The key characteristic of python is readability. It is of great importance that we leverage on readability, since code is read much more often than it is written.

Jeff Knupp in his book “Writing Idiomatic Python”, states that;

“We may document our code extensively, write exhaustive unit tests, and hold code reviews three times a day, but the fact remains: when someone else needs to make changes, the code is king.”

Python has code style guidelines and idioms. Idioms in a programming language let future readers know exactly what we’re trying to do.

I have listed 15 tips that will help you become a smart python programmer.

1. Chained comparison operators

Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily. It makes the statements more concise and also has a positive effect on performance.

Bad

if x <= y and y <= z: # do something

Good

if x <= y <= z: # do something

2. Indentation

Avoid placing conditional branch code on the same line as the colon. Python uses indentation to indicate scope, and it makes it easy to determine what will be executed as part of a conditional statement.

Bad

name = 'John'; address = 'Kampala' if name: print(name) print(address)

Good

name = ‘John’ address = ‘Kampala’ if name: print(name) print(address)

3. Use the Falsy & Truthy Concepts

One thing to avoid is comparing directly to True, False or None. The Term “truthy” refers to values that shall always be considered true, and “falsy” refers to values that shall always be considered false.

For example an empty list/sequences [], empty dictionaries {} None, False, Zero for numeric types, are considered “falsy”. On the other hand, almost everything else is considered “truthy”.

Bad

x = True y = 0 if x == True: # do something elif x == False: # do something else if y == 0: # do something ls = [2, 5] if len(ls) > 0: # do something

Good

(x, y) = (True, 0) # x is truthy if x: # do something else: # do something else # y is falsy if not y: # do something ls = [2, 5] if ls: # do something

4. Ternary Operator replacement

Python does not have the ternary operator (e.g: x ? True : False) that many languages have. However an alternative form may be used:

Bad

a = True value = 0 if a: value = 1 print(value)

Good

a = True value = 1 if a else 0 print(value)

5. Use the ‘in’ keyword

Checking a variable against a number of values repeatedly is unnecessarily verbose. Use a check for existence instead.

Bad

city = 'Nairobi' found = False if city == 'Nairobi' or city == 'Kampala' or city == 'Lagos': found = True

Good

city = 'Nairobi' found = city in {'Nairobi', 'Kampala', 'Lagos'}

The in keyword is also useful when iterating over an iterable.

Bad

cities = ['Nairobi', ‘Kampala’, ‘Lagos’] index = 0 while index < len(cities): print(cities[index]) index += 1

Good

cities = [‘Nairobi’, ‘Kampala’, ‘Lagos’] for city in cities: print(city)

6. Use ‘return’ to evaluate expressions, in addition to return values

Bad

def check_equal(x, y): result = False if x == Y: result = True return result

Good

def check_equal(x, y): return x == y

7. Multiple assignment

Always use multiple assignment to condense variables all set to the same value. This greatly improves the readability of your code.

Bad

x = 'foo' y = 'foo' z = 'foo'

Good

x = y = z = 'foo'

8. Formatting Strings

The worst approach to formatting strings is to use the + operator to concatenate a mix of static strings and variables. However, the clearest and most idiomatic way to format strings is to use the format function. It takes a format string and replaces placeholders with values.

Bad

def user_info(user): return 'Name: ' + user.name + ' Age: '+ user.age

Good

def user_info(user): return 'Name: {user.name} Age: {user.age}'.format(user=user)

9. List comprehension

Use list comprehensions to create lists or a transformed version of a list. When list comprehensions are used well, they increase code clarity. There are also performance benefits that arise from list comprehensions.

Bad

ls = list() for element in range(10): if not(element % 2): ls.append(element) # We may also employ a lambda function ls = list(filter(lambda element: not(element % 2), range(10)))

Good

ls = [element for element in range(10) if not(element % 2)] 10. enumerate(list)

In scenarios where you may want to access the index of each element in a list, its better you employ the enumerate function.

Bad

ls = list(range(10)) index = 0 while index < len(ls): print(ls[index], index) index += 1

Good

ls = list(range(10)) for index, value in enumerate(ls): print(value, index)

11. Dictionary Comprehension

The list comprehension is a well known python construct. However, less is known about the dict comprehension. Its purpose is to construct a dictionary using a well understood comprehension syntax.

Bad

emails = {} for user in users: if user.email: emails[user.name] = user.email

Good

emails = {user.name: user.email for user in users if user.email}

12. Sets

Leverage on the powerful set operations. Understanding the basic mathematical set operations is the key to harnessing their power.

Union : The set of elements in A, B or both (written as A | B)

Intersection: The set of elements in both A and B (written as A & B)

Difference: The set of elements in A but not in B (written as A — B)

NB The order matters for Difference. A — B is NOT the same as B — A.

Symmetric Difference: The set of elements in either A or B but not both A and B (written as A ^ B)

Bad

ls1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] ls2 = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] elements_in_both = [] for element in ls1: if element in ls2: elements_in_both.append(element) print(elements_in_both)

Good

ls1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] ls2 = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] elements_in_both = list( set(ls1) & set(ls2) ) print(elements_in_both)

13. Set Comprehension

The set comprehension syntax is relatively new and often overlooked. Just as lists, sets can also be generated using a comprehension syntax.

Bad

elements = [1, 3, 5, 2, 3, 7, 9, 2, 7] unique_elements = set() for element in elements: unique_elements.add(element) print(unique_elements)

Good

elements = [1, 3, 5, 2, 3, 7, 9, 2, 7] unique_elements = set(elements) print(unique_elements)

14. Use the default parameter of ‘dict.get’ to provide default values

Many times we overlook the definition of the default parameter in the usage of dict.get(). However in order to avoid the nasty KeyError exception, its good practice we provide a default value.

Bad

auth = None if 'auth_token' in payload: auth = payload['auth_token'] else: auth = 'Unauthorized'

Good

auth = payload.get('auth_token', 'Unauthorized')

15. Don’t Repeat Yourself (DRY)

Always try not repeat code blocks as you write your code. Whenever you find yourself repeating something, think about creating helper methods/functions or even variables. DRY is a complex programming model; here is a very nice article to get you started.

Bad

if user: print('------------------------------') print(user) print('------------------------------')

In the example above, we have repeated — over 30 times which is really not good. We can improve it thus:

Good

if user: print('{0}

{1}

{0}'.format('-'*30, user))

There is still a lot to cover about idiomatic python. The knowledge I have shared is just a tip of the iceberg.

Detailed examples and explanations can be found in Jeff Knupp’s book Writing Idiomatic Python. You can grab yourself a copy from here.