A schematic drawing of a superconducting qubit coupled to phonons inside a sapphire crystal. Inset shows the energy spectrum of phonons measured using the qubit. Credit: Yale University

Yale scientists have created a simple-to-produce device that uses sound waves to store quantum information and convert it from one form to another, all inside a single, integrated chip.

The device allows a superconducting artificial atom—a qubit—to exchange energy and quantum information with a high frequency bulk acoustic wave resonator (HBAR). The ability to manipulate and store fragile quantum data in a robust and easy-to-manufacture way is a crucial step in the development of quantum computing technology.

The work is a collaboration at Yale between the labs of Robert Schoelkopf, the Sterling Professor of Applied Physics and Physics, and Peter Rakich, assistant professor of physics. Yiwen Chu, a postdoctoral associate in Schoelkopf's lab, led the effort and is first author of a study that appears Sept. 21 in the online edition of the journal Science.

Chu said the new device features a qubit made from superconducting aluminum and a mechanical resonator made with a sapphire wafer. The wafer has two polished surfaces acting as mirrors for sound waves.

"We found that even a single quantum particle of sound, or a phonon, can live for a very long time when it bounces back and forth between these mirrors," Chu explained. "It can also be coupled to a superconducting qubit made on the surface of the sapphire using a disk of aluminum nitride, which converts acoustic energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa."

The combination of these properties enables the researchers to transfer quantum states back and forth between the qubit and the mechanical resonator, Chu added. She also noted that the new device is easier to manufacture than other systems that merge superconducting circuits with mechanical motion.

Yale scientists have made a series of quantum superconducting breakthroughs in recent years, directed at creating electronic devices that are the quantum version of the integrated circuit. The ability to combine that knowledge with a mechanical resonator is a valuable step, Chu said.

"For example, mechanical resonators can be used to store quantum information generated by superconducting qubits in a more compact and robust way," she said. They can also be used to interface superconducting circuits to other types of quantum objects, such as visible or infrared light. It would potentially allow us to create quantum information in our circuits and then transmit it over long distances using light."

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More information: Yiwen Chu et al. Quantum acoustics with superconducting qubits, Science (2017). Journal information: Science Yiwen Chu et al. Quantum acoustics with superconducting qubits,(2017). DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1511