Keeping animation choreography cohesive from the outset of a project can be challenging, especially for small companies. Without a dedicated motion specialist on the team, it can be difficult to prioritize guidelines and patterns early in the design process. What’s more likely to happen is that animations will be added as the product develops.

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Unsurprisingly, the ad-hoc approach can lead to inconsistencies, duplications, and rework in the long run. But it also provides space for creative explorations and discoveries of what works and what doesn’t. As useful as it is to be able to establish system foundations early, it is also ok to let the patterns emerge organically as your team experiments and finds their own voice in motion.

Once there are enough animations, you might start thinking about how to ensure some consistency, and how to reuse existing patterns rather than recreate them from scratch every time. How do you transition a few odd animations to a cohesive system? I find it helpful to start by thinking about the purpose of animations and the feel they’re designed to evoke.

Start with purpose and feel#section2

Like any other element in a design system, animations must have a purpose. To integrate animation, start by looking through your interface and noting how and why you use animations in your particular product and brand.

For example, at FutureLearn we noticed that we primarily use animation in three ways—to indicate a state change, to add an emphasis, or to reveal extra information:

A state change shows that an object has changed state due to user interaction. For example, a state can change on hover or on click. Animation here is used to soften the transition between states.

Emphasis animations are used to draw attention to specific information or an action, for example a nudge to encourage users to progress to the next step in the course.

Reveal animations are used to hide and reveal extra information, such as a menu being hidden to the side, a drop down, or a popover.





There are no “standard” categories for the purposes of animations. Some products use a lot of standalone animations, such as animated tutorials. Some use screen transitions, others don’t. Some make personality and brand part of every animation, others group them into their own category, like in the Salesforce Lightning Design System.

Animation types in Salesforce Lightning Design System are categorized in a different way to FutureLearn.

The categories are specific to your interface and brand, and to how you use animation. They shouldn’t be prescriptive. Their main value is to articulate why your team should use animation, in your specific project.

As well as having a purpose in helping the user understand how the product works, animation also helps to express brand personality. So another aspect to consider is how animation should feel. In “Designing Interface Animation,” Val Head explains how adjectives describing brand qualities can be used for defining motion. For example, a quick soft bouncy motion can be perceived as lively and energetic, whereas steady ease-in-outs feel certain and decisive.

Brand qualities translated to motion Brand feel Animation feel Effect examples Lively and energetic Quick and soft Soft bounce

Anticipation

Soft overshoot Playful and friendly Elastic or springy Squash and stretch

Bouncy easing

Wiggle Decisive and certain Balanced and stable Ease-in, Ease-out

Ease-in-out Calm and soft Small soft movements or no movement at all Opacity, color or blur changes, scale changes

As you look through the animation examples in your interface, list how the animation should feel, and note particularly effective examples. For example, take a look at the two animations below. While they’re both animating the entrance and exit of a popover, the animations feel different. The Marvel example on the left feels brisk through the use of bouncy easing, whereas the small movement combined with opacity and blur changes in the FutureLearn example on the right make it feel calm and subtle.

Popover animation on Marvel (left) and FutureLearn (right).

There’s probably no right and wrong way to animate a popover. As far as I know it all depends on your brand and how you choose to communicate through motion. In your interface you might begin to notice animations that have the same purpose but have entirely different feels. Take note of the ones that feel right for your brand, so that you can align the other animations to them later on.

Audit existing animations#section5

Once you have a rough idea of the role animation plays in your interface and how it should feel, the next step is to standardize existing animations. Like an interface inventory, you can conduct an inventory focused specifically on animations. Start by collecting all the existing animations. They can be captured with QuickTime or another screen recording application. At the same time, keep a record of them in a Google Doc, Keynote, or an Excel file—whatever suits you.

Based on the purpose you defined earlier, enter categories, and then add the animations to the categories as you go. As you go through the audit, you might adjust those categories or add new ones, but it can be helpful not having to start with a blank page.

Example of initial categories for collecting animations in Google Doc.

For each animation add:

Effect: The effect might be difficult to describe at first (Should it be “grow” or “scale,” “wiggle” or “jiggle”?). Don’t worry about the right words yet, just describe what you see–you can refine that later.

The effect might be difficult to describe at first (Should it be “grow” or “scale,” “wiggle” or “jiggle”?). Don’t worry about the right words yet, just describe what you see–you can refine that later. Example: This could be a screenshot of the animated element with a link to a video clip, or an embedded gif.

This could be a screenshot of the animated element with a link to a video clip, or an embedded gif. Timing and easing: Write down the values for each example, such as 2 seconds ease.

Write down the values for each example, such as 2 seconds ease. Properties: Write down the exact values that change, such as color or size.

Write down the exact values that change, such as color or size. Feel: Finally, add the feel of the animation—is it calm or energetic, sophisticated and balanced, or surprising and playful?

After the inventory of animations at FutureLearn, we ended up with a document with about 22 animations, grouped into four categories. Here’s the state change category.

The “State Change” page from FutureLearn’s animation audit, conducted in a Google Doc.

Define patterns of usage#section6

Once you’ve collected all the animations, you can define patterns of usage, based on the purpose and feel. For example, you might notice that your emphasis animations typically feel energetic and playful, and that your state change transitions are more subtle and calm.

If these are the tones you want to strike throughout the system, try aligning all the animations to them. To do that, take the examples that work well (i.e. achieve the purpose effectively and have the right feel) and try out their properties with other animations from the same category. You’ll end with a handful of patterns.

Animation patterns on FutureLearn, grouped by purpose and feel Purpose Animation effects Feel Interactive state change Color, 2s ease

Opacity, in – 0.3s, out – 1.1s ease

Scale, 0.4 ease Calm, soft Emphasis Energetic pulse, 0.3s ease-in

Subtle pulse

Wiggle, 0.5s ease-in-out Energetic, playful Info reveal Slide down, 0.4 swing

Slide up, 0.7s ease

FadeInUp, 0.3 ease

Rotate, 0.3 ease Certain, decisive, balanced

Develop vocabulary to describe effects#section7

Animation effects can be hard to capture in words. As Rachel Nabors noted in “Communicating Animations,” sometimes people would start with “friendly onomatopoeias: swoosh, zoom, plonk, boom,” which can be used as a starting point to construct shared animation vocabularies.

Some effects are common and can be named after the classic animation principles (squash and stretch, anticipation, follow through, slow in and out1) or can even be borrowed from Keynote (fade in, flip, slide down, etc.), others will be specific to your product.

Vocabulary of animations in Salesforce Lightning Design System.

Movement types in IBM Design Language.

There might also be animation effects unique to your brand that would require a distinctive name. For example, TED’s “ripple” animation in the play button is named after the ripple effect of their intro videos.

The ripple effect in the intro video on TED (left) mirrored in the play button interaction (right).

Specify building blocks#section8

For designers and developers, it is useful to specify the precise building blocks that they can mix and match to create the new animations. Once you have the patterns and effects, you can extract precise values—timing, easing, and properties—and turn them into palettes. The animation palettes are similar to color swatches or a typographic scale.

Timing is crucial in animation. Getting the timing right is not so much about perfect technical consistency as making sure that the timing feels consistent. Two elements animated with the same speed can feel completely different if they are different sizes or travel different distances.

The idea of “dynamic duration” in Material Design focuses on how fast something needs to move versus how long it should take to get there:

Rather than using a single duration for all animations, adjust each duration to accommodate the distance travelled, an element’s velocity, and surface changes.

Sarah Drasner, the author of SVG Animations, suggested that we should deal with timing in animation like we deal with headings in typography. Instead of having a single value, you’d start with a “base” and provide several incremental steps. So instead of h1 , h2 and h3 , you’d have t1 , t2 , t3 .

Depending on the scale of the project, the timing palette might be simple, or it might be more elaborate. Most of the animations on FutureLearn use a base timing of 0.4. If this timing doesn’t feel right, most likely your object is traveling a shorter distance (in which case use “Shorter time”) or a longer distance (in which case use “Longer time”).

Shorter time: 0.3s: Shorter travel distance

Shorter travel distance Base: 0.4s: Base timing

Base timing Longer time: 0.6s: Longer distance traveled

Similar ideas used in the duration guidelines for the Carbon Design System are related to the “magnitude of change”:

Duration guidelines in Carbon Design System.

Different easing values can give an animation a distinctive feel. It’s important to specify when to use each value. The easing palettes in the Marvel Styleguide provide a handy guide for when to use each value, e.g. “Springy feel. Good for drawing focus.”

Easing palette in the Marvel Styleguide.

An easing palette can also be more generic and be written as a set of guidelines, as done in the Salesforce Lightning Design System, for example:





For FutureLearn, we kept it even more simple and just limited it to two types of easing: Ease out “for things that move” (such as scale changes and slide up/down) and Linear “for things that don’t move” (such as color or opacity change).

In addition to timing and easing values, it is useful to specify the properties that typically change in your animations, such as:

Opacity

Color

Scale

Distance

Rotation

Blur

Elevation

Again, you can specify those properties as palettes with a base number, and the incremental steps to support various use cases. For example, when specifying scaling animations at FutureLearn, we noticed that the smaller an object is, the more it needs to scale in proportion to its size, for the change to be visible. A palette for scaling objects reflects that:

Small: ×0.025

Large objects

e.g. an image thumbnail

Base: ×0.1

Medium objects

e.g. button

Large: ×0.25

Small objects

e.g. icon

Although there’s no perfect precision to how these properties are set up, they provide a starting point for the team and help us reduce inconsistencies in our motion language.

Agree on the guiding principles#section12

If you have guiding principles, it’s easier to point to them when something doesn’t fit. Some of the principles may be specific to how your team approaches animation. For example,

Guiding principles for motion in Salesforce Lightning Design System are kept short and simple.

If your team is not yet confident with animation, it may be worth including some of the more general principles, such as “reserve it for the most important moments of the interaction” and “don’t let it get in the way of completing a task.”

The guiding principles section can also include rationale for using animation in your product, and the general feel of your animation and how it connects with your brand. For example, IBM Design Language uses the physical movement of machines to extract the qualities they want to convey through animations, such as precision and accuracy.

From the powerful strike of a printing arm to the smooth slide of a typewriter carriage, each machine movement serves a purpose and every function responded to a need.

IBM Design Language

In IBM’s Design Language, the rhythmic oscillation of tape reels in motion is used in a metaphorical way to support user’s waiting experience.

Guiding principles can also include spatial metaphors, which can provide a helpful mental model to people trying to create animations. Google’s Material Design is a great example of how thinking of interface as physical “materials” can provide a common reference for designers and developers when thinking about motion in their applications.

In Material Design, “Material can push other material out of the way.”

To sum up#section13

When integrating animation in design systems, try viewing it in relation to three things: guiding principles, patterns of usage, and building blocks. Guiding principles provide general direction, patterns of usage specify when and how to apply the effects, and building blocks aid the creation of new animations. Even if your animations were initially created without a plan, bringing them together in a cohesive, documented system can help you update and build on what you have in an intentional and brand-supporting way.

Further reading:

Creating Usability with Motion: The UX in Motion Manifesto

Web Animation Past, Present, and Future

Designing Interface Animation

Animation in Responsive Design