Bryan thought it would take him about a month to get from Honduras to the United States last year.

He was 19 at the time, living by himself and had already been kidnapped by local gangs once. Men stripped him naked, checked his bodies for tattoos that are seen as a sign of gang affiliation there, and beat him after they found none. When the men were done, they gave Bryan three seconds to run away.

So, in October 2018, when Bryan heard that a migrant caravan was heading to the U.S.-Mexico border, he decided to tag along.

And it did take Bryan a month to get to the border. What he didn’t realize is that was only the beginning of a year-long struggle to request asylum.


That’s because Bryan arrived to the border at a time in which the Trump administration began making drastic changes to U.S. asylum policy.

Over the last year, in the name of national security, those changes have made it increasingly difficult for migrants to win asylum cases in the U.S. The latest change has effectively made the majority of non-Mexican migrants ineligible for asylum, according to lawyers and activists.

One policy in particular, called Migrant Protection Protocols or Remain in Mexico, has made it nearly impossible for migrants to receive asylum.

Data shows that as of September, of the more than 47,000 people in the program, fewer than 10,000 had completed their cases. Of that group, 5,085 cases were denied while 4,471 cases were dismissed without a decision being made — mostly on procedural grounds.


Only 11 cases — or 0.1 percent of all completed cases — resulted in asylum being granted, according to the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.

Bryan was not one of those 11 cases. He is currently waiting to be deported back to Honduras. He’s still afraid of the gangs and asked the San Diego Union-Tribune not to print his last name because he’s afraid they’ll identify him.

That 0.1 percent grant rate is significantly lower than the 20 percent of people who were granted asylum outside of the Remain in Mexico process, according to data from the Executive Office for Immigration Review.

That same data shows a 48 percent denial rate and a 30 percent “other” rate in 2018. The “other” category means that asylum cases either ended without a decision being made, or were withdrawn for some reason.


Before been enrolled in the Remain in Mexico program, Bryan went up against one of the first major changes the Trump administration made to asylum policy: expanding the metering program.

Metering forces migrants at the border to wait months in Mexico before getting a chance to turn themselves in to Customs and Border Protection agents.

Officials at the Department of Homeland Security defend the practice by saying that there is a limited amount of space in holding facilities where they process migrants who enter the country without proper documentation. To prevent overcrowding, they need to manage the amount of people who enter each day.

There are more than 10,000 migrants currently in Tijuana waiting to enter the United States and legally asking for asylum. Many have been there for months and on some days, none of them are allowed to enter the country. Instead of waiting, several people either cross illegally into the U.S. or turn around and go back home.


Advocates who have sued the federal government over the metering program argue that it violates international laws by preventing migrants from their right to request asylum — particularly Mexican asylum seekers who are forced to wait in the same country they are fleeing from.

In Bryan’s case, metering meant that even though he arrived to the border in November 2018, he didn’t get a chance to actually enter the country until January.

The three-month wait made Bryan subject to the Trump administration’s second drastic change to U.S. asylum policy: Remain in Mexico.

Officially known as Migrant Protection Protocols, the policy requires asylum seekers with immigration court cases in the U.S. to wait in Mexico until their cases are adjudicated.


The program was announced by the Department of Homeland Security in January as a response to changing demographics at the border. The migrant caravan brought a lot of women and children, which presented a problem to Customs and Border Protection because they were used to interacting with adult men.

“The situation has had severe impacts on U.S. border security and immigration operations,” the announcement read. “The dramatic increase in illegal migration, including unprecedented number of families and fraudulent asylum claims is making it harder for the U.S. to devote appropriate resources to individuals who are legitimately fleeing persecution.”

The logic behind Remain in Mexico is that forcing people to spend months in Mexico waiting for their cases will deter them from filing false asylum claims. That, in theory, should free up the courts to process legitimate claims.

But advocates on the ground have long argued that the program, along with the administration’s other changes to asylum policy, also deters migrants from submitting legitimate claims.


“There’s metering, there’s Remain in Mexico, there’s the new asylum ban. Basically, the process is blocking people from getting asylum,” said Kennji Kizuka, senior researcher and policy analyst for Human Rights First.

The “asylum ban” Kizuka refers to is the third asylum policy change. This one, enacted in July, makes non-Mexican asylum seekers at the southern border ineligible for asylum unless they’ve already requested for asylum in another country.

Kizuka has spent most of this year researching the living conditions of migrants returned to Mexico. He has helped author for reports; each one documenting an increasing number of migrants being robbed, beaten, kidnapped, and raped south of the border.

The latest report, published Thursday, identified 636 reported cases of kidnapping, torture and other violent attacks on asylum seekers who are part of the Remain in Mexico program. That figure includes 138 cases of kidnapping or attempted kidnapping of children.


Kizuka says legitimate asylum seekers who fled their home are choosing to go back because they are afraid they’ll die in Mexico.

“There are people who just cannot take it anymore,” he said. “They would rather die at home than die in a foreign country where their families won’t be able to come for their remains and give them a proper burial.”

Despite these hardships, Bryan made the best of his time in Tijuana.

He made money working construction jobs and also found work in restaurants as a dishwasher and waiter. He rented a two-bedroom house with nine other men and volunteered at migrant shelters.


He became heavily involved in a group of Central American activists from the caravan, joined a band that wrote pro-immigrants songs, and became an Evangelical Christian.

“His experience with the migrant caravan was life changing for him,” said his lawyer Siobhan Waldron.

During the summer, after seeing migrant families struggle to find housing in Tijuana, he helped build a migrant-run shelter.

Bryan says building that shelter was one of the best things he’s ever done. It showed him that even when everything seems like it’s stacked against him, he can still push forward.


“In Tijuana, we were told we are nothing, that we don’t have any opportunities,” he said. “But we showed people that we can do things, even if they are small.”

While Bryan lived his life in Tijuana, his court case in the United States slogged through the courts. It took ten months from the time Bryan turned himself in at the border until a judge denied his asylum claim.

In Bryan’s case, his fate partly came down to a brief exchange between him and an immigration judge about abused he’d already suffered in Honduras.

A judge asked him to retell the worst thing that had happened to him in Honduras. Bryan was nervous. He knew that his potential future in the United States was on the line.


Bryan told the judge about the time gang members told him to transport drugs and guns when he was 16. He refused and they threatened him.

“Besides this time when you were 16 and they wanted you to deliver drugs and weapons, did you have any other major problems with the gangs,” the judge asked.

“No,” Bryan said.

It wasn’t until the judge asked Bryan if anyone had ever harmed him in Honduras that Bryan told the judge about being kidnapped and beaten.


Bryan had suffered a traumatic event, he was nervous and told the story out of order, but the facts of the story never changed, never contradicted themselves, Waldron said.

The judge didn’t see it that way.

In his decision, the judge describes Bryan’s answer as an, “internal inconsistency,” that is, “significant enough to be the basis for the Court’s adverse credibility finding.”

Bryan and Waldron decided to file an appeal – a legal right afforded to all asylum applicants. Waldron thought judge’s decision was unfair and felt they had a strong chance to get another decision.


However, appeals last six to eight months, sometimes longer. After being denied asylum, Bryan was sent to Otay Mesa Detention Center. He had never spent time in jail and struggled to live in the detention center.

“When you have to wait so long to go to court, spend time in detention, be sent back to Mexico, it’s demoralizing,” he said. “The whole thing is designed to make people grow desperate and give up.”

So, after thinking it over and talking with his lawyer, withdrew his appeal even though he still fears for his life in Honduras. He’s done fighting.

He had endured more than a year of obstacles to get to this point, but the prospect of prolonged detention was the last straw, Waldron said.


“Every single one of these policies is to make asylum so difficult,” she said. “There are so many hoops to jump through, logistical barriers, family separation, Remain in Mexico, every single policy you can think of to send a message that if you want to try for asylum it’s going to be really really hard.”

Last month, Bryan celebrated his 21 birthday at Otay Mesa Detention Center. He’s currently waiting to be deported and is unsure what he will do once he gets back to Honduras.

