Syrian government forces have launched a ground and air offensive in Eastern Ghouta, witnesses said, hours after the UN Security Council voted unanimously in favour of a resolution calling for a 30-day ceasefire in Syria.

President Bashar al-Assad's forces began fighting opposition groups from multiple fronts in the rebel-held enclave near Damascus on Sunday morning, while Syrian warplanes continued to shell the besieged area for the eighth consecutive day.

Hay'et Tahrir al-Sham, formerly known as al-Nusra Front, is one of the many opposition groups in control of some areas in the enclave.

The biggest group is Free Syrian Army-linked Jaish al-Islam that says it has captured and killed "a number of soldiers" as they tried to make their way inside the city, Al Jazeera's Osama Bin Javaid said.

Reporting from Gaziantep in neighbouring Turkey, Bin Javaid confirmed there were multiple attempts by the government to "storm" the area from several sides.

Rebel sources in control of the enclave were resisting the attacks, he reported, saying the fighters struggled to hold their positions on multiple fronts.

Opposition fighters say they will uphold the UN's ceasefire call, but will respond to any aggression as they reserve the right for self-defence.

The ceasefire's aim was to evacuate residents of the Damascus suburb, which is under siege, and to allow for the flow of food aid and medicine.

Last week, deadly air raids and artillery fire launched by Russian-backed Syrian forces exacerbated a dire humanitarian crisis in the besieged enclave, home to some 400,000 people.

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), more than 500 civilians were killed as a result of the aerial bombardment campaign that began on February 18.

"It is worth noting that before this [ground offensive] began, there has been relentless bombardment in many of the places in Eastern Ghouta, where those rebel defence lines were," Bin Javaid said.

Eastern Ghouta is the last remaining rebel-held area east of Damascus and has been under siege by Assad's forces since 2013, in an attempt to drive rebel forces out.

According to Bin Javaid, government forces have been "specifically targeting underground tunnels and hideouts".

"It seems that the government now is adamant to enter Eastern Ghouta."

Meanwhile, the head of Iran's armed forces Mohammed Baqri, said on Sunday Syria will respect the UN's call for a ceasefire, but will continue attacks against what he called "terrorists" and on areas controlled by Hay'et Tahrir al-Sham.

"UN resolution ceasefire on Syria does not cover Eastern Ghouta; mop-up operations to continue in suburbs," Tasnim quoted Baqri as saying on Twitter.

Syria and its allies, Russia and Iran, are fighting against opposition groups in Idlib province as well - one of the last remaining rebel-held areas in Syria.

Both Eastern Ghouta and Idlib were meant to be two of several "de-escalation zones" agreed upon a year ago by Russia, Iran - both government allies - and Turkey - a backer of the armed opposition.

'Lifesaving operations'

Mohamad Katoub, advocacy manager on behalf of hospitals and medical facilities in East Ghouta, stressed that the biggest challenge is the shelling that is targeting "humanitarian infrastructure".

Speaking to Al Jazeera from Gaziantep, Katoub noted rescue teams cannot move because of the destruction of the buildings and the continuous attacks.

"In the last six days, we lost 40 percent of our capacity to respond to the injuries and to the people in need of medical services in this area," he said.

Without adequate sanitation or food, pregnant women, patients with chronic diseases and children in need of vaccination are at risk of disease, he further noted.

"Now, we need lifesaving operations," Katoub said, referencing the thousands of civilians who are wounded.

"We don't have high hopes from this UNSC resolution - this is not the first UNSC resolution, which called for immediate aid inside Ghouta."

Security Council resolution

The vote on the UNSC resolution, sponsored by Kuwait and Sweden, had been delayed several times as council members tried to convince Russia to agree to its terms.

A meeting was originally scheduled for 11am local time (16:00 GMT) on Friday, but negotiations over the wording of the resolution had its sponsors make amendments to avoid a Russian veto.

As a result, the resolution did not specify a given time for the ceasefire to come into effect.

The UN special envoy for Syria, Steffan de Mistura, had stressed the urgent need for a ceasefire to stop the "horrific heavy bombardment of Eastern Ghouta and the indiscriminate mortar shelling on Damascus".

And earlier this week, the UN and other international bodies expressed outrage at the number of civilian casualties.

Hundreds of thousands of people have died in fighting during Syria's seven-year civil war, and millions have been forced to flee the country.