Image copyright NOAA Image caption Parts of the Pacific Ocean are unusually warm (in red)

Global food markets could be disrupted by the El Nino event predicted for later this year.

A strong El Nino is likely to increase prices of staple foods such as rice, coffee, sugar and cocoa, say scientists.

Forecasters agree that the El Nino effect, which can drive droughts and flooding, is under way in the tropical Pacific.

But they say it is too early to say how severe it will be.

Reduced rainfall could be felt in India and West Africa as early as June, say scientists.

"Most El Ninos historically have had a global impact on food prices Dr Nick Klingaman, University of Reading

The consequences of El Nino are much less clear for Europe and the UK, although they can lead to British winters that are dry with heavy snowfall.

"It's likely there will be at least a moderate El Nino this year," said Prof Adam Scaife of the Met Office.

"I think there is very good agreement across the different [forecasting] centres that this is coming."

He said there was a 70% chance of a "moderate" El Nino event towards the end of this year that is likely to lead to droughts and crop failures.

Although it is too early to say how strong the event will be and whether it will persist throughout the year, a strong El Nino has the potential to "disrupt global food markets", said Dr Nick Klingaman of the University of Reading.

He said coffee plantations in Brazil "already on the brink of failure" could be jeopardised, while reduced rainfall in Australia could affect banana and sugarcane crops as well as cattle herds.

A moderately strong El Nino in 2002 was linked with a drier monsoon than normal in India, ruining crops such as groundnut and rice.

"Most El Ninos historically have had a global impact on food prices," he said.

"We tend to see an increase in price of 5 to 10% on average for things like coffee, soybeans and cocoa."

Monsoons

The El Nino five years ago was linked with poor monsoons in Southeast Asia, droughts in southern Australia, the Philippines and Ecuador, blizzards in the US, heatwaves in Brazil and extreme flooding in Mexico.

Image copyright Thinkstock Image caption Coffee plantations can be devastated by drought

Prof Eric Guilyardi of the University of Reading said current models point to an event on a similar scale to that of 2009/10, but perhaps as strong as in 1997/98, which was particularly extreme.

However, he cautioned that "every El Nino is different, so its impacts are different".

The warming of parts of the ocean is also likely to have a knock-on effect for global temperatures.

"Global temperatures are very high and this is partly attributable to the El Nino evolving now," said Prof Scaife.

Climate change

The El Nino is a warming of the Pacific Ocean as part of a complex cycle linking atmosphere and ocean.

An El Nino comes along about every two to seven years as part of a natural cycle.

Research suggests that extreme El Nino events will become more likely as global temperatures rise.

Models suggest that climate change could double the number of extreme El Ninos after 2050.

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