Apple and Google have been criticized by rights groups for hosting Absher, an app that allows men in Saudi Arabia to track and control where women travel.

Absher is a Saudi government website, which INSIDER reported on at length last week. It is available on Google Play and iTunes and has been downloaded more than 1 million times.

Under Saudi law, every woman has a legal "guardian" who can restrict her travel to specific airports and routes and get automated alerts when they cross borders.

Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and a women's-rights activist told INSIDER that Apple and Google should reconsider hosting the app.

Yasmine Mohammed, a critic of Saudi Arabia, said, "There's a definite tragedy in the world's most technologically progressive platforms, Apple and Google, facilitating the most archaic misogyny."

Neither Apple nor Google responded to repeated requests for comment.

Read INSIDER's full report on Absher here.

Apple and Google have been accused of helping to "enforce gender apartheid" in Saudi Arabia, by offering a sinister app that allows men to track women and stop them leaving the country.

Both Google Play and iTunes host Absher, a government web service that allows men to specify when and how women can cross Saudi borders, and to get close to real-time SMS updates when they travel.

Absher also has benign functions — like paying parking fines — but its travel features have been identified by activists and refugees as a major factor in the continued difficulty women have leaving Saudi Arabia.

Neither Apple nor Google responded to repeated requests for comment from INSIDER over several days before the publication of this article.

INSIDER reported on the existence of Absher last week, along with the story of Shahad Al Mohaimeed, a Saudi teen refugee who evaded the system to claim asylum in Sweden.

This is a screenshot from a desktop version of Absher, with added labels to explain its functions:

On this form guardians can say where women can go, how long for, and which airports they can go to. Absher

A page on Absher where a guardian can see which permissions are active, and easily change them if needed. Absher

Since the story was published, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have both expressed concern about Google's and Apple's roles in hosting the app, which has been installed on smartphones more than 1 million times.

Human Rights Watch told INSIDER: "Apple and Google have rules against apps that facilitate threats and harassment.

"Apps like this one can facilitate human rights abuses, including discrimination against women."

Google CEO Sundar Pichai. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have warned Google and Apple about the repercussions this app can have on women in Saudi Arabia. Beck Diefenbach/Reuters

Amnesty International told INSIDER that the SMS alerts are "another example of how the Saudi Arabian government has produced tools to limit women's freedoms."

It called on Apple and Google to accept that the app is being used to harm women, and demand changes to stop it happening in the future.

Read more: Q&A: The hurdles and obstacles Saudi women runaways face

Yasmine Mohammed, a former Muslim and an outspoken critic of Saudi Arabia, told INSIDER that the companies are "facilitating the most archaic misogyny" and help the Saudi government to enforce "gender apartheid."

According to the Google Play store, Absher has been downloaded on Android devices more than 1 million times. Apple does not disclose download figures for apps.

The login page of the iOS Absher app in Arabic, asking for a government ID and password. Absher

The alert system, which can be set up inside Absher, is one of the main reasons women trying to flee Saudi Arabia get caught, according to activists.

The function tips off male guardians while the fleeing women can still be apprehended, according to Taleb Al Abdulmohsen, a Saudi refugee who sought asylum in Germany.

Adam Coogle, a Middle East researcher at Human Rights Watch, also told INSIDER about the SMS alerts and corroborated Al Abdulmohsen's story.

Here are the criticisms of Google and Apple in full:

Rothna Begum, Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch:

"Apple and Google have rules against apps that facilitate threats and harassment. Apps like this one can facilitate human rights abuses, including discrimination against women.

"In evaluating whether an app should be allowed, app store providers should be considering the broader context of the purpose of the app, how it is used in practice, and whether it facilitates serious abuses. Companies should apply extra scrutiny to government-operated apps in particular.

"Even though the app is more general purpose, the government could simply remove the guardianship tracking functionality from the app, and continue to offer the rest of the functionality. (In other words, we wouldn't say that governments shouldn't be able to offer government services through mobile apps, just not services that facilitate abuses.)"

Dana Ahmed, Saudi Arabia researcher for Amnesty International:

"We call on these companies to assess the risk of human rights abuses and mitigate harm that these apps may have on women.

"This is another example of how the Saudi Arabian government has produced tools to limit women's freedoms.

"The tracking of women in this way curtails their movement and once again highlights the disturbing system of discrimination under the guardianship laws."

Yasmine Mohammed, a former Muslim and a women's-rights activist:

"There's a definite tragedy in the world's most technologically progressive platforms, Apple and Google, facilitating the most archaic misogyny.

"What irony. In the West these technologies are used to improve lives and in Saudi Arabia they're used to enforce gender apartheid."

Read more: Saudi Arabia runs a huge, sinister online database of women that men use to track them and stop them from running away