Object-oriented programming without inheritance

yourbasic.org/golang

Go doesn’t have inheritance – instead composition, embed­ding and inter­faces support code reuse and poly­morphism.

Object-oriented programming with inheritance

Inheritance in traditional object-oriented languages offers three features in one. When a Dog inherits from an Animal

the Dog class reuses code from the Animal class, a variable x of type Animal can refer to either a Dog or an Animal , x.Eat() will choose an Eat method based on what type of object x refers to.

In object-oriented lingo, these features are known as code reuse, poly­mor­phism and dynamic dispatch.

All of these are available in Go, using separate constructs:

composition and embedding provide code reuse,

and provide code reuse, interfaces take care of polymorphism and dynamic dispatch.

Code reuse by composition

Don't worry about type hierarchies when starting a new Go project –

it's easy to introduce polymorphism and dynamic dispatch later on.

If a Dog needs some or all of the functionality of an Animal , simply use composition.

type Animal struct { // … } type Dog struct { beast Animal // … }

This gives you full freedom to use the Animal part of your Dog as needed. Yes, it’s that simple.

Code reuse by embedding

If the Dog class inherits the exact behavior of an Animal , this approach can result in some tedious coding.

type Animal struct { // … } func (a *Animal) Eat() { … } func (a *Animal) Sleep() { … } func (a *Animal) Breed() { … } type Dog struct { beast Animal // … } func (a *Dog) Eat() { a.beast.Eat() } func (a *Dog) Sleep() { a.beast.Sleep() } func (a *Dog) Breed() { a.beast.Breed() }

This code pattern is known as delegation.

Go uses embedding for situations like this. The declaration of the Dog struct and it’s three methods can be reduced to:

type Dog struct { Animal // … }

Polymorphism and dynamic dispatch with interfaces

Keep your interfaces short, and introduce them only when needed.

Further down the road your project might have grown to include more animals. At this point you can introduce polymorphism and dynamic dispatch using interfaces.

If you need to put all your pets to sleep, you can define a Sleeper interface.

type Sleeper interface { Sleep() } func main() { pets := []Sleeper{new(Cat), new(Dog)} for _, x := range pets { x.Sleep() } }

No explicit declaration is required by the Cat and Dog types. Any type that provides the methods named in an inter­face may be treated as an imple­mentation.

When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck.

–James Whitcomb Riley

What about constructors?

See Constructors deconstructed for best practices on how to set up new data structures in Go.

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