The word computer has been derived from the Latin word “COMPUTARE" which means compute or calculate.

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER:- The word computer has been derived from the Latin word “COMPUTARE" which means compute or calculate.

British scie ntist Charles Babbage is considered as the father of the computer. He invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century and further in 1833, he conceived a automatic analytical engine for performing arithmetic functions.





EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER:-



the development of the modern-day computer was the result of advances in the Technologies and man's need to compute. reverse a clear pattern in the evolution of computers.

In the beginning, many devices have been used in the processing of data like abacus, Napier bones, difference engine, analytical engine, etc. The following section deals with periodic advancement in the field of computers.





(a) abacus:-

is the first known calculating device. invented by Chinese and still widely used in numerical calculation. it is one of the earliest counting devices consists of a frame with roads on which balls or beads are moved.

the beads are used for counting and calculation. simple addition and subtraction were carried out rapidly and efficiently by positioning the beads appropriately.

→→→→→→→→⇶↽

(Abacus)

(b) Napier bones:-

Napier bones were invented by Johan Napier in (1550-1617). he was a Scottish mathematician and scientist. the bones consist of a set of rectangular roads marked with counting numbers at the top and the multiples of the number down their lengths. when the bones were arranged properly, read the numbers in adjacent Columns to get the answer of the multiplication operation.





(c) (pascaline) Adding machines- Blaise pascal France:-

Pascal is also called an automatic machine. it was the first calculator for adding a machine that was designed and built by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. this machine could only do addition and subtraction, the numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.blaise was only 19 years old at that time. is machine was so revolutionary that the principle behind it is still used in most interesting news today.





(d) Leibnitz,s calculator / Stepped reckoner:-

IN 1961, German mathematician, GottfriesLeibnitz invented the calculating machine called the stepped reckoner. Discoverplating machines could add, subtract, divide, multiply and evaluate square root by a series of stepped editions accurately. this machine consisted of a cylinder instead of dials. It could even perform square root of function all though not always accurately.





(e) Difference engine:-

difference engine, design in 1820,s by British mathematician Charles Babbage to perform calculations. different Indian could perform Complex Calculations and print them out as well. this machine was a steam-powered machine.which could perform Complex Calculation and print them out decorate, you had to solve many Complex formulas and if found it difficult to cope up with the team in

the given time period. this method was based on automatic admission and remove the need for multiplication and division which were more difficult to implement mechanically. the different engine was able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. this machine was trim Rival and very large in size. it was mainly designed to perform accurate activation for a British project, but after continuous efforts, the project was closed without any success.





(f) analytical engine:-

the analytical engine was the world's first general-purpose computer designed in 1830 by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. after his difference engine failed its test, the Babbage started the design of the analytical engine. The analytical engine introduced the number of computing concepts present and modern computers also. this machine can contain two main parts:" Store" and the " mill", Analogous to today's memory and processor. purchase the car to perform the input-output operation. the analytical engine was much more than a calculator, it was capable of performing comparison modification to a stored data value.

(g) Hollerith,s tabulating machine:-

The first automatic data processing system used to count the 1980 u.s. census. this machine was by Harman Hollerith and American mathematician. the system used hand punch to record the data in punch cards and a tabulating machine to count them. his idea has been defined as the improve and punch are still used for recording data items to be input to the computer. during the Second World War, an acute need for fast computing machine was felt to carry out the complex defense calculations. the British and American Government sponsored the number of projects in major universities for the development of fast and accurate Calculations and computers. give prove to be boon for the industry which has never looked back since then.





(h) Mark-1 computer(1937-44)

The mark-1 automatic sequence controlled calculator world's first fully automatic calculating machine developed in 1937. it was developed by the professor award icon of Howard University is collaborating with IBM. it was an electromagnetic computer, which was used to perform the basic arithmetic operation, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. it was huge in size and design was very complex but was very reliable.





(i) The Atanasoff-berry computer(1939-42)

the first electronic machine developed by Dr. Johan Atanasoff. it used vacuum tubes and capacitors for internal logic and storage respectively.





(j)The ENIAC (1943-46)

the electronic, numerical, integrator and computer general-purpose electronic computer developed by professor j.presper and prof. John Mauchly in 1943. it uses a number of vacuum tubes. it was big in size and very limited storage capacity.





(k) The EDVAC(1946-52)

electronic discrete variable automatic the computer was the first project to build a computer that could store the data and instruction in the binary form (0 and 1) instead of decimal number used by human beings.





(l)The EDSAC (1947-49)

the electronic delay storage automatic calculator was developed by a group of scientist had it by the professor Maurice Wilkes. this machine could perform the arithmetic operation at a very high speed in the order of nanoseconds (10-9 seconds). in this machine, all the addition operation can be accomplished in 1500 microseconds and multiplication operation in 4000 microseconds.

(m) Manchester Mark -I(1948)

it was one of the earliest electronic computer and the first electronic store it performs computer, built at the University of Manchester in England, in 1948. it was also called Manchester automatic digital machine, or MADM.





(n) T he UNIVAC I(1951)