This recipe helps you find the best approach for mutating object state in a Rails app. It covers the whole pipeline from the view, through the controller all the way to the model.

Rails has some awesome magic that allows us to build apps very quickly. The Rails Way is very useful during the initial stages of development, and for simple use cases. However for more complex scenarios, I prefer to use Object Oriented best practices like Service Objects.

The flow chart below helps you choose the best approach for mutating object state by looking at two criteria:

How many objects will you change?

What additional processing is required?

How many objects will you change?

Are you working with input data for a single object, or for multiple ones? This criterion helps you decide whether to use regular resource forms, or nested forms.

NOTE: We don’t look at how many objects will eventually be affected; that will be dealt with under additional processing.

Change a single object

Attributes for a single object are given.

Change multiple objects

Attributes for multiple objects are given. E.g., changing a user and some of the user’s projects with a single form submission.

What additional processing is required?

This question is concerned with the complexity of the change. E.g., what else needs to be done as a consequence of this change? What other resources are involved?

No additional processing

All we do is change the attribute and nothing else.

Simple processing

We do some very simple processing around the change. E.g., we sanitize some data or compute some dependent values. ActiveRecord callbacks are suitable in this scenario, as long as they reference only internal state and no other objects.

Complex processing

Involves one or more of the following:

The process touches other objects.

The process uses a 3rd party service.

There are multiple processing steps and a few places in the process where things can go wrong.

There are several possible paths to take during the process, depending on the input data.

The various approaches

Rails magic

Example scenario:

Update @user.accepted_tos after user accepts Terms of Service.

Use the vanilla Rails Way:

Model: A standard ActiveRecord based class: # app/models/user.rb class User < ActiveRecord :: Base end

View: A standard resource form: <%# app/views/users/edit.html.erb %> <% form_for @user do |f| %> <%= f.check_box :accepted_tos %> I accept the ToS <% end %>

Controller: A standard RESTful controller: # app/controllers/users_controller.rb class UserController < ApplicationController def update @user = User . find ( params [ :id ]) if @user . update_attributes ( params [ :user ]) redirect_to user_path ( @user ) else render :action => 'edit' end end end

ActiveRecord callbacks

Example scenario:

Before updating @user, strip whitespace from email.

Use the vanilla Rails way with ActiveRecord callbacks.

Important! Callbacks should use internal state only. There should be NO references (read or write) to external objects or services. Read this blog post for more information: The Problem with Rails Callbacks

Model: A standard ActiveRecord based class with callbacks. # app/models/user.rb class User < ActiveRecord :: Base before_save :strip_whitespace_from_email def strip_whitespace_from_email self . email = email . strip end end

View: A standard resource form for @user

Controller: A standard RESTful controller for @user

More information on callbacks:

ActiveRecord nested attributes

Example scenario:

Update @user and delete some of @user’s projects.

Use the vanilla Rails way with nested attributes:

Model: A standard ActiveRecord based class with nested attributes: # app/models/user.rb class User < ActiveRecord :: Base has_many :projects , :dependent => :destroy accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects , :allow_destroy => true end

View: A standard resource form with fields_for : <%# app/views/users/edit.html.erb %> <% form_for @user do |f| %> <%= f.check_box :accepted_tos %> <%= f.fields_for :projects do |project_fields| %> Name: <%= project_fields.text_field :name %> <%= project_fields.check_box :_destroy %> Delete <% end %> <% end %>

Controller: A standard RESTful controller for @user.

More information on nested attributes:

Service Object

Example scenario:

Import several users and their projects from a spreadsheet.

Create a Service Object for importing users and use it for the form and controller. Please see 7 Patterns to Refactor Fat ActiveRecord Models for more information on how to use Service Objects.

Model: A PORO (Plain Old Ruby Object) service object: # app/models/user_import.rb class UserImport # Please see the linke above for more information # on Service Objects. end

View: A resource view for the service object: <%# app/views/user_imports/new.html.erb %> <% form_for @user_import do |f| %> Spreadsheet to import: <%= f.file_field :user_list %> <% end %>

Controller: A RESTful controller for the service object: class UserImportsController < ApplicationController # Use regular REST actions on the Service Object. end Note: If there are several possible outcomes, or several places where things can go wrong, then you might consider using Outcome.rb as the Service Object’s return value.

More information on Service Objects:

Related concepts

How to handle AR touch updated_at column on belongs_to

column on Isolate ActiveRecord for fast tests.

Message queues for asynchronous workers.

State machines

Outcome.rb for complex return values

Is there any place for after_... AR callbacks? Are they a code smell?

Further reading