferromagnetic materials: materials in which large internal magnetic fields are generated by cooperative action of electrons.

First harmonic: in music, the fundamental frequency.

First law of thermodynamics: change in internal or thermal energy is equal to heat added and work done on system. Same as law of conservation of energy.

Fluid: material that flows, i.e. liquids, gases, and plasmas.

Focal length: distance from the focal point to the center of a lens or vertex of a mirror.

Focal point: location at which rays parallel to the optical axis of an ideal mirror or lens converge to a point.

Forbidden gap: energy values that electrons in a semiconductor or insulator may not have.

Force: agent that results in accelerating or deforming an object.

Frame of reference: coordinate system used to define motion.

Fraunhofer lines: absorption lines in the suns spectrum due to gases in the solar atmosphere.

Frequency: number of occurrences per unit time.

Friction: force opposing relative motion of two objects are in contact.

Fundamental particles: those particles( i.e. quarks and leptons) of which all materials are composed.

Fundamental tone: lowest frequency sound produced by a musical instrument.

Fundamental units: set of units on which a measurement system is based( i.e. meter, second, kilogram, ampere, candela).

Fuse: metal safety device in an electric circuit that melts to stop current flow when current is too large.

Fusion: combination of two nuclei into one with release of energy.

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The Letter G:

Galvanometer: device used to measure very small currents.

Gamma decay: process by which a nucleus emits a gamma ray.

Gamma particle: high energy photon emitted by a radioactive nucleus.

Gas: state of matter that expands to fill container.

Geiger-Mueller tube: device used to detect radiation using its ability to ionize matter.

General theory of relativity: explanation of gravity and accelerated motion invented by Einstein.

Gluon: carrier of strong nuclear force.

Grand unified theories: theories being developed that unify the stronger and electroweak forces into one force.

Gravitational field: distortion of space due to the presence of mass.

Gravitational force: attraction between two objects due to their mass.

Gravitational mass: ratio of gravitational force to objects acceleration.

Gravitational potential energy: change of energy of object when moved in a gravitational field.

Graviton: particle that carries the gravitational force. Not yet observed.

Ground state: lowest energy level of an electron in an atom.

Grounding: process of connecting a charged object to Earth to remove objects unbalanced charge.

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The Letter H:

Half-life: length of time for half of a sample of radioactive material to decay.

Harmonics: frequencies produced by musical instrument that are multiples of fundamental tone.

Heat: quantity of energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature.

Heat engine: device that converts thermal energy to mechanical energy.

Heat of fusion: quantity of energy needed to change a unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid state at the melting point.

Heat of vaporization: quantity of energy needed to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gaseous state at the boiling point.

Heavy water: deuterium oxide used mainly in CANDU nuclear reactors.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle: the more accurately one determines the position of a particle, the less accurately the momentum can be known, and vice versa.

Hertz: unit of frequency equal to one event or cycle per second.

Hole: absence of an electron in a semiconductor.

Hookes law: deformation of an object is proportional to force causing it.

Huygens wavelets: model of spreading of waves in which each point on wavefront is source of circular or spherical waves.

Hydraulic system: machines using fluids to transmit energy.

Hyperbola: mathematical curve that describes an inverse relationship between two variables.

Hypotenuse: side opposite the right angle in a triangle.

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The Letter I:

Ideal mechanical advantage: in simple machine, the ratio of effort distance to resistance distance.

Illuminance: rate at which electromagnetic wave energy falls on a surface.

Illuminated object: object on which light falls.

Image: reproduction of object formed with lenses or mirrors.

Impulse: product of force and time interval over which it acts.

Impulse-momentum theorem: impulse given to an object is equal to its change in momentum.

Incandescent body: object that emits light because of its high temperature.

Incident wave: wave that strikes a boundary where it is either reflected or refracted.

Incoherent light: light consisting of waves that are not in step.

Independent variable: variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

Index of refraction: ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to its speed in a material.

Inelastic collision: collision in which some of the kinetic energy is changed into another form.

Inertia: tendency of object not to change its motion.

Inertial mass: ratio of net force exerted on object to its acceleration.

Initial velocity: velocity of object at time t=0.

Instantaneous acceleration: acceleration at a specific time; slope of tangent to velocity- time graph.

Instantaneous position: position of an object at specific time.

Instantaneous velocity: slope of the tangent to position- time graph.

Insulator: material through which the flow of electrical charge carriers or heat is greatly reduced.

Interference fringes: pattern of dark and light bands from interference of light waves.

Interference of waves: displacements of two or more waves, producing either large or smaller waves.

Internal forces: forces between objects within a system.

Intrinsic semiconductor: semiconductor in which conduction is by charges due to host material, not impurities.

Inverse relationship: mathematical relationship between two variables, x and y, summarized by the equation xy=k, where k is a constant.

Ionizing radiation: particles or waves that can remove electrons from atoms, molecules, or atoms in a solid.

Isolated system: a collection of objects not acted upon by external forces into which energy neither enters nor leaves.

Isotope: atomic nuclei having same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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The Letter J:

Joule: SI unit of energy equal to one Newton-meter.

Joule heating: increase in temperature of electrical conductor due to conversion of electrical to thermal energy.

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The Letter K:

Kelvin temperature scale: scale with 0 K= absolute zero and 273.16 K = triple point of water.

Keplers laws: three laws of motion of bodies attracted together by the gravitational force.

Kilogram: SI unit of mass.

Kilowatt hour: amount of energy equal to 3.6 * 10^ 6 J. Usually used in electrical measurement.

Kinematics: study of motion of objects without regard to the causes of this motion.

Kinetic energy: energy of object due to its motion.

Kinetic-molecular energy: description of matter as being made up of extremely small particles in constant motion.

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The Letter L:

Laser: devise that produces coherent light by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser- induced fusion: proposed method of creating nuclear fusion by using heating caused by intense laser beams to squeeze matter together.

Law of conservation of energy: in a closed, isolated system, the total momentum is constant.

Law of reflection: angle of incidence of a wave is equal to the angle of reflection.

Law of universal gravitation: gravitational force between two objects depends directly on the product of their masses and inversely on the square of their separation.

Lens: optical device designed to converge or diverge light.

Lens equation: See mirror equation.

Lenzs law: magnetic field generated by an induced current opposes the change in field that caused the current.

Lepton: particle that interacts with other particles only by the electroweak and gravitational interactions.

Lever arm: component of the displacement of the force from the axis of rotation in the axis of rotation in the direction perpendicular to the force.

Light: electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm that is visible.

Linear accelerator: device to accelerate subatomic particles by applying successive electric field.

Linear relationship: relationship between two variables, x and y, summarized by the equation y= ax + b, where a and b are constant.

Linear restoring force: force in direction toward equilibrium position that depends linearly on distance from distance from that position.

Liquid: materials that have fixed volume but whose shape depends on the container.

Lodestone: naturally occurring magnetic rock.

Longitudinal waves: wave in which direction of disturbance is the same as the direction of travel of wave.

Loudness: physiological measure of amplitude of a sound wave; heard on pitch and tone color as well as amplitude.

Lumen: unit of luminous flux.

Luminance intensity: measure of light emitted by source in candelas; luminous flux divided by 4pie.

Luminous flux: flow of light from source measured in lumens.

Luminous object: object that emits light, as opposed to one that reflects light.

Lux: unit of luminous flux; one lumen per square meter.

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The Letter M:

Machine: device that changes force needed to do work.

Magnetic field: space around a magnet throughout which magnetic force exists.

Magnification: ratio of size of an optical image to the size of the object.

Manipulated variable: variable that the experimenter can change.

Mass defect: mass equivalent of the binding energy; m=E/c^ 2

Mass number: number of nucleons ( protons plus neutrons) in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass spectrometer: device used to measure the mass of atoms or molecules.

Matter wave: wave-like properties of particles such as electrons.

Mechanical advantage: ratio of resistance force to effort force in a machine.

Mechanical energy: sum of potential and kinetic energy.

Mechanical resonance: condition at which natural oscillation frequency equals frequency of driving force; amplitude of oscillatory motion at a maximum.

Mechanical wave: wave consisting of periodic motion of matter; e.g. sound wave or water wave as opposed to electromagnetic wave.

Melting point: temperature at which substance changes from solid to liquid state.

Meson: medium mass subatomic particle consisting of combination of a quark and antiquark.

Meter: SI unit of length.

Mirror equation: 1/do +1/di=1/f, where do is object distance, di is image distance, f is focal length.

Moderator: material used to decrease speed of neutrons in nuclear reactor.

Momentum: product of objects mass and velocity.

Monochromatic light: light of a single wavelength.

Mutual inductance: measures the amount of overlap between the magnetic flux produced in one coil and that which passes through a second coil, thus the amount of EMP induced in a secondary coil by the varying flux in the primary coil.

Myopia: defect of eye, commonly called nearsightedness, in which distant objects focus in front of the retina.

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The Letter N:

n-type semiconductor: semiconductor in which current is carried by electrons.

Net force: vector sum of forces on object.

Neutral: object that has no net electric charge.

Neutrino: chargeless, massless, subatomic particle emitted with beta particles; type of lepton.

Neutron: subatomic particle with no charge and mass slightly greater than that of proton; type of nucleon.

Newton: SI unit of force.

Newtons law of motion: laws relating force and acceleration.

Node: point where disturbances caused by two or more waves result in no displacement.

Normal: perpendicular to plane of interest.

Normal force: force perpendicular to surface.

Nuclear equation: equation representing a nuclear reaction.

Nuclear fission: reaction in which large nucleus splits into two parts, often approximately equal in mass.

Nuclear fusion: reaction in which two nuclei are combined into one.

Nuclear reaction: reaction involving the strong force in which the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus changes.

Nuclear reactor: device in which nuclear fusion is used to generate electricity.

Nuclear transmutation: change of one nucleus into another as the result of a nuclear reaction.

Nucleon: either a proton or a neutron.

Nuclide: nucleus of an isotope.

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The Letter O:

Object: source of diverging light rays; either luminous or illuminated.

Octave: interval between two frequencies with a ratio of two to one.

Ohm: SI unit of resistance; one volt per ampere.

Ohms law: resistance of object is constant, independent of voltage across it.

Opaque: material that does not transmit light.

Open- pipe resonator: cylindrical tube with both ends closed and a sound source at one end.

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The Letter P:

p-type semiconductor: semiconductor in which conduction is the result of motion of holes.

Pair production: formation of particle and antiparticle from gamma rays.

Parabolic mirror: mirror the shape of a paraboloid of revolution that has no spherical aberration.

Parallel circuit: circuit in which there are two or more paths for current flow.

Parallel connection: connection of two or more electrical devices between two points to provide more than one current path.

Pascal: SI unit of pressure; one neutron per square meter.

Pascals principle: pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout it.

Period: time needed to repeat one complete cycle of motion.

Periodic motion: motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time.

Photoelectric effect: election of electrons from surface of metal exposed to electromagnetic radiation.

Photon: quantum of electromagnetic waves; particle aspect of these waves.

Photovoltaic cell: device that converts electromagnetic radiation into electrical energy.

Physics: study of matter and energy and their relationship.

Piezoelectricity: electric potential produced by deforming material.

Pigment: colored material that absorbs certain colors and transmits or reflects others.

Pitch: perceived sound characteristics equivalent to frequency.

Plancks constant: ratio of energy of photon to its frequency.

Plane mirror: flat, smooth surface that reflects light regularly.

Plasma: state of matter in which atoms are separated into electrons and positive ions or bare nuclei.

Point object: object idealized as so small to be located at only one position.

Polarized light: light in which electric fields are all in same plane.

Position: separation between object and a reference point.

Position- time graph: graph of objects motion that shows how its position depends on clock reading, or time.

Positron: antiparticle equivalent of electron.

Potential difference: difference in electric potential between two points.

Potential energy: energy of object due to its position or state.

Potentiometer: electrical device with variable resistance; rheostat.

Power: rate of doing work; rate of energy conversion.

Precision: degree of exactness in a measurement.

Pressure: force per unit area.

Primary coil: transformer coil that, when connected to voltage source, creates varying magnetic flux.

Primary light colors: red, green, or blue light.

Primary pigment: yellow, green, or magenta light.

Principal axis: line connecting center of curvature of spherical mirror with its geometric vertex. Line perpendicular to plane of lens passing through its center.

Principle of superposition: displacement due to two or more forces is equal to vector sum of forces.

Projectiles: motion of objects given initial velocity that then move only under force of gravity.

Proton: subatomic particle with positive charge that is nucleus of hydrogen atom.

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The Letter Q:

quantized: a quantity that cannot be divided into smaller increments forever, for which there exists a minimum, quantum increment.

Quantum mechanic: study of properties of matter using its wave properties.

Quantum model of atom: atomic model in which only probability of locating electron is known.

Quantum number: integer ratio of energy to its quantum increment.

Quark: basic building block of protons, neutrons, other baryons, and mesons.

Quark model: model in which all particles that interact via the strong interaction are composed of two or three quarks.

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The Letter R:

Radiation: electromagnetic waves that carry energy.

Radioactive decay: spontaneous change of unstable nuclei into other nuclei.

Radioactive materials: materials that undergo radioactive decay.

Range of projectile: horizontal distance between launch point of projectile and where it returns to launch height.

Ray model of light: light may be represented by straight line along direction of motion.

Ray optics: study of light using ray model.

Rayleigh criterion: two optical images are separable if central bright spot of one image falls on first dark band of second.

Real image: optical image at which rays from object converge.

Receiver: device that detects electromagnetic waves.

Reference level: location at which potential energy is chosen to be zero.

Reference point: zero location in a coordinate system or frame of reference.

Refraction: change in direction of light ray when passing one medium to another.

Refractive index: ratio of speed of light in vacuum to that in the medium.

Resistance: ratio of potential difference across device to current through it.

Resistance force: force exerted by a machine.

Resistor: device designed to have a specific resistance.

Responding variable: variable that changes as result of change in manipulated variable.

Rest energy: energy due to mass of object; E= mc^ 2.

Resultant: vector sum of two or more vectors.

Right -hand rules: used to find force on current or moving particle in magnetic field; used to find direction of magnetic field caused by current or of induced EMF.

Rutherfords model of atom: nuclear model of atom; essentially all mass in compact, positively- charged object at center, surrounded by electrons.

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The Letter S:

Scalar: quantity, like distance, that has only a magnitude, or size.

Schematic diagram: representation of electric circuit using symbols.

Scientific notation: numbers expressed in form M * 10 ^ n , where 1< M < 10, and n is an integer.

Scintillation: flash of light emitted when substance is struck by radiation.

Second: SI unit of time.

Second law of thermodynamics: heat flow only from region of high temperature o region of lower temperature.

Secondary coil: transformer coil in which varying EMF is induced.

Secondary light colors: yellow, cyan, or magenta light.

Secondary pigment: red, green, or blue pigment.

Self- inductance: induced EMF produced in coil by changing current.

Semiconductor: material in which electrical conduction is smaller than that in a conductor, but more than in insulator.

Series circuit: circuit in which electrical current flows through each component, one after another.

Series connection: arrangement of electrical devices so that there is only one path through which current can flow.

Short circuit: low resistance connection between two points, often accidental.

SI: internationally agreed -upon method of using the metric system of measurement.

Significant digit: reliable digits reported in a measurement.

Simple harmonic motion: motion caused by linear restoring that has a period independent of amplitude of motion.

Simple machine: machine consisting of only one lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, or wheel and axle.

Sine: the ratio of the opposite side and the hypotenuse.

Sliding friction: force between two surfaces in relative motion.

Slope: ratio of the vertical separation, or rise to the horizontal separation, or run.

Solid: state of matter with fixed volume and shape.

Sound level: quantity measuring logarithm of sound intensity in decibels.

Spark chamber: device used to detect path of charged subatomic particles by a spark that jumps along path of ionization created in a gas.

Specific heat: thermal energy needs to change temperature of unit mass of substance one Kelvin.

Spectroscope: device used to study spectrum of material.

Spectrum: collection of wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum.

Speed: ratio of distance traveled to time interval.

Speed of light: in vacuum, 2.9979458 * 10^8 m/s.

Spherical aberration: inability of spherical mirror to focus all parallel rays to a single point.

Standing wave: wave with stationary nodes.

Static friction: force that opposes start of motion between two surfaces.

Step- down transformer: transformer with output voltage smaller than input voltage.

Step- up transformer: transformer with output voltage larger than input voltage.

Stimulated emission: emission of photon from excited atom caused by impact fo photon of same energy.

Strong nuclear force: force of very short range that holds neutrons and protons in nucleus together.

Superconductor: electrical conductor that has no resistance and low temperatures.

Surface wave: wave on surface of liquid with characteristics of both longitudinal and transverse waves.

Symmetry: property that is now charged when operation or reference frame is charged.

Synchrotron: device to accelerate particles in which particles move in circular path.

System: defined collection of objects.

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The Letter T:

tangent: the ratio of the opposite side and the adjacent side.

Temperature: measure of hotness of object on a quantitative scale. In gases, proportional to average kinetic energy of molecules.

Terminal velocity: velocity of falling object reached when force of air resistance equals weight.

Test charge: charge used, in principle, to measure electric field.

Thermal energy: internal energy. Sum of kinetic and potential energy of random motion of particles making up object.

Thermal equilibrium: state between two or more bodies where temperatures do not change.

Thermal expansion: increase of length or volume of object due to change in temperature.

Thermometer: device used to measure temperature.

Thermonuclear reaction: nuclear fusion.

Thin- film interference: light interference caused by reflection from both front and rear surface of thin layer of liquid or solid.

Timbre: sound quality or tone color; spectrum of sound frequencies that produce a complete wave.

Time interval: difference in time between two clock readings.

Tokamak: type of fusion reactor.

Tone color: timbre or tone quality.

Torque: product of force and the lever arm.

Trajectory: the path followed by projectile.

Transformer: device to transform energy from one electrical circuit to another by means of mutual inductance between two coils.

Transistor: semiconductor device that controls large current by means of small voltage changes.

Translucent: material transmitting light without but distorting its path.

Transmutation: nuclear change from one element to another.

Transparent: material transmitting light without distorting directions of waves.

Transverse waves: wave in which disturbance is perpendicular to direction of travel of wave.

Traveling wave: moving, periodic disturbance in a medium or field.

Trigonometry: branch of math that deals with the relationship among angles and sides of triangles.

Trough of wave: low point of wave motion, where displacement is most negative.

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The Letter U:

Uniform acceleration: constant acceleration.

Uniform circular motion: motion in a circle of constant radius with constant speed.

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The Letter V:

Valence band: in a solid, the range of energies of electrons that are bound to atoms.

Vector quantity: quantity having both magnitude (size) and direction.

Vector resolution: process of finding the effective value of a component in a given direction.

Velocity: ratio of change in position to time interval over which change takes place.

Velocity- time graph: plot of velocity of object as a function of time.

Virtual image: point from which light rays appear to diverge without actually doing so.

Viscous fluid: fluid that creates force that opposes motion of objects through it. The force is proportional to objects speed.

Volatile liquid: liquid that is easily vaporized.

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The Letter W:

Watt: unit of power, one joule per second.

Wavelength: distance between corresponding points on two successive waves.

Wave pulse: single disturbance moving through a medium or field.

Weak boson: particle that carries or transmits the weak interaction of force.

Weak interaction: force involved in beta decay of the neutron and atomic nuclei; one aspect of the electroweak force.

Weight: force of gravity of an object.

Weightlessness: object in freefall, on which only the gravitational force acts.

Wilson cloud chamber: chamber containing supersaturated vapor through which ionizing radiation leaves trails of visible droplets.

Work: product of force and displacement in the direction of the force.

Work function: energy needed to remove an electron from metal.

Work energy theorem: work done on object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

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The Letter X:

X ray: high- energy photons; high- frequency, short-wavelength electromagnetic waves.

X-ray diffraction: A complicated technique using x-rays to "create an image" where no lense to focus the light rays is available.

X-ray images: Images such as photographs or computer enhanced images produced by bombarding a target with x-rays.

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The Letter Y:

Young's modulus: A constant of proportionality associated with the change in length of a material according to its elastic properties.

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The Letter Z:

Zero-point energy: The lowest energy state of molecular vibration



