Report says top seven India-based outsourcing companies received fewer H-1B visas in 2016, compared to the previous year.

Top seven India-based outsourcing companies in the United States received fewer H-1B visas in 2016, compared to the previous year, and as a group their numbers dropped 37%, says a report.

The companies experienced a drop of 5,436 approved petitions (37%) in 2016, compared to 2015, the report by the National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP) — a Washington-based non-profit think tank said.

The 9,356 new H-1B petitions for the top seven India-based companies approved in fiscal 2016 represented only 0.006% of the U.S. labour force, it said.

“While the threat of job loss has long been exaggerated by critics, it reaches illogical proportions when discussing fewer than 10,000 workers in an economy that employs 160 million workers nationwide,” the NFAP said in a statement after releasing the report.

According to the report, the number of approved new H-1B petitions for Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) declined by 56% from FY 2015 to FY 2016, from 4,674 to 2,040, a drop of 2,634.

For Wipro, the petitions declined by 52% between FY 2015 and FY 2016, a drop of 1,605, going from 3,079 to 1,474 approved petitions for initial employment during those years.

For Infosys, it declined by 16% (or 454 petitions), with 2,376 approved H-1B petitions for initial employment in FY 2016, compared to 2,830 in FY 2015, said the report, which based its research from government data.

“The drop in new H-1B visas for Indian-based companies, which is expected to continue when data are released on cases filed in April 2017 for FY 2018 start dates, is due to industry trends toward digital services such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence, which require fewer workers, and a choice by companies to rely less on visas and to build up their domestic workforces in the U.S.,” the report said.

“H-1B petitions approved for initial employment in FY 2016 were filed by employers in April 2016, which means the drop in H-B visa use by these companies is not due to Donald Trump’s election.

“In the past, U.S. policymakers have used the number of visas going to India—based companies as a political or policy reason to propose new immigration restrictions and to not raise the low annual supply of H-1B visas, which has been exhausted every year for the past 15 fiscal years,” said NFAP executive director Stuart Anderson, former head of policy at the Immigration and Naturalisation Service under President George W. Bush.

Among the top companies with new H-1B petitions approved in 2016 were Cognizant (3,949), Infosys (2,376), TCS (2,040), Accenture (1,889), IBM (1,608), Wipro (1,474), Amazon (1,416), Tech Mahindra (1,228), CapGemini (1,164), Microsoft (1,145), HCL America (1,041), Intel (1,030), Deloitte (985), Google (924), Larsen &Toubro (870), PricewaterhouseCoopers (713), Ernst & Young (649), Apple (631), Syntel (583), Facebook (472), Oracle (427), Cisco (380), Mindtree (327), Goldman Sachs (287), UST Global (283), JPMorganChase (271), IGATE (255), Stanford (221), Yahoo! (206) and KPMG (198).

An analysis of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) data on FY 2016 H-1B petitions shows, similar to FY 2015, approximately 25,000 different U.S. employers hired at least one high—skilled foreign national on a new H-1B petition in 2016.

Employers in manufacturing include Tesla Motors with 108 approved new H-1B petitions and Cummins with 197.

Uber had 121 approved H-1B petitions in FY 2016, eBay 115, and the Mayo Clinic 111.

The NFAP said the April 2017 unemployment rate in the U.S. for “computer and mathematical science” occupations was 2.5% — a very low rate, even lower than the 4.4% for “all occupations,” according to the Bureau of Labour Statistics data.

The unemployment rate for “architecture and engineering” occupations is even lower at 2.1%, it said, adding this illustrated a disconnect between reality and claims that high-skilled foreign nationals are preventing U.S. workers from pursuing careers in tech fields.

According to Code.org, the Bureau of Labour Statistics data indicated there would be “1.4 million more software development jobs than applicants who can fill them by 2020... and there are more than 500,000 open computing jobs nationwide.”

An analysis by Glassdoor showed 9 of the 10 highest paying majors for U.S. students 5 years out of college were in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) fields, the report said.

The report disputed the figures of the Trump administration that about 80% of the H-1B workers were paid less than the median wage in their fields.

“This statistic is misleading as it relies on a Department of Labour database that includes multiple applications for the same individuals, since a new filing is generally required when an H-1B professional moves to a new area,” the report said.

“That means it “double or triple counts anyone who works in more than one geographic location [primarily younger workers sent to multiple offices].” Moreover, it may not reflect what employers actually pay individual workers, only the minimum required to be listed for government filing purposes.

The median salary in 2015 for H-1B computer-related recipients who had worked about three years (listed as “continuing employment” in DHS data) was about $7,000 higher than the median salary in the industry,” the report said.

The foundation argued that H-1B temporary visas were important as they were typically the only practical way a high-skilled foreign national working abroad or an international student educated in the U.S. can work long term in the country.

At U.S. universities, 77% of the full-time graduate students in electrical engineering and 71% in computer science are international students.

Reforms to increase the labour mobility of H-1B visas, an increase in the employment-based green card quota and elimination of the per country limit would be welcome but were not currently on the agenda. New restrictions on highs killed immigration were more likely, it said.

“In today’s global economy, companies and high-skilled professionals possess many options,” said Mr. Anderson.

“The United States should maintain an openness toward high-skilled immigration or those options likely will not be in America,” he added.