Randomness is a hard problem for computers. For this reason most functions that generate randomness are not considered cryptographically secure. That means that it is possible that an attacker can take a good guess at what number a non-secure randomness generator generated.

How can randomness be attacked?

Many non-secure randomness (or entropy) generators would do something similar to the following:

function getRandom(timestamp, maxNumber){ // Take the deterministic hash of the timestamp const hashedTime = sha256(timestamp) // Reduce the hash to within the range [0, maxNumber) return hashedTime % maxNumber }

This function (while ignoring some implementation details of modulus math by such a large number) will return random numbers that are based on the timestamp input, which is called the seed. If I pass in many different timestamps, the various outputs would appear random. This is an example of a weak pseudo-random number generator.

A weak pseudo-random number generator works perfectly fine if one is trying to:

Create sample data for an application

Write a video game engine

etc …

However, weak pseudo-randomness can be catastrophically dangerous if one is trying to:

Generate Bitcoin keys

Generate passwords or salts

etc …

Strong Psuedo-Randomness (Cryptographically Secure)

A software-only system like Qvault can at best generate strong pseudo-random data because we are working on deterministic systems. Without an outside source of entropy (like someone rolling dice and telling the computer each output), we are at the mercy of pseudo-randomness.

nodejs.org

Node’s built-in crypto.randomBytes is a cryptographically secure random number generator that is based on openssl. Depending on the operating system of the user, randomBytes will use

/dev/urandom (unix)

or

CryptoGenRandom (windows)

While still pseudo-random sources, the important thing is that they are not guessable by an attacker. In other words, after using crypto.randomBytes() to generate a recovery code in Qvault, an attacker can’t recreate that code.

What do I do?

In short, use crypto.randomBytes() whenever you need raw random bytes. If you need a random number within a range, for example, a random number between 0-9, then use a non-biased function that uses crypto.randomBytes() as the source of entropy. For example:

node-random-number-csprng

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