★WHAT TO DO★

⚘ 15-75g of vitamin C per day, split into at least 4 doses.

⚘ 1g of vitamin B3 per day, split into at least 2 doses.

⚘ As many flavonoid-containing foods as you can find. Berries, tea, dark chocolate, fruit in general.

☼ If you can find and afford them, also take the supplements recommended here: http://pastebin.com/HL6Hb4BK

★SUMMARY★

»»»Insufficient vitamin C and flavonids (scurvy) promotes opioid addiction by increasing tolerance and exacerbating withdrawal symptoms

»»»Smoking temporarily prevents withdrawal symptoms of opioids but strongly depletes vitamin C

»»»Nicotinamide, vitamin B3, prevents nicotine withdrawal and the development of opioid tolerance and hypothermia

»»»15-75g Vitamin C plus flavonoids, and 1g Vitamin B3 per day can prevent opioid withdrawal and accelerate detoxification.

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[Statements in brackets are my comments]

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HUMAN STUDIES ON VITAMIN C AND OPIOID ADDICTION

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) effects on withdrawal syndrome of heroin abusers

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836211

Ascorbic acid at doses of 300 mg/kg b.w/day [21 grams for a 70kg person], supplemented with vitamin E (5 mg/kg b.w/day) [350mg / 70kg], was orally administered in two groups of heroin addict subjects...

The patients of the vitamin C-treated groups (in-patients and out-patients) experienced mild WS (in 46.6% to 50% of the subjects) in contrast to the control group patients, who experienced mild WS in 6.6% of the cases. The vitamin C-treated subjects expressed major WS ranging from 10% to 16.6%, in contrast to the untreated subjects (control group), who expressed a major WS in 56.6% of the cases.

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[If they had used even higher doses of vitamin C, and mixed d-tocopherols as vitamin E, they would have achieved even more striking results.]

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Attenuation of Heroin Withdrawal Syndrome by the Administration of High Dose Vitamin C

http://www.csom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Attenuation-of-Heroin-Withdrawl-Syndrome-by-the-Administration-of-High-Dose-Vitamin-C-27.4.pdf

[A historical review of the discovery and application of vitamin C in the cure of heroin addiction].

The Hypoascorbemia-Kwashiorkor Approach to Drug Addiction Therapy: A Pilot Study

http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1977/pdf/1977-v06n04-p300.pdf

ADDICTION

Briefly, by fully correcting this Hypoascorbemia-Kwashiorkor Syndrome, we are able to take the addicts off heroin or methadone, without the appearance of withdrawal symptoms. If during the period of full correction they take a "fix," it is immediately detoxified or otherwise handled by the body so that no "high" occurs. It is like injecting pure water provided the dosage of ascorbate is high enough. After a few days on the regimen, appetite returns and they start eating voraciously. They also have restful sleep. Restless sleep or no sleep at all are characteristic of heroin and methadone addiction, "Full correction" in the addicts treated comprised giving them 25 to 85 g sodium ascorbate a day in spaced doses along with high intakes of the other vitamins, essential minerals, and high levels of predigested proteins. This is continued for four to six days, and then the dosages are gradually reduced to lower holding dose levels that varied from about 10 to 30 g per day. Both the therapeu tic and the holding dose levels may vary widely according to the clinical response of the particular addict being treated...

The general improvement in the well-being of the addicts within 12 to 24 hours after beginning sodium ascorbate detoxification is striking. It is demonstrated by improved mental alertness and visual acuity; appetite is returning, and the addict is amazed that treatment is working without the use of another narcotic....

The total amount of ascorbate given a day will vary with the extent of the drug addiction. It is never less than 25 g a day in spaced doses and can go to 85 g or more per day. As a rough rule-of-thumb means of judging dosage: a $50/day habit needs 25 to 40 g sodium ascorbate, $150 to $200/day about 60 to 75 grams. Judging dosage comes with experience, and any errors should be on the high-dosage side because of ascorbate's extremely low toxicity and lack of side effects. The megadoses are continued for four to six days. During this time no withdrawal symptoms should be encountered (if any appear, increase the sodium ascorbate intake). Generally, in two or three days appetite returns and most patients begin to eat well and have restful sleep for the first time since the chronic addiction began. One of the first observations to be made of the patient on this Orthomolecular therapy is the rapid change in well-being; they feel good. The megadoses are then gradually reduced to holding dose levels of about 10 g per day of sodium ascorbate and lower levels of the vitamins and minerals...

At the time this paper was written 30 out of 30 patients were successfully treated in this pilot study under the supervision of AFL.

This reported 100 percent rate of success is the same as that noted by Dr. Cathcart in his megascorbic therapy of the viral diseases, "it works every time," provided enough ascorbate is used...

OVERDOSE

Drug overdosage is a common occurrence because of the wide variability in the potency of the illicit "street" drugs and the endency among addicts to mix different drugs. This causes many deaths among addicts. A nonspecific orthomolecular treatment of OD's, which acts as an antidote and rapidly relieves the stricken addict, is as follows: If the victim is unconscious, immediately but slowly inject 30 or more g of sodium ascorbate intravenously; if conscious and can swallow and retain liquids, give about 50 g of sodium ascorbate dissolved in a glass of milk...

Case History

A mother brought in her 16-year-old son who was totally "spaced out" on "Angel Dust" (PCP). This boy was incoherent and totally out of tune with reality. He was given 30 g of sodium ascorbate mixed in a glass of milk, and within 45 minutes he could hold a normal conversation. If he had been given 50 g, it is likely he would have become rational sooner. With intravenous ascorbate, this recovery time could be cut down to minutes...

As previously noted, ascorbate is a general detoxicant for many different poisons, but its mode of action is mostly unknown. Klenner (1974) points out, "Ascorbic acid can be lifesaving in shock. Twelve grams of the sodium salt given with a 50 cc syringe will reverse shock in minutes. In barbiturate poisoning and monoxide poisoning, the results are so dramatic that it borders on malpractice to deny this therapy."

The Use of Ascorbic Acid and Mineral Supplements in the Detoxification of Narcotic Addicts

http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1978/pdf/1978-v07n04-p264.pdf

The procedure for the group consisted of the following: sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid, in crystalline form, dispensed in packets containing 24-48 g per 24 hours for five to seven days, tapering to 8-12 g per day for 14 days; multivitamins and multimineral tabs, one to three times per day for 21 days; calcium complex and magnesium tabs, one, three times per day; and

liquid protein (20 oz.) three times per day for three to five days...

-Reported Energy Increase

The majority of subjects utilizing ascorbic acid reported feeling of having increased energy while large amounts of ascorbic acid were used. Subjects reported this effect as neither positive nor negative.

-Reported Drug Blockage

Approximately 45 percent of those subjects utilizing ascorbic acid reported having used heroin, methadone, or some other drug while continuing with ascorbic acid doses. A majority (60 percent) reported a definite blockage effect thought to be caused by the ascorbic acid.

-Reported Loss of Craving for Drugs

Four of the ascorbic acid subjects (10 percent) reported a loss of "craving" for drugs as a result of continued ascorbic acid ingestion. All four subjects have remained drug free since utilizing the ascorbic acid detoxification method (from two

to six months). Loss of craving was not reported by Group 2 (symptomatic medication procedure).

-Reported Side Effects

One subject reported slight nausea which necessitated termination of this approach. One subject reported an observable rash after taking initial doses of ascorbic acid, also indicating a termination of this detoxification procedure.

The Gift of Vitamin C

http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/2003/pdf/2003-v18n0304-p187.pdf

Klenner stated, “Ascorbic acid is the safest and the most valuable substance available to the physician. Many head

aches and many heartaches will be avoided with its proper use... I’ve used over 200,000 ampules, 50,000 vials and

millions of 500 mg tablets of vitamin C and the only complication I’ve ever seen is diarrhea and gas... 10 grams is the lowest amount adults should take for normal use.”

..."Another convenient idea for the oral dosing is to put enough of the vitamin C for multiple doses in a container of water,

milk or juice, so you can drink one dose each hour or two. Every 5 to 6 oz of liquid can take two teaspoons of vitamin C

(10,000 mg); 20-24 oz could contain 40,000 mg (8 teaspoons of ascorbic acid powder). This way you can drink a little hourly. The sicker you are, or the more serious your health problem, the more frequently you should take your doses."

Attenuation of Heroin Withdrawal Syndrome by the Administration of High-Dose Vitamin C.

A study conducted in New York City in the 1960s, demonstrated that by giving increasing doses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) salts administered orally in water or juice during withdrawal, vitamin C blocked opioid receptors in the brain, and attenuated withdrawal symptoms, encouraging heroin addicts to end their dependence on heroin. A1978field visit to Seattle, Washington, by officials of the National Institute for Drug Abuse and Alcoholism (NIDAA) at the U.S. National Institutes for Health (NIH), confirmed its effectiveness, yet the agency to date has failed to provide funding to supportfurther research on this promising treatment modality. Despite serious reported side effects, pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of heroin-dependence prevail with support by NIDAA, while nutrient-based therapies, that could help break the cycle of addiction, are disregarded.

A Study Indicating a Connection Between Paranoia, Schizophrenia, Perceptual Disorders, and I.Q. in Alcohol and Drug Abusers

http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1982/pdf/1982-v11n01-p050.pdf

...

Conclusions

1.

Perhaps the major and primary conclusion to be drawn is that in all forms of addiction, the psychological component is of minimal concern provided the patient is first decontaminated, using sodium ascorbate. As the charts indicate, practically all major pathology of the psyche and mental malfunctions disappeared.

...

3.

The recidivism rate in alcohol and drug addition is well known. The conclusion we draw from this study is that in the so-called prevalent therapies, it is true that patients can be "detoxified," but they are not decontaminated to the degree that they're freed of the guts-level craving for addictive drugs or alcohol. We recognize that by applying present techniques this "guts-craving" level cannot be quantified. We can draw the conclusion nonetheless that we accomplish this most important goal by the following data: positive changes occurred in the psychological, IQ, blood chemistry, urinalysis, Cortisol levels, energy levels, attitudes of the patient and his freely given statement that he feels great and no longer has any "craving."

....

Smoker's Scurvy: Orthomolecular Preventive Medicine in Cigarette Smoking

http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1976/pdf/1976-v05n01-p035.pdf

In 1939, Strauss and Scheer (Strauss and Scheer, 1939) reported that 25 subjects given 200 mg ascorbic acid showed a constant and marked reduction in the urinary excretion of ascorbate following the smoking of one to three cigarettes.

This indicated a destruction of the administered ascorbate by the smoke constituents. In the period 1950-1959, F. Venulet and coworkers published a series of 15 papers on the effects of smoking on ascorbate metabolism (Andrzejewski, 1966). Venulet was Director of the Institute for General Pathology of the Medical Academy in Lodz, Poland. In 1951, Venulet and Moskwa (Venulet and Moskwa, 1951) confirmed the marked loss of ascorbate in both the blood and urine of animals exposed to cigarette smoke. In their 1952-53 studies (Venulet and Moskwa, 1952), on 60 medical students, the blood ascorbate was lower in the smokers than the nonsmokers.

Nonsmokers who volunteered to smoke only six to eight cigarettes a day had a significant drop in serum ascorbate by the third day. In studies on mice and frogs reported in 1953-54 (Venulet, 1953), Venulet again confirmed that tobacco

smoke lowered the blood ascorbate and reduced its urinary excretion; the longer the exposure the greater the reduction. He also determined the ascorbate levels in the various organs and found the greatest loss in the adrenals, the spleen, the

heart, and the lungs. He also stated his belief that "the loss of so fundamental a life factor as ascorbic acid plays a large role in the pathogenesis of different smoke damage."

In 1955, Venulet and Danysz (Venulet and Dan-ysz, 1955) published their findings on nursing mothers showing that the milk from nonsmoking mothers contained 5.9 mg percent of ascorbate while that from the smokers contained only 2.1 mg percent. In a brief review in English, published in 1966, Andrzejewski (And-rzezjwski, 1966) outlined all the papers presented by Venulet and his group on this subject.

McCormick in 1952 (McCormick, 1952), in a paper on the chemother-apeutic properties of large doses of ascorbic acid, discussed its toxin- neutralizing properties and pointed out that there is a simultaneous proportional loss of ascorbate in this detoxicating process. He stated that laboratory and clinical tests showed "that the smoking of one cigarette neutralizes in the body approximately 25 mg of ascorbic acid, or the amount in one medium-sized orange." He suggested that this loss may account for the fact that the incidence of postoperative pneumonia is four times greater in habitual smokers than in non-smokers. He recommended that "the steady smoker, who is usually short on his dietary intake as well, requires much heavier therapeutic dosage of this vitamin than the non-smoker."

Bourquin and Musmanno, in both smoking tests on humans and in vitro tests on human blood, as reported in 1953 (Bourquin and Musmanno, 1953), showed a lowering of blood ascorbate levels by smoking and a destruction of the ascorbate in the blood by addition of nicotine. They also suggested an increased intake of ascorbic acid by habitual smokers.

In a 1955 report, Goyanna (Goyanna, 1955) examined 500 smokers and found that excretion of ascorbate in the urine was stopped by smoking 20 or more cigarettes, indicating destruction of the body's ascorbic acid. Calculations from in vitro tests wherein tobacco was mixed with ascorbic acid indicated that each cigarette was capable of destroying 2 mg of ascorbic acid. In concluding he remarked that smokers should elevate to a maximum the use of ascorbic acid, as "the salvation of the smoker may be in this vitamin."

Dietrich and Buchner in 1960 (Dietrich and Buchner, 1960) concluded as a result of tests on groups of smokers and non-smokers that smokers exhibit a vitamin C deficiency compared to nonsmokers. They advised all smokers to consume an abundance of ascorbic acid in order to be better able to prevent deficiency symptoms.

As a result of tests on 37 nonsmokers and 40 smokers, Durand, Audinot, and Frajdenrajch in 1962 (Durand et al., 1962) presented evidence that there was a pronounced drop in the blood plasma levels of ascorbate in smokers which was dependent upon the number of cigarettes smoked per day. They also found that the plasma ascorbate practically disappeared when the smokers were also alcoholics. They also conducted tests in which the subjects were given 1 g of ascorbic acid per day for periods during the test schedule. The ingestion of this ascorbic acid raised the plasma ascorbic acid levels. They concluded that there was a vitamin C deficiency in heavy smokers, which could be rectified by administration of ascorbic acid. The greater the number of cigarettes smoked the more ascorbic acid was required.

Calder, Curtis, and Fore in 1963 (Calder et al., 1963) reported the blood plasma ascorbate levels of smokers and non-smokers subjected to short-term examinations. These subjects were not allowed to smoke from midnight to the start of the test and then smoked 12 to 25 cigarettes during the six-hour test period. Hourly tests of their blood plasma up to six hours showed no change in ascorbate levels. However, when they determined the ascorbate content of the blood plasma and leucocytes of 83 habitual moderate smokers (14 cigarettes or less a day) and 31 heavy smokers (15 or more cigarettes a day), they found significantly lower levels in both the blood plasma and leucocytes than in similar samples from a group of 91 nonsmokers.

In tests on 18 nonsmoking healthy soldiers and 22 smokers, Rupniewska in 1964 (Rupniewska, 1964) found significantly lower levels of fasting blood plasma ascorbate in the smokers. Four hours after administration of 500 mg of ascorbic acid this difference was no longer significant. The mean urinary excretion of ascorbate four hours after the 500 mg intake was 35.4 mg for the nonsmokers and 14.5 mg for the smokers, a highly significant difference. In her English summary, the author states that she "feels chronic vitamin C deficiency in smokers may explain at least partially one of the causes of early appearance of atheromatosis in smoking addicts."

In a later paper (1965), Rupniewska conducted tests on older men whose mean age was 73 years and mean duration of smoking 46 years. Urinary ascorbate excretion was measured after fasting and four hours after a 500 mg injection of ascorbic acid. "A decreased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid was found (about 60 percent) in the smokers evidencing a decreased store of this substance in the organism." She was unable to correlate these data with those of younger men in order to establish a quantitative relationship between years of smoking and ascorbic acid levels.

A 1968 study by Brook and Grimshaw (Brook and Grimshaw, 1968) shows that the plasma and leucocyte ascorbate is significantly lower in men than in women. In nonsmokers the plasma levels declined with age, while the leucocyte levels did not. Cigarette smoking was found to significantly lower both the blood plasma and the leucocyte ascorbate concentrations. Heavy smoking had the same effect on the blood plasma ascorbate as increasing the chronological age by some 40 years.

Pelletier, in tests on five smokers and five nonsmokers, as reported in 1968 (Pelletier, 1968), showed that the ascorbate levels of the blood and blood plasma of smokers was 40 percent to 45 percent of that of nonsmokers. On giving his subjects 2 g of ascorbic acid a day, in an attempt to "saturate" them, he found that after continued administration the blood levels stabilized at approximately the same values in both groups, but the urinary excretion of ascorbate in the smokers never reached the levels excreted by the nonsmokers. In tests on guinea pigs fed nicotine for one month in amounts equivalent to that consumed by heavy smokers, the ascorbate in the blood and several organs was lower compared to guinea pigs fed the same diet without the nicotine. The drop in tissue ascorbate was as follows: adrenals 49 percent, kidneys 50 percent, heart 47 percent, liver 34 percent, spleen 22 percent, brain 17 percent.

Guinea pig tests reported in 1967 (Evans et al., 1967), in which the animals were exposed to smoke for two 10-minute periods a day for a month, the smoking group gained weight less rapidly and the adrenal ascorbic acid was 30 percent lower than that of the controls...

...The chronic destruction of ascorbate in smokers aggravates the chronic subclinical scurvy already present due to inadequate daily ascorbate intakes. This severe chronic subclinical scurvy brought about by the biochemical insults of smoking has been termed "Smoker's Scurvy."

In this state the classical terminal symptoms of frank clinical scurvy may not be manifest, but the biochemical scorbutic effects are present. A similar scorbutic state without the clinical signs of scurvy was noted by Thiele in 1964 (Thiele, 1964) in chronic benzene poisoning and by Marchmont-Robinson in chronic lead poisoning (Marchmont-Robinson, 1941). In this depleted state there is lowered resistance to disease, impaired detox-ication processes, increased ca pillary fragility, and tendency to hemorrhaging, decreased phagocytosis, abnormal immunity responses, and a marked lowering in the reaction rates of many cellular and blood enzymes. It is not very surprising that there are so many adverse effects of inadequate ascorbate intakes because this ubiquitous metabolite is involved in so many important physiological mechanisms in the living process. Normality can be easily restored by the mere repletion of the ascorbate.

A few papers describing animal studies of the effects of vitamin C and flavonoids on morphine withdrawal:

VITAMIN C

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6686637

Megadoses of vitamin C prevent the development of tolerance and physical dependence on morphine in mice.

...In a recent report (5) we have shown that ascorbate suppresses the delayed etorphine-induced compensatory increase in cAMP levels in NG 108-15 cells without affecting the short-term inhibitory response of cells to the drug. It has been suggested that while the former may be the basis of narcotic dependence and tolerance, the latter is responsible for the analgesic effect...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3018618

Effect of ascorbate on the toxicity of morphine in mice.

... An intraperitoneal dose of sodium ascorbate (1 G/kg) injected 10 min prior to morphine (500 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to provide significant protection against mortality due to respiratory depression, while having no effect on the lethality of the pentobarbital. Pretreatment with ascorbate had no effect on the distribution of morphine in brain tissue, nor did it alter the pH of the plasma...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542433

Chronic treatment with ascorbic acid inhibits the morphine withdrawal response in guinea-pigs.

...Chronic pretreatment of guinea-pigs with AA, 1 g/l, in drinking water for 3 days, or AA 200 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) 3 times daily for 3 days, markedly reduced the locomotor and behavioural withdrawal responses of guinea-pigs given naloxone hydrochloride, 15 mg/kg s.c. 2 h after a single dose of morphine sulphate, 15 mg/kg s.c...

http://www.pathophysiologyjournal.com/article/S0928-4680%2805%2900037-4

Ascorbic acid decreases morphine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in rats

...An intrapritoneal AA injection (500 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before morphine self-administration produced a significant decrease in the initiation of morphine self administration during all sessions. After the last test session morphine withdrawal symptom signs (MWS) were recorded after naloxone precipitation. Most of MWS (but not all) were decreased by AA application....

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8813393

Effects of morphine treatment and withdrawal on striatal and limbic monoaminergic activity and ascorbic acid oxidation in the rat.

...We conclude that: (i) tolerance to morphine-induced increase in hypoxanthine, xanthine and AA [Ascorbic Acid] oxidation develops in the limbic forebrain faster than in the striatum; (ii) the morphine-induced increase in striatal and limbic AA oxidation may be considered a consequence of increased formation of reactive oxygen species due to increased DA, hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidative metabolism; (iii) a striatal excitotoxic imbalance characterizes the withdrawal state and may be taken into account to explain the further increase in striatal AA oxidation.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20390081

Ascorbic Acid inhibits development of tolerance and dependence to opiates in mice: possible glutamatergic or dopaminergic modulation.

Ascorbic acid (400-1600 mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited development of tolerance and dependence to morphine as noted from tail-flick latency. When given along with MK 801 (0.01 mg/kg., i.p) or haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg i.p.), ascorbic acid (800 mg/kg., i.p.) potentiated the response of MK 801 or haloperidol.

FLAVONOIDS

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/729731

Prolonged action of drugs in rats with flavonoid-deficiency.

In flavonoid-deficient Wistar-rats, the action of caffeine, harmine, hexobarbital, morphine and pentobarbital is enhanced.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6325219

Gossypin-induced analgesia in mice.

Calcium antagonised the analgesic action of flavonoids while nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, potentiated it. This suggests a possible role for calcium in the analgesic action of flavonoids as with that of morphine.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9643451

Flavonoids reduce morphine withdrawal in-vitro.

The effects of quercetin, flavone, catechin and chrysin on the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal contracture of the acute morphine-dependent guinea-pig ileum have been investigated in-vitro. After 4 min in-vitro exposure to morphine a strong contracture of guinea-pig isolated ileum was observed after the addition of naloxone. All the flavonoids, injected 10 min before morphine at concentrations between 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, were capable of blocking naloxone-induced contracture after exposure to morphine in a concentration-dependent fashion.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054845

Flavonol glycosides from Aristeguietia discolor reduce morphine withdrawal in vitro.

... After a 4 min in vitro exposure to morphine a strong contraction of guinea-pig isolated ileum was observed after the addition of naloxone. Both MeOH extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/mL), the partially purified fractions I, L, M and N (50, 100 and 200 mg/mL) and flavonol glycosides 1-4 (1 x 10(-4) 5 x 10(-5) 1 x 10(-5) M), injected 10 min before morphine, were capable of blocking the naloxone-induced contraction after exposure to morphine in a concentration-dependent fashion. The results of the present paper suggest that flavonol glycosides from Aristeguietia discolor may play an important role in the control of morphine withdrawal.

VITAMIN B3

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33610

Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions

The data from the previous experiment showed that benzamide was effective in inhibiting the development of morphine tolerance and dark neurons. The specificity of this effect to PARS inhibition was examined by utilizing other PARS inhibitors... Coadministration of 20 μg of morphine with either 200 nmol 3-aminobenzamide or 1 μmol niacinamide (nicotinamide) for 7 days reliably (P < 0.01) attenuated the development of tolerance as compared with that of day 1 in the same group. Coadministration of 20 μg of morphine with either 200 nmol 3-aminobenzamide or 1 μmol niacinamide for 7 days also reliably (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 for the drugs respectively) prevented the increase in dark neurons as compared with the morphine + saline group.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2526014

Inhibition of morphine hyperthermia, induced by nicotinamide

It was established that nicotinamide, administered before morphine, inhibited development of morphine hyperthermia, statistically significantly up to 120 min after administration of morphine. Nicotinamide, administered, on the 60th min after morphine injection, did not inhibit significantly the developed already hyperthermic reaction. In connection with the discussion of the established effects a series of experiments were carried out on N-demethylation of morphine and nicotinamide influence on in vitro. These experiments proved that nicotinamide inhibited noncompetitive demethylation of morphine.

GENERAL - HUMAN STUDIES

A Vitamin Profile of Heroin Addiction

Circulating thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinates, folates, vitamin B12, B6, A, and carotenes of 149 heroin addicts aged 17-60 years were compared to 204 healthy subjects not using drugs or vitamins. Only 24 per cent of the addicts had no evidence of hypovitaminemia; 45 per cent and 37 per cent had vitamin B6 and folate deficit respectively, whereas deficits of thiamine, vitamin B12, riboflavin, and nicotinate were recorded for 13-19 per cent of the addict population

Immunity and nutrition in heroin addicts.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7035114

...the serum vitamin C, B6 and albumin levels were significantly lower than in the controls

Nutritional effects of marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and nicotine.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2204648

Diabetes decreases sensitivity to and dependence on morphine, protein deprivation produces preferential fat utilization with low cocaine use, and vitamin D deficiency decelerates morphine dependency.

Comments on dietary intake of drug-dependent persons.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1245716