In How to prevent and recover from accidental file deletion in Linux, we addressed local and remote backups, how to reduce your file recovery drama with smart management of file deletion commands, and general best practices for responding to file recovery emergencies. Unfortunately, accidents happen, and hardware fails. One tool to turn to when it’s time to recover lost files or filesystems is TestDisk.

Note: If you don’t have a mandatory backup plan, implement one now. The first time you don’t have to resort to TestDisk because you have a backup image, the planning and preparation pay for themselves in both time and peace of mind.

TestDisk attempts to recover lost partition data and any lost files within the bounds of the recovered partition. This tool may be able to recover your data on its own, or you might use it in conjunction with Scalpel—a file extraction tool—by first using TestDisk to obtain a disk image, and then scanning the image for file types with Scalpel. You can find more on using Scalpel in an upcoming article.

TestDisk is less focused and more flexible than Scalpel, so how you use this tool depends on the situation. TestDisk is an interactive application, so begin by pointing it to the victim device or image. For example:

$ sudo ./testdisk_static /dev/sdx Disk /dev/sdx - 1939 MB / 1850 MiB - General UDisk Please select the partition table type, press Enter when done. [Intel ] Intel/PC partition >[EFI GPT] EFI GPT partition map (Mac i386, some x86_64...) [Humax ] Humax partition table [Mac ] Apple partition map [None ] Non partitioned media [Sun ] Sun Solaris partition [XBox ] XBox partition [Return ] Return to disk selection

TestDisk attempts to detect the correct partition map, but if you know better, you can override its guess with a specific location. Once you choose a partition scheme, TestDisk offers its main menu. Here you can analyze files, recover them, or modify the disk’s geometry and options. The typical workflow is to analyze and then recover.

Running TestDisk on an example lab thumb drive returns this analysis:

TestDisk 7.0, Data Recovery Utility, April 2015 Disk /dev/sdb - 1939 MB / 1850 MiB - CHS 1018 60 62 Partition Start End Size in sectors >D MS Data 2046 3788757 3786712 [wreck] D MS Data 75744 84543 8800 [NONAME]

In this case, the lost partition was named wreck , and TestDisk successfully discovered its boundaries. If the only lost data you are recovering from is the loss of a partition map, then at this point, you can use this data to recreate that map using GNU Parted.

Successful analysis unlocks several new options in the Advanced menu. Armed with the partition’s boundaries, you can dump this partition's data to an image file:

Partition Start End Size in sectors > 1 P Unknown 2048 3788766 3786719 [ Type ] >[Image Creation] [ Quit ]

You can then use Scalpel on the image to recover individual files.

Alternatively, you may know the partition and filesystem type (Type), in which case you can dictate how TestDisk treats the data. Doing this can help TestDisk locate a backup Superblock, enabling you to use mkfs to recover the data like so:

Disk /dev/sdb - 1939 MB / 1850 MiB - CHS 1018 60 62 Partition Start End Size in sectors MS Data 2048 3788759 3786712 [wreck] superblock 32768, blocksize=4096 [wreck] superblock 98304, blocksize=4096 [wreck] superblock 163840, blocksize=4096 [wreck] superblock 229376, blocksize=4096 [wreck] superblock 294912, blocksize=4096 [wreck] To repair the filesystem using alternate superblock, run fsck.ext4 -p -b superblock -B blocksize device

Or, you can use TestDisk to detect files with the List menu option:

Partition Start End Size in sectors > 1 P EFI System 2048 3788766 3786719 [Type] [Superblock] >[ List ] [Image Creation] [ Quit ]

Using TestDisk is definitely a journey. As long as you previously made a backup of the drive you are attempting to rescue, this tool is generally safe to experiment with when trouble happens. If you’re only experimenting, though, it’s safest to do so on a separate, test machine.

And please do experiment. The experience you’ll gain from practicing is invaluable.