The brilliant success Mr. Erdogan enjoyed for years after coming to power more than a decade ago has been tarnished recently by street protests, a devastating mine disaster and a lengthy corruption scandal. The government’s support for Arab uprisings further isolated it from former allies.

Many here are now blaming the Turkish government for facilitating the rise of extremists in Syria.

Turkish leaders have expressed concern about the rise of jihadists near their borders, and say they have stepped up efforts to track extremists. But they have said little about the militant surge in Iraq, and a spokesman for the Foreign Ministry declined to comment on how it would affect Turkish policy.

Lately, however, Ankara has given some indications that it is adjusting to the shifts in its region.

This month, it classified the Nusra Front, Al Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate, as a terrorist organization — a year and half after the United States did so. In Ankara on Tuesday, Mr. Erdogan called on European nations to stop jihadis from traveling to Turkey. And Turkish officials have remained quiet about the takeover of the Iraqi city of Kirkuk by the forces of the Kurdistan Regional Government, a show of assertiveness that would have prompted instant condemnation a few years ago.

That silence could mean that Turkey sees Iraq’s Kurds as the only reliable partners in a country on the edge of a new civil war between Sunnis and Shiites, said Sinan Ulgen, a Turkey scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Brussels.