Super Template Tetris

Let me share with you a vision of the future which offers hope. It is that we embark on a program to counter the awesome Runtime threat with measures that are preemptive. Let us turn to the very strengths in templating that spawned our great metaprogramming base and have given us the beautiful C++ we enjoy today.

Today, I want to share an important first step with you: Super Template Tetris.

A Rendezvous with Destiny

Yes. Tetris. In C++. At compiletime.

Some people [who?] said it couldn’t be done. C++ too old, they claim; metaprogramming a parlor trick, they cry. But sometimes, when you’re up against it and those script cynics are beating you down, you just have to go out there and win one for the CPPer (Oh god, I am sorry for that one. I just don’t know what has happened to this blog).

In this post, we’re going to implement Tetris as a C++ template metaprogram. What exactly does that mean? Well, the game will be played by compiling its source code, with player input supplied by compiler flags, and all game logic will be implemented using C++ templates.

Tetris as a template metaprogram? Sounds scary. It’s not though.

The C++ template system is just a quirky functional programming language, albeit one with unfortunate syntax and some nasty pitfalls. And, while this isn’t going to be a Learn You A Template style tutorial, hopefully this post will show that, by thinking functionally and breaking down problems, metaprogramming is manageable and fun.

Check out the complete, documented source code on Github.

Let’s get started.

Templico, Illinois - Beginnings

Super Template Tetris isn’t our first go at template based gaming. We previously implemented the arcade game Snake or Nibbler as a C++ template metaprogram.

That project is a good starting point. Many of data structures, such as lists and grids, will be reused, and we will use the same basic logic for serialization and the game loop.

But let’s step it up. This is Super Template Tetris after all. Besides just getting a compiletime Tetris clone up and running, secondary goals are:

Color rendering.

Develop a simple console graphics, compiletime library.

Concentrate all Runtime Bullshit in the main.cpp file and limit it to around ten lines of code with almost zero logic.

file and limit it to around ten lines of code with almost zero logic. And kill Hitler.

Interactivity

To play Tetris, we’re going to have to animate it frame-by-frame and basically make a flip book. Master Shake would not be pleased.

There are two approaches to compiletime gaming.

The non-interactive approach takes a list of player input and plays the entire game in a single compile, from initial state until the player looses or no more input is available. This is how Part One of Template Nibbler worked.

While players do not have direct control of the game, a form of realtime play is possible by appending input to the input list and recompiling. However, because the compiler always starts from the initial game state, compile time grows linearly with the number of player inputs. Not the best endgame.

More interactive gameplay was developed for Part Two of Template Nibbler. This plays the game one step at a time, with each compile taking a single player input and computing a single frame. Because frames are computed individually, the compile time of each frame is low, often reaching very reasonable, single digit SPF (seconds per frame).

The challenge with the interactive approach is that the game state must be saved between compiles. And unfortunately, that pretty much has to be done at runtime.

Super Template Tetris targets the interactive approach.

Game Loop

Each compile goes through one iteration of the game loop. At a high level, the game loop is identical to the one we used for Template Nibbler.

To review:

Load the current game state from a file. The game state is serialized to C++ source code, so loading uses a #include statement. Read player input. Input is supplied by compiler flags. Based on the current game state and input, determine the next game state. Print the game state to the console. Serialize the game state to C++ and save it to a file.

Super Template Tetris changes up a few key details though. Mainly, the runtime components of steps four and five contain almost no logic. How will this be accomplished?

Before diving into any Tetris game logic, let’s take a look at a few compiletime data structures.

Peace Through String

We cheated a bit in Template Nibbler. Sad, but true.

Nibbler defined the Printer interface to display the game state and the Serialize interface to save the game state to a file. Every type in Nibbler specialized these two interfaces, defining a static Print method that performed the given operation.

template < typename > struct Printer ; template < typename T , T x > struct Printer < std :: integral_constant < T , x >> { static std :: ostream & Print ( std :: ostream & output ) { return output << x ; } };

Seems innocent enough for simple types, such std::integral_constant , right? But other specializations did a bit more. Don’t worry about any of the actual logic here, just notice all the computations that could happen at runtime when Print is called.

template < PlayerState playerState , typename position , Direction direction , typename world , typename random > struct Printer < State < playerState , position , direction , world , random >> { static void Print ( std :: ostream & output ) { output << "--" << ( playerState == PlayerState :: Dead ? " You Are Dead " : "--------------" ) << "--

" ; Printer < world >:: Print ( output ); } };

Ewwww, gross!!!

Look, template gaming will always require some Runtime Bullshit, at least until C++2X standardizes proper compiletime I/O, but in Super Template Tetris, we can contain and confine the Runtime contagion to a single location or two.

Instead of defining a runtime print function for each type, we’ll define a compiletime print function that translates that type into a compiletime string. Compiletime strings will store both the graphical representation of the world before it is printed to the console, and the serialization of the world before it is written to a file. This means that the only Runtime Bullshit required is the logic to print out a compiletime string.

But what is a compiletime string?

String

Jane Austen discussed the theory and implementation of compiletime strings in her seminal work, Pride and Parser Combinators. We’ll build on her work in Super Template Tetris.

Jane Austen, template metaprogramming before it was cool.

String encodes a string as a character list type.

template < char ... chars > struct String { static constexpr const size_t size = sizeof ...( chars ); };

String takes each character individually, so writing string literals is very tedious. Like in Pride and Parser Combinators, we’ll use a user defined literal to automate the process.

template < typename T , T ... chars > constexpr auto operator "" _string () { return String < chars ... > {}; }

std :: are_same < String < 'a' , 'b' , 'c' > , decltype ( "abc" _string ) >:: value ;

ToString and print

One role of String is to store the game’s visual representation before it is written to the console.

The ToString interface converts a type to a String and must be specified for any type that can be rendered.

template < typename > struct ToString ; template < typename s > using to_string = typename ToString < s >:: type ; template < char ... chars > struct ToString < String < chars ... >> { using type = String < chars ... > ; };

The prime benefit of String over Printer is that we only need a single runtime function to print a String to the console.

template < char ... elements > std :: ostream & print ( std :: ostream & output , String < elements ... > ) { return ( output << ... << elements ); }

String Operations

But, while on the subject of strings, let’s cover a few other string operations.

string_add combines two strings by smashing their character lists together at relativistic speeds.

template < typename l , typename r > struct StringAdd ; template < char ... ls , char ... rs > struct StringAdd < String < ls ... > , String < rs ... >> { using type = String < ls ..., rs ... > ; }; template < typename l , typename r > using string_add = typename StringAdd < to_string < l > , to_string < r >>:: type ;

std :: is_same < decltype ( "abcdefg" _string ), string_add < String < ' abc ' > , string_add < String <> , decltype ( "defg" _string ) >>>:: value ;

string_join combines multiple strings, separating elements by the joiner string.

template < typename joiner , typename ... > struct StringJoin ; template < typename joiner , typename ... elements > using string_join = typename StringJoin < joiner , elements ... >:: type ; template < typename joiner , typename first , typename second , typename ... rest > struct StringJoin < joiner , first , second , rest ... > { using type = string_add < first , string_add < joiner , string_join < joiner , second , rest ... >>> ; }; template < typename joiner , typename first > struct StringJoin < joiner , first > { using type = to_string < first > ; }; template < typename joiner > struct StringJoin < joiner > { using type = String <> ; };

string_take trims a String to be, at most, n characters long.

template < size_t n , typename s , bool = ( n == 0 )> struct StringTake { using type = String <> ; }; template < size_t n , typename s > using string_take = typename StringTake < n , s >:: type ; template < size_t n , char x , char ... xs > struct StringTake < n , String < x , xs ... > , false > { using type = string_add < String < x > , string_take < n - 1 , String < xs ... >>> ; };

std :: is_same < decltype ( "Randy" _string ), string_take < 5 , decltype ( "Randy, where's the rest of me!" _string ) >>:: value ;

Int To String

One final common operation is converting an integer value to a string representation of that value. int_to_string takes any integer value (positive or negative) and recursively builds up a string.

template < long val > struct IntToString { struct Rec { using type = string_add < typename IntToString < val / 10 >:: type , String < '0' + ( val % 10 ) >> ; }; using type = typename std :: conditional_t < ( val < 10 ), identity < String < '0' + ( val % 10 ) >> , Rec >:: type ; }; template < long val > using int_to_string = string_add < std :: conditional_t < val >= 0 , String <> , String < '-' >> , typename IntToString < val >= 0 ? val : - val >:: type > ;

static_assert ( std :: is_same < String < '1' , '3' > , int_to_string < 13 >>:: value , "" ); static_assert ( std :: is_same < String < '-' , '1' , '3' , '3' , '0' > , int_to_string <- 1330 >>:: value , "" );

List is on the Air

The Tetris playfield is really not all that different than the world of Template Nibbler. Both are grids, Tetris just arranges and moves pieces around its grid slightly differently. So we’ll start with the same basic grid implementation as Nibbler, the grid as a list of lists.

The Conscience of a Conser - The Barry Goldwater Story

The actual compiletime list structure is almost completely unchanged from Nibbler, so it won’t be covered here in any detail (checkout the source if you are interested). Remember, we can get by with a finite list implementation for games like Nibbler and Tetris, instead of the lazy, potentially infinite list that we used to implement Conway’s Game of Life.

Many of our data structures support the same kinds of generic operations. We’ve already seen one example of this, ToString . Any type that specializes ToString can be rendered to a String .

template < typename ... elements > struct ToString < List < elements ... >> { using type = string_join < String <> , elements ... > ; };

List also provides a good introduction to two other helpful interfaces: Functor and Foldable .

Functor

Functor maps a metafunction function f over a type x . A metafunction is just a type with a template apply member, which can be invoked using the call helper.

template < typename f , typename ... args > using call = typename f :: template apply < args ...> :: type ; template < typename f , typename x > struct FMap { using type = call < f , x > ; }; template < typename f , typename x > using fmap = typename Fmap < f , x >:: type ;

Fmapping a list applies f to every element of the list.

template < typename f , typename ... elements > struct FMap < f , List < elements ... >> { using type = List < call < f , elements > ... > ; };

template < typename T > struct identity { using type = T ; }; struct Doop { template < typename x > using apply = identity < List < x , x >> ; }; std :: is_same < List < List < bool , bool > , List < int , int > , List < List <> , List <>>> , fmap < Doop , List < bool , int , List <>>>>:: value ;

Foldable

Foldable maps and accumulates over a type with a metafunction. Unlike Functor , Foldable produces a result value instead of applying the function inside of the structure.

The Foldable interface takes three arguments: metafunction f which is invoked with the accumulated value and the current value , initial value z , and the target structure s .

template < typename f , typename z , typename s > struct Foldable { using type = call < f , z , s > ; }; template < typename f , typename z , typename s > using fold = typename Foldable < f , z , s >:: type ;

Fold will be used for lists, and later grids, to check for collisions, find full rows, and more.

template < typename f , typename z > struct Foldable < f , z , List <>> { using type = z ; }; template < typename f , typename z , typename x , typename ... xs > struct Foldable < f , z , List < x , xs ... >> { using type = fold < f , call < f , z , x > , List < xs ... >> ; };

Grid-nada

Grids store the Super Template Tetris playfield and the game screen. Abstracting the screen to a grid of pixels allows us to develop a simple, compiletime graphics library to render more complex scenes.

The grid structure is almost identical to the one we used in Template Nibbler. A grid is just a list of lists, with each inner list storing a row of values.

template < typename r > struct Grid { using rows = r ; static constexpr size_t height = rows :: size ; struct GetWidth { using type = std :: integral_constant < size_t , get < 0 , rows >:: size > ; }; static constexpr size_t width = std :: conditional_t < height == 0 , identity < std :: integral_constant < size_t , 0 >> , GetWidth >:: type :: value ; };

width is the only complication.

Grid assumes that all rows have the same width, so it takes the size of the first row as the width of the entire grid. But, in cases where the grid is empty, get<0, rows> does not compile. That’s why we have to short circuit the evaluation of width.

Creating Grids

The Grid constructor is not often directly used. We’ll mostly create empty grids and transform them.

gen_grid builds a width by height grid of value .

template < size_t width , size_t height , typename value > using gen_grid = Grid < gen < height , gen < width , value >>> ;

create_list_grid and create_line_grid both create a grid with a single row or column based on orientation.

enum class Orientation { Vertical , Horizontal };

create_list_grid is the more generic of the two, taking a list of values and transforming it into a grid with a single row or column.

template < template < typename ... > class f > struct mfunc { template < typename ... args > using apply = identity < f < args ... >> ; }; template < Orientation orientation , typename list > using create_list_grid = Grid < std :: conditional_t < orientation == Orientation :: Vertical , f_map < mfunc < List > , list > , List < list >>> ;

For the vertical case, we fmap the input list to wrap each value in a List . mfunc takes a template, the List constructor in this case, and turns it into a metafunction.

create_line_grid behaves much the same way, except that it generates a list of value repeated size times.

template < Orientation orientation , size_t size , typename value > using create_line_grid = create_list_grid < orientation , gen < size , value >> ;

Grid Lookups / Editing

Grid cells are addressed by Position .

template < int xVal , int yVal > struct Position { static constexpr int x = xVal ; static constexpr int y = yVal ; template < typename p2 > using add = Position < x + p2 :: x , y + p2 :: y > ; };

grid_get looks up a value in a grid, first getting the target row and then getting the target column in that row.

template < typename pos , typename g > using grid_get = get < pos :: x , get < pos :: y , typename g :: rows >> ;

grid_put edits a cell in a grid, first updating the target row and then updating the list of rows.

template < typename pos , typename value , typename g > using grid_put = Grid < put < pos :: y , put < pos :: x , value , get < pos :: y , typename g :: rows >> , typename g :: rows >> ;

And grid_remove_row removes a row, while grid_cons_row adds one back in at the top of the grid.

template < size_t N , typename g > using grid_remove_row = Grid < slice_out < N , typename g :: rows >> ; template < typename newRow , typename g > using grid_cons_row = Grid < cons < newRow , typename g :: rows >> ;

One last, somewhat unrelated, operation: converting a grid to positions. grid_zip_positions is the basis of this, transforming a grid of values into a grid of position, value pairs.

template < typename g , typename pos > using nextPosition = Position < ( pos :: x + 1 ) % g :: width , pos :: x + 1 == g :: width ? pos :: y + 1 : pos :: y > ; template < typename g > struct GridZipPositions { template < typename p , typename c > struct apply { using pos = car < p > ; using grid = caar < p > ; using type = List < nextPosition < grid , pos > , grid_put < pos , List < pos , c > , grid >> ; }; }; template < typename g > using grid_zip_positions = caar < fold < GridZipPositions < g > , List < Position < 0 , 0 > , g > , g >> ;

Combining Grids

grid_get and grid_put do not compile if the requested position is outside of the grid. For many cases though, such as when drawing to the screen grid, it makes sense to just ignore positions outside of the screen.

grid_is_in_bounds checks if a position is within the bounds of a grid.

template < typename pos , typename g > constexpr bool grid_is_in_xbounds = pos :: x >= 0 && pos :: x < g :: width ; template < typename pos , typename g > constexpr bool grid_is_in_ybounds = pos :: y >= 0 && pos :: y < g :: height ; template < typename pos , typename g > constexpr const bool grid_is_in_bounds = grid_is_in_xbounds < pos , g > && grid_is_in_ybounds < pos , g > ;

GridTryPut updates an entry in a grid using a metafunction. It uses grid_is_in_bounds to noop for positions outside of the grid.

template < typename combine , typename pos , typename value , typename g > struct GridTryPut { struct DoPut { using type = grid_put < pos , call < combine , grid_get < pos , g > , value > , g > ; }; using type = typename std :: conditional_t < grid_is_in_bounds < pos , g > , DoPut , identity < g >>:: type ; };

grid_place_row uses similar logic to update an entire row of a grid.

template < typename combine > struct GridPlaceRow { template < typename p , typename c > struct apply { using type = List < typename GridTryPut < combine , caar < p > , c , car < p >>:: type , typename caar < p >:: template add < Position < 1 , 0 > >> ; }; }; template < typename combine , typename origin , typename row , typename grid > using grid_place_row = car < fold < GridPlaceRow < combine > , List < grid , origin > , row >> ;

While grid_place_grid combines two grids using an update function, again ignoring any positions outside of the grid.

template < typename combine > struct GridPlaceGrid { template < typename p , typename c > struct apply { using type = List < grid_place_row < combine , caar < p > , c , car < p >> , typename caar < p >:: template add < Position < 0 , 1 > >> ; }; }; template < typename combine , typename origin , typename other , typename grid > using grid_place_grid = car < fold < GridPlaceGrid < combine > , List < grid , origin > , typename other :: rows >> ;

These update operations are the basis for both drawing to the screen and updating the playfield in Super Template Tetris.

Buffer

Some gamers scoffed at good o’ Template Nibbler’s black and white, console graphics. They should be happy that there were any graphics at all. Real template gamers play by compiler error alone. But I guess we can throw them a bone.

I ain’t seen nothing like him in any amusement hall…

That’s why Super Template Tetris features an astonishing new graphics system capable of unprecedented levels of detail and nearly photorealistic rendering*.

Template Nibbler’s rendering system was simple, it just printed out the game board grid as a string and then consed on some UI. That’s not going to fly this time. Its just not scalable. With Super Template Tetris, we want to decouple the graphics from the game state more, and also support drawing UI and other elements more easily.

At the heart of this new rendering system is Buffer . Buffer is a grid of “pixels” that can be easily printed to the console. So, let’s take a look at the Buffer and then implement a very simple graphics library.

* When compared to other template based gaming systems.

Pixel

First off, color. That’s right, Super Template Tetris supports color rendering.

While the human eye only has receptors for three colors, and your dog makes do with a measly two colors, Super Template Tetris supports an astonishing eight drawing colors!

enum class Color : unsigned { Black = 0 , Red = 1 , Green = 2 , Yellow = 3 , Blue = 4 , Magenta = 5 , Cyan = 6 , White = 7 , Default = 9 };

Super Template Tetris renders to the console, so the smallest visual unit is the character. Pixel encodes this visual unit as a type, storing both the character to draw and how it should be drawn.

template < char val , typename g = default_gfx > struct Pixel { static constexpr const char value = val ; using gfx = g ; };

Gfx tells the system how each Pixel should be drawn. We control both the foreground (text) color and background (highlight) color of each character.

template < Color fg , Color bg > struct Gfx { static constexpr const Color foreground = fg ; static constexpr const Color background = bg ; template < Color newColor > using setBg = Gfx < fg , newColor > ; template < Color newColor > using setFg = Gfx < newColor , bg > ; };

default_gfx uses the terminal’s standard drawing mode, white text on a black background for example.

using default_gfx = Gfx < Color :: Default , Color :: Default > ;

To draw a given Pixel to the screen, we convert the foreground and background colors to their ANSI color codes. escape_code provides the basic logic for this.

template < unsigned x > using escape_code = string_join < String <> , decltype ( " \x1b [" _string ), int_to_string < x > , String < 'm' >> ; template < Color c > using color_to_fg_code = escape_code < 30 + static_cast < unsigned > ( c ) > ; template < Color c > using color_to_bg_code = escape_code < 40 + static_cast < unsigned > ( c ) > ;

Setting the ANSI color code is a stateful operation. Print the magenta background color escape code, \x1b[45m , and all text printed to the console after will have a magenta background until someone changes the background color again.

colorReset , with the escape code \x1b[0m , resets both the foreground and background colors to the terminal defaults.

using colorReset = escape_code < 0 > ;

Finally, empty_pixel encodes a transparent pixel. It’s not actually a Pixel but a distinct type.

struct empty_pixel { }; template < typename x > struct IsEmpty : std :: is_same_t < x , empty_pixel > {}; template < typename x > constexpr const bool is_empty = std :: is_same < x , empty_pixel >:: value ;

We’ll write Buffer to ignore empty_pixel while drawing, allowing us to draw blocks to the screen without overwriting the existing graphics in the empty areas of the block.

ToString Pixel creates the string representation of that character. This will be printed to the console to render the screen. Pixel always explicitly sets both the foreground and background colors, and resets them after it finishes rendering the character.

template < > struct ToString < empty_pixel > { using type = String < ' ' > ; }; template < char val , typename gfx > struct ToString < Pixel < val , gfx >> { using type = string_join < String <> , color_to_fg_code < gfx :: foreground > , color_to_bg_code < gfx :: background > , String < val > , colorReset > ; };

print ( std :: cout , to_string < Pixel < 'X' , Gfx < Color :: Magenta , Color :: Yellow >>> {}) << "

" ;

Basic Buffer

A buffer is just a grid of pixels. Each frame starts with an empty_buffer

template < size_t width , size_t height > using empty_buffer = gen_grid < width , height , empty_pixel > ;

Because Buffer is a grid, all the standard grid operations work just fine.

print ( std :: cout , to_string < grid_put < Position < 2 , 3 > , Pixel < 'X' , Gfx < Color :: Magenta , Color :: Yellow >> , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

As hinted at, a sprite is just another buffer with some possible transparency ( empty_pixel ). To draw a sprite to the screen, we copy all non-empty pixels from the source sprite to the screen at some offset position.

grid_place_grid already provides the bulk of the logic for this operation, all we need to do is pass in the BufferCombine metafunction which only draws non-empty pixels from the source sprite.

struct BufferCombine { template < typename current , typename toPlace > using apply = std :: conditional < is_empty < toPlace > , current , toPlace > ; }; template < typename origin , typename other , typename grid > using buffer_draw_grid = grid_place_grid < BufferCombine , origin , other , grid > ;

using px = Pixel < 'X' , Gfx < Color :: Magenta , Color :: Yellow >> ; print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_grid < Position < 2 , 3 > , grid_put < Position < 0 , 0 > , empty_pixel , gen_grid < 2 , 2 , px >> , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

Basic Drawing

buffer_draw_grid is enough to start putting together a simple, console graphics library.

buffer_draw_line draws a straight line of px repeated len times.

template < typename origin , Orientation orientation , size_t len , typename px , typename buffer > using buffer_draw_line = buffer_draw_grid < origin , create_line_grid < orientation , len , px > , buffer > ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_line < Position < 2 , 1 > , Orientation :: Vertical , 3 , px , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

buffer_draw_rect draws a filled rectangle.

template < typename origin , typename size , typename px , typename buffer > using buffer_draw_rect = buffer_draw_grid < origin , gen_grid < size :: width , size :: height , px > , buffer > ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_rect < Position < 2 , 1 > , Size < 4 , 3 > , px , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

While buffer_draw_rect_outline draws the outline of a rectangle using four lines:

template < typename origin , typename size , typename px , typename buffer > using buffer_draw_rect_outline = buffer_draw_line < origin , Orientation :: Horizontal , size :: width , px , buffer_draw_line < origin , Orientation :: Vertical , size :: height , px , buffer_draw_line < typename origin :: template add < Position < 0 , size :: height - 1 > > , Orientation :: Horizontal , size :: width , px , buffer_draw_line < typename origin :: template add < Position < size :: width - 1 , 0 > > , Orientation :: Vertical , size :: height , px , buffer >>>> ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_rect_outline < Position < 2 , 1 > , Size < 4 , 3 > , px , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

And because of the bounds checking in grid_place_grid , drawing that extends outside of the buffer is automatically clipped.

Text

One advantage of rendering to a console is that strings are really easy to print. buffer_draw_text renders a String into a buffer.

template < typename origin , Orientation orientation , typename str , typename gfx , typename buffer > struct BufferDrawText ; template < typename origin , Orientation orientation , typename gfx , typename buffer , char ... chars > struct BufferDrawText < origin , orientation , String < chars ... > , gfx , buffer > { using type = buffer_draw_grid < origin , create_list_grid < orientation , List < Pixel < chars , gfx > ... >> , buffer > ; }; template < typename origin , Orientation orientation , typename str , typename gfx , typename buffer > using buffer_draw_text = typename BufferDrawText < origin , orientation , str , gfx , buffer >:: type ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_text < Position < 2 , 0 > , Orientation :: Vertical , decltype ( "Hello!" _string ), default_gfx :: setFg < Color :: Magenta > , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

buffer_draw_text always draws the entire string of text starting at the origin. For UI though, we often want to render text inside a specific area, clipping overflow and perhaps centering the text if it does not fill the entire area. buffer_draw_centered_text automates this.

template < Orientation o , int size > using create_offset = std :: conditional_t < o == Orientation :: Vertical , Position < 0 , size > , Position < size , 0 >> ; template < typename origin , Orientation orientation , size_t max , typename str , typename gfx , typename buffer , typename trimmedStr = typename StringTake < max , str > :: type > using buffer_draw_centered_text = buffer_draw_text < typename origin :: template add < create_offset < orientation , ( max - trimmedStr :: size ) / 2 > > , orientation , trimmedStr , gfx , buffer > ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < buffer_draw_centered_text < Position < 0 , 2 > , Orientation :: Horizontal , 6 , decltype ( "ab" _string ), default_gfx :: setFg < Color :: Magenta > , empty_buffer < 6 , 6 >>> {}) << "

" ;

Tetrominos and the Playfield

That’s right Space, you best check yourself lest you wreck yourself.

Damn. More than halfway in and not one line of code concerning Tetris’s game logic. It’s not like we haven’t made progress though. We’ve built up a set of compiletime data structures, created a simple graphics library, and seen how to render graphics using print .

Time to do something with all that work.

Tetrominos

Each Tetris piece, or tetromino, is an arrangement of four connected blocks. Standard Tetris features seven kinds of tetrominos, each commonly named after the letter of the alphabet that best fits its shape: I, J, L, O, S, T, and Z.

Super Template Tetris stores tetrominos in a buffer.

using x_cell = empty_pixel ; using s_cell = Pixel < ' ' , default_gfx :: setBg < Color :: Green >> ; using sblock_data = Grid < List < List < x_cell , s_cell , s_cell > , List < s_cell , s_cell , x_cell > , List < x_cell , x_cell , x_cell >>> ;

Each tetromino has four possible orientations specified by the Super Rotation System (SRS). Rather than develop an algorithm to correctly rotate tetrominos according to the SRS, the set of tetrominos is small enough that we can just as easily hardcode all the rotations.

Block stores all the data about a tetromino, including its total set of rotations o , and the index of the current rotation r .

template < size_t r , typename o > struct Block { using orientations = o ; using piece = get < r , o > ; using rotateCw = Block < ( r + 1 ) % o :: size , o > ; using rotateCcw = Block < r == 0 ? o :: size - 1 : r - 1 , o > ; };

piece is the buffer for the tetromino’s current rotation. Rotations are performed simply by incrementing and decrementing r .

Here’s the specification of an SBlock

using x_cell = empty_pixel ; using s_cell = Pixel < ' ' , default_gfx :: setBg < Color :: Green >> ; using SBlock = Block < 0 , List < Grid < List < List < x_cell , s_cell , s_cell > , List < s_cell , s_cell , x_cell > , List < x_cell , x_cell , x_cell >>> , Grid < List < List < x_cell , s_cell , x_cell > , List < x_cell , s_cell , s_cell > , List < x_cell , x_cell , s_cell >>> , Grid < List < List < x_cell , x_cell , x_cell > , List < x_cell , s_cell , s_cell > , List < s_cell , s_cell , x_cell >>> , Grid < List < List < s_cell , x_cell , x_cell > , List < s_cell , s_cell , x_cell > , List < x_cell , s_cell , x_cell >>>>> ;

print ( std :: cout , to_string < SBlock :: piece > {}) << "

" ;

Random Bag

Tetrominos are randomly selected during gameplay. But how do we generate random numbers at compiletime?

Template Nibbler randomly placed food pieces in its game world using a linear feedback shift reduce register based compiletime random number generator. But encoding binary as std::integer_sequences<bool, ...> may have been slight case of template overkill.

A linear congruent generator accomplishes much the same in six lines of rather boring code.

template < unsigned seed , unsigned a , unsigned c , unsigned max = std :: numeric_limits < unsigned > :: max () > struct LinearGenerator { static constexpr const unsigned value = (( long ) seed * a + c ) % max ; using next = LinearGenerator < value , a , c , max > ; };

Random provides some BSD values to the generator and also clamps its output to [0, max)

template < unsigned max , typename rand = LinearGenerator < 0 , 1103515245 , 12345 > > struct Random { static constexpr const unsigned value = rand :: value % max ; using next = Random < max , typename rand :: next > ; };

BlockGenerator randomly produces the actual blocks for gameplay from a list of all tetrominos.

using blocks = List < IBlock , JBlock , LBlock , OBlock , SBlock , TBlock , ZBlock > ; template < typename rand > struct BlockGenerator { using next = BlockGenerator < typename rand :: next > ; using value = get < rand :: value , blocks > ; }; using initialBlockGenerator = BlockGenerator < Random < blocks :: size >> ;

Playfield

The Tetris playfield is also just a buffer, a grid of pixels ten wide and twenty high. Placing a block that extends off the top of the playfield ends the game. Let’s call that area at the top of the playfield the dangerzone.

For practical purposes, we’ll store dangerzone in the top four rows of the playfield.

constexpr const size_t worldWidth = 10 ; constexpr const size_t worldHeight = 20 ; constexpr const size_t dangerZoneHeight = 4 ; using InitialWorld = gen_grid < worldWidth , worldHeight + dangerZoneHeight , x_cell > ;

playfield_is_empty checks if a given position in the playfield is empty.

template < typename pos , typename grid > struct CheckIsEmpty : IsEmpty < grid_get < pos , grid >> { }; template < typename pos , typename grid > constexpr const bool playfield_is_empty = logical_and < grid_is_in_bounds < pos , grid > , Thunk < CheckIsEmpty , pos , grid >>:: value ;

playfield_is_empty requires short circuit evaluation using logical_and , so as to only try to get elements that are within the grid’s bounds. Thunk creates a metafunction that calls another metafunction ( CheckIsEmpty ) with a set of arguments ( pos and grid ).

playfield_get_positions returns a list of all non-empty positions within the playfield. An optional offset is added to each position found.

template < typename grid , typename offset > struct PlayfieldGetPositionsReducer { template < typename p , typename c > using apply = std :: conditional < is_empty < caar < c >> , p , cons < typename car < c >:: template add < offset >, p >> ; }; template < typename grid , typename offset = Position < 0 , 0 > > using playfield_get_positions = fold < PlayfieldGetPositionsReducer < grid , offset > , List <> , grid_zip_positions < grid >> ;

Collision Checking

The primary role of the playfield is to store blocks and check for collisions with the active Tetromino . Again, we can reuse many of the base grid operations to implement collision checking.

One useful application of Foldable is to test all elements of a structure with a predicate. The template variable any applies a metapredicate to any Foldable s , returning true if the metapredicate was satisfied for any value in s .

template < typename f > struct AnyReducer { template < typename p , typename c > using apply = logical_or < p :: value , Thunk < call , f , c >> ; }; template < typename f , typename s > constexpr const bool any = fold < AnyReducer < f > , std :: false_type , s >:: value ;

Grid implements Foldable so we can use any on it to find collisions. The active tetromino can never overlap with any blocks in the current playfield. playfield_is_colliding detects these collisions, using any to check if block (just another grid) at position in playfield g is colliding.

template < typename position , typename block , typename g > struct PlayfieldIsCollidingCheck { template < typename c > using apply = identity < std :: integral_constant < bool , ! playfield_is_empty < c , g >>> ; }; template < typename position , typename block , typename g > constexpr const bool playfield_is_colliding = any < PlayfieldIsCollidingCheck < position , block , g > , playfield_get_positions < block , position >> ;

The playfield’s other role is to remove full rows. playfield_get_full_rows returns the indices of all full rows in a playfield. A row is full if every block in that row is not empty.

struct PlayfieldGetFullRows { template < typename p , typename c > using apply = identity < List < std :: conditional_t < any < mfunc < IsEmpty > , c > , car < p > , cons < std :: integral_constant < size_t , caar < p >:: value > , car < p >>> , std :: integral_constant < size_t , caar < p >:: value + 1 >>> ; }; template < typename g > using playfield_get_full_rows = car < fold < PlayfieldGetFullRows , List < List <> , std :: integral_constant < size_t , 0 >> , typename g :: rows >> ;

After identifying full rows, we use playfield_remove_row to actually remove them. After the target row is removed, an empty row is added to the top of the playfield to maintain its height.

template < size_t i , typename g > using playfield_remove_row = grid_cons_row < gen < g :: width , empty_pixel > , grid_remove_row < i , g >> ;

Game Logic

Time to Tetris. About time.

State

The entire state of Super Template Tetris is stored in seven variables:

Player state - Is the player alive or dead?

Score - Number of points the player has.

Delay - Number of frames the active tetromino has been resting. This is used to prevent a piece from instantly being placed when it collides with a block of the playfield. Instead, the player can continue to move the active tetromino around until the delay expires.

Position - Top left position of the player controlled tetromino.

Block - Tetromino controlled by the player.

World - Playfield. Contains all placed blocks.

Block generator - Random tetromino bag.

State captures all this information, provides setters for many of the variables, and also exposes a few helper values like is_collision .

enum class PlayerState : unsigned { Alive , Dead }; template < PlayerState currentPlayerState , unsigned currentScore , size_t currentDelay , typename currentPosition , typename currentBlock , typename currentWorld , typename currentBlockGenerator > struct State { /* Non-computed Members */ using nextBlock = typename currentBlockGenerator :: next :: value ; static constexpr const bool is_collision = playfield_is_colliding < position , typename block :: piece , world > ; /* Setters */ };

place_initial_piece places the next tetromino from the block generator in the game world. Tetrominos begin centered at top of the playfield, fully inside of the dangerzone.

template < typename s > using place_initial_piece = typename s :: template set_position < Position < ( s :: world :: width / 2 ) - ( s :: nextBlock :: piece :: width / 2 ), 0 > > :: template set_block < typename s :: nextBlock > :: template set_random < typename s :: random :: next >;

initialState captures the state of a new game.

using initialState = place_initial_piece < State < PlayerState :: Alive , 0 , 0 , Position < 0 , 0 > , typename initialBlockGenerator :: value , InitialWorld , initialBlockGenerator >> ;

Transition Function

Super Template Tetris is rendered one frame at a time, at about 5 SPF. The step transition function takes player input and the current state, and produces the next state.

The simplist case is when the player has lost the game.

template < Input input , typename state > struct step ; template < Input input , unsigned score , size_t delay , typename ... vars > struct step < input , State < PlayerState :: Dead , score , delay , vars ... >> { using type = State < PlayerState :: Dead , score , delay , vars ... > ; };

If the player has not yet lost the game, the next frame is computed as follows:

Input - Move the block in response to player input. Gravity - Move the block downwards and possibly place it if there is a collision. Remove full rows - Remove all full rows from the playfield and update the player’s score. Check game over - If, after completing the previous three steps, any playfield block is inside of the dangerzone, the player has lost.

template < Input input , typename state > struct step { /* apply_gravity */ /* update_full_rows */ /* check_game_over */ using type = check_game_over < update_full_rows < apply_gravity < typename move < input , state >:: type >>> ; };

Let’s look at movement first.

Movement

The player can input one of eight commands to control the active tetromino.

enum class Input : unsigned { None , // Do nothing. Hard , // Hard drop the block to the bottom, placing it. Soft , // Soft drop the block to the bottom but don't place it. Down , // Softly move the block down by 4. Left , // Nudge block left by 1. Right , // Nudge block right by 1. LRot , // Rotate block to the left (counter-clockwise) RRot // Rotate block to the right (clockwise) };

Movement is only valid if it does not produce a collision. Invalid moves are treated like Input::None .

move attempts to apply the player’s input to the current game state, returning the original game state if a collision occurs.

template < Input input , typename state > struct move { using next = typename move_block < input , state >:: type ; using type = std :: conditional_t < next :: is_collision , state , next > ; };

move_block actually moves the piece in response to the player’s input, but does not check if a collision occurred. move_block may also increment or reset the current delay, which, remember, tracks how long a block has been colliding.

Input::None uses the non-specialized version of move_block .

template < Input input , typename state > struct move_block { using type = typename state :: inc_delay ; };

Input::Left and Input::Right shift the current position.

template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: Left , state > { using type = typename state :: template set_position < typename state :: position :: template add < Position <- 1 , 0 >> > :: reset_delay ; }; template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: Right , state > { using type = typename state :: template set_position < typename state :: position :: template add < Position < 1 , 0 >> > :: reset_delay ; };

While Input::RRot and Input::LRot change the current block’s rotation. A proper implementation of Tetris would handle kicks and other corner cases, but we won’t worry about those here.

template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: RRot , state > { using type = typename state :: template set_block < typename state :: block :: rotateCw > :: reset_delay ; }; template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: LRot , state > { using type = typename state :: template set_block < typename state :: block :: rotateCcw > :: reset_delay ; };

The various drop commands ( Input::Hard , Input::Soft , and Input::Down ) are a bit more complex since their behavior depends on the state of the playfield as well. Each of these commands moves the current piece down by some number of steps (infinite for Input::Hard and Input::Soft , four for Input::Down ), or until the current piece collides with a placed block. Drop implements this recursively.

template < size_t max , typename state > struct Drop { using next = typename state :: template set_position < typename state :: position :: template add < Position < 0 , 1 >> > ; struct NoCollision { using type = typename Drop < max - 1 , next >:: type ; }; using type = typename std :: conditional_t < next :: is_collision , identity < state > , NoCollision >:: type ; }; template < typename state > struct Drop < 0 , state > { using type = state ; };

Which is enough for both Input::Soft and Input::Down

template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: Down , state > { using type = typename Drop < 4 , state >:: type :: reset_delay ; }; template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: Soft , state > { using type = typename Drop < static_cast < size_t > ( - 1 ), state >:: type :: reset_delay ; };

Input::Hard performs the same infinite drop as Input::Soft but also places the current piece. Placing the piece is accomplished by setting the delay to its maximum value, so that step sees that both the current piece is colliding and that the delay is over its limit, ensuring placement.

template < typename state > struct move_block < Input :: Hard , state > { using type = typename Drop < static_cast < size_t > ( - 1 ), state > :: template set_delay < static_cast < size_t >( - 1 ) > ; };

Gravity

Back in the step function.

After player input is processed, apply_gravity moves the active block down by one.

template < Input input , typename state > struct step { template < typename s , typename gnext = typename s :: template set_position < typename s :: position :: template add < Position < 0 , 1 >>> > using apply_gravity = typename std :: conditional_t < gnext :: is_collision , TryPlaceCollisionPiece < s > , identity < gnext >>:: type ; /* ... */ };

If a collision occurs after gravity is applied, we may place the current piece. TryPlaceCollisionPiece uses the old, non-colliding state to places the active piece if the current delay is over its limit (one frame).

template < typename s > using place_piece = place_initial_piece < typename s :: template set_world < buffer_draw_grid < typename s :: position , typename s :: block :: piece , typename s :: world > >> ; template < typename s > struct TryPlaceCollisionPiece : std :: conditional < ( s :: delay >= standardDelay ), typename place_piece < s >:: reset_delay , s > { };

Scoring

Gravity and movement done. On to collapsing full rows.

update_full_rows computes the number of full rows, removes them, and updates the score based on the number removed.

template < Input input , typename state > struct step { /* ... */ struct RemoveFullRow { template < typename p , typename c > using apply = identity < typename p :: template set_world < playfield_remove_row < c :: value , typename p :: world > >> ; }; template < typename s , typename fullRows = playfield_get_full_rows < typename s :: world > > using update_full_rows = update_score < fullRows :: size , fold < RemoveFullRow , s , fullRows >> ; /* ... */ };

Scoring is weighted to reward removing more rows in a single action.

template < size_t rowsRemoved , typename s > using update_score = typename s :: template set_score < s :: score + ( rowsRemoved == 1 ? 40 : rowsRemoved == 2 ? 100 : rowsRemoved == 3 ? 300 : rowsRemoved == 4 ? 1200 : 0 )>;

Tetris would be pretty boring if you could never lose. As a final step, after the current piece has potentially been placed and all full rows have been removed, check_game_over checks if the player has lost. A loss is detected by checking if anything in the playfield is colliding with the dangerzone.

template < typename s > using check_game_over = std :: conditional_t < playfield_is_colliding < Position < 0 , 0 > , gen_grid < s :: world :: width , dangerZoneHeight , o_cell > , typename s :: world > , typename s :: set_game_over , s > ;

And that’s Tetris for you. Not too complex actually.

Just two components left: rendering and saving.

That Printer of Tetrominos

State specializes ToString , creating a screen that is slightly larger than the playfield’s size.

template < PlayerState playerState , unsigned score , size_t delay , typename position , typename block , typename world , typename blockGenerator > struct ToString < State < playerState , score , delay , position , block , world , blockGenerator >> { using self = State < playerState , score , delay , position , block , world , blockGenerator > ; static constexpr const size_t uiSize = 10 ; // on the right side of game using screen = empty_buffer < world :: width + 2 + uiSize , world :: height + 2 > ; /*...*/ using type = to_string < ... > ; };

Breaking down the drawing step-by-step, first we outline the playfield and draw the dangerzone. The order of drawing is important for some components, as drawing always overwrites existing data in the buffer.

using outline = buffer_draw_rect_outline < Position < 0 , 0 > , Size < world :: width + 2 , world :: height + 2 > , Pixel < '+' , default_gfx > , screen > ; using dz_buffer = buffer_draw_rect < Position < 1 , 1 > , Size < world :: width , dangerZoneHeight > , Pixel < '-' , default_gfx > , outline > ;

Next comes UI, displaying the current score, next block, and a message if the player has lost the game.

using next_block = buffer_draw_grid < Position < world :: width + 2 + 2 , 2 > , typename self :: nextBlock :: piece , d_buffer > ; using score_buffer = buffer_draw_centered_text < Position < world :: width + 2 , 7 > , Orientation :: Horizontal , uiSize , std :: conditional_t < playerState == PlayerState :: Dead , decltype ( "GameOver" _string ), String <>> , default_gfx , buffer_draw_centered_text < Position < world :: width + 2 , 8 > , Orientation :: Horizontal , uiSize , decltype ( "Score" _string ), default_gfx , buffer_draw_centered_text < Position < world :: width + 2 , 10 > , Orientation :: Horizontal , uiSize , int_to_string < score > , default_gfx , next_block >>> ;

Finally we draw the playfield itself and overlay the active piece on top. We also draw the ghost piece. The ghost piece shows where the active piece would land for a drop.

// draw playfield using play_buffer = buffer_draw_grid < Position < 1 , 1 > , world , score_buffer > ; using ghost_buffer = buffer_draw_grid < Position < 1 , 1 >:: add < typename Drop < static_cast < size_t > ( - 1 ), self >:: type :: position > , typename s :: block :: as_ghost_piece , play_buffer > ; using current_block_buffer = buffer_draw_grid < Position < 1 , 1 >:: add < position > , typename block :: piece , ghost_buffer > ;

Serialization

It’s breakfast again in America

That’s enough to actually play Super Template Tetris, just not in the interactive mode we are targeting.

play applies a list of inputs to a game state, building a list of game states that can be printed.

template < typename s , Input ... inputs > struct Play { using type = List < s > ; }; template < typename s , Input ... inputs > using play = typename Play < s , inputs ... >:: type ; template < typename s , Input x , Input ... xs > struct Play < s , x , xs ... > { using type = cons < s , play < step_t < x , s > , xs ... >> ; };

using game = play < initialState , Input :: Down , Input :: LRot , Input :: Left , Input :: Left , Input :: Hard , Input :: LRot , Input :: Right , Input :: Right , Input :: Hard > ;

As we discussed, there are a few big problems with this approach. The most significant is that it starts with the initial state on every compiler run. As the list of inputs grows, so does the compiletime. Good luck trying to clear more than single row, a action that itself requires at least fifteen inputs or so. Non-interactive play also lacks the fast paced, twitch based gameplay experiance that modern template gamers demand.

Serialize

The solution introduced by Template Nibbler is to save the game state between each compile run. Serializing to C++ template source code sounds crazy, but it gets us a lot for free, compiletime deserialization using #include for one.

The entire game state must be saved between compile runs. The serialization logic is implemented using the Serialize interface, and any type that is part of the game state must implement Serialize .

template < typename > struct Serialize ; template < typename x > using serialize = typename Serialize < x >:: type ;

Serializing basic types is easy.

template < > struct Serialize < bool > { using type = decltype ( "bool" _string ); }; template < > struct Serialize < int > { using type = decltype ( "int" _string ); }; } ;

Class Serialization

Now let’s consider serializing a data structure like List .

List takes its elements as template parameters: List<int, bool, int> . In fact, all template classes share the same basic serialization: CLASS_NAME<PARAM1, PARAM2, ..., PARAMN> . serialize_class removes the need for too much boilerplate code.

template < typename name , typename ... elements > using serialize_class = string_join < String <> , name , String < '<' > , string_join < String < ',' > , serialize < elements > ... > , String < '>' >> ;

Serialize List simply passes the name of the class and forwards all template parameters to serialize_class .

template < typename ... elements > struct Serialize < List < elements ... >> { using type = serialize_class < decltype ( "List" _string ), elements ... > ; };

Serializing Values

One small complication of using serialize_class is value template parameters. Consider Gfx :

// Does not work template < Color fg , Color bg > struct Serialize < Gfx < fg , bg >> { using type = serialize_class < decltype ( "Gfx" _string ), fg , bg > ; };

Because serialize_class takes typename... for the elements of the class, we cannot pass Color values directly as parameters. Instead, we have to convert values to types by wrapping them in SerializableValue before passing them on to serialize_class .

template < typename T , T x > struct SerializableValue { }; template < typename T , T x > struct Serialize < SerializableValue < T , x >> { using type = int_to_string < x > ; }; template < > struct Serialize < SerializableValue < bool , false >> { using type = decltype ( "false" _string ); }; template < > struct Serialize < SerializableValue < bool , true >> { using type = decltype ( "true" _string ); };

Classes must wrap all value parameters in a SerializableValue .

template < Color fg , Color bg > struct Serialize < Gfx < fg , bg >> { using type = serialize_class < decltype ( "Gfx" _string ), SerializableValue < Color , fg > , SerializableValue < Color , bg >> ; };

Serializing Strongly Typed Enumerations

But wait! Color is a strongly typed enumeration! So, even after wrapping it in SerializableValue , how should we actually serialize it to C++ source code?

The obvious approach is to serialize Color values to their full symbol names.

struct Serialize < SerializableValue < Color , Color :: Default >> { using type = decltype ( "Color::Default" _string ); }; struct Serialize < SerializableValue < Color , Color :: Black >> { using type = decltype ( "Color::Black" _string ); }; ...

While that would work, it’s fragile and tedious. And remember, we’re serializing to C++ template source code, so we can do all sorts of nonsense. Nonsense like serializing to static_cast .

The idea here is that we can convert a strongly typed enumeration value to an integer value with static_cast . This is great because we only have to write one specialization of Serialize per enumeration.

Here’s a first go at it:

// Still will not work :( template < Color x > struct Serialize < SerializableValue < Color , x >> { using type = int_to_string < static_cast < std :: underlying_type_t < Color >> ( x ) > ; };

But the Serialize implementation above ends up producing source code like Gfx<5, 5> , which is invalid because of the implicit int to Color cast. Things are looking bleak. It’ll be back to string drudgery for sure.

Yet fear not! When in doubt, cast it out. A static_cast back to the original enumeration type fixes everything up just fine.

Gfx < static_cast < Color > ( 5 ), static_cast < Color > ( 5 ) > ;

So let’s just serialize enumerations to static_cast expressions.

serialize_enum helps us do this, taking the name of a strongly typed enumeration, the enumeration’s type, and a value of that enumeration to serialize.

template < typename name , typename t , t x > using serialize_enum = string_join < String <> , decltype ( "static_cast<" _string ), name , String < '>' , '(' > , int_to_string < static_cast < std :: underlying_type_t < t >> ( x ) > , String < ')' >> ;

We can now easily serialize any strongly typed enumeration using serialize_enum .

template < Color x > struct Serialize < SerializableValue < Color , x >> { using type = serialize_enum < decltype ( "Color" _string ), Color , x > ; };

The remaining implementations of Serialize are just boilerplate at this point. Check out the source if you’re interested.

Writing and Reading

After implementing Serialize for every compoent of the game state, we can serialize the entire game state to a string:

serialize < initialState > ;

It’s bigger on the inside…

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't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '9' , ')' , ',' , 's' , 't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '2' , ')' , '>' , '>' , '>' , ',' , 'L' , 'i' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'P' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '<' , '3' , '2' , ',' , 'G' , 'f' , 'x' , '<' , 's' , 't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '9' , ')' , ',' , 's' , 't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '2' , ')' , '>' , '>' , ',' , 'P' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '<' , '3' , '2' , ',' , 'G' , 'f' , 'x' , '<' , 's' , 't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '9' , ')' , ',' , 's' , 't' , 'a' , 't' , 'i' , 'c' , '_' , 'c' , 'a' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'C' , 'o' , 'l' , 'o' , 'r' , '>' , '(' , '2' , ')' , '>' 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, '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '>' , ',' , 'L' , 'i' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '>' , ',' , 'L' , 'i' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '>' , ',' , 'L' , 'i' , 's' , 't' , '<' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , ',' , 'e' , 'm' , 'p' , 't' , 'y' , '_' , 'p' , 'i' , 'x' , 'e' , 'l' , '>' , '>' , '>' , ',' , 'B' , 'l' , 'o' , 'c' , 'k' , 'G' , 'e' , 'n' , 'e' , 'r' , 'a' , 't' , 'o' , 'r' , '<' , 'R' , 'a' , 'n' , 'd' , 'o' , 'm' , '<' , '7' , ',' , 'L' , 'i' , 'n' , 'e' , 'a' , 'r' , 'G' , 'e' , 'n' , 'e' , 'r' , 'a' , 't' , 'o' , 'r' , '<' , 'u' , 'n' , 's' , 'i' , 'g' , 'n' , 'e' , 'd' , ',' , '1' , '2' , '3' , '4' , '5' , ',' , '4' , '2' , '9' , '4' , '9' , '6' , '7' , '2' , '9' , '5' , ',' , '1' , '1' , '0' , '3' , '5' , '1' , '5' , '2' , '4' , '5' , ',' , '1' , '2' , '3' , '4' , '5' , '>' , '>' , '>' , '>' > > '

Such beauty; a C++ template of C++ template source code. Truly like looking into the face of God.

But sometimes, at the height of our revelries, when our templating is at it’s zenith, and all is most right with the world, the most unthinkable disasters descend upon us. We must save the state to a file. Runtime beckons. And Runtime, like Satan, will not descend to [evaluation] hell till he has dragged a living part of [compiletime] heaven down with him, and helmeted himself with it.

serialize_game is the only other runtime operation besides print used in Super Template Tetris. It saves the game state to a file called current_game.h .

template < typename state > void serialize_game () { std :: ofstream s ; s . open ( "current_game.h" ); s << "using state = " ; print ( s , serialize < state > {}); s << ";" ; s . close (); }

And because we serialized to C++, all we have to do is write #include "current_game.h" to read in the saved game state.

#include "current_game.h" // state loaded from here using game = step_t<INPUT::LROT, state>;

The Shining City

Almost done now. Just a few finishing touches.

Reading Player Input

Player input is supplied through compiler flags, one flag for each of the valid commands.

static constexpr const Input input = #if defined(HARD) Input :: Hard ; #elif defined(SOFT) Input :: Soft ; #elif defined(DOWN) Input :: Down ; #elif defined(LEFT) Input :: Left ; #elif defined(RIGHT) Input :: Right ; #elif defined(LROT) Input :: LRot ; #elif defined(RROT) Input :: RRot ; #else Input :: None ; #endif

If no input is supplied, the game advances by one frame.

Live free or -D HARD

Main

main brings the runtime components together. It loads the current game state with #include , reads the player input, computes the next frame, prints the world to the console, and then saves the game state.

int main ( int argc , const char * argv []) { #include "current_game.h" #include "get_input.h" using game = step_t < input , state > ; print ( std :: cout , to_string < game > {}) << "

" ; serialize_game < game > (); return 0 ; }

Gameplay

You play Super Template Tetris by recompiling its source code, then executing the runtime program to render the game and update its saved state. We’re using a few C++17 features, such as fold expressions, along with a proposed C++17 extension for creating String from string literals, so a few additional flags must be passed to the compiler.

$ clang++ main.cpp -std=c++1z -Wno-gnu-string-literal-operator-template -o tetris ; ./tetris

To drop the current piece, set a flag with -D HARD and recompile.

$ clang++ main.cpp -std=c++1z -Wno-gnu-string-literal-operator-template -D HARD -o tetris ; ./tetris

Games can get pretty complex.

Farewell

Well, that’s it! Check out the documented source for more details on the implementation or to play a game or two.

It’s been quite a journey, and we held together through some stormy syntax, but in the end we reached our destination. Tetris as a template metaprogram. So now it’s up to you. Go forth and metaprogram.

And, until next time, a final word to you, the metaprogrammers of the Template revolution. My friends, we did it. We weren’t just marking time. Let Super Template Tetris stand as a beacon, a beacon for all the Runtime refugees of the world hurtling through the darkness, toward home.

All in all, not bad, not bad at all.