Democrats and some Republicans called on President Trump to consult with Congress before further escalating hostilities with Iran, following a U.S. strike on a top Iranian military leader that drew concerns about a wider war breaking out in the region.

Sen. Tim Kaine (D., Va.) on Friday filed a war-powers resolution that would force a debate and vote in the Senate ending further military operations against Iran. The language makes clear that the U.S. would have the right to defend itself against imminent attack and that war...