Clarification: Earlier versions of this article said the Syrian government used the word “interlopers” to describe the United States and other nations that back the Syrian rebels. Foreign Minister Walid al-Moualem said those nations were interfering, but he did not use that term.

Peace talks to end Syria’s civil war got off to a shaky start Wednesday, with finger-pointing by the government and its political opponents, and disagreement about what the goal of the negotiations should be.

Syria’s government set a bitter tone at the outset, and opponents of President Bashar al-Assad cast doubt on follow-up talks scheduled to begin Friday between the two sides.

Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al-Moualem accused Arab neighbors of sowing terrorism and insurrection, and he dismissed as interlopers the United States and other Western backers of Syrian rebels. He urged attending nations to stop funding the rebels and to leave the Damascus government alone.

“We have come here to put an end to terrorism and its bitter consequences,” Moualem said. “Diplomacy and terrorism cannot go in parallel. Diplomacy must succeed by fighting terrorism.”

Syria’s government agreed to attend the talks but rejects the premise that the goal is to establish a temporary government to replace Assad. Russia, a sponsor of the conference, insists that Assad’s ouster is not a foregone conclusion. On Wednesday, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov urged delegates not to “predetermine the outcome.”

Timeline: Unrest in Syria Two years after the first anti-government protests, conflict in Syria rages on. See the major events in the country's tumultuous uprising.

Syrian opposition leader Ahmad al-Jarba said the rebels will never accept a negotiated settlement that keeps Assad in power, and he suggested that further talks are pointless if the regime rejects the premise of a transition government.

Jarba implored the delegates from more than 30 nations to move quickly to end the conflict.

“Time is like a sword,” he said through an interpreter. “And for the Syrian people, time is now blood.”

[Who said what at the opening of the talks]

Other opposition figures and the Syrian government said the talks are on track. Jarba’s coalition had for months resisted attending the conference, which it feared would only solidify Assad’s military gains and further divide the mostly expatriate political opponents and the front-line rebels.

1 of 37 Full Screen Autoplay Close Skip Ad × Syria talks get underway View Photos The Assad government and its political opponents pointed fingers and disagreed over the goal of the negotiations, attended by delegates from more than 30 nations. Caption Representatives of Syria’s government and the opposition are meeting. Jan. 31, 2014 Syria's Foreign Minister and head of the Syrian government delegation Walid Muallem, center, arrives to give a news briefing with the Syrian government delegation on peace talks at United Nations headquarters in Geneva. Philippe Desmazes/AFP/Getty Images Buy Photo Wait 1 second to continue.

Lakhdar Brahimi, the special U.N. and Arab League envoy to Syria, told reporters that he may need more time to discuss the terms of Friday’s talks before bringing the two sides into the same room.

Those direct negotiations, planned for nearby Geneva, would be the first extended talks between Syria’s government and opposition forces and would take place only in the presence of mediators from the United Nations.

The gathering opened amid renewed allegations of widespread human rights abuses by Assad’s government. A report by three former war crimes prosecutors accuses the regime of the systematic torture and execution of about 11,000 prisoners since the uprising began in 2011. Several speakers Wednesday referred to the new allegations, which appear to back up rebel claims of torture and may help draw support for the opposition cause.

Wednesday’s round of speeches by the attending foreign ministers offered an opportunity for the world to show support for a diplomatic effort to end the conflict. Secretary of State John F. Kerry, like many other speakers, said the only solution to a war that has killed more than 130,000 people is a political settlement between Assad and his opponents.

Even the world powers sponsoring the event do not agree on what it is supposed to achieve, however. Expectations are low for either a resolution of the military deadlock or an end to the Assad family’s decades of rule. The United States has ruled out sending forces to Syria and has put any other outside military intervention on indefinite hold.

President Obama said recently that he is “haunted by what’s happened” in Syria but does not think he miscalculated. “It is very difficult to imagine a scenario in which our involvement in Syria would have led to a better outcome,” Obama said in a New Yorker profile that came out Friday.

But Kerry, who has called the Syrian president a killer unworthy of his office, reiterated the U.S. demand for a new government.

“We need to deal with reality here,” Kerry said. “Bashar Assad will not be part of that transition government.”

Saudi Foreign Minister Saud al-Faisal echoed Kerry in insisting that Assad has no role in a future Syrian government.

When it was his turn to speak, Moualem rebuked the chief U.S. diplomat directly.

“No one, Mr. Kerry, in the world has the right to give legitimacy or to withdraw legitimacy from a president, a government, a constitution or a law or anything in Syria, except Syrians,” he said.

Moualem also argued with U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the conference host, who interrupted the Syrian foreign minister when his speech ran past his allotted eight minutes.

“You live in New York. I live in Syria,” Moualem retorted. “I have the right to give the Syrian version here in this forum. After three years of suffering, this is my right.”

“Let me finish my speech,” he said angrily, and Ban let him go on.

Moualem told the delegates that al-Qaeda-linked militants fighting Syrian troops have steadily gained ascendancy in the rebel-held north of the country. He disputed the characterization of the war as an uprising or internal “revolution,” saying that the fighters battling Assad’s troops come from more than 80 nations.

Many of the nations represented here have backed the rebels, sending arms, money or other help. While Russia, an ally and weapons supplier to the Assad regime, is participating in the talks, Iran — Syrian’s staunchest military patron — was excluded.

Syria’s ambassador to the United Nations, Bashar Jaafari, complained that most participants appeared to be “pre-selected” and biased against Syria.

In a mark of the high emotions on all sides, the closing news conference with Brahimi and Ban erupted in shouting, as Syrian journalists accused Ban of ignoring their questions.

Syrian activists who came to cover the meeting for opposition news organizations expressed disappointment at the government’s refusal to compromise.

“Nothing has changed,” said Adnan Hadad of the Aleppo Media Center. “They came here to say the same old stuff they’ve been saying for the past three years.”

Still, Wednesday’s nine-hour session of speeches was notable because members of the Syrian opposition and the government sat in the same room without walking out. Ban said afterward that the discussions were cordial, and Kerry said the initial confrontations were to be expected.

“Opening positions are opening positions,” he told reporters. He set no timetable for the negotiations but suggested that they will be lengthy and difficult. “Talk takes a while,” Kerry said.

Diplomats and U.S. officials caution that political breakthroughs are unlikely at this time. Rather, they say, the effort begun Wednesday will focus on confidence-­building measures such as local cease-fires and deliveries of humanitarian aid — steps that might help build wider support for a peace process ahead of future talks.

Diplomats attending the session said the two sides’ uncompromising public posturing concealed a deeper desire to see at least some results emerge from the negotiations.

“This was their public position,” said Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari. “It was very obvious they were raising the rhetoric. I think their private positions will be different. . . . We don’t know what will happen in closed rooms.”

The day ended on a more conciliatory note. In final comments, a more subdued Moualem said the conference had “charted the first steps to dialogue.”

Jaafari told reporters, “There is a need to have this kind of Syrian-Syrian dialogue.”

Jarba added, “We have to open the way for negotiations.”

Suzan Haidamous, Susannah George and Ahmed Ramadan in Beirut contributed to this report.