I recently read an article by the Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman in which he described the renewed battle between so-called freshwater economists (so named because they are largely based at the University of Chicago and other Midwestern universities) and saltwater economists (based primarily at Princeton, MIT, Berkeley and other coastal universities). The freshwater economists are disciples of Adam Smith and espouse the free-market and rational actor models. The saltwater economists align with John Maynard Keynes and his belief in the need for regulation in financial markets and that people aren't rational actors.

The past 50 years have been dominated by freshwater economists who had a reverential faith in the power of free markets (Smith's "invisible hand") and the rationality of people in their financial decisions. Given what has happened to our economy in the last decade, noted for its multiple bubbles (e. ., Internet, housing, mortgage), it's hard to believe that any of these "efficient market" adherents still have jobs, much less credibility in how the economy actually works.

I would love to put these economists on the couch and explore what is going on in their heads that enables them to observe the objective reality of the recent economic devastation, yet still hold as sacred their most basic, yet obviously flawed, beliefs about a free-market-driven financial system.

As I have read more about the Smith followers, what seemed like pretty obvious questions kept popping out of my head:

What universe do these people live in?

Do these economists live in complete isolation without interaction with actual human beings?

Have they never been in love, been gambling, or had ?

Have they never seen people get angry, frustrated, , excited, or joyful and then observed their subsequent behavior?

If we ever had answers to these questions, we would understand the how of their devotion to an economic mindset that is clearly not supported by economic reality. These questions then led me to ponder the why of their dedication:

Are these economists such number-crunching automatons that they never even consider actual human behavior in the real world of finance?

Are they so doctrinaire as to miss the obvious?

Are they so enamored of the sheer elegance of their mathematical theorems that they reject outright and without consideration what is clear even to laypeople?

What I find ironic is that, by rejecting the irrationality of human behavior, they are in fact affirming its irrationality. To see ourselves as rational beings is the epitome of irrationality.

Of course we aren't rational, and you don't need a Ph.D. to realize that (though an advanced degree from the University of Chicago seems to have the opposite effect). Human beings, for all their cerebral development, still act most of the time the way animals and humans have for millions of years, namely, as irrational, unpredictable, and not particularly intelligent creatures.

What I find so remarkable is that there is any debate at all. As a former psychology professor of mine once noted, "All psychology does is label things that we already know to be true." In the Bizarro world of freshwater economics, that adage would be modified to, "All economics does is reject things that we already know to be true."

Thankfully, the emerging field of , which is the melding of psychological and economic thinking, has generated a growing body of research demonstrating that we are, in fact, incredibly irrational beings who act in ways that are not only poorly conceived, but that are often counterproductive and sometimes even self-destructive. Examples of such irrational behavior can be found in a variety of well-researched cognitive biases (courtesy of Wikipedia.com):

Bandwagon effect: we believe or do things because others believe or do them.

: seeking out information that supports our beliefs.

Illusion of control: our belief that we have more control over outcomes than we actually do.

Déformation professionnelle: looking at things through the lens of one's profession while ignoring broader perspectives.

The last cognitive seems particularly fitting for freshwater economists who seem to have been so busy developing their fancy theories in their laboratories that they forgot to look outside and see what was actually happening in the real world. The list of cognitive biases that we succumb to goes on and on with most having direct implications for understanding our financial behavior.

Finally, it is instructive - and scary - to consider the degree of hubris or denial on the part of the freshwater economists, whom I would assume are very intelligent men and women. They continue to cling to now-discredited theories, even when confronted with overwhelming experimental and real-world evidence that demonstrates what just about everyone else in the world can see with their own two eyes: humans, including economists, are not rational!