Hundreds of sharks and rays are dying after getting tangled in drifting “ghost nets” and plastic waste, according to new research.

However, scientists have warned that the true number could be far higher.

Entanglement, mostly involving lost or discarded fishing gear, is a “far lesser threat” to sharks and rays than commercial fishing, but the suffering it causes is a major animal welfare concern, the study by a research team from the University of Exeter said.

The scientists scoured existing published studies and Twitter for shark and ray entanglements.

They found reports of more than 1,000 incidents, but warned few studies have focussed on plastic entanglement among shark and rays, indicating the real number of entanglements could be significantly larger.

Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic Show all 8 1 /8 Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic This turtle was caught in a plastic six-pack ring when young and became deformed as it grew while still trapped in the ring Missouri Department of Conservation Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic Sharks and turtles caught in a discarded plastic net PA Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic A shortfin mako shark tangled in fishing rope. The rope has caused scoliosis of the back in the shark PA Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic A hermit crab uses a plastic toy as a shell Alamy Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic Found in September 2017, a grey seal dubbed Mrs Frisbee was the first in a series of seals to be found off the Norfolk coast with frisbees around their necks Friends of Horsey Seals Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic The third in a series of three grey seals found on a Norfolk beach with frisbees embedded in their necks PA Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic The injury to the seal was so severe that it had to remain in the care of the RSPCA for three months PA Sea creatures seen tangled in plastic A turtle found wrapped in plastic netting in Tenerife, Canary Islands Eduardo Acevedo/UPY 2019

“One example in the study is a shortfin mako shark with fishing rope wrapped tightly around it,” said Kristian Parton, of the university’s Centre for Ecology and Conservation. “The shark had clearly continued growing after becoming entangled, so the rope – which was covered in barnacles – had dug into its skin and damaged its spine.”

She added: “Although we don’t think entanglement is a major threat to the future of sharks and rays, it’s important to understand the range of threats facing these species, which are among the most threatened in the oceans. Additionally, there’s a real animal welfare issue because entanglements can cause pain, suffering and even death.”

Her co-author, Professor Brendan Godley, who co-ordinates the university’s marine strategy, said: “Due to the threats of direct over-fishing of sharks and rays, and ‘bycatch’ (accidental catching while fishing for other species), the issue of entanglement has perhaps gone a little under the radar. We set out to remedy this. Our study was the first to use Twitter to gather such data, and our results from the social media site revealed entanglements of species – and in places – not recorded in the academic papers.”

The review of academic papers found reports of 557 sharks and rays entangled in plastic, spanning 34 species in oceans including the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian. Almost 60 per cent of these animals were either lesser spotted dogfish, spotted ratfish or spiny dogfish.

On Twitter, the researchers found 74 entanglement reports involving 559 individual sharks and rays from 26 species including whale sharks, great whites, tiger sharks and basking sharks.

Both data sources suggested “ghost” fishing gear (nets, lines and other equipment lost or abandoned) were by far the most common entangling objects. Other items included strapping bands used in packaging, polythene bags and rubber tyres.

The study identified factors which appear to put certain species more at risk:

Habitat – sharks and rays in the open ocean appear more likely to get entangled, as do those living on the sea floor, where materials such as nets loaded with dead fish sink and attract predators, which in turn get stuck.

Migration – species that cover long distances appear at more at risk of encountering plastic waste.

Body shape – sharks seem to be at greater risk than rays. Species with unusual features – such as manta rays, basking sharks and sawfish – are also at more risk.

The study says more research is needed, and the researchers have worked with the Shark Trust to create an online report form to gather data on entanglements.

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Overall more than 100 million sharks are estimated to be killed each year by commercial fishing alone, with the true number estimated to be even higher – according to a 2013 estimate 230 million could be killed each year.

In 2018 just 4 people were killed by sharks worldwide according to the International Shark Attack File.