Regardless of the degree to which future greenhouse gas emissions are limited, changes in the UK’s climate are locked in for the next few decades. Thanks to lag in the climate system, a sea level rise of 1m by 2100 is plausible, and we can expect more volatile extremes in both seasonal temperatures and rainfall. This leaves UK communities and businesses facing substantial risks, which are laid out in the government’s five-yearly Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA).

Of these, the most severe are those from flooding and coastal erosion. In 2014, coastal and inland flooding took the lives of 17 people, along with a key section of railway line connecting the west of England. Just two years ago, flash flooding in the middle of June submerged basement flats in London and sent cars floating down streets. In the last 10 years, such events have become noticeably more frequent, severe, and widespread. Even if we limit warming to 2C, the number of people at risk of flooding is set to rise from 1.8 million to 2.6 million by 2050. Coastal infrastructure is also under serious threat from increases in the height of storm surges brought by rising sea levels.

At the other extreme, longer and stronger heatwaves are on the horizon, for which British homes and public infrastructure are not designed. This places pressures on water availability, productivity, and health. In 2010, five million staff days were lost due to overheating, at an economic cost of £770m. In 2013, sustained hot weather claimed 760 lives in nine days, and the number of heat-related deaths in the UK is projected to increase by 250% by the 2050s. This year’s ongoing heatwave, itself following a fatal cold snap, has melted roads and brought drought, raising concerns that wheat and barley harvests will fail. Heatwaves like this one are now twice as likely thanks to human-induced climate change. This means that overheating buildings, infrastructure collapses, water scarcity, and crop failures are all projected to become more common without urgent action. Topsoil loss has also been accelerated by both heatwaves and heavy rainfall, leaving the future of UK farming precarious – at current rates, the country has less than 100 harvests left.

Following each CCRA, the Government publishes its National Adaptation Programme, a blueprint guiding government action to address the increasing risks facing the country. Its second iteration, published in July, contains promising ambition to improve soil health and shift towards sustainable farming practices. Investment in flood and coastal defence assets continues its upward trend, and the latest programme aims to put right the current absence of strategy to combat surface water flooding from increasingly heavy rainfall. The document also outlines encouraging plans to develop a set of green infrastructure standards for new construction by 2023, and to ensure that all hospitals – unable to open windows during hot weather – have thermal monitoring in place.

However, after 10 years of national adaptation efforts, the government is still only at the research stage in minimising overheating in homes and other public buildings. According to the House of Commons’ Environmental Audit Committee report, ‘essential heatwave adaptation measures are not being delivered’, either at local or national levels. There isn’t even yet a commonly accepted definition of a heatwave in the UK, and in the absence of clear information, the public tend only to see heatwave alerts as barbecue alerts.

On flooding, there is a key gap in plans to replace the withdrawal of ‘Flood Re’, a scheme that helps those living in high-risk areas to buy affordable home insurance. And aside from the urgent risks identified above, there are many less substantial but still urgent risks identified in the CCRA that are not addressed at all in the programme. Perhaps most worryingly, there are no adequate plans to rectify the removal of funding to support to climate change adaptation by local authorities, which have a crucial role to play in rolling out resilience measures quickly.