Nonetheless, in many of these states, other weeds, particularly herbicide-resistant waterhemp, still dominate weed control strategies, added Iowa State University Extension weed scientist Bob Hartzler.

"Part of what we have going for us is that in nearly every field, waterhemp is the target weed and so everybody has an herbicide program targeting waterhemp," he explained. "Palmer amaranth, which is starting at ground zero, will have a hard time getting established, because usually what works on waterhemp works on Palmer amaranth."

THE NORTHERN ADVANTAGE

The farmers and scientists in these states have another advantage: A front-row seat to the battles their southern colleagues have waged against Palmer amaranth for nearly two decades now.

They have been quick to devise war plans of their own, some of which involve blowtorches -- literally.

"Each case, we've done the same thing," said Jeff Gunsolus, an Extension weed scientist from the University of Minnesota, which has confirmed Palmer amaranth in six counties since 2016. "Early monitoring and zero tolerance eradication -- the Minnesota Department of Agriculture will send people out to burn plant material."

Many states have also focused on early and aggressive education for their farmers -- sometimes even before the weed arrived. North Dakota launched a campaign to find it and identify any Palmer amaranth plants in the state in 2014 -- four years before the state's first confirmed find in August 2018.

After the weed was found in Ohio in 2012, the state's weed experts swung into action. They distributed educational videos, newsletters and fact sheets around the state. In regions where an infestation had been located, they set up local meetings with farmers and other stakeholders to drum up awareness.

"We had a really aggressive campaign against it, and it has mostly worked," said Ohio State University Extension weed scientist Mark Loux. Even though the weed continues to be introduced into the state via contaminated feed, seed and equipment, it hasn't become endemic yet. "We've had finds in 25 counties -- but usually just a few plants," Loux said. "We track them and try to put them out, and what we're seeing is that it's not spreading yet within the state."

Many of these states have also moved quickly to beef up the legal fight against Palmer amaranth. Minnesota, for example, has listed the plant on the state's Prohibited Noxious Weed Eradicate List -- which means it must be destroyed when found. Minnesota also listed Palmer amaranth as a Prohibited Weed Seed, which bans any seed lots sold in the state from containing any Palmer amaranth seeds. Iowa, Ohio and Wisconsin have made similar use of state noxious weed lists and weed seed laws.

"It just gives the state more legal options in enforcing the effort to reduce the spread through pollinator and CRP seed," Gunsolus said.

INHERITING RESISTANCE WOES

But no matter how quickly they move, these seven states are already inheriting the mistakes of their predecessors. The Palmer amaranth species that show up in the northern and eastern Midwest usually arrive via out-of-state manure, migratory waterfowl, farm equipment, cottonseed, hay and contaminated seed lots, often for pollinator plots, CRP fields and birdseed.

That means before the states' farmers ever apply a chemical to them, some of the Palmer amaranth plants that sprout are already resistant to multiple herbicides.

Most of the Palmer amaranth found in these states are resistant to glyphosate and ALS herbicides, but other resistant traits have surfaced, too. In Michigan, for example, scientists found some Palmer amaranth plants resistant to triazines, namely atrazine.

More resistance traits are likely still unknown. Minnesota has only tested weeds from two of the six counties where Palmer amaranth has been found. North Dakota is still in the process of testing seed from its summer scouting.

In the face of this uncertainty, educators are urging farmers to get their hands dirty, said Paul Johnson, South Dakota State University Extension weed science coordinator.

"What chemicals work on it really varies here, because the Palmer amaranth we have has come from so many other states and locations," he said. "We don't know exactly what resistance we have, so people need to go for total eradication -- hand-pulling."

For a map showing the full distribution of Palmer amaranth in the U.S., see this link from University of Wyoming weed scientist Andrew Kniss: https://plantoutofplace.com/….

Emily Unglesbee can be reached at Emily.unglesbee@dtn.com

Follow her on Twitter @Emily_Unglesbee

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