A year ago, the European Union closed the Balkan route to migrants, then made a deal with Ankara to send newly arriving migrants and Syrian refugees in Greece to Turkey. The desired effect quickly became noticeable: the number of new arrivals sank drastically, putting a dampener on the illegal dealings of human traffickers.

The EU's southeastern external borders continue to be "protected," to use the terminology of several statements issued by heads of state. The goal is to stop "illegal migration." The land borders between Turkey and Greece, and between Serbia and Hungary had previously been sealed off with fences. The plan is working.

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Securing Italy

But "Fortress Europe" isn't working between Libya and Italy. Last year, more migrants embarked from Libya to Italy via the Mediterranean than ever before. The EU also wants to shut this route down, as stated in numerous summit declarations. Here too, the EU hopes to employ deterrent tactics. It used to be that EU marine units would save migrants from their unseaworthy boats and bring them to Italy. In future, the migrants are to be taken directly back to northern Africa, or better still, prevented from even making the journey. If that worked, then Fortress Europe would be perfect. Because then there would practically be no way for potential asylum seekers to reach EU territory - not on land, nor via sea.

Bernd Riegert is DW's Brussels correspondent

The farce that is asylum law

The fact that the attempts to travel to the EU are classified as illegal lies in a perversion of asylum law. Theoretically, it's possible to apply for asylum, but only once a migrant has actually set foot on EU territory. So if you can prevent people from arriving by closing external borders, then you will not be in a position to have to grant anyone asylum. Only in a few exceptional cases are there legal ways for people fleeing war and persecution to reach the EU.

This radical change in refugee and asylum policy is something that all 28 EU states want, and have agreed upon. It's no surprise therefore that the European Court of Justice is following suit. It has confirmed the practice of individual EU states that deny legal entry for potential asylum seekers by ruling that humanitarian visas may be issued, but that it is not a must. Every EU state may decide for itself how to proceed.

And so there is no reason to morally object to what is happening in Hungary. The Hungarian prime minister, in his view, is simply carrying out EU migration policy. The Hungarian parliament's decision to approve the detention of asylum seekers is possible, according to EU guidelines on asylum agreed in 2013. At most, one can accuse the xenophobic Viktor Orban of excessive application of the guidelines. Under EU regulations, detention should be the exception, not the rule. But the exceptions are described so vaguely that filing a complaint against Hungary's new practice would have little chance of success.

There are currently around 600 asylum seekers in Hungary, a ridiculously small number compared with the numbers in Italy, Greece, Austria, or Germany.

Detentions not just in Hungary

Other EU states also allow the detention and imprisonment of asylum seekers, or restrictions on their movement, during the application process or after an application has been rejected. Since the deal with Turkey, Greece has required migrants who've filed an application for asylum to remain on the Aegean islands, and to not leave the registration centers. Italy's new government wants to detain more asylum seekers in Sicily in order to make deportation easier. Italy is currently bearing the brunt when it comes to new arrivals. Consequently, the EU has expressed understanding for such a measure.

In Germany, too, restrictions on the movement of asylum seekers have long been applied. Previously, a fast-track asylum procedure was carried out, for example, in airport transit zones. And in the new arrivals centers near the border, there are also fast-track procedures that are wrapped up in just 48 hours. During that time, the migrants are not permitted to leave their lodgings.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 First-time applications in 2016 A total of 722,370 first-time applicants filed requests for political asylum in Germany in 2016, according to the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF). The number reflects a roughly 65 percent increase compared to the previous year, when the total number of new applications stood at 441,899.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Follow-up requests 33.3 percent lower The number of follow-up applications, however, recorded a decline of 33.3 percent. In 2015, 34,750 second-chance asylum requests were filed with BAMF, whereas in 2016 the number fell to 23,175.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Total asylum requests 56 percent higher Combined, the number of first-time and follow-up applications for 2016 stood at 745,545. In 2015, this number stood at 476,649. So, BAMF recorded a 56.4 percent net increase in the total number of asylum requests in 2016 compared with 2015.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Applications from Syrians, Afghans, Iraqis The highest number of requests in 2016 were filed by Syrian nationals. According to BAMF’s report, people from the war-torn Middle Eastern state submitted 266,250 of the new applications (36.9 percent). Afghan nationals came in second, with 127,012 (17.6 percent), followed by Iraqis, who filed 96,116 asylum requests (13.3 percent) last year.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Other prominent countries of origin People from Iran filed 26,426 applications (3.7 percent). Eritreans submitted 18,854 applications (2.6 percent). Albanians totaled 14,853 (2.1 percent), 14,484 people from Pakistan requested asylum (2 percent), and Nigerians submitted 12,709 applications (1.8 percent).

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Young males make up majority of applicants Nearly three-quarters of the applications filed in 2016 came from people younger than 30 years old. People aged between 18 and 25 filed 196,853 asylum requests, or about 23.5 percent of the overall total, making them the largest age group. The number of applications for children under the age of 4 stood at 78,192 (10.8 percent).

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Almost 700,000 decisions reached in 2016 German authorities accepted 433,920 people of the 695,733 applications they decided on in 2016. The overall protection rate for all countries of origin amounted to 62.4 percent.

New arrivals fall, asylum requests soar in 2016 Crimes against refugee centers still high Ranging from vandalism to arson, more than 900 attacks on refugee centers were recorded in Germany in 2016. The Federal Criminal Police Office reported that, out of the 921 recorded offenses, 857 were suspected to have had far-right motives. In 2015, 1,031 such offenses were recorded, 923 of which were suspected of having a far-right background. Author: Aasim Saleem



Deterrence is the goal

Every EU state applies the asylum procedure guidelines differently. Hungary is not the only state to have a very restrictive practice - Poland is similarly restrictive. And if you read studies by organizations such as Pro Asyl, the German legal association, or religious aid groups Caritas or Diakonie, there appear to be widespread violations of the regulations. It's long been the EU's political goal to erect barriers and create deterrents. That's something all the heads of state agree on, including Angela Merkel.

But there's still no agreement on how to fairly distribute the burden of caring for the migrants who are already here. It's only right to make clear to states such as Hungary that they are not doing their duty. The agreed EU-wide distribution and resettlement of migrants from Greece and Italy is not working. This is where Fortress Europe is failing.

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