PHP makes it relatively easy to build a web-based system, which is much of the reason for its popularity. But its ease of use notwithstanding, PHP has evolved into quite a sophisticated language with many frameworks, nuances, and subtleties that can bite developers, leading to hours of hair-pulling debugging. This article highlights ten of the more common mistakes that PHP developers need to beware of.

Common Mistake #1: Leaving dangling array references after foreach loops

Not sure how to use foreach loops in PHP? Using references in foreach loops can be useful if you want to operate on each element in the array that you are iterating over. For example:

$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4); foreach ($arr as &$value) { $value = $value * 2; } // $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)

The problem is that, if you’re not careful, this can also have some undesirable side effects and consequences. Specifically, in the above example, after the code is executed, $value will remain in scope and will hold a reference to the last element in the array. Subsequent operations involving $value could therefore unintentionally end up modifying the last element in the array.

The main thing to remember is that foreach does not create a scope. Thus, $value in the above example is a reference within the top scope of the script. On each iteration foreach sets the reference to point to the next element of $array . After the loop completes, therefore, $value still points to the last element of $array and remains in scope.

Here’s an example of the kind of evasive and confusing bugs that this can lead to:

$array = [1, 2, 3]; echo implode(',', $array), "

"; foreach ($array as &$value) {} // by reference echo implode(',', $array), "

"; foreach ($array as $value) {} // by value (i.e., copy) echo implode(',', $array), "

";

The above code will output the following:

1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,2

No, that’s not a typo. The last value on the last line is indeed a 2, not a 3.

Why?

After going through the first foreach loop, $array remains unchanged but, as explained above, $value is left as a dangling reference to the last element in $array (since that foreach loop accessed $value by reference).

As a result, when we go through the second foreach loop, “weird stuff” appears to happen. Specifically, since $value is now being accessed by value (i.e., by copy), foreach copies each sequential $array element into $value in each step of the loop. As a result, here’s what happens during each step of the second foreach loop:

Pass 1: Copies $array[0] (i.e., “1”) into $value (which is a reference to $array[2] ), so $array[2] now equals 1. So $array now contains [1, 2, 1].

(i.e., “1”) into (which is a reference to ), so now equals 1. So now contains [1, 2, 1]. Pass 2: Copies $array[1] (i.e., “2”) into $value (which is a reference to $array[2] ), so $array[2] now equals 2. So $array now contains [1, 2, 2].

(i.e., “2”) into (which is a reference to ), so now equals 2. So now contains [1, 2, 2]. Pass 3: Copies $array[2] (which now equals “2”) into $value (which is a reference to $array[2] ), so $array[2] still equals 2. So $array now contains [1, 2, 2].

To still get the benefit of using references in foreach loops without running the risk of these kinds of problems, call unset() on the variable, immediately after the foreach loop, to remove the reference; e.g.:

$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4); foreach ($arr as &$value) { $value = $value * 2; } unset($value); // $value no longer references $arr[3]

Common Mistake #2: Misunderstanding isset() behavior

Despite its name, isset() not only returns false if an item does not exist, but also returns false for null values.

This behavior is more problematic than it might appear at first and is a common source of problems.

Consider the following:

$data = fetchRecordFromStorage($storage, $identifier); if (!isset($data['keyShouldBeSet']) { // do something here if 'keyShouldBeSet' is not set }

The author of this code presumably wanted to check if keyShouldBeSet was set in $data . But, as discussed, isset($data['keyShouldBeSet']) will also return false if $data['keyShouldBeSet'] was set, but was set to null . So the above logic is flawed.

Here’s another example:

if ($_POST['active']) { $postData = extractSomething($_POST); } // ... if (!isset($postData)) { echo 'post not active'; }

The above code assumes that if $_POST['active'] returns true , then postData will necessarily be set, and therefore isset($postData) will return true . So conversely, the above code assumes that the only way that isset($postData) will return false is if $_POST['active'] returned false as well.

Not.

As explained, isset($postData) will also return false if $postData was set to null . It therefore is possible for isset($postData) to return false even if $_POST['active'] returned true . So again, the above logic is flawed.

And by the way, as a side point, if the intent in the above code really was to again check if $_POST['active'] returned true, relying on isset() for this was a poor coding decision in any case. Instead, it would have been better to just recheck $_POST['active'] ; i.e.:

if ($_POST['active']) { $postData = extractSomething($_POST); } // ... if ($_POST['active']) { echo 'post not active'; }

For cases, though, where it is important to check if a variable was really set (i.e., to distinguish between a variable that wasn’t set and a variable that was set to null ), the array_key_exists() method is a much more robust solution.

For example, we could rewrite the first of the above two examples as follows:

$data = fetchRecordFromStorage($storage, $identifier); if (! array_key_exists('keyShouldBeSet', $data)) { // do this if 'keyShouldBeSet' isn't set }

Moreover, by combining array_key_exists() with get_defined_vars() , we can reliably check whether a variable within the current scope has been set or not:

if (array_key_exists('varShouldBeSet', get_defined_vars())) { // variable $varShouldBeSet exists in current scope }

Common Mistake #3: Confusion about returning by reference vs. by value

Consider this code snippet:

class Config { private $values = []; public function getValues() { return $this->values; } } $config = new Config(); $config->getValues()['test'] = 'test'; echo $config->getValues()['test'];

If you run the above code, you’ll get the following:

PHP Notice: Undefined index: test in /path/to/my/script.php on line 21

What’s wrong?

The issue is that the above code confuses returning arrays by reference with returning arrays by value. Unless you explicitly tell PHP to return an array by reference (i.e., by using & ), PHP will by default return the the array “by value”. This means that a copy of the array will be returned and therefore the called function and the caller will not be accessing the same instance of the array.

So the above call to getValues() returns a copy of the $values array rather than a reference to it. With that in mind, let’s revisit the two key lines from the above the example:

// getValues() returns a COPY of the $values array, so this adds a 'test' element // to a COPY of the $values array, but not to the $values array itself. $config->getValues()['test'] = 'test'; // getValues() again returns ANOTHER COPY of the $values array, and THIS copy doesn't // contain a 'test' element (which is why we get the "undefined index" message). echo $config->getValues()['test'];

One possible fix would be to save the first copy of the $values array returned by getValues() and then operate on that copy subsequently; e.g.:

$vals = $config->getValues(); $vals['test'] = 'test'; echo $vals['test'];

That code will work fine (i.e., it will output test without generating any “undefined index” message), but depending on what you’re trying to accomplish, this approach may or may not be adequate. In particular, the above code will not modify the original $values array. So if you do want your modifications (such as adding a ‘test’ element) to affect the original array, you would instead need to modify the getValues() function to return a reference to the $values array itself. This is done by adding a & before the function name, thereby indicating that it should return a reference; i.e.:

class Config { private $values = []; // return a REFERENCE to the actual $values array public function &getValues() { return $this->values; } } $config = new Config(); $config->getValues()['test'] = 'test'; echo $config->getValues()['test'];

The output of this will be test , as expected.

But to make things more confusing, consider instead the following code snippet:

class Config { private $values; // using ArrayObject rather than array public function __construct() { $this->values = new ArrayObject(); } public function getValues() { return $this->values; } } $config = new Config(); $config->getValues()['test'] = 'test'; echo $config->getValues()['test'];

If you guessed that this would result in the same “undefined index” error as our earlier array example, you were wrong. In fact, this code will work just fine. The reason is that, unlike arrays, PHP always passes objects by reference. ( ArrayObject is an SPL object, which fully mimics arrays usage, but works as an object.)

As these examples demonstrate, it is not always entirely obvious in PHP whether you are dealing with a copy or a reference. It is therefore essential to understand these default behaviors (i.e., variables and arrays are passed by value; objects are passed by reference) and also to carefully check the API documentation for the function you are calling to see if it is returning a value, a copy of an array, a reference to an array, or a reference to an object.

All that said, it is important to note that the practice of returning a reference to an array or an ArrayObject is generally something that should be avoided, as it provides the caller with the ability to modify the instance’s private data. This “flies in the face” of encapsulation. Instead, it’s better to use old style “getters” and “setters”, e.g.:

class Config { private $values = []; public function setValue($key, $value) { $this->values[$key] = $value; } public function getValue($key) { return $this->values[$key]; } } $config = new Config(); $config->setValue('testKey', 'testValue'); echo $config->getValue('testKey'); // echos 'testValue'

This approach gives the caller the ability to set or get any value in the array without providing public access to the otherwise-private $values array itself.

Common Mistake #4: Performing queries in a loop

It’s not uncommon to come across something like this if your PHP is not working:

$models = []; foreach ($inputValues as $inputValue) { $models[] = $valueRepository->findByValue($inputValue); }

While there may be absolutely nothing wrong here, but if you follow the logic in the code, you may find that the innocent looking call above to $valueRepository->findByValue() ultimately results in a query of some sort, such as:

$result = $connection->query("SELECT `x`,`y` FROM `values` WHERE `value`=" . $inputValue);

As a result, each iteration of the above loop would result in a separate query to the database. So if, for example, you supplied an array of 1,000 values to the loop, it would generate 1,000 separate queries to the resource! If such a script is called in multiple threads, it could potentially bring the system to a grinding halt.

It’s therefore crucial to recognize when queries are being made by your code and, whenever possible, gather the values and then run one query to fetch all the results.

One example of a fairly common place to encounter querying being done inefficiently (i.e., in a loop) is when a form is posted with a list of values (IDs, for example). Then, to retrieve the full record data for each of the IDs, the code will loop through the array and do a separate SQL query for each ID. This will often look something like this:

$data = []; foreach ($ids as $id) { $result = $connection->query("SELECT `x`, `y` FROM `values` WHERE `id` = " . $id); $data[] = $result->fetch_row(); }

But the same thing can be accomplished much more efficiently in a single SQL query as follows:

$data = []; if (count($ids)) { $result = $connection->query("SELECT `x`, `y` FROM `values` WHERE `id` IN (" . implode(',', $ids)); while ($row = $result->fetch_row()) { $data[] = $row; } }

It’s therefore crucial to recognize when queries are being made, either directly or indirectly, by your code. Whenever possible, gather the values and then run one query to fetch all the results. Yet caution must be exercised there as well, which leads us to our next common PHP mistake…

Common Mistake #5: Memory usage headfakes and inefficiencies

While fetching many records at once is definitely more efficient than running a single query for each row to fetch, such an approach can potentially lead to an “out of memory” condition in libmysqlclient when using PHP’s mysql extension.

To demonstrate, let’s take a look at a test box with limited resources (512MB RAM), MySQL, and php-cli .

We’ll bootstrap a database table like this:

// connect to mysql $connection = new mysqli('localhost', 'username', 'password', 'database'); // create table of 400 columns $query = 'CREATE TABLE `test`(`id` INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT'; for ($col = 0; $col < 400; $col++) { $query .= ", `col$col` CHAR(10) NOT NULL"; } $query .= ');'; $connection->query($query); // write 2 million rows for ($row = 0; $row < 2000000; $row++) { $query = "INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ($row"; for ($col = 0; $col < 400; $col++) { $query .= ', ' . mt_rand(1000000000, 9999999999); } $query .= ')'; $connection->query($query); }

OK, now let’s check resources usage:

// connect to mysql $connection = new mysqli('localhost', 'username', 'password', 'database'); echo "Before: " . memory_get_peak_usage() . "

"; $res = $connection->query('SELECT `x`,`y` FROM `test` LIMIT 1'); echo "Limit 1: " . memory_get_peak_usage() . "

"; $res = $connection->query('SELECT `x`,`y` FROM `test` LIMIT 10000'); echo "Limit 10000: " . memory_get_peak_usage() . "

";

Output:

Before: 224704 Limit 1: 224704 Limit 10000: 224704

Cool. Looks like the query is safely managed internally in terms of resources.

Just to be sure, though, let’s boost the limit one more time and set it to 100,000. Uh-oh. When we do that, we get:

PHP Warning: mysqli::query(): (HY000/2013): Lost connection to MySQL server during query in /root/test.php on line 11

What happened?

The issue here is the way PHP’s mysql module works. It’s really just a proxy for libmysqlclient , which does the dirty work. When a portion of data is selected, it goes directly into memory. Since this memory is not managed by PHP’s manager, memory_get_peak_usage() won’t show any increase in resources utilization as we up the limit in our query. This leads to problems like the one demonstrated above where we’re tricked into complacency thinking that our memory management is fine. But in reality, our memory management is seriously flawed and we can experience problems like the one shown above.

You can at least avoid the above headfake (although it won’t itself improve your memory utilization) by instead using the mysqlnd module. mysqlnd is compiled as a native PHP extension and it does use PHP’s memory manager.

Therefore, if we run the above test using mysqlnd rather than mysql , we get a much more realistic picture of our memory utilization:

Before: 232048 Limit 1: 324952 Limit 10000: 32572912

And it’s even worse than that, by the way. According to PHP documentation, mysql uses twice as many resources as mysqlnd to store data, so the original script using mysql really used even more memory than shown here (roughly twice as much).

To avoid such problems, consider limiting the size of your queries and using a loop with small number of iterations; e.g.:

$totalNumberToFetch = 10000; $portionSize = 100; for ($i = 0; $i <= ceil($totalNumberToFetch / $portionSize); $i++) { $limitFrom = $portionSize * $i; $res = $connection->query( "SELECT `x`,`y` FROM `test` LIMIT $limitFrom, $portionSize"); }

When we consider both this PHP mistake and mistake #4 above, we realize that there is a healthy balance that your code ideally needs to achieve between, on the one hand, having your queries being too granular and repetitive, vs. having each of your individual queries be too large. As is true with most things in life, balance is needed; either extreme is not good and can cause problems with PHP not working properly.

Common Mistake #6: Ignoring Unicode/UTF-8 issues

In some sense, this is really more of an issue in PHP itself than something you would run into while debugging PHP, but it has never been adequately addressed. PHP 6’s core was to be made Unicode-aware, but that was put on hold when development of PHP 6 was suspended back in 2010.

But that by no means absolves the developer from properly handing UTF-8 and avoiding the erroneous assumption that all strings will necessarily be “plain old ASCII”. Code that fails to properly handle non-ASCII strings is notorious for introducing gnarly heisenbugs into your code. Even simple strlen($_POST['name']) calls could cause problems if someone with a last name like “Schrödinger” tried to sign up into your system.

Here’s a small checklist to avoid such problems in your code:

If you don’t know much about Unicode and UTF-8, you should at least learn the basics. There’s a great primer here.

Be sure to always use the mb_* functions instead of the old string functions (make sure the “multibyte” extension is included in your PHP build).

functions instead of the old string functions (make sure the “multibyte” extension is included in your PHP build). Make sure your database and tables are set to use Unicode (many builds of MySQL still use latin1 by default).

by default). Remember that json_encode() converts non-ASCII symbols (e.g., “Schrödinger” becomes “Schr\u00f6dinger”) but serialize() does not.

converts non-ASCII symbols (e.g., “Schrödinger” becomes “Schr\u00f6dinger”) but does not. Make sure your PHP code files are also UTF-8 encoded to avoid collisions when concatenating strings with hardcoded or configured string constants.

A particularly valuable resource in this regard is the UTF-8 Primer for PHP and MySQL post by Francisco Claria on this blog.

Common Mistake #7: Assuming $_POST will always contain your POST data

Despite its name, the $_POST array won’t always contain your POST data and can be easily found empty. To understand this, let’s take a look at an example. Assume we make a server request with a jQuery.ajax() call as follows:

// js $.ajax({ url: 'http://my.site/some/path', method: 'post', data: JSON.stringify({a: 'a', b: 'b'}), contentType: 'application/json' });

(Incidentally, note the contentType: 'application/json' here. We send data as JSON, which is quite popular for APIs. It’s the default, for example, for posting in the AngularJS $http service.)

On the server side of our example, we simply dump the $_POST array:

// php var_dump($_POST);

Surprisingly, the result will be:

array(0) { }

Why? What happened to our JSON string {a: 'a', b: 'b'} ?

The answer is that PHP only parses a POST payload automatically when it has a content type of application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data . The reasons for this are historical — these two content types were essentially the only ones used years ago when PHP’s $_POST was implemented. So with any other content type (even those that are quite popular today, like application/json ), PHP doesn’t automatically load the POST payload.

Since $_POST is a superglobal, if we override it once (preferably early in our script), the modified value (i.e., including the POST payload) will then be referenceable throughout our code. This is important since $_POST is commonly used by PHP frameworks and almost all custom scripts to extract and transform request data.

So, for example, when processing a POST payload with a content type of application/json , we need to manually parse the request contents (i.e., decode the JSON data) and override the $_POST variable, as follows:

// php $_POST = json_decode(file_get_contents('php://input'), true);

Then when we dump the $_POST array, we see that it correctly includes the POST payload; e.g.:

array(2) { ["a"]=> string(1) "a" ["b"]=> string(1) "b" }

Common Mistake #8: Thinking that PHP supports a character data type

Look at this sample piece of code and try guessing what it will print:

for ($c = 'a'; $c <= 'z'; $c++) { echo $c . "

"; }

If you answered ‘a’ through ‘z’, you may be surprised to know that you were wrong.

Yes, it will print ‘a’ through ‘z’, but then it will also print ‘aa’ through ‘yz’. Let’s see why.

In PHP there’s no char datatype; only string is available. With that in mind, incrementing the string z in PHP yields aa :

php> $c = 'z'; echo ++$c . "

"; aa

Yet to further confuse matters, aa is lexicographically less than z :

php> var_export((boolean)('aa' < 'z')) . "

"; true

That’s why the sample code presented above prints the letters a through z , but then also prints aa through yz . It stops when it reachs za , which is the first value it encounters that it “greater than” z :

php> var_export((boolean)('za' < 'z')) . "

"; false

That being the case, here’s one way to properly loop through the values ‘a’ through ‘z’ in PHP:

for ($i = ord('a'); $i <= ord('z'); $i++) { echo chr($i) . "

"; }

Or alternatively:

$letters = range('a', 'z'); for ($i = 0; $i < count($letters); $i++) { echo $letters[$i] . "

"; }

Common Mistake #9: Ignoring coding standards

Although ignoring coding standards doesn’t directly lead to needing to debug PHP code, it is still probably one of the most important things to discuss here.

Ignoring coding standards can cause a whole slew of problems on a project. At best, it results in code that is inconsistent (since every developer is “doing their own thing”). But at worst, it produces PHP code that does not work or can be difficult (sometimes almost impossible) to navigate, making it extremely difficult to debug, enhance, maintain. And that means reduced productivity for your team, including lots of wasted (or at least unnecessary) effort.

Fortunately for PHP developers, there is the PHP Standards Recommendation (PSR), comprised of the following five standards:

PSR-0: Autoloading Standard

PSR-1: Basic Coding Standard

PSR-2: Coding Style Guide

PSR-3: Logger Interface

PSR-4: Autoloader

PSR was originally created based on inputs from maintainers of the most recognized platforms on the market. Zend, Drupal, Symfony, Joomla and others contributed to these standards, and are now following them. Even PEAR, which attempted to be a standard for years before that, participates in PSR now.

In some sense, it almost doesn’t matter what your coding standard is, as long as you agree on a standard and stick to it, but following the PSR is generally a good idea unless you have some compelling reason on your project to do otherwise. More and more teams and projects are conforming with the PSR. Tt’s definitely recognized at this point as “the” standard by the majority of PHP developers, so using it will help ensure that new developers are familiar and comfortable with your coding standard when they join your team.

Common Mistake #10: Misusing empty()

Some PHP developers like using empty() for boolean checks for just about everything. There are case, though, where this can lead to confusion.

First, let’s come back to arrays and ArrayObject instances (which mimic arrays). Given their similarity, it’s easy to assume that arrays and ArrayObject instances will behave identically. This proves, however, to be a dangerous assumption. For example, in PHP 5.0:

// PHP 5.0 or later: $array = []; var_dump(empty($array)); // outputs bool(true) $array = new ArrayObject(); var_dump(empty($array)); // outputs bool(false) // why don't these both produce the same output?

And to make matters even worse, the results would have been different prior to PHP 5.0:

// Prior to PHP 5.0: $array = []; var_dump(empty($array)); // outputs bool(false) $array = new ArrayObject(); var_dump(empty($array)); // outputs bool(false)

This approach is unfortunately quite popular. For example, this is the way Zend\Db\TableGateway of Zend Framework 2 returns data when calling current() on TableGateway::select() result as the doc suggests. Developer can easily become victim of this mistake with such data.

To avoid these issues, the better approach to checking for empty array structures is to use count() :

// Note that this work in ALL versions of PHP (both pre and post 5.0): $array = []; var_dump(count($array)); // outputs int(0) $array = new ArrayObject(); var_dump(count($array)); // outputs int(0)

And incidentally, since PHP casts 0 to false , count() can also be used within if () conditions to check for empty arrays. It’s also worth noting that, in PHP, count() is constant complexity ( O(1) operation) on arrays, which makes it even clearer that it’s the right choice.

Another example when empty() can be dangerous is when combining it with the magic class function __get() . Let’s define two classes and have a test property in both.

First let’s define a Regular class that includes test as a normal property:

class Regular { public $test = 'value'; }

Then let’s define a Magic class that uses the magic __get() operator to access its test property:

class Magic { private $values = ['test' => 'value']; public function __get($key) { if (isset($this->values[$key])) { return $this->values[$key]; } } }

OK, now let’s see what happens when we attempt to access the test property of each of these classes:

$regular = new Regular(); var_dump($regular->test); // outputs string(4) "value" $magic = new Magic(); var_dump($magic->test); // outputs string(4) "value"

Fine so far.

But now let’s see what happens when we call empty() on each of these:

var_dump(empty($regular->test)); // outputs bool(false) var_dump(empty($magic->test)); // outputs bool(true)

Ugh. So if we rely on empty() , we can be misled into believing that the test property of $magic is empty, whereas in reality it is set to 'value' .

Unfortunately, if a class uses the magic __get() function to retrieve a property’s value, there’s no foolproof way to check if that property value is empty or not. Outside of the class’ scope, you can really only check if a null value will be returned, and that doesn’t necessarily mean that the corresponding key is not set, since it actually could have been set to null .

In contrast, if we attempt to reference a non-existent property of a Regular class instance, we will get a notice similar to the following:

Notice: Undefined property: Regular::$nonExistantTest in /path/to/test.php on line 10 Call Stack: 0.0012 234704 1. {main}() /path/to/test.php:0

So the main point here is that the empty() method should be used with care as it can lend itself to confusing – or even potentially misleading – results, if one is not careful.

Wrap-up

PHP’s ease of use can lull developers into a false sense of comfort, leaving themselves vulnerable to lengthy PHP debugging due to some of the nuances and idiosyncrasies of the language. This can result in PHP not working and problems such as those described herein.

The PHP language has evolved significantly over the course of its 20 year history. Familiarizing oneself with its subtleties is a worthwhile endeavor, as it will help ensure that the software you produce is more scalable, robust, and maintainable.