President Trump’s future is in peril like never before — and it doesn’t seem to have anything to do with Russia.

On Tuesday, Trump’s former personal attorney, Michael Cohen, pleaded guilty to breaking federal campaign finance law by paying hush money to two women who said they’d had affairs with Trump. Cohen failed to report the payments as de facto political contributions in support of Trump’s campaign.

The allegations that Trump had extramarital affairs weren’t the news. The bombshell came when Cohen, after taking a plea deal from prosecutors, testified under oath that he broke the law “at the direction” of Trump “for the principal purpose of influencing the election.”

To sum it up bluntly: Cohen was calling the president of the United States a crook who told him to commit a felony and a cover-up to help get him into the Oval Office.


If Trump were a congressman instead of the president, he might be under indictment right now, said Jessica Levinson, a professor at Loyola Law School.

Yet Trump, who has denied any wrongdoing, probably won’t be facing any criminal charges, at least while he’s still president.

Here are answers to some of the legal and political questions surrounding Trump’s predicament.

MORE: Follow the latest news of the Trump administration on Essential Washington »


Can the president be indicted?

That’s up for debate.

“The question has been posed, but never in a court,” said Neil Kinkopf, a professor of law at Georgia State University.

The issue has roiled legal observers since at least the 1970s, when President Nixon came under fire for his role in the Watergate scandal. It arose again in the 1990s in the investigation of President Clinton for various alleged improprieties.

Now the question is back as special counsel Robert S. Mueller III examines whether Trump’s campaign colluded with Russia in its hacking and other attempts to interfere with the 2016 election. Mueller’s mandate allows him to pursue other criminal activity he discovers in the course of his investigation.


The Department of Justice’s longstanding guidance to its prosecutors has held that presidents shouldn’t be indicted while in office, an opinion it first formed in 1973 amid Watergate.

Some legal experts, including Trump’s latest Supreme Court nominee, Brett Kavanaugh, have argued that a president should not be burdened by criminal charges or lawsuits while in office due to the extraordinary demands of the presidency.

Others have argued that having unelected prosecutors or jurors undertake a criminal case that could effectively remove a president from office would steal an important power that the Constitution entrusts to Congress — impeachment.

Yet these are just theories. They haven’t been tested.


“There’s nothing in the Constitution that says you can’t indict the president,” Levinson said.

Kinkopf added that whether a president can be indicted while in office, and whether a president can be prosecuted while in office, are actually separate questions that might have separate answers. He suggested that a grand jury, after being presented with evidence that a president committed a crime, could file an indictment, but that prosecutors would hold off until the president leaves office.

The problem with making a grand jury wait for a president to leave office before filing an indictment is that the statute of limitations might run out before the president’s four-year presidential term ends, Kinkopf said.

In that situation, he said, “The president escapes any kind of criminal liability, and the president in that way is in some sense above the law.”


Can the president be impeached for something that happened before he took office?

Yes.

Impeachment is the process laid out in the Constitution under which a majority of House of Representatives members can vote to investigate a president, after which a trial is held in the Senate, where a two-thirds majority vote can result in the president’s removal from office.

Congress’ impeachment powers are broad because the Constitution’s definition of impeachable offenses includes “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” What are “high crimes and misdemeanors”? It’s not defined in the Constitution.

Or, as Levinson put it: “Impeachment is, like, whatever Congress decides it is.”


However, Kinkopf said, the “primary check” on the justness of impeachment is the two-thirds approval requirement of the Senate, rather than a strict legal definition.

Could Trump pardon Cohen and Manafort if they turn against him and cooperate with prosecutors?

Yes.

“As long as Donald Trump is president, he can issue Manafort or Cohen a pardon for federal crimes, period, full stop, for any reason,” Kinkopf said. “He could announce to the nation that Paul Manafort paid him for a pardon and then issue that pardon. The pardon would still be effective.”

Doing so could have dire political consequences, including impeachment, Kinkopf said. But “there is no mechanism by which that pardon can be rendered invalid,” he said.


Trump’s pardon power is limited to federal charges. Cohen and Manafort “could be facing state crimes, and he has no pardon authority for state crimes,” Levinson said.

What’s at stake with this year’s midterm election?

Possibly Trump’s future. Trump’s executive powers aren’t infinite, even if a president might not be indictable while in office.

Congressional Republicans — who hold majorities in both the Senate and the House — have largely stuck behind Trump through the stormy days of his presidency and have expressed little interest in his removal. But if Democrats were to take control of the House, they could launch impeachment proceedings with a majority vote.

Cohen’s claims against Trump “directly implicate the election and the validity of the election, and so I do think those could be impeachable offenses,” Levinson said.


Getting two-thirds of the Senate to approve removing Trump from office, however, would likely require Republicans to support Trump’s removal, Levinson said.

“I think it’s really depressing that we’re having to talk about this along party lines,” Levinson said. “If the president is really guilty of violating federal law in at least one area or more, it should haven’t to do with whether you have a D or an R next to your name — but of course it does.”

matt.pearce@latimes.com

Matt Pearce is a national reporter for The Times. Follow him on Twitter at @mattdpearce.


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