A former University of Regina student has accused his professor of plagiarizing from his master's thesis in an article the professor published in an academic journal.

The publisher of Environmental Geotechnics investigated the allegation against Prof. Shahid Azam earlier this year and, in a letter it wrote to the U of R, stated it had "decided to withdraw the paper" after concluding Azam "had not fully credited Arjun Paul's thesis."

The web page where the article was featured now simply says, "This paper is no longer available due to copyright issues."

The journal also said "Azam is not banned from future submissions."

In an email to CBC News, the journal said, "This case fell into a grey area of not being a breach of copyright or direct plagiarism but being one of poor judgment."

Azam disagrees with Paul's plagiarism claims. However, Azam acknowledges there are similarities between his paper and Paul's work, but said that's not an indication of plagiarism. The veteran professor argued that where there are similarities, that's because he, in effect, wrote those sections of Paul's master's thesis himself.

The U of R and the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan (APEGS) have also received plagiarism complaints. In an April email to APEGS, Paul claimed Azam's conduct is "an unethical act and professional misconduct against me."

Both APEGS and the university are investigating Paul's allegations.

CBC's iTeam compares documents

Azam, right, and his lawyer Tavengwa Runyowa sat down with CBC's iTeam to rebut accusations of plagiarism by Arjun Paul. (CBC) Using an online program, CBC's iTeam found that 24 per cent of Azam's article is identical to parts of Paul's master's thesis.

At least three charts that appear in both publications are nearly identical, yet Paul and his thesis are not credited or mentioned in Azam's paper.

CBC presented the findings and the journal's concerns to Azam during an interview at which his lawyer was present.

Comparing the documents: Arjun Paul: 'Statistical modelling for tailings consolidation using index properties' (U of R master's thesis, Dec. 2011) Shahid Azam: 'Study on large strain consolidation of mine waste tailings' (ICE Publishing, Feb. 2014) Overall, the variability in the index properties of the tailings was attributed to the variable solid-liquid interactions. Derived from the geological background (mineralogical composition of the solids) and the mining operation. Pg. 48, par. 1 Overall, the variability in the index properties of the tailings was attributed to the variable solid–liquid interactions. Derived from the geological background (mineralogical composition of the solids) and the mining operation. Pg. 51, par. 3 The above consistency limits depend on the type of water used during testing, but data on the water composition in the literature were not available for all of the materials. Generally, the consistency limits are highest for deionized water, followed by distilled water, and then by decant water. Pg. 47, par. 1. Although water composition data were not available for all of the materials, the above consistency limits depend on the type of water used during testing. Generally, the limits are highest for deionised water, followed by distilled water, and then by decant water. Pg. 51, par. 1.

Conclusions: Consistency limits for sedimentary clays covered a wide range due to the presence of various clays. Sesquioxide coating of clays and dominance of non-clays resulted in lower liquid and plastic limits for residual soils. Higher consistencylimits for oil sand tailings were due to residual bitumen that imparts thixotropy and lubrication. Pg. 76, par 1 Consistency limits for sedimentary clays covered a wide range due to the presence of various clay minerals. Sesquioxide coating of clays and dominance of non-clays resulted in lower liquid and plastic limits for residual soils. The relatively high limits for oil sand tailings were due to residual bitumen that imparts thixotropy and lubrication. Pg. 54, par 2

Azam admits a mistake

Azam denied plagiarizing Paul's master's thesis, but does admit his article failed to reference a published paper he and Paul wrote, for which Paul was cited as the lead author.

Azam said that oversight was an unfortunate mistake.

"I missed the reference to the joint paper. And when it was pointed out, I immediately wanted to correct it."

Azam's lawyer argued this should not be considered plagiarism.

"Plagiarism, because of the seriousness of the allegation and the implications it can have on the person, the bar has to be quite high and quite clear," Tavengwa Runyowa said.

The university's website defines plagiarism as using "even a single sentence (verbatim or with a little paraphrasing) from someone else's writing without formally acknowledging the source."

Runyowa acknowledged technically that may have happened in this case, but he said it wasn't done "in bad faith." He said the plagiarism label doesn't fit, "especially given how much [Azam] has contributed to the allegedly plagiarized work."

Prof says he wrote some of the thesis

​Azam said the reason there are so many similarities between Paul's master's thesis and his own paper is that Azam, in effect, wrote some of the master's thesis himself.

Azam said he and Paul published two papers together before Paul published his master's thesis.

"I did almost the entire writing in the papers myself," Azam explained.

Paul says he 'totally' disagrees with Azam's defence that he wrote part of Paul's master's thesis for him. (LinkedIn/Arjun Paul)

He said a significant section of Paul's master's thesis was a compilation of those two articles, meaning Azam is responsible for that part of the thesis.

Azam went further, saying Paul would have been unable to write parts of that thesis because he didn't have the technical writing skills necessary and "did not have the experience to select, analyze and interpret data from the literature and draw meaningful conclusions."

"None of the alleged material in the disputed paper reflected Paul's original writing, ideas or thoughts because he was heavily dependent on me in all of these areas," Azam said.

Azam said because he wrote some of the material contained in Paul's master's thesis it's acceptable for him to quote it without referencing it.

He said in the field of engineering, it's common and acceptable for researchers to "reuse" their own text from previous articles in subsequent papers.

In addition, Azam pointed to sentences in Paul's master's thesis which were identical to sentences in papers written by Azam years before the thesis was published, in which Paul is not listed as an author.

"Clearly, Mr. Paul used material from my papers in his thesis because the flow of texts and tables in the reverse direction is not possible," Azam said.

I did almost the entire writing in the papers myself, - Engineering Prof. Shahid Azam, University of Regina

Azam's lawyer also pointed out that "much of the similar text between Dr. Azam's and Arjun's paper is generic in nature… There are only so many ways to express such technical material."

And finally, Azam's lawyer noted that Azam's paper did include citation of the work of others — "the 'giants' upon whose shoulders his work was based. Arjun is not one of those giants."

Paul responds

Arjun Paul said he's frustrated and surprised by his former professor's comments.

Paul said he wrote the papers and the thesis himself and then submitted them to Azam for editing. He said he completely disagrees with the claim that his former prof wrote the papers and part of the thesis.

And he defended his academic ability, saying he earned his master's degree by hard work.

"In the grad courses I took, I got an 85 per cent mark. It's not easy to get these marks."

Paul said given that, it's hard for him to understand why his professor would say these things.

"He said I am not technically sound. I am saying, if I am not technically sound, how can I do all of the course work, the project work, the presentation and pass the final exam?"

Researcher says there's a problem in engineering

That just calls into question Azam's ability to be an adequate graduate adviser at all. - Edward Eckel, researcher, Western Michigan University

Edward Eckel, a researcher from the Western Michigan University, has published papers examining plagiarism involving engineering master's theses.

Based on his review of the matter for CBC, he said Azam's behaviour "falls under the category of plagiarism."

"Professor Azam should have cited [Paul's] thesis and should have probably listed Paul as the co-author of that article," Eckel said. "The fact that he didn't? It's just a weird kind of blindness."

He said Azam's claim that he wrote parts of Paul's thesis doesn't help his case.

"I'm sorry. The student's the one who got the thesis. The thesis is under the student's name."

In fact, he said Azam's defence indicates something even worse than plagiarism — namely, the granting of a degree to an unqualified student.

"That's just mind-boggling. It's amazing that he could think that's acceptable," Eckel said.

Eckel said if Azam's claim that Paul was incapable of writing large sections of his master's thesis is correct, then the student shouldn't have been granted a degree.

"That just calls into question Azam's ability to be an adequate graduate adviser at all."

Azam defends his supervision of Paul

Azam defended his training of Paul. "I did more than he deserved. I did more in this particular case compared to other students. Way more."

He said despite Paul's lack of knowledge and ability, giving him a master's degree was the right thing to do.

Azam says a significant section of Paul's master's thesis is a compilation of two articles he and Paul wrote together. (Roxanna Woloshyn/CBC)

"What is the other alternative? Fail him? And send him back? So now you lose a trainee," Azam said.

And he said Paul did produce some work of value. "There was a portion within his thesis which would suffice to grant him his degree, which is the statistical part."

In a written follow-up statement, Azam noted, "The master's thesis is only one component of a broader process that the university undertakes to prepare students for their profession."

Engineering struggles with plagiarism

Eckel said the allegations against Azam highlight a common and troubling problem in engineering.

"I think the engineering field in general is just avoiding this whole discussion of what is appropriate in the field of engineering as far as citing sources, using quotation marks and not using quotation marks, and giving credit to students for the work that they do," Eckel said.

Azam, right, oversees students in the University of Regina engineering department's graduate studies program. (CBC)

He said there's a culture that seems to deem it acceptable to duplicate sections of previous articles in subsequent work without reference.

Eckel said the fact it's relatively common doesn't make it right.

Runyowa, Azam's lawyer, said it appears there are problems with the way citation is done within engineering, but he said Azam shouldn't be forced to pay the price.

"Could there be across the board improvements as to how things are done? I think the answer is absolutely," Runyowa said.

"Could all of those shortfalls be put into a blender, into a funnel and directed onto the head of one academic — in this case Dr. Azam? I would say no."