Allen , Michael A. , and Flynn , Michael E. . 2013 . “ Putting Our Best Boots Forward: US Military Deployments and Host-Country Crime .” Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 ( 3 ): 263 –85.

Allen , Michael A. , Flynn , Michael E. , and VanDusky-Allen , Julie . 2017 . “ Regions of Hierarchy and Security: US Troop Deployments, Spatial Relations, and Defense Burdens .” International Interactions 43 ( 3 ): 397 –423.

Atkinson , Carol . 2014 . Military Soft Power: Public Diplomacy through Military Educational Exchanges . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield .

Bell , Sam R. , Clay , K. Chad , and Martinez Machain , Carla . 2017 . “ The Effect of US Troop Deployments on Human Rights .” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 ( 10 ): 2020 –42.

Biglaiser , Glen , and DeRouen , Karl Jr. 2009 . “ The Interdependence of US Troop Deployments and Trade in the Developing World .” Foreign Policy Analysis 5 ( 3 ): 247 –63.

Böhnke , Jan Rasmus , and Zürcher , Christoph . 2013 . “ Aid, Minds and Hearts: The Impact of Aid in Conflict Zones .” Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 ( 5 ): 411 –32.

Braithwaite , Alex , and Kucik , Jeffrey . 2017 . “ Does the Presence of Foreign Troops Affect Stability in the Host Country? ” Foreign Policy Analysis 14 ( 1 ): 536 –60.

Bueno de Mesquita , Bruce , Smith , Alastair , Morrow , James D. , and Siverson , Randolph M. . 2005 . The Logic of Political Survival . Cambridge : MIT Press .

Calder , Kent E. 2007 . Embattled Garrisons: Comparative Base Politics and American Globalism . Princeton : Princeton University Press .

Chanlett-Avery , Emma , and Rinehart , Ian E. . 2012 . The US Military Presence in Okinawa and the Futenma Base Controversy . Technical Report, Congressional Research Service .

Cooley , Alexander . 2008 . Base Politics: Democratic Change and the US Military Overseas . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .

Cooley , Alexander , and Nexon , Daniel H. . 2013 . “ ‘The Empire Will Compensate You’: The Structural Dynamics of the US Overseas Basing Network .” Perspectives on Politics 11 ( 4 ): 1034 –50.

Cull , Nicholas John . 2008 . The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .

Davis , Sasha . 2011 . “ The US Military Base Network and Contemporary Colonialism: Power Projection, Resistance and the Quest for Operational Unilateralism .” Political Geography 30 ( 4 ): 215 –24.

Defense Manpower Data Center . 2019 . Number of Military and DoD Appropriated Fund (APF) Civilian Personnel Permanently Assigned . Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense .

Finnemore , Martha . 1996 . “ Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology’s Institutionalism .” International Organization 50 ( 2 ): 325 –47.

Flynn , Michael , Martinez Machain , Carla , and Stoyan , Alissandra . 2019 . “ Building Trust: The Effect of U.S. Development-Oriented Troop Deployments on Public Opinion in Peru .” International Studies Quarterly 63 ( 3 ): 742 –55.

Fordham , Benjamin O. , and Kleinberg , Katja B. . 2011 . “ International Trade and US Relations with China .” Foreign Policy Analysis 7 ( 3 ): 217 –36.

Goldsmith , Benjamin E. , and Horiuchi , Yusaku . 2009 . “ Spinning the Globe? US Public Diplomacy and Foreign Public Opinion .” The Journal of Politics 71 ( 3 ): 863 –75.

Goldsmith , Benjamin E. , Horiuchi , Yusaku , and Wood , Terence . 2014 . “ Doing Well by Doing Good: The Impact of Foreign Aid on Foreign Public Opinion .” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 9 : 87 –114.

Gouldner , Alvin . 1979 . The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class . New York : Macmillan .

Government Relations Officer Interview . 2019 . “ Interview with Government Relations Officer at Clay Kaserne Army Base in Wiesbaden, Germany, 2019-07-25 .”

Harkavy , Robert E. 1989 . Bases Abroad: The Global Foreign Military Presence . Stockholm : SIPRI .

Heo , Uk , and Ye , Min . 2017 . “ U.S. Military Deployment and Host-Nation Economic Growth .” Armed Forces & Society 45 ( 2 ): 234 –67. , and. “.”):–67. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X17738219

Holmes , Amy Austin . 2014 . Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press .

Huckfeldt , Robert . 2001 . “ The Social Communication of Political Expertise .” American Journal of Political Science 45 ( 2 ): 425 –38.

Hudson , Valerie M. 2005 . “ Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations .” Foreign Policy Analysis 1 ( 1 ): 1 –30.

Hudson , Valerie M. , and Leidl , Patricia . 2015 . The Hillary Doctrine: Sex and American Foreign Policy . New York : Columbia University Press .

Ikenberry , G. John . 2004 . “ Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age .” Review of International Studies 30 ( 4 ): 609 –30.

Ikenberry , G. John . 2011 . Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order . Princeton : Princeton University Press .

Institute for International Education . 2018 . “ Host Regions and Destinations of U.S. Study Abroad Students. Technical Report Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange .” . “.” https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/US-Study-Abroad/Destinations

International Monetary Fund . 2018 . “ Direction of Trade Statistics. Technical Report International Monetary Fund .” . “.” http://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85

Interview with British Member of Parliament #1 . 2019 . Interview with British Labour Member of Parliament in London, 2019-07-17 .

Interview with Embassy Staff . 2018 . Interview with US Embassy Intern in Panama, 2018-07-12 .

Interview with Embassy Staff #4 . 2018 . Interview with US Embassy Staff in Peru #4, 2018-07-19 .

Interview with former President . 2018 . Interview with Former Panamanian President, 2018-07-14 .

Interview with German Peace Activist . 2019 . Interview with German Peace Activist in Berlin, 2019-07-23 .

Interview with Local Council Member #1 . 2019 . Interview with Local Council Member in Lakenheath, England, 2019-07-18 .

Interview with Panamanian Journalist . 2018 . Interview with Panamanian Journalist, 2018-07-13 .

Interview with Panamanian Journalist and Former Government Official . 2018 . Interview with Former Panamanian High-Ranking Government Official and Journalist, 2018-07-12 .

Interview with Peruvian Journalist . 2018 . Interview with Peruvian Journalist, 2018-07-18 .

Jennings , M. Kent , Stoker , Laura , and Bowers , Jake . 2009 . “ Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined .” The Journal of Politics 71 ( 3 ): 782 –99.

Jones , Garett , and Kane , Tim . 2012 . “ Us Troops and Foreign Economic Growth .” Defence and Peace Economics 23 ( 3 ): 225 –49.

Kleinberg , Katja B. , and Fordham , Benjamin O. . 2018 . “ Don’t Know Much about Foreign Policy: Assessing the Impact of ‘Don’t Know’ and ‘No Opinion’ Responses on Inferences about Foreign Policy Attitudes .” Foreign Policy Analysis 14 ( 3 ): 429 –48.

Lake , David A. 2009a . Hierarchy in International Relations . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .

Lake , David A. 2009b . “ Regional Hierarchy: Authority and Local International Order .” Review of International Studies 35 ( S1 ): 35 –58.

Lake , David A. 2013 . “ Legitimating Power: The Domestic Politics of US International Hierarchy .” International Security 38 ( 2 ): 74 –111.

Leeds , Brett Ashley , and Savun , Burcu . 2007 . “ Terminating Alliances: Why Do States Abrogate Agreements? ” The Journal of Politics 69 ( 4 ): 1118 –32.

Leeds , Brett Ashley , Ritter , Jeffrey M. , Mitchell , Sara McLaughlin , and Long , Andrew G. . 2002 . “ Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815–1944 .” International Interactions 28 ( 3 ): 237 –60.

Levine , Jeffrey . 2005 . Choosing Alone? The Social Network Basis of Modern Political Choice . In The Social Logic of Politics , ed. Zuckerman , Alan S. . Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press , 132 –51.

Liebkind , Karmela , and McAlister , Alfred L. . 1999 . “ Extended Contact through Peer Modelling to Promote Tolerance in Finland .” European Journal of Social Psychology 29 ( 5–6 ): 765 –80.

Marshall , Monty G. , Jaggers , Keith , and Gurr , Ted Robert . 2011 . “ Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010 .” , and. “.” http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm

Martinez Machain , Carla , and Morgan , T. Clifton . 2013 . “ The Effect of US Troop Deployment on Host States’ Foreign Policy .” Armed Forces & Society 39 ( 1 ): 102 –23.

McClurg , Scott D. 2006 . “ The Electoral Relevance of Political Talk: Examining Disagreement and Expertise Effects in Social Networks on Political Participation .” American Journal of Political Science 50 ( 3 ): 737 –54.

McGillivray , Fiona , and Smith , Alastair . 2018 . Punishing the Prince: A Theory of Interstate Relations, Political Institutions, and Leader Change . Princeton : Princeton University Press .

Melissen , Jan . 2005 . The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice . In The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations , ed. Melissen , Jan . New York : Palgrave , 3 –27.

Milner , Helen V. , and Tingley , Dustin . 2013 . “ Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay .” International Interactions 39 ( 3 ): 389 –401.

Moon , Katharine H. S. 1997 . Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in US-Korea Relations . New York : Columbia University Press .

Nelson , Daniel J. 1987 . Defenders or Intruders? the Dilemmas of US Forces in Germany . Boulder : Westview Press .

Nieman , Mark David . 2016 . “ The Return on Social Bonds: Social Hierarchy and International Conflict .” Journal of Peace Research 53 ( 5 ): 665 –79.

Nisbet , Erik C. , Nisbet , Matthew C. , Scheufele , Dietram A. , and Shanahan , James E. . 2004 . “ Public Diplomacy, Television News, and Muslim Opinion .” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 9 ( 2 ): 11 –37.

Nye , Joseph S. 2004 . Soft Power: The Means to success in World Politics . New York : Public affairs .

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer . Various Years . Operation and Maintenance Overview Budget Estimates . Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense .

Paolini , Stefania , Hewstone , Miles , Cairns , Ed , and Voci , Alberto . 2004 . “ Effects of Direct and Indirect Cross-Group Friendships on Judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The Mediating Role of an Anxiety-Reduction Mechanism .” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 ( 6 ): 770 –86.

Pettigrew , Thomas F. 1998 . “ Intergroup Contact Theory .” Annual Review of Psychology 49 ( 1 ): 65 –85.

Pettigrew , Thomas F. , Christ , Oliver , Wagner , Ulrich , and Stellmacher , Jost . 2007 . “ Direct and Indirect Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice: A Normative Interpretation .” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31 ( 4 ): 411 –25.

Pew Research Center . 2016 . “ A Wider Ideological Gap between More and Less Educated Adults .” . “.” http://www.people-press.org/2016/04/26/a-wider-ideological-gap-between-more-and-less-educated-adults/

Posen , Barry R. 2014 . Restraint: A New Foundation for US Grand Strategy . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .

Public Affairs Officer Interview . 2018 . Interview with US Embassy Public Affairs Officer in Panama, 2018-07-12 .

Public Affairs Officer Interview . 2019 . Interview with Public Affairs Officer at Clay Kaserne Army Base in Wiesbaden, Germany, 2019-07-25 .

Putnam , Robert D. 1988 . “ Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games .” International Organization 42 ( 3 ): 427 –60.

Putnam , Robert . 2001 . “ Social Capital: Measurement and Consequences .” Canadian Journal of Policy Research 2 ( 1 ): 41 –51.

Reveron , Derek S. 2010 . Exporting Security: International Engagement, Security Cooperation, and the Changing Face of the US Military . Washington, D.C. : Georgetown University Press .

Simbulan , Roland G. 2009 . “ People’s Movement: Responses to Evolving US Military Activities in the Philippines .” The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against US Military Posts , ed. Catherine Lutz. New York : Palgrave , 145 – 180 .

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) . 2019 . “ SIPRI Military Expenditure Database .” Online. . “.” Online. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex

Tokdemir , Efe . 2017 . “ Winning Hearts & Minds (!) The Dilemma of Foreign Aid in Anti-Americanism .” Journal of Peace Research 54 ( 6 ): 819 –32.

United States Department of Defense . Various Years . Military Construction, Family Housing, and Base Realignment and Closure Program (C-1) . Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) .

Vine , David. 2015 . Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World . New York : Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt .

Voeten , Erik , Strezhnev , Anton , and Bailey , Michael . 2009 . “ United Nations General Assembly Voting Data .” , and. “.” https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ

Wohlforth , William C. 1999 . “ The Stability of a Unipolar World .” International Security 24 ( 1 ): 5 –41.

Woolcock , Michael , and Narayan , Deepa . 2000 . “ Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy .” The World Bank Research Observer 15 ( 2 ): 225 –49.

World Bank . 2018 . “ World Development Indicators .” . “.” https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators

Wright , Stephen C. , Aron , Arthur , McLaughlin-Volpe , Tracy , and Ropp , Stacy A. . 1997 . “ The Extended Contact Effect: Knowledge of Cross-Group Friendships and Prejudice .” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 ( 1 ): 73 –90.