Half of Britons want the government to impose further sanctions on Russia to combat the threat from Moscow, a poll has revealed.

Nine months after the attempted assassination of Sergei Skripal in Salisbury – and amid growing fears of cyberwarfare – exclusive polling by BMG shows that 60 per cent of adults believe Russia poses a considerable or moderate threat to the UK.

And 49 per cent of the British public support the introduction of new diplomatic or financial measures against the Kremlin.

Sanctions and diplomatic expulsions levelled at Russia appear to have done little to deter its activities either internationally or on UK soil, where GRU intelligence agents are accused of causing a woman’s death and poisoning four other victims with novichok.

Britain and allies expelled dozens of Russian diplomats over the attack, while the UK is introducing legal powers to stop, search and detain people suspected of “hostile state activity” at its borders.

New unexplained wealth orders, which force subjects from outside the European Economic Area to reveal the source of their cash, are also expected to hit Russian oligarchs and organised criminals.

Russians have also been the biggest beneficiaries of “tier 1” investor visas, which allow anyone investing at least £2m to work in Britain and expedites leave to remain applications.

The government had admitted the “golden visa” scheme had been exploited for money laundering and serious organised crime and announced its suspension earlier this month.

However, without explanation, the programme has since been allowed to continue, although the Home Office insisted it was committed to “reforming the route”.

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Critics have accused the current government and its predecessors of putting commercial interests above national security with an alleged reluctance to hit flows of Russian cash and trade.

Polling for The Independent showed that 60 per cent of people believe Russia is a threat to the UK, but 28 per cent thought it was only a “slight threat” or none at all.

Older people were more likely to see Russia as a threat, as were Conservative and Scottish National Party voters.

Asked their opinion on further diplomatic and financial sanctions on Russia, 16 per cent said they would strongly support the move and 33 per cent somewhat supported, while 15 per cent were somewhat oppose and 5 per cent strongly opposed.

Older people and Conservative voters were again more likely to back new sanctions, while Green and Ukip supporters were the most sceptical.

Meanwhile, almost one in four said they would support British military action against Russia, though half of the British public opposed the prospect of war.

Tensions between the UK and Russia have been mounting since the start of the Ukrainian war, and flared again with a confrontation in the Sea of Azov in November.

The foreign secretary condemned the incident further evidence of Russia’s “disregard for the global rules-based international system”.

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“Russia must not be allowed to further erode Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, especially through the use of force,” Jeremy Hunt added.

It came after the government named the GRU as the perpetrator of global cyberattacks, including one that saw the personal data of almost 700,000 UK nationals stolen.

The attacks were committed by several front groups, including one called Cyber Caliphate that presented itself as Isis-linked.

In October, the National Cyber Security Centre warned that Britain could be hit by a “category 1” cyber emergency in the near future – causing sustained disruption of essential services, affecting national security, causing severe economic consequences, or loss of life.

A report by the Chatham House think tank found the Skripal attack showed a “policy failure” more than a decade after the assassination of defected Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko in London.

Associate fellow Duncan Allan said the response to that poisoning was “heavy on rhetoric but light on substance”, adding: “UK government failed to deter another life-threatening attack on a British national by organs of the Russian state. Russian decision-makers saw the UK as lacking purpose and resolve because its firm rhetoric was not matched by its action.”

He said the UK’s response to the Salisbury attack has been stronger but employs similar methods, and called for more robust use of existing financial and supervisory instruments against Russia.

James Nixey, head of Chatham House’s Russia and Eurasia programme, said the effect of new measures under the Counter-Terrorism and Border Security Bill, unexplained wealth orders and visa reforms cannot be predicted.

Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Show all 19 1 /19 Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Salisbury train station The two suspects charged in relation to the attack on Sergei and Yulia Skripal at Salisbury train station at 16:11hrs on 03 March 2018 Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Suspects Suspects Ruslan Boshirov and Alexander Petrov, Russian nationals, approximately 40 years old, who travelled on a Russian passport. It is likely that they were travelling under aliases and that these are not their real names Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Evidence Bottle and applicator recovered by police from Charlie Rowley’s address in Muggleton Road Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Evidence A counterfeit perfume box that was discovered by nerve agent victim Charlie Rowley, who later gave it, and the bottle inside, to his girlfriend Dawn Sturgess Metropolitan Police/AFP/Getty Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Rowley has previously said he felt lucky to be alive after giving a perfume bottle that contained the nerve agent Novichok to his girlfriend Dawn Sturgess, who later died Metropolitan Police/AFP/Getty Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Suspeccts The CPS has issued European Arrest Warrants for the extradition of 'Boshirov' and 'Petrov' in connection with the Novichok poisoning attack on Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in March Metropolitan Police/PA Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – ‘Boshirov' at Gatwick airport Movements in detail - At 3pm on Friday, 2 March, the suspects arrived at Gatwick airport, having flown from Moscow on Aeroflot flight SU2588 Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – ‘Petrov’ at Gatwick airport From the airport it is believed that they travelled by train into London, arriving at Victoria station at approximately 5.40pm Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Salisbury train station, 11:48hrs on 4 March 2018 They then travelled on London public transport to Waterloo station and were in the area between approximately 6pm and 7pm. They travelled to the City Stay Hotel in Bow Road, East London, where they stayed on Friday, 2 March, and Saturday, 3 March. On Saturday, 3 March, they left the hotel and took the underground to Waterloo station, arriving at approximately 11.45am, where they caught a train to Salisbury, arriving at approximately 2.25pm Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack City Stay Hotel in Bow Road Police officers stand outside the City Stay Hotel in Bow where on Sunday, 4 March, 'Boshirov' and 'Petrov' made the same journey from the hotel as they did the previous day, again using the underground from Bow to Waterloo station at approximately 8.05am, before continuing their journey by train to Salisbury Getty Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Wilton Road, Salisbury, 11:58hrs on 4 March 2018 CCTV shows them in the vicinity of Mr Skripal’s house and we believe that they contaminated the front door with Novichok Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Fisherton Road CCTV image of both suspects on Fisherton Road, Salisbury at 13:05hrs on 4 March, 2018 Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Salisbury train station, 13:50hrs on 4 March 2018 They left Salisbury and returned to Waterloo Station, arriving at approximately 4.45pm and boarded the London Underground at approximately 6.30pm to London Heathrow Airport Metropolitan Police Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack CCTV – Heathrow airport security, 19:28hrs on 4 March 2018 From Heathrow Airport, they returned to Moscow on Aeroflot flight SU2585, departing at 10.30pm Metropolitan Police/PA Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Scene investigations The police investigation was carried out over 6 months. Ex-Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were found on March 4 in a critical condition on a bench outside the Maltings shopping centre in Salisbury AFP Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Victims Former Russian spy Sergei Skripal, right, and his daughter Yulia Rex Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Victims Detective Sergeant Nick Bailey who rushed to the aid of the Skripals was also taken to hospital in a serious condition after falling ill when attempting to help them PA Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Victims Dawn Sturgess, a 44-year-old mother of three, died after falling ill when partner Charlie Rowley gave her a perfume bottle that contained the nerve agent Novichok Facebook/AFP/Getty Police release images of suspects in connection with Salisbury attack Scene investigations The home of Charlie Rowley in Muggleton Road, Amesbury, where he and Dawn Sturgess were exposed to the deadly nerve agent Novichok PA

“We’re in uncharted waters,” he told The Independent. “What has been tried is doing nothing [after Litvinenko] and the problem has got significantly worse since then.”

Mr Nixey said the government had previously feared how a “seriously pissed-off Russia” might retaliate, but that global condemnation of the Kremlin has been increasing.

“Sanctions in and of themselves do not change a GRU or Putin calculus, you have to maintain the pressure over time and they must be part of a much wider policy,” he added.

“Even after Skripal, all that has happened is we’ve expelled a few diplomats, searched a Russian plane and started an investigation into the wife of an Azerbaijani oligarch.

“The rhetoric is pretty tough but when you look at the reality, very little is being done.”

Russia has continued to deny involvement in the Skripal attack, cyber warfare and claimed Ukrainian ships were the aggressors in the Sea of Azov.

A spokesperson for the Foreign Office said: “If we are going to stop hostile state activity from becoming the norm, other countries, particularly Russia, need to know there is a price to pay. The international community must stand together to end the use of chemical weapons, prevent intrusive cyber activity, condemn human rights abuses and uphold the global order.

“Sanctions are a vital tool to make clear there is a cost to such hostile actions. We must collectively ensure that sanctions on Russia are comprehensive and effective, including considering further measures where necessary. We are talking to our key international partners on what more we might do.”