At the start of the last decade, Kallan Benson was 5 years old, her favourite story was “The Secret Garden,” and Earth was in the midst of its warmest year on record.

Benson had heard about climate change (her mother is an environmental scientist), but she didn’t know world leaders had just signed an agreement calling it “one of the greatest challenges of our time.”

She cared about Earth, but she trusted adults to protect it.

She doesn’t feel that way anymore.

By the final year of the decade, the planet had surpassed its 2010 temperature record five times. Hurricanes devastated New Jersey and Puerto Rico and floods destroyed the Midwest and Bangladesh. Southern Africa was gripped by a deadly drought. Australia and the Amazon are ablaze. Global emissions are expected to hit an all-time high this year, and humanity is on track to cross the threshold for tolerable warming within a generation.

The 2010s were a “decade of disappointment,” said Benson, now 15 and a national co-ordinator for the youth climate organization Fridays for Future. If the world is to stave off further disasters, the next decade must be one of unprecedented climate action, she said.

“This decade that we’re going into now will be the most important of our lives,” Benson said. “We’re kind of running out of options. And we’re running out of time.”

Ten years ago, the United Nations released its first “emissions gap” report detailing the disparity between commitments made by nations to reduce greenhouse gases and what is needed to meet global temperature targets. It estimated that countries should be curbing emissions about 3 per cent per year.

But that hasn’t happened, said Surabi Menon, vice president for global intelligence at the ClimateWorks Foundation and a steering committee member for the UN’s emissions gap reports. “We’ve left ourselves with a very narrow window to take the kind of action that needs to be taken,” she said.

The 2015 Paris Climate Accord — the first-ever global agreement to limit warming to “well below two degrees Celsius” — was important, Menon said. But the promises made at that meeting fell short. According to the latest emissions gap report, temperatures can be expected to rise 3.2 C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century, unless the world’s top emitters increase their Paris commitments.

Right now, most aren’t on track to meet even their most modest targets. The world is already about 1 C warmer than it was before humans started burning fossil fuels. Global annual emissions have increased 4 per cent since the Paris agreement was signed. And the average concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere — “the only number that matters,” in the words of Phil DeCola, chief scientist for the World Meteorological Organization’s greenhouse gas monitoring program — is the highest in human history.

Meanwhile, improved scientific models found that even two degrees of warming — once thought to be a reasonable target — could be practically intolerable in parts of the world. To get on track to achieve a less disastrous 1.5 C rise, a landmark UN report found that nations must nearly halve emissions by 2030.

The UN’s 1.5 C analysis provoked widespread alarm after it was published in 2018. Politicians referred to the report at rallies, teenagers quoted it during school walkouts. “If we don’t do something by then,” 14-year-old climate activist Alexandria Villasenor said in February, referring to 2030, “it will be the end of my world.”

But climate scientists caution against treating 2030 as a deadline, and 1.5 C as a threshold for extinction.

“Climate change is not a cliff, it’s not a pass-fail course,” said Georgia Tech researcher Kim Cobb. “If we meet the 1.5 target, there may still be tons of ugly surprises. And if we don’t meet it, it’s not that everybody’s going to die.”

According to Cobb, the report is better understood as a road map for navigating the perilous path to sustainability.

“Our decisions over the next 10 years will affect the magnitude of climate change for centuries to come,” she said. “I don’t think it can get more sobering than that.”

The first and most important step will be to reduce fossil-fuel consumption, experts say. According to the latest emissions gap analysis, the past 10 years of inaction have more than doubled the rate at which emissions must fall; to meet the 1.5 C goal, emissions must be cut by 7.6 per cent each year.

Such action would require “unprecedented transformation of society,” the report acknowledged.

But many of the solutions needed — both economic and technological — already exist. The report called on the global community to replace coal power with renewable energy, de-carbonize transportation and manufacturing, and help developing nations build green infrastructure to meet their growing power needs.

Ending subsidies for fossil fuels could reduce global emissions 10 per cent by 2030, the UN has found. And eliminating “short-lived” greenhouse gases — including methane, black carbon and fluorinated gases, which linger in the atmosphere less than carbon dioxide but trap more heat — over the next 20 years could help Earth avoid between 0.6 and 0.8 C of warming by 2050, research suggests.

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Menon draws hope from progress that’s been made on the ground in the past decade, even as global leaders fell short. Global renewable energy capacity has quadrupled since 2010, largely thanks to improved technology and falling costs, she noted. People increasingly see climate change as a threat; a Washington Post poll this year found that 76 per cent of American adults view the issue as a “major problem” or a “crisis.” This year’s global climate strikes, led by teenagers such as Benson and Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, were among the largest environmental protests in history.

“We know what we have to do,” Menon said. “And we know there are pathways, there are policies, and there are people willing to do it.”

The rate at which greenhouse gases are removed from the atmosphere must also increase, said Tufts University climate scientist William Moomaw, a contributor to the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Natural systems currently absorb more than half the carbon people produce, and a 2018 study found that conservation, restoration and improved land management practices could reduce the United States’ net emissions by as much as 21 per cent. But cutting down forests, dredging wetlands and polluting the coasts reduces that capacity.

“If we don’t actually reverse the rise of carbon dioxide, so that we are lowering the concentrations in the atmosphere, it’s just going to go on getting worse and worse,” Moomaw said.

In the bleak report released this August, the UN forecast the consequences of inaction on land. Warming beyond 1.5 C will lead to high risk of drought, wildfires, destructive hurricanes and outbreaks of agricultural pests, scientists said. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could lower the nutritional quality of crops and raise grain prices. Millions will be at risk of losing their homes, livelihoods and lives to natural disasters, and countries will be destabilized by mass migrations.

Many parts of the world are already experiencing this extreme change; a Washington Post analysis this year found that roughly 10 per cent of the globe has surpassed 2 C of warming since the pre-industrial era.

“The stakes are high. The climate impacts are severe. And people almost everywhere in the world are experiencing that and waking up,” Menon said. “That gives me hope.”

It’s when she considers the political decisions needed to fight warming that she feels pessimistic.

At the recent COP 25 climate talks in Madrid, the world’s leading emitters, including the U.S. and China, did not increase their commitments to cut emissions. Officials deferred until next year the task of establishing a global carbon trading system.

“It felt like betrayal,” said Benson, the 15-year-old activist, who lives in Annapolis, Maryland. “But for me, it means that I have to keep doing what I’m doing. Keep soldiering on.”

On a chilly December Friday, shivering through her weekly climate strike at the U.S. Capitol, the teenager tried to imagine what the next 10 years might look like. But the normal life milestones — dates and dances, college, a job — were hard to picture. Until the global climate outlook changes, Benson can’t envision doing anything but activism.

It all depends on what happens to the planet. And that depends on what people decide to do.

Finally, Benson sighed.

“I really can’t predict the future,” she said. “There’s so many ways this decade could go.”

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