Abdulla Yameen voted out of office amid anger over theft of millions from tourism revenues and jailing of dissidents.

Voters in the Maldives delivered a stunning defeat for President Abdulla Yameen in a contentious presidential election on Sunday, an outcome regarded as a victory for democracy in the Indian Ocean island nation.

Officials and analysts say the president’s infrastructure record – which includes the South Asian country’s first bridge, new airports and harbours, as well as dozens of resort openings – were not enough to quell public anger over allegations of corruption and human rights abuses.

“We thought we would win,” said Ahmed Nihan, leader of the ruling Progressive Party of the Maldives’ parliamentary group.

“We thought people would vote for us, after they saw with their own eyes the development President Yameen brought to this country … But the relentless accusations of theft cost us the election.”

Yameen – who lost by a margin of 16.7 percent to his challenger and opposition candidate, Ibrahim Mohamed Solih – presided over the Maldives’ biggest-ever corruption scandal, in which at least $79m was stolen from tourism revenues. The money, obtained from leasing islands for tourism, an industry which accounts for more than two-thirds of the country’s foreign earnings, was diverted to private accounts and embezzled, according to several audit reports, as well as a 2016 investigation by Al Jazeera.

The cash was then used to bribe legislators, judges and government officials, Al Jazeera’s investigation found. Associates of the president, in secretly filmed interviews, said they carried money to the president in black bags.

Yameen, however, denied any wrongdoing.

Nihan, the ruling party politician, maintained the president’s innocence, and blamed former cabinet officials for the theft.

Yameen, who came to power following a disputed election in 2013, brought order and stability to a country riven by years of unrest since prison riots led to a democratic uprising more than a decade ago, Nihan said. And the president prevailed in forcing through his development agenda, despite challenges to his rule “from all sides”, he added.

Crackdown or enforcing order?

Indeed, Yameen’s five-year rule has been tumultuous by any measure.

He has jailed or forced into exile nearly all of his political rivals, arrested hundreds for protesting against his rule, suspended parliament for long periods of time, and shuttered independent and critical media. He claimed he was defusing attempts to topple a democratically elected government, but critics said the president was turning to autocratic behaviour to cover up corruption.

Those jailed during Yameen’s tenure include his own vice president, Ahmed Adeeb, who he blamed for the tourism scam, and two former presidents, including his half-brother 80-year-old Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who ruled the Maldives for 30 years, and Mohamed Nasheed, the country’s first democratically elected leader.

Two Supreme Court judges were also arrested during a state of emergency in February after the top court ordered the release of nine jailed dissidents.

Faced with widespread criticism, Yameen pushed through a draconian law on defamation and imposed more than $250,000 in fines on opposition-aligned Raajje TV, the most popular television station in the country. He also pulled the Maldives out of the Commonwealth after threats of action, and moved closer to China and Saudi Arabia over traditional allies, India and the United Kingdom.

It was Beijing that funded Yameen’s infrastructure boom, a move that has pulled the Maldives into what the opposition said was a “debt-trap”.

The crackdown united the four opposition political parties, who fielded a long-time member of parliament against Yameen. Solih, the opposition candidate, promised to restore democracy, release dissidents and investigate corruption allegations against Yameen. In the run up to Sunday’s vote, Solih said he was worried it would be rigged, but said he was sure voters would turn out in large numbers to say “no” to Yameen.

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With so much hanging in the balance, why did the president contest an election that he might lose?

Niyaz Ibrahim, a former auditor general who lost his job after he flagged corruption in tourism leases, said Yameen was “convinced he could win”.

“He was fooled by his allies. They organised massive rallies, by intimidating and forcing government employees to attend,” Ibrahim said from Sri Lanka’s Colombo, where he lives in exile.

“And that’s why he didn’t expect such a huge defeat.”

‘People said no’

Indeed, in a campaign rally in August, Yameen dismissed opposition allegations of autocratic behaviour, saying: “People wouldn’t be smiling and coming to greet me if brutality was commonplace on these islands, and this nation.”

The president’s campaign, however, was carefully choreographed to avoid any public criticism. He eschewed traditional electioneering such as door-to-door visits, and increased appearances at ribbon-cutting ceremonies for infrastructure projects, some of which were completed early on in his tenure, according to the Maldives Independent news website. In some islands, the opposition’s campaign banners were taken down and activists arrested in preparation for the president’s visits.

In his campaign speeches, he railed against alleged opposition attempts to destroy the Maldives’ Islamic faith, and promised lavish benefits, including government housing for all. But it was of little avail.

“We always knew Yameen could not win a popular vote,” said Moosa Latheef, long-time editor of independent newspaper Haveeru, which was shut down in 2016 amid a court battle that the paper’s owners said was a politically motivated attempt by government officials to stifle criticism of the government.

“He brought unprecedented developments in infrastructure, even if it was through Chinese loans. But he also took away basic rights, jailed whomever he wanted, brought the courts under his control, and enriched his cronies.

“And that’s what people said no to.”

‘Lies and slander’

Latheef said he believed Yameen would have overturned the election if the outcome were not in his favour, but the huge margin for the opposition made that task impossible. He pointed to the president’s frequent warnings against accepting bribes for votes in the run-up to the election, as well as a police raid on the opposition’s campaign headquarters on the eve of the vote.

“Ahead of the vote, we heard some people in Yameen’s circles say he might lose, but that he will still be inaugurated as president,” Latheef said, adding: “But the police, the army, the courts – they just couldn’t extend the president’s rule any longer given the margin by which he lost.”

Nihan, the ruling party politician, however dismissed the allegations.

“Why would we allow a free and fair election if we were such thieves? Surely there is no bigger prize worth stealing than an election.”

The opposition’s win on Sunday was proof the corruption allegations were “baseless”, he said.

“There was so much lies and slander during this campaign. But we didn’t take action. Maybe we should have,” he said.

Yameen, who has said he will stay on in office until his term ends on November 17, was ready to answer to corruption allegations, Nihan said.

But a “witch hunt” would “only plunge the country into further chaos,” he warned.