‘Real game changer’

“The bacterial analysis has been a real game changer for Georgia Aquarium,” said Eric Hall, who collaborated on the research and is Senior Director for Life Support Systems and Water Quality for the aquarium. “We now have a much better understanding of what this beneficial bacterial micro-community looks like that is living in the habitat water and in our filters.”

The researchers would like their continuing work to help aquarium operators everywhere optimize bacterial colonies for maximum water cleansing. Georgia Tech and Georgia Aquarium, a non-profit sea life organization, published their analysis in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology on Friday, September, 29, 2018, and Georgia Aquarium share the results with other aquariums and universities near them.

First author was Andrew Burns, a postdoctoral researcher in Stewart’s lab. The research was funded by the Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Teasley Endowment.

Georgia Aquarium life support experts (like Matthew Regensburger, left) wanted to know which bacteria were removing nitrates from the water of Ocean Voyager, the largest indoor oceanic aquarium in the US. Georgia Tech marine biochemists (Andrew Burns, center, and Zoe Pratte, right) discovered very natural bacterial colonies at work.

Fish poo be gone

To stay fresh, Ocean Voyager’s water cascades through a series of cleaning processes. In the tank, as in oceans, bacteria break down excrement, ammonia and other waste, then the aquarium exhibit’s water flows through filters that remove more things, including nitrites.

The water also flows through special bacterial reactors, and by then it’s free from most everything but nitrates, which can become toxic if allowed to build up to high concentrations. In the reactors, colonies of bacteria, the focus of this study, break nitrates down.

The reactors, or “pads,” have nearly no oxygen and offer bacteria sulfur as food. So, anaerobic bacteria gather there to “eat” the sulfur and “breathe up” the nitrates to form nitrogen gas, which can bubble up to the atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere is naturally about 78 percent nitrogen.

Motley bacterial surprise

The bacterial communities the researchers encountered in the two pads they studied dashed expectations. For one, the researchers thought they might find both pads dominated by an iconic denitrifying bacterium called Thiobacillus denitrificans, which can be used to hand-seed professional and home aquariums. They did not.

“It certainly popped up in our systems, but the genes for the tools that Thiobacillus denitrificans carries to do these processes were widely distributed among many different kinds of microbes,” said Stewart, who is an associate professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Biological Sciences. “The diversity levels were just outstanding.”

Also, the compositions of bacterial communities in the two pads were virtually each other’s polar opposites.

“In one of the pads we had one species become around 90 percent of the community,” Burns said. It was a strain related to a species called Thiobacillus thioparus. “The other pad had a much more diverse community with a lot of different species and even genera.” (Genus is the taxonomic category above species.)

“Even looking at some of the main contributors, there was one genus of Sulfurimonas (bacteria) and even those had a ton of different species, about 150 species or strain variants instead of say, ten, which one might have expected,” Stewart said.