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trauma has strong effects and leaves multiple fingerprints on the mind and the body, usually for a lifetime.

experiences are not always physical; emotional trauma can be just as toxic. A parent or may reject the child or barely recognize the child's existence. Chronic withdrawal of affection or disinterest in a child's accomplishments has negative effects. Constant degrades a child, and constant threats are terrorizing.

The results of are multi- faceted

Biologically, severe early chronic leads to changes in the brain’s hypothalamic hormone: corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the major regulator of the stress response. The result is a permanently increased response to stress.

Psychologically, the child is often stunted in intellectual, emotional and social development. As adults, these people are unable to trust others. Because they relationships, they may seem detached, as if not needing others.

The corrective emotional experience

While the corrective emotional experience was initially described as a key factor in longer-term , it also refers to a relationship with a key significant other in the person's life who responds differently than the traumatizing parent.

Over time, the traumatized person develops – after much testing – enough trust in the constancy and accepting, respectful response by the important other to their psychological needs that they feel safe in exposing their deepest feelings. When emotional situations similar to childhood occur, they can now be processed in a new, healthier way. This experience helps repair the damage produced by the traumas of the past. It can help the stunted become unstuck, grow and mature.

A dramatization of trauma and the corrective emotional experience

A recent HBO miniseries: The Young Pope, shows us the results of traumatic abandonment as well as the possibility of a corrective emotional experience.

The Trauma Lenny Belardo, a young child of elementary school age, is taken by his hippie parents to a Catholic orphanage and abandoned there. We are repeatedly shown his of the abandonment, as well as new fantasy versions of being abandoned.

Reenacting trauma in adulthood As an adult, Lenny is emotionally stunted. He avoids emotionally close relationships with others, and says he chose the priesthood in order to protect himself from the pain of human relationships.

We meet him as a middle-aged man, newly – and unexpectedly – elected Pope. As the Holy Father of all Catholics, he re-enacts the parental withdrawal and cruelty he experienced. He becomes the rejecting father, not allowing Catholics to ever see his face. He insists they must make the relationship to God, not to human beings, the primary one in their lives. He instructs his cardinals not to reach out to people but instead to withdraw from them, explaining that this will bring them back as more faithful Catholics.

Even more tellingly, he says to a group of children that it has started raining because they must have done something bad that made God angry and sad. This recapitulates the thoughts Lenny must have had that he, or his bad behavior, were the reasons his parents abandoned him.

The corrective emotional experience There is one individual – a cardinal he has known since his seminary days – that Lenny has regarded as his mentor. As Pope, Lenny asks him for guidance in decisions that he must make. The cardinal – out of that he himself was not elected pope – answers Lenny with and rejection, recapitulating Lenny's original traumatization. When the cardinal rethinks his reaction and asks for , Lenny responds with coldness and rejection.

After a time, when the cardinal becomes terminally ill, Lenny carefully re-approaches him. Now, the cardinal treats him in a respectful and helpful manner. They argue on an intellectual basis regarding church dogma, but much more is going on. The connection between them resumes, on an even deeper level. This is now a relationship of emotional equals.

When the cardinal is on his deathbed he asks Lenny for something he needs for comfort, the story of something precious that Lenny has kept private. When Lenny gives him this gift, the cardinal dies in peace.

With this corrective emotional experience, Lenny cries deeply, able to experience love and the pain of losing a vital human relationship. He has been able to experience the give-and-take of a real human relationship that he previously was unable to achieve.

The Arts Teach us about Loss and the Redemptive Power of Human Relationships

The arts can teach us about ourselves and other human beings. If done well, they bring us emotional connection and engagement with stories where we meet people who are not us and who live very different lives. This, besides entertainment, are the reasons we watch and read.

For example, as a psychiatrist-novelist, I chose words carefully in The End of Miracles to help the reader visualize and closely observe the feelings and thoughts of a psychologically vulnerable woman as she reacts to and loss. Dramatic episodes show the power of relationships to bring understanding and healing. Using words and techniques that help bring the readers in close and engages their imagination creates a deeper, more intense experience of the stories and the characters.

In the medium of television, the visual portrayal of Lenny's and memories as they weave through his everyday life show how one’s traumas and inner life are played out in daily life. The fine and psychologically-informed writing, the creative directing, the powerful cinematography and the brilliant acting of Jude Law come together to give us a visceral experience of loss and the corrective possibilities in human relationships.

Truths about the corrective emotional experience

The corrective emotional experience is not a single magical event. One such moment is never enough. It is the relationship that enables multiple such moments to happen that allows the development of trust.

While long – term psychotherapy is one such corrective emotional experience, a consistently relationship with a significant person in one’s life can be a powerful agent of change.

This will never be easy on the significant other in the relationship, who will – over and over – inevitably bear the brunt of the anger and mistrust directed at them by the traumatized person.

Through such a relationship and experiences, it is possible to overcome the results of serious childhood trauma - perhaps not completely, but enough so that a life that accepts love and rejoices in it becomes possible.