Nearly a year ago, Michael Newdow, the atheist who fought all the way to the Supreme Court to remove “Under God” from the Pledge of Allegiance, filed another lawsuit to remove “In God We Trust” from U.S. currency.

That attempt came to a temporary end yesterday as an Ohio judge ruled against him.

The federal lawsuit, which was filed in Akron, Ohio, was unique for relying not on the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause, but on the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). In essence, Newdow took the same argument used by Hobby Lobby to get out of covering contraception for its employees and said that the U.S. Treasury couldn’t push God onto atheists without a “compelling governmental interest,” which he says they don’t have.

Newdow wrote about his strategy last year on this site:

There is obviously no compelling government interest in having “In God We Trust” on our money. We did fine for the 75 years before the phrase was ever used at all, and continued to do fine for the subsequent 102 years before such inscriptions were made mandatory on every coin and currency bill. Similarly, the vast majority of nations manage to function without religious verbiage on their money. Accordingly, for those who feel that being forced by the government to carry a message that violates their religious ideals is substantially burdensome, lawsuits are now being prepared in the seven (of twelve) federal circuits that have not yet heard challenges to this governmental practice. Although the arguments demonstrating that the godly inscriptions violate the Establishment Clause will again be raised, the RFRA claim will (for the first time) be the lead argument in each case. Hopefully, in at least one of those circuits, two appellate judges will be willing to acknowledge the statutory violation.

He actually put a call out for plaintiffs in that post, and many readers responded from across the country.

This particular lawsuit had 41 plaintiffs. They included many unnamed parents and their kids, several named individuals, the Michigan Atheists and Northern Ohio Freethought Society groups, and one believer (Adam Clayman). The defendants include Congress, the government, the Secretary of the Treasury, and others.

Here’s what it actually said about RFRA:

By placing “In G-d We Trust” on the nation’s coins and currency bills, Defendants have substantially burdened Plaintiffs in the exercise of their Atheistic (and similar) beliefs by requiring them — as the price to pay for using the nation’s coins and currency bills — to personally bear a religious message that is the antithesis of what they consider to be religious truth. Similar, for Plaintiff Clayman, Defendants have required him to sin.

(Clayman, by the way, was the reason the lawsuit used the word “G-d” instead of “God” in most instances. It’s out of respect for his beliefs.)

Newdow also said the government overstepped its authority when putting the phrase on money:

By inscribing “In G-d We Trust” on the nation’s coins and currency bills, Defendants are making the religious claims that (i) there is a “G-d,” and (ii) the people of this nation do (and should) “trust” in that “G-d.”

He wasn’t asking for money beyond legal costs, but the crux of what he wanted was for the phrase to be removed from money:

To permanently enjoin Defendants from minting coins and/or printing currency on which is engraved “In G-d We Trust;”

I wrote in January that there was a good chance casual readers would roll their eyes when reading the complaints from the atheist plaintiffs who had to explain why they were suing (in order to have standing in the case). Their reasons included:

Plaintiff doesn’t want to carry “a religious message that is the complete antithesis of her Atheistic beliefs.”

… “Exercise of [Plaintiff’s] Atheism requires that she maintain honesty, and it is absolutely dishonest for her to carry the false message that ‘We’ (i.e., Americans, of which she is one) trust in G-d.”

“Plaintiff Roe Child #1 is made to feel that his beliefs are abnormal and not accepted by the government or by society”

“Plaintiff New Poe Child is taught that, solely on the basis of sincere religious beliefs, his family exists as outsiders in their own homeland.”

“Plaintiff New Coe Parent worries that his daughter will claim beliefs she doesn’t actually hold just to fit in.”

“… passing American money to others (at times during foreign travel) places him in the uncomfortable position of proselytizing for a religious notion (i.e., Monotheism) that he finds false and repulsive.”

“… she is forced to spread this Monotheistic message, also against her will, in a loathsome repudiation of her self-esteem”

“She finds it particularly offensive to know that, at times, she is passing the money to other Atheists, so that she herself is inflicting upon her religious brethren the very offense that she finds so painful.”

“[Plaintiff] also wishes to run for both private and public office. Because fundraising and cash contributions are integral to all political campaigns, he cannot compete equally with his rivals without violating his religious beliefs.”

You could laugh at all that, but the Supreme Court heard a case earlier this year involving Catholic nuns who said filling out a short form to get out of paying for contraception for their employees was a violation of their faith. The point is: If you have a firmly held religious conviction, the courts don’t get to judge how silly it is. Newdow was using that logic to make a very different kind of argument on behalf of atheists.

Alas — it didn’t work.

Ohio Federal District Judge Benita Y. Pearson ruled yesterday that there really wasn’t a substantial burden on atheists, in part because they don’t even need to use paper money. So much for the RFRA argument:

Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that the use of the motto on currency substantially burdens their religious exercise. Credit cards and checks allow Plaintiffs to conduct the bulk of their purchases with currency not inscribed with the motto. And for cash-only transactions, such as a garage sale or a coin-operated laundromat, the use of the motto on currency does not substantially burden Plaintiffs’ free exercise. Plaintiffs argue that cash transactions force them to bear a message that they violates their religious beliefs… But as the Supreme Court stated in Wooley v. Maynard…, “[t]he bearer of currency is thus not required to publicly advertise the national motto”… Furthermore, Plaintiffs’ other concerns, that they may be subject to peer pressure or ridicule, or that their children may question their beliefs, are unlike the choice between a “basic benefit and a core belief” described in the Supreme Court’s case law.

What about the argument that using money with “God” on it forces atheists to “proselytize that religious message”? The judge said that wasn’t true at all:

Printing the motto on currency is distinguishable from forcing an individual to salute the flag or display a license plate. In Barnette [the Supreme Court case which said students could not be forced to stand up for the Pledge of Allegiance], for example, plaintiffs were forced to actively participate in speech… An outside viewer might reasonably think that the student was saluting the flag as an expression of her loyalty, even if the student was opposed to the notion. Similarly, by forcing a person to adhere “Live Free or Die” to their personal automobile, a reasonable viewer could think that a driver supported this message… The same cannot be said for currency. No reasonable viewer would think a person handling money does so to spread its religious message. A person does not own the bills and coins printed by the United States Treasury. The government does not require citizens to display money. Money does not exist “for the express purpose that it be observed and read by the public.”

The judge also disagreed with the Equal Protection argument that “In God We Trust” on currency imposed a stigma on children of atheist parents, making them feel that “their families are somehow lesser.” She even compared the atheists’ argument to the Obergefell case which legalized gay marriage and where some people actually were treated as “lesser.”

In contrast to Obergefell, Plaintiffs in this case are treated the same under the law… Unlike the laws challenged in Obergefell, these laws affect all citizens equally, regardless of their religious beliefs. Plaintiffs’ argument that these laws support Christian and Monotheist beliefs while infringing on Atheist beliefs is better suited for an Establishment Clause argument.

How’s that for a kicker? You know this new tactic you used to try and win the case? It failed. You should go back to your original plan… which also failed.

To be sure, this ruling is entirely expected. It would’ve been shocking to see a judge agree with Newdow, even if I wish he would’ve won. I’ve reached out to Newdow to see if he plans to appeal; I’d bet good money that he will indeed try to do that.

Remember Newdow’s ultimate strategy: He wants to fight these cases in every Appeals Court in the country. All he needs is one to agree with him — that’s what happened with his Pledge of Allegiance case — and there are half a dozen left that have never ruled on the “In God We Trust” issue. That includes the Sixth Circuit (which covers Ohio). Even if he loses in one Circuit, he’s going to keep trying in the others until he’s exhausted all options.

(via Religion Clause. Image via Shutterstock. Large portions of this article were published earlier)



