A recent survey shows that North Korean defectors work longer hours for less pay than the average South Korean, but that there have been upward trends in indicators such as the employment rate and salary.

The survey, conducted by South Korea’s Ministry of Unification and the Korean Hana Foundation – was based on answers from defectors age 15 and older who came to South Korea before 2014. They received answers from 12,777 respondents out of the 23,141 who were eligible.