German public broadcaster ARD said on Tuesday that it had obtained lists of human remains still held by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, the group administering Berlin's state museums.

The list shows that the foundation holds more than 1,000 skulls originating from Rwanda and some 60 from Tanzania. Both countries belonged to the German East Africa colony from 1885 to 1918.

Some of the remains are believed to have come from insurgents who were killed by German troops during the colonial wars. Their skulls were subsequently sent to Berlin for "scientific" experiments.

The foundation has held the so-called Luschan Collection of remains since late-2011, to which the skulls currently belong. Among the artifacts, there are some 4,600 other skulls collected by researcher Felix Luschan between 1885 and 1920.

Hermann Parzinger, the foundation's chief, told ARD the organization "has no problem with returning these things."

However, the foundation has said it must still clarify if the lists of the remains correspond with population records of the time. Only following careful scientific research should the remains be handled, it said.

Restituting the skulls

Parzinger's calls for a swift return have been widely echoed. Rwanda's ambassador to Berlin, Igor Cesar, said it was important that the skulls be taken out of the foundation's storage facility and returned.

Germany's former Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul also called for the skulls to be returned. "We now require the participating universities and institutions to return these bones to the respective countries in a dignified manner," she said.

Many DW users from Tanzania have reacted to the findings on DW's Kiswahili Facebook Page, most of them apparently shocked by the discovery and demanding their return. Miraji Mwana Kibinda said that her body was trembling when she saw the skulls. "I am so hurt by what was done to our ancestors." Dismas Komba thinks that it would be better if the skulls were just buried, "because they are of no importance, but evoke bitter feelings of what happened to our people."

This is not the first time Germany has been prompted to return human remains to their respective countries. In the past five years alone, Germany has returned remains kept among its anthropological collections to countries such as Australia, Paraguay and its old colony Namibia.

Overall, Germany has handed back some 20 skulls belonging to indigenous Namibians. After ARD reported in 2008 that the skulls were still being kept at the Medical History Museum of the Charite hospital in Berlin and at Freiburg University, Namibia pushed for the restitution of the remains.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history 'Our future is on the water' Under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Germany's colonial empire was established on territories in present-day Namibia, Cameroon, Togo, parts of Tanzania and Kenya. Emperor Wilhelm II, crowned in 1888, sought to further expand colonial possessions by establishing new fleets (picture). The German Empire wanted its "place in the sun," declared a later chancellor, Bernhard von Bülow, in 1897.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history German colonies Acquisitions were made in the Pacific (North New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Marshall and Solomon Islands, Samoa) and in China (Tsingtao). A conference in Brussels in 1890 determined that the German Empire would obtain the kingdoms of Rwanda and Burundi, connecting them to German East Africa. By the end of the 19th century, Germany's colonial conquests were largely completed.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history A system of inequality The "white" population in the colonies was a small, highly privileged minority - rarely more than one percent of the population. In 1914, about 25,000 Germans lived in the colonies, slightly less than half of them in German South-West Africa. The 13 million natives in the German colonies were seen as subordinates, with no access to legal recourse.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history The first genocide of the 20th century The genocide against the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia) is the most serious crime in Germany's colonial history. During the Battle of Waterberg in 1904, most Herero rebels escaped into the desert, where German troops systematically blocked their access to water. More than 60,000 Herero are estimated to have perished.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history German crime Only about 16,000 Herero survived the extermination campaign. They were then detained in concentration camps, where many more died. The exact number of victims was never established and remains a point of controversy. How long did these emaciated Herero survive after fleeing through the desert? At any rate, they had lost all personal possessions, livelihood and future perspectives.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Colonial war with far-reaching consequences From 1905 to 1907, a broad alliance of ethnic groups rose against colonial rule in German East Africa. An estimated 100,000 locals died in the Maji-Maji Rebellion. Although hardly ever discussed in Germany afterwards, it remains an important chapter in the history of Tanzania.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Reforms in 1907 In the aftermath of the colonial wars, administration in the German colonies was restructured with the aim of improving living conditions there. Bernhard Dernburg, a successful entrepreneur (pictured being carried in German East Africa), was appointed Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs in 1907 and introduced reforms in Germany's colonial policies.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Science and the colonies Along with Dernburg's reforms, scientific and technical institutions were established to deal with colonial issues, creating faculties at today's universities of Hamburg and Kassel. In 1906, Robert Koch directed a long expedition to East Africa to investigate the transmission of sleeping sickness. Pictured above are microscopic specimens collected there.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Colonies lost Defeated in World War I, Germany signed the peace treaty in Versailles in 1919 specifiying that the country would renounce sovereignty over its colonies. Posters like this depicted Germans' consequent fear of lost economic power, poverty and misery in the homeland.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Colonial ambitions of the Third Reich Colonial aspirations resurged under the Nazis - and not just the ones laid out in the "Generalplan Ost," which outlined the colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by means of genocide and ethnic cleansing. The Nazis also aimed to recover the country's lost African colonies, as is evident in this school map from 1938. They were to provide resources to Germany.

Racist, ruthless, cruel: Germany's colonial history Thorny process Negotiations for a joint declaration on the genocide of the Herero and Nama are now entering a difficult phase. While Germany stalls when it comes to financial compensation, there are also shortcomings in the internal political structures of Namibia. Herero representatives recently filed a formal complaint to the UN to object their exclusion from the current negotiations. Author: Julia Hitz (eg)



dm/sms (dpa, AFP, KNA)