More than five months after they were detained without charge, dozens of separatist leaders from Indian-administered Kashmir remain imprisoned as the government in New Delhi seeks to marginalize them, according to sources and figures from a rights group.

Authorities in New Delhi see the removal of activists from communities in the Kashmir Valley as a key aspect of the struggle against the armed militant groups and stone-pelting youths who have been fighting Indian rule, according to interviews with 10 people familiar with the situation.

The round-up of nonviolent separatists, who support Indian-administered Kashmir either joining Pakistan or becoming an independent state, is part of an unprecedented crackdown from India’s government to neuter a movement it believes fuels the armed insurrection, the sources said.

That includes restrictions on the movement of the few separatist political leaders who are out of jail, pressure on foreign diplomats not to meet them, and the recent banning of a number of unarmed separatist organizations.

The sources include separatist leaders, diplomats, security officials, senior members of India’s ruling party and others familiar with the government’s thinking in several ministries in New Delhi.

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“Action will be taken on whoever is connected or fueling (militant groups) in whatever way,” one source familiar with the Indian government’s thinking said.

Troubled history

Muslim-majority Kashmir has been the site of decades of hostility between nuclear archrivals India and Pakistan. Both countries claim it in full but rule it in part.

Tensions in the region have been elevated since a suicide bomb attack by a Pakistan-based militant group killed 40 Indian paramilitary troops on Feb. 14 and brought the two countries to the brink of war.

India accuses Pakistan of funding armed militants, along with separatist groups in India’s portion of the region considered nonviolent by international observers. Islamabad denies this, saying it provides only diplomatic and moral support to the separatist movement.

The exact numbers of those in jail could not be determined.

Reuters reported on Feb. 23 that more than 100 people with links to separatist groups were arrested in midnight raids, including family members of prominent leaders, according to police officials.

Some of these people have since been released, but the numbers still in jail are likely unprecedented in the history of the region, according to Khurram Parvez, coordinator of the Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, a prominent rights group.

A previously unpublished list from JKCCS showed that at least 33 senior figures — the vast majority of the movement’s leadership — remain in jail.

Ten of these people — including Yasin Malik, head of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, one of the most prominent separatist groups — are being held in New Delhi.

The decision to move them to the capital from Kashmir is a deliberate strategy aimed at preventing visits from supporters, according to two sources familiar with the government’s thinking.

“Moving them out is a tactic,” one of the sources said. “It is to make them ineffective.”

Malik and most of the other leaders are being held under the Public Safety Act (PSA), a special law in Jammu and Kashmir state that allows for detention for up to two years without charge. The law was amended last year to allow detainees to be moved out of the state.

Malik’s group, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, publicly renounced violence in the mid-1990s, but India says it retains ties with armed groups and banned it in March this year.

Hardened stance

Previous governments have treated separatists with caution but have occasionally reached out, most prominently in 2004 when Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani, from the same Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as current Prime Minister Narendra Modi, held talks with separatist leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq. Now, though, the government’s position is much more hard-line.

Ram Madhav, a national general secretary of the BJP, who has a major role in setting policy on Kashmir, indicated there is currently little appetite in New Delhi for a renewed attempt at dialogue.

He pointed to overtures made by the government during a bloody period in Kashmir in 2016 that were rejected by the separatist leadership. “They can’t decide about when to hold talks, (and when) not to hold talks,” he said during an interview.

Farooq, chairman of the All Parties Hurriyat (Freedom) Conference, the dominant umbrella group for non-arms-bearing separatists in Kashmir, is now one of the few leaders not in jail. “We’re not allowed rallies, we’re not allowed to meet people we want, we can’t go outside the city,” he said in an interview at his home in Srinagar.

Including lower-level members, as well as relatives and associates, he estimated there could be as many as 250 people with links to separatist groups currently imprisoned in Srinagar and elsewhere in India.

His role as the mirwaiz of Kashmir — a hereditary title considered one of the most important spiritual positions in the region — was likely the reason he had been spared jail, he said, though he was often placed under unofficial house arrest, forbidden from leaving on sensitive days.

Diplomatic pressure

India is also placing increasing pressure on foreign envoys not to meet with those connected with the movement.

Two foreign diplomats based in New Delhi said that while the Indian government has no official prohibition on meeting separatist leaders in Kashmir, they are closely monitored while visiting the region and informally deterred from meeting them.

“Meeting separatist leaders in jail or under house arrest is out of the question, but up until a few years ago we used to be able to meet with those that weren’t,” said one of the diplomats, who has visited the region but not met with any separatist leaders.

“Now the government would freak out if I tried. It would risk creating a diplomatic incident between our countries.”

A spokesman for India’s Foreign Ministry said that guidelines for foreign diplomats visiting the region are set by the Home Ministry and include “not meeting person(s) who are indulged in anti-national activities.”

Ground impact

While the first half of the year was one of the deadliest in Kashmir’s recent history, with more than 300 people dying in the conflict, there has been a noticeable decrease in low-level disorder since the round-up began in February, according to three of the sources, who included military and government officials.

Several Indian government officials said that unarmed separatist groups were responsible for funding mobs of stone-pelting youths that often confront security forces trying to maintain order in the region.

“Either they are fueling, or have links, or provide funds (to militants),” a source familiar with the government’s thinking said.

A military official with experience operating in Kashmir said there had been “a big difference” on the ground since the crackdown.

Farooq denies that separatist groups are responsible for fueling violence, and says that the government’s decision to marginalize Hurriyat and other groups has left a power vacuum.

“Hurriyat was a buffer. We would go out and engage with people,” he said. “But now these young boys are not listening to anyone.”

KEYWORDS India, Kashmir, Pakistan, religion, terrorism