Track and field officials have proposed reforms that would wipe more than half of Olympic-discipline world records from the books, a drastic step to clean up the image of a sport dogged by a long history of doping.

The European Athletics Council on Monday called for stricter antidoping standards and for removing performances that failed to meet those rules from world record lists. The proposal seeks to ensure “today’s generation of athletes are not chasing records set in completely different circumstances” and “to regain public...