Having the 2nd smallest population in ASEAN, Singapore was able to ensure nearly all of its 3,496 kilometers of roads are paved. Meanwhile, only about 86% of the Philippines' road network of about 270,000 kilometers are paved. A study by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) had reported that the Philippines would lose P6 billion every day by 2030 if worsening traffic congestion is not resolved and roads remain inadequate. To address this, the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte has been implementing its P8-trillion infrastructure program.