“Everyone knows Goma as a place where there are bandits and rebels, where the volcano can just come and destroy you,” said Kazadi on a recent afternoon, sitting amid large plastic vats of his pungent brew.

Today, atop a layer of petrified lava that once reduced his home to ashes, the 53-year-old operates an expanding factory that’s helped make him one of the DRC’s leading health-food entrepreneurs. His product, a fermented, medicinal tea known as kombucha, has become a hit in town and across the country — with rising demand that keeps Kazadi and his 15 staff members on the move 24 hours a day. In the city at the nexus of the DRC’s 20-year humanitarian crisis , Kazadi is one of several local businessmen who are implementing bold ideas despite a host of risks — and bringing about a renewal of their town in the process.

In 2002, Kazadi and his family were among the tens of thousands of Goma residents who lost their homes to Nyiragongo, the fiery volcano that looms 12 miles north of town. Its eruption that year leveled a fifth of the city. Ever since, and despite nearly 20 years of simmering conflict in the eastern DRC and the certainty that Nyiragongo will one day blow again, Kazadi has bucked Goma’s reputation as a dangerous, restive backwater and focused on building a business.

A land of hazards

Despite the ever-present threat of Nyiragongo, the Goma of Kazadi’s youth was a far less perilous place than the city is today. Until the early 1990s, Goma — which derives its name from the Swahili word for “drum” due to the rumbling of the volcano — was a pleasant lakeside border town and hub of small-scale trade with neighboring Rwanda. Yet following the 1994 Rwandan genocide, when more than a million refugees crossed into the DRC, then known as Zaire, in less than a week, security began to deteriorate. Among the Rwandan arrivals, interspersed among women, children and the elderly were thousands of armed militiamen and members of the defeated Rwandan army. In an effort to feed their families, many turned to banditry, stealing livestock, uprooting farmer’s crops and killing anyone who tried to stop them.

Two years later, after the new government in Kigali launched an invasion to disperse the camps along its borders — and eventually, with the help of local rebels, overthrew longtime Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko — insecurity gave way to full-scale war. By the late 1990s, much of the eastern DRC had become a theater of regional conflict that drew in nine African national armies and dozens of rebel militias. Some were backed by outsiders, while others were formed in resistance to external threats. Although the war officially ended in 2003, scores of rebel outfits are still active today, and large swaths of Congo’s east remain beyond the control of state authority. By some measures, the country’s web of intermingled conflicts has been responsible for the deadliest humanitarian crisis since World War II. According to one study by the International Rescue Committee, an estimated 5.4 million people died as a result of conflict and the related humanitarian crisis between 1998 and 2007 alone, mostly due to nonviolent causes like diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria and malnutrition.

Goma, which was occupied by Rwanda-backed Congolese Rally for Democracy rebels from 1998 until a 2003 peace agreement that integrated them into the national government, has seldom been the epicenter of violence, serving instead as a frequent place of refuge for residents of the region’s more embattled towns and rural areas. Still, awash with weapons and patrolled by corrupt, underpaid and often predatory security forces, the city of 1 million is anything but safe. According to Danny Kayeye, a local historian and radio host, security has actually gotten worse since late 2012, when another Rwanda-backed rebellion, the March 23 Movement, occupied and then abandoned the city. A major source of the problem, he says, are the more than 1,000 former inmates who escaped from Goma’s squalid Muzenze Prison when their overseers, fleeing the rebels, abandoned their posts.

“These prisoners went back to being bandits,” Kayeye said. “Sometimes soldiers even let them use their weapons to rob people, and then they share the spoils.”

Then there are Goma’s threats of nature. The presence of Nyiragongo, which is characterized by unusually fluid magma, with fissures that extend directly beneath the city, has led some to call Goma an African Pompeii in the making — a place that will one day be wiped out entirely. According to Mathieu Yalire, chief geochemist at the Goma Volcano Observatory, a government body that monitors Nyiragongo and its sister volcano, Nyamuragira, Goma has grown far too big to be destroyed by a single eruption. Still, he says, much of the city remains highly vulnerable — not only to future lava flows, but to the effect that an eruption could have on the large quantities of methane and carbon-dioxide gases present in the waters of Lake Kivu.

Since 1986, when Cameroon’s small, gas-rich Lake Nyos experienced a sudden release of carbon dioxide, asphyxiating more than 1,700 people, scientists from around the world have closely monitored the unique biochemistry of Kivu. Although most believe it will take at least a century for gas quantities in the main body of the lake to reach a point of saturation — and therefore imminent risk of catastrophic release, known as a limnic eruption — a lava flow interacting with the lake’s gas-rich deep waters could trigger such an event much sooner. Moreover, in the Gulf of Kabuno, a shallower, semidetached embayment at the lake’s northwest, recent measurements have shown concentrations of CO 2 that are approaching saturation just 13 yards below the surface. Although scientific opinion is divided on the extent of the Kabuno risk, Yalire believes a disaster greater in scale than Nyos is within the realm of possibility. Should the gas in Kabuno erupt, he says, the effect on Goma — 15 miles to the east — will depend on how much is released, as well as the prevailing winds.

“If the wind is blowing toward Goma, it could kill very many people,” Yalire said. “Kabuno is a big risk.”