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Our mission at Socratic is to “make learning easy”. Our app lets you take a picture of a homework question, and we teach you how to answer it — magic!

Millions of students use our app and website to learn, and math (especially algebra) is consistently the top subject, for good reason: everyone has to take math, they take it for years, concepts build on each other, and many find it hard to understand.

To provide an excellent math learning experience, we wanted to guide students through their math problems, step-by-step. A good step-by-step solution for an algebra problem (such as “simplify x + ½ + x + ⅓ ”) should be detailed and have good explanations of what happens along the way. These steps should also feel intuitive — not just any step-by-step solution, but one that a tutor would show their student.

We looked around for existing solutions that we could integrate into our app, but the ones we found were closed-source, behind paywalls, or did not focus on the teaching behind the steps, so we decided to build our own.

Today we’re thrilled to release mathsteps — the first open-source project that teaches math step-by-step. We would love for you to join us in making math easy and fun to learn.

mathsteps in the Socratic app

We use mathsteps to power the math experience in our latest update. Students can take a picture of a math question, and we teach you how to answer it.

mathsteps in your own project

Our primary goal for this project is to build a math solver library that is focused on pedagogy (how best to teach). The math problems we’re currently focusing on are pre-algebra and algebra problems involving simplifying expressions, for example getting from (1 + 2) - abs(-3) * x² to 3 — 3x² . Our solution is a node module that, given a string of math, produces a list of steps to the solution. It is important that this step-by-step solution is similar to what a tutor would show a student.

to install mathsteps:

npm install mathsteps

to use mathsteps in your project:

const mathsteps = require('mathsteps'); const steps = mathsteps.simplifyExpression('2x + 2x + x + x'); steps.forEach(step => {

console.log(step.oldNode.toString()); // "2 x + 2 x + x + x"

console.log(step.changeType); // "ADD_POLYNOMIAL_TERMS"

console.log(step.newNode.toString()); // "6 x"

console.log(step.substeps.length); // 3

});

How mathsteps works

There are three main parts to building this math step-by-step solver:

Parsing the input (a string of math) to create an expression tree Modifying the tree to make it easier to work with Changing the tree in small ways, each change acting as a “step”

1. Parsing math input

Math expressions are trees

As humans, we read and write math as a line of text. If you were to type a math expression, it would probably look something like this:

(1 + 2) - abs(-3) * x²

You could also just look at that math expression and use your intuition to prioritize where to start simplifying. But a computer will understand the expression best when it’s stored in a tree. These trees can be surprisingly complicated — even a short expression like (1 + 2) - abs(-3) * x² becomes this tree:

the expression tree for (1 + 2) - abs(-3) * x²

There are many existing open source projects that parse strings of math and create trees like this one. Several of these projects are also full Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) which can provide answers to math problems, though not with step-by-step explanations.

When we were researching this project, we considered using an existing CAS and adding steps to it. SymPy, a well known open-source CAS, stood out as a great choice. Upon diving into the code, however, we realized that the structure of SymPy expression trees are optimized for finding answers, but not for teaching. Its trees don’t store division or subtraction because these operations can be represented by multiplication, addition, and exponents.

x -y + 2/3 represented as the mathematically equivalent x + (-1 * y) + 2 * 3^-1

Sympy introduces ambiguity; given a sympy tree, there are multiple user inputs that could have yielded it, which are mathematically equivalent but not necessarily the same to a student. When building a CAS, it’s beneficial to reduce the problem to make it easier to achieve the goal. But the goal of a CAS, only getting the answer, is a different from our goal, a step-by-step solution. And the step-by-step solution requires a different architecture.

The math.js expression tree

Looking further, we found math.js, a powerful and extensive open-source math library. Its expression trees provide lots of details about the structure of the math expression, which is well suited to creating the steps we want. It’s been a huge pleasure working with math.js. Its community is great, and Jos has been very responsive and supportive as we’ve been building mathsteps.

It’s important to note that when math.js creates an expression tree, it represents all operations as binary (ie a node can have maximum two children). This can be explained by the textbook definition of arithmetic operations. For example, + is adding exactly two things together. So 2 + 3 + 4 is actually either (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + (3 + 4) . This means math.js has to make a choice about which two things are being added together. It implicitly adds parenthesis when constructing its tree to make the operations binary.

But because + and * are commutative and associative binary operations, they feel intuitively like they aren’t binary but could have any number of arguments. 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 feels like an addition of 5 numbers. x * y * x² * x feels like a multiplication of 4 terms, 3 of which have x in them and could be combined together. This combining step turns out to be important in teaching, and is why we need to change the math.js tree to not be binary anymore.

2. Modifying expression trees for step-by-step solutions

After using math.js to create a tree from a string of math, we transform the tree by flattening operations. This flattening step removes grouping choices made by the math.js parser. Through converting the binary tree into one that represents math in a more humanly intuitive way, it becomes much easier to perform step-by-step simplifications.

For example, consider the expression 2 + x + 2 + x . These are the steps for simplifying:

Your question: 2 + x + 2 + x Collect like terms: (x + x) + (2 + 2) Combine like terms: 2x + 4

But here’s the issue: the binary tree that math.js generates for 2 + x + 2 + x requires iterating up and down the tree to find like terms. These steps are way easier to do when we first transform the tree like this:

example of flattening addition

The transformed tree is a lot closer to the way we all intuitively view addition. We can then look at the children of (+), see that two of them are x and two of them are numbers, and collect those like terms to get (x + x) + (2 + 2) . Flattening multiplication works in the same way.

Notice that even though we change the tree, we still preserve the user’s input and therefore our ability to teach what the student is asking. There is exactly one situation where how we store the tree is a bit different from what the student gave as input: subtraction. When you see the expression 2 - x - 2 - x you probably still see -x and -x as like terms. We restructure the tree in the following way to represent this:

example of flattening subtraction

However, the printed expression 2 + -x + -2 + -x doesn’t really make sense, and we assume the student would never input this. So when we print the tree on the right, we replace the + - with just - to get “ 2 - x - 2 - x ”.

You can read the code for flattening operations here.

3. Simplifying expressions math step-by-step

Once we have an expression tree that’s modified to best support step-by-step simplifications, we iteratively apply simplifying rules to the tree. Here are some examples of the main categories of simplifying rules that we iterate over each step, which are applied in an order that a tutor would show their student:

Simplify basics (e.g. ▢⁰ => 1 , where ▢ can be any expression)

, where can be any expression) Evaluate arithmetic (e.g. 2 + 2 => 4 )

) Collect and combine (e.g. 2x + 4x² + x => 4x² + 3x )

) Distribute (e.g. (2x + 3)(x + 4) => 2x² + 11x + 12

Each of these simplifying rules are tree searches that traverse through the whole math expression tree to see if we can perform that simplification anywhere. For example, searching for the rule ▢⁰ => 1 would look like this:

Searching a tree to apply the ▢⁰ => 1 simplification

During the tree search, the algorithm checks nodes one at a time (shown in red in the gif) to see if they match a rule. For the ▢⁰ => 1 rule, the check looks like this:

Check if the node is a ^ operation node. If not, move on. If so, check the exponent argument. If that exponent is not 0, move on. If it is, then this node has matched the rule. Replace the node with the constant node 1, to be recorded as the next “step”.

Every tree search in mathsteps finds one place in the tree to apply a simplification, then returns from the search with that simplification. We keep looking for simplifications, starting at the very top of the tree each time, until no more simplifications can be applied. As we go, we keep a list of each simplification that is applied, which then make up the final step-by-step solution.

Intuitive doesn’t mean simple

To create the best teaching experience, we sometimes add extra steps for detail. Ideally, there’s as much detail as possible, so that we’re less likely to leave the student confused.

a full explanation isn’t short or simple

In this example, the best solution is more steps, and also requires more code. Having pedagogical opinions makes the math solver more complex, but these extra details create a more intuitive learning experience because we’re explaining things more thoroughly.

However, complexity can make things… well, more complex. Once we start incorporating the process of teaching math, steps can stop being just simplifications, but that can create technical challenges. For example, the best way to teach someone to add fractions would be to explain making a common denominator first.

ideal steps for adding fractions

Note how the first step makes the expression more complicated! But then, if the tree search only does one change at a time without any context, this could happen:

Infinite loop! Well, darn.

To fix this, we have to remember that we’re in the middle of adding fractions while choosing the next step. Our solution in mathsteps is to group related simplifications (for example, all the steps to add two fractions together) in the same tree search iteration.

Grouping steps to make teaching better

When we group steps, we can also introduce substeps — extra details behind a step that aren’t shown at the top level. This is what it looks like in our app:

substeps in the Socratic app

Collapsed substeps allow us to give detailed steps without overwhelming students at first glance. We can only expose the high level changes at first, and let the student explore the details of steps they don’t understand. Grouped steps aren’t just a technical simplification; they represent a real, intuitive, pedagogical concept.

If you’re curious, you can see the code for adding fractions here.

Detail in the explanations

We tried to make the step descriptions as detailed and specific to the situation as possible; for example, “add the numerators together” is better than just “add the numbers together”. This brings us closer to the language a human tutor might naturally use in a multi-step explanation. We also want to allow users of mathsteps to reference what changed specifically in the expression, for example “add 2 and 3 to make 5”. We keep track of what part of the tree changed in the node.

Optimizing simplifications

In mathsteps, there are two kinds of tree searches: one that simplifies the children of a node first and one that simplifies the parent first.

simplifying child first vs. simplifying parent first

In this example, simplifying the children before the parent (which is called postorder search) simplifies (x⁰)⁰ to 1⁰ and then to 1 , which is harder to follow than simplifying the parent before the children (preorder search) and going straight from (x⁰)⁰ to 1 . So for the rule ▢⁰ => 1 , we change the highest part of the tree that matches the rule.

For orders of operation in arithmetic, however, a postorder search makes more sense, since we’re taught to simplify whatever is deepest in the expression first. For example, (2 * (2 + 3)) will simplify 2 + 3 first, so it’s more efficient for the tree search to start by attempting to perform simplifications lower in the tree.

In general, some searches are better as preorder searches, and others as postorder searches. Sometimes this is for technical reasons and efficiency, but a lot of the time it’s for teaching reasons. It’s important that the codebase is organized around teaching, rather than just solving math.

There’s more to do

We’ve accomplished a lot, and currently provide high quality step-by-step solutions for a subset of high school algebra. However, there is so much to be done to increase our coverage and teach more students. We’re excited for the future of this project, and we’re also excited to see what else will be built with mathsteps.

Here are some ideas we’ve had about great teaching experiences built off of mathsteps:

Before showing students a step, have them guess what to do next and check their work as they go

Keep track of the types of problems a student asks and when they look at substeps, and use this information to customize the detail of their future step-by-step solutions

… and there are many more possibilities! If you have ideas, we’d love to hear them.

Help expand mathsteps

We’ve made mathsteps open-source! Our goal is to help as many students as possible, so we’d love for you to join us to help expand mathsteps to support all kinds of math! A lot of this project was built by a student intern (me!) so you don’t need a fancy PhD to understand it or contribute.

Here are some great places to start:

Check out our small tasks on GitHub — they’re great candidates for your first change!

Read through our tests of the steps or the examples in comments in the code, if you want to explore what the existing code does or how it works

Read our CONTRIBUTING.md for more details about contributing

We’re excited about mathsteps and hope it will improve the world of math educational tech for both engineers and students. If you’d like to chat, work with us to create your first PR, or get some help using mathsteps in your projects, please reach out — we’d love to hear from you!

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Evy Kassirer is a Computer Science student at the University of Waterloo and has interned at Google, Khan Academy, and Socratic. She works to inspire curiosity, likes building stuff that helps people, and loves her communities.