The opening event of this year’s MIF is a new work curated by Jeremy Deller, but created by “the people of Manchester”. What Is the City But the People? will see a cross-section of Manchester citizens parading down a giant catwalk as accompanying videos and music tell the stories of their lives, celebrating the diversity and character of this vibrant city. It’s the second mass self-portrait of Manchester that Deller has overseen for MIF, after he marshalled a uniquely Mancunian procession of 1,700 locals down Deansgate in 2009, featuring everyone from Big Issue sellers to boy racers to Stretford rose queens.

The world’s first industrial city, Victorian Manchester was a hotbed of radical ideas, home to Anti-Corn Law League agitators and rioting Chartists. As a result, its history is steeped in mass gatherings that encompass politics, protest, music and celebration. Here are some of Manchester’s most momentous get-togethers.



The Peterloo Massacre

1819, St Peter’s Fields

Over 60,000 peaceful pro-democracy and anti-poverty protesters gathered to hear speakers including famous orator Henry Hunt, but were attacked by infantrymen and Yeomanry on horseback, armed with sabres and clubs. Between 10 and 20 people died. The Peterloo protest was hugely influential in giving ordinary people the vote, as well as leading to the rise of the Chartist movement, trade unions, and the establishment of The Manchester Guardian in 1821.

Peterloo Massacre, 1819, by George Cruikshank Photograph: Spencer Arnold/Getty Images





The Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition

1857, Trafford Park

Inspired by London’s Great Exhibition of 1851, the Manchester version was bankrolled by the city’s cotton trade business owners. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert granted patronage and were among the 1.3m attendees who visited the exhibition during its 142-day run. It remains the largest art exhibition to ever be held in the UK – and probably the world – with over 16,000 works on display. The orchestra that played at the opening became the Hallé.



The millworkers’ stand against slavery

1862, Free Trade Hall

In the 1860s, Manchester imported up to 75 per cent of all cotton grown on southern US plantations, but millworkers agreed, at great personal sacrifice, to support President Lincoln’s embargo. They refused to touch raw cotton picked by US slaves, endorsed by a noisy gathering at the Free Trade Hall on New Year’s Eve 1862. Lincoln wrote to them praising their stance and his statue now stands in Lincoln Square. Catch Jane Horrocks’ dramatisation of these events, Cotton Panic! at this year’s MIF.



Whit Friday Brass Band Contests

1884-present day, Saddleworth

The Saddleworth and Tameside Whit Friday Brass Band Contests, dubbed “the greatest free show on Earth”, have been running since 1884, when Whit Week was a rare holiday for local workers in the mills and factories. The contests were portrayed on the big screen in the 1996 film Brassed Off.

The Saddleworth and District Whit Friday brass band contests, 2016 Photograph: Christopher Thomond/The Guardian





The Battle of Bexley Square

1931, Salford

10,000 unemployed men and women marched on Salford’s town hall in protest at the introduction of means testing at the height of recession. Those on the march included folk singer Ewan MacColl and author Walter Greenwood, who immortalised the incident in his book Love on the Dole.



Deeply Vale festival

1976-1979, Bury

Deeply Vale was a free festival held for four years in the hills between Bury and Rochdale. It grew from 300 people in 1976 to 20,000 in 1979, and was bigger and more organised than the nascent Glastonbury festival. Steve Hillage, The Fall and The Durutti Column all played. It inspired a whole generation of musicians, from David Gedge of The Wedding Present to Jimi Goodwin of Doves.

Moss Side riots

1981, Moss Side

Two days of rioting in the inner city district of Moss Side were fuelled by mass unemployment and racial tension, particularly between local youths and the police. The Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police at the time, James Anderton — a controversial religious moralist – was later lampooned in the Happy Mondays song God’s Cop.

Papal visit

1982, Heaton Park

Making the first visit to Britain by a reigning pope, John Paul II said mass at Heaton Park to a huge congregation of 250,000, including a 10-year-old Liam Gallagher. When Oasis headlined Heaton Park themselves in 2009, Liam told the crowd: “Last time I was here I came to see the Pope. He was alright but he didn’t have many tunes.”



The Festival of the Tenth Summer

1986, Various venues

A music and arts festival organised by Factory Records to celebrate 10 years since the Sex Pistols played the Lesser Free Trade Hall, viewed by many as catalyst for a generation of Manchester musicians. The final gig at G-Mex was headlined by New Order and The Smiths.

Acid house raves

1986-92, The Kitchen, The Haçienda and beyond

From 1986 onwards, acid house became the underground sound of the city, from warehouses and illegal clubs like The Kitchen to Factory Records’ legendary hangout The Haçienda. Manchester’s 808 State and A Guy Called Gerald were among the first UK acts to take acid house into the charts in 1989 as the city fully embraced the communal nature of the rave revolution.

The Hacienda, 1989 Photograph: PYMCA/REX Shutterstock





Section 28 rally

1988, Albert Square

20,000 people descended on Albert Square for a rally against the Conservative government’s Section 28 act, which decreed that councils should not “intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality”. It featured Tom Robinson, Sir Ian McKellen and Jimmy Somerville, while a Section 28 fundraising gig at International 2 was headlined by The Stone Roses and James.

Manchester Pride

1989-present day, Manchester gay village

Manchester’s annual LGBT festival and parade (which has changed names over the years, from Love Rights to Mardi Gras to its current incarnation as Manchester Pride) attracts thousands from across the UK to the city’s gay village in and around Canal Street. The three-day celebration takes over the city every August bank holiday.

Piccadilly Gardens, site of What Is the City But the People?, Jeremy Deller’s parade for Manchester International Festival Photograph: Jonathan CK Webb

Dpercussion

1997-2007, Castlefield

Initially conceived as Manchester’s response to the 1996 IRA bomb that injured 200 people and devastated the city centre, Dpercussion became a huge free urban music festival, with over 70,000 people pouring into Castlefield every August. The festival was a precursor to what became Parklife.

Jeremy Deller’s Procession

2009, Deansgate

For MIF 2009, Turner Prize-winning artist Jeremy Deller curated a unique mass procession of 1,700 locals, ranging from the third Davyhulme Scout and Guide Marching band playing The Fall’s Hit the North, to souped-up car enthusiasts putting a donk on it. “I like what has happened in Manchester, historically, politically, musically,” explained Deller. “I wanted to try and make something a bit like a procession you would see on The Simpsons, a sort of social surrealist event full of bizarre, funny, wrong-seeming things.”

Jeremy Deller’s Procession, 2009. Photograph: Christopher Thomond/The Guardian