1. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel (2002) Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation 106:3145–3421

2. Hergenc G, Schulte H, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A (1999) Associations of obesity markers, insulin, and sex hormones with HDL-cholesterol levels in Turkish and German individuals. Atherosclerosis 145:147–156

3. Mahley RW, Arslan P, Pekcan G, Pépin GM, Ağaçdiken A, Karaağoğlu N, Rakicioğlu N, Nursal B, Dayanikli P, Palaoğlu KE, Bersot TP (2001) Plasma lipids in Turkish children: impact of puberty, socioeconomic status, and nutrition on plasma cholesterol and HDL. J Lipid Res 42(12):1996–2006

4. Onat A, Yildirim B, Uslu N, Gurbuz N, Keles I, Cetinkaya A, Aksu H, Uysal O, Sansoy V (1999) Investigations plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in Turkish adults: overall levels, associations with other risk parameters and HDL’s role as a marker of coronary risk in women. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 27(2):72–79

5. Ujcic-Voortman JK, Bos G, Baan CA, Uitenbroek DG, Verhoeff AP, Seidell JC (2010) Ethnic differences in total and HDL cholesterol among Turkish, Moroccan and Dutch ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. BMC Public Health 10:740

6. Tekkeşin N, Kılınç C, Ökmen AŞ (2011) Investigation of Framingham risk factors in Turkish adults. JCEI 2(1):42–49

7. Kozan O, Oguz A, Abaci A, Erol C, Ongen Z, Temizhan A, Celik S (2007) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Turkish adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):548–553

8. Duran S, Memisogullari R, Coskun A, Yavuz O, Yuksel H (2007) Do Turkish adults really have lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol? Acta Cardiol 62(5):453–459

9. Bersot TP, Vega GL, Grundy SM et al (2000) Elevated hepatic lipase activity and low levels of high density lipoprotein in a normotriglyceridemic, nonobese Turkish population. J Lipid Res 41:432–438

10. Yasui T, Uemura H, Irahara M, Arai M, Kojimahara N, Okabe R, Ishii Y, Tashiro S, Sato H (2008) Associations of endogenous sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin with lipid profiles in aged Japanese men and women. Clin Chim Acta 398(1–2):43–47

11. Vanbillemont G, Bogaert V, De Bacquer D, Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Toye K, Van Steen K, Taes Y, Kaufman JM (2009) Polymorphisms of the SHBG gene contribute to the interindividual variation of sex steroid hormone blood levels in young, middle-aged and elderly men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70(2):303–310

12. Avvakumov GV, Cherkasov A, Muller YA, Hammond GL (2010) Structural analyses of sex hormone-binding globulin reveal novel ligands and function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(1):13–23

13. Cousin P, Calemard-Michel L, Lejeune H, Raverot G, Yessaad N, Emptoz-Bonneton A, Morel Y, Pugeat M (2004) Influence of SHBG gene pentanucleotide TAAAA repeat and D327 N polymorphism on serum sex hormone-binding globulin concentration in hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(2):917–924

14. Pugeat M, Nader N, Hogeveen K, Raverot G, Déchaud H, Grenot C (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression in the liver: drugs and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(1):53–59

15. Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Royer M, Audran M, Legrand E (2010) Sex hormone-binding globulin in osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 77(4):306–312

16. Misao R, Nakanishi Y, Fujimoto J, Tamaya T (1997) Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin exon VII splicing variant mRNA in human uterine myometrium and leiomyoma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 63(4–6):269–274

17. Liska F, Gösele C, Kren V, Hübner N, Krenová D (2004) Molecular analysis of the sex hormone-binding globulin gene in the rat hypodactylous mutation (Hd). Folia Biol (Praha) 50(2):63–68

18. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Lee CC, Rifai N, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Liu S (2009) Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. N Engl J Med 361(12):1152–1163

19. Xita N, Tsatsoulis A (2010) Genetic variants of sex hormone-binding globulin and their biological consequences. Mol Cell Endocrinol 316(1):60–65

20. Power SG, Bocchinfuso WP, Pallesen M, Warmels-Rodenhiser S, Van Baelen H, Hammond GL (1992) Molecular analyses of a human sex hormone-binding globulin variant: evidence for an additional carbohydrate chain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75(4):1066–1070

21. Cousin P, Déchaud H, Grenot C, Lejeune H, Pugeat M (1998) Human variant sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with an additional carbohydrate chain has a reduced clearance rate in rabbit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(1):235–240

22. Cui Y, Shu XO, Cai Q et al (2005) Association of breast cancer risk with a common functional polymorphism (Asp327Asn) in the sex hormone-binding globulin gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14:1096–1101

23. Haiman CA, Riley SE, Freedman ML, Setiawan VW, Conti DV, Le Marchand L (2005) Common genetic variation in the sex steroid hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene and circulating SHBG levels among postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(4):2198–2204

24. Shin JY, Kim SK, Lee MY, Kim HS, Ye BI, Shin YG et al (2011) Serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels are independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 94:156–162

25. Seo I-H, Lee H-B, Kim S, Lee Y-J, Jung D-H (2017) Inverse relationship between hepatic steatosis and alanine aminotransferase with sex hormone-binding globulin in men. Yonsei Med J 58(4):731–736

26. Desmeules A, Couillard C, Tchernof A, Bergeron J, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Després JP, Bouchard C (2003) Post-heparin lipolytic enzyme activities, sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in men and women: the HERITAGE family study. Atherosclerosis 171(2):343–350

27. Da Pascual-Figal, Pl Tornel, Nicolás F, Sánchez-Más J, Martínez Md, Mr Gracia, Ip Garrido, Ja Ruipérez, Valdés M (2009) Sex hormone-binding globulin: a new marker of disease severity and prognosis in men with chronic heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 62(12):1381–1387

28. Mš Goldštajn, Toljan K, Grgić F, Jurković I, Dp Baldani (2016) Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) as a marker of clinical disorders. Coll Antropol 40(3):211–218

29. Thompson DJ, Healey CS, Baynes C, Kalmyrzaev B, Ahmed S, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Luben RN, Cox D, Ballinger D, Pharoah PD, Ponder BA, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Studies in Epidemiology and Risks of Cancer Heredity Team (2008) Identification of common variants in the SHBG gene affecting sex hormone-binding globulin levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 17(12):3490–3498

30. Ohlsson C, Wallaschofski H, Lunetta KL, Stolk L, Perry JR, Koster A et al (2011) Genetic determinants of serum testosterone concentrations in men. PLoS Genet 7(10):e1002313

31. Ferk P, Teran N, Gersak K (2007) The (TAAAA)n microsatellite polymorphism in the SHBG gene influences serum SHBG levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 22(4):1031–1036

32. Dunning AM, Dowsett M, Healey CS, Tee L, Luben RN, Folkerd E, Novik KL, Kelemen L, Ogata S, Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Day NE, Ponder BA (2004) Polymorphisms associated with circulating sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(12):936–945

33. Eriksson AL, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, Vandenput L, Swanson C, Andersson N et al (2006) SHBG gene promoter polymorphisms in men are associated with serum sex hormone-binding globulin, androgen and androgen metabolite levels, and hip bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(12):5029–5037

34. Vohl MC, Dionne FT, Dériaz O, Chagnon M, Bouchard C (1994) Detection of a MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism for the human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene. Hum Genet 93(1):84

35. Kaushik M, Sontineni SP, Hunter C (2010) Cardiovascular disease and androgens: a review. Int J Cardiol 142(1):8–14

36. Ouyang P, Vaidya D, Dobs A, Golden SH, Szklo M, Heckbert SR, Kopp P, Gapstur SM (2009) Sex hormone levels and subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 204(1):255–261

37. Düzcü S, Üstüner F, Arslan-Şentürk B, Deveci S, Yeşil M (2010) Koroner Arter Hastalığı Olan Erkeklerde Seks Hormonları, Seks Hormonları Bağlayıcı Globulin ve Lipid Profili İlişkisi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg 8(3):117–123

38. Cao J, Zou H, Zhu BP, Wang H, Li J, Ding Y, Li XY (2010) Sex hormones and androgen receptor: risk factors of coronary heart disease in elderly men. Chin Med Sci 25(1):44–49

39. Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ (2003) Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev 24(3):313–340

40. Gyllenborg J, Rasmussen SL, Borch-Johnsen K, Heitmann BL, Skakkebæk NE, Juul A (2001) Cardiovascular risk factors in men: the role of gonadal steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin. Metabolism 50(8):882–888

41. Haffner SM, Laakso M, Miettinen H, Mykkänen L, Karhapää P, Rainwater DL (1996) Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone are associated with smaller, denser low density lipoprotein in normoglycemic men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81(10):3697–3701

42. Perret B, Mabile L, Martinez L, Terc F, Barbaras R, Collet X (2002) Hepatic lipase: structure/function relationship, synthesis, and regulation. J Lipid Res 43:1163–1169

43. Bataille V, Perret B, Evans A, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Ducimetiére P et al (2005) Sex hormone-binding globulin is a major determinant of the lipid profile: the PRIME study. Atherosclerosis 179:369–373

44. Pugeat M, Moulin P, Cousin P, Fimbel S, Nicolas MH, Crave JC, Lejeune H (1995) Interrelations between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53(1–6):567–572

45. Mingrone G, Greco AV, Giancaterini A, Scarfone A, Castagneto M, Pugeat M (2002) Sex hormone-binding globulin levels and cardiovascular risk factors in morbidly obese subjects before and after weight reduction induced by diet or malabsorptive surgery. Atherosclerosis 161(2):455–462

46. Abdella NA, Mojiminiyi OA (2017) Cross-sectional study of the determinants and associations of sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in first degree relatives (FDR) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 133:159–167

47. Sá EQ, Sá FC, Oliveira KC, Feres F, Verreschi IT (2014) Association between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and metabolic syndrome among men. Sao Paulo Med J 132(2):111–115

48. Schooling CM, Luo S, Au Yeung SL, Thompson DJ, Karthikeyan S, Bolton TR, Mason AM, Ingelsson E, Burgess S (2018) Genetic predictors of testosterone and their associations with cardiovascular disease and risk factors: a Mendelian randomization investigation. Int J Cardiol 267:171–176

49. Wranicz JK, Cygankiewicz I, Rosiak M, Kula P, Kula K, Zareba W (2005) The relationship between sex hormones and lipid profile in men with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 101(1):105–110

50. Gray A, Feldman HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C (1991) Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1016–1025

51. Riancho JA, Valero C, Zarrabeitia MT, García-Unzueta MT, Amado JA, González-Macías J (2008) Genetic polymorphisms are associated with serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin in postmenopausal women. BMC Med Genet 9:112

52. Piotrowski P, Gasik R, Lianeri M, Cieślak D, Wudarski M, Hrycaj P, Łacki JK, Jagodziński PP (2010) Asp327Asn polymorphism of sex hormone-binding globulin gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus incidence. Mol Biol Rep 37(1):235–239

53. Turk A, Kopp P, Colangelo LA, Urbanek M, Wood K, Liu K, Skinner HG, Gapstur SM (2008) Associations of serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels with SHBG gene polymorphisms in the CARDIA male hormone study. Am J Epidemiol 167(4):412–418

54. Napoli N, Varadharajan A, Rini GB, Del Fiacco R, Yarramaneni J, Mumm S, Villareal DT, Armamento-Villareal R (2009) Effects of polymorphisms of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene on free estradiol and bone mineral density. Bone 45:1169–1174

55. Hogeveen KN, Cousin P, Pugeat M, Dewailly D, Soudan B, Hammond GL (2002) Human sex hormone-binding globulin variants associated with hyperandrogenism and ovarian dysfunction. J Clin Invest 109(7):973–981

56. White MJ, Eren F, Agirbasli D, Williams SM, Agirbasli M (2015) SHBG gene polymorphism (rs1799941) associates with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 10(2):e0116915