Terrified villagers tried to flee their homes in remote area of Myanmar's Rakhine State Saturday, pursued by Myanmar military forces.

But most who made it to the border with Bangladesh were stranded, as the government in Dhaka effectively closed its border with Myanmar.

Fleeing fresh attacks Saturday, the Rohingya Muslims were halted at the Naf river on the border with Bangladesh, Bangladeshi security officials said.

"Many Rohingya people are trying to enter the country, but we have a zero tolerance policy - no one will be allowed," Mohammad Ali Hossain, a Bangladeshi official, told the Reuters news agency.

The populace fled as gun shots rang out across northern Rakhine state Saturday with clashes continuing between suspected Rohingya militants and Myanmar security forcesed.

The fresh assaults come a day after violence broke out in western Rakhine state when around 100 armed Muslim insurgents attacked security guards in the border region with Bangladesh.

The death toll from those attacks climbed to 89, including 77 militants and 12 security personnel, according to the Southeast Asian country's army.

Growing radicalization

The Rohingya, an ethnic minority in Myanmar, have long complained of religious and cultural discrimination at the hands of the majority Buddhist people. About 10 percent of the world's stateless people live in Myanmar and Rohingyas make up the single largest stateless community in the world.

The communal conflict has taken a violent turn in the past few years, with reports of a fast-growing radicalization among Rohingya Muslims.

Read more: Is Saudi Wahhabism fueling Rohingya Muslim insurgency?

In October last year, Rohingya militants attacked several security checkpoints and killed scores of police officers. Myanmar's security forces responded by launching counterterrorism operations against insurgents. Human rights groups, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, said these operations involved arbitrary killings, systematic rapes, the burning of houses and forced expulsions of locals.

Observers worry the latest attacks could force Myanmar's army to launch an even more aggressive operation against Muslim militias.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Fleeing Myanmar In October 2016, a Rohingya group was accused of killing nine policemen in Myanmar. Since then, the Muslim minority has been under attack in the mostly Buddhist country again. More than 70,000 Rohingyas have fled across the border to Bangladesh. One of the camps they live in is Kutupalong, in the southern Cox's Bazar district.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Self-reliance required Rohingyas might be safe from Myanmar's military here, but life in the Kutupalong camp is anything but easy. There is no real infrastructure and only makeshift housing set up by the refugees themselves. They fled Myanmar because the military torched their homes and raped and killed hundreds of people, according to human rights organizations.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh No child's play There's no running water in most parts of the camp and not much to do for the thousands of refugee children. This girl is picking up mud from one of the camp's lakes.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Living in shacks Mud and other basic materials are used by to build houses in the camp so residents at least have roofs over their heads.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Long history of conflict In Myanmar, Rohingyas have been discriminated against since before the country's independence from Britain in 1948. The group continues to be denied citizenship and voting rights.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Chased away yet again? Rohingya also experience discrimination in Bangladesh, where the government has turned away boats with hundreds of refugees because it claims that the camps are already overcrowded. Now, Bangladesh's government is planning to relocate Rohingyas to a remote island that is mostly flooded during monsoon season.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Deserted on an island The island of Thengar Char, where Bangladesh's government wants to settle Rohingyas, is miles away from the mainland, can only be reached by boat and has been raided by pirates before. An NGO coordinator helping Rohingyas once told DW that there would be few opportunities to make a living on Thengar Char.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Bad track record Bangladeshi Foreign Minister Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali has acknowledged that there is still a lot of work to be done on Thengar Char. "'The relocation will take place only after the development activities are completed,'' he has said. But the government hasn't done much to improve the Kutupalong camp either, and residents have to take care of everything themselves.

Forgotten refugees: Rohingyas make a home in Bangladesh Erased from history The lack of a safe homeland leaves Rohingyas with an uncertain future as Myanmar works to erase their past. The Culture and Religious Affairs Ministry plans to release a history textbook with no mention whatsoever of the Muslim minority. "The real truth is that the word 'Rohingya' was never used or existed as an ethnicity or race in Myanmar's history," the ministry claimed in December 2016. Author: Carla Bleiker



According to the United Nations, around 87,000 Rohingyas have fled to Bangladesh following the start of the latest crisis in October. Bangladeshi authorities have taken a hard line with Rohingya refugees, attempting to limit their numbers in their country.

Read more: Deportation looms large over Rohingyas in India

US urges restraint

Myanmar's de facto leader and Nobel peace laurate Aung San Suu Kyi strongly condemned Friday and Saturday's "brutal attacks by terrorists on security forces in Rakhine state” and ordered "clearance operations."

"I would like to commend the members of the police and security forces who have acted with great courage in the face of many challenges," Suu Kyi said.

Read more: Myanmar leader Suu Kyi denies ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims

The United States has urged Myanmar authorities to avoid a response that could escalate communal tensions in Rakhine.

State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert said Saturday that Myanmar's security forces should respect the rule of law while fighting insurgents. She also said the Friday attacks underscored the importance for the government to implement the recommendations of the Rakhine Advisory Commission, which is headed by former UN chief, Kofi Annan.

The Rakhine Advisory Commission, which was established in September 2016, released its 63-page report on Thursday, warning of further radicalization in the area. The report concluded that Rakhine was experiencing a threefold crisis related to development, human rights and security.

In total, the commission put forward 88 recommendations in 16 policy areas, including economic and social development, citizenship, health care and cultural cooperation. Most importantly, the commission said the government must review its citizenship law that "continues to cause significant human suffering and insecurity, while also holding back the economic and social development of the entire state."

Watch video 01:02 Stateless Rohingya struggle in Bangladesh

shs,bik/rc (AFP, dpa, Reuters)