Str / AFP / Getty Images Pakistani soldiers stand next to what Pakistan says is the wreckage of an Indian fighter jet shot down in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir on Feb. 28.

India and Pakistan, both countries that possess over a hundred nuclear warheads each, came close to the brink of war this week. But even as fighter aircraft from both nations invaded each other’s air space, a full-blown misinformation war about the conflict raged on the internet. “Misinformation has been used to start wars throughout history. It would be foolish to think that our time is the exception to the rule,” Aviv Ovadya, cofounder of the Thoughtful Technology Project, a San Francisco–based nonprofit dedicated to preventing harmful misinformation, told BuzzFeed News. On Wednesday, shortly after Pakistan shot down two Indian warplanes and captured an Indian pilot, a Facebook page called Pak Army that uses "@ArmyPakistanOfficial" as its name (spoofing the official page of the army) showed a video of a bloody aircraft pilot lying on the ground, claiming he was the captured pilot. Indian fact-checking services, including ones that are Facebook’s official fact-checking partners in India, revealed that the man in the video was actually a pilot who was injured in an airshow in India earlier this month. The video had more than 735,000 views on Facebook, and has been shared more than 32,000 times. It also continues to live on Twitter, where it went viral after being shared by a prominent Pakistani political analyst, and had more than 477,000 views at the time of this writing. Another blurry video that went viral after India bombed terror camps in Pakistan on Tuesday claimed to show Indian aircraft executing the attack, but turned out to be a video game clip. Despite this, Indian news publications and journalists posted it on their websites and Twitter accounts. It was also shared on prominent right-wing pages on Facebook, which support India’s Hindu nationalist prime minister, Narendra Modi. At the time of this writing, the video had more than 9,000 shares and over 200,000 views on Facebook. Users on both Indian and Pakistani social media traded jibes and threats of “revenge” based on these tweets and Facebook posts, indulging in war-mongering.

@KiRanMaNsoR @manisharshinde Really, then why your gov. leaving him by tomorrow morning.. . . Just hold and see the revenge . . There will be no Pakistan on geographical map

Facebook did not respond to a BuzzFeed News request for comment about why videos that had been debunked by its own fact-checking partners were still available on the site.

On WhatsApp, the Facebook-owned instant messaging app that is a key vector for fake news in India, a 2014 video recirculated of Modi (before he became prime minister) saying in Hindi, “We should give Pakistan a fitting reply.”

Sam Panthaky / AFP / Getty Images Indian students pray for a speedy release of Indian Air Force pilot Abhinandan Varthaman in a school in Ahmedabad on Feb. 28. Pakistan said it will release a captured Indian pilot as a "peace gesture."

These videos are among the dozens of pieces of misinformation that flooded the Indian and Pakistani internet since tensions between the two countries started rising. Social media users in India and Pakistan, as well as the Indian government, are concerned of the risks in an already volatile situation. On Wednesday, the Indian National Congress, India’s primary opposition party, warned people against falling for fake news and urged them to “show restraint.”



With the growing hysteria it is easy to succumb to hate propaganda & fake news. We request everyone to show restraint in reacting & sharing any news until we have official information from the Indian govt.

“Platforms like Facebook and Google should definitely have plans in place for geopolitical crises," said Ovadya. "These plans might even include a partial shutdown of some platform functionality if they are unable to take more discriminative action. It's critical that these scenarios are considered before an emergency.” India and Pakistan have fought wars previously and have been engaged in a decadeslong territorial dispute over the Kashmir Valley. But this conflict is the first one to take place since social media became ubiquitous. Fact-checkers in India say that the deluge of misinformation around tensions between India and Pakistan that has flooded the internet is “unprecedented.” Also unusual was the fact that official handles run by the Pakistan army shared two videos (one was later deleted) of the Indian pilot captured on Pakistani soil. The deleted video showed the pilot injured and being escorted away from mobs by Pakistan’s army soon after his plane crashed — it was released before the Indian government confirmed that the pilot was now a prisoner of war, and is still being shared by right-wing Indian WhatsApp groups. The second video, which was shared by the Pakistan military’s official spokesperson soon after, had a palliative effect on revenge-thirsty Indian Twitter: After seeing the Indian pilot praising Pakistani officers for being “thorough gentlemen” and drinking their tea, people online slowly began to favor the hashtag #SayNoToWar, as opposed to #SayYesToWar, which had been trending before. “This is a situation that taps into all the fault lines in the country,” said Karen Rebelo, an editor at Boom, Facebook’s first fact-checking partner in India. “There’s politics, religion, enemy nations, and a surge of nationalism in this situation. It’s the perfect storm.”

“The objective of misinformation is to create further polarization in society.”

Ever since India struck Pakistan on Tuesday, Rebelo said that Boom’s 11-person debunking team has been working nearly nonstop. Debunking stories related to the conflict is now the team’s only priority. The company, which usually flags three false stories to Facebook on normal days, now flags at least 10 stories every day.

The Boom WhatsApp helpline, on which people can flag stories to be fact-checked, has been getting hundreds of messages each day. “It’s significantly more than usual,” said Rebelo. “The pattern is now extremely consistent,” Pratik Sinha, founder of Indian fact-checking website Alt News, told BuzzFeed News. “Whenever there is any sensitive news, there is suddenly a huge deluge of misinformation.” “In these times,” Sinha said, “the objective of misinformation is to create further polarization in society and to further hatred against another country. Misinformation is a means for sowing hatred, so there is more clamoring for war-mongering. In fact, I think that misinformation can be used as grounds for justifying any escalation in the situation.”

Asif Hassan / AFP / Getty Images A Pakistani supporter of the Jamaat-e-Islami party holds a placard during an anti-Indian protest rally in Karachi on Feb. 28.

Earlier this month, Facebook announced that it was expanding its fact-checking program in India by adding six additional fact-checking partners that would check misinformation in seven Indian languages. “We are committed to fighting the spread of false news on Facebook, especially ahead of the 2019 General Election campaign season,” said Manish Khanduri, Facebook India’s head of news partnerships, in a statement issued to the press after the announcement. “And one way to do that is by growing our partnership with third-party fact-checkers.” Twitter said that it cares “deeply about the issues of misinformation as well as disinformation,” but so far, the company does not have an official policy to handle fake news on its platform. A Twitter spokesperson told BuzzFeed News in a statement: “We do not allow coordinated attempt to manipulate our service, and take proactive steps to ensure we’re removing networks of accounts engaged in this behavior. Everyone has a role to play in ensuring misinformation doesn’t spread online and we encourage people to use media literacy best practices and not to share information unless they can verify that it is true.” Misinformation around the conflict continued to fester right as a result of a lack of action from the tech platforms. On Feb. 14, the Jaish-e-Mohammad, a Pakistan-based terror group, rammed an explosive-laden car into an Indian paramilitary convoy killing 42 soldiers. Less than 24 hours after the incident, photoshopped images of Rahul Gandhi, the leader of India’s primary opposition party, and Prime Minister Modi’s chief political rival, posing with the driver of the explosive-laden car, went viral. Footage of bomb blasts from Syria and Iraq was passed off as footage of the attack. A picture of a Russian soldier that went viral claimed that he was an Indian soldier on his way to avenge the attack. Even India’s mainstream media fell for fake news, with television channels and websites passing off a photoshopped picture of Jon Bon Jovi as a photo of terrorist Abdul Rashid Ghazi, the slain mastermind behind the attack.



So @abpnewstv , @IndiaToday , @timesofindia all used a morphed picture of terrorist .. And they morphed the body of @jonbonjovi .. So patriotic .. ... I shouldn't laugh .. But .. #ROFLMAO