Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera, the notorious leader of a Mexican drug cartel who spent decades on the run from authorities, was sentenced by a federal judge to spend the rest of his life in a U.S. prison.

Mr. Guzmán, 62, will likely be sent to the federal “Supermax” prison in Florence, Colo., home to the country’s most dangerous and high-risk prisoners. The Bureau of Prisons will decide the facility at a later date. Mr. Guzmán successfully escaped twice from maximum-security prisons in Mexico.

The...