Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw: "In the most serious cases, a culture of fear and intimidation has taken grip"

"A culture of fear and intimidation has taken grip" in Birmingham schools caught up in the Trojan Horse claims, says Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw.

Head teachers have been "marginalised or forced out of their jobs", said Sir Michael, as he delivered his findings on claims of hardline Muslim takeovers.

The Ofsted chief said there was evidence of an "organised campaign to target certain schools".

Leaders of one of the schools, Park View, firmly rejected the claims.

Ofsted has carried out inspections of 21 schools, following claims in an anonymous letter that hardline Muslims were trying to impose their views on a group of schools in Birmingham.

"Some of our findings are deeply worrying and, in some ways, quite shocking," said Sir Michael.

'Serious failure'

The five "Trojan Horse" schools - including three academies from the Park View Educational Trust - are being placed in special measures. A sixth school is also labelled inadequate for its poor educational standards.

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Reaction to Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw's findings

Ofsted says that 12 schools will need to make improvements - and three have emerged with praise rather than criticism.

Education Secretary Michael Gove told the House of Commons that the funding agreements for these academies will now be terminated - with new sponsors lined up to take them over.

Local authority schools will have their governing bodies replaced.

Mr Gove says that he wants all schools to "actively promote British values", such as democracy, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths.

He gave his backing for no-warning Ofsted inspections. Interviewed by BBC Newsnight, Sir Michael said the education secretary had previously opposed such inspections but that "minds have been changed".

Speaking to MPs, Mr Gove also called for teachers who invited extremist speakers into a school to be banned.

He also promised a review of how the Department for Education had responded to previous warnings - after claims from school leaders that they had raised concerns with ministers in 2010.

Labour's Tristram Hunt said that "warring egos" had left the government's education policy in "disarray".

He said the problems in Birmingham stemmed from an "ideology of fragmentation".

The Ofsted reports and Mr Gove highlighted concerns in Birmingham's schools including:

An organised campaign to alter "character and ethos" of schools

The breakdown of trust between governors and staff, with teachers "bullied" and "intimidated" and fearing loss of their jobs

Female staff complaining of unfair treatment

Family members being appointed to unadvertised senior leadership posts

The phrase "white prostitute" being used in class assemblies

Private investigators being hired to check staff email

A teacher who was so afraid that a meeting had to be arranged in supermarket car park

Sir Michael also issued a tough criticism of Birmingham City Council.

He accused the council of a "serious failure" in supporting schools in protecting children from extremism - and attacked them for a "lack of urgency" in tackling concerns about how schools were being governed.

'Steep decline'

Sir Michael warned that there had been a "sudden and steep decline in these schools" - and that the inspections and talks with head teachers revealed evidence of "grave concern".

"Governors are exerting far more influence than is appropriate or acceptable," he said.

Among the examples from an inspection of Nansen Primary School is that school governors insisted on vetting a nativity play script and banned the use of a doll as baby Jesus.

It was also claimed that head teachers were being "undermined" and the curriculum was being narrowed to reflect the "personal views of a few governors".

"Some teachers reported that they were treated unfairly because of their gender or religious beliefs," he said.

Inspections had raised concerns about an exclusively Muslim culture in non-faith schools, and Sir Michael said children were not being encouraged to "develop tolerant attitudes towards other faiths".

The recommendations from Sir Michael included:

"Professional governors" where existing governors were weak

Mandatory training and a register of interests for governors

Examining how the governance of free schools and academies was monitored

Reviewing the current exemption from routine inspections for outstanding schools

Reviewing whistleblowing procedures

'No extremism'

There has been an angry reaction from Park View School, which was found to be outstanding by inspectors two years ago and which is now found to be inadequate.

Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption David Hughes, Park View Education Trust: ''The speed and the ferocity with which the school had been condemned was truly shocking''

David Hughes, vice-chairman of the academy trust, said there was no extremism and attacked the "knee-jerk reaction of politicians".

"The Ofsted reports found absolutely no evidence of this because this is categorically not what is happening at our schools."

Lee Donaghy, assistant principal at Park View, said that the school was "part of the solution, not part of the problem".

Similarly, some parents have rejected the assertions made by Ofsted.

Naeem Yousef, from the Oldknow Parents' Association, said parents might take legal action.

"We want to prove allegations by Ofsted are wrong," he said.

Abdul Khan - a father of two children who attend Park View - said the Trojan Horse allegations seemed to have been "blown out of all proportion".

He said: "This 'takeover' doesn't exist at all. This has been blown completely out of all proportion. It's an insult."

Segregation

Inspection reports from Ofsted and the Education Funding Agency had been widely leaked - including claims of evidence that schools had, in some areas, "taken the Islamic focus too far".

The reports found that girls and boys had been segregated in some classes and that in RE lessons some pupils studying Christian units in a GCSE paper had had to teach themselves.

In other developments:

Prime Minister David Cameron has chaired a meeting of the government's extremism taskforce - attended by Home Secretary Theresa May and Education Secretary Michael Gove

It comes after a row between the home secretary and the education secretary last week, which led to the resignation of Mrs May's special adviser and an apology from Mr Gove

Home Secretary Theresa May tells MPs she did not authorise the leak of her letter to cabinet colleague Michael Gove about the Trojan Horse row

Shadow home secretary Yvette Cooper called for assurances from the two ministers that they "will not put their personal reputations and ambitions ahead of making the right decisions for the country"

Birmingham Perry Barr Labour MP Khalid Mahmood meanwhile said it was vital that the inquiries dealt with everyone who had "manipulated what schools are there to do"

A separate inspection by Ofsted also found a Luton school did not "promote tolerance" and had books suggesting stoning and lashing as appropriate punishments.

David Simmonds of the Local Government Association (LGA) said it showed that "strong local oversight by local authorities is needed to spot warning signs" - with the LGA wanting schools to be accountable to councils rather than a system which was "confusing and fragmented".

Head teachers' leader Brian Lightman said: "Extremism of any kind has no place in education."

But he warned that the "constant cycle of leaks and accusations over the last few weeks will have been demoralising and damaging for students and staff caught up in this ongoing drama".

'Trojan Horse' timeline

7 March The apparent existence of a plot to impose a more hardline Muslim ethos on Birmingham schools emerges in an undated, unsigned letter which claims responsibility for ousting four headteachers. The Department for Education and Birmingham City Council confirm they are investigating.

17 March Ofsted turns up at Park View - one of the schools implicated - for a snap inspection. Two years earlier the predecessor school on the site had been graded outstanding. "All schools should be like this," Ofsted chief Sir Michael Wilshaw had said in March 2012.

31 March The DfE says it is looking into claims that the Operation Trojan Horse plot targeted 12 schools

9 April The governors of Park View Educational Trust describe the ongoing investigations as a "witch-hunt"

14 April Birmingham City Council says it is looking into allegations involving 25 schools in the city, including primaries, secondaries and academies. Council leader Sir Albert Bore says he does not believe there is a "plot". West Midlands Police condemn the council's decision to appoint a former national head of counter terrorism to carry out its investigation for the message it sends

20 April Sir Michael Wilshaw takes personal charge of Ofsted's Trojan Horse investigations

3 May Sir Michael says Ofsted has inspected 21 schools

3 June Three of the schools under investigation publish their Ofsted reports. Ninestiles and Small Heath are rated as "outstanding" and Washwood Heath as "good".

3 June Home Secretary Theresa May writes to cabinet colleague Michael Gove asking whether it is true that his DfE was warned about the allegations in 2010 and Birmingham Council as far back as 2008.

9 June Ofsted places five schools in special measures and confirms that a sixth (which was already in special measures) is "inadequate". Sir Michael says there is evidence of an "organised campaign to target certain schools" and finds that some governors attempted to "impose and promote a narrow faith-based ideology" in secular schools.