It's the ultimate greenhouse gas irony.

As humanity's use of energy has altered Earth's atmosphere, climate change is disrupting the systems for producing and transporting that energy. On Thursday, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) report urged that action be taken to address the nation's increasing risk of blackouts and other breakdowns in power and fuel delivery. (See related story: "Record Heat, Drought Pose Problems for U.S. Electric Power.")

"Increasing temperatures, decreasing water availability, more intense storm events, and sea level rise will each independently, and in some cases in combination, affect the ability of the United States to produce and transmit electricity from fossil, nuclear, and existing and emerging renewable energy sources," the report said. (See related story: "Obama Unveils Climate Change Strategy.")

It catalogued a long list of impacts already occurring: the fuel shortages in New York and New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy, the shutdowns of power plants in New England and Illinois last summer due to hot weather and drought, the restrictions placed on fracking companies' access to water in North Dakota and elsewhere.

Such disruptions are likely to become "more frequent and intense" in the years ahead, the report said.

DOE's conclusions are not surprising to those in the energy industry. "We are seeing more and more impact on the system, so the utilities and public utility commissions are more and more looking for solutions," says Jeff Hamel, executive director of power delivery utilization for the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).

EPRI, a nonprofit research and development organization funded by the U.S. electric power industry, is hosting a workshop of about 30 utilities this week at its Lenox, Massachusetts laboratory. Researchers are carrying out tests that involve, for example, trees falling on power lines, to test technology to minimize disruption during intense storms.

"The system is very reliable," says Hamel. "We need to couple this with resiliency."

Here are five key technologies the DOE identified for a more "climate-resilient U.S. energy sector," some of them already being deployed.

Power Grid Upgrade

Many experts have highlighted the need to modernize the electric grid, including deploying "smart grid" technologies, to reduce the risk of widespread outages during storms. (See related story: "Can Hurricane Sandy Shed Light on Curbing Power Outages?") The DOE report stressed the need for energy storage and improved grid monitoring. But rethinking the central power station model might be the ultimate solution. The report said development of "microgrids," "controlled islanding," and distributed generation—like rooftop solar and small wind power installments—would make the grid less vulnerable to climate disruption. (See related blog post: "As U.S. Plans $7 Billion Effort to Electrify Africa, It Faces Challenges at Home.")

Crisis-"Hardened" Facilities

Hurricane Sandy's ravages on New York were worsened because so much underground electric infrastructure was flooded with saltwater. DOE urged "placement of substations and other critical local electricity infrastructure in locations that are not anticipated to be affected by storm surges." The report catalogued a long list of threats, and urged increased resilience of energy infrastructure "to wildfires, storms, floods, and sea level rise, including 'hardening' of existing facilities and structures" from transmission and distribution lines to offshore oil and gas platforms.

Less Water-Intensive Fracking

DOE noted that "unconventional" oil and gas development, including hydraulic fracturing (or fracking), was becoming an ever-larger part of U.S. fossil energy production. But fracking involves high-pressure injection of large volumes of water underground (and later, the wastewater needs to be disposed of.) (See interactive: "Breaking Fuel From Rock.") DOE pointed out that some energy companies are beginning to reuse and recycle fracking wastewater. (See related story: "Forcing Gas Out of Rock With Water.") It also said there may be opportunity for the industry to further reduce freshwater use, either through use of brackish water or development of "dry fracturing" processes, in which exothermic reactions, instead of water, would fracture shale.

Drought-Tolerant Biofuel Crops

Corn-based ethanol now makes up 10 percent of U.S. transportation fuel by volume (and about 5 percent by energy content); although it is displacing use of oil, it is also reliant on water. (See related quiz: What You Don't Know About Biofuel.) The DOE report notes that water use in biorefineries has been reduced significantly, but on average, producing one gallon of corn ethanol requires 17 to 239 gallons of water for irrigation and conversion. (See related story: "Water Demand for Energy to Double by 2035.")

The DOE noted that a move to cellulosic ethanol from non-irrigated perennial grass and other drought-tolerant feedstocks would reduce water use further. Use of salt-tolerant feedstocks such as algae also could reduce competition for freshwater. (See related stories: "Beyond Ethanol: Drop-In Biofuels Squeeze Gasoline From Plants" and "Growing Food Demand Strains Water, Energy Supplies.")

Less Thirsty Power Plants

Steam-driven coal and nuclear power plants require large amounts of water for cooling, and operations have been affected in recent years by drought and hot weather. (See related quiz: "What You Don't Know About Electricity.") DOE noted that technologies exist to dramatically reduce water use for electricity; cooling towers added in 2007 to a Newnan, Georgia power plant reduced water withdrawals by 96 percent. Dry-cooling systems also have been installed in natural gas-fired power plants in Nevada and California. Although dry-cooling retrofits may be too expensive in many cases, DOE said some plants might be cost-effectively retrofitted to use "non-traditional" water supplies, such as municipal wastewater or brackish water, instead of fresh water from rivers.