Hunter-gatherers who live off the land in the forests of Malaysia are far more in tune with their sense of smell than less mobile peoples, a new study has found.

Research exploring differences between the languages used by the indigenous peoples showed they used them as a window into their sensory worlds.

The results suggest the reduced importance of smelling – known as “olfaction” – is a recent consequence of humanity becoming more settled.

“Hunter-gatherers’ olfaction is superior, while settled peoples’ olfactory cognition is diminished,” said Professor Asifa Majid of Radboud University, who co-authored the study which is published in the journal Current Biology.

The work builds on a previous study that found the Jahai people of Malaysia have an unusually complex understanding of smells, as demonstrated by the number of words they have for a variety of odours.

“There has been a long-standing consensus that ‘smell is the mute sense, the one without words,’ and decades of research with English-speaking participants seemed to confirm this,” said Professor Majid, who specialises in language research.

“But, the Jahai of the Malay Peninsula are much better at naming odours than their English-speaking peers. This, of course, raises the question of where this difference originates.”

Professor Majid and her collaborator Dr Nicole Kruspe of Sweden's Lund University decided to study two other indigenous groups from the Malay Peninsula, the Semaq Beri and the Semelai.

The Semelai are horticulturalists and rice farmers, while the Semaq Beri – like the Jahai – are hunter gatherers.

While they live in similar environments, and speak fairly similar languages, the researchers wanted to find out if the different lifestyles of these indigenous groups had an impact on their understanding of smells.

The researchers tested the colour- and odour-naming abilities of 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai people.

Like the Jahai, the hunter-gatherer Semaq Beri were able to name smells with ease in the same way they named colours, whereas the non-hunter-gatherer Semelai struggled to name smells.

These findings are supported by cultural observations of the Semaq Beri, who consider odour to be so important that social spaces are carefully managed to avoid inappropriate mixing of individuals’ personal odours.

If a brother and sister sit too close together, for example, it is considered incest due to the combination of odours.

Professor Majid and Dr Kruspe these findings confirmed that a hunter-gatherer lifestyle brings with it an increased sensory ability, contradicting the idea that the structure of the brain is alone in determining sense of smell.

“For the hunter-gatherer Semaq Beri, odour naming was as easy as colour naming, suggesting that hunter-gatherer olfactory cognition is special,” the scientists wrote.