Maps of Roman roads in England

2013-08-20: new maps incorporating a correction near Tadcaster. All maps are now higher resolution, which means that the filesizes quoted below should be approximately doubled.

As part of my work on software to create maps specifically for illustrating documents on place-names, I have made these experimental maps of Roman roads in England. The maps are all automatically generated by computer programs, so may not be as visually pleasing as some human-generated maps. In particular, it is hard to write a program to place labels in optimal positions.

All this work of course depends on a precise database of the route of these roads. I have started with a database maintained as part of the National Monument Record by English Heritage, and made some corrections and updates of my own. Please note that these maps are intended as experiments in computer mapping, and are not to be regarded as authoritative. Decisions on what is a Roman road and what is not need to be made by people with expertise in archaeology, history etc., and this is entirely another field to mine.

This webpage contains maps of Roman roads in England only, similar to figures in I. Margary's book Roman roads in Britain (3rd edition, 1973, John Baker, London). Roads in red, with X numbers, are additional to Margary and are generally more doubtful. At the moment I do not have precise documentation on these. I know this is unscientific, but my priorities are to get the computer graphics right first.

X roads

The roads in the Southminster and Bradwell peninsula areas in Essex are from M. Christy, On Roman roads in Essex, Trans. Essex Arch. Soc., XVII (1923-5).

A road from Hatton to Mere in Cheshire via Stretton, Appleton, Sworton Heath and High Legh was described in K. E. Jermy, The `North Cheshire Ridge' Roman road, Britannia 21, 283-285 (1990). This road, which cuts M7A and M70a, is not on my maps.

informatics issues

I develop this software on the linux operating system, mostly using python software. For generating and manipulating graphics, I use Python Imaging Library and reportlab. For typsetting documents, I use LaTeX. As a matter of principle I use only free, open-source software and public domain data sources. My computers have been defenestrated.

It is important to note that there are two essentially different types of computer graphics, each with advantages and disadvantages.

Bitmap graphics: these are formats such as bmp, jpg, gif, png etc. They are created at a fixed resolution and magnifying them does not expose more detail. The file size is roughly proportional to the number of pixels in the image, and (depending on the type of compression used), only weakly dependent on the number of geographical features represented on the map. I use png for my maps in this format, which has lossless compression.

Scalable, vector graphics, such as pdf. These are zoomable and text-searchable. Zooming-in exposes more detail, but also potentially magnifies errors, so this feature is only useful for accurate data. The file size can be quite compact for maps consisting of just dots, lines and text, and is generally roughly proportion to the number of graphic objects in the file. For example, my full map of all roads is only about 0.6Mb, more than 10 times smaller than the same map in png, and yet has much higher resolution.

For the background elevation map which I used raw data from SRTM. I converted this to a colour coded png image, using colours similar to the classic Bartholemew British maps. The horizontal accuracy should be about 100 metres. For the rivers, I used data from CIA World DataBank II, which is considerably less accurate.

An important experiment here concerns my pdf maps, which use Bézier splines to represent the roads. I have attempted to keep all errors to a maximum of about 100 metres. Unfortunately, pdf viewers such as Adobe Reader do not yet handle large embedded bitmaps well, so I have had to omit the background elevation image from the pdf maps.

caveats

Coastlines are modern.

The data should not be taken as representing the very latest research; in some cases corrections are required and I hope to incorporate these in later maps.

The map Margary roads, with ancient names from Rivet and Smith (the third pdf below) shows 448 roads listed in I. Margary's Roman roads in Britain (John Baker, London, 3rd edition, 1973), and 188 place-names from A. L. F. Rivet & C. Smith, The Place-names of Roman Britain (Batsford, London, 1979). Some suggested corrections are made by R. Coates in Journal of the English Place-name Society , volume 13, 59-71 (1980-1)

(John Baker, London, 3rd edition, 1973), and 188 place-names from A. L. F. Rivet & C. Smith, (Batsford, London, 1979). Some suggested corrections are made by R. Coates in , volume 13, 59-71 (1980-1) There is something wrong with road 260. I am working on it.

pdf maps

The coordinates here are National Grid, with grid lines every 100 km.

png bitmaps

The coordinates here are latitude and longitude, with grid lines every 1/10 of a degree. The Figure and page numbers refer to Margary's book.

All the maps in one file

pdf document (approx. 13Mb)