There have been so many ups and downs that it’s hard to keep track of it all. Here are some of the major fights Trump found himself in — and the budding friendships he formed.

BAD BLOOD AND BREAKUPS

French President Emmanuel Macron

When Trump first took office, it seemed like he and Macron would get along. The French leader wooed Trump on his first presidential trip to Paris in 2017, making him the guest of honor at a military parade and wining and dining him in the Eiffel Tower.

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But like many failed relationships, things began to devolve after a failure to communicate.

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On Nov. 6, Macron called for a “true European army” to reduce Europe’s reliance on the United States for defense spending. Trump misunderstood, suggesting in tweets that Macron was proposing an army to defend Europe against the United States, China and Russia. Macron tried to patch things up, but the damage was done.

When Trump traveled to Paris to commemorate the centennial of World War I, Macron delivered a thinly veiled rejection of Trump’s “America First” agenda. “Nationalism is a betrayal of patriotism,” Macron said. “By putting our own interests first, with no regard for others, we erase the very thing that a nation holds dearest, and the thing that keeps it alive: its moral values.”

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Trump responded by knocking Macron for his low approval rating and tweeting that “there is no country more Nationalist than France.”

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Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

Like his spat with Macron, the devolution of Trump’s relationship with Trudeau began with a trip and a tweetstorm.

In June, Trudeau hosted Trump at the Group of Seven summit in Quebec. The meeting was an awkward show of how starkly Trump had distanced himself from U.S. allies. But despite tensions and disagreements, the leaders managed to come to a consensus on a joint communique that promoted free and fair trade.

Then, after Trump had departed, Trudeau said in a news conference that he opposed Trump’s tariffs on steel and aluminum from Canada, Mexico and the European Union.

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“Canadians, we’re polite, we’re reasonable, but we also will not be pushed around,” Trudeau said.

Trump, en route to Singapore for a summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, took to Twitter to call Trudeau “dishonest” and “weak” and eventually called for U.S. officials to withdraw from the communique.

To this day, tariffs from both sides remain in place, but the two leaders haven’t been able to avoid each other completely. They’ve renegotiated a NAFTA replacement along with Mexico.

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“I have a good, constructive working relationship with the president, which is what Canadians expect me to have,” Trudeau told CNN in November. “But the connections between Canada and the U.S. run so deep and so broad that the relationship is going to be fine regardless of who’s at the top on either side.”

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German Chancellor Angela Merkel

Trump and Merkel have always had a frosty relationship. But in July, the two leaders clashed like never before at the NATO summit in Brussels. There, Trump launched into a planned attack against the biggest economy in Europe. “Germany, as far as I’m concerned, is captive to Russia because it’s getting so much of its energy from Russia,” he said.

The comment struck a nerve with Merkel, who grew up in East Germany under Soviet occupation and has fought against Russian aggression throughout her political tenure. She pushed back against Trump’s remarks in her own understated fashion, but things remain tense.

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Chinese President Xi Jinping

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Trump has long accused China of taking advantage of the United States. In 2018, his administration saddled the country with taxes on $250 billion worth of goods. China has retaliated, leading to a spiraling tit-for-tat that made leaders and markets nervous.

Later in the year, at the Group of 20 summit in Argentina, Trump claimed he and Xi reached an agreement on trade. But it’s not clear what the substance of the deal was, and whether the two countries will come to a consensus on anything concrete remains murky.

Haiti and El Salvador and … most of Africa

It was meant to be a closed-door Oval Office meeting. But as is often the case in this White House, things leaked.

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Back in January, Trump was frustrated with lawmakers over an immigration deal that would protect immigrants from Haiti, El Salvador and African countries. So he lashed out, asking “Why are we having all these people from shithole countries come here?” Trump added that the United States should bring in more people from places like Norway, or from Asian countries because, he argued, Asian immigrants helped the United States economically.

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The remarks provoked swift condemnation from around the world. Representatives from Haiti and El Salvador criticized the remarks and their sentiment, as did many African leaders.

U.N. human rights spokesman Rupert Colville was uncharacteristically blunt. He described the remark as “racist.”

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“You cannot dismiss entire countries and continents as ‘shitholes,’ whose entire populations, who are not white, are therefore not welcome,” he said.

Iranian President Hassan Rouhani

Things have never been good between Trump and Rouhani. But this year, they really devolved.

Trump has stacked his Cabinet with figures notorious for their hawkishness when it comes to Iran. In March, he pulled out of a 2015 nuclear deal with the country, saying the “world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism” would make a nuclear weapon regardless. He has also imposed sanctions on the country, strangling it economically.

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Iran condemned Trump’s decision to withdraw and resolved to keep the agreement alive with the participation of other Western allies.

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In July, Rouhani warned Trump against imposing more sanctions, prompting this presidential tweet:

“To Iranian President Rouhani: NEVER, EVER THREATEN THE UNITED STATES AGAIN OR YOU WILL SUFFER CONSEQUENCES THE LIKES OF WHICH FEW THROUGHOUT HISTORY HAVE EVER SUFFERED BEFORE. WE ARE NO LONGER A COUNTRY THAT WILL STAND FOR YOUR DEMENTED WORDS OF VIOLENCE & DEATH. BE CAUTIOUS!”

In September, at the U.N. General Assembly, the tension between the two leaders came to a head when they exchanged barbs at each other in their addresses.

Trump used his speech to condemn Iran’s “corrupt dictatorship.” Rouhani called Trump’s refusal to engage with his country a symptom of his “weakness of intellect.”

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan

When Khan took over as Pakistan’s prime minister, many saw similarities between Trump and the popular cricket player turned politician, who rose to prominence by railing against a corrupt political establishment. But Khan’s anti-American rhetoric caused some strain on a relationship between two countries that have often clashed over the war in Afghanistan and Pakistan’s continued support of Islamist militants in the region.

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In September, the United States cut $300 million in military aid to the country, increasing pressure on Pakistan to crack down on militants.

Then, in an interview with Fox News, Trump accused Pakistan of “not doing a damn thing” when it came to helping the United States capture Osama bin Laden, despite all the financial support the United States gave to Pakistan.

Khan hit back, like Trump, on Twitter.

“Instead of making Pakistan a scapegoat for their failures, the US should do a serious assessment of why, despite 140,000 NATO troops plus 250,000 Afghan troops & reportedly $1 trillion spent on war in Afghanistan, the Taliban today are stronger than before,” he tweeted.

THE FRENEMIES

While Trump sparred with plenty of world leaders and countries this year, there were some notable instances in which he took a much calmer approach.

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Trump-Kim summit in Singapore

As he railed against Iran’s nuclear program, Trump also warmed diplomatic relations with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. In the past, Trump threatened North Korea with “fire and fury.” This year, he took a softer approach, meeting with the country’s dictator at a summit in Singapore that was all smiles and good vibes.

It’s not clear whether that meeting effectively deterred Kim from continuing to prepare for nuclear war. Reports suggest that Pyongyang continues to produce and test nuclear weapons, causing some within the Trump administration to wonder whether Kim misled the U.S. leader.

Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki

Trump may have criticized Merkel for what he sees as Germany’s economic dependence on Russia, but he also failed to take such a strong stance against Russian President Vladimir Putin himself.

The Trump administration did take certain actions against Russia this year, imposing economic sanctions and targeting Russian-backed fighters in Syria. Trump also has said he would pull the United States out of a landmark nuclear arms treaty with the country that has been in place since 1984.

But when the pair met in Helsinki in July, none of that aggression bubbled to the surface. Standing next to Putin, Trump questioned his own intelligence agencies' conclusion that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election. His passivity in front of the Russian president was met with criticism from lawmakers and former officials. Director of National Intelligence Daniel Coats came forward to defend the intelligence community’s finding that Russia did in fact interfere in the U.S. election.

Critics of the president’s behavior said that in failing to take Putin to task in Helsinki, Trump empowered him.

“If Mr. Putin does not feel emboldened now, when will he?” a former German ambassador to the United States, Wolfgang Ischinger, wrote in the New York Times.

Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman

Saudi Arabia has always had a special place in Trump’s heart. It was the first country he traveled to as president, and since then, Trump has maintained a friendly relationship with Mohammed.

That relationship was tested in October, when Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi entered the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul and never came out. The CIA eventually concluded that Khashoggi, a frequent critic of Mohammed, had been murdered at his request. The incident drew outrage in the international community and from U.S. lawmakers. Some critics called for the crown prince to be removed from power.