An iceberg the size of Luxembourg knocked loose from the Antarctic continent earlier this month could disrupt the ocean currents driving weather patterns around the globe, researchers said.

While the impact would not be felt for decades or longer, a slowdown in the production of colder, dense water could result in less temperate winters in the north Atlantic, they said Thursday.

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The 2,550 square-kilometre (985 square-mile) block broke off on February 12 or 13 from the Mertz Glacier Tongue, a 160-kilometer spit of floating ice protruding into the Southern Ocean from East Antarctica due south of Melbourne, researchers said.

Some 400 metres (1,300 feet) thick, the iceberg could fill Sydney Harbour more than 100 times over.

It could also disturb the area’s exceptionally rich biodiversity, including a major colony of emperor penguins near Dumont d’Urville, site of a French scientific station, according to the scientists.

“The ice tongue was almost broken already. It was hanging like a loose tooth,” said Benoit Legresy, a French glaciologist who has been monitoring the Metz Glacier via satellite images and on the ground for a decade in cooperation with Australian scientists.

The billion-tonne mass, 78 kilometres long and half-again as wide, was dislodged by another, older iceberg, known as B9B, which split off in 1987.

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Jammed against the Antarctic continent for more than 20 years, B9B smashed into the Metz tongue like a slow-motion battering ram after it began to drift.

Both natural cycles and man-made climate change contribute to the collapse of ice shelves and glaciers.

Tide and ocean currents constantly beat against exposed areas, while longer summers and rising temperatures also take a toll.

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“Obviously when there is warmer water, these ice tongues will become more fragile,” said Legresy, who works at the Laboratory for Geophysics and Oceanographic Space Research in Toulouse, southern France.

The Metz Glacier Tongue, fitted with GPS beacons and other measurement instruments, could provide crucial insights into how these influences should be apportioned.

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“For the first time, we will have a detailed record of the full cycle of a major calving event — before, during and after,” he said.

“We are using the ice tongue as a laboratory to study the processes that might be impacted by climate change, including calving, ocean temperature, sea level change.”

Since breaking off, the iceberg — along with the newly mobile B9B, which is about the same size — have moved into an adjoining area called a polynya.

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Distributed across the Southern Ocean, polynyas are zones that produce dense water, super cold and rich in salt, that sinks to the bottom of the sea and drives the conveyor-belt like circulation around the globe.

If these icebergs move east and run aground, or drift north into warmer climes, they will have no impact on these currents.

“But if they stay in this area — which is likely — they could block the production of this dense water, essentially putting a lid on the polynya,” Legresy explained.

The Metz Glacier Polynya is particularly strong, and accounts for 20 percent of the “bottom water” in the world, he added.

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Eventually, the icebergs will die a natural death, but their lifespan depends on where they go.

Adrift, they could melt in a couple of decades. If they remain lodged against the Antarctic landmass, they could persist far longer.