Hussein and Sheikh said the group has abolished music, art, science — specifically anything to do with biology and evolution — history, philosophy and sports from the curriculum, replacing them with only Islamic studies, mathematics and Arabic. Male and female students and teachers have been segregated, and girls from the age of six must wear hijabs. Women from ISIL’s all-female battalions patrol the schools, ensuring girls meet with the strict dress code requirements. References to the state have all been changed from Syria to the Islamic State.

In November 2014, ISIL released a propaganda video of new recruits from Kazakhstan who had “responded to the crusader aggression … and raced to prepare themselves and their children.” In the video, a teacher was shown supervising a class of pre-teenage boys in military uniform. “They have completed lessons in Quran, proper recitation of the Quran, and the Arabic language,” he said. “They will move on to do physical and military training.” The video also showed boys between the ages of about six and 11 training with assault rifles.

Many parents, faced with no alternative and fearing the schools were being used for ISIL recruitment, have opted to take their children out of school altogether. And, while ISIL has so far not made school compulsory, they say the forced attendance at mosques is also proving fertile ground for military recruitment.

Wissam, who declined to give his last name out of fear of ISIL sleeper cells, cares for his young nephew Ahmed, 12, whose parents were both killed in Deir El-Zor by Syrian regime forces. After first taking him out of school in the city, Wissam moved his nephew to a smaller school in the rural outer suburbs, before the pair fled to Raqqa. What Wissam saw once there convinced him Ahmed was better off without an education at all.

“Since ISIL came, the curriculum changed and they are giving them lessons in jihad,” Wissam explained. “It was brainwashing.”

“They were teaching the children to rebel and inform against their parents, telling them to put Islam first and encouraging them to disobey their parents as blasphemers.”

Wissam said some children were taken from school to military training camps without their parents’ permission. When a group of distraught parents went to the camps to rescue their children, he said, they were themselves arrested by the ISIL regime and tried in the group’s “courts.”

It’s a stark contrast to the life Ahmed, who has not attended school for more than a year, remembers before ISIL. Sitting beside his uncle, his face blank, he described his previous school life: “I used to like sports and homework and waking up early.”

“I remember having friends, but I can’t contact them now,” he said.

His sister, 15, was also been taken out of school after rumors that ISIL fighters were forcing schoolgirls into marriages.

“They were given access to the schools to choose a bride. Now most of the girls are just staying indoors,” Wissam said.

“This generation has no culture, no education, no future,” he added.

A recent U.N. report on war crimes in Syria warned that ISIL indoctrination of children is crafting a “cadre of fighters that will see violence as a way of life.”

Although Ahmed’s future is uncertain, he is holding onto his dream of becoming a surgeon.

“It’s still a long time before I grow up,” he said.