Wanda Milley's voice breaks with emotion as she talks about the self-imposed exile she's lived in for the past four years.

"It broke my heart that I realized I've allowed this to stop me from living, from doing things with my daughter, my family. It was an eye-opener," she said.

Strange things began happening to Milley's body in April 2015 after she underwent her seventh MRI, which had been used in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a brain tumour.

For all seven of the scans, she had been injected with a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), a dye used to enhance the images and give an improved picture of what is happening inside a person's body. But it was only after that last MRI that red blotches appeared, first on her legs — and then her chest, back and arms.

They were painful, burning and unsightly, keeping her largely housebound at her home in Fort Saskatchewan, Alta.

A brain fog that she initially attributed to the tumour also continued to worsen. And there were ongoing issues with balance, hand-eye co-ordination and headaches.

None of it could be explained to her satisfaction, she said, with doctors brushing it off.

Online searches led her to believe the MRI dye might be responsible, after she discovered many others were posting their own experiences, detailing similar side-effects.

Gadolinium implicated in hundreds of cases

Gadolinium-based dyes are commonly used in MRI imaging, but doctors and regulators are at a loss to explain how it may be affecting some patients, such as Milley.

Products containing the rare earth element have been licensed for use since the 1980s. When injected into a patient's body prior to a scan, the substance helps to sharpen visualization of internal organs, tissue and blood vessels.

Gadolinium alone is toxic to humans, but in GBCAs, the element is bonded with other substances, which the body expels within 24 to 36 hours after the injection, largely through urination.

But there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that in some rare cases, the metal stays and accumulates in the body. And the risk of it accumulating in patients has only been recognized by doctors in recent years, after a 2015 study found residual gadolinium in the brains of patients who underwent multiple contrast-enhanced MRIs.

"That has been subsequently confirmed on numerous followup imaging studies, and also on animal and human autopsy studies, which have confirmed that small amounts of gadolinium are retained in certain structures within the brain, as well as in other parts of the body, including the skin, the bone and most recently in the liver," said Dr. Nicola Schieda, a radiologist at the Ottawa Hospital who authored clinical practice guidelines around gadolinium for the Canadian Association of Radiologists.

Dr. Nicola Schieda, a radiologist at the Ottawa Hospital, helped draft new gadolinium practice guidelines for the Canadian Association of Radiologists in 2017. (Jean-François Benoît/CBC)

Since 1991, there have been nearly 1,500 reports in Canada of adverse events in patients who have been injected with the substance. Many are similar to those experienced by Wanda Milley, such as burning red lesions that cover the body, pain in the joints, fatigue and balance issues.

The medical community, however, is not ready to draw a link between those symptoms and the buildup of gadolinium in the body.

"What we don't know is what symptoms relate to patients who have gadolinium deposition, and whether or not the symptoms that these patients are reporting or experiencing are caused by the gadolinium deposition," said Schieda.

The science around gadolinium buildup, he said, is "about as murky as it gets."

New warnings, stronger guidelines

Health Canada first looked at the risk of gadolinium buildup in the brain and nervous system in 2016. A safety review found that gadolinium does accumulate in the brains of some patients, however, the agency said it could not find a link between that buildup and the medical issues some patients had complained about.

But new evidence collected by the European Medicines Agency, manufacturers and scientific journals emerged, and Health Canada conducted a second review, which led to new guidelines and warnings for health professionals in 2017.

Based on the latest research, Health Canada advises:

Use gadolinium-based dyes only when necessary.

Use the lowest effective dose.

Assess risks and benefits with patients before administering repeated doses.

While Schieda acknowledges there are issues around GBCAs, he maintains the use of gadolinium-based dyes is safe and beneficial for most patients. Even with close to 1,500 reports of patient problems, that still represents a small number compared with the millions of MRIs administered in Canada each year, he said.

"We do not have any scientific confirmation that the retained gadolinium which has been proven on imaging or pathological studies is toxic to neural tissues or other human tissues," he said.

But Schieda also notes there is also no evidence that GBCAs are not harmful, saying that the concerns ultimately point to the need for more research.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has also issued guidelines, ultimately concluding that "the benefit of all approved GBCAs continues to outweigh any potential risks."

Frustrated patients turn to Facebook, Google and lawsuits

Left without a conclusive diagnosis or any sense of what they can do, patients who experience side-effects following gadolinium-based injections are turning to the internet and forming support groups on Facebook and other platforms.

Thousands of people have taken to those online groups to share their symptoms, fears and anger at a medical community that many say isn't doing enough to acknowledge their issues.

More than a dozen U.S. law firms have also set up websites to recruit patients for a potential class-action lawsuit.

Painful lesions cover Wanda Milley's body. They began forming after multiple injections of gadolinium-based dyes, which are used to sharpen contrast on MRI images. (Sam Martin/CBC)

As for Milley, she said she grew increasingly frustrated after being told by dermatologists that the red blotches on her body were caused by psoriasis, a common skin condition.

"I just wished there was more information for me and others who might be experiencing similar things so that we have a better understanding of what's happening and that we would have a plan as to what we can do to help resolve this," she said.

Like many in the online support groups, Milley has turned to alternative health practitioners for answers and potential treatments. She said she's been tested for heavy metals three times and was told by naturopaths there is a buildup of gadolinium and other metals in her body.

"It's in my body, and it goes into your organs and into your bones," said Milley. "How do we get it out?"

Left trying to decide what to do next, Milley said she feels abandoned by the traditional medical community and is considering the treatments suggested on the online groups, like controversial chelation therapy.

"I feel alone in this," she said. "And it's frustrating."