Debugging from dumps

Diagnose more than memory leaks with Memory Analyzer

Memory Analyzer variants The IBM Monitoring and Diagnostic Tools for Java - Memory Analyzer brings the diagnostic capabilities of the Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool (MAT) to the IBM Virtual Machines for Java by extending Eclipse MAT version 1.0 using the IBM Diagnostic Tool Framework for Java (DTFJ). DTFJ enables Java heap analysis using operating-system-level dumps and IBM Portable Heap Dumps. The IBM variant is available as part of the IBM Support Assistant (ISA). A DTFJ plug-in is available for the stand-alone Eclipse MAT. See Related topics for download links.

Adding debug statements to your code to write out the fields in an object, or even entire data collections, is a common problem-solving approach. Often you must do this iteratively as you discover that you need more and more information to understand and solve the problem. Although this process can be effective, it can sometimes fail to bear fruit: The volume of debug code can cause the problem to disappear, you might need to add debug to code you don't own, debugging may require you to restart processes, or the overall performance impact of the debug may prevent the application from running.

Memory Analyzer is a cross-platform, open source tool that you can use not only to diagnose memory problems, but also to gain huge insight into the state and behaviour of an entire Java application. By reading in a snapshot dump created by the Java runtime whilst the application is running, Memory Analyzer gives you a way to diagnose tricky problems that debug code might fail to expose.

This article shows how to generate dumps and use them to examine and diagnose the state of your application. With Memory Analyzer, you can inspect threads, objects, bundles, and whole data collections to debug Java code problems that go beyond memory leaks.

Snapshot dump types

Memory Analyzer can currently work with three dump types:

IBM Portable Heap Dump (PHD): This proprietary IBM format contains only the type and size of each Java object in the process, and the relationships among the objects. This dump-file format is significantly smaller than the other formats and contains the least information. The data is usually sufficient, though, for diagnosing memory leaks and getting a basic understanding of the application's architecture and footprint.

This proprietary IBM format contains only the type and size of each Java object in the process, and the relationships among the objects. This dump-file format is significantly smaller than the other formats and contains the least information. The data is usually sufficient, though, for diagnosing memory leaks and getting a basic understanding of the application's architecture and footprint. HPROF binary dump: The HPROF binary format contains all the data present in the IBM PHD format as well as the primitive data held inside the Java objects, and the thread details. You can look at the values held in fields inside the objects and see which methods were being executed at the time the dump was taken. The additional primitive data makes HPROF dumps significantly larger than PHD-format dumps; they are approximately the same size as the used Java heap.

The HPROF binary format contains all the data present in the IBM PHD format as well as the primitive data held inside the Java objects, and the thread details. You can look at the values held in fields inside the objects and see which methods were being executed at the time the dump was taken. The additional primitive data makes HPROF dumps significantly larger than PHD-format dumps; they are approximately the same size as the used Java heap. IBM system dumps: When the IBM Java runtime is being used, the native operating-system dump file — a core file on AIX® or Linux, a minidump on Windows®, or a SVC dump on z/OS®— can be loaded into Memory Analyzer. These dumps contain the entire memory image of the running application — all the information and data in the HPROF format, as well as all of the native-memory and thread information. This is the largest and most comprehensive dump-file format.

Both IBM dump types are available only with the Diagnostic Tool Framework for Java (DTFJ) plug-in installed (see Related topics and the Memory Analyzer variants sidebar).

Table 1 summarises the differences among the dump-file types:

Table 1. Summary of the dump types' characteristics

Dump format Approximate size on disk Objects, classes, and classloaders Thread details Field names Field and array references Primitive fields Primitive array contents Accurate garbage-collection roots Native memory and threads IBM PHD 20 percent of Java heap size Y With Javacore* N Y N N N N HPROF Java heap size Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N IBM system dumps Java heap size + 30 percent Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

*By loading in both a javacore.txt file (IBM thread dump file) and a heapdump.phd file that were generated at the same time, Memory Analyzer makes thread details available in the IBM PHD format dump.

Both the HPROF and IBM system dump formats can be compressed well, usually to around 20 percent of their original size, using operating-system tools.

Obtaining snapshot dumps

Different mechanisms are available for obtaining the various dumps for each of the Java runtimes, providing flexibility that lets you generate snapshot dumps for scenarios beyond those involving OutOfMemoryError s. The mechanisms available depend on which vendor's Java runtime you're using.

Prerequisites

For all dump types, you must ensure sufficient disk space for the dumps so that they are not truncated. The default location of the dumps is the current working directory of the JVM process. For IBM JVMs, you can change this with the -Xdump file command-line option. For the HotSpot JVM, you can change it using the -XX:HeapDumpPath command-line option. See Related topics for links to the relevant syntax.

Dumps from the operating system can be used for both IBM and HotSpot JVMs. For the IBM JVM, you can create dumps with the jextract tool (shipped with the JDK) and load them directly into Memory Analyzer; for the HotSpot JVM, you use the jmap tool to extract heap dumps from core dumps. (We discuss both techniques in detail later in this article.) However, on some operating systems, you must ensure that the process is running with sufficient ulimit s before creating the core dump; otherwise, the core dump will be truncated and analysis will be limited. If the ulimit s are incorrect, you must modify them and restart the process before gathering a dump. See Related topics for links to detailed information on obtaining system dumps from AIX, Linux®, z/OS, and Solaris.

Obtaining a snapshot dump: HotSpot runtimes

The HotSpot-based Java runtimes generate the HPROF format dump only. You can choose among several interactive methods and one event-based method for generating the dump:

Interactive methods: Using a Ctrl+Break : If the -XX:+HeapDumpOnCtrlBreak command-line option is set for the running application, an HPROF format dump is generated along with a thread dump when a Ctrl+Break event, or SIGQUIT (usually generated using kill -3 ), is sent via the console. This option may not be available on some versions, in which case try: -Xrunhprof:format=b,file=heapdump.hprof Using the jmap tool : The jmap utility tool (see Related topics), delivered in the bin directory of the JDK, provides an option to request an HPROF dump from the running process. With Java 5, use: jmap -dump:format=b pid With Java 6, use this version, where live is optional and results in only the "live" objects being written to the dump-file process ID (PID): jmap -dump[live,]format=b,file=filename pid Using the operating system : Use the nondestructive gcore command or the destructive kill -6 or kill -11 commands to produce a core file. Then, extract a heap dump from the core file using jmap : jmap -dump:format=b,file=heap.hprof path to java executable core Using the JConsole tool: A dumpHeap operation is provided under the HotSpotDiagnostic MBean in JConsole. This operation requests that a HPROF dump be generated.

Event-based method: On an OutOfMemoryError : If the -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError command-line option is set for the running application, an HPROF format dump is generated when an OutOfMemoryError occurs. It is ideal to have this in place for production systems, because it is almost always required to diagnose memory issues, and it incurs no ongoing performance overhead. In older releases of HotSpot-based Java runtimes, there's no limit to how many heap dumps are produced on this event per JVM run; in newer releases, a maximum of one heap dump is produced on this event per JVM run.



Obtaining a snapshot dump: IBM runtimes

The IBM runtimes provide dump and trace engines that can generate either PHD-format or system dumps in a large number of interactive and event-based based scenarios. You can also generate interactive dumps using the Health Center tool or programmatically using a Java API.

Interactive methods Using a SIGQUIT or Ctrl+Break: When a Ctrl+Break or SIGQUIT (usually generated using kill -3 ) is sent to the IBM runtime, a user event is generated in the IBM dump engine. By default this event only generates a thread dump file (javacore.txt). You can use the -Xdump:heap:events=user option to generate a PHD-format dump, or the -Xdump:system:events=user option to generate a system dump of the Java application. Using the operating system to produce a system dump: AIX: gencore (or the destructive kill -6 or kill -11 ) Linux/Solaris: gcore (or the destructive kill -6 or kill -11 ) Windows: userdump.exe z/OS: SVCDUMP or console dump Using IBM Monitoring and Diagnostics Tools for Java - Health Center: The Health Center tool provides a menu option for requesting either a PHD or a system dump from a running Java process (see Related topics).

Event-based methods. The IBM dump and trace engines provide a flexible set of capabilities for generating PHD and system dumps on a large number of events, from exceptions being thrown to methods being executed. Using them, you should be able to generate dumps for most problem scenarios you want to diagnose: Using the IBM dump engine: The dump engine provides a large number of events on which you can produce a PHD or system dump. Further, it lets you filter on types of those events in order to exercise finer-grained control over when to generate dumps. You can see the default events by using the -Xdump:what option. You'll notice, for example, that a heapdump.phd and javacore.txt are produced on the first four OutOfMemoryError exceptions in the JVM. To gather more data, you can produce a system dump instead of a heap dump on an OutOfMemoryError exception: -Xdump:heap:none -Xdump:java+system:events=systhrow, filter=java/lang/OutOfMemoryError,range=1..4,request=exclusive+compact+prepwalk Some exceptions, for example NullPointerException s, are generated commonly in most applications by a wide range of code. This makes it difficult to generate a dump on a particular NullPointerException of interest. To help you be more specific about which exception to generate the dump on, an extra level of filtering is provided for "throw" and "catch" events that lets you specify the throwing and catching methods, respectively. You do this by adding a # separator and then adding the throwing or catching method as appropriate. For example, this option produces a system dump when a NullPointerException is thrown by the bad() method: -Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException#com/ibm/example/Example.bad This option produces a system dump when a NullPointerException is caught by the catch() method: -Xdump:system:events=catch, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException#com/ibm/example/Example.catch In addition to filtering on the events, you can also specify a range of events on which you want dumps to be generated. For example, this option produces a dump only on the fifth occurrence of a NullPointerException : -Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException,range=5 This option uses a range to produce a dump only on the second, third, and fourth occurrences of a NullPointerException : -Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException,range=2..4 Table 2 summarizes the most useful events and filters:

Table 2. Available dump events Event Description Available filtering Example gpf General protection fault (crash) -Xdump:system:events=gpf user User generated signal ( SIGQUIT or Ctrl+Break) -Xdump:system:events=user vmstop VM shutdown, including call to System.exit() exit code -Xdump:system:events=vmstop,filter=#0..#10

Generate a system dump on VM shutdown with an exit code between 0 and 10 . load Class load Class name -Xdump:system:events=load,filter=com/ibm/example/Example

Generate a system dump when the com.ibm.example.Example class is loaded. unload Class unload Class name -Xdump:system:events=unload,filter=com/ibm/example/Example

Generate a system dump when the com.ibm.example.Example class is unloaded. throw An exception being thrown Exception class name -Xdump:system:events=throw,filter=java/net/ConnectException

Generate a system dump when a ConnectException is generated. catch An exception being caught Exception class name -Xdump:system:events=catch,filter=java/net/ConnectException

Generate a system dump when a ConnectException is caught. systhrow A Java exception is about to be thrown by the JVM. (This is different from the throw event because it is only triggered for error conditions detected internally in the JVM.) Exception class name -Xdump:system:events=systhrow,filter=java/lang/OutOfMemoryError

Generate a system dump when an OutOfMemoryError is generated. allocation A Java object is allocated Size of object being allocated -Xdump:system:events=allocate,filter=#5m

Generate a system dump when an object larger than 5MB is allocated. Using the IBM trace engine: The trace engine allows PHD and system dumps to be triggered on method entry or exit for any Java method running in the application. You accomplish this by using the trigger keyword to the -Xtrace command-line options that control the IBM trace engine. The syntax for the trigger option is: method{methods[,entryAction[,exitAction[,delayCount[,matchcount]]]]} Adding the following command-line option to the application produces a system dump when the Example.trigger() method is called: -Xtrace:maximal=mt,trigger=method{com/ibm/example/Example.trigger,sysdump} This command-line option produces a PHD dump when the Example.trigger() method is called: -Xtrace:maximal=mt,trigger=method{com/ibm/example/Example.trigger,heapdump} It is recommended, though, that you set a range so that you don't create dumps every time the method is called. This example ignores the first five calls to Example.trigger() and then triggers one dump: -Xtrace:maximal=mt,trigger=method{com/ibm/example/Example.trigger,sysdump,,5,1}

Note that an empty term is used for the exitAction in this example because we're triggering the dumps on method entry only.

Programmatic methods: The IBM runtimes also provide a com.ibm.jvm.Dump class with javaDump( ), heapDump() , and systemDump() methods. They generate thread dumps, PHD dumps, and system dumps, respectively.

Acquiring a dump using Memory Analyzer

As well as the methods for obtaining dumps that are provided by the runtimes themselves, Memory Analyzer also provides an Acquire Heap Dump option, shown in Figure 1, that allows you to trigger and load a snapshot dump from a Java process running on the same machine as Memory Analyzer:

Figure 1. Using the Acquire Heap Dump function in Memory Analyzer

On HotSpot-based runtimes, Memory Analyzer generates the dump using jmap . For the IBM runtimes, the dump is generated using the Java "late attach" functionality and programmatic API. Java 6 SR6 is required for the function to work, because earlier releases do not contain the "late attach" function.

Postprocessing requirements

For IBM system dumps, the dump must be postprocessed using the jextract tool shipped with the JDK:

jextract core

Ideally, jextract is run on the same physical machine that produced the dump, using jextract from the same JDK installation that produced the dump, and with read access to the same libraries that java process was running with. Given that jextract can consume significant CPU cycles processing the dump, this may be unacceptable in some production systems. In this case, the dump should be processed on the closest matching system, such as a preproduction test system. The Service Refresh (SR) and Fix Pack (FP) versions of the Java runtimes should match.

jextract produces a ZIP file that includes the original core dump, a processed representation of the dump, the Java executable, and the libraries used by the java process. You can delete the original (unzipped) core dump after running jextract . The ZIP file is what you should load into Memory Analyzer.

You can extract a PHD dump from a jextract ed system dump by loading the ZIP into jdmpview and executing the heapdump command (see Related topics).

Using Memory Analyzer to analyse problems

Memory Analyzer can diagnose OutOfMemoryError s by looking for areas of the application that are either leaking memory or have a footprint requirement that's too large for the available memory. Memory Analyzer does automatic leak detection and generates a Leak Suspects report (see Related topics).

The additional data that's available in the HPROF and IBM system dumps, particularly the field names and field values — along with the capabilities of the Inspector view and Object Query Language (OQL) — also make it possible to diagnose a wider range of problem types than "What's using all of the memory?". For example, you can ascertain the occupancy and load factor of collections to see if they are efficiently sized, or look at the hostname and port associated with a ConnectException to see what connection the application was trying to create.

Looking at fields in an object with the Inspector

When any object is selected in Memory Analyzer, the Inspector view shows the available information relating to that object, including the class hierarchy, attributes, and statics. The Attributes panel shows the instance fields and values associated with the object, and the Statics panel shows the static fields and values associated with the class.

The Inspector view shown in Figure 2 for a simple java.net.URL object lets you see details about that object, including the type of protocol the URL is for and the destination:

Figure 2. The Statics, Attributes, and Class Hierarchy panels in the Inspector view

In Figure 2, you can see in the Attributes panel that the URL object refers to a JAR file (the protocol field) located on the local file system (in the location specified by the path and file fields).

Running queries against the objects using OQL

OQL can be used to query a dump using custom, SQL-like queries. This topic could be an article in itself, so we'll just highlight a few examples. For more details, consult the Help contents on OQL available from within Memory Analyzer.

OQL is particularly useful for following a path down the outgoing references and fields of a set of objects to a particular field. For example, if class A has a field foo of type B , and class B has a field bar that is a String , then a simple query to find all of those String s would be:

SELECT aliasA.foo.bar.toString() FROM A aliasA

We give class A an alias, aliasA , which we then reference in the SELECT clause. This query strictly selects only from instances of class A . If we wanted to select from all instances of class A as well as any subclasses, we'd use:

SELECT aliasA.foo.bar.toString() FROM INSTANCEOF A aliasA

Here is a more complicated example with DirectByteBuffer s:

SELECT k, k.capacity FROM java.nio.DirectByteBuffer k WHERE ((k.viewedBuffer=null)and(inbounds(k).length>1))

In this case, we want to get the capacity field of any DirectByteBuffer , which gives the native memory held by that object. We also want to filter out any DirectByteBuffer s that have a null viewedBuffer field (because those are just views into other DirectByteBuffer s) and more than one inbound reference (so that we don't look at those pending clean-up with their phantom reference — that is, we want only "live" DirectByteBuffer s).

Running comparisons between views or dumps

With Memory Analyzer, you can compare tables generated by queries. The tables can either be from the same dump, letting you see whether String objects from one view are present in a collection object seen in another view, or across separate dumps, letting you look for changes in data, for example growth of object collections.

To run a comparison, you add the relevant tables to the Compare Basket and then request that the entries in the basket be compared. First find and select the entry for the table in the Navigation History, then select Add to Compare Basket from the context menu, as shown in Figure 3:

Figure 3. Adding tables from the Navigation History view to the Compare Basket

Once you have two entries in the Compare Basket, you can run the comparison using the Compare-the-results button (the red exclamation mark) in the top right-hand corner of the panel, as shown in Figure 4:

Figure 4. Comparing the results of the entries in the Compare Basket

Footprint and memory efficiency

Another important use of Memory Analyzer is to find which components are using most of the heap, even in situations without a memory leak. If memory usage can be reduced, then the system's capacity or performance can be improved, allowing more sessions or less time spent garbage collecting.

The Top Components report is the first step. It splits memory usage by component in the system, analyzes the usage in each component, and looks for wasteful practices. Objects dominated (retained by) another object can be said to be owned by that dominator. The Top Components report lists all the objects that are not owned by another object. These are the top dominators of the heap. The top dominators are then divided by classloader using the class of the objects, and all those top dominators and objects owned by them are allocated to appropriate classloaders. You analyse further by selecting one of the classloaders in the report to open a new classloader-specific component report.

For each component, the Collections objects are analyzed. The Collections classes, as shown by java.util.* , are a great time-saver for programmers, providing well-tested implementations of lists, sets, and maps. The average application can have millions of collections, so wasted space in collections can be significant.

Empty collections are one common cause of wasted memory. ArrayList s, Vector s, HashMap s, and HashSet s are created with a default-size backing array of perhaps 10 entries, ready to hold entries. It's surprisingly common in applications for a collection to be created but no objects stored in it. This can rapidly consume memory. For example, with 100,000 empty collections, the backing arrays alone could consume 100,000 * (24+10*4) bytes = 6MB.

The Empty Collection report looks at the standard collection classes and extensions thereof and analyzes them by size of collection. It then produces a table for each collection sorted by size of collection, with the most frequent size first. If a large proportion of instances of a type of a collection are empty, then the report flags this as a possible memory waste.

One solution is to delay allocating the collection until an entry is needed to be inserted. Another is to allocate a collection with a default size of 0 or 1, letting it grow if required at some runtime cost. A third is to trim the collection to size after the initialization phase is complete.

A related area is collections with only a few entries and a lot of wasted space. The Collection Fill Ratio section shows, for each collection type, the number of instances of that collection with a particular fill ratio. This reveals collections with a large proportion of empty space.

Duplicate strings

Strings and character arrays occupy a large amount of space in a typical business application, so they are another area worthy of analysis. This section of the component report analyses strings for common content. Strings are immutable. Strings constants with the same value are guaranteed by the VM specification to use the same instance. Dynamically built strings have no such guarantee, and two String s built by, for example, reading data from a database or disk that have the same value will have separate instances and separate backing character arrays. If these strings are kept, then this can be significant.

You can solve this problem by using String.intern() or maintaining a user hash set or hash map.

Wasted char arrays

String.substring( ) is implemented in the Java language by building a new String sharing the original character array. This is efficient if the original string is still needed. If only a small substring is needed, then — because the whole character array is retained — some space is wasted. The Waste In Char Arrays query shows the amount of wasted space in character arrays that are only referenced by strings.

Eclipse bundles and classloader hierarchy

Modern applications are divided into components, often based on classloaders, to provide some degree of isolation between parts of the application. Components can be updated by stopping the usage of one component classloader and loading a new version of the component using a new classloader. In time, the old version is freed by garbage collection, assuming the application contains no external references to classes or objects or the classloader.

The Class Loader Explorer query shows all the classloaders in the system, and so works for all applications. It shows the classes loaded by a classloader and also the parent chain of the classloader so that classloading problems can be understood. By inspection, you can see if multiple copies of a classloader exist. If next to no instances of classes are defined by a classloader, then it is likely that the classloader is idle.

The duplicate-classes query shows class names that have been loaded by multiple classloaders. This could be an indication of a classloader memory leak. It takes just one reference to an object held elsewhere in the system, such as in a registry, for a classloader leak to occur. The object holds a reference to its class, and the class to the classloader, and the classloader to all the defined classes.

A common classloading framework is the OSGi framework. One implementation is Eclipse Equinox, used for Eclipse-based applications to separate the plug-ins, and also used for WebSphere® Application Server 6.1 and later versions. When trying to understand the state of an application, it is useful to know the state of all the bundles. The Eclipse Equinox Bundle Explorer query, shown in Figure 5, does just that:

Figure 5. Eclipse Bundle Explorer

A system or HPROF dump has all the objects and fields. The Bundle Explorer shows all the bundles in the system, together with their states and dependencies, dependents, and services. It can show bundles that are unexpectedly active and so using more resources.

Thread data usage

As indicated in Table 1, a dump can include thread details that can provide unique insights into what was happening at the time of the dump. This can include all active threads stacks, all of the frames for each thread, and most important, some or all of the active Java locals on those frames.

Thread Overview view

The Thread Overview view, shown in Figure 6, shows every thread in the JVM as well as various attributes of that thread, such as its retained heap size, context classloader, priority, state, and native ID:

Figure 6. Thread Overview

The retained heap size is particularly useful in cases in which no Java heap problem per se occurs during an OutOfMemoryError , but rather the sum of the retained heaps of the threads is "too much." In this case, the JVM may be undersized, the thread pool sizes may be too large, or the average or maximum Java heap "load" of a thread is too high.

Thread Stacks view

The Thread Stacks view, shown in Figure 7, shows every thread, its stack, stack frames, and Java locals on those stack frames:

Figure 7. Thread Stacks view

Thread Details view In both the Thread Overview and Thread Stacks views, you can right-click on a thread and select Thread Details either at the top of the menu or through Java Basics > Thread Details. This view gives more detailed information such as, if available, the native stack.

In the example in Figure 7, a thread of the type java.lang.Thread and with the name main — the main thread in a simple command-line program — is expanded. Each stack frame of the thread is displayed, and those with available Java locals are expandable. In this case, a String has been passed as an argument from Play.method1 to Play.method2 , and the contents of the string, user1 , is highlighted in the red circle. You can imagine the power of being able to reconstruct or reverse-engineer what was happening at the time of the dump based on what was happening in each thread stack frame and on which objects.

Note that because of runtime optimization, not all related objects such as method parameters or object instances will be available (although those objects will be in the dump), but those objects that are actively being "worked on" usually will be.

Exception analysis

When exceptions are generated in the application, additional complications can make it more difficult to analyse the exception's cause. Two examples of this dilemma are:

The use of logging mechanisms means that the exception is lost or the exception message is removed.

The exception is producing a message that contains insufficient information.

In the first case, either the exception message or the entire exception is completely lost, making it difficult to know that the problem exists or to gain basic information about it. In the second case, the exception has been logged and the exception message and stack trace is available, but it doesn't contain the necessary information to resolve the exception's cause.

Because Memory Analyzer has access to the fields inside the objects, it's possible to find the exception message from the exception object. In some cases, it's also possible to extract additional data that's not in the original exception.

Locating exceptions in the snapshot dump

One way to locate the exceptions present in the snapshot dump is to use the OQL capability in Memory Analyzer to locate objects of interest in the dump. For example, this query finds all of the exception objects:

SELECT * FROM INSTANCEOF java.lang.Exception exceptions

This next query produces a list of all of the exceptions, from which you can use the Inspector view to look at the fields inside each exception. Knowing that the field that contains the exception message is the detailMessage field, you can also modify the query to extract the exception messages directly and display them immediately as part of the results table:

SELECT exceptions.@displayName, exceptions.detailMessage.toString() FROM INSTANCEOF java.lang.Exception exceptions

The preceding query produces the output shown in Figure 8:

Figure 8. Output of the OQL query for exceptions, including exception messages

Figure 8 shows every exception that is still present in the application, and the message that would have been shown when the exception was thrown.

Extracting additional information relating to exceptions

Although finding the exception object from the dump allows you to recover the exception message, sometimes the exception message is too generic or vague to enable you to understand the problem's cause. A good example is the java.net.ConnectException . When trying to make a socket connection to a host that is not accepting connections, you get the following message:

java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.doConnect(PlainSocketImpl.java:352) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(PlainSocketImpl.java:214) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:201) at java.net.SocksSocketImpl.connect(SocksSocketImpl.java:377) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:530) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:480) at java.net.Socket.(Socket.java:377) at java.net.Socket.(Socket.java:220)

This message is sufficient if you have access to the code that's creating the socket and can see from the code which hostname and port are being used. In the case of more-complex code in which the hostname and port values are subject to change because they are obtained from external sources (user input values, databases, and the like), the message doesn't help you to understand why the connection is being refused.

The stack trace should include a socket object that contains the useful data, and if we can find the socket object in the snapshot dump using Memory Analyzer, then we can find out which hostname and port refused the connection.

The easiest way to do this is to generate a dump when the exception is thrown. This can be done on the IBM runtimes using the following -Xdump option set:

-Xdump:system:events=throw,range=1..1, filter=java/net/ConnectException#java/net/PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect

This option generates an IBM system dump on the first occurrence of a ConnectException generated by the PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect() method.

After loading the generated snapshot dump into Memory Analyzer, we can use the Open Query Browser > Java Basics > Thread Stacks option to list the threads and the objects associated with each method in the stack trace of the threads.

By expanding the current thread and the method frames in the thread, you can look at the objects associated with those methods. In the case of a java.net.ConnectException , the most interesting method is java.net.Socket.connect() . Expanding this method frame shows a reference to a java.net.Socket object in memory. This is the socket connection we were trying to make.

When the Socket object is selected, the fields are shown in the Inspector view, as you can see in Figure 9:

Figure 9. Inspector view for the Socket object

The information in Figure 9 isn't too useful, because the real implementation of the Socket is in the impl field. You can inspect the contents of the impl object by either expanding the Socket object and selecting the impl java.net.SocksSocketImpl line in the main panel, or by right-clicking on the impl field in the Inspector view and selecting Go Into. Now the fields for SocksSocketImpl are visible in the Inspector view, as shown in Figure 10:

Figure 10. Inspector view for the SocksSocketImpl object

The view shown in Figure 10 gives access to the address and port fields. In this case, the port is 100 , but the address field points to a java.net.Inet4Address object. Following the same process to look into the fields of the Inet4Address objects shows the results displayed in Figure 11:

Figure 11. Inspector view for the Inet4Address object

You can see that the hostName is set to baileyt60p .

Tips and tricks

Here are a few tips and tricks that may be useful:

Don't forget that Memory Analyzer itself may run out of memory. For the Eclipse MAT, edit -Xmx in the MemoryAnalyzer.ini file. For the ISA version, edit the ISA Install/rcp/eclipse/plugins/com.ibm.rcp.j2se.../jvm.properties file.

in the MemoryAnalyzer.ini file. For the ISA version, edit the ISA Install/rcp/eclipse/plugins/com.ibm.rcp.j2se.../jvm.properties file. If you're still running out of memory on a 32-bit version of Memory Analyzer, use the 64-bit version of Eclipse MAT or try the headless mode (see Related topics). (The ISA tool currently does not currently support 64-bit.)

Memory Analyzer writes "swap" files in the directory of the dump, which lessens the dump's reload time. These files can be zipped, sent to another machine, and placed in the same directory as the dump, making a complete reload of the dump unnecessary.

If a dump's size does not correlate with the garbage collector at the time of the dump, consult the Unreachable Objects Histogram link in the Overview tab. The Java heap may have had a lot of garbage (for example, if a tenured collection hadn't run for some time) that Memory Analyzer removed.

If two objects A and B do not have direct references to each other, but both have outgoing references to some set of objects C , then the Retained Heap of the set C will not be included in either of the retained sets of A or B , but rather in the retained set of the dominator of both A and B . In some situations, B may be temporarily observing the set C , which is actually the progeny of A . In this case, you can right-click on A and select Java Basics > Customized Retained Set and use the address of B as the exclude ( -x ) parameter.

and do not have direct references to each other, but both have outgoing references to some set of objects , then the Retained Heap of the set will not be included in either of the retained sets of or , but rather in the retained set of the dominator of both and . In some situations, may be temporarily observing the set , which is actually the progeny of . In this case, you can right-click on and select > and use the address of as the exclude ( ) parameter. You can load multiple dumps at once and compare them. Open the Histogram of the more recent dump, click the Compare button at the top, and choose the baseline dump.

button at the top, and choose the baseline dump. When you are exploring a reference tree, be aware that references can refer, directly or indirectly, back to a "parent" reference, so that you could enter an exploration loop or cycle (for example, in a linked list). Be aware of the object addresses. Also, be aware that if the class name of an object is preceded by the word class , that you are exploring the static instance of that class.

, that you are exploring the static instance of that class. The String value displayed in most views is limited to 1,024 characters. If you need the whole String , right-click on the object and select Copy > Save value to file .

value displayed in most views is limited to 1,024 characters. If you need the whole , right-click on the object and select > . Most views have an export option, and most HTML results are created on the file system, so that data can be exported for sharing or further transformation. Relatedly, you can press Ctrl+C on any selection of rows in a grid to copy a textual representation of those rows to your clipboard.

Memory Analyzer was originally developed as "a fast and feature-rich Java heap analyzer that helps you find memory leaks and reduce memory consumption," as it's described on Eclipse.org. But its capabilities clearly stretch far beyond that description. In addition to their role in diagnosing "normal" memory problems, snapshot dumps can be used as an alternative to, or in addition to, other types of problem-determination techniques such as tracing and patching. Particularly with HPROF dumps and IBM system dumps, Memory Analyzer gives you memory contents such as primitives and the field names from the original source code. Using the various views covered in this article, you can explore or reverse-engineer the problem at hand, including overall footprint and memory efficiency, Eclipse bundles and classloader relationships, thread data usage and stack frame locals, exceptions, and more. OQL and the Memory Analyzer plug-in model also allow you to inspect the dump more easily using a query language and programmatic methods that can help in automating common analysis.

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