A new report just released has shown United States emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, spiked last year after falling for the previous three, as cold weather spurred natural gas demand for heating and as the economy pushed planes and trucks to guzzle fuel.

The Rhodium Group, an independent research group, said emissions rose 3.4 per cent in 2018, the biggest jump since 2010, when the economy bounced back from recession.

Reuters Newsagency reports Rhodium said the boost from the world’s second-biggest carbon emitter after China could make it harder for the US to meet reductions targets it set under the United Nations sponsored Paris Agreement in 2015.

To do so, the US would have to cut energy-related carbon emissions by 2.6 per cent on average over the next seven years, a pace more than twice that achieved between 2005 and 2017.

“It is certainly feasible, but will likely require a fairly significant change in policy in the very near future, and/or favourable market and technological conditions,” the group said.

The spike occurred even though 2018 brought a record number of shutdowns of power plants fired by coal, the fuel richest in carbon output when burned.

Natural gas, which emits about half the carbon of coal, replaced most of the lost coal generation, but it also served the vast majority of load growth for electricity last year, the report said.

The administration of President Donald Trump, which has announced its intent to leave the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, is relaxing President Barack Obama-era rules on emissions from power plants and vehicles as it seeks to boost production of oil, gas and coal.

The earliest the administration can leave the accord is after the 2020 presidential election.

The US Environmental Protection Agency did not respond to questions about the Rhodium report, saying it would only answer queries related to the partial federal government shutdown or about environmental emergencies.

Reuters reports Trump administration officials have said that emissions can waiver from year to year depending on the economy, but that the country can both cut emissions and enjoy a strong economy at the same time.

Environmentalists say the Trump administration needs to speed up the transition from natural gas to renewable energy such as wind and solar power and energy storage.

“Coal’s sharp-dressed cousin is continuing us on a path to irreparable and costly climate damage,” said Greg Cunningham, who works on clean energy and climate at the Conservation Law Foundation.

“It is imperative that we shift our clean energy transition into high gear and accelerate our clean car standards to reverse this trend.”

The American Petroleum Institute (API), the top lobbying organisation for the US oil and gas industry, said it does not take a position on forming a carbon tax, which some environmentalists, politicians in both parties and petroleum companies say would harness the power of capitalism to reduce emissions.

Reuters reports the API backs voluntary efforts to reduce emissions.

Mike Sommers, the head of API, told reporters in a conference call that the United States could boost oil and gas and cut emissions at the same time.