Daniel Allington and David Toube, “Why conspiracy theories are not just a harmless joke,” New Statesman, November 14, 2018.

Michal Bilewicz, Aleksandra Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral, The Psychology of Conspiracy (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015): ix–xv; Miroslaw Kofta, and Grzegorz Sedek, “Conspiracy Stereotypes of Jews During Systemic Transformation in Poland,” International Journal of Sociology 35, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 42–43, https://doi.org/10.1 080/00207659.2005.11043142.

Daniel Sullivan, Mark J. Landau, and Zachary K. Rothschild, “An Existential Function of Enemyship: Evidence That People Attribute Influence to Personal and Political Enemies to Compensate for Threats to Control,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 3 (March 2010): 434, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017457.

Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, “Symposium on Conspiracy Theories Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2009): 204, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9760.2008.00325.x.

Ted Goertzel, “Belief in Conspiracy Theories,” Political Psychology 15, no. 4 (December 1994): 731, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3791630.

Goertzel, “Belief in Conspiracy Theories,” 731; Viren Swami, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, and Adrian Furnham, “Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 24, no. 6 (2009): 752, https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1583.

Michael J. Wood, Karen M. Douglas, Robbie, M. Sutton,“Dead and Alive: Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 6 (2012): 769–72, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611434786; Roland Imhoff and Martin Bruder, “Speaking (Un-)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as a Generalised Political Attitude,” European Journal of Personality 28 (2014): 25, https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1930.

Peter Knight, Conspiracy nation: The politics of paranoia in post-war America (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 72.

Michael Butter, Plots, Designs, and Schemes American Conspiracy Theories from the Puritans to the Present (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014); Eva Horn and Anson Rabinbach, “Introduction,” New German Critique 103 (2008): 1–8, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27669216; Victoria E Pagán, “Toward a Model of Conspiracy Theory for Ancient Rome,” New German Critique 103 (2008): 27–49, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27669218.

Anna-Kaisa Newheiser, Miguel Farias, and Nicole Tausch, “The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci Code conspiracy,” Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011): 1007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.011.

Steven Pinker, “The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity,” uploaded May 29, 2013 at The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, video, 05:29–07:00, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5X2-i_ poNU#t=05m29s.

Aaron C. Kay et al., “Compensatory Control - Achieving Order Through the Mind, Our Institutions, and the Heavens,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 5 (2009): 264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8721.2009.01649.x.

Viren Swami et al., “Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories,” Erschienen in: Cognition 133, no. 3 (2014): 573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006.

Jan-Willem van Prooijen, André P.M. Krouwel, and Thomas V. Pollet, “Political Extremism Predicts Belief in Conspiracy Theories,” Social Psychology and Personality Science 6, no. 5 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1177/198550614567356.

Robert Sapolsky, “Why Your Brain Hates Other People,” Nautilus, December 14, 2017 http://nautil.us/issue/55/

trust/why-your-brain-hates-other-people-rp.

Bertjan Doosje, et al., “Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization,” ScienceDirect 11 (2016): 79–80, http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008.

Jamie Bartlett and Carl Miller, “The Power of Unreason Conspiracy Theories, Extremism and Counter-Terrorism,”

DEMOS (August 2010): 4–5, https://www.demos.co.uk/project/the-power-of-unreason/.

Sullivan, Landau, and Rothschild, “An Existential Function of Enemyship,” 434.

A. Savyon and E. Zigron, “The Image Of The Jew In The Eyes Of Iran’s Islamic Regime – Part II: The Blood Libel And

‘The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion’,” MEMRI, March 6, 2013, https://www.memri.org/reports/image-jew-eyes-

irans-islamic-regime-–-part-ii-blood-libel-and-protocols-elders-zion.

“Symposium Sheds Light on Myth of ‘Judeo-Bolshevism’,” Yad Vashem, March 27, 2014, http://www.yadvashem.

org/blog/symposium-sheds-light-on-myth-of-judeo-bolshevism.html.

Norman Cohn, Warrant for genocide: The myth of the Jewish world-conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders

of Zion (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967).

Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill: The

University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 35.

Adolph Hitler, Mein Kampf (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941), 929.

Imhoff and Bruder, “Speaking (Un-)Truth to Power,” 26.

Ambra Brizi, Lucia Mannetti, Arie W. Kruglanski, “The closing of open minds: Need for closure moderates the impact of uncertainty salience on outgroup discrimination,” British Journal of Social Psychology 55 (2016): 256, 258, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12131.

Kofta and Sedek, “Conspiracy Stereotypes,” 45.

Krzysztof Korzeniowski, “On two psychological determinants of conspiratorial thinking: Alienation and authoritar-

ianism,” Psychologia Społeczna 11 (2009): 144–54.

Daniel L. Staetsky, “Antisemitism in contemporary Great Britain A study of attitudes towards Jews and Israel,”

Institute for Jewish Policy Research (September 2017): 40 https://cst.org.uk/public/data/file/7/4/JPR.2017.

Antisemitism%20in%20contemporary%20Great%20Britain.pdf.

Ervin Staub, The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1989), 11. http://people.umass.edu/estaub/dec%202011%20files/The%20Roots%20of%20evil--1999%20

article.docx.

Cohn, Warrant for genocide.

Michal Bilewicz and Grzegorz Sedek, “Conspiracy Stereotypes,” The Psychology of Conspiracy, eds. Michal Bilewicz,

Aleksandra Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015), 9.

Ibid., 2–3.

Roland Imhoff, “Beyond (Right-Wing) Authoritarianism,” The Psychology of Conspiracy, ed. Michal Bilewicz, Aleksandra Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015), 127–28.

Bilewicz and Sedek, “Conspiracy Stereotypes,” 13.

Ibid., 10; The set of studies mentioned are otherwise unpublished, though they were presented here by one of the

researchers, Michal Bilewicz.

Aleksandra Cichocka, et al., “Grandiose Delusions,” The Psychology of Conspiracy, eds. Michal Bilewicz, Aleksandra

Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015), 49.

Cichocka, et al., “Grandiose Delusions,” 50.

Péter Krekó “Conspiracy Theory As Collective Motivated Cognition,” The Psychology of Conspiracy, ed. Michal

Bilewicz, Aleksandra Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015), 69.

Alan F. Westin, “The John Birch Society: “Radical Right’ and “Extreme Left’ in the Political Context of Post World War II – 1962,” The Radical Right The New American Right Expanded And Updated, ed. Daniel Bell (Garden City, New

York: Doubleday, 1963), 203.

George Michael, Confronting Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA (New York: Routledge, 2003),

–44.

Ibid., 47.

Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right.

Ibid.,35.

Seymour Martin Lipset, “Three Decades of the Radical Right: Coughlinites, McCarthyites, and Birchers (1962),” The

Radical Right The New American Right Expanded And Updated, edited by Daniel Bell (Garden City, New York:

Doubleday, 1963).

Westin, “The John Birch Society,” 204.

Michael, Confronting Right-Wing Extremism, 45.

Jared Taylor, “‘The Jewish Question’ – Jared Taylor Vs. Brit,” Recorded April 18, 2013, uploaded by AustralianRealist

on April 29, 2013. Accessed December 12, 2018, 3:53–4:14, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UEsVrVbXKg.

W. M. L. Finlay, “The propaganda of extreme hostility: Denunciation and the regulation of the group,” British

Journal of Social Psychology 46 (2007): 328. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466606X113615.

Matthew Heimbach, “The Daily Traditionalist: Father Charles Coughlin. Radio Aryan,” Published May 26, 2016 by The Daily Stormer. Audio file, Accessed December 12, 2018, 1:30-1:33. https://dailystormer.name/the-daily-tradi-

tionalist-father-charles-coughlin/.

Lois Beckett, “George Lincoln Rockwell, father of American Nazis, still in vogue for some,” The Guardian, August 27, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/27/george-lincoln-rockwell-american-nazi-party-alt-right- charlottesville.

Where Kahl’s complete writings are available the sources are of questionable credibility. They include “Gordon Kahl - American Patriot Extraordinaire” hosted on: http://thelastoutpost.com/irs/gordon-kahl.html, as well as a 2008 posting of the same text on far right messaging platform Stormfront, “The Murder of Gordon Kahl, WN Hero” available at: https://www.stormfront.org/forum/t556654/. The quotations here remain significant, however, as we can evidence them circulating on these far right platforms as credible, and for our purposes, they are influential in that capacity. Segments of Kahl’s writings from the preceding links remain consistent where they do overlap with more reputable sources, such as the reference to the “Synagogue of Satan,” see: Kerry Noble, Tabernacle of hate: Seduction into right-wing extremism (Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2010), 152; or additional seg- ments not quoted here, see: James Alfred Aho, Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Vancouver: University of Washington Press, 1990), Appendix I, 243–44.

Kahl’s version is a Semitic origin theory of Esau (Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 51); additional origin theo- ries: Asiatic / Khazarite (136–147), Cain (149–172), Satan (173–196). These theories permeate the US radical right, often with considerable overlap; notably, regardless of the claimed Semitic origin, the underlying global, Zionist conspiracy theory remains consistent.

Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 265.

“Arizona Militia Figure Is Shot to Death,” Los Angeles Times, November 7, 2001. http://articles.latimes.com/2001/

nov/07/news/mn-1182.

Bill Cooper, “William Cooper’s Mystery Babylon Series, Transcribed.” Accessed December 12, 2018, PDF document,

paragraph 1. https://ia800303.us.archive.org/34/items/MysteryBabylonSeries-WilliamCoopertranscriptIncl/mys- tery_babylon_transcribed.pdf; Transcript originally released on Cooper’s now defunct website: www.hourofthe- time.com.

Aaron John Gulyas, Conspiracy theories: The roots, themes and propagation of paranoid political and cultural narratives (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2016), 66.

Jo Thomas and Ronald Smothers, “Oklahoma City Building Was Target Of Plot as Early as ‘83, Official Says.” New York Times, May 20, 1995, par. 20. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/20/us/oklahoma-city-building-was-target- of-plot-as-early-as-83-official-says.html

Gulyas, Conspiracy theories, 198.

Daryl C. McClary, “Robert Jay Mathews, founder of the white-supremacist group The Order, is killed during an

FBI siege on Whidbey Island on December 8, 1984,” HistoryLink.org, June 12, 2006, http://www.historylink.org/

File/7921.

Ibid.

Anti-Defamation League, “14 Words.” Accessed December 12, 2018, https://www.adl.org/education/references/ hate-symbols/14-words.

Hitler, Mein Kampf, 888, par. 4–6, interrupted.

Mark Shaffer, “McVeigh listened to militia-inspired Arizona broadcaster,” The Arizona Republic, May 6, 2001. http://

www.cyberclass.net/mcveigh.htm.

Michael Barkun, “Appropriated Martyrs: The Branch Davidians and the Radical Right,” Terrorism and Political

Violence 19, no. 1 (2007): 118, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550601054956.

Lou Michel and Dan Herbeck, American terrorist: Timothy McVeigh & the tragedy at Oklahoma City (New York:

Avon Books, 2001), 89.

Ibid., 200; McVeigh comment to student journalist outside of the Branch Davidian compound during the Waco

siege.

Robin Aitken, “Inside McVeigh’s Mind,” BBC News, June 11, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ameri-

cas/1382540.stm.

Barkun, “Appropriated Martyrs”, 267.

White Aryan Resistance, “14 Words Memorial.” Accessed December 12, 2018, https://resist.com/14Words/memo-

rial.html.

MAJ Fredrick D Wong, Christian Extremism as a Domestic Terror Threat (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: United States

Army School of Advanced Military Studies, 2011), 30.

Dylann Roof, “rtf88.txt,” manifesto widely attributed to Dylann Roof, (n.d.), originally published on website domain registered to Dylann Roof, see section: “An Explanation,” https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2108059/ lastrhodesian-manifesto.pdf.

Edward Ball, “United States v. Dylann Roof,” The New York Review of Books, March 9, 2017, https://www.nybooks. com/articles/2017/03/09/united-states-versus-dylann-roof/.

Allington and Toube, “Why conspiracy theories.”

Jan-Willem van Prooijen and Erik van Dijk, “When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories: The

moderating role of perspective taking,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 55 (June 2014): 64, https://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.006.

Imhoff, “Beyond (Right-Wing) Authoritarianism,” 127–28.

Doosje, et al. “Terrorism,” 79–84.

Marina Abalakina-Paap and Walter G. Stephan, “Beliefs in Conspiracies,” Political Psychology 20, no. 3 (1999):

–39, https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00160; Goertzel, “Belief in Conspiracy Theories,” 738–39.

Sunstein and Vermeule, “Symposium on Conspiracy Theories,” 204, 210, 216, and 218.

Kofta and Sedek, “Conspiracy Stereotypes,” 54–56.

Bartlett and Miller, “The Power of Unreason,” 4.

Van Prooijen, Krouwel, and Pollet, “Political Extremism Predicts,” 570.

John T. Jost, Alison Ledgerwood, Curtis D. Hardin, “Shared Reality, System Justification, and the Relational Basis

of Ideological Beliefs,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1 (2007): 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-

2007.00056.x.

Bilewicz, Cichocka, and Soral, The Psychology of Conspiracy.

Michael A. Hogg,“From Uncertainty to Extremism: Social Categorization and Identity Processes,”Current Directions

in Psychological Science 23, no. 5 (2014): 338–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414540168; Scott A. Reid and Michael A. Hogg, “Uncertainty Reduction, Self-Enhancement, and Ingroup Identification,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 6 (2005): 806, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271708.

Michael A. Hogg, Jason T. Siegel, and Zachary P. Hohman, “Groups can jeopardize your health: Identifying with unhealthy groups to reduce self-uncertainty,” Self and Identity 10, no. 3 (2011): 330–31, https://doi.org/10.1080/1 5298868.2011.558762.

Jennifer A. Whitson and Adam D. Galinsky, “Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception,” Science 322 (October 2008): 63–64, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158111.

Randy Borum, “Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research,” Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (2011): 57–58, http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.2.

Ibid., 58.

Matthew Goodwin, “Right Response Understanding and Countering Populist Extremism in Europe,” CHATHAM

HOUSE (September 2011), https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/r0911_goodwin.pdf.

Kamaldeep S. Bhui et al., “A public health approach to understanding and preventing violent radicalization,” BMC

Medicine 10, no. 16 (2012): 3–4, https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-16.

Ibid., 4.

KamaldeepBhuiandEdgarJones,“Thechallengeofradicalisation:apublichealthapproachtounderstandingand intervention,” Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 31, no. 4 (2017): 405, https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2017.1354908.

Bartlett and Miller, “The Power of Unreason,” 5.

Karen M. Douglas et al., “The Social, Political, Environmental, And Health-Related Consequences Of Conspiracy

Theories,” The Psychology of Conspiracy, edited by Michal Bilewicz, Aleksandra Cichocka, and Wiktor Soral (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2015): 188–89.