World Health Organization Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004. World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland View in Article Google Scholar

World Health Organization World Health Statistics 2010. World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland View in Article Google Scholar

National Institutes of Health Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research: A Report of the NIH Obesity Research Task Force. US Department of Health and Human Services , Washington, DC ( ) View in Article Google Scholar

Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC). National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD View in Article Google Scholar

Kamath C.C.

Vickers K.S.

Ehrlich A.

et al. Clinical review: behavioral interventions to prevent childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 : 4606-4615 View in Article Scopus (88)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Monasta L.

Batty G.D.

Macaluso A.

et al. Interventions for the prevention of overweight and obesity in preschool children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 12 : e107-e118 View in Article Scopus (20)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Weintraub M. Long-term weight control: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded multimodal intervention study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 51 : 581-585 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Summerbell C.D.

Waters E.

Edmunds L.D.

Kelly S.

Brown T.

Campbell K.J. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. : CD001871 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Small L, Lane H, Vaughan L, Melnyk B, McBurnet D. A systematic review of the evidence: the effects of portion size manipulation with children and portion education/training interventions on dietary intake with adults [published online June 15, 2012]. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00257. View in Article Google Scholar

de la Hunty A.

Gibson S.

Ashwell M. Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer? a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Facts. 6 : 70-85 View in Article Scopus (2)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Finkelstein E.A.

Bilger M. Hard truths and a new strategy for addressing childhood obesity. Child. 8 : 106-109 View in Article Google Scholar

Sparling P.B.

Franklin B.A.

Hill J.O. Energy balance: the key to a unified message on diet and physical activity. J Mol Signal. 33 : 12-15 View in Article Google Scholar

Casazza K.

Allison D.B. Stagnation in the clinical, community and public health domain of obesity: the need for probative research. Clin Obes. 2 : 83-85 View in Article Crossref

Google Scholar

Donegan W.L.

Hartz A.J.

Rimm A.A. The association of body weight with recurrent cancer of the breast. Cancer. 41 : 1590-1594 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Lubin F.

Ruder A.M.

Wax Y.

Modan B. Overweight and changes in weight throughout adult life in breast cancer etiology: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 122 : 579-588 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

McNee R.K.

Mason B.H.

Neave L.M.

Kay R.G. Influence of height, weight, and obesity on breast cancer incidence and recurrence in Auckland, New Zealand. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 9 : 145-150 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hebert J.R.

Augustine A.

Barone J.

Kabat G.C.

Kinne D.W.

Wynder E.L. Weight, height and body mass index in the prognosis of breast cancer: early results of a prospective study. Int J Cancer. 42 : 315-318 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Boffetta P.

McLerran D.

Chen Y.

et al. Body mass index and diabetes in Asia: a cross-sectional pooled analysis of 900,000 individuals in the Asia cohort consortium. PLoS One. 6 : e19930 View in Article Scopus (17)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Gnacinska M.

Malgorzewicz S.

Guzek M.

Lysiak-Szydlowska W.

Sworczak K. Adipose tissue activity in relation to overweight or obesity. Endokrynol Pol. 61 : 160-168 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Garn S.M.

Leonard W.R.

Hawthorne V.M. Three limitations of the body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 44 : 996-997 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Van Itallie T.B. When the frame is part of the picture. Am J Public Health. 75 : 1054-1055 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Steinkamp R.C.

Cohen N.L.

Gaffey W.R.

et al. Measures of body fat and related factors in normal adults, II: a simple clinical method to estimate body fat and lean body mass. J Chronic Dis. 18 : 1291-1307 View in Article PubMed

Abstract

Full Text PDF

Google Scholar

Amador M.

Rodriguez C.

Gonzalez M.E.

Bacallao J. Assessing obesity with body weight and height. Acta Paediatr Acad Sci Hung. 23 : 381-390 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Pasco J.A.

Rutishauser I.H. Body fat estimated from anthropometric and electrical impedance measurements. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 39 : 365-369 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Hall K.D.

Heymsfield S.B.

Kemnitz J.W.

Klein S.

Schoeller D.A.

Speakman J.R. Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 95 : 989-994 View in Article Scopus (21)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kraemer W.J.

Torine J.C.

Silvestre R.

et al. Body size and composition of National Football League players. J Strength Cond Res. 19 : 485-489 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Atkinson R.l. Etiologies of obesity. in: The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity. Vol. 2. Humana Press , Totowa, NJ View in Article Google Scholar

Klimentidis Y.C.

Beasley T.M.

Lin H.Y.

et al. Canaries in the coal mine: a cross-species analysis of the plurality of obesity epidemics. Proc Biol Sci. 278 : 1626-1632 View in Article Scopus (14)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Vimaleswaran K.S.

Li S.

Zhao J.H.

et al. Physical activity attenuates the body mass index-increasing influence of genetic variation in the FTO gene. Am J Clin Nutr. 90 : 425-428 View in Article Scopus (60)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kilpelainen T.O.

Qi L.

Brage S.

et al. Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: a meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children. PLoS Med. 8 : e1001116 View in Article Scopus (46)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Gluckman P.D.

Hanson M.A.

Low F.M. The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 93 : 12-18 View in Article Scopus (17)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kimura Y.

Nanri A.

Matsushita Y.

Sasaki S.

Mizoue T. Eating behavior in relation to prevalence of overweight among Japanese men. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 20 : 29-34 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Perusse L.

Rankinen T.

Zuberi A.

et al. The human obesity gene map: the 2004 update. Obes Res. 13 : 381-490 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Pijl H. Obesity: evolution of a symptom of affluence. Neth J Med. 69 : 159-166 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Flegal K.M.

Kit B.K.

Orpana H.

Graubard B.I. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 309 : 71-82 View in Article Scopus (50)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Lavie C.J.

De Schutter A.

Patel D.A.

et al. New insights into the “obesity paradox” and cardiovascular outcomes. J Glycomics Lipidomics. 2 : e106 https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000e106 View in Article Google Scholar

Klesges L.M.

Baranowski T.

Beech B.

et al. Social desirability bias in self-reported dietary, physical activity and weight concerns measures in 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls: results from the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS). Prev Med. 38 : S78-S87 View in Article Scopus (94)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hill R.J.

Davies P.S. The validity of self-reported energy intake as determined using the doubly labelled water technique. Br J Nutr. 85 : 415-430 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Wareham N.J.

Jakes R.W.

Rennie K.L.

Mitchell J.

Hennings S.

Day N.E. Validity and repeatability of the EPIC-Norfolk Physical Activity Questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol. 31 : 168-174 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hill A.B. Observation and experiment. N Engl J Med. 248 : 3-9 View in Article Google Scholar

Hill A.B. The environment and disease: association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med. 58 : 295-300 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Services. Public Health Service , Washington, DC ( ) View in Article Google Scholar

Keys A.

Brozek J.

Henschel A.

Mickelsen O.

Taylor H.L. The Biology of Human Starvation. University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis, MN View in Article Crossref

Google Scholar

Mayer J.

Marshall N.B.

Vitale J.J.

Christensen J.H.

Mashayekhi M.B.

Stare F.J. Exercise, food intake and body weight in normal rats and genetically obese adult mice. Am J Physiol. 177 : 544-548 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Sullivan E.L.

Cameron J.L. A rapidly occurring compensatory decrease in physical activity counteracts diet-induced weight loss in female monkeys. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 298 : R1068-R1074 View in Article Scopus (13)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hall K.D. Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 298 : E449-E466 View in Article Scopus (33)

Crossref

Google Scholar

Edwards R. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes raise demand for substitutes and could even raise caloric intake. Prev Med. 54 : 284-285 View in Article Scopus (1)

Crossref

Google Scholar

Faith M.S.

Fontaine K.R.

Baskin M.L.

Allison D.B. Toward the reduction of population obesity: macrolevel environmental approaches to the problems of food, eating, and obesity. Psychol Bull. 133 : 205-226 View in Article Scopus (37)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Taber D.R.

Chriqui J.F.

Powell L.M.

Chaloupka F.J. Banning all sugar-sweetened beverages in middle schools: reduction of in-school access and purchasing but not overall consumption. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 166 : 256-262 View in Article Scopus (10)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Lin B.H.

Smith T.A.

Lee J.Y.

Hall K.D. Measuring weight outcomes for obesity intervention strategies: the case of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Econ Hum Biol. 9 : 329-341 View in Article Scopus (10)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hebert J.R.

Ma Y.

Clemow L.

et al. Gender differences in social desirability and social approval bias in dietary self report. Am J Epidemiol. 146 : 1046-1055 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Wynder E.L.

Graham E.A. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: a study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. JAMA. 143 : 329-336 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Pottern L.M.

Morris L.E.

Blot W.J.

Ziegler R.G.

Fraumeni Jr., J.F. Esophageal cancer among black men in Washington, D.C., I: alcohol, tobacco, and other risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 67 : 777-783 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Yuan J.-M.

Knezevich A.D.

Wang R.

Gao Y.-T.

Hecht S.S.

Stepanov I. Urinary levels of the tobacco-specific carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide are strongly associated with esophageal cancer risk in smokers. Carcinogenesis. 32 : 1366-1371 View in Article Scopus (10)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kaaks R.

Ferrari P.

Ciampi A.

Plummer M.

Riboli E. Uses and limitations of statistical accounting for random error correlations, in the validation of dietary questionnaire assessments. Public Health Nutr. 5 : 969-976 View in Article Scopus (66)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Neuhouser M.L.

Tinker L.

Shaw P.A.

et al. Use of recovery biomarkers to calibrate nutrient consumption self-reports in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Epidemiol. 167 : 1247-1259 View in Article Scopus (70)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Hebert J.R.

Ma Y.

Ebbeling C.B.

Matthews C.E.

Ockene I.S. Self-report data. in: Ockene I.S. Burke L.E. Compliance in Healthcare and Research. Futura , Armonk, NY : 163-179 View in Article Google Scholar

Ockene I.S.

Hebert J.R.

Ockene J.K.

et al. Effect of physician-delivered nutrition counseling training and an office support system on saturated fat intake, weight, and serum lipid measurements in a hyperlipidemic population: the Worcester-Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH). Arch Intern Med. 159 : 725-731 View in Article Scopus (103)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Fowke J.H.

Hebert J.R.

Fahey J.W. Urinary excretion of dithiocarbamates and self-reported Cruciferous vegetable intake: application of the “method of triads” to a food-specific biomarker. Public Health Nutr. 5 : 791-799 View in Article Scopus (12)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Kabagambe E.K.

Baylin A.

Allan D.A.

Siles X.

Spiegelman D.

Campos H. Application of the method of triads to evaluate the performance of food frequency questionnaires and biomarkers as indicators of long-term dietary intake. Am J Epidemiol. 154 : 1126-1235 View in Article Scopus (112)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Taubes G. What if it's all been a big fat lie?. New York Times Magazine. ( ) : 22-27 View in Article Google Scholar

Matsumura Y. Nutrition trends in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 10 : S40-S47 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Sims E.A.

Danforth Jr., E.

Horton E.S.

Bray G.A.

Glennon J.A.

Salans L.B. Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man. Recent Prog Horm Res. 29 : 457-496 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Speakman J.R. Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics. J Nutr. 134 : 2090S-2105S View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Katanoda K.

Matsumura Y. National Nutrition Survey in Japan: its methodological transition and current findings. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 48 : 423-432 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Swinburn B.

Sacks G.

Ravussin E. Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 90 : 1453-1456 View in Article Scopus (88)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Swinburn B.A.

Sacks G.

Lo S.K.

et al. Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr. 89 : 1723-1728 View in Article Scopus (84)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Brown T.

Summerbell C. Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obes Rev. 10 : 110-141 View in Article Scopus (143)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Wilks D.C.

Besson H.

Lindroos A.K.

Ekelund U. Objectively measured physical activity and obesity prevention in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 12 : e119-e129 View in Article Scopus (16)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Pinelli L.

Elerdini N.

Faith M.S.

et al. Childhood obesity: results of a multicenter study of obesity treatment in Italy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 12 : 795-799 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Corvalan C.

Uauy R.

Flores R.

Kleinbaum D.

Martorell R. Reductions in the energy content of meals served in the Chilean National Nursery School Council Program did not consistently decrease obesity among beneficiaries. J Nutr. 138 : 2237-2243 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Miettinen O.S. Theoretical Epidemiology: Principles of Occurrence Research in Medicine. John Wiley & Sons Inc , New York, NY View in Article Google Scholar

Lodi G.

Sardella A.

Bez C.

Demarosi F.

Carrassi A. Systematic review of randomized trials for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. J Dent Educ. 66 : 896-902 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Narchi I.

Walrand S.

Boirie Y.

Rousset S. Emotions generated by food in elderly French people. J Nutr Health Aging. 12 : 626-633 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Yap T.L.

Davis L.S. Physical activity: the science of health promotion through tailored messages. Rehabil Nurs. 33 : 55-62 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Friedenreich C.M.

Thune I.

Brinton L.A.

Albanes D. Epidemiologic issues related to the association between physical activity and breast cancer. Cancer. 83 : 600-610 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Prentice R.L.

Kakar F.

Hursting S.

Sheppard L.

Klein R.

Kushi L.H. Aspects of the rationale for the Women's Health Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 80 : 802-814 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Ali M.M.

Fang H.

Rizzo J.A. Body weight, self-perception and mental health outcomes among adolescents. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 13 : 53-63 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Fraser G.E. A search for truth in dietary epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr. 78 : 521S-525S View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar

Mattes R.D.

Shikany J.M.

Kaiser K.A.

Allison D.B. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized experiments. Obes Rev. 12 : 346-365 View in Article Scopus (30)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Blundell J.E.

Stubbs R.J.

Hughes D.A.

Whybrow S.

King N.A. Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite?. Proc Nutr Soc. 62 : 651-661 View in Article Scopus (93)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Moore M.S. Interactions between physical activity and diet in the regulation of body weight. Proc Nutr Soc. 59 : 193-198 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Rogers P.J. Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective. Proc Nutr Soc. 58 : 59-67 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Demark-Wahnefried W.

Clipp E.C.

Lipkus I.M.

et al. Main outcomes of the FRESH START trial: a sequentially tailored, diet and exercise mailed print intervention among breast and prostate cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 25 : 2709-2718 View in Article Scopus (86)

PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Freudenheim J.L.

Marshall J.R. The problem of profound mismeasurement and the power of epidemiological studies of diet and cancer. Nutr Cancer. 11 : 243-250 View in Article PubMed

Crossref

Google Scholar

Freedson P.

Bowles H.R.

Troiano R.

Haskell W. Assessment of physical activity using wearable monitors: recommendations for monitor calibration and use in the field. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 44 : S1-S4 View in Article PubMed

Google Scholar