Christo and Jeanne-Claude, respectively, in full Christo Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude de Guillebon, (respectively, born June 13, 1935, Gabrovo, Bulgaria—died May 31, 2020, New York City, New York, U.S.; born June 13, 1935, Casablanca, Morocco—died November 18, 2009, New York, New York), environmental sculptors noted for their controversial outdoor sculptures that often involved monumental displays of fabrics and plastics. Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Wrapped Reichstag Wrapped Reichstag, temporary installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 1995; in Berlin. © Bilderberg/Press and Information Office of the Federal Government of Germany

Early life Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria, and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out. He fled to Vienna, where he studied for a semester, and then, after a brief stay in Switzerland, moved to Paris and began exhibiting his works with the nouveaux réalistes. While working there as a portrait artist, Christo met Jeanne-Claude de Guillebon, whom he married in 1959. Jeanne-Claude was once described as her husband’s publicist and business manager, but she later received equal billing with him in all creative and administrative aspects of their work. In 1964 the pair relocated to New York City, where their art was seen as a form of Arte Povera, an Italian art movement that challenged conventional art elitism through experiments with everyday materials. Jeanne-Claude Jeanne-Claude, 2009. Dominic Favre—Keystone/AP

Notable works Christo’s earliest sculptures were composed of cans and bottles—some as found and some painted or wrapped in paper, plastic, or fabric. Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s first collaborative works included Dockside Packages (1961; Cologne), Iron Curtain—Wall of Oil Drums (1962; Paris), and Corridor Store Front (1968; New York City). In 1968 they also completed a suspended 18,375-foot (5,600-metre) “air package” over Minneapolis, Minnesota, and “wrapped buildings” in Bern, Switzerland; Chicago; and Spoleto, Italy. Their monumental later projects included Valley Curtain (1972; Rifle Gap, Colorado), Running Fence (1976; Marin and Sonoma counties, California), and Surrounded Islands (1983; Biscayne Bay, Florida). In 1985 in Paris, they wrapped the Pont Neuf (bridge) in beige cloth. In a 1991 project, the couple installed 1,340 giant blue umbrellas across the Sato River valley in Japan and 1,760 giant yellow ones in Tejon Pass, California. Four years later they wrapped the Reichstag in Berlin in metallic silver fabric. In 1995 the couple received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for sculpture. The Gates was unveiled in 2005. Stretching across 23 miles (37 km) of walkway in Central Park, the work featured 7,503 steel gates that were 16 feet (5 metres) high and decorated with saffron-coloured cloth panels. The Gates was on display for 16 days and attracted more than four million visitors. Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates The Gates, installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, 2005; in Central Park, New York City. © Samme Orwig Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today

Works after Jeanne-Claude’s death After Jeanne-Claude died in 2009, Christo continued to carry out the couple’s proposed projects: Big Air Package (2013) inflated an immense fabric dome within the cavernous Gasometer Oberhausen, a former gas storage tank in Germany; The Floating Piers (2016) connected two islands in Lake Iseo, Italy, via a floating saffron-coloured walkway that stretched 1.86 miles (2.99 km); and The London Mastaba (2018) stacked coloured barrels in the shape of the ancient building type atop a floating platform in the Serpentine in London’s Hyde Park.

Legacy Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s huge, usually outdoor sculptures were temporary and involved hundreds of assistants in their construction. Seen by all manner of passersby, including those who would not necessarily visit museums, these works forced observers to confront questions regarding the nature of art and to reconsider a particular space. As the scope of the projects widened, increased time was needed for planning and construction phases, the securing of permits, and environmental impact research—a process that could take decades. For each project, they formed a corporation, which secured financing and sold the primary models and sketches. Most installations were documented in print and on film, and the materials that created them were sold or given away after the projects were dismantled. Some projects encountered fierce opposition and years of litigation before they could be executed. Over the River, a proposal to suspend a silver canopy over 42 miles (68 km) of the Arkansas River, spent years in state and federal courts before Christo called off the project in 2017 to protest Donald Trump’s election as U.S. president. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray , Editor.