Russia killed civilians in air raids in Syria last year while rebels allied to Turkey carried out murder and pillage in Kurdish areas, UN investigators said - actions that could amount to war crimes by both Moscow and Ankara.

A report by a UN commission found that Russia - the Syrian government's main ally against rebels - conducted air raids on a popular market and a camp for displaced people that killed dozens of civilians in July and August last year.

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"In both incidents, the Russian air force did not direct the attacks at a specific military objective, amounting to the war crime of launching indiscriminate attacks in civilian areas," the report said.

It also described abuses by rebels allied to Turkey during an assault on Kurdish-held areas, and said if the rebels were acting under the control of Turkish military forces, those commanders may be liable for war crimes.

Paulo Pinheiro, the commission's chairman, said it added names linked to the latest crimes to its confidential list of suspected perpetrators.

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It has received 200 requests from judicial authorities worldwide for information on crimes committed during Syria's nine-year war, he told a news briefing.

'Intentionally terrorising'

In the report, which covered the period from July 2019 to February 2020, investigators denounced "deliberate" attacks by the Syrian government and allied forces on protected civilian sites, including hospitals and schools.

"There is a war crime of intentionally terrorising a population to force it to move. We are seeing that picture emerging very clearly for example, in Idlib where, because these places are being bombed, people are having to move out," said panel member Hanny Megally.

Russian-backed Syrian government forces have thrust deep into Idlib province in the far northwest in a campaign to retake the last country's significant rebel pocket. The onslaught has forced about one million civilians to flee.

As many as 10 children have died from the cold in the last weeks after living in the open at the Turkish border, Megally said.

The UN report blamed Russia for an air raid in the city of Maarat al-Numan on July 22 when at least 43 civilians were killed. Two residential buildings and 25 shops were destroyed after at least two Russian warplanes left Hmeimim airbase and circled the area, it said.

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Weeks later, an attack on the Haas compound for the displaced killed at least 20 people, including eight women and six children, and injured 40 others, the report said.

It also called on Turkey to investigate whether it was responsible for an air raid on a civilian convoy near Ras al-Ain that killed 11 people last October.

Turkey has denied a role in the attack, which the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based war monitor, said was conducted by Turkish aircraft.