Tip: See my list of the Most Common Mistakes in English. It will teach you how to avoid mis­takes with com­mas, pre­pos­i­tions, ir­reg­u­lar verbs, and much more.

Most European countries have just one official language. Some actually have none (which is the case of the United Kingdom, where English is de facto official—used by the government and courts—but not de jure official), and a few have two or more, the “winner” being Switzerland, which has four.

The map below shows European countries and their official languages. It does not show languages that are only official in smaller, non-sovereign territories (such as German states and Spanish autonomous communities). To see the distribution of minority languages, see my complete map of European languages.

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Four countries are too small to be shown on the map: Liechtenstein (German), Monaco (French), San Marino (Italian), and Vatican City (Italian, de facto).

To make reading the map easier, here’s a list of all languages that are official in two or more European countries (including Turkey and Cyprus), ordered by number of countries: