Understanding how sessions and local authentication work in Express is something that is not as clearly documented on the Internet as you’d might expect.

This article aims to change that by going in-depth into how these concepts are implemented in Express based on my own understanding of the two.

I’ll be using the following npm packages along with Express:

mongoose – for MongoDb object modeling

– for MongoDb object modeling express-session – for user sessions

– for user sessions passport – for user authentication

– for user authentication passport-local – for a local authentication strategy

– for a local authentication strategy passport-local-mongoose – for easy authentication logic

If you’ll recall, Express works with a request-response cycle in which callback functions are tied to specific routes and have access to request and response objects, like so:

app.get('/', (request, response) => { // index logic });

Now let’s go over the building blocks for sessions and authentication, one by one.

express-session

express-session is an Express middleware used for persisting sessions across stateless HTTP requests. It expands on some key objects provided by both Express and Node.js.

Overview

Sessions are used for storing data about a user and presenting dynamic data based on a user’s identity. They rely upon saving session data to a cookie that is sent to the user’s browser and then received back in future user requests.

This module expands the Express request object with the session property (among other things), which itself is an object that can be used by other middleware.

By default it uses a MemoryStore , an in-memory key-value database not intended for production use, to store the session data. But you can and should plug in another memory store middleware when deploying a serious product.

It creates a session for every user by generating a special ID that serves as a unique key for the session data. This ID is stored and sent in a cookie, while the session data is saved in a memory store or cache.

This way cookies are very lightweight while more costly lookups to the database are reduced since the session object containing all the session data is stored in-memory.

You can view the value of this ID in action by logging request.sessionID when inside an Express route callback.

Conceptual Workflow

The way you would usually provide information for a session is through an HTML form element in a web page. You would “log in” a user through a POST request to your web server containing username and password values.

Your login page form would look like this:

<form action="/login" method="POST"> <input type="text" name="username"> <input type="password" name="password"> <input type="submit"> </form>

And the route on your app.js would be something close to this:

app.post('/login', (request, response) => { // login logic goes here });

At this point you would need to store the login information somewhere in order to create a user session. Passport does exactly this, but we’ll get into that later.

Let’s understand what goes on once you use express-session in your project.

When a new session is created for a user:

A special ID is generated and the session object is appended to request . The special ID is encrypted with a secret provided by the developer and is written to the HTTP response header as a cookie that eventually reaches the user’s browser.

The express-session module expands the standard response.end() method of the Node HTTP module, and ensures that the special ID and the session are saved to the memory store near the end of the request-response lifecycle.

When a user is browsing our web site/web app under a session:

The browser sends the cookie containing the ID for the session as part of the HTTP request. express-session parses and decrypts the cookie. express-session reads the ID. express-session retrieves the session data from the store. express-session appends the session object as a property in the request object, restoring the stored session for the new request.

Plugging It into Express

In app.js add the following require statement:

const session = require('express-session');

Also add the following configuration as well:

// express-session must be used before passport app.use(session({ secret: 'Insert randomized text here', resave: false, saveUninitialized: false }));

Now a session (ID and object) will be created for every unique user across multiple HTTP requests.

However, right now the session object is not storing any important information. That is where passport comes in to take advantage of this functionality for implementing user authentication.

passport

Passport is a module that provides and automates user authentication for Express. It is mostly used to support authentication sessions over HTTP.

Configuration

In app.js add the following require statement:

const passport = require('passport');

To configure passport correctly, you need to provide three things:

An Authentication Strategy Application Middleware Sessions

Authentication strategies are a way for passport to delegate authentication to other modular packages. For example, there are Node packages that provide passport authentication strategies for Facebook and Twitter, etc.

For our local use case, the strategy is provided by the passport-local package. Passport provides the use() function for plugging in the strategy (we’ll be doing that differently later), and it generally looks like this when using mongoose:

const passport = require('passport'), LocalStrategy = require('passport-local').Strategy; passport.use(new LocalStrategy( function(username, password, done) { User.findOne({ username: username }, function (err, user) { if (err) { return done(err); } if (!user) { return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect username.' }); } if (!user.validPassword(password)) { return done(null, false, { message: 'Incorrect password.' }); } return done(null, user); }); } ));

You’ll notice that the callback function provided to the LocalStrategy object is the one that contains the logic used to verify a user’s identity.

The verify callback must return a model of the user when the authentication is successful (the credentials are valid).

In our case it is a mongoose model of the User that will be returned. How this model is constructed will be covered once we discuss the passport-local-mongoose package.

Once a strategy has been supplied, the relevant middleware has to be configured with Express so our web server can use passport. In an app.js file, it generally looks like the following:

const session = require("express-session"); app.use(session({ secret: "cats" })); app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // express body-parser app.use(passport.initialize()); app.use(passport.session());

The order of these statements are important, so keep that in mind.

Using Sessions with Passport

For supporting sessions, passport has to be added as a middleware to the login route or endpoint that you are using to authenticate your users, usually with the redirect route values for your application:

// Use the passport middleware for authentication app.post('/login', passport.authenticate('local', { successRedirect: '/dashboard', failureRedirect: '/login' }));

When a POST request with the user’s login information is made to the '/login' route, passport uses the local authentication strategy to verify that the user’s credentials are valid.

It then serializes the provided User model into one value that is stored in the session object provided by express-session.

When future requests from the same user are made with the session cookie, passport uses the serialized session value to deserialize or retrieve the User model.

This User object is made available through the request.user property.

In this way, passport builds upon the functionality provided by the express-session package.

passport-local-mongoose

passport-local-mongoose takes care of salting and hashing user passwords, serializing and deserializing your user model (for session storage), and authenticating the username and password credentials with their stored counterparts in the mongo database.

It is a mongoose plugin first and foremost. It uses the passport-local module internally to provide and configure a LocalStrategy of local authentication for the passport module.

Before using this package make sure that you are using mongoose and are connected to a mongod instance in your app.

In app.js add the following require statement:

const passportLocalMongoose = require('passport-local-mongoose');

In our model class user.js :

const mongoose = require('mongoose'), passportLocalMongoose = require('passport-local-mongoose'); const UserSchema = new mongoose.Schema({}); UserSchema.plugin(passportLocalMongoose); module.exports = mongoose.model('User', UserSchema);

The line UserSchema.plugin(passportLocalMongoose) is responsible for extending the model object.

According to the package documentation:

You’re free to define your User how you like. Passport-Local Mongoose will add a username, hash and salt field to store the username, the hashed password and the salt value. Additionally Passport-Local Mongoose adds some methods to your Schema. See the API Documentation section for more details.

In app.js you add some configuration code for passport:

// requires the model with Passport-Local Mongoose plugged in const User = require('./models/user'); // USE "createStrategy" INSTEAD OF "authenticate" // This uses and configures passport-local behind the scenes passport.use(User.createStrategy()); // use static serialize and deserialize of model for passport session support passport.serializeUser(User.serializeUser()); passport.deserializeUser(User.deserializeUser());

passport-local-mongoose serializes and deserializes model objects based on the username field, so it should be unique to every model.

If mongoose is connected to mongod, this should be all the configuration code needed to use the passport-local-mongoose plugin.

To create a User , we can use the register method added by this plugin:

app.post('/register', (request, response) => { // Creates and saves a new user with a salt and hashed password User.register(new User({username: request.body.username}), request.body.password, function(err, user) { if (err) { console.log(err); return response.render('register'); } else { passport.authenticate('local')(request, response, function() { response.redirect('/dashboard'); }); } }); });

Now, when a User is created and stored in the database, this is how it will be stored, as displayed in the mongo shell:

> show collections users > db.users.find() { "_id" : ObjectId("5aea739b999c1e703ca7f093"), "username" : "user", "salt" : "2b3721324daf1f22a0f93cd70ce9bf55c2edad2ee5abaed5eb7e56485bc331af", "hash" : "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", "__v" : 0 }

Your User object is now available through request.user in an express app route callback after the user has been authenticated by passport.

passport-local-mongoose does not store the password , hash , and salt fields in the request.user object, however, out of safety concerns.

Making Your Own Middleware

After a user has been authenticated with passport in a session, you can use the isAuthenticated() method in the request object to determine if the user is logged in or not.

You can use this to make your own middleware for verifying if the user is logged in before accessing a certain route:

function isLoggedIn(request, response, next) { // passport adds this to the request object if (request.isAuthenticated()) { return next(); } response.redirect('/login'); }

And here it is in action:

app.get('/dashboard', isLoggedIn, (request, response) => { // dashboard logic });

Logging Out

Passport includes a logout() function on request that can be called from a route handler. It removes the request.user property and clears the login session.

app.get('/logout', (request, response) => { request.logout(); response.redirect('/'); });

Further Reading