Research suggests that as the wealth of the richest explodes, the rest of us are left stressed, worried, angry and with lower levels of life satisfaction. The wealth of the richest is exploding. According to research by Oxfam, the richest 62 billionaires have the same amount of wealth as 3.6 billion people — the poorest half of the world’s population. Last year this figure was 80; two years ago it was 85.

Despite growing concern over the economic and social implications of the increasing concentration of wealth among a wealthy elite, we continue to know very little about how the growing gap in wealth and income of the top one percent influences the wellbeing of the other 99 percent.

Together with Richard Burkhauser at Cornell University, we decided to find out. We wanted to estimate how the rising income of the one percent relates to average life satisfaction, even where household income and a country’s GDP remain constant.

We started our research by asking if income inequality at the very top really matters to the life satisfaction of the average person in a country – the results show that there is a correlation between the two. Using data from the World Top Incomes Database and the Gallup World Poll, we compared the share of taxable income held by the top one percent in each country with reported levels of life satisfaction over the last 30 years. We found that a one percent increase in the share of taxable income held by the top one percent hurts life satisfaction as much as a 1.4 percent increase in the country-level unemployment rate.

This is a stark reminder that it’s not just about how much you have, nor even how much you have relative to everyone else, but also how much the top one percent has. With that level of income accumulation, even if you are a member of the relatively well-to-do middle class some things start getting priced beyond your reach, such as housing.

In addition, there may be psychological reasons driving the correlation between rising top incomes and decreased average wellbeing: a rise in the share of income held by the richest one percent could make you feel as if your chance of moving up the ladder is growing increasingly beyond your reach.

This is particularly true for certain groups of people. We found that people who are young, less educated or on low incomes tend to suffer more as the richest get richer. It’s not clear why, but one explanation could be that these individuals are often the furthest away from the very top of the income distribution.

As well as looking at life satisfaction, we also mapped levels of positive and negative emotional experiences. We did not find a relationship between general positive emotional experiences and a growing share of income among the top earners. This is probably because the things that make up positive emotional experiences are to do with factors that have little to do with income and rank.

However, we did find that negative emotional experiences rose along with the incomes of the top one percent. In societies where the richest hold most of the country’s income, people were more likely to report feeling stressed, worried, or angry on the day before we interviewed them.

There has been ongoing debate about whether rising top income shares is a good thing. There are those — particularly on the right of the political spectrum — who argue that rising top incomes are good for social welfare as the poor will eventually benefit from the trickle-down economy. However, others say that income inequality at the very top creates a clear divide between rich and poor.

Our study makes a small attempt to try and settle the argument by showing that, on average, aggregate life satisfaction goes down as the richest becomes richer.

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Notes:

This post was originally published by The Guardian newspaper and is reposted here with permission. It is based on Top Incomes and Human Well-Being Around the World, by Richard V. Burkhauser, Jan‐Emmanuel De Neve and Nattavudh (Nick) Powdthavee, published as Discussion Paper No. 1400 by the LSE Centre for Economic Performance (CEP).

This post gives the views of its authors, not the position of LSE Business Review or the London School of Economics.

Featured image credit: Paraisópolis, São Paulo nakagawaPROOF CC-BY-2.0

Jan-Emmanuel De Neve is Associate Professor in Economics and Strategy at Saïd Business School and a Fellow of Harris Manchester College at the University of Oxford. Jan’s research interests are in behavioural economics and political economy. The underlying theme throughout his research is the study of human wellbeing. Prior to joining Oxford, Jan was Assistant Professor in Political Economy and Behavioural Science at University College London and a Visiting Professor in Economics and Political Science at INSEAD. He obtained his PhD from the LSE and was a Fulbright scholar at Harvard University. His research and commentary regularly feature in the media.



Nattavudh (Nick) Powdthavee holds a joint position as a Professorial Research Fellow at the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economics and Social Research, University of Melbourne, and a Principal Research Fellow in the WellBeing research programme at the Centre for Economic Performance at the LSE. He obtained his PhD in Economics from the University of Warwick in 2006 and has held positions at the University of London, University of York, and Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He is the author of the popular economics book The Happiness Equation: The Surprising Economics of Our Most Valuable Asset. Click here for his website.