George Bush waves to supporters Nov. 5, 1988, three days before he was elected to the White House.

The lifelong Republican and father of President George W. Bush voted for Hillary Clinton in the Democrat's failed run against Donald Trump in 2016.

His pledge, "Read my lips, no new taxes," came back to haunt him when he lost his bid for a second term to Bill Clinton.

He also pursued policies that helped topple the Soviet empire and initiated military campaigns that ousted Panamanian strongman Manuel Noriega and crippled Iraq's Saddam Hussein.

George Herbert Walker Bush, who advocated a "kinder, gentler" conservatism, pursued policies that helped topple the Soviet empire and initiated military campaigns that ousted one foreign dictator and crippled another, has died. He was 94 and lived longer than any other U.S. president. Bush, who was elected the 41st president of the United States and fathered the nation's 43rd, died late Friday. "George H. W. Bush was a man of the highest character and the best dad a son or daughter could ask for," former President George W. Bush said in a statement announcing his father's death. "The entire Bush family is deeply grateful for 41's life and love, for the compassion of those who have cared and prayed for Dad, and for the condolences of our friends and fellow citizens." President Donald Trump designated Wednesday as a national day of mourning, and a representative for the New York Stock Exchange said markets would close on that day, in keeping with the Big Board's longstanding tradition. A state funeral was being arranged at the Washington National Cathedral, and the White House said the president and first lady Melania Trump will attend. After years of animosity with the Bush family, Trump was not invited to the funeral of matriarch Barbara Bush in April. Among Bush's many accomplishments, he presided over the demise of the Cold War, punctuated by the fall of the Berlin Wall. "I pay tribute to George Bush's contribution toward this historic achievement. He was a genuine partner," former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said Saturday, according to Russia's Interfax news agency. "It was a dramatic time demanding huge responsibility from everyone. The result was the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race." Bush had worked for decades in government before ascending to the nation's highest office, having served as United Nations ambassador, CIA chief and vice president under Ronald Reagan, a towering political figure still venerated by the GOP.

Then-President George H.W. Bush campaigning on Nov. 1, 1992. J. David Ake | AFP | Getty Images

Former President George H.W. Bush and former first lady Barbara Bush point from their seats on Day 2 of the Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center on September 2, 2008 in St. Paul, Minnesota. Justin Sullivan | Getty Images

In addition to George W. Bush, their children included former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush. "I already miss the greatest human being that I will ever know. Love you Dad!," Jeb Bush said in a tweet. Jeb tweet The cause of death was not immediately announced. However, during the last several years, the former president fell ill and was hospitalized. A day after Mrs. Bush's funeral on April 21, the senior Bush was admitted to Houston Methodist Hospital for a blood infection. He had been taken there in April 2017 and in January 2017 for treatment related to pneumonia, family spokesman Jim McGrath said. During the January hospitalization, Barbara Bush was also treated there after experiencing fatigue and coughing. Their hospitalization came days after they had celebrated their 72nd wedding anniversary on Jan. 6, 2017. The couple lived in Houston. During Hurricane Harvey, which devastated the city in August 2017, Bush and his wife were in their second home in Kennebunkport, Maine. He praised the efforts of first responders and used Twitter to encourage people to donate to One America Appeal, a private relief fund coordinated by the five former U.S. presidents.

Vice President and Barbara Bush (R) with President and Nancy Reagan as Reagan endorses Bush's presidential candidacy at a dinner. Diana Walker | The LIFE Images Collection | Getty Images

The son of a U.S. senator, the elder Bush had big shoes to fill when he succeeded Ronald Reagan, a larger-than-life figure who was once his rival. He was denied a second term by Clinton, only to forge an unlikely relationship with the same man who ended his political career. Capping a long political career, Bush was elected to the White House in 1988 on a ticket with Sen. Dan Quayle, defeating Democrat Michael Dukakis and running mate Sen. Lloyd Bentsen in a landslide.

'Kinder, gentler,' but 'no new taxes'

Months before the victory, Bush delivered what became known as his "thousand points of light" acceptance speech at the GOP National Convention at New Orleans' Superdome. While promising to fight for prayer in public schools and gun rights and against abortion, Bush tried to put a softer face on conservatism, striving to make America a "kinder, gentler" nation. "Prosperity as a purpose means taking your idealism and making it concrete by certain acts of goodness," he said. "It means helping a child from an unhappy home learn to read. ... It means teaching troubled children through your presence that there is such a thing as reliable love." The speech wasn't all "Kumbaya." He promised a hard line against Democrats. "The Congress will push me to raise taxes, and I'll say no, and they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again. And I'll say to them: 'Read my lips, no new taxes.'" It was a vow that came back to haunt him. During the budget battle with majority Democrats in 1990, he accepted a compromise that resulted in the hike of several existing taxes. Although no new taxes were created, the decision proved costly. Clinton seized upon the perceived flip-flop, helping him oust Bush after a single term despite the Republican's major successes in foreign policy.

From to Manuel Noriega to Saddam Hussein

Five months after Bush's inauguration, he was confronted with China's suppression of the pro-democracy movement — its bloody crackdown on demonstrators in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. Although hundreds of demonstrators were killed, Bush responded with only limited sanctions.

(L-R): Mayor of Berlin Richard von Weizsaecker, US Vice President George H. W. Bush and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl visit the Berlin Wall, on Jan. 31, 1983. Roland Witschel | picture alliance | Getty Images

In another five months, the Berlin Wall collapsed, on Nov. 9, 1989 — 28 years after it was erected. Bush greeted the historic event with a reactive response rather than with great enthusiasm. "Of course, I welcome the decision by the East German leadership to open the borders," he told reporters in the Oval Office. "It clearly is a good development in terms of human rights. ... I'm very pleased with this development." Pressed about his low-key reaction, he replied: "I'm elated, I'm just not an emotional kind of guy." "In retrospect, many people recognized that by refusing to gloat or declare victory over the Soviet Union, Bush probably helped avoid a backlash by hardliners in Eastern Europe," Stephen Knott, professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College, wrote in an essay. "He also did not want to endanger future negotiations with the Soviet Union."

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev (L) and US President George H.W. Bush (R) shake hands on December 2, 1989, aboard the Soviet cruise ship Maxim Gorki before the start of their first summit meeting, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The summit is viewed as the official end of the Cold War. Jonathan Utz | AFP | Getty Images

Indeed, two years later, the U.S.S.R. formally dissolved with the Dec. 25, 1991, resignation of Gorbachev as Soviet president, Bush's negotiating partner. In a Christmas speech to the American people, Bush praised Gorbachev's "revolutionary" policies that "permitted the peoples of Russia and the other republics to cast aside decades of oppression and establish the foundations of freedom." "I'd like to express, on behalf of the American people, my gratitude to Mikhail Gorbachev for years of sustained commitment to world peace, and for his intellect, vision and courage," Bush said. Closer to home, only a month after the fall of the Berlin Wall — matters reached a boiling point in Panama. After months of economic sanctions with Gen. Manuel Noriega over allegations that the Panamanian leader had engaged in drug trafficking and had rigged elections in the Central American country — Bush dispatched troops on Dec. 20, 1989, starting what was called "Operation Just Cause." The operation involved more than 24,000 troops in what was at that time the largest deployment of U.S. forces since the Vietnam War. On the fifth day of the invasion, Noriega fled to the papal embassy on Christmas Eve. The building was surrounded by U.S. troops, who resorted to psychological warfare by blasting rock music. Noriega finally surrendered on Jan. 3. He was subsequently brought back to the United States and convicted of drug and racketeering charges. He served 17 years behind bars and died at age 83 in Panama City in May 2017.

President George H.W. Bush shakes hands with US Army troops in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War on Thanksgiving Day 1990. Wally McNamee | Corbis Historical | Getty Images

Less than a year after the Panama invasion, another foreign crisis absorbed Bush. On Aug. 2, 1990, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded oil-rich neighbor Kuwait. Bush responded by assembling an international coalition of nearly three dozen nations. Under the leadership of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, a five-month air bombardment dubbed Operation Desert Shield and the subsequent 100-hour Operation Desert Storm land battle pushed Iraqi troops out of Kuwait. But it stopped short of ousting the Iraqi strongman, setting up the second Gulf War that was initiated in 2003 by Bush 43 and resulted in Saddam's hanging.

The Clinton challenge

In the 1992 election, the elder Bush attempted to capitalize on his overseas successes. In the final days of the campaign, he unleashed this salvo against Clinton and running mate Al Gore: "My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos."

My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos. President George H.W. Bush referring to Bill Clinton and Al Gore

The electorate didn't buy it. By a margin of 43 percent to 37 percent, the Democratic former governor of Arkansas — with little experience in foreign affairs — ended the presidency of the man who prevailed over Noriega, Saddam and the Soviet empire. Third-party candidate Ross Perot swung the election with 19 percent of the vote. Despite his disappointment, Bush was ever gracious in defeat. In a handwritten note to Clinton dated Jan. 20, 1993, Bush wrote: "I'm not a very good one to give advice; but just don't let the critics discourage you or push you off course. ... Your success is now our country's success. I am rooting for you."

Then-President George H.W. Bush (R) and President-elect Bill Clinton at the White House Diana Walker | The LIFE Images Collection | Getty Images

The note received wide attention during and after the final presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Trump, who refused to say he would accept the results of the 2016 election if Clinton won. Tweet: Read this. Think about this. George H.W. Bush's gracious handoff to Bill Clinton. It's beautiful.

The son of a senator

George Herbert Walker Bush was born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts. His father, Prescott Bush, was elected to the Senate from Connecticut in 1952. Six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, George enlisted in the armed forces on his 18th birthday and became the youngest pilot in the Navy. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for bravery in action after being shot down over the Pacific and rescued by a U.S. submarine. Weeks after his return from the Pacific, he married Barbara Pierce in January 1945. After being discharged from the military, he enrolled in Yale and later moved to Texas to go into the oil business. He became involved in politics, and in 1966 was elected to Congress. He later became ambassador to the U.N., chairman of the Republican Party during the Watergate scandal, chief of the U.S. liaison office in Beijing before full diplomatic relations were restored, director of the CIA, and then vice president under Reagan.

Sorry, Donald

Days before his January 2017 hospitalization, the senior Bush had sent a letter to President-elect Trump expressing regrets that he could not attend the Jan. 20, 2017, inauguration. With his flair for humor, Bush wrote: "My doctor says if I sit outside in January, it likely will put me six feet under." "I want you to know that I wish you the very best as you begin this incredible journey of leading our great country," he added. "If I can ever be of help, please let me know." Trump, however, didn't get any help from the elder Bush to reach the White House. The former president confirmed to author Mark K. Updegrove that he voted for Hillary Clinton in the Democrat's failed run against Trump. The former president said in Updegrove's 2017 book "The Last Republicans" that he considered Trump a "blowhard." Bush, who watched Trump's inauguration from the hospital with his wife, son Neil and daughter-in-law Maria, was released from the hospital on Jan. 30, a week after his wife. Days later, he was well enough to toss the coin from his wheelchair at Super Bowl LI in Houston. In addition to sons George W., Jeb and Neil, survivors include son Marvin and daughter Dorothy Bush Koch.

Then-President George W. Bush, first lady Laura Bush, former first lady Barbara Bush and former President George H.W. Bush sit surrounded by family in the Red Room of the White House, January 6, 2005, in Washington. Friends and family joined former President Bush and Barbara Bush in celebrating their 60th wedding anniversary at a dinner. Also pictured are: (L to R) Georgia Grace Koch, Margaret Bush, Walker Bush, Marvin Bush, Jenna Bush, Doro Koch, Barbara Bush, Robert P. Koch, Pierce M. Bush, Maria Bush, Neil Bush, Ashley Bush, Sam LeBlond, Robert Koch, Nancy Ellis LeBlond, John Ellis Bush Jr., Florida Gov. John Ellis 'Jeb' Bush, Mandi Bush, George P. Bush, and Columba Bush. (Photo by Eric Draper/White House via Getty Images) The White House | Getty Images News | Getty Images