FILE - In this March 30, 2017, file photo, smoke billows from a section of an overpass that collapsed from a large fire on Interstate 85 in Atlanta. The collapse highlighted the region’s reliance on cars and mass transit advocates hope the traffic headaches while the interstate is repaired will spur new interest in expanding rail and bus routes in the congested city. (AP Photo/David Goldman, File)

FILE - In this March 30, 2017, file photo, smoke billows from a section of an overpass that collapsed from a large fire on Interstate 85 in Atlanta. The collapse highlighted the region’s reliance on cars and mass transit advocates hope the traffic headaches while the interstate is repaired will spur new interest in expanding rail and bus routes in the congested city. (AP Photo/David Goldman, File)

ATLANTA (AP) — The collapse of an interstate in the heart of Atlanta has more than 2 million metro residents sitting in even more traffic in the already congested city, and mass transit advocates hope the headaches will spur new interest in expanding rail and bus routes.

Many commuters come from surrounding counties that have long resisted mass transit, creating a car-centric region shaped by issues of race and class for more than four decades.

Georgia transportation officials hope to reopen Interstate 85 by mid-June after a 350-foot span came crashing down March 30 amid intense heat from a fire set beneath the roadway.

Until then, 250,000 drivers who depend on that route each day are stretching the limits of Atlanta’s other highways and surface roads, or using the region’s transit system at unprecedented levels. Ridership has gone up 20 percent since the collapse.

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Skeptics of expanding mass transportation in metro Atlanta wonder whether residents of such a sprawling region will leave their cars behind barring a crisis of this magnitude.

Georgia lawmakers created the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority in 1965, envisioning a system to serve the counties that made up metro Atlanta at the time.

But three of the five counties backed out of MARTA in referendums before its 1971 startup. On the heels of the civil rights movement, white Atlantans were fleeing to the suburbs in droves and had no interest in closing the distance between their new homes and the city’s core.

“There’s no question in my mind that since the 1960s, race has been the underlying factor in all of these attitudes against bringing MARTA into the outlying areas,” said Ronald H. Bayor, a professor emeritus of history at Georgia Tech and author of the 1996 book “Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta.” ″White flight was well underway. People were running away from the desegregation of the Atlanta schools. Some of the opposition was from whites who worried that it would lead to the integration of the suburbs.”

Long after MARTA began operating, Bayor said, whites would privately joke that its nickname stood for “Moving Africans Rapidly Through Atlanta.” Publicly, opponents were less explicit but warned that mass transit would increase crime or diminish property values in the suburbs.

Violent crimes haven’t helped MARTA’s reputation. On Thursday, a man was fatally shot on a MARTA train and three passengers were wounded in what police called a “targeted, isolated incident.” MARTA police have investigated four other killings since July, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported . There were no slayings in the previous four years, though several dozen aggravated assaults and robberies were reported each year.

The transit system is largely limited to Atlanta’s core that doesn’t give most commuters a practical route between home and work.

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Ted Johnson typically drives 45 minutes from his suburban home to his downtown office, a trip that takes twice as long using mass transit. He doesn’t mind using the train to avoid the collapse issues, but he’s not sure MARTA will be a good fit when everything is back to normal.

“I’ve used MARTA before when my car was in the shop or I needed to get to the airport,” Johnson said. “But compared to driving a hybrid car that doesn’t use much gas, parking at a station and paying a train fare is more expensive.”

In a 2011 study comparing mass transit in the largest U.S. metropolitan areas, the Brookings Institution found only 38 percent of metro Atlanta’s working-age population lives in neighborhoods with access to public transportation. Even those living near bus stops and train stations could reach on average only 21 percent of metro Atlanta jobs within 90 minutes.

“In the metropolitan big leagues, Atlanta has the lowest-performing service,” said Adie Tomer, who authored the study. “There’s a long legacy there of just really not supporting transit.”

But attitudes toward the Atlanta transit system have changed dramatically in recent years. Decades-old claims that transit would lead to crime and blight “have been proven inaccurate,” said Tad Leithead, the former head of a regional planning organization.

“I’m hoping the people who are using MARTA maybe for the first time will see how convenient it is and stay with it,” he said.

Mercedes-Benz and State Farm are building headquarters in Sandy Springs, citing access to two rail stations in the suburban city north of Atlanta. Mayor Rusty Paul, a vocal supporter of transit expansion, said opponents feel like transit is a concession to become an urban center rather than a suburb.

“To which I say: Whether you like it or not, the character of this area is going to change because the people are still coming,” he said.

In Fulton County, sprawling roughly 70 miles north to south, mayors for some northernmost cities balked in talks last year about extending rail lines past Sandy Springs. Officials in the city of Johns Creek approved a resolution warning that MARTA rail would increase apartment-style housing, “further increasing traffic, straining the public school system, eroding the residential character of the surrounding areas and reducing property values.”

Voters created the city, now home to 83,000 people, 11 years ago. Fenced subdivisions and an occasional golf course are connected by multi-lane roads, lined with chain stores and restaurants.

Mayor Mike Bodker said he thinks residents could support higher sales taxes for some type of transit but local benefits have to be clear.

“The thing that residents are protecting is the golden goose of Johns Creek, which is these great schools,” Bodker said. “What they perceive is: If you build a bunch of apartments and you have a bunch of transient residents that don’t care as much about having an investment in the community, the schools start eroding.”

Opponents of expanding rail lines also argue that it’s too costly. Toll lanes for buses, ride-hailing services and carpooling are a better fix than rail lines that will take years to build, said Benita Dodd, vice president of the conservative Georgia Public Policy Foundation.

“Nothing is going to work for us as effectively as the automobile,” Dodd said.

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Bynum reported from Savannah, Ga.