Horses have been used as mounts and to transport supplies for thousands of years. Elephants, camels and mules have all served similar functions, as fighting animals as well as beasts of burden, while homing pigeons were used for communication in many wars. But throughout history humans have found stranger – and often crueller – ways to use animals in war.

Flaming Camels and Incendiary Apes

Several armies have set animals on fire and directed them at the enemy to panic and scatter war elephants. One of the most spectacular of these unpleasant schemes was undertaken the Turkic general Timur while invading India in 1398. Piling hay and wood onto the backs of camels, he set them on fire and sent them screaming into the enemy elephant formation.

Flaming animals have also been used against other enemy troops. In a battle between rebels and the Chinese army during the Southern Song Dynasty, monkeys were clothed in straw, dipped in oil and set on fire. Released in the enemy camp, they spread the flames to tents and caused chaos among the troops.

Canine Construction Crew

Despite the level of mechanisation that in place, many animals were used during the First World War, from carrier pigeons to cart horses. The Germans used dogs to lay telegraph wires, strapping spools of wire to their backs and sending them down the routes the telegraph lines were set to take.

Buzzing Night Lights

Another example from World War One was the use of glow worms to provide light. Trapped in jars, the insects were used to read maps, communications and letters from home in the darkness of the trenches.

Turkey Parachutes

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Animals have often been used to transport supplies, but a particularly bizarre variation on this took place during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). During the siege of a monastery, Nationalist pilots attached live turkeys to fragile supplies before dropping them into the monastery.

The flapping of the turkeys was intended to slow the fall of the supplies, acting as a form of a parachute. The turkeys could then be added to the defenders’ food supplies – a poor reward for their heroic service.

Bomb Dogs

Desperate measures and a willingness to sacrifice lives were hallmarks of the Russian way of battle during World War Two. New tactics were improvised to tackle the technically superior and better equipped German forces, and one of these was anti-tank dogs.

The canines were trained to run underneath tanks with bombs strapped to their backs, with the intention that the devices would then explode, taking out German armour. The plan was not a great success – scared of the tanks, the dogs ran away or fled to Soviet camps, still armed and ready to explode.

Bat Bombs

The Russians weren’t the only ones turning animals into bombs during the Second World War. As the war into the Pacific turned into a gruelling, blood-soaked slog, the United States looked for ways to devastate the Japanese mainland and so force a surrender. The eventual solution was the Manhattan Project and the dropping of the first two atomic bombs, but before that came the bat bombs.

The brainchild of American dentist Lyle S. Adams, there was a twisted ingenuity to the bat bomb. Japanese houses were built of highly flammable materials such bamboo, paper and wood. This made them particularly vulnerable to fire. Adams’s scheme was to attach small incendiary devices to Mexican Free-tail bats and drop them at night on enemy cities. The bats could see in the dark, and would find places to roost in the beams of houses, so that when they ignited they would begin a city-wide inferno.

A working delivery method for the bats was never successfully developed, and when it became clear that the Manhattan Project would work the bat bombs were abandoned.

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War Dolphins

Since 1962, the United States military has been researching ways to use dolphins in war. Suggested uses include clearing mines, retrieving objects, and providing underwater sentries. The US Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) has sparked controversy over animal welfare concerns though this scrutiny means that the Dolphins are better kept than almost any other animal used in war. The program is reportedly heading towards closure, with robotic mine-hunters taking the place of animals.

Cat Spies

Even the Cold War made use of animal combatants and saw casualties among them. The CIA surgically implanted bugging devices in cats and tried to introduce them to the Kremlin and the Russian Embassy.

The first attempt failed after the cat was run over, and the scheme was soon abandoned, having racked up a cost of over $10 million.

Gas Detecting Chickens

During the First Gulf War (1990-1991), the United States planned to use chickens to detect poisonous gasses. It was a variation on the ancient mining technique of taking a canary down the pit, as the canary would die from only a small amount of poison and so warn the miners of any danger.

But 41 of 43 chickens intended for use in Kuwaiti Field Chicken (KFC) died within a week of arriving in Kuwait, and the plan was abandoned.

Mine Detecting Rats

In recent years, pouched rats have been trained to detect mines. Their cheapness, sharp sense and ability to be trained allow mine clearance in parts of the world devastated by war but too poor to afford technical clearance solutions.

The rats have two great advantages over other animals. Firstly, they are very light, and so will not trigger the mines they find. Secondly, they are relatively long-lived, surviving up to eight years, so new rats do not have to be constantly trained as replacements. Among some handlers, ageing rats are preserved as honoured pets, receiving a retirement worthy of these veterans.