Image copyright Getty Images

"Don't just book it - Thomas Cook it!" is a phrase etched in the British memory.

Over the years one of the world's best known holiday brands has taken millions of holidaymakers around the world, responding to technological advances in transport and social trends.

Its history is also the history of how we have spent our holidays and explored an increasingly accessible world.

"There's an incredible fondness" for the brand, says travel commentator Emma Coulthurst. "We have grown up with it.

"You would go into your local travel agent, get your brochures, look at your brochures and go back again as a family. It was an event, booking was part of the whole experience."

Roots in the railways

Although it is now best known for its trips abroad, when cabinet-maker Thomas Cook founded the business in Leicestershire in 1841 it was for more local excursions.

A former Baptist preacher, he wanted to offer working class people a form of educational entertainment to divert them from drinking which he saw as at the root of Victorian social ills.

Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Thomas Cook thought railway trips could be used for social reform; an advert for an early excursion, right

He harnessed the UK's newly built railways to offer his first 12 mile trip from Leicester to Loughborough, at the cost of a shilling per head (around £3 in today's money).

Those travelling were so-called "temperance supporters" - supporting the prohibition of alcohol.

The visit was such a success that Thomas Cook repeated it over several summers on behalf of Sunday schools which laid the foundations for the business.

Brits abroad

By 1855, after having pioneered trips around the British Isles and to London's Great Exhibition, Thomas Cook set his sights across the Channel to Paris where the International Exhibition was being held.

His commercial tour there, linked to other European destinations, was a huge success.

More European trips followed, and before long Thomas Cook was taking travellers to America, Asia and the Middle East.

Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Early adverts for trips, including Liverpool to New York in 1866 for 25 guineas, about £1,552 in today's money

The company flourished, fuelled by the growing middle classes and their desire to travel.

Thomas' son, John Mason Cook, eventually took over running the company from his father, who died in 1892.

It stayed in family hands and, in the first quarter of the 20th Century, Thomas Cook's grandsons added winter sports, motor car tours and commercial air travel to its offerings.

Package holiday boom

At the end of the 1920s it changed hands for the first of many times when the grandsons unexpectedly sold the business to the Belgian owner of the Orient Express.

But as World War Two broke out, it was nationalised by the British government as part of British Railways, to save it from the Nazi occupation.

The post-war years were characterised by a holiday boom in the UK. For Thomas Cook, this meant taking holidaymakers on package holidays abroad but also to its Welsh holiday camp in Prestatyn.

"I see them as a pioneer in organised travel," says Ms Coulthurst, from holiday price comparison website TravelSupermarket, describing how people went on package holidays as children and later as adults with their own families.

"They were in all of the main package holiday destinations."

Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The Going Places travel brand was merged into Thomas Cook in 2007 before being killed off

But competition from other businesses also grew.

Thomas Cook was taken private in the 1970s and expanded its network of High Street travel shops through a string of acquisitions.

Then in 1992 it was bought by Germany's third largest bank, the Westdeutsche Landesbank.

Thomas Cook's airline business was founded in 1999.

Its next owner in 2001 was another German company, C&N Touristic AG, which quickly rebranded the whole business as Thomas Cook. And in 2007 the company merged with MyTravel - owner of the Airtours and Going Places brands - and became known as the Thomas Cook Group.

More acquisitions of shops and travel businesses, including websites, continued across the world.

Thomas Cook's Indian, Chinese, German and Nordic subsidiaries continued to trade as normal in the immediate aftermath of the collapse of their parent company.

Travel revolution

Through its long history, it is the 21st Century that the company has found hardest to adapt to.

The digital age has seen a revolution in travel. The internet and the rise of budget airlines have made holidays cheaper and more accessible than ever before.

The package holiday remained popular, but customers are extremely price sensitive - and Thomas Cook's profit margins were slim.

Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The Thomas Cook brand expanded all over the world, including in India

Its history left it with expensive overheads - hundreds of shops and thousands of staff.

Acquisitions left it with high debt levels, and little ability to respond to the headwinds of the travel market. Hurricanes, heatwaves and currency fluctuations have hit the company hard over the last few years.

"I think the reasons are very complex," says Amie Keeley, the head of news at Travel Weekly.

She cites some "questionable decisions" years ago, when the company was under a different management and decided to expand its shop network at a time when more people were going online.

"In the short term, last summer's extended heatwave was a big reason. And they have also cited Brexit saying consumers are less confident," she said.

Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Thomas Cook offered a complete holiday "package" of travel, accommodation and food in 1855

Ms Coulthurst says UK travellers are still booking package holidays, which gives them financial protection through the government-run Atol scheme.

"However a lot of them are booking them in different ways now," she adds.

"Thomas Cook has 560 travel agents on the high street, it used to have more. That's bricks and mortar, they have overheads."

She says Thomas Cook was left competing with low-cost airlines as well as rivals with a big online presence, and says: "But [Thomas Cook's] online presence isn't as strong. They are seen as a predominantly high street shop business."

She also says in North Africa - where Thomas Cook has an "extremely strong package holiday presence" - there has been political unrest, such as the ban on flights to Egypt's Sharm El-Sheikh, which has affected the tour operator.

Much-loved brand

But Thomas Cook has retained a dedicated following, taking 19 million people from the UK and other countries on holiday each year.

Image copyright PA Media

"It's an iconic travel brand that has been in existence for 178 years," says Ms Keeley from Travel Weekly, adding it is "much-loved" both by consumers and those in the travel industry.

Even the company's competitors did not want to see Thomas Cook collapse, she adds, not just because of the wider impact on the industry but also from an "emotional and heritage point of view".

"A lot of people have worked for Thomas Cook or work with them, so everyone is rooting for them."

For its loyal customers and for its 22,000 staff members, the company has stayed true to its roots - democratising travel and in the words of Thomas Cook himself making it "a social idea".

Are you a Thomas Cook customer or member of staff? If you've been affected by the company's collapse, you can get in touch by emailing haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk.

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