Anniversaries offer a moment for reflection, so when Ars Technica reached the start of its 20th anniversary recently, I inevitably paused to consider the state of US human spaceflight in 1998.

In 1998, NASA launched the Lunar Prospector mission, which found water on the Moon. It was also the year when 15 countries came together to agree upon a framework for the International Space Station and later launched the first piece of the laboratory into orbit. And also that year, promisingly, NASA’s new X-38 spacecraft made its first successful test flight. All of these events would, in various ways, help determine the course of US spaceflight development that led us to today.

Looking back, one thing soon became clear: past is prologue, and the rhythm of history repeats itself. The human spaceflight achievements of 20 years ago seemed to foreshadow the current state of play in space, so seeing how the seeds planted then have both bloomed and withered likely offers some helpful perspective on what may happen in the future.

Important, disruptive trends in human spaceflight have emerged in the last few years, many that were largely unforeseen in 1998. Today we have things like new space companies and their billionaire backers, as well as the rise of international players, most notably China, who seek to match or potentially eclipse the feats of NASA.

So considering where the United States has come from and where things stand currently, where will we, and the rest of the world, be 20 years from now? Here, then, is a review of spaceflight 20 years ago, today, and 20 years from now.

Listing image by NASA