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After lots of experimentation (between disqus.com and getsentry.com), I’m content with saying that uwsgi should be the standard in the Python world. Combine it with nginx and you’re able to get a lot of (relative) performance out of your threaded (or not) Python web application.

Update: Ignoring the age-old argument of ”[whatever metric you give] is slow”, the requests I’m illustrating here are to the “Store” endpoint in Sentry, which processes an input event (anywhere from 20kb to 1mb in size), makes several network hops for various authorization and quota strategies, and then eventually queues up some operations. tl;dr it offloads as much work as possible.

Serving Strategies

There’s quite a number of ways you can run a Python application. I’m not going to include mod_wsgi, and most imporantly, I’m not trying to illustrate how evented models work. I don’t believe they’re practical (yet) in the Python world, so this topic is about a traditional threaded (or multi process) Python application.

Instead, I’m going to focus on two of the most popular solutions, and two I’m very familiar with, gunicorn, and uwsgi.

gunicorn

When you move past mod_wsgi your solutions are basically only Python web servers. One of the most popular (read: trendy) methods has been gunicorn lately.

We actually still recommend using gunicorn for Sentry, but that’s purely out of inconvenience. It was pretty wasy to embed within Django, and setup was simple.

It also has 10% of the configuration options as uwsgi (which might actually be a good thing for some people).

Other than that, it provides nearly identical base featuresets to uwsgi (or any other Python web server) for our comparative purposes.

uwsgi

The only alternative, in my opinion, to gunicorn is uwsgi. It’s slightly more performant, has too many configuration options to ever understand, and also gains the advantage of having a protocol that can communicate with nginx.

It’s also fairly simple to setup if you can find an article on it, more on that later.

I started running uwsgi with something like —processes=10 and —threads=10 to try and max CPU on my servers. There were two goals here:

Max CPU, which required us to…

Reduce memory usage, which was possible because..

Sentry is threadsafe, and threads are easy.

(For what it’s worth, Disqus runs single threaded, but I’m cheap, and I wanted to keep Sentry as lean as possible, which means squeezing capacity out of nodes)

Iterating to Success

I was pretty proud when we got API response times down to 40ms on average. When I say API I’m only talking about the time it takes from it hitting the Python server, to the server returning it’s response to the proxy.

Unfortunately, it quickly became apparent that there were capacity issues when we started getting more traffic for larger spikes. We’d hit bumpy response times that were no longer consistent, but we still had about 30% memory and 60% cpu to spare on the web nodes.

After quite a few tweaks, what we eventually settled on was managing a larger amount of uwsgi processes, and letting nginx load balance them (vs letting uwsgi itself load balance).

What this means, is that instead of doing uwsgi —processes=10, we ran 10 separate uwsgi processes.

The result was a beautiful, consistent 20ms average response time.

Putting It Together

Because I like when people do more than talk, I wanted to leave everyone with some snippets of code from our Chef recipes which we used to actually set all of this up on the servers (with minimal effort).

nginx

The first piece of configuration is Nginx. We need to actually programatically add backends based on the number of uwsgi processes we’re running, so things became a bit more complicated.

We start by building up the list in our web recipe:

hosts = ( 0. . ( node [ :getsentry ] [ :web ] [ :processes ] - 1 ) ) . to_a . map do | x | port = 9000 + x "127.0.0.1: #{ port } " end template " #{ node [ 'nginx' ] [ 'dir' ] } /sites-available/getsentry.com" do source "nginx/getsentry.erb" owner "root" group "root" variables ( :hosts = > hosts ) mode 0644 notifies :reload , "service[nginx]" end

Then the nginx config becomes pretty straightforward:

# templates/getsentry.erb upstream internal { least_conn; <% @hosts . each do | host | %> server <%= host %> ; <% end %> } server { location / { uwsgi_pass internal; uwsgi_param Host $host; uwsgi_param X-Real-IP $remote_addr; uwsgi_param X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; uwsgi_param X-Forwarded-Proto $http_x_forwarded_proto; include uwsgi_params; } }

We’ve now setup uwsgi to assign the number of hosts to the value of our web processes, started at port 9000. It’s also been configured to serve uwsgi using it’s socket protocol.

uwsgi

On the other side of things, we’re using supervisor to control our uwsgi processes, so things are pretty straightforward here as well:

command = "/srv/www/getsentry.com/env/bin/uwsgi -s 127.0.0.1:90%(process_num)02d --need-app --disable-logging --wsgi-file getsentry/wsgi.py --processes 1 --threads #{ node [ 'getsentry' ] [ 'web' ] [ 'threads' ] } " supervisor_service "web" do directory "/srv/www/getsentry.com/current/" command command user "dcramer" stdout_logfile "syslog" stderr_logfile "syslog" startsecs 10 stopsignal "QUIT" stopasgroup true killasgroup true process_name '%(program_name)s %(process_num)02d' numprocs node [ 'getsentry' ] [ 'web' ] [ 'processes' ] end

One Way, and Only One Way

Unless someone comes up with an extremely convincing argument why there should be another way (or a situation where this can’t work), I hope to hear this pattern become more standard in the Python world. At the very least, I hope it sparks some debates on how to improve process management inside of things like uwsgi.

If you take nothing else away from this post, leave with the notiion that uwsgi is the only choice for serving threaded (or non) python web applications.

(I hastily wrote this post to illustrate some findings today, so pardon the briefness and likely numerous typos)