We live at a time where academic freedom is under threat from ideologues and activists of all persuasions. The latest threat comes from St Edmund’s College, Cambridge, where administrators appear to have capitulated to a mob of activists (students and academics) who mounted a campaign to have a young scholar fired for “problematic” research. The back-story was covered by Quillette last December.

I have just learned that the mob has been successful in getting social scientist Noah Carl fired from his position at Cambridge. The statement from St. Edmund's apologises for the "hurt" caused by his appointment. Read the back-story herehttps://t.co/rmJ0YLtjMO — Claire Lehmann (@clairlemon) May 1, 2019

The norms of academia—which have been built up and preserved by institutions such as Cambridge for centuries—demand that academics engage with each other in a scholarly manner. That is, if one academic has a problem with the methods or conclusions of another’s research, he or she should address those concerns within journals, according to established procedures, which other scholars can then read and respond to, including the academic whose research is being challenged.

Today, due to the hyper-specialisation of academic fields, most academics will not be able to judge the quality of scholarship that is published in journals outside their field. That’s why when research is peer-reviewed it is done by experts in the specific field in which the research was carried out, not by a random selection of university professors. Just as a professor of English will not be able to judge a study conducted within chemical engineering, a chemical engineer will not be able to assess a scholarly essay on Shakespeare’s sonnets.

To judge the quality of Dr Noah Carl’s work authoritatively, one would have to be an expert in at least one of the following fields: psychology, intelligence research (a sub-field of psychology), and/or economics. The campaign against him began with an ‘open letter’ that was signed by hundreds of academics, but they did not have expertise in these areas. (For the most part, they had qualifications in fields like anthropology, gender studies and critical race studies). This is a clear departure from the established norms that, until recently, were adhered to in academic debates, a point made in an editorial about this affair by the executive team at the Heterodox Academy:

Communal inquiry and debate are at the heart of the academy. As researchers, we put our ideas into the crucible of open inquiry and rely on debate and discussion to refine understanding and advance solutions to complex problems. The practice of issuing open letters attacking scholars for their contributions undermines this important goal by evicting academics and their ideas from the arena—often on flimsy evidentiary grounds. More constructive responses can and should be employed.

The administrators at St Edmund’s College who determined that Dr Noah Carl should be fired did not have qualifications in these areas, either. The Master of St. Edmunds is a former banker, and the administrator who led the investigation that decided Dr Carl is guilty of “poor scholarship” is a veterinary scientist.

Admittedly, one does not have to be an expert in a specific field to adjudicate on matters of academic misconduct such as fraud or data fabrication—and Dr Carl has been accused of “ethical breaches”. But the statement by the Master on the college website justifying Dr Carl’s dismissal stops short of alleging anything close to academic fraud. The sin he’s been found guilty of—his “ethical breach”—is carrying out “problematic” research, such as producing a paper on the accuracy of consensual stereotypes about the characteristics of different groups (e.g. sexes, races, nationalities). Here is the key passage in the Master’s statement:

There was a serious risk that Dr Carl’s appointment could lead, directly or indirectly, to the College being used as a platform to promote views that could incite racial or religious hatred, and bring the College into disrepute.

So Dr Carl has been dismissed not because his research is fraudulent or inaccurate, but because there’s a risk it could lead indirectly to bad actors promoting views that could incite racial or religious hatred. It matters not whether the scholarship is true; the critical thing is whether it upsets people.

Universities like Cambridge proudly resisted these assaults on intellectual freedom in the past—it was the home of such free thinkers as Erasmus, Charles Darwin and John Maynard Keynes. Indeed, protecting scholars from persecution by political and religious pressure became one of the defining purposes of the world’s great universities.

Imagine what would happen if the behaviour of St Edmund’s College become a new norm. Should philosophers who debate issues of euthanasia and abortion be fired because some Christian students might find their work offensive? Should novelists like Salman Rushdie be refused a platform because their work could incite religious hatred? Should geneticists who discover differences in populations emerging from genetic ancestry be fired because some students might be offended by these findings? Should biologists who operate on the assumption that sex is bimodal be defunded because some trans rights activists might find their work upsetting? The list of scholars who could be fired if the standard that has been applied to Dr Noah Carl is applied universally is endless.

The editors at Quillette steadfastly support the foundational principles of open inquiry and free thought. While we are not academics, we are gravely concerned that an injustice to a young scholar has occurred in this particular instance, and that more broadly, academic freedom is buckling under political pressure. If the custodians of Cambridge are unable to protect its distinguished history and foundational principles, it is up to all of us to take a stand in support of them.



Claire Lehmann is the Editor-in-Chief of Quillette

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Academic Signatories in Support of Dr Noah Carl

Statement: We would like to express our support for Dr Noah Carl and our disappointment with the Governing Body of St Edmund’s College for the injustice visited upon this young scholar.

Aaron Slepkov, Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University

Abhishek Saha, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London

Adam Kissel, American University

Adam Rallo, Education Design, Sheridan College

Adam Rawlings, PhD

Alain Guët, Teaching Fellow, Science and Engineering-Language Department, Sorbonne University

Alberto Aimi, Research fellow, University of Brescia, Department of Law

Aldo Filomeno, Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute of Philosophy, Czech Academy of Sciences

Alex Simonelis, Computer Science Dept, Dawson College, Montreal

Alex Small, Professor of Physics, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Alexander Larson, Student, Harvard University, Master Sergeant, US Army (retired)

Alexander Marr, Reader in the History of Early Modern Art, University of Cambridge

Anders Blomqvist, Professor Emeritus Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University

Andy Sellwood, Instructional Associate, Vancouver Community College

Andreas Kinneging, University of Leiden, Faculty of Law, Professor in Philosophy of Law

Andrei Grigoriev, Chief Researcher, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Andres Biehl, Assistant Professor, Sociology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Chile

Andrew Steane, Professor of Physics, University of Oxford

Anthony Hanwell, PhD, DEng

Ann Bergman, Associate Professor, Stanford University

Anne O’Connor, PhD

Anthony Mancini, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Pace University

April Bleske-Rechek, Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire

Armando Aranda-Anzaldo, Professor of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Arnie Keller, Professor Emeritus, Department of English, University of Victoria

Artur Doshchyn, DPhil Student in Economics, Nuffield College and University of Oxford

Asbjørg Westum, PhD in Scandinavian Languages, Senior Lecturer

Ashok Panikkar, Lecturer

Astrid Elbers, Doctor in History of Science, University of Antwerp (Linguapolis)

Assistant Professor Jason Lepojärvi, Department of Religious Studies, Thorneloe University at Laurentian

Assistant Professor Mahan Kulasegaram

Associate Professor Darren Burke, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle

Associate Professor Geoffrey Miller, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico

Associate Professor John Ashton, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago

Associate Professor Paul Johnston, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University

Associate Professor Peter Ouwehand, Faculty of Commerce, University of Cape Town

Associate Professor Roy Frye, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh

Associate Professor, Stephen Leonard

Associate Professor Steve Stewart-Williams, University of Nottingham

Associate Professor Tim Martin

Aurelio Jose Figueredo, Professor of Psychology, University of Arizona

Barbara Hewson, Barrister-at-law

Ben J. Smith, PhD

Benjamin Winegard, Assistant Professor of Psychology

Bernard Hugueney, PhD, Lecturer in Computer Science

Bill von Hippel, Professor of Psychology, University of Queensland

Birol Baskan, PhD

Boudewijn Bouckaert, Professor Emeritus, Law School, Ghent University

Bo Winegard, Assistant Professor of Psychology, Marietta College

Brage Kraft, PhD

Bruce Brasington, Regents’ Professor of History, West Texas A&M University

C A White, PhD

Cal De Burgh, PhD candidate, International Human Rights Law, Liverpool Hope University

Cameron Harwick, Assistant Professor of Economics at the College at Brockport, SUNY

Catherine Ruth Pakaluk, Assistant Professor of Social Research and Economic Thought, The Catholic University of America

Catherine Smith, Professor, The Information School, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Carlos Garcia, PhD

Charles Banks, PhD

Charles Murray, Hayek Emeritus Scholar, American Enterprise Institute

Charlotta Stern, Professor of Sociology, Stockholm University

Charmayne Paul, Learning Advisor, Indigenous Student Support, Central Queensland University, Cairns Campus

Cheryl Taylor, Associate Professor in English Literature, James Cook University (retired)

Chris Brown, Emeritus Professor of International Relations, LSE

Christian Honey DPhil

Christina Hoff Sommers, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute

Christine Furedy, Associate Professor Emerita, York University, Canada

Christopher Adkins, Adjunct Professor, Humanities, Hillsborough Community College

Christopher Ellis, Associate Professor of Political Science, Bucknell University

Christopher Flavin, Associate Professor of English

Christopher Lim, Assistant Teaching Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Rutgers University

Christopher McDowell, Reader, International Politics, City, University of London

Christopher White, Associate Professor, International Relations, Bjorknes University College

Craig Miller, PhD University of Canterbury, NZ

Cristofre Kayser PhD, Adjunct Professor of the Humanities, Midwestern Career College

Christopher Milburn, Assistant Professor (Medicine) Dalhousie University

Colin Feltham, Emeritus Professor, Sheffield Hallam University

Colin Masters, Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine – Central Clinical, University of Queensland

Colin Mills, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Oxford

Camilo Ortiz PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, Long Island University-Post

Dan Demetriou, Associate Professor, Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Morris

Dan Eisenberg, Associate Professor, University of Washington

Daniel Jacobson, Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan

Daniel Klein, Professor of Economics, George Mason University

Daniel Rogers, Professor of Psychology, Kennesaw State University

Danny Weston, PhD

Darij Grinberg, Dunham Jackson Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota

Dario Maestripieri, Professor of Professor of Comparative Human Development, Evolutionary Biology, and Neurobiology, The University of Chicago

David Butterfield, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge

David Clemens, Emeritus Professor of English, Monterey Peninsula College

David Daintree, Director, Christopher Dawson Centre for Cultural Studies, Hobart, Australia

David Johnston, PhD Candidate, Australian National University

David Kwan, Department of Biology, Concordia University

David Gil, Senior Research Scientist, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany

David Leary, Visiting Professor, Chengdu University of Technology, China

David Morley, PhD Mathematics, Rockwell Science Centern (retired)

David Mumford, University Professor Emeritus, Brown Unversity

David Potts, Professor of Philosophy, City College of San Francisco

David Walsh, Senior Lecturer Mathematics, Maynooth University (retired)

David Wootton, Professor of History, The University of York

Davide Spinello, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa

David Turnbull, PhD

D.L. Noorlander, Assistant Professor of History, SUNY Oneonta

Dayag Sheykhkarimli, Ph.D. candidate, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto

Deborah Fox, Professor of English, University of Alaska Anchorage

Dennis Hayes, Professor of Education and Director of Academics For Academic Freedom

Derek Tharp, Assistant Professor of Finance, University of Southern Maine

Dimokritos Kavadias, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Free University of Brussels, Belgium

Doug Jones, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah

Doug Stokes, Professor in International Security, University of Exeter

Douglas Detterman, Louis D. Beaumont University Professor Emeritus, Case Western Reserve University

Douglas Macdonald, Emeritus Professor, Political Science, Colgate University

Dr Aaron Kindsvatter

Dr Abhyuday Kumara Swamy, Clinical Research Fellow, Aster hospital, Bangalore, India

Dr Adam Perkins, Lecturer in the Neurobiology of Personality, King’s College London

Dr Adrian Hilton, FRSA, The Margaret Thatcher Centre

Dr Alexander Young

Dr Alka Sehgal Cuthbert

Dr Andrej Kokkonen, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg

Dr Andrew Rankin

Dr Angshuman Maulik

Dr Anne O’Connor

Dr Annette Lawson

Dr Antony Browne

Dr Arthur Van Riel, Dr. Senior fellow Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy and Utrecht University

Dr B. Christopher Frueh, Professor of Psychology, University of Hawaii

Dr Bernadette De Wit

Dr Bill Budd, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle

Dr Bruce Harry

Dr Calum Miller, Research Associate, University of Oxford

Dr Camilo Ortiz, Associate Professor of Psychology, Long Island University

Dr Camilo Ortiz, Associate Professor of Psychology, Long Island University-Post

Dr Carrie-Ann Biondi, Associate Professor of Philosophy

Dr Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, Staff Scientist, Spanish National Research Council

Dr Charleen D. Adams, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope

Dr Charles Allen

Dr Charles Banks

Dr Chris Della Vedova, Program Director Natural Sciences, University of South Australia

Dr Christopher Langan-Fox

Dr Christopher Shell

Dr Christopher Watkins, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Abertay University

Dr Colin Sinclair

Dr Colin Wright, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University

Dr Craig Paterson

Dr Dagfinn Skre, Professor of Philosophy, University of Oslo

Dr Damian O’Connor

Dr Dan Pamment

Dr Daniel Mitchell

Dr Daniele Fanelli, Fellow in Quantitative Methodology, London School of Economics

Dr David Gabbard, College of Education, Boise State University

Dr David Goodhew, Cranmer Hall, St Johns College, Durham University

Dr David Marshall

Dr Dayna V. Goldstein

Dr Diane Molloy

Dr Dimitri van der Linden

Dr Dominic Green, Fellow of the Royal Historical Society

Dr Drasko Dizdar

Dr Evan Picoult, Adjunct Professor, Decision, Risk, and Operations Department, Columbia Business School

Dr Fabian Battaglini

Dr Florian Sander, LLM, Harvard Law School

Dr Francesca Minerva, Department of Philosophy University of Gent

Dr Frank Passani, Spanish Language Teacher

Dr Frank Prengel

Dr Frank Wolters

Dr Gad Saad, Professor of Marketing, Research Chair in Evolutionary Behavioral Science, Concordia University

Dr Gary Guerra, School of Prosthetics and Orthotics Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University

Dr Gary Sasso, Emeritus Dean, College of Education, Lehigh University

Dr Gary Woolley

Dr Graham Wheatley, FRCGP

Dr Graham Wood, School of Humanities, University of Tasmania

Dr Gregory Gorelik

Dr Guy Chamberland, Associate Professor, Thorneloe University at Laurentian

Dr Guy Madison, Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Umeå University

Dr Hal Pashler, Professor of Psychology, Univ of California, San Diego

Dr Hardy Hulley, Senior Lecturer in Finance, University of Technology Sydney

Dr Hasan Bahçekapili

Dr Helmuth Nyborg, Professor Emeritus, Aarhus University, Denmark

Dr Isaac Balbin

Dr Jacobo Arredondo, Lead Chair Anthoplogy Department, University of Aunna-Florence

Dr James Green, PhD CEng MIMechE

Dr James Greville, Lecturer in Psychology, University of South Wales

Dr James Kierstead, Senior Lecturer in Classics, Victoria University of Wellington

Dr James Lindsay

Dr James Moran, Charité Berlin

Dr James Oexmann

Dr Jan de Ruiter

Dr Jan te Nijenhuis

Dr Jason Richwine

Dr Jaspreet Singh Boparai

Dr Javier Reyes

Dr Jay Raskin, Adjunct Philosophy Instructor, Valencia College

Dr Jeffrey Ketland

Dr Jeroen Van Rijen

Dr Jim Schofield

Dr Johan Wennström, Research Institute of Industrial Economics

Dr John Collins

Dr John Evans, MBBS FRANZCR

Dr Jonatan Pallesen, Genetics

Dr Joshua D. Wright, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University

Dr Julian Naber

Dr Keith Hotten, Barrister, Principal Lecturer, Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong

Dr Kenya Kura, Economics, Gifu Shotoku Gakuen University

Dr Klaus Ostermann, Professor of Computer Science, University of Tuebingen

Dr Lars Davidsson, MRCPsych

Dr Leigh Gibson, Reader, Roehampton University

Dr Leon Stander

Dr Lorenzo Lazzerini Ospri

Dr Loyd S. Pettegrew, Professor Emeritus, Department of Communication, University of South Florida

Dr Maarten Biesheuvel

Dr Manfred Luetzow

Dr Marco Del Giudice, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology University of New Mexico

Dr Marcus T Anthony, Associate Professor, College of Global Talent, Zhuhai, China

Dr Markus Hahn

Dr Marian Mazzone, Art & Architectural History, College of Charleston

Dr Mario Rollo, Bioscience Institute, Coastal Campus, Sao Paulo State University

Dr Mark Andrew Ashby, Postdoctoral Researcher, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University

Dr Mark Duffett

Dr Mark Gee

Dr Mark Wanstall, Senior Lecturer, Carnegie School of Education

Dr Markus Weishaupt

Dr Martin Sewell, Economics

Dr Matt Hickey, Professor and University Distinguished Teaching Scholar, Colorado State University

Dr Margaritka Karaivanova, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University Sofia

Dr Michael Biggs, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Oxford

Dr Michael Johnston, School of Education, Victoria University of Wellington

Dr Michelle Finley, Couple and Family Therapy, Antioch University

Dr Miguel Ángel Quintana-Paz, Professor of Philosophy, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes

Dr Nando Pelusi, Psychologist, NYC

Dr Neil Thin, School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh

Dr Neven Sesardic, Philosopher

Dr Nevin Climenhaga, Research Fellow in Philosophy, Australian Catholic University

Dr Nicola De Jager

Dr Nikos Sotirakopoulos, Lectuer in Sociology and Criminology, York St John University

Dr Paul Brown, Researcher, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Dr Paul Budney

Dr Paul Georgia, Economics

Dr Paul Grayson

Dr Paul Morrissey, President Campion College Australia

Dr Peter Christoph Lobner

Dr Peter Kovac

Dr Peter Langfelder, Semel Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Los Angeles

Dr Peter Tangney

Dr Phillip Parker, School of Science, Australian Catholic University

Dr Prakash Shah, Reader in Culture and Law Department of Law, Queen Mary, University of London

Dr Punit Shah, Department of Psychology, University of Bath

Dr Rex Jung, Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico

Dr Richard Heffernan, Reader in Government, Open University

Dr Rick Mehta, Former Professor of Psychology, Acadia University

Dr Robert Sloan Lee

Dr Robyn Sainsbury MBBS

Dr Rosalind Arden, Research Associate, Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics

Dr Russell Blackford, School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle

Dr Robert Gates, MB BS FRACP

Dr Ross Cowan, MA PhD

Dr Sandra Kostner, Dr, Lecturer in Migration Studies, University of Education Schwaebisch Gmuend

Dr S. Pilar

Dr Sara Boutall

Dr Sebastian Herbstreuth

Dr Seena Abraham

Dr Seye Abimbola, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney

Dr Simon Knight

Dr Spencer Case, International Research Fellow in Philosophy, Wuhan University

Dr Stefano Di Domenico, Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University

Dr Stephen Basdeo

Dr Steven Bailey

Dr Stephen Byrne

Dr Stephen Gruneberg, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, The University of Westminster

Dr Stephen Illingworth

Dr Sun Cho, Neuroscience

Dr Tania Reynolds, Postdoctoral Fellow, Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington

Dr Terrance Tomkow

Dr Terry Stygall, University of the West of England (retired)

Dr Tim Williams

Dr Timothy L. Francis, Naval History & Heritage Command

Dr Tobias Hägerland, Lecturer, Department of Literature, History of Ideas and Religion, University of Gothenburg

Dr Tom Schafer, Department of Geosciences, Fort Hays State University

Dr Vera Anderson, Licensed Psychologist

Dr Vlastimil Vohánka, Department of Philosophy and Patrology, Palacký University Olomouc

Dr Wendelin Reich, Docent in Social Psychology, Uppsala University

Dr Wendy James

Dr Roberto Colom, Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid

Duane Miller, Associate Professor, Protestant Faculty of Theology, The University of Madrid

Dwight Branvold, PhD

Eckhard Kemmann, Professor, Rutgers University, Rutgers Medical School (retired)

Edouard Ivanov, PhD Candidate in Physics, Sorbonne Université

Ed Rybicki, Professor in Microbiology

Edmund Stewart, Assistant Professor in Ancient Greek History, University of Nottingham

Edward Dutton, Adjunct Professor of the Anthropology of Religion and Finnish Culture, University of Oulu, Finland

Edward Miller, Emeritus Professor of Economics and Finance, University of New Orleans

Edward Morrison, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University of Portsmouth

Ella Gale, PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Bristol

Elena Feder, PhD

Emeritus Professor Anthony Jorm, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne

Emeritus Professor Asoka Ekanayaka, University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka

Eric Walls, Adjunct History Professor, East Carolina University

Errin Anderson, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa

Eugene Walters, Emeritus Professor, University of Tasmania

Félix Bernardo, Professor of Mathematics at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte

Felix Ovejero, Professor of Philosophy, University of Barcelona

Femke Grops, PhD Candidate, Department of the Archaeology, University of Mainz (Germany)

Fernando Peregrin Gutierrez, PhD Physics

Ferrel Christensen, Professor Emeritus, University of Alberta

Filipe Nobre Faria, Research Fellow in Political Philosophy and Ethics, Nova University of Lisbon

Frances Widdowson, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Justice, and Policy Studies, Mount Royal University

Francesco Billari, Professor of Demography, Bocconi University

Francis Lankester, PhD

Francis Sansbury, PhD (Cantab)

Francisco Nieto Escámez, PhD

François Grin, Professor, FTI, University of Geneva

Frank Harrison, Josiah Meigs Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, Department of Philosophy, University of Georgia

Frans Van eeden, PhD Researcher, Ghent University, Belgium

Garrett Hope, DMA, Instructor of Music, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Gay Sutherland, Visiting Researcher King’s College London

Geoffrey Marcy, Professor Emeritus, UC Berkeley

Georges Auguste, Electronics Engineer (French) (Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité)

George MacDonald Ross, Visiting Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Leeds

George Valkuchak, USAF NCO Academy Instructor (Ret.) – Military Studies, World Affairs

Germán Hevia Martínez, PhD Candidate, University of Oviedo

Germán Vera Concha, PhD

Giuseppe Guaiana, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario

Glenn Peoples, PhD

Gordon Bailey MD FRCP(C), Director, The Bailey Clinic

Gordon Nickel, Director, Centre for Islamic Studies, SAIACS Bangalore

Graham Whittaker, PhD FRSC

Grant Brown, DPhil (Oxon), LLB

Gregory Connor, Professor of Finance, Maynooth University, Ireland

Gregory Mason, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Manitob

Gunilla Lindmark, Professor Emerita International Maternal and Reproductive Health, Uppsala University

Guy Goodwin, Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, University of Oxford

Hans Peter Dietz, Professor in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney

Hayo Reinders, Professor of Education, Unitec, New Zealand

Henry-James Meiring, PhD candidate, University of Queensland

Hilve Firek, Professor of Education, Virginia Wesleyan University

Holger Schanz, Professor of Physics, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany

Hoyt King, Instructor at Wright College, Chicago

Hugh Avey, PhD, Former Dean of School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland Australia

Hugo Schmidt, PhD

Iain Mansfield, Governor, Bath Spa University

Ian Folkins, PhD

Ian Pace, Senior Lecturer in Music, City, University of London

Ian Tully, PhD

Irene Ogrizek, English Department, Dawson College, Montreal

Isaías Naranjo, English Language Professor, La Laguna University, Spain

J.D. Haltigan, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto

Jack Marsh, Computer Science, The University of Exeter

James Dalziel, Dean of Education, Morling College and Professor, University of Divinity, Australia

James Day, PhD student, University College London

James D. Miller, Professor of Economics, Smith College

James Elsey, PhD Candidate in Clinical Psychology

James F. Stephens, Digital Humanities

James Frazee, Chair, Department of Psychology, Cosumnes River College

James Guest, MA, Oxon, MBA, Barrister & Solicitor, Supreme Court of Victoria, former Council Member

Monash University

James H. Cox, Professor of English, University of Texas at Austin

James Hannam, PhD

James Moore, Professor of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Public Policy; University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CA, United States

James Thompson, former Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University College London

James Ventola, Professor Department English and Philosophy, Massasoit Community College

Jan van de Beek, PhD

Jasmine Straight, PhD student in Philosophy, University of Colorado Boulder

Jason Manning, Associate Professor of Sociology, West Virginia University

Javier Reyes, University of Helsinki

Jeffrey Flier, Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Univeristy Higginson Professor of Physiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Jeffrey Morris, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen, Senior Scientist, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark

Jeremy Harvey, Professor of Chemistry, KU Leuven

Jody C Baumgartner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, East Carolina University

Joe Phillips, Associate Professor, Yonsei University

Johan Grant, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Lund University

Johan Braeckman, Professor of Philosophy, Ghent University, Belgium

John Anderson, Honourary Research Associate

John Blanchar, Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College

John Collins, PhD

John D Bain, Professor Emeritus, Griffith University

John E MacKinnon, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Saint Mary’s University

John Humphreys, Lecturer of Economics, University of Queensland

John Kaneko, Psychologist, PhD student, Stockholm University

John King, Former Lecturer in Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide

John Lammi, PhD

John Marvin, Chancellor, St Matthew’s University

John Nazelrod, Professor of Government & Public Policy, The University of Baltimore

John Reddick, Emeritus Professor, Department of German, University of Cambridge

John Spadora, Juris Doctor

John Staddon, James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Professor of Biology, Emeritus, Duke University

John Tooby, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, Co-Director, Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara

Jonathan Chinchen, English Language Instructor, Waseda University, Tokyo

Joshua Dacre, Postdoctoral researcher in Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh

Jonathan Haidt, Professor, Business and Society Program, New York University, Stern School of Business

Jonathan Taylor, Professor of Geography and the Environment, California State University

Joshua Katz, Cotsen Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Classics, Princeton University

José Miguel Pereira, Professor, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Jose Salcedo, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal

Joseph Conlon, Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford

Joseph H. Manson, Professor of Anthropology, UCLA

Joseph Platnauer, PhD

Joseph Yi, Associate Professor of Political Science, Hanyang University (Seoul, Korea)

Joshua Dunn, Professor of Political Science, University of Colorado

Joshua Klugman, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Temple University

Jorge Mojarro, Associate Professorial Lecturer II, Department of Literature, University of Santo Tomas, Manila

Juan Carlos Hernandez-Barrios, PhD

Julian Friedland, Assistant Professor of Ethics, Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin

Justin Kalef, Teaching Professor, Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University

Juta Kawalerowicz, Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University

Karl Brown, Course Coordinator, School of Business, University of Notre Dame Australia

Karl Daggfeldt, Senior Lecturer , Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences

Katrine Wallis, Teaching fellow, University of Warwick

Kathleen Lowrey, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Alberta

Keith Eldershaw, Postgraduate scholar, Edith Cowan University

Keith E. Stanovich, Emeritus Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto

Keith McKeown, Psychology Department, Arden University

Kenneth Boyce, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, University of Missouri

Kevin Dowd, Professor, Durham University

Kimberly Hollar, Doctor of Pharmacy

Kirsty Miller, PhD Psychology

Koen Jansen, PhD

Larry Wayte, J.D., Ph.D, Senior Instructor, University of Oregon

Laurence Copeland, Emeritus Professor of Finance and Economics, Cardiff Business School

Lee Benham, Professor Emeritus Economics, Washington University, St. Louis

Lee Jussim, Distinguished Professor, Rutgers Psychology

Leif Allmendinger, Emeritus Professor of Visual Communication, Northern Illinois University

Leonardo Orlando, PhD Candidate in Political Science at Sciences of Paris

Lianne Gabe, M.A., Director of Institutional Studies, Stockton University, (retired)

Lilian Carvalho, Professor of Marketing, University of Brasilia

Lloyd Reinhardt, Senior Lecturer, The University of Sydney

Lori Lawson, Senior Lecturer

Lorne Carmichael, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Queen’s University

Lyell Asher, Department of English, Lewis and Clark College

Maarten Boudry, Postdoctoral Researcher

Malte Griebenow, PhD Candidate, Universität Hamburg

Manfredi La Manna, Reader in Economics, University of St Andrews, Scotland

Mariah Hoard, The University of Chicago, Georgetown School of Foreign Service

Mark Koyama, Associate Professor of Economics, George Mason University

Mark Grabowski, Associate Professor of Communications, Adelphi University

Mark Fabian, Lecturer in Economics, Australian National University

Mark Pitts, PhD Economics

Mark Perrino, PhD, Columbia University

Mark Press, Undergraduate Chair, Department of Psychology, Touro College

Mark Smith, Professor of Social Work, University of Dundee, Scotland

Mark Walland, Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne

Mark van Loosdrecht, Professor, Delft University of Technology

Martin Adams, Fellow Emeritus (Music), Trinity College Dublin

Martin Cox, Director, John Locke Institute

Martin Neil, Professor of Statistics and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London

Martin Wynne, Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford

Mary Frances Williams, PhD

Mat Langford, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, University of Tennessee Knoxville

Matthew Costello, Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Hartford

Matt McGue, Regents Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota

Matt Strauss, Assistant Clinical Professor, McMaster University

Matthew Kahn, Lecturer, Univerity of Luxembourg

Matthias E. Storme, Professor of Law, Law School Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Matthias Haslberger, DPhil Student in Social Policy, Nuffield College and University of Oxford

Matthew Jacobson, PhD Candidate, The University of Reading

Marc Janssens, Master of Statistics – Biostatistics, Master of Mathematics

Mark Boughan, Past-President, Emmanuel College, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Mark McIntire, Professor of Philosophy, Santa Barbara City College (retired)

Max Hennig, PhD Candidate in Psychology, University of Tübungen

Maxime Vandenberghe, Scientific researcher (WP), Ghent University

Maximilian Werner, Associate Professor of Writing and Rhetoric Studies

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Michael Anderson, PhD

Michael Bailey, Professor, Northwestern University

Michael Bennett, PhD Candidate, Australian National University

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Michael Huemer, Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Colorado

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Michael Palkowski, PhD Candidate in Hospitality, Edinburgh Napier University

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Randall Heather, PhD, St. Edmund’s College

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Reyer Sjamaar, Professor of Mathematics, Cornell University

Richard Bailey, Assistant Professor of History, Queen’s University (retired)

Richard Katz, Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience (retired)

Richard Hench, Teacher Emeritus of Linguistics, Rhetoric, and Literary Interpretation

Richard Inglis, Doctoral Student, Florida State University

Richard Mitchell, Professor of Computing, University of Brighton, UK (retired)

Richard Volkman, Professor of Philosophy, Southern Connecticut State University

Robert-Jan Kooman, Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Leiden

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Robert Henderson, PhD Student, University of Cambridge

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Robert Stanley, Professor Emeritus, Art and Humanities

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Sarnyai Zoltan, Lady Davis Visting Professor, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology

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Sean Rife, Assistant Professor of Psychology, Murray State University

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Simon B. Chen, Resident Physician, Stanford Hospital and Clinics

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Stan Middlebrooks, Professor Emeritus and Dept. Chair, Electronic Engineering and Technology Management, Herzing University

Steije Hofhuis, PhD Candidate

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Stephen B Perrott, Professor of Psychology, Mount St Vincent University

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Stephen Dunning, Associate Professor of English, Trinity Western University

Stephen Quilley, Associate Professor School of Environment Resources & Sustainability, University of Waterloo

Stephanie Greene, PhD candidate, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University

Stephen Bujno, PhD Candidate, Global Center for Advanced Studies

Stephen Kershnar, Distinguished Teaching Professor, State University of New York at Fredonia

Stephen Pierson, Professor of English, Onondaga Community College, Syracuse New York

Steven Ambler, Professor, Economics, Université du Québec à Montréal

Steven Bauer, Emeritus Professor, Department of English, Miami University

Steven Masssey, Professor of Bioinformatics, University of Puerto Rico

Steven Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology, Harvard University

Stuart Page, Pro Vice Chancellor, York St John University

Stuart Reges, Principal Lecturer, University of Washington

Sumantra Maitra, Doctoral Researcher, University of Nottingham

Susan Brown, Senior Research Associate, Department of Linguistics, Computer Science Department, University of Colorado

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Tak Wing Chan, Professor of Quantitative Social Science, University College London

Terry Newman, MA Sociology, Concordia University, Montreal

Teun Voeten, PhD

Theo Dounas, Senior Lecturer, Robert Gordon University

Thomas Bouchard, Emeritus Professor of Psychology, University of Minnesota

Thomas Cushman, Deffenbaugh de Hoyos Carlson Professor in the Social Sciences

Wellesley College

Thomas Hollett, Professor of English Language, Centro de Lenguas, University of Almería

Thomas Joseph Lynch, Adjunct Professor Business Law, Northwest Mississippi Community College

Thomas Koenig, PhD

Thomas Marmefelt, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Södertörn

Thomas Raleigh, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU)

Tim Olds, Professor of Behavioural Epidemiology, University of South Australia

Timothy Bates, Professor of Individual Differences in Psychology, University of Edinburgh

Trevor Williams, Professor Emeritus, University of Victoria, BC, Canada

Tobias Otterbring, Associate Professor, Aarhus University

Todd K. Shackelford, Distinguished Professor of Psychology, Oakland University

Torben Spaak, Professor of Jurisprudence & Vice-Dean for Education, Stockholm University

Torsten Akesson, Professor of Particle Physics, Lund University

Trevor Stammers, Director, Centre for Bioethics and Emerging Technologies, St Mary’s University

Tripurdaman Singh, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Indian Council of Historical Research

Tudor Ciobanu, PhD Candidate in Physics, Stony Brook University

Ulla Westin, Associate Professor, Medical Science

Vasilije Perovic, PhD Student, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich

Velimir Dedic, Professor of Information Systems, Zemun, Serbia

Victor Davis Hanson, Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow in Classics and Military History

The Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Vincent Debierre, MPIK Heidelberg

W. Douglas McMillin, Professor Emeritus

Walther Traberg-Christensen, PhD Candidate

William Grim, Vice-President, Humanities Education & Research Association

William Vandenberghe, Assistant professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas

Wojciech Pisula, Prof of psychology, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences

Yi-Zen Chu, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, National Central University, Taiwan

Yule Heibel, PhD

Zdenek Vajdak, DPhil



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