Bhagwagar , Z , Hinz , R , Taylor , M , Fancy , S , Cowen , P and Grasby , P ( 2006 ) Increased 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in euthymic, medication-free patients recovered from depression: a positron emission study with (11)CMDL 100907 . The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 , 1580 – 1587 .

Bouso , JC , Fabregas , JM , Antonijoan , RM , Rodriguez-Fornells , A and Riba , J ( 2013 ) Acute effects of ayahuasca on neuropsychological performance: differences in executive function between experienced and occasional users . Psychopharmacology 230 , 415 – 424 .

Braff , DL , Geyer , MA and Swerdlow , NR ( 2001 ) Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies . Psychopharmacology 156 , 234 – 258 .

Cano-Colino , M , Almeida , R , Gomez-Cabrero , D , Artigas , F and Compte , A ( 2014 ) Serotonin regulates performance nonmonotonically in a spatial working memory network . Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 24 , 2449 – 2463 .

Carhart-Harris , RL , Kaelen , M , Bolstridge , M , Williams , TM , Williams , LT , Underwood , R , Feilding , A and Nutt , DJ ( 2016 ) The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) . Psychological Medicine 46 , 1379 – 1390 .

Carter , OL , Burr , DC , Pettigrew , JD , Wallis , GM , Hasler , F and Vollenweider , FX ( 2005 ) Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 , 1497 – 1508 .

Carter , OL , Hasler , F , Pettigrew , JD , Wallis , GM , Liu , GB and Vollenweider , FX ( 2007 ) Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans . Psychopharmacology 195 , 415 – 424 .

Chamberlain , SR , Fineberg , NA , Menzies , LA , Blackwell , AD , Bullmore , ET , Robbins , TW and Sahakian , BJ ( 2007 ) Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder . The American Journal of Psychiatry 164 , 335 – 338 .

Claesdotter , E , Cervin , M , Åkerlund , S , Råstam , M and Lindvall , M ( 2018 ) The effects of ADHD on cognitive performance . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 72 , 158 – 163 .

Clark , L , Bechara , A , Damasio , H , Aitken , MRF , Sahakian , BJ and Robbins , TW ( 2008 ) Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making . Brain 131 , 1311 – 1322 .

Désaméricq , G , Schurhoff , F , Meary , A , Szöke , A , Macquin-Mavier , I , Bachoud-Lévi , AC and Maison , P ( 2014 ) Long-term neurocognitive effects of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 70 , 127 – 134 .

Dias , R , Robbins , TW and Roberts , AC ( 1996 ) Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts . Nature 380 , 69 – 72 .

Dittrich , A ( 1998 ) The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans . Pharmacopsychiatry 31 ( Suppl. 2 ), 80 – 84 .

Dwivedi , Y and Pandey , GN ( 1998 ) Quantitation of 5HT2A receptor mRNA in human postmortem brain using competitive RT-PCR . Neuroreport 9 , 3761 – 3765 .

Elliott , R , McKenna , PJ , Robbins , TW and Sahakian , BJ ( 1995 ) Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia . Psychological Medicine 25 , 619 – 630 .

Geyer , MA and Vollenweider , FX ( 2008 ) Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses . Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 29 , 445 – 453 .

Gouzoulis-Mayfrank , E , Heekeren , K , Thelen , B , Lindenblatt , H , Kovar , KA , Sass , H and Geyer , MA ( 1998 ) Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans . Behavioural Pharmacology 9 , 561 – 566 .

Halberstadt , AL and Geyer , MA ( 2010 ) LSD but not lisuride disrupts prepulse inhibition in rats by activating the 5-HT(2A) receptor . Psychopharmacology 208 , 179 – 189 .

Hampshire , A and Owen , AM ( 2006 ) Fractionating attentional control using event-related fMRI . Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 16 , 1679 – 1689 .

Hill , SK , Bishop , JR , Palumbo , D and Sweeney , JA ( 2010 ) Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges . Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 10 , 43 – 57 .

Jagust , W ( 2018 ) Imaging the evolution and pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease . Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 19 , 687 – 700 .

Jazbec , S , Pantelis , C , Robbins , T , Weickert , T , Weinberger , DR and Goldberg , TE ( 2007 ) Intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional set-shifting performance in schizophrenia: impact of distractors . Schizophrenia Research 89 , 339 – 349 .

Jessen , K , Mandl , RCW , Fagerlund , B , Bojesen , KB , Raghava , JM , Obaid , HG , Jensen , MB , Johansen , LB , Nielsen , MØ , Pantelis , C , Rostrup , E , Glenthøj , BY and Ebdrup , BH ( 2019 ) Patterns of cortical structures and cognition in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a partial least squares correlation analysis . Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 4 , 444 – 453 .

Kometer , M , Schmidt , A , Bachmann , R , Studerus , E , Seifritz , E and Vollenweider , FX ( 2012 ) Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors . Biological Psychiatry 72 , 898 – 906 .

Kraehenmann , R , Pokorny , D , Aicher , H , Preller , KH , Pokorny , T , Bosch , OG , Seifritz , E and Vollenweider , FX ( 2017 ) LSD increases primary process thinking via serotonin 2A receptor activation . Frontiers in Pharmacology 8 , 814 .

Kuypers , KPC , Riba , J , de La Fuente Revenga , M , Barker , S , Theunissen , EL and Ramaekers , JG ( 2016 ) Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinking . Psychopharmacology 233 , 3395 – 3403 .

Lehrl , S ( 2005 ) Manual zum MWT-B . Spitta-Verl. : Balingen .

Liechti , ME , Saur , MR , Gamma , A , Hell , D and Vollenweider , FX ( 2000 ) Psychological and physiological effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) after pretreatment with the 5-HT(2) antagonist ketanserin in healthy humans . Neuropsychopharmacology 23 , 396 – 404 .

Marona-Lewicka , D and Nichols , DE ( 2007 ) Further evidence that the delayed temporal dopaminergic effects of LSD are mediated by a mechanism different than the first temporal phase of action . Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 87 , 453 – 461 .

Marona-Lewicka , D , Thisted , RA and Nichols , DE ( 2005 ) Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis . Psychopharmacology 180 , 427 – 435 .

Meltzer , HY , Massey , BW and Horiguchi , M ( 2012 ) Serotonin receptors as targets for drugs useful to treat psychosis and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia . Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13 , 1572 – 1586 .

Millan , MJ , Agid , Y , Brune , M , Bullmore , ET , Carter , CS , Clayton , NS , Connor , R , Davis , S , Deakin , B , DeRubeis , RJ , Dubois , B , Geyer , MA , Goodwin , GM , Gorwood , P , Jay , TM , Joels , M , Mansuy , IM , Meyer-Lindenberg , A , Murphy , D , Rolls , E , Saletu , B , Spedding , M , Sweeney , J , Whittington , M and Young , LJ ( 2012 ) Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy . Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 11 , 141 – 168 .

Morris , LS , Kundu , P , Dowell , N , Mechelmans , DJ , Favre , P , Irvine , MA , Robbins , TW , Daw , N , Bullmore , ET , Harrison , NA and Voon , V ( 2016 ) Fronto-striatal organization: defining functional and microstructural substrates of behavioural flexibility . Cortex 74 , 118 – 133 .

Naghdi , N and Harooni , HE ( 2005 ) The effect of intrahippocampal injections of ritanserin (5HT2A/2C antagonist) and granisetron (5HT3 antagonist) on learning as assessed in the spatial version of the water maze . Behavioural Brain Research 157 , 205 – 210 .

Ouagazzal , A , Grottick , AJ , Moreau , J and Higgins , GA ( 2001 ) Effect of LSD on prepulse inhibition and spontaneous behavior in the rat. A pharmacological analysis and comparison between two rat strains . Neuropsychopharmacology 25 , 565 – 575 .

Owen , AM , Downes , JJ , Sahakian , BJ , Polkey , CE and Robbins , TW ( 1990 ) Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man . Neuropsychologia 28 , 1021 – 1034 .

Owen , AM , Roberts , AC , Polkey , CE , Sahakian , BJ and Robbins , TW ( 1991 ) Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man . Neuropsychologia 29 , 993 – 1006 .

Owen , AM , Roberts , AC , Hodges , JR , Summers , BA , Polkey , CE and Robbins , TW ( 1993 ) Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease . Brain 116 , 1159 – 1175 .

Owen , AM , Sahakian , BJ , Semple , J , Polkey , CE and Robbins , TW ( 1995 ) Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man . Neuropsychologia 33 , 1 – 24 .

Owen , AM , Morris , RG , Sahakian , BJ , Polkey , CE and Robbins , TW ( 1996 ) Double dissociations of memory and executive functions in working memory tasks following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man . Brain 119 , 1597 – 1615 .

Pantelis , C , Wood , SJ , Proffitt , TM , Testa , R , Mahony , K , Brewer , WJ , Buchanan , J-A , Velakoulis , D and McGorry , PD ( 2009 ) Attentional set-shifting ability in first-episode and established schizophrenia: relationship to working memory . Schizophrenia Research 112 , 104 – 113 .

Perani , D , Garibotto , V , Gorini , A , Moresco , RM , Henin , M , Panzacchi , A , Matarrese , M , Carpinelli , A , Bellodi , L and Fazio , F ( 2008 ) In vivo PET study of 5HT(2A) serotonin and D(2) dopamine dysfunction in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder . NeuroImage 42 , 306 – 314 .

Pokorny , T , Preller , KH , Kometer , M , Dziobek , I and Vollenweider , FX ( 2017 ) Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making . The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 20 , 747 – 757 .

Pompeiano , M , Palacios , JM and Mengod , G ( 1994 ) Distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor family mRNAs: comparison between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors . Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 23 , 163 – 178 .

Preller , KH , Herdener , M , Pokorny , T , Planzer , A , Kraehenmann , R , Stämpfli , P , Liechti , ME , Seifritz , E and Vollenweider , FX ( 2017 ) The fabric of meaning and subjective effects in LSD-induced states depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation . Current Biology 27 , 451 – 457 .

Preller , KH , Burt , JB , Ji , JL , Schleifer , CH , Adkinson , BD , Stämpfli , P , Seifritz , E , Repovs , G , Krystal , JH , Murray , JD , Vollenweider , FX and Anticevic , A ( 2018a ) Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor . eLife 7 , e35082 .

Preller , KH , Schilbach , L , Pokorny , T , Flemming , J , Seifritz , E and Vollenweider , FX ( 2018b ) Role of the 5-HT2A receptor in self- and other-initiated social interaction in LSD-induced states - a pharmacological fMRI study . The Journal of Neuroscience 38 , 3603 – 3611 .

Primac , DW , Mirsky , AF and Rosvold , HE ( 1957 ) Effects of centrally acting drugs on two tests of brain damage . A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 77 , 328 – 332 .

Quednow , BB , Kometer , M , Geyer , MA and Vollenweider , FX ( 2012 ) Psilocybin-induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition are attenuated by ketanserin in healthy human volunteers . Neuropsychopharmacology 37 , 630 – 640 .

Rogers , RD ( 2011 ) The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans . Neuropsychopharmacology 36 , 114 – 132 .

Rogers , RD , Everitt , BJ , Baldacchino , A , Blackshaw , AJ , Swainson , R , Wynne , K , Baker , NB , Hunter , J , Carthy , T , Booker , E , London , M , Deakin , JF , Sahakian , BJ and Robbins , TW ( 1999 ) Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms . Neuropsychopharmacology 20 , 322 – 339 .

Roth , BL , Hanizavareh , SM and Blum , AE ( 2004 ) Serotonin receptors represent highly favorable molecular targets for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia and other disorders . Psychopharmacology 174 , 17 – 24 .

Schmid , Y , Enzler , F , Gasser , P , Grouzmann , E , Preller , KH , Vollenweider , FX , Brenneisen , R , Muller , F , Borgwardt , S and Liechti , ME ( 2015 ) Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects . Biological Psychiatry 78 , 544 – 553 .

Seifritz , E , Baumann , P , Muller , MJ , Annen , O , Amey , M , Hemmeter , U , Hatzinger , M , Chardon , F and Holsboer-Trachsler , E ( 1996 ) Neuroendocrine effects of a 20-mg citalopram infusion in healthy males. A placebo-controlled evaluation of citalopram as 5-HT function probe . Neuropsychopharmacology 14 , 253 – 263 .

Sheehan , DV , Lecrubier , Y , Sheehan , KH , Amorim , P , Janavs , J , Weiller , E , Hergueta , T , Baker , R and Dunbar , GC ( 1998 ) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59 ( suppl. 20 ), 22 – 33 .

Sommers , DK , van Wyk , M and Snyman , JR ( 1994 ) Dexfenfluramine-induced prolactin release as an index of central synaptosomal 5-hydroxytryptamine during treatment with fluoxetine . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 46 , 441 – 444 .

Studerus , E , Gamma , A and Vollenweider , FX ( 2010 ) Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV) . PLoS ONE 5 , e12412 .

Švob Štrac , D , Pivac , N and Mück-Šeler , D ( 2016 ) The serotonergic system and cognitive function . Translational Neuroscience 7 , 35 – 49 .

Talvik-Lotfi , M , Nyberg , S , Nordström , AL , Ito , H , Halldin , C , Brunner , F and Farde , L ( 2000 ) High 5HT2A receptor occupancy in M100907-treated schizophrenic patients . Psychopharmacology 148 , 400 – 403 .

Terry , AV , Buccafusco , JJ and Bartoszyk , GD ( 2005 ) Selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist EMD 281014 improves delayed matching performance in young and aged rhesus monkeys . Psychopharmacology 179 , 725 – 732 .

Tyson , PJ , Laws , KR , Flowers , KA , Tyson , A and Mortimer , AM ( 2006 ) Cognitive function and social abilities in patients with schizophrenia: relationship with atypical antipsychotics . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 60 , 473 – 479 .

Umbricht , D , Vollenweider , FX , Schmid , L , Grubel , C , Skrabo , A , Huber , T and Koller , R ( 2003 ) Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia . Neuropsychopharmacology 28 , 170 – 181 .

Vaghi , MM , Vértes , PE , Kitzbichler , MG , Apergis-Schoute , AM , van der Flier , FE , Fineberg , NA , Sule , A , Zaman , R , Voon , V , Kundu , P , Bullmore , ET and Robbins , TW ( 2017 ) Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity . Biological Psychiatry 81 , 708 – 717 .

Vollenweider , FX , Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen , MF , Babler , A , Vogel , H and Hell , D ( 1998 ) Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action . Neuroreport 9 , 3897 – 3902 .

Vollenweider , FX , Csomor , PA , Knappe , B , Geyer , MA and Quednow , BB ( 2007 ) The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval . Neuropsychopharmacology 32 , 1876 – 1887 .

Wang , AM , Pradhan , S , Coughlin , JM , Trivedi , A , DuBois , SL , Crawford , JL , Sedlak , TW , Nucifora , FC , Nestadt , G , Nucifora , LG , Schretlen , DJ , Sawa , A and Barker , PB ( 2019 ) Assessing brain metabolism with 7-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with first-episode psychosis . JAMA Psychiatry 76 , 314 – 323 .

Wittmann , M , Carter , O , Hasler , F , Cahn , BR , Grimberg , U , Spring , P , Hell , D , Flohr , H and Vollenweider , FX ( 2007 ) Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans . Journal of Psychopharmacology 21 , 50 – 64 .

Wunderli , MD , Vonmoos , M , Niedecker , SM , Hulka , LM , Preller , KH , Baumgartner , MR , Kraemer , T , Seifritz , E , Schaub , MP , Eich-Höchli , D and Quednow , BB ( 2016 ) Cognitive and emotional impairments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine use . Drug and Alcohol Dependence 163 , 92 – 99 .