Ader , R. A. ( 1999 ) The role of conditioning in pharmacotherapy . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 138 – 165 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Ader , R. ( 2003 ) Conditioned immunomodulation: research needs and directions . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 17 , S51 – S57 .

Ader , R. A. & Cohen , N. ( 1975 ) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression . Psychosomatic Medicine , 37 , 333 – 340 .

Ader , R. A. & Cohen , N. ( 1982 ) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus . Science , 215 , 1534 – 1536 .

Anonymous ( 1952 ) The bottle of medicine . BMJ , 1 , 149 .

Beecher , H. K. ( 1955 ) The powerful placebo . JAMA , 159 , 1602 – 1606 .

Benedetti , F. , Amanzio , M. , Baldi , S. et al ( 1999 ) Inducing placebo respiratory depressant responses in humans . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 , 625 – 631 .

Benedetti , F. , Pollo , A. , Lopiano , L. et al ( 2003 ) Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses . Journal of Neuroscience , 23 , 4315 – 4323 .

Benedetti , F. , Mayberg , H. S. , Wager , T. D. , et al ( 2005 ) Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect . Journal of Neuroscience , 25 , 10390 – 10402 .

Braithwaite , A. & Cooper , P. ( 1981 ) Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches . BMJ , 282 , 1576 – 1578 .

Brody , H. ( 1980 ) Placebos and the Philosophy of Medicine . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .

Brody , H. ( 1999 ) The doctor as therapeutic agent: a placebo effect research agenda . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 77 – 92 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Brody , H. ( 2000 ) The Placebo Response . New York : Harper Collins .

Buckman , R. & Sabbagh , K. ( 1993 ) Magic or Medicine? An Investigation of Healing and Healers . London : Pan Books .

Cattaneo , A. D. , Lucchelli , P. E. & Filippuci , G. ( 1970 ) Sedative effects of placebo treatment . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 3 , 43 – 45 .

Clow , A. ( 2001 ) Behavioral conditioning of the immune system . In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. Peters , D. ) pp. 51 – 66 . London : Churchill Livingstone .

Coryell , W. & Noyes , R. ( 1988 ) Placebo response in panic disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 145 , 1138 – 1140 .

Crow , R. , Gage , H. , Hampson , S. et al ( 1999 ) The role of expectancies in the placebo effect and their use in the delivery of health care . Health Technology Assessment , 3 ( 3 ), 1 – 96 .

de Craen , A. J. , Roos , P. J. , de Vries , A. L. et al ( 1996 ) Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived effect of drugs and their effectiveness . BMJ , 313 , 1624 – 1626 .

de la Fuente Fernandez , R. , Ruth , T. J. , Sossi , V. et al ( 2001 ) Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson's disease . Science , 293 , 1164 – 1166 .

Drinnan , M. J. & Marmor , M. F. ( 1991 ) Functional visual loss in Cambodian refugees: a study of cultural factors in ophthalmology . European Journal of Ophthalmology , 1 , 115 – 118 .

Ernst , E. ( 2001 ) Towards a scientific understanding of placebo effects . In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. Peters , D. ) pp. 17 – 30 . London : Churchill Livingstone .

Eskandari , F. & Sternberg , E. M. ( 2002 ) Neuroendocrine mediators of placebo effects on immunity . In The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda (eds Guess , H. A. , Kleinman , A. , Kusek , J. W. et al), pp. 169 – 182 . London : BMJ Books .

Evans , D. ( 2003 ) Placebo: The Belief Effect . London : Harper Collins Publishers .

Evans , D. ( 2005 ) Suppression of the acute-phase response as a biological mechanism for the placebo effect . Medical Hypotheses , 64 , 1 – 7 .

Fields , H. L. & Price , D. D. ( 1999 ) Toward a neurobiology of placebo anasthesia . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Approach (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 93 – 116 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Fillmore , M. , Mulvihill , L. E. & Vogel-Sprott , M. ( 1994 ) The expected drug and its expected effect interact to determine placebo responses to alcohol and caffeine . Psychopharmacology , 115 , 383 – 388 .

Flaten , M. A. & Blumenthal , T. D. ( 1999 ) Caffeine-associated stimuli elicit conditioned responses: an experimental model of the placebo effect . Psychopharmacology , 100 , 36 – 39 .

Forrer , G. R. ( 1964 ) Psychoanalytic theory of placebo . Diseases of the Nervous System , 25 , 655 – 661 .

Geers , A. L. , Helfer , S. G. , Kosbab , K. et al ( 2005 ) Reconsidering the role of personality in placebo effects: dispositional optimism, situational expectations, and the placebo response . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 58 , 121 – 127 .

Gracely , R. H. ( 1979 ) Psychophysical assessment of human pain . In Advances in Pain Research and Therapy (eds Bonica , J. J. , Liebeskind , J. C. & Albe-Fessard , D. G. ) pp. 805 – 824 . New York : Raven Press .

Grochowicz , P. M. , Schedlowski , M. , Husband , A. J. et al ( 1991 ) Behavioral conditioning prolongs heart allograft survival in rats . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 5 , 349 – 356 .

Guess , H. A. , Kleinman , A. , Kusek , J. W. et al ( 2002 ) The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda . London : BMJ Books .

Harrington , A. ( 1999 ) The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Phenomenon . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .

Helman , C. G. ( 2001 ) Placebos and nocebos: the cultural construction of belief . In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. Peters , D. ) pp. 3 – 16 . London : Churchill Livingstone .

Herrnstein , R. J. ( 1962 ) Placebo effect in the rat . Science , 138 , 677 – 678 .

Hogarty , G. E. & Goldberg , S. C. ( 1973 ) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 28 , 54 – 64 .

Hrobjartsson , A. & Gotzsche , P. C. ( 2001 ) Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment . New England Journal of Medicine , 344 , 1594 – 1602 .

Hussain , M. Z. & Ahad , A. ( 1970 ) Tablet colour in anxiety states . BMJ , 3 , 466 .

Jensen , M. P. & Karoly , P. ( 1991 ) Motivation and expectancy factors in symptom perception: a laboratory study of the placebo effect . Psychosomatic Medicine , 53 , 144 – 152 .

Jospe , M. ( 1978 ) The Placebo Effect in Healing . Lexington, MA : Heath .

Kienle , G. S. & Kiene , H. ( 1996 ) Placebo effect and placebo concept: a critical methodological and conceptual analysis of reports on the magnitude of the placebo effect . Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine , 2 , 39 – 54 .

Kienle , G. S. & Kiene , H. ( 2001 ) A critical reanalysis of the concept, magnitude and existence of placebo effects . In Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research (ed. Peters , D. ) pp. 31 – 50 London : Churchill Livingstone .

Kirsch , I. ( 1990 ) Changing Expectations: A Key to Effective Psychotherapy . Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .

Kirsch , I. ( 1999 ) Specifying nonspecifics: psychological mechanisms of placebo effects . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed Harrington , A. ) pp. 166 – 186 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Kirsch , I. & Sapirstein , G. ( 1998 ) Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: a meta-analysis of antidepressant medication . Prevention and Treatment , 1 , art. 0002a.

Kong , J. , Gollub , R. L. , Rosman , I. S. et al ( 2006 ) Brain activity associated with expectancy-enhanced placebo analgesia as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 , 381 – 388 .

Lee , S. , Walker , J. R. , Jakul , L. et al ( 2004 ) Does elimination of placebo responders in a placebo run-in increase the treatment effect in randomized control trials? A meta-analytic evaluation . Depression and Anxiety , 19 , 10 – 19 .

Leuchter , A. F. , Cook , I. A. , Witte , E. A. et al ( 2002 ) Changes in brain function of depressed patients during treatment with placebo . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 122 – 129 .

Lucchelli , P. E. , Cattaneo , A. D. & Zattoni , J. ( 1978 ) Effect of capsule color and order of administration of hypnotic treatments . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 13 , 153 – 155 .

Mayberg , H. S. , Silva , A. J. , Brannan , S. K. et al ( 2002 ) The functional neuroanatomy of the placebo effect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 728 – 737 .

Moerman , D. ( 2002 ) Meaning, Medicine and the ‘Placebo Effect’ . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

Moncrieff , J. , Wessely , S. & Hardy , R. ( 2004 ) Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , issue 1 . Oxford : Update Software .

Montgomery , G. & Kirsch , I. ( 1996 ) Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation . Psychological Science , 7 , 174 – 176 .

Montgomery , G. & Kirsch , I. ( 1997 ) Classical conditioning and the placebo effect . Pain , 72 , 107 – 113 .

Morris , D. B. ( 1999 ) Placebo, pain, and belief . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 187 – 207 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Moynihan , J. , Koota , D. , Brenner , G. et al ( 1989 ) Repeated intraperitoneal injections of saline attenuate the antibody response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of antigen . Brain, Behavior, and Immunity , 3 , 90 – 96 .

Newlin , D. B. ( 1989 ) Placebo responding in same direction as alcohol in women . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 13 , 36 – 39 .

Peters , D. ( 2001 ) Understanding the Placebo Effect in Complementary Medicine. Theory, Practice and Research . London : Churchill Livingstone .

Petrovic , P. , Dietrich , T. , Fransson , P. et al ( 2005 ) Placebo in emotional processing-induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalised modulatory network . Neuron , 46 , 957 – 969 .

Phillips , D. P. & Smith , D. G. ( 1990 ) Postponement of death until symbolically meaningful occasions . JAMA , 263 , 1947 – 1951 .

Price , D. D. & Barrell , J. J. ( 1984 ) Some general laws of human emotion: interrelationships between intensities of desire, expectation, and emotional feeling . Journal of Personality , 52 , 389 – 409 .

Price , D. D. & Fields , H. L. ( 1999 ) The contribution of desire and expectation to placebo analgesia: implications for new research strategies . In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 117 – 137 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Quitkin , F. M. , McGrath , P. J. , Stewart , J. W. et al ( 1998 ) Placebo run-in period in studies of depressive disorders. Clinical, heuristic and research implications . British Journal Psychiatry , 173 , 242 – 248 .

Ramirez-Amaya , V. , Alvarez-Borda , B. & Bermudez-Rattoni , F. ( 1998 ) Differential effects of NMDA-induced lesions into the insular cortex and amygdala on the acquisition and evocation of conditioned immunosuppression . Brain, Behavior and Immunology , 12 , 149 – 160 .

Robinson , M. L. , Houtsmuller , E. J. , Moolchan , E. T. et al ( 2000 ) Placebo cigarettes in smoking research . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 8 , 326 – 332 .

Rosenberg , N. K. , Mellegard , M. , Rosenberg , R. et al ( 1991 ) Characteristics of panic disorder patients responding to placebo . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 365 , 33 – 38 .

Rozee , P. & Van Boemel , G. ( 1989 ) The psychological effects of war trauma and abuse on older Cambodian refugee women . Women and Therapy , 8 , 23 – 50 .

Schonauer , K. ( 1994 ) Semiotic Foundations of Drug Therapy. The Placebo Problem in a New Perspective . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .

Shapiro , A. K. & Shapiro , E. ( 1984 ) Patient–provider relationships and the placebo effect . In Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention (ed Matarazzo , J. D. ) pp. 371 – 383 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .

Shapiro , A. K. & Shapiro , E. ( 1997 ) The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician . Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .

Shapiro , A. K. & Shapiro , E. ( 1999 ) Is it much ado about nothing? In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (ed. Harrington , A. ) pp. 12 – 36 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Siegel , S. ( 2002 ) Explanatory mechanisms for placebo effects: Pavlovian conditioning . In The Science of the Placebo. Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda (eds Guess , H. A. , Kleinman , A. , Kusek , J. W. et al), pp. 133 – 157 . London : BMJ Books .

Smith , G. R. & McDaniel , S. M. ( 1983 ) Psychologically mediated effect on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin in humans . Psychosomatic Medicine , 45 , 65 – 70 .

Ulrich , R. S. ( 1984 ) View through a window may influence recovery from surgery . Science , 224 , 420 – 421 .

Walsh , T. B. , Seiddman , S. N. , Sysko , R. et al ( 2002 ) Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing . JAMA , 287 , 1840 – 1847 .

White , L. , Tursky , B. & Schwartz , G. E. ( 1985 ) Placebo: Theory, Research, and Mechanisms . New York : Guilford Press .