pickle is python’s serialization format, able to freeze data, as long as all leaves in class hierarchies are storeable. pickle falls into the category of formats that I’m not a huge fan of. Like all serialization formats heavily tied to a language, it makes interop harder and pushes platform and language concerns all the way to the storage layer.

You could do worse than look into Protobuf and Avro when looking for a fast serialization format for your network protocol needs. When speed isn’t so much of an issue, EDN and JSON are also good candidates.

I had no choice but to look into pickle since I am writing a compatibility layer for the carbon binary protocol in clojure within the cyanite project.

The work described in this article is available in pickler.

Format definition

One of the first hurdles when investigating pickle is finding its reference. I didn’t find a formal format definition, but it ended up not being that part to piece things together.

I started off looking at how graphite serializes metrics, the structure is rather simple, and ends up looking like this:

metrics = [ [ "web1.cpu0.user" , [ 1332444075 , 10.5 ] ], [ "web1.cpu1.user" , [ 1332444076 , 90.3 ] ] ]

We can now add in some code to write the metrics out:

pickle . dump ( metrics , open ( "frozen.p" , "wb" ))

In addition to this, the best source seems obviously to be the documentation and source code of the pickletools python modules (See https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/pickletools.html and http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/087cdbf49e80/Lib/pickletools.py#l38)

In addition to this, it’s going to be useful to work with the hexdump of the output data from above:

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 ..]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 0065 655d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333ee 00000060: 652e e.

A stack-based virtual machine.

To get a sense of how pickle works, a good approach is to use the disassembly facility provided by python -m pickletools <file.pickle> , for the above file this generates:

0: \x80 PROTO 3 2: ] EMPTY_LIST 3: q BINPUT 0 5: ( MARK 6: ] EMPTY_LIST 7: q BINPUT 1 9: ( MARK 10: X BINUNICODE 'web1.cpu0.user' 29: q BINPUT 2 31: ] EMPTY_LIST 32: q BINPUT 3 34: ( MARK 35: J BININT 1332444075 40: G BINFLOAT 10.5 49: e APPENDS (MARK at 34) 50: e APPENDS (MARK at 9) 51: ] EMPTY_LIST 52: q BINPUT 4 54: ( MARK 55: X BINUNICODE 'web1.cpu1.user' 74: q BINPUT 5 76: ] EMPTY_LIST 77: q BINPUT 6 79: ( MARK 80: J BININT 1332444076 85: G BINFLOAT 90.3 94: e APPENDS (MARK at 79) 95: e APPENDS (MARK at 54) 96: e APPENDS (MARK at 5) 97: . STOP highest protocol among opcodes = 2

Looking at the code and documentation it becomes evident that we are dealing with a stack based virtual machine which keeps track of objects. The file is just a list of serialized opcodes, the first one being expected to be the protocol version and the last one a stop opcode. When the stop opcode is met, the current object on the stack is popped.

In the case of graphite data the objects built are simple collections, the relevant operations can be trimmed down to:

2: ] EMPTY_LIST 6: ] EMPTY_LIST 10: X BINUNICODE 'web1.cpu0.user' 31: ] EMPTY_LIST 35: J BININT 1332444075 40: G BINFLOAT 10.5 49: e APPENDS 50: e APPENDS 51: ] EMPTY_LIST 55: X BINUNICODE 'web1.cpu1.user' 76: ] EMPTY_LIST 80: J BININT 1332444076 85: G BINFLOAT 90.3 94: e APPENDS 95: e APPENDS 96: e APPENDS

Parsing opcodes

In terms of layout on disk, opcodes are either fixed size or contain a fixed size field indicating the size of the variable part.

Protocol opcode

The protocol opcode has a code of 0x80 and is followed by a single byte for the version.

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 .. ]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 0065 655d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333ee 00000060: 652e e.

Stop opcode

The stop opcode ( 0x2e or . in ASCII) denotes the end of the pickle data.

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 ..]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 0065 655d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333ee 00000060: 65 2e e .

Empty list opcode

The empty list opcode has code 0x5d (the ASCII equivalent of ] ), this opcode has no additional data.

00000000: 8003 5d 71 0028 5d 71 0128 580e 0000 0077 .. ] q.( ] q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 02 5d eb1.cpu0.userq. ] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 0065 65 5d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d 71 0628 .cpu1.userq. ] q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333ee 00000060: 652e e.

Append opcode

The append opcode denotes the end of a list, the currently open collection should be closed and pushed back onto the stack.

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 ..]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365> 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 00 65 65 5d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 . ee ]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333 ee 00000060: 65 2e e .

Unicode opcode

The unicode opcode has code 0x58 (or ASCII X ) and follows a simple structure:

struct bin_unicode { char code ; /* 0x58 */ u_int32_t length ; /* payload size in network byte order */ char * payload ; /* variable size */ };

Here are the three fields highlighted from our example payloads each time they appear:

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 58 0e 0000 00 77 ..]q.(]q.( X .... w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 72 71 025d eb1.cpu0.user q.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kOG@%..... 00000030: 0065 655d 7104 28 58 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.( X .... web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.user q.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kOG@V.33333ee 00000060: 652e e.

Integer opcode

Integers are stored with the 0x4a opcode at a fixed length of 4 bytes and in network byte order.

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 ..]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 28 4a ab7b 6b4f 4740 2500 0000 0000 q.( J .{kO G@%..... 00000030: 0065 655d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4a ac 7b6b 4f 47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J .{kO G@V.33333ee 00000060: 652e e.

The infamous double opcode

The way doubles are serialized is a bit startling, it comes down to just writing out the double storage. In C deserializing would come down to:

double deserialize ( const char * input ) { double output ; memcpy ( & output , input , sizeof ( output )); return ( output ); }

00000000: 8003 5d71 0028 5d71 0128 580e 0000 0077 ..]q.(]q.(X....w 00000010: 6562 312e 6370 7530 2e75 7365 7271 025d eb1.cpu0.userq.] 00000020: 7103 284a ab7b 6b4f 47 40 2500 0000 0000 q.(J.{kO G @%..... 00000030: 00 65 655d 7104 2858 0e00 0000 7765 6231 .ee]q.(X....web1 00000040: 2e63 7075 312e 7573 6572 7105 5d71 0628 .cpu1.userq.]q.( 00000050: 4aac 7b6b 4f 47 4056 9333 3333 3333 6565 J.{kO G @V.33333 ee 00000060: 652e e.

AST Generation

The Abstract Syntax Tree for such a format is nothing more than a list of opcode. Parsing just requires making sure the first opcode is a protocol one and should stop when a stop opcode is met.

Generating an AST for the above syntax in clojure turned out to be very simple, provided we worked with the java ByteBuffer class.

Here’s the bulk of the work:

( defn raw->ast "Convert binary data into a list of pickle opcodes and data" [ bb ] ( lazy-seq ( when ( pos? ( .remaining bb )) ( let [ b ( bit-and 0 xff ( .get bb )) elem ( opcode b bb )] ( cons elem ( raw->ast bb ))))))

A seq is built by fetching a byte and sending it to an opcode function, along with the rest of the buffer.

The opcode function is best built as a multimethod which dispatches on the opcode: (defmulti opcode (fn [b _] (bit-or b 0x00))) , methods can then be implemented simply, for instance here are append and int parsing:

( defmethod opcode 0 x4a [ _ bb ] { :type :int :val ( .getInt bb )}) ( defmethod opcode 0 x65 [ _ bb ] { :type :append })

With this, we end up with an AST of the following form. It’s now much easier to write functions that parse this AST and extract

({ :type :protocol , :version 3 } { :type :startlist } { :type :binput , :index 0 } { :type :mark } { :type :startlist } { :type :binput , :index 1 } { :type :mark } { :type :unicode , :size 14 , :val "web1.cpu0.user" } { :type :binput , :index 2 } { :type :startlist } { :type :binput , :index 3 } { :type :mark } { :type :int , :val 1332444075 } { :type :double , :val 10.5 } { :type :append } { :type :append } { :type :startlist } { :type :binput , :index 4 } { :type :mark } { :type :unicode , :size 14 , :val "web1.cpu1.user" } { :type :binput , :index 5 } { :type :startlist } { :type :binput , :index 6 } { :type :mark } { :type :int , :val 1332444076 } { :type :double , :val 90.3 } { :type :append } { :type :append } { :type :append } { :type :stop })

Some final thoughts on pickle

I still think pickle should be avoided in general, but I found myself in one of the rare cases where it’s necessary to interact with it from outside python. If you’re a python developer and following along, please consider other serialization formats.

Hopefully This should give you enough to start playing around with pickle, here are a few resources for doing so in other languages: