Researchers teleported quantum state of photon more than 3.7 miles

This is longest distance achieved in actual infrastructure, rather than lab

Quantum teleportation could one day make for ultra-secure encryption

Researchers have achieved quantum teleportation over the farthest distance yet outside of the lab, sending the quantum state of a photon across more than 3.7 miles in an actual metropolitan network.

The experiments were conducted using ‘dark’ cables under the city of Calgary in Canada, and mark a major step toward the ultimate goal of a quantum Internet as researchers finally begin tests in real-world contexts.

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Harnessing quantum teleportation could one day make for ultra-secure encrypted messaging, allowing senders to transmit ‘disembodied’ information to the desired recipient that would be impossible for an eavesdropper to intercept.

Researchers have achieved quantum teleportation over the farthest distance yet outside of the lab, sending the quantum state of a photon across more than 3.7 miles in an actual metropolitan network. Pictured are crystals used for storing entangled photons

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION Quantum teleportation is made possible through the concept of ‘entanglement.’ If a hypothetical particle called Photon 1 is entangled with Photon 2, the latter can be sent to a distant location, and they still will remain linked, the Nasa researchers explain. So, if in the second location Photon 2 meets a third particle, Photon 3, and interacts with it, the state which Photon 3 transfers to Photon 2 will automatically be teleported to its entangled twin as well, Photon 1. This is a ‘disembodied transfer,’ meaning that Photons 1 and 3 never interact. Harnessing this type of system could revolutionize encrypted messaging, allowing senders to transmit ‘disembodied’ information to the desired recipient that would be impossible for an eavesdropper to intercept.

The study, published in the journal Nature Photonics, was a collaborative effort between engineers at Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Lab, the University of Calgary, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado.

In the first ever experiments with quantum teleportation in a metropolitan cable network, the researchers used dark (unused) cables, and photon sensors designed by researchers at the JPL and NIST to detect exactly what was happening.

These efforts have led to a new record – the teleportation of the quantum state of a photon more than 3.7 miles in actual infrastructure.

Longer distances have been achieved in the past, but only in lab settings.

‘Demonstrating quantum effects such as teleportation outside of a lab environment involves a whole new set of challenges,’ said Francesco Marsili, one of the JPL co-authors.

‘This experiment shows how these challenges can all be overcome and hence it marks an important milestone towards the future quantum Internet.

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'Quantum communication unlocks some of the unique properties of quantum mechanics to, for example, exchange information with ultimate security or link together quantum computers.’

Quantum teleportation is made possible through ‘entanglement,’ which describes a phenomenon in which two particles remain bound across a large distance.

Anything that affects the state of one particle will also affect the other.

The experiments were conducted using ‘dark’ cables under Calgary, and mark a major step toward the goal of a quantum Internet as researchers begin tests in real-world contexts. Crystals like those pictured above are often used in quantum teleportation experiments

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT In quantum physics, entangled particles remain connected so that actions performed by one affects the behaviour of the other, even if they are separated by huge distances. This means if you measure, 'up' for the spin of one photon from an entangled pair, the spin of the other, measured an instant later, will be 'down' - even if the two are on opposite sides of the world. Entanglement takes place when a part of particles interact physically. For instance, a laser beam fired through a certain type of crystal can cause individual light particles to be split into pairs of entangled photons. The theory that so riled Einstein is also referred to as 'spooky action at a distance'. Einstein wasn't happy with theory, because it suggested that information could travel faster than light.

If a hypothetical particle called Photon 1 is entangled with Photon 2, the latter can be sent to a distant location, and they still will remain linked.

So, if in the second location Photon 2 meets a third particle, Photon 3, and interacts with it, the state which Photon 3 transfers to Photon 2 will automatically be teleported to its entangled twin as well, Photon 1.

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As the researchers point out, this is a ‘disembodied transfer,’ meaning that Photons 1 and 3 never interact.

With this concept, the same type of teleportation could be used to securely send messages between two people.

But as this all takes place within the realm of quantum physics, the particles involved and the effects are extremely small, making them difficult to study.

In these experiments, however, the ultra sensitive photon sensors allowed for more precise detection.

‘The superconducting detector platform, which has been pioneered by JPL and NIST researchers, makes it possible to detect single photons at telecommunications wavelengths with nearly perfect efficiency and almost no noise,’ said Daniel Oblak, of the University of Calgary’s Instutite for Quantum Science and Technology.

‘This was simply not possible with earlier detector types, and so experiments such as our, using existing fiber-infrastructure, would have been close to impossible without JPL’s detectors.’

Quantum teleportation is made possible through ‘entanglement,’ which describes a phenomenon in which two particles remain bound across a large distance. Anything that affects the state of one particle will also affect the other, as illustrated above

Quantum teleportation could be used to create highly secure communication systems in numerous settings, like Nasa, to protect data signals.

Moving forward, the researchers will build repeaters to teleport entangled photons across longer distances.

With ‘super-sensitive photon detectors,’ they say repeaters could even send entangled photons across the country.

And eventually, space-related communications could achieve teleportation without the use of repeaters, with photons instead fired into space with lasers, and the states teleported from Earth.

‘By using advanced superconducting detectors, we can use individual photons to efficiently communicate both classical and quantum information from space to the ground,’ said Matt Shaw, of JPL’s Microdevices Laboratory.

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‘We are planning to use more advanced versions of these detectors for demonstrations of optical communication from deep space and of quantum teleportation from the International Space Station.’