ANTAL, T., Ohtsuki, H., Wakeley, J., Taylor, P. D., & Nowak, M. A. (2009). Evolution of cooperation by phenotypic similarity. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 106(21), 8401-8792. [doi:10.1073/pnas.0902528106]

AXELROD, R. (1997). The evolution of strategies in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In C. Bicchieri, R. Jeffrey & B. Skyrms (Eds.), The dynamics of norms (pp. 1-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

AXELROD, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396. [doi:10.1126/science.7466396]

BARTH, F. (Ed.). (1969 ). Ethnic groups and boundaries. Boston: Little Brown.

BEER, R. D. (2003). The dynamics of active categorical perception in an evolved model agent. Adaptive Behavior, 11, 209-243. [doi:10.1177/1059712303114001]

CHASE, I. D. (1980). Cooperative and noncooperative behavior in animals. The American Naturalist, 115, 827-857. [doi:10.1086/283603]

DAWES, R. M., McTavish, J., & Shaklee, H. (1977). Behavior, communication, and assumptions about other people's behavior in a commons dilemma situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(1), 1-11. [doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.1.1]

DUDLEY, S. A., & File, A. L. (2007). Kin recognition in an annual plant. Biology Letters, 3, 435-438. [doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0232]

FESTINGER, L., Schacter, S., & Back, K. W. (1963). Social pressures in informal groups: a study of human factors in housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.

FOGEL, D. B. (1993). Evolving behaviors in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Evolutionary Computation, 1(1), 77-97. [doi:10.1162/evco.1993.1.1.77]

FOLEY, R. (1995). The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 4(6), 194-203. [doi:10.1002/evan.1360040603]

FU, F., Tarnita, C. E., Christakis, N. A., Wang, L., Rand, D. G., & Nowak, M. A. (2012). Evolution of in-group favoritism. Sci Rep 2(460). [doi:10.1038/srep00460]

GADGIL, M., Joshi, N. V., & Gadgjil, S. (1983). On the moulding of population viscosity by natural selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 104(1), 21-24. [doi:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90399-5]

GAZDA, S. K., Connor, R. C., Edgar, R. K., & Cox, F. (2005). A division of labour with role specialization in group-hunting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Cedar Key, Florida. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 135-140. [doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2937]

GREENWALD, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. [doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4]

HALES, D. (2000). Cooperation without space of memory: Tags, groups and the prisoner's dilemma. In S. Moss & P. Davidsson (Eds.), Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (pp. 157-166). Berlin: Springer. [doi:10.1007/3-540-44561-7_12]

HALEVY, N., Bornstein, G., & Sagiv, L. (2008). "In-group love" and "out-group hate" as motives for individual participation in intergroup conflict. Psychological Science, 19(4), 405. [doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02100.x]

HAMMOND, R. A., & Axelrod, R. (2006a). Evolution of contingent altruism when cooperation is expensive. Theoretical Population Biology, 69, 333-338. [doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2005.12.002]

HAMMOND, R. A., & Axelrod, R. (2006b). The evolution of ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50, 926-936. [doi:10.1177/0022002706293470]

HEWSTONE, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604. [doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109]

HIPP, J. R., & Perrin, A. J. (2009). The simultaneous effect of social distance and physical distance on the formation of neighborhood ties. City & Community, 8(1), 5-12. [doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01267.x]

HOLLAND, J. (1993). The effects of (tags) on social interactions.

KATZ, A. M., & Hill, R. (1958). Residential propinquity and marital selection: A review of theory, method, and fact. Marriage and Family Living, 20(1), 27-35. [doi:10.2307/347359]

KAZNATCHEEV, A. (2010). The cognitive cost of ethnocentrism. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 967-971). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

KAZNATCHEEV, A. (2010a). Robustness of ethnocentrism to changes in inter-personal interactions. Paper presented at the Complex Adaptive Systems - AAAI Fall Symposium., Arlington, VA.

KAZNATCHEEV, A. (2010b). The cognitive cost of ethnocentrism. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 32nd annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX.

KAZNATCHEEV, A., & Shultz, T. R. (2011). Ethnocentrism Maintains Cooperation, but Keeping One's Children Close Fuels It. In L. Carlson, C. Hoelscher & T. F. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3174-3179). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

KELLER, L., & Ross, K. G. (1998). Selfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant. Nature, 394, 573-575. [doi:10.1038/29064]

KIM, J.-W. (2010). A tag-based evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game on networks with different topologies. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 13(3), 2.

KUBITSCHEK, W. N., & Hallinan, M. T. (1998). Tracking and students' friendships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(1), 1-15. [doi:10.2307/2787054]

LAIRD, R. A. (2011). Green-beard effect predicts the evolution of traitorousness in the two-tag prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 288, 84-91. [doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.023]

LENSKI, R. E., & Velicer, G. J. (2000). Games microbes play. Selection 1, 1-3, 89-95.

LEVINE, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism. New York: Wiley.

LIMA, F. W. S., Hadzibeganovic, T., & Stauffer, D. (2009). Evolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási-Albert networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 338(24), 4999-5004. [doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.08.029]

MACKINNON, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614. [doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542]

MAYR, E. (1970). Populations, species and evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

NAHEMOW, L., & Lawton, M. P. (1975). Similarity and propinquity in friendship formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 205-213. [doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.205]

RAMACHANDRAN, S., Deshpande, O., Roseman, C. C., Rosenberg, N. A., Feldman, M. W., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2005). Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 102(44), 15942-15947. [doi:10.1073/pnas.0507611102]

RIOLO, R. (1997). The effects of tag-mediated selection of partners in evolving populations playing the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Santa Fe Institute Working Paper, 97-02-016.

RIOLO, R. L., Cohen, M. D., & Axelrod, R. (2001). Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity. Nature, 414, 441-443. [doi:10.1038/35106555]

RUNYON, J. B., Mescher, M. C., & De Moraes, C. M. (2006). Volatile chemical cues guide host location and host selection by parasitic plants. Science, 313, 1964-1967. [doi:10.1126/science.1131371]

SANDHOLM, T. W., & Crites, R. H. (1996). Multiagent reinforcement learning in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Biosystems, 37(1-2), 147-166. [doi:10.1016/0303-2647(95)01551-5]

SEPPÄ, P., & Pamilo, P. (1995). Gene flow and population viscosity in Myrmica ants. Heredity, 74 200-209. [doi:10.1038/hdy.1995.28]

SHERIF, M. (1966). Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

SHULTZ, T. R., Hartshorn, M., & Hammond, R. A. (2008). Stages in the evolution of ethnocentrism. In B. C. Love, K. McRae & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1244-1249). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

SHULTZ, T. R., Hartshorn, M., & Kaznatcheev, A. (2009). Why is ethnocentrism more common than humanitarianism? In N. A. Taatgen & H. v. Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2100-2105). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.

SOBEL, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. [doi:10.2307/270723]

TAJFEL, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178. [doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202]

TRAULSEN, A., & Nowak, M. A. (2007). Chromodynamics of cooperation in finite populations. PLoS ONE, 2(3), e270. [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000270]

TRAULSEN, A., & Schuster, H. G. (2003). Minimal model for tag-based cooperation. Physical Review E, 68. [doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.046129]

VELICER, G. J. (2003). Social strife in the microbial world. Trends in Microbiology, 11(7), 330-337. [doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00152-5]