Dangerous Goods Dangerous goods are materials or items with hazardous properties. The Transportation of Dangerous Goods is controlled and governed by a variety of different regulatory regimes in Multimodal Logistics, operating at both the national and international levels. Prominent regulatory frameworks for the transportation of dangerous goods include the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, ICAO’s Technical Instructions, IATA’s Dangerous Goods Regulations and the IMO’s International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. Collectively, these regulatory regimes mandate the means by which dangerous goods are to be handled, packaged, labeled and transported. Airsea has the team of well qualified and certified in IATA’s Dangerous Goods Regulations, personals, who can help in handling and transport dangerous and restricted goods as per international and UN recommendations.

UN Class/Division(s) Classification 1/1.1 – 1.6 Explosive 2/2.1 2/2.2 2/2.3 Flammable gas Non-flammable, non-toxic gas Toxic gas 3 Flammable liquid 4/4.1 4/4.2 4/4.3 Flammable solid Spontaneously combustible substance Substance which in contact with water emits flammable gas 5/5.1 5/5.2 Oxidising substance Organic peroxide 6/6.1 6/6.2 Toxic substance Infectious substance 7 Radioactive material 8 Corrosive substance 9 Miscellaneous dangerous goods

Transportation of Dangerous Goods The multitude of dangerous goods regimes across the world and the complexity of dangerous goods classifications and regulations render compliance a particularly difficult task. However Airsea, as a logistics company and as one of the International Freight Forwarding Companies specializing in dangerous goods, is well placed to deliver tailored solutions to all customer’s dangerous goods needs. Airsea is proficient in all nine classes of dangerous goods and provides a range of services including packaging, packing, labeling, freight forwarding, shipping dangerous goods and training.

CLASS 1 – EXPLOSIVES Explosives are materials or items which have the ability to rapidly conflagrate or detonate as a consequence of chemical reaction.

Sub-Divisions Division 1.1: Substances and articles which have a mass explosion hazard Division 1.2: Substances and articles which have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard Division 1.3: Substances and articles which have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both Division 1.4: Substances and articles which present no significant hazard; only a small hazard in the event of ignition or initiation during transport with any effects largely confined to the package Division 1.5: Very insensitive substances which have a mass explosion hazard Division 1.6: Extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosion hazard

Reason for Regulation Explosives are capable by chemical reaction of producing gases at temperatures, pressures and speeds as to cause catastrophic damage through force and/or of producing otherwise hazardous amounts of heat, light, sound, gas or smoke.

Commonly Transported Explosives Ammunition/cartridges Fireworks/pyrotechnics Flares Blasting caps/detonators Fuse Primers Explosive charges (blasting, demolition etc) Detonating cord Air bag inflators Igniters Rockets TNT / TNT compositions RDX / RDX compositions PETN / PETN compositions

CLASS 2 – GASES Gases are defined by dangerous goods regulations as substances which have a vapour pressure of 300 kPa or greater at 50°c or which are completely gaseous at 20°c at standard atmospheric pressure, and items containing these substances. The class encompasses compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases, refrigerated liquefied gases, mixtures of one or more gases with one or more vapours of substances of other classes, articles charged with a gas and aerosols.

Sub-Divisions Division 2.1: Flammable gases Division 2.2: Non-flammable, non-toxic gases Division 2.3: Toxic gases is banned for transport by air or sea freight. Reason for Regulation Gases are capable of posing serious hazards due to their flammability, potential as asphyxiants, ability to oxidize and/or their toxicity or corrosiveness to humans.

Commonly Transported Gases Aerosols Compressed air Hydrocarbon gas-powered devices Fire extinguishers Gas cartridges Fertilizer ammoniating solution Insecticide gases Refrigerant gases Lighters Acetylene / Oxyacetylene Carbon dioxide Helium / helium compounds Hydrogen / hydrogen compounds Oxygen / oxygen compounds Nitrogen / nitrogen compounds Natural gas Oil gas Petroleum gases Butane Propane Ethane Methane Dimethyl ether Propene / propylene Ethylene

CLASS 3 – FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Flammable liquids are defined by dangerous goods regulations as liquids, mixtures of liquids or liquids containing solids in solution or suspension which give off a flammable vapour (have a flash point) at temperatures of not more than 60-65°C, liquids offered for transport at temperatures at or above their flash point or substances transported at elevated temperatures in a liquid state and which give off a flammable vapour at a temperature at or below the maximum transport temperature. Sub-Divisions There are no subdivisions within Class 3, Flammable Liquids. Reason for Regulation Flammable liquids are capable of posing serious hazards due to their volatility, combustibility and potential in causing or propagating severe conflagrations. Commonly Transported Flammable Liquids Acetone / acetone oils Adhesives Paints / lacquers / varnishes Alcohols Perfumery products Gasoline / Petrol Diesel fuel Aviation fuel Liquid bio-fuels Coal tar / coal tar distillates Petroleum crude oil Petroleum distillates Gas oil Shale oil Heating oil Kerosene Resins Tars Turpentine Carbamate insecticides Organochlorine pesticides Organophosphorus pesticides Copper based pesticides Esters Ethers Ethanol Benzene Butanols Dichloropropenes Diethyl ether Isobutanols Isopropyls Methanol Octanes

CLASS 4 – FLAMMABLE SOLIDS; SUBSTANCES LIABLE TO SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION; SUBSTANCES WHICH EMIT FLAMMABLE GASES WHEN IN CONTACT WITH WATER Flammable solids are materials which, under conditions encountered in transport, are readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction, self-reactive substances which are liable to undergo a strongly exothermic reaction or solid desensitized explosives. Also included are substances which are liable to spontaneous heating under normal transport conditions, or to heating up in contact with air, and are consequently liable to catch fire and substances which emit flammable gases or become spontaneously flammable when in contact with water. Sub-Divisions Division 4.1: Flammable solids Division 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion Division 4.3: Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases Reason for Regulation Flammable solids are capable of posing serious hazards due to their volatility, combustibility and potential in causing or propagating severe conflagrations. Commonly Transported Flammable Solids; Spontaneous Combustibles; ‘Dangerous When Wet’ Materials Alkali metals Metal powders Aluminium phosphide Sodium batteries Sodium cells Firelighters Matches Calcium carbide Camphor Carbon Activated carbon Celluloid Cerium Copra Seed cake Oily cotton waste Desensitized explosives Oily fabrics Oily fibres Ferrocerium Iron oxide (spent Iron sponge/direct-reduced iron (spent) Metaldehyde Naphthalene Nitrocellulose Phosphorus Sulphur

CLASS 5 – OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES; ORGANIC PEROXIDES Oxidizers are defined by dangerous goods regulations as substances which may cause or contribute to combustion, generally by yielding oxygen as a result of a redox chemical reaction. Organic peroxides are substances which may be considered derivatives of hydrogen peroxide where one or both hydrogen atoms of the chemical structure have been replaced by organic radicals. Sub-Divisions Division 5.1: Oxidizing substances Division 5.1: Organic peroxides Reason for Regulation Oxidizers, although not necessarily combustible in themselves, can yield oxygen and in so doing cause or contribute to the combustion of other materials. Organic peroxides are thermally unstable and may exude heat whilst undergoing exothermic autocatalytic decomposition. Additionally, organic peroxides may be liable to explosive decomposition, burn rapidly, be sensitive to impact or friction, react dangerously with other substances or cause damage to eyes. Commonly Transported Oxidizers; Organic Peroxides Chemical oxygen generators Ammonium nitrate fertilizers Chlorates Nitrates Nitrites Perchlorates Permanganates Persulphates Aluminium nitrate Ammonium dichromate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium persulphate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium nitrate Calcium peroxide Hydrogen peroxide Magnesium peroxide Lead nitrate Lithium hypochlorite Potassium chlorate Potassium nitrate Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium nitrate Sodium persulphate

CLASS 6 – TOXIC SUBSTANCES; INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES Toxic substances are those which are liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact. Infectious substances are those which are known or can be reasonably expected to contain pathogens. Dangerous goods regulations define pathogens as microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites and fungi, or other agents which can cause disease in humans or animals. Sub-Divisions Division 6.1: Toxic substances Division 6.2: Infectious substances Reason for Regulation Toxic and infectious substances can pose significant risks to human and animal health upon contact. Commonly Transported Toxic Substances; Infectious Substances Medical/Biomedical waste Clinical waste Biological cultures / samples / specimens Medical cultures / samples / specimens Tear gas substances Motor fuel anti-knock mixture Dyes Carbamate pesticides Alkaloids Allyls Acids Arsenates Arsenites Cyanides Thiols/mercaptans Cresols Barium compounds Arsenics / arsenic compounds Beryllium/ beryllium compounds Lead compounds Mercury compounds Nicotine / nicotine compounds Selenium compounds Antimony Ammonium metavanadate Adiponitrile Chloroform Dichloromethane Hexachlorophene Phenol Resorcinol

CLASS 7 – RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Shipping Dangerous Goods regulations define radioactive material as any material containing radionuclides where both the activity concentration and the total activity exceeds certain pre-defined values. A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus and which consequently is subject to radioactive decay. Sub-Divisions There are no subdivisions within Class 7, Radioactive Material. Reason for Regulation Whilst undergoing radioactive decay radionuclides emit ionizing radiation, which presents potentially severe risks to human health. Commonly Transported Radioactive Material Radioactive ores Medical isotopes Yellowcake Density gauges Mixed fission products Surface contaminated objects Caesium radionuclides / isotopes Iridium radionuclides / isotopes Americium radionuclides / isotopes Plutonium radionuclides / isotopes Radium radionuclides / isotopes Thorium radionuclides / isotopes Uranium radionuclides / isotopes Depleted uranium / depleted uranium products Uranium hexafluoride Enriched Uranium

CLASS 8 – CORROSIVES Corrosives are substances which by chemical action degrade or disintegrate other materials upon contact. Sub-Divisions There are no subdivisions within Class 8, Corrosives. Reason for Regulation Corrosives cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue or, in the case of leakage, damage or destroy surrounding materials. Commonly Transported Corrosives Acids/acid solutions Batteries Battery fluid Fuel cell cartridges Dyes Fire extinguisher charges Formaldehyde Flux Paints Alkylphenols Amines Polyamines Sulphides Polysulphides Chlorides Chlorosilanes Bromine Cyclohexylamine Phenol / carbolic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Nitric acid Sludge acid Hydrogen fluoride Iodine Morpholine