WASHINGTON—The Trump administration on Friday disclosed the names of 22 Japanese officials who attended a dinner at the president’s Palm Beach, Fla., resort with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe earlier this year, but rejected a transparency advocacy group’s demand for a broader list of visitors there.

In April, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington filed a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security seeking visitor logs at Mar-a-Lago, the Florida resort that President Donald...