On the Trail of the Danes - In Asia

6. Similarities Between Danish and Chinese Language

It's called "mama" and "papa" both in China and Europe. It is a Chinese family costom to say it twice, so originally it was probably "ma" and "pa".



The Danish word for father, "far", is very close to the Chinese "bar".



In old Danish, the word "mar" meant "horse". Hence comes the term "nightmare", "mare-ride" in Danish. The village Martofte on the northern part of Funen is named after an enclosed fenced area, where there were horses. In Chinese "horse" is also called "ma".



The Funen village name Martofte



"Jo", is a typical Danish affirmative word, which also has its match in the Chinese, "you" which is pronounced somewhat like "jo-oh". It means "yes - there is", just as in Danish.



There are also grammatical similarities between Danish - an old Indo-European language - and Chinese.



In Danish we have a very convenient grammatical negation. We just need to put the "u-" before a word, and then the meaning of the word will be changed to its contrary. Just think about the words "u-hyggelig" (horrifying), "u-afbrudt" (uninterrupted), "u-afgjort" (undecided), "u-artig" (misbehaved), only to mention a few examples. It is also available in other Indo-European languages such as English and German, where you put un- in front



The Chinese language has a very similar negation. They just put "bu-" in front of a word, and thus the meaning becomes the opposite.



For example, "good" in Chinese is called "hao", and bad is "bu-hao"; beautiful is "piao-liang" and ugly is "bu-piao-liang; "yes" is "shi-de" and "no" is "bu-shi" or simply "bu" , which are used in Danish as an scaring expression, ghosts are expected to say "buh".



In Danish, verbs can be made adjective-like by adding the ending "-ende" or just "-de". (similar to English -ing), for example "loebe" (run) can become the adjective-like "loeb-ende" (running - i.g. a running man) and "tale" (talk) can become to "tal-ende" (talking).



The numbers can also be made into the adjective-like ordinal numbers by adding "-de" or similar. Like it is the case in "fjer-de" (fourth), "syven-de" (seventh), nien-de (ninth) and so on.



In Chinese words are made adjective-like with very much the same ending. Chinese call their country "Zhong Guo", if we talk about a Chinese woman (nu-ren), it will be a "Zhong-guo-de nu-ren, as "Zhong-guo" becomes adjectiv-like. "Blue" is called "lan-zi", and the blue house (fang-zi) will then be "lan-zi-de fang-zi" as blue becomes adjectiv-like.



Danish has different ways to make verbs noun-like. Among others, we can add "-se".



"Foele" (feel) is a verb; by adding the ending "-se" it can be made into the noun-like notion, "foelel-se" (feeling - i.g. he has the feling). "Overraske" (to surprise) is a verb; by adding the ending "-se" it can be made into a noun and thus become "overraskel-se" (a surprise).



The basic Chinese character for son



The noun-like ending "-se" can be found in Chinese also, where it serves to highlight the noun-like characteristic; for example in "child", "hai-zi", in "cup", "bei-zi", in "wheat", "mai-zi", in "prince","wang-zi". The Chinese characters for "zi" is the fundamental character of "son", which expresses that the word or term is derived from something else like the son is derived from the father.



There are also similarities between individual words. The meaning can be slightly different as we often see, when similar words are found in different languages.



A "married woman" is in Chinese called "fu-ren" as "ren" means "person". In Danish a married woman is addressed "fru" The Chinese word for "heavy" is "Zhong" it is pronounced as something like "djung". In Danish "heavy" is called "tung". Fun and laughter is in Chinese called "xiao", which is pronounced as something like "sjau" The Danish word for fun is "sjov" In Chinese exist an old and formal word for sun: "ri", but for unknown reason it is spelled "ri" in Pin-Ying. Since Chinese have a hard time with "r" it sounds like "yerh". It is most reminiscent of "year" in another Indo-European language, namely the English. A "month" has its name from the celestial body that creates this period. In the same way, one can imagine that a "year" originally got its name from the celestial body that creates this period.

The verb "love" in Chinese is "ai". It corresponds to Danish "eje" (to own). It seems to describe a particularly close relationship to another person or thing. In Chinese a "port" (for ships) or a main thoroughfare is called "gang" The old Danish expression for an entrance hall of a house is "gang", which is also a thoroughfare, not to the sea, but to the garden and the road outside. In Chinese a "house" or apartment is called "fang-zi", which is pronounced something like "fang-se". It corresponds to the Danish "faengsel" (prison) in which "fanger" (prisoners) are retained. A pavilion, that is a building with roof but no walls, is in Chinese called "ting" or "ting-zi". Apparently, a place where people from all directions can meet and discuss common issues. The old Danish word for negotiate i.e. on a marketplace is also "tinge" and the ancient Danish word for "parliament" is "ting", where leaders from all over the country can meet and "tinge" (negotiate) common problems.

In Chinese, natural formations like "island" and "river" are mainly referred to with some very short words without consonants eruptions.

An "island" in Chinese is usually called "dao", but it can also be called "yu" which is pronounced something like "yeh", such as the island off the town of Xiamen, "Golan Yu".

River is most often called "he", which is pronounced somewhat in the direction of "hroe", such as "The Yellow River", "Huang He". In Danish the words for "island" and "river" are also some rather short words with no consonants, only with the vowels "oe" and "aa". Unfortunately, these sounds can't be fully described with the English alphabeth only, perhaps something like "oe" and "aa", i.e. in the islands Sams-oe and Aer-oe and the rivers Odense Aa og Guden-aa

The Chinese word for a musical note is "lu"which is pronounced similar to "ly", It is very close to Danish word for sound, "lyd", or "ly'", as we say in the accent of the island of Funen.



Making a sound is called "shen ying" in Chinese, which is pronounced somewhat in the direction of "shyng jing", and it is very close to the Danish word for "sing", synge, and the meaning is also very close.



Chinese is not an Indo-European language, but one can still find many words that clearly have an Indo-European origin. We have to believe it is because what we know as China in the distant past emerged as a fusion of numerous indigenous tribes and peoples, and some of these peoples have been of Indo-European origin. This is evidenced by the finding of the Indo-European language Tocharin in the Dun-Huang documents.



Furthermore, Snorre tells quite clearly that Odin and the Asians came from Asia and they spread their language in the northern countries of Europe: "All these genera became so numerous that they spread around in Saxony and all the northern countries, so that their, the Asians' tongue, became the native language of these countries, from the fact that the names of their ancestors are recorded, it is believed that these names have followed this tongue, and that the Asians brought it to the northern countries, to Norway and Sweden, to Denmark and Saxony."



Therefore, another reason, why we can find words and linguistic phrases that are similar in relation to Danish and Chinese, is probably that Danish, other Northern European languages and Chinese far back in history have been influenced from the same source.



The Aesirs or Asians were reasonably linguistically related to other Indo-European peoples, who remained on the eastern steppe. And these people became part of the great Chinese linguistic melting pot and made their contribution to the Chinese language.



China experienced repeated invasions from the Eurasian Steppe - also at the beginning of the first millennium. It is perfectly reasonable to assume that the conquerors also here made their mark in the local language.



The net result of the Mongol conquests in the 1200's was a Turkish and Muslim Central Asia, which effectively separated China from Europe. Then East and West evolved separately, and this is the source of the notion of modern Chinese historians - that "China is an island," so to be understood that Chinese culture and civilization have developed completely independently of the rest of the world, especially Europe.



20200620