Ricardo Duchesne by

M

Alexander Dugin

In order to adequately understand the essence of liberalism, we must recognize that it is not accidental, that its appearance in the political and economic ideologies is based on fundamental processes, proceeding in all Western civilization. Liberalism is not only a part of that history, but its purest and most refined expression, its result.1

Pierre Krebs's Fighting for the Essence

The originality and the richness of the human heritages of this world are nourished by their differences and their deviations, which surprise and fascinate as soon as one passes from the culture of one people to another. These originalities can find protection, in turn, only in the homogeneous ethno-cultural space that is proper to them. The defenders of multiracialism are the primary destroyers, consciously or unconsciously, of this elementary right.2

Dialogue between Krebs and RD

"[I]n the American-style 'carnival' multiculturalism, it is in fact the naturally aristocratic soul of Europe, its deeply individualist style, its essentially rebellious, Faustian and Promethean spirit that the globalist vulgate is in the process of attacking. Behind its multicultural alibi, Europe is invited to change its mentality — and so its skin — so that its lively identity may be silenced".4

Christianity, too, became a thoroughly Faustian moral ethic. "It was not Christianity that transformed Faustian man, but Faustian man who transformed Christianity — and he not only made it a new religion but also gave it a new moral direction."

everything is direction, claim to power, will to affect the distant. Here Luther is completely at one with Nietzsche, Popes with Darwinians, Socialists with Jesuits; for one and all, the beginning of morale is a claim to general and permanent validity. It is a necessity of the Faustian soul that this should be so. He who thinks or teaches "otherwise" is sinful, a backslider, a foe, and he is fought down without mercy. You "shall", the State "shall", society "shall" — this form of morale is to us self-evident, it represents the only real meaning that we can attach to the word.6

the ideals of 'welfare', 'freedom', 'humanity', the doctrine of the 'greatest happiness of the greatest number'.

[i]t is a shallow judgment, and one incapable of inwardly understanding history, that cannot distinguish the literary chatter of popular social-moralists and humanity-apostles from the deep ethical instincts of the West-European Civilization.7

Once the dangers have been perceived and the choices have been offered, we must then move to action, first refusing 'compromise, weakness, and indulgence towards everything which, being derived from the Judaeo-Christian root, has infected our blood and our intelligence'. Then secondly, return to our pagan Indo-European tradition without which 'there will be no liberation and no true restoration, and conversion to the true values of spirit, power, hierarchy, and empire will not be possible'.9

the Faustian technics, which with the full passion of the third dimension and, to be sure, from the earliest days of the Gothic era thrusts itself upon Nature in order to hold sway over her.10

...Judaeo-Christianity and its modern avatars, egalitarian democracy...and the mercantile ideologies of the Homo oeconomicus and all their variations. In fact, once the assumption that Europe and the West are synonymous, which was previously believed to be self-evident, has been turned on its head, the opposite idea becomes the rule: the West is then moved to the opposite pole as something absolutely alien, with the radical, exogenous character of a civilisation that must henceforth be perceived on the basis of the natural incompatibilities that separate it forever from the authentic European culture considered in all its aspects: ethnic, mental, and spiritual [...] Europe will be able to find itself, return to an obedience to its gods, purify the conscience of its being which has been adulterated for so long, and recreate in its liberated soul the vibrations of a forgotten transcendence and origin.11

Part I | Part II

y knowledge of the European New Right (ENR) is quite limited, based on no more than a few articles and three books:I found Faye's metapolitical dictionary substantively insightful and Dugin's dissection of liberalism penetrating. But Krebs' book finally clarified for me something about the ENR I had sensed but was not sure about: its belief that Western Civilization stands for the rise of multiracial societies in Europe.I noticed this animus against the West in Dugin's book. In the case of Dugin it was more his identification of American Neoconservatism, or Mainstream Liberalism, with Western Civilization as such, his rejection of Western rationalism, his condemnation of the idea of progress, his use of cultural Marxists and postmodernists (Franz Boas, Michel Foucault, Levi Strauss, Jean Baudrillard) to paint a picture of the West as the most decadent and destructive civilization in human history. Everything hateful about the world — consumerism, environmental despoliation, egalitarianism, plutocratic manipulation, erosion of ethnic and traditional differences — is explained by him as a direct product of the metaphysical orientation of the West.It is as if the West was from the beginning oriented towards our present-day pro-immigration regimen, driven by a rationalist logic dedicated to the reduction of cultural qualities to measurable quantities, by a will to a universal language for humanity based on mental constructs existing apriori in all humans, by an individualizing logic that seeks to free all concrete persons from any collective identities, and by a progressive view of history that ranks cultures in terms of how close they approximate the liberal-democratic aims of a West envisioned as the master culture led by a superior race. According to Dugin, the "very ideology of [Western] progress is racist in its structure."But I thought that these were the prejudices of a Russian nationalist, a keen defender of Putin's foreign policies in the face of American Neocon wishes for control of former Soviet territories. But upon reading Pierre Krebs' book a few days ago, I am starting to realize that opposition to the West (and, by direct necessity, opposition to some of the major trends in the history of Europeans) is quite prominent among some members of the ENR. I feel confident in making this generalization about the ENR, having read, additionally, some articles by and about Alain de Benoist, noticing that he too holds the West responsible for the main maladies of our times: individualization, massification, desacralization, rationalization, and universalization. He traces the roots of these destructive trends to the Christian concept of equality and the Christian idea of progress, and then explains how these concepts were secularized in modern times. However, since De Benoist has a wider corpus of ideas which can't be properly captured in a short article, I will take what follows below to be only a critical assessment of Krebs', originally published in 1997.I will engage with Krebs' ideas by citing passages from his books, and offering responses below. First I will make a very broad statement about Kreb's argument. I view Krebs as an ideological friend with whom I have a major disagreement about the nature of the West. He offers an effective rhetorical critique of the relationship between the homogenization of humanity and the celebration of diversity through miscegenation.But the claim that the West has been the destroyer of racial identities is very simplistic and evinces a truncated understanding of the history of the most enriching and complex civilization. Krebs distinguishes an "authentic" West that is Greek, Faustian and Indo-European from a "Judeo-Christian" West that came after. But he condemns the West in its entirety once it became "Judeo-Christian". This argument is historically flawed, starting with the term "Judeo-Christian", which is a recent invention, , as I will argue in Part II, reflecting trends that cannot be teleologically attributed to the ancient past."Genuine tragedies in the world are not conflicts between right and wrong. They are conflicts between two rights" — Hegel once wrote as he contemplated the history of Europe. Individualization, universalization, rationalization, and desacralization were inescapably connected to the rise of this civilization to world supremacy. They are part-expression of the tumultuous temperament and directional psyche of Europeans. You can't condemn these world-historical processes without condemning Europeans as a people. You can't walk through centuries of history to argue that what is transpiring today was foreshadowed in the Western past.Even as late as the Enlightenment era, it would be historically inaccurate to say that European intellectuals were calling for the racial mixing of humanity. They were calling for the study of humanity in a way that was scientific in method and universal in scope. When they wrote about "cosmopolitanism" they were not arguing about the sameness of races, but calling for a peaceful "federation of the peoples of Europe" and the abolition of slavery. It was in light of their studies about race, continued through the nineteenth century, that the United States, Australia, and Canada instituted in the twentieth century, right in the age of full-blown individualization, universalization, and massification, "white only" immigration policies. These policies were implemented in liberal democratic societies and accepted by the majority of citizens.Americans have been pushing multiculturalism and immigration in Europe for decades, and if the term "Western Civilization" is taken to mean that European nations should become as the US and Canada were in the 1960s, with multiple European ethnicities converging as members of one nation, then I am opposed to it. But the settler nations of America, Canada and Australia (and New Zealand) are European creations and altogether they should be viewed as members of a Pan-European world we can conveniently label "Western Civilization" as a way of identifying common traits and common historical experiences in and outside Europe in North America and Australia, in contrast to that of other civilizations.My bookemphasizes the roots of this civilization in the aristocratic culture of Indo-Europeans and the Faustian personality of Europeans. Krebs is making a mistake in assuming that the Faustian soul of the West was gradually eroded with the adoption of what he calls "the monster of Judaeo-Christianity".As I briefly argued in a prior essay here, citing Spengler's words:I will address in part II Krebs' erroneous understanding of Christianity. The point I like to make now is that the forces pushing for multiracialism inside the West are still imbued with a Faustian moral imperative, even as they seek to destroy this soul and are themselves already intermixed, in this late hour, with alien morals. The words cited above from Spengler come from Chapter X, "Soul-Image and Life-Feeling: Buddhism, Stoicism, Socialism". I may write an essay exclusively on this magnificent chapter in the future. In it, Spengler specifically addresses the "morale" of Faustian man in the last stage of the West when it is about to exhaust itself, but before writing about this stage in particular, he notes that, for the Faustian morale in general,On the surface, or perhaps in a way that requires disentanglement, the socialists of Spengler's day appeared to have rejected the Faustian will for overcoming all resistances when they spoke softly at conferences and at the ballot box aboutButKrebs has an inverted understanding of the Faustian soul. He grasps the aggressive moral certainty of globalists against the heterogeneity of cultures and ethnicities, but attributes this drive to Judeo-Christianity, mainly on the basis of its monotheism and egalitarian impulses, while picturing the Faustian morality of Europeans as if it were inherently inclined toward a life without directionality, repetitive cycles, co-existence with other morals in the world, ecological harmony, and polytheism.Krebs misreads the Faustian will to power of the West; he wants Europeans to "return" to their pre-Christian pagan past. But the problem is, first, that our Indo-European ancestors were a uniquely expansionary and directional people exhibiting a glorious expansive drive since prehistoric times across the Old World, spreading their " Kurgan " lifestyle across Asia and Europe, leading eventually to a situation in which Indo-European languages are spoken today by almost 3 billion native speakers, the largest number of any language family. The problem is also that the creativity of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Catholics, Protestants, and Moderns I have written about in previous essays was driven by this Faustian energy — before and after Christianity.We are facing an enemy — both the Neocon assimilationists and the Left multiculturalists — possessed by a Faustian morale (intermixed with alien motifs) dedicated to the destruction of European ethnic identity "without mercy" and in complete conviction of its ideals. We should not be surprised by this. But just because the proponents of European ethnic dissolution are Faustian it does not follow that this is what the West was always (since the inception of Christianity) inclined to do. The Faustian soul has expressed itself in multiple, conflicting ways throughout history. Europeans have been the most bellicose people in human history. They almost self-destructed in two world wars. Many other alternative outlooks were defeated or unable to gather sufficient support. Now we have a huge conflict opening up. In the Western world "life means struggling, overcoming, winning through",and waging a successful political war against the prevailing Faustian ethic can only be accomplished with a Faustian ethnocentric morale.The words cited by Krebs are from Julius Evola. Krebs sees how we are facing an ideology with which there can be no compromises, and yet he speaks of a "return to our pagan Indo-European tradition" without considering that this tradition welcomes the struggle for existence, overcoming limitations, mastering nature. Evola has a mythological understanding of European history, a preference for traditional cultures combined with an immense dislike for Western modernity. He writes of the "order of things" in traditional cultures without realizing that Faustian man refuses to be bounded by orders other than those he has subjected to rational investigation.I learned much from Evola's; it offers fascinating ideas about the "higher world" of ancient cultures, how rulers, institutions, and laws were seen as divine in origin and how this divinity ensured spiritual stability with a clear sense of the proper ranking of classes and human activities, higher spiritual functions versus lower materialistic functions, giving purpose and meaning to life, uplifting everyone in the direction of the higher "invisible reality" and conferring a sacred dignity to leadership roles, rituals, and beliefs. His understanding of the meaning of "tradition" surpasses that of any sociologist.But Evola is not a practical thinker in tune with the actualities of Western history, what is possible today in the modern world. Just as Spengler called for German conservatives to liberate themselves from Romantic, unrealistic goals based on "dead" programs, the New Right needs to accept and adapt to the realities of international finance, genetic engineering, and robotics. It must not let go of the Faustian ethos:was a unique creation of Europeans, authentic to them. Europeans were the first to develop a science of economics and to discover the laws behind the production and distribution of wealth. They were the first to separate analytically "economic man" and thereby understand the activities of this man without confounding these activities with religious and political motivations, and, in doing so, to apprehend the reality that a nation's power is more efficiently sustained when a nation creates its own wealth throughrather that through conquest. This was another major step in redirecting the Faustian energies of European man into less destructive endeavors. This does not mean that one has to accept the principles of free market economics since there are other schools, including the much neglected German school associated with the economics of Friedrich List's(1841), which accepted the wealth-creating nature of capitalism based on the economic history and economic reality of nations.The West is not alien to Europe but a creation of Europe's extension across the Atlantic in the modern era. Seeking a "return" to an "authentic" Europe of pagan gods, "transcendence and origin", is Utopian. This Europe is nowhere to be found in the classical Greece Krebs cherishes. The ancient Greeks reinterpreted or limited the sphere of influence of their gods as they became self-conscious as distinctive personalities in possession of a faculty they called "mind" (in contradistinction to other bodily attributes and psychological drives) capable of self-grounding its own principles and criteria for truthful statements. The first step in the origins of self-awareness, or awareness of awareness, thinking about thinking, rather than thinking in terms of prescribed norms and mandated religious ordinances, came with the uniquely Indo-European fight to the death for the sake of pure prestige by aristocratic peers in the state of nature. I write about this in Chapter Eight ofThe liberation of Europe has to be grounded in its peculiar history rather than in some static "origin" disconnected from what came after.