These 5 example patents (just from 2015!) by Google on autonomous driving really illustrate the thought they have taken into account for different driving scenarios.





1. Cyclist hand signal detection by an autonomous vehicle

Patent # US 9014905 B1 Issued on 21 Apr 2015

Methods and systems for detecting hand signals of a cyclist by an autonomous vehicle are described. An example method may involve a computing device receiving a plurality of data points corresponding to an environment of an autonomous vehicle. The computing device may then determine one or more subsets of data points from the plurality of data points indicative of at least a body region of a cyclist. Further, based on an output of a comparison of the one or more subsets with one or more predetermined sets of cycling signals, the computing device may determine an expected adjustment of one or more of a speed of the cyclist and a direction of movement of the cyclist. Still further, based on the expected adjustment, the computing device may provide instructions to adjust one or more of a speed of the autonomous vehicle and a direction of movement of the autonomous vehicle.







2. Detecting and responding to tailgaters

Patent # US 9050977 B1 Issued on 9th June 2015

An autonomous vehicle detects a tailgating vehicle and uses various response mechanisms. For example, a vehicle is identified as a tailgater based on whether its characteristics meet a variable threshold. When the autonomous vehicle is traveling at slower speeds, the threshold is defined in distance. When the autonomous vehicle is traveling at faster speeds, the threshold is defined in time. The autonomous vehicle may respond to the tailgater by modifying its driving behavior. In one example, the autonomous vehicle adjusts a headway buffer (defined in time) from another vehicle in front of the autonomous vehicle. For example, if the tailgater is T seconds too close to the autonomous vehicle, the autonomous vehicle increases the headway buffer to thevehicle in front of it by some amount relative to T.







3. Pedestrian notifications

Patent # US 8954252 B1 Issued on 9th June 2015

Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to notifying a pedestrian of the intent of a self-driving vehicle. For example, the vehicle may include sensors which detect an object such as a pedestrian attempting or about to cross the roadway in front of the vehicle. The vehicle's computer may then determine the correct way to respond to the pedestrian. For example, the computer may determine that the vehicle should stop or slow down, yield, or stop if it is safe to do so. The vehicle may then provide a notification to the pedestrian of what thevehicle is going to or is currently doing. For example, the vehicle may include a physical signaling device, an electronic sign or lights, a speaker for providing audible notifications, etc.







4. System for pedestrian leg protection in vehicle impact

Patent # US 8985652 B1 ‎Issued on 24 Mar 2015

A system for protecting a pedestrian during impact with a vehicle, the system having a bumper adapted for attachment to an end of the vehicle, wherein the bumper is comprised of a plurality of air sacs, wherein the bumper has a horizontal thickness extends from the end of the vehicle, wherein at least some of the plurality of air sacs stretch and then burst during impact between the bumper and a pedestrian causing deceleration along the horizontal width of the bumper during the impact, wherein the bumper undergoes plastic deformation during impact with the pedestrian as the at least some of the air sacs burst during impact, and wherein the bursting of some of the plurality of air sacs reduces spring back of the bumper on the pedestrian.







5. Construction zone sign detection using light detection and ranging

US 9056395 B1 ‎Issued on 16th June 2015

Methods and systems for construction zone sign detection are described. A computing device may be configured to receive a 3D point cloud of a vicinity of a road on which a vehicle is travelling. The 3D point cloud may include points corresponding to light reflected from objects in the vicinity of the road. The computing device may be configured to determine a set of points representing an area at a given height from a surface of the road, and estimate a shape associated with the set of points. Further, the computing device may be configured to determine a likelihood that the set of points represents a construction zone sign, based on the estimated shape. Based on the likelihood, the computing device may be configured to modify a control strategy associated with a driving behavior of the vehicle; and control the vehicle based on the modified control strategy.











