Here's what you need to know...

To know which deadlift is best, first decide what your main goal is: fat loss, hypertrophy, or strength. Make sure you're mobile enough to start with a neutral spine and a flat back. Beginners benefit from starting with a Romanian deadlift and progressing to a trap-bar deadlift. Decide whether you want to work your quads or your hams and glutes. Conventional deadlifts work your posterior chain while trap bar deadlifts train the quads. If your goal is to set brag-worthy PRs, then sumo or conventional deadlifts will have a greater payoff than trap-bar deads. Train your weak areas if you're a powerlifter. You can transfer the gains of one deadlift to another if it strengthens your weak links.

Deadlift With Purpose

I hate the question, "Which type of deadlift is best?"

Best for what purpose? Like most training questions, the correct answer is, "it depends." First, what do you want to get out of training: Bigger muscles? Less body fat? A crazy strong deadlift?

Once you answer that, we can figure out which type of deadlift is best for you.

Deadlift Form: The Assumptions

I'm going to make two big assumptions:

When discussing the trap bar deadlift, we'll focus on how most people perform it: high handles, hips down, more dorsiflexion, and a more upright torso. When discussing the conventional deadlift, we'll focus on how most people perform it: hips high, minimal dorsiflexion, and a much more bent-over torso.

I've seen people trap bar deadlift with no dorsiflexion, a vertical tibia, and using all glutes and hams, and I've seen people who start their conventional deadlift with their thighs parallel to the ground.

Looking at all possible variations would be ridiculous, so we'll use a few generalizations to get on the same page.

Mobility Needs

Experienced powerlifters aside, lifters ought to deadlift with a neutral spine or flat back. One of the biggest issues when deadlifting is that many lifters don't have adequate mobility to deadlift safely and effectively because they can't get into an initial neutral spine posture.

For this reason, coupled with the fact that very few people can hip hinge and load their hamstrings effectively, starting off with a Romanian deadlift is smart.

From there, the trap bar deadlift is an ideal progression. The high handles minimize mobility demands while still allowing you to learn the deadlifting pattern within its functional range.

High-handled trap bar deadlifts are almost like a rack pull. But what comes next, sumo or conventional?

The sumo deadlift is easier to learn. This may not be how you end up handling the most weight, but you'll probably have an easier time getting into position on a sumo deadlift than a conventional one. The major limiting factor here will be groin flexibility.

A big component of this is also hamstring strength. To get into a flat back position on a conventional deadlift, you not only need a tremendous amount of hip mobility, but also hamstring strength. If your hamstrings aren't strong, chances are you'll turtle up and start from a horrible low back position.

Less Mobility Mobility Demands Trap Bar Sumo Conventional

Quads or Hams?

Decide what you want to train. When most people trap bar deadlift, it's like a reverse squat. There's a lot of dorsiflexion at the ankles, the spine is upright, and as a result they get considerable quad and anterior chain development.

The conventional deadlift is at the opposite end of the spectrum. Most have a tendency to shove their hips way back, incline their torso to a much greater degree, and start with their hips much farther back from the bar.

The result is an exercise for building the entire backside of the body – glutes, hamstrings, and spinal erectors.

The sumo deadlift really is a hybrid between the two. Your hips start closer to the bar (especially if you think about pushing your knees out to get to the bar, versus pushing your hips back), and you're also much more upright.

In the end, the sumo gives you this weird blend of quad, glutes, hamstring, some lower back, and even some adductors.

Anterior Chain Posterior Chain Trap Bar Sumo Conventional

Stress on the Spine

If you ever hear someone say, "deadlifts hurt your back" disregard it.

Your lumbar vertebrae are pretty huge and are meant to deal with compressive forces. Compression is just like it sounds – when your vertebrae and discs are pushed closer together vertically, that's compression.

Anything you do will result in some compression. Tensing your abs and lower back muscles will result in compression, not just loading your spine vertically by squatting or picking up a bar while deadlifting.

The key distinction here is load. The more load you have, the more compressive the forces are on your spine.

When it comes to people in back pain, the last thing I'm worried about is compressive force. There are positions that are far more worrisome than compression.

Shear force is where you'd get into trouble. Shear forces occur whenever the torso is inclined to a high degree. As we bend over (or hip hinge), our vertebrae have a tendency to drift or slide forward on one another.

Most people don't tolerate shear forces very well. One of the biggest reasons is they simply don't have a good strategy to deal with it. They have no strength in their anterior core, glutes, or hamstrings, so their only strategy is to arch the low back as hard as possible.

In doing so, they combine compression with shear, thereby grinding their spine into a fine powder.

When deadlifting, these lifters will probably do better with either a trap bar or sumo style lift, at least in the short-term, to reduce shear forces.

Less Shear Force More Shear Force Trap Bar Sumo Conventional

Deadlifts for Reps?

For fat loss or aesthetic purposes, higher-rep sets of deadlifts may be something to consider. But doing heavy higher-rep sets is like playing with fire.

With sumo and conventional deads, I rarely prescribe more than five reps per set. But on a trap bar deadlift, as high as 10-15 reps in a set would be fine, especially if the goal is fat loss.

I'm just a lot more comfortable as a coach with the upright posture and less technical nature of the trap bar, which allows for more wiggle room.

Best Choice Worst Choice Trap Bar Conventional & Sumo

Bragging Rights

We can talk about joint stresses, mobility needs, and anterior versus posterior chain, but what matters is how awesome you look deadlifting.

For the record, I pull sumo. I do this partly because it's the way I was taught, and partly because it feels the most natural to me.

I also realize that some people call this "cheater style," and it's not as awesome as hoisting a monster deadlift conventional style. I'm okay with that – my best pull is 545 and was done at a bodyweight of 180.6, getting me into that exclusive three-times body weight club.

However, one of my pet peeves now is people's obsession with the trap bar. Only use the trap bar if:

You don't care how much you can deadlift.

You're an athlete and the risk-to-reward ratio is too great to use other styles.

You don't have the mobility to sumo or conventional deadlift with a neutral spine.

Your main goal is fat loss or just building your lower body.

If your goal is to be strong, learn how to sumo or conventional deadlift with good technique. Anyone who lifts heavy stuff doesn't care how much you trap bar deadlift.

Lame Totally Awesome Trap Bar Sumo Conventional

Transferring Gains

If you want to know how gains in one deadlift transfer to gains in another, think about what they work and what your weak links are. Why? Because it's working on your weak area that's most important.

There are strong guys that pull conventional in meets, but pull sumo in the off-season, claiming it brings up their weak points. I know a 220-pound lifter, who's pulled 788 in competition and pulls conventional in meets, but does a lot of sumo pulling in the gym.

If you typically pull conventional with the hips starting high, you're used to smoking weights off the floor and struggling at lockout. In contrast, someone who pulls sumo with a lower hip position is used to struggling with weights off the floor, but locking out easily.

Train the deadlift that'll strengthen your weakest areas. You pick your poison when deadlifting. Either you get your ass down, chest up, and struggle off the floor, or you round over to get the bar rolling off the floor and struggle at the top.

If it comes down to specificity, you're going to see a high transfer between trap bar and sumo deadlifts. And you'll see a high transfer between sumo deadlifts and conventional deadlifts.

The differences between the trap bar and conventional deadlift are too big to see massive carryover, but nobody said it couldn't work for you.