While there have been several studies observing living non-human primates, this is the first report into the archaeological evidence of tool use by Old World monkeys. The research, led by the Primate Archaeology Research Group at the University of Oxford, opens up novel research possibilities. The paper, published in the Journal of Human Evolution, says this is just the first step in finding out how their behaviour compares with that of early humans living in similar environments.

From a distance in boats off the coast, researchers spent hundreds of hours watching how groups of macaques in the marine national park on Piak Nam Yai Island selected stones as tools to crush marine snails, nuts and crabs. While the tide was out, the macaques broke open oysters attached to large boulders. They dislodged the top half of the shell using their crushing tool and then scooped out the meat with their fingers from the remaining part still attached to the rock. The researchers also found that once a macaque had a good stone fit for the job, they would keep it to crack open other shells or nuts before dropping it. Once the job was done, the macaques often discarded their tools around the same boulders where they had enjoyed their meal.

">Video of Macaque Shell Pounding

When the macaques had left the shore, the research team went on land to closely examine the tools for marks. They found features such as pitting on the flat side, or crushing and fracture marks on the narrow ends of the stones. They also excavated the area beneath a prominent boulder for evidence of discarded stone tools used by previous generations of macaques. Having identified the tell-tale marks of food processing, the researchers spotted ten tools in the oldest archaeological layer, at 65 cm below the surface. The researchers were limited in how far down they could dig given the high tides that inundated the boulder twice a day. They indirectly dated the excavated tools as between 10 and 50 years old, through obtaining radiocarbon dates for oyster shell debris found in the same undisturbed archaeological layer.

We find that primates with much smaller brains than humans have innovative ways of exploiting the food sources available to them. Dr Michael Haslam from the School of Archaeology and leader of the Primate Archaeology project

Lead author Dr Michael Haslam, from the School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford and leader of the Primate Archaeology (Primarch) project, said: 'We find that primates with much smaller brains than humans have innovative ways of exploiting the food sources available to them. Macaques in the forests on the island come down to the shore when the tide is out to forage, and use stones as tools in order to break open shells and hard nut casings to access the food inside.



'What we don’t have at the moment is a body of archaeological evidence to compare the evolutionary behaviour of other primates with our own. Uncovering the history of the macaques’ foraging behaviour is a first step. As we build up a fuller picture of their evolutionary history, we will start to identify the similarities and differences in human behaviour and that of other primates.'

">Video of Macaque Oyster Pounding

The Primate Archaeology Project runs archaeology work at various sites around the world. For the macaques, Primarch is working in cooperation with a programme on macaque tool use in Thailand, led by Michael Gumert of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, with researcher Suchinda Malaivijitnond.

In previous research led by Dr Haslam, a team also observed the tool-carrying distances of the macaques on Piak Nam Yai Island. They found the monkeys typically moved their tools a metre or less from where they picked them up, although the longest distance that a macaque carried a tool was 87.6m. On average they ate nine oysters at a time, moving short distances with the same tool. However, in one case they observed a hungry macaque eat 63 oysters in a row, using the same stone tool to cleave the shells open.

The paper, Archaeological excavation of wild macaque stone tools, is published in the Journal of Human Evolution.