If you are in a homosexual relationship and you want to have a baby, there are a few choices available to you.

Although rights for gay and lesbian parents have come a long way, there is still legislation in place that you should be aware of.

Let’s take a look at the options and what they mean to you.

Adoption

Legislation to remember:

Adoption & Children Act 2002 – this gave gay and lesbian singles and couples the right to adopt a child in the UK. The act was enforced from 2005.

In the UK, it is now legal for same-sex couples to adopt together or singularly as long as you can prove to the agency that you can meet a child’s every need.

Factors that will be considered include:

Age – you must be at least 21 years old

Wellbeing – you are expected to have overall good health

Financial situation – this is to determine if you are financially stable enough to raise a child

It is against the law for adoption agencies to discriminate applicants for their sexual orientation.

If you apply as a single mum or dad, your partner can also apply to become a legal parent at a later stage.

Sperm Donors

Legislation to remember:

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 – Since 2009, homosexual women in the UK are equal to heterosexual women in regards to giving birth after sperm donation.

In order for lesbian couples to have a child, they will need a donor to provide semen. They may choose to have a friend donate, or request a sample from a sperm bank.

Whatever the choice, there are a few issues to consider in regards to who is named the legal parents:

If the mother is in a civil partnership or is married, her partner will be recognised as the second parent.

Where the women are not married or civil partners, the partner will only be the second parent if the mum was impregnated through fertility treatment in a UK licensed clinic. Both parties must also complete a selection of mandatory forms.

For a clear look at the paternity of the baby under UK law, view the Alternative Family Law flowchart.

Surrogates

Legislation to remember:

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 – As an extension to the act in 2010, gay couples can now become the legal parents of surrogate children.

Prior to 2010, becoming an officially authorised parent as a gay man was only feasible through adoption. Nowadays, the primary option for having a child is to choose a surrogate mother.

There a few options available if you decide to take this path:

Traditional Surrogacy

This is when the surrogate is inseminated with the intended biological father’s semen. A gay couple may choose this option as it means the child may have generic characteristics of that partner.

IVF (in vitro fertilisation) & Egg Donation

This is when there is a surrogate and a separate egg donor. The eggs are removed from the donor’s ovaries to be fertilised with the sperm before being placed into the surrogate’s uterus.

Understandably, couples will often be keen to have as close a natural connection as possible. This can be achieved in a few ways:

Certain clinics will safely combine the sperm of both parties with separate batches of the donor’s eggs. This can result in twins who have the same biological mother but different fathers. When one child is born, a DNA test determines who the paternal dad is.

A female relative of one of the partners can act as an egg donor, fertilised with the sperm of the other partner, resulting in a true relation to both men.

If a couple decide to have one child, and then have another at a later stage, they can use the other person’s sperm and same mother so that the children are related through the mother.

Parental responsibility does not make you the legal parent, so it is important to be aware of the rules around paternity.

The legal mother, in all circumstances would be the surrogate (even with donated eggs).

The legal father would be the genetic one (i.e. the partner whose sperm is being used), but only if the surrogate is not married, or the husband had not agreed to the process.

In order to attain parental responsibility, the intended father must complete a responsibility agreement.

To obtain full paternity, you can utilise a Parental Order which is a faster way of adopting in a surrogacy situation. This can be a complicated process, and it is best to have a surrogacy agreement up front and to consult a solicitor before applying.

Co-Parenting

Legislation to remember:

Legally, a child can only have one mother and one second parent. In some situations, a third person can obtain legal parental responsibilities.

Both gay and lesbian couples have the opportunity to co-parent. Co-parenting can involve keeping the sperm donor or surrogate involved in the child’s life. This method can benefit the child by knowing its genetic roots.

Although there is no formal legislation currently in the UK regarding this, it is highly recommended to establish an agreement that clearly states the responsibilities of each party.

By knowing your options and any situations you may encounter, you can make the best choice for you and your partner to create a family.

To connect with people who can help you on the way, visit our Lesbian & Gay Parenting forum.