Cliven Bundy, the Nevada rancher whose standoff three years ago with government agents became a rallying cry against federal land control in the West, is set to finally go to trial Tuesday in Las Vegas on charges that could land him and two sons in prison for life.

Mr. Bundy and his sons, Ammon and Ryan, face a battery of charges, including conspiracy to impede or injure federal officers, in the April 12, 2014 showdown over seizure of their ranch’s cattle after two decades of unpaid grazing fees. A fourth defendant, Ryan...