I can call to mind one example when the fallibility of panel testing was really highlighted, and that was in a rural Australian mining and farming community with a higher-than-average (1 in 25) population cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier risk. A family physician referred a Caucasian couple to a genetic clinic for prenatal CF counseling. A detailed family pedigree showed CF-affected individuals in the paternal lineage – but according to the couple, the father himself had been “tested for everything, but nothing was found.” Based on this lack of result, the family incorrectly believed that their pregnancy carried zero risk of CF, and that there was no need for concern or maternal testing.