One, the defendant worked as a White House or top political appointee, or for the president’s campaign, transition or business; two, the defendant is the president’s relative; three, the defendant was a co-conspirator with someone in the first two categories; four, the president derived a legal benefit, such as avoiding his own prosecution, from the pardon; or five, the defendant has material information about the liability of the president, his top aides, or his relatives. In those cases, state prosecution would be allowed.