In a laboratory that overlooks a busy shopping street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a robot is attempting to create new materials.

A robot arm dips a pipette into a dish and transfers a tiny amount of bright liquid into one of many receptacles sitting in front of another machine. When all the samples are ready, the second machine tests their optical properties, and the results are fed to a computer that controls the arm. Software analyzes the results of these experiments, formulates a few hypotheses, and then starts the process over again. Humans are barely required.

The setup, developed by a startup called Kebotix, hints at how machine learning and robotic automation may be poised to revolutionize materials science in coming years. The company believes it may find new compounds that could, among other things, absorb pollution, combat drug-resistant fungal infections, and serve as more efficient optoelectronic components. The company’s software learns from 3-D models of molecules with known properties.

Software algorithms are already used to design chemical compounds and materials, but the process is slow and crude. Usually, a machine simply tests slight variations of a material, blindly searching for a viable new creation. Machine learning and robotics could make the process much faster and more effective. Kebotix is one of several startups working on this idea.

The goal is to use machine learning to generate candidate materials. “Discovery is too slow,” says Jill Becker, CEO of Kebotix. “You have an idea for a material, you try to make it, and you test it. Few ideas are tested, with even fewer results.”

The founders of Kebotix: Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Dennis Sheberla, Jill Becker, Semion Saikin, and Christoph Kreisbeck. Courtesy of Kebotix

Kebotix uses several machine-learning methods to design novel chemical compounds. The company feeds molecular models of compounds with desirable properties into a type of neural network that learns a statistical representation of those properties. This algorithm can then come up with new examples that fit the same model.

Kebotix also uses another network to weed out designs that stray too far from the original and are therefore likely to be useless. Then the company’s robotic system tests the remaining chemical structures. The results of those experiments can be fed back into the machine-learning pipeline, helping it get closer to the desired chemical properties. The company dubs the overall system a “self-driving lab.”

Christoph Kreisbeck, the company’s chief product officer, says Kebotix will start out working with molecules for electronic applications and then try to tackle new polymers and alloys.

“The AI predicts and plans what to do next; the robot automation system very rapidly tests our new molecule,” Kreisbeck says. “The machine can learn from the database and make a better decision for the next round.”

Kebotix was founded by researchers working in the Harvard lab of Alán Aspuru-Guzik, who left Harvard earlier this year to build at lab at the University of Toronto in Canada. Kebotix, which is based at MIT’s VC firm The Engine, recently received $5 million in seed funding. The investment round was led by One Way Ventures, an investment firm that specializes in funding immigrant entrepreneurs. All of Kebotix’s founding team members are immigrants to the US.

Klavs Jensen, a professor in MIT's chemical engineering department, leads a lab that’s developing automated approaches to devising useful new chemicals, including methods that combine machine learning and robotics. He says the catch is that such methods tend to require huge quantities of data, which is generally time consuming and difficult to collect. This also becomes more challenging as the materials get more complicated. “You can definitely do a lot,” Jensen says. “But like anything else, it’s about the quality of the data.”

Jensen says that automation, already commonplace in the pharmaceutical industry, will become increasingly important in materials research. “It won’t replace the expert,” he says, “but you’ll be able to do things a lot faster.”