About The Author Ahmad Shadeed is a UX/UI Designer and front-end developer from Palestine who enjoys working and living in the intersection of design and code. He is writing on … More about Ahmad Shadeed …

Common CSS Issues For Front-End Projects

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Rendering and interaction have become a lot more consistent across browsers in recent years. It’s still not perfectly uniform, however, and a lot of small issues can trip you up. Add on top of these issues the variables of different screen sizes, language preferences and plain human error, and we find a lot of small things to trip up a developer.

When implementing a user interface in a browser, it’s good to minimize those differences and issues wherever you can, so that the UI is predictable. Keeping track of all of those differences is hard, so I’ve put together a list of common issues, with their solutions, as a handy reference guide for when you’re working on a new project.

Let’s begin.

1. Reset The Backgrounds Of button And input Elements

When adding a button, reset its background, or else it will look different across browsers. In the example below, the same button is shown in Chrome and in Safari. The latter adds a default gray background.

Resetting the background will solve this issue:

button { appearance: none; background: transparent; /* Other styles */ }

2. Overflow: scroll vs. auto

To limit the height of an element and allow the user to scroll within it, add overflow: scroll-y . This will look good in Chrome on macOS. However, on Chrome Windows, the scroll bar is always there (even if the content is short). This is because scroll-y will show a scroll bar regardless of the content, whereas overflow: auto will show a scroll bar only when needed.

Left: Chrome on macOS. Right: Chrome on Windows. (Large preview)

.element { height: 300px; overflow-y: auto; }

See the Pen overflow-y by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen. See the Pen overflow-y by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen.

3. Add flex-wrap

Make an element behave as a flex container simply by adding display: flex . However, when the screen size shrinks, the browser will display a horizontal scroll bar in case flex-wrap is not added.

<div class="wrapper"> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"></div> </div>

.wrapper { display: flex; } .item { flex: 0 0 120px; height: 100px; }

The example above will work great on big screens. On mobile, the browser will show a horizontal scroll bar.

Left: A horizontal scroll bar is shown, and the items aren’t wrapped. Right: The items are wrapped onto two rows. (Large preview)

The solution is quite easy. The wrapper should know that when space is not available, it should wrap the items.

.wrapper { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; }

See the Pen flex-wrap by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen. See the Pen flex-wrap by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen.

4. Don’t Use justify-content: space-between When The Number Of Flex Items Is Dynamic

When justify-content: space-between is applied to a flex container, it will distribute the elements and leave an equal amount of space between them. Our example has eight card items, and they look good. What if, for some reason, the number of items was seven? The second row of elements would look different than the first one.

The wrapper with eight items. (Large preview)

The wrapper with seven items. (Large preview)

See the Pen justify-content by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen. See the Pen justify-content by Ahmad Shadeed (@shadeed) on CodePen.

In this case, using CSS grid would be more suitable.

When an article is being viewed on a mobile screen, a long word or inline link might cause a horizontal scroll bar to appear. Using CSS’ word-break will prevent that from happening.

.article-content p { word-break: break-all; }

Check out CSS-Tricks for the details.

6. Transparent Gradients

When adding gradient with a transparent start and end point, it will look black-ish in Safari. That's because Safari doesn’t recognize the keyword transparent . By substituting it with rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) , it will work as expected. Note the below screenshot:

.section-hero { background: linear-gradient(transparent, #d7e0ef), #527ee0; /*Other styles*/ }

This should instead be:

.section-hero { background: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0,0), #d7e0ef), #527ee0; /*Other styles*/ }

7. The Misconception About The Difference Between auto-fit And auto-fill In CSS Grid

In CSS grid, the repeat function can create a responsive column layout without requiring the use of media queries. To achieve that, use either auto-fill or auto-fit .

.wrapper { grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(100px, 1fr)); }

In short, auto-fill will arrange the columns without expanding their widths, whereas auto-fit will collapse them to zero width but only if you have empty columns. Sara Soueidan has written an excellent article on the topic.

8. Fixing Elements To The Top Of The Screen When The Viewport Is Not Tall Enough

If you fix an element to the top of the screen, what happens if the viewport is not tall enough? Simple: It will take up screen space, and, as a result, the vertical area available for the user to browse the website will be small and uncomfortable, which will detract from the experience.

@media (min-height: 500px) { .site-header { position: sticky; top: 0; /*other styles*/ } }

In the snippet above, we’re telling the browser to fix the header to the top only if the viewport’s height is equal to or greater than 500 pixels.

Also important: When you use position: sticky , it won’t work unless you specify the top property.

9. Setting max-width For Images

When adding an image, define max-width: 100% , so that the image resizes when the screen is small. Otherwise, the browser will show a horizontal scroll bar.

img { max-width: 100%; }

10. Using CSS Grid To Define main And aside Elements

CSS grid can be used to define the main and aside sections of a layout, which is a perfect use for grid. As a result, the aside section’s height will be equal to that of the main element, even if it’s empty.

To fix this, align the aside element to the start of its parent, so that its height doesn’t expand.

.wrapper { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr)); grid-gap: 20px; } // align-self will tell the aside element to align itself with the start of its parent. aside { grid-column: 1 / 4; grid-row: 1; align-self: start; } main { grid-column: 4 / 13; }

11. Adding fill To An SVG

Sometimes, while working with SVGs, fill won’t work as expected if the fill attribute has been added inline in the SVG. To solve this, either to remove the fill attribute from the SVG itself or override fill: color .

Take this example:

.some-icon { fill: #137cbf; }

This won’t work if the SVG has an inline fill. It should be this instead:

.some-icon path { fill: #137cbf; }

12. Working With Pseudo-Elements

I love to use pseudo-elements whenever I can. They provide us with a way to create fake elements, mostly for decorative purposes, without adding them to the HTML.

When working with them, the author might forget to do one of the following:

add the content: "" property,

property, set the width and height without defining the display property for it.

In the example below, we have a title with a badge as a pseudo-element. The content: "" property should be added. Also, the element should have display: inline-block set in order for the width and height to work as expected.

13. The Weird Space When Using display: inline-block

Setting two or more elements to display: inline-block or display: inline will create a tiny space between each one. The space is added because the browser is interpreting the elements as words, and so it’s adding a character space between each one.

In the example below, each item has a space of 8px on the right side, but the tiny space caused by using display: inline-block is making it 12px , which is not the desired result.

li:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 8px; }

A simple fix for this is to set font-size: 0 on the parent element.

ul { font-size: 0; } li { font-size: 16px; /*The font size should be reassigned here because it will inherit `font-size: 0` from its parent.*/ }

14. Add for="ID" When Assigning A Label Element To An Input

When working with form elements, make sure that all label elements have an ID assigned to them. This will make them more accessible, and when they’re clicked, the associated input will get focus.

<label for="emailAddress">Email address:</label> <input type="email" id="emailAddress">

15. Fonts Not Working With Interactive HTML Elements

When assigning fonts to the whole document, they won’t be applied to elements such as input , button , select and textarea . They don’t inherit by default because the browser applies the default system font to them.

To fix this, assign the font property manually:

input, button, select, textarea { font-family: your-awesome-font-name; }

16. Horizontal Scroll Bar

Some elements will cause a horizontal scroll bar to appear, due to the width of those elements.

The easiest way to find the cause of this issue is to use CSS outline. Addy Osmani has shared a very handy script that can be added to the browser console to outline every element on the page.

[].forEach.call($$("*"), function(a) { a.style.outline = "1px solid #" + (~~(Math.random() * (1 << 24))).toString(16); });

17. Compressed Or Stretched Images

When you resize an image in CSS, it could be compressed or stretched if the aspect ratio is not consistent with the width and height of the image.

The solution is simple: Use CSS’ object-fit . Its functionality is similar to that of background-size: cover for background images.

img { object-fit: cover; }

Using object-fit won’t be the perfect solution in all cases. Some images need to appear without cropping or resizing, and some platforms force the user to upload or crop an image at a defined size. For example, Dribbble accepts thumbnails uploads at 800 by 600 pixels.

18. Add The Correct type For input .

Use the correct type for an input field. This will enhance the user experience in mobile browsers and make it more accessible to users.

Here is some HTML:

<form action=""> <p> <label for="name">Full name</label> <input type="text" id="name"> </p> <p> <label for="email">Email</label> <input type="email" id="email"> </p> <p> <label for="phone">Phone</label> <input type="tel" id="phone"> </p> </form>

This is how each input will look once it’s focused:

19. Phone Numbers In RTL Layouts

When adding a phone number like + 972-123555777 in a right-to-left layout, the plus symbol will be positioned at the end of the number. To fix that, reassign the direction of the phone number.

p { direction: ltr; }

Conclusion

All of the issues mentioned here are among the most common ones I’ve faced in my front-end development work. My goal is to keep a list to check regularly while working on a web project.

Do you have an issue that you always face in CSS? Let us know in the comments!