Predictably, outrage swiftly followed the pardon. Pointing both to the crime for which Arpaio was convicted and the fact that Trump did not make use of the Justice Department’s normal machinery for considering pardons, many have insisted that the president’s action flouts the rule of law. Some have even argued that it’s outright unconstitutional.

But that’s the wrong way to criticize the Arpaio pardon. The Constitution grants the president the “Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” The power is broad and (except for the impeachment carve-out) unqualified.

More importantly, one can easily imagine situations in which defiance of a court order is wholly justified, and we would want the pardon power to be available in those cases. Consider the following hypothetical (inspired by, although differing in important respects from, the facts of a 1965 case): In the Deep South during the civil rights movement, a heroic county registrar of voters defies an order issued by a racist federal judge to purge the voting rolls. A jury — from which African Americans were, of course, excluded — convicts the registrar of criminal contempt. A pro-civil-rights president then immediately issues a pardon.

Many people, myself included, would find that pardon not only unobjectionable, but indeed, laudatory. Formally, however, that hypothetical process looks similar to the process Trump used: A president, without waiting for the usual Justice Department procedures to run their course, pardons an ideological ally who had been convicted of contempt of court for using state power in defiance of a federal court order.

This does not, however, suggest that the Arpaio pardon was acceptable. Instead, it points to the limits of thinking about the issue formally. Formal reasoning is seductive, because it holds out the false promise of neutrality — we don’t have to talk about messy issues such as racism, xenophobia or state brutality; instead, we can just dwell on whether normal procedures were followed and whether the president was insufficiently deferential to a judge. We can call those considerations “the rule of law,” because that’s something everyone can get behind.

But as the hypothetical pardon makes clear, we don’t think normal procedures should always be followed, and we don’t think judges should always be obeyed. Especially for something like the pardon power, which by its very nature exists at the edges of the law, trying to find formal, neutral limiting factors that really ought to apply across the board will prove difficult, if not impossible.

So how should we talk about the Arpaio pardon? Substantively. More specifically, we should talk about why, of all the people with criminal records in this country, Trump chose to make Arpaio his first pardonee.

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As sheriff, Arpaio was known for a hostility toward undocumented immigrants that was functionally indistinguishable from hostility toward Latinos. He conducted sweeps of Latino neighborhoods and stops of Latino drivers in attempts to find undocumented immigrants. He held inmates in brutal and degrading conditions. He installed publicly accessible webcams so that the public could gawk at inmates, and one of those cameras showed female prisoners using the toilet. And he was a leading proponent of the racist lie that President Barack Obama was not a natural-born American citizen.

Arpaio’s entire claim to national recognition was based on his being a xenophobe, a racist and an officer of the machinery of government who relished wielding that machinery to degrade some of the most powerless members of our society.

The White House statement announcing the pardon claimed that, “Throughout his time as Sheriff, Arpaio continued his life’s work of protecting the public from the scourges of crime and illegal immigration.” In a tweet, Trump called Arpaio an “American patriot” and wrote, “He kept Arizona safe!”

In other words, Trump pardoned Arpaio because of his actions as sheriff, actions that are consistent with the platform on which Trump campaigned and has attempted to govern. Those actions were appalling — and not only is Arpaio unremorseful, but Trump has actually held him up as a model to be emulated.

Let’s focus on that.