Part I: The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis

The lines and geoglyphs carved into the Nazca plateau represent a map of the Earth. The map is a Great Circle Map: a gnomonic projection with the center of the Earth as its cartographic view point. Each line on the Nazca Plateau represents a great circle of navigation centered at the center of the Earth and encircling the entire planet.

The majority of the lines on the Nazca Plateau radiate from five loci of origin called radial centers. The five radial centers are labeled C, A, T, G and R on the complete blueprint of the Nazca Map-Plateau as presented in Plate-1. Each radial center represents a specific geographic location on the surface of the Earth. The unicursal geoglyphs drawn amidst the straight lines function as eco-geographical markers—each figure representing a different geographic region of Earth. Using the geoglyphs as guides one can orient the Nazca map and infer the precise geographic locations of the radial centers on Earth. Once the exact radial center locations are known, the lines of the 2-Dimensional map-plateau can be projected as 3-dimensional great circles that circumscribe Earth.

To orient or key the Nazca map one begins with the geoglyph that depicts two llamas (Figure-1). The figure on the right of the llamas, often referred to as their “pen” or “corral”, will be addressed in a later work. The llamas suggests a clear and particular association with South America, specifically with the Andean region where the map itself is found. Therefore the llamas geoglyph is cartographically assigned as representing the Nazca-Andean region of Earth.

The nearest geoglyph eastward of the llamas is that of a spider-monkey seen in Picture-1 and Figure-2. The monkey appears hanging inverted from a jagged line formation that resembles a mountain chain, suggestive of the Andes mountains. This is geographically reasonable—as one moves eastward from Nazca over the Andes mountains one drops into the western Amazon Basin, where spider-monkeys abound. The spider-monkey glyph is therefore cartographically assigned to the southwestern region of the Amazon Basin.

Northward from the spider-monkey one finds the geoglyph called the grampus, or dolphin (Figure-3). The dolphin figure borders the southwestern edge of a large quadrangular polygon, labeled “Amazon River” on Plate-2.

One tends to associate dolphins with oceans, yet before one reaches the Caribbean Sea to the north of the Amazon, one encounters a particular and anomalous species of dolphin: the Amazon River Dolphin. These fresh water dolphins inhabit the western headwaters of the Amazon River.

Considered thus, the Amazon River Dolphin figure becomes a highly specific identifier for the Amazon River — the largest river of Earth—allowing one to infer that the large rectangular polygon adjacent to the river dolphin is a cartographic representation of the Amazon River itself. From this inference one may further infer that: all polygonal and triangular geometric shapes on the Nazca map are cartographic representations of rivers and water ways. The shallow tapering of the Amazon River Trapezoid towards its western end—is suggestive of the easterly flow of the Amazon River current—leading to an additional hypothesis: water currents flow in the direction of widening of polygonal or triangular figures.

Eastward from the river dolphin, towards the eastern end of the Amazon River Polygon is the figure of a downward diving fish (Figure-4). The downward orientation of the fish is suggestive of the Amazon River waters “falling” into the Atlantic Ocean. We therefore cartographically assign this fish to the Amazon River Delta region.

Directly beneath the easternmost end of the Amazon River quadrangle is the radial center labeled “A“ on Plate-2. The mouth of the Amazon River occurs at the terrestrial Equator—providing a “natural” cartographic location that allows one to infer the geographic location of the first radial center. The Amazon Radial Center (A) is therefore assigned equatorial coordinates at the center of the largest island in the Amazon River Delta: 0 North, 50 West.

Towards the northwest of the Amazon River radial center is the geoglyph of a hummingbird (Figure-5). These birds are unique to the Americas and exist in abundant numbers and variety in the Northern Amazon and Central American region, as indicated by the figure’s relative position in relation to the Amazon River.

Southward from the Amazon River is the figure often misidentified as a dog (Figure-6). The rounded ears and its inverted “hanging” orientation are strongly suggestive of a Tamandua, a semi-arboreal mammal that is unique to South America, inhabiting a vast range of forests and savannas south of the Amazon River (Picture-2).

To the southeast of the Amazon River polygon is the geoglyphic figure often called a condor (Figure-7). From a biological standpoint the figure lacks all bird of prey characteristics. The beak and legs are too long and thin, not short and robust like a condor’s, and it lacks the large wing span in relation to the tail. The bird represented is actually a Willet—a coastal bird that ranges the Atlantic coasts from southern Brazil to the coasts northward of Florida (Picture-3). When viewed from above, flying low along the shore, Willets look very much as depicted by the geoglyph drawn on the plateau. Willets are unique to the eastern shorelines of the Americas, indicating that eastward from this point is the Atlantic Ocean.

Picture-3 ‘Willet’ by Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren (CC BY 2.0)

Adjacent to the northeast of the willet and spanning eastward is a large polygonal shape labeled “ATLANTIC” (Plate-3). Applying the hypothesis that polygons and triangles represent water-ways, the large polygon must represent a portion of the Atlantic Ocean—from the easternmost shore of South America to the western shores of the African continent. The sub-hypothesis that water currents flow in the direction of polygonal widening finds congruency—the Atlantic South Equatorial Current flows westward from the Bight of Africa towards South America’s easternmost shore—as indicated by the Atlantic polygon widening towards the west.

Further eastward on the map, beyond the Atlantic polygon is the geoglyph often referred to as a lizard (Figure-8, Plate-4). The long narrow snout is more representative of a crocodile and of the Bight of Africa.

Towards the south of the crocodile in Plate-4 is the figure commonly referred to as a tree, seen in (Figure-9). The figure is drawn at the eastern end of a long thin triangle. Trees are not the only natural phenomena with “branching” morphology. Following the sub-hypothesis that the triangles and trapezoids represent waterways, and the fact that the figure in question is found at the end of a long narrow triangle, suggests that there is a unique element south of the Congo region and at the end of a water way with an eastward inland flow, as indicated by the triangle broadening towards the East.

The unique element in question must be the anomalous Okavango River Delta (Picture-4). The Okavango River and its delta are geographic anomalies—the Okavango River the only major river on Earth that flows inland, away from the sea to empty into the African savanna. As the only major river on Earth with an inland river delta—its uniqueness provides a highly specific geographic location. Even in our present day, from a high vantage over modern day Botswana, the Okavango River Delta bears an uncanny likeness to the delta geoglyph.

South of the Okavango Delta numerous lines converge at the easternmost radial center of the Nazca map, labelled “C” on Plate-5. Further south the figure of a Right Whale (Figure-10) suggests the Southern Ocean. The location of the radial center is therefore somewhere south of the Okavango River Delta yet north of the Southern Ocean—at the southern end of the African Continent.



The African continent reaches its southernmost geographic extreme at “Cape Agulhas”, Portuguese for “Cape Needles”. The topography of the cape narrows southward into a specific and precise geographic location (Picture-5). The Cape Agulhas Radial Center (C) is therefore assigned the coordinates at southernmost point of the African continent: 34.839 South, 20.004 East.

Having identified the easternmost radial center at Cape Agulhas, we return westward to the radial center composed of only three lines to form a triangle, as shown in Plate-6. The triangle’s location south of the Andean llamas may suggest that the radial center in question is within the South American continent or near its western shoreline. Yet its apparent location on Plate-1 in relation the Amazon River suggests a location a considerable distance to the southwest—in the South Pacific Ocean. The reason for the cartographic ambiguity in the location of figures will be addressed in a later work. There is in fact a very famous and rather anomalous island in the South Pacific Ocean with triangular topography—the island of Rapa-Nui, commonly known as Easter Island as seen in Picture-5.

Easter Island is considered one of the most geographically isolated islands on Earth—having wide expanses of ocean between itself and other shores. It is also the location of the anomalous cyclopean stone monuments known as Moai. The Rapa-Nui Radial Center (R) is therefore assigned a location at the geometric center of Easter Island: 27.109 South, 109.366 West.

To the northwest of Easter Island is the map’s westernmost radial center, labelled “G” on Plate-1. There are no geoglyphic figures in this part of the map to give eco-geographic clues to identify the radial center. Its general cartographic location far to the northwest of Easter Island, suggests perhaps a location in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Archipelago, such as its highest point at the volcanic summit of Mauna Kea. This would be a reasonable proposition in keeping with the theme of the anomalous extreme—measured from its base at the bottom of the ocean, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain and largest shield volcano on Earth. Before settling on this conclusion, cartography itself provides yet another clue to infer the identity of the westernmost radial center.

The extremely long line labelled “Antipodal Orient” in Plate-1 and Plate-7 connects the easternmost radial center at Cape Agulhas with the westernmost radial center in question. This line is categorically different from other lines—connecting the two distal non-adjacent radial centers—suggesting an elementary cartographic relationship between them. Their positions at opposite ends of the primary grid indicate that the radial centers are Geodesic Antipodes—representing locations on exact opposite sides of the Earth. The antipode to Cape Agulhas is a point on the Pacific Ocean north of the Hawaiian Islands. The westernmost radial center is therefore assigned the geographic coordinates at the Geodesic Antipode to Cape Agulhas (G): 34.839 North, 159.996 West.

The lines that connect adjacent radial centers are called primary lines. The primary lines form the primary grid of the map and are drawn as wider lines on Plate-1. The primary lines are named and labelled according to the radial centers they connect: G-R, R-A and C-A. The primary lines represent primary great circles that can be projected into virtual orbital imagery as shown in Image-1, Image-2 and Image-3.

Image-1 Map data © Google

Image-2 Map data © Google

This primary grid of great circles is the key anchoring element of the Nazca map. The lines of the primary grid represent primary great circles that transect the geographic locations of the radial centers. The angular alignments of these primary great circles are geographically determined by the radial centers they transect.

Image-3 Map data © Google

The numerous other lines that radiate from the radial centers are called secondary lines. The secondary lines represent secondary great circles that are angularly aligned in relation to the primary great circles of the primary grid.

The Antipodal Orient great circle transects antipodal radial centers and is therefore not locked into a determined alignment. The Antipodal Orient great circle, as its name implies, follows the Orient Rule—the Antipodal Orient great circle is aligned to East-West at Cape Agulhas. It is a property of great circles to mirror angular alignment at any antipodal point—therefore the angular alignment of the Antipodal Orient great circle is also due East-West at the antipode (G) to Cape Agulhas. Before projecting the antipodal orient great circle, or any other secondary great circles of the map, we draw attention to the last radial center—at the central and capital position on the map—the radial center labelled “T” on Plate-1 and Plate-8.

Its central position on the map, to the south west of the Amazon River, suggests the vicinity of the Nazca Plateau itself. Yet not far from Nazca is another unique and monumental terrestrial anomaly—Lake Titicaca. Lake Titicaca is the highest lake on Earth and its salty water a remnant of its oceanic origins. On the shores of this anomalous and extreme lake are the ruins of the most elevated ancient megalithic structures—the ruins of Tiwanaku, the cradle of Andean civilization. The ruins are of enormous megalithic proportions and of great uncertain age. The Tiwanaku Radial Center is therefore assigned the geographic coordinate location of the largest central monument at the site—the Akapana Pyramid: 16.558 South, 69.657 West.

Upon close inspection the Tiwanaku radial center is categorically different from the other radial centers on the map—none of its lines directly connect to any other radial center. Tiwanaku is central and disconnected from the primary grid, implicating it as the Capital of the Nazca Map. Yet this lack of connection to a second radial center leaves no reference to geographically anchor the angular alignment of its many radiating great circles. The situation is similar to that of the Antipodal Orient requiring the Rule of Orient. One must infer which line of the Tiwanaku lines represents the great circle aligned towards Orient—due East-West—at Tiwanaku.

Here we call attention to yet another anomalous line labelled “Tiwanaku Parallel” seen on Plate-1 and Plate-8. The Tiwanaku Parallel is the longest line on the Nazca map-plateau. The Tiwanaku Parallel nearly transects the central Tiwanaku radial center, yet truly transects the Amazon radial center. This extreme long line cannot represent only a great circle from the Amazon radial center—for it continues far beyond it across the entire map. Any line that transects a radial center and radiates on its opposite side represents one same and single great circle. The cartographic anomaly of transecting the Amazon radial center and traversing the entire map-plateau suggests a cartographic meaning. The Tiwanaku Parallel line runs in perfect cartographic parallel with a Tiwanaku line labelled “Tiwanaku Orient ” shown in Plate-8. This cartographic paralleling of lines indicates the Tiwanaku Orient as the line that follows the Rule of Orient and represents a great circle that geographically anchors the Tiwanaku radial center. The Tiwanaku Orient Line represents a great circle that is angularly aligned to Orient—East-West—at Tiwanaku. All secondary great circles that radiate from Tiwanaku are angularly aligned in relation to the Tiwanaku Orient great circle. Since the Tiwanaku Parallel has a double function as a cartographic guide and as a secondary great circle from the Amazon radial center, it is labelled “A-2” at the Amazon radial center.

Having determined the three primary and Tiwanaku Orient great circles, one is ready to project all the great circles of the Nazca map. The method of angular measurement of secondary lines and their projection into great circles is graphically demonstrated in Plate-9, showing line C-1 measured in relation to primary line C-A and projected as a great circle in Image-4. The secondary lines from the other radial centers are similarly measured and projected in relation to the primary great circles. The method for each radial center is graphically demonstrated in the Data section of this work as well as numerical tables providing the angular alignments of all the Nazca lines and corresponding great circles.

Image-4 Map data © Google

Before projecting the complete array of Nazca map lines into great circles we call attention to a pattern along the path of primary great circle R-A. The course of primary great circle R-A traverses the coast of Peru and nearly transects the Nazca Plateau itself. Further discernment reveals that along the path of great circle R-A are the ruins of many famous ancient monumental structures, shown in Image-5 to Image-7.

Image-5 Map data © Google

Image-6 Map data © Google

Image-7 Map data © Google

The virtual imagery shows that the Nazca Plateau, Machu Picchu, Sacsayhuaman, the Giza Plateau, Petra, Ur and Eridu, Persepolis, Mohenjo-Daro, Angkor-Wat, and other ancient sites of great renown are in close geographic alignment with the great circle as its circles back to Easter Island and its ancient monolithic Moai. In summary: A significant number of cradles of civilization and ancient sites of great renown are found along the course of primary great circle circle R-A.

This “Cyclopean” Great Circle—named thus after the gigantic scale of masonry and structural ruins found along its course—was first noticed by a man named Jim Alison. Alison had noticed the cyclopean and many other great circle alignments from the empirical evidence provided by the geographic locations of the sites themselves. Such great circle alignments of ancient sites had previously been ignored, as had their profound historical implications. Alison found that sites of import were located at equidistant intervals of geometric significance along the course of the cyclopean great circle. Other investigators such as Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock had previously noted equidistant longitude relationships between ancient sites of note, echoing Jim Alison’s findings. Jim Alison had strongly suspected that Nazca—itself a site in the Cyclopean Great Circle Alignment—represented a diagram of the great circles alignments. Jim Alison was not only correct, but was himself directly involved in the development of this present work, which owes much to his insight and collaboration.

The purpose behind the great circle alignments of the ancient sites and the Nazca map becomes clearer when the other phenomena under the great circles are discerned: Impact craters and volcanic calderas. These two “cataclysmic” categories of phenomena are also in great circle alignment with the great circles of the Nazca map. A fourth category of submerged monuments includes submerged archeological sites of recent discovery or rumor that are found suggestively near the courses of the great circles of the Nazca map. The complete site list of all ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters and their geographic coordinates are provided in the Tables section of this work.

We are now ready to project all the great circles of the map and all the ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters in virtual imagery. After their presentation all the great circle alignments that are to be scientific tested and analyzed in the next section of this work.

The great circles from each radial center are virtually projected in different colors for visual differentiation:

Primary great circles: red;

Tiwanaku great circles: white;

Cape Agulhas great circles: green;

Amazon great circles; yellow;

Geodetic Antipode great circles: orange.

Tiwanaku Orient great circle: dark grey

Antipodal Orient great circle: black.

Easter Island great circle(single): purple.

The different categories of sites are also projected in different colors for visual differentiation:

Monuments: black

Volcanoes: gold

Impact craters: red

submerged monuments: black / aquamarine center

The virtual orbital imagery in Image-8 to Image-18 shows all the great circles of the Nazca Great Circle Map and the ancient monuments, major volcanoes and impact craters in its global construct, projected on the virtual Earth.

Image-8 Map data © Google

Image-9 Map data © Google

Image-10 Map data © Google

Image-11 Map data © Google

Image-12 Map data © Google

Image-13 Map data © Google

Image-14 Map data © Google

Image-15 Map data © Google

Image-16 Map data © Google

Image-17 Map data © Google

Image-18 Map data © Google

Part II: The Random Simulation Experiment – A Statistical Analysis of The Nazca Great Circle Map-Plateau

To prove that the Nazca Lines represent a great circle map that draws attention to volcanoes, impact craters and ancient monuments, one must design a unique scientific experiment. The goal of the experiment is to test for geographic correlation between the phenomena and the great circles proposed by the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis. To do this one must gauge the correlation between the phenomena and the Nazca great circles and compare it to the correlation between the same phenomena and “random” great circles. By comparing the great circles alignments of the Nazca map with the great circle alignments that result from a randomized version of the map, one can scientifically test the validity of the Nazca Map Hypothesis.

In statistical terminology the random version of the Nazca Map Hypothesis is called the “Null Hypothesis”, and the Nazca Map Hypothesis is called the “Alternative Hypothesis“. The Null hypothesis is the anti-hypothesis that assumes that the Nazca Map Hypothesis is not true. The Null Hypothesis states: “There is no relationship between the sites and the great circles proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis. The great circle alignments observed are as likely to occur by random great circle patterns”.

In order for the Nazca Map Hypothesis to be accepted as “true”, the Null Hypothesis must be rejected as “false”. The Null Hypothesis experiment can be said to be the experiment that shows the results of random chance. If the Null Hypothesis experiment results show that the great circle alignments proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis are statistically “unlikely” to result from random chance, then Nazca Map Hypothesis must be accepted as true.

Such an experiment that can compare random great circle patterns with those proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis can be achieved with a computer program, or computer simulation. The program simulates a virtual Earth with its ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters at their exact latitude and longitude locations. The simulation then generates radial centers at random locations on the virtual Earth, with great circles that radiate from them at random angles, or headings.

The Random Simulation program generates a perfectly randomized version of the Nazca Map Hypothesis that can be repeated like any testable and verifiable scientific experiment. The great circle alignments of the random simulation can then be compared with the great circle alignments of the Nazca Map Hypothesis to answer the following question: What is the probability that 79 “randomly” aligned great circles will geographically correlate with as many phenomena as those that result from the Nazca Map Hypothesis?

Before moving on to the Random Simulation experiment some important concepts and terms must be elaborated and defined.

GREAT CIRCLE BANDWIDTH AND SITE DISTRIBUTION

A great circle alignment is the geographic correlation between specific sites, or locations, and the course of a great circle on the spherical surface of Earth. This geographic correlation is measured and analyzed in reference to the distance of the sites in question to the path of the great circle. If one imagines each great circle as an infinitely thin geometric line encircling Earth, the great circle could be said to encompass, or transect only locations that fall precisely in its path. Due to the large scale and numerous sites involved in the global construct, it would be unreasonable to expect precise linear transections of sites, since the number of phenomena far exceeds the number of great circles proposed by the hypothesis. The Nazca Map Hypothesis claims that each great circle has multiple sites in great circle alignment. The global map construct is of a “Best Fit Line” design similar to the Statistical concept of the “Linear Regression Line” as shown in Diagram-1.

As can be seen in the diagram, several of the points are precisely transected by the thin dark line. Yet the correlation, or association between the line and the other points is evident, and the points are said to be scattered about the line. To draw the analogy with the Nazca Map: the “points” are the Site locations of ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters and the “line” is analogous to the path of a great circle that circumscribes Earth.

To understand the correlation between the sites and the great circles it becomes useful to visualize each great circle as a great circle “band” having width, or bandwidth as shown in Diagram-1, which shows many more points being encompassed, or transected by the wider grey line. Each great circle band can likewise be visualized as encompassing multiple sites along its course. An example of great circles encompassing (transecting) more sites as they increase in bandwidth. can seen in the comparison between Image-19 and Image-20, which show the same Nazca great circles projected at different widths.

Any comparison of great circle correlation becomes self limiting at the opposite extremes of bandwidth. If the test bandwidth is extremely narrow neither random great circles nor those proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis will encompass any of the sites, nullifying any comparison of great circle correlation. The finite surface area of Earth sets an upper limit to great circle bandwidth. If the great circle bandwidth is wide enough such that 79 random great circle bands cover the entire terrestrial surface, both the random great circles and those of the Nazca map would encompass all the site locations on Earth nullifying any great circle alignment comparison.

The finite spherical surface of Earth also sets a theoretical limit on the geographic distribution of the sites being tested. This limit is best illustrated by its most extreme example: that of an Earth uniformly and completely covered in sites that are equidistant from each other. In such a case any great circle, regardless of its spatial alignment, will encompass the same number of sites, again nullifying any comparison test between random great circles and those proposed by the map hypothesis. Fortunately, the combined total number and geographic distribution of all the sites tested by the random simulation are not extreme enough to induce this “crowded Earth” effect and allowing the simulation yields significant comparative results.

SITE CATEGORIES

The term “site” is used in this work in reference to any location of interest for testing geographic correlation with the great circles of the Nazca map and with random great circles. Three principal categories of sites are tested for great circle alignments with the global construct of the Nazca map: Volcanoes, Impact Craters and Ancient Monuments. The Random Simulation program can perform great circle alignment tests on any of these categories individually or in combination.

Monuments

The monument category is an amalgam of anomalous and extreme structural sites of great age, magnanimity and civilizational import. The Nazca Great Circle Map suggests that the ancient monuments were constructed at specific locations on Earth in order to intentionally generate geographic correlation with the great circles of the map. This implies that the monuments and cradle cities were purposefully placed in order to cartographically reinforce the great circles of the map, and draw attention to the volcanoes and impact craters. The global construct of monuments is therefore a cartographic element of the Nazca Great Circle Map; a map whose primary subject is the natural phenomena of Earth.

Many of the monumental sites in the Nazca global construct are part of large structural complexes that were often ancient centers, or cradles, of civilization. The geographic placement of ancient monuments and cities is somewhat locally limited by the terrain and structural needs of each construction – such as stable ground foundations for extremely heavy monuments, the proximity of water sources for cradle cities and other geographic considerations. The global scale of the great circle construct allows for monuments and cradle cities to be placed at cartographic locations that nonetheless reinforce the great circles of the Nazca map. The monumental category can be further divided into sub-categories: monuments, geoglyphic monuments and submerged monuments. The geoglyphic category consists of “graphical” constructs that are either carved into, or formed from the terrain. Nazca, being the most monumental geoglyphic site on Earth as well as the blueprint of the global construct, is categorized as a monument in this work.

The submerged monuments category consists of a growing list of intriguing undersea structures representing the remains of past civilization. Unlike the land monuments, which were geographically placed to reinforce the map; the submerged monuments, like the volcanoes and the impact craters, were the intentional targets of the original great circle alignment.

An additional category of sites called “Other“, contains certain structural and natural phenomena and locations of mytho-historical interest. Some are archeological sites suspected to be locations mentioned in ancient mythology, others are natural phenomena that are central to a particular mythology – such as Mt. Olympus, or Uluru.

Volcanoes

The term “volcano” is a very broad categorization requiring finer definition. If one were to consider every lava vent on Earth to be a volcano, these would be so numerous and broad in geographic distribution as to induce the crowded Earth effect previously mentioned, nullifying the test. It is logical to expect that the mapmakers would intend to draw attention to the more anomalous and extreme volcanoes of great eruptive power and global climatic significance.

Establishing the eruptive power and catastrophic potential of a volcano is a complex matter. In some cases the eruptive power has been calculated from the remnant signs of past eruptions. The true measure of the eruptive power and potential global climatic effect of a volcano involves the volume, viscosity and chemical composition of the lava in its magma chamber. The general correlation between the volume of the magma chamber and the volume of the mountain-volcano itself, makes volume an ideal attribute for determining the volcano population to be tested. Yet the current scarcity of volcanic volumetric databases leaves “height” as the only practical attribute by which to estimate volume and define the test population for the experiment. The height of a mountain or volcano can be measured in two ways: topographic elevation and topographic prominence. The peak elevation of a mountain is its altitude above sea level, while its peak prominence is its height as measured from its base. A relatively small volcano rising from the top of a high continental massif may present a high elevation from sea level, yet have little eruptive power and global consequence. Peak prominence is the therefore a better indicator of the volume and power of a volcano, and is therefore chosen as the inclusion parameter for the great circle alignment test. The established geophysical category known as “Ultra-Prominent” constitutes volcanoes with peak prominences exceeding 1500 meters. The Ultra category of volcanoes is a clear, established and well defined geophysical category—a suitable and defined population for statistical testing.

An additional subcategory of volcanoes included in the experiment data set are the 16 volcanoes called “Decade Volcanoes“, by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earths’s Interior (IAVCEI). This list is comprised of volcanoes known to be regularly destructive or of particular scientific interest. It is worthy of note that many of these Decade Volcanoes are also Ultra volcanoes.

Volcanoes are indeed categorically different from monuments and cities—Nature alone determines their geographic locations. Yet these natural phenomena are not necessarily found in a “random” geographic distribution and under careful inspection certain geographic patterns become readily apparent. Mountain ranges are often associated with tectonic plate boundaries and exhibit the same linear tendency in their geography. It is along these plate boundaries and mountain chains that the majority of the Earth’s volcanoes are found. The linear geography inherent to mountain ranges results in volcanic belts: linear chains of volcanoes that allow for a single great circle to encompass multiple volcanoes. An example of such a volcanic belt is seen in Image-21, showing the Antipodal Orient great circle (black) encompassing beneath its course the linear belt of volcanoes (gold dots) that ridge the Central American Isthmus. The mapmakers made use of the natural linear tendency in volcanic geography to align the great circles of the Nazca map and thus draw maximum attention to these natural phenomena.

Impact Craters

Impact craters are the remnant lithospheric scars of cometary or meteoric impacts. The 189 (at the time of writing) currently accepted impact craters accepted in the field of Geophysics provides a well defined and established population for experimental testing. The general correlation between impact crater diameter and impact force allows for selection of crater populations of varying diameter, representing different levels of planetary climatic effect and significance.

Impact Craters present a more random geographic distribution than volcanoes. Their scattered random distribution is intermittently interrupted by crater “clusters” in certain regions of Earth. An example of such a cluster is seen (red dots) in the densely cratered region of Northern Europe around Scandinavia, shown previously in Image-19 and Image-20, or the densely cratered continent of Australia seen in Image-16 of the hypothesis section (Part 1). The Nazca great circles seen transecting the crater cluster exemplify how great circles can be aligned to encompass multiple impact craters beneath their courses, enhancing the best fit pattern and drawing attention to these phenomena.

Volcanoes and impact craters abide by other geographic patterns that are implied by the Nazca map and the global construct it illustrates. These geographic patterns suggest great geophysical import and will be addressed in a following section, after the Random Simulation puts the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis through its scientific test.

THE RANDOM SIMULATION

The Random Simulation is a JavaScript computer program that runs on any modern Web Browser. An updated version with an improved interface will be available for anyone to run on nazcasolution.com and to download for anyone who wishes to inspect the code and mathematical calculations.

The Random Simulation uses two main data sets to perform its calculations: the Great Circle Data Set and the Site Data Set.

The Great Circle Set

Once the program is active it displays a series of boxes as seen in Picture-6. The box titled “Nazca Parameters” lists the latitude and longitudes of the five Nazca Radial Centers (RCs) and the number of great circles (CGs) that radiate from each. These parameters represent the data of the Nazca great circle map which are provided in Table-8 in the Data section along with the angles of each line on the plateau relative to its anchoring primary line and the true headings of their corresponding great circles. The Nazca parameters are a part of the simulation program and are not user alterable.

The small box titled “Settings” contains the input parameters the user can interactively change. The first input box titled “number of runs“, is the number of times the random version of the great circle map is to be simulated in the trial. Each run represents one cast of 79 randomized great circles. The default is set at 10,000 runs per trial. The higher this number off runs in an experimental trial, the longer the experiment run time, but the more statistically accurate the results yielded.

In each run the simulation generates four radial centers at random coordinates on the virtual Earth, with a fifth radial center at the antipode of one of these. The simulation then generates 79 great circles that radiate from these five radial centers at random angles, or headings. Each “run” thus represents one “random instance”, or random version of the great circles pattern of the Nazca map. The results of each trial forms a Bell Curve for statistical comparison of the pattern of chance with the pattern of the Nazca map. The greater the number of runs simulated per trial, the more complete the Bell Curve that forms from the results. From the Bell Curve produced by the results one can calculate the statistical probability of “random chance” resulting in great circle alignments comparable to those of the Nazca map. The greater the number of runs in a trial, the more statistically confident one can be in the calculated probability of random occurrence.

The input parameter, “Bandwidth” is the width of each great circle band in kilometers. This bandwidth applies to both the Nazca great circles and their random counterparts. If one inputs a 20 kilometer bandwidth the simulation will make each of the 79 Nazca great circles into bands 20 kilometers in width, and count the number of sites they encompass. The simulation then assigns the same 20 kilometer width to each great circle in the randomly generated sets of 79 and counts the number of sites encompass in each random iteration.

The Site Set

The large scrollable box labeled “Sites“, lists the monuments, volcanoes and impact craters available for the random simulation test and their latitude and longitude coordinates. Each site has a check box for individual inclusion or exclusion from the test. The sites appear on the list in order by category.

Ancient monuments and cities are listed first in alphabetical order. This list of ancient monuments and their coordinates is also provided in Table-5 in the Data section. There are several subtypes of monuments that are grouped together under categorical labels such as, “Pyramid“, “Menhir” or “Dolmen” in order to facilitate locating them on the list. There are exceptions to this grouping such as the Great Pyramid of Giza which is found alphabetically under letter “G” and not with the other pyramids.

The monument names which are written in capital letters represent those that serve as capitals of their monumental groupings. The capital groups are defined by a 50 kilometer radius from the capital monument and between satellite monuments in the group. If a monument is within 50 kilometers of a monument that is within 50 kms of a capital monument, both satellite monuments belong to that capital group. Therefore, if a monument is 50 kms or more from a capital monument or any of its satellites, it does not belong to any group and is considered a lone monumental site. All the monuments that are in the immediate vicinity of the Giza Plateau, for example, are part of the “Giza” group. This allows one to select the Great Pyramid as the single representative of the entire Giza group that would otherwise include the other many pyramids and monuments of the Nile Delta region. One can thus test entire groups or only the “Capital” monument of each group. The capital of a monumental group is, as best determined, the most anomalous or extreme structure of the group, as best determined. At the end of the monuments list is comprised of the subcategories, “Geoglyph”, “Submerged Monuments” and “Other”, followed by the impact craters as seen in Picture-7.

The currently accepted impact craters are numbered in order according to crater diameter to facilitate selection of test populations in terms of impact force and global climatic effect. The impact craters list with their coordinate locations, diameters, approximate ages and force of impact if available are also provided in Table-7 in Data section.

The volcanoes of Earth comprise the end of the site list and are grouped according to the continental plate on which they are found. Within each continental grouping the volcanoes are roughly in order by decreasing topographic elevation, not according to topographic prominence. The “Ultra” volcanoes with a topographic prominence exceeding 1,500 meters are in their respective continental plate groups in capital lettering for easy identification. The list of volcanoes with their coordinates, topographic elevation, topographic prominence and Volcanic Explosive Indexes (VEIs) is provided in Table-6.

The box labeled “Selections” allows the user to select and deselect entire categories and subcategories of sites to facilitate management of the list. All monument groups and capitals combined into a group, are available for selection. The impact crater selections constitute divisions at different crater diameter by “tens” of kilometers groupings. The volcanic subcategories “ULTRA” and “DECADE“, as well as by continental plates groupings, all are available as selections to customize the random simulation test.

Results Output

Once the great circle parameters and sites have been set the random simulation is ready to run. The box labeled “Results” seen in Picture-8 the output boxes for various numerical results and the simulation “Run!” button. The empty window within the box is where the results of each run are outputted. Each number is the total number of “Hits“, or sites encompassed by the 79 random great circles in one simulation run. If the trial consists of 10,000 runs, 10,000 results will be displayed in the scrollable box at completion.

Below the results box a series of output boxes display the results of the following statistical calculations:

Sum Total: The sum of the hits of all run results in the trial.

Mean: The statistical mean, or average of the total number of “Hits” (sites encompassed) for all run results.

Max: The maximum number of sites encompassed by a single simulated run in the trial.

Min: The minimum number of sites encompassed by a single simulated run in the trial. At the great circle bandwidths and number of runs per trial that are adequate for the test, this minimum tends to remain zero—at least one cast of random great circles not encompassing any sites.

Variance: The statistical Variance of the results of all runs in that trial. Also known as “Sigma Squared”.

Nazca Hits: The total number of sites encompassed (transected) by the great circles of the map at the bandwidth being tested.

CDF: The Cumulative Distribution Function result is the calculated Probability of Random Occurrence, or the probability that random chance has of achieving the same results as the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis.

In addition to these numerical results the random simulation graphically displays a Distribution Curve of the results, seen also in Picture-8. The X-Axis of the curve is the discrete number of possible encompassed sites, or “Hits”; the Y-Axis is the total count of random runs that resulted in that number of encompassed sites. The distribution curve displayed is cursor-interactive; numerically displaying the number of runs for each “Hit ” value at the lower left corner of the Distribution Curve window.

As previously mentioned, the Random Simulation yields the results of each trial in a the Results box along with a distribution curve as seen previously in Picture-8, which shows a well defined distribution curve.

At narrow great circle bandwidths of only a few kilometers, few sites are encompassed and the distribution curve is therefore incomplete, as can be seen in Picture-9, which shows the results and distribution curve from a test trial on all impact craters at 1 kilometer great circle bandwidth. The incomplete “half-bell” shape of the distribution curve is due to the fact that at narrow great circle bandwidths there are many random great circle sets that yield “Zero Hits“—no sites being encompassed, or transected by any of the randomized great circles.

The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) requires a complete distribution curve to accurately calculate the probability of random occurrence. The probability results of the simulation are therefore not valid at very narrow great circle bandwidths. As one increases the width of the great circles the simulation results in less instances of “zero hit” runs and a complete distribution curve begins to form. Picture-10 shows a complete distribution curve begin to form at around 8 kilometers of great circle bandwidth for the impact craters trial. It is at this great circle width, or greater, that one may have statistical confidence in the results for that particular category of sites (all impact craters). The specific bandwidth at which a complete distribution curve forms varies with site category being tested, yet all categories show a clear distribution curve forming by a great circle bandwidths of 8 kilometers.

THE NULL HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT

The Random Simulation provides the experimental data for the statistically analysis of the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis. The initial experiment entails a complete scan of great circle bandwidth on the following four site categories: 1. Monuments, 2. Volcanoes, 3. Impact Craters, and 4. All three categories combined.

This initial experiment excludes the subcategories of monument sites: submerged sites, geoglyphic sites (with the exception of the Nazca Geoglyphic Monument itself), and the category “OTHER”. These excluded subcategories are available for selection in the simulation for any user to test individually or in combination. A few new monuments have been added to the list since this experiment. These additions only improve the result. The population tested for the experiment were the Capital Monuments of each monument group and those not satellites of a monument group (non-satellite monuments). The volcanoes tested were are all those belonging to the “Ultra” and “Decade” categories. All impact craters accepted in the field of Geology were included in the experiment.

Each experimental trial consisted of 100,000 runs, or 100,000 random map iterations, at each bandwidth tested. This number of runs was determined, through trial and error, to balance statistical accuracy of the results with computation times. At 100,000 runs per trial there is very little variance in the trial results and these produce well-defined Distribution Curves that allow the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) to yield accurate calculations of the probability of random occurrence.

In order to reduce computation times each scan begins at 1 kilometer great circle bandwidth, then 5 kms, then 10 kms and increasing by 10 kilometer increments each trial thereon. The 10 kilometer increments allow the scan of the entire range without the thwarting computation times involved in doing all 1 km increments. However, in the attempt to precisely locate the great circle bandwidth at which the exact maximum(s) occurs, several spans of the scans are in 1 kilometer increments. In the future we hope to provide complete 1km resolution for all data—until such a time a user may test the Random Simulation at any missing great circle bandwidth in question, or use it to verify the results of the experimental presented below.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

The complete results of the Random Simulation scans are provided in Table-1 thru Table-4 in the Data section, where the experiment results for the monumental, volcanic, impact crater and all categories combined are tabulated. The right side columns of the tables give the probability of random occurrence and can be seen to vary with both great circle bandwidth and between site category—each category peaking in probability by different amounts and at different great circle bandwidths.

In statistical analysis “statistical significance” is the point at which the probability of an event occurring randomly is considered to be sufficiently unlikely for rejecting the Null Hypothesis and accepting the Alternative Hypothesis. This significance level is often set at .05 (5%) or .01 (1%). This is to mean: If random chance reproduces the effect less than once in twenty, or less than once in one hundred times, the Alternative Hypothesis (Nazca Map Hypothesis), must be statistically accepted as true.

The probability of occurrence of great circle alignments shown by this experiment is far above the threshold acceptance level for each category of sites, within a broad range of great circle bandwidths.

To help visualize the data, graphs of the probability of random occurrence according to great circle bandwidth for monuments, volcanoes, impact craters and all three categories combined, are presented below.

The horizontal axis of the graphs represent great circle bandwidth in kilometers. Since the Continuous Distribution Function (CDF) yields results as decimals, the graph plots 1 / CDF, to represent the Probability of Random Occurrence and avoid graphing a decimal on the Y-axis. The higher the probability peak on the Y-axis of the graph, the less likely that the Nazca great circle alignments could be the result of random chance for great circles of that bandwidth.

The first graph for the ancient monument category shows a peak at 40 kilometers great circle width with a probability of random occurrence of 2112—the random great circles only achieving geographic correlation with monuments, equivalent to the Nazca map’s great circle alignments, only once in 2112 random iterations. This is 100 times greater than required for statistically significance. The strength of correlation is evidence of the monuments being in purposeful great circle alignment with great circles of the Nazca map.

The second graph shows the result for the volcanic category. The peak occurs at 28 kilometers great circle bandwidth, with a probability of random occurrence of once in 612 random iterations; 6 times greater than required for statistical significance.

The last graph shows the results for the impact crater category. The peak occurs at 1 kilometer greats circle width and a probability of random occurrence of once in 161 random iterations. As previously mentioned, however, the distribution curve is incomplete until about 8 kilometers of great circle width. We therefore consider 8 kilometer great circle width to be the start of statistical confidence. The maximum is therefore at 9 kilometers great circle width and probability of random occurrence of once in 37 random iterations. This is still nearly twice the generally accepted, ” once in 20 “, minimum threshold. This is clear evidence of correlation with the great circles of the Nazca map, but not as strong as the other two categories. The lack of both natural and artificial linearity in the geographic distribution of impact craters—their geographic randomness—is the likely explanation. Volcanoes, having more geologic linearity, are more easily incorporated into great circle alignments, snd the monuments are purposefully placed in order to reinforce the the great circle alignments.

The last graph shows the results for the monuments, volcanoes and impact craters combined category. At a great circle bandwidth of 29 kilometers the probability of random occurrence is once in 42,028 random iterations…. 420 times the required statistical threshold.

The fact that all categories combined reaches a probability of random occurrence far greater than any individual category constitutes overwhelming evidence that all the categories have great circle alignment with the great circles of the Nazca Map.

This initial experiment does not take into account triangulation or hierarchy. In other words, it does not test for the fact that in many cases the larger volcanoes and impact craters are “triangulated”, or transected, by more than one great circle. An example of this prioritizing can be seen in Image-21, where the third largest known meteor crater (red dot) Chicxulub – nemesis of the dinosaurs -is triangulated by two Nazca map great circles at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. A volcanic example of the same principle is seen in Image-22, showing the triple great circle transection of Mount Kerinci—largest volcano in Sumatra and one of the largest on Earth. Random simulation tests that include multiple transections upon single sites will be run and added to this work in the near future.

It is worth noting that the ancient monuments for testing by the random simulation experiment are a broad population in an attempt at being inclusive and non biased. In other words, the list of monuments gives the Null Hypothesis the advantage. It is a fact that if one selected only the sites known to be encompassed by the great circles the experiment would retain scientific and statistical validity—the Random Simulation would still calculate an accurate probability of occurrence of even greater statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis, as tested by the Random Simulation program, yields overwhelming statistical evidence of being true. The geographic correlation of ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters with the great circles of the Nazca map is statistically unarguable.

The empirical evidence in the form of newly discovered accepted impact craters and ancient monuments will continue to strengthen the proof presented here. In fact, we encourage all people to use the Nazca great circle map to assist in the rediscovery of our past, and all that remains hidden in Earth’s majesty.

DATA

Table-1: Monumental Category Random Simulation Results

Great Circle Nazca Map Mean Max Variance CDF Prob. of Random Width (Kms) Transects Random Random Occurrence (1/CDF) 1 1 1.02117 8 1.065102 0.5081828785 1.967795536 5 10 5.05436 23 6.146025 0.02302583716 43.42947416 10 16 10.05015 34 13.964595 0.05567226352 17.96226589 15 22 14.94994 48 23.140274 0.07138181693 14.00916988 20 30 19.79984 55 33.873076 0.0398364322 25.10264963 25 40 24.58318 66 44.752521 0.01059590645 94.37606916 26 42 25.55066 66 47.158674 0.008302414272 120.4468926 27 46 26.52405 69 50.044822 0.002951859247 338.7695403 28 47 27.45412 77 52.057455 0.003374015161 296.382782 29 49 28.40861 70 54.694328 0.002682249567 372.8213856 30 51 29.34177 72 57.410663 0.002128754118 469.7583397 31 52 30.31206 77 60.033299 0.002562069602 390.3094589 32 53 31.2058 80 62.383526 0.002895869506 345.3194275 33 54 32.12268 80 64.82677 0.003292131537 303.7545702 34 57 33.08361 84 67.591259 0.00181267657 551.6703953 35 59 34.01746 81 70.436815 0.001456790543 686.4404803 36 60 34.9362 86 72.91023 0.001666119912 600.1968963 37 61 35.96296 87 75.687908 0.002001911018 499.5227016 38 63 36.83956 90 78.085459 0.001535874147 651.0950145 39 65 37.73091 90 80.825121 0.001209976229 826.4625172 40 69 38.6493 91 84.28515 0.000473314772 2112.758906 41 69 39.57325 92 87.174274 0.000811549119 1232.211306 42 69 40.52519 100 89.741445 0.001324288495 755.1224705 43 71 41.42047 104 92.301835 0.001039066504 962.4023064 45 72 43.25039 101 98.466695 0.001882195946 531.2943119 50 75 47.80773 109 113.940582 0.005425617128 184.3108307 55 80 52.2583 111 127.849121 0.007073883722 141.3650605 60 86 56.70239 122 143.206298 0.007178120057 139.3122422 70 100 65.52776 132 177.307389 0.004814918106 207.6878522 80 112 74.03965 153 207.270258 0.004185766991 238.9048416 90 129 82.52369 163 239.173399 0.001326976378 753.5929174 95 135 86.56765 170 258.085703 0.00128588917 777.671998 96 139 87.50512 177 261.726134 0.000728716781 1372.275246 97 141 88.2559 174 264.803115 0.00059503681 1680.5683 98 142 89.05034 172 270.952386 0.00064826808 1542.571709 99 144 89.93731 177 275.9765 0.000568300706 1759.63181 100 145 90.80907 180 276.470356 0.000558762887 1789.667895 101 145 91.66319 174 278.915689 0.000702373611 1423.743695 102 145 92.45056 168 282.631536 0.000886684413 1127.796976 103 147 93.24157 182 288.557414 0.000776255282 1288.236001 104 147 94.00979 180 291.370714 0.000953441684 1048.831844 105 148 94.89148 181 295.227043 0.00099772606 1002.279123 110 154 98.87309 183 310.885484 0.000884394405 1130.717239 111 155 99.7239 185 315.047309 0.00092215475 1084.416688 112 157 100.61823 199 318.859262 0.000795723998 1256.717156 113 158 101.30142 192 321.355606 0.000781151455 1280.161476 114 159 102.08883 191 323.749699 0.000780886027 1280.596611 115 160 102.91424 194 331.526345 0.000858610706 1164.672177 120 163 106.86447 194 344.326202 0.001242381067 804.90602 130 174 114.78037 208 379.878153 0.001189229289 840.8807362 140 183 122.37565 217 412.194277 0.001413062672 707.6826951 150 188 129.98368 228 447.046494 0.003035377107 329.4483567 160 197 137.53499 242 486.315496 0.003503488017 285.4298331 170 203 145.00025 248 515.69263 0.005323784325 187.8363095 180 211 152.08705 269 548.807932 0.005955276812 167.918307 190 215 159.37151 266 585.49373 0.01075289324 92.99822638 200 223 166.00976 276 615.751545 0.01081893095 92.43057418 210 227 173.16618 290 647.696024 0.01720268676 58.13045451 220 236 179.82913 292 684.907233 0.01592356911 62.79999121 230 242 186.61424 306 713.384989 0.01905576134 52.47756741 240 247 193.24783 311 743.45985 0.02434101669 41.08291829 250 252 199.51142 320 770.38527 0.02930655829 34.12205521 260 257 206.17046 338 797.460283 0.03593386954 27.82889828 270 264 212.33561 338 825.596916 0.03608273244 27.71408739 280 269 218.58519 349 860.947243 0.04288145728 23.32010299 290 280 224.72634 345 874.20547 0.03078082995 32.48775299 300 285 230.56728 363 900.570613 0.03485047906 28.69401015 310 292 236.54587 365 937.834216 0.03508578521 28.50157105 320 297 242.51655 371 954.029726 0.03887109384 25.72605762 330 302 248.15849 387 986.530291 0.04324580705 23.12362905 340 308 253.85356 387 1006.156715 0.0439097195 22.77400109 350 317 259.27308 387 1029.225247 0.03597920088 27.79383576 360 318 264.80199 402 1056.194722 0.05082519261 19.67528205 370 321 270.47386 404 1083.241617 0.06237234942 16.03274543 380 331 275.90581 408 1100.734938 0.04839713609 20.66237965 390 336 281.08383 417 1116.950463 0.05017357297 19.930811 400 345 286.34046 439 1138.189527 0.04104140838 24.36563557 410 350 291.47928 443 1161.900531 0.04300587835 23.25263518 420 354 296.43749 435 1173.99149 0.04647942138 21.51489778 430 358 301.63634 443 1189.244591 0.05108537366 19.57507459 440 363 306.61545 454 1216.526131 0.05298360192 18.87376403 450 366 311.44839 456 1233.742836 0.06020140348 16.61090842 460 373 316.33507 457 1256.927218 0.05498770683 18.18588295 470 379 321.07557 468 1265.921739 0.05176087601 19.3196112 480 383 325.63803 479 1291.713868 0.05524110983 18.10246034 490 384 330.25207 494 1299.348731 0.06797117791 14.71211815 500 390 335.00071 499 1319.096089 0.06497181552 15.39128916 510 391 339.42469 487 1330.040868 0.07865230332 12.71418582 520 397 343.69373 513 1346.045469 0.07311986051 13.67617489 530 400 348.29412 513 1350.167813 0.07968873983 12.54882436 540 402 352.51666 502 1386.876182 0.09196680984 10.87348797 550 406 356.91819 506 1380.507217 0.09325149258 10.72368894 560 408 361.02424 514 1404.888732 0.1050494301 9.519328177 570 411 365.22523 530 1422.715521 0.112454762 8.892464687 580 413 369.34287 521 1418.77839 0.1232202343 8.115550223 590 418 373.34005 531 1433.288056 0.1190706402 8.398375944 600 423 377.46866 553 1442.746338 0.115319667 8.671547757 610 431 381.44567 537 1465.369628 0.09774332372 10.23087779 620 436 385.39997 562 1472.637334 0.09365662155 10.67730165 630 439 389.13563 534 1478.156555 0.09732066309 10.27531018 640 442 393.06882 558 1481.649484 0.1018292447 9.820361553 650 445 396.90595 548 1497.393225 0.106959084 9.349369526 660 447 400.63561 551 1506.00543 0.1160954636 8.61360099 670 450 404.14945 559 1516.747995 0.119537528 8.365573694 680 454 408.04942 570 1519.082398 0.1192063784 8.388812856 690 455 411.62236 561 1527.614848 0.1335347632 7.488686663 700 456 415.03084 572 1539.163169 0.1481791814 6.748586346 710 460 418.62427 574 1539.884077 0.1458519987 6.856265318 720 463 421.97426 578 1547.427457 0.1484925267 6.73434564 730 464 425.40145 582 1555.604508 0.1638798245 6.102032409 740 470 428.68538 573 1564.879174 0.1481521399 6.749818132 750 476 431.98916 587 1570.734702 0.1333975079 7.496391917 760 478 435.42577 582 1571.44305 0.1414151195 7.071379664 770 481 438.65389 599 1584.254858 0.1436869055 6.959576424 780 484 441.67153 607 1588.947317 0.1441437701 6.937518002 790 489 445.09457 599 1600.589407 0.1362259478 7.340745404 800 491 448.31755 617 1605.023112 0.143349705 6.975947386 810 492 451.30103 614 1607.158351 0.1550038797 6.45145142 820 493 454.49558 615 1611.93494 0.1687692421 5.925250286 830 494 457.41974 615 1612.506718 0.1811600442 5.519980988 840 498 460.52534 616 1620.258478 0.175929077 5.684108715 850 500 463.43619 611 1618.179448 0.1816893075 5.503901215 860 502 466.48886 637 1626.970156 0.1893241908 5.281945196 870 504 469.32225 614 1608.774605 0.1936357015 5.164336908 880 506 472.16453 621 1626.08326 0.2007135869 4.982223751 890 507 474.83106 642 1616.914159 0.2118536418 4.720239839 900 508 477.71121 630 1630.12197 0.2265698161 4.413650579 910 512 480.52111 639 1646.293434 0.2189250885 4.567772504 920 515 483.1917 637 1646.961091 0.216582156 4.617185544 930 517 485.95266 643 1640.535159 0.2216791989 4.511023158 940 520 488.67956 653 1634.313578 0.2192444428 4.561119029 950 521 491.12097 651 1649.146596 0.2309380165 4.33016623 960 523 494.059 666 1647.011579 0.237884422 4.203722091 970 525 496.67005 646 1636.426563 0.2418632138 4.134568396 980 527 498.84554 649 1657.961282 0.2446417651 4.087609487 990 527 501.36378 673 1654.681304 0.2642731095 3.783964256 1000 529 504.20158 648 1660.686666 0.2714188356 3.684342679 1010 529 506.40903 657 1658.370444 0.2895342127 3.453823266 1020 532 508.87871 656 1638.136339 0.2839102453 3.522239921 1030 534 511.23905 663 1647.221285 0.2874640991 3.478695264 1040 536 513.77767 668 1665.580659 0.2930448734 3.412446662 1050 539 516.11837 662 1654.993519 0.2869025501 3.485504049 1060 541 518.64964 681 1670.139988 0.2922236238 3.422036818 1070 541 520.60727 675 1656.148993 0.3081498383 3.245174508 1080 542 523.04175 681 1646.860247 0.3201910612 3.123135281 1090 543 525.20885 681 1658.257932 0.3310934045 3.020295743 1100 543 527.57748 686 1656.595357 0.3523737641 2.837895729

Table-2: Volcanoes Random Simulation Results

Great Circle Nazca Map Mean Max Variance CDF Prob. of Random Width (Kms) Transects Random Random Occurrence (1/CDF) 1 1 1.06743 10 1.103943 0.525585418 1.902640305 5 7 5.29834 20 5.974093 0.2431503861 4.11268111 10 16 10.5045 30 12.84324 0.06258237938 15.97893864 15 24 15.63637 40 20.456923 0.03221730367 31.03922073 20 35 20.69784 60 28.946339 0.0039267391 254.6642327 25 42 25.69257 64 37.619757 0.003921554744 255.0009028 26 44 26.69014 60 39.585027 0.002968528962 336.8671867 27 46 27.67653 65 41.249197 0.002165511682 461.784625 28 48 28.68181 63 43.134105 0.001633592009 612.1479503 29 49 29.66687 67 45.038554 0.001983468133 504.1674143 30 50 30.62546 70 46.54718 0.002257232026 443.0204731 31 50 31.6214 69 49.440602 0.004477213779 223.3531945 32 51 32.64077 76 50.748564 0.004980688373 200.7754602 33 51 33.55681 72 52.291873 0.007928833264 126.121961 34 54 34.50658 72 54.545397 0.004152364871 240.8266207 35 54 35.52253 85 56.756652 0.007090573902 141.0323077 40 60 40.39859 86 66.852256 0.008257339141 121.1043876 50 67 49.8339 103 87.841591 0.03350837487 29.84328556 60 78 59.10053 114 109.518224 0.03546284285 28.19852893 70 85 68.18744 133 131.316206 0.07116755282 14.05134728 80 98 77.06967 151 155.586236 0.0466741014 21.42515806 90 106 85.84118 161 179.094516 0.06598953331 15.15391835 100 127 94.42899 173 202.284058 0.011008378 90.83990394 110 132 102.91441 176 227.551104 0.02691889936 37.14862136 120 146 111.14367 197 250.558729 0.01383093833 72.30167443 130 152 119.22442 200 274.575916 0.02396618085 41.72546333 140 163 127.21034 219 298.747437 0.01919602778 52.09411091 150 173 134.95524 226 318.454017 0.01650659338 60.58185217 160 185 142.72018 233 342.060581 0.01112629858 89.87714946 170 192 150.29382 252 364.86465 0.01450295728 68.95145457 180 202 157.79507 250 390.256434 0.01262135224 79.23081304 190 208 164.99132 271 405.106165 0.0163055657 61.3287523 200 216 172.28121 272 430.787731 0.01758572996 56.86428727 210 222 179.4202 293 449.771632 0.02233543338 44.77190942 220 228 186.45187 290 468.558404 0.02746571029 36.40903474 230 231 193.27179 293 491.724 0.04443429082 22.50514145 240 240 200.00673 311 512.510905 0.0386485952 25.87416165 250 246 206.59195 321 533.380125 0.04397204469 22.74172163 260 253 213.3246 327 556.530855 0.0463029329 21.59690407 270 258 219.5861 338 567.154773 0.05337131114 18.73665793 280 261 225.94754 343 589.071208 0.07433796813 13.45207604 290 268 232.36097 360 607.981611 0.07417623908 13.48140607 300 275 238.55869 373 626.364095 0.07268742462 13.75753791 310 280 244.78349 364 643.883313 0.08259126895 12.10781736 320 288 250.63226 374 654.373027 0.07203822694 13.88151878 330 296 256.61355 368 671.534506 0.06426908624 15.55958017 340 306 262.63585 404 689.667305 0.04934447003 20.26569541 350 307 268.14099 405 706.432372 0.07186642608 13.91470335 360 313 273.76086 414 725.445872 0.07257790805 13.77829738 370 320 279.39783 416 737.042761 0.06738459882 14.8401863 380 331 284.99563 402 748.572471 0.04633844321 21.58035382 390 338 290.17282 413 755.621413 0.0409388648 24.42666656 400 346 295.77335 434 776.56512 0.03574317208 27.97737139 410 350 300.89422 436 787.912331 0.04010936773 24.93183155 420 358 306.19442 426 804.793921 0.03391454552 29.48587353 430 364 311.48155 442 817.75464 0.03313891359 30.17600433 440 369 316.43775 474 822.092725 0.03338525483 29.95334333 450 374 321.32865 453 837.253579 0.03435571464 29.10723908 460 379 326.16899 458 854.192092 0.03533153211 28.30332964 470 386 331.19889 451 862.501493 0.03102134521 32.23586835 480 392 336.05281 464 865.745641 0.02862205781 34.9380889 490 397 340.80971 480 883.4861 0.02934999855 34.07155194 500 401 345.32359 463 895.56028 0.03140918161 31.83782412 510 405 350.01436 475 901.864074 0.03355329088 29.80333594 520 408 354.59749 477 911.616776 0.03847151832 25.99325537 530 409 359.02311 495 925.706976 0.05023260826 19.90738755 540 412 363.59067 493 937.790139 0.05696217223 17.55551028 550 417 367.94185 493 932.443129 0.05407422593 18.49309875 560 422 372.06626 494 954.41211 0.05301306257 18.86327542 570 429 376.22809 516 955.073145 0.04385589447 22.80195198 580 431 380.78328 498 965.490372 0.05303387703 18.85587206 590 433 384.90707 514 971.336167 0.06139833737 16.28708598 600 437 389.01736 542 984.523759 0.06310449066 15.84673277 610 438 392.96014 524 994.257271 0.07658942141 13.05663343 620 444 397.06876 534 993.364532 0.06823781396 14.65463124 630 445 401.0429 545 1001.14926 0.08237875743 12.13905175 640 448 405.05289 555 1008.513173 0.08812967531 11.34691574 650 449 408.96138 538 1014.523228 0.1043701037 9.581287791 660 452 412.61073 552 1021.269179 0.1088701238 9.185256387 670 453 416.4361 559 1026.166817 0.1268486668 7.88340962 680 455 420.11814 552 1035.705143 0.1392088107 7.183453368 690 457 423.86861 554 1033.035347 0.1513130558 6.608815048 700 457 427.4143 549 1041.037496 0.1795827602 5.568463247 710 459 431.00524 576 1041.586033 0.1928561043 5.185213107 720 460 434.58207 586 1048.211885 0.2162024109 4.625295322 730 460 438.01121 567 1060.227344 0.2497006453 4.004795418 740 461 441.54242 578 1056.013061 0.274665803 3.640788147 750 464 444.89086 583 1060.069408 0.2786309267 3.588977046 760 469 448.38024 580 1072.115938 0.2644316441 3.781695656 770 470 451.57688 593 1070.973209 0.2867326527 3.487569311 780 472 454.92461 585 1083.679586 0.3019833179 3.311441198 790 476 458.11428 603 1080.20558 0.2931541947 3.411174113 800 481 461.20839 592 1088.029124 0.2742486687 3.646325813 810 482 464.51115 600 1085.204896 0.2977471264 3.358554664 820 482 467.64847 602 1103.311777 0.3328470762 3.004382708 830 484 471.14171 604 1082.846468 0.3479907504 2.873639598

Table-3: Impact Craters Random Simulation Results

Great Circle Nazca Map Mean Max Variance CDF Prob. of Random Width (Kms) Transects Random Random Occurrence (1/CDF) 1 4 1.19539 10 1.258353 0.006206510536 161.1211315 4 10 4.78826 22 5.594426 0.01378120661 72.56258676 5 12 5.96336 27 7.203938 0.01225281205 81.61391816 6 13 7.16138 28 8.875296 0.02500773089 39.9876344 7 15 8.34258 28 10.640719 0.02063067527 48.47151085 8 17 9.48358 34 12.42679 0.01649447368 60.62636611 9 18 10.67208 35 14.316068 0.02638924255 37.89422899 10 18 11.84807 43 16.194667 0.06316806107 15.8307851 11 19 13.01841 39 18.264651 0.08081318178 12.37421888 12 19 14.14543 42 20.3108 0.1407005084 7.107294861 13 21 15.30301 52 22.399835 0.1143502186 8.745064173 14 23 16.4775 48 24.580874 0.0941584624 10.62039433 15 25 17.6212 55 26.830806 0.07714840371 12.96203099 16 25 18.75984 55 29.077263 0.1235896034 8.091295484 17 27 19.8972 55 31.601412 0.1032042078 9.689527403 18 27 21.01672 56 33.53 0.1507339324 6.634206274 19 28 22.15131 61 36.088755 0.1651320059 6.055761233 20 29 23.29432 66 38.465576 0.1787955357 5.592980808 30 40 34.47916 92 64.874946 0.2465345257 4.056227001 40 50 45.42652 105 94.975961 0.3194316886 3.13055979 50 64 56.00411 122 124.997573 0.2372485632 4.214988645 60 81 66.50774 137 158.66104 0.124961184 8.002484994 70 93 76.64051 150 193.054737 0.1195149799 8.367151973 80 102 86.597 168 229.731131 0.1547580628 6.461698874 90 114 96.41801 179 263.994578 0.1396023252 7.163204472 100 128 106.05148 187 301.42801 0.1030803582 9.701169234 110 135 115.43257 200 335.225333 0.1425971405 7.012763347 120 147 124.70398 210 374.207732 0.1245414779 8.029453454 130 153 133.98436 230 415.080675 0.1753195608 5.703870095 140 159 142.76677 242 445.577974 0.2209378456 4.526159822 150 173 151.48566 258 480.854414 0.1632672952 6.12492538 160 181 160.00365 270 516.597137 0.1778008542 5.624269944 170 192 168.48983 293 552.689457 0.158646804 6.303310089 180 200 176.89173 282 586.116428 0.1699155586 5.885276241 190 213 184.94776 303 617.007931 0.1293786169 7.729252517 200 220 192.9716 314 657.524893 0.145928341 6.852678468 210 227 200.71606 313 683.864958 0.1574265757 6.352167639 220 234 208.60909 323 720.008419 0.1720085577 5.813664234 230 238 216.26911 335 749.88647 0.2137258146 4.678891981 240 242 223.78594 342 779.944298 0.2571388815 3.888949015 250 247 231.14476 355 819.542105 0.2898429004 3.450144884 260 256 238.51884 355 852.434485 0.2746724407 3.640700164 270 258 245.65268 372 876.063069 0.3382798508 2.95613232 280 267 252.71854 383 902.82458 0.3172853487 3.151737085 290 277 259.64768 382 935.312711 0.2852257276 3.505995088 300 280 266.65235 392 965.351229 0.3337440752 2.996307872 310 284 273.24067 410 988.031148 0.3660646446 2.731757942

Table-4: Combined Sites Random Simulation Results

Great Circle Nazca Map Mean Max Variance CDF Prob. of Random Width (Kms) Transects Random Random Occurrence (1/CDF) 1 4 2.55209 14 2.663547 0.187491181 5.333584196 5 22 12.6277 35 14.804793 0.00742905781 134.6065713 10 41 25.03711 54 33.171713 0.00278924 358.5206006 15 56 37.26856 76 53.666656 0.002327837864 429.5831834 20 80 49.33209 99 77.576146 0.000248907 4017.564793 25 98 61.26521 110 102.232174 0.000139989107 7143.412951 26 102 63.6099 129 108.277122 0.00011241 8896.005693 27 108 66.0185 118 113.291738 0.000040033557 24979.04446 28 112 68.37101 125 118.620962 0.000030897725 32364.8424 29 116 70.74046 136 123.8539 0.000023793363 42028.52703 30 119 73.0472 134 129.041112 0.000026130997 38268.72737 31 122 75.34145 142 135.056422 0.000029736803 33628.36281 32 124 77.70807 139 140.769927 0.000047766007 20935.39031 33 125 80.03597 147 147.275298 0.000105652466 9464.994409 34 132 82.43277 147 152.2885 0.000029519003 33876.48289 35 134 84.65352 149 158.741712 0.00004490089 22271.27346 40 151 96.17217 163 187.545587 0.000031196616 32054.75876 50 168 118.78882 208 253.347863 0.0000994883031 10051.43287 60 194 141.02102 224 321.328858 0.001560890533 640.6599174 70 218 162.66455 258 390.515923 0.002553801636 391.5730908 80 247 183.96978 277 460.188767 0.001650639335 605.8258632 90 277 204.84769 302 535.716012 0.000912482596 1095.911313 100 320 225.30833 345 612.745463 0.000065291942 15315.82565 110 337 245.36777 373 687.031795 0.000236226922 4233.217753 120 362 265.19888 392 765.948807 0.0002346588 4261.506494 130 382 284.684 407 846.266184 0.000411017349 2432.987324 140 404 303.48112 441 908.987444 0.000427996659 2336.466837 150 422 322.38346 459 999.969798 0.000815796023 1225.796611 160 444 340.70341 480 1073.878384 0.000810333605 1234.059644 170 462 358.95801 510 1161.500687 0.001249502463 800.3185505 180 485 376.70349 532 1240.469532 0.001053105378 949.5725887 190 500 394.18363 563 1314.49915 0.001758106438 568.7937763 200 517 411.18308 571 1375.696962 0.002165791214 461.7250239 210 530 428.32752 582 1454.915971 0.003843291343 260.1936493 220 547 445.16167 620 1534.805293 0.004668406826 214.2058388 230 557 461.56165 651 1615.862679 0.008793067804 113.7259512 240 573 477.6758 661 1679.261974 0.01000438504 99.95616886 250 587 493.28549 685 1754.787585 0.01263835912 79.1241957 260 602 509.14954 688 1813.388018 0.01461344308 68.43014303 270 615 525.0465 721 1897.561698 0.01946148546 51.38353914 280 625 540.12515 755 1960.099827 0.02761396968 36.21355465 290 649 554.99168 746 2032.975651 0.018535924 53.94929328 300 664 569.89871 770 2112.26969 0.02030520413 49.24845836 310 677 584.41593 788 2157.882232 0.02312692766 43.23963886 320 692 598.43504 784 2242.36338 0.02408426661 41.52088233 330 707 612.61112 809 2287.499792 0.02421849024 41.29076545 340 726 626.86294 832 2364.380555 0.02073435656 48.22913106 350 738 640.11112 859 2424.080112 0.02339483454 42.74447841 360 746 653.84835 862 2491.161772 0.03242436333 30.84100649 370 758 667.32182 897 2563.080392 0.03663801125 27.29405789 380 783 680.1201 898 2609.258756 0.02200172369 45.45098438 390 796 693.23311 914 2665.45181 0.02326652404 42.98020617 400 814 706.20757 929 2712.827345 0.0192469686 51.95623377 410 824 718.93374 946 2796.08119 0.02346360038 42.61920523 420 838 731.22764 933 2836.3268 0.02248983119 44.46454007 430 850 743.43786 983 2913.272539 0.02417401709 41.36672842 440 863 755.65347 983 2958.524327 0.02421586895 41.29523504 450 871 767.63374 981 3022.904954 0.03005146811 33.27624449 460 886 779.29083 1011 3066.210708 0.02698455174 37.05824019 470 900 791.13548 1046 3115.796805 0.02557008317 39.10820287 480 915 802.41172 1029 3187.439587 0.02306422332 43.35719379 490 922 814.07897 1053 3224.508254 0.02868191171 34.8651795 500 936 825.02025 1060 3237.188618 0.02555463049 39.13185129 510 942 836.06251 1071 3299.545842 0.03257248786 30.70075594 520 953 847.25598 1079 3351.688194 0.03388611634 29.51061107 530 959 857.94902 1113 3405.845621 0.04167933717 23.99270401 540 964 868.4549 1121 3411.768986 0.05094529566 19.62889776 550 973 878.21562 1133 3500.181428 0.05456598332 18.32643598 560 984 888.78872 1115 3555.596181 0.05516266352 18.12820368 570 996 899.44963 1164 3580.327223 0.05330843918 18.75875594 580 1001 909.35884 1159 3622.865774 0.06393878305 15.63995985 590 1008 919.07867 1161 3649.251501 0.07051215979 14.18195107 600 1019 928.8176 1160 3680.18749 0.06856355212 14.58500864 610 1033 938.79899 1179 3717.840225 0.06118099908 16.34494394 620 1044 948.45919 1200 3760.106955 0.05960753895 16.7764014 630 1050 958.09717 1205 3806.295228 0.06816111864 14.67112072 640 1059 967.08421 1227 3860.617499 0.06952758447 14.3827807 650 1063 976.46744 1248 3896.90324 0.08284592196 12.07060017 660 1069 985.56907 1235 3946.926289 0.09208930993 10.85902371 670 1074 993.96932 1243 3909.476539 0.1002791915 9.972158576 680 1081 1003.91915 1247 3953.116333 0.1101066603 9.082102725 690 1086 1011.78911 1294 4050.759835 0.1218067741 8.209724028 700 1088 1020.80695 1260 4018.741322 0.1445870414 6.916249137 710 1096 1029.14385 1286 4058.285497 0.1469809157 6.803604367 720 1102 1037.43399 1275 4106.317103 0.1568290951 6.376367851 730 1105 1046.26562 1325 4153.934986 0.1810680195 5.522786425 740 1114 1053.75957 1341 4168.303383 0.1753951481 5.701411988 750 1126 1062.66836 1320 4224.228095 0.1649235466 6.063415568 760 1134 1070.85219 1327 4220.337482 0.1655150159 6.041747901 770 1139 1078.31119 1354 4268.141571 0.1764592363 5.667031214 780 1145 1086.00084 1353 4260.138119 0.183016711 5.463981921 790 1156 1093.60453 1359 4302.748453 0.1707468548 5.856623252 800 1164 1101.58658 1376 4278.121684 0.1699845403 5.882887928 810 1168 1109.36038 1365 4330.010266 0.1864266254 5.364040666 820 1169 1116.57129 1375 4358.431398 0.2135532386 4.682673072 830 1174 1124.10626 1378 4357.648109 0.2248777163 4.446861238 840 1181 1131.73106 1401 4369.709466 0.2280328627 4.385332834 850 1189 1138.78048 1399 4431.270171 0.2253009996 4.438506717 860 1192 1145.76037 1420 4445.039207 0.2439828264 4.098649134 870 1196 1152.39085 1438 4458.018866 0.2568328052 3.893583607 880 1205 1159.75399 1413 4486.662449 0.249682399 4.005088079 890 1210 1166.87005 1428 4479.115243 0.2596448891 3.851414151 900 1213 1173.77874 1452 4531.125524 0.2800595931 3.570668618 910 1221 1180.13171 1443 4543.291422 0.2721514534 3.674424618 920 1227 1187.44829 1454 4546.858346 0.2787509147 3.587432174 930 1231 1193.42076 1459 4545.085821 0.2886226821 3.46473116 940 1237 1199.95829 1503 4570.10487 0.2918687194 3.426197922 950 1241 1206.53419 1470 4590.408551 0.3054807946 3.273528214 960 1245 1213.07763 1460 4611.649704 0.3191507693 3.133315336 970 1248 1219.44038 1466 4620.625185 0.3371887451 2.965698039

Table-5: ANCIENT MONUMENTS

Abydos-Oseiron— lat :26.18500, lon :31.91889, type : Monument

Abdera (Thrace)— lat :40.93333, lon :24.96667, type : Monument

Ajanta Caves— lat :20.55238, lon :75.70044, type : Monument

Aksum Obelisk— lat :14.13217, lon :38.71967, type : Monument

Amaru Muru— lat :-16.1708, lon :-69.5412, type : Monument

Ancyra— lat :39.93333, lon :32.86667, type : Monument

Angkor Thom— lat :13.43950, lon :103.86220, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

ANGKOR WAT— lat :13.4125, lon :103.8667, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Anundshog Tumulus— lat :59.63056, lon :16.64472, type : Monument

Arkaim— lat :52.62694, lon :59.56111, type : Monument

Asuka Megaliths— lat :34.03333, lon :135.81667, type : Monument

Avebury— lat :51.42861, lon :-1.85417, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

Aztalan Mound— lat :43.06455, lon :-88.86223, type : Monument

Aztec Ruins— lat :36.83584, lon :-107.99812, type : Monument

BaalBek— lat :34.00634, lon :36.20732, type : Monument

BadaValley Megaliths— lat :-1.8800, lon :120.2200, type : Monument

BALLYCROVANE Stone— lat :51.71287, lon :-9.94458, type : Monument—CAPITAL

BALNUARAN of CLAVA— lat :57.4737, lon :-4.0744, type : Monument—HIGHLANDS—CAPITAL

BARNENEZ— lat :48.66750, lon :-3.85861, type : Monument—BARNENEZ—CAPITAL

Barpa Langass— lat :57.57056, lon :-7.29167, type : Monument

BELTRANA Temple— lat :39.97875, lon :3.98008, type : Monument—MINORCA—CAPITAL

Borobudur— lat :-7.60787, lon :110.20373, type : Monument

Borrehaugene— lat :59.38250, lon :10.45944, type : Monument

Boswens Menhir— lat :50.13904, lon :-5.63989, type : Monument

Brihadeeswara Temple— lat :10.78278, lon :79.13167, type : Monument

Brownshill Dolmen— lat :52.8375, lon :-6.8811, type : Monument

BRYNCELLIDDU— lat :53.2077, lon :-4.2361, type : Monument—BRYN—CAPITAL

Bryn Cader Faner Circle— lat :52.8982, lon :-4.0114, type : Monument-Satellite—BRYN

Caddoan Mounds— lat :31.59532, lon :-95.14981, type : Monument

Cahuachi— lat :-14.81861, lon :-75.11667, type : Monument-Satellite—NAZCA

CallanishStones— lat :58.1979, lon :-6.7443, type : Monument

Caral— lat :-10.89361, lon :-77.52028, type : Monument

CARNAC— lat :47.58470, lon :-3.07341, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Carthage— lat :36.85280, lon :10.32330, type : Monument

Casa Grande— lat :32.99701, lon :-111.53207, type : Monument

Catalhoyuk— lat :37.66667, lon :32.82806, type : Monument

Cempoala— lat :19.44500, lon :-96.40889, type : Monument

Chetroketl— lat :36.0600, lon :-107.9500, type : Monument

Chan Chan— lat :-8.10583, lon :-79.07444, type : Monument-Satellite—ELBRUJO

Corrimony Cairn— lat :57.33484, lon :-4.68949, type : Monument-Satellite—HIGHLANDS

Costa Rica Stone Spheres— lat :8.91139, lon :-83.47750, type : Monument

Crantit Cairn— lat :58.97138, lon :-2.95452, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Cuween Hill— lat :58.99712, lon :-3.10778, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Derinkuyu— lat :38.36667, lon :34.73333, type : Monument

Dhamek Stupa-Varanasi— lat :25.3808, lon :83.0245, type : Monument

Dholavira— lat :23.88611, lon :70.21667, type : Monument

Dilmun— lat :26.19667, lon :50.48556, type : Monument

Dogon-Tellem Caves (Sangha)— lat :14.3588, lon :-3.5950, type : Monument

Dowth— lat :53.70365, lon :-6.4502, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Dolmen De Menga— lat :37.02459, lon :-4.54629, type : Monument

Dulan Ruins— lat :22.88494, lon :121.21978, type : Monument

Dwarkadhish Temple— lat :22.23789, lon :68.96756, type : Monument

Dzibilchaltun— lat :21.09100, lon :-89.59030, type : Monument-Satellite—ACANCEH

Effigy Mounds— lat :43.09413, lon :-91.18208, type : Monument

ELBRUJO— lat :-7.91498, lon :-79.30549, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Elephanta Caves— lat :18.96325, lon :72.93144, type : Monument

Emerald Mound— lat :38.63056, lon :-89.78583, type : Monument

Er Lannic— lat :47.56806, lon :-2.89694, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Etowah Mounds— lat :34.12515, lon :-84.80764, type : Monument

Frostatinget Bautasten— lat :63.56750, lon :10.70222, type : Monument

GALLARDET tomb— lat :43.58650, lon :3.51010, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Ganeriwala— lat :28.50000, lon :71.06667, type : Monument

Gavrinis— lat :47.5740, lon :-2.8970, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Gila Cliff Dwellings— lat :33.22722, lon :-108.27222, type : Monument

Gobekli Tepe— lat :37.22306, lon :38.92250, type : Monument

GGANTIJA— lat :36.04722, lon :14.26917, type : Monument—MALTA—CAPITAL

Gochang Dolmens— lat :34.96667, lon :126.92917, type : Monument

Golden Temple-Amritsar— lat :31.62000, lon :74.87694, type : Monument

Gonur Tepe— lat :38.2140, lon :62.0379, type : Monument

Grande Menhir Brise— lat :47.57165, lon :-2.94959, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Grande Menhir Counozouls— lat :42.72960, lon :2.22390, type : Monument

Grand Mound-Minnesota— lat :48.51667, lon :-93.70861, type : Monument

Grave Creek Mound— lat :39.91691, lon :-80.74458, type : Monument

GREAT PYRAMID of GIZA— lat :29.97918, lon :31.13436, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Great Zimbabwe— lat :-20.29667, lon :30.93333, type : Monument

Great Stupa-Amravati— lat :16.57300, lon :80.35800, type : Monument-Satellite—UNDAVALLI

Grey Cairns of Camster— lat :58.3791, lon :-3.2642, type : Monument

Gunung Padang Megaliths— lat :-6.99347, lon :107.05638, type : Monument

Harappa— lat :30.62889, lon :72.86389, type : Monument

Hattusa— lat :40.01972, lon :34.61528, type : Monument

Heliopolis-Obelisk— lat :30.12933, lon :31.30753, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Hill of Tara— lat :53.57750, lon :-6.61194, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Holm of Papa— lat :59.35053, lon :-2.86868, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Hulbjerg Jaettestue— lat :54.73612, lon :10.68419, type : Monument

Isbister Cairn— lat :58.7391, lon :-2.9314, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Jelling Stones— lat :55.75583, lon :9.41944, type : Monument

Jetavanaramaya Stupa— lat :8.35167, lon :80.40361, type : Monument

Jokhang Temple-Lhasa— lat :29.65306, lon :91.04750, type : Monument

Kaimanawa Wall-Lk.Taupo— lat :-38.94921, lon :176.18670, type : Monument

Khajuraho-Vamana Temple— lat :24.35306, lon :79.91944, type : Monument

Kings Grave-Sweden— lat :55.68333, lon :14.23333, type : Monument

Knap of Howar— lat :59.34931, lon :-2.91089, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Knossos— lat :35.29806, lon :25.16306, type : Monument

Knowe of Yarso— lat :59.13912, lon :-3.04158, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Knowth— lat :53.70167, lon :-6.49167, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Komakino StoneCircle— lat :40.73856, lon :140.72863, type : Monument

Kuelap— lat :-6.41861, lon :-77.92333, type : Monument

Kukui Heiau— lat :21.05972, lon :-156.84306, type : Monument

Kyaiktiyo Pagoda-Rock— lat :17.48168, lon :97.09812, type : Monument

La Draille— lat :43.75510, lon :3.70660, type : Monument

La Hougue Bie— lat :49.2006, lon :-2.0638, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Lei Cheng Uk Han-HongKong— lat :22.33809, lon :114.16002, type : Monument

Lake Jackson Mounds— lat :30.50089, lon :-84.31164, type : Monument

Leluh Ruins-Kosrae— lat :5.33333, lon :163.03333, type : Monument

Listoghil— lat :54.25050, lon :-8.51820, type : Monument

Lubaantum— lat :16.28111, lon :-88.96500, type : Monument

Machaquila— lat :15.76667, lon :-89.38333, type : Monument

Machu Picchu— lat :-13.16333, lon :-72.54556, type : Monument-Satellite-SACSAYHUAMAN

MAESHOWE— lat :58.9966, lon :-3.1882, type : Monument—ORKNEY—CAPITAL

Maykop Kurgan— lat :44.35153, lon :40.41028, type : Monument

Menhirs CHAM de BONDONS— lat :44.4, lon :3.6, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir DuBac— lat :44.39615, lon :3.41380, type : Monument-Satellite—BONDONS

Menhir De Champ Dolent— lat :48.53500, lon :-1.73917, type : Monument

Menhir De La Leque— lat :44.19293, lon :4.39452, type : Monument

Menhir De MALVES— lat :43.25327, lon :2.43564, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir De Picarel— lat :43.3742, lon :2.1616, type : Monument-Satellite—MALVES

Menhir Du Pla Del Bac— lat :42.47725, lon :2.07092, type : Monument

Menhir DuRun— lat :48.77934, lon :-3.33495, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Glomel— lat :48.58150, lon :-3.34410, type : Monument-Satellite—KAILOUAN

Menhir Kailouan— lat :48.44833, lon :-3.12056, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir Kerien— lat :48.39302, lon :-3.21454, type : Monument-Satellite—KAILOUAN

Menhirs Kergadiou— lat :48.49358, lon :-4.72499, type : Monument-Satellite—KERLOAS

Menhir KERLOAS— lat :48.42667, lon :-4.67928, type : Monument——CAPITAL

Menhirs Le Coulet— lat :43.80983, lon :3.51889, type : Monument-Satellite—GALLARDET

Menhir Louargat— lat :48.58150, lon :-3.34410, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Men Marz— lat :48.67030, lon :-4.3352, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Pedernec— lat :48.61, lon :-3.30028, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Pedra Dreta De Llivia— lat :42.45889, lon :1.97034, type : Monument

Menhir Pyrolles— lat :42.95083, lon :2.34056, type : Monument-Satellite—MALVES

Merrivale Stone— lat :50.55306, lon :-4.04306, type : Monument

MesaVerde-SunTemple— lat :37.16458, lon :-108.47532, type : Monument

Mohenjo-Daro— lat :27.32917, lon :68.13889, type : Monument

Monks Mound-Cahokia— lat :36.66057, lon :-90.06211, type : Monument

Monte Alban— lat :17.04389, lon :-96.76778, type : Monument

Moundville Mounds, lat :33.00788, lon :-87.63134, type : Monument

Midhowe Cairn— lat :59.15660, lon :-3.09920, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Murujuga— lat :-20.5583, lon :116.8333, type : Monument

NAZCA-spider— lat :-14.69434, lon :-75.12270, type : Monument—GEOGLYPH—CAPITAL

Nabta Playa— lat :22.5333, lon :30.7000, type : Monument

NanMadol Ruins-Ponhpei— lat :6.84194, lon :158.33222, type : Monument

Naveta D’es Tudons— lat :40.00313, lon :3.89156, type : Monument-Satellite—MINORCA

Necropolis Cerveteri— lat :42.0000, lon :12.1000, type : Monument

NEWGRANGE— lat :53.69437, lon :-6.47503, type : Monument——CAPITAL

Ocmulgee Mounds— lat :32.83684, lon :-83.60834, type : Monument

Ollantaytambo— lat :-13.25806, lon :-72.26333, type : Monument-Satellite-SACSAYHUAMAN

Oshoro Stone Circle— lat :43.19943, lon :140.87471, type : Monument

Oyu Stone Circle— lat :40.27167, lon :140.80389, type : Monument

Pachacamac— lat :-12.25667, lon :-76.90028, type : Monument

Palenque— lat :17.48398, lon :-92.04633, type : Monument

Paquime— lat :30.36630, lon :-107.94743, type : Monument

Persepolis— lat :29.93444, lon :52.89139, type : Monument

Petra— lat :30.32861, lon :35.44194, type : Monument

Phimai— lat :15.22083, lon :102.49389, type : Monument

Poverty Point Bird Mound— lat :32.63525, lon :-91.41121, type : Monument

Prasat Ta Muen Thom— lat :14.34917, lon :103.26639, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

Preah Ko— lat :13.34389, lon :103.97278, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

Preah Vihear— lat :14.39306, lon :104.68028, type : Monument

Pylos-Palace of Nestor— lat :37.02705, lon :21.69484, type : Monument

Pyramid ACANCEH— lat :20.8167, lon :-89.4500, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid AltunHa— lat :17.76395, lon :-88.34706, type : Monument

Pyramid (Bent & Red)— lat :29.79028, lon :31.20917, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid BONAMPAK— lat :16.70400, lon :-91.06500, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid CALAKMUL— lat :18.10539, lon :-89.81083, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Chichen-Itza— lat :20.68278, lon :-88.56861, type : Monument

Pyramid Cholula— lat :19.05750, lon :-98.30194, type : Monument

Pyramid COBA— lat :20.49472, lon :-87.73611, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Cuicuilco— lat :19.30167, lon :-99.18167, type : Monument-Satellite—TEOTIHUACAN

Pyramid Djoser— lat :29.87127, lon :31.21639, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid ElMirador— lat :17.75505, lon :-89.92043, type : Monument-Satellite—CALAKMUL

Pyramid Guachimontones— lat :20.69491, lon :-103.83609, type : Monument

Pyramid LaVenta— lat :18.10330, lon :-94.04019, type : Monument

Pyramid Meidum— lat :29.38806, lon :31.15694, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid PiedrasNegras— lat :17.16667, lon :-91.26250, type : Monument-Satellite—BONAMPAK

Pyramid Quirigua— lat :15.26944, lon :-89.04028, type : Monument

Pyramid Tenayuca— lat :19.53217, lon :-99.16847, type : Monument-Satellite—TEOTIHUACAN

Pyramid Teotenango— lat :19.10861, lon :-99.59722, type : Monument

Pyramid TIKAL— lat :17.22194, lon :-89.62278, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Tres Zapotes— lat :18.46782, lon :-95.43750, type : Monument

Pyrmid Uaxactun— lat :17.39356, lon :-89.63453, type : Monument-Satellite—TIKAL

Pyramid Uxmal— lat :20.35944, lon :-89.77139, type : Monument

Pyramid Xian (Emperor’s Tomb)— lat :34.38124, lon :109.25401, type : Monument

Quanterness Cairn— lat :59.01667, lon :-3.01667, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Quoyness Cairn— lat :59.22555, lon :-2.56824, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Rapa Nui-Orongo— lat :-27.18944, lon :-109.44250, type : Monument

Ring of Brodgar— lat :59.00200, lon :-3.22870, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Rhuba An Dunain— lat :56.68168, lon :-5.68319, type : Monument

Rollright Stones— lat :51.97553, lon :-1.57081, type : Monument

Saint Paul Mound— lat :44.94571, lon :-93.05650, type : Monument

SACSAYHUAMAN— lat :-13.50778, lon :-71.98222, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Sanchi Stupa— lat :23.48066, lon :77.73630, type : Monument

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan— lat :17.75361, lon :-94.76000, type : Monument

Sechin Bajo— lat :-9.46472, lon :-78.26500, type : Monument

SerpentMound— lat :39.02520, lon :-83.43020, type : Monument

Shahr-eSukhteh— lat :30.59528, lon :61.32639, type : Monument

SHANBALLYEDMOND Court— lat :52.68020, lon :-8.23364, type : Monument

SILSBURY HILL— lat :51.41556, lon :-1.85750, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Skara Brae— lat :59.04861, lon :-3.34306, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Snoldelev Stone— lat :55.57167, lon :12.12139, type : Monument

Stonehenge— lat :51.17884, lon :-1.82619, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

Stonehenge of America— lat :42.84196, lon :-71.20969, type : Monument

Stora Hammars Stones— lat :57.85297, lon :19.02867, type : Monument

Tanis— lat :30.97694, lon :31.88000, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Tarxien Temples— lat :35.86917, lon :14.51194, type : Monument-Satellite—MALTA

Taversoe Tuick— lat :59.13200, lon :-2.98800, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Tell Qaramel— lat :36.378, lon :37.275, type : Monument

Temple of Hera-Paestum— lat :40.42222, lon :15.00528, type : Monument

TEOTIHUACAN-Sun-Pyramid— lat :19.69240, lon :-98.84361, type : Monument—CAPITAL

TIWANAKU-Akapana Pyramid— lat :-16.55472, lon :-68.67333, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Toltec Mounds— lat :34.64694, lon :-92.06528, type : Monument

Toolsboro Mounds— lat :41.1428, lon :-91.0629, type : Monument

Treasury of Atreus— lat :37.7268, lon :22.7539, type : Monument

Troy— lat :39.95750, lon :26.23889, type : Monument

Tulum— lat :20.21472, lon :-87.42889, type : Monument-Satellite—COBA

Tumulus of Bougon— lat :46.3740, lon :-0.0675, type : Monument

Tumulus of St.Michael— lat :47.58779, lon :-3.07341, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Tyre— lat :33.27083, lon :35.19611, type : Monument

UNDAVALLI Caves— lat :16.49570, lon :80.58000, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Unstan Cairn— lat :58.9863, lon :-3.2492, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Vaishali-Asokan Pillar— lat :25.9900, lon :85.1300, type : Monument

Van Fortress— lat :38.50321, lon :43.33913, type : Monument

Vasterljung Runestone— lat :58.91667, lon :17.43333, type : Monument

Vera Island Megaliths— lat :55.16145, lon :60.03112, type : Monument

Vinquoy Cairn— lat :59.22712, lon :-2.77250, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Waylands Smithy— lat :51.56723, lon :-1.59526, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

West Kennet Long Barrow— lat :51.40856, lon :-3.04158, type : Monument

Yakushima Megaliths– lat :30.3552, lon :130.5238, type : Monument

Yaxchilan— lat :16.90000, lon :-90.96667, type : Monument-Satellite—BONAMPAK

Yin Xu (Ruins of Yin-Anyang)— lat :36.13944, lon :114.30306, type : Monument

Ziggurat Dur Kurigalzu— lat :33.35361, lon :44.20222, type : Monument

Ziggurat-UR— lat :30.96278, lon :46.10306, type : Monument

Ziggurat Chogha Zanbil— lat :32.00833, lon :48.52083, type : Monument

Zorats Karer-Karahunj— lat :39.5507, lon :46.0286, type : Monument ]}

GEOGLYPH-Blythe— lat :33.80049, lon :-114.53197, type : GEOGLYPH

GEOGLYPH-Candelabra-Paracas— lat :-13.79458, lon :-76.30870, type : GEOGLPYH

GEOGLYPH-CerneAbbas— lat :50.81361, lon :-2.47472, type : GEOGLYPH-Satellite-SILSBURY

SUBMERGED-Guanahacabibes— lat :21.87889, lon :-84.82306, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Gulf of Cambay— lat :21.8891, lon :72.3784, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Kerama Stone Circle— lat :26.19900, lon :127.28056, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Yonaguni— lat :24.4320, lon :123.0110, type : SUBMERGED

Ithaka— lat :38.36667, lon :20.71667, type : OTHER

Marcahuasi— lat :-11.78889, lon :-76.57361, type : OTHER

Nord— lat :81.71667, lon :-17.79917, type : OTHER

Nuuk— lat :64.17500, lon :-51.73889, type : OTHER

Olympus— lat :40.08556, lon :22.35861, type : OTHER

Pitoravik— lat :77.96667, lon :-72.21667, type : OTHER

Ramanadessa-Hanthawaddy— lat :17.33667, lon :96.47972, type : OTHER

Sigiriya Elephant Rock— lat :7.95694, lon :80.75972, type : OTHER

Sukhothai— lat :17.02111, lon :99.70361, type : OTHER

Uluru— lat :-25.34500, lon :131.03611, type : OTHER

Table-6: VOLCANOES

Pico_de_Orizaba — lat :19.0303, lon :-97.2681, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5636/4922 strato

Popocatepetl — lat :19.022, lon :-98.628, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5426m

Iztaccihatl — lat :19.1789, lon :-98.6417, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5230m

Mt.Bona — lat :61.3856, lon :-141.7486, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5005m

Mt.Blackburn — lat :61.7317, lon :-143.4331, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4996m

Mt.Sanford — lat :62.2139, lon :-144.1289, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4949m

Mt.Churchill — lat :61.4194, lon :-141.7147, type : Volcano -N_America // 4766/362 stat-cal

Nevado_de_Toluca — lat :19.1017, lon :-99.7675, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4680/2210 strato

Sierra_Negra — lat :18.983, lon :-97.317, type : Volcano -N_America // 4580m

La_Malinche — lat :19.2308, lon :-98.0319, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4461m

Mt.Rainier — lat :46.8529, lon :-121.7604, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA -DECADE // 4392m

Nevado_de_Colima — lat :19.5124, lon :-103.6170, type : Volcano -N_America -DECADE // 4340/600 strato

Mt.Shasta — lat :41.4092, lon :-122.1949, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4322m strato

Mt.Wrangell — lat :62.00572, lon :-144.01935, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4317m shield

Cofre_de_Perote — lat :19.492, lon :-97.150, type : Volcano -N_America // 4282m

Atna_Peaks — lat :61.7494, lon :-143.2397, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4220m

Damavand — lat :35.9548, lon :52.1100, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 5610m strato

Ararat — lat :39.7019, lon :44.2983, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 5165m complex

Sabalan — lat :38.2669, lon :47.8369, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4811m

Klyuchevskaya_Sopka — lat :56.0575, lon :160.6415, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4750/4649 strato

Kamen — lat :56.020, lon :160.593, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4579m

Krestovsky — lat :56.11328, lon :160.50719, type : Volcano -Asia // 4108m

Aragats — lat :40.533, lon :44.20, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4090m strato

Suphan_Dagi — lat :38.9317, lon :42.8342, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4058m

Taftan — lat :28.6000, lon :61.1325, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4042m-3981m

Ushkovsky — lat :56.070, lon :160.470, type : Volcano -Asia // 3943m

Little_Ararat — lat :39.6475, lon :44.4125, type : Volcano -Asia // 3925/1200 strato

Erciyes_Dagi — lat :38.5318, lon :35.4470, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3916m

Mt.Kerinci — lat :-1.6967, lon :101.2642, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3805m strato

Mt.Fuji — lat :35,3581, lon :138.7311, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3776m strato

Rinjani — lat :-8.4144, lon :116.4598, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3726m

Sahand — lat :37.7308, lon :46.5000, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3707m

Elbrus — lat :43.3499, lon :42.4453, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 5642m strato

Kazbek — lat :42.6992, lon :44.5183, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 5047m

Mt.Etna — lat :37.7510, lon :14.9934, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA -DECADE // 3329m strato

Mt.Pico — lat :38.4687, lon :-28.3993, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2351m strato

Beerenberg — lat :71.0833, lon :-8.1667, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2277m strato

Oraefajokull — lat :64.0217, lon :-16.6433, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2109m strato

Bardarbunga — lat :64.6410, lon :-17.5280, type : Volcano -Europe // 2009m

Kverkfjoll — lat :64.650, lon :-16.717, type : Volcano -Europe // 1920m

Puy_de_Sancy — lat :45.5283, lon :2.8142, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 1885m strato

Puy_Mary — lat :45.109, lon :2.676, type : Volcano -Europe // 1783m

Snaefell — lat :64.8057, lon :-23.7731, type : Volcano -Europe // 1446m

Hofsjokull — lat :64.817, lon :-18.817, type : Volcano -Europe // 1782m

Esjufjoll — lat :64.27, lon :-16.65, type : Volcano -Europe // 1760m strato

Grimsvotn — lat :64.42, lon :-16.33, type : Volcano -Europe // 1725m

Herdubreid — lat :65.1789, lon :-16.3473, type : Volcano -Europe // 1682m

Eiriksjokull — lat :64.7697, lon :-20.4020, type : Volcano -Europe // 1675m

Mt.Kilimanjaro — lat :-3.0758, lon :37.3533, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 5895m strato

Mt.Kenya — lat :-.1508, lon :37.3075, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 5199m

Mt.Meru — lat :-3.247, lon :36.748, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4568m strato

Mt.Karisimbi — lat :-1.508, lon :29.445, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4507m

Mt.Mikeno — lat :-1.464, lon :29.418, type : Volcano -Africa // 4437/1190 strato

Mt.Elgon — lat :1.118, lon :34.525, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4321m shield

Mt.Muhavura — lat :-1.3806, lon :29.6773, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4127m

