With the increase in the number of people surfing internet with smartphones, it becomes necessary that your website works well in smartphones too. In technical term you need a responsive website. A Responsive Web Design will increase user engagement from all sorts of devices and lowers the bounce rate. It also brings SEO benefits to your website.

What is Responsive Web Design

By Responsive Web Design I mean it fits well in all screen sizes like mobile, tablets and computer screens. A Responsive Web Design does not have horizontal scrolling and users do not need to zoom in the screen size.

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This type of design brings optimal viewing and interactive experience to site visitors. It makes the contents of the website easy for reading and provides better navigation.

CSS Media Queries are used to make Responsive Web Design and you are going to learn everything in this tutorial.

Applying CSS Media Queries

1. The first step is to put viewport meta tag inside your page head area. This viewport tag will prevent the browser from zooming out the page. Thus it will remain the same width of the screen size.

By this I mean that if their screen size is 320 pixels then the browser will remain 320 pixels wide for the page. Similarly if the screen size is 480 pixels then the browser will remain 480 pixels in width.

No Viewport Tag

If there is no viewport tag present then the browser will zoom out and will show the full website width on its screen.

2. Now apply media queries in our CSS file, this is done with the help of condition statements. In the condition provide the min-width and max-width to target a screen size.

For example if you want to apply styles only for screen size from 320px to 480px our CSS will look like –

body { width: 960px; } //other styles @media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) { body { width: 320px; } //other css classes for the screen size }

If you note the above lines, I have made the body width as 960 px for all screen size but for the smaller screen size starting from width from 320 px to 480 px I have made the body width 320px.

In this way you can target many different screen sizes, like that of tablets, smartphones or larger screens too.

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Common Screen Sizes to Target

For making a Responsive Web Design you should target screens of all sizes so that whatever device a person is using the website should open well in that.

Thus if your website is made for a screen size of 960 pixels then our responsive CSS will look like –

body { width: 960px; } // other styles classes for the screen size @media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) { body { width: 320px; } //other styles for the screen size 320px to 480px } @media only screen and (min-width : 481px) and (max-width : 540px) { body { width: 481px; } //other styles for the screen size 481px to 540px } @media only screen and (min-width : 541px) and (max-width : 767px) { body { width: 541px; } //other styles for the screen size 541px to 767px } @media only screen and (min-width : 768px) and (max-width : 959px) { body { width: 541px; } //other styles for the screen size 768px to 959px }

Common Tools for Testing Responsive Web Design of Website

Chrome Developer Tools is very good to test responsive nature of your site. To open it press the F12 key then press Ctrl + Shift + M Keys.

key then press Keys. Firebug which is an Add-on for Mozilla provides a very good tool for testing whether a web design is responsive or not. It also helps to test how your designed web page will look on different screen sizes. To use it go to Tools > Web Developer > Responsive Design View . You can also open it by holding Ctrl + Shift + M Key.

. You can also open it by holding Key. Alternately you can resize of your browser to test the responsive nature.

A Working Example of a Responsive Web Design

Media Only Screen

In our CSS Media Queries you have to use Media Only Screen property. Though this you can place conditions on Screen Width in the CSS and this force the website to adapt to various of screen dimensions.

Media Only Screen is very important, do see carefully how I have applied it in our CSS Media Queries.

Live Example of CSS Media Queries

Let’s make a web page responsive by using CSS Media Queries.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />

@media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) { #wrapper { width: 310px; overflow: hidden; } #uppers { left: 0px; margin-top: 75px; } #nav-top { left: 40px; margin-top: 30px; } #left-person { top: 200px; } #nav { width: 310px; left: 0px; margin-top: 90px; } #body { width: 310px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 845px; } #black-tl { margin-left: 0px; width: 310px; } .black-box { margin-left: 65px; } #footer { margin-left: 0px; width: 310px; } #tips { width: 310px; } #choose { width: 310px; margin-left: 0px; } }

1. First add viewport meta tag on the page head section:2. Then I add media queries condition statement for screen size 320 pixels to 480 pixels. This screen size targets small mobile phones.

Explanation

a. If you see the media queries above, you will find that I have made the width of wrapper div 310 pixels (a little smaller than the minimum screen size) and used overflow: hidden. It is the base width of our website for screen size from 320px to 480px. b. Then I brought the uppers div below the logo on the left. I have provided it with CSS properties left: 0px; margin-top: 75px;. In the same way I brought nav-top div on the left below uppers div. c. The left-person div is brought slightly lower. This is done to prevent its view from hiding. This div contains the picture of the model. d. I brought nav div which contains the main menu on the left and made its width 310px from 500px. e. The div body is brought to the left below the model image and its width is set to the base width of 310px. f. The 3 clothes images which are inside the black area were earlier in the same line. On the smaller view of 320px to 480px I cannot show them in a single line therefore I have shown them one below the other. To do this I have brought black-tl div on the left and set its width to the base size of 310px. Due to this the inner 3 div which have property float: left; will automatically come down one below the other. g. At the last I have set the footer div with to 310px and the two inner divs Fashion Tips and Choose a Designer one below the other. In the same way I can add more conditional statements for other screen sizes which are bigger than 480px, like 481px to 540px and so on, till the webpage becomes responsive for all screen sizes.

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Screen sizes of popular devices

Provide screen sizes of popular devices which you can add to the conditional statements of your media queries.

a. iPhone 4 and 4S in portrait and landscape view

@media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) { /* Put Styles Here */}

b. iPhone 4 and 4S in portrait orientation

@media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) and (orientation : portrait) { /* Put Styles Here */}

c. iPhone 4 and 4S in landscape orientation

@media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 480px) and (orientation : landscape) { /* Put Styles Here */}

d. iPhone 5 and 5S

@media only screen and (min-width : 320px) and (max-width : 568px) { /* Put Styles Here */}

e. iPhone 6, 6S, 7 and 8

@media only screen and (min-width : 375px) and (max-width : 667px) { /* Put Styles Here */}

f. All iPads

@media only screen and (min-width : 768px) and (max-width : 1024px) { /* Put Styles Here */}

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Conclusion

Hope you like this CSS Media Queries Tutorial. I would also like to tell you that applying these Queries can be time consuming job. There are also easy alternative like Bootstrap 4 for making any web page responsive.

☺ Bootstrap does the calculations of Media Queries by itself and makes this work very easy and super fast for you. To learn about Bootstrap 4 follow these Bootstrap articles: