Python f-strings

Python f-string is a string literal that starts with letter f and has curly braces ({}, placeholder) containing the variables, which will change into the value of that variable. It was added in Python 3.6.0 as PEP-498 – Literal String Interpolation. Before the introduction of f-string, there were other methods of string formatting like %-formatting, str.format() or string.Template(). These string formatting methods have their advantages, but the major disadvantage is that they are difficult to use. But, f-string is termed as the easiest way to format the string and hence became the most popular feature of Python 3. Python f-strings overcome most of the issues. Therefore, the current version of Python (Python 3.6 and above) comes with f-string. It uses minimal syntax and is more convenient and readable than any of the other string formatting method in Python.

Python string formatting at a glance

# String Formatting Method Expression 1 %-formatting 'text %s' % variable 2 str.format() 'text {}.'.format(variable) 3 f-string f'text {variable} text .....'

%-formatting in Python

Before f-strings, %-formatting was used for string formatting in Python, which can only format integers, strings, and doubles. Any other type will either not be supported or converted into one of these formats. If more than one value is provided, %-formatting encounters a TypeError. This is well documented in the official documentation of Python f-strings.

>>> msg = 'disk failure' >>> 'error: %s' % msg 'error: disk failure' # If the msg is a tuple >>> msg = ('disk failure', 32) >>> 'error: %s' % msg Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: not all arguments converted during string formatting # To be defensive, you can pass more than one value like this >>> 'error: %s' % (msg,) "error: ('disk failure', 32)"

str.format() in Python

The str.format() method addresses many issues of %-formatting as in supporting multiple parameters which could be further extended by using __format()__. The major issue with it is - verbosity. Have a look at the following code, the variable ‘name’ is used for so many times.:-

>>> name = "Saral" >>> 'My name is {name}.'.format(name = name) 'My name is Saral.' >>>

However, you can use the following shorthand method to overcome this:-

>>> name = "Saral" >>> 'My name is {}.'.format(name) 'My name is Saral.' >>>

But, str.format() is simple and easy to read, only if we have fewer placeholders {} and variables. If the number of placeholders increases, we will have to go back to the placeholder and variable over and again to be correct.

How to use f-strings in Python?

To use f-strings, the common practice (as detailed in the official documentation) is to use f followed by ‘(Opening single quote), text if any, variable in {} (single curly brackets-Placeholder) and ‘ (closing single quote). The syntax for it is as under:-

f '<text> {variable} <text> .....'

You can simply print using f-string in Python by typing print(f ‘ {variable} .....’). The following example demonstrate the simple usage:

name = "Saral" age = 30 print (f'My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.') # Output My name is Saral and I am 30 years old.

How to use methods, functions, lambda functions and calculations in Python f-string?

You can directly do the calculations inside Python f-strings and can even use methods and functions by adding them inside the curly braces {}.

Calculations

>>> f'8 and 10 are {8 + 10}.' '8 and 10 are 18.' >>>

Methods

name = 'saral' >>> f'My name is {name.upper()}.' 'My name is SARAL.' >>>

Functions

>>> def foo(): ... return 10 >>> f'result is {foo()}.' 'result is 10.' >>>

Lambda functions

>>>print(f'4 into 4 is {(lambda x: x*4)(4)}.') '4 into 4 is 16.' >>>

How to use escape character in Python f-strings?

Python f-strings do not support the escape character inside the expression portion. It means that the f-string’s expression part can not include a backslash or the escape character. Instead of using the escape character you will have to use different quotes inside the expression. However, the escape character (backslash) is allowed in the string portion of the text.

>>> f'Text in {'single-quotes'}.' File "<stdin>", line 1 f'Text in {'single-quotes'}.' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> f'Text in {\'single-quotes\'}.' File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash >>>

>>> f'Text in {"double-quotes"}.' 'Text in double-quotes.' >>>

f'String portion\'s backslash are allowed, {"hurray"}.' "String portion's backslash are allowed, hurray."

Inline comments in Python f-string

You can not use inline comments inside the expression portion of the Python f-strings.

>>> f'Saral is {6 * 5 #age}' File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include '#' >>>

How to print braces/brackets using Python f-strings?

You can print braces/brackets using the Python f-strings by using two braces to print single brace and 4 braces to print double braces.

>>> f'{{"Single Braces"}}' '{"Single Braces"}' >>> f'{{{"This will also print Single Braces"}}}' '{This will also print Single Braces}' >>> f'{{{{"This will print Double Braces"}}}}' '{{"This will print Double Braces"}}' >>>

How to do a dictionary format with f-strings in Python 3?

Since dictionaries involve quotes, using them inside the f-string could be tricky. The best way is to use different quotes than the outside expression i.e. double-quotes, provided you are using single quotes for the f-strings expression.

>>> details = {'name': 'saral', 'age' : 30} # If you use single quotes >>> f'My name is {details['name'] and I am {details['age'].' File "<stdin>", line 1 f'My name is {details['name'] and I am {details['age'].' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax # If you try using backslash >>> f'My name is {details[\'name\'] and I am {details[\'age\'].' File "<stdin>", line 1 SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include a backslash # The best way is to use different quotes than outside (i.e. double-quotes) >>> f'My name is {details["name"]} and I am {details["age"]}.' 'My name is saral and I am 30.'

Python f-strings padding

We can specify the formats like zero-padding a number, digits after decimal or datetime. This is also called f-string padding in Python.

How to pad string with zero in Python f-strings (0-Padding)?

We can pad a string with zeros (0-Padding) in Python f-strings by adding {variable:0N} inside the braces, where N stands for total number of digits-

>>> for n in range(1,11): ... print(f'The number is {n:02}') ... The number is 01 The number is 02 The number is 03 The number is 04 The number is 05 The number is 06 The number is 07 The number is 08 The number is 09 The number is 10 >>>

How to add decimal places in a float in Python f-strings (Formatting a float)?

We can define the fixed number of digits after decimal in a float using fstrings by adding {variable:.Nf}, where N stands for total number of decimal places. This doesn’t just strip off the rest of the decimal points, but round it properly.

>>> from math import pi >>> print(f'The value of pi is {pi:.4f}') The value of pi is 3.1416 >>>

How to format dates in Python f-strings?

We can also format the dates in Python f-string by using datetime module and adding the desired format in curly braces {date:directive}.You can find more directives (i.e. %A, etc.) from official page of datetime module.:-

>>> import datetime >>> date = datetime.date(1991, 10, 12) >>> f'{date} was on a {date:%A}' '1991-10-12 was on a Saturday' >>>f'The date is {date:%A, %B %d, %Y}.' >>>'The date is Saturday, October 12, 1991.'

How to add space padding in Python f-strings?

You can add spaces (padding) to a string in Python f strings by adding {variable:N} where N is total length. If the variable is 1 and N is 4, it will add three spaces before 1, hence making the total length 4.

>>> for n in range(1,11): ... print(f'The number is {n:4}') ... The number is 1 The number is 2 The number is 3 The number is 4 The number is 5 The number is 6 The number is 7 The number is 8 The number is 9 The number is 10 >>>

How to justify a string in Python f-strings?

We can justify a string in Python f-strings using {variable:>N} where N is the total length.

s1 = 'Python' s2 = 'ython' s3 = 'thon' s4 = 'hon' s5 = 'on' s6 = 'n' print(f'{s1:>6}') print(f'{s2:>6}') print(f'{s3:>6}') print(f'{s4:>6}') print(f'{s5:>6}') print(f'{s6:>6}') ... Python ython thon hon on n ....

Python f-strings padding at glance

# Padding Expression 1 0 Padding {variable:0N} 2 Decimal Places {variable:.Nf} 3 Date Formatting {date : Directive} 4 Space Padding {variable:N} 5 Justified string {variable:>N}

How to print various numeric notations in Python f-strings?

The various numeric notations like hexadecimal, octal, scientific, etc. can be printed in Python f-strings using ‘{variable:notation}’ as shown in the example below:-

number = 800 # Hexadecimal print(f'{number:x}') # Ocatal print(f'{number:o}') # Scientific print(f'{number:e}') ... 320 1440 8.000000e+02

How to print raw f-strings in Python?

We can also print raw f-strings by using {variable!r}

>>> name = 'Fred' >>> f'He said his name is {name!r}.' "He said his name is 'Fred'."

Multi-line f-strings in Python

We can also use f-strings in multiline string by adding f in front of every line as shown under.

>>> name = 'Saral' >>> age = 30 >>> profession = "Pythonista" >>> sentence = ( ... f'My Name is {name}.' ... f'I am {age} years old.' ... f'I am a {profession}.' ... ) >>> sentence 'My Name is Saral.I am 30 years old.I am a Pythonista.' >>>

You can also do the same using “”” (triple quotes) as under. But this will add new line (/n) at every press of return/enter:

>>> name = "Saral" >>> age = 30 >>> profession = "Pythonista" >>> sentence = f""" My name is {name}. ... I am {age} years old. ... I am a {profession}. ... """ >>> sentence ' My name is Saral.

I am 30 years old.

I am a Pythonista.

' >>>

Is Python f-strings faster?

Yes, Python f-strings are faster than any other string formatting in Python i.e. str.format and %-formatting. The following examples show that the f-strings are twice faster than str.format() and atleast 80% faster than %-formatting.

>>>import timeit >>>timeit.timeit("""name="Saral" ... age = 30 ... '%s is %s.' %(name, age)""", number = 100000) 0.04012815800000169

>>> timeit.timeit("""name="Saral" ... age = 30 ... '{} is {}.'.format(name, age)""", number = 100000) 0.05490115599999967

>>> timeit.timeit("""name="Saral" ... age = 30 ... f'{name} is {age}.'""", number =100000) 0.025380449000010685

Conclusion - What are the advantages of Python f-strings?

From above, we can conclude that the main advantages of using Python f-strings are:-

It is the fastest string formatting method in Python.

It is more readable.

It is concise.

It is less prone to error.

It is less verbose.

Hence, if you were wondering which string formatting method in you should use. I hope that you have found your answer that you must use Python f-strings for string formatting. So, just dive into it and start using Python f-strings.

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