Full text of "Leaked U.S. Army Document Outlines Plan For Re-Education Camps In America"

FM 3-39.40 INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS February 2010 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 8 December 2008. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-TDD-M, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473- 8929. DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online ( www.us.army.mil ) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at ( www.train.army.mil ). Field Manual No. 3-39.40 FM 3-39.40 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations Contents Page PREFACE viii INTRODUCTION xi Chapter 1 INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT AND THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 1-1 Conduct 1-1 Principles 1-3 Personnel Categories 1-5 Status Determination 1-7 Article 5 Tribunals 1-8 Appeals and Periodic Reviews of Civilian Internees 1-9 General Protection and Care of Detainees, U.S. Military Prisoners, and Dislocated Civilians 1-10 Agencies Concerned With Internment and Resettlement 1-12 Protecting Power 1-13 Planning Considerations for Internment and Resettlement Operations 1-14 Military Police Capabilities 1-16 Chapter 2 INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE SPECTRUM OF OPERATIONS 2-1 Support to Combat Operations 2-1 Support to Stability Operations 2-3 Support to Civil Support Operations 2-8 Army Command and Support Relationships 2-8 Considerations Within the Operational Area and the Area of Operations 2-9 Chapter 3 COMMAND AND STAFF ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 3-1 National and Theater Reporting Agencies 3-1 Roles and Responsibilities 3-2 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 8 December 2008. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-TDD-M, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. *This publication supersedes FM 3-19.40, 4 September 2007. Contents Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center Commander/Military Intelligence Battalion 3-7 Intelligence Analysts 3-8 Human Intelligence Collectors 3-8 Interpreters and Translators 3-9 Military Police Organizations in Support of Internment and Resettlement Operations 3-10 Staff Duties and Responsibilities in Support of Internment and Resettlement. 3-1 2 Guard Force 3-18 Chapter 4 CAPTURE, INITIAL DETENTION, AND SCREENING 4-1 Detainee Flow 4-1 Detainee Processing 4-5 Custody and Accountability of Property, Evidence, and Intelligence Information 4-12 Detainee Movement 4-15 Methods of Transportation 4-16 Detainee Release 4-19 Chapter 5 DETAINEE OPERATIONS 5-1 Command and Control 5-1 Planning Considerations 5-2 Intelligence and Interrogation 5-3 Medical Support 5-6 Dental Support 5-8 Specific Detainee Support Requirements 5-9 Detainee Deaths 5-13 Legal Considerations 5-14 Chapter 6 DETAINEE FACILITIES 6-1 General Considerations 6-1 Detainee Collection Point 6-4 Detainee Holding Area 6-10 Fixed Detainee Internment Facilities 6-14 Theater Internment Facility 6-17 Strategic Internment Facility 6-37 Transfers or Releases 6-38 Chapter 7 CONFINEMENT OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS 7-1 U.S. Battlefield Confinement Operations Principles 7-1 Planning Process for U.S. Military Prisoners 7-1 Battlefield Facilities 7-2 Processing, Classification, and Identification Requirements 7-3 Clothing, Meals, and Dining Facilities 7-4 Medical Care and Sanitation 7-5 Discipline, Control, and Administration 7-6 Emergency Planning and Investigations 7-11 Rules of Interaction 7-12 Use of Force 7-12 Escape 7-12 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Contents Transportation 7-13 Transfer and Disposition of U.S. Military Prisoners 7-13 Chapter 8 REHABILITATION OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS AND DETAINEES 8-1 Rehabilitation 8-1 Section I - U.S. Military Prisoners 8-2 Programs 8-2 Disposition Boards 8-2 Section II - Detainees 8-7 Programs 8-7 Rehabilitation Programs 8-10 Chapter 9 PAROLE, TRANSFER, OR RELEASE OF U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS AND DETAINEES 9-1 Release of U.S. Military Prisoners 9-1 Release or Transfer of Detainees 9-5 Transition of Detainee Operations to Civil Authority Penal Systems 9-9 Chapter 10 RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS 10-1 Introduction 10-1 Objectives and Considerations 10-1 Civil-Military and Resettlement Operations 10-2 Responsibilities for Civil Affairs Activities 10-2 Supporting Organizations 10-6 Planning Considerations 10-6 Military Police Support to Resettlement Operations 10-9 Dislocated Civilian Operations 10-11 Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART A-1 Appendix B PRIMARY MILITARY POLICE UNITS INVOLVED WITH INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT B-1 Appendix C CONTRACTOR SUPPORT C-1 Appendix D THE APPLICATION OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS TO INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS D-1 Appendix E AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS E-1 Appendix F SAMPLE FACILITY INSPECTION CHECKLIST F-1 Appendix G INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT FORMS G-1 Appendix H USE OF FORCE AND RIOT CONTROL MEASURES H-1 Appendix I MEDICAL SUPPORT TO DETAINEE OPERATIONS 1-1 Appendix J FACILITY DESIGNS AND SUSTAINMENT CONSIDERATIONS J-1 Appendix K PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT TO INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS K-1 Appendix L GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING EVIDENCE L-1 Appendix M BIOMETRICS M-1 Appendix N FOREIGN CONFINEMENT OFFICER TRAINING PROGRAM N-1 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 in Contents GLOSSARY Glossary-1 REFERENCES References-1 INDEX lndex-1 Figures Figure 1-1. l/R populations 1-2 Figure 4-1. Detainee flow 4-2 Figure 4-2. POC to TIF detainee flow 4-3 Figure 4-4. Movement by bus 4-16 Figure 4-5. Movement by cargo truck 4-16 Figure 4-6. Movement by rail 4-17 Figure 4-7. Movement by CH-47 and UH-60 4-17 Figure 4-8. Movement by C-130 aircraft 4-18 Figure 6-1. Bed-down and basing continuum 6-2 Figure 6-2. Example of a DCP layout 6-5 Figure 6-3. C2 within the BCT and the DCP 6-6 Figure 6-4. Example of a DHA 6-10 Figure 6-5. C2 within the division and DHA 6-11 Figure 6-6. ISN 6-16 Figure 6-7. Sample TIF C2 in the theater with single or multiple small TIFs 6-18 Figure 6-8. Sample TIF C2 in the theater with an MPC and multiple TIF 6-19 Figure 9-1. Detainee reintegration considerations 9-9 Figure 10-1. Sample facility rules 10-14 Figure D-1 . Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions D-2 Figure F-1. Sample internment facility inspection checklist F-1 Figure F-1. Sample internment facility inspection checklist (continued) F-3 Figure H-1. Use-of-force continuum H-2 Figure J-1. 4,000-capacity l/R facility for compliant detainees J-2 Figure J-2. 8,000-capacity l/R facility for DCs J-3 Figure J-3. 300-capacity l/R facility for U.S. military prisoners or noncompliant detainees J-4 Figure J-4. 500-person compound J-7 Figure J-5. Detainee receiving and processing operation J-1 Figure J-6. Clothing markings J-1 6 IV FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Contents Tables Table 4-1 . Detainee operations functional overview 4-6 Table 4-2. POC processing standards 4-9 Table 5-1 . Military police versus HUMINT responsibilities 5-4 Table 6-1 . Nine-station internment process 6-22 Table 6-2. Detainee transfer or release process from a TIF/SIF 6-39 Table 6-2. Detainee transfer or release process from a TIF/SIF (continued) 6-40 Table 7-1 . Facility guards' duties and actions 7-9 Table 7-2. Good conduct time 7-10 Table 9-1 . The detainee release process from long-term detention 9-7 Table 10-1. Actions during inprocessing 10-10 Table A-1. Metric conversion chart A-1 Table G-1. I/R forms G-1 Table J-1. Sample individual equipment J-17 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 Preface Field manual (FM) 3-39.40 is aligned with FM 3-39, the military police keystone FM. FM 3-39.40 provides guidance for commanders and staffs on internment and resettlement (I/R) operations. This manual addresses I/R operations across the spectrum of conflict, specifically the doctrinal paradigm shift from traditional enemy prisoner of war (EPW) operations to the broader and more inclusive requirements of detainee operations. Additionally, FM 3-39.40 discusses the critical issue of detainee rehabilitation. It describes the doctrinal foundation, principles, and processes that military police and other elements will employ when dealing with I/R populations. As part of internment, these populations include U.S. military prisoners, and multiple categories of detainees (civilian internees [CIs], retained personnel [RP], and enemy combatants), while resettlement operations are focused on multiple categories of dislocated civilians (DCs). Military police conduct I/R operations during offensive, defensive, stability, or civil support operations. I/R operations include military police support to U.S. military prisoner and detainee operations within operational environments (OEs), ranging from major combat operations to humanitarian-assistance missions in support of a host nation (HN) or civil agency. I/R operations are a major subordinate Army tactical task under the sustainment warfighting function. (See FM 7-15.) Placement under the sustainment warfighting function does not mean that I/R operations do not have relevance in the other warfighting functions. While I/R is listed under the sustainment warfighting function, it should be noted this is not a specified or implied mission of all sustainment units or commands. Most sustainment units provide logistics, personnel services, and health service support to I/R operations. Military police are uniquely qualified to perform the full range of I/R operations. They have the requisite skill sets provided through specific training and operational experience. The skills necessary for performing confinement operations for U.S. military prisoners in permanent facilities are directly transferable and adaptable for tactical confinement of U.S. military prisoners and detention of detainees. All military police units are specifically manned, equipped, and trained to perform I/R operations across the spectrum and those identified as I/R units are the specialists within the Army for this role. FM 3-39.40 depicts the changes in terminology from the focus on the contiguous battlefield to reflect the types of operations being conducted in today's OEs. These changes address the modifications made to previous EPW processing operations. The terms division forward, central collection point, and corps holding area no longer apply. They have been replaced with the terms detainee collection point (DCP) (brigade level), detainee holding area (DHA) (division level), theater internment facility (TIF), and strategic internment facility (SIF).This manual recognizes the role of police intelligence operations in I/R operations and enhances the critical importance of military police and military intelligence interaction at all echelons. It further highlights the long-standing requirement to treat all individuals humanely according to applicable U.S. laws and regulations, international laws, execution orders, fragmentary orders (FRAGOs), and other operationally specific guidelines such as Department of Defense (DOD) policies. Moreover, it stipulates that ill treatment of U.S. military prisoners, detainees (EPWs, CIs, and RP), and DCs is strictly prohibited, regardless of any circumstances or the chaos of major operations. FM 3-39.40 aligns with FM 3-0, FM 3-39, FM 7-15, and other Army and joint doctrine, to include Joint Publication (JP) 3-63. This manual is organized into 10 chapters with 14 appendixes to provide additional details on I/R topics. Chapters 1 through 3 follow the flow of FM 3-39, and describe the military police function of I/R operations. Chapters 4 through 6 focus primarily on detainee operations, to include planning, preparing, executing, and sustaining all I/R operations. Chapters 7 through 10 focus on the confinement of U.S. military prisoners, rehabilitative programs for U.S. military prisoners and detainees, parole and release or transfer programs, and resettlement operations for DCs. A brief description of each chapter and appendix follows: • Chapter 1 defines the objectives and principles of I/R operations and describes U.S. policies on the protection and care of all detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs. It also emphasizes the fundamental requirement for the humane treatment of all persons captured, held, assisted, or otherwise under the control of DOD personnel, regardless of their individual status. viii FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Preface Chapter 2 provides a description of I/R in support of operations across the spectrum of conflict. It examines the OE and the significant importance of I/R to tactical, operational, and strategic operations. Additionally, it discusses the importance of integrating detainee operations within the overarching efforts in major engagements. Chapter 3 discusses command and staff roles and their respective responsibilities in resourcing and synchronizing the efforts of multidiscip lined functions and personnel. Clear command and control (C2) is essential for seamless operations to ensure that the principles of I/R operations are realized. Chapter 4 focuses on detainee operations planning and considerations. It includes a discussion on integrating intelligence and interrogation operations. Emphasis is placed on the treatment and protection of detainees, use of force, and training for detainee operations. Chapter 5 provides information on the capture and initial detention and screening of detainees. Chapter 6 discusses facility infrastructure considerations at all levels. Successful operations include the effective incorporation of sustainment support. This chapter describes the integrated sustainment effort required to support I/R operations. Chapter 7 discusses the confinement of U.S. military prisoners, to include battlefield and nonbattlefield confinement. Chapter 8 provides a discussion of the rehabilitative processes for confined U.S. military prisoners and detainees, to include effective measures that ensure a successful return to society. Chapter 9 addresses the processes of paroling, transferring, or releasing U.S. military prisoners and detainees. Chapter 10 provides an overview of resettlement operations for DCs. It describes the objectives and principles, supporting organizations, and military police support of resettlement operations. Appendix A is a metric conversion chart that is included according to Army Regulation (AR) 25-30. Appendix B identifies military police units with I/R capabilities that may be assigned to the theater of operations. Appendix C describes requirements and activities associated with the employment of contractors during support to detainee operations. Appendix D describes the intent of the protections given by each of the four Geneva Conventions, the different categories of individuals under these treaties as required by international humanitarian law, and the requirement to establish a tribunal to determine the status of an individual in question. Appendix E provides background information and considerations for operating with the various agencies typically concerned with I/R operations. Appendix F provides a sample facility checklist for planning considerations when conducting detainee operations at the TIF or SIF. Appendix G consists of forms used when processing and maintaining I/R populations. Appendix H provides guidance for applying the rules for use of force (RUF) and implementing nonlethal weapons (NLWs) and riot control measures. Appendix I outlines health support to be provided during I/R operations. Appendix J provides guidance for the design and construction of I/R facilities and the associated sustainment requirements for establishing I/R facilities. Appendix K describes the psychological operations (PSYOP), practices, and procedures to support I/R operations. Appendix L provides general guidelines for the handling of captured material and documents that could be used as evidence in legal proceedings against captured persons suspected of crimes against humanity, terrorism, war crimes, and other crimes. Appendix M addresses biometrics and military police considerations for their use in I/R operations and facility management. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 vii Preface • Appendix N provides tactics, techniques, and procedures for establishing and maintaining a foreign confinement officer training program. Definitions for which FM 3-39.40 is the proponent publication (the authority) are in boldfaced text and have an asterisk in the glossary. These terms and their definitions will be incorporated into the next revision of FM 1-02. For other definitions in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/the Army National Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. The proponent for this publication is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, U.S. Army Military Police School, ATTN: ATZT-TDD-M, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 270, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in the DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to <leon.mdottddmpdoc@ conus.army.mil>. viii FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Introduction I/R operations facilitate the ability to conduct rapid and decisive combat operations; deter, mitigate, and defeat threats to populations that may result in conflict; reverse conditions of human suffering; and build the capacity of a foreign government to effectively care for and govern its population. This includes capabilities to conduct shaping operations across the spectrum of military operations to mitigate and defeat the underlying conditions for conflict and counter the core motivations that result in support to criminal, terrorist, insurgent, and other destabilizing groups. I/R operations also include the daily incarceration of U.S. military prisoners at facilities throughout the world. This manual continues the evolution of the I/R function to support the changing nature of OEs. In light of persistent armed conflict and social turmoil throughout the world, the effects on populations remain a compelling issue. The world population will increase from 6 billion to 9 billion in the next two decades, with 95 percent of the growth occurring in the developing world. By 2030, 60 percent of the world's population will live in urban areas. Coexisting demographically and ethnically, diverse societies will aggressively compete for limited resources. Typically, overpopulated third world societies suffer from a lack of legitimate and effective enforcement mechanisms, which is generally accepted as one of the cornerstones of a stable society. Stability within a population may eliminate the need for direct military intervention. The goal of military police conducting detainee operations is to provide stability within the population, its institutions, and its infrastructure. In this rapidly changing and dynamic strategic environment, U.S. forces will compete with local populations for the same space, routes, and resources. The modular force's ability to positively influence and shape the opinions, attitudes, and behaviors of select populations is critical to tactical, operational, and strategic success. An adaptive enemy will manipulate populations that are hostile to U.S. intent by instigating mass civil disobedience, directing criminal activity, masking their operations in urban and other complex terrain, maintaining an indistinguishable presence through cultural anonymity, and actively seeking the traditional sanctuary of protected areas as defined by the rules of land warfare. Such actions will facilitate the dispersal of threat forces, negate technological overmatches, and degrade targeting opportunities. Commanders will use technology and conduct police intelligence operations to influence and control populations, evacuate detainees and, conclusively, transition rehabilitative and reconciliation operations to other functional agencies. The combat identification of friend, foe, or neutral is used to differentiate combatants from noncombatants and friendly forces from threat forces. FM 3-39.40 is written with the acknowledgement that today's OEs are much more variable than the environments addressed in previous doctrine. Military police must be prepared to deploy into any OE and conduct I/R operations in support of the commander while dealing with a wide range of threats and other influences. This manual builds on the collective knowledge and wisdom gained through recent operations, numerous lessons learned, doctrine revisions, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning throughout the Army. It is rooted in time-tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and organizational changes. This iteration of FM 3-39.40 has been driven by a lack of existing doctrine for the rehabilitation and reconciliation of detainees and changes in OEs, the Army structure, and Army and joint doctrine. Changes not already mentioned above that have directly affected this manual include the — • Integration of I/R operations within the overarching counterinsurgency or irregular warfare efforts of current operations. • Development of terms of reference for detainee typology and standardization of procedures for detainee assessment. Note. Recent decisions by the Executive Branch have adjusted the typology in JP 3-63. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 ix Introduction • Implementation of standardized programs and methods for rehabilitation, reconciliation, and repatriation of detainees. • Planning, employment, and sustainment of military police capabilities in support of all echelons while conducting I/R operations. • Alignment of I/R operations with the sustainment warfighting function. • Technological and doctrinal updates to material in other publications. The foundations of military police operations provided in this manual, together with related military police doctrine, will support the actions and decisions of commanders at all levels. Like FM 3-39, this manual is not meant to be a substitute for thought and initiative among military police leaders and Soldiers. No matter how robust the doctrine or advanced the military police capabilities and systems, it is the military police Soldier who must understand the OE, recognize shortfalls, and adapt to the situation on the ground. It is the adaptable and professional military police Soldiers of the Military Police Corps Regiment who are most important to the future and must successfully perform their basic skills to accomplish the mission, with or without technology assistance. FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Chapter 1 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment I/R operations include a complex set of activities with diverse requirements that require clear and concise guidelines, policies, and procedures to ensure success. They are present to one degree or another in every OE. (For a greater understanding of the OE, its variables, and the effect of I/R operations on the OE see FM 3-0 and FM 3-39.) Military police leaders and Soldiers conducting I/R operations must maintain task proficiency for every category of detainee, U.S. military prisoner, and DC to ensure adherence to relevant standards for each. The expanding complexity and challenging nature of I/R operations must be appreciated and understood. This chapter defines the objectives and principles of I/R operations and describes U.S. policies on the protection and care of all detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs. It emphasizes the fundamental requirement for the humane treatment of all persons captured, held, assisted, or otherwise under the control of DOD personnel (military, civilian, or contractor), regardless of their individual status. This chapter provides key definitions set forth by Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GWS), Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (GWS SEA), Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW), and Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (GC); the Hague Conventions; Department of Defense directives (DODDs), Department of Defense instructions (DODI), and policies; Army regulations (ARs); and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). It also explains the diverse nature of I/R populations that military police will encounter and specific requirements for various I/R operations. AR 190-47 stipulates that U.S. military prisoners have additional standards of care given their specific rights as U.S. citizens and will be confined separately from detainees. Specific detainee classifications do not preclude protections granted according to AR 190-8, DODD 2310.01E, DODD 2311. 01E, DODD 3115.09, and the Geneva Conventions. (See JP 3-63 for more information on detainee operations.) CONDUCT 1-1. I/R operations include the two major categories of internment operations and resettlement operations. They are further refined to focus on specific types of detainees and U.S. military prisoners while discriminating between CIs included as part of internment operations and those DCs that may be retained as part of resettlement operations. (See chapter 10.) Figure 1-1, page 1-2, highlights the different categories of I/R populations. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-1 Chapter 1 l/R Operations L r Internment Operations Resettlement Operations T Detainees I U.S. military prisoners DCs CIs RP Enemy combatants EPWs Armed groups Refugees Migrants L Expellees - Internally displaced persons Evacuees Stateless persons Legend: CI DC EPW l/R RP civilian internee dislocated civilian enemy prisoner of war internment/resettlement retained personnel Figure 1-1. l/R populations 1-2. Internment operations focus on all types of detainees and U.S. military prisoners. Although a part of internment operations, we use the term confinement rather than internment when referring to U.S. military prisoners. Resettlement operations are focused on DCs (those civilians that are not part of the population of detainees). 1-3. Internment and resettlement operations are conducted by military police to shelter, sustain, guard, protect, and account for populations (detainees, U.S. military prisoners, or dislocated civilians) as a result of military or civil conflict, natural or man-made disaster, or to facilitate criminal prosecution. Internment involves the detainment of a population or group that pose some level of threat to military operations. Resettlement involves the quartering of a population or group for their protection. These operations inherently control the movement and activities of their specific population for imperative reasons of security, safety, or intelligence gathering. I/R operations require detailed advanced planning to provide a safe and secure environment. U.S. policies mandate that in addition to U.S. military prisoners, all individuals captured, interned, evacuated, or held by U.S. armed 1-2 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment policy applies from the moment they are under the control of U.S. armed forces until they are released, repatriated, or resettled. U.S. military prisoners will be released via one of following three methods: • Prisoners without discharges will be returned to their units for duty or administrative discharge proceedings after they have completed their sentence to confinement. • Prisoner may be paroled (early release with conditions). • Prisoners may be under mandatory, supervised release (release at the end of confinement, but with conditions tantamount to parole). 1-4. AR 190-8 and DODD 2310.01E articulate policy for I/R operations. AR 190-8 embodies U.S. military obligations drawn from, in part, the Geneva Conventions, Hague Conventions, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva Protocol I Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, and current North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) standardization agreements. Guidance for U.S. military prisoners is presented in AR 190-47 and DODD 1325.04. Note. The United States has signed, but not ratified, Geneva Protocol I and Protocol II relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts to the Geneva Conventions and, therefore, is not explicitly bound by their terms. U.S. laws and policies will apply while the U.S. continues to meet the obligations and intent of the Geneva Conventions. 1-5. Allied joint publication (AJP)-2.5 prescribes concepts and procedures for the control and administration of I/R populations by U.S. armed forces operating in Europe under NATO guidelines and outside the European theater in coordination with one or more of the NATO allies. The information in FM 3-39.40 supports AJP-2.5. AJP-2.5 provides— • Standardized terms and definitions relating to I/R populations. • Procedures for using DA Form 4237-R (Detainee Personnel Record). • Procedures for handling I/R populations, their personal property, and their money. 1-6. The following objectives of I/R operations pertain to I/R populations: • Providing humane treatment. • Evacuating promptly to a safe area. • Providing opportunities for intelligence exploitation. • Integrating evacuation, control, and administration procedures. • Improving subsequent intelligence, evidentiary, and judicial processes. • Providing critical information to determine each individual's status. • Increasing accuracy in property accountability to reduce claims against the United States. • Facilitating final disposition. • Providing secure detention and efficient care. PRINCIPLES 1-7. Military police units are specifically organized and trained to perform a variety of missions across the range of I/R operations. While all military police units have an ability to perform I/R operations, those identified as I/R organizations are specifically focused and trained to perform all missions associated with this military police function. Military police are uniquely suited to perform I/R operations because of skills developed via their specific technical training and experience gained through the execution of day-to-day law enforcement missions and the execution of confinement duties at U.S. military corrections facilities. The fundamental principles of these military police missions are directly applicable to the I/R mission. These principles include the following: • Humane treatment. Military police are well trained in the law of land warfare, applicable U.S. laws and regulations, and DOD/Army policies. All detainees (to include U.S. military prisoners) must be protected from unlawful acts of violence and deprivation of basic human necessities must be detained in a safe and secure environment. Humane treatment is consistent with Army and Soldier values and ensures an operational climate that is conducive to population control. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-3 Chapter 1 While military police must be fair and firm, humane treatment is essential to establish goodwill among I/R populations and to prevent adversarial relationships between guard forces and I/R populations. (See paragraph 1-29 and appendix D more complete definition of standards for humane treatment.) Standards for humane treatment in this FM are derived from the substantive provisions of the Geneva Conventions that provide for the protection of noncombatants, who deserve to be respected, and deserve to be protected at all times. Close contact.. The very nature of I/R operations places Soldiers in close contact with I/R populations. In one scenario, Soldiers may be in continuous contact or near large displaced populations that contain persons who are tired and hungry, may have lost their families or possessions, and/or are facing an uncertain future. In another scenario, I/R operations may place Soldiers in continuous contact with or near insurgents, terrorists, or criminals who will exploit every opportunity to escape and kill or injure U.S. personnel or multinational partners. Care, custody, and control. I/R operations require detailed, advanced planning and execution to provide responsive and thorough care, custody, and control of large I/R populations. Military police and other U.S. armed forces must plan, procure, and provide the necessary resources to care for I/R populations, to include subsistence, clothing, hygiene, shelter, and transport to appropriate locations. Military police provide direct supervision and/or control of assisted, detained, or interned persons to ensure their control, health, welfare, and safety. They use their experience and exercise appropriate authority and measured force (using necessary lawful restrictive measures) to mitigate unlawful or inappropriate actions of others, prevent self-harm, and protect persons under their control. Accountability. U.S. armed forces are accountable for I/R populations, property, evidence, and related documents from the moment of capture until they are released, resettled, repatriated, or transferred to another authority. During I/R operations, Department of Defense (DD) Form 2745 (Enemy Prisoner of War Capture Tag) or the subsequent issuance of an internment serial number (ISN) provides the only authorized serial number to be used to track detainees and their property, evidence, and related documents. Accountability must be maintained throughout all activities required for custody; property and evidence control; records management; database management; investigations through legal disposition; and reporting to theater, national, and international organizations (IOs) according to international and U.S. laws, regulations, and policies. Segregation. I/R populations include numerous types or groups of individuals that must be segregated for a variety of reasons. I/R populations are segregated based on their legal status (according to DOD and Army policies) and their gender. Juveniles within the I/R population are typically segregated from the general population. Detainees may also be segregated by ethnic and family groups and further segregated to protect vulnerable individuals. Additionally, detainees may be categorized by behavior (cooperative, neutral, or combative) to accurately resource guards and facilities. Individuals within the I/R population may also be segregated to prevent self-harm. Although segregation may not be requested or conducted for the purpose of facilitating interrogation, interrogators may interrogate detainees who have been properly segregated. (See DODD 31 15.09.) Minimum force. Military police, guards, and security personnel must use the minimum level of force necessary to protect themselves and others, prevent escapes, or prevent persons from self-harm. I/R facility commanders carefully balance using applied force when an unlawful activity or civil disturbance occurs, violence escalates, or an escape attempt occurs. Military police, guards, and security personnel must apply a measured response when confronting violent and/or noncompliant I/R populations. Minimum force also applies when using restraints. Individuals who pose an imminent escape risk or are identified as a potential threat to themselves or others may need to be restrained to prevent them from escaping or committing acts of violence. The level of restraint required varies with each situation. In the most severe circumstances, restraining individuals may involve applying restraints to fully immobilize them. In less severe circumstances, restraining an individual may involve using verbal commands, such as "Halt." Restraints should only be applied to mitigate actual risks. Restraining for any other 1-4 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment purpose may be counterproductive to effective I/R operations and may not be in compliance with international laws. WARNING At no time should restraints be used as punishment. PERSONNEL CATEGORIES 1-8. Key personnel category terms are defined in the following paragraphs. These terms include detainees and their subcategories, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs and their subcategories. For the purposes of this manual, I/R populations refer to detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs. Detainees 1-9. Detainee is a term used to refer to any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed force. (JP 3-63) Detainees may also include enemy combatants (EPWs and members of armed groups), RP, and CIs. (See DODD 23 10.0 IE.) Detainees do not include personnel being held for law enforcement purposes, except where the U.S. is the occupying power. Civilian Internees 1-10. A CI is a civilian who is interned during armed conflict, occupation, or other military operation for security reasons, for protection, or because he or she committed an offense against the detaining power. (JP 3-63) CIs, unless they have committed acts for which they are considered unlawful combatants, generally qualify for protected status according to the GC, which also establishes procedures that must be observed when depriving such civilians of their liberty. CIs are to be accommodated separately from EPWs and persons deprived of liberty for any other reason. 1-11. Protected persons are persons protected by the Geneva Convention who find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a party to the conflict or occupying power of which they are not nationals. (AR 190-8). Protected persons who are interned for imperative reasons of security are also known as CIs. Protected persons under the Geneva Conventions include — • Hors de combat (refers to the prohibition of attacking enemy personnel who are "out of combat"). • Detainees (combatants and CIs). • Wounded and sick in the field and at sea. • Civilians. Note. If protected persons are detained as spies or saboteurs or are suspected of or engaged in activities hostile to the security of the state or occupying power, they may be interned or imprisoned. In such cases, they retain their status as a protected person and are granted the full rights and privileges of protected persons. Retained Personnel 1-12. RP are enemy medical personnel and medical staff administrators who are engaged in the search for, collection, transport, or treatment of the wounded or sick, or the prevention of disease; chaplains attached to enemy armed forces; and staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other volunteer aid societies, duly recognized and authorized by their governments to assist medical service personnel of their own armed forces, provided they are exclusively engaged in the search for, or the collection, transport or treatment of wounded or sick, or in the prevention of disease, and provided that the staff of such societies are subject to military laws and regulations. (JP 3-63) 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-5 Chapter 1 1-13. RP is a special category for medical personnel and chaplains because of their special skills and training. These individuals may be retained by the detaining power to aid other detainees, preferably those of the armed forces to which they belong. (See FM 27-10.) The Geneva Conventions require that RP receive, at a minimum, the benefits and protection given to those with EPW status. The Geneva Conventions require that they be granted the facilities necessary to provide medical care and religious ministry services to the I/R population. (For a complete discussion on RP, see AR 190-8.) 1-14. Privileges and considerations extended to RP because of their profession include — • Additional correspondence privileges for chaplains and senior retained medical personnel. • All facilities necessary to provide detainees with medical care, spiritual assistance, and welfare services. • Authority and means of transportation for periodic visits to other I/R facilities and to hospitals outside the RP I/R facility to carry out their medical, spiritual, or welfare duties. • Restriction of work assignments to only those medical or religious duties that they are qualified to perform. • Assignment to quarters separate from those of other detainees when possible. Enemy Combatants 1-15. An enemy combatant is, in general, a person engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners during an armed conflict. (JP 3-63) Enemy combatant includes EPWs and members of armed groups. 1-16. Enemy combatants are divided as follows: • An enemy prisoner of war is a detained person who, while engaged in combat under orders of his or her government, was captured by the armed forces of the enemy. • Member of an armed group is a person who engages in or supports acts against the United States or its multinational partners in violation of the laws and customs of war during an armed conflict that do not meet the criteria of a prisoner of war as defined within the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Members of armed groups are not entitled to combatant immunity and will be treated as CIs until, or unless, otherwise directed by competent authorities. 1-17. EPWs are persons defined in the GPW as — • Members of the armed forces of a party to the conflict and members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces. • Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfill the following conditions: ■ That of being commanded by a person responsible for his or her subordinates. ■ That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance. ■ That of carrying arms openly. ■ That of conducting their operations according to the laws and customs of war. • Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the detaining power. • Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labor units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who will provide them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model. • Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favorable treatment under any other provisions of international laws. 1-6 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment • Inhabitants of a unoccupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war. Note. EPW status is the default status for detainees. All detainees will be treated according to the GPW until their status is determined by a military tribunal or other competent authority. The United States uses the term EPW to identify an individual under the custody and/or control or the DOD according to Articles 4 and 5 of the GPW. (See JP 3-63.) The United States reserves the GPW term prisoner of war to identify its own or multinational armed forces that have been taken captive. U.S. Military Prisoners 1-18. A U.S. military prisoner is a person sentenced to confinement or death during a court-martial and ordered into confinement by a competent authority, whether or not the convening authority has approved the sentence. A U.S. military prisoner who is pending trial by court-martial and is placed into confinement by a competent authority is a pretrial prisoner. (See chapter 7.) Dislocated Civilians 1-19. The term dislocated civilian is a broad term that includes a displaced person, an evacuee, an expellee, an internally displaced person, a migrant, a refugee, or a stateless person. (JP 3-57) DCs are individuals who leave their homes for various reasons, such as an armed conflict or a natural disaster, and whose movement and physical presence can hinder military operations. They most likely require some degree of aid, such as medicine, food, shelter, or clothing. DCs may not be native to the area or to the country in which they reside. (See chapter 10.) The following DC subcategories are also defined in JP 3-57: • Displaced person. A displaced person is a civilian who is involuntarily outside the national boundaries of his or her country. (JP 1 -02) Displaced persons may have been dislocated because of a political, geographical, environmental, or threat situation. • Evacuee. An evacuee is a civilian removed from a place of residence by military direction for reasons of personal security or the requirements of the military situation. (JP 3-57) • Expellee. An expellee is a civilian outside the boundaries of the country of his or her nationality or ethnic origin who is being forcibly repatriated to that country or to a third country for political or other purposes. (JP 3-57) • Internally displaced person. An internally displaced person is any person who has left their residence by reason of real or imagined danger but has not left the territory of their own country. Internally displaced persons may have been forced to flee their homes for the same reasons as refugees, but have not crossed an internationally recognized border. • Migrant. A migrant is a person who (1) belongs to a normally migratory culture who may cross national boundaries, or (2) has fled his or her native country for economic reasons rather than fear of political or ethnic persecution. (JP 3-57) • Refugee. A refugee is a person, who by reason of real or imagined danger, has left their home country or country of their nationality and is unwilling or unable to return. • Stateless person. A stateless person is a civilian who has been denationalized or whose country of origin cannot be determined or who cannot establish a right to the nationality claimed. STATUS DETERMINATION 1-20. If there is any doubt whether personnel captured or detained by the U.S. armed forces belong to any of the detainee categories previously described in paragraph 1-17, and Article 4, GPW, such personnel receive the same treatment to which EPWs are entitled until their status has been determined by a competent military tribunal or some other competent authority. (See AR 190-8.) Captured or detained personnel are presumed to be EPWs immediately upon capture if their status is unmistakable (such as an 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-7 Chapter 1 armed, uniformed enemy). The final status of a CI may not be determined until they arrive at a TIF. Until such time, treat all CIs as EPWs. Note. It is essential to understand the distinction between the terms treatment and status. To treat a detainee as an EPW does not mean that the detainee has the actual status of an EPW as set forth in the Geneva Conventions. ARTICLE 5 TRIBUNALS 1-21. Article 5 tribunals are conducted according to Article 5, GPW. An Article 5 tribunal is an administrative hearing that is controlled by a board of officers and determines the actual status of a detainee. This tribunal can take place anywhere, but it most commonly takes place echelons above the brigade combat team (BCT), most generally at the TIF or SIF. The tribunal determines the status of individuals who do not appear to be entitled to prisoner of war status, but have committed a belligerent act or have engaged in hostile activity to aid enemy forces and/or assert that they are entitled to treatment as an EPW. Note. Sample procedures with additional (optional) procedures for conducting an Article 5 tribunal are included in appendix D. Optional procedures are intended to add appropriate due process measures that are not required by laws or regulations, but improve the transparency and overall fairness of the tribunal as time and additional resources are available to the convening authority. The tribunal is an administrative board process and is not intended to become an adversarial process. 1-22. EPWs have GPW protections from the time they are under the control of U.S. armed forces until their release or repatriation. Any detainee subject to an Article 5 tribunal will be provided and entitled to a — • Notice of the tribunal (in a language he or she understands). • Opportunity to present evidence at the tribunal. • Three-person administrative tribunal. • Preponderance of the evidence standard. • Written appeal to the convening authority upon request. 1-23. The convening authority of the Article 5 tribunal will be a commander exercising general court-martial convening authority, unless such authority has been properly delegated. According to AR 190-8 and DOD policies, a competent tribunal will — • Convene within a reasonable time after doubt arises regarding EPW status, normally within 1 5 days. Processing time for the tribunal procedures should not normally exceed 30 days. Shorter processing times are encouraged, particularly when there is a potential for a status change from EPW to CI or a members of an armed group. • Determine the status of any individual who does not appear to be entitled to EPW status, but has committed a belligerent act or has engaged in hostile activities to aid enemy armed forces and asserts that he or she is entitled to treatment as an EPW. • Be composed of three commissioned officers (one a field grade). The senior officer will serve as president of the tribunal and another nonvoting officer (preferably a judge advocate) will serve as the recorder. 1-8 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment Note. A separate system of combatant status review boards have been adopted by laws and regulations to review the status of members of armed groups designated under approved DOD procedures. Recent executive decisions may provide further directives regarding the processing and disposition of this category of personnel. Detainees who have been determined by a competent tribunal not to be entitled to EPW status will not be executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized without further proceedings to determine what acts they have committed and what penalty should be imposed. Commanders should notify the combatant command if a U.S. citizen or resident alien has been captured or has requested a tribunal. APPEALS AND PERIODIC REVIEWS OF CIVILIAN INTERNEES 1-24. CIs may be interned or placed in assigned residences only when the security of the detaining power makes it absolutely necessary or there are imperative reasons of security of the occupying power. (See GC, Articles 27, 42, and 78.) The internment of civilians is a serious deprivation of liberty for the civilian population. Accordingly, each CI — • Is released by the detaining power as soon as the reasons which necessitated his internment no longer exist (Article 132, GC). • Receives an order of internment (in a language the CI understands) as directed in AR 190-8. This order must be provided without delay, usually within 72 hours of capture/internment. • Receives notice (in a language the CI understands) of the right to appeal the internment or placement in an assigned residence. • Has the right to appeal the internment or placement in an assigned residence. This appeal should receive proper consideration and a decision should be rendered as soon as possible by an appropriate administrative tribunal. 1-25. The convening authority of the administrative tribunal will be a commander exercising general court-martial convening authority, unless such authority has been properly delegated. A competent CI review tribunal will — • Convene within a reasonable time after the appeal is requested (normally within 72 hours). Processing time for the tribunal procedures will not normally exceed 14 days. Shorter processing times are encouraged, particularly when there is a potential for a status change from CI to member of an armed group or common criminal. • Is composed of three commissioned officers (a field grade). The senior officer will serve as president of the tribunal. Another nonvoting officer (preferably a judge advocate) will serve as the recorder. 1-26. Any detainee being subject to a CI review tribunal will be provided and entitled to a — • Notice of the tribunal (in a language he or she understands). • Opportunity to present evidence at the tribunal. • Three-person administrative tribunal. • Preponderance of the evidence standard. • Written appeal to the convening authority upon request. 1-27. In the event that the decision of internment or placement is upheld, the tribunal has an affirmative duty (at least every 6 months) to periodically review the lawfulness of the internment or placement. Recognizing the gravity of continued internment as a deprivation of liberty of the civilian population, convening authorities are encouraged to incorporate more due process into the procedures for all periodic review proceedings. Detainees who have been determined by a CI review tribunal not to be entitled to release from internment or placement in an assigned residence will not be executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized without further judicial proceedings to determine what acts they have committed and what penalty should be imposed. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-9 Chapter 1 Note. The preceding procedures are the minimum standards for conducting a CI review tribunal as resources and time permit. For subsequent reviews, the convening authority may adopt additional procedures for these tribunals. GENERAL PROTECTION AND CARE OF DETAINEES, U.S. MILITARY PRISONERS, AND DISLOCATED CIVILIANS 1-28. DOD personnel conducting I/R operations will always treat detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs under their custody or care humanely, no matter what their individual status is under U.S. or international laws and no matter how the conflict or crisis is characterized. The Geneva Conventions provide internationally recognized humanitarian standards for the treatment of detainees. (See appendix D.) U.S. military prisoners confined in a battlefield environment are also entitled to the constitutional protections afforded to every citizen of the United States. Some DCs may be refugees covered by the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which establishes minimum standards for the treatment of refugees and specifies the obligations of the HN and the refugees. Humane Treatment Policies 1-29. DODD 23 10.0 IE establishes overarching DOD detainee policies, including detainee treatment policies. DODD 23 10.0 IE applies to all detainee operations conducted during armed conflicts, however such conflicts are characterized in all other military operations. The policies are applicable to — • DOD personnel (civilian and military). • DOD contractors assigned to or supporting the DOD components engaging in, conducting, participating in, or supporting detainee operations. • Non-DOD personnel as a condition of permitting access to internment facilities or to detainees under DOD control. 1-30. The humane treatment of detainees by U.S. personnel is paramount to successful operations and an absolute moral and legal requirement. All DOD personnel will comply with the law of war at all times. Personnel conducting detainee operations will apply at a minimum and without regard to a detainee's legal status, the standards articulated in Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions. Any persons detained will be afforded the protections of Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions from the moment they are under the control of DOD personnel until their release, transfer, or repatriation. Note. Certain categories of detainees, such as EPWs, enjoy protections under the law of war in addition to the minimum standards prescribed in Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions. Detainee Treatment Policies 1-31. In addition to the standards required under the Geneva Conventions and the law of war, the following minimum standards for detainee treatment are required by DODD 23 10.0 IE: • Detainees will be provided adequate food, drinking water, shelter, clothing, and medical treatment. Detainees will be provided the same standard of health care as U.S. forces in the geographical area. • Detainees will be granted free exercise of religion that is consistent with the requirements of detention. • Detainees will be respected as human beings. They will be protected against threats or acts of violence, including rape, forced prostitution, assault, theft, public curiosity, bodily injury, and reprisals. They will not be subjected to medical or scientific experiments. Detainees will not be subjected to sensory deprivation. This list is not all-inclusive. 1-10 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment • The punishment of detainees known to have, or suspected of having, committed serious offenses will be administered according to due process of law and under legally constituted authority. • The inhumane treatment of detainees is prohibited and is not justified by the stress of combat or deep provocation. U.S. Military Prisoner Policies 1-32. The same standards of humane treatment apply to the battlefield confinement of U.S. military prisoners as apply to other I/R operations. In addition, U.S. military prisoners have specific constitutional rights and protections afforded by their status as U.S. persons. As Soldiers, they enjoy rights and protections under the UCMJ and the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM). U.S. military prisoners will not be interned with detainees or DCs. (See chapter 7 and AR 190-47.) Dislocated Civilian Policies 1-33. DCs who have moved in response to a natural or man-made disaster have the following in common: • They are unable or unwilling to stay in their homes. • Their physical presence can affect military operations. • They require some degree of aid, to include many of the basic human necessities. 1-34. DCs are to be provided humane care and treatment consistent with the Geneva Conventions and international laws, regardless of the categorization given to them by higher authority. 1-35. Some DCs may be refugees covered by the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Article 73, Geneva Protocol I (wherein stateless persons or refugees are protected persons within the meaning of Part I and Part III, GC). The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees provides a general and universally applicable definition of the term refugee and establishes minimum standards for the treatment and protection of refugees, specifying the obligations of the HN and the refugees to one another. Among the important provisions of this convention is the principle of nonrefoulement (Article 33), which prohibits the return or expulsion of a refugee to the territory of a state where his life, freedom, or personal security would be in jeopardy. I/R personnel conducting DC operations that involve refugees will not repatriate refugees until directed by applicable governmental organizations through the chain of command. 1-36. Refugees have the right to safe asylum and basic civil, economic, and social rights. For example, adult refugees should have the right to work and refugee children should be able to attend school. In certain circumstances (such as large-scale inflows of refugees), asylum states may feel obliged to restrict certain rights. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees assists to fill gaps when no resources are available from the government of the country of asylum or other agencies. (See the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Handbook for the Military on Humanitarian Operations.) When possible, units conducting I/R operations involving refugees should establish provisions for the protection of these rights that are consistent with military necessity and available resources. Abuse or Mistreatment 1-37. All DOD personnel (military, civilian, and contractor) must correct, report, and document any incident or situation that might constitute the mistreatment or abuse of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, or DCs. Acts and omissions that constitute inhumane treatment may be violations of U.S. laws, U.S. policies, and the law of war. These violations require immediate action to correct. If a violation is ongoing, Soldiers have an obligation to take action to stop the violation and report it to their chain of command. 1-38. All personnel who observe or have knowledge of possible abuse or mistreatment will immediately report the incident through their chain of command or supervision. Reports may also be submitted to the military police, a judge advocate, a chaplain, or an inspector general, who will then forward the report through the recipient's chain of command or supervision. Reports made to other officials will be accepted and immediately forwarded through the recipient's chain of command or supervision, and an information copy will be provided to the appropriate combatant commander. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-11 Chapter 1 1-39. Any commander or supervisor who obtains credible information about actual or possible abuse or mistreatment involving personnel who are not assigned to a combatant commander will immediately report the incident through command or supervisory channels to the responsible combatant commander or to another appropriate authority (criminal investigation division [CID], inspector general) for allegations. In the latter instance, an information report is sent to the combatant commander with responsibility for the geographic area where the alleged incident occurred. AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT 1-40. External involvement in I/R missions is a fact of life for military police organizations. Some government and government-sponsored entities that may be involved in I/R missions include — • International agencies. ■ UN. ■ International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). ■ International Organization of Migration. • U.S. agencies. ■ Local U.S. embassy. ■ Department of Homeland Security. ■ U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). ■ Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1-41. The U.S. Army National Detainee Reporting Center (NDRC), supported by theater detainee reporting centers (TDRCs), detainee accountability, including reporting to the ICRC central tracing agency. 1-42. There are also numerous private relief organizations, foreign and domestic, that will likely be involved in the humanitarian aspects of I/R operations. Likewise, the news media normally provides extensive coverage of I/R operations. Adding to the complexity of these operations is the fact that DOD is often not the lead agency. For instance, the DOD could be tasked in a supporting role, with the Department of State or some other agency in the lead. (See appendix E.) Civilian Organizations 1-43. The most effective way for U.S. armed forces to understand the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of nonmilitary organizations is through the Military Education System and through the establishment and/or maintenance of a liaison once deployed to the operational area. In addition, having those organizations provide briefings on their capabilities and limitations to each other and to the military is an effective method to gain understanding on both sides to support the mission. 1-44. Civilian organizations are responsible for a wide range of activities encompassing humanitarian aid; human rights; the protection of minorities, refugees, and displaced persons; legal assistance; medical care; reconstruction of the local infrastructure; agriculture; education; and general project funding. It is critical importance that commanders and their staffs understand the mandate, role, structure, method, and principles of these organizations. It is impossible to establish an effective relationship with them without this understanding. 1-45. Civilian organizations may already be providing humanitarian-assistance or some type of relief in the operational area when I/R operations are planned and implemented. (See appendix E.) The principal coordinating federal agency is the U.S. Agency for International Development. Civilian organizations are required to register with the U.S. Agency for International Development to operate under the auspices of the United States. 1-46. A detailed description of nonmilitary U.S. government agencies typically involved in I/R operations is contained in appendix E. The non-U. S. government organizations most likely to be encountered during I/R operations are international humanitarian organizations. These are impartial, neutral, and independent 1-12 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment organizations whose mission is to assist and protect victims of conflict. This group includes organizations such as the ICRC, the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC), and the Red Crescent Societies. They carefully guard their neutrality and do not desire to be associated with or dependent on the military for fear of losing their special status in the international community that allows them to fulfill their mission. The two principal types of non-U. S. government civilian organizations are — • IOs. IOs are established by international agreements and operate at the nation-to-nation level. IOs include the UN, the UN Development Program, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the UN World Food Program, and the International Medical Corps. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees is a key player in international detainee operations. • Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs are voluntary organizations that are not normally funded by governments. They are primarily nonprofit organizations that self-define their missions and philosophies. This independence from political interests is the key attribute of NGOs and can be a great benefit in rebuilding relations when political dialog has failed or is not practicable. They are often highly professional in their field, extremely well motivated, and prepared to take physical risks in appalling conditions. Examples of NGOs include Save the Children, Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders), Catholic Relief Services, and Catholic Bishops Council. NGOs are classified as mandated or nonmandated as described below: ■ A mandated NGO has been officially recognized by the lead 10 in a crisis and is authorized to work in the affected area. The ICRC is an example of a mandated NGO. ■ A nonmandated NGO has no official recognition or authorization and, therefore, works as a private concern. These organizations may be subcontracted by an 10 or mandated NGO. In other cases, they obtain funds from private enterprises and donors. Catholic Relief Services is an example of a nonmandated NGO. United Nations 1-47. The UN is involved in the entire spectrum of humanitarian-assistance operations, from suffering prevention to relief operations. Typically, UN relief agencies establish independent networks to execute their humanitarian-relief operations. The UN system delegates as much as possible to the agency's elements located in the field; supervisory and support networks are traced from those field officers back to UN headquarters. Military planners must familiarize themselves with UN objectives so that these objectives are considered in planning and executing military operations. (See appendix E.) PROTECTING POWER 1-48. The primary power duty of the protecting power is to monitor whether detainees are receiving humane treatment as required by international laws. A neutral state or a humanitarian organization, such as the ICRC, is usually designated as a protecting power. Representatives or delegates of a protecting power are authorized to visit detainees and interview them regarding the conditions of their detention, their welfare, and their rights. Depending on the circumstances, they may conduct interviews without witnesses. Such visits may not be prohibited except for reasons of imperative military necessity. INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT 1-49. The ICRC, IFRC, and individual national Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations make up the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. These groups are distinctly different and have separate mandates and staff organizations. They should not be considered to be one organization. Although the ICRC was founded in Switzerland, it has a long and distinguished history of worldwide operation as a neutral intermediary in armed conflicts. The mission of the ICRC is to ensure that victims of conflict receive appropriate protection and assistance within the scope of the Geneva Conventions and Geneva Protocol II. Note. The Red Crescent Movement is found in predominately Muslim countries and has the same goals and mission as the Red Cross Movement. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-13 Chapter 1 Civilian Lead Agencies 1-50. A civilian lead agency is an agency that has been designated by the appropriate 10 to coordinate the activities of the civilian organizations that participate in an operation. It is normally a major UN agency such as the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Specific responsibilities of the lead agency include acting as a point of contact for other agencies and coordinating field activities to avoid duplication of effort. PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERNMENT AND RESETTLEMENT OPERATIONS 1-51. Proper planning before operations commence is vital. It is also essential that commanders recognize that conditions for the proper conduct of I/R operations are historically set in the planning phase of operations. Commanders should establish planning mechanisms that ensure effective consideration of potential detainee, U.S. military prisoner, or DC issues and the development of plans and procedures to respond to these issues as early in the planning process as feasible. Commanders should, address at a minimum — • Infrastructure requirements. The commander should analyze the wide array of sustainment and operational requirements to conduct I/R operations. These requirements begin with the correct number and type of personnel on the ground to conduct the operation and the identification, collection, and the management of a sustainment plan to support I/R operations throughout the joint operations area. • Security requirements. To the maximum extent possible, I/R facilities will be protected from the hazards of the battlefield. To protect the I/R population, commanders — ■ Manage the control of captured protective equipment that could be used to meet requirements. ■ Ensure that when planning for individual protective measures and facility protection, the potential presence of detainees is considered. As a general rule, detainees should derive the same benefit from protection measures as do members of the detaining force. • Use-of-force training. Planning and preparing for the use of force is a necessary element in maintaining order. Personnel assigned the mission of providing for the control of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs and the security of I/R facilities should be issued and trained on RUF that are specific to that mission. Theater rules of engagement (ROE) remain in effect for defending an I/R facility from an external threat. • Safety and evacuation plans. When controlling large I/R populations, commanders must develop thorough safety and evacuation plans to evacuate, shelter, protect, and guard (as appropriate) U.S. armed forces personnel and I/R populations from fire, combat hazards, natural elements, and nonbattle injuries. Safety plans must be incorporated into I/R facility standing operating procedures (SOPs) and refined through continuous risk assessments and mitigation. Commanders must ensure that safety and evacuation plans are routinely trained and rehearsed. • Medical and dental care. I/R facility commanders must consider a wide range of topics when planning for medical support, to include a credentialed health care provider to monitor the general health, nutrition, and cleanliness of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs (appendix I). The medical facility must provide isolation wards for persons with communicable diseases and for immunizations. Special consideration may be necessary for behavioral and dental health support. The Geneva Conventions provide extensive guidance on medical and dental standards of care for wounded and sick EPWs and CIs. • Sanitation requirements. Certain sanitation standards must be met to protect the health of all detainees, U.S. military prisoners, DCs, and U.S. armed forces associated with the facility (such as disease prevention and facility cleanliness). (See appendix J.) These standards include providing adequate space within housing units to prevent overcrowding, enforcing food sanitation procedures, properly disposing of human waste, and conducting pest control activities as required. The Geneva Conventions provide extensive guidance on sanitation requirements for EPWs and CIs. 1-14 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment Intelligence and interrogation operations. The U.S. armed forces operating the I/R facility need to plan for human intelligence (HUMINT) collection operations, which require close cooperation with HUMINT collectors and counterintelligence agents. Further consideration must be given to ensure that interrogation operations in the facility are conducted according to applicable U.S. laws and regulations, international laws, operation orders, FRAGOs, and other operationally specific guidelines (DOD policies). The internment facility commander is responsible for ensuring proper care and treatment for detainees. (For a detailed discussion of responsibilities and support relationships dictated by DOD policies and for more information on HUMINT operations see FM 2-22.3.) Strategic reporting. Strategic reporting of detainees and DCs requires adherence to the Detainee Reporting System (formerly known as the Branch Prisoner of War Information System) procedures. The timely and accurate reporting of data is critical to ensuring detainee and DC accountability and compliance with U.S. and international laws. I/R operations are monitored at the strategic level. Overwatch and strategic accountability of detainees and DCs are exercised by the Office of the Provost Marshal General (OPMG), NDRC Branch. The basic element of detainee and DC accountability is the ISN, which is used as the primary means of identification. ISNs are issued at the TIF. They are also used to link detainees and DCs to biometric data, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) data, personal property, medical information, and issued equipment. Military police commanders conducting detainee operations must plan for the acquisition and issuance of ISNs and maintenance of the Detainee Reporting System, to include training military police personnel. Legal support. I/R operations must comply with the law of war during armed conflicts. Proper legal support must be considered to ensure that U.S. policies, U.S. laws, and international laws are observed. Actively involving judge advocate general personnel and expertise at all stages and in all types of I/R operations is essential. All personnel, regardless of military occupational specialty (MOS) or branch specialty, must receive I/R training and instruction, relevant to their role in advance of participating in or supporting detainee operations; I/R-specific training should be conducted annually thereafter. Training requirements and completion is documented according to applicable laws and policies. Personnel must receive instruction and complete training commensurate with their duties, regarding the — ■ Geneva Conventions and laws, regulations, policies, and other issuances applicable to detainee operations. ■ Identification and prevention of violations of the Geneva Conventions. ■ Requirement to report alleged or suspected violations that arise in the course of detainee operations. Liaison with external agencies. During the course of I/R operations, it is likely that U.S. commanders will encounter representatives of various government agencies, IOs, NGOs, and international humanitarian organizations attempting to assert a role in protecting the interests of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, or DCs. Commanders must anticipate that these organizations will request access to I/R populations and will continue to do so throughout the operation. The ICRC will be given the opportunity to provide its services to detainees (to include detainees at TIFs). The servicing staff judge advocate is generally the designated command liaison to the ICRC. (See FM 27-10.) ICRC reports provided to U.S. commanders will be forwarded through combatant commander channels. Transportation requirements. The modes of transportation for movement of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs are by foot, wheeled vehicle (preferably bus or truck), rail, air, inland waterways and sea. Each operation requires unique security and accountability planning which must closely adhered to and carefully planned. The flow of personnel must be coordinated with movement control personnel as appropriate. (The movement of detainees is discussed in chapter 4.) Public affairs. Public affairs planning requires an understanding of the information needs of Soldiers, the Army community, and the public in matters relating to I/R operations. In the interest of national security and the protection of I/R populations from public curiosity, I/R populations will not be photographed or interviewed by the news media. The public affairs 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-15 Chapter 1 officer also facilitates media efforts to cover operations by expediting the flow of complete, accurate, and timely information. • Transfers and transitions. The successful end state of I/R operations is the final disposition of detainees, U.S. military prisoners, and DCs. This may include their transfer, release, resettlement, or continued detention. The permanent transfer or release of detainees from the custody of U.S. armed forces to the HN, other multinational forces, or any non-DOD U.S. government entity requires the approval of the Secretary of Defense or a specified designee. The permanent transfer of a detainee or DC to a foreign nation may be governed by bilateral agreements or based on ad hoc arrangements. Any transfer to the HN or a foreign nation will include assurances that the receiving nation is willing and able to provide adequate care and treatment that is required by the Geneva Conventions. 1-52. The preceding planning considerations are not all-inclusive. Thorough mission analysis is critical to determine requirements and establish adequate training plans to ensure success. I/R planning factors are covered in depth in chapter 5. MILITARY POLICE CAPABILITIES 1-53. Military police personnel (MOSs 3 IB and 3 IE) provide indispensable capabilities required for conducting of I/R operations. Military police Soldiers hone their skills through I/R-specific training and complementary training and experience gained in performance of the other four military police functions. Of the four remaining military police functions, police intelligence operations and law and order operations provide the greatest complementary technical and tactical capabilities to enhance I/R operations. All military police personnel receive I/R-specific training and instruction in advance of participating in or supporting detainee operations and received annually thereafter. Training requirements and completion are documented according to applicable laws and policies. All military police personnel receive instruction and complete training equal to their duties regarding the — • Geneva Conventions and all laws, regulations, policies, and other issuances applicable to detainee operations. • Identification and prevention of violations of the Geneva Conventions. • Requirement to report alleged or suspected violations that arise in the course of detainee operations. 1-54. When performing I/R operations, 3 IB personnel bring a variety of skill sets, inculcated through their training. These skills include — • Interpersonal communications. • Use-of-force guidelines and standards. • Civil disturbance operations. • Use of NLWs in any environment. • Custody, control, and audit maintenance requirements for I/R operations. • Police investigations. • Cultural awareness. 1-55. Military police personnel within the 31E MOS are specifically trained to conduct I/R operations across the full range of potential environments. They provide technical capabilities specific to I/R, making them the subject matter experts in full-scale I/R operations. These skills include — • Interaction and use of U.S., third world country, and local national interpreters during I/R operations. • I/R facility operations (cell blocks, recreation areas, shower areas, latrines, mess areas). • Safe and proper take-down techniques to ensure the well-being of all personnel involved. • Proper and effective movement techniques when moving an individual from one location to another. • Use of NLWs in any environment. • Cultural awareness. 1-16 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement Operations and the Operational Environment Riot control measures, to include the use of riot control agents and dispersers. Quick-reaction force actions inside and outside the facility. Search techniques, to include the use of electronic detection devices. Detainee treatment standards and applicable provisions of the law of war. Current, approved interrogation techniques. 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 1-17 This page intentionally left blank. Chapter 2 Internment and Resettlement in Support of the Spectrum of Operations I/R operations are of significant importance at all levels of war and across the spectrum of conflict. They are typically tactical operations that may have strategic impact. Soldiers conducting I/R operations must be professional and compassionate. The failure to maintain professional and humane behavior will have far-reaching impacts. Although military police units (to include military police platoons within a BCT) are typically the first military police elements performing I/R operations, modular I/R battalions with assigned I/R detachments, I/R companies, guard companies, and supporting military working dog (MWD) teams are equipped and trained to handle long-term I/R operations. Note. While many Soldiers come in contact with detainees, only those trained and certified to handle detainees (according to Army policies) should be placed in positions where detainees are in their custodial care. 2-1. The I/R function includes missions involving the movement and protection of DCs and operations to secure and protect detainees from the POC through the TIF or SIF. These operations may be within a contiguous or noncontiguous AO. In either framework, military police take control of detainees, typically at the DCP and expedite movement from the POC through the DHA to the TIF or SIF to ensure the freedom of maneuver for maneuver units and the safe and humane treatment of detainees under U.S. control. During combat operations involving DCs, military police control movement to avoid the disruption of combat forces and to protect DCs from avoidable hazards. In all environments involving DCs, military police may be required to support the movement of personnel and temporary resettlement facilities to ensure the safety and security of persons displaced due to natural or man-made disasters or conditions. Additionally, I/R units may be conducting day-to-day custody and control operations simultaneously for the confinement of U.S. military prisoners at permanent sites around the world and tactical I/R operations in support of a DHA, TIF, or SIF. SUPPORT TO COMBAT OPERATIONS 2-2. The Army is the DOD executive agent for detainee operations. Additionally, the Army is the DOD executive agent for the long-term confinement of U.S. military prisoners. Within the Army and through the geographic combatant commander, military police units are tasked with coordinating shelter, protection, accountability, and sustainment for detainees; that role is primarily being performed by I/R units, but is supported by other military police units as necessary. 2-3. The I/R function serves a significant humane and tactical importance. In any conflict involving U.S. forces, the safe and humane treatment of detainees is required by international laws. Military actions across the spectrum of operations will likely result in detainees. In major combat operations, entire units of enemy forces, separated and disorganized by the shock of intensive combat, may be captured. The magnitude of such numbers places a tremendous burden on operational forces as they divert tactical units to handle these detainees. Similarly, large numbers of CIs may also be interned during long-term stability operations, and DCs may place an additional load on the operational commander. Military police units performing the I/R function can preserve the capturing combat effectiveness of the unit by removing these detainees or DCs as rapidly and safely as possible in conjunction with initial interrogation requirements and other operational considerations. Military police units support the force by relieving tactical commanders of the requirement 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 2-1 Chapter 2 to divert large numbers of combat forces to handle detainees and removing DCs from routes and locations that would have an adverse effect on operations. Military police units perform the I/R functions of collecting, evacuating, and securing detainees and DCs throughout the AO. In this process, military police and military intelligence (MI) units coordinate closely. It is essential that military police and MI Soldiers have a high level of situational awareness and share information with each other. 2-4. The organic military police platoon in the BCT is ideally positioned to take control of detainees from the combat force in the BCT AO. Although the BCT military police platoon initially handles detainees, modular I/R battalions with assigned guard companies and supporting MWD teams are equipped and trained to handle this mission for the long term. An I/R battalion is typically organized to support, safeguard, account for, guard, and provide humane treatment for up to 4,000 EPWs/CIs, 8,000 DCs, or 1,500 U.S. military prisoners; however, certain missions may require additional resources and manning (for example, long-term counterinsurgency internment). 2-5. The commander, detainee operations (CDO), is typically responsible for detention facility and interrogation operations in the joint operations area. The CDO should have detainee operations experience and will normally be the senior military police commander. If the size and scope of the detainee operation warrants, the joint force commander may consider designating a general or flag officer as the CDO. (See JP 3-63.) In major combat operations, during deployment a military police commander may serve as the CDO for a theater operation. 2-6. When a corps or division serves as the higher headquarters without an AO, a military police command may not be required. When this occurs, a military police brigade may be deployed to provide C2 for detainee operations and its commander designated as the CDO. 2-7. I/R operations require robust and focused sustainment support. The presence of hundreds or thousands of detainees or refugees may challenge sustainment operations to meet the requirements to house, feed, clothe, and protect those individuals. While the sustainment of refugee populations is primarily a HN responsibility, U.S. forces must plan for, and be prepared to conduct the long-term sustainment of refugee populations, especially if the security environment is unstable, until these responsibilities can be transferred to HN organizations or the UN with support from nongovernmental organizations such as the Red Cross. (A broader discussion of I/R sustainment requirements and considerations is included in appendix J.) Detainee Handling 2-8. Military police units are typically tasked with collecting detainees from combat units at DCPs positioned as far forward as possible. The BCT military police platoon or military police units assigned to a BCT typically operate collection points or holding areas to temporarily secure detainees until they can be evacuated to the next higher echelon's holding area. This is most critical during major combat operations, when combat units can be seriously degraded by the buildup of large numbers of detainees in the forward combat areas. During stability operations, military police unit missions may be prioritized such that the capability of limited military police assets to take control of detainees at detainee collection points limited. In these cases, non-military police units may operate collection points under the supervision of the echelon provost marshal (PM). Guard companies assigned to the military police brigade or the I/R battalion evacuate detainees from division or corps DHAs to theater internment facilities. Some detainees will be evacuated from the theater to Army level internment facilities. Military police units conducting I/R operations safeguard and maintain accountability and protect and provide humane treatment for all personnel under their care. 2-9. In a mature theater, I/R units provide C2 administration and logistical services for assigned personnel and prisoner population, or provide custody and control for the operation of a U.S. military prisoner confinement facility or a high-risk detainee internment facility. Guard companies provide guards for detainees or U.S. military prisoners, installations, and facilities. 2-2 FM 3-39.40 12 February 2010 Internment and Resettlement In Support of the Spectrum of Operations Displaced Civilian Handling 2-10. Military police units may be required to support the collection and control of DCs. In offensive, defensive, and stability operations many of the fundamentals are similar to that of handling detainees, but the focus is typically different. The handling of DCs is also a mission that may be performed in support of disaster relief or other emergencies within the United States or U.S. territories during civil support operations. As such, local, state and federal agencies are primarily responsible for handling DCs with the U.S. military in a support role. When a state of emergency is declared, the state's national guard may be called to assist with DCs under the control of the state governor or they may be federalized and conduct operations as federal U.S. military forces. (See Titles 10 and 32, U.S. Code [USC].) 2-11. Military police units performing this mission will likely have a smaller percentage of I/R units, but the expertise of I/R trained personnel will still be critical to mission success. Meeting the personal needs of DCs will typically require extensive sustainment support. The basic sustainment requirements, unique needs of DCs impacted by mission variables, and the sheer numbers of DCs may initially overwhelm relief units and organizations. Military police forces may be critical enablers in providing essential services until the HN government or other agencies can do so. The effort is typically conducted in conjunction with civilian agencies and in addition to other military police support to U.S. forces. (See chapter 10 for more information on handling DCs.) SUPPORT TO STABILITY OPERATIONS 2-12. Stability operations are designed to establish a safe and secure environment and to facilitate reconciliation among local or regional adversaries. Stability operations can also establish political, legal, social, and economic institutions and support the transition to legitimate local government. It is essential that stability operations maintain the initiative by pursuing objectives that resolve the causes of instability. The combination of tasks conducted during stability operations depends on the situation. Stability operations consist of five primary tasks — Maintain civil security. Maintain civil control. Restore essential services. Provide support to governance. Provide support to economic and infrastructure development. 2-13. The primary tasks are discussed in detail in FM 3-07. Various stability operations may require focused internment operations, resettlement operations, or both; but one or the other will typically be predominant. 2-14. I/R operations in support of stability operations may become enduring and assume many of the characteristics of large-scale, maximum security prison operations that are typically found in the international civilian sector. Long-term custody and control requirements are often augmented with structured rehabilitative and reconciliation programs, increased access to medical treatment, and visitation opportunities concluding with some form of guarantor or sponsor-based release or supervised system. These operations are resource-intensive and should receive a priority commensurate with their strategic significance. 2-15. I/R operations, especially within the context of long-term stability operations, require a robust and focused sustainment effort to provide security and order while meeting basic health and sanitary needs. Too often, the scope of the detention or resettlement facility sustainment effort is not realized until health or security requirements overwhelm the logistical system. The maintenance and development of large-scale facilities is a continuous sustainment effort and often involves contractors, HN personnel, or third country nationals. The synchronization of sustainment, security, and operational requirements and efforts necessary to operate a detention or resettlement facility are complex tasks that require sufficient authority to achieve the unity of effort and security. 2-16. The military police I/R support to stability operations is central to transitioning the strategic risk of interning large numbers of combatants and civilian detainees to a strategic advantage gained from the 12 February 2010 FM 3-39.40 2-3 Chapter 2 reintegration of informed and productive citizens at peace with their community and government. Military police may be tasked with detaining, interning, and confining enemy combatants, members of the armed forces, or civilians anywhere along the spectrum of conflict. Although military police formations have been typically organized and staffed for conducting detainee operations in high-intensity conflict, the reality is that military operations at the general war end of the spectrum of conflict are commonly of short duration compared to operations conducted at levels of violence less than general war, such as insurgency or unstable peace. 2-17. An increase in the frequency of stability operations requires more complex and sustainable systems, solutions, and facilities in support of I/R operations. Even during major combat operations, enemy forces often blend into the civilian population and criminals frequently escape or are released from jails and prisons, while government records are removed or destroyed. Criminal, terrorist, and other opportunists cross poorly secured borders and take personal or political advantage of the initial chaos that typically accompanies general warfare. Major belligerents may or may not join these or other elements (tribes, third-country nationals, or factions) to conduct insurgent activities. 2-18. During stability, the nature of the threat can often inhibit the ability of friendly forces to differentiate between a hostile act and hostile intent or between insurgents and innocents within the civilian community. For this reason, military commanders and forces must have the authority to detain civilians and an acceptable framework to confine, intern, and eventually release them back into the OE. This authority has the most legitimacy when sanctioned by international mandate or when it is bestowed or conveyed from the local or regional governmental power. The initial or baseline authority granted to military forces to use force and detain civilians will ultimately determine the status of the persons they detain. The status of detainees will further determine the manner in which they are processed, the degree of due process they are afforded, and whether their offense is military or criminal in nature. Detainee status and identification will also help develop and determine eventual rehabilitative, reconciliatory, and release strategies. 2-19. During conflict with a conventional force, the segregation of officers, enlisted personnel, civilians, and females is required when conducting internment operations and is relatively clear in its application. In contrast, due to the unconventional nature of the enemy, stability operations may be more likely to require segregation (or typology) by ethnic, tribal, or religious affiliation; human behaviors, traits, and characteristics; age groups; and other categories, to include those typically applied in combat operations. The facts and circumstances resulting in an apprehension may also determine detainee custody and control status. The goal is to isolate insurgents, criminals, and extremists from moderate and circumstantial detainees. Inaccurate assessments can have immediate and significant effects within the TIF that can result in injury or death to detainees; contribute to insurgent recruitment; or cause custody and control problems for the guard force. (See FM 3-07 and FM 3-24 for more information on stability and counterinsurgency operations.) 2-20. The theater of operations must have an effective framework to detain, assess, reconcile, transition, and eventually release detainees in a manner that is integrated with, and responsive to, the overall counterinsurgency effort. TIF commanders often support larger coordinated approaches to deliberately shape the information environment and reconciliatory efforts involving detainees. This includes various rehabilitation programs that support the overall reconciliatory efforts. The capture, detention, rehabilitation/reconciliation, and repatriation of detainees must be conducted in a manner that is consistent with the strategic end state, operational goals, and tactical realities, and also fully in compliant with the rule of law to ensure legitimacy with the population. Nowhere is this more evident than in the counte