New Delhi: The ‘India Freedom Report: Media Freedom and Freedom of Expression in 2017’ by The Hoot confirms with data what an alarming year 2017 was for journalists, including photographers and stringers, reporting from different parts of the country. Last year saw 11 journalists murdered, the reason for three of which can be connected to their work, 46 cases of attacks and 27 cases of police action including arrest and cases filed.

In September, Gauri Lankesh, editor of the weekly Lankesh Patrike – a magazine that has been described as an “anti-establishment” publication – was shot dead at her residence in Bengaluru. Two journalists were killed in Tripura – Santanu Bhowmick from the news channel Din Raat while he was covering clashes between two rival tribal associations, and Sudip Datta Bhaumik, a senior journalist with Syandan Patrika, who was shot dead by a Tripura State Rifles trooper during an altercation in Bodhjung Nagar in Tripura.

Journalists faced the most number of attacks from the police and from politicians, as the table below shows. These include the journalists injured during the violence following the arrest of Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Singh in August 2017. Television vans were set on fire and reporters and camera persons were injured in the clashes.

Number of attacks on journalists

Perpetrators Number of attacks Police 13 Politicians, political party workers 10 Unidentified assailants 6 Hindu right wing organisations, members 3 Student organisations 1 Private security staff of bank, film industry 2 Sand mining mafia 2 Doctors, medical officers 2 Dera Sacha Sauda members/officers 2 Liquor mafia 1 Drug traffickers 1 Trade unions 1 University officers 1 Government officers 1 Total 46

Defamation

In 2017, the report says, Maharashtra had the highest incidence of defamation with 19 cases. Five of these were filed by film and TV personalities and one by former Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) chief Pahlaj Nihalani. The Adani group filed a defamation case against Sameeksha Trust that publishes the journal Economic and Political Weekly, its editor and other journalists. The Mumbai police filed two cases – one against a journalist who allegedly showed them in poor light, and another against an ethical hacker who had, in 2016, claimed that senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Eknath Khadse was in touch with Dawood Ibrahim.

Andhra Pradesh saw the largest number of attacks on and threats to journalists. In December 2017, the police in Hyderabad arrested a member of a Christian evangelical organisation for allegedly giving a speech against ‘bharat mata’ in August 2016.

The highest number of state actions for internet and social media-related incidents was recorded in Karnataka.

In Tamil Nadu, the number of defamation cases have gone down sharply following Jayalalithaa’s death in December 2016. It recorded a low of seven cases, with the AIADMK filing just one, and not against a journalist. This sets a new record for the party that had filed an estimated 200 defamation cases against journalists, social activists and opposition leaders between 2011 and 2016.

The largest category of complainants were politicians (25), followed by corporate houses (11) and film and TV personalities (nine). A further breakup of the politicians shows that of the 25 who filed complaints, 13 belong to the BJP.

State-wise number of defamation cases filed

State Number of cases Andhra Pradesh/Telangana 1 Assam 1 Delhi 11 Goa 1 Gujarat 2 Himachal Pradesh 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Karnataka 6 Kerala 1 Madhya Pradesh 2 Maharashtra 19 Mizoram 1 Odisha 1 Punjab 1 Tamil Nadu 7 Tripura 1 Uttar Pradesh 2 West Bengal 4 Total 63

News censorship

A number of state governments restricted media access to various events, the list includes the governments of Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

The report mentions numerous instances of this, some of which include:

Apart from censorship, the report also has a category called self-censorship, and 2017 had numerous examples of such cases as well. Some instances are the Sahara-Birla papers, which most media houses did not cover, “perhaps because of the defamatory implications of reporting on this,” the report says.

India fell three places in the international press freedom rankings in April last year. The ranking, based on an index of press freedom report by the global media watchdog Reporters Without Borders, said journalists were less free under the Narendra Modi government. The Economic Times had carried the story but it was later taken down. The Times of India took down the story as well.

Also read: A Look Back at the Year Where Press Freedom in India Remained More Under Pressure Than Ever

Paranjoy Guha Thakurta quit his post as the editor of EPW when the Sameeksha Trust that publishes the journal asked that the article he had co-authored on the Adani Group be taken down. In September, Bobby Ghosh, the editor of the Hindustan Times resigned. While the paper said this was due to “personal reasons” The Wire had reported that Ghosh’s resignation had in fact been preceded by a meeting between Modi and HT proprietor Shobhana Bhartia and objections raised by BJP officials to editorial decisions taken while Ghosh was editor.

In October, The Wire’s story on BJP president Amit Shah’s son Jay Shah’s company was self-censored by other media houses. NDTV’s Sreenivasan Jain’s report on loans given to Jay Shah’s company was removed from the website. Jain wrote in a Facebook post that this was for “legal vetting” but the article was not restored.

Towards the end of 2017, Caravan magazine published a story about the mysterious circumstances surrounding the death of CBI judge B.H. Loya who was handling the Sohrabuddin fake encounter case. This story too was not picked up by most media houses.

Hate speech and forced speech

In total, 16 instances of hate speech were recorded, and ten of these were against politicians or members belonging to the BJP, or against right wing groups like the All India Hindu Sangathi Manch and the Hindu Jagarana Vedike.

There were instances of forced speech as well, such as:

On June 9, Malik Abdul Basit of the Caravan magazine was forced to shout “Pakistan murdabad, Hindustan zindabad” and was accused of being from Pakistan when he was reporting the razing of a mosque in Delhi. Basit is a Kashmiri Muslim. NDTV journalist Munne Bharti and his family were travelling in Bihar on July 2, when they were stopped and forced to chant “jai shri ram” by a group of people wearing saffron who threatened to set the car on fire On August 11, the government of Uttar Pradesh directed all madrassas in the state to celebrate Independence Day and video record the event.

Internet shutdowns

The year also saw a huge rise in the number of internet shutdowns imposed in various states – 77 against 31 the previous year. A shutdown was imposed in every month last year, in at least one part of the country. The highest number of cases was in Jammu and Kashmir (40) following by Rajasthan (11), Haryana (eight), Bihar (three), Uttar Pradesh, Tripura, West Bengal, Nagaland and Odisha (two each), and Telangana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Chandigarh (one each).