Lithium-ion batteries are the current reigning energy-storage champion, powering everything from phones to cars. But as good as it is as an electrode material, lithium is relatively rare, and the cost of mining and refining it can blow out the budget for large-scale applications. The search for a cheaper alternative has led some scientists to plain old salt, and now a Stanford team has developed a sodium-ion battery that would beat lithium-ion batteries in terms of cost per storage capacity.

As our oceans and dinner-table shakers show, salt is everywhere, and its ability to carry a charge makes it a perfect low-cost energy storage candidate. Sodium-based batteries are making in-roads in various forms, from the standard 18650 format used in laptops, to a quirky design with an anode made of a carbonized oak leaf.

"Nothing may ever surpass lithium in performance," says Zhenan Bao, lead researcher on the Stanford study. "But lithium is so rare and costly that we need to develop high-performance but low-cost batteries based on abundant elements like sodium."

The Stanford team's design uses a sodium salt cathode where positively-charged sodium ions are bound to negatively-charged myo-inositol ions, and a phosphorus anode – all materials that are naturally abundant. The researchers say they studied the atomic-level forces at work in how the sodium ions attach and detach themselves from the cathode, in order to improve the charge-recharge cycle.

In the end, the cathode of the sodium-ion battery has a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g−1, and an energy density of 726 Wh kg−1. The energy efficiency of the new batteries is claimed to be more than 87 percent, and as for the all-important factor of cost, the researchers claim this could add up to a sodium-ion battery that approaches lithium-ion batteries in terms of performance, but would cost less then 80 percent of a lithium-ion battery with equivalent storage capacity.

The next steps for the team is to fiddle with the phosphorus anode, which should squeeze more performance out of the sodium-ion battery. To properly compare their creation to lithium-ion batteries, the team also plans to examine the volumetric energy density of the device, which dictates how big a battery needs to be to store a certain amount of energy.

The research was published in the journal Nature Energy.

Source: Stanford University

Update (Oct. 11, 2017): This article originally stated the battery had "a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g−1, and an energy density of 726 Wh kg−1" – those figures refer to the cathode. We apologize for the error, which has now been corrected, and thanks to the commenter who pointed it out.