In California's race to legitimize recreational marijuana, at least 10 legalization initiatives are vying to appear on the state’s November 2016 ballot. The political pileup could lead to none of the initiatives scoring enough votes to win, or it could result in the opposite conundrum: more than one legalization effort passing, something that Keith Humphreys, a Stanford professor who co-chaired a recent California Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy, predicts could become “an ungodly mess.”

On Monday, advocates filed the ninth legalization initiative with California’s attorney general: The Adult Use of Marijuana Act, an effort reportedly being bankrolled by tech billionaire Sean Parker that has scored powerful endorsements from national marijuana groups and California Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom. The idea is to unify the various statewide legalization camps behind this major effort, but it’s unclear whether everyone will agree to the approach -- especially since a tenth competing initiative was filed Tuesday. Now activists around the state are weighing the pros and cons of the various measures, trying to determine which has the best shot of reaching the electoral finish line.

This wouldn’t be the first time Californians have weighed in on the issue. In 2010, Proposition 19 would have made the state the first in the country to legalize marijuana, but voters defeated the measure by a 53.5-46.5 margin. Now that four other states -- Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska -- have gone on to legalize cannabis, many suspect California is ready to do likewise. In July, the Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy, which is led by Newsom, laid out a roadmap for what an ideal legal marijuana framework might look like, and many see new statewide medical marijuana regulations as tacit legislative acknowledgement that California may soon regulate non-medical marijuana use, too.

If California does legalize non-medical marijuana use next year, the political and financial spoils would be hefty. California is the cultural and economic nucleus of the country’s cannabis scene. It was the first state to legalize medical marijuana by passing Proposition 215 in 1996, and its numerous marijuana farms are estimated to produce 60 percent to 70 percent of all marijuana consumed in the country. What’s more, legalization there would launch a cannabis market in what is the world’s eighth-largest economy.

“California is the jewel in the crown if you favor marijuana legalization,” says Humphreys. “Politically, it is such a game changer. It is such a massive state, and such a wealthy state, that when it comes to legalization, there would be no going back. Everyone wants credit for flipping California.”

Photo: Stanford University

That’s why more than a year before the election, the campaign landscape is already a crowded field, with 10 groups comprised of lawyers, activists and medical marijuana business owners having filed initiatives to legalize marijuana next year. (That’s not counting several initiatives that seek to tweak the state’s medical marijuana laws.)

The various legalization efforts could be emboldened by the fact that this election season the bar is low to get initiatives in front of voters. To place a statute on the ballot in California, petitioners must collect signatures equaling at least 5 percent of the most recent gubernatorial vote. Since turnout for the state’s last gubernatorial race was unusually small, petitioners only need 365,880 valid signatures to get on the 2016 ballot, the fewest number of signatures required in decades.

Still, the time and funding required to collect even 365,880 signatures before the state’s Feb. 4 deadline is considerable. It’s why some people believe at least some of the proposed initiatives were submitted simply as model legalization language, and that their backers won’t go through with collecting signatures. That would explain why several sponsors of legalization initiatives filed earlier this year also show up among the sponsor names of more recently filed initiatives.

It’s possible that the Adult Use of Marijuana Act, filed Monday, has the clout to unite the assorted groups. For while environmental attorney Michael Sutton and physician Donald Lyman might be listed as the initiative’s official proponents, a consortium of powerful interests have also thrown their support behind the measure. Along with alleged financial support from Parker, founder of Napster and an early investor in Facebook, the initiative has been backed by the Marijuana Policy Project and the Drug Policy Alliance, major national marijuana organizations. Further, Newsom issued a statement Monday supporting the initiative.

“I am pleased that this thoughtful measure is aligned with the Blue Ribbon Commission's recommendations, and presents California its best opportunity to improve the status quo by making marijuana difficult for kids to access,” he said.

But then again, many people hoped the various legalization efforts would come together to support a initiative filed last month by the California Coalition for Cannabis Policy Reform, or ReformCA, an alliance of California marijuana proponents that includes several of the proponents behind Proposition 19 in 2010. “We are doing everything we can to have a unity campaign,” Dale Gieringer, director of California NORML, a member of the ReformCA coalition, said at the time. “We are certainly doing everything we can to ensure there is one initiative. I do think an agreement is likely.”

However, instead of fostering unity, support for ReformCA seems to have fractured; before the initiative was filed, the Drug Policy Alliance and the Marijuana Policy Project were removed from the organization’s official list of sponsors.

Divisions are already forming over the recently filed Adult Use of Marijuana Act. On Tuesday, Steve DeAngelo, executive director of Harborside Health Center, California's largest marijuana dispensary, announced in a statement that instead of supporting this measure, he's backing the Cannabis Control and Taxation Act, filed Tuesday by Sacramento attorney George Mull. According to the statement, DeAngelo believes Mull's initiative will be “much shorter and easily understood, firmly closes the door to Big Tobacco and Big Alcohol, and mandates more appropriate penalties for cannabis infractions.”

Photo: Robyn Twomey

Thanks to the upheaval, more than one legalization initiative could appear on next year’s ballot – and it’s conceivable that multiple measures could pass. If that happens, the measure that receives the most votes will go into effect – along with, possibly, provisions of any other legalization measure that passed that aren’t in conflict with the winning measure. The matter would likely end up in court.

Bruce Margolin, a attorney who’s the director of the Los Angeles chapter of NORML, is more concerned about the opposite outcome: “You could end up with less than 50 percent voting for any of them, because they will split the vote.” That’s why in July, Margolin’s law firm compiled a detailed comparison of the five main legalization initiatives that had since been filed. “I wanted to create a forum to discuss the issue in hopes that a miracle can happen and everyone can join together under one umbrella,” says Margolin.

Based in part on his firm’s analysis, here’s a breakdown of all 10 initiatives:

2016 California Marijuana Legalization Initiatives

A comparison of the various proposed marijuana ballot issues