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The Dead Sea Scrolls

and Nag Hammadi Codices

Chapter 3 of the Book “Evidences of the True Church” By Dennis K. Brown

Joseph Smith received the First Vision of God the Father and Jesus Christ in 1820. He learned later that he would be the Savior's instrument in restoring the ancient Church of Jesus Christ to the earth in these latter days. In 1827, an angel led Joseph to gold plates hidden in the ground. With divine help, Joseph translated the plates called The Book of Mormon. From the late 1880 to the early 1840s, Joseph received many revelations and translated additional ancient records. These are documented in Modern-day, scriptures called The Doctrine and Covenants and The Pearl of Great Price.

In The Book of Mormon, a prophet named Nephi wrote:

And after it had come forth unto them I beheld other books, which came forth by the power of the Lamb, from the Gentiles unto them, unto the convincing of the Gentiles and the remnant of the seed of my brethren, and also the Jews who were scattered upon all the face of the earth, that the records of the prophets and of the twelve apostles of the Lamb are true. (1 Nephi 13:39)

Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Codices are but a few of the documents that have already been discovered, which are evidence of the true Church. There are many more docu­ments that have been discovered and yet to be discovered that provide and will provide even further evidence of the truth.

In early 1947, a small Bedouin tribe, called the Ta'amireh, was mired near the northwest shore of the Dead Sea not far from Jerusalem. One day, a fifteen-year-old goat herder named Moham­ad-elh-Dhib noticed that a couple of the sheep or goats were missing. He began his search by looking in some of the numerous limestone caves in the area. He stopped at one cave and simply threw in a rock thinking that if any sheep or goats had climbed into the cave he could scare them out.1

The rock shattered something; the young goat herder was scared and ran away. The next day he returned with a friend and climbed into the cave. He saw that the rock had shattered a pottery jar that was filled with leather and papyrus scrolls. There was at least one other jar, which was also filled with scrolls.

A few months later, after some effort, the boys sold four of the scrolls in Bethlehem, which was about thirty-five miles away. The buyer was a boot maker named Kando, who bought them for use as shoe leather for the equivalent of approximately fourteen dollars. Kando was surprised when he unrolled the first scroll and was able to read the Book of Isaiah in Hebrew. He took the scrolls to the Syr­ian Orthodox archbishop, named Metropolitan Samuel, who bought them for $100. (These same four scrolls were sold a few years later for $250,000).2 Samuel went to Eleazer Sukenik, an antiquities expert in Jerusalem, and showed him the scrolls.3 Mr. Sukenik immediately recognized their value and importance.

Over the next few years, archeologists and historians searched hundreds of caves in the area and found eleven that contained scrolls, often in pottery jars as in the first cave. All or part of approx­imately 800 scrolls were found. Fewer than a dozen of them were intact. The rest were broken into about 25,000 fragments, many of which were no larger than a fingemail.4 It all became a giant jigsaw puzzle5 which scholars have studied for the past fifty years trying to sort out nearly 800 separate documents with many or most of the pieces missing, and the remaining thousands of pieces resembling each other. Recently DNA testing has been used in an attempt to place similar pieces of the leather scrolls together.6

The scrolls, which were hidden by the people who lived in a city called Qumran, are now called the Dead Sea Scrolls. They have been dated using several different methods including Carbon 14, analyzing coins found in the jars, examining the handwriting of the scrolls, scrutinizing the pottery itself, and noting the emperors and leaders mentioned in them.? All this has determined that the scrolls were written between about 250 B.C. and 70 A.D.8

Approximately one fourth or about 200 of the scrolls are biblical, meaning they are copies of the books of the Old Testament. There are, for example, fifteen copies of Genesis, seventeen of Exo­dus, thirteen of Leviticus, twenty-nine of Deuteronomy, twenty-one of Isaiah, thirty-six of Psalms, and so forth.10 All of the books of the Old Testament are represented, except the Book of Esther. Perhaps this book was not found because it is small or because it does not contain the word "God." Ancient Jewish law forbade destroying any document containing the word "God." 11 None of the books of the New Testament are found among the scrolls for the simple reason that the people of Qumran were not Christian and the books of the New Testament were written after the people of Qumran had been scattered by the Romans around 68-70 A.D. 12

The scrolls have been deemed extremely important because of their age. Almost all modern-day Bibles have been translated from the Hebrew Masonetic text, the oldest of which is from about 900 A.D.; or from the Latin Vulgate text, the oldest of which is from about 405 A.D.; or from the Greek Septuagint text, the oldest of which is from about 360 A.D. Therefore, the Dead Sea Scrolls are 500 to 1,000 years older than the texts from which modem-day Bibles were translated.13 In addition, until the discovery of the scrolls, very little was known about Jewish history between the peri­od of Malachi (about 300 B.C.) and the birth of Christ.

It is estimated that less than five percent of the scrolls originally hidden at Qumran have been found. 14 This is based on analyzing the places in the caves where dozens of other jars must have been kept or on the words contained in some of the other scrolls. It is known that some scrolls were used during the cold winters by Arabs and nomads as firewood for hundreds of years. Some scholars think that many scrolls are still being held in bank vaults in Amman, Jordan.

Over the past forty years most of the scrolls and fragments have been translated. Only since 1991 have they been made available to the public in English and other languages.15 Some of the scrolls are secular or non-religious. For example, the scroll originally called "The Manual of Discipline" and now called the "Rule of the Com­munity" outlines strict rules that were in effect for the ancient Qum­ran community.16 For example, if a member slept during a session of the community (like a church meeting), he was excommunicated or placed in penance for thirty days; if he spoke foolishly, he was in penance for three months; if he laughed foolishly, he was in penance for thirty days; or if he interrupted another person speaking, he was speaking penance for ten days.

Another interesting book is the copper scroll, which contains a list of buried gold and silver in the community. The current value of the treasure could be as much as $1 billion. 17 So far, that treasure has not been found. It is interesting that two thousand years ago, a group of religious people kept records engraved on metal, like The Book of Mormon. In addition to the biblical scrolls and the other secular scrolls, there are about 430 previously unknown books. Most of these are religious writings by prophets or others whose writings are not included in the Bible. Some of the interesting items in these books include the following:

Mahijah and Mahujah 18

The Pearl of Great Price, translated by Joseph Smith, mentions a person named Mahijah who lived at the time of Enoch. "And there came a man unto him, whose name was Mahijah, and said unto him: Tell us plainly who thou art, and from whence thou comest?" (Moses 6:40). Mahijah is not found in the Bible. However, his name is mentioned several times in the Dead Sea Scrolls in the same Period and in the same role as in The Pearl of Great Price. In one of the scrolls, Mahijah is forced to go to Enoch and ask who he really is. The Pearl of Great Price says: "As I was journeying and stood upon the place Mahujah . . ." (Moses 7:2). This name is also mentioned many times in the Scrolls, but not in the Bible.

Translation of Moses 19

Moses wrote the first five books of the Bible, except for the last few verses of the Book of Deuteronomy as shown by the following verses. "So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab" (Deuteronomy 34:5). Verse seven says: "And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died." However, from The Book of Mormon (Alma 45:19) and from modem-day prophets, we learn that Moses did not die. He was "translated," which means He was taken up by the Lord directly into heaven. To my knowledge, our Church is the only one to claim that Moses did not die but was translated. Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is a scroll called "The Ascension (or Assumption) of Moses," which speaks of this translation of Moses.

City of Enoch 2O

The Bible contains very little about the prophet Enoch (Genisis 5:18-24) and says nothing about the city named after him. However, The Pearl of Great Price states that the City of Enoch was translated, or taken up into heaven (Moses 7:69). The Dead Sea Scrolls describe in detail the translation of the City of Enoch.

The Vision of Enoch 21

The Pearl of Great Price contains it marvelous description of the great vision given to Enoch, where he saw all from the beginning of the world to the end (Moses 7). None of this is found in the Bible but a description of Enoch's wonderful vision is found in the Scrolls.

Isaiah 22

The Book of Mormon prophets frequently quoted Isaiah in their writings. In fact, over one third of the Book of Isaiah is included in he Book of Mormon. However, there are many variances between the Book of Mormon verses of Isaiah and the biblical verses. One scholar has found that eighty-nine of these variances in The Book of Mormon, as compared to the King James Version, are indeed included in the versions of Isaiah as contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls or in the other early versions of Isaiah, which include the Greek Septuagint, the Hebrew Masoretic or the Latin Vulgate.

Abraham 23

The scrolls contain several stories about the prophet Abraham, which are not found in the Bible, but are found in the Book of Abraham in the Pearl of Great Price. These include, for example, the story about Abraham, his wife and the pharaoh.

Olive Tree 24

The Book of Mormon contains a number of quotations from an Old Testament prophet named Zenos, who is not mentioned in the Bible. The longest quotation of Zenos is his beautiful allegory of the live tree (Jacob 5). The same allegory is in Hymn J (or 10) in the Dead Sea Scrolls, whose author is not mentioned. It is also interesting to note that Hugh Nibley says this same allegory is contained in n ancient document that was published in 1893. The author of that allegory was translated as "Zenez."

Zenos 25

The second longest quotation of Zenos in The Book of Mormon his hymn of thanksgiving and praise in Alma 33:3-11. A careful reading of Hymn H (or 8) and Hymn J (or 10) of the "Thanksgiving Hymns”, in the Dead Sea Scrolls shows striking similarities with the verses in Alma.

Joseph 26

The scrolls contain numerous references to a future prophet named "Asaph" who will restore the priesthood, commencement the great gathering, and be a forerunner to the Messiah in the last days. He will face great opposition and be killed by lawless men. Asaph is translated into English as "Joseph."

The scrolls, as well as ancient Jewish traditions, contain many references to "Messiah-ben-Joseph" who is to precede "Messiah-­ben-David" in the last days. "Messiah" means anointed one" and "ben" means "son of." This means that a prophet, descendant of Joseph of Egypt, will, in the latter days, precede the coming of the Savior, who was a descendant of David. A variant title of this prophet is "Messiah-ben-Ephraim." The scrolls mention that Messi­ah-ben-Joseph will restore true temple worship and bring to pass the restoration of the ten tribes.

In The Book of Mormon, we read of Joseph of Egypt's prophe­cies about the latter-day seer named Joseph who would descend from Joseph of Egypt (2 Nephi 3). We read of these same prophe­cies in Joseph Smith's translation of Genesis 50:33. Now we find similar prophecies about the latter-day prophet Joseph in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Alma 27

The name "Alma," which is in The Book of Mormon, is not in the Bible and was not known to be an ancient Israelite name, par­ticularly as a masculine name ending in a. However, the name Alma appears in the scrolls and is spelled as in The Book of Mormon. 28

Pre-Earth Life

The scrolls frequently mention a pre-earth life where all mankind lived as spirits with God the Father before coming to earth. To my knowledge, we are the only church on the earth that preaches this doctrine. It should be mentioned that the people of Qumran were living in a period of apostasy.29 The fulness of the gospel was given to Heavenly Father's children at the beginning of each dispensation, that is to say, to Adam, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and to Jesus Christ. After a period of time during each past dispensation, the peo­ple fell away and lost parts of the gospel. Although Qumran was in one of these periods of apostasy, it is interesting to see many of the doctrines, which they believed and taught, were remnants of the fullness they had lost.

Eternal Families 30

The Scrolls have many references to eternal families and state that we will be sealed with our spouses and families in the hereafter. They state that our families will be our greatest joy in the eternities. No other church teaches this today.

Eternal Progression 3l

The Scrolls clearly state that we can all progress eternally, eventually becoming as God. Other churches have called us blasphemous when we teach this.

Priesthoods 32

The Scrolls mention a greater and a lesser priesthood, essentially the same as the Melchizedek Priesthood and the Levitical or Aaronic Priesthood. Those called the "sons of Aaron" administered the temporal affairs of the community of Qumran.

Temples 33

The Scrolls talk extensively about temples. The temple was the center of life for the community. The Scrolls mention the importance of a new name, key words, special garments, and an oath to rep file ceremony sacred, even at the peril of life itself.

Tithing34

The Scrolls frequently mention the importance of tithing as a commandment.

The Quorum of the Twelve and the Three 35

The Scrolls say that the people of Qumran were led by twelve men of holiness who were, in turn, led by three priests. This sounds like high council and stake presidency. Under the twelve men of holiness here individuals called bishops who were descendants of Aaron and were common judges; they interviewed the people for worthiness, collected tithing, and administered communal goods.

Sacrament 36

The Scrolls teach that the gospel was on earth from the beginning of time. It is interesting

Interesting to note the Scrolls say that these people were led by twelve men and had a sacrament of bread and wine, 200 years before Christ was born.

Some Christian scholars have left their churches37 after having studied the scrolls because they showed that the people of Qumran were practicing many of the principles of Christianity, such as meaning of the Sacrament of the last supper, and the importance of the Twelve, even before Jesus Christ came to Earth. Such Scholars have said that their churches teach that Christianity did not begin before Christ.

We believe that the gospel was taught to Adam and has been given at the beginning of each dispensation to select groups since the beginning of time (Moses 5:58-59). Christ came as our Savior to pay for the transgression of Adam and to atone for the sins of all mankind. However, many Christian principles were revealed prior to his life on earth. For example, Joseph Smith's revision of the Book of Genesis says that Melchizedek served a sacrament of bread and wine to Abraham (JST Genesis 14:17).

Saints 38

The people of Qumran called themselves "saints." A Catholic authority writing about the Scrolls said that the people of Qumran wrote so frequently about the future coming of the Messiah that they should be called Latter-day Saints." This authority said it was unfor­tunate that this name had already been taken.

Paradisiacal 39

The Scrolls contain writings stating specifically that in the last days the earth will return to a state of innocence as before the Fall. This is similar to the Tenth Article of Faith, which states that we believe the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory.

Spiritual Creation 40

The Scrolls clearly mention the spiritual creation that preceded the temporal creation. In the scriptures this is taught only in The Pearl of Great Price (Moses 3:5).

War in Heaven 4l

The War Scroll talks of the ongoing war between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. It says that God created both the Prince of Light and the Angel of Darkness. Many other churches have called us blasphemous when we teach that God is the father of Satan.

Prophets 42

The Scrolls contain many writings that mention the importance of prophets on the earth at all times to direct us. No one else teach­es this today.

'The Imperfection of the Bible 43

The Scrolls clearly prove that the Bible is not perfect but contains many errors of translation. This contradicts many Christian churches, which claim the Bible is word-for-word perfect.

The Bible Is Incomplete 44

The Scrolls prove that there are many other books of scripture in addition to the Bible and that it is incomplete. This opposes the beliefs of most Christian churches, which hold that the Bible is complete.

Doctrines of Other Churches 45

The Scrolls contain no mention of certain doctrines that are basic to many other Christian churches, such as the doctrine of "original sin," where all must pay for the transgression of Adam, a three-in-one Godhead, which is a spirit; a Eucharist or sacrament where the Water and wine actually become the flesh and blood of Christ in the individual's mouth; or of baptism of infants and baptism by sprinkling. The fact is, the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically contradict these doctrines. For example, they state that baptism is by immersion, not for infants, and only after repentance from sins. They mention the Glory of Adam,"46 which is blasphemous to other churches.

The Nag Hammadi Codices

When the people of Palestine were scattered by the Romans in 68-70 A.D., some went north, some went east, and some went south to Egypt. Groups of Christians were formed. Those in the south called themselves Coptics and Gnostics.

In 1945, some men were digging in a cave near the Nile at a place called NagHammadi. They were looking for good soil for their farms. They found a cache of documents together in a large jar, which were in sorts of binders called codices. There were thirteen codices found, consisting of fifty-three books and about 1,000 total.

The documents have been translated and are called the NagHammadi Codices. They have been dated to a period between 200 B.C. and 100 A.D. They were written by Gnostics who claimed to have superior knowledge to the northern or Roman Church, which was formed in 325 A.D. Some of the books found and translated include the Gospel of Thomas; the Gospel of Philip; the Apocalypse of James; the Apocalypse of Paul; the Apocrypha of John; the Acts of Peter; and the Epistle of Peter to Philip. It is important to remember that this was a period of apostasy, like the people of Qumran were in. However, it is interesting to observe the remnants of the truth in which the Gnostics still believed.

The Nag Hammadi Codices mention, among other things: Male and female gods; 47 a mirrored room called the "bridal chamber" where eternal marriage was performed 48 the gospel of Philip says: "But the woman is united to her husband in the bridal chamber. Indeed those who have united in the bridal chamber will no longer be separated."49

The gospel was to be lost and then restored in the last days.50 Ordinances may be performed for those who have died.51 There was a Council in Heaven.52 Ancient records would accompany the restoration of the gospel in the last days.53 Adam was taught by three men in the Garden of Eden.54 Ancient signs and oaths were given to those who were faithful in the Church and Jesus Christ gave a new name and key words to his apostles.55

The family remains together after death and the faithful will go on having sons and daughters in a "spiritual way" in the world to corne.56 Mankind can progress to become as God.57 There are three levels in the hereafter.58

Do the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Codices prove that many of the key doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Lat­ter-day Saints are true? In my mind, they do. In Nephi's great vision, he said:

I beheld other books, which came forth by the power of the Lamb, from the Gentiles unto them, unto the convincing of the Gen­tiles and the remnant of the seed of my brethren, and also the Jews who were scattered upon all the face of the earth, that the records of the prophets and of the twelve apostles of the Lamb are true (1 Nephi 13:39).

Charles A. Callis of the Council of the Twelve once said: "When Joseph Smith received the plates, he got down on his knees and said, 'Oh God, what will the world say? and the voice of God came to him, 'Fear not. I will cause the earth to testify of the truth of these things. 59

Notes:

1. Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; p. 3.

2. Ibid. p. 19.

3. Ibid. p. 10.

4. Ibid. p. xiii-xiv. See also: LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; pp. 48, 197.

5. Pfeiffer, Charles E., The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1969; p. 17.

6. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; pp. 191-205.

7. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; p. 28. See also: Parry, Donald W. and Stephen D. Ricks, Eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 2000; pp. 10, 11.

8. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 47. See also: Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, Shanks, Hershel, Ed., Ran­dom House, N.Y., 1992; p. xix. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" audio tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

9. Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; pp. xiii, xv, 142. See also: LDS Perspectives o n the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 48.

10. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997, p. 50.

11. Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, Shanks, Hershel, Ed., Ran­dom House, N.Y., 1992; p. xxi. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

12. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 47. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls After Thirty Years," course outline i n the author's possession.

13. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 52. .

14. Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; p. xvii.

15. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lecture 10, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's posses­sion.

16. Allegro, John, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Reappraisal, Penguin Books, London, 1964; p. 113.

17. Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; pp. 180-196.

18. Nibley, Hugh, Ancient Documents and The Pearl of Great Price, transcript of 26 lectures on The Pearl of Great Price, Robert Smith and Robert Smythe, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1986; p. 12. See also: Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 2, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 277, 278. See also: Donald W. Parry, and Stephen D. Ricks, Eds., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Ques­tions and Responses for Latter-day Saints, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 2000; p. 82.

19. Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 6, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 174, 175. See also: Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 7, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 286, 287. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

20. Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 2, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 80, 81.

21. Ibid. pp. 243, 244.

22. Tvedtnes, John A., Isaiah Variants in The Book of Mormon, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1984; p. 23.

23. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lecture 10, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's posses­sion.

24. Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 8, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 326, 327. See also: Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 7, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; pp. 283-287.

25. Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Daniel H. Ludlow, Ed., Vol. 4, (Zenon), Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992; p. 1624.

26. Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 7, `ARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; p. 205. See also: Isaiah and the Prophets.- Inspired Voices from the Old Testament, Religious Studies Series, Vol. 10, Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 1984; pp. 13, 23-27. See also: McConkle, Joseph Fielding, His Name Shall be Called Joseph,

27. Ancient Scrolls from the Dead Sea, Bradford, M. Gerald, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997, pp. 13, 14, See also: Hoskisson, Paul Y., "Alma as Hebrew Name," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Spring 1998; FARMS, Provo, Utah pp. 72, 73.

LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry , Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997. pp. 76, 77. See also: Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City,

I 988- p. 111. See also: Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; p. 13. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea

Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

29. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988, P. 21. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

M. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lecture 10, p. 12, Brigham Young University course outline i n the author's possession.

31. Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret

I took Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

32. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lec­ture 10, p. 9, Brigham Young University course outline in the Author's possession. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991. See also: Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other-Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; p. 105.

33. LDS Perspectives on the Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds_ FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997, pp. 35, 184, 185. See Aso: Ludlow, Daniel, Sea Scrolls' tapes,

Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991. See also: Blake Ostler, BYU Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; p. 37.

34. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lec­ture 10, p. 1, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's possession. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

35. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; pp. 22, 105. See also: LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; pp. 33, 184. See also: Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; p. 42. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

36. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 106. See also: Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; pp. 22, 103.

37. Nibley, Hugh, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol. 7, FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1988; p. 21. See also: Nibley, Hugh, "Teach­ings of The Book of Mormon," Lecture 10, p. 9, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's possession.

38. Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991.

39. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; pp. 122, 123.

40. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997; p. 81.

41. Ibid. pp. 79, 84. See also: Pfeiffer, Charles F., The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids; p. 137. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls After Thirty Years," course outline in the author's possession. See also: Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; p. 76.

42. Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; p. 43. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991. See also: Encyclopedia of Mormonism (Dead Sea Scrolls), Daniel H. Ludlow, Ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992; p. 363.

43. LDS Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Donald W. Parry and Dana M. Pike, Eds., FARMS, Provo, Utah, 1997, p. 54-62. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls After Thirty Years," course outline in the author's possession.

44. Encyclopedia of Mormonism (Dead Sea Scrolls), Daniel H. Ludlow, Ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992: p. 363.

45. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; p. 113. See also: Ludlow, Daniel, "The Dead Sea Scrolls" tapes, Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1991. See also: Shanks, Hershel, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Books, New York, 1998; p. 78. See also: Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lecture 10, p. 12, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's possession.

46. Nibley, Hugh, "Teachings of The Book of Mormon," Lec­ture 10, Brigham Young University course outline in the author's possession.

47. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; p. 41.

48. Ibid. p. 41. See also: Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; pp. 80, 129.

49. The Nag Hammadi Library, Robinson, James M. Harper, Ed., San Francisco, 1990; p. 151.

50. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 1988; p. 41.

51. Ibid. P. 41.

52. Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980: p. 130.

53. Mattson, Vernon W. Jr., The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Important Discoveries, Buried Record Productions, Salt Lake City, 198x: p. 41.

54. Ibid. p.11.

55. Ibid. pp. 41, 130.

56. Ibid. p. 42

57. Ibid. p. 42. See also: Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; p. 113.

58. Search, Eugene, Mormonism, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Texts, Sounds of Zion, Midvale, Utah, 1980; pp. 110, 111.

59. Richards, LeGrand, Conference Report, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, October 1946; p. 126. The Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi Codices

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