DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY SOVIET AND CZECHOSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH (U) PREPARED BY U. S. ARMY MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION AGENCY, OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL SG1B SG1B Approved For Release 20d3/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 SG1B SOVIET AND CZECHOSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH (U) AUTHORS Mr. Louis F. Maire III Major J. D. LaMothe, MSC DST-1810S-387-75 DIA TASK PT-1810- 12-75 DATE OF PUBLICATION September 1975 Information Cut-off Date 15 April 1975 SG1B SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 SG1B PREFACE SG1B (U) The data were drawn from intelligence reports, scientific and techni- cal journals, books, magazines, newspapers, and personal communications. SG1B (U) Constructive criticism, comments;, or suggestions are encouraged and should be forwarded to the Defense Intelligence Agency, (ATTN: DT-1) , Washington, DC 20301. iii (Reverse Blank) Approved For Release 20 03/04/18 : CIA-RDP9B-00787R000500420001 -2 SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 SG1B DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No . Preface 1 ' 111 Summary V11 PART I EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP) 1 SECTION I BACKGROUND 1 SECTION II TELEPATHY (ENERGY TRANSFER) IN ANIMALS 9 SECTION III TELEPATHY (ENERGY TRANSFER) IN MAN 15 Part A Classical Theories and Experiments 15 Part B Current Soviet/Czech Theories and Research Objectives *” 20 SECTION IV TELEPATHIC BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION 29 Part A Basic Research 29 Part B Applied Research 29 PART II PSYCHOTRONIC GENERATOR RESEARCH 33 PART III PSYCHOKINESIS RESEARCH 41 PART IV OUT-OF-THE-BODY PHENOMENA 53 SECTION I REMOTE VIEWING : 53 SECTION II THE APPORT TECHNIQUE 55 PART V CONCLUSIONS — 57 PART VI TRENDS AND FORECASTS 61 PART VII GAPS 63 APPENDIX - PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES 65 1. USSR - Affiliation Known 65 2. USSR - Affiliation Unknown 66 3. Czechoslovakia - Affiliation Known 66 4. Czechoslovakia - Affiliation Unknown 67 v Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP9B-00787R000500420001-2 SG1B SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 Selected Bibliography Data Handling Distribution List Page No . 69 73 75 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Comparison of US and Soviet Parapsychology Terms Psychotronic Model of Man Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Generator Psychotronic Rotor 3 23 35 36 37 38 39 48 52 SG1B vx Approved For Release 2*03/04/18 : CIA-RDR96-00787R000500420001-2 SGI B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 SUMMARY (U) During the past 25 years, Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have reported that paranormal phenomena such as extrasensory perception (ESP), telepathy, and psychokinesis (PK) have been demonstrated under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions. Skeptics in both nations have attacked the study of such phenomena on both scientific and political - ideological grounds. Criticism based on political ideology has stemmed from the fact that much past research has been non-materialistic in the sense that results have not been reported in terms of contemporary conven- tional science. Thus the critics feel that parapsychology has fostered continued belief in mysticism, occultism, and religion. (U) In order to rebut the skeptics’ contentions that psychic phenomena do not fit accepted scientific and political thought, Soviet and Czech sci- entists now argue that there are many well established "facts” which remain as anomalous to scientific paradigms as extrasensory perception (ESP). ESP refers to information which is not received via the usual senses, and as a general term, includes telepathy (the Soviet "biocommunication") and psychokinesis or PK (the Soviet "bioenergetics"). Communist parapsycho- logists argue that after decades of research, conventional science still has no satisfactory neurophysiological explanation of memory, nor is there any appropriate model for explaining how raw data impinging on man’s senses are transformed into a conscious experience. They also point to the dema- terialized character of contemporary physics, a science filled with such bizarre components as advance potential (waves of electrons perceived be- fore they are generated) , tunneling effects (electrons penetrating barriers which, by the laws of probability, should be impenetrable), and tachyons (particles traveling faster than light, and thus implying the possibility of a backward flow of time). In short, they conclude that "hard" science no longer offers a secure rationale for the denial of the possibility of any noncausal event. vn SG1B Approved For Release 200^/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-007|87R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 PART I EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP) SECTION I - BACKGROUND (U) Parapsychology is a field involving research on the informational and energetic possibilities of the psychic and biophysical activities of living organisms. Parapsychology investigates the complex of phenomena relating to the interaction of living organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment without the mediation of the known sense organs or of presently identified energy transfer mechanisms. Western parapsychologists refer to this complex of phenomena as extrasensory perception (ESP) and psi phenomena. (U) The Soviets prefer the term biocommunications instead of parapsychol- ogy, psi phenomena, or ESP. Other Soviet terms which are equivalent to the term parapsychology include psychophysiology, psychotronics , psycho- energetics, and biophysical effects. The Soviet term biocommunications can be further subdivided into two general classifications: bioinforma- tlon and bioenergetics. Bioinformation includes paranormal events between living organisms (telepathy, precognition) and events between living organisms and the inanimate world. Bioenergetics denotes activities such as biological locator and indicator techniques (dowsing) , bioenergetic therapy using electromagnetic (EM) fields, and psychokinesis, or the in- fluence of bioenergy on matter. Definitions of the term^ biocommunica- tions, bioinformation, and bioenergetics are as follows: BASIC TYPES OF BIOCOMMUNICATION PHENOMENA (U) General: Biocommunications A branch of science involved with the human capability of obtain- ing information from other than the normal senses and the ability to respond to or reasonably interpret such information. Bio- communications, also synonymous with parapsychology, is, however, distinct from other sciences in that it is primarily concerned with determining the nature of a definite group of natural phenomena controlled by laws which are nof based on any presently known energetic Influence. Approved For Release 20Q B/Q4/18 : C1A-RDP961 00 7§7f&Ei 0500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S- 387-75 September 1975 TYPE I: Bioinformation Those phenomena associated with the obtaining of information through means other than the normal sensory channels, e.g. - through extrasensory perception (ESP) . There are several forms of ESP, including: a. Telepathy, transmission, or "reading" of thoughts, refers to the extrasensory reception of information about the mental processes of others. b. Proscopy or precognition is a form of ESP which, under certain circumstances, involves crossing the barrier of time to obtain information about future events. c. Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers to the extrasen- sory reception of information about objective events in the outer world. TYPE II: Bioenergetics Bioenergetics involves phenomena associated with the production of objectively detectable effects through means other than known energetic influences. Seemingly incredible effects have been reported, such as the movement of distant objects without any detectable use of physical force (psychokinesis or telekinesis) , antigravitational effects, transformations of energy, electro- magnetic effects arising without adequate physical cause, and chemical reactions and biological processes occurring through mental concentration. (U) A comparison of US and Soviet parapsychology terms is given in Figure 1. 2 STAT Approved For Release 2p03/04/18 : CIA-RqP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 s STAT [ DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 Fig. 1 Comparison of US and Soviet Parapsychology Terms (U) US Parapsychology PSI Phenomena ESP i ! ( Soviet Biocommunications c* Psychophysiology Equals ( Psychotronics ( Psychoenergetics ( Biophysical Effects Biocommunications A. Bioinformation B. Bioenergetics Telepathy ) Precognition ) Equals Bioinformation Dowsing ) Equals Bioenergetics Psychokinesis ) (U) In recent years, Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have begun using the term "psychotronics" in reference to all aspects of their paranormal phenomena research. They define psycho tronics as the study of those borderline phenomena and signs of human existence that have a psycho- somatic base, but manifest themselves in such a way that they more or less exceed the framework of this base. Such phenomena include auto- suggestion, hypnosis, telepathy, psychokinesis, and other paranormal effects and phenomena. The Czech term does not encompass the study of stigmata, levitation, etc. , since these are considered to be hallucinatory states or processes and, as such, areas of investigation and treatment more appropriate for psychology or psychiatry. ^ In general, however, the Czech science of psychotronics includes the study of all phenomena presently being investigated by Soviet and Western parapsychologists. 3 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-181QS-387-75 September 1975 (U) Current Soviet and Czech parapsychological terms and objectives have evolved in a climate of fluctuating political pressure. Scientists in pre-revolutionary Russia studied parapsychology as did later such Soviet scientists as V.M. Bekhterev, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky, and B.B. Kazhinsky in the twenties and thirties . 4 In 1924, A.V. Lunakharsky, Commissar for Education, took the initiative in forming a Soviet Committee for Psychical Research. As a result of Academician V.M. Bekhterev's enthusiasm for the subject, extensive work was financed at the University of Leningrad Inst tute for Brain Research. L.L. Vasilev, a former student of Bekhterev s demonstrated to his own satisfaction that telepathic influence at a dis- tance may indeed occur. Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported in the literature in 1934, 1936, and Afte ^ 1937 further experiments in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. During Stalin's time, the study of paranormal phenomena was interpreted j as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines of materialism, tele- pathy was treated as a mystical and antisocial superstition and nothing further was heard of parapsychology in the Soviet Union until the late 1950s. Then, as a result of French newspaper articles, rumors began to circulate that American researchers had disproved the brain-radio theory as a result of ship-to-shore telepathy experiments involving the US atomic submarine Nautilus. The Nautilus "experiments" probably were mythical, but the claims had one tangible consequence: the Soviet authorities per- mitted Vasilev, then Professor of Physiology and holder of the Order of Lenin, to publish his own earlier work in which decades previously he had proven to his own satisfaction that radio-type brain waves did not mediate telepathy. Vasilev was also allowed to open a unit for the study of parapsychology at the Institute for Brain Research. His work first reached the West with an English translation of his monograph Experiments in Mental Suggestion" in 1963. The result was instant international interest. Numerous Western researchers traveled to the Soviet Union an <| found a fair amount of activity and interest in the paranormal, although the research approaches were frequently different from those in the West. Soviet workers tended to be far more preoccupied with whole-body physical and biological effects rather than with the "mental phenomena with which Western researchers had long been preoccupied. (U) Some of the first parapsychologists to visit the Soviet Union after the publication of Vasilev's work described the differences in atmosphere pervading two conferences in 1963 and 1968. During the first, free an cordial exchange of views was possible; the second was overshadowed by an article in Pravda attacking parapsychology which largely wrecked the formal plans for the program. Most of the Soviets declined to speak. Western visitors were pressed to deliver impromptu lectures, and the House of Friendship in Moscow withdrew its invitation to hold further meetings or allow films to be shown there. From this time onwards, with certain Approved For Release 200B/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-d0787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 fluctuations, official hostility towards parapsychology increased m the Soviet Union. For example, Soviet authorities took the strongest possible exception to a best-seller in the West, Ostrander and Schroeder s Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain. "5 Edward K. Naumov, then Director of the Institute of Technical Parapsychology, Moscow, was cited throughout as the journalists' guide and mentor. Unfortunately, the Voice of America beamed a radio program into the Soviet Union discussing the ^hroeder^and Ostrander book, a broadcast that was construed as a politically motivated attack using parapsychology as a weapon. Apart from this episode, it is not entirely clear why Soviet officialdom should have taken such fierce exception to a frankly popular, sensational, and rather chaotic book, whic was not taken seriously by many Western scientists. The most plausible interpretation seems that the Soviets were worried that they might be _ believed by the world's scientific community to be self-proclaimed champion^ and leaders of parapsychology. In fact, Soviet scientists < are just as divi- ded among themselves concerning parapsychology as scientists _ elsewhere a since 1972, a number of openly critical publications concerning parapsy- chology research have appeared in the Soviet Union. A few examples of such open attacks follow. (U) In 1972, V.M. Bleykher (a reputable Soviet neurophysiologist) pub- lished a book titled "Parapsychology - Science or Superstition. In an annotation to this book (and, in fact, as the lead paragraph) Bleykher stated, "this book is designed (sic) to debunk parapsychology. The book began with such arcane and archaic topics as phrenology . (headbump reading) and ended with a chapter prefaced by a cartoon showing a bro sweeping the Russian word "parapsychology," out of the picture. The entire bias of the book was to make a direct link between 19th century "spiritualism" and 20th century parapsychology. (U) In 1973, Kazakhs tans kay a Pravda (Alma-ata) carried an article by Doctor of Medical Science V. Podachin, titled "Careful: Paramedicine . In his article, Podachin openly attacked "unproven telepathic trans mission of information over distances from one person to another on t e basis of their neuropsychic states," and criticized parapsychologists "for claiming to obtain results that are completely unrelated to t e cause- and-ef feet principle." (U) In October 1973 a long and detailed paper entitled "Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?" was published in Questions of Philosophy, an official publication of the Soviet Academy of Pedogogical Sciences, y four eminent members of the Moscow Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, V.P. Zinchenko, A.N. Leontiev, B.F. Lomov, and A.R. Luria. They explicitly set out "to express the viewpoint of the USSR Society of Psychologists STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 towards parapsychology." "Obviously," they wrote, "some so-called para- psychological phenomena do happen; however, the mam obstacle to the acceptance of their existence is ignorance of the basis of their opera tion." It is not clear from this paper just which parapsychological phenomena "obviously do happen;" the only ones which the authors unam biguously supported as authentic were Kirlian photography (radiation field photogrpahy by means of which the biological energy ie. s n ° plants and animals may be visualized) and "dermal-optical vision ( e alleged ability to see colors through opaque shielding by touch alone) . Paradoxically, Kirlian photography is probably based on known forms o energy, while dermal-optical vision has no known basis in fact. A large portion of the paper was in fact devoted to a denunciation of militant parapsychologists," popular credulity, fraudulent practices, physicists who quite unnecessarily change their jobs to investigate paranorma phenomena, sensationalistic journalists, and institutions such as the^ Institute for Technical Parapsychology (which was cited by name) . Ap parently , the objective of the paper was to discredit as myth any idea of a "parapsychological movement" in the Soviet Union, and to insure that the science of parapsychology should not continue to emerge. To quote the authors, "there is no need for parapsychology to exist as a separate discipline." (U) There is additional evidence that the official attitude toward parapsychology in the Soviet Union may have changed. In the 1960 s, Moscow parapsychologist Edward K. Naumov was recognized internationally as the unofficial Soviet spokesman for the science. In March o± iy/4, Naumov was arrested and sentenced to two years hard labor. In January 1975, parapsychologist Larissa Vilenskaya, who had previously been per mitted to visit Naumov in jail, was herself arrested. The reason for her arrest is not known, but Naumov was apparently convicted of taking tees for his lectures without the permission of the appropriate authorities. According to reports from the Soviet Union, the fees seem to have been j collected in the normal way by the club's director and his assistant. | However, both were subsequently declared psychologically unfit to testi y, certified schizophrenic, and referred for some unspecified form of invo untary treatment at the Serbskiy Institute of Forensic Psychological Ex pertise. This Institute's director, Dr. Andrej Snezhnevsky, is wi e y known for his psychiatric zeal on behalf of ideological orthodoxy and for his opposition to parapsychology. At the trial Snezhnevsky himse gave evidence to the effect that parapsychology was a pseudoscience based on. idealism and mysticism. Although 40 witnesses said they had bought their tickets from the club's director or his representative, Naumov was found guilty and sentenced to two years in a camp. According to Lev .Regels on, a Moscow physicist, Naumov's offense was twofold: first, despite reiter ated warnings from the KGB he had "maintained free, personal, human con tacts with foreign scholars..." and made use of the material he receive Approved For Release 2hn.3/n4/18 ■ n iA-RnP 9 fl-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 200 3/ 0 4/ 1 8 : G I A-RD PI96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 for disseminating information on parapsychology in the USSR. Naumov s second fault is ideological. Up to most recent times parapsychology has been looked on in the Soviet Union as "mysticism" and "pseudoscience, sharing the fate of the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, cyber- netics, genetics, etc. (U) Naumov's trial and the dismissal from their posts of others who had been active in parapsychology in the Soviet Union in the 1960 s may mark the end of a phase during which free and indeed spirited discussion of parapsychological topics was permitted throughout the Soviet Union, and during which a fair amount gf informal and unofficial East-West contact was at least tolerated. (U) Despite apparent shifts in the official attitude toward the science, 49 ou t of the 91 papers presented in 1973 at the First International Con- ference on Psychotronic Research in Prague, Czechoslovakia, were authored by Soviet or ECC researchers. In addition, the Moscow publication "Zhurnalist ," published a lengthy editorial” in 1974, in which readers were assured that "all energy fields existing in nature are not known to contemporary physics" and "that because various phenomena cannot as yet be explained does not mean that they do not exist." The name of the science may be changed in the future, but the research will continue. (U) During the past decade parapsychology has undergone many changes in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In a sense, this is a question of changing generations. The elder generation of researchers, who actively investigated the problems of psychotronics , regarded it predominantly as philosophy and psychology. To a certain extent, this concept determined their approach to. the problems: in most cases they concluded that very complex psychic processes were involved, processes that were difficult to control and hence were not always reproducible. This older generation of researchers had as their primary objective the proof of psychic proc- esses and the defense of their theories. They confined themselves to their own specifics and problems. In terms of the quantity of accumu- lated facts and performed experiments their work was considerable and often awe-inspiring. (U) Researchers of the younger generation in the USSR and Czechoslovakia are beginning to regard this concept as one-sided, a straitjacket. They are not satisfied with the constant proving and description of the phe- nomena. They also want to model, amplify, formulate and compute. A desire to conclusively master the problems has compelled them to abandon the previous concept and to define parapsychology for the time being, as a borderline interdisciplinary science. To the unipolar philosophical- psychological concept there is now added another pole, the technical- physical concept. Between these two poles there is sufficient room for parapsychology to comprehend all the phenomena that it investigates, in their complexity. STAT 7 Approved For Release 2003/&4/18 : CIA-RDP96-q0787R000500420001-2 STAT STAT Approved For Releas e 2 00 3/ 0 4/ 1 8 : C I A -RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) Present-day Soviet parapsychologists are recruited from practically all scientific disciplines, not as individual enthusiasts but as members of coordinated interdisciplinary teams of specialists. In 1967 the Czechs j established the Coordination Group for Psychotronic (parapsychological) Research. They intentionally set as one of their principal objectives the description of the undetermined properties of the energy bound to man and to animate nature. They appear to be convinced, for example, that de Broglie's dual concept, in which the electron may appear as a mass of inertia or as electromagnetic radiation, requires a third aspect (the vehicle of which would not necessarily be de Broglie's electron but possibly the mental ion or "mention" presupposed by Professor F. Kahuda) , and that only then will it be possible to completely express the animate and in- animate world of matter in motion. By defining the parameters of the undefined form of energy the concept of matter in motion could gain a third aspect, and matter in motion would be defined by laws far more complex and comprehensive than at present. It is interesting to note the increasing validity of Professor L.L. Vasilev's statement that "...dis- covery of the laws of the as yet unknown form of energy bound to man will be of no less significance than the discovery of atomic energy." Therefore it is no coincidence that theoretical physicists and plasma physicists in the Federal Republic of Germany believe that understanding of the psychical- physical interactions of living organisms will add something basically i new to physics and biology. The Czechs believe that as soon as science begins to understand the properties of this new form of energy, questions of its mastery and utilization will rise to the forefront. Robert Pavlita's work, which is discussed in detail in Part II, is no small contribution in this direction. Whereas in the past parapsychology operated predominantly by the method of exceptional individual performance, psychotronics pre- supposes a new model: the living organism (man) — processing of energy — performance. (U) In 1982, a century will have elapsed since the foundation in England of the first Society for Psychical Research. Zdenek Rejdak, internationally renowned parapsychologist of the Czechoslovak Scientific and Technical Society, Section for Psychotronic Research has stated, "we are convinced that psychotronics will mark this centennial with significant results in practical, applied, and basic research, in the knowledge that It will become an essential new anthropological science, one that will enhance primarily man's integrity." 8 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003, 1/04/18 ■ niA-RnP96-00787R000500420001 -2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 SECTION II - TELEPATHY (ENERGY TRANSFER) IN ANIMALS (U) Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychologists have not reported "telepathy" in animals in recent years; instead, they have emphasized research on biological energy transfer. Soviet parapsychology research is multidisciplinary and indistinguishable from conventional Soviet physiological research. Both disciplines are presently involved in attempts to identify the sources of internally generated and externally imposed stimuli underlying physiological processes. (U) Soviet research on telepathy in animals in the 1920's and 1930 's was devoted largely to proving that telepathy between man and animals did indeed exist. A good example of the early Soviet approach was research conducted by V.M. Bekhterev of Leningrad University, in collaboration with a circus performer, V.L. Durov. Bekhterev reported that Durov's trained dogs successfully solved arithmetic problems and identified or retrieved objects solely on the basis of their trainer s mental suggestion. 10 The results of these tests were controversial, since the dogs ’ performances were good when Durov was present and supplied the "suggestions," but deteriorated markedly when he was absent and another individual attempted to mentally control them. (U) Bekhterev's original objective was to demonstrate that telepathy between man and animals was mediated by some form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) , but by 1937, he and other Soviet parapsychologists had concluded that no known form of EMR was the carrier of thought transmission. The EMR theory of information transfer is still unresolved by the Soviets, but is still the major basis underlying much of their research. (U) In 1962 B.B. Kazhinskiy advanced the theory that animals are capable of visual and aural perception and reflex understanding of the behavior of other animals or humans.^ - He postulated that this ability resulted from the capacity of one animal to detect (via its nervous system) , analyze, and synthesize signal-stimuli given off by another animal. According to Kazhinskiy, the signals were transmitted in the form of a "bioradiational sight ray" and analyzed by the percipient animal as a result of its Pavlovian conditioning. The term "bioradiational rays" is still used by some Soviet and Czech parapsychologists to refer to focusing and concentration of biological energy by the brain and the optical neural channels. (U) Present day Soviet and Czech parapsychology research with animals is devoted almost exclusively to investigation of sources of biological energy involved in physiological processes, the interactions of such energy with external fields, and the effects of externally generated fields on animal physiology. Reference to telepathy in the sense of communications by transmission of total, conceptual, mental formulations is seldom made. 9 Approved For Release 2003/0|4/18 : CIA-RDP96|-00787R000500420001-2 STAT STAT Approved For Release 20D3/04/18 : CIA-FIDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) A significant advance toward identification of the EMR source of biological energy transfer was gained from recent research conducted at the University of Novosibirsk. Scientists there investigated the release of energy during cell division and during cellular damage and repair resulting from viral infection or toxic chemicals. In over 5000 experi- ments with cell cultures and animal organs it was shown that damaged cells radiated some form of energy and that the energy released was capable of causing damage in adjacent control preparations of organs or cells. Further; investigation revealed that a uniform pattern, code, or rhythm of radiation was emitted by normal cells. This pattern was disturbed when cellular damage occurred, becoming quite irregular. It was also found that the patterns were transmitted from experimental to control prepara- tions only when the cells or organs were cultured in quartz containers. Since quartz transmits ultraviolet (UV) radiation and standard laboratory glassware does not, the Soviets concluded that UV radiation mediated cellular information transfer. The researchers subsequently correlated given irregularities of emission with specific diseases and are now attempting to develop techniques for diagnosis and therapy by monitoring and altering cellular radiation codes. ^ (U) Czechoslovakian research on energy transfer between animal muscle preparations, from animals to man, and from man to man, has also demon- strated EMR as the vehicle of biological energy transfer. In experiments conducted between 1948 and 1968 at the Okres Institute of Public Health, Kutna Hora, Czechoslovakia, Dr. Jiri Bradna demonstrated contactless transfer (myotransfer) of stimuli between frog neuromuscular preparations. Bradna placed identical preparations side by side; stimulation of one preparation with electric pulses at frequencies between 10 and 30 pulses per second caused contraction and a recorded electromyographic response in the other. In other experiments, stimulation of muscle preparations influenced the oscillations of a pendulum and increased the muscle tension of a hufnan subject. Bradna obtained objective proof that energy in the very high frequency (vhf) range mediated the stimulus transmission. He also demonstrated that myotransfer could be blocked with ferrous metal filters and aluminum, could be deformed with magnets, ferrites and other conductors, could be reflected and transmitted over waveguides, and shielded with grids. Bradna concluded that primary perceptual and informational pathways between animals are based on metabolic processes at the macromolecular level and that the magnitude of energy transfer depends on muscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy release.-*^ (U) Bradna has reported successful application of myotransfer in physio- therapy. It has been found to be effective for both individuals and groups. In the latter case, the summation of stimuli has been shown to enhance the neuromu$cular responses of individuals within the group. Bradna feels that such stimuli influence the herd behavior of animals and may also be a factor in altering human behavior under conditions of isolation or overcrowding. 10 STAT Approved For Release 2M3/04/18 : CIA-RDR96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDR96-00787R000500420001-2 SG1B DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) In the Soviet Union, Doctor Y.A. Kholodov has investigated the effects of a constant magnetic field (Off) on rabbits. Whole-body exposures to fields between 30 and 2000 oersteds resulted in nonspecific changes in the electroencephalogram, but no other directly measurable physiological responses. Kholodov showed that weak magnetic as well as other eternal y generated radiation fields have a direct effect on nerve tissue, and for Sis reason he feels that natural and artificial fields in man’s environ- may have an influence on health and behavior via the nervous system and the hypothalamus. Kholodov's research is representative of curren Soviet efforts to explain paranormal phenomena on the basis of known physical and biological parameters, (U) Another Soviet scientist, A.S. Presman, feels that biological energy and information exchange between living organisms is the result of eiec magnetic field (EMF) interactions between individuals or between the “dividual and the environment. « He and other Soviet scientists have recorded EMF' s from man, frogs, and insects of various species at rag from several centimeters to several meters from the body surface. The frequencies of the EMF' s were found to correspond to various biorhythms of organs, rhythms of movement and acoustic signals, and bioelectric rhythms. Presman thinks that in groups of animals, eiectromagnetic oscillations are synchronized by frequency matching and a e c tive intensity may grow in proportion to the square of the num er o individuals. Such cumulative emission is also thought to be P° s ^l the result of synchronization of the emissions of many cells in a highly excited state. (U) Presman, like Kholodov, feels that the effects of subthreshold stimuli are mediated through the hypothalamic region of the midbrain . The hyp thalamus regulates diverse physiological processes m the organ (P -> body 3 temperature , oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide liberation, urine volume, urine nitrogen concentration, etc.) and these are the function most commonly disturbed by changes in EMF s. (U) Presman believes that electromagnetic signalling is universal between animals, but not between humans who may have lost the capability or sue communication as a result of evolution and the development ° f verbal and artificial communication channels. He does not rule out the possibility that "spontaneous telepathy" may occasionally occur, but regards such occurrences as rare cases of atavism. Consequently, he regards man as the least suitable animal for studying electromagnetic communication. (U) It is important that the increased degree of sophistication which has occurred in Soviet ESP or telepathy research since 1960 be understood. At present the terms "ESP" and "telepathy" are seldom used. It is possible that the newer terms "biocommunication" and "psychotronics will vanish in the near future only to be replaced by conventional high-energy physics 11 SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 ■ CIA-RnP9fi-nn787Rnnn. , il00420001-2 I SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-R DP96-0Q787RQQQ5QQ42QQQ1 -2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 terminology, or terms such as "interpersonal subconscious reactions" or "mention'* forces. In any event* the classical ESP experiments with animals are no longer of interest in the USSR. The typical Vasilev experimentation from 1920 to 1955 has been replaced with sophisticated research protocols which study complex interactions between man, animals and plants. (U) Dr. Pavel Naumov, who bears no relation to the now imprisoned Edward Naumov, conducted animal biocommunication studies between a submerged Soviet Navy submarine and a shore research station; these tests in- volved a mother rabbit and her newborn litter and occurred around 1956, three years prior to the U.S.S. Nautilus disclosure. According to Naumov, Soviet scientists placed the baby rabbits aboard the submarine. They kept the mother rabbit in a laboratory on shore where they implanted electrodes (EEG?) in her brain. When the submarine was submerged, assist- ants killed the rabbits one by one. At each precise moment of death, the mother rabbit’s brain produced detectable and recordable reactions. As late as 1970 the precise protocol and results of this test described by Naumov were believed to be classified. Many examples can be found in Soviet literature dealing with dogs, bears, birds, insects, and fish in conjunction with basic psychotronic research. The Pavlov Institute in Moscow may have been involved in animal telepathy until 1970. SG1B SG1B 12 Approved For Releaie 2003/04/18 : CIA^RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 SECTION III - TELEPATHY (ENERGY TRANSFER) IN MAN PART A - Classical Theories and Experiments (U) Over the past 25 years, Soviet scientists have reported that abilities such as extrasensory perception, clairvoyance, and telepathy have been demonstrated in the laboratory under rigorously controlled conditions. Many of these claims have been published in the Soviet technical and pop- ular literature. Just how far the Soviets have really gone m their et forts to learn about the mechanisms of human telepathy is not known, the Soviet reports are even partly true, and if mind-to-mind thought trans ference can be used for such applications as interplanetary communications or the guiding of interplanetary spacecraft , the Soviets have accomplishe a scientific breakthrough of tremendous significance. (U) For many years, any attempt to study telepathic phenomena was de- nounced in the Soviet Union as mysticism and idealism. From 1922 to iyj J, however, this attitude gradually changed. Official recognition of para psychology as a legitimate science was prompted to a considerable extent by the Party's recognition of other disciplines which had previously been reiected as bourgeois idealism (quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, and cybernetics). In 1959 Professor L.L. Vasilev published his Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche," followed in 1962 by his Experiments m Mental Suggestion." These two publications caused some surprise among Western scientists, but the possible military implications were apparently overlooked in the West. The first attempt to illustrate the possible military and intelligence impact of ijoviet research in telepathy and psychokinesis was published in 1972. (U) The publication of Vasilev's first book in 1959 was followed by the appearance of countless studies by other Soviet researchers and numerous articles in the Soviet periodical press. Soviet parapsychology research gained impetus and sophistication, growing from a single laboratory into a coordinated USSR-wide effort; laboratories were also established in Czechoslovakia. Funds for research (reported at 20 million rubles in 1973) are believed to be primarily from military sources. This high level of support advanced Soviet research on human telepathy far beyond that of the West and the USSR became the leader in sponsoring and participating in international parapsychology symposiums. Such international meetings have served Soviet interests by allowing them to benefit from Western research. (U) After 1959 large numbers of Soviet scientists began investigating telepathic communication. In 1965, a bioinformation department was formed 15 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 ; CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RI DP96-00787R000500420001 -2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 at the Moscow section of the Scientific-Technical Society of Radio Engineering and Telecommunications imeni A.S. Popov, with the purpose of furthering scientific research on information transmission "in the living part of nature," The early Soviet objectives which were made public were: (1) to study and organize relevant materials from the world literature; (2) to record and systematize observed occurrences of "spontaneous" telepathy; and (3) to develop and organize experiments on artifically initiated telepathic occurrences. (U) At a meeting of the Bionics Department of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1965, I.M. Kogan raised the following three questions: (1) is telepathy possible in principle; (2) does it contradict natural laws; and finally, (3) do the observed facts agree with the concept of electromagnetic fields? 16 To answer these questions, the following hypotheses have been advanced in the USSR: (1) The electromagnetic hypothesis (1892) , advanced as a result of the discovery of electromagnetic waves in 1888. By the mid-1960s this hypothesis had been subjectd to considerable criticism. The entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays to radio waves had been studied; throughout this range there was not a single sector in which telepathic communication could be established. Experiments with reliable forms of metallic shielding had not prevented the percipient from receiv- ing messages transmitted to him (also verified in the West). Moreover, the effectiveness of "signals" transmitted over hundreds or thousands of kilometers should, according to the theory, diminish in proportion to the square of the distance; this has never been established in relevant exper- imentation. The electromagnetic hypothesis has not been rejected and some evidence indicates that there may be electromagnetic waves of some unknown length emitted by the brain which are capable of penetrating metallic obstacles . (2) The metaethereal hypothesis , borrowed from French parapsychology. This presupposes the existence of some unknown methaethereal energy, the oscillations of which can be detected only by special organs of "crypto- aesthetic sensitivity," possessed by persons endowed with parapsychic abilities . (3) The psychic energy hypothesis . According to this theory, bio- electrical charges in the "working" brain of the inductor are transformed into psychic energy which is transformed back again into bioelectric charges in the "receiving" brain of the percipient. (4) L. Vasilev proposed the gravitational hypothesis , first formulated by the German physicist Pascual Jordon and Einstein’s former collaborator Dr. B. Hoffman. Vasilev suggested that an interaction between the 16 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP9B-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 gravitational field and some existing but unexplained factor, possibly produced by the cerebal matter itself, might be involved in telepathic communication. He also suggested that thought transmissions might be connected with the laws of cybernetic systems. Vasilev also referred^ to the action of neutrino particles formed during nuclear reactions. If it could be established that such particles (which have no electric charge, move with a speed approaching that of light and are capable of penetrating obstacles of enormous mass) are generated during the neuro- psychic activity of the brain, it might conceivably be shown that these particles serve as the medium for telepathic transmissions. (U) The Soviets' renewed interest in the problem of parapsychology during the 1960s constituted, to a certain extent, another aspect of the trend away from doctrinaire control which had previously dominated all areas of intellectual effort in the USSR. The easing of intellectual control was exemplified by a quote from Laplace's "Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilities" used by Professor Vasilev: "We are so far from knowing all the forces of nature and their various modes of action that it would be unworthy of the phi— lospher to deny phenomena simply because they are inexplicable at the present state of our knowledge. The more difficult it is to acknowledge their existence, the greater the care with which we must study these phenomena." 18 Vasilev himself said: "it has happened more than once in the history of science that the establishment of new facts that were unexplainable by what was already known gave us a glimpse of unforeseen aspects of existence." (U) Such was the climate of Soviet parapsychological research in the early 1970s; Soviet science, for all its characteristic pragmatism, had apparently begun to free itself gradually from the restraints of an out- worn materialistic foundation which on more than one occasion had shown its flimsy bases when faced with new discoveries. However, as noted in Section I , there may now once again be a fairly concerted effort on the nart of some highly placed Soviet scientists in other disciplines to iftidermine parapsychology on political-ideological grounds . (U) In 1966, F. Zigel, a renowned Soviet astronomer, concluded that telepathy is the science of the future. In order for it to become a service to mankind, research in telepathy must be organized on a state- wide basis. Otherwise, after a short while, "reproaching ourselves for past mistakes, we again would have to catch up with foreign countries. If the insulting remarks addressed to scientists engaged in telepathic 17 Approved For Release 2003^04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT STAT STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RpP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 studies were made privately they could simply be ignored. Such criticisms 1 , however, are aired publicly in the press by people of incontestable auth- ority in other fields. What happened to genetics and cybernetics is now being repeated again and again. One can no longer remain silent, but must! take the full responsibility of stating that "criticism" of telepathy is tantamount to militant obscurantism. Zigel's words did not go unheeded because by 1968 the Soviets already had: (1) established several research centers Specializing in telepathic experiments on an academic and scientific level; (2) organized teams of scientists — physiologists, physicists, psychol- ogists, mathematicians, cyberneticians, neurologists, and electronic engin- eers — to investigate telepathy, find out how it works, and devise means of practical application; and (3) conducted experiments involving long-range thought transference (Leningrad-Moscow (600 km); Moscow^-Tomsk (4,000 km)). (U) Without actually taking an unequivocal stand on the controversial issue of: telepathy. Ye. Parnov, in 1966, cited at least three parodoxes : (1) telepathic communication is independent of distance; (2) telepathic communication is achieved without the use of the known senses and has no apparent relation to electromagnetic waves; (3) some cases of spontaneous telepathy and clairvoyance contradict the law of causality. It should be mentioned that if Parnov had stated his third paradox a few years sooner it would have meant certain scientific and intellectual exile. However, Parnov attempted to ascertain the extent to which these paradoxes might fit into the fundamental laws of natural science, and thereby remained somewhat within the bounds of traditional dogmatic, materialistic princi- ples. (U) Parnov felt that the first paradox might be resolved if: (a) the material carrier of the telepathic effect is some type of energy unlikely to dissipate in space, or (b) all people are linked together by a special "telepathic field." In the first case, the material carrier could con- ceivably be the neutrino which, at least within the earth's biosphere, is not absorbed by matter. In the second case, it might be surmised that, in addition to the inductor and percipient, telepathic phenomena involve an unspecified number of people for amplification of the telepathic signal, just as a photomultiplier amplifies light. (U) A similar explanation was applied to the second paradox; the "neu- trino hypothesis," however, has its drawbacks. It is not quite clear, for instance, which type of neutrino is responsible for the transmission of telepathic signals. It is possible that all people are interlinked by a neutriho field, and this would support the amplification theory. (U) The third paradox is the least palatable to traditional scientists and the most susceptible to criticism by opponents of telepathy. Its ex- planation requires, by implication, the breakdown of well-established concepts regarding time and space. One of the ideas advanced by some 18 Approved For Release 2003/0 4 /18 : C I A RDP96-00787R000500420001 -2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 theoreticians is that of "closed tifne" in which such notions as past and future become relative even beyond the theory of relativity. By accepting such an idea, it must be assumed as a matter of fact that the human rain can somehow "locate" the future by means of the neutrino. Parnov observed that other theoreticians had hypothesized that the neutrino s peculiar behavior is due to the fact that this particle moves from the future into the past rather than the other way around. Such a concept would do justice to the third paradox. It is interesting to note that these paradoxes were expressed before theoreticians began extensive discussions on tachyons (particles said to have a velocity greater than that of light). Mental ions ("mentions"), having similar velocities of propagation, have also been postulated. They are discussed further in Part B of this section. (U) Another theory which could help explain the third paradox is based on the law of conservation of combined parity, advanced by L.D. Landau. Ac cording to that law, symmetry is preserved in any system whenever the le is substituted by the "right” and a particle by an antiparticle. It then appears that all relationships are invariant with respect to time inver sion. Thus, Parnov concluded, the third paradox may contradict the letter, but not the spirit of modern physics. (U) I.M. Kogan, referred to earlier, was the first to publish ex P|£ 1 2f n 22 1 results in human telepathic communication in the post-Vasilev era. Only the qualitative and quantitative results will be presented here; the interested reader can peruse the above references for Kogan s research protocol. Kogan arranged his experiments in four groups (excluding experi ments involving the use of hypnosis which can be found in an excellent article by Velinov) ; 23 the four groups included: (1) mental suggestion of an act involving objects at short distances; (2) mental suggestions of the image of an object and selection of a given object at short distances; (3) mental suggestion of object images over long distances; and (4) mental transmission of object images over long distances. None of the experiments reported by Kogan were inconsistent with the Soviet electromagnetic hypot esis. An analysis of the results revealed certain qualitative and quanti tative characteristics common to all experiments. They were: (1) the rate of telepathic information transmission varied between 0.005 and 0.1 bit/sec. ; (2) the rate of information transmission depended upon the distance the information had to travel, ranging from 0.1 bit/sec for a distance of several meters to 0.001 bit/sec for a distance of 4,000 km; (3) in telecommunications, the percipient did not take cognizance of the logical concept of the type of object being transmitted; normally, only qualitative images eliciting some kind of sensation (shape, color, hard ness) were perceived; and (4) the best perception of telepathic information occurred when the messages were short (up to one minute) . Transmission of simple, brief, coded combinations of elements (images , emotion) ap- peared to be the proper way of handling coded telepathic information. 19 SG1B Approved For Relebse 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-OO787R0OO5OO42OOO1-2 SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 SG1B DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) Numerous Soviet experiments in human telepathic communication fol- j lowed Kogan’s work. Rapid Soviet advances in electronics, cybernetics, bionics,! and neurophysiology brought new techniques to the study of telepathic phenomena. By 1970 the prime objective of Soviet telepathic research was reproducibility of results and Soviet scientists now say that in the future they will be able to make ample use of telepathic resources and to develop, direct, and control telepathic processes as well.^ PART B - Current Soviet/Czech Theories and Research Objectives (U) The most obvious trend of current Soviet and Czech telepathy research is that it is now causally oriented rather than directed toward pragmatic attempts to apply observed but little-understood phenomena. The previous "cart-bef ore-the-horse M approach was not, however, an illogical one, since it led them to theorize that telepathic effects may be based on subtle, unidentified forms of energy or non-energy interactions. (U) In 1973 Peter Rezek of Prague stated that telepathy may be conceived of as transfer realized by means of some known or unknown type of energy, or is made possible by some non-energy factor that accompanies the func- tioning of the brain. Rezek questions G.A. Sergeyev’s dedication to the interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEG) and wave measurements to uncover the carrier of transfer and feels that Sergeyev’s approach is directed primarily toward the application of the investigated phenomena and not towards an understanding of them. He questions attempts to regulate or control psychic phenomena before their underlying causes are under- stood. • According to Rezek, ESP research and research on sense per- ception are similar since scientists in both fields are investigating the composition and structure of the apparatus by which transfer takes place. Perception, as such, in the natural science approach, is actually incom- prehensible; nevertheless, the advocates of this approach are unable to accept telepathic phenomena because proof of energy transfer is lacking. Rezek feels that if the natural-science approach, which is unable to explain perception as such, were applied to ESP, this would make ESP doubly incomprehensible. Even if a wave motion is found to be associated with ESP, this phenomenon as such will again be incomprehensible. Rezek concludes that when ordinary sense perception become comprehensible, it may open the way to the understanding of telepathy. On the other hand, ESP could become the basis for an understanding of perception in general. 20 SG1B Approved For Release 12003/04/18 : CIA-RDP$6-00787R000500420001 -2 SG1B Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 SG1B (U) The trend towards the theoretical development of models for cyber- netic systems incorporating psychotronic phenomena has been augmented by a psychotronic model of man proposed by Josef Wolf of Prague, As an integral part of the psychosomatic picture of human existence, a psycho- tronic model of man is an entirely unique contribution to the study of the concept of man. From an anthropological viewpoint as well as from broader aspects that cover the comprehensive investigation of human existence, such a model is needed within the framework of other human science^, particularly anthropology and psychology. A psychotronic model of man based on present knowledge of psychology, anthropology, and the medical sciences, not only offers an entirely new concept of man as an individual and as a species of living beings, but also permits new approaches to the solution of human psychosomatic disturbances and defects. (U) The experimental psychotronic model of man, which Wolf presents in rather simplified and schematic form (see Figure 2) may serve this purposq. The concept of this model is universal, i.e. , it applies not only to man (regardless of sex, age, etc.) but to any living being as well, whether terrestrial or extraterrestrial. (U) The model includes the principal spheres of man: (1) the somatic or biological sphere, denoted by a triangle against the base; (2) the psychic or mental sphere, designated by a circle inscribed in the somatic triangle; and (3) the psychotronic or parapsychic sphere, designated by a circle circumscribing the psychosomatic triangle. Because psychotronic coupling in man usually occurs on the basis of communication between at least two individuals, the principal types of such connections are also presented. (U) Type 1 or the ego, for example, is the psychotronic model of man as an individual, i.e., a sort of psychotronic unit, a basic element or initial point. Type 2, called identical, is the ideal type of psychotronic and psychosomatic identification between two individuals. Type 3, called platonic, is the ideal type of purely psychic and psychotronic connection. Types 4 and 5 can be called telepathic, with minimal to maximal psycho- somatic coupling. Here, a different theoretical interpretation based on the assumption that there exist two different modes of telepathic transfer is also feasible. Types 6, 7, and 8 are characterized by some genetic or psychosomatic coupling among several individuals (relatives, etc.). Types 9 and 10 can be regarded as examples of higher psychotronic coupling involving many individuals; applications of such models will be feasible only with perfect mathematical-physical tools and a corresponding system of psychotronic knowledge. 22 Approved For Release 2 603/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-0b 787R000500420001-2 SG1B Approved For Release 20p3/04/18 : CIA-RDF|96-OO787ROOa80^ September 1975 Fig. 2 Psychotronic Model of Man (U) somatic psychic parapsychic Approve^ For^ele^Se 21)63/04/18 :^giA-RDP96-00787R000§004 STAT Approved For Release 2 003/04/18 : C I A-R DP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-7 5 September! 1975 (U) Recently the most important source of new questions concerning man has arisen from the need to humanize the technical sciences, where man is often subordinated to the operation of machinery and to the techno- cratic apparatus, rather than the other way around. Specifically, where the human factor is completely relegated to the background and where human activity remains only on the fringe of human existence, human shortcomings, defects and failures are the most frequent; technological dehumanization may have affected not only individuals but entire groups, and perhaps even all of society. Wolf thinks that the primitive peoples — i.e., the ethnic groups of aborigines who still live at the lowest cultural and economic level in the world, and who belong to so-called primitive, pre- literate and preclass societies — might be one of the most rewarding sources for studying psychic phenomena and for modeling the psychotronic profile of man, since they have not been culturally dehumanized by tech- nology. 29 (U) Czech investigator M. Cemousek of Prague^ suggests that primitive levels exist in all human minds and that there is a regressive nature to telepathic phenomena. By regression he means some "primitivization" of behavior, a return to older psychic functions on the ontogenetic plane. This behavior change is characterized by an abandonment of and withdrawal from, the rational components of the human psyche - a complete detachment from reality or from the perceived environment. The end effect of this detachment from reality is a spontaneous sinking into a state that can be characterized as one of primary, primordial empathy. Although Cernousek describes the parameters for obtaining certain levels of regression in modem man, his theory does not encompass any of the concepts of biologi- cal energy transfer. Instead, he appears to accept the theory that the human brain is analogous to a highly sophisticated data bank in which all of life’s experiences and impressions, consciously perceived or subliminally registered, are stored. Cemousek’ s idea of telepathic communication involves a high level of empathy between individuals; when such empathy exists, he feels that information transfer occurs as a result of nearly instantaneous and simultaneous processing of similar stored information bits by both sender and receiver. The net result is a coincidence of opinion concerning the telepathic message’s content. (U) Cernousek’ s theory is based on a great deal of research. The Soviet and Czech literature on psychology, creativity, and the evolution of human existence is extensive. A huge volume of data has been compiled on the brain’s memory capacity. The Czechs claim that 1973 experiments employ- ing LSD have lead them to the conclusion that all of man’s activities and experiences, whether perceived intensively or less intensively, are stored. They are now investigating the quantity of information the brain can process per unit of time, its bit capacity, and how this becomes manifest at the level of the conscious and the unconscious. The objective of this research is to make the process of cognition more economical. Czech scientists have likened the neuron to an integrated modular element that contains a resistor, a capacitor, and perhaps as many as 1,000 times seven 24 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 20 03/04/18 ; C I A - RDP 96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 billion, or seven trillion semiconductor elements in operation, and another seven trillion in reserve. The brain has about 14 billion nerve cells. If only 10 billion are able to receive information at any one time, and the transmission capacity of a nerve fiber is 14 bits per second, then this means that the brain is able to receive 140 billion bits of information per second. Thus the memory capacity of the brain seems to be a million times greater than that of current computers. For ordinary perception and deliberation, 14 to 16 bits/second are adequate. But for more com- plicated perception and deliberation, such as the solution of a mathemati- cal problem, etc., about 20 bits per second are needed. The brain* s great reserve bit capacity may indicate that unconsciously and subliminally , man may be perceiving far more information than what has been assumed previously. Experiments with known telegnostics seem to confirm this, since they appar- ently process and evaluate a huge quantity of information within an un- imaginably short time. (U) Czech theoretical cyberneticians are proposing the construction of computers that will " create" and possess at least a degree of intuition. However, the Czechs admit that this concept is somewhat premature, because they do not yet understand these processes in man and are unable to describe them adequately. Parapsychology may eventually provide much essential knowledge about these processes and thereby help cybernetics in solving the problem of teaching computers to create. The point is not merely to build more-perfect computers, but to design computers with qualitatively new functions. Work is now underway on a fourth generation of computers, and a fifth generation is being planned. The Czechs believe that para- psychology is already capable of offering cybernetics fruitful models. 1 In the opinion of some cyberneticians,^ the present pros theses that replace missing parts of the body are foreign bodies within the organism, regardless of how perfect they may be. Once the technology of molecular circuits is mastered it will be possible to integrate perfectly a prosthesis and the central nervous system* s information system. From there it will be only a short step to direct man-machine communication. Understanding of molecular circuits will also clarify the mechanisms of extrasensory communication between people. (U) The Soviet-Czech team approach to parapsychology research, not widely used as yet in the West, will advance them into direct man-machine com- munication, creative computers, and eventually into cyborgs, i.e., human inductors coupled with physical psychotronic instrumentation. (U) Frantisek Kahuda of Charles University, Prague, has expanded on the original ,, neutrino 1 * theory proposed in 1966 by Ye. Parnov of the Soviet Union. Kahuda and other Czech researchers have demonstrated that space (mental horizon) and time (mental time) in the world of mental processes have characteristic properties that should be in accord with the properties 25 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RUP{)6-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP 96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 of the particles that are the material vehicles of such processes. These are particles that in man's internal relativistic mental process may have a velocity v - c (c equals the velocity of light in vacuum) without vio- lating in the external physical world Einstein's postulate that the maximum feasible velocity is v < c. Such particles, essential to mental processes , have not been discovered to date. Kahuda calls them mental ions or "mentions." (U) For physical microparticles other than luxons, which have a velocity v = c (photons and neutrinos), Olexa-Myron Bilaniuk and F.C. George Sudarshan introduced in 1969 the concept of tardyons for subliminal par- ticles traveling at velocities v < c, and the concept of tachyons for physical superliminal particles traveling at velocities v > c. The actual existence of tachyons with an imaginary rest mass, has not been proven so far. Thus, the predicted tachyons correspond to Kahuda' s mentions travel- ing at velocities v > c; the tardyons and luxons correspond to the mentions traveling at velocities vie. However, the essential difference between tachyons and the Czech mentions is that tachyons are supposed to be par- ticles of the physical microworld and hence also of inanimate nature, whereas mentions are particles formed by living organisms, specifically by their nervous systems, that represent matter on the highest level of organization, with the most complex and finest structure. Moreover, Kahuda' s theory does not require the introduction of imaginary rest mass as in the case of tachyons; it predicts the real existence of mentions, based on fairly accurate laboratory measurements of the physical time and mental time of the investigated mental material motions. (U) In agreement with the laws of the electron's quantum field theory, Kahuda assumes that an entire conglomerate of elementary mention fields, specific to the individual mentions, forms through interaction and trans- mutation, a single common mention field in which the mental material motions take place - a sort of metaetheric environment that is linked to man's living organism and exists in nature independently of the will of all human beings. During the mental process of thinking one mental par- ticle "changes" into another, however Kahuda does not designate any particle as primary and another particle as secondary. These constant changes and mutual transmutations reflect the psychic world's material homogeneity. The basis of this homogeneity is the motion of mentions as j universal material particles of the human psyche. From the theory based on the principle of quantum mentiodynamics Kahuda has proposed the fol- lowing formula for total mention energy: 2 m c o uv 1-2 1 ) TT E (B) E = _E const 26 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 200 3/04/18 : CIA-RDP9 6-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-7 5 September 1975 where Ep(B) is the potential (psychic) energy of the investigated re spondent. From this equation it follows that the rest mass of the mention, at the foment when the mental process starts (i.e., when the respondent emits the first mention), and when numerically Ep( ) ? by the relationship: 2 ) in const = 22 where = 4 is the rest-time factor of man’s mental abilities. Thus, the mental structure (nervous system) of each respondei nt S^s^o date own mentions whose rest mass, according to experimental results to data > is approximately 106 to 19® times smaller than the rest mass of the p-meson, which is m 0 = 10“ 12 g t0 I0" 13 g. The smallest values of total mention energy that were measured indirectly at the moment when the mental th^same ranged from 0.384-10" 10 to 9. 744* 10" 10 erg, which is approximately the same level as the energy of X-rays; the quotient of this energy range s relative amplitude is roughly 25. Kahuda assumes that after the mental process, in the course of its ° £ ta J „e"Son tions' material motions may increase severalfol , , e average energy according to equation 1 may be considera e, e £ respondent's initial energy is equal only to the^ean energy pessary the visual stimulation of the human eye (2.1*10 erg/sec). For high velocities Kahuda thinks that it will now be possible to actually develop quantum mentiodynamics as the quantum theory of mention fields. (U) Mention energy, which may be the essence of the propaga ***& and energetic information in mental processes, is an as-yet unknown for of energy in human beings. It occurs in quanta that cannot be measured directly with the instrumentation presently available. ^ere °re, a u measured the quantitative values of potential energy (Ep(B)) indirect y. (U) Kahuda’ s results indicate that electromagnetic processes alone cannot be the vehicles of psychic processes, and that within the J^ ame ™°*. f entire complex mental structure there must also exist another carrier of mental processes, one that permits the propagation of interactions at velocities greater than the velocity of light in vacuum. In Kahuda’s opinion, it is indisputable that mentions do exist, but he points out that the discovery and experimental verification of ™ a ^ions will require a thorough theoretical knowledge of their possible _ characterist and the most sophisticated and most accurate measuring equipmen ence will be able to develop. 33 27 (Reverse Blank) STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-0d787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 20 03/04/18 : CIA-RDP 96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-7 5 September 1975 SECTION IV - TELEPATHIC BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Part A - Basic Research (U) Behavior modification through telepathic means is in itself applied research. The changes or alterations of human activity desired canbe either beneficial or detrimental to the percipient. _ Soviet research in the field of behavior modification by telepathy dating from the early 1920s through the early 1970s has had one major objective application of techniques. In telepathy research, unlike research in most scientific disciplines, the applied phase preceded the basic phase ?°£***%g* this is why telepathy is still called a phenomenon, both in the USSR and the West. The phenomenon of telepathy has many applicatio ’ , is behavior modification. Basic research therefore applies to the p en omenon itself; this is covered in Part I Section II and Part II (Psycho tronic Generator Research) . Part B - Applied Research (U) Between 1920 and 1943, L.L. Vasilev conducted numerous experiments involving telepathic mental suggestion; his first work involved the mental suggestion of motor (muscle) movements. This early wor was in part on the published results of similar experiments conducted by Dr. Joire 34 of Lille, France. Vasilev's human test subjects were asked perform various muscular movements through the xnedxum of telepat y- comparative purposes some tests were made with hypnotized percipien s, while others were placed only in a relaxed state. During the same time frame (1920-1943), Vasilev also conducted experiments involving the suggestion of visual images and sensations with and without hypnosis. Vasilev's results indicated that it was altogether possible to telepathically suggest and produce voluntary, controllable motor acts as well as in uenc involuntary, uncontrollable movement. He noted that some of the best suh jects for the suggestion of motor acts were unsuitable for mental suggesti of visual images and vice versa. Apparently there was no visible pos correlation between these two variants of telepathic susceptibility, of the subjects under hypnosis responded more readily to verbal sugges i of a sensory nature while others were more responsive to verbal suggestio of the motor type. This observed variance applied for both mental and verbal suggestive techniques. After a thorough series of experiments, Vasilev concluded that mental suggestion involving hypnosis would provide the most fruitful results. 33 (U) According to Ostrander and Schroeder, 5 the ability to telepathically produce sleep-wake states (obliteration of one’s consciousness) from a distance of a few meters to over a thousand kilometers became the most 29 Approved For Release 2003/Q4/18 : CIA-RDP96 ■00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 ] thoroughly tested and perfected Soviet contribution to international parapsychology. Parapsychologists in Leningrad and Moscow demonstrated the telepathic manipulation of consciousness and correlated it with systematic EE G recordings. The Naumov-Sergeyev-Pavlova team found that EEG recordings changed dramatically when the telepathic impulse contained a message! affecting human emotions. Transmission of several successive emotions of a negative character elicited the appearance of cross excitation of the brain. It changed the spontaneous EEG character to the tired state of the brain, dominated by slow, hypersynchronized waves j of the delta and theta type. Percipients of unpleasant emotions followed by positive emotions (feelings of calmness or cheerfulness) regained normalized EEG’s within one to three minutes. Other Soviet tests included sending to the percipient the anxiety associated with suffocation and the sensatioh of a dizzying blow to the head. Pavlova, Sergeyev and Naumov uncovered impressive data on the power of thought and concluded that a person doesn't have to conjure up his own "nasty" thoughts; someone e se can do it and telepathically transmit them to him. S. Serov and A. Troskin of Sverdlovsk demonstrated that the number of white blood cells rose by fifteen hundred after they suggested positive emotion to patients. More important was the observation that after impressing negative emotion, the j white cell count decreased by sixteen hundred. Since leucocytes are one _ of the body's main defense mechanisms against disease, such a telepathies y imposed shift in cell count could be used in altering human health. In similar research the Czechs found that intense mental activity in the sender caused, at a distance, a slight change in blood volume in a resting percipient. Measurements were made with a plethysmograph. Experiments in the West have verified this phenomenon. Soviet and Czech research in manipulative telepathic techniques has also included experimental trans- mission of kinetic impulses, sound, and taste. (U) Outside of the Soviet and Czech research on the manipulative possi- bilities of PK and psychotronic generators, the emphasis on manipulation by means of telepathy still involves the use of hypnotism. Many Soviet and Czech scientists are using this technique as a means to try to iden- tify the "carrier" of telepathy but others may be conducting such research for more devious reasons. (U) Dr. Stefan Manczarski of Poland predicted that the field of telepathy will open new avenues for spreading propaganda. He feels that the electro- magnetic theory is valid and believes, therefore, that telepathy can be amplified like radio waves. Telepathy would then become a subtle new modus for the "inf luencers" of the world. Some Western followers of psychic phenomena research are concerned, for example, with the detri- mental effects of subliminal perception techniques being targeted against US or allied personnel in nuclear missile silos. The subliminal message could be "carried" by television signals or by telepathic means. 30 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP9G-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003 /04/18 : CIA-RDP9 6-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) The potential applications of focusing mental influences on an enemy through hypnotic telepathy have surely occurred to the Soviets. The bulk of recent telepathy research in the USSR has been concerned with the transmission of emotional or behavioral impulses and the study of physio- logical responses to PK exercises, etc. In their exploration of telepathy, they are seeking the evenual capability to reproduce and to amplify the phenomena so that control is feasible. Control and manipulation of the human consciousness must be considered a primary goal. 31 (Reverse Blank) Approved For Release 2003/94/18 : CIA-RDP96-90787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 200 I/U4/18 : (JIA-KUHyb|-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 PART II PSYCHOTRONIC GENERATOR RESEARCH (U) Psychotronic generators (also called Pavlita generators after the inventor) are small devices said to be capable of drawing biological energy from humans; the energy is accumulated and stored for future use. Once charged with human energy, the generators can do some of the things a psychic subject can do, but, according to the inventor, Robert Pavlita, can be charged by individuals possessing no psychic ability.-* (U) The concept of man as a source of unusual energy dates back at least as far as ancient Chinese and Hindu teachings, in which it was called "vital energy" or "prana." Between the 18th and 20th centuries it was called various things (animal magnetism, odic force, motor force, n-rays, etheric force, etc.) by rediscoverers of its existence. In contemporary Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychology this energy is called bio- plasmlc or psychotronic energy. The Czechoslovakian rediscovery of biological energy is credited to Robert Pavlita, an inventor and business- man from Prague who began work on his devices over thirty years ago.^ (U) Some representative examples of Pavlita generators are shown in Figures 3 through 7 . No details of their construction have ever been made available to Western observers, possibly because Pavlita eventually plans to seek foreign patents. It has been reported, however, that the devices are fabricated from various metals (steel, bronze, copper, iron, gold) and that their effects are a result of their form.-* (U) Pavlita' s generators can be charged by direct contact (e.g. , rubbing or touching to the temporal region of the head) or by visually directing mental concentration upon them from a distance. The nature of the energy stored is still not understood, but over the years a number of observa- tions about its effects have been reported. It can be reflected, re- fracted, polarized, and combined with other forms of energy. It creates effects similar to magnetism, heat, electricity, and luminous radiation, but is itself none of these. The energy apparently can be conducted by paper, wood, wool, silk, and other substances normally considered to be good insulators. The devices have been tested by commissions of experts from the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences and the University of Hradec Kralove in Prague. Static electricity, air currents, temperature changes, and magnetism, were eliminated as possible explanations for the observed effects. In addition, the energy exerted its effect through glass, water, wood, cardboard, or any type of metal and was not diminished. 33 Approved For Release 200 3/04/10 : C I A-RD P9 0-0 6787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S- 387-75 September 1975 (U) According to both Soviet and Czech researchers, one major advantage of studying psychotronic generators is the reproducibility of their ef- fects; in addition, they can be activated by nearly anyone, with or wi - out any special psychic abilities. The devices may have other practical , applications not related to parapsychology. The Czechs claim that irra diation of seeds with the energy enhances plant growth, and that industrial pollutants have been precipitated out of water by its action (Figure ). These claims may be open to question, since in 1972, Zdenek Rejdak, hea of the Psychotronic Research Section of the Czechoslovakian Society for Science and Technology, termed the experiments with plants and water "ineffective." (U) A recent newspaper article , ^ quoting Pavlita, reported that his generators could serve as weapons} no further details were given. No information is available on Czech efforts to develop psychotronic weapons, but Pavlita has stated that some forms of his devices can exert both favorable and unfavorable effects on living organisms, including man. in experiments with snails exposed to the energy from a generator, a state similar to hibernation resulted. When flies were placed m the gap o a circular generator (Figure 6) they died instantly. In another test, Pavlita aimed a generator at his daughter's head from a distance of several yards. Her electroencephalogram (EEG) changed, she became dizzy, and her equilibrium was disrupted. (U) In their present form and size, Pavlita' s devices could probably exert an effect on humans at only relatively short range. It is possible that their size could be enlarged or their energy amplified, thereby ex- tending their range. If the Czech claims for these devices are valid, biological energy might be an effective antipersonnel weapon. It would be difficult to defend against, since it apparently penetrates most common forms of insulation and its reported effects (changes in brain wave char- acteristics, disturbance of equilibrium, dizziness) could result in personality changes or physical discomfort which might alter combat effectiveness . (U) Soviet or Czech perfection of psychotronic weapons would pose a severe threat to enemy military, embassy, or security functions. The emitted energy would be silent and difficult to detect electronically (although the Soviets claim to have developed effective biological energy sensors) and the only power source required would be the human operator. 34 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDR96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 gHME: ^proved For Re!gase 20p^4/jj8 * plA^RDP96i00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 20 03/04/18 : CIA " RDP9 I-00787R000500420001 -2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 PART III PSYCHOKINESIS RESEARCH (U) Psychokinesis (PK) , or as it is sometimes called, telekinesis, is the ability to influence animate or inanimate objects at a distance, without physical contact, by means of uncontrolled or controlled biological energy fields. Some, but not all, of the effects of PK include: initiation or cessation of motion in inanimate objects; apparent neutralization of the effect of gravity on inanimate objects (levitation) ; induction of changes in physiological processes of animate matter; the creation of measurable electric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, magnetic, or gravitational fields around target objects; and the imposition of images on shielded photographic emulsions, (U) Current Soviet and Czechoslovakian parapsychological research emphasis is on identification and quantification of the generated bioenergetic force fields, identification of the physiological processes underlying their origin, and development of practical applications of PK energy, (U) There are fundamental differences between the Soviet and Czech approaches to PK research. Since paranormal research was granted political respectability in the Soviet Union in the 1950 f s, Soviet scientists have concentrated their investigations on a relatively few, highly "gifted 11 , psychic individuals, and have attempted to determine what (if any) physiological attributes underlie their capabilities and differ from those of non-psychic subjects. Parallel with these efforts to determine cause(s), the Soviets have concentrated considerable effort on determination of the nature of the energy fields formed and to attempts to determine whether all psychokinetically gifted subjects create the same, or different, energy fields. (U) Czechoslovakian research is also cause-and-ef feet oriented, but appears to be governed far more by the belief that PK effects can be produced by a majority of people and that no inherent or highly developed psychic capability is prerequisite to the investigation and demonstration of PK effects. STAT 41 Approved For Release 20 C3/04/10 : C I A-RD P96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) Soviet research has taken several different directions in efforts to develop materialistic explanations for observed PK effects. This research has involved in-depth studies of the characteristics of the electrical field between subject and object, characterization of elec- trical fields immediately around the subject, study of bioelectrical fields by detection devices, study of subjects' brainwave patterns, and photography of the subjects' bioenergy fields. To date, Soviet scientists are by no means in accord concerning the nature of the. forces involved, but all are in agreement that a physical energy is at work. (U) Dr. Viktor G. Adamenko of the Moscow Institute of Radiophysics, Dr. Viktor Inyushin, of the Kazakh University, Alma-ata, and Dr. Genady Sergeyev of the A. A. Uktomskii Physiological Institute, Leningrad are the leading Soviet theoreticians studying PK. Both Inyushin and Sergeyev have developed theories based on the existence of a form of energy-a form of biological energy referred to as "bioplasma". They consider PK effects as analogous to lightning accidentally charging a surface and feel that movement in PK occurs as a result of the interaction the object's electrostatic charge and electromagnetic field with the human operator's field. The biological energy involved is under conscious direction by the subject, who can make a target object start or stop motion, change direction, or rotate. Sergeyev has developed instrumentation which measures changes in the bioplasmic field at distances up to 3 meters (9.9 feet); he has recorded fields of 10,000 volts /centimeter in the vicinity of a target object with no indication of an electrical field in the space between the subject and the object. According to Sergeyev, bioplasmic energy is maximally concentrated in the head region. He attributes PK to a polarization of the bioplasma in a laser-like fashion and refers to this as a "biolaser effect which acts as a material force upon the object. (U) Dr. Sergeyev has developed detectors that monitor the energy field during PK demonstrations. Although Western observers have been denied information on the construction of the detectors, (information reported to have been classified by the Soviet military), details may have been published by the Soviet Academy of Sciences. It is possible that the Sergeyev detectors are similar to those developed by an American, David Thomson. Thomson's devices, which have been used in human force field research at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, consist of two capacitor plates, a preamplifier, and a line recorder like that of an encephalograph . Other Soviet force field detector research has been done at the Laboratory for Biological Cybernetics in the University of Leningrad Physiology Department. There, according to Soviet reports. Dr. Pavel Gulyaiev developed extremely sensitive electrodes capable of detecting the electrical force fields of nerves at distances up to 24 42 Approved For Release 200B/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 20Q 3/0 4 /1 8 : C I A RDP9 6-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 centimeters (9,46 inches). For more detailed information on Soviet biological energy detectors, the reader is referred to reference (5), pages 393-396, (U) Dr, Adamenko has conducted experiments to ascertain the role of electrostatic charges on the surface of target objects as the cause of their movement, Adamenko has advanced the theory that man may be anisotropic - i.e., man may be able to alter his external energy state in accordance with his internal energy state, and this ability in turn, may depend on his physiological processes. According to Adamenko, humans, animals, and plants probably possess electric fields as a result of spontaneous tissue polarization, and such fields may interact with externally imposed or induced charges. He proposes that the observed properties of living tissue come closest to the properties of electrets.^ Electrets are defined as "forcibly” polarized bodies having comparatively high conductivity and the ability to maintain an external electrical field after exposure to adverse factors of either the external or internal environment. Adamenko has shown that the material basis of contactless interaction between man and objects results from an electrostatic field whose magnitude depends on man’s physiological state. Other Soviet researchers have observed that when subjects are exposed to various ex- ternal stimuli, their physiological state varies in both the character and magnitude of the bioelectret effect. They have formed the hypothesis that the polarization of living tissues is the explanation for contactless in- teractions between humans and between humans and objects. (U) Adamenko has also advanced the concept that, in the thermodynamic sense, living tissue may not be subject to the same physical laws that are valid for inorganic matter. He argues that living tissue may possess "new" properties (in terms of thermodynamics) when compared with inorganic matter. He believes that if living molecules differ qualitatively from inorganic molecules, then a distinction may exist between "living" and "technical" force fields. To demonstrate his point, Adamenko makes reference to healing by "the laying on of hands" (in Western terms "faith healing"). The Soviets have measured electrical fields between "healers" and patients, yet knowing these field potentials they have not been able to duplicate the beneficial effects obtained from humans by means of mechanically generated fields. (U) Aleksandr Dubrov, a biophysicist with the Institute of Earth Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, has advanced the concept of "biogravitation" to explain PK. Biogravitation, as a term, was introduced by Soviet physicist V.A. Bunin in 1960, and was used to refer to the ability of living organisms to form and detect gravitational waves. Dubrov bases his theory on currently accepted concepts of molecular biology and high-energy physics. 43 Approved For Release 2003i [04/ 1 8 : C I A-RDP96-0 | 0 787R000500420001 -2 STAT STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 (U) In molecular biology, the capacity of intracellular molecules to alter their spatial structure is recognized. Biomolecules are capable j of making the transition from a "liquid" to an orderly crystalline state. Dubrov defines this change as "molecular conformational change , like present day high energy physicists, he believes that as a result of this change, the molecules are brought so close to each other tlia tremendous forces of attraction or gravitation emerge; when this occurs, a constant conformational field having a "quasigravitational nature is formed. In Dubrov’s opinion, this means that a vector, or force field, is formed at the subcellular level which is capable of attracting or repelling naturally occurring gravitational forces, or of itself emitting minute gravitational waves. (U) Dubrov feels that psychic subjects may, in some manner, have the ability to synchronize their subcellular molecular conformational changes and thus generate attractive or gravitational fields of sufficient strength to alter electromagnetic or natural gravitational forces acting on a target object. Dubrov, like some other Soviet and Western parapsychologists, thinks that changes in the space-time continuum may be the basis for observed PK phenomena - i.e., time may be accelerated or decelerated by the psychic subject. /m In 1973 a nd 1974, a Soviet psychic named Boris Ermolayev parti- ^ cipated in a series of experiments at Moscow University. Ermolayev is reported to have the ability to levitate (suspend) objects in midair y concentrating psychic energy at a focal point in space. In some of the tests, Ermolayev pressed an object between his hands, then slowly moved his hands apart until they were approximately eight inches from the object, which remained suspended in the air. Soviet scientists claim that all tests were conducted under the strictest controls an that no strings or other devices of any kind were used. Dubrov feels that Ermolayev’s levitation powers can be used to prove that space-time and gravitational changes occur in the area between the psychic s hand and the object. He suggests that the transmission of electromagnetic energy of known velocity should be delayed when beamed through the levitation field. (U) Two female psychic subjects, Nina Kulagina and Alla Vinogradova, have been studied extensively by Drs . Sergeyev and Adamenko. According to Sergeyev, Mrs. Kulagina can control the beat of frog heart preparations , imprint images on shielded photographic emulsions, and move oh $ ects weighing one pound or more. In 1970, Dr. Sergeyev conducted e *P e ^ e £s in Shich Mrs. Kulagina was asked to influence, if possible, a iiving frog heart preparation; such preparations normally continue to beat for seve hours after removal from the animal's body. In one experiment, the heart was placed in a glass jar 2h feet from Mrs. Kulagina. As she 44 Approved For Release 2003 /04/ 1 8 : C I A-RDP9 6-00787R000500420001-2 STAT' Approved For Release 200 3/04/18 = C I A - RDPQ 6-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 concentrated on controlling its beat, electrocardiograms showed that the rate of contraction increased or decreased at her command. Five minutes after the experiment began, she stoped its beat entirely. When a second preparation was placed in the jar its beat was stopped in 23 minutes . (U) In other experiments, Mrs. Kulagina imprinted images on unexposed film sealed in black envelopes. During these experiments Sergeyev measured the energy around the psychic’s body and found it to be half that of a non-psychic individual. This led Sergeyev to believe that she absorbs, or draws, energy from around her and then discharges it on the target object. (U) Mrs. Kulagina experiences considerable stress while she is being tested. Her pulse increases, as does her rate of breathing; she develops pain in her upper spine and the back of her neck. At the onset of her "activated" state she feels thirsty and has .a taste of iron or copper in her mouth. During the activated state, she experiences occasional periods of dizziness and nausea. Her blood sugar level rises and within one hour following cessation of tests, a loss of weight (1.5 - 2.0 lbs) occurs. She experiences less stress when alone, and claims to respond best in an atmosphere of friendly mutual trust and belief. Her PK ability is mood dependent (her mood and the mood of the observers) and she expends more energy in a hostile or skeptical atmosphere. The mechanical aspects of Mrs. Kulagina’s PK effects are as follows: a. Size and shape are more important than the physical structure of the substance she is trying to influence. b. Weight and dimensions of objects she is trying to move are important; the weights vary from a few ounces to nearly one pound. c. She finds moving a vertical cylinder easier than moving a horizontal one. d. She causes no changes in the shape of soft objects during movement . e. The direction an object moves depends on her will, and may be either toward or away from her. She can also cause rotational or vertical movements to occur. f. Kulagina’s optimum field effect occurs at approximately 1^ feet; her distance limit is approximately 3 feet and 4 inches, when the object to be influenced is 3 feet form the edge of the working surface. At these distances she is said to be able to move one object out of many, 45 Approved For Release 2003V04/18 : CIA-RDP96-0078 R000500420001-2 STAT Approved For Release 2003/04/18 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 STAT DST-181QS- 387-75 September 1975 depending upon where she centers her concentration* The electrical aspects of Kulagina’s effects are as follows: a* An electrical field is generated in the vicinity of the j object she is attempting to influence; however, there is no measurable field between Kulagina and that object and no sparks are observed. b. She can exert no effect on an object situated in a vacuum. i c. Electrostatic screening has no effect on her powers, which seem to be better with the object under a dielectric cover, but she is unsuccessful during storms or other atmospheric conditions when there is a greater than normal amount of electricity in the air. She cannot, at any time, exert an influence on an electroscope. I d. She can cause luminescence of crystal lumiphors and produce changes in the spectrum of visible light absorbed by liquid crystals. (U) Dr. Adamenko has found that Alla Vinogradova produces effects similar to those of Nina Kulagina, but undergoes far less physiological stress. In some of his experiments with her in Moscow, during which she moved a variety of objects about on a dielectric surface, a great deal of electrostatic (ES) energy was measured around the objects (supposedly enough to light a small neon glow tube) . The measurements detected field pulsations which were synchronous with Vinogradova’s respiration rate, heartbeat, and brain alpha rhythm pattern; however, the region between Vinogradova and the object contained no energy fields nor frequencies, and the ES energy increased in intensity as the objects were approached. The results with Alla Vinogradova have led Adamenko to believe that there may be individuals who have the ability to build up an ES field on the body surface at will and project it as required. (U) The Czechs, like the Soviets, are attempting to identify the source ,j or sources, of biological energy, but their research is not centered on psychically gifted individuals. Instead, some leading Czech parapsychol-t ogists have developed the theory that most people possess psychic capa- bilities and that such capabilities may best be demonstrated as observable PK effects. Czech parapsychology research is currently heavily PK oriented, probably as a result of Robert Pavlita’s development of psychotronic generators (described in Part II of this study). The Czechs believe that the use of these devices for biological energy collection and concentration may make it possible for nearly anyone to cause PK effects. Approved For Release 2003/04^ : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500420001-2 Approved For Release 2 003/04/18 : CIA-RD P96-QQ787RQ0Q5QQ42QQQ1 -2 DST-1810S-387-75 September 1975 Although the design and construction of the generators may be quite complex, they are simple to operate and require only minimal training in their oper- ation. They have two other major advantages, they require no supervision of the subject by an investigator and the observable physical effects (motion, attraction, etc.) serve as positive, encouraging feedback for the subject. (U) One of Pavlita f s devices for demonstrating PK is shown in Figure 8. The usual way of charging the device with psychic energy is to touch the temple area of the head with the hand, then touch the device. The accumu- lated energy then causes the spoked wheel to revolve. Pavlita claims that with training some individuals can le