Shortly after extending what was already one of the strictest COVID-19 lockdowns by almost another three weeks, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi assured those watching his televised address this week that "the country is in a very well-managed position."

The situation on the ground, however, suggests otherwise: While proportional to its population of 1.38 billion, India's COVID-19 caseload is small, it's been rising despite the lockdown and has surpassed 16,000, with 2,154 new cases reported Saturday, the highest increase in a single day.

There had already been reports of hunger and distress among the poor, who have been hit hardest by the lockdown, and news that the 21-day countrywide shutdown would be extended by another 19 days to May 3 sparked further chaos.

Hundreds of migrant workers — angry at being locked down with little access to daily essentials and no income — protested in the streets of Mumbai and Surat, a textile manufacturing hub in western India, demanding authorities transport them back to their villages.

Migrants labours are on street in Bandra, Mumbai today, demanding either give them proper shelter, food or let them go at their natives places in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar etc <a href="https://t.co/ckrPPB804W">pic.twitter.com/ckrPPB804W</a> —@ss_suryawanshi

Restrictions on movement have been strictly enforced by police and include the shutdown of passenger trains, buses and all domestic and international flights, as well as schools and social and religious institutions.

The government has allowed " select, necessary activities " to resume in areas that are not COVID-19 "hotspots" as of April 20 in addition to those already deemed essential. Permitted activities now include agriculture, fisheries, banking, a rural work-for-relief program and some construction, industry and manufacturing.

Police officers advise women to maintain distance as they wait to collect groceries in Ahmedabad in the northwestern state of Gujarat. Physical distancing and restrictions on movement have been strictly enforced. (Amit Dave/Reuters)

Government promises more relief

India has been under lockdown since March 24. At 8 p.m. that night, Modi announced on TV that in four hours, he would be halting all activity in the entire country to prevent the spread of the coronavirus.

"If you do not take these 21 days seriously, then the country will go back by 21 years," he warned.

But absent any advance notice or consultation with state governments and with only limited financial aid and food rations for the most vulnerable, the announcement sparked despair among India's millions of workers, especially those known in India as daily wagers.

These are workers who live practically day to day, employed on construction sites, in small and medium manufacturing units and cottage industries, and in hotels and homes.

Migrants workers in Mumbai rest inside a workshop after it was shut down. India relies on millions of migrant workers who come to the cities to work. Many of them live where they work and were left without access to income or basic necessities after most activity in the country was shut down last month. (Prashant Waydande/Reuters)

Much of the labour force in India's cities is made up of interstate economic migrants from villages around the country (at least 45 million of them, according to the 2011 Census), and as transportation and their means of employment ground to a halt, a large number were left with no choice but to walk hundreds of kilometres back to their villages in a desperate bid for survival.

Researchers have compiled cases of almost 200 Indians who have died as a result of lockdown-related distress, and social media is replete with SOS calls and cellphone videos from labourers stuck inside their tenements or cramped work sites, which double as accommodation for some.

The government's relief package, which includes food, gas and cash for poor households and health insurance for medical staff, has been criticized by some as too modest, at about 0.8 per cent of GDP, excluding millions of those who need it. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said on Friday additional assistance would be announced in the coming days.

With no way to earn an income and the public transportation system shut down, some migrant workers had little choice but to walk back to their home villages. (Danish Siddiqui/Reuters)

Is it working?

The lockdown has pushed the already sagging Indian economy into further decline, with the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy, a Mumbai-based think-tank, estimating that unemployment shot up from less than seven per cent in mid-March to more than 23 per cent in the first week of April.

Barclays estimated the cost to the economy would be $234.4 billion US and zero per cent GDP growth for 2020.

Daily wage labourers in New Delhi queue for free food at a construction site where activity has been halted because of the nationwide lockdown. Some construction activity will be allowed to start up in areas that do not have large COVID-19 outbreaks. (Adnan Abidi/Reuters)

Meanwhile, the public health benefits remain unclear. India has not "flattened the curve" in the past three and a half weeks, with cases rising from around 600 to more than 16,000 in that time.

The number of new cases continues to go up, as does the number of deaths, which rose from 13 on March 25 to more than 520 currently.

While over half the cases are in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Indore and Bhopal, testing has shown that COVID-19 is present in almost all of India's 28 states and eight union territories.

A doctor scans residents from Dharavi, one of Asia's largest slums, with an infrared thermometer to check their temperature as a precautionary measure against the spread of COVID-19 in Mumbai. (Francis Mascarenhas/Reuters)

"The three-week lockdown was supposed to buy the government time to ramp up testing, increase surveillance and contact tracing, acquire PPE (personal protective equipment) kits in requisite numbers for frontline workers, train health personnel, prepare hospitals to receive COVID-19 patients, and draw up a comprehensive plan for controlling the spread of the virus," said Anant Bhan, a researcher in global health, bioethics and health policy.

"There have been pockets of containment, but there is no indication that authorities have used this three-week window to address the big picture."

The Ministry of Health and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), which has been overseeing testing protocols and pandemic-related policy, did not respond to questions from CBC News.

Chalk circles are visible on the streets of many Indian cities these days as a means of keeping people apart. Here people physically distance as they wait to buy medicine in Kolkata. (Rupak De Chowdhuri/Reuters)

Slow to respond

The first COVID-19 case was reported in India on Jan. 30 in a student who returned to her home in Kerala from Wuhan, China, but as late as March 13 , a day after India's first coronavirus death and two days after the WHO declared a pandemic, the government said the virus was not a health emergency.

Eleven days later, as deaths rose in parts of Europe and North America, Modi announced he was locking down the country.

A migrant worker carries his son as they walk along a New Delhi road to return to their village. Trains, buses and other means of public transportation have been shut down in the country. (Danish Siddiqui/Reuters)

"It was like taking a sledgehammer to the problem, with no clear explanation, plan or a strategy to exit," said Vikram Patel, professor for global health at Harvard Medical School, who is currently under lockdown in the tiny western Indian state of Goa.

"These three weeks have been completely wasted because in the absence of a systematic testing protocol across the nation, we do not have an understanding of the spread … and we have no way of evaluating the lockdown."

Nevertheless, as cases rise in the world's most densely populated country, a lockdown continues to be the favoured tool for federal and state governments.

People caught violating the lockdown do sit-ups as punishment while police watch in Chennai, the capital of the eastern state of Tamil Nadu. (P. Ravikumar/Reuters)

Lockdown preferred approach in states

A day before Modi's announcement, Maharashtra, the state with the largest number of cases, said it would extend the lockdown until April 30 since "there has been no reduction in cases."

Maharashtra has reported more than 3,600 cases so far, including more than 2,100 in Mumbai, a densely packed metropolis and the country's financial capital.

The eastern Indian state of Odisha, an overwhelmingly rural region that has reported just 60 cases and one death, has adopted the same approach, announcing a similar extension last week.

People wait to receive free food being distributed by Central Reserve Police Force in Chennai. (P. Ravikumar/Reuters)

"The one-size-fit-all lockdown has brought untold misery and suffering to millions of farmers, migrant labourers, daily wagers and business owners," opposition MP Rahul Gandhi tweeted a day before Modi extended the lockdwon.

"It needs a 'smart' upgrade, using mass testing to isolate virus hotspots and allowing businesses in other areas to gradually reopen."

The government's plan to allow some parts of the economy to reopen in areas without COVID-19 outbreaks starting Monday is an attempt to do that.

Farmer Anil Salunkhe feeds strawberries to his cow in the village of Darewadi in the western state of Maharashtra, which has the highest number of COVID-19 cases among India's 28 states and eight union territories. (Rajendra Jadhav/Reuters)

Limited testing

The government has done a good job of raising public awareness of COVID-19, says Partho Sarothi Ray, a molecular biologist at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, but has been slow to ramp up testing.

About 386,000 people have been tested in India so far, the ICMR said Sunday (with rates varying widely among states). That is about 280 tests for every million people — among the lowest rates in the world.

India, with a population of 1.38 billion, has conducted about 280 coronavirus tests for every million people so far. (P. Ravikumar/Reuters)

The government has set the price of the test at 4,500 rupees (around $82) for all but the poor who have enrolled in a government health insurance scheme.

"4,500 rupees is expensive," said Ray. "And the test need not cost more than 800 rupees. Given there is a demand globally for testing kits, we also need to develop our own indigenous testing capacity."

On Friday, the southern Indian state of Karnataka cut the price by half to 2,250 rupees.

An order for 650,000 test kits placed in late March by Indian authorities with China was finally dispatched on Thursday, according to Indian Ambassador to China Vikram Misri.

<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/IndiaFightsCoronavirus?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#IndiaFightsCoronavirus</a> A total of 650,000 kits, including Rapid Antibody Tests and RNA Extraction Kits have been despatched early today from Guangzhou Airport to <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/India?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#India</a> | <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/2019nCoV?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#2019nCoV</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/StayHomeSaveLives?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#StayHomeSaveLives</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MEAIndia?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@MEAIndia</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/HarshShringla?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@HarshShringla</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/DrSJaishankar?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@DrSJaishankar</a> —@VikramMisri

Earlier this week, Dr. R.R. Gangakhedkar of the ICMR said the country had enough kits "for six weeks" but did not specify how many.

"We have issued detailed protocols for who should get tested," he said at a briefing Tuesday. "I cannot say why more people are not getting tested."

Nurses seek better protective measures

Neither the prime minister nor the health minister has held a press conference since the lockdown began, but in daily briefings, Health Ministry officials have been optimistic, even insisting that the country is "over-prepared" when it comes, for example, to available PPE and hospital beds.

In his TV address this week, Modi struck a similar tone. "The path that India has taken within our limited resources has become a topic of discussion in the entire world today," he said.

A man in New Delhi watches Prime Minister Narendra Modi's address to the nation on April 14, in which he announced that the 21-day lockdown would be extended by 19 days until May 3. (Anushree Fadnavis/Reuters)

But the specifics of a nationwide policy to tackle the virus remain elusive, Patel says.

When asked, for example, why the Health Ministry has not made public the list of dedicated hospitals for treating COVID-19 cases, ministry official Lav Agarwal said, "We do not want people to unnecessarily feel panic and flood those hospitals."

He said anyone with symptoms should call official helplines.

Officials have also not disclosed how many health workers have been infected even amid reports of doctors and nurses contracting the virus and some dying from it, and at least one private hospital having to be sealed off because of an outbreak among staff.

On Wednesday, the United Nurses Association, one of the largest nurses' unions in the country, petitioned the Supreme Court, saying the government had not addressed the risks faced by frontline workers.

Medical staff stand outside a hospital in Kolkata to show solidarity with people who are affected by the coronavirus and other health-care workers from around the world. (Rupak De Chowdhuri/Reuters)

The government told the court it would set up a helpline and respond to any grievance raised by a nurse within two hours.

"When the government says there is adequate PPE, they are perhaps limiting themselves to the COVID-19 dedicated hospitals, What about the rest?" Joldin Francis, the general secretary of the union's Delhi branch, told CBC.

"We have seen outbreaks in other hospitals. In the absence of mass testing, we do not know which patient might be carrying the virus, and we are working in conditions of great risk."

Kerala seems to be flattening its COVID-19 curve

One state that seems to have used testing effectively to contain the spread is Kerala.

The coastal state of 35 million on the southern tip of India has the best human development indices and public health infrastructure in the country. As soon as its first case of COVID-19 was detected on Jan. 30, the state government moved swiftly to test and contact trace, set up quarantine facilities and institute containment measures in areas reporting multiple cases.

Medical staff at a government-run medical college collect swabs from people to test for the coronavirus at a walk-in sample kiosk (WISK) in Ernakulam in the southern state of Kerala, which began testing for coronavirus and isolating cases early. (Stringer/Reuters)

The health measures have been backed by a welfare safety net, including financial support, food rations, community kitchens and special outreach for migrant labourers.

Kerala's approach seems to be working, with the number of active cases coming down, and the disease curve starting to flatten, the state's finance minister, Thomas Isaac, tweeted this week.

COVID-19 curve of Kerala has started to flatten. The active cases for the last one week has declined. The recovered cases (green curve) will cross the yellow curve soon.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/COVID2019?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#COVID2019</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/COVID?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#COVID</a> <a href="https://t.co/G9nja0UYCU">pic.twitter.com/G9nja0UYCU</a> —@drthomasisaac

With two deaths out of 399 cases, it has the lowest case fatality rate in the country, at 0.5 per cent.

Kerala's relative success stands out in a country where domestic public health spending is under two per cent of GDP - compared to about eight per cent in Canada and three per cent in neighbouring China.

Public health infrastructure, particularly across rural India, suffers from decades of neglect and absence of trained personnel. Hundreds of thousands of people die annually of preventable diseases, such as tuberculosis and malnutrition.

"Malnutrition is a significant co-morbidity for the coronavirus. If the virus spreads to the poor, or to populations such as Adivasi (indigenous communities) areas, we will have a public health disaster on our hands," said Ray.

He urged authorities to ramp up testing.

"The more you test, the more lives you will save, and the sooner you will bring the country out of the lockdown."