Four of the largest US banks just scraped through the annual Federal Reserve financial checkup, underscoring the central bank’s ongoing doubts about Wall Street’s resilience more than six years after the financial crisis.

Goldman Sachs Group Inc, Morgan Stanley and JPMorgan Chase & Co, all with large and risky trading operations, lowered their ambitions for dividends and share buybacks, the Fed said on Wednesday, to keep them robust enough to withstand a hypothetical financial crisis. The revised plans allowed them to pass the Fed’s simulation of a severe recession.

Bank of America Corp was told to get a better grip on its internal controls and its data models even as the Fed approved its payout plans after the stress tests.

“Bank of America exhibited deficiencies in its capital planning process … in certain aspects of (its) loss and revenue modelling practices,” the Fed said.

The failure of four of the largest US banks to win unconditional approval on their first attempt underscores the split between Wall Street banks and their regulators over whether the lenders have enough capital to weather another crisis.

Citigroup, whose chief executive, Mike Corbat, has staked his job on not failing the so-called stress tests again, will sigh a breath of relief as it passed, allowing it to raise its payouts after failing last year for the second time in three years.

The Fed first started running its so-called stress tests in 2009, when many of the largest US banks were struggling to repay taxpayer bailouts taken after the collapse of Lehman Brothers a year earlier.

Citi said it would raise its quarterly dividend to 5 cents a share and that it had won approval to buy back $7.8bn (£5.2bn) of stock over five quarters.

The Fed rejected plans for the US units of two European banks – Deutsche Bank and Santander.

The objection came even though both banks satisfied the Fed’s minimum capital requirements, since there were “widespread and substantial weaknesses across their capital planning processes”, the Fed said.

JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley each had to adjust their capital plans to meet the Fed’s minimum capital requirements.

“For those banks it’s going to be a continuing balancing act between how much leverage can you have to pass the stress tests and still maximise your profitability as a bank,” said David Little, the head of the enterprise Risk Solutions unit at Moody’s, referring to banks with large trading books operating on Wall Street.

Morgan Stanley reportedly withdrew a plan to repurchase $4.9bn worth of trust preferred securities to get the Fed to approve its capital plan.

Still, Morgan Stanley shares were up 2.7% in after-hours trading after the bank said it would buy back up to $3.1bn in stock and raise its dividend by 50% to 15 cents a share.

The $6.4bn of stock JPMorgan said it plans to repurchase over five quarters is 20% less per quarter than the $6.5bn the bank was approved for in last year’s review that covered four quarters. But the bank did win approval to boost its quarterly dividend by more than the prior year.

In a sign that the largest banks have boosted capital buffers significantly in recent years, all 31 banks tested stayed above the minimum levels, passing the first leg of the Fed’s annual exam last week.

But the second part of the test, which determines whether banks can go ahead with their planned shareholder payouts, has proved more challenging, in part because the Fed weighs “qualitative” factors, such as whether banks have good systems for identifying and preparing for risks.

The tests are an increasingly important tool for the Fed, which is the country’s leading bank regulator as well as its central bank, and allows it to look under the hood of the banks, which critics say are “too large to manage”.

The failure of the two foreign-owned US bank holding companies could also signal a tough time ahead for more foreign banks expected to join the Fed’s annual examination in coming years, such as the US units of Credit Suisse, Barclays and UBS. Only seven foreign-owned banks took part in the tests this year.