Britain's prospects for economic recovery are being "killed off" by the crisis in the eurozone, George Osborne has warned.

In a stark message to the leaders of the 17-nation single currency bloc, the chancellor said they were facing a "moment of truth" that could determine the future of the entire continent for years to come.

In some of his strongest comments to date, the chancellor voiced his exasperation at the repeated failure of the eurozone nations to find a permanent solution to end the financial turmoil.

Writing in the Sunday Telegraph, he said: "The lesson of the last two years is that treating the latest symptom does not cure the underlying conditions."

While there were signs of a solution to the latest bout of uncertainty in the Spanish banking system, Osborne said it would not be enough to end the threat to the UK economy.

"Our recovery – already facing powerful headwinds from high oil prices and the debt burden left behind by the boom years – is being killed off by the crisis on our doorstep," he said.

"I know from talking to British businesses that our country is bursting with entrepreneurial spirit and exciting investment plans that are being held back because of uncertainty about the future.

"That's why a resolution of the eurozone crisis would do more than anything else to give our economy a boost."

He added: "The British government is clear that it is strongly in Britain's interests for our biggest export market to succeed. The risks for us of a disorderly outcome are huge."

With the prospect of further turmoil in the wake of the of the forthcoming re-run of the Greek elections, the chancellor called on the eurozone countries to take decisive action to end the instability.

"We are approaching a moment of truth for the eurozone," he said.

"After more than two years of uncertainty, instability and slow growth, decisions taken over the next few months could determine the economic future of the whole European continent for the next decade and beyond."

He again underlined the need for greater fiscal integration – with more pooling of financial resources and the creation of a banking union – across the currency bloc.

"The solution in the eurozone doesn't have to be a full-blown United States of the Eurozone, but if it is to be successful it is likely to include most of the mechanisms that make other currencies work," he said.

"If countries in the eurozone cannot meet their liabilities, for example to protect bank depositors, then it is natural for the other eurozone countries to stand behind them.

"In return, it is understandable that those countries would want a say in how banks across the eurozone are supervised and dealt with in a crisis. That is why a banking union is a natural extension of a single currency."

Osborne stressed that Britain would not be involved in any such arrangement and that any transfer of power from Westminster to Brussels would require a referendum.

"One of our first and most important acts was to pass into law a referendum lock so that any politician proposing to give up more power over our own affairs in any new treaty will have to put that choice to the people," he said.

"Whatever may lie ahead I find that extremely reassuring."

The shadow chancellor, Ed Balls, said Osborne could not blame the problems in the eurozone for his mistakes in handling the economy.

"It's deeply complacent and out of touch for George Osborne to blame Europe for a double-dip recession made in Downing Street. He will fool nobody with these increasingly desperate excuses," he said.

"Despite the eurozone crisis, Germany, France and the euro area as a whole have so far avoided recession while Britain's recovery was choked off in the autumn of 2010.

"We urgently need a change of course and a plan for jobs and growth, here in Britain and in the eurozone, if we're to get people back to work and get deficits down. If we fail to act now, we will pay a very heavy long term price."