People commonly report a distinct cultural theme to the visual aspect of their psychedelic experience. Based on the patterns and images seen (either with eyes open or closed), people may compare them to the art and style of many ancient cultures: Egyptian, Aztec, Indian, Native American, African and Islamic. Particular ancient cultural motifs may also characterise particular drugs – for magic mushrooms, it is the Mayan/Aztec culture and for mescaline, it is the Native American culture. That said, such patterns can occur with other psychedelics as well, such as LSD and many others.



But are people bringing their memory of ancient cultural styles to the experience and therefore unconsciously imposing them on to the trip? Or are they accessing the particular visual quality of the compound? This is difficult to know. But it seems far more likely that the drug affects the user in a specific way to produce those specific motifs.

It has been well established that particular ancient cultures have used a particular plant for spiritual/religious purposes. We know that ‘mushroom cults’ and mushroom worship date back to ancient Mayan times, while peyote use has been central to the Native American culture for thousands of years. To see the particular visual quality of these plants, you only need to look at the patterns and styles found throughout their art.

People may, of course, interpret the images and patterns as being “Aztec-like” because they know what Aztec art looks like. Then again, other people may not be familiar with art from these ancient cultures but may make the connection once they come across it. Casual mushroom and mescaline users today may be seeing the same sort of images which contributed to the birth of a culture.

With DMT, it seems that motifs from most ancient cultures can be recognised. One of the most interesting motifs belongs to the culture of ancient India, especially in relation to its ancient spiritual traditions, Hinduism and Buddhism. For example, the sacred image of the mandala or other mandalic like images can be seen. In Hinduism, a yantra is a geometric shape that is used in meditative rituals. A prime example is the Sri Yantra. Yantra means “instrument” or “machine”, and as such, it is an instrument used to focus the mind on spiritual concepts. The yantra is thought to call the deity into presence.

According to Khanna Madhu in Tantric: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity (1979), “Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths and as instructional charts of the spiritual aspect of human experience.” Although the yantra is usually depicted in two dimensions, it is often conceived of as being multi-dimensional.

The best representations of the mandala can be found in Tibetan Buddhist thangka paintings. In the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, intricate mandalas are created through delicate and focused sandpainting. This art is an important component of the spiritual practices of these Tibetan monks. These sandpaintings and other mandalic images are rich in bright colours and are very psychedelic looking. Mandalic sandpaintings are also created by Navajo Indians. Like with yantras, the mandala is used as an aid to meditation in Tibetan Buddhism. The mandala represents wholeness, as well as the universe itself. In the philosophy of sacred geometry, the circle at the centre of the mandala represents the unified, constantly flowing nature of the universe, while the square which surrounds the circle represents order and the earth. The mandala represents the universe (on a microcosmic level) and our relation to it.

The term mandala, which is Sanskrit, translates to “circle”. It does not necessarily have to conform to the typical Buddhist image of a circle surrounded by a square with protrusions on each edge in the shape of a T (the protrusions drawn as gates or entrances). Saint Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century Christian mystic, claimed to have many religious visions and produced mandalic images herself.

The important question is: why do Tantric mystics, Tibetan Buddhists, Navajo Indians and Christian mystics like Hildegard of Bingen depict these mandalas? Why do they attach so much meaning and spiritual significance to them? And why can they be seen during psychedelic experiences, especially with DMT and with high doses of other compounds?

The famous Swiss psychoanalyst, Carl Jung, found that when trying to explore the unconscious mind through his drawings, as well of those of his patients, the motif of the circle kept spontaneously appearing. Because of his knowledge of Indian philosophy, he made the following remark in his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections:

I sketched every morning in a notebook a small circular drawing,…which seemed to correspond to my inner situation at the time….Only gradually did I discover what the mandala really is:…the Self, the wholeness of the personality, which if all goes well is harmonious.

Thus, from a Jungian point of view, the urge to express the mandala, as well as the ability to visualise them during psychedelic experiences, reflects a psychological need that everyone strives for, namely wholeness, integration and order. The fact that Buddhist mandalas and drug-induced mandalas look similar does not seem to be coincidental. Perhaps it is through intense periods of meditation that Tibetan monks are able to sink so deep into the unconscious mind that they feel compelled to paint and draw mandalas. Whether they are able to actually able to visualise an image of the mandala while meditating, I do not know. Moreover, even if this Jungian interpretation is correct, it is still a mystery why the mandala shape, or the circle, is so deeply meaningful and persistent.

The DMT experience can encapsulate motifs from pretty much all of the world’s ancient cultures. Some of the motifs that are reported include Egyptian hieroglyphics, pyramids, Egyptian deities, Sanskrit, Arabic or Hebrew-type letters, religious temples, the Buddha, Hindu goddesses, Persian or paisley patterns, African motifs, and so forth and so on. One motif of the DMT experience which isn’t so ancient, but which Terence McKenna called the archetype of the DMT realm, is the circus. Many people report the DMT world as being like a circus or a carnival, full of fast-moving, colourful, bright and strange entertainments. The entities in the DMT world can take on the form of jesters, clowns or colourfully dressed trapeze artists – although obviously not so completely human-like. My guess is that these playful, cheerful, entertaining jester-like entities – who perform acrobatics and perform magic – are expressions of an archetype, perhaps the archetype of the ‘trickster’ found in Jung’s model of the collective unconscious. Why they manifest during the DMT experience I do not know, nor why they appear to be so inviting and welcoming.

Jesters have been around since ancient Egypt – they were used to entertain Egyptian pharaohs. Again, this desire to see a joker, magician or entertainer could reflect the deep-seated ‘trickster’ archetype that dwells within our collective unconscious. Humans have a hunger for entertainments which are bizarre, fast-paced, colourful and awe-inspiring. The DMT experience feeds this hunger so much that the user is left shocked and overwhelmed. The DMT experience, as well as other intense psychedelic experiences, are able to raise this unconscious desire to our conscious awareness. The fact that the DMT world can be compared to a circus, carnival, playground or nursery; and that humans strive to create these kinds of environments, along with others (such as theme parks), does not seem to be coincidental.

With regards to seeing Egyptian deities, Hindu goddesses and other kinds of culturally recognisable gods; these too can be seen as expressions of archetypes. The human need to create gods with supernatural powers seems to be very ancient. Egyptian gods are part human part animal to signify their separateness from us, as well as the unique power that they have. The many-armed, many-headed Hindu gods and goddesses are likewise given these extra limbs and features to symbolise the great power that they have. In Hinduism, these goddesses also offer many gifts (just as the entities do in the DMT world).

Part of human psychology includes the desire to have control, supervision, guidance and gifts in our lives. This is what gods and goddesses provide. The manifold ways in which deities are represented come from our imaginative and creative minds, which the effects of psychoactive plants can heighten. For me, this is a far more convincing and simpler explanation than the idea that each of these psychedelic plants have a ‘teacher spirit’ within them. Still, these ancient motifs are baffling. On a psychological level, why do we experience them? And on a physical level, how does our brain produce them?