by Paul R. Taylor, B.A. B.S.

This is a review of “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases IV: Cancer and Related Pathologies,” by Anthony Samsel and Stephanie Seneff at Deerfield NH and MIT, respectively.

Glyphosate, more commonly known as Roundup, is a general, broad spectrum herbicide. In the mid-1970s, it was used in a limited scope prior to planting or post-harvest to kill weeds and other undesirable plants growing in fields, lawns, decorative gardens, and orchards. Due to its broad spectrum herbicidal action, it could be used for little else because it killed not only weeds but also crops. It was also discovered in Scotland in the 1980s that glyphosate applied typically to grain crops late in the growing season, just as they began to ripen, could speed up the death of the plants and make whole fields ripen together allowing earlier harvest.

Moving forward another decade, the 1990s saw the advent of the first Roundup Ready crops. These were genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that were made to be resistant to glyphosate. This meant that these crops (corn, wheat, and soy) could be planted and then glyphosate could be applied to control weeds and undesirable plants without disrupting the growth of these Roundup Ready crops because they were resistant to the action of glyphosate.

As such the use of glyphosate has grown significantly since its first introduction in 1974 and is easily one of the most widely used herbicides in North America and in other parts of the world. Glyphosate does its job by blocking the critical shikimate pathway. This pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). This pathway is not present in humans and many other higher life forms that cannot synthesize these compounds and must acquire them from food. However, in plants, bacteria, fungi and other organisms, this is an important pathway. Blocking it will kill the organism. So how does this affect humans? If one looks at the amino acid set, it can have a profound impact. These amino acids are required from our food. However, our gut has a huge microbiome, which we are now learning provides us with many things including these necessary amino acids and folate. While they may not be the only source, they are a source we have relied on.

Now that we have a little background on glyphosate, how it works, and know that it is used extensively, let’s dig in more to what the article is telling us. Monsanto, the company responsible for the development of glyphosate, spent years researching this product to bring it to market as an herbicide. To that end, glyphosate does exactly what it was meant to do, kill vegetation. However, the article shows that in presenting its case to accept glyphosate as a safe and effective herbicide, Monsanto deceived or obfuscated their data for reviewers at the EPA. To accomplish this, they often added historical controls to their control population data. These historical controls might be from controls done on previous experiments and even experiments that were not theirs or related to the experiments they were doing. This is not always bad assuming enough is known about each historical experiment to make true correlations between the individual sets of data.

However, in Monsanto’s studies, the individual experiments showed that there was statistical evidence that glyphosate was unsafe. The historical controls were from studies with previous data that showed incidents similar problems to those of the glyphosate-treated animals. This meant that that controls from the study plus historical controls used to compare to glyphosate-treated animals, showed little or no incidents of problem. In addition, when data on the historical controls was analyzed, it was found that 9 out of 13 feeds used in controls were in fact contaminated with glyphosate. Thus the “spontaneous” diseases found in those historical controls may well have been caused by hazardous chemicals already present in the feed. When rat chow was analyzed independently, significant glyphosate and a common metabolite of glyphosate were found in three distinct rat chow formulations, which have a base of corn, soy, and wheat. So while Glyphosate was approved by the EPA for use. In fact even with information provided to the EPA Approval Committee for glyphosate the approval of glyphosate was not unanimous, there were those who signed the document DO NOT CONCUR.

So what did the individual studies reveal in the animal (primarily rats) studies when the historical controls were removed and only comparison to the experimental controls was used?

Kidney damage was seen with male animals having higher incidents or more severe damage than females.

was seen with male animals having higher incidents or more severe damage than females. A 26-month long-term study by Bio/dynamics found multitudes of tumors in glands and organs including pituitary, thyroid, thymus, mammary glands, testes, kidney, pancreas, liver, and lungs.

in glands and organs including pituitary, thyroid, thymus, mammary glands, testes, kidney, pancreas, liver, and lungs. Other studies showed cataracts formation as well as other pathology in the eyes due to feeding of glyphosate in mice and rats.

as well as other pathology in the eyes due to feeding of glyphosate in mice and rats. Bioaccumulation was also noted in rats as found by Monsanto in a 1988 study. Males retained greater amounts of the dose than females in organs, tissues, and carcasses.

was also noted in rats as found by Monsanto in a 1988 study. Males retained greater amounts of the dose than females in organs, tissues, and carcasses. Further problems in animals or humans arise from the activity of glyphosate and one of its metabolites in the gut flora. In rats, as well as humans, the gut flora can manufacture folate , an important nutrient, which neither rats nor humans synthesize on their own. As noted above, the shimitake pathway is shut down in plants and bacteria by glyphosate. So folate deficiency can arise from impairment of this pathway in our gut flora. Several tumors can be induced in liver and other organs due to folate deficiency.

, an important nutrient, which neither rats nor humans synthesize on their own. As noted above, the shimitake pathway is shut down in plants and bacteria by glyphosate. So folate deficiency can arise from impairment of this pathway in our gut flora. Several tumors can be induced in liver and other organs due to folate deficiency. Furthermore in laboratory animals it was found that choline chloride, a common additive in animal feed, also enhances the uptake of glyphosate in plants. In a study of US male health workers, it was shown that high intake of choline chloride increased risk of lethal prostate cancer. In the rat chows’ test, all were positive for choline chloride and, as already noted, many chows were positive for glyphosate and one of its metabolites.

In the rat chows’ test, all were positive for choline chloride and, as already noted, many chows were positive for glyphosate and one of its metabolites. A variety of pet chows were analyzed and all examined were found positive of glyphosate and its metabolites (at varying levels). The American Veterinary Medical Foundation stated that the leading cause of death for older pets is cancer. The Morris Animal foundation (founded 1948) found 25% of dogs will die of cancer and mammary cancers are also on the rise in cats and dogs.

There is limited direct evidence that glyphosate is carcinogenic. However, Monsanto’s own studies indicate it reacts with nitrogen oxides to form N-nitrosoglyphosate (NNG). N-nitroso is toxic and has been shown to induce cancers in more than 40 different animal species including higher primates.

However, Monsanto’s own studies indicate it reacts with nitrogen oxides to form N-nitrosoglyphosate (NNG). N-nitroso is toxic and has been shown to induce cancers in more than 40 different animal species including higher primates. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) a fatty liver disease is on the rise due to high fructose (often sourced from corn) intake. Normally this is processed by gut flora but it is suspected that increased levels of glyphosate are disrupting the shimitake pathway in the gut flora and therefore fructose is getting delivered to the liver for processing.

and therefore fructose is getting delivered to the liver for processing. Diabetes is on the rise and often results from bile dysregulation and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, both of which can result from higher glyphosate levels in the food supply. It also marks an increase of inflammation and increased risk of liver cancer and cancers of the intestinal tract. As shown in Monsanto’s data for rats, kidney abnormalities increased in rats. Similarly the rise of kidney disease and kidney failure is on the rise in humans, this increase took a sharp upturn in 2006.

and often results from bile dysregulation and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, both of which can result from higher glyphosate levels in the food supply. It also marks an As shown in Monsanto’s data for rats, kidney abnormalities increased in rats. Similarly the rise of kidney disease and kidney failure is on the rise in humans, this increase took a sharp upturn in 2006. Glyphosate has been shown to cause hyperproliferation of skin keratinocytes suggesting carcinogenicity there as well.

suggesting carcinogenicity there as well. Incidents of breast cancer are also on the rise and incidents correlate very closely to the increase in glyphosate usage.

While there is compelling evidence don’t take my word for it, read the article yourself and draw your own conclusion. The authors certainly covered a large body of evidence that does not look favorably on glyphosate. For the benefits it may generate in the field growing crops, it certainly appears that the evidence supports it playing a role in the increasing incidents of a variety of degenerative diseases including cancer in both animals and humans through various mechanisms.

Samsel A., Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases IV: cancer and related pathologies. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry15(3):121-159 · January 2015.

Paul Taylor got his BA in biochemistry and BS in microbiology from Kansas State University with an emphasis in genetics, immunology, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and biochemistry. He began working at Riordan Clinic in July 1994 for the RECNAC project as a research scientist, primarily accessing nutrients and vitamins particularly vitamin C on their effect on tumor and normal cells lines. He remains an invaluable part of the Riordan Clinic staff as his role has transitioned to Information Services in addition to his time devoted to research. He is still involved in research through data analytics for monitoring trends and improving protocols at Riordan Clinic.