​​Study ​Summary ​Author Conclusion

​Autism Occurrence by MMR Vaccine Status Among US Children with Older Siblings with and Without Autism Jain A, et al. JAMA. 2015; 313(5): 1534-40.



​This study identified a cohort of children with older siblings. Some siblings had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and some children in the cohort had received an ASD diagnosis. Authors calculated the relative risk (RR) of a child receiving an ASD diagnosis at ages 2 years, 3 years or 4 years based on whether the child had received 0 or 1 dose of MMR vaccine, AND whether the child had a sibling with ASD or a sibling without ASD. They also calculated the RR of a child receiving an ASD diagnosis at age 5 years based on whether they received 0, 1 or 2 doses of MMR vaccine and whether they had a sibling with ASD or a sibling without ASD.

​Authors found no association between MMR vaccination and increased ASD risk and no evidence that receipt of 1 or 2 doses of MMR vaccine was association with a raised risk of ASD for children with had an older sibling with ASD.



​No Evidence for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine-Associated Inflammatory Bowel Disease or Autism in a 14-year Prospective Study



Peltola H, et al., Lancet. 1998; 351:1327-8

​Prospective study of 3 million adverse events in temporal relation to MMR vaccine. A form was filled and posted to the data collectors, followed by another form with further information 2-3 weeks later. Researchers traced subjects who developed gastrointestinal symptoms or signs lasting 24 hours or more at any time after MMR vaccination (apart from within the first hour). Researchers also checked hospital and health center records or interviewed the local public-health nurses. Over a decade’s effort to detect all severe adverse events associated with MMR vaccine could find no data supporting the hypothesis that it would cause pervasive developmental disorder or inflammatory bowel disease.



​Autism and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: No Epidemiological Evidence for a Causal Association



Taylor B, et al., Lancet. 1999; 353(9169): 2026-9

​Researchers looked for a change in trend in incidence or age at diagnosis associated with the introduction of MMR vaccination to the United Kingdom in 1988. The study identified 498 cases of autism (261 of core autism, 166 of atypical autism, and 71 of Asperger syndrome) in children born in the UK since 1979. There was a steady increase in cases by year of birth with no sudden “step-up” or change in the trend line after the introduction of MMR vaccination. There was no difference in age at diagnosis between the cases vaccinated before or after 18 months of age and those never vaccinated. There was no temporal association between onset of autism within 1 or 2 years after vaccination with MMR. Developmental regression was not clustered in the months after vaccination. ​Data do not support a causal association between MMR vaccine and autism. If such an association occurs, it is so rare that it could not be identified in this large regional sample.

​Mumps, Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by General Practitioners: A Time Trend Analysis



Kaye JA, et al., British Medical Journal. 2001; 322:460-63

​Study compared prevalence of MMR vaccination among children in the United Kingdom to rising prevalence of autism diagnoses for children. ​The data provide evidence that no correlation exists between the prevalence of MMR vaccination and the rapid increase in the risk of autism over time.​

​MMR and autism: further evidence against a causal association



Farrington CP, et al., Vaccine. 2001; Jun 14; 19(27): 3632-5

​Data from an earlier MMR vaccine study (Taylor et al, 2000) were reanalyzed to test a second hypothesis. ​Results provide further evidence against a causal association between MMR vaccination and autism.

​Time Trends in Autism and in MMR Immunization Coverage in California



Dales L et al., Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001; 285(9): 1183-5

​Scientists looked for correlation between increases in the rate of autism diagnoses and increases in the rate of MMR vaccination in children born between 1980 and 1994. ​These data do not suggest an association between MMR immunization among young children and an increase in autism occurrence.

​Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Other Measles-Containing Vaccines Do Not Increase the Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project



Davis RL, et al., Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2001;155(3): 354-9

​A case control study of 155 persons with inflammatory bowel disease with up to five controls each. Neither past vaccination nor age at vaccination with other MCV was associated with increased risk for Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or IBD. Risk for Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or IBD was not elevated in the time immediately following vaccination with either vaccine. ​Vaccination with MMR or other MCV, or the timing of vaccination early in life, did not increase the risk for IBD.

​No Evidence for a New Variant of Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Induced Autism



Fombonne E, et al., Pediatrics. 2001; 108(4): e58

​Study compared 96 children with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) born between 1992 and 1995 and who had received the MMR vaccine, to PDD patients who did not receive MMR. ​No evidence was found to support a distinct syndrome of MMR-induced autism or of “autistic enterocolitis.” These results add to the large-scale epidemiologic studies that all failed to support an association between MMR and autism at population level. These findings do not argue for changes in current immunization programs and recommendations.

​Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Bowel Problems or Developmental Regression in Children with Autism: Population Study



Taylor B, et al. British Medical Journal. 2002; 324(7334): 393-6 ​Population study of 278 children with core autism and 195 with atypical autism, born between 1979 and 1998. The proportion of children with developmental regression (25% overall) or bowel symptoms (17%) did not change significantly during the 20 years from 1979, a period which included the introduction of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in October 1988. ​Data provide no support for an MMR associated “new variant” form of autism with developmental regression and bowel problems, and further evidence against involvement of MMR vaccine in the initiation of autism.

​Relation of Childhood Gastrointestinal Disorders to Autism: Nested Case Control Study Using Data from the UK General Practice Research Database ​ Black C, et al., British Medical Journal. 2002; 325: 419-21 ​Nested case control study of 96 children diagnosed with autism and 449 controls. The estimated odds ratio for a history of gastrointestinal disorders among children with autism compared with children without autism was 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 2.2). ​ ​No evidence was found that children with autism were more likely than children without autism to have had defined gastrointestinal disorders at any time before their diagnosis of autism.

​Neurologic Disorders after Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination​



Makela A, et al., Pediatrics. 2002; 110: 957-63 ​ ​Study of 535,544 1- to 7-year-old children who were vaccinated between November 1982 and June 1986 in Finland. ​Data do not support an association between MMR vaccination and encephalitis, aseptic meningitis or autism.

​A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism



Madsen KM, et al., N ew Engl and J ournal of Med icine. 2002; 347(19): 1477-82 ​Compared relative risk of ASD in children vaccinated with MMR vaccine and unvaccinated children born in Denmark between 1991 and 1998. Of the 537,303 children in the cohort, 82% had received the MMR vaccine. Researchers identified 316 children with a diagnosis of autism and 422 with a diagnosis of other ASDs. There was no association between the age at the time of vaccination, the time since vaccination, or the date of vaccination and the development of autism. ​This study provides strong evidence against the hypothesis that MMR vaccination causes autism.

​Prevalence of Autism and Parentally Reported Triggers in a North East London Population



Lingam R, e t al., Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003; 88(8): 666-70 ​Study of reported age of onset of ASD among 567 children in northeast London born between 1979 and 1998. The age at diagnosis of ASD was estimated to have decreased per five-year period since 1983, by 8.7% for childhood autism and by 11.0% for atypical autism. There was some evidence that MMR vaccine was more likely to be mentioned as a trigger after August 1997 than before. ​The data suggest that a rise in autism prevalence was likely due to factors such as increased recognition, a greater willingness on the part of educators and families to accept the diagnostic label, and better recording systems. The proportion of parents attributing their child's autism to MMR appears to have increased since August 1997.

​MMR Vaccination and Perva​sive Developmental Disorders: A Case-Control Study



Smeeth L, et al., Lancet 2004; 364(9438): 963-9​ ​Matched case-control of 1,295 people born in 1973 or later who had first recorded diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder while registered with a contributing general practice between 1987 and 2001. Controls (4,469) were matched on age, sex and general practice. 1,010 cases (78.1%) had MMR vaccination recorded before diagnosis, compared with 3,671 controls (82.1%) before the age at which their matched case was diagnosed. ​Data suggest that MMR vaccination is not associated with an increased risk of pervasive developmental disorders.

​Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children with Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta



DeStefano F et al., Pediatrics 2004; 113(2): 259-66 ​Study compared ages at first MMR vaccination between children with autism and children who did not have autism in the total population and in selected subgroups, including children with regression in development. ​Similar proportions of case and control children were vaccinated by the recommended age or shortly after (i.e., before 18 months) and before the age by which atypical development is usually recognized in children with autism (i.e., 24 months).​

​No evidence for links between autism, MMR and measles virus



C hen W, et al., Psychological Medicine. 2004 April; 34(3): 543-53 ​Study compared 2,407 persons with autism born between 1959 and 1993; to 4,640 Down syndrome subjects born between 1966 and 1993. ​No increased risk of autism was found following exposures to wild measles and vaccinations with monovalent measles, and Urabe or Jeryl-Lynn variants of MMR vaccine.

​No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study



Honda H, et al., Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005; 46(6): 572-9 ​ ​Study examined incidence of ASD to age 7 for children born between 1988 and 1996 in Yokohama, Japan. The MMR vaccination rate in Yokohama declined significantly in the birth cohorts of years 1988-92, and no MMR vaccines were administered in 1993 or thereafter. In contrast, cumulative incidence of ASD up to age 7 increased significantly in the birth cohorts of years 1988 through 1996 and most notably rose dramatically beginning with the birth cohort of 1993. ​MMR vaccination is not likely to be a main cause of ASD, and cannot explain the rise over time in the incidence of ASD. Withdrawal of MMR in countries where it is still being used cannot be expected to lead to a reduction in the incidence of ASD.

​Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism



Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press: 2004 ​ ​The IOM's Committee on Immunization Safety Review was convened in the fall of 2000 to provide an independent review of increasingly prominent vaccine safety concerns. The 15 committee members with expertise in pediatrics, internal medicine, immunology, neurology, infectious diseases, epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, risk perception, decision analysis, nursing, genetics, ethics and health communications analyzed over 200 relevant studies. ​The committee rejected a causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism as well as a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.

​Relationship between MMR Vaccine and Autism



Klein KC, Diehl EB. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 38(7-8):1297-300 ​Ten articles that specifically evaluated the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism were identified. Review articles, commentaries, and evaluations of a link between gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic children and MMR immunization were excluded. Based upon the current literature, it appears that there is no relationship between MMR vaccination and the development of autism.



​Is There a 'Regressive Phenotype' of Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated with the Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine? A CPEA Study



Richler, et al., Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2006; 36(3): 299-316 ​A multi-site study of 351 children with ASD and 31 typically developing children used caregiver interviews to describe the children’s early acquisition and loss of social-communication milestones. For the majority of children with ASD who had experienced a regression, pre-loss development was clearly atypical. ​No evidence that onset of autistic symptoms or of regression was related to measles, mumps and rubella vaccination.

​Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Montreal and Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and Links with Immunizations



Fombonne E, et al., Pediatrics. 2006; 118(1): e139-50 ​Study of thimerosal and MMR vaccine uptake in 28,000 Canadian children born between 1987 and 1998, of whom 180 were identified with a pervasive developmental disorder. ​The data rule out an association between pervasive developmental disorder and either high levels of ethyl mercury exposure comparable with those experienced in the United States in the 1990s or 1- or 2-dose MMR vaccinations.

​Immunizations and Autism: A Review of the Literature



Doja A, and Roberts W, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2006; 33(4): 341-6 ​ ​Literature review found very few studies supporting an association between vaccines and autism, with the overwhelming majority showing no causal association between the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. The vaccine preservative thimerosal has alternatively been hypothesized to have a possible causal role in autism. No convincing evidence was found to support an association between the vaccine preservative thimerosal and autism, nor for the use of chelation therapy in autism.​

​No Evidence of Persisting Measles Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder



D'Souza Y, et al., Pediatrics. 2006; 118(4): 1664-75. ​ ​Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 54 children with ASD and 34 developmentally normal children, and up to 4 real-time polymerase chain reaction assays and 2 nested polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. No sample from either ASD or control groups was found to contain nucleic acids from any measles virus gene. In the nested polymerase chain reaction and in-house assays, none of the samples yielded positive results. Furthermore, there was no difference in anti-measles antibody titers between the autism and control groups. ​There is no evidence of measles virus persistence in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children with ASD.

​MMR-Vaccine and Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Negative Results Presented from Japan



Uchiyama T, et al., Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders . 2007; 37(2): 210-7 ​Study of 904 patients with ASD. During the period of MMR usage, no significant difference was found in the incidence of regression between MMR-vaccinated children and non-vaccinated children. Among the proportion and incidence of regression across the three MMR-program-related periods (before, during and after MMR usage), no significant difference was found between those who had received MMR and those who had not. Moreover, the incidence of regression did not change significantly across the three periods. ​The data do not support an association between MMR and autism.

​Measles Vaccination and Antibody Response in Autism Spectrum Disorders



Baird G, et al., Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2008; 93(10): 832-7 ​ ​Case-control study of 98 vaccinated children aged 10-12 years in the UK with ASD and two control groups of similar age: 52 children with special educational needs but no ASD and 90 children in the typically developing group. No difference was found between cases and controls for measles antibody response. There was no dose-response relationship between autism symptoms and antibody concentrations. ​No association between measles vaccination and ASD was shown.

​Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study



Hornig M et al., PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(9): e3140 ​ ​Researchers looked for measles virus in the guts of 25 children with both autism and gastrointestinal disorders, and another 13 children with the same gastrointestinal disorders but no autism. The virus was detected in one child from each group. ​This study provides strong evidence against association of autism with persistent measles virus RNA in the gastrointestinal tract or with MMR vaccine exposure.