Volkswagen reported its findings after the markets in Europe closed on Tuesday. In October, Volkswagen reported a quarterly loss of $3.84 billion, its first deficit in 15 years. The scandal forced Volkswagen CEO Martin Winterkorn to resign, though he maintained he knew nothing about the defeat devices in his company's diesel models. Other top Volkswagen employees can't claim the same ignorance: American group CEO Michael Horn said he knew of a "possible emissions non-compliance" issue in spring 2014, before the Environmental Protection Agency started looking into it. Other reports claim Volkswagen's "top circles" knew about the cars' high carbon dioxide emissions as far back as 2007.

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