BEIJING (REUTERS, NYTIMES, AFP) - China put a second city on lockdown on Thursday (Jan 23) and imposed tough travel restrictions on three others amid fears over the spread of a new coronavirus that has killed 18 people and infected nearly 600.

Health authorities in Hebei, just south of Beijing, said on Thursday an 80-year-old man infected with the coronavirus had died there, marking the first confirmed death outside Hubei province and raising the death toll to 18.

The restrictions on train and other forms of travel will apply to tens of millions of people and come just days before the Chinese New Year holiday, when hundreds of millions of people travel around and out of the country.

The Chinese authorities on Thursday morning closed off Wuhan — a major port city of more than 11 million people and the centre of a pneumonia-like virus that has spread halfway around the world — by cancelling flights and trains leaving the city, and suspending buses, subways and ferries within it.

By evening, officials planned to close off Huanggang city, shut rail stations in the nearby city of Ezhou, and impose travel restrictions on the smaller cities of Chibi and Xiantao as well.

The train station in Huanggang, which has a population of 7.5 million and is about 70km east of Wuhan - the first city that was put on lockdown - will be suspended until further notice from midnight. All vehicles will be checked, and bars and cinemas closed, said city authorities.

The railway station in a third nearby city, Ezhou, which has a population of over one million, will also close from tonight, though no other measures were announced.

Health officials fear that the transmission rate will accelerate as hundreds of millions of Chinese travel at home and abroad during week-long holidays for the Chinese New Year, which begins on Saturday.

The previously unknown virus strain is believed to have emerged late last year from illegally traded wildlife at an animal market in the central Chinese city of Wuhan.

The Chinese authorities gave no new details on the number of infections but it has been reported in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and several other countries, including the United States, stoking fears that it is already spreading worldwide.

Wuhan's city government had said it would shut down all urban transport networks and suspend outgoing flights from 10am. Domestic media said some airlines were operating after the deadline, however.

State media broadcast images of one of Wuhan's transport hubs, the Hankou rail station, nearly deserted, with gates blocked or barred. The government is urging citizens not to leave the city.

State media reported highway toll booths around Wuhan were closing down, which would effectively cut off road exits. Guards were patrolling major highways, one resident told Reuters.

As the city slipped into isolation, residents thronged hospitals for checks and scrambled for supplies, clearing out supermarket shelves and queueing for petrol.

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The authorities in Huanggang ordered indoor entertainment venues, including cinemas and Internet cafes, to close and were asking citizens not to leave, other than under special circumstances, state media said.

The authorities had confirmed 571 cases and 17 deaths by the end of Wednesday, China's National Health Commission said. Earlier, it said another 393 suspected cases had been reported.

Of eight known cases worldwide, Thailand has confirmed four, while Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States have reported one each.

In a report on Wednesday, Imperial College London said it estimated a total of 4,000 cases of the coronavirus in Wuhan alone as of Jan 18, an infection rate based on the number of cases reported in China and elsewhere.

VIRUS SPREADING

In contrast with its secrecy over the 2002-03 severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) outbreak that killed nearly 800 people, China's government has provided regular updates to avoid panic ahead of the holidays.

During a visit to Wuhan, Vice-Premier Sun Chunlan said the authorities needed to be open about the virus and efforts to contain it, the official Xinhua news agency said.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has said it will decide on Thursday whether to declare the outbreak a global health emergency, which would step up the international response.

If it does so, it will be the sixth international public health emergency to be declared in the last decade.

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Some experts believe the new virus is not as dangerous as previous coronaviruses such as Sars and Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed more than 700 people since 2012.

"The early evidence at this stage would suggest it's not as severe," Australia's chief medical officer Brendan Murphy told reporters.

WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told reporters in Geneva that China's actions were "very strong" but called on it to take "more and significant measures to limit or minimise the international spread".

"We stressed to them that by having a strong action, not only they will control the outbreak in their country but they will also minimise the chances of this outbreak spreading internationally. So they recognise that," he said.

Despite China's response, stock markets across Asia were on the back foot on Thursday, led by drops of roughly 1.5 per cent in Hong Kong and Shanghai, while China's yuan fell to a two-week low.

FLIGHTS, RAIL SUSPENDED

There is no vaccine for the virus, which can spread through respiratory transmission. Symptoms include fever, difficulty in breathing and cough, similar to many other respiratory illnesses.

Preliminary research suggested that the virus was passed on to humans from snakes, but government medical adviser Zhong Nanshan has also identified badgers and rats as possible sources.

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Confirmed sufferers include 15 medical workers.

Many Chinese were cancelling trips, buying face masks and avoiding cinemas and shopping centres, and even turning to an online plague simulation game as a way to cope.

The release of seven movies over the Chinese New Year has been postponed. The holiday is the high season for distributors and cinemas attract huge crowds.

Airports globally stepped up screening of passengers from China, and the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention said the further global spread of the virus was likely.

"Obviously this is a huge concern for the world," Britain's business minister, Ms Andrea Leadsom, told Sky.