This attitude reflects an enormous culture change that has begun to take hold in psychology. As recently as five years ago, researchers acted largely as their own editors, shaping the story their data told. But well before the publication of the new report, a handful of researchers around the world had begun setting up systems to increase transparency and data sharing. The report’s findings came as no surprise to them.

“We knew there were many results that were too good to be true,” said Jelte Wicherts, an associate professor in the department of statistics and methods at the University of Tilburg in the Netherlands. “It’s interesting. I’ve just joined a faculty where the young researchers, they’ve completely changed their ways. They share all their data on request, without any regulations; they put everything online before sending out papers for review. It’s a grass-roots effort.”

Since 2011, when a prominent Dutch social psychologist was caught faking data, the Association for Psychological Science and the Psychonomic Society have instituted stricter guidelines for submitted papers. A few journals, including Perspectives on Psychological Science, have begun to commission efforts by other scientists regularly to redo some studies and see if they come up with the same result.

“We have started asking for much more disclosure on submissions, asked for people to tell us why they selected this number of subjects, to do more sophisticated statistical analysis, to tell us if there were any variables they tested and aren’t reported in the manuscript — those sorts of things,” Dr. Kraut said.