Supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.80 .

References

1 Stewart , J. Address by the Honourable Jane Stewart Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development on the Occasion of the Unveiling of Gathering Strength—Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan . Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada , 1998 .

2 Stanley , J , Tomison , AM , Pocock , J. Child Abuse and Neglect in Indigenous Australian Communities . Australian Institute of Family Studies , 2003 .

3 Reid , J , Taylor-Moore , K , Varona , G. Towards a social-structural model for understanding current disparities in maori health and well-being . J Loss Trauma 2014 ; 19 : 514 –36.

4 US Department of Health and Human Services . Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity – A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General . Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services , 2001 .

5 Campbell , CD , Evans-Campbell , T. Historical trauma and Native American child development and mental health: An overview . In American Indian and Alaska Native Children and Mental Health: Development, Context, Prevention, and Treatment (eds Sarche , M , Spicer , P , Farrell , P , Fitzgerald , H ): 1 – 26 . Praeger , 2011 .

6 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families . Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , 1997 .

7 Australian Bureau of Statistics . Census of Population and Housing: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians . Cat. no. 2076.0. Commonwealth of Australia , 2016 .

8 Indian Health Service . Trends in Indian Health: 2014 . US Department of Health and Human Services , 2014 .

9 Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada . Fact Sheet – 2011 National Household Survey Aboriginal Demographics, Educational Attainment and Labour Market Outcomes . Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada , 2013 .

10 Statistics Canada . Aboriginal Statistics at a Glance ( 2nd edn ). Statistics Canada , 2015

11 Hajizadeh , M , Hu , M , Bombay , A , Asada , Y. Socioeconomic inequalities in health among Indigenous Peoples living off-reserve in Canada: trends and determinants . Health Policy 2018 ; 122 : 854 –65.

12 Fahy , K , Lee , A , Milne , B. New Zealand Socio-Economic Index 2013 . Statistics New Zealand , 2017 .

13 Statistics New Zealand . NZ Social Indicators: Employment 2013 . Statistics New Zealand , 2017 .

14 United States Census Bureau . 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau , 2017 .

15 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Australia's Health 2016 . . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , 2016 .

16 Health Canada . A Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada: Self-Rated Health and Selected Conditions, 2002 to 2005 . Health Canada , 2005 .

17 Indian Health Service . Fact Sheet – Indian Health Disparities . Indian Health Service , 2019 .

18 Mitrou , F , Cooke , M , Lawrence , D , Povah , D , Mobilia , E , Guimond , E , et al. Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: A census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981–2006 . BMC Public Health 2014 ; 14 : 1 – 9 .

19 Reading , C , Wien , F. Health Inequalities and Social Determinants of Aboriginal Peoples’ Health . National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health , 2009 .

20 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Comparing Life Expectancy of Indigenous People in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States: Conceptual, Methodological and Data Issue . . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , 2011 .

21 Australian Human Rights Commission . A Ten-Year Review: The Closing the Gap Strategy and Recommendations for Reset . The Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee for Indigenous Health Equality , 2018 .

22 Statistics New Zealand . NZ Social Indicators: Life Expectancy . Statistics New Zealand , 2017 .

23 New Zealand Ministry of Justice . New Zealand Crime & Safety Survey: Main Findings . New Zealand Ministry of Justice , 2014 .

24 Willis , M. Non-Disclosure of Violence in Australian Indigenous Communities. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice . . Australian Institute of Criminology , 2011 .

25 Statistics Canada . Victimization of Aboriginal People in Canada, 2014 . Cat. no. 85-002-x. Statistics Canada , 2016 .

26 American Psychiatric Association . APA Fact Sheet: Mental Health Disparities: American Indians and Alaska Natives . APA , 2017 .

27 Holland , C , Dudgeon , P , Milroy , H. The Mental Health and Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Families and Communities. Supplementary Paper to: A Contributing Life: the 2012 National Report Card on Mental Health and Suicide Prevention . National Mental Health Commission , 2013 .

28 Maurtiz , M , Goossens , PJ , Draijer , N , van Achterberg , T. Prevalence of interpersonal trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders in severe mental illness . Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013 ; 4 : 1 – 16 .

29 King , M , Smith , A , Gracey , M. Indigenous health Part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap . Lancet 2009 ; 374 : 76 – 85 .

30 Statistics New Zealand . NZ Social Indicators: Prevalence of Psychological Distress . Statistics New Zealand , 2017 .

31 Australian Bureau of Statistics . The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples . Cat. no. 4704.0. Commonwealth of Australia , 2010 .

32 Durie , M. Indigenous health: New Zealand experience . Med J Aust 2012 ; 197 : 10 –1.

33 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drugs in Australia . Cat. no. PHE-221. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , 2019 .

34 Australian Bureau of Statistics . Causes of Death, Australia, 2016 . Cat. no. 3303.0. Commonwealth of Australia , 2016 .

35 Statistics New Zealand . NZ Social Indicators: Suicide . Statistics New Zealand , 2017 .

36 Zubrick , S , Shepherd , C , Dudgeon , P , Gee , G , Paradies , Y , Scrine , C , et al. Social determinants of social and emotional wellbeing . In Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice (eds Dudgeon , P , Milroy , H , Walker , R ): 93 – 112 . Commonwealth of Australia , 2014 .

37 Australian Bureau of Statistics . Persons in Corrective Services . Cat. no. 4512.0. Commonwealth of Australia , 2017 .

38 US Bureau of Justice Statistics . Jails in Indian Country, 2014 (Summary) . US Bureau of Justicice Statistics , 2015 .

39 Department of Corrections New Zealand . Prison Facts and Statistics – March 2017 . Department of Corrections New Zealand , 2017 .

40 Reitano , J. Adult Correctional Statistics in Canada . Cat. no. 85-002-x. Statistics Canada , 2017 .

41 United States Census Bureau . Population, Percent Change – April 1, 2010 (Estimates Base) to July 1, 2018 (V2018) . United States Census Bureau , 2019 .

42 Statistics New Zealand . How is our Māori Population Changing? Statistics New Zealand , 2015 .

43 Public Safety Canada . 2018 Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview . . Public Works and Government Services Canada , 2019 .

44 Australian Bureau of Statistics . . Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001. Commonwealth of Australia, 2018 .

45 Fazel , S , Seewald , K. Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis . Br J Psychiatry 2012 ; 200 : 364 –73.

46 Heffernan , EB , Andersen , KC , Dev , A , Kinner , S. Prevalence of mental illness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Queensland prisons . Med J Aust 2012 ; 197 : 37 – 41 .

47 Castro , FG , Barrera , M , Martinez , C. The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: resolving tensions between fidelity and fit . Prev Sci 2004 ; 5 : 41 –5.

48 Campbell , CD , Evans-Campbell , T. Historical trauma and Native American child development and mental health: An overview . In Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students (eds Sarche , M , Spicer , P , Farrell , P , Fitzgerald , H ): 57 – 101 . Sage , 2007 .

49 Griner , D , Smith , TB. Culturally adapted mental health intervention: a meta-analytic review . Psychotherapy 2006 ; 43 : 531 .

50 McGough , S , Wynaden , D , Wright , M. Experience of providing cultural safety in mental health to Aboriginal patients: a grounded theory study . Int J Ment Health Nurs 2018 ; 27 : 204 –13.

51 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Australia . National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' Mental Health and Social and Emotional Wellbeing 2017–2023 . Commonwealth of Australia , 2017 .

52 Dudgeon , P , Walker , R , Scrine , C , Shepherd , C , Calma , T , Ring , I. Effective Strategies to Strengthen the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People . Cat. no. IHW 143. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , 2014 .

53 Hinton , R , Kavanagh , D , Barclay , L , Chenhall , R , Nagel , T. Developing a best practice pathway to support improvements in Indigenous Australians’ mental health and well-being: a qualitative study . BMJ Open 2015 ; 5 : 1 – 9 .

54 Rix , EF , Barclay , L , Wilson , S , Stirling , J , Tong , A. Service providers’ perspectives, attitudes and beliefs on health services delivery for Aboriginal people receiving haemodialysis in rural Australia: a qualitative study . BMJ Open 2013 ; 3 : e003581 .

55 Abbott , P , Lloyd , JE , Joshi , C , Malera-Bandjalan , K , Baldry , E , McEntyre , E , et al. Do programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people leaving prison meet their health and social support needs? Aust J Rural Health 2018 ; 26 : 6 – 13 .

56 Armstrong , E , Eggins , E , Reid , N , Harnett , P , Dawe , S. Parenting interventions for incarcerated parents to improve parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent-child relationship: a systematic review and meta-ana . J Exp Criminol 2018 ; 14 : 279 – 317 .

57 Coutinho , B , Hansen , A , Waage , L , Hillecke , T , Koenig , J. Music making interventions with adults in the forensic setting-A systematic review of the literature-Part I: group interventions . Music Med 2015 ; 7 : 40 –5.

58 Hoing , M , Bogaerts , S , Vogelvang , B. Helping sex offenders to desist offending: the gains and drains for CoSA volunteers-A review of the literature . Sexual Abuse J Res Treatment 2016 ; 28 : 364 – 402 .

59 Cheliotis , L. Reconsidering the effectiveness of temporary release: a systematic review . Aggress Violent Behav 2008 ; 13 : 153 –68.

60 Netto , NR , Carter , JM , Bonell , C. A systematic review of interventions that adopt the ‘good lives’ approach to offender rehabilitation . J Offender Rehabil 2014 ; 53 : 403 –32.

61 van Outsem , R. The applicability of neurofeedback in forensic psychotherapy: a literature review . J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 2011 ; 22 : 223 –42.

62 Sherman , L , Strang , H , Mayo-Wilson , E , Woods , D , Ariel , B. Are restorative justice conferences effective in reducing repeat offending? Findings from a campbell systematic review . J Quant Criminol 2015 ; 31 : 1 – 24 .

63 Bryant , J , Bonevski , B , Paul , C , McElduff , P , Attia , J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions in selected disadvantaged groups . Addiction 2011 ; 106 : 1568 –85.

64 Courtney , R , Naicker , S , Shakeshaft , A , Clare , P , Martire , K , Mattick , R. Smoking cessation among low-socioeconomic status and disadvantaged population groups: a systematic review of research output . Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015 ; 12 : 6403 –22.

65 Hom , E , Dannenberg , A , Farquhar , S , Thornhill , L. A systematic review of health impact assessments in the criminal justice system . Am J Crim Justice 2017 ; 42 : 883 – 908 .

66 Wilson , A , Guillaumier , A , George , J , Denham , A , Bonevski , B. A systematic narrative review of the effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions in selected disadvantaged groups (2010–2017) . Expert Rev Respir Med 2017 ; 11 : 617 –30.

67 Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) . Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies . EPHPP , 2009 .

68 Armijo-olivo , S , Stiles , C , Hagen , N , Biondo , P , Cummings , G. Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool; methodological research . J Eval Clin Pract 2012 ; 18 : 12 –8.

69 Oxford Centre for Triple Value Healthcare . Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) Qualitiave Research Checklist . Oxford Centre for Triple Value Healthcare , 2017 .

70 Hannes , K. Critical appraisal of qualitative research . In Supplementary Guidance for Inclusion of Qualitative Research in Cochrane Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 1 (eds Noyes , J , Booth , A , Hannes , K , Harden , A , Harris , J , Lwein , S , et al. ). Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group , 2011 .

71 Hodgins , F , Gnich , W , Ross , A , Sherriff , A , Worlledge-Andrew , H. How lay health workers tailor in effective health behaviour change interventions: a protocol for a systematic review . Syst Rev 2016 ; 5 : 102 –8.

72 Crundall , I , Deacon , K. A prison-based alcohol use education program: evaluation of a pilot study . Subst Use Misuse 1997 ; 32 : 767 –77.

73 Gossage , P , Barton , L , Foster , L , Etsitty , L , LoneTree , C , Leonard , C , et al. Sweat lodge ceremonies for jail-based treatment . J Psychoactive Drugs 2003 ; 35 : 33 – 42 .

74 Stewart , L , Hamilton , E , Wilton , G , Cousineau , C , Varrette , S. The effectiveness of the Tupiq program for Inuit sex offenders . Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2015 ; 59 : 1338 –57.

75 Rossiter , C , Power , T , Fowler , C , Jackson , D , Roche , M , Dawson , A. ‘Learning to become a better man’: insights from a fathering programme for incarcerated Indigenous men . Aust J Soc Issues 2017 ; 52 : 13 – 31 .

76 Yuen , F , Pedlar , A. Leisure as a context for justice: Experiences of ceremony for Aboriginal women in prison . J Leis Res 2009 ; 41 : 547 –64.

77 Yuen , F. ‘I've never been so free in all my life’: healing through Aboriginal ceremonies in prison . Leisure 2011 ; 35 : 97 – 113 .

78 Trevethan , S , Crutcher , N , Moore , J , Mileto , J. Pê Sâkâstêw Centre: An In-Depth Examination of a Healing Lodge for Federally Incarcerated Offenders . Correctional Service of Canada, Research Branch , 2007 .

79 Kunic , D , Varis , D. The Aboriginal Offender Substance Abuse Program: Examining the Effects of Successful Completion on Post-Release Outcomes . Correctional Service Canada , 2009 .

80 Weekes , JR , Millson , WA. Native Offender Substance Abuse Pre-Treatment Program: Intermediate Measures of Program Effectiveness . Correctional Service Canada , 1994 .

81 Thompson , J. An Examination of the Circles of Change Program . . Correctional Service Canada , 2010 .

82 Stewart , L , Hamilton , E , Wilton , G , Cousineau , C , Varrette , S. An Examination of the Effectiveness of Tupiq: A Culturally Specific Program for Inuit Sex Offenders . Correctional Service Canada , 2009 .

83 Trevethan , S , Moore , J , Naqitarvik , L. The Tupiq Program for Inuit Sexual Offenders: A Preliminary Investigation . Correctional Services Canada , 2004 .

84 Bell , A , Flight , JI. An Evaluation of the Spirit of a Warrior Program for Women Offenders . Correctional Service Canada , 2006 .

85 Trevethan , S , Moore , J , Allegri , N. The ‘In Search of Your Warrior’ Program for Aboriginal Offenders: A Preliminary Evaluation . Correctional Service Canada , 2005 .

86 Campbell , N. The Department of Corrections’ tikanga-based programmes . Practice 2016 ; 4 : 1 – 4 .

87 McMurran , M. Motivating Offenders to Change: A Guide to Enhancing Engagement in Therapy . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , 2002 .

88 Howells , K , Day , A. Readiness for treatment in high risk offenders with personality disorders . Psychol Crime Law 2007 ; 13 : 47 – 56 .

89 Bowler , N , Phillips , C , Rees , P. The association between imported factors and prisoners’ mental health: implications for adaptation and intervention . Int J Law Psychiatry 2018 ; 57 : 61 –6.

90 Shepherd , SM. Can a connection to culture reduce mental illness symptoms and risk for future violence? Aust Psychol 2019 ; 54 : 151 –6.

91 Lundell , H , Niederdeppe , J , Clarke , C. Public views about health causation, attributions of responsibility, and inequality . J Health Commun 2013 ; 18 : 1116 –30.

92 Gollust , SE , Cappella , JN. Understanding public resistance to messages about health disparities . J Health Commun 2014 ; 19 : 493 – 510 .

93 Westerman , T. Engaging Australian Aboriginal youth in mental health services . Aust Psychol 2010 ; 45 : 212 –22.

94 Ashdown , JD , Treharne , GJ , Neha , T , Dixon , B , Aitken , C. Māori men's experiences of rehabilitation in the moana house therapeutic community in Aotearoa/New Zealand: a qualitative enquiry . Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2019 ; 63 : 734 –51.

95 Dingwall , K , Nagel , T. AIMhi Stay Strong App.: User Guide . Menzies School of Health Research , 2014 .

96 United Nations General Assembly . UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . United Nations , 2007 .

97 Simpson , P , Guthrie , J , Butler , T. Prison health service directors’ view on research priorities and organizational issues in conducting research in prison: outcomes of a national deliberative roundtable . Int J Prison Health 2017 ; 13 : 113 –23.

98 Bulman , P , Garcia , M , Hernon , J. Study Raises Questions About Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement . National Institute of Justice , 2012 ( http://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/study-raises-questions-about-psychological-effects-solitary-confinement ).

99 Hannah-Moffat , K. Criminological Cliques: Narrowing Dialogues, Institutional Protectionism, and the Next Generation : 440–55. University of Toronto Press , 2011 .

100 Spencer , S-J. Striving for Balance Between Participation and Protection in Research Involving Prison Populations . SAGE Publications , 2017 .

101 Kendall , E , Sunderland , N , Barnett , L , Nalder , G , Matthews , C. Beyond the rhetoric of participatory research in indigenous communities: advances in Australia over the last decade . Qual Health Res 2011 ; 21 : 1719 –28.

102 National Health and Medical Research Council . Researching Right Way: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research Ethics: A Domestic and International Review . National Health and Medical Research Council , 2013 .

103 National Health and Medical Research Council . Ethical Conduct in Research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and Communities: Guidelines for Researchers and Stakeholders . National Health and Medical Research Council , 2018 .

104 National Health and Medical Research Council . Keeping Research on Track: a Guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples About Health Research Ethics . National Health and Medical Research Council , 2006 .