ICO (Initial Coin Offer) is a term that has lately gained popularity in the cryptocurrency environment. This term is used to define a process of raising investments for some particular project. Only instead of traditional shares, the participants get coins for their investments — certain electronic tokens (blockchain entries), confirming the investor’s stake in the project and consequently the investor’s share in the profit from the project. In other words, A-coins are issued for Project A, B-coins are issued for Project B, and so on. Coins, just like shares, have value only within the scope of a certain project. So, coins for Project A do not affect coins for Project B.

The ICO mechanism has a number of useful features, such as:

ICO coins may be subdivided or consolidated. Just like ordinary cryptocurrency coins

ICO coins have the same anonymity as ordinary cryptocurrency

Coins can be sold or bought at cryptocurrency exchanges that will naturally trade in them

However, despite all the attractiveness of ICO, it has one considerable drawback. ICO is good for raising funds and for launching a project, but it has no mechanism for distributing the profits from the project’s business operations among the shareholders, or in other words, no dividend distribution. At least this was not found either in the corresponding documents or in the speakers’ reports.

It looks as if ICO proponents plan only up to the stage of making money. “You have bought tokens — good of you! Your part is finished, congratulations! Now you are investors! And we have raised money, much more than has been invested in advertising, and now we can realx on a beach in Hawaii.”

Of course, we are far from claiming that all ICO participants are fraudsters. No at all! Most ICO organizers are quite honest people. Yet they do not think about the future either, and do not look as far ahead as the stage of “what if my business is successful and I have to distribute profits among the shareholders?” And even if they think about this, they console themselves with the idea: “we will buy back the ICO coins at the exchange, and thus raise the value of the shareholders’ assets”. However, such consolation is just self-deception.

This strategy of cost compensation to shareholders has two serious drawbacks:

1. When coins are bought back, the ownership stakes change, which is not the case in a classic system where shares are separated from dividends.

2. The liquidity of any ICO coins is by definition lower than the liquidity of money, as ICO coins derive from a specific project (company), while money derives from economy, that is, from all companies taken together.

In the latter case, a company has to “cross the spread” to perform a buy-back, that is, to pay the margin between the purchase and sale price of an ICO coin. And the margin is rather high, due to the low liquidity of an ICO coin that is tied to a specific project. The liquidity of an ICO coin is lower than the liquidity of a universal coin tied to the economy in general.

For example, a company has N money to pay to its shareholders, but it physically cannot perform buy-back, as there are not enough sale offers on the market. What the markets generally offer is only a small percentage of the real volume of the shares or coins issued. In practice, the low liquidity of ICO coins will lead to price peaks during buy-backs, and excess profit to speculators, those who managed to sell at the right time, but not to real investors who buy to hold for many years and want to have regular returns on their investments.

So, as we can see, an ICO is good for starting a risky project that has no profit and, respectively, no dividends. The game is played around a venture-type project — “let’s hope it takes off”. Although it is known that 80 % of startups go bankrupt within the first three years, and any particular investment mechanism has no dramatic effect on these statistics.

For a real project that carries out business operations, has sales turnover, brings income and regularly distributes profits in the form of dividends, an IPO is preferable.

For these reasons, the Kolionovo farm managed by Mikhail Shlyapnikov chose the IPO mechanism for attracting investments. At the time of issuing the shares on the Emercoin blockchain, the farm already had a real and profitable business, and that is why an effective dividend payment mechanism was the baseline requirement when it came to choosing a platform. The Emercoin blockchain has an option of “sending coins to the current shareholder”. This option enables efficient and prompt delivery of dividends in the form of universal coins to the holders of shares, and thus avoids crossing the spread and “shaking the market”. Here, the Emercoin blockchain performs two functions:

as a distributed ledger of shareholders and;

as a mechanism of dividend distribution to current shareholders.

At the moment, Kolionovo is issuing an ICO for one of its projects, testing various investment mechanisms.

Moreover, it should be noted that in case of any legal disputes, IPO registered entries can be turned into IOUs like bonds (as these certificates are in essence, IOUs, only not on paper, but on the blockchain), and so, when necessary, property disputes can be transferred to a traditional jurisdiction. As for ICO, it has no legal definition, and ICO investors are not protected by law.

The above information is summarized in the following table:

Oleg Khovayko, lead developer of Emercoin, Cryptography and Financial Expert.

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