Back Home Commissioners Organisation Recruitment and Discipline Public Reaction The formation of the Metropolitan Police - in 1829 The Metropolitan Police Act came into force on 19th June 1829 after Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel had eventually persuaded Parliament of the importance of a new police force for London so that rampant crime and disorder could be controlled. The City of London was excluded, partly because they already had an early form of organised uniform patrol. The Receiver John Wray was appointed as Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District on 7th July. It was his job to collect all the money from local parishes to fund the new force. He was a barrister, and also ran the University Life Assurance Society. His salary was £700 pa and he eventually served until 1860, when he retired, aged 78 years. He had provided a personal bond of £9000 when he started the job, but the Home Office could not find it when he came to retire! Although completely honest, he was apparently far from organised by today's standards. Most communication was verbal, and Wray's interest in the accuracy of account keeping was remote. By the time he retired, the strength of the Metropolitan Police had reached 10,000.

John Wray

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Commissioners There were two Commissioners, following the practice of the River Thames Marine Police (founded 1798) who had two joint Commissioners. They started work on 7th July 1829. The first was Colonel (Sir) Charles Rowan who had served in the Peninsular War. Rowan had seen small patrols criss-crossing territory during that war, and it was this idea which led to the introduction of the beat system. He had also embraced the new idea that the quality of military discipline should not be judged by the number of floggings in a regiment's discipline records, but by the absence of harsh disciplinary action. This then developed into the doctrine that it was the absence of crime which should be the mark of an efficient police force. He was older than his partner Mayne, and tended to be regarded as the "Chief Commissioner", but history would never regard Mayne's contribution as being less than Rowan's.

Sir Charles Rowan

The other Commissioner was (Sir) Richard Mayne who became the longest serving Commissioner in history. He died in 1868, aged 72 years, whilst still serving as Commissioner. He was a barrister and provided the early instructions to the new police about the law and their powers as Constables. His brother became the Chief Constable of Shropshire. After Rowan retired, a successor was appointed, but it was not long before Mayne became sole Commissioner. The salary of both Commissioners was set at £800 pa.

Sir Richard Mayne

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Organisation Sir Robert Peel set out the structure and the salaries of the force in a written memorandum dated 20th July: 8 Superintendents (£200 pa)

20 Inspectors (£100 pa)

88 Serjeants (old spelling of the only military rank used – 3s 6d per day)

895 Constables (3 shillings a day)

Commissioner's Chief Clerk (£200 pa), Second Clerk (£150 pa) and Third Clerk (£90 pa)

Receiver's Chief Clerk (£200 pa), and Second Clerk (£150 pa) The new headquarters was established at 4 Whitehall Place, and the back entrance, used by visitors to the Commissioners, was in Scotland Yard. This eventually led to the headquarters name of Scotland Yard. The new force took over some of the old watch houses, but also acquired new premises which were called "stations", "guardhouses" or "depots". Initially there were eight Divisions, staffed by "companies", each with a designated letter of the alphabet, and with a Superintendent in charge. These were later extended as the force expanded: A - Whitehall H - Whitechapel R - Greenwich B - Chelsea J - Bethnal Green S - Hampstead C - St James's K - Bow T - Hammersmith D - Marylebone L - Lambeth V - Wandsworth E - Holborn M - Southwark W - Clapham F - Paddington N - Islington X - Kilburn G - Finsbury P - Camberwell Y - Highgate For a map of the early Metropolitan Police District, click here. The letters seen on officers' epaulettes today had their origins in this system, and in many cases the first letter of the modern Divisional or Borough code relates to the same area as in 1829. Back to top Recruitment and Discipline The first recruits reported for training on 21st September, were allocated to Divisions and fitted with uniforms of top hat and tail coat. The authorities decided to make the uniform civilian rather than military in appearance. The uniforms were blue rather than the military red, and this earned the force the nickname of "Peel's raw lobsters" comparing the colour to the military uniforms which were already known as "lobsters".

PC Richard Clark wearing the uniform jacket current from 1829 - 1864