Elephant poaching in the region has surged since ivory trading was banned and ivory stockpiles, most from natural deaths, continue to grow, they said. Conservationists dispute that the ban has stoked the illegal killing of elephants and oppose ivory sales. CITES was due to meet this month in Sri Lanka, but the meeting has been postponed after bombing attacks in the country.

“Let us resolutely affirm our position on elephant management and speak with one voice for our communities,” said Emmerson Mnangagwa, the president of Zimbabwe, which has the world’s second-biggest population of elephants after Botswana. “That one size fits all approach from CITES of banning everything disregards the good efforts of our governments and is neither sustainable or advisable. We must reject it.”

The number of elephants in Botswana has surged to 160,000 from 55,000 in 1991, according to the government, increasing conflict between humans and elephants. The larger population moves across the five countries in a border region known as the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, which comprises swamps, grassland and riverine habitat.

“We cannot continue to be spectators while others debate and take decisions about our elephants,” Botswanan President Mokgweetsi Masisi said at the summit.

Masisi has called for a lifting of the hunting ban in Botswana, and his government has suggested selective “cropping” of elephants to benefit communities. Critics, including his predecessor Ian Khama, say the approach will damage the tourism industry and is geared toward winning rural votes for the ruling Botswana Democratic Party in elections in October. Tourism accounts for a fifth of Botswana’s economy.

Africa lost as many as 111,000 elephants in the decade to 2016 as a surge in poaching in the east of the continent caused the population’s biggest decline in the past 25 years, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Most ivory is sold illegally to East Asian countries.

The five countries also resolved to conduct transnational aerial surveys to establish a more accurate population estimate and to provide more incentives for communities to coexist with the world’s largest land mammals.

“I listened this morning to all the experts lecturing us, and I wanted to ask where they come from?” said Hage Geingob, Namibia’s president. “If they are from Europe or the U.S., I wanted to ask them how they destroyed all their elephants, but come to lecture us.”