Mrs. Kirchner and the other defendants appealed the ruling this week and are set to return to court on Tuesday for a hearing before a higher court.

Image An Argentine judge has accused Ronald K. Noble, a former secretary general of Interpol, above, of taking part in a cover-up in the investigation into a 1994 terrorist attack at a Jewish community center in Argentina. Mr. Noble has rejected that claim. Credit... Mohd Fyrol/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Mr. Noble said he was stunned by how badly Argentine judicial officials had bungled the investigation into the bombing.

“There has never been a case at Interpol with the kind of investigative, prosecutorial and judicial problems that have allowed a murderous terrorist attack where 85 persons were killed and many more wounded more than 20 years ago to go unpunished,” he said.

Since the ruling was issued, Judge Bonadio has come under attack from all sides of the political spectrum. Experts and politicians have questioned the strength of the evidence underpinning the accusation and suggested that it may have been politically motivated.

Judge Bonadio did not respond to a request for comment.

He is not the first to implicate Interpol in a cover-up in the bombing case. Alberto Nisman, the special prosecutor appointed to investigate the bombing, made a similar allegation against Mrs. Kirchner shortly before he died under mysterious circumstances in January 2015. Mr. Nisman alleged that the Argentine government asked Interpol to pull red notices filed against Iranians as part of a deal that sought to expand commerce between the nations.

An investigation into Mr. Nisman’s death is continuing.

“There is no evidence to support Judge Bonadio’s conclusion that there existed some kind of secret agreement between Argentina and Interpol to remove the AMIA red notices,” Mr. Noble, 61, wrote. “If Judge Bonadio were interested in the truth, he could have contacted Interpol’s former general counsel.”

Judge Bonadio suggested in his ruling that Mr. Noble might have enabled Mrs. Kirchner because the former Interpol chief had a “close relationship” with former Foreign Minister Héctor Timerman, who was also charged with treason in the case last week. Mr. Timerman, who is undergoing cancer treatment, is under house arrest.