Scientists have extracted from dental enamel the oldest human genetic material ever obtained, helping clarify the pivotal place in the human evolutionary lineage of a mysterious extinct species called Homo antecessor known from Spanish cave fossils.

The researchers said they obtained genetic material from an 800,000-year-old Homo antecessor molar unearthed near the village of Atapuerca in northern Spain and from a 1.77 million-year-old molar of another extinct human species called Homo erectus found near the town of Dmanisi in Georgia.

They retrieved the ancient proteins from fossilized teeth using a method called palaeoproteomics that can find genetic material in fossils too old to contain DNA because of its chemical degradation over time.

"Protein sequences are determined by the DNA sequence of our genomes, and therefore these ancient protein sequences provide some evolutionary information. We have previously shown we are able to extract ancient proteins even from 2 million year old animal fossils," University of Copenhagen molecular anthropologist Frido Welker, lead author of the research published in the journal Nature, said on Monday.

The Gran Dolina site preserves a long-term record of Pleistocene hominin populations near the village of Atapuerca in northern Spain (Prof. José María Bermúdez de Castro. )

Until now, the oldest genetic material from an extinct human species was dated to about 420,000 years ago.

'Emerging new humanity'

The Homo antecessor genetic material was especially illuminating, the researchers said, after comparing it to more recent genetic data from our species and extinct human species.

It showed Homo antecessor was closely related to the last common ancestor of the evolutionary lineage that led to Homo sapiens and two extinct cousins: the Neanderthals and the lesser-known Denisovans.

Teeth from the extinct human species Homo antecessor unearthed at the Gran Dolina site in Spain are seen in this undated handout photo. Researchers retrieved the ancient proteins from fossilized teeth using a method called palaeoproteomics that can find genetic material in fossils too old to contain DNA because of its chemical degradation over time. (Jose Maria Bermudez de Castro via REUTERS)

"It confirms that Homo antecessor may be at the base of an emerging new humanity, probably appearing around a million years ago in Southwest Asia, particularly in the Levantine Corridor (in the Middle East)," said paleoanthropologist and study co-author José-María Bermúdez de Castro of the National Center for Research on Human Evolution in Burgos, Spain.

"That region was an important refuge for biodiversity during the ice ages," he added, helping foster the appearance of new species.

The analyzed tooth was found in 2003 and belonged to a male individual. While many aspects of Homo antecessor remain unclear, researchers previously cited evidence suggesting the species engaged in cannibalism.

A digital reconstruction using computerized microtomography (micro-CT) techniques shows the jaws of the Homo antecessor specimen ATD6-69. (Laura Martín-Francés)

The researchers said palaeoproteomics could help decipher human evolution, augmenting knowledge obtained through the study of the shape and the physical structure of skeletal fossils.

Our species first appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago. Scientists have sought greater understanding of the human family tree including the immediate ancestors of the lineage that produced Homo sapiens, Denisovans and Neanderthals.

"Molecular data," Welker said, "provides an independent source of evolutionary information."