This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. AB-FUBINACA was generously donated by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. Molecular Discovery Ltd kindly provided the MetaSite™ software.

Conflict of interest

There are no financial or other relations that could lead to a conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.