By Steve Schifferes

Economics reporter, BBC News



The global economy is set to decline by 1.3% in 2009, in the first global recession since World War II, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) says. In January, the IMF had predicted world output would increase by 0.5% in 2009. It now projects that the UK will see its economy shrink by 4.1% in 2009, and by a further 0.4% in 2010. But other major economies are predicted to shrink even more, with Germany declining by 5.6%, Japan by 6.2%, and Italy by 4.4% in 2009. The prospects for the advanced economies are not much brighter in 2010, with an overall forecast of zero growth. Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play. The IMF says this represents "by far the deepest post-World War II recession" with an actual decline in output in countries making up 75% of the world economy. Currently, output is falling by an "unprecedented" 7.5% annual rate in the rich countries in the last quarter of 2008, and the IMF expects the same rate of decline in the first quarter of this year. Only a recovery in developing and emerging market countries will propel the world economy back into positive growth in 2010, albeit at a relatively weak level of 1.9%. The prospects for world trade are even gloomier, with the IMF now forecasting world trade volumes to decline by 11% in 2009, and barely grow at all in 2010. After 60 years as the engine of world growth, the sharp fall in trade is now hitting many of the leading exporting nations, particularly in Asia. Gloomy UK The IMF says that "the recession is expected to be... quite severe in the United Kingdom, which is being hit by the end of the boom in real estate and financial services". ECONOMIC GROWTH FORECAST 2009 UK: -4.1% US: -2.8% Germany: -5.6% France: -3.0% Japan: -6.2% source: IMF It is predicting that UK unemployment will rise to 9.2% by the end of 2010, compared to 6.7% at the moment. And it is warning that the UK budget deficit will rise to 11% of GDP, "reflecting mainly automatic stabilisers and asset-price related revenue shortfalls rather than discretionary stimulus". The UK is also facing the cost of paying for the banking bail-outs, which the IMF estimated in an earlier report at 9.4% of GDP, or £130bn, after correcting an earlier figure of £200bn. Financial problems At the heart of the crisis is the continuing overhang of losses in the financial sector, which the IMF now estimates at $4tn, four times higher than it projected just one year ago. And it warns that the current outlook is "exceptionally uncertain, with risks still weighting on the downside." It says the main risk is that "policies may be insufficient to arrest the negative feedback between deteriorating financial conditions and weakening economies in the face of limited public support for policy actions." Developed economies such as Japan, the US and UK are in recession Among the risks are that rising household and corporate debt cause further falls in asset prices and losses by financial institutions. And it says that any recovery will be slower than in the past. There will be a smaller financial sector, with financing harder to come by than in the past, especially for developing countries, which will cramp their growth. And rich countries will face the burden of reducing their budget deficits which have soared during the crisis, at a time when their ageing populations means they will have lower tax revenues. In addition, households may be reluctant to resume their previous spending habits, as saving rates have risen sharply in the US and the UK. The IMF says it is important to take urgent action to shore up the banks, and to continue with short-term fiscal stimulus plans, in order to shorten the length of the recession.



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