The biggest absolute emissions come from China and the United States. In terms of CO2 emissions per capita, China is ranked only ranked 47th, at 7.5 metric tonnes per capita. The US is ranked 11th at 16.5 per capita and amongst countries with sizeable populations, has the highest CO2 emissions per capita. India is the third highest country in terms of absolute emissions, but only 158th in terms of per capita output with 1.7 metric tonnes per capita.

Selected countries CO2 emissions per capita

Source: World Bank

What explains variation in CO2 emissions per capita?

Levels of GDP. Countries with higher real incomes can afford to use more petrol and industrial production which causes pollution. By comparison, the lowest income countries have very limited industrial production and consumption of oil. However, that is only one factor, for example, the Netherlands has double CO2 emissions than France with similar GDP per capita.

Countries with higher real incomes can afford to use more petrol and industrial production which causes pollution. By comparison, the lowest income countries have very limited industrial production and consumption of oil. However, that is only one factor, for example, the Netherlands has double CO2 emissions than France with similar GDP per capita. Focus of the economy . Economies based on oil (like Qatar, Bahrain and United Arab Emirates) have the highest levels of CO2 per capita. Qatar has a rate of 45.4 (off the chart) – small population but production based on oil exploration and oil refining.

. Economies based on oil (like Qatar, Bahrain and United Arab Emirates) have the highest levels of CO2 per capita. Qatar has a rate of 45.4 (off the chart) – small population but production based on oil exploration and oil refining. Transport policy . Levels of petrol tax and balance of transport modes can influence CO2 emissions. Countries with highest levels of car use lead to more CO2 emissions. (See: relative petrol prices around the world, e.g. compare US with western Europe)

. Levels of petrol tax and balance of transport modes can influence CO2 emissions. Countries with highest levels of car use lead to more CO2 emissions. (See: relative petrol prices around the world, e.g. compare US with western Europe) Policies to reduce CO2 emissions . To meet global warming targets countries have adopted policies, such as carbon tax and regulation to reduce pollution.

. To meet global warming targets countries have adopted policies, such as carbon tax and regulation to reduce pollution. Modes of Power generation. The burning of fossil fuels (e.g. coal-powered electricity stations) is one of biggest causes of CO2 emissions. Countries which gain energy from renewables have lower CO2 emissions per capita.

Changes in CO2 emissions per capita

China’s CO2 emissions per capita have more than tripled in past 15 years.

Highest Total CO2 emissions by country (kT)

The total level of CO2 emission by kilo Tonne.

1 China 10,291,926 2 United States 5,254,279 3 India 2,238,377 4 Russia 1,705,345 5 Japan 1,214,048 6 Germany 719,883 7 Iran. 649,480 8 Saudi Arabia 601,046 9 Korea, Rep. 587,156 10 Canada 537,193 11 Brazil 529,808 12 South Africa 489,771 13 Mexico 480,270 14 Indonesia 464,176 15 United Kingdom 419,820 16 Australia 361,261 17 Turkey 345,981 18 Italy 320,411

Source: World Bank

Lowest CO2 emissions per Capita

By comparison, some of the poorest countries produce practically zero CO2 emissions per capital

Madagascar 0.096 Eritrea 0.089 Niger 0.089 Malawi 0.083 Ethiopia 0.075 Somalia 0.063 Central African Republic 0.061 Rwanda 0.055 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.049 Mali 0.045 Chad 0.040 Burundi 0.033 Lesotho 0.009

Readers Question: Why don’t countries use the carbon tax?

Taxes are generally politically unpopular. A tax on carbon emissions will affect the living costs of many people. This can make the government reluctant to impose the tax.

There is also the free rider problem. A small country may think – what is the point in introducing carbon tax when their CO2 emissions are dwarfed by other countries like China and the US? Especially, when these bigger countries don’t seem inclined to do too much about the issue.

There are also differing opinions about the potential cost of CO2 emissions to the environment. In the US, there is a strong lobby which argues global warming is not scientifically proven. Therefore, there is a resistance to impeded CO2 emissions.

Another factor is that there are significant vested interests in the oil industry / other industries which pollute. They fear CO2 tax will reduce their profitability so they are willing to fight against moves to introduce taxes.

Another argument used is that a Carbon tax will harm jobs.

Co2 Emissions and global warming

CO2 emissions are widely considered to play a significant role in contributing to global warming.

Over the past few decades, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere have continued to rise. Scientists say this increase in CO2 has contributed to global warming.

Global warming has potentially damaging economic consequences with increased weather variability and loss of biodiversity.

At Kyoto, countries made commitments to target lower CO2 emissions, but these targets have rarely been met. At negotiations, countries collectively agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (which includes Carbon dioxide) by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012.

Change in CO2 Emissions per Capita in the past two decades

The biggest challenge to limit carbon dioxide is faced by developing economies with rapid economic growth. Due to rapid growth, there is a tendency to see quicker increases in CO2 use, e.g. as people can afford cars and production increases.

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