Police officers in Portland, Ore., have seen their ranks slowly dwindle as their fellow officers retire or seek other opportunities. At the same time, the city's population and number of 911 calls keep climbing. Officials say officers often don’t even have time to investigate low-level crimes.

The situation prompted police chief Mike Marshman to call attention to what he considers a “staffing crisis” as the city council prepared for a contentious vote on a new contract that included pay hikes intended to better retain and recruit officers. The debates about the contract, which was approved last week, are a situation that police chiefs and local elected officials often find themselves in: fighting over proposed cuts or funding increases.

The predicament raises an important question: How many officers does a police department need?

Data reported by law enforcement agencies to the FBI depict a wide variation in the size of departments. Washington, D.C., for instance, maintains by far the largest police presence of any city, with about 57 officers for every 10,000 residents. Not too far behind is the Wilmington, Del., Police Department, employing approximately 43 officers for every 10,000 residents. Those numbers seem big when compared with a place like San Jose, Calif., which has only 9 officers per 10,000 people.

In general, the largest cities have a greater presence of police officers than smaller and mid-sized jurisdictions. On average, all localities with populations of at least 50,000 employed 16.6 officers and 21.4 total personnel for every 10,000 residents in 2015, according to the FBI data.

Jurisdiction Population Average Total Personnel Per 10k Population Average Officers Per 10k Population Number of Agencies 50,000-100,000 20.4 15.9 419 100,000-200,000 21.0 16.1 165 200,000-500,000 24.4 18.6 73 500,000+ 29.8 23.7 33 All Departments 21.4 16.6 690

SOURCE: Governing calculations of 2015 FBI UCR data for cities of populations exceeding 50,000.

While the FBI data is useful for comparing cities, it doesn't tell us how many police officers a department needs. In fact, there's no national standard for how many police officers cities should have per capita.

Police association groups and experts think they have the answer. They generally advocate that officials base staffing decisions on a systematic analysis of an agency’s current and projected future workloads. Research published by the U.S. Department of Justice outlines such a performance-based approach to staffing, which relies, in part, on examining 911 calls.

Compared to other methods, this approach better accounts for characteristics specific to an individual agency or its jurisdiction. Still, it’s not without its limitations: It's labor-intensive, and the research suggests that it works best in jurisdictions that get at least 15,000 calls a year.

Despite its cheerleaders, the “workload” approach is rarely utilized. In fact, it’s the least commonly used method, according to an analysis published by the International City/County Management Association’s (ICMA) Center for Public Safety Management.

Instead, one of the most common approaches is to base staffing on population. But that doesn’t necessarily reflect agencies’ actual workloads.

Consider, for instance, how major cities see their populations swell significantly during the daytime. Roughly half a million workers commute to Washington, D.C., each weekday along with thousands more tourists.

Another common approach bases staffing levels on predetermined minimums set by prior policies. Such arrangements are often difficult to adjust as they’re frequently cited in collective bargaining agreements.

Last year, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a resolution proposing that the police department raise its minimum staffing level to match the city’s population growth since 1994, when a proposition setting a minimum staffing level was passed. A subsequent budget and legislative analyst report advised the city to instead conduct a workload-based assessment.

Police staffing is also subject to the budget. In an era of limited spending, cities can’t afford to pay for more than they need. But understaffing can also lead to negative financial consequences.

A recent San Jose audit found that mounting vacancies resulted in $36 million in overtime costs last year, consuming nearly 10 percent of the police department’s total expenses.

In addition to the ups and downs of a budget, upticks in crime frequently push officials to increase police staffing.

In Chicago, Mayor Rahm Emanuel initially rejected calls to hire more police but recently agreed to provide funding for nearly 1,000 additional officers in an effort to halt the city’s well-publicized spike in homicides. But the problem with tying staffing to crime levels, according to the ICMA analysis, is that it essentially incentivizes poor performance.

And of course politics factors into police numbers. Around election season, crime frequently surfaces as a political issue, leading some officials to beef up police staffing.

Economist Steven Levitt found a significant link between elections and hiring of officers in a 1997 research paper. In the agencies that Levitt reviewed, the number of sworn officers per capita grew by 2 percent on average during mayoral and gubernatorial election years and remained flat in other years.

On a smaller level, states and the federal government play a role in hiring.

Several agencies have been the beneficiaries of federal grants from the Justice Department’s COPS Hiring Program, which funds up to 75 percent of new entry-level officer salaries for three years. Last fiscal year, the program awarded a total of $119 million to 184 law enforcement agencies.

City Police Staffing Data

This table shows the number of officers and total law enforcement, including civilian employees, per 10,000 residents in each city. Data is shown for all law enforcement agencies serving jurisdictions with a population of at least 50,000 that are recorded in the FBI data.

Police Department Officers per 10K Population Total Police Employees per 10K Population Officer Count Total Police Employee Count Washington, DC 56.9 66.7 3,826 4,487 Wilmington, Delaware 43.4 52.0 313 375 Baltimore, Maryland 42.6 47.6 2,646 2,960 New York, New York 41.4 58.9 35,395 50,366 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 40.9 46.1 6,413 7,229 Birmingham, Alabama 39.5 51.9 838 1,102 St. Louis, Missouri 38.8 55.4 1,230 1,757 Atlanta, Georgia 38.3 47.7 1,781 2,218 Newark, New Jersey 36.8 42.8 1,033 1,203 Daytona Beach, Florida 34.8 41.6 221 264 Rochester, New York 34.0 39.7 713 834 Albany, New York 33.9 43.8 335 433 East Orange, New Jersey 33.6 41.7 219 272 Detroit, Michigan 33.5 36.2 2,255 2,436 Hartford, Connecticut 33.2 36.8 413 458 Richmond, Virginia 33.2 40.1 732 885 Charleston, South Carolina 33.1 40.2 439 533 White Plains, New York 32.8 34.6 191 202 Coral Gables, Florida 32.7 43.8 171 229 New Haven, Connecticut 32.6 36.8 425 480 Charleston, West Virginia 32.5 37.3 163 187 Boston, Massachusetts 32.2 40.4 2,139 2,689 Jackson, Tennessee 31.7 38.3 214 258 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 31.4 41.9 1,886 2,518 Memphis, Tennessee 31.0 36.3 2,040 2,389 Yonkers, New York 30.7 34.8 620 702 Jersey City, New Jersey 30.7 35.3 814 936 Greenville, South Carolina 30.3 37.6 191 237 Springfield, Massachusetts 29.6 36.1 456 556 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 29.5 37.2 674 851 North Charleston, South Carolina 29.3 36.2 320 395 Syracuse, New York 28.7 33.5 414 482 Kansas City, Missouri 28.7 38.5 1,360 1,824 Kalamazoo, Michigan 28.7 34.6 219 264 Trenton, New Jersey 28.6 37.7 239 315 Ocala, Florida 28.5 40.6 165 235 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 28.4 30.9 872 948 Tuscaloosa, Alabama 28.4 36.2 277 353 Mount Vernon, New York 28.4 39.3 195 270 Rocky Mount, North Carolina 28.2 35.5 158 199 Norfolk, Virginia 28.2 32.0 692 786 Buffalo, New York 28.1 35.3 724 910 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 27.9 36.5 499 651 Irvington, New Jersey 27.9 32.4 152 177 Paterson, New Jersey 27.4 40.5 401 593 New Bedford, Massachusetts 27.3 31.7 259 301 Bayonne, New Jersey 27.0 43.9 180 292 Hammond, Indiana 27.0 30.3 210 236 Little Rock, Arkansas 26.8 32.5 532 646 Dallas, Texas 26.8 31.0 3,484 4,040 Columbia, South Carolina 26.6 32.8 352 434 Utica, New York 26.5 29.0 162 177 Tampa, Florida 26.3 33.5 960 1,222 North Little Rock, Arkansas 26.3 31.1 179 211 Rio Rancho, New Mexico 26.3 47.2 251 450 West Palm Beach, Florida 26.3 34.9 276 366 Shreveport, Louisiana 26.0 35.4 514 699 Orlando, Florida 26.0 33.6 697 903 San Francisco, California 25.9 31.4 2,236 2,711 Miami, Florida 25.9 33.3 1,133 1,459 Waterbury, Connecticut 25.8 30.4 281 331 Fall River, Massachusetts 25.4 30.9 225 274 Cambridge, Massachusetts 25.3 28.5 281 316 Portsmouth, Virginia 25.1 34.1 241 327 Racine, Wisconsin 25.0 28.9 195 225 Los Angeles, California 24.9 32.0 9,863 12,665 Montgomery, Alabama 24.9 32.7 495 651 Plainfield, New Jersey 24.8 30.1 127 154 Chattanooga, Tennessee 24.7 30.8 433 539 Chicopee, Massachusetts 24.7 25.7 138 144 Roanoke, Virginia 24.5 29.3 245 292 Youngstown, Ohio 24.5 31.4 158 203 Hoboken, New Jersey 24.4 27.8 132 150 Union City, New Jersey 24.2 29.2 167 202 Greenwich, Connecticut 24.1 28.4 152 179 New Brunswick, New Jersey 24.1 29.5 139 170 South Bend, Indiana 24.1 28.8 244 292 Portland, Maine 24.1 32.5 161 217 Dayton, Ohio 24.0 29.1 338 410 Bridgeport, Connecticut 24.0 27.5 356 408 Decatur, Alabama 24.0 26.9 133 149 Lancaster, Pennsylvania 23.9 27.2 142 161 Evansville, Indiana 23.8 26.4 287 318 Valdosta, Georgia 23.7 27.7 135 158 Dothan, Alabama 23.6 34.2 163 236 Providence, Rhode Island 23.6 28.5 423 511 Greensboro, North Carolina 23.5 27.3 671 781 Hempstead Village, New York 23.4 27.7 131 155 East Hartford, Connecticut 23.3 30.4 119 155 Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania 23.3 25.7 136 150 Port Arthur, Texas 23.3 29.5 127 161 Delray Beach, Florida 23.3 32.2 154 213 Canton, Ohio 23.2 27.7 167 200 Union Township, New Jersey 23.1 31.9 134 185 Kenner, Louisiana 23.1 34.4 155 231 Winston-Salem, North Carolina 23.0 29.9 556 723 Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan, Georgia 22.9 32.0 551 768 Burlington, North Carolina 22.9 28.8 119 150 Elizabeth, New Jersey 22.9 30.5 296 395 Houston, Texas 22.8 28.9 5,178 6,577 Worcester, Massachusetts 22.7 25.5 417 467 Newport News, Virginia 22.7 30.7 416 562 Asheville, North Carolina 22.6 27.8 201 247 Salt Lake City, Utah 22.6 27.6 433 530 Akron, Ohio 22.5 24.5 445 484 Toledo, Ohio 22.5 24.5 629 686 West Haven, Connecticut 22.5 24.5 123 134 Topeka, Kansas 22.4 26.1 285 332 Bradenton, Florida 22.4 27.4 120 147 Wilmington, North Carolina 22.4 28.2 258 325 Waltham, Massachusetts 22.3 26.7 142 170 27.8 34.3 Decatur, Illinois 22.2 26.3 163 193 Quincy, Massachusetts 22.1 25.5 207 239 Marietta, Georgia 22.0 27.9 134 170 Gainesville, Florida 22.0 26.6 285 344 Columbus, Ohio 21.9 26.0 1,855 2,205 Kingsport, Tennessee 21.8 29.6 116 157 Gastonia, North Carolina 21.8 24.8 162 184 West Allis, Wisconsin 21.8 25.9 132 157 Schenectady, New York 21.7 25.5 143 168 Johnson City, Tennessee 21.7 26.1 144 173 Brookline, Massachusetts 21.7 25.7 129 153 Santa Monica, California 21.6 39.8 203 373 Terre Haute, Indiana 21.6 23.1 132 141 Doral, Florida 21.6 28.9 122 163 Stamford, Connecticut 21.6 25.8 280 334 New Britain, Connecticut 21.6 22.8 157 166 Lowell, Massachusetts 21.6 28.5 239 316 Denver, Colorado 21.5 25.4 1,468 1,735 Knoxville, Tennessee 21.4 26.4 397 491 Albany, Georgia 21.4 24.9 161 188 Lakeland, Florida 21.4 32.1 221 332 Nashville Metropolitan Police 21.3 26.5 1,404 1,742 Vineland, New Jersey 21.2 25.5 130 156 Huntsville, Alabama 21.2 29.3 403 557 Evanston, Illinois 21.1 29.6 160 225 Hampton, Virginia 21.0 29.3 287 400 Passaic, New Jersey 21.0 24.9 151 179 Clearwater, Florida 21.0 29.3 234 326 Jonesboro, Arkansas 21.0 22.8 154 167 Frederick, Maryland 21.0 26.7 145 185 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police 21.0 26.5 1,840 2,329 Hollywood, Florida 21.0 30.0 314 449 Perth Amboy, New Jersey 20.9 25.9 110 136 Suffolk, Virginia 20.9 26.9 182 234 Las Vegas Metropolitan Police 20.9 30.9 3,264 4,825 Springfield, Ohio 20.7 23.1 124 138 Wayne Township, New Jersey 20.7 26.3 114 145 Lynchburg, Virginia 20.7 24.6 165 196 St. Petersburg, Florida 20.6 28.7 528 735 Springfield, Illinois 20.6 23.1 241 270 High Point, North Carolina 20.6 24.9 226 273 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 20.5 23.8 154 179 Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 20.5 29.9 108 158 Rock Hill, South Carolina 20.5 26.7 145 189 Joplin, Missouri 20.4 29.4 105 151 Longview, Texas 20.4 22.5 167 184 Mobile, Alabama 20.4 27.7 510 694 Greenville, North Carolina 20.3 25.9 185 236 Kenosha, Wisconsin 20.3 21.5 203 215 Meriden, Connecticut 20.3 22.1 122 133 Baytown, Texas 20.2 27.0 156 208 Milford, Connecticut 20.2 23.9 108 128 Tempe, Arizona 20.2 27.9 354 490 Warwick, Rhode Island 20.2 26.4 165 216 Dearborn, Michigan 20.1 24.9 191 236 Minneapolis, Minnesota 20.1 24.5 831 1,014 Alexandria, Virginia 20.0 26.3 306 401 Lynn, Massachusetts 20.0 21.9 185 203 Scranton, Pennsylvania 20.0 22.6 150 170 Honolulu, Hawaii 20.0 25.4 1,995 2,539 Temple, Texas 19.9 23.5 143 169 Gloucester Township, New Jersey 19.9 23.5 127 150 West Hartford, Connecticut 19.9 23.1 126 146 St. Paul, Minnesota 19.9 26.3 597 790 Durham, North Carolina 19.9 27.0 512 696 Clarkstown Town, New York 19.8 22.8 163 187 New Rochelle, New York 19.8 27.0 159 217 Bartlett, Tennessee 19.8 25.4 116 149 Seattle, Washington 19.7 28.1 1,350 1,919 Taunton, Massachusetts 19.7 20.8 112 118 Anderson, Indiana 19.7 22.8 109 126 North Miami, Florida 19.7 25.2 122 156 Nashua, New Hampshire 19.7 27.0 172 236 Bristol, Connecticut 19.6 23.9 119 145 West New York, New Jersey 19.5 21.6 104 115 Manchester, New Hampshire 19.5 24.6 216 272 Boynton Beach, Florida 19.5 27.6 145 205 Springfield, Missouri 19.5 23.7 325 395 Pinellas Park, Florida 19.5 23.0 100 118 Stratford, Connecticut 19.4 20.2 103 107 Norwalk, Connecticut 19.4 23.8 172 211 Pawtucket, Rhode Island 19.3 23.7 138 170 Brockton, Massachusetts 19.3 21.4 183 203 Berwyn, Illinois 19.2 27.3 109 155 Tulsa, Oklahoma 19.2 23.2 769 931 Woodbridge Township, New Jersey 19.1 25.3 193 255 Madison, Wisconsin 19.1 23.7 475 589 Oak Lawn, Illinois 19.1 21.9 109 125 Sunrise, Florida 19.0 24.5 177 228 Clarksville, Tennessee 19.0 23.4 285 351 Athens-Clarke County, Georgia 18.9 24.2 229 292 Concord, North Carolina 18.9 22.0 165 192 McAllen, Texas 18.9 28.7 266 403 Rockford, Illinois 18.9 21.3 280 315 Aurora, Colorado 18.9 22.7 680 817 Margate, Florida 18.9 25.0 107 142 Fort Worth, Texas 18.8 24.1 1,557 2,000 Hendersonville, Tennessee 18.7 23.3 105 131 Hoover, Alabama 18.7 25.7 159 219 Tallahassee, Florida 18.7 22.2 354 422 Austin, Texas 18.6 24.4 1,750 2,290 Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey 18.6 22.7 166 202 Revere, Massachusetts 18.6 21.5 102 118 Manchester, Connecticut 18.6 23.8 108 138 North Bergen Township, New Jersey 18.6 20.2 117 127 Killeen, Texas 18.6 24.5 261 344 Lakewood, Ohio 18.6 22.9 94 116 Jacksonville, Florida 18.5 34.3 1,603 2,973 Fayetteville, North Carolina 18.4 28.3 377 579 Plymouth, Massachusetts 18.4 21.0 108 123 Joliet, Illinois 18.4 22.9 272 339 Cicero, Illinois 18.4 21.5 155 181 Grand Junction, Colorado 18.3 33.7 111 204 Indianapolis, Indiana 18.3 20.6 1,578 1,776 Fort Smith, Arkansas 18.3 24.7 160 216 Omaha, Nebraska 18.3 21.3 826 963 Louisville Metro, Kentucky 18.2 21.8 1,241 1,487 Reading, Pennsylvania 18.2 21.2 160 186 Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey 18.2 22.1 130 158 Medford, Massachusetts 18.2 18.7 105 108 Tyler, Texas 18.1 22.8 186 234 Cranston, Rhode Island 18.1 21.7 147 176 Waco, Texas 18.0 25.0 237 329 Battle Creek, Michigan 18.0 20.6 110 126 Laredo, Texas 17.9 21.0 460 537 Murfreesboro, Tennessee 17.9 21.9 222 271 Dubuque, Iowa 17.9 18.9 105 111 Green Bay, Wisconsin 17.9 21.6 188 227 Boca Raton, Florida 17.9 27.5 166 256 Blue Springs, Missouri 17.8 25.5 96 137 Lakewood, Colorado 17.8 28.4 270 429 Phoenix, Arizona 17.8 23.7 2,781 3,698 Largo, Florida 17.8 22.3 141 177 Tonawanda Town, New York 17.8 25.9 103 150 Plantation, Florida 17.7 27.3 165 254 Jupiter, Florida 17.7 21.8 110 135 Council Bluffs, Iowa 17.7 20.9 110 130 Allentown, Pennsylvania 17.7 19.5 211 233 Tucson, Arizona 17.6 23.1 932 1,222 Hamilton, Ohio 17.6 18.9 110 118 Bellevue, Nebraska 17.6 20.1 96 110 Yuma, Arizona 17.6 27.8 165 261 Springdale, Arkansas 17.6 23.8 137 186 Lawton, Oklahoma 17.6 24.3 170 235 Waterloo, Iowa 17.6 18.9 120 129 Pueblo, Colorado 17.6 22.2 191 242 Pasadena, Texas 17.5 22.0 272 341 Framingham, Massachusetts 17.5 19.5 125 139 Duluth, Minnesota 17.5 20.4 151 176 Oakland, California 17.5 24.6 734 1,034 Erie, Pennsylvania 17.5 19.7 173 195 Davie, Florida 17.5 24.3 176 244 Brick Township, New Jersey 17.5 25.2 133 192 Scottsdale, Arizona 17.4 27.5 408 644 Hamden, Connecticut 17.4 21.5 107 132 Abilene, Texas 17.4 22.7 212 277 Wichita Falls, Texas 17.4 26.0 183 274 Fort Wayne, Indiana 17.4 19.7 451 511 Toms River Township, New Jersey 17.3 20.7 158 189 Danbury, Connecticut 17.3 17.9 146 151 Parsippany-Troy Hills Township, New Jersey 17.3 21.6 93 116 Harrisonburg, Virginia 17.3 21.2 92 113 Clifton, New Jersey 17.3 20.9 149 180 Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 17.3 20.0 139 161 Commerce City, Colorado 17.3 21.6 92 115 La Crosse, Wisconsin 17.3 20.3 91 107 Amarillo, Texas 17.2 19.7 342 392 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 17.2 20.5 103 123 Fairfield, Connecticut 17.2 18.1 106 112 Conroe, Texas 17.2 23.6 117 161 Kokomo, Indiana 17.1 20.5 98 117 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 17.1 21.6 1,081 1,362 Glendale, Arizona 17.1 22.3 412 535 Des Moines, Iowa 17.1 21.8 360 459 Orland Park, Illinois 17.1 21.5 101 127 Virginia Beach, Virginia 17.0 21.0 772 953 Bowling Green, Kentucky 17.0 22.4 108 142 Everett, Washington 17.0 20.4 183 220 Raleigh, North Carolina 17.0 19.1 761 856 Grapevine, Texas 16.9 25.0 88 130 Auburn, Alabama 16.9 17.9 105 111 Alpharetta, Georgia 16.9 21.7 109 140 Franklin, Tennessee 16.9 20.5 123 149 Howell Township, New Jersey 16.9 20.0 88 104 Sugar Land, Texas 16.9 19.4 150 172 Conway, Arkansas 16.9 23.6 111 155 Mission, Texas 16.9 22.6 141 189 Malden, Massachusetts 16.8 18.8 103 115 Edinburg, Texas 16.8 23.3 143 198 Homestead, Florida 16.8 22.8 112 152 Grand Island, Nebraska 16.8 20.1 87 104 Enid, Oklahoma 16.8 21.0 87 109 Mesa, Arizona 16.8 25.3 789 1,192 Independence, Missouri 16.7 23.7 197 279 Rapid City, South Dakota 16.7 20.5 123 151 Southfield, Michigan 16.6 20.9 122 153 Florissant, Missouri 16.6 20.8 87 109 Edison Township, New Jersey 16.6 21.3 170 218 Chesapeake, Virginia 16.6 21.9 391 516 Lenexa, Kansas 16.6 24.5 86 127 Jacksonville, North Carolina 16.6 21.1 114 145 Bryan, Texas 16.6 20.7 136 170 Boulder, Colorado 16.6 25.4 177 271 Peabody, Massachusetts 16.5 20.1 87 106 Waukesha, Wisconsin 16.5 21.2 118 152 Victoria, Texas 16.4 21.5 110 144 Flagstaff, Arizona 16.4 23.6 114 164 Pocatello, Idaho 16.4 23.9 89 130 Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania 16.4 20.2 99 122 Owensboro, Kentucky 16.4 22.7 96 133 Lakewood, Washington 16.3 18.8 98 113 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 16.3 21.6 212 280 Elgin, Illinois 16.3 21.0 182 235 Tacoma, Washington 16.2 18.0 336 372 Rogers, Arkansas 16.2 22.8 102 143 St. Joseph, Missouri 16.2 21.9 125 169 Weymouth, Massachusetts 16.2 19.2 91 108 Cheektowaga Town, New York 16.2 21.0 127 165 Cheyenne, Wyoming 16.2 19.2 103 122 Long Beach, California 16.2 23.6 771 1,123 Somerville, Massachusetts 16.2 20.3 129 162 Coconut Creek, Florida 16.2 21.7 97 130 Lawrence, Massachusetts 16.1 18.6 127 146 Richmond, California 16.1 24.2 177 265 Midwest City, Oklahoma 16.1 21.5 93 124 Lexington, Kentucky 16.1 18.5 506 581 Broomfield, Colorado 16.1 30.0 103 192 Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania 16.0 20.4 89 114 Smyrna, Georgia 15.9 24.2 89 135 Huntersville, North Carolina 15.9 17.2 84 91 St. Charles, Missouri 15.9 21.9 109 150 Westminster, Colorado 15.9 22.5 180 256 Newport Beach, California 15.8 24.7 139 217 St. Peters, Missouri 15.8 20.2 90 115 Bismarck, North Dakota 15.8 19.9 112 141 Pharr, Texas 15.8 22.1 121 169 San Marcos, Texas 15.7 21.9 99 138 Mesquite, Texas 15.7 20.7 229 302 Lubbock, Texas 15.7 20.5 388 506 Casper, Wyoming 15.6 18.9 96 116 Middletown Township, New Jersey 15.6 19.3 103 127 Janesville, Wisconsin 15.6 17.6 100 113 Pasadena, California 15.6 23.5 221 333 Coral Springs, Florida 15.6 23.0 202 298 Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey 15.6 18.6 104 124 San Angelo, Texas 15.5 18.5 156 186 Lansing, Michigan 15.5 17.8 178 204 Newton, Massachusetts 15.5 20.2 138 180 North Richland Hills, Texas 15.5 26.1 108 182 Mount Prospect, Illinois 15.4 18.7 85 103 Des Plaines, Illinois 15.4 18.6 91 110 Inglewood, California 15.4 20.0 173 225 Wichita, Kansas 15.3 20.0 598 780 Davenport, Iowa 15.3 17.8 158 184 North Port, Florida 15.2 19.5 93 119 Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania 15.2 17.5 126 145 Gardena, California 15.1 19.2 92 117 Ogden, Utah 15.1 18.8 128 159 Sioux City, Iowa 15.0 18.1 124 149 St. Cloud, Minnesota 15.0 18.9 100 126 Leesburg, Virginia 15.0 17.8 77 91 Longmont, Colorado 15.0 22.3 137 203 San Antonio, Texas 15.0 18.5 2,191 2,708 Appleton, Wisconsin 14.9 18.3 111 136 Kettering, Ohio 14.9 19.8 83 110 Port Orange, Florida 14.8 17.2 88 102 Oshkosh, Wisconsin 14.8 17.1 99 114 Yakima, Washington 14.8 19.6 139 184 El Paso, Texas 14.7 18.4 1,010 1,264 Pembroke Pines, Florida 14.7 19.7 246 330 Normal, Illinois 14.7 16.7 81 92 Bloomington, Illinois 14.6 19.1 116 151 Moore, Oklahoma 14.6 15.5 88 93 Dearborn Heights, Michigan 14.6 17.6 82 99 Missoula, Montana 14.6 17.7 103 125 Grand Rapids, Michigan 14.6 18.6 285 364 Warren, Michigan 14.6 17.4 197 235 Spokane, Washington 14.5 18.8 309 399 Champaign, Illinois 14.5 17.2 124 147 Lee's Summit, Missouri 14.5 20.3 137 192 Irving, Texas 14.5 21.3 342 504 Roswell, Georgia 14.5 20.3 138 194 Portland, Oregon 14.5 18.3 908 1,150 Grand Forks, North Dakota 14.4 17.1 82 97 Greeley, Colorado 14.4 20.0 144 200 Norman, Oklahoma 14.4 19.1 172 229 Great Falls, Montana 14.3 21.6 85 128 Lewisville, Texas 14.3 20.5 150 215 Berkeley, California 14.3 21.6 172 260 Casa Grande, Arizona 14.3 21.4 74 111 Muncie, Indiana 14.2 15.0 100 105 Garland, Texas 14.2 19.6 338 465 Torrance, California 14.2 21.0 212 314 Fayetteville, Arkansas 14.2 19.5 117 161 Santa Cruz, California 14.2 17.3 91 111 Schaumburg, Illinois 14.1 18.8 106 141 Buckeye, Arizona 14.1 18.6 87 115 Piscataway Township, New Jersey 14.1 17.3 84 103 Arvada, Colorado 14.0 19.8 162 228 Sunnyvale, California 14.0 18.6 214 284 Colorado Springs, Colorado 14.0 20.2 635 913 Miramar, Florida 14.0 18.7 194 258 Eau Claire, Wisconsin 14.0 19.5 95 133 Santa Barbara, California 13.9 21.7 128 199 Jackson Township, New Jersey 13.9 17.1 79 97 Richardson, Texas 13.9 22.0 154 244 Lauderhill, Florida 13.8 16.1 99 115 Haverhill, Massachusetts 13.8 15.9 87 100 Burbank, California 13.8 21.3 146 226 St. George, Utah 13.8 20.0 110 160 Ontario, California 13.7 18.9 234 321 Corpus Christi, Texas 13.7 20.0 445 649 Palm Bay, Florida 13.7 20.5 146 218 Idaho Falls, Idaho 13.7 20.6 81 122 Beaverton, Oregon 13.7 17.8 132 172 Pearland, Texas 13.7 16.8 146 179 Kentwood, Michigan 13.6 15.8 70 81 Livonia, Michigan 13.6 18.1 129 171 St. Clair Shores, Michigan 13.6 14.3 82 86 Colonie Town, New York 13.6 18.5 108 147 Auburn, Washington 13.6 16.2 106 126 Sioux Falls, South Dakota 13.6 15.6 234 268 Edmond, Oklahoma 13.5 17.4 122 157 Fresno, California 13.5 18.4 702 959 San Diego, California 13.5 18.2 1,887 2,545 Whittier, California 13.4 19.2 118 169 Avondale, Arizona 13.4 19.2 108 155 O'Fallon, Missouri 13.4 17.4 114 148 Brookhaven, Georgia 13.4 14.7 69 76 Arlington Heights, Illinois 13.4 17.2 102 131 Lakewood Township, New Jersey 13.4 16.6 128 159 Brooklyn Park, Minnesota 13.3 17.2 106 137 Lake Havasu City, Arizona 13.3 20.3 71 108 Bellingham, Washington 13.3 19.9 112 167 West Valley, Utah 13.3 16.1 181 219 National City, California 13.3 18.4 81 112 Chandler, Arizona 13.3 19.6 345 508 Bloomington, Minnesota 13.3 16.8 116 146 Fort Collins, Colorado 13.2 20.9 211 333 Tigard, Oregon 13.2 16.1 68 83 Columbia, Missouri 13.2 16.1 157 191 Overland Park, Kansas 13.2 15.8 247 295 Sacramento, California 13.2 19.4 646 949 Fargo, North Dakota 13.2 15.2 156 180 Federal Way, Washington 13.1 16.2 124 153 Grand Prairie, Texas 13.1 19.5 246 366 Rowlett, Texas 13.1 17.5 77 103 Tinley Park, Illinois 13.1 17.9 75 103 Redmond, Washington 13.0 20.5 79 124 Allen, Texas 13.0 18.0 126 174 Warner Robins, Georgia 12.9 18.4 96 137 Missouri City, Texas 12.9 18.0 94 131 Cape Coral, Florida 12.8 17.7 223 308 Old Bridge Township, New Jersey 12.8 16.3 86 110 Stockton, California 12.8 18.7 389 571 College Station, Texas 12.8 17.9 135 190 Port St. Lucie, Florida 12.7 16.4 224 289 Carmel, Indiana 12.7 15.3 112 135 Hillsboro, Oregon 12.6 17.0 128 172 Royal Oak, Michigan 12.6 14.8 75 88 Palo Alto, California 12.6 21.0 85 142 Shawnee, Kansas 12.6 15.5 82 101 Boise, Idaho 12.6 16.5 275 361 Amherst Town, New York 12.6 14.9 151 179 Midland, Texas 12.5 16.1 166 213 Denton, Texas 12.5 16.2 164 213 Farmington Hills, Michigan 12.5 16.6 102 136 Medford, Oregon 12.5 17.0 99 135 Cedar Park, Texas 12.4 16.8 83 112 Redondo Beach, California 12.4 20.3 85 139 Loveland, Colorado 12.4 18.6 92 138 Nampa, Idaho 12.4 17.9 111 161 Parker, Colorado 12.3 18.6 63 95 Watsonville, California 12.3 16.4 66 88 Reno, Nevada 12.3 14.5 295 347 Plano, Texas 12.3 20.1 348 570 Billings, Montana 12.3 14.6 135 161 Olathe, Kansas 12.2 14.2 165 191 Georgetown, Texas 12.2 18.6 76 116 Bellevue, Washington 12.2 15.4 169 213 Parma, Ohio 12.2 19.0 97 151 Carrollton, Texas 12.2 15.2 159 199 Chino, California 12.2 18.0 105 155 Caldwell, Idaho 12.1 14.8 62 76 Taylor, Michigan 12.1 15.3 74 94 Sandy Springs, Georgia 12.0 13.6 125 141 Troy, Michigan 12.0 17.9 100 150 South San Francisco, California 11.9 16.2 81 110 Rochester, Minnesota 11.9 16.3 134 184 Renton, Washington 11.9 15.0 119 150 Broken Arrow, Oklahoma 11.9 17.0 126 180 Henderson, Nevada 11.8 20.2 334 570 Walnut Creek, California 11.8 16.2 81 111 Concord, California 11.8 16.0 152 206 Cary, North Carolina 11.8 14.1 189 226 Thornton, Colorado 11.8 17.6 157 235 Burnsville, Minnesota 11.8 14.0 73 87 Kennewick, Washington 11.8 13.6 92 106 Goodyear, Arizona 11.7 16.1 92 126 Odessa, Texas 11.7 17.4 139 206 Lincoln, Nebraska 11.7 17.4 324 481 Wheaton, Illinois 11.7 14.7 63 79 Oceanside, California 11.7 15.7 206 276 Glendale, California 11.7 16.8 236 339 Sandy, Utah 11.6 15.0 107 138 Arcadia, California 11.6 15.8 68 93 Santa Clara, California 11.6 16.2 143 200 Flower Mound, Texas 11.6 17.3 82 123 North Las Vegas, Nevada 11.5 17.4 270 409 Sterling Heights, Michigan 11.5 13.2 152 175 Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania 11.5 13.9 62 75 Albany, Oregon 11.5 17.0 60 89 Salem, Oregon 11.4 19.2 187 313 Ventura, California 11.4 15.0 126 165 Castle Rock, Colorado 11.4 15.6 66 90 Oxnard, California 11.4 17.3 237 358 Anaheim, California 11.4 16.5 399 577 Gilroy, California 11.4 17.0 61 91 Centennial, Colorado 11.4 14.5 124 158 Riverside, California 11.4 15.9 368 515 Fishers, Indiana 11.4 12.6 101 112 Tulare, California 11.4 17.4 71 109 El Cajon, California 11.4 17.4 118 181 Eugene, Oregon 11.3 19.3 183 312 Bloomington, Indiana 11.3 17.9 95 150 Milpitas, California 11.3 14.4 85 109 Richland, Washington 11.3 14.0 61 76 Monterey Park, California 11.2 15.5 69 96 Mountain View, California 11.2 16.5 90 133 Ramapo Town, New York 11.1 13.6 101 123 Brentwood, California 11.1 13.7 65 80 Wyoming, Michigan 11.1 13.1 84 99 Redlands, California 11.1 16.2 79 115 Tustin, California 11.1 17.1 91 140 Hayward, California 11.1 18.3 174 288 Spokane Valley, Washington 11.1 11.2 102 103 Lodi, California 11.0 15.8 71 102 West Sacramento, California 11.0 14.4 58 76 Kent, Washington 11.0 14.9 140 190 Peoria, Arizona 11.0 16.6 187 283 Pittsburg, California 11.0 13.8 76 96 Iowa City, Iowa 11.0 13.9 82 104 Vancouver, Washington 10.9 12.2 187 208 Santa Maria, California 10.9 15.6 114 163 Kirkland, Washington 10.9 15.1 95 131 Springfield, Oregon 10.9 16.4 66 99 West Bloomfield Township, Michigan 10.9 14.8 72 98 Sparks, Nevada 10.9 15.3 104 147 McKinney, Texas 10.8 13.6 176 222 State College, Pennsylvania 10.7 12.5 62 72 Gresham, Oregon 10.7 13.4 119 149 Bristol Township, Pennsylvania 10.7 11.8 58 64 La Habra, California 10.7 15.8 67 99 Woodland, California 10.7 13.3 62 77 Orange, California 10.7 14.4 150 203 Redding, California 10.6 14.0 98 129 Hawthorne, California 10.6 14.9 94 132 Visalia, California 10.6 15.5 138 202 Montebello, California 10.6 16.0 68 103 San Rafael, California 10.6 14.4 63 86 Alameda, California 10.6 14.2 83 112 La Mesa, California 10.6 15.4 63 92 Frisco, Texas 10.5 15.1 161 231 Eagan, Minnesota 10.5 12.5 70 83 Eden Prairie, Minnesota 10.5 14.3 67 91 Layton, Utah 10.5 14.6 77 107 Novi, Michigan 10.5 14.0 62 83 Bowie, Maryland 10.5 11.5 61 67 Fountain Valley, California 10.5 13.8 60 79 San Mateo, California 10.5 13.7 109 143 Daly City, California 10.4 14.1 112 151 Redwood City, California 10.4 13.4 88 113 Minnetonka, Minnesota 10.4 13.5 54 70 Bakersfield, California 10.4 14.5 388 542 Huntington Beach, California 10.3 16.2 210 330 Fairfield, California 10.3 15.8 116 178 Turlock, California 10.3 15.4 74 111 Burien, Washington 10.3 14.2 52 72 Modesto, California 10.2 14.0 216 295 Novato, California 10.2 14.5 57 81 Edina, Minnesota 10.2 14.2 51 71 Woodbury, Minnesota 10.1 11.6 69 79 Rialto, California 10.1 13.4 105 139 Greece Town, New York 10.1 10.7 98 104 San Leandro, California 10.1 14.8 91 134 Costa Mesa, California 10.0 15.6 114 177 Porterville, California 10.0 14.3 56 80 Apple Valley, Minnesota 10.0 11.6 51 59 West Des Moines, Iowa 10.0 12.8 65 83 Bend, Oregon 10.0 13.1 86 113 Flint, Michigan 10.0 11.5 98 113 Pomona, California 10.0 16.4 154 253 Surprise, Arizona 10.0 14.0 128 180 Hanford, California 9.9 14.6 55 81 Fullerton, California 9.9 14.4 140 203 Greenwood, Indiana 9.9 11.7 55 65 Vacaville, California 9.9 15.4 96 149 Pleasanton, California 9.9 13.9 79 111 Irondequoit Town, New York 9.9 11.9 51 61 Buena Park, California 9.9 14.2 83 119 Citrus Heights, California 9.9 15.2 86 132 San Bernardino, California 9.9 18.2 214 394 Meridian, Idaho 9.9 12.3 90 112 Alhambra, California 9.9 14.9 85 128 Ann Arbor, Michigan 9.9 12.0 117 143 Ankeny, Iowa 9.8 11.3 55 63 Corvallis, Oregon 9.8 16.7 54 92 Coon Rapids, Minnesota 9.8 11.1 61 69 Pasco, Washington 9.8 11.5 69 81 Chico, California 9.8 15.0 88 135 Union City, California 9.8 13.0 73 97 Roseville, California 9.8 14.3 128 187 Petaluma, California 9.8 13.2 59 80 Escondido, California 9.8 13.0 148 198 Livermore, California 9.7 14.8 86 131 Delano, California 9.7 12.9 51 68 Merced, California 9.7 14.0 80 115 Tracy, California 9.6 14.1 83 122 Corona, California 9.6 13.6 157 222 Simi Valley, California 9.6 14.0 122 178 Maple Grove, Minnesota 9.5 11.4 65 78 Downey, California 9.5 12.8 109 147 Westland, Michigan 9.4 12.6 77 103 Huntington Park, California 9.4 15.1 56 90 Colton, California 9.4 14.3 51 78 Plymouth, Minnesota 9.3 11.2 71 85 West Jordan, Utah 9.3 12.4 105 140 Westminster, California 9.3 12.8 86 119 Santa Rosa, California 9.3 13.7 163 241 Glendora, California 9.3 15.7 48 81 Canton Township, Michigan 9.3 13.3 83 119 Clovis, California 9.3 14.9 96 155 Carlsbad, California 9.2 13.3 105 152 Marysville, Washington 9.2 13.0 61 86 Blaine, Minnesota 9.2 11.7 57 73 Shoreline, Washington 9.2 12.4 51 69 El Monte, California 9.1 12.6 107 148 San Jose, California 9.1 12.8 939 1,325 Gilbert, Arizona 9.1 13.6 225 336 Provo, Utah 9.0 13.3 104 153 Santa Ana, California 9.0 15.6 302 527 Fontana, California 8.9 13.2 185 274 Napa, California 8.9 14.1 72 114 Vallejo, California 8.9 12.0 108 145 Rocklin, California 8.8 13.3 54 81 Folsom, California 8.8 11.7 67 89 Orem, Utah 8.7 12.7 81 118 Upland, California 8.7 11.9 67 91 Garden Grove, California 8.7 12.3 154 217 Madera, California 8.7 11.5 56 74 Clinton Township, Michigan 8.7 9.8 87 98 Placentia, California 8.7 11.8 46 62 Lakeville, Minnesota 8.7 10.2 53 62 San Ramon, California 8.5 10.6 65 81 Cathedral City, California 8.5 12.4 46 67 Baldwin Park, California 8.4 11.9 65 92 Davis, California 8.4 13.7 56 92 Antioch, California 8.2 10.4 91 115 Yuba City, California 8.2 11.8 54 78 Chula Vista, California 8.2 11.4 217 303 West Covina, California 8.2 13.8 89 150 Ames, Iowa 8.1 11.5 52 74 South Gate, California 8.1 12.2 78 118 Lehi, Utah 8.0 9.1 47 53 Manteca, California 8.0 11.2 60 84 York Area Regional, Pennsylvania 8.0 8.7 44 48 Irvine, California 7.9 11.5 203 298 Murrieta, California 7.8 11.5 85 126 Fremont, California 7.7 12.0 180 280 Hemet, California 7.7 10.6 65 89 Shelby Township, Michigan 7.7 10.2 60 79 South Jordan, Utah 7.7 8.9 51 59 Salinas, California 7.7 11.1 122 175 Johns Creek, Georgia 7.6 8.5 64 72 Elk Grove, California 7.5 12.3 124 205 Northern York Regional, Pennsylvania 7.2 7.7 49 53 Indio, California 7.1 11.5 62 100 Waterford Township, Michigan 7.1 9.0 52 66 Sammamish, Washington 5.2 6.3 27 33

SOURCE: Governing calculations of 2015 FBI UCR data.

Data notes