The question of racial bias in Canadian policing is under even more scrutiny after news broke this week that the Thunder Bay, Ont., police force faces a conduct investigation into how it handles the deaths of Indigenous people.

The news comes as many people across the country continue to call on the newly established Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) inquiry to examine whether police forces under-investigated the deaths and disappearances of hundreds of women.

Celina Reitberger, head of Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services, says there are many good police officers, but there are 'rotten apples in every bunch.' (Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services ) But Indigenous advocates say police discrimination against First Nations, Métis and Inuit people extends far beyond death and disappearance investigations and even echoes some of the allegations of police racism raised by the Black Lives Matter movement in the U.S.

"The Black Lives Matter activities definitely resonate with Aboriginals here in Canada," said Celina Reitberger, head of Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services, which serves dozens of First Nations across northern Ontario.

Cases involving police use of force against Indigenous people in Canada tend to involve assaults, Reitberger said, but not deaths like in the U.S.

"We're not talking people getting shot so much, but we are talking about physical abuse," she said. "Broken bones, faces rearranged."

'A scary position'

Harley LeGarde-Beacham, 25, a member of Fort William First Nation, recalls a run-in he had with police while attending a house party in Thunder Bay a few years ago.

Police were called after a fight broke out, in which he was not involved, he said.

It was winter, so he stayed inside to look for his jacket. The officers said he was resisting and pulled him up some stairs and outside, he said.

Harley LeGarde-Beacham says police put him in a 'scary position' at a house party. (Harley LeGarde-Beacham) "Once I got outside, they had thrown me on the ground, and I was against the cold cement, and I just remember a knee on top of my back," he said. "They were holding me down, and I ... kept telling them, 'I'm not trying to be resistant or anything. I'm just trying to go in and grab my sweater and my jacket.'"

"That's a scary position to actually be in because it could take one wrong move to, you know, accidentally break someone's neck."

He's measured in his description of what happened to him, explaining "it's really, really hard to say" whether he would have received the same treatment if he weren't Indigenous.

'If I am free to go, please tell me so'

For Reitberger, there is no doubt "there's an issue with racism" when police deal with Indigenous youth.

"Not all police are bad. But there are...rotten apples in every bunch," she said.

Although more and more people are making complaints, Reitberger said, "a lot of people just take their licks and figure that's a fact of life."

Physical roughness is just one type of allegation of racial discrimination against police. Police have also been accused of unnecessarily stopping people who are black or Indigenous to question them.

First Nations youth being stopped in northern Ontario streets is such a significant problem, Reitberger said, that Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services created a card it encourages them to carry at all times. It outlines their rights and includes text they can show or read to an officer if they are stopped.

(Nishnawbe-Aski Legal Services)

"Officer, if I am under arrest or being detained, please tell me so," the script begins. "If I am free to go, please tell me so. If I am not free to go, please tell me why."

Last September, a teen from Neskantaga First Nation in northern Ontario filed a formal complaint to the province's civilian police oversight body after officers in Thunder Bay allegedly stopped her while she was walking back to school after lunch and asked her for ID.

Just trying to get to school

"I kept saying, 'No, I'm just a girl who was trying to get to school,'" Cheyanne Moonias's written complaint says. "I was crying too."

Cheyanne Moonias filed this handwritten complaint with Ontario's civilian police oversight agency after she alleges she was stopped for no reason and frightened by Thunder Bay police officers. (Jody Porter/CBC)

Proving police target people based on race is difficult because there is a lack of data on the subject, said Scot Wortley, an associate professor of criminology at the University of Toronto.

"The issue of racial or ethnic bias in the justice system is an important issue that deserves much more research and data collection than currently exists," he said.

"Both African Canadians and Aboriginal Canadian populations perceive the system as racially biased."

According to a 2015 Statistics Canada report, only three per cent of adults in Canada are Indigenous, yet they represent between 20 and 24 per cent of adult inmates in Canada's jails and prisons.

RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson has publicly acknowledged the existence of racial bias in Canadian policing.

"I understand that there are racists in my police force. I don't want them to be in my police force," Paulson told a meeting of the Assembly of First Nations last December.

'Unconscious bias'

Racial discrimination is deeply ingrained in the policing and justice systems and can't be addressed until it's acknowledged, said Caitlyn Kasper, a lawyer at Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto who has handled race-based complaints against police.

Caitlyn Kasper, a staff lawyer at Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto, says it's hard for police to admit to racial bias. (Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto)

"You're talking about a history based on, you know, hundreds of years of relationship between Indigenous people and government institutions," she said. "One of the hardest things that I have ... found in the work that I've done is for police officers to admit that there's a problem."

The heads of some police forces say they are making efforts to both face and address the problem.

"We recognize that there is a long standing distrust of police by Indigenous people," said Chris Adams, spokesman for the Thunder Bay Police Service, in a statement to CBC News on Saturday. "When mistakes are made, we must take responsibility for them. Reviews of policing practices create a great opportunity to evolve how policing services are provided.

"There is a cultural divide in our country which needs to be healed," Adams said. "We must always remember that beneath the issues, the uniforms and the challenges, we are all human."

Clive Weighill, chief of the Saskatoon Police Service, said his force has been trying to rebuild trust with Indigenous communities for more than a decade following a "dark time," when a 2003 inquiry confirmed that officers had conducted what are known as "starlight tours."

Efforts to change in Saskatoon

For years, police officers drove First Nations people outside city limits and made them walk back into Saskatoon, often in intense cold, the inquiry found. The investigation focused on the death of Neil Stonechild, a 17-year-old boy who froze to death on the outskirts of the city.

Weighill said the Saskatoon Police Service now works extensively with local Indigenous groups, hired more Aboriginal officers, and an Indigenous woman serves as chair of the Saskatoon Board of Police Commissioners.

Saskatoon Police Chief Clive Weighill says police have come a long way in rebuilding trust with Indigenous communities after a 'dark time.' (Saskatoon Police Service)

In addition, he said, the Saskatchewan Police College now includes courses on Indigenous history, covering issues such as colonialism and residential schools.

Other police services across the country are also working to improve relationships with different ethnicities and cultures, Weighill said.

"There's absolutely no doubt in my mind that policing has really moved ahead in the last 10 to 15 years, dealing not only with Indigenous relations but with new Canadians coming to Canada," he said.

However, Weighill says "everybody has an unconscious bias, whether they like to believe it or not," and emphasizes the importance of hiring more Indigenous police officers to address that.

Adams of the Thunder Bay Police Service agreed. "If we accept the reality that bias exists at every level of society, then we must acknowledge that it will take continuing efforts to diminish its effect on the services our institutions provide."

Admitting 'prejudice'

Dealing with racial discrimination is a "huge component" in policing, said retired constable Grant Dokis, who was the first Indigenous officer to join the municipal police force in Sudbury, Ont., about 30 years ago.

Dokis, who worked for about 15 years on the street and then another 15 as an Indigenous liaison officer, remembers facing prejudice from colleagues and members of the public, but says he dealt with it largely by educating his peers about his culture.

Three decades later, Dokis says he's proud the Greater Sudbury Police Service employs about 25 Indigenous people and works closely with members of the community.

Three decades ago, Grant Dokis became the first Indigenous officer on the municipal police service in Sudbury, Ont. (Jan Lakes/CBC)

"This just didn't come overnight," he said. "I think early on, we had to say there was prejudice between ourselves."

One of the most significant initiatives in building trust, Dokis said, has been a ride-along program that pairs Indigenous youth with police officers.

The reaction of one officer in particular sticks with him to this day.

"He said, 'This is the first time in my 25-year career that I had a conversation with a young Aboriginal individual,'" Dokis recalls. "[Officers] never had the chance to hear that young Native people had goals and aspirations and they have futures themselves."