I don't know what exactly was in the ketogenic rodent chow that was used in the study at hand, but I doubt it were transfat laden sausages ;-)

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You can build muscle on a ketogenic diet - theoretically -- While previous studies on low carbohydrate diets have already demonstrated that eating tons of fat and almost no carbohydrates can trigger improvements in body composition, it is still not clear whether the consumption of virtually carbohydrate-free diets may impair the resistance training induced anabolic response in skeletal muscle. In a previous ISSN article, for example, Paoli et al. )2012) state that their observations in gymnasts on ketogenic diets confirms that "the mechanism underlying the increase of body fat utilization [on ketogenic diets] has some pathways in common with mechanisms contributing to the lack of muscle mass increase [which is why] during the ketogenic diet it is actually very difficult to increase muscle mass" (Paoli. 2012). In their latest study, researchers from the University of Tampa tried to get to the bottom of this myth by looking at the degree of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in rodents on carbohydrate-rich Western and low-carbohydrate "ketogenic" diets (see Figure 1 for the exact macronutrient ratios).

Figure 1: Macro composition of the non-isocaloric chow (KD - 5.2 kcal/g, W - 4.5kcal/g | Mobley. 2015). In week seven and thus after six weeks on the respective diets, the right-leg plantarflexor muscles of the researchers' "subjects", male Sprague-Dawley, were acutely exercised under isoflurane anesthesia by the means of high-frequency electrical stimulations (4 sets of 8 repetitions with 2 min recovery between sets). 90, 180 and 270 minutes after this highly controlled exercise stimulus a group of 8 rodents, each, was sacrificed and the levels of a previously injected tracer (intraperitoneal puromycin) were used as a marker for skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS).

Figure 2: While the absolute figures have not yet been published, I can already tell you that - statistically speaking - the type of diet did not make a difference (Mobley. 2015) As you can see in Figure 2, the scientists observed a "main time effect for MPS". In non-scientist English this means that the training resulted in statistically significantly increase in muscle protein synthesis in the trained vs. untrained legs at 90, 180 and 270 min. What is much more important, though, is that this effect was not significantly different for the ketogenic vs. Western diet group. In conjunction with the lack of difference in phosphorylated (p)-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) and p-rps6 (Ser235/236), two important signalling proteins that are involved in the control of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, it is thus probably warranted to conclude that "these data demonstrate that rats fed a ketogenic diet present a similar anabolic response to resistance exercise compared to rats fed a Western diet" (Mobley. 2015). Whether that's a "fair", let alone practically relevant comparison (the Western diet was lower in protein and isn't exactly a good representation of the average diet true muscle heads will be consuming) is anyone's guess, though.

While some people make it appear as if we already knew that ketogenic diets are superior, you may remember that some recent studies show that balanced diets have more favorable effects on the body composition of certain athletes | learn more Ketogenic diets and fat free mass - an issue that requires further research in general: Only recently Grant M. Tinsley and Darryn S. Willoughby from the Baylor University highlighted in a review that a "potential loss of fat-free mass (e.g. skeletal muscle)", is a "potential concern of these “ketogenic” diets" of which the "majority of studies" suggests that it was inevitable. Since the most of these studies involve "aggressive weight loss diets" and lack an exercise component, "further research is needed to determine whether resistance training can effectively slow or stop the loss of fat-free mass typically seen in individuals following a ketogenic diet" (Tinsley. 2015). The study at hand can thus be considered the first in a line of studies on the effects and "mechanisms underlying the effects of a ketogenic diet on fat-free mass" (ibid.). Only recently Grant M. Tinsley and Darryn S. Willoughby from thehighlighted in a review that a "potential loss of fat-free mass (e.g. skeletal muscle)", is a "potential concern of these “ketogenic” diets" of which the "majority of studies" suggests that it was inevitable. Since the most of these studies involve "aggressive weight loss diets" and lack an exercise component, "further research is needed to determine whether resistance training can effectively slow or stop the loss of fat-free mass typically seen in individuals following a ketogenic diet" (Tinsley. 2015). The study at hand can thus be considered the first in a line of studies on the effects and "mechanisms underlying the effects of a ketogenic diet on fat-free mass" (ibid.).

Even if it wasn't for the questionable control diet, there would still be one thing the data from Mobley's study cannot tell us and that's whether the putative reduction in IGF-1 that has been observed on low carbohydrate diets (Caton. 2012) may have long(er)-term detrimental effects on muscle gains. There is, as you as a SuppVersity reader will know, good evidence that IGF-1, despite its irrelevance for short term increases in muscle protein synthesis, may play an important role in the long-term adaptational response to exercise (I suggest you go back to this SuppVersity Classic Article if that's news to you). It's thus not just the fact that we are dealing with a rodent study here that makes me want to say that future long(er) term studies in humans are necessary before the myth that ketogenic diets may impair (long-term) gains can be put to rest once and for all.

reader will know, good evidence that IGF-1, despite its irrelevance for short term increases in muscle protein synthesis, may play an important role in the long-term adaptational response to exercise (I suggest you go back to this if that's news to you). It's thus not just the fact that we are dealing with a rodent study here that makes me want to say that future long(er) term studies in humans are necessary before the myth that ketogenic diets may impair (long-term) gains can be put to rest once and for all. Is weight gain hardly possible on the ketogenic diet? Actually this is another common ketogenic diet myth: When you are consuming a ketogenic diet you cannot get fat. Sounds stupid, right? Well, if you look at a recent study that comes - just as the previously cited study - from the University of Tampa (Holland. 2015), would certainly appear as if there may be something to this claim.



In their 6-week rodent study, Angelina M. Holland and colleagues compared the effects of ketogenic (KD), Western (WD), and standard chow (StdChow) control diets on fat deposition and serum health-related biomarkers (exact macronutrient ratios are given in Figure 3).

Figure 3: Macronutrient composition of the diets in Holland's study (Holland. 2015). Over the course of the study, the scientists' "subjects", male Sprague-Dawley rats (~9-10 weeks of age) were provided isocaloric amounts of either a KD (5.2 kcal/g, 20.2% protein, 10.3% carbohydrate, 69.5% fat; n = 50), WD (4.5 kcal/g, 15.2% protein, 42.7% carbohydrate, 42.0% fat; n = 66), or StdChow (3.1 kcal/g, 24.0% protein, 58.0% carbohydrate, 18.0% fat n = 10). At the end of the study the exact daily food intake and body weights were recorded and the animals were sacrificed in order to analyze the weight of four different fat depots.



As it was to be expected, the rats on the ketogenic diet consumed slightly less energy (3,540 ± 74 kcal) than those on the western diet (3,638 ± 83 kcal) over the course of the six week study. It is thus not surprising that there was a significant inter-group difference in terms in terms of the total amount of weight rodents in the KD and WD group gained: 397g vs. 494g to be precise.

Figure 4: Due to a significantly reduced feed efficacy (weight gain per energy intake) the rats on the ketogenic diet gained sign. less weight than both, the rats on the Western diet and standard chow (Holland. 2015). What may come as a surprise, though, is the generally reduced feed efficiency (=amount of body weight gained per kcal the rodents consumed) of the ketogenic diet. With a feed efficacy of only 0.018g/kcal, the ketogenic diet was significantly less fattening than the Western diet (0.042 ± 0.007g/kcal) and the standard chow (0.045 ± 0.012g/kcal).



That's a quite a remarkable result, but if the lack of weight gain applied only to the total amount of body weight, it would be difficult to decide whether that's a good or a bad thing. When the scientists took a look at the weight of the fat depots, however, it became clear that the lion's share of the weight difference was mediated by a lack of fat, not just weight gain. "KD and StdChow had significantly less absolute and relative omental (absolute omental: 0.8 ± 0.3g and 1.2 ± 0.4g vs 1.6 ± 0.6g, respectively, p < 0.05; relative omental: 2.1 ± 0.7 and 2.4 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 1.2g/kg, respectively, p < 0.05) compared to WD rats. KD and StdChow also had significantly less perirenal adipose tissue compared to WD (absolute perirenal: 4.2 ± 1.3 and 5.4 ± 1.4 vs 7.8 ± 1.8g, respectively, p < 0.05; relative perirenal: 10.6 ± 2.8 and 11.4 ± 2.4 vs 15.6 ± 3.0g/kg, respectively, p < 0.05). KD had significantly less absolute inguinal subcutaneous (SQ) and scapular brown fat than WD (absolute SQ: 4.3 ± 1.5 vs 6.6 ± 2.4g/kg; absolute brown fat: 0.6 ± 0.2 vs 0.8 ± 0.3g) but similar relative SQ and brown fat weights" (Holland. 2015). In view of the concomitantly reduced serum triglyceride levels (WD - 319.7 ± 109.8mg/dL versus StdChow 163.0 ± 67.0mg/dL and KD 69.9 ± 21.2mg/dL; p < 0.05), serum cholesterol and glucose levels glucose, the claim that ketogenic diets may help mammals to maintain stable body weights while improving, not messing with their glucose and lipid metabolism does therefore appear to be clearly supported by the study at hand. All that still has to be done before we can remove the "?" from the subheading that precedes the previous paragraphs would be a human study with a similar / identical design to exclude that any differences in glucose and, more importantly, fat metabolism in human beings increase the feed efficacy of the ketogenic diet to an extent that nullifies the benefits.

Are you looking for an unconventional nootropic? Look no further. Morning cardio on empty could be just what you've been looking for. Learn more in "Breaking the Fast, Cardio & Your Brain: Cardio on Empty is Fatiguing. Fasting Without Exercise, However, Can Have Nootropic Effects" Which studies didn't make it into this installment of the ISSN '15 Research Review? This time, three studies didn't make the cut. There's Jason Cholewa's study on the "effects of a sports nutrition education intervention on nutritional status, sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and performance in NCAA Division I baseball players," which may make it into a special on the importance of sport nutrition knowledge, when the full text is published, Solomon et al.'s study on the "efficacy study of alpha BRAIN®" as a nootropic where I would like to see the absolute improvements and the respective standard deviations in cognitive performance before discussing the study in the SuppVersity news, as well as Jones' and Davidson's investigations into the "proportionality of skeletal muscle before and after intervention" the significance of which would go unappreciated if I simply summarized the little information from the abstract | This time, three studies didn't make the cut. There's Jason Cholewa's study on the "effects of a sports nutrition education intervention on nutritional status, sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and performance in NCAA Division I baseball players," which may make it into a special on the importance of sport nutrition knowledge, when the full text is published, Solomon et al.'s study on the "efficacy study of alpha BRAIN®" as a nootropic where I would like to see the absolute improvements and the respective standard deviations in cognitive performance before discussing the study in thenews, as well as Jones' and Davidson's investigations into the "proportionality of skeletal muscle before and after intervention" the significance of which would go unappreciated if I simply summarized the little information from the abstract | Comment on Facebook



Caton, Samantha J., et al. "Low-carbohydrate high-fat diets in combination with daily exercise in rats: effects on body weight regulation, body composition and exercise capacity." Physiology & behavior 106.2 (2012): 185-192.

Cholewa, Jason M., et al. "The effects of a sports nutrition education intervention on nutritional status, sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and performance in NCAA Division I baseball players." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12.Suppl 1 (2015): P44.

Holland, Angelia M., et al. "Ketogenic versus Western and standard chow diets favorably alters fat deposition and serum biomarkers in rats." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12.Suppl 1 (2015): P21.

Jones, Brian A., and Robert T. Davidson. "Muscle proportionality: The proportionality of skeletal muscle before and after intervention." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12.Suppl 1 (2015): P51.

Mobley, C. Brooks, et al. "The anabolic skeletal muscle response to acute resistance exercise is not impaired in rats fed a ketogenic diet." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12.Suppl 1 (2015): P22.

Paoli, Antonio, et al. "Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 9.1 (2012): 34.

Solomon, Todd M., et al. "A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, efficacy study of alpha BRAIN® administered orally." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 12.Suppl 1 (2015): P54. References

Welcome to the fourth issue of the SuppVersity ISSN '15 Research Review ... as you will notice I am trying to make the introductions shorter and shorter with each installment of this series. So, let's not waste time and dig right into the latest research on ketogenic diets.Yes, you heard me right. Therenew research on ketogenic diets that does not focus on weight loss, the obese and/or cancer. Rather than that, the studies discussed in this installment of thedeal with the effects of ketogenic diets on the skeletal muscle anabolic response to resistance exercise, as well as its effects on weight gain in an ad-libitum diet scenario.