The Russian government was careful in the hours after the murderous attack on St Petersburg’s underground system. Vladimir Putin’s spokesman said the “cause was being ascertained” while Andrei Przhezdomsky, the head of the country’s anti-terrorist committee, stated it was an “an unidentified explosive device”. The prosecutor-general added later that it “was a terrorist act”.

There is little doubt that that what took place was an act of terrorism. Isis will no doubt claim “credit” as it does routinely with all similar atrocities. But it remains unclear for the time being which of Russia’s many enemies were responsible for the carnage.

Rail facilities have been hit in Russia before. Thirty-eight people died in a double suicide bombing on the Moscow metro in 2010. Another explosion, the previous year, claimed 27 lives and injured another 130 on the Nevsky Express from Moscow to St Petersburg. The first attack was initially claimed by far-right nationalists and then by Islamists, calling themselves the “Caucasian Mujaheddin”, who were fighting the Kremlin in former Soviet central Asian republics. The group are also believed to have been responsible for the 2010 metro bombing.



Large numbers of Islamists from the Caucasus had gone to join in Syria’s bloody civil war. One of the most effective military chiefs of Isis, who played a key role in the group’s initial successes there and in Iraq, was Abu Omar al-Shishani, of Chechen and Georgian background, who was killed in a US air strike in Iraq last July. President Putin raised the threat of them returning to carry out attacks in Russia as one of the reasons for military intervention in the conflict two years ago.

Russia has also been accused of lethal covert action to counter the Islamists. A series of killings had taken place across the Syrian border, in Turkey, of men from former Soviet central Asia. The 12 victims have been Chechens, Uzbeks and Tajiks with their exiled communities accusing Moscow of orchestrating the assassinations.

St. Petersburg metro blast Show all 5 1 /5 St. Petersburg metro blast St. Petersburg metro blast An injured person is helped by emergency services outside Sennaya Ploshchad metro station, following explosions in two train carriages at metro stations in St. Petersburg Reuters St. Petersburg metro blast Emergency services work outside Sennaya Square metro station in St Petersburg Reuters St. Petersburg metro blast An injured person is helped by emergency services outside Sennaya Ploshchad metro station, following explosions in two train carriages at metro stations in St. Petersburg Reuters St. Petersburg metro blast Emergency services direct pedestrians outside Sennaya Ploshchad metro station, following explosions in two train carriages at metro stations in St. Petersburg Reuters St. Petersburg metro blast Twitter/ varlamov

Isis and Jabhat al-Nusra, the al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria, have repeatedly declared they will take jihad to Russia. But they were not, allegedly, the only ones making threats. In 2012, in the run-up to the Sochi Winter Olympics, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, the then head of Saudi intelligence, supposedly told Mr Putin that Chechen Islamists would be activated to carry out attacks in Russia unless the Kremlin stopped its support for Assad. The Prince was rebuffed by a furious Russian President, and soon afterwards Prince Bandar was relieved of the Syria brief by the Saudi King.