Mathematician Søren Eilers was intrigued by a LEGO-related math problem. Let's say you have six "standard LEGO bricks" (the rectangular 4x2 bricks seen in the original LEGO patent). If you fit them together, how many possible structures can you make?

This question was first officially "answered" in 1974, and LEGO mathematicians arrived at the number 102,981,500. Eilers was curious about the mathematical methodology behind that number, and soon discovered that it only covered one kind of stacking—thus, it was dramatically low. So he wrote a computer program that modeled all the possible brick combinations. After running the program for a week, he ended up with a massive number: 915,103,765 combinations.

(Incidentally, Eilers encouraged high school student Mikkel Abrahamsen to write another program in a different programming language, on a different computing platform, without consulting on the solution or methodology. When Abrahamsen's program concluded, the math matched up—and Abrahamsen's method for computing it was actually superior!)

Then, of course, Eilers had to ask what happened if you added a seventh brick, or an eighth, and so on. The math gets exponentially more time-consuming with each addition. Even with a revised version of his program running on a modern computer (which can now handle the original six-block calculation in just five minutes), calculating the eight-brick solution takes about three weeks, and a nine- or ten-brick solution would "probably take years. Maybe hundreds of years."

Here's a brief clip from the documentary A LEGO Brickumentary in which Eilers explains how it all came together:

Of course, because Eilers is a math professor, he put all the math online for fellow nerds to peruse. There's a lot on that page to digest. I enjoyed this snippet from the page in which he considers the possibility of a 25-brick solution (emphasis added):

With the current efficiency of our computer programs we further estimate that it would take us something like 130,881,177,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years to compute the correct number. After some 5,000,000,000 years we will have to move our computer out of the Solar system, as the Sun is expected to become a red giant at about that time.

If you like this stuff (and have the math skills to decipher it), dig into the academic paper "On the entropy of LEGO" by Bergfinnur Durhuus and Søren Eilers.