The environment minister, Svenja Schulze , told reporters after the vote: “I am very happy that the centerpiece of the package, the climate action law, has now been passed. It is the central point, the linchpin, with which climate policy in Germany will really change.”

Germany is Europe’s largest economy, and it has sought for years to revolutionize its energy sector by replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy such as solar, wind and biogas, while cutting climate-killing emissions. But the country fell behind this year, and the government admitted that it would be able to cut emissions by only 32 percent of 1990s levels by 2020, not the targeted goal of 40 percent.

Under the new law, ministries must make specific emissions reductions in their sectors, such as energy, transportation or housing, and take additional steps if necessary to meet them.

An important element of the package is a domestic carbon pricing scheme that will force companies to pay an initial 10 euros, about $11, for a ton of carbon dioxide emissions from heating and transportation. Climate scientists and members of the Greens have derided the price — which is to increase to €35 by 2025 — as too low to be effective.