Security measures are taken as the Oromo people protest against government during the Irreecha holiday in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on October 2, 2016. Minasse Wondimu Hailu | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images

Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest growing economies and a hub for Chinese investment, having rejuvenated its fortunes after a turbulent history marred by civil war and famine. But, the East African nation's political story is murkier. Given the surprise resignation of its prime minister and the declaration of a state of emergency last week following protests, CNBC takes a closer look at this major frontier market.

Set up for political failure

Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn resigned on February 15 following mass protests. A six-month long state of emergency was imposed by the government the next day, with the intention of quelling civil unrest. The state of emergency prohibits, among other things, the distribution of potentially sensitive material and unauthorized demonstrations or meetings. Hailemariam remains in office until a new prime minister is appointed. Ethiopia is, in essence, a one party state led by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, a coalition comprising of parties representing different regions of the country. Tension has been bristling between the powerful Tigray People's Liberation front, which represents just 6 percent of Ethiopians, and its counterparts representing the Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups. Meanwhile, Hailemariam's party, the Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement, is the weakest in the coalition.

People protest against the Ethiopian government during Irreecha, the annual Oromo festival which celebrates the end of the rainy season, in Bishoftu on October 1, 2017. Zacharias Abubuker | AFP | Getty Images

Hailemariam, who took power after the death of his predecessor Meles Zenawi in 2012, has failed to unite his party. The former leader headed up a centralized government and wielded prestige from the country's civil war to ensure loyalty. Anti-government protests have bubbled up, most recently in 2016 when the country's last state of emergency was imposed. "It is unlikely (Hailemariam's) successor will adopt a more reformist stance," Emma Gordon, senior East Africa politics analyst at consultancy Verisk Maplecroft, told CNBC via email. "Protests and political uncertainty will therefore continue."

Sky-rocketing economic growth

The potential for new leadership in Ethiopia is little more than a band aid. "The factors that have driven the protests — namely the ethnic federal system, the influence of the military and intelligence services, and the interplay between the political elites and the business sector — will remain in place," Gordon said. Ethiopia, one of the least developed economies in the world, has achieved double-digit growth in recent years. Should its incoming prime minister placate ethnic tensions along party lines — leading to the lifting of the state of emergency within six months — this could continue. "Assuming (a) more benign political outcome, we expect economic growth to remain healthy, albeit below the 11 percent annual expansion targeted by the government's Growth and Transformation Plan," Jane Morley, regional manager for the Middle East and Africa at the Economist Intelligence Unit, told CNBC via email.

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang (R) and Ethiopia's Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn at the Great Hall of the People on May 12, 2017, in Beijing, China. Thomas Peter | Getty Images

The plan includes investing $20 billion in the power sector, and boosting the number of tourists visiting the country to 2.5 million annually. Morley placed the expected gross domestic product (GDP) growth figure at 7-7.5 percent annually over the next five years, thanks to "growing consumer markets, greater integration into global and regional value chains and continued infrastructure investment."

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