Pope Francis demanded Thursday that the international community take “decisive measures” to resolve the causes of the mass exodus of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, breaking his recent silence over what the United Nations has declared to be a textbook case of “ethnic cleansing.”

Arriving in Bangladesh from Myanmar, the Pontiff said it also was “imperative” for world governments to immediately provide assistance to help the Bangladeshi government cope with Asia’s worst refugee crisis in decades.

In a speech before Bangladesh’s President Abdul Hamid, government officials and ambassadors from around the world, Francis praised Bangladesh’s sacrifice and generosity in welcoming in so many refugees “before the eyes of the whole world.” He didn’t identify the Rohingya by name, ethnicity or faith, referring only to “refugees from Rakhine state.”

But his words were sharp.

“None of us can fail to be aware of the gravity of the situation, the immense toll of human suffering involved, and the precarious living conditions of so many of our brothers and sisters, a majority of whom are women and children, crowded in the refugee camps,” he said.

“It is imperative that the international community take decisive measures to address this grave crisis, not only by working to resolve the political issues that have led to the mass displacement of people, but also by offering immediate material assistance to Bangladesh in its effort to respond effectively to urgent human needs.”

Francis, a tireless and usually fearless advocate for refugees, outcasts and society’s most marginal, had drawn criticism from human rights organisations and Rohingya themselves for having failed to speak out publicly about the Rohingya’s plight while he was in Myanmar.

Francis had remained silent out of diplomatic deference to his hosts, who consider the Rohingya as having illegally migrated from Bangladesh and don’t recognise them as one of Myanmar’s ethnic groups. More than 620,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar and poured into Bangladesh refugee camps over the past few months amid a scorched-earth campaign by Myanmar’s military.

The Vatican defended Francis’s silence in Myanmar, saying he wanted to “build bridges” with the predominantly Buddhist nation, which only recently established diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Spokesman Greg Burke said Francis took seriously the advice given to him by the local Catholic Church, which urged him to toe a cautious line and not even refer to the Rohingya by name. And he denied the pope would lose his moral authority as a refugee advocate for his silence, saying his public diplomacy didn’t negate what he had said previously or what he was saying to Myanmar officials in private.

Rohingya have faced persecution and discrimination in Myanmar for decades and are denied citizenship, even though many families have lived there for generations. Their plight worsened dramatically in August, when the army began what it called clearance operations in Rakhine state following attacks on security positions by a group of Rohingya militants.

Rohingya who are living in camps in Bangladesh have described indiscriminate attacks by Myanmar security forces and Buddhist mobs, including killings, rapes and the torching of entire villages.

Hamid, the Bangladesh president, accused Myanmar’s military of having committed “ruthless atrocities” against the Muslims and, in his speech to Francis, demanded international help to return them safely to Myanmar.

“Our people welcomed them with open arms, sharing food, shelter and other basic needs,” he said. “Now, it is our shared responsibility to ensure for them a safe, sustainable and dignified return to their own home and integration with the social, economic and political life of Myanmar.”

The Rohingya crisis loomed large over Francis’s arrival in Dhaka, where huge banners with pictures of the pope and Hamid dotted billboards around town.

Security was tight and was of a particular concern after a Christian priest went missing in northern Bangladesh on Tuesday, and his family reported they received calls demanding money. Police said they were looking for the man but would not confirm if they believed he had been kidnapped.

The country’s leading English-language newspaper, The Daily Star, said in an editorial it felt “slightly let down” that the pope didn’t mention the Rohingya crisis specifically while in Myanmar.

“We remain hopeful that given Pope Francis’s legacy of standing up for the oppressed, he will speak out against the ongoing persecution of the Rohingya during this very important visit,” the paper added.

Francis won’t visit the refugee camps while in Bangladesh but will host an interfaith peace meeting on Friday in the garden of the Dhaka archbishops’ residence at which a small group of Rohingya is expected.

The pontiff’s first events on Thursday in Muslim-majority Bangladesh were pure protocol: he visited the national martyrs’ memorial and signed a visitors’ book at the Bangabandhu Memorial Museum, located at the site where Bangladesh’s independence leader, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and 31 members of his family were killed in a 1975 military coup.

Francis then called on Hamid at the presidential palace, where he was led into the conference hall, full of officials, by toddlers and was given a miniature golden rickshaw as a gift.

On Friday, Francis ordains 16 new Bangladeshi priests in a Dhaka park, an unusual feature of a papal trip and evidence of what Francis on arrival described as the freedom that the Catholic Church enjoys in Bangladesh to run its many schools and hospitals – a freedom that has brought three popes here, starting with Pope Paul VI in 1970, when it was East Bangladesh, and St John Paul II in 1986.

The highlight of the day comes Friday afternoon with the interfaith peace prayer. Francis leaves on Saturday, after meeting with his priests, stopping in at the home where Mother Teresa used to stay when she visited Bangladesh, and hosting about 7,000 young people at a youth rally.