Paul Manafort could face more than 19 years in prison for crimes including not paying taxes on $16 million in income, prosecutors said, raising the prospect that the former Trump campaign chairman could spend much of the rest of his life behind bars.

In a filing late Friday, special counsel Robert Mueller’s office said it agreed with sentencing guidelines that call for Mr. Manafort, 69 years old, to spend from 235 to 293 months in prison. He was convicted last year of tax and bank fraud in connection with his business activities....