PARIS—Emmanuel Macron’s government easily survived a no-confidence vote in Parliament on Thursday over its handling of the “yellow-vest” protests that have swept the country in recent weeks.

The no-confidence motion, put forward by the center-left Socialists and the far-left party France Unbowed, won the support of 70 lawmakers, far short of the 289 needed. The symbolic move by the opposition capped a tumultuous three weeks for the French president.

Faced...