Hazel had ruled in April against the question, joining two other federal judges in finding that the government had violated administrative law when it added it last year. But in that decision he did not find enough evidence to support plaintiffs’ claims that the government intended to discriminate against immigrants, Latinos and Asian Americans by adding the question, or that adding it was part of a conspiracy within the Trump administration to violate the constitutional rights of noncitizens and people of color.

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The case is technically closed in Hazel’s court. It now resides with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, which can either return the case to Hazel or decide to rule regardless of his recommendation. On Thursday, plaintiffs’ lawyers requested that the appeals court return the case to him.

The Supreme Court is expected to rule this week or next on a New York judge’s decision that a question should not be on the form. If Hazel or the appeals court agrees with the Maryland plaintiffs that the administration intended to cause an undercount and deprive racial minorities of their rights, that would raise an issue not currently before the court and potentially create an additional avenue for seeking further Supreme Court review.

At a hearing in Greenbelt, Md., on Tuesday, plaintiffs’ lawyers argued the new evidence was enough to prove a clear connection between the strategist, Thomas Hofeller, and Trump administration officials who pushed for the question to be added. Justice Department lawyers at the hearing sought to discredit the new evidence, calling into question its relevance and its authenticity.

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“There’s no evidence that [a 2015 study by Hofeller on the effects of adding a citizenship question] was ever shared with anyone inside or outside the federal government," Justice Department attorney Josh Gardner said.

Gardner also said the plaintiffs had failed to authenticate the Hofeller files, adding that a declaration from a computer forensic expert “cannot establish the authenticity of the hard drives or who the authors were,” and that "all it shows is they were found in his house.”

Hazel’s ruling Wednesday does not definitively indicate how he would rule if the case is returned to him. But plaintiffs’ lawyers hailed it as a win.

“This is a significant move by the district court that gives credence to what we all know, that the government conspired to discriminate against Latinos and immigrants of color when it added a citizenship question to the 2020 census,” said Andrea Senteno, regional counsel for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), a plaintiff in the case.

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The Justice Department declined to comment through a spokesman.

The Commerce Department said in a statement that officials have confidence that the Supreme Court will rule in the government’s favor. “Plaintiffs’ new ‘evidence’ is inadmissible, irrelevant, and a transparent ploy to derail the Supreme Court’s consideration of this case at the last possible minute,” the statement said.

Opponents of the question say it will suppress participation by Latinos and immigrants, leading to an inaccurate count. Census data is used to determine hundreds of billions of dollars in federal funding, as well as congressional apportionment and redistricting.

The Supreme Court had expedited consideration of the question to enable census forms to be sent to the printer in July, and is expected to announce a decision before its term ends next week. In argument in April, the conservative majority appeared inclined to defer to Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross’s authority in adding questions to the census form, including the one on citizenship.

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But after the new evidence emerged, civil rights groups in the New York case asked the high court to delay its ruling, saying if it was not prepared to affirm the lower-court rulings, it should send the issue back to a lower court to consider the new evidence.

Thomas Wolf, counsel with the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law, said Hazel’s ruling was a significant development.

“Today’s news opens up the possibility that there could be additional viable legal challenges to the citizenship question beyond what the Supreme Court now has in front of it," Wolf said.

The Justice Department has denied that Hofeller influenced the administration’s decision to add the question, and characterized the new claims as “frivolous.”

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Plaintiffs’ lawyers also suggested in court Tuesday that the July deadline for printing the forms may not be fixed, noting that the Census Bureau’s chief scientist has said forms could be printed as late as October of this year.

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Hazel is expected to issue an opinion with more details. In the meantime, Shankar Duraiswamy, an attorney with Covington and Burling who is representing some of the Maryland plaintiffs, said Hazel’s willingness to reconsider his prior decision “underscores just how significant the Hofeller documents are ... these documents make it crystal clear that by adding this question, the Trump administration intended to deprive Latinos and immigrants of political representation.”

U.S. District Judge Jesse Furman, who ruled against the question in New York, said at a hearing earlier this month that the new evidence was serious but declined to act upon it until more formal proceedings can take place later this summer.

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As lawyers continue to sift through Hofeller’s files, more material has come to light. Last week, documents emerged showing he was in direct contact with top census official Christa Jones as early as 2015 about adding a citizenship question, and lawyers say his business partner evaded a subpoena for computers he took from Hofeller’s house upon his death.

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The administration this month invoked executive privilege to withhold documents related to the question sought by the Democrat-led House oversight committee. Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings (D-Md.) on Tuesday sent a letter to Jones, requesting an interview. Lawyers have also sought computers removed from Hofeller’s house by his business partner but said the partner had evaded their subpoena.