GAZIANTEP, Turkey—Syrian rebel commanders are sharing what they consider to be priority bombing targets with the Obama administration in the hope of launching coordinated attacks against President Bashar al-Assad's regime, potentially tipping the balance in the country's civil war.

An initial list sent Wednesday by the coordinating command for the rebel armies, called the Supreme Military Council, includes the Syrian government's military airfields in the cities of Damascus, Aleppo, Homs and Latakia, an Assad stronghold, according...