This article is part of the “Better File Uploads with Shrine” series.

In the previous post I talked about the foundation of Shrine’s design. In this post I want to show you Shrine’s high-level interface for attaching uploaded files to model instances, which builds upon this foundation.

Attachment

With most file attachment libraries, in order to create a file attachment attribute on the model, you first extend your model with a module, and then you use the gained class methods to create attachment attributes.

class Photo extend CarrierWave :: Mount # done automatically by CarrierWave mount_uploader :image , ImageUploader end

However, CarrierWave here adds a total of 5 class methods and 24 instance methods to your model, which to me is a lot of pollution. Other file attachment libraries are better in this regard, though.

Shrine takes a cleaner approach here. With Shrine you use your uploader to generate an attachment module for a certain attribute, and then you include it directly to your model. This is called the module builder pattern.

class Photo include ImageUploader :: Attachment ( :image ) end

This way for a single attachment Shrine adds only 4 instance methods and 1 class method to your model by default. Singe table inheritance inheritance is supported as well (Paperclip and CarrierWave don’t support STI). The included Shrine::Attachment module will be nicely displayed when listing model ancestors, because it’s not an anonymous module:

Photo . ancestors #=> # [ # Photo, # #<ImageUploader::Attachment(image)>, # Object, # BasicObject, # ]

Attaching

Single column

As we talked about in the previous post, when a Shrine uploader uploads a given file, it returns a Shrine::UploadedFile object. This object contains the storage name it was uploaded to, the location, and the metadata extracted before upload.

Shrine’s attacher persists this information into a single database column, by converting the Shrine::UploadedFile object into its JSON represntation.

add_column :photos , :image_data # only a single column is used for the attachment

Paperclip, for example, mandates 4 columns for an attached file. Refile and Dragonfly also require additional columns if you want to save additional file metadata. CarrierWave doesn’t have native support for additional metadata, but you can use carrierwave-meta, though it’s ActiveRecord-specific and image-specific, and pollutes your model with all the metadata methods.

Temporary & permanent storage

Shrine uses a temporary and permanent storage when attaching. When a file is assigned, it is uploaded to temporary storage, and then after validations pass and record is saved, the cached file is reuploaded to permanent storage.

Shrine . storages = { cache: Shrine :: Storage :: FileSystem . new ( "public" , prefix: "cache" ), # temporary store: Shrine :: Storage :: FileSystem . new ( "public" , prefix: "store" ), # permanent }

photo = Photo . new photo . image = file # Saves the file to temporary storage photo . image_data #=> '{"storage":"cache","id":"ds9ga94.jpg","metadata":{...}}' photo . save # Promotes the file from temporary to permanent storage photo . image_data #=> '{"storage":"store","id":"l0fgla8.jpg","metadata":{...}}' photo . image #=> #<Shrine::UploadedFile>

This separation of temporary and permanent storage enables features like retaining the uploaded file in case of validation errors, direct uploads and backgrounding, without the possibility of having orphan files in your main storage.

Presence

While CarrierWave and Paperclip provide #present? and #blank? methods to check whether a file is attached, Shrine will simply return nil if there is no file attached.

photo . image # returns either `Shrine::UploadedFile` or `nil`

Location

When attaching an uploaded file, CarrierWave and Paperclip store only the filename to the database column, and the full location to the file is generated dynamically from your configured directory.

This is not a good design decision, because it makes it very difficult to migrate files to a new directory. If you try to first change the directory option to a new directory, all URLs for the existing files will now point at the wrong location, because those files are still in the old location. If you however try to first move files themselves, the URLs would again start pointing to the wrong location, because files are now located at the new location.

class ImageUploader < CarrierWave :: Uploader :: Base def store_dir " #{ model . name . downcase } / #{ model . id } " end end

# Only the filename is saved, the path is always dynamically generated photo . attributes [ :image ] #=> "nature.jpg"

Shrine learns from this mistake, and instead saves the whole generated path to the attachment column. And if you change how the location is generated, all existing files will still remain fully accessible, because their location is still read directly from the column. Then later you can move them manually if you want.

class ImageUploader < Shrine plugin :pretty_location end

# Shrine saves the full path to the file photo . attributes [ :image_data ] #=> '{"id":"photo/45/image/d0sg8fglf.jpg",...}'

ORM integration

To use Shrine with an ORM, you just need to load the ORM plugin, which will automatically add callbacks and validations when an attachment module is included.

Shrine . plugin :sequel # :activerecord

Shrine’s ORM implementation is much simpler than CarrierWave’s, which means that writing new ORM integrations is also simpler. One reason for this simplicity is that Shrine properly utilizes dirty tracking by writing the cached file to the attachment column on assignment, while most other file attachment libraries have to add <attribute>_will_change! hacks everywhere where the attachment could change, so that callbacks are always invoked.

Shrine ships with plugins for Sequel and ActiveRecord, but there are also external plugins for Mongoid and Hanami::Model. A ROM plugin is also in the making.

Attacher

The model interface provided by the Shrine::Attachment module is just a thin wrapper around a Shrine::Attacher object (inspired by Refile), which you can also use directly:

attacher = ImageUploader :: Attacher . from_model ( photo , :image ) attacher . assign ( file ) # equivalent to `photo.image = file` attacher . get # equivalent to `photo.image` attacher . url # equivalent to `photo.image_url`

So if you prefer not to add any additional methods to your model, and prefer explicitness over callbacks, you can simply use Shrine::Attacher directly without including the attachment module to your model. See the Using Attacher guide for more examples.

Validations

Shrine supports validating attached files, and ships with a validation_helpers plugin which provides methods for common file validations.

class ImageUploader < Shrine plugin :validation_helpers Attacher . validate do validate_mime_type %w[image/jpeg image/png image/webp] validate_extension %w[jpg jpeg png webp] validate_max_size 10 * 1024 * 1024 # 10 MB validate_max_dimensions [ 5000 , 5000 ] end end

Inspired by Sequel validations, Shrine validations are performed at the instance level (as opposed to using a class-level DSL), which means that you can use regular Ruby conditionals and do custom file validation. For example, you could validate maximum duration of a video:

class VideoUploader < Shrine Attacher . validate do if file . duration > 5 * 60 * 60 errors << "must not be longer than 5 hours" end end end

Conclusion

We learned about two new Shrine core classes. One is Shrine::Attachment , a subclass of Module , which can generate attachment modules for adding file attachment attributes to your models. The other one is Shrine::Attacher , which is in charge of the actual file attachment logic, and can be used directly.