india

Updated: May 12, 2017 07:07 IST

As India’s economy grew rapidly, the inequality between the richest and the poorest rose, the number of landless farmers increased and employment generation was lowest in 2015, says a new report examining 25 years of India’s economic liberalisation.

Pointing that distribution of growth gains have not been equitable, the India Exclusion Report 2016 says the post-1990 growth was up to three times of the levels in the first four decades since Independence but the rate of poverty reduction slowed down from 0.94% per annum during 1981-1990 to only 0.65% between 1990 and 2005.

The high decibel growth led to 12-fold increase in wealth for the richest 10% people since 2000, while for the poorest 10% the income jumped by just three times and the reason was dismal new job creation. Quoting the labour bureau’s data, the report to be released on Friday said that only 1.35 lakh new jobs were created by the Narendra Modi-led National Democratic Alliance government in 2015, lower than the previous UPA government.

India’s experience contrasts with that of Brazil, Indonesia and, on some indicators, Argentina, which recorded significant progress in reducing inequality during the same period. “China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa which have all become less equal over time,” the report said.

“There is no doubt that lives of people have changed for better because of liberalisation but the promise of poverty eradication still remains to be fulfilled,” said Harsh Mander, who heads Delhi-based rights advocacy group the Centre for Equity Studies that prepared the report.

“The gains have thrown new concerns of exclusion which needs to be addressed and discussed. In India, pensions cover only 40% of the elderly, landlessness among Dalits and Muslims is highest and these two (legally illiterate) communities are in high proportion in jails.”

The report also highlights that though India’s score on Global Hunger Index has improved since 2008 its ranking has fallen as other countries such as Rwanda, Cambodia, and Myanmar have done better than the world’s fastest growing economy.

The report said that growth has lead to higher migration with 35-40 million labourers, almost half of the casual labourers outside agriculture, being seasonal migrants. A probable reason given by a researcher Anirban Bhattacharya was that proportion of cultivators has fallen whereas farm labourers have almost doubled since 1951.

He also pointed out that the most deprived in the society – Dalits and Muslims – have least access to land with just 2.08% of around 200 million Dalits having land more than 2 hectares. Around 58% of whatever meagre land Dalits have is not linked to irrigation, a key for life sustaining productivity from their farms.

Crisis in agriculture, the report says, has pushed nine million farmers out of agriculture between 2001 and 2011 leading to increase in urban migration from 16.5% in 1971 to 21.1% in 2011, as average land holding has halved since 1992. Worst is the statistics that in the past 20 years (1994-2014), more than 3 lakh farmers committed suicide in India.

The report raises pertinent questions regarding half of India’s 103 million elderly outside any social security scheme, 40% of disabled women in rural India without jobs and exclusion of the poor on account of digital illiteracy as government pushes Digital India.