Meanwhile, the wages of low-income laborers have not kept up with increases in the cost of living. And as economic growth continues to slow, low-income workers are unlikely to see significant gains in wages anytime soon.

Many of those people who heeded Deng Xiaoping’s call to get rich were small-business owners — and entrepreneurship remains a route to enrich oneself. But, as Wang Jianlin, one of Asia’s richest men, said in a speech at Harvard in 2012, it’s difficult for a private company to have success in China. State-owned enterprises still enjoy favorable treatment from the government, giving them a competitive edge over private businesses. The successful entrepreneurs are often those, such as Mr. Wang, who have easy access to top officials.

Access matters in such a corrupt society. Ever since the introduction of the market economy, corruption has been expanding. It is repeatedly cited in surveys as a top concern of the public.

At the core of the corrupt culture are wealthy businessmen, state monopolies, private-property developers and government officials. In China, the government controls not only a large portion of the wealth but the market itself. Those who are close to powerful officials have access to financial resources. This system feeds on itself, making the rich richer and the powerful more powerful. “A waterfront pavilion gets the moonlight first,” as the Chinese would say.

Education used to serve as one of the few class equalizers. “In books, one can find beauty and golden mansions,” as the traditional saying goes. Throughout imperial China, young men from humble backgrounds often became wealthy officials after passing through the civil-service examination system.

But today, education is failing to help people move up the social ladder. Like everything else in the market economy, education has become a commodity. The better a university, the more expensive it is. Children from impoverished families struggle to afford college, even if they succeed in passing the strict entrance examination. Children from the countryside face more hurdles: Many of the spots in the better urban universities are reserved for local students, putting rural residents at a disadvantage. One report from last year said the percentage of university students from a rural background is half of what it was 30 years ago.

For the vast majority of children of migrants living in cities, the race is lost before they reach college age. Because of the many barriers for migrants to enroll their children in legitimate city schools, parents often send them to hometown schools or substandard city schools for migrants run by staff who lack proper qualifications. Struggling in a legal gray area, many migrant schools are frequently shut down by authorities.