Piston-Graphics got a new design. The new design is based on a principle “objects as functions”. Let’s take a look at it!

This is how you clear the screen and draw an image:

graphics::clear([1.0, ..4], gl); graphics::image(&image, &c, gl);

The Context object now only contains view and transform information, so the actual render logic must be provided through other parts of the library.

When looking up the source code for the image function, you see this:

/// Draws image. pub fn image<B: BackEnd<I>, I: ImageSize>( image: &I, c: &Context, back_end: &mut B ) { Image::new().draw(image, c, back_end); }

The image function is a convenience function for a more powerful way of rendering images. The Image type is declared as following:

/// An image #[deriving(Copy)] pub struct Image { /// The color pub color: Option<internal::Color>, /// The rectangle to draw image inside pub rectangle: Option<internal::Rectangle>, /// The image source rectangle pub source_rectangle: Option<internal::SourceRectangle>, }

If you want a colored image, you can use Image::colored([r, g, b, a]).draw(&image, &c, gl) .

With Piston-Current you can also use builder methods:

use current::Set; Image::new().set(Color([r, g, b, a])).set(SrcRect([x, y, w, h])).draw(&image, &c, gl);

This pattern is a modified version of Rust-Modifier, tuned to work better with generics.

So why is the Image separated from the image data?

The principle is called “objects as functions” and defines a type of semantics where you do not want to deal with pure states or pure functions. First you think of what the main purpose of using the object is, and use as argument the part that changes most frequently. In the case of rendering an image, the actual image object changes most frequently. We could call it DrawImage instead of Image but because the library is fully generic over image objects, it makes sense to just use Image or graphics::Image if you have an image object.

Initially this started out as an experiment, but after seeing how nice this played out in practice, I decided to go with it.

For example, it makes it easier to separate out stuff and name things from loops. Here is an old piece of code that renders a snake’s tail from Sea Snake Escape:

let n = snake.tail.len() / 2; for i in range(0, n) { let x = snake.tail[i * 2]; let y = snake.tail[i * 2 + 1]; if (i / 8) % 2 == 1 { cam.circle(x, y, rad).color(colors::BLACK).draw(gl); } else { cam.circle(x, y, rad).color(settings::SNAKE_TAIL_COLOR).draw(gl); } }

If you look briefly over the source, it is not easy to see immediate what going on. Here is the new design:

let black = graphics::Ellipse::new(colors::BLACK); let tail = graphics::Ellipse::new(settings::SNAKE_TAIL_COLOR); for i in range(0, n) { let x = snake.tail[i * 2]; let y = snake.tail[i * 2 + 1]; if (i / 8) % 2 == 1 { black.draw(graphics::ellipse::circle(x, y, rad), cam, gl); } else { tail.draw(graphics::ellipse::circle(x, y, rad), cam, gl); } }

black and tail easier to spot because they appear first in the line. Not a major improvement over the old design, but it is nicer. I like how it refactors in ways that makes it easier to improve code incrementally.

The library is a lot easier to understand now, with -1000 loc (lines of code), and it is easier to add new features in a modular way.

While the old design had the benefit of having no run time state, such as whether to render a border or not, the potential performance benefit was traded against the readability. For example, Rectangle is also used for round and bevel shapes. On the up side, you can draw a filled rectangle with a border through a single call.

The old design is pushed to branches “olddesign”.