CTBTO Preparatory Commission

Researchers are exploring what may be the first promising lead in months in the search for the wreckage of Malaysian Airlines flight MH370. Sensitive microphones on the ocean floor off Australia picked up a distinctive signal at about the time that the Boeing 777 aeroplane is believed to have crashed in the Indian Ocean. The findings, announced by Australian scientists last week, offer a rough location for the source of the sound and are being followed up by search authorities.

The signal was discovered by a team led by Alec Duncan, an underwater acoustics specialist at Curtin University’s Centre for Marine Science and Technology in Perth, Australia. It was recorded at 01:30 coordinated universal time (UTC) on 8 March; the last transmission from flight MH370, an electronic ‘handshake’ between the aircraft’s communication system and a satellite, took place at 00:19 UTC, when the plane is estimated to have run out of fuel.

The sound is believed to have originated somewhere along a strip running to the northwest of the Indian Ocean (see ‘Sound trackers’). That is out of the range of the current search, which was determined by analysis of the satellite communication data and is being led by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). However, the techniques used are well-established. “The ATSB will continue to discuss the analysis of this information with Curtin University for the purposes of informing the search,” says a spokesperson for the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) in Canberra, which is coordinating the Australian government’s support for the search.

Source: Curtin University/ATSB

The Curtin team emphasize that the sound may have come from other sources, such a small earthquake, but thinks that the lead is worth pursuing. It is now preparing to retrieve more hydroacoustic data from the ocean off northwestern Australia.

Duncan’s team found the signal while analysing data from an acoustic station in Perth Canyon about 40 kilometres west of Rottnest Island near Perth. It is one of six stations operated by Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), which was set up to make physical, chemical and biological observations of the ocean basin. Duncan then confirmed the signal using data from an acoustic station off Cape Leeuwin on the southwest tip of Australia that were provided by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO).

Listen Signal received at the underwater sound recorder off Rottnest Island (sped up by a factor of ten to make it audible to humans) You may need a more recent browser or to install the latest version of the Adobe Flash Plugin.

The CTBTO, a nuclear-test monitoring body based in Vienna, maintains a global network of seismic and radioisotope detectors, as well as other instruments. The network includes six hydrophone stations that monitor for explosions in the ocean, but can also pick up other sounds such as whale calls at great distances. Cape Leeuwin is one of two CTBTO acoustic stations in the Indian Ocean. Duncan also analysed data from the other, off Diego Garcia island in the middle of the Indian Ocean, but found nothing. The data were too polluted by noises from seismic surveys, he says.

The IMOS stations have just one microphone each, so alone cannot provide detailed information on the direction of sounds. But the CTBTO’s stations have two sets of three hydrophones separated by several kilometres, which — like a pair of human ears — allow listeners to get a fix on a sound’s direction to within 0.5 °.

Duncan and his colleagues now plan to recover and analyse data from the two IMOS stations off northwestern Australia. But those loggers record only 5 minutes of sound every 15 minutes, and any signals are likely to be contaminated with noise from seismic surveys, says Duncan. He reckons that there is only a “slight chance” that their data will contain the signal, but that it is “worth a go” (see 'Making waves'). The team had planned to recover the sensors in September or October, but now hopes to make the 7–9-day round trip in August. “Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the fate of MH370, underwater acoustic data still has the possibility of adding something to the search,” says Mark Prior, a CTBTO seismic-acoustic officer.

Making waves Sound travels well in the oceans, but detecting the noise of surface impacts is not easy. Detecting the sound of an aeroplane crashing into the ocean’s surface, and locating where it occurred, is challenging. Sound travels well in water, and microphones on the seabed can often detect low-frequency noises at great distances — sometimes across entire ocean basins. But the sounds that travel best are those that occur at depth and get reflected into the 'deep sound channel'. This is a horizontal ocean layer in which sounds can travel thousands of kilometres without losing much intensity. It is usually found about 600–1,200 metres down in low and middle latitudes; deeper in the sub-tropics, and nearer the surface at high latitudes. The channel exists because sounds in the ocean slow down as the temperature falls, and speed up as the pressure rises, and the waves refract towards the area of minimum speed. This means that sounds are refracted downwards as temperature decreases with depth, and upwards as pressure increases with depth. So at the boundaries where these forces meet, sounds are bounced up and down, and they become trapped in a horizontal channel. Sounds such as a depth charge exploding a long way below the surface are transmitted efficiently into the deep sound channel. But most of the sound energy of an aeroplane crashing into the ocean’s surface propagates straight down to the seabed, so the noise would not typically be reflected into the channel, explains Mark Prior, a seismic-acoustic specialist at the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) in Vienna. This makes it difficult to detect surface impacts that occur great distances from the recording source, he says. He notes that the CTBTO found no trace in its data of the impact of Air France flight 447, which crashed in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean in 2009. But if the crash occurred over a sloping seabed, for example, the sound could be reflected horizontally into the channel, says Prior, adding that any pressure-induced implosion of parts of a sinking aircraft could also be detected. "The combination of circumstances necessary to allow [detection of an ocean impact] would have to be very particular," he notes.

Meanwhile, it is unclear what other sources of hydrophone data that could be used in the search exist in the region. The US Navy deployed vast arrays of hydrophones on the ocean floor during the cold war for anti-submarine warfare. Details of the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) remain secret, but most of the hydrophones are thought to have been deployed off the US Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

Once the cold war ended, however, the system was downgraded. The data are still being collected, but they are not routinely analysed unless there is an underwater threat. William Marks, a spokesman for the US Navy in Yokosuka, Japan, declined to comment on whether the United States had hydrophones in the region. “Discussions of the SOSUS system at that level are classified,” he says. “This is a very sensitive system.”

India and Pakistan also have submarine fleets, but Duncan and other scientists say that they do not know whether they or any other nation has hydrophones in the Indian Ocean. “We have not been advised of any hydrophone facilities operated by India or Pakistan,” says the JACC spokesperson.