DUBAI—Boeing Co. on Monday signed an order for 75 single-aisle planes with India’s Jet Airways, valued at around $8 billion at list price, and talked up the prospects for one of its specialist military aircraft at the Dubai Air Show.

The Indian carrier, part owned by Etihad Airways, is buying Boeing’s 737 Max 8 narrowbody jetliner, an upgraded version of the planemaker’s best-selling aircraft.

Boeing...