MOSCOW — Despite warnings that withdrawal could lead to a new nuclear arms race, the United States national security adviser rejected Russian entreaties on Tuesday to remain committed to a disarmament treaty.

The adviser, John R. Bolton, suggested after a meeting with President Vladimir V. Putin and other Russian officials that little progress had been made in resolving President Trump’s complaint that Russia has reneged on the pact, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces, or I.N.F., Treaty.

Mr. Trump has said he plans to pull out of the treaty because Russia is violating it and China is not a signatory. President Ronald Reagan and the Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev signed the treaty in 1987, eliminating hundreds of nuclear missiles in Europe.

“It is the American position that Russia is in violation,” Mr. Bolton said at a news conference in response to a question about the treaty. “It is Russia’s position that they’re not in violation. So one has to ask, ‘How do you convince the Russians to come back into compliance with obligations they don’t think they’re violating?’”