Women comprise the majority of health and social care workers, and are on the front lines of the fight against COVID-19.

Mass school closures have particularly affected women because they still bear much of the responsibility for childcare.

Women already do three-times as much unpaid care work than men – and caring for relatives with the virus adds to the burden.

Are men and women feeling the effects of the coronavirus differently?

Research from China suggests that while COVID-19 is infecting men and women in about equal numbers, women appear less likely to die from the virus than men.

A study of some 44,600 people with COVID-19 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control showed the death rate among men was 2.8%, compared with 1.7% for women.

Scientists say there could be a number of reasons for this difference, including biological and lifestyle factors. For example, Chinese men are much more likely than women to smoke, which harms the immune system. Also, women tend to produce stronger immune responses against infections than men.

But in other, perhaps less obvious ways, the virus appears to disproportionately affect women. As the fight against COVID-19 continues, an increasing number of women around the world are on the front lines. Many of them will be expected to work longer hours, while juggling domestic responsibilities such as childcare.

Here are a few examples of coronavirus's gendered impact.

Health workers

Chinese authorities have sent more than 41,000 health workers from around the country to support medical staff at the epicentre of the outbreak in Hubei province.

By 24 February, 3,387 health workers in China were infected with COVID-19, more than 90% of them in Hubei.

More than half of the doctors and 90% of the nurses in Hubei are women, according to the Shanghai Women’s Federation, a government body.

More broadly, women make up the majority of workers in the health and social care sector – 70% in 104 countries analyzed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Women form 70% of workers in the health and social sector, according to the World Health Organization. Image: World Health Organization

They also earn 11% less than men in the same field, according to the WHO.

What is the World Economic Forum doing about the coronavirus outbreak? Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic requires global cooperation among governments, international organizations and the business community, which is at the centre of the World Economic Forum’s mission as the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. How can we collaborate to stop the spread of COVID-19? Since its launch on 11 March, the Forum’s COVID Action Platform has brought together 1,667 stakeholders from 1,106 businesses and organizations to mitigate the risk and impact of the unprecedented global health emergency that is COVID-19. The platform is created with the support of the World Health Organization and is open to all businesses and industry groups, as well as other stakeholders, aiming to integrate and inform joint action. As an organization, the Forum has a track record of supporting efforts to contain epidemics. In 2017, at our Annual Meeting, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) was launched – bringing together experts from government, business, health, academia and civil society to accelerate the development of vaccines. CEPI is currently supporting the race to develop a vaccine against this strand of the coronavirus.

Unpaid caregivers

Women and girls already do most of the world’s unpaid care work.

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), globally, women perform 76.2% of total hours of unpaid care work, more than three-times as much as men. In Asia and the Pacific, that figure rises to 80%.

As health systems become stretched, many people with COVID-19 will need to be cared for at home, adding to women’s overall burden, as well as putting them at greater risk of becoming infected.

School closures

Nearly 300 million students globally are currently missing class due to virus-led school closures, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

The mass shutdown of childcare centres and schools across 15 countries, as well as localized closures in a further 14 countries, has left many working parents with little choice but to take time off, or to try to work from home while caring for their children.

As The New York Times reports, the closing of schools hits women particularly hard because much of the responsibility for childcare still falls on them.

Those who are poor, working in service jobs that cannot be done from home, and those without paid leave are especially vulnerable.