“If I had to describe myself to an alien I’d say I was bigger than the average human, enjoy a drink or two with a good meal and have a bigger head than most. I’d also say I’m really handsome — especially if they were a female alien.” -Dwayne Johnson

In all the known Universe, to the best that we’ve examined it, only our home planet, Earth, contains confirmed signs of life. But the raw ingredients required for life appear everywhere, from the interiors of asteroids to interstellar gas clouds to protoplanetary nebulae to the exploded remnants of supernovae. The chemical combinations associated with the building blocks of life, and even complex, organic molecules are found literally everywhere we look in space. But we might not have to venture so far to actually encounter life at all, as eight worlds beyond Earth all offer unique possibilities for the presence of organic, biological activity.

Signatures of organic, life-giving molecules are found all over the cosmos, including in the largest, nearby star-forming region: the Orion Nebula. Image credit: ESA, HEXOS and the HIFI consortium; E. Bergin.

It’s true that here’s a big gulf between “organic molecules” and what we consider today to be a living organism. Although there are a huge host of interesting possibilities for what’s out there, we’ve so far found nothing else on another world that we’d consider to be “alive,” nor have we found remnants of past life on any worlds. But the Solar System is a great place to start, because it’s so close and accessible! While nothing is for certain, we have a number of intriguing possibilities for where the first signs of life beyond Earth might be found. In order of what we consider most likely to least likely, here are the top eight!

Europa, one of the solar system’s largest moons, orbits Jupiter. Beneath its frozen, icy surface, a liquid water of ocean is heated by tidal forces from Jupiter. Image credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, SETI Institute, Cynthia Phillips, Marty Valenti.

1.) Europa. Jupiter’s second of its four large moons, Europa might at first seem like it’s too far from the Sun to be a good candidate for life. But Europa has two special things going for it: a ton of water — more water than is present on all of Earth — and some internal heating due to the tidal forces of Jupiter. Beneath a surface of ice, Europa has an enormous ocean of liquid water, and the heating of its insides due to Jupiter’s gravity may create a situation very analogous to the life-giving hydrothermal vents on the Earth’s ocean floor. It’s not likely to be life like we see on the surface of Earth, but life that can survive, reproduce and evolve is life any way you slice it.

One of the most intriguing — and least resource-intensive — ideas for searching for life in Enceladus’ ocean is to fly a probe through the geyser-like eruption, collecting samples and analyzing them for organics. Image credit: NASA / Cassini-Huygens mission / Imaging Science Subsystem.

2.) Enceladus. Saturn’s icy moon is smaller and has far less water than Europa, but it announces its liquid ocean (beneath a surface of solid ice) uniquely: by spewing 300-mile plumes of water into space! These geysers let us know for certain that there’s liquid water, and in tandem with the other elements and molecules necessary for life, such as methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide, there just might be life beneath the oceans of this world, too. Europa has more heat, more water and hence — we think — a greater chance, but don’t count Enceladus out, since it has a thinner ice surface and erupts far more spectacularly, meaning that we could find life with an orbiting mission, rather than having to drill down beneath the surface!

The flow of a dried-up riverbed is an unmistakable signature of a water-rich past on Mars. Image credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum).

3.) Mars. The red planet was once clearly very, very Earth-like. For perhaps the first billion years of the Solar System, water flowed freely across the martian surface, carving rivers, accumulating in lakes and oceans, and leaving remnant evidence that shows us, today, where they were once located. Features associated with a watery past, like hematite spherules (often associated with life on Earth), are common. In addition, the Curiosity rover has found an active, underground and variable source of methane, a possible signature of life today. And now that we know liquid water appears on the martian surface, albeit in a very salty environment, the door is definitely open. Is there life? Was there life at one point, but no longer? Mars remains a tantalizing possibility.

The surface of Titan, beneath the clouds, was found to contain methane lakes, rivers and waterfalls. Could it also be home to some type of life? Image credit: ESA, NASA, JPL, University of Arizona; panorama by Rene Pascal.

4.) Titan. Enceladus might offer the greatest possibility for Earth-like life in the Saturnian system, but perhaps life takes on a different form from the water-based biology here on Earth? With a thicker atmosphere than our own planet, the second-largest moon in our Solar System, Titan, was found to have liquid methane on its surface: oceans, rivers and even waterfalls! Could life make use of methane on another world the same way it makes use of water on Earth? If the answer to that is yes, there just might be living organisms on Titan today.

The surface of Venus, from the only spacecraft to ever successfully land and transmit data from that world. Image credit: Venera landers / USSR.

5.) Venus. Venus is hell, literally. At a constant surface temperature of some 900 degrees Fahrenheit, no human-made lander has ever survived more than a couple of hours while touched down on our nearest neighboring planet. But the reason Venus is so hot is because of it’s thick, carbon-dioxide rich atmosphere laden with heat-trapping clouds of sulphuric acid. This renders the surface of Venus thoroughly inhospitable, but the surface isn’t the only place to look for life. In fact, speculation is rampant that perhaps something interesting is happening some 60 miles up! Above the cloud-tops of Venus, the environment is surprisingly Earth-like: similar temperatures, pressures, and less corrosive material. It’s conceivable that with its own unique chemical history, that environment is filled with carbon-based airborne life, something that a mission to Venus’ upper atmosphere could easily sniff out.

The Voyager 2 spacecraft took this color photo of Neptune’s moon Triton on Aug. 24 1989, at a range of 330,000 miles. The image was made from pictures taken through the green, violet and ultraviolet filters. Image credit: NASA / JPL.

6.) Triton. You might not have heard much of Neptune’s largest moon, but it’s remarkable and unique among all the worlds of the solar system. It has “black smoker” volcanoes, it rotates and revolves the wrong way, and it originated from the Kuiper belt. Larger and more massive than both Pluto and Eris, it was once the king of all Kuiper belt objects, and now, in orbit around our Solar System’s final planet, we recognize that it’s covered in many life-giving materials, including nitrogen, oxygen, frozen water and methane ices. Could some form of primitive life exist at these energy interfaces? It’s certainly worth a look!

This global map shows the surface of Ceres in enhanced color, encompassing infrared wavelengths beyond human visual range. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA.

7.) Ceres. It might sound crazy to think of the possibility that life might exist on an asteroid. Yet when asteroids fall to Earth, we find not just the 20 amino acids essential to life, but nearly 100 others: the building blocks are all there! Could the largest asteroid of them all, the one with those bizarre, salt-deposit “white spots” on the bottom of its brightest craters, actually house some form of life? Although the answer is “probably not,” it’s conceivable that it was actually collisions with asteroids and Kuiper belt objects that brought either the raw ingredients for life or pre-existing, primitive life to Earth. What we consider, today, to be active biology, might have begun before Earth ever formed. If so, the signatures might be embedded within a world like Ceres, which is the best candidate for life in the asteroid belt. We just have to look to find out. And finally…

Pluto’s atmosphere, as imaged by New Horizons when it flew into the distant world’s eclipse shadow. Image credit: NASA / JHUAPL / New Horizons / LORRI.

8.) Pluto. Who would’ve expected that history’s outermost world — at a temperature just 100 degrees Fahrenheit above absolute zero — would be a candidate for life? And yet, Pluto has an atmosphere, it has remarkable, changing surface features, it has the same ices that Triton has, and objects just like it may be responsible for bringing much of what looks like Earth’s atmosphere and oceans to our planet. Could it have brought life as well? New Horizons will bring us hints, but to find out for certain, we’ll need a landing mission.

The “holy cow” mosaic of the Mars Phoenix mission, with revealed water-ice clearly visible underneath the lander’s legs. In order to learn the maximum amount possible about the presence or absence of life on a world, you absolutely must touch down and look, explicitly, for the surefire signatures. Image credit: NASA / JPL / University of Arizona / Max Planck Institute / Spaceflight / Marco Di Lorenzo, Kenneth Kremer / Phoenix Lander.

We always think of ourselves as alone in both the solar system and in the greater Universe, and yet that may be more a function of us looking for things exactly like us than of us actually being alone. If we go and investigate, we might not only find life in unexpected, thought-to-be-inhospitable places, we might wind up finding life that looks very little like the life we currently understand. Our logic, our intuition and our inklings can only get us so far. If we want to know, we have to go and look. Every time we’ve done exactly that, the Universe has had a wonderful way of surprising us.