By Steven Eke

BBC Russian affairs analyst



Vladimir Putin has filled top posts with spy service alumni

The unprecedented research implies a huge expansion of KGB-FSB influence in politics and business in recent years.

Many of the officials concerned have been appointed under President Vladimir Putin - himself a former spy chief.

This has led many liberal commentators to claim their influence is growing unchecked, and threatening democracy.

Politics and business

This new research was conducted by Olga Kryshtanovskaya, a respected academic, for the Centre for the Study of the Elite, part of the prestigious Academy of Sciences.

It confirms that the siloviki - ex-KGB operatives or those working for its successor organisation, the FSB - have done well in President Putin's Russia.

It has long been thought that their influence was growing. But this first, concerted attempt to provide empirical evidence of its scale, has produced some surprising results.

Mr Putin recently toured a new defence intelligence HQ in Moscow

Among the presidential administration, members of the government, deputies of both chambers of parliament, regional heads, as well as the boards of Russia's top state corporations, four in five officials worked for the KGB, or continue to work for one or more of its successor organisations.

The research also suggests the political and business elites are rapidly coalescing, with some key industrial figures, such as the head of the state weapons export agency, also from the same security service heritage.

Contrast

How different Russia looks from other formerly communist countries in eastern Europe, where there have been attempts to identify individuals who worked for Soviet-era security services, many of which were highly repressive.

Some of these individuals have been put on trial for their alleged crimes.

But perhaps more significantly, there has been a real effort to keep them out of politics and big business.

But whatever it means for Russia's future as a democracy - or not - so far, unhappiness about Russia's new ruling class has been expressed only by the country's beleaguered liberal minority.