Abramowitz , J. S. , Khandker , M. , Nelson , C. , Deacon , B. J. & Rygwall , R. ( 2006 ) The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective study . Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 : 1361 –74.

Adam , D. ( 2013 ) Mental health: On the spectrum . [Editorial]. Nature 496 : 416 –18.

Aizawa , K. & Gillett , C. ( 2009 ) The (multiple) realization of psychological and other properties in the sciences . Mind and Language 24 : 181 – 208 .

American Psychiatric Association ( 2013 ) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 5th edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association .

Andreasen , N. C. ( 1984 ) The broken brain: The biological revolution in psychiatry . Harper and Row .

Anonymous . ( 2013 ) No dishonour in depression . [Editorial]. Nature 498: article 137. (Posted on 12 June, 2013). Available at: . (. [Editorial].498: article 137. (Posted on 12 June, 2013). Available at: http://www.nature.com/news/no-dishonour-in-depression-1.13170

Baker , L. R. ( 1995 ) Explaining attitudes: A practical approach to the mind . Cambridge University Press .

Barabási , A.-L. ( 2012 ) The network takeover . Nature Physics 8 : 14 – 16 . doi: 10.1038/nphys2188 .

Beard , C. , Millner , A. J. , Forgeard , M. J. , Fried , E. I. , Hsu , K. J. , Treadway , M. T. , Leonard , C. V. , Kertz , S. J. & Björgvinsson , T. ( 2016 ) Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample . Psychological Medicine 46 : 3359 –69.

Bechtel , W. & Mundale , J. ( 1999 ) Multiple realizability revisited: Linking cognitive and neural states . Philosophy of Science 66 : 175 – 207 .

Beck , A. T. ( 2008 ) The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates . American Journal of Psychiatry 165 : 969 –77.

Bentall , R. ( 2003 ) Madness explained: Psychosis and human nature . Penguin .

Bickle , J. ( 1998 ) Psychoneural reduction: The new wave . MIT Press .

Borsboom , D. ( 2008 ) Psychometric perspectives on diagnostic systems . Journal of Clinical Psychology 9 : 1089 – 1108 .

Borsboom , D. ( 2017 ) A network theory of mental disorders . World Psychiatry 16 ( 1 ): 5 – 13 . doi: 10.1002/wps.20375 .

Borsboom , D. & Cramer , A. O. J. ( 2013 ) Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9 : 91 – 121 .

Borsboom , D. , Epskamp , S. , Kievit , R. A. , Cramer , A. O. J. & Schmittmann , V. D. ( 2011 ) Transdiagnostic networks: A comment on Watkins and Nolen-Hoeksema . Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 : 610 –14.

Bortolotti , L. ( 2010 ) Delusions and other irrational beliefs . Oxford University Press .

Boschloo , L. , van Borkulo , C. D. , Rhemtulla , M. , Keyes , K. M. , Borsboom , D. & Schoevers , R. A. ( 2015 ) The network structure of symptoms of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . PLoS ONE 10 : e0137621 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137621 .

Boyd , R. ( 1991 ) Realism, antifoundationalism and the enthusiasm for natural kinds . Philosophical Studies 61 : 127 –48.

Boyd , R. ( 1999 ) Homeostasis, species, and higher taxa . In: Species: New interdisciplinary essays , ed. Wilson , R. A. , pp. 141 –85. MIT Press .

Brentano , F. ( 1874 ) Psychology from an empirical standpoint . Routledge & Kegan Paul .

Bringmann , L. F. , Vissers , N. , Wichers , M. , Geschwind , N. , Kuppens , P. , Peeters , F. , Borsboom , D. & Tuerlinckx , F. ( 2013 ) A network approach to psychopathology: New insights into clinical longitudinal data . PLoS ONE 8 ( 4 ): e60188 .

Campbell , J. ( 2009 ) What does rationality have to do with psychological causation? Propositional attitudes as mechanisms and as control variables . In: Psychiatry as cognitive neuroscience: Philosophical perspectives , ed. Broome , M. & Bortoletti , L. , pp. 137 –49. Oxford University Press .

Clark , A. & Chalmers , D. ( 1998 ) The extended mind . Analysis 58 : 7 – 19 .

Cramer , A. O. J. , Kendler , K. S. & Borsboom , D. ( 2011 ) Where are the genes? The implications of a network perspective on gene hunting in psychopathology . European Journal of Personality 25 : 270 –71.

Cramer , A. O. J. , van Borkulo , C. D. , Giltay , E. J. , van der Maas , H. L. J. , Kendler , K. S. , Scheffer , M. & Borsboom , D. ( 2016 ) Major depression as a complex dynamic system . PLoS ONE 11 : e0167490 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167490 .

Cramer , A. O. J. , Waldorp , L. J. , van der Maas , H. L. J. & Borsboom , D. ( 2010 ) Comorbidity: A network perspective . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 : 137 –50; discussion 150–93.

Davidson , D. ( 1984 ) Inquiries into truth and interpretation . Clarendon Press .

Deboer , T. , Détári , L. & Meijer , J. H. ( 2007 ) Long-term effects of sleep deprivation on the mammalian circadian pacemaker . Sleep 30 : 257 –62.

Dennett , D. C. ( 1987 ) The intentional stance . MIT Press .

Dennett , D. C. ( 1991 ) Real patterns . The Journal of Philosophy 88 : 27 – 51 .

Dennett , D. C. ( 1997 ) Kinds of minds. Towards an understanding of consciousness . Basic Books .

Dori , G. A. & Overholser , J. C. ( 1999 ) Depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem: Accounting for suicidality in adolescent psychiatric inpatients . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 29 : 309 –18.

Dretske , F. I. ( 1997 ) Naturalizing the mind . MIT Press .

Elton , M. ( 2003 ) Daniel Dennett. Reconciling science and our self-conception . Polity Press .

Endicott , R. P. ( 1993 ) Species-specific properties and more narrow reductive strategies . Erkenntnis 38 ( 3 ): 303 –21.

Epskamp , S. , Maris , G. , Waldorp , L. J. & Borsboom , D. ( 2018 ) Network psychometrics . In: Handbook of Psychometrics , ed. Irwing , P. , Hughes , D. & Booth , T. , pp. 953 –87. Wiley .

Eronen , M. I. ( 2013 ) No levels, no problems: Downward causation in neuroscience . Philosophy of Science 80 : 1042 –52.

Eronen , M. I. ( 2017 ) Interventionism for the intentional stance: True believers and their brains . Topoi . (Published Online, 2nd December, 2017). Available at: . (Published Online, 2nd December, 2017). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-017-9513-5

Fodor , J. A. ( 1974 ) Special sciences (or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis) . Synthese 28 : 97 – 115 .

Francken , J. C. & Slors , M. ( 2014 ) From commonsense to science, and back: The use of cognitive concepts in neuroscience . Consciousness and Cognition 29 : 248 –58. Available at: –58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.019

Franić , S. , Dolan , C. V. , Borsboom , D. & Boomsma , D. I. ( 2012 ) Structural equation modeling in genetics . In: Handbook of structural equation modeling , ed. Hoyle , R. H. , pp. 617 –35. Guilford Press .

Fried , E. I. , Bockting , C. , Arjadi , R. , Borsboom , D. , Amshoff , M. , Cramer , A. , Epskamp , S. , Tuerlinckx , F. , Carr , D. & Stroebe , M. ( 2015 ) From loss to loneliness: The relationship between bereavement and depressive symptoms . Journal of Abnormal Psychology 124 : 256 –65.

Fried , E. I. & Cramer , A. O. J. ( 2017 ) Moving forward: Challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology . Perspectives on Psychological Science 12 ( 6 ): 999 – 1020 . Available at: ):. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/174569161770589 and at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691617705892

Fried , E. I. , van Borkulo , C. D. , Cramer , A. O. J. , Boschloo , L. B. , Schoevers , R. A. & Borsboom , D. ( 2017 ) Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52 : 1 – 10 .

Gillett , C. ( 2003 ) The metaphysics of realization, multiple realization and the special sciences . Journal of Philosophy 100 : 591 – 603 .

Greenberg , G. ( 2013 ) The book of woe: The DSM and the unmaking of psychiatry . Penguin .

Guloksuz , S. , Pries , L. K. & van Os , J. ( 2017 ) Application of network methods for understanding mental disorders: Pitfalls and promise . Psychological Medicine 47 ( 16 ): 2743 –52. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001350 .

Guze , S. B. ( 1989 ) Biological psychiatry: Is there any other kind? Psychological Medicine 19 : 315 –23.

Hacking , I. ( 1999 ) The social construction of what? Harvard University Press .

Haroz , E. E , Bolton , P. , Gross , A. , Chan , K. S , Michalopoulos , L. & Bass , J. ( 2016 ) Depression symptoms across cultures: An IRT analysis of standard depression symptoms using data from eight countries . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51 : 981 –91.

Haroz , E. E. , Ritchey , M. , Bass , J. K. , Augustinavicius , J. , Michalopoulos , L. , Burkey , M. D. & Bolton , P. ( 2017 ) How is depression experienced around the world? A systematic review of qualitative literature . Social Science and Medicine 183 : 151 –62.

Hoogman , M. , Bralten , J. , Hibar , D. P. , Mennes , M. , Zwiers , M. P. , Schweren , L. S. J. , van Hulzen , K. J. E. , Medland , S. E. , Shumskaya , E. , Jahanshad , N. , Zeeuw , P. , Szekely , E. , Sudre , G. , Wolfers , T. , Onnink , A. M. H. , Dammers , J. T. , Mostert , J. C. , Vives-Gilabert , Y. , Kohls , G. , Oberwelland , E. , Seitz , J. , Schulte-Rüther , M. , Ambrosino , S. , Doyle , A. E. , Høvik , M. F. , Dramsdahl , M. , Tamm , L. , van Erp , T. G. M. , Dale , A. , Schork , A. , Conzelmann , A. , Zierhut , K. , Baur , R. , McCarthy , H. , Yoncheva , Y. N. , Cubillo , A. , Chantiluke , K. , Mehta , M. A. , Paloyelis , Y. , Hohmann , S. , Baumeister , S. , Bramati , I. , Mattos , P. , Tovar-Moll , F. , Douglas , P. , Banaschewski , T. , Brandeis , D. , Kuntsi , J. , Asherson , P. , Rubia , K. , Kelly , C. , Martino , A. D. , Milham , M. P. , Castellanos , F. X. , Frodl , T. , Zentis , M. , Lesch , K. P. , Reif , A. , Pauli , P. , Jernigan , T. L. , Haavik , J. , Plessen , K. J. , Lundervold , A. J. , Hugdahl , K. , Seidman , L. J. , Biederman , J. , Rommelse , N. , Heslenfeld , D. J. , Hartman , C. A. , Hoekstra , P. J. , Oosterlaan , J. , Polier , G. V. , Konrad , K. , Vilarroya , O. , Ramos-Quiroga , J. A. , Soliva , J. C. , Durston , S. , Buitelaar , J. K. , Faraone , S. V. , Shaw , P. , Thompson , P. M. & Franke , B. ( 2017 ) Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: A cross-sectional mega-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry 4 : 310 –19.

Horgan , T. ( 1993 ) Nonreductive materialism and the explanatory autonomy of psychology . In: Naturalism: A critical appraisal , ed. Wagner , S. & Warner , R. , pp. 295 – 320 . University of Notre Dame Press .

Hurn , J. D. ( 1998 ) The history of general paralysis of the insane in Britain 1830 to 1950. Doctoral dissertation. University College London. Available at: ) The history of general paralysis of the insane in Britain 1830 to 1950. Doctoral dissertation. University College London. Available at: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349281/1/339949.pdf

Hyland , M. E. ( 2011 ) The origins of health and disease . Cambridge University Press .

Insel , T. R. & Cuthbert , B. N. ( 2015 ) Brain disorders? Precisely . Science 348 : 499 – 500 .

Isvoranu , A. M. , van Borkulo , C. D. , Boyette , L. L. , Wigman , J. T. W. , Vinkers , C. H. & Borsboom , D. ( 2017 ) A network approach to psychosis: Pathways between childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms . Schizophrenia Bulletin 43 : 187 –96.

Jaspers , K. ( 1923 /1963) General psychopathology . Manchester University Press .

Kalis , A. ( 2011 ) Failures of agency: Irrational behavior and self-understanding . Lexington Books .

Kalis , A. ( 2014 ) Mentale toestanden in de psychologie . [Mental states in psychology.] Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 106 : 197 – 206 .

Kendler , K. S. ( 2005 ) Toward a philosophical structure for psychiatry . American Journal of Psychiatry 162 : 433 –40.

Kendler , K. S. ( 2008 ) Explanatory models for psychiatric illness . The American Journal of Psychiatry 165 ( 6 ): 695 – 702 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071061 .

Kendler , K. S. ( 2012a ) Levels of explanation in psychiatric and substance use disorders: Implications for the development of an etiologically based nosology . Molecular Psychiatry 17 : 11 – 21 .

Kendler , K. S. , Zachar , P. & Craver , C. ( 2011 ) What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders? Psychological Medicine 41 : 1143 –50.

Kievit , R. A. , Romeijn , J. W. , Waldorp , L. J. , Wicherts , J. M. , Scholte , H. S. & Borsboom , D. ( 2011 ) Mind the gap: A psychometric approach to the reduction problem . Psychological Inquiry 22 : 67 – 87 .

Kim , J. ( 1982 ) Psychophysical supervenience . Philosophical Studies 41 : 51 – 70 .

Kim , J. ( 1984 ) Concepts of supervenience . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 45 : 153 –76.

Kraepelin , E. & Lange , J. ( 1927 ) Psychiatrie, vol. I , 9th edition . J. A. Barth .

Lacasse , J. R. & Leo , J. ( 2005 ) Serotonin and depression: A disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature . PLoS Medicine 2 : e392 . Available at: . Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392

Ledford , H. ( 2014 ) Medical research: If depression were cancer . [Editorial]. Nature 515 : 182 –84.

Lewis , D. K. ( 1966 ) An argument for the identity theory . The Journal of Philosophy 63 : 17 – 25 .

Ma-Kellams , C. ( 2014 ) Cross-cultural differences in somatic awareness and interoceptive accuracy: A review of the literature and directions for future research . Frontiers in Psychology 5: article 1379. (Online publication). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01379 . Available at: 5: article 1379. (Online publication). doi:. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01379/full

Marmanidis , H. , Holme , G. & Hafner , R. J. ( 1994 ) Depression and somatic symptoms: A cross cultural study . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 28 : 274 –78.

Marsman , M. , Borsboom , D. , Kruis , J. , Epskamp , S. , van Bork , R. , Waldorp , L. J. , van der Maas , H. L. J. & Maris , G. K. J. ( 2017 ) An introduction to network psychometrics: Relating Ising network models to item response theory models . Multivariate Behavioral Research 7 : 1 – 21 . doi: 10.1080/00273171.2017.1379379 .

McDowell , J. ( 1996 ) Mind and world . Harvard University Press .

McGinn , C. ( 1982 ) The character of mind . Oxford University Press .

McNally , R. J. ( 1990 ) Psychological approaches to panic disorder: A review . Psychological Bulletin 108 : 403 –19.

McNally , R. J. ( 2002 ) Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder . Biological Psychiatry 52 : 938 –46.

McNally , R. J. ( 2016 ) Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy 86 : 95 – 104 .

McNally , R. J. , Heeren , A. & Robinaugh , D. J. ( 2017a ) A Bayesian network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults reporting childhood sexual abuse . European Journal of Psychotraumatology 8 ( Suppl. 3 ): e1341276 . Available at: ):. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1341276

McNally , R. J. , Mair , P. , Mugno , B. & Riemann , B. ( 2017b ) Co-morbid obsessive–compulsive disorder and depression: A Bayesian network approach . Psychological Medicine 47 : 1204 –14. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716003287 .

Menary , R. , ed. ( 2010 ) The extended mind . MIT Press .

Mölder , B. ( 2010 ) Mind ascribed: An elaboration and defence of interpretivism . John Benjamins .

Murphy , D. ( 2005 ) Psychiatry in the scientific image . MIT Press .

Nagel , E. ( 1961 ) The structure of science: Problems in the logic of scientific explanation . Routledge & Kegan Paul .

Nolen-Hoeksema , S. & Watkins , E. R. ( 2011 ) A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories . Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 : 589 – 609 .

Nordenfeld , L. ( 2007 ) Rationality and compulsion . Oxford University Press .

Oppenheim , P. & Putnam , H. ( 1958 ) Unity of science as a working hypothesis . Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 2 : 3 – 36 .

Partch , C. L. , Green , C. B. & Takahashi , J. S. ( 2013 ) Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock . Trends in Cell Biology 24 : 90 – 99 .

Putnam , H. W. ( 1967 ) Psychological predicates . In: Art, mind, and religion , ed. Capitan , W. H. & Merrill , D. D. . University of Pittsburgh Press .

Pylyshyn , Z. ( 1984 ) Computation and cognition . MIT Press .

Rachman , S. ( 1998 ) A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations . Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 : 385 – 401 .

Redei , E. E. , Andrus , B. M. , Kwansy , M. J. , Seok , J. , Ho , J. & Mohr , D. C. ( 2014 ) Blood transcriptomic biomarkers in adult primary care patients with major depressive disorder undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy . Translational Psychiatry 4 :e442. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.66 . Available at; :e442. doi:. Available at; http://www.nature.com/articles/tp201466

Reise , S. P. & Waller , N. G. ( 2009 ) Item response theory and clinical measurement . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 5 : 27 – 48 .

Reiss , S. ( 1991 ) Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic . Clinical Psychology Review 11 : 141 –53.

Robinaugh , D. J. , LeBlanc , N. J. , Vuletich , H. J. & McNally , R. J. ( 2014 ) Network analysis of persistent complex bereavement disorder in conjugally bereaved adults . Journal of Abnormal Psychology 123 : 510 –22.

Salkovskis , P. M. , Wroe , A. L. , Gledhill , A. , Morrison , N. , Forrester , E. , Richards , C. , Reynolds , M. & Thorpe , S. ( 2000 ) Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 : 347 –72.

Schaffner , K. ( 1974 ) Reductionism in biology: Prospects and problems . Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 32 : 613 –32.

Schaffner , K. ( 2006 ) Reduction: The Cheshire cat problem and a return to roots . Synthese 151 : 377 – 402 .

Schaffner , K. F. & Tabb , K. ( 2014 ) Varieties of social constructionism and the problem of progress in psychiatry . In: Philosophical issues in psychiatry III: The nature and sources of historical change . Oxford University Press .

Scheffer , M. , Bascompte , J. , Brock , W. A. , Brovkin , V. , Carpenter , S. R. , Dakos , V. , Held , H. , van Nes , E. H. , Rietkerk , M. & Sugihara , G. ( 2009 ) Early-warning signals for critical transitions . Nature 461 ( 7260 ): 53 – 59 .

Searle , J. R. ( 1983 ) Intentionality . Cambridge University Press .

Searle , J. R. ( 1998 ) Mind language and society: Philosophy in the real world . Basic Books .

Solomon , A. ( 2014 ) The noonday demon . Scribner .

Tabb , K. & Schaffner , K. F. ( 2017 ) Causal pathways, random walks and tortuous paths: Moving from the descriptive to the etiological in psychiatry . In: Philosophical issues in psychiatry IV: Nosology , ed. Kendler , K. S. & Parnas , J. , pp. 342 –60. Oxford University Press .

Thornton , T. ( 2010 ) Psychiatric explanation and understanding . European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 6 : 95 – 111 .

Tolin , D. F. , Brady , R. E. & Hannan , S. ( 2008 ) Obsessional beliefs and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder in a clinical sample . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 30 : 31 – 42 .

Van Borkulo , C. D. , Borsboom , D. , Epskamp , S. , Blanken , T. F. , Boschloo , L. , Schoevers , R. A. & Waldorp , L. J. ( 2014 ) A new method for constructing networks from binary data . Scientific Reports 4 : article 5918. Available at: : article 5918. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05918

Van de Leemput , I. A. , Wichers , M. , Cramer , A. O. J. , Borsboom , D. , Tuerlinckx , F. , Kuppens , P. , Van Nes , E. H. , Viechtbauer , W. , Giltay , E. J. , Aggen , S. H. , Derom , C. , Jacobs , N. , Kendler , K. S. , Van der Maas , H. L. J. , Neale , M. C. , Peeters , F. , Thiery , E. , Zachar , P. & Scheffer , M. ( 2013 ) Critical slowing down as early warning for the onset and termination of depression . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111 : 87 – 92 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312114110 .

Van der Maas , H. L. J. , Dolan , C. V. , Grasman , R. P. P. P. , Wicherts , J. M. , Huizenga , H. M. & Raijmakers , M. E. J. ( 2006 ) A dynamical model of general intelligence: The positive manifold of intelligence by mutualism . Psychological Review 113 : 842 –61.

Van Os , J. ( 2009 ) “ Salience syndrome” replaces “schizophrenia” in DSM-V and ICD-11: Psychiatry's evidence-based entry into the 21st century? ACTA Psychiatrica Scandinavica 120 : 363 –72.

White , K. S. , Brown , T. A. , Somers , T. J. & Barlow , D. H. ( 2006 ) Avoidance behavior in panic disorder: The moderating influence of perceived control . Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 : 147 –57.

Wichers , M. ( 2014 ) The dynamic nature of depression: A new micro-level perspective of mental disorder that meets current challenges . Psychological Medicine 44 ( 7 ): 1349 –60.

Wild , L. G. , Flisher , A. J. & Lombard , C. ( 2004 ) Suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents: Associations with depression and six domains of self-esteem . Journal of Adolescence 27 : 611 –24.