Five athletes reached the final stage of the men’s pole vault at the 1936 Olympics, having cleared the then impressive height of 4m 15cm. At the climactic jump-off, with 25,000 spectators braving the chill of the Berlin evening, it eventually grew so dark that night-lighting had to be switched on. You can still see parts of it in Leni Riefenstahl’s film, Olympia.

Bill Graber, of the US, was first to drop out, after failing to clear 4.25. Then Earle Meadows, another American, cleared 4.35 – a mighty vault in those days, which the remaining three, one American and two Japanese, all attempted without success. Meadows went on to try 4.45, but failed. But the main part of the competition was settled. Meadows took gold – leaving the other three to take part in a jump-off to determine who should take silver and bronze.

Bill Sefton, the American, failed to clear the bar on the first trial. The two Japanese competitors succeeded, meaning each was assured of a medal. But who would get which?

Both young men were students, Shuhei Nishida at Waseda university and Sueo Oe at Keio. More importantly, both were friends. And so – to general astonishment – they refused to compete further. They wanted to share the honours.

Their request was rejected. Someone had to take bronze and someone silver. The Japanese team was told to make its own decision about who should claim second place and who third. After lengthy discussion, it was agreed that Nishida, who had vaulted 4.25 at his first attempt, should take precedence over Oe, who had needed two attempts at that height.

The medals were awarded on that basis. But the athletes remained dissatisfied. Returning to Japan, they decided to take matters into their own hands. They had both medals cut in half and then fused into two hybrid medals, each half-silver and half-bronze (although the “bronze” was actually copper). The medals became known as “The Medals of Friendship”.