It sounds like a lot of money. But the authority has much work to do to improve its aging infrastructure. The current capital plan that runs from 2015 to 2019 cost about $32.5 billion and focused on Mr. Cuomo’s pet projects rather than fixing the subway.

The report named several funding sources — in addition to congestion pricing — that state leaders should consider: a “cruising charge” on for-hire vehicles that linger in Manhattan’s busiest areas; a tax on New York City property sales above $5 million; and the sale of “air rights” above properties the agency owns.

Using tax revenue generated from the potential sale of recreational marijuana, which Mr. Cuomo has said he wants to legalize within months, is another popular subway-funding option.

“Transit should be a priority for any new authorized funding source,” the report said.

Push down construction costs

What about the money the M.T.A. already has? Transit leaders have come under fire for mismanaging the agency’s finances, from bloated construction costs to labor rules that increase the price of projects.

A Long Island Rail Road project, known as “East Side Access,” to link the rail road to Grand Central Terminal has cost about $3.5 billion for each new mile of track — seven times the average elsewhere in the world, according to an investigation last year by The New York Times. The Second Avenue subway on Manhattan’s Upper East Side and the 2015 extension of the No. 7 line to Hudson Yards also cost far more than the average, at $2.5 billion and $1.5 billion per mile, respectively.

The agency’s projects have been “generally late and over budget for as long as anyone can remember,” the report said.