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Philip Augustus, King of France, and Henry II (John's father) taking the cross (detail of a miniature from BL Royal 16 G VI f.344v)

The principal event of this week took place on Wednesday 4 March, in London, when the King took vows as a crusader, administered by William bishop of London (discussed in March’s Feature of the Month). Sewing a white cross onto his outer garment, just as his brother and father had before him, John proclaimed himself not only a English crusader (the French traditionally wore red crosses) but acquired the protections that the Church traditionally extended to all pledged to defend the Holy Land.1 The solemnity of the event was heightened by its timing. It was deliberately staged on Ash Wednesday, the opening of the penitential season of Lent.2 John himself then encouraged others of his court to follow his example: the earls of Chester, Derby, Winchester, and John de Lacy constable of Chester are specifically named as taking the cross on this occasion.3 John de Lacy was rewarded, a day later, with a pardon for all his debts to the crown.4 The Crowland chronicler, followed by Roger of Wendover, reports that John was widely supposed to have acted here, not out of piety, but in order to outwit his political opponents.5 In his dealings with the Pope over the Anglo-French truce of October 1214, the King had already emphasized the needs of the Holy Land.6 From much this time, from October 1214, John can be found amassing a treasure in gold, a standard requirement of any lord hoping to transfer substantial resources to the East. The equipment of a ship, in January 1215, may supply our first certain proof that John was fully committed to the idea of a crusade. Certainly, whatever the sincerity of his vows, his crusader status was henceforth to ensure an added degree of papal protection in his dealings with the English baronage.

Other favours granted this week suggest a similar desire by the King to buy support amongst those whose loyalty remained in doubt, including David earl of Huntingdon, who was promised the third penny of pleas from Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire.7 With his close connections to the Scottish royal court, David was a crucial player in Anglo-Scots affairs. On 3 March, and despite earlier arrangements with the royalist Thomas of Erdington, the Marcher heir William fitz Alan of Clun and Oswestry was allowed to do homage for his father's barony.8 Since 1213, William had been unable to make any payment of the 10,000 mark fine levied against him by the King for his father's lands.9 Wardship of his lands and his marriage had been sold to Thomas of Erdington in 1214 for a further 5000 marks.10 William's appearance in March 1215 is the last sighting we have of him before his death, so that the present arrangements may suggest a deathbed attempt to atone for former royal extortion, perhaps as part of the King's wider settlement with the Lacy family and their kin.11 A day earlier, on 2 March, the King dispatched the bishop of Coventry and three other ambassadors to the Welsh Marches with messages for Llewelyn the Great of Gwynedd, and Gwenwynwyn of Powys, who were assured of the King's ongoing friendship.12 This suggests that fears were already expressed over what was to develop into a baronial alliance with both the Welsh and the Scots.

The ruins of Faversham Abbey, as depicted in an eighteenth-century engraving

Although no charters from this week are recorded on the Charter Roll, at least three were issued. On 1 March, at Windsor, the King granted rights within Inglewood forest to the monks of Holm Cultram in Cumberland.13 A few days later, he granted market rights to the Hampshire knight, Aimery de Sacy, and at Ospringe, on 7 March, a general charter of confirmation to the monks of nearby Faversham Abbey.14 The witnesses to these charters, including Peter bishop of Winchester, William Brewer, Henry fitz Count, Philip de Aubigny and Fawkes de Breauté, suggest a court increasingly dominated by the King's friends, many of them aliens, with only limited representation by native bishops or earls.

Evidence of an attempt to appease the mercantile community emerges, with the release of hostages surrendered by the men of Dunwich, previously guarded in London and Angoulême, and with a string of trading licences to particular foreign merchants.15 The debts of the merchants of Ypres to William earl of Salisbury, late commander of the King's expeditionary force to Flanders, remained a preoccupation, as did attempts made by the bishop of Winchester, in the previous year, to arrest chattels belonging to merchants from Denmark.16 Messages were sent to Durham, presumably over the ongoing election dispute in the bishopric, and the King intervened to appeal any attempt by the monks of Glastonbury to persuade papal judges delegate to release them from their subjection to Jocelin bishop of Bath.17 For this latter intervention, several versions of the King's letters were prepared, with the choice as to which to use being left to the royal envoy, Henry de Vere.18 On 5 March, the King presented Robert de Neville to the church of Wigborough in Essex.19 Although at this time only a very minor royal clerk, by 1220 Robert was to emerge as the very first of a long succession of officials named as Chancellors of the Exchequer, distant ancestors to the present chief financial officers of modern English government.20

From London, on Friday 6 March, the King travelled into Kent along Watling Street, via Sutton at Hone, Rochester and Ospringe, making ultimately for Dover, where negotiations had been put in train for the release of his half-brother, William earl of Salisbury, held captive by the French since the battle of Bouvines.