Hungarian Spectrum is devoting today’s coverage to the proposed law announced today that would give Viktor Orbán dictatorial powers under a state of emergency to fight the coronavirus. It will come in two parts.

The first installment, below, is a translation of the draft proposal of the law submitted by Zsolt Semjén, deputy prime minister, to László Kövér, president of the Hungarian Parliament. The second installment will consist of Professor Kim Scheppele’s commentary on the proposed bill.

As you will see, the situation is serious since the Orbán government would like to pass the bill on Monday. To meet this deadline, the government party would need a fourth-fifths majority since such an early acceptance of the bill would require an exception to parliamentary house rules. I assume that those parties that consider themselves to be true opponents of the Orbán government will say no to the bill despite the government’s insistence on “national unity.” What the former, now “independent,” Jobbik members will do is still a question mark.

In any case, the world should know about this latest attempt to establish an outright dictatorship in Hungary and, if at all possible, to prevent it.

Here is the proposed bill. The comments by Professor Scheppele will follow in the next few minutes.

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Act ….. of 2020

On Protecting Against the Coronavirus

In order to ensure that the Government may take all necessary extraordinary measures required for preventing and mitigating the consequences of the COVID-19 human epidemic of 2020 causing mass infections, and keeping in mind especially that because of the human epidemic the sessions of Parliament may be suspended, in awareness of the fact that responsible decisions must be made in times of crisis, and although the measures introduced this far – and to be taken in the future – may seem to involve unusual and unfamiliar restrictions, complying with them, cooperating and being disciplined may prove to be the greatest asset of Hungarians, in recognition of taking joint action, coming together as a nation, and feeling thankful for the sacrifices made by health care workers, law enforcement workers and all others concerned, the Parliament passes the following law in respect of granting authorization to extend the effect of the Government’s decrees that are issued in an emergency situation and determining the framework thereof:

Section 1

This law determines the special rules pertaining to the emergency (hereinafter: emergency) decreed in Government Decree 40/2020. (III. 11.) on proclaiming emergency (hereinafter: Decree) pursuant to section 53 (1) of the Fundamental Law in order to prevent and mitigate the consequences of the human epidemic jeopardizing human life and property and causing mass infections and to protect the health and life of Hungarian citizens.

Section 2

(1) In such emergency the Government – in addition to the extraordinary measures and regulations set forth in Act CXXVIII of 2011 on emergency management and the amendment of certain relevant laws – in order to guarantee for Hungarian citizens the safety of life and health, personal safety, the safety of assets and legal certainty as well as the stability of the national economy, may suspend the enforcement of certain laws, depart from statutory regulations and implement additional extraordinary measures by decree.

(2) The Government may exercise the competence granted in paragraph (1) – to the extent necessary and in proportion to the desired objective – for the purpose of preventing, managing, and eliminating the human epidemic set forth in the Decree as well as for preventing and mitigating its harmful effects.

Section 3

(1) Pursuant to section 53 (3) of the Fundamental Law, the Parliament authorizes the Government to extend the effect of

sections 2 and 3 of the Decree, and the government decrees set forth in section 53 (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law in the event of an emergency, until the end of the emergency.

(2) The Parliament may withdraw the authorization set forth in paragraph (1) before the end of the emergency.

(3) The Parliament confirms sections 2 and 3 of the Decree as well as the government decrees that were enacted between the going into effect of the Decree and the going into effect of the law, set forth in paragraph (1) b).

Section 4

The Government shall provide information on a regular basis, during the Parliament’s session – or in the absence thereof, for the Speaker of the Parliament and the heads of parliamentary representatives’ groups – about the measures that are taken to avert the emergency, as long as the effect of the measures is maintained.

Section 5

(1) The President of the Constitutional Court (hereinafter: President) and the Secretary General of the Constitutional Court ensure the continuous operation of the Constitutional Court in an emergency and take the required organizational, operational, administrative and decision-making measures.

(2) The full session of the Constitutional Court and of the council can also be held via electronic channels, based on the decision of the President, until the end of the emergency.

(3) In an emergency the President may authorize a departure from the rules of procedure of the Constitutional Court.

Section 6

(1) If the dissolution of the body of representatives of a local authority or a minority authority is decreed, this decision will take effect on the day following the end of the emergency.

(2) Until the day following the end of the emergency, no midterm elections can be held, and already scheduled elections will be cancelled. Distributed ballots must be returned to the election office within fifteen days after the law goes into effect where they will be destroyed. Not yet scheduled and cancelled elections must be scheduled within fifteen days after the end of the emergency.

(3) Until the day following the end of the emergency, no national or local referendum can be initiated, and all already scheduled national and local referendums will be cancelled. All deadlines set forth in sections II-IV of Act CCXXXVIII of 2013 on initiating referendums, the European citizen’s initiative and the referendum procedure shall be suspended.

The deadlines will resume on the day following the end of the emergency. Not yet scheduled and cancelled national and local referendums must be scheduled within fifteen days after the end of the emergency.

Section 7

This law will take effect on the day after it is promulgated.

Section 8

The decision on the expiry of this law shall be made by the Parliament upon the end of the emergency.

Section 9

Section

2 of this law, pursuant to section 54 (4) of the Fundamental Law, 5 of this law, pursuant to 24 (9) of the Fundamental Law, 6 (1) of this law, pursuant to section XXIX (3) and section 31 (3) of the Fundamental Law, 6 (2) of this law, pursuant to section XXIX (3), section 2(1) and section 35 (1) of the Fundamental Law are considered cardinal.

Section 10

(1) After section 322, the following sub-heading and section 322/A will be added to Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code (hereinafter: Criminal Code):

Obstructing epidemic prevention

322/A. §

(1) Persons obstructing the implementation of

epidemiological isolation, observation, quarantine or control decreed for the purpose of preventing the introduction or dissemination of an infectious disease that is subject to a quarantine, epidemiological isolation, observation, quarantine or control decreed during an epidemic, plant health or animal health measures taken to prevent the importation, exportation and dissemination or to eliminate the existence of contagious animal diseases or plant quarantine pests

are considered a criminal act, punishable by up to three years of prison.

2) If the criminal act is perpetrated by a group, it is punishable by one to five years of prison.

(3) If the criminal act causes death, it is punishable by two to eight years of prison.

(4) Persons initiating an obstruction of epidemiological measures commit a crime that is punishable by up to one year of prison.”

(2) Section 337 of the Criminal Code shall be replaced by the following:

Section 337

(1) Persons who at the site of a public emergency, before the grand public, claim or spread a falsehood or claim or spread a distorted truth in relation to the emergency in a way that is suitable for alarming or agitating a large group of people at the site of the emergency commit a crime that is punishable by up to three years of prison.

(2) Persons who under extraordinary rule of law claim or spread a falsehood or claim or spread a distorted truth before the grand public that is suitable for obstructing or preventing successful protection commit a crime that is punishable by one to five years of prison.”

Our Fundamental Law, which is the basis of our legal system, describes in a very detailed manner and complete with guarantees, which is remarkable even by international standards, what to do in extraordinary situations, in addition to outlining the role of each constitutional body. Accordingly, extending the effect of an emergency past 15 days is the responsibility of the Parliament.

Based on the above, the purpose of this proposal, in agreement with having an emergency decreed by the Government in Government Decree 40/2020. (III. 11.) on proclaiming emergency (hereinafter: Decree) pursuant to section 53 (1) of the Fundamental Law in order to prevent and mitigate the consequences of the human epidemic jeopardizing human life and property and causing mass infections and to protect the health and life of Hungarian citizens, is to confirm all measures that have been taken since and to extend their effect pursuant to section 53 (3) of the Fundamental Law.

An additional purpose of the proposal is to let the Government of Hungary enact and maintain the effect of its decrees containing extraordinary provisions if the Parliament does not meet for a reason that is related to the human epidemic caused by COVID-19 in 2020 and resulting in mass infections.

This justification will be published in the Directory of Justifications that is published as an annex to the Hungarian Official Gazette pursuant to section 18 (3) of Act CXXX of 2010 on law-making, as well as section 20 of the Decree 5/2019. (III. 13.) of the Ministry of Interior on the publication of the Hungarian Official Gazette as well as a reference to it with respect to the promulgation of statutory regulations and the publication of normative resolutions and orders.

Detailed Justification

Section 1

The proposal makes it clear that granting authorization and creating special regulations pertain specifically to an emergency decreed by the Government in order to prevent and mitigate the consequences of the human epidemic jeopardizing human life and property and causing mass infections and to protect the health and life of Hungarian citizens, as specified in the Decree.

The regulation makes it clear that the regulation cannot be implemented in any other emergency, and that the regulation applies exclusively to this special rule of law.

Section 2

In keeping with section 53 (1) and (2) and section 54 (1) of the Fundamental Law, section 2 (1) of the proposal permits the Government to take any measure and enact any normative regulation – in addition to the extraordinary measures and regulations set forth in Act CXXVIII of 2011 on emergency management and the amendment of certain relevant laws – that is necessary to guarantee for Hungarian citizens the safety of life and health, personal safety, the safety of assets and legal certainty as well as the stability of the national economy in relation to the human epidemic caused by COVID-19 in 2020 and resulting in mass infections.

March 21, 2020