Entry policies

Goosen et al, 2014 32 Goosen S

Stronks K

Kunst AE Frequent relocations between asylum-seeker centres are associated with mental distress in asylum-seeking children: a longitudinal medical record study. Netherlands Community Health Services for Asylum Seekers (electronic medical-records database) 2000–08 Cohort Accompanied asylum seeker children (aged 4–17 years) Annual relocation rate between asylum-seeker centres Mental distress (ICPC codes)

Johnston et al, 2009 35 Johnston V

Allotey P

Mulholland K

Markovic M Measuring the health impact of human rights violations related to Australian asylum policies and practices: a mixed methods study. Australia Surveys 2004–05 Cross-sectional Adult Iraqi refugees with TPVs vs PPVs TPV policy (1999–2008): introduced distinction between TPV and PPV; TPV recipients were excluded from or given reduced access to government-funded benefits and services, barred from family reunion programmes, and had mandatory detention from 1992–2008; PPVs were granted to people entering via offshore humanitarian programmes, guaranteed immediate refugee status, and entitled to all services provided to permanent residents Access to health care and medications; general and physical health (SF-36); psychological distress and depression (HSCL-25); PWI

Miranda et al, 2011 47 Miranda PY

Schulz AJ

Israel BA

Gonzalez HM Context of entry and number of depressive symptoms in an older Mexican-origin immigrant population. USA H-EPESE 1993–94 Cross-sectional Mexican-born migrants (aged ≥65 years) Sociopolitical context of entry: Post-Mexican Revolution Era (1918–28)—lenient migration policies; Era of Variable Deportations (1929–41)—increased deportation due to domestic labour concerns, variable enforcement of related policies; the Bracero Era (1942–64)—extensive employment of Mexican migrants on farms and railroad projects (Bracero Program); Post-immigration Reform and Control Act Era (1965–94)—increased deportation of most migrants, with social protection of remaining Bracero participants Depression (CES-D-8)

Momartin et al, 2006 48 Momartin S

Steel Z

Coello M

Aroche J

Silove DM

Brooks R A comparison of the mental health of refugees with temporary versus permanent protection visas. * * 48 Momartin S

Steel Z

Coello M

Aroche J

Silove DM

Brooks R A comparison of the mental health of refugees with temporary versus permanent protection visas. 58 Steel Z

Momartin S

Silove D

Coello M

Aroche J

Tay KW Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. Momartin et al, 2006 Australia STARTTS 2002–03; 2004–05 Cross-sectional TPV-holding vs PPV-holding Persian-speaking asylum seekers TPV policy (1999–2008; see description for Johnston et al, 2009) PTSD (HTQ); distress (GHQ-30); depression and anxiety (HSCL-25); functional impairment (SF-12, mental component); excessive worry (PSWQ)

Steel et al, 2011 58 Steel Z

Momartin S

Silove D

Coello M

Aroche J

Tay KW Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. * * 48 Momartin S

Steel Z

Coello M

Aroche J

Silove DM

Brooks R A comparison of the mental health of refugees with temporary versus permanent protection visas. 58 Steel Z

Momartin S

Silove D

Coello M

Aroche J

Tay KW Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. Momartin et al, 2006 Australia Early Intervention Program of the STARTTS 2002–03; 2004–05 Cohort analytic TPV-vs PPV-holding Persian-speaking asylum seekers TPV policy (1999–2008; see description for Johnston et al, 2009) PTSD (HTQ); distress (GHQ-30); depression and anxiety (HSCL-25); functional impairment (SF-12, mental component); excessive worry (PSWQ)

Reijneveld et al, 2005 53 Reijneveld SA

de Boer JB

Bean T

Korfker DG Unaccompanied adolescents seeking asylum: poorer mental health under a restrictive reception. Netherlands Psychological assessments and interviews 2002–03 Cross-sectional Unaccompanied adolescent asylum seekers Unaccompanied adolescent asylum seekers' reception policies: routine (up to November, 2002); campus (November, 2002, to January, 2005) Mental health, depression, and anxiety (HSCL-25); PTSD (RATS Inventory)

Steel et al, 2006 57 Steel Z

Silove D

Brooks R

Momartin S

Alzuhairi B

Susljik I Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. Australia Surveys Not reported Cross-sectional TPV-holding vs PPV-holding Arabic-speaking Mandaean refugees TPV policy (1999–2008; see description for Johnston et al, 2009) Access to health care and long-term health problems (PMLD); PTSD (HTQ); depression and anxiety (HSCL-25); mental health status and disability (SF-12)

Tan et al, 2016 59 Tan TM

Spiegel P

Haskew C

Greenough PG Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries. 70 refugee sites in 17 countries UNHCR Health Information System 2011–12 Cross-sectional Refugees UNHCR expenditure on refugee programmes in 2011 Crude and under-5 mortality

Urquia et al, 2015 61 Urquia ML

Vang ZM

Bolumar F Birth outcomes of Latin Americans in two countries with contrasting immigration admission policies: Canada and Spain. Canada and Spain Canada—perinatal surveillance system, immigration register, citizenship and immigration and discharge-abstracts databases; Spain—anonymous birth certificate database Canada (2000–05); Spain (1998–2007) Cross-sectional Singleton births to Latin American-born vs Canadian or Spanish native-born mothers Immigrant entry policies: Canada (restrictive)—favouring labour migration through point system, with fewer refugees and family-class migrants; Spain (less restrictive)—unauthorised migration due to demand for low skill labour and poor management of migration process Mean birthweight at term; low birthweight; preterm birth

Integration policies (general)

Borrell et al, 2015 26 Borrell C

Palencia L

Bartoll X

Ikram U

Malmusi D Perceived discrimination and health among immigrants in Europe according to national integration policies. 18 European countries ESS 2012 Cross-sectional Migrants from low-income countries (aged ≥15 years) National immigrant integration policies—integration country categories based on the MIPEX score † † MIPEX score: inclusive (promotes societal participation and citizenship irrespective of labour market attachment, with cultural and political tolerance); assimilationist (promotes societal participation and citizenship irrespective of labour market attachment, but with emphasis on sociopolitical conformity); and exclusionist (access to welfare support and services are conditional to labour-market attachment, scarce opportunities for citizenship). Association of perceived group discrimination with self-reported health, depression (CES-D, short version), and limitation of activity

Giannoni et al, 2016 31 Giannoni M

Franzini L

Masiero G Migrant integration policies and health inequalities in Europe. 23 European countries EU-SILC 2012 Cross-sectional Non-European vs European migrants or native-born people (aged 16–80 years) National immigrant integration policies (see description for Borrell et al, 2015) Self-reported health; limiting long-standing illness; chronic illness

Ikram et al, 2015 34 Ikram UZ

Malmusi D

Juel K

Rey G

Kunst AE Association between integration policies and immigrants' mortality: an explorative study across three European countries. 3 European countries Migrant Ethnic Health Observatory (MEHO) Project (linked and unlinked national register data) Netherlands (1996–2006); France (2005–07); Denmark (1992–2001) Cohort Turkish and Moroccan immigrants National immigrant integration policies (see description for Borrell et al, 2015) All-cause and cause-specific mortality

Levecque and Van Rossem, 2015 42 Levecque K

Van Rossem R Depression in Europe: does migrant integration have mental health payoffs? A cross-national comparison of 20 European countries. 20 European countries ESS 2006–07 Cross-sectional Foreign-born vs native-born (aged ≥15 years) National immigrant integration policies—MIPEX scores † † MIPEX score: inclusive (promotes societal participation and citizenship irrespective of labour market attachment, with cultural and political tolerance); assimilationist (promotes societal participation and citizenship irrespective of labour market attachment, but with emphasis on sociopolitical conformity); and exclusionist (access to welfare support and services are conditional to labour-market attachment, scarce opportunities for citizenship). Depression (CES-D-8)

Malmusi, 2015 45 Malmusi D Immigrants' health and health inequality by type of integration policies in European countries. 14 European countries EU-SILC 2011 Cross-sectional Non-EU migrants vs native-born people (aged ≥16 years) National immigrant integration policies (see description for Borrell et al, 2015) Self-reported health

Malmusi et al, 2017 46 Malmusi D

Palencia L

Ikram UZ

Kunst AE

Borrell C Inequalities by immigrant status in depressive symptoms in Europe: the role of integration policy regimes. 17 European countries ESS 2012 Cross-sectional Migrants from low-income countries vs native-born people (aged ≥15 years) National immigrant integration policies (see description for Borrell et al, 2015) Depression (CES-D-8)

Integration policies (welfare)

Angus, DeVoe, 2010 23 Angus L

DeVoe J Evidence that the citizenship mandate curtailed participation in Oregon's Medicaid family planning program. USA Family planning service data 2005–08 Controlled before–after Hispanic vs non-Hispanic family planning-service users (aged ≥18 years) DRA (2005): required states to collect proof of citizenship to qualify or reapply for federal matching funds for services provided to Medicaid recipients Family planning service visits

Borjas, 2003 25 Borjas GJ Welfare reform, labor supply, and health insurance in the immigrant population. USA CPS, March Supplement 1995–96; 1999–2001 Controlled before–after Non-citizens, naturalised citizens vs natives (aged <65 years); children (aged <18 years) PRWORA (1996): modified welfare eligibility rules and prohibited states from using federal funds for newly unqualified immigrant recipients (arriving in the USA after August, 1996, for the first five years of settlement), including changes to public health insurance (Medicaid) coverage for non-emergency services Health insurance coverage (Medicaid, any type, employer-sponsored)

Bozorgmehr and Razum, 2015 27 Bozorgmehr K

Razum O Effect of restricting access to health care on health expenditures among asylum-seekers and refugees: a quasi-experimental study in Germany, 1994–2013. Germany German Federal Statistics Office 1994–97; 1997–2007; 2007–13 Controlled before–after Asylum seekers and refugees (vs people with regular welfare access) Asylum Seekers' Benefits Act (1993) and reforms (1997, 2007): expanded waiting time for access to welfare services for asylum seekers and refugees from 12 to 36 months (reform 1; 1997) and 48 months (reform 2; 2007) Health expenditures

Cho, 2011 28 Cho RM Effects of welfare reform policies on Mexican immigrants' infant mortality rates. USA National Centre for Health Statistics 1995–96; 1999–2002 Controlled before–after Foreign-born vs US-born low-educated women of Mexican origin PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Infant mortality rate

Fritsch, 2011 29 Fritsch NT Immigrants, Medicaid, and the Deficit Reduction Act. USA CPS, March supplement 2005, 2007 Controlled before–after Non-citizens vs citizens DRA (2005; see description for Angus & Devoe, 2010) Health insurance coverage (Medicaid)

Fuentes-Afflick et al, 2006 30 Fuentes-Afflick E

Hessol NA

Bauer T

et al. Use of prenatal care by Hispanic women after welfare reform. USA Structured interviews 1999–2001 Cross-sectional Foreign-born vs US-born Hispanic mothers in California, Florida, and New York PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Use of prenatal care

Joyce et al, 2001 36 Joyce T

Bauer T

Minkoff H

Kaestner R Welfare reform and the perinatal health and health care use of Latino women in California, New York City, and Texas. USA Birth files 1995; 1998 Cohort analytic Foreign-born vs US-born Latina mothers in California, New York City, and Texas PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Financing of care (insured vs uninsured or self-pay); early initiation of prenatal care; proportion of low-birthweight births

Kandula et al, 2004 37 Kandula NR

Grogan CM

Rathouz PJ

Lauderdale DS The unintended impact of welfare reform on the Medicaid enrollment of eligible immigrants. USA CPS, March Supplement 1994–96; 1998–2001 Controlled before–after Qualified immigrant vs US-born low-income participants PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Medicaid enrolment

Kaushal and Kaestner, 2005 38 Kaushal N

Kaestner R Welfare reform and health insurance of immigrants. USA CPS, March Supplement 1994–96; 1998–2001 Controlled before–after Foreign-born, low-educated single mothers; their children PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003); limitations on Temporary Aid to Needy Families Health insurance coverage (public, private, employer-sponsored, uninsured)

Kaushal and Kaestner 2007 39 Kaushal N

Kaestner R Welfare reform and health of immigrant women and their children. USA NHIS 1992–96; 1998–2002 Controlled before–after Foreign-born, low-educated single mothers (aged 18–54 years); their children (aged 0–14 years) PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Health insurance coverage (public, uninsured); medical care utilisation; self-reported health

Korenbrot et al, 2000 41 Korenbrot CC

Dudley RA

Greene JD Changes in births to foreign-born women after welfare and immigration policy reforms in California. USA Electronic birth-certificate database 1994; 1995; 1996–97 Controlled before–after All singleton births to foreign-born vs US-born mothers California Proposition 187 (1994)—prohibited state Medicaid coverage of non-emergency pregnancy-related services for unqualified migrants; PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003); IIRAIRA (1996)—established higher-income requirements of migrant sponsors, making Medicaid use a potential liability for sponsorship as evidence of lack of sufficient resources Number of births by prenatal-care coverage; inadequate prenatal-care use (onset, number of visits); birth outcomes (low birthweight, preterm)

Loue et al, 2005 43 Loue S

Cooper M

Lloyd LS Welfare and immigration reform and use of prenatal care among women of Mexican ethnicity in San Diego, California. USA Interviews 1999–2001 Cross-sectional Women of Mexican origin PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) IIRAIRA (1996; see description for Korenbrot et al, 2000) Difficulty receiving care; satisfaction with care

Lurie, 2008 44 Lurie IZ Welfare reform and the decline in the health-insurance coverage of children of non-permanent residents. USA Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 1996; 2001 Controlled before–after Children of non-citizen permanent residents vs non-permanent residents in select states PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Health insurance coverage (uninsured)

Nam, 2008 49 Nam Y Welfare reform and older immigrants' health insurance coverage. USA CPS, March Supplement 1994–96; 2001–05 Controlled before–after Non-citizen, naturalised citizen vs native participants (aged ≥65 years) PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Health insurance coverage (Medicaid, private, employer-sponsored, none)

Nam, 2011 50 Nam Y Welfare reform and elderly immigrants' health insurance coverage: the roles of federal and state Medicaid eligibility rules. USA CPS, March Supplement 1994–96; 2003–08 Controlled before–after Immigrant vs native participants (aged ≥65 years) PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Health insurance coverage (Medicaid, Medicare, employer-sponsored, direct purchase, any)

Pati and Danagoulian, 2008 51 Pati S

Danagoulian S Immigrant children's reliance on public health insurance in the wake of immigration reform. USA NHIS 1997–2000; 2001–04 Controlled before–after Foreign-born vs mixed-status, US-born low-income children IIRAIRA (1996; see description for Korenbrot et al, 2000); IIRAIRA public charge rule reversal (1999)—Medicaid benefits exempted from IIRAIRA's public charge rule Health insurance coverage (uninsured, private, public)

Sommers, 2010 56 Sommers B Targeting in Medicaid: the costs and enrollment effects of Medicaid's citizenship documentation requirement. USA CPS, March Supplement 2004–06; 2007–08 Controlled before–after; cohort analytic Non-citizen vs citizen participants; adults (aged 19–64 years); children (aged 0–18 years) DRA (2005; see description for Angus & Devoe, 2010) Medicaid or CHIP enrolment; Medicaid retention

Yeo, 2017 65 Yeo Y Healthcare inequality issues among immigrant elders after neoliberal welfare reform: empirical findings from the United States. USA NHIS 1993–96; 2002–13 Controlled before-after Foreign-born vs native-born participants (aged ≥65 years) PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Outpatient healthcare service use

Zhu and Xu, 2015 66 Zhu L

Xu P The politics of welfare exclusion: immigration and disparity in Medicaid coverage. USA CPS, March Supplement 1998–2010 Time series Foreign-born vs. native-born participants PRWORA (1996; see description for Borjas, 2003) Inequality in Medicaid coverage

Integration policies (documentation)

Amuedo-Dorantes et al, 2013 21 Amuedo-Dorantes C

Puttitanun T

Martinez-Donate AP How do tougher immigration measures affect unauthorized immigrants?. USA Unnamed survey 2009–10 Cross-sectional Deported vs voluntarily returning undocumented Mexican immigrants (aged ≥18 years) E-Verify (1996): online system matching employment eligibility form (I-9) to data from US Government records Difficulties obtaining health-care services

Anderson and Finch, 2014 22 Anderson KF

Finch JK Racially charged legislation and Latino health disparities: the case of Arizona's S.B. 1070. USA BRFSS 2009; 2010–11 Controlled before–after Hispanic vs Caucasian participants (aged 18–99 years) SB 1070 (2010–12): required migrants to carry documentation at all times, established state law enforcement responsibility to require documentation during “lawful contacts”, and criminalised work for illegal migrants Self-reported health status

Beniflah et al, 2013 24 Beniflah JD

Little WK

Simon HK

Sturm J Effects of immigration enforcement legislation on Hispanic pediatric patient visits to the pediatric emergency department. USA PED charts 2009–10; 2011 Controlled before-after Hispanic vs non-Hispanic paediatric patients (aged <18 years) Georgia House Bill 87 (2011): granted local law enforcement the authority to enforce immigration laws Percent PED visits; percent high acuity visits; PED admission rates

Hatzenbuehler et al, 2017 33 Hatzenbuehler ML

Prins SJ

Flake M

et al. Immigration policies and mental health morbidity among Latinos: a state-level analysis. USA BRFSS 2012 Cross-sectional Latino vs all participants in selected states (aged ≥18 years) State-level anti-immigrant policies (eg, with regards to mobility, labour or employment, post-secondary education, health, other services, language, omnibus) Number of poor mental health days per month; psychological distress (K6)

Kim and Lee, 2011 40 Kim NS

Lee BK A comparison of blood lead levels between migrant and native lead workers before and after implementation of a new employment permit system for migrant workers. South Korea Biological data 1997; 2005 Cross-sectional Male-migrant lead-industry workers Legal employment permit system for qualified migrants (2003) Blood lead levels and other lead biomarkers

Patler and Laster Pirtle, 2017 52 Patler C

Laster Pirtle W From undocumented to lawfully present: do changes to legal status impact psychological wellbeing among Latino immigrant young adults?. USA DACA study (phone survey) 2014–15 Cross-sectional DACA-eligible Latinos (with vs without DACA) in California DACA (2012): 2-year (renewable) prosecutorial discretion for unauthorised migrants with regard to deportation, with work authorisation and access to social-security card; applicable to those who arrived in the USA before turning 16 years of age (and have proof) and were aged <31 years when the programme began Psychological distress; negative emotions

Rhodes et al, 2015 54 Rhodes SD

Mann L

Siman FM

et al. The impact of local immigration enforcement policies on the health of immigrant Hispanics/Latinos in the United States. USA North Carolina Vital Statistics System 2005–06; 2009 Controlled before–after Hispanic or Latina vs non-Hispanic and non-Latina mothers Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287 (g) (via IIRAIRA; 1996)—authorised local law-enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration law by targeting or removing undocumented migrants convicted of various crimes; Secure Communities Program: facilitated sharing of pertinent information on local arrestees to confirm documentation status via immigration databases Late entry into prenatal care; inadequate prenatal care

Salmasi and Pieroni, 2015 55 Salmasi L

Pieroni L Immigration policy and birth weight: positive externalities in Italian law. Italy Birth Sample Survey (Italian Institute of Statistics) 2000–01; 2003 Controlled before–after Non-citizen vs naturalised and native-born Italian mothers Italian Laws 189/2002 and 222/2002: granted amnesty for illegal immigrant workers and allowed for regularisation of migrants in domestic service (189) and other industries (222) Low birthweight

Toomey et al, 2004 60 Toomey RB

Umana-Taylor AJ

Williams DR

Harvey-Mendoza E

Jahromi LB

Updegraff KA Impact of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration law on utilization of health care and public assistance among Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their mother figures. USA Ongoing quasi-experimental longitudinal interview study 2007–08; 2008–09; 2009–10; 2010–11 Cohort Adolescent mothers (aged 15–18 years) of Mexican origin; their children, their mother figures (eg, mother, grandmother, aunt) SB 1070 (2010–2012; see description for Anderson, Finch, 2014) Receipt of public assistance; preventive health-care use for self and child

Vargas et al, 2017 62 Vargas ED

Sanchez GR

Juarez M Fear by association: perceptions of anti-immigrant policy and health outcomes. USA Latino National Health and Immigration Survey (LNHIS) 2015 Cross-sectional Adult Latinos General perceptions of anti-immigration laws Self-rated health; problems with mental health

Venkataramani et al, 2017 63 Venkataramani AS

Shah SJ

O'Brien R

Kawachi I

Tsai AC Health consequences of the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration programme: a quasi-experimental study. USA NHIS 2008–12; 2012–15 Controlled before–after Non-citizen Hispanic adults (aged 19–50 years) DACA (2012; see description for Patler, Laster Pirtle, 2017) Self-rated health; psychological distress (K6)