T hey had been threatened by the never-ending war in Afghanistan’s Ghazni province, subject to bigotry and denied education and healthcare in Iran, and exploited by employers, landlords and smugglers in Turkey.

Now sitting in a muddy field adjacent to the Meric river that abuts the border with Greece and the European Union, the 25 or so members of the Dowlati family are exposed to the cold and wind. They have no money and nor much food. As their children cry, they sit and wait for an opportunity to cross into a European Union that does not want them.

“We heard that the gates of Europe are open,” says Reza Dowlati, a 40-year-old who emerges as a leader of the clan.

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s declaration last week that Ankara was opening the country’s borders to Europe set off a scramble by tens of thousands of the millions of Syrian, Afghan, and other refugees sheltering in Turkey to make a dash for Europe.

But though Turkey’s exits may be open, the European Union’s doors are shut tight. And refugees from war-ravaged countries such as Syria and Afghanistan and as far away as Somalia and the Kashmir region now find themselves stuck in perhaps their most helpless positions yet.

Many blew all their meagre savings on bus tickets to get them to the border from deep inside Turkey, with drivers racking up their prices tenfold.

Refugees wait to cross over Turkish border to Greece

One family even paid smugglers thousands of dollars to get them across the Syrian border on Friday once they heard of Mr Erdogan’s new policy on television and social media.

“We heard that the border was open and we came,” says Adnan Mosuli, a 22-year-old from Raqqa, who arrived at Doryan with his father and siblings. “It took us two days and $4,500 to get across the border.”

Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Show all 17 1 /17 Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe NGO members help 15 Afghan refugees, 5 children, 3 women and 7 men, to disembark from a dinghy as it lands ashore the Greek island of Lesbos on 28 February AFP/Getty Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe A group of migrants walk through the Turkish-Greek border in a village near the border city of Edirne, Turkey, on 28 February Reuters Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Migrants from Afghanistan arrive on a dinghy on the Greek island of Lesbos on 28 February Reuters Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Afghan refugees stand on the shore of the Greek island of Lesbos after disembarking a dinght on 28 February AFP/Getty Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe A group of migrants walk through the Turkish-Greek border in a village Bosnakoy near the border city of Edirne, Turkey on 28 February Reuters Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Migrants from Afghanistan arrive in a dinghy at the village of Skala Sikaminias, on the Greek island of Lesbos on 28 February AP Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Afghan refugees stand on the shore of the Greek island of Lesbos after disembarking a dinght on 28 February Reuters Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe A group of migrants walk through the Turkish-Greek border in a village near the border city of Edirne, Turkeythrough the Turkish-Greek border in a village Bosnakoy near the border city of Edirne, Turkey Reuters Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey on 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey on 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey, 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey, 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey, 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Greek soldiers patrol behind a border fence as refugees try to enter Europe, from Edirne, Turkey, 28 February 2020. the Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Syrian refugees board a bus as they head to border villages of Edirne province, in Istanbul, Turkey, 28 February 2020. The Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Refugees walk near fences enforcing the Greek border as they try to enter Europe, in Edirne, Turkey, 28 February 2020. The Turkish government announced its decision to no longer stop refugees from reaching Europe, after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in Idlib, Syria on 27 February. EPA Turkey opens borders to allow refugees to flee to Europe Migrants wait in no-man land between Turkey and Greece, in Pazarkule, Edirne, Friday, Feb. 28, 2020. NATO envoys were holding emergency talks Friday at the request of Turkey following the killing of 33 Turkish soldiers in northeast Syria, as scores of migrants gathered at Turkey's border with Greece seeking entry into Europe. AP

Women and children refugees are especially defenceless. One Turkish couple, spotting the number of small children in the Dowlati clan, gifted them a couple of tents. Some of the nearby townspeople have welcomed women to use their bathrooms. But they still sleep outside.

“There are serious protection risks for women and girls being in an unstable open-air environment,” says Devon Cone, senior advocate at Refugees International. “Even the camps are insecure. What new risks are they facing sitting there at the border?”

The Dowlati family hired a minibus for around £500 to get them from Turkey’s Black Sea city of Samsun to the frontier after Mr Erdogan’s announcement.

They knew from the start it was a long shot. But there are few opportunities for them in Turkey, even for the ones who managed to master the language. There are few jobs, and they pay poorly. Often the employers would refuse to pay refugees their salaries.

The war in Afghanistan had scattered the Dowlatis across the world, some escaping their native Hazarajat in the country’s centre for Iran, others to Pakistan, and still others to Kabul, the capital. One brother made it to Germany, and is hoping to draw the rest there.

It had been a struggle to gather everyone in Samsun, Turkey, and as long as they stayed together as a family perhaps there was a chance they could all find their way to a better life.

The reason we are here is for the children. It’s all so they can have a better life Reza Dowlati

Besides, says Yunus Dowlati, they had little choice. The 58-year-old had been working as a labourer at a plastics factory in Iran until six months ago. But Iran’s economy had begun to contract under the weight of United States sanctions, inflation had eaten away at his pay, and he wasn’t making enough money to send back to his wife and children.

“I have nowhere else to go,” he says. “I can’t go to Greece. And I have nowhere to go in Turkey. I have lived in Iran for 38 years, Afghanistan is a foreign country to me.”

Once they got to Doyran, they boarded boats and headed towards the Greek side of the river, encouraged, they say, by Turkish officers. Many managed to get the Greek side. Some even stayed on the other side for hours, planning to travel deeper into Europe once night.

But many of the migrants told versions of the same story: once on the Greek side, they were caught by Greek authorities. They were stripped of their belongings and even their clothes and shoelaces. Some were beaten. Some were locked up overnight in squalid detention centres. All were eventually placed on boats and sent back to the Turkish side.

Migrants and their children wait in line for food and water distribution at the port of Mytilene, on the northeastern Aegean island of Lesbos (AP)

“We were in the woods when the Greek police caught us,” says Ghassem Rezai, an 18-year-old Afghan refugee. “A car came and they took us away. We were held overnight, and they took everything – my money, identification cards, my mobile phone.”

Citing national security concerns, Greece on Sunday suspended its adherence to treaty obligations on refugees, denying any the right to apply for temporary protection. The move has outraged some advocates for refugee rights, but appears to be supported by EU leaders in France and Germany, who have allocated hundreds of millions of dollars in emergency funds to Greece and are planning high-profile visits to show solidarity with the Athens government.

Still, thousands are said to be gathered at the main Greek crossing at Pazarkule, off limits now to journalists. On Tuesday hundreds could be seen walking towards the checkpoint, past the Turkish gendarmerie checkpoint while carrying a few belongings and juice boxes and sesame bread donated to them by charitable groups along the way.

I have nowhere else to go, I can’t go to Greece. And I have nowhere to go in Turkey. I have lived in Iran for 38 years, Afghanistan is a foreign country to me Yunus Dowlati

Among the refugees who tried and failed to cross there was palpable anger and disappointment that their lives were being used as pawns in high-stakes geopolitical games.

“The president who drew us all here should find us some housing,” said Sara Raimi, an 18-year-old Afghan refugee, who gave up her housing and quickly sold off her belongings in the Turkish city of Denizli to come to Doyran. “We’re very angry. He said the border was open. Since he said everything is open, he should find us a home again.”

Migrants and refugees scuffle with riot police on Lesbos (AFP/Getty) (AFP via Getty Images)

Still, many of the refugees say they remain hopeful that the borders would open soon. Maybe Angela Merkel would make an announcement. As Turkish television channels film them, a group of perhaps 50 hold a demonstration while facing the Greek side of the river. “Open the border!” they chant. “Open the border!”

Reza Dowlati is more hopeful than angry. He yearns to get to Germany, to join his brother there. His teenage son knows how to work computers, he says, and can find work in the west. He bristles at the suggestion that he and the others have put their children at risk by giving up their precarious but secure lives in eastern Turkey for the perilous journey across the border.