Last year’s weather extremes, from snowstorms to drought, led to a tough year for many of the UK’s bumblebees, conservationists have said.

But several rare species which emerge late and love hot conditions had a very good year, a report from the Bumblebee Conservation Trust reveals.

Data collected by volunteers through the spring and summer showed that freezing conditions late February and early March, as the country was hit by the “beast from the east”, delayed the start of the 2018 bumblebee season.

Most of the 24 species of UK bumblebee got off to a slow start and only reached normal numbers in July. Experts said that suggested the queen bees were late out of hibernation and slow to produce large numbers of workers.

The hot, dry, summer caused further problems for the insects, with many species declining more quickly than normal as the year progressed and the heatwave wilted and parched flowers, reducing the amount of food for them.

The early bumblebee had its worst year since 2012 when near constant rain occurred, while species commonly seen in people’s gardens such as the garden, buff-tailed, heath and white-tailed bumblebees, all had poor years.

Last year was the worst for the number of individuals per species recorded since the washout weather in 2012, and conservationists are concerned that that could have a knock-on effect for 2019 numbers. That is because the heatwave could have affected the number of queens which made it into hibernation last winter.

The country’s bumblebees could face long-term problems from the more frequent heatwaves that the UK is likely to experience with climate change, the wildlife organisation warns.

But 2018 brought better news for a handful of rare species, including the brown-banded carder bee, the shrill carder bee and the large garden bee – all warmth-loving species which are at the north edge of their range in England and Wales. They all emerge late, so the icy conditions in March will not largely have affected them.

The Bumblebee Conservation Trust said all three of these bees have been the focus of projects to create and conserve suitable habitat for them.

In the citizen science BeeWalk scheme, which has been running since 2010, volunteers walk a fixed monitoring route roughly half a mile to a mile long through flower-rich habitat, and record the bees they see. Each of the network of routes is walked at least once a month between March and October, with data from 559 sites submitted by 482 people in 2018.

Richard Comont, science manager at the Bumblebee Conservation Trust, said: “Whilst it is great to see the four ‘biggest species winners’ from our latest BeeWalk data are rare bumblebees, it’s concerning to see four of our seven commonest bumblebees have declined over the last nine years.”

Gill Perkins, the trust’s chief executive, said: “We all need to make sure our gardens, parks and green spaces are bumblebee friendly to stop today’s common species becoming tomorrow’s rarities.”