In response to coverage of the ongoing Moscow protests, the Kremlin has deployed a tried-and-true blueprint: the 4 Ds of disinformation.

Enough time has passed since the protests first erupted to allow for an overview of the overarching themes of the Kremlin’s information operation. As in past cases, the Kremlin has repurposed the same four-point framework to craft its alternative narrative of events: Dismiss, Distort, Distract, and Dismay.