BEIJING—China fired a retaliatory shot against the U.S., announcing planned tariffs against American goods and saying it is readying more actions against the Trump administration’s proposed penalties on Chinese exports.

Beijing reacted angrily to President Donald Trump’s announcement of tariffs on as much as $60 billion of Chinese products. A Commerce Ministry spokesman accused the U.S. of “setting a vile precedent” and warned that China was prepared to defend its interests.

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