WASHINGTON—After months of bashing China for its trade practices, the Trump administration said it had agreed with Beijing on a broad range of measures aimed at improving the access of American beef producers, electronic-payments providers and natural-gas exporters, among others, to the world’s second-largest economy.

Some items on a 10-point plan the White House released Thursday address longstanding irritants between the two countries, as both governments strive to show warming ties while seeking cooperation on a range of...