There are lots of articles online about the safety of deep squats, but I don’t think most convey the truth or the uncertainity involved.

Knee Stability: In 1960, Klein showed that olympic lifters who performed deep squats had an increased incidence of ligament laxity compared to a control group. He also supported his results with a study on cadavers. Based on the in vivo and cadaveric studies, Klein recommended parallel squats than deep squats. His studies led the American Medical Association cautioning against deep squats due to their potential for severe injury.



This led people to believe that deep squats are unsafe.





Other Studies: A number of later studies showed that there is no significant knee instability associated with deep squats. Meyers performed a study which had the subjects do deep squats with varying depths. He used the same measurement techniques as Klein and did not find any knee stability issues with deep squats.Chandler did another study comprising of powerlifters, olympic lifters and a control group and concluded that the squat did not have negative effects on knee stability and may be considered safe in terms of not causing permanent stretching of the ligaments. There are other studies to show that there is no excessive movement of the knee that could indicate knee instability due cruciate or collateral ligament damage.



Since the above studies goes against Klein’s conclusion which started the whole ‘deep squats are unsafe’ message, people now believe the exact opposite conlusion- that deep squats are safe.





Cartilage and meniscus: The greatest potential for injury with deep squats would be to the menisci and cartilage. But Klein and other studies were looking at knee stability (determined by ligament laxity) instead.

So we were all focusing and basing our conclusions looking at the wrong tissue.

Compressive Forces: Both patellofemoral and tibiofemoral compressive forces are highest at maximum knee flexion. There is usually a small decrease in patellofemoral forces in higher knee flexion angles due to increase in patella contact area. But this only results a slight decrease in force, and this where the confusion arises. So the authors would say there was no significant difference in patellofemoral forces at 70 and 110 degrees. This doesn’t mean that the forces are the same.



For example, in this squatting study there was no significant difference in peak patello femoral stress between the three squatting depths (70, 90 & 110 degrees) (P=.35). But if you look at the forces (10.8, 11.7 and 12.3 Mpa) it is clear that they are increasing with deeper knee angles. So at 135-150 degrees (deep squats), the forces will be at the highest. The forces are increasing and if they used enough sample size, they will find it statistically significant too.



Since the forces are high, there is greater risk of damage to the cartilage and menisci with deep squats. So we cannot conclude that deep squats are safe.



Ideal study: The ideal study to test if deep squats are bad for knees is not an 8 week study or a study which looks at compressive or shears forces as we have seen. What we need is a study where a large group of people who deep squat and another group of people who does parallel squat are followed for 15-20 years. If deep squats are bad for the knees, you will see more people with knee pain in the deep squat group.



The problem with picking a bunch of olympic lifters and testing their knees for damage and pain is that the people who already had knee pain or other problems might have stopped squatting or switched to paralleled squatting. The people who are already deep squatting might be the ones who were blessed with some good knees or have better squatting biomechanics and so forth



Unless we have study like the above, we can never conclude anything about deep squats and safety with certainty. Just like in most cases, we are just simply leaning towards a side based on our personal experiences and observations and just confidently concluding.



Science and anecdotes: Usually in these type of articles, pictures of lifters (look above) doing ass to the ground squats with heavy weights is added just to seal their argument of why deep squats are safe. As I wrote, this doesn’t add anything to a scientific discussion. People who write scientific articles shouldn’t mix their personal experiences or observations or results. That is defeating the whole purpose of using scientific studies. It makes as little sense as one of those swiss balls that comes with a stand for people to sit on. If you are unaware, a bosu ball is used to create an unstable environment. But by using a stand underneath the ball and hence making it stable, you are just defeating the whole purpose of using a bosu ball.





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| Nice article. Do you know if there has been done any research on squatting depth and the patella tendon. You often hear the argument that with quarter squats you use your quads more and your glutes less and thus more force transfer will occur over the patella tendon. However, I’ve never really seen anyone look into this scientifically.

Anoop | Thanks Karky! As the depth increases, there is greater glute activity. Part of the reason you feel more in quads is in quarter squats people are using a lot more weight than parallel or deep squats. And in quarter there is greater forward knee movement beyond your toes than parallel squat.

| Good summation, Anoop. As you correctly point out, the evidence simply isn’t there to support the claim that deep squats are bad for the knees. And there is a lot of implied evidence that leads us to believe it should not have a detrimental affect on the ligaments. But current research is limited and we certainly need long-term longitudinal studies to better assess the topic. As always, you provide a well-balanced, objective analysis of the data. Great work! Brad

| Great article Anoop! Your training articles are my favourites. How do you squat, parallel or deep?

| I agree with the knee movement beyond the toes. Why doesn’t anyone look at where the center of gravity is during the squat and how that effects the pressures in the knee, or the ratio of ankle to knee to hip flexion during the squat. Doesn’t it always come back to posture?

| Very nice article. I would just like to mention that osteoarthritis is much more complicated than a “wearing down of cartilage”. I often see it broken down this way online, where in real life it is a complex inflammatory condition with cartilage breakdown. Many people have perfectly healthy cartilage after many many years of joint friction.

Anoop | Hi Brad, Thanks a lot! Your recent NSCA articles was one of the references. I think we are lucky to have people like you who can write what we know and what we don’t know without stuffing in your personal observations and results like every single article out there. So thank you. Hi Omar, Thanks again bro. I go deep, but I have my beliefs,goals, biomechanics and preferences that might be completely different than you. Just so that you know that’s good enough reason not to take my recommendations about deep squats:-). Just too much confirmation bias you know. I only wrote about it because you asked. Hi Patrick, Thanks! When studies do squats, they are aware of the proper form than most of us and they are using subjects who are experienced not novices. Hi Quagwire, Thanks!I would agree. I haven’t really looked into the condition itself. And many people have no cartilage and no pain. That is the mystery of pain.

| But what does this greater quad usage in shallow squats do with the patella tendon? Just an anecdotal observation, but I know lots of people who squat like their body is on top of their legs (if you know what I mean) instead of dropping down between their legs like in a deep squat, and pretty much all of them have “jumpers knee”. So I was wondering if there is any scientific data on what kind of squat is more dangerous for the patella tendon, as it would seem to me that this is a common place for injury in squatters.

Anoop | Hi Karky, Haven’t come across any study looking at squats and jumpers knee. Athletes who are doing a lot are usually candidates for these. The forces on the patellar tendon is greater as you go deeper and with greater anterior knee translation. So it is a possibility if you do a lot of squats with that form.

| Hi Anoop, Great science based article like always, keep up the great work. See you soon

Anoop | Hi Kelly. Thanks for the comment.

| Hello Anoop, Still on the subject of knees, do you have an opinion on the safety of seated leg extensions? I used to love doing this exercise as it seemed to be the most effective at developing the quadriceps. But then somewhere I read an article written by a knee surgeon stating that seated leg extensions were very bad for the knees, so I have backed off on doing these. Do you have an opinion on this? Thanks Anoop. You have a great website here!

| What do I think? I think that this article clearly points out why people should be just as skeptical of “science” as empirical observations or anecdotes. Anyone with a single functioning brain synapse knows that the best position from which to perform squats, or any exercise, is the one that is biomechanically natural. To belabor the obvious, we should perform squats in the same position that we use to defecate in the woods—yes, an ATG squat. It’s the position out of which we have the most power to rise. When has anyone ever squatted to “parallel” in their daily lives?. Stopping at “parallel” puts all of the pressure on the knees. The only “science” I’m interested in is that which is conducted by an Olympic gold medalist who earned multiple PhDs from a Tier 1 university and paid for the study with his or her own money. Cynical? Uh, of course.

Anoop | Hi Jonny, I haven’t looked into recently. But when someone says stuff like very bad and such, then they need some solid proof. Since he is knee surgeon he is only seeing people with a lot of knee pain and not people who have no pain. So keep that in mind. Hi Rex, This is called system 1 thinking. Jumping to conclusions because it just seems right. Have you ever deadlifted? I pick up a penciil with a rounded back (and so you and everyone). Do you deadlift with a rounded back too since that is the most natural position? Think about it.

| While I’m not taking any sides between Anoop and Rex here, I’d just like to point out that I think the most natural way to pick up a pencil is an ATG squat.. at least that is how children do it 😉

Anoop | H Karky, What a kid does is totally different from what we do as an adult. What is most natural for a kid is because of the biomechanical factors that is inherent at that age (like low center of gravity, mobile joints and tissues and so forth). This is not what happens as you grow up. And if indeed we had to stop and think this is how a kid picks it up and let’s do it this way, then it is no more natural you know. We had a thread in the forum about little kid doing a squat and how everyone posts it on facebook everyday to show how a squat should be done. And I now you know this very well and you are just throwing out a different angle to the discussion.

| Yeah. I guess it’s really a question of how you define “natural”. Is it the way a baby does it, or is it or do you count in the constraints that comes with growing up, such as losing your mobility.

and about the baby picture, the baby does have good form and I don’t see any problem with an adult striving to get to that point by improving their mobility, etc.

| You’re right, Anoop, it is System 1 thinking, because squatting is one of the seven primal movements, not unlike bending, whether to deadlift 610 lbs. (as I do) or picking up a pencil. We pick up a pencil with a rounded back because it, too, is the most natural. Likewise, we pick up extremely heavy objects (> 90% of 1RM) with a rounded back because it is the only way we can generate enough strength. I’m in favor of System 2 thinking when unfamiliarity demands it, but too often it is used by pseudo-intellectuals to complicate the uncomplicated. This is why science so often postdates broscience or, more delicately, empirical observation, by a decade or more in many cases. In the meantime, the broscientists are 210 lbs. and 6% body fat, and the System 2 thinkers are still wondering if squatting ATG might hurt their knees. Man up and lift the weight.

| Hi Anoop, I’ve just came across this site and have been impressed with it’s quality, thanks for the posts. I’m glad you’ve brought up the squatting debate because it gives me a chance to ask a question that’s always bugged me whenever this issue comes up. In large parts of the world deep squatting is still a regular part of everyday life, if only because a large number toilets are still of the squat variety, has anyone ever made a study of these populations and their knees? I understand there are lots of other factors that could effect the results of a study of this kind, but it’s always seemed silly to me that research is carried out in populations where squatting is not a common movement.

Anoop | Hi Adam, Thank you and welcome. Even if squatting is regular pattern, adding weight on top of the body weight would make a difference. And if the applicability is for non-squatting nations, the research better be with subjects from non-squatting countries right? This is just one topic that is classic example of confirmation bias. People who deep squat will find evidence for deep squat and people who parallel squat would find evidence for that. Another reason why we should look at research.

| Thanks for your reply Anoop and that deos make sense. It makes me realise I’m bringing my own bias to this, I’ve always been made aware of this argument in relation to squatting in general (I’ve had people refer to both papers to justify the practising/not practising of normal un-weighted squatting in practising like yoga) so when I read this article I naturally lent to interpreting it that way. Re-reading I realise you and your commentators are speaking more of Olympic lift style weighted squatting which, as you point out, is a totally different ball game. So would a more accurate title be ‘Is weighted squatting in countries where squatting is not an everyday activity dangerous’?

| A couple of other factors to consider on the relative health of deep squats: 1. Joint mobility - inflexible ankles leads to the knees and hips picking up the slack. Same goes for bunged up hips…the knees are stuck picking up the slack for the hips & ankles 2. Squat technique - a hip dominant squat style (picture a Westside box squat) changes the amount of knee flexion significantly. Olympic & bodybuilding style squats are more knee dominant

| Hi, Anoop

For someone who want to limit the squat depth what will be a preferable option? Box squat?

| Well done. I will be sharing this with my staff and others!! Dwayne Wimmer

Owner

Vertex Fitness Personal Training Studio

| So which is a learned movement: To squat ATG like a child or to round our backs to pick up a pencil? Does our joint mobility and flexibility diminish with age because at some point we stop using it? Are these factors considered when any of these “studies” are conducted, or do we operate on the assumption that we are how we are because that’s the way it is… i.e. is there a better way, and what are we doing to learn/promote it?

| Hi Anoop, you wouldn’t have to pick up a pencil with a rounded back if you just squatted down deep enough to grab it with your back straight. Also, you’re right about biomechanically defaulting to a rounded back. If you watch a strongman competition, you’ll find that deadlifting (an odd object) with a rounded back is the go to form. As a fact, Kelly Starett (world renowned physio working in the crossfit community) teaches in his book “becoming a supple leopard” that you can have your back rounded as long as you know how to create intra-abdominal pressure to brace your spine. Primitively, it would have been the only position we could lift odd, heavy objects with. Great website by the way!

| I’m going to tell you right now deep squats ARE bad. I have no clue how this whole deep squat thing snowballed but apparently it’s from crossfit. i am the daughter of a professional football player and had this conversation with my dad. He explained that when he played, he had professional trainers tell him that squatting that low is dangerous and you could easily blow out your knees. You don’t have to take my word for it, but i’m sure you’d be much more inclined to listen to a professional athlete instead of some gym goer. Again, don’t know how the whole deep squat thing started but please, please, please don’t squat that low!!

| Squats are like any tool: The results you get are determined by how you use them. IMO, UNLOADED deep squats should be worked on every day for hip mobility. One of the things that determines the depth of loaded squats is how low you can go while keeping your spine in a neutral position. Some people can naturally go deep while some can’t. The depth of your hip sockets play a huge role too. Every individual has a depth that works for them.

| I hate the inconclusiveness of the data. I recently switched from low bar to high bar squats because low bar put a lot of pressure on my hips since they could never fully lock out at the top. Now after a few weeks of high bar squats in which the range of motion is a lot deeper, I’ve been having some bad knee pain which will require an MRI later in the week. The doctor has stated it could either be my ACL or a tearing of the meniscus. On the positive side, I am thinking that my knee problem doesn’t stem from a few weeks of high bar squats but instead from about 8 months of working at a job in which I have to stand all day on a concrete floor in old worn-out running shoes coupled with running up an down a set of stairs often throughout the day (and of course skipping steps on the way down and launching myself on the concrete). This, I’m hoping was the cause rather than squatting deep because I don’t want to stop squatting.

| I have been diagnosed with a torn meniscus ( left knee). My question is whether it is safe to use a platform vibration machine?

Would it simply shake the beegesus out of my knees?

Thanks, y’all.

| I myself suffer from patellar tendonitis, I believe was caused by improper form, training too heavy and too frequently. At the point when I developed this problem I was not squatting “ATG” although at the same time not quarter squatting. After some months of dealing with pain I took some time off and then changed my squat form focusing on keeping my knees out (by activating the glute medius) and actually started full squatting. Not what some ppl think of a full squat but literally to where u cannot drop any lower, all the while keeping ur torso as upright as possible. I look at squats like any other exercise in that a rep is not complete unless you go the full range of motion. Would u bring the bar down only a quarter of the way on bench press? Or only lift it a quarter of the way on a deadlift? No, and although my knee problem has not completely gone away because of insufficient rest, it has gotten better from better form even though I am now squatting much deeper. If the deep squats are causing pain I would look into the form of your squat and also consider working at lower weight to allow your knee joints to get strong enough to bear the weight you were once quarter squatting. Another added benefit is that you’ll look like you’re actually doing a squat, because 80% of the people I’ve seen squatting don’t go close to deep enough for it to be considered a decent rep.

| IMO they are bad only if you overdo it. If you’re just getting started with squats then you should do them with very little weight until your knees get strong enough. Then you can start increasing the weight gradually.

| Very nice article. One more point that i want to add. I have been lifting for 12-13 years now and what i have noticed that probably no survey can answer this question. Everyone’s body is made in a different way and reacts in a different manner to pressures on knees and feet. Even a slight incorrect form can mess up your legs.

Most of the fellow lifters experienced some kind of injuries and knee pains but nothing major. Some suffered accessory navicular stress because of either bad form or because they were made like this.

Again these are just observations, i could be very wrong 😊

| Ace on the article.

I agree that no research can be definitive simply because no ethical committee is going to pass us on testing how deep squat affects someone voluntarily. But based on my observation and experience, what I have against deep squats besides the shear stress it causes the PFJ is the lumbar flexion it causes at the depth of the squat. Now that to me as a physician is a red flag, as this predisposes to disc prolapses especially in the mid and lower lumbar. And considering that most avid lifters have little if any clue to the importance of biomechanics in preventing injuries. the absurb hip abduction followed by adduction with the awkward internal rotation of the knee to get the weights up is a sure shot killer to those knees. i think going slightly below parallel and taking into account the spine posture is the mark of ur depth. assess using a mirror. Lie down supine and pull ur knees towards your chest till you get about 90 degrees of hip flexion and determine the range of hip abduction that you are most comfortable at, and that will determine the width of your stance at which your body will perform the best. These are my recommendations. feel free to commend. cheers!!