1. Howlett AC (2005) Cannabinoid receptor signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 168:53–79

2. Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365(6441):61–65. doi:10.1038/365061a0

3. Guindon J, Hohmann AG (2008) Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 153(2):319–334. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707531

4. Anand P, Whiteside G, Fowler CJ, Hohmann AG (2009) Targeting CB2 receptors and the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain. Brain Res Rev 60(1):255–266. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.003

5. Ibrahim MM, Porreca F, Lai J, Albrecht PJ, Rice FL, Khodorova A, Davar G, Makriyannis A (2005) CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation produces antinociception by stimulating peripheral release of endogenous opioids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(8):3093–3098. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409888102

6. Katritch V, Cherezov V, Stevens RC (2012) Diversity and modularity of G protein-coupled receptor structures. Trends Pharmacol Sci 33(1):17–27. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2011.09.003

7. Birnbaumer L (1992) Receptor-to-effector signaling through G proteins: roles for beta gamma dimers as well as alpha subunits. Cell 71(7):1069–1072

8. Mizuta K, Mizuta F, Xu D, Masaki E, Panettieri RA Jr, Emala CW (2011) Gi-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptors cross-regulate phospholipase C and calcium in airway smooth muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 45(6):1232–1238. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2011-0088OC

9. Surve CR, Lehmann D, Smrcka AV (2014) A chemical biology approach demonstrates G protein betagamma subunits are sufficient to mediate directional neutrophil chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 289(25):17791–17801. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.576827

10. Berridge MJ, Irvine RF (1989) Inositol phosphates and cell signalling. Nature 341(6239):197–205. doi:10.1038/341197a0

11. Rittner HL, Labuz D, Richter JF, Brack A, Schafer M, Stein C, Mousa SA (2007) CXCR1/2 ligands induce p38 MAPK-dependent translocation and release of opioid peptides from primary granules in vitro and in vivo. Brain Behav Immun 21(8):1021–1032. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.002

12. Glass M, Felder CC (1997) Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor. J Neurosci 17(14):5327–5333

13. Bonhaus DW, Chang LK, Kwan J, Martin GR (1998) Dual activation and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by cannabinoid receptor agonists: evidence for agonist-specific trafficking of intracellular responses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287(3):884–888

14. Zimmermann M (1983) Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16(2):109–110

15. Su TF, Zhang LH, Peng M, Wu CH, Pan W, Tian B, Shi J, Pan HL et al (2011) Cannabinoid CB2 receptors contribute to upregulation of beta-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues by electroacupuncture. Mol Pain 7:98. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-7-98

16. Hargreaves K, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J (1988) A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain 32(1):77–88

17. Khan GM, Chen SR, Pan HL (2002) Role of primary afferent nerves in allodynia caused by diabetic neuropathy in rats. Neuroscience 114(2):291–299

18. Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL (1994) Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods 53(1):55–63

19. Smrcka AV (2008) G protein betagamma subunits: central mediators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 65(14):2191–2214. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8006-5

20. Lehmann DM, Seneviratne AM, Smrcka AV (2008) Small molecule disruption of G protein beta gamma subunit signaling inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation. Mol Pharmacol 73(2):410–418. doi:10.1124/mol.107.041780

21. Muto Y, Nagao T, Urushidani T (1997) The putative phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 and its negative control, U73343, elicit unexpected effects on the rabbit parietal cell. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282(3):1379–1388

22. Alessi DR, Cuenda A, Cohen P, Dudley DT, Saltiel AR (1995) PD 098059 is a specific inhibitor of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 270(46):27489–27494

23. Cabot PJ, Carter L, Gaiddon C, Zhang Q, Schafer M, Loeffler JP, Stein C (1997) Immune cell-derived beta-endorphin. Production, release, and control of inflammatory pain in rats. J Clin Invest 100(1):142–148. doi:10.1172/JCI119506

24. Chen XP, Yang W, Fan Y, Luo JS, Hong K, Wang Z, Yan JF, Chen X et al (2010) Structural determinants in the second intracellular loop of the human cannabinoid CB1 receptor mediate selective coupling to G(s) and G(i). Br J Pharmacol 161(8):1817–1834. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01006.x

25. Khodorova A, Navarro B, Jouaville LS, Murphy JE, Rice FL, Mazurkiewicz JE, Long-Woodward D, Stoffel M et al (2003) Endothelin-B receptor activation triggers an endogenous analgesic cascade at sites of peripheral injury. Nat Med 9(8):1055–1061

26. Wintzen M, Yaar M, Burbach JP, Gilchrest BA (1996) Proopiomelanocortin gene product regulation in keratinocytes. J Investig Dermatol 106(4):673–678

27. Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Yodoi J, Ichihashi M (2001) The effect of thioredoxin on the expression of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides, the melanocortin 1 receptor and cell survival of normal human keratinocytes. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 6(1):32–37. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00002.x

28. Geng X, Du XN, Rusinova R, Liu BY, Li F, Zhang X, Chen XJ, Logothetis DE et al (2009) Specificity of Gbetagamma signaling depends on Galpha subunit coupling with G-protein-sensitive K(+) channels. Pharmacology 84(2):82–90. doi:10.1159/000227772

29. Chan JS, Lee JW, Ho M, Wong Y (2000) Preactivation permits subsequent stimulation of phospholipase C by Gi coupled receptor. Mol Pharmacol 57:700–708

30. Faure M, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, Bourne HR (1994) cAMP and beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in COS-7 cells. J Biol Chem 269(11):7851–7854

31. Correa F, Hernangomez M, Mestre L, Loria F, Spagnolo A, Docagne F, Di Marzo V, Guaza C (2010) Anandamide enhances IL-10 production in activated microglia by targeting CB(2) receptors: roles of ERK1/2, JNK, and NF-kappaB. Glia 58(2):135–147. doi:10.1002/glia.20907

32. Kim SY, Han Y, Oh M, Kim W, Oh K, Lee SC, Bae K, Han B (2014) DUSP4 regulates neuronal differentiation and calcium homeostasis by modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Stem Cells Dev. doi:10.1089/scd.2014.0434

33. Zhuang ZY, Gerner P, Woolf CJ, Ji RR (2005) ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model. Pain 114(1–2):149–159. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.022