Book excerptCitizenville

by Gavin Newsom

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Formal authority is a twentieth-century model, a relic of the age when power was vested in institutions rather than people. It is power as bestowed through titles rather than power earned through genuine leadership. Moral authority, on the other hand, is granted by the people. It is indifferent to titles, and yet it’s invariably more powerful in the end than formal authority. As technology transforms every facet of our lives, it lays bare this division between moral and formal authority.

On the day I sat with Stewart Brand in his Sausalito office, he told me about the early days of white-hat hackers … At the time, with personal computers just starting to penetrate the consumer market, software was ballooning into a hugely lucrative business. But these guys wanted it to be free, an idea that would have sounded crazy to anyone not in that room.

“And we did it!” Brand said with a smile. “Open-source software was brought into existence.” The hackers knew what was best, even though it went against the prevailing wisdom, and they made it happen for the benefit of us all.

Despite the negative connotation of the word hacker, Brand defines white-hat hackers as people who are “benevolent fixers of things that are broken or not as good as they could be.” And society, he says, “is in the process of making itself more hackable – in a good way – ideally, more hackable by benevolent hackers rather than the assholes.”

In other words, in this more open era, we have to be prepared for the incursions that will inevitably come. Instead of doing business as usual, expecting that our systems and data are impregnable, we have to play differently.

#### Gavin Newsom ##### About Gavin Newsom is the 49th Lieutenant Governor of the State of California, following his two terms as Mayor of San Francisco (where he was the youngest mayor elected in over a hundred years). Previously, Newsom founded 15 small businesses in the San Francisco Bay area after attending Santa Clara University. He lives in the Bay Area with his wife, Jennifer Siebel, and children.

“iGEM [the annual International Genetically Engineered Machine Foundation conference] is a gathering of nearly two hundred student teams from all over the world, twenty-six countries, that meet every fall at MIT. They create new microorganisms – they’re undergraduates doing world-class genetic engineering of microbes.” This is exciting from an educational perspective, but frightening from a law-enforcement one because of the ongoing threat of bioterrorism.

In the past, the FBI might have tried to shut it down – as Brand says of his early Whole Earth Catalog period, “I remember days when they’d show up at hacker meetings, like we were all criminals” – but now it’s taking a different approach.

“There’s an FBI guy who shows up at iGEM meetings and at bio-hackers meetings,” Brand told me. “His card says his name and FBI – Weapons of Mass Destruction … So he shows up and says, ‘I think what you people are doing is fabulous; for undergraduates to be doing this level of work is extraordinary. I’m from the government and I’m here to help. Here’s my phone number. If anyone sees problematic stuff going on, it’s going to be you characters. And I want you ... to give me a call, send me an e-mail, send me a link, if you see anything weird going on.’”

Instead of antagonizing the biohackers, this FBI agent works with them, ending up with more information than he’d have had otherwise – a win-win.

In cities throughout the country, hackathons are redefining the meaning of civic engagement. Programmers, designers, developers, and data crunchers gather together for a finite period – say, forty-eight hours or a week – to try to solve some of the city’s problems. Over sandwiches and sodas, in marathon sessions of coding and design, people apply their skills for no other reason than to make their cities better.

>Hackathons are redefining the meaning of civic engagement.

In San Francisco, the Gray Area Foundation for the Arts (GAFFTA) sponsored the Summer of Smart – a three-month program of hackathons and other events aimed at getting people involved in the tech side of governance. A grand experiment that brought together artists, coders, activists, and designers to create apps for the city, the Summer of Smart led to random acts of hacking all over the city, as people thought up new ways to better civic systems.

Over the course of several forty-eight-hour hackathons, people developed ideas like hyperlocal sites for organizing volunteers, interactive tools for showing residents how their tax dollars had improved their neighborhoods, a smartphone app to help people carpool or bike-pool to events … and on and on. The creative spirit unleashed by these marathon hacking sessions has spread throughout the city, encouraging others to dream up their own apps and services.

>This is the perfect example of how the government can do best by simply getting out of the way.

Peter Hirshberg, an entrepreneur and tech blogger who also serves as chairman of GAFFTA, told me about one particularly elegant hack on a system that desperately needed an upgrade. A woman who was an intern at Muni, San Francisco’s Municipal Transportation Agency, showed up at a hackathon weekend. “She said, ‘You know, citizens know where the bus is, but if you go ask an employee who works for Muni, they have a clipboard and a schedule; they don’t use open data, they use walkie-talkies. So if there’s a problem, they don’t know,’” said Hirshberg. And it was true – in one of the most technologically advanced cities in the United States, we still had people standing on street corners with clipboards, marking when the Muni trains went by.

It was an absurd situation, and this intern knew it. “So she led a team that build this iPad app that replaces the clipboard, that actually clues the Muni guys in on these citizens’ reports,” said Hirshberg. She took it upon herself to build this tool, just because she could. Everyone loved it – except the San Francisco Chronicle, which took the opportunity to excoriate everyone who works at Muni for not coming up with the idea sooner. The tone of the article, as Hirshberg put it, was “Hackers 1, City 0.”

Well, what I’d like to see is “Hackers 10,000, City 0.”

This is the perfect example of how the government can do best by simply getting out of the way (despite the fact that San Francisco’s budget crunch means the city hasn’t yet bought the iPads needed to fully implement the app). Like Mike Migurski’s Crimespotting, the Muni iPad app shows what useful tools people can build when the government (a) opens up its data and (b) gets the hell out of the way.

Excerpted from Citizenville: How to Take the Town Square Digital and Reinvent Government by Gavin Newsom with Lisa Dickey. Reprinted by arrangement of Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA), Inc. Copyright 2013 by Gavin Newsom.

Homepage image: Code for America / Flickr

Wired Opinion Editor: Sonal Chokshi @smc90