Ruby blocks, procs & lambdas.

What are they?

How do they work?

How are they different from each other?

You will learn that & a lot more by reading this post!

Understanding Ruby Blocks

Ruby blocks are little anonymous functions that can be passed into methods.

Blocks are enclosed in a do / end statement or between brackets {} , and they can have multiple arguments.

The argument names are defined between two pipe | characters.

If you have used each before, then you have used blocks!

Here is an example:

# Form 1: recommended for single line blocks [1, 2, 3].each { |num| puts num } ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ block block arguments body

# Form 2: recommended for multi-line blocks [1, 2, 3].each do |num| puts num end

A Ruby block is useful because it allows you to save a bit of logic (code) & use it later.

This could be something like writing data to a file, comparing if one element is equal to another, or even printing an error message.

Ruby Yield Keyword

What does yield mean in Ruby?

Yield is a Ruby keyword that calls a block when you use it.

It’s how methods USE blocks!

When you use the yield keyword, the code inside the block will run & do its work.

Just like when you call a regular Ruby method.

Here’s an example:

def print_once yield end print_once { puts "Block is being run" }

This runs any block passed to print_once , as a result, "Block is being run" will be printed on the screen.

Did you know…

That yield can be used multiple times?

Every time you call yield , the block will run, so this is like calling the same method again.

Example:

def print_twice yield yield end print_twice { puts "Hello" } # "Hello" # "Hello"

And just like methods…

You can pass any number of arguments to yield .

Example:

def one_two_three yield 1 yield 2 yield 3 end one_two_three { |number| puts number * 10 } # 10, 20, 30

These arguments then become the block’s arguments.

In this example number .

Implicit vs Explicit Blocks

Blocks can be “explicit” or “implicit”.

Explicit means that you give it a name in your parameter list.

You can pass an explicit block to another method or save it into a variable to use later.

Here is an example:

def explicit_block(&block) block.call # same as yield end explicit_block { puts "Explicit block called" }

Notice the &block parameter…

That’s how you define the block’s name!

How To Check If A Block Was Given

If you try to yield without a block you will get a no block given (yield) error.

You can check if a block has been passed in with the block_given? method.

Example:

def do_something_with_block return "No block given" unless block_given? yield end

This prevents the error if someone calls your method without a block.

What is a Lambda?

A lambda is a way to define a block & its parameters with some special syntax.

You can save this lambda into a variable for later use.

The syntax for defining a Ruby lambda looks like this:

say_something = -> { puts "This is a lambda" }

You can also use the alternative syntax: lambda instead of -> .

Defining a lambda won’t run the code inside it, just like defining a method won’t run the method, you need to use the call method for that.

Example:

say_something = -> { puts "This is a lambda" } say_something.call # "This is a lambda"

There are other ways to call a lambda , it’s good to know they exist, however, I recommend sticking with call for clarity.

Here’s the list:

my_lambda = -> { puts "Lambda called" } my_lambda.call my_lambda.() my_lambda[] my_lambda.===

Lambdas can also take arguments, here is an example:

times_two = ->(x) { x * 2 } times_two.call(10) # 20

If you pass the wrong number of arguments to a lambda , it will raise an exception, just like a regular method.

Lambdas vs Procs

Procs are a very similar concept…

One of the differences is how you create them.

Example:

my_proc = Proc.new { |x| puts x }

There is no dedicated Lambda class. A lambda is just a special Proc object. If you take a look at the instance methods from Proc , you will notice there is a lambda? method.

Now:

A proc behaves differently than a lambda, specially when it comes to arguments:

t = Proc.new { |x,y| puts "I don't care about arguments!" } t.call # "I don't care about arguments!"

Another difference between procs & lambdas is how they react to a return statement.

A lambda will return normally, like a regular method.

But a proc will try to return from the current context.

Here’s what I mean:

If you run the following code, you will notice how the proc raises a LocalJumpError exception.

The reason is that you can’t return from the top-level context.

Try this:

# Should work my_lambda = -> { return 1 } puts "Lambda result: #{my_lambda.call}" # Should raise exception my_proc = Proc.new { return 1 } puts "Proc result: #{my_proc.call}"

If the proc was inside a method, then calling return would be equivalent to returning from that method.

This is demonstrated in the following example.

def call_proc puts "Before proc" my_proc = Proc.new { return 2 } my_proc.call puts "After proc" end p call_proc # Prints "Before proc" but not "After proc"

Here is a summary of how procs and lambdas are different:

Lambdas are defined with -> {} and procs with Proc.new {} .

and procs with . Procs return from the current method, while lambdas return from the lambda itself.

Procs don’t care about the correct number of arguments, while lambdas will raise an exception.

Taking a look at this list, we can see that lambdas are a lot closer to a regular method than procs are.

Closures

Ruby procs & lambdas also have another special attribute. When you create a Ruby proc, it captures the current execution scope with it.

This concept, which is sometimes called closure, means that a proc will carry with it values like local variables and methods from the context where it was defined.

They don’t carry the actual values, but a reference to them, so if the variables change after the proc is created, the proc will always have the latest version.

Let’s see an example:

def call_proc(my_proc) count = 500 my_proc.call end count = 1 my_proc = Proc.new { puts count } p call_proc(my_proc) # What does this print?

In this example we have a local count variable, which is set to 1 .

We also have a proc named my_proc , and a call_proc method which runs (via the call method) any proc or lambda that is passed in as an argument.

What do you think this program will print?

It would seem like 500 is the most logical conclusion, but because of the ‘closure’ effect this will print 1 .

This happens because the proc is using the value of count from the place where the proc was defined, and that’s outside of the method definition.

The Binding Class

Where do Ruby procs & lambdas store this scope information?

Let me tell you about the Binding class…

When you create a Binding object via the binding method, you are creating an ‘anchor’ to this point in the code.

Every variable, method & class defined at this point will be available later via this object, even if you are in a completely different scope.

Example:

def return_binding foo = 100 binding end # Foo is available thanks to the binding, # even though we are outside of the method # where it was defined. puts return_binding.class puts return_binding.eval('foo') # If you try to print foo directly you will get an error. # The reason is that foo was never defined outside of the method. puts foo

In other words, executing something under the context of a binding object is the same as if that code was in the same place where that binding was defined (remember the ‘anchor’ metaphor).

You don’t need to use binding objects directly, but it’s still good to know this is a thing 🙂

Video Tutorial

Wrapping Up

In this post you learned how blocks work, the differences between Ruby procs & lambdas and you also learned about the “closure” effect that happens whenever you create a block.

One thing I didn’t cover is the curry method.

This method allows you to pass in some or all of the required arguments.

If you only pass in a partial number of arguments you will get a new proc with these arguments already ‘pre-loaded’, when all the arguments are supplied then the proc will be executed.

I hope you enjoyed this post!