How the ladybird got its spots: effects of resource limitation on the honesty of aposematic signals.

For example gray wolves (Canis lupus) have adapted facial color patterns that allow group communication in darkness during attacks on prey (Asa and Harrington, 2003), and the white and black aposematic coloration on striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) deters predators by signaling their potential to spray offensive and potentially harmful fluids (Hunter, 2009).

Ball formation was always synced with chromatophore expansion, which might result in Batesian mimicry, which involves the imitation of aposematic coloration (Wiister et al.

chrysopeplus bright yellow and black plumage may be considered aposematic , considering this species toxicity (Weldon, 2000; Skelhorn & Rowe, 2007).

"The millipedes that copy Apheloria polychroma use what is called Mullerian mimicry, where different species converge on a shared aposematic (warning signal) to defend themselves against a common predator.

However, the juvenile stage, known as the red eft, is terrestrial and contains roughly ten times higher concentrations of TTX that correspond to their bright orange aposematic coloration ([9, 11]; but see [12,13]).

Aposematic poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) of the andean countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

torridus is gradual and we suggest that possibly the mechanism responsible for high polymorphism in the species may be a aposematic behavior.

Adults often exhibited a strong startle or warning response when first handled (to be marked with identification numbers) by quickly flashing open the ventral forewings to expose the dorsal wing colors (bright blue or blue-green) and raising the bright red-orange abdomen in protest, possibly to advertise its toxic nature via its aposematic colors.

1993) and aposematic coloration (Gamberale and Tullberg 1996; Gamberale-Stille and Tullberg 1999; Yachi and Higashi 1998), the preference for supernormal stimuli and caricatures (Ghirlanda and Enquist 1999, 2003; Ramachandran and Hirstein 1999; Zimmer 2003), changes in speech patterns (Martindale 2006), and extreme responses in certain forms of mental illness (Derenne 2010; Dunsmoor et al.

versicolor specimens could take some advantage from the possible aposematic coloration of L.