Hastily arranged peace talks brokered by Russia and Turkey have brought leaders of Libya’s two warring factions to Moscow for a surprise meeting that could bring peace to the north African nation while cutting out European powers.

Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, and Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish president, hammered out a truce leading to peace talks late last week.

On Monday, just days after insisting he would not negotiate with “terrorists” in Tripoli, Libya’s renegade commander Khalifa Haftar and his adversary Fayez al-Sarraj​, prime minister of the UN-brokered Government of National Accord, arrived in the Russian capital for peace talks.

By day’s end it remained unclear if any lasting deal would be be struck, with reports that Mr Haftar’s delegation had left meetings without signing a final statement expressing support for a truce. Mr Sarraj’s delegation also insisted in statements to media that it had refused to sit down with Mr Haftar.

It was nonetheless a stunning and unexpected turn in the Libya conflict, and another instance of Mr Putin using the levers of diplomacy to put his imprint on the geopolitics of the Middle East and north Africa. France, Italy, Germany and other European and Arab powers scrambled to catch up.

“Until a few weeks ago the Europeans were happy taking their sweet time,” said Jalel Harchaoui, a north Africa specialist at the Clingendael Institute, a Dutch think tank. “Now what we’re seeing is not about concrete peace as about a change of venue and the emergence of Moscow as the superpower that all the actors are happy to speak with.”

Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Show all 12 1 /12 Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya A woman brandishing a rifle takes part in a demonstration held by Libyans and Syrians in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi to protest against Turkey's prospective military intervention AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyan protesters gather during a demonstration against the Turkish parliamentÃ•s decision to send Turkish forces to Libya, in Benghazi, Libya January 3, 2020. REUTERS/Esam Omran Al-Fetori ESAM OMRAN AL-FETORI Reuters Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyans and Syrians take part in a demonstration held by Libyans and Syrians in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi to protest against Turkey's prospective military intervention in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government, on January 3, 2020. (Photo by Abdullah DOMA / AFP) (Photo by ABDULLAH DOMA/AFP via Getty Images) ABDULLAH DOMA AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyans wave a Turkish and a national flag during a rally in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government (GNA), in the capital Tripoli on January 3, 2020. (Photo by - / AFP) (Photo by -/AFP via Getty Images) - AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Turkish members of parliament vote to send Turkish troops to Libya. They passed a bill approving a military deployment to Libya aimed at shoring up the UN-backed government in Tripoli, at a time of intensifying international tensions over the conflict. The beleaguered Tripoli government has been under sustained attack since April by military strongman General Khalifa Haftar, who is backed by Turkey's regional rivals - Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyan protesters shout slogans during a demonstration against the Turkish parliamentÃ•s decision to send Turkish forces to Libya, in Benghazi, Libya January 3, 2020. REUTERS/Esam Omran Al-Fetori ESAM OMRAN AL-FETORI Reuters Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyan protesters shout slogans during a demonstration against the Turkish parliamentÃ•s decision to send Turkish forces to Libya, in Benghazi, Libya January 3, 2020. REUTERS/Esam Omran Al-Fetori ESAM OMRAN AL-FETORI Reuters Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Women carry pictures of killed soldiers as they take part in a demonstration held by Libyans and Syrians in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi to protest against Turkey's prospective military intervention in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government, on January 3, 2020. (Photo by Abdullah DOMA / AFP) (Photo by ABDULLAH DOMA/AFP via Getty Images) ABDULLAH DOMA AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya People raise a picture of Syrian President Basha al-Assad as they take part in a demonstration held by Libyans and Syrians in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi to protest against Turkey's prospective military intervention in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government, on January 3, 2020. (Photo by Abdullah DOMA / AFP) (Photo by ABDULLAH DOMA/AFP via Getty Images) ABDULLAH DOMA AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya People raise Syrian national flags as they take part in a demonstration held by Libyans and Syrians in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi to protest against Turkey's prospective military intervention in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government, on January 3, 2020. (Photo by Abdullah DOMA / AFP) (Photo by ABDULLAH DOMA/AFP via Getty Images) ABDULLAH DOMA AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyans burn a picture of strongman Khalifa Haftar during a rally in support of the UN-recognised Tripoli-based government (GNA), in the capital Tripoli on January 3, 2020. (Photo by - / AFP) (Photo by -/AFP via Getty Images) - AFP via Getty Protests against Turkey sending forces to Libya Libyan protesters gather during a demonstration against the Turkish parliament's decision to send Turkish forces to Libya, in Benghazi, Libya January 3, 2020. REUTERS/Esam Omran Al-Fetori NO RESALES. NO ARCHIVES. TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY ESAM OMRAN AL-FETORI Reuters

Mr Haftar’s Libyan National Army and forces loyal to Mr Sarraj’s government have been at war over the capital, Tripoli, since April, in a conflict that has cost hundreds of lives and drawn in the interference of regional powers.

Mr Haftar, a former armed forces officer, launched the war promising a quick victory to his backers in Cairo and the Gulf. Western Libyan forces rallied and prevented him from entering the capital.

Turkey, a strong backer of Mr Sarraj’s government, in recent weeks began to deploy troops, allied Syrian fighters, and sophisticated military hardware to Libya to counter Mr Haftar’s forces, which are backed by the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

Turkey’s overt intervention and its escalating influence in Libya has prompted alarm in France and among other backers of Mr Haftar, including eastern Mediterranean countries worried about Ankara’s attempts to lay claim to offshore gas reserves.

Renegade commander Khalifa Haftar (AP)

News of the Russian and Turkish brokered talks set off a flurry of high-level diplomacy. Abdel ​Fattah ​el-Sisi, Egypt’s president and Mr Haftar’s primary backer and mentor, conferred with Angela Merkel, the German chancellor, over Libya.

Germany now says it plans to hold long-planned Libya peace talks in Berlin on 19 January.

Italy, Libya’s former colonial overlord, also appeared eager to re-engage in the Libya matter.

Despite praise for the deal in the Turkish press, experts say the prospects for a lasting peace are dim. Though Mr Sarraj​ and Mr Haftar are in Moscow there is no plan for the two men to meet.

Mr Sarraj commands a measure of loyalty from the powerful armed factions that are pillars of the Government of National Accord but has little control over them. Mr Haftar could be using the peace talks to consolidate gains and buy time to rearm after his recent taking of the central Libyan city of Sirte. In the days since the ceasefire went into effect both sides have accused the other of violating its terms.

Mr Haftar may have ultimately acceded to the talks under pressure from his Egyptian and Emirati backers, who were lobbied by Mr Putin. “He’s cornered,” said Mr Harchaoui. “He’s already been given far more time and resources than he initially asked for. He cannot keep asking for more time. The Emiratis know they have time to fine tune the picture later on.”

Mr Putin also has a history of making flashy diplomatic announcements in order to increase Russia’s diplomatic leverage and standing, only to walk away and let others deal with the fallout when agreements flounder and the shooting resumes.