PARIS—French President Emmanuel Macron ratcheted up demands on U.S. tech giants Thursday by calling on them to embrace European regulations, ranging from taxation to privacy to artificial intelligence, because Washington is failing to do so.

“The U.S. model is no longer sustainable because there is no political accountability,” Mr. Macron told at a tech conference in Paris just hours before Facebook Chief Executive Mark Zuckerberg took the same stage.

Mr....