Free Monads using FreeK

My previous post on Free Monad implemented a few DSL using Free Monads. The same day I published it I discovered FreeK by Pascal Voitot. How does FreeK help you when building a Free Monad?

I’ve updated my code on Free Monad with a sample using FreeK. The sample contains my previous implementation which only used Cats Free implementation, so you can compare both side by side.

I can say upfront that FreeK removed a bit of boilerplate and made the implementation slightly cleaner. I feel the main benefit of FreeK is not so much the Free Monad tooling (which, don’t misunderstand me, is good!) but it’s integration with monad transformers, as well as the way it manages what Pascal calls monadic onions of result types.

Implementing Free with FreeK

The first step is, as expected, to define our languages. I assume (from now onwards) that you have read my previous post so I won’t discuss details already tackled in there.

With FreeK we define our language like this:

object Orders { sealed trait DSL [ A ] final case class ListStocks () extends DSL [ List [ Symbol ]] final case class Buy ( stock : Symbol , amount : Int ) extends DSL [ Response ] final case class Sell ( stock : Symbol , amount : Int ) extends DSL [ Response ] }

which is no different as how we were doing it before; a trait with case classes. The convention of calling the trait DSL and embedding it in the object is one I’ll use from now on, but it’s not exclusive of FreeK, can be used without it.

An interpreter is defined as:

object OrderInterpreter extends ( Orders . DSL ~> Id ) { import Orders._ def apply [ A ]( a : Orders.DSL [ A ]) = a match { case ListStocks () => println ( s "Getting list of stocks: FB, TWTR" ) List ( "FB" , "TWTR" ) case Buy ( stock , amount ) => println ( s "Buying $amount of $stock" ) "ok" case Sell ( stock , amount ) => println ( s "Selling $amount of $stock" ) "ok" } }

which, again, is an alternative to the way we were defining interpreters before. Not FreeK exclusive, but nicer :)

So let’s define the rest of our languages:

// Log dsl object Log { sealed trait DSL [ A ] final case class Info ( msg : String ) extends DSL [ Unit ] final case class Error ( msg : String ) extends DSL [ Unit ] } // Defining the interpreter for Log object LogInterpreter extends ( Log . DSL ~> Id ) { import Log._ def apply [ A ]( a : Log.DSL [ A ]) = a match { case Info ( msg ) => println ( s "[Info] - $msg" ) case Error ( msg ) => println ( s "[Error] - $msg" ) } } // Audit dsl object Audit { sealed trait DSL [ A ] final case class UserAction ( user : UserId , action : String , values : List [ Values ]) extends DSL [ Unit ] final case class SystemAction ( job : JobId , action : String , values : List [ Values ]) extends DSL [ Unit ] } // Audit interpreter object AuditInterpreter extends ( Audit . DSL ~> Id ) { import Audit._ def apply [ A ]( a : Audit.DSL [ A ]) = a match { case UserAction ( user , action , values ) => println ( s "[USER Action] - user $user called $action with values $values" ) case SystemAction ( job , action , values ) => println ( s "[SYSTEM Action] - $job called $action with values $values" ) } } // Messaging dsl object Messaging { sealed trait DSL [ A ] final case class Publish ( channelId : ChannelId , source : SourceId , messageId : MessageId , message : String ) extends DSL [ Response ] final case class Subscribe ( channelId : ChannelId , filterBy : Condition ) extends DSL [ Payload ] } // Messaging interpreter object MessagingInterpreter extends ( Messaging . DSL ~> Id ) { import Messaging._ def apply [ A ]( a : Messaging.DSL [ A ]) = a match { case Publish ( channelId , source , messageId , message ) => println ( s "Publish [$channelId] From: [$source] Id: [$messageId] Payload: [$message]" ) "ok" case Subscribe ( channelId , filterBy ) => val payload = "Event fired" println ( s "Received message from [$channelId] (filter: [$filterBy]): [$payload]" ) List ( payload ) } }

Ok, languages defined. Next, let’s define our Free type (or Coproduct for multiple types)

The Free/Coproduct type

In here is where FreeK provides the first big improvement. FreeK contains a specialised implementation of Shapeless Coproduct for higher-kinded structures. The result is that we can define a type that includes several languages in one go, instead of having to create the chain of Coproduct we built in the previous post.

With FreeK you use the same syntax for a Free that includes one or several languages:

type PRGOne [ A ] = ( Log . DSL :|: FXNil ) # Cop [ A ] // PRG is the one we will use in our code type PRG [ A ] = ( Log . DSL :|: Audit . DSL :|: Orders . DSL :|: FXNil ) # Cop [ A ]

Interpreters get a similar benefit. You can leverage FreeK specific syntax to easily compose interpreters from multiple languages. The only restrictions are:

the interpreters must all be transformations to the same Monad (as with any composition of Natural Transformations, nothing new here)

they must be declared in the same order the types are defined in our PRG declaration.

val interpreter : Interpreter [ PRG , Id ] = LogInterpreter :|: AuditInterpreter :|: OrderInterpreter

With this we have our free type and the interpreter. That was easy! We just need the program to execute, and we are done.

The program

If you have noticed, in the previous post we created some kind of support methods that lifted our case classes to a Free Monad. But this time we have not built anything similar. So, how are we going to use our case classes in a for-comprehension?

The answer is given by *FreeK and a support method appropriately called freek[A] . Let’s see an example of its usage by replicating the logic in our original program:

val program : Free [ PRG , Response ] = for { _ <- Info ( "I'm going to trade smartly" ). freek [ PRG ] _ <- UserAction ( "ID102" , "buy" , List ( "APPL" , "100" )). freek [ PRG ] _ <- Buy ( "APPL" , 200 ). freek [ PRG ] _ <- Info ( "I'm going to trade even more smartly" ). freek [ PRG ] _ <- UserAction ( "ID102" , "buy" , List ( "MSFT" , "100" )). freek [ PRG ] _ <- Buy ( "MSFT" , 100 ). freek [ PRG ] _ <- UserAction ( "ID102" , "sell" , List ( "GOOG" , "100" )). freek [ PRG ] rsp <- Sell ( "GOOG" , 300 ). freek [ PRG ] _ <- SystemAction ( "BACKOFFICE" , "tradesCheck" , List ( "ID102" , "lastTrades" )). freek [ PRG ] _ <- Error ( "Wait, what?!" ). freek [ PRG ] } yield rsp

As you can see we are using the case classes we defined with our languages, directly. The magic happens within the freek[PRG] call, which lifts our case class to a Free Monad of the Coproduct defined by PRG .

We have replaced support methods using Free.liftF or Inject with this call, which some people may argue is not a huge benefit, code wise. Personally, I believe it’s a big win as we have less clutter around our languages, where now we just see case classes and interpreters, and all the extra syntax is located within the program itself. Also, adding new languages is much simpler. What’s not to like?

We can execute this program to verify it works:

println ( s "Use interpreter on `program`: ${program.foldMap(interpreter.nat)}" )

Oh, by the way, remember that program that was returning a List inside the monad, and thus required the use of traverse? Yes, we can also implement it using FreeK:

val programWithList : Free [ PRG , Response ] = for { st <- ListStocks (). freek [ PRG ] _ <- st . traverseU ( Buy ( _ , 100 ). freek [ PRG ]) rsp <- Sell ( "GOOG" , 100 ). freek [ PRG ] } yield rsp

We still need the traverseU trick, but it works the same, as freek[PRG] returns a monad an that fits the signature of traverseU . So we can port our programs, we are not losing any core functionality by using FreeK.

Orders via Messages

The last use case explored in the previous post was to define Orders as a set of Messaging operations, by chaining natural transformations from Orders , to Messaging , and to Id . Can we do this with FreeK? Let’s start by defining a new interpreter from Orders to Messaging :

object OrdersToMessagesInterpreter extends ( Orders . DSL ~> Messaging . DSL ) { import Orders._ import Messaging._ def apply [ A ]( a : Orders.DSL [ A ]) = a match { case ListStocks () => Publish ( "001" , "Orders" , UUID . randomUUID (). toString , "Get Stocks List" ) Subscribe ( "001" , "*" ) case Buy ( stock , amount ) => Publish ( "001" , "Orders" , UUID . randomUUID (). toString , s "Buy $stock $amount" ) case Sell ( stock , amount ) => Publish ( "001" , "Orders" , UUID . randomUUID (). toString , s "Sell $stock $amount" ) } }

Next step, let’s integrate this interpreter into the interpreter chain we defined before. To do this, we need to replace OrderInterpreter by a composition of the new interpreter (from Orders to Messaging ) and the existing interpreter from Messaging to Id :

val interpreterWithMessaging : Interpreter [ PRG , Id ] = LogInterpreter :|: AuditInterpreter :|: ( MessagingInterpreter compose OrdersToMessagesInterpreter )

and then we run our program:

println ( s "Use interpreter with Messaging on `program`: ${program.foldMap(interpreterWithMessaging.nat)}" )

It works, so it seems we can do what we expected! Can’t we?

Well, the astute reader (i.e.: one that has read up to this point… congratulations!) will notice that in our previous implementation we were using a for-comprehension in OrdersToMessagesInterpreter for the case of ListStocks . As we are working with case classes directly, not with monads, we can’t build the for-comprehension.

I’ve tried to work around it by creating some additional types to lift the classes via freek[A] , so we can have the same code as before, but it’s become a bit verbose which means that, most likely, I’m doing something wrong :) Just be aware this use case may require a bit more effort than the others.

In summary

I like FreeK, as it simplifies working with Free Monads. There may be a couple of scenarios which need either more work or a better understanding of the library, but in general it seems like a robust solutions. Let’s not forget it also provides utilities to mix monad transformers with our Free monads, which will solve several pains related to monad stacks.

So if you want to use Free monads in our code, please give Freek a go :)

That’s all for now, I hope this was informative and useful. As always, feedback via Twitter/Email is more than welcome. Cheers!