Abramson , Scott F. “ The Economic Origins of the Territorial State .” International Organization forthcoming.

Abramson , Scott F. , and Boix , Carles . “The Roots of the Industrial Revolution: Political Institutions or (Socially Embedded) Know-How? ” Unpublished Typescript. Princeton: Princeton University, 2014.

Abu-Lughod , Janet . Before European Hegemony . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 .

Acemoglu , Daron , Johnson , Simon , and Robinson , James . “ Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth .” In Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume IA ed. Aghion , Philippe and Durlauf , Steven N. . Amsterdam : Elsevier , 2005 .

Baechler , Jean . The Origins of Capitalism . Translated by Barry Cooper. Oxford : Basil Blackwell , 1975 .

Bairoch , Paul , Batou , Jean , and Chevre , Pierre . La Population des Villes Européennes, 800–1850 . Geneva : Droz , 1988 .

Bates , Robert , and Donald Lien , Da-Hsiang . “ A Note on Taxation, Development, and Representative Government .” Politics & Society 14 , no. 1 ( 1985 ): 53 – 70 .

Berman , Harold . Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 .

Blockmans , Wim . “ Representation (Since the Thirteenth Century) .” In The New Cambridge Medieval History , edited by Allmand , Christopher , 29 – 64 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1997 .

Boix , Carles . Political Order and Inequality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 .

Bosker , Maarten , Buringh , Eltjo , and Luiten van Zanden , Jan . “ From Baghdad to London: Unraveling Urban Development in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, 800–1800 .” Review of Economics and Statistics 95 , no. 4 ( 2013 ): 1418–37.

Boyar , Ebru . “ The Ottoman City: 1500–1800 .” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History , edited by Clark , Peter , 275–91. Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2013 .

Bradbury , Jim . The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare . New York : Routledge , 2004 .

Broadberry , Stephen . “ Accounting for the Great Divergence .” Economic History Working Paper No. 184/2013, London School of Economics and Political Science , London, UK , 2013 .

Bulut , Mehmet . Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period, 1571–1699 . Hilversum : Verloren , 2001 .

Chandler , Tertius . Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census . Lewiston, NY : St. David's University Press , 1987 .

Coffman , D'Maris , Leonard , Adrian , and Neal , Larry , eds. Questioning Credible Commitment: Perspectives on the Rise of Financial Capitalism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2013 .

Cox , Gary W. Marketing Sovereign Promises . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2016 .

Cox , Gary W. “ Political Institutions, Economic Liberty and the Great Divergence [Data set] ”. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] , 2017 . Available at ”.. Available at https://doi.org/10.3886/E100636V1

Long , De , Bradford , J. , and Shleifer , Andrei . “ Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution .” Journal of Law and Economics 36 , no. 2 ( 1993 ): 671 – 702 .

De Moor , Tine . “ The Silent Revolution: A New Perspective on the Emergence of Commons, Guilds and Other Forms of Corporate Collective Action in Western Europe .” International Review of Social History 53 , no. S16 ( 2008 ): 179 – 212 .

Dincecco , Mark , and Onorato , Massimiliano . “ Military Conflict and the Rise of Urban Europe .” Journal of Economic Growth 21 , no. 3 ( 2015 ): 259–82.

Dittmar , Jeremiah . “ Cities, Markets and Growth: The Emergence of Zipf's Law .” Unpublished Typescript, LSE , 2011 .

Epstein , Stephen R. Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300–1750 . London : Routledge , 2000 .

Findlay , Ronald , and O'Rourke , Kevin . Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2009 .

Fukuyama , Frank . The Origins of Political Order . London, UK : Profile Books , 2011 .

Gelderblom , Oscar . Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650 . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2013 .

Gennaioli , Nicola , and Voth , Hans-Joachim . “ State Capacity and Military Conflict .” Review of Economic Studies 82 , no. 4 ( 2011 ): 1409–48.

Grief , Avner . Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 .

Greif , Avner , and Iyigun , Murat . “Social Institutions, Violence & Discoveries: Quantifying the Role of the Old Poor Law .” Stanford University , Mimeo. 2012a .

Greif , Avner , and Iyigun , Murat . “Social Organizations, Risk-Sharing Institutions and Economic Development .” In Institutions and Comparative Economic Development edited by Aoki , Masahiko , Kuran , Timur , and Roland , Gérard , 48 – 63 . London : Palgrave Macmillan , 2012b .

Greif , Avner , Iyigun , Murat , and Sasson , Diego . “ Social Institutions and Economic Growth: Why England Rather Than China Became the First Modern Economy .” Working Paper No. 465, Stanford Center for International Development , Stanford, CA , 2013 .

Hallerberg , Mark , Strauch , Rolf , and von Hagen , Jürgen . Fiscal Governance in Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2010 .

Harvey , Barbara . “ Review of Royal Regulation of Loans and Sales in Medieval England .” English Historical Review 120 , no. 487 ( 2005 ): 766–68.

Hernando , A. , Hernando , R. , and Plastino , A. . “ Space-Time Correlations in Urban Sprawl .” Interface 11 , no. 91 ( 2013 ): 1 – 6 .

Hirschman , Albert O. Exit, Voice and Loyalty . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 1970 .

Jones , Eric . The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia , 3rd edition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 .

Keller , Wolfgang , Shiue , Carol , and Wang , Xin . “ Capital Markets in China and Britain, 18th and 19th Century: Evidence from Grain Prices .” NBER Working Paper No. 21349, Cambridge MA, 2015 .

Landes , David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations . New York : W. W. Norton , 1999 .

Lopez , Robert S. The Rise of Europe . New York : M. Evans and Co. , 1966 .

Masschaele , James . “ Toll and Trade in Medieval England .” In Later Medieval Europe, Volume 1: Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H. A. Munro , edited by Armstrong , Lawrin , Elbl , Ivana , and Elbl , Martin M. . Boston, MA : Brill Academic Publishers , 2007 .

Newbery , David , and Stiglitz , Joseph . “Pareto Inferior Trade .” Review of Economic Studies 51 , no. 1 ( 1984 ): 1 – 12 .

Nickell , Stephen J. “ Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects .” Econometrica 49 , no. 6 ( 1981 ): 1417–26.

North , Douglass . Structure and Change in Economic History . New York : W. W. Norton , 1981 .

North , Douglass , and Weingast , Barry . “ Constitutions and Commitment: the Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England .” Journal of Economic History 49 , no. 4 ( 1989 ): 803–32.

Ogilvie , Sheilagh , and Carus , A.W. . “ Institutions and Economic Growth in Historical Perspective .” In Handbook of Economic Growth , Volume 2A , edited by Aghion , Philippe and Durlauf , Steven , 403 – 513 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , 2014 .

Pomeranz , Kenneth . The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2001 .

Reba, Meredith, Femke Reitsma, and Karen C. Seto . “Spatializing 6,000 Years of Global Urbanization from 3700 BC to AD 2000.” Scientific Data 3 ( 2016 ): 160034 .

Rosenthal , Jean-Laurent . The Fruits of Revolution: Property Rights, Litigation and French Agriculture, 1700–1860 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 .

Rosenthal , Jean-Laurent , and Bin Wong , R. . Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 2011 .

Rowe , William T. “ China: 1300–1900 .” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History , edited by Clark , Peter , 310–27. Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2013 .

Shleifer , Andrei , and Vishny , Robert W. . “ Corruption .” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 , no. 3 ( 1993 ): 599 – 617 .

Spruyt , Hendrik . The Sovereign State and Its Competitors . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1994 .

Spufford , Peter . Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe . London : Thames and Hudson , 2002 .

Stasavage , David . “ When Distance Mattered: Geographic Scale and the Development of European Representative Assemblies .” American Political Science Review 104 , no. 4 ( 2010 ): 625–43.

Stasavage , David . “ Was Weber Right? The Role of Urban Autonomy in Europe's Rise .” American Political Science Review 108 , no. 2 ( 2014 ): 337–54.

Stasavage , David . “ Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere .” Annual Review of Political Science 19 ( 2016 ): 145–62.

Stewart , J. Q. “ Empirical Mathematical Rules Concerning the Distribution and Equilibrium of Population .” Geographical Review 37 , no. 3 ( 1947 ): 461–85.

Studer , Roman . The Great Divergence Reconsidered . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2015 .

Tiebout , Charles . “ A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures .” Journal of Political Economy 64 , no. 5 ( 1956 ): 416–24.

van Bavel , Bas , Bosker , Maarten , Buringh , Eltjo et al. “ Economy .” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History , edited by Clark , Peter , 385 – 402 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2013 .

van der Beek , Karine . “ Political Fragmentation, Competition, and Investment Decisions: The Medieval Grinding Industry in Ponthieu, France, 1150–1250 .” Economic History Review 63 , no. 3 ( 2010 ): 664–87.

Vaubel , Roland . “ A History of Thought on Institutional Competition .” In Institutional Competition , edited by Bergh , Andreas and Hoijer , Rolf , 29 – 66 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar , 2008 .

Voigtländer , Nico , and Voth , Hans-Joachim . “ The Three Horsemen of Riches: Plague, War and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe .” Review of Economic Studies 80 , no. 2 ( 2012 ): 774 – 811 .

Volckart , Oliver . “ Central Europe's Way to a Market Economy, 1000–1800 .” European Review of Economic History 6 , no. 3 ( 2002 ): 309–37.