Table of contents

Introduction

Language INtegrated Queries are SQL-like C# queries that can be used to manipulate collections of objects. In this article, I will show some cases of usage that show how LINQ can be used to query collections of objects.

The goal of this article is to be a beginners guide for LINQ, and a reference/reminder for others.

Background

When people hear about LINQ, they in most cases think about something like the Entity Framework, i.e., the possibility to write queries directly in C# code that will be directly translated to SQL statements and executed against the database. It is important to know that this is not LINQ. LINQ is a set of C# functions, classes, and operators that enable developers to execute queries against a collections of objects. True LINQ queries are executed against collections.

There are a lot of extensions of LINQ that translate queries to SQL, XML/XPath, REST, etc. In this article, I will talk about basic LINQ to collection queries.

There are two forms of LINQ operations - queries and functions. You can see more details about them in the following sections.

Queries

In the LINQ package is added a set of predefined operators (queries) that enable developers to create SQL-like queries on a collection of objects. These queries return new collections of data according to the query conditions. Queries are used in the following form:

from <<element>> in <<collection>> where <<expression>> select <<expression>>

As a result of the query, a generic collection ( IEnumerable<T> ) is returned. Type <T> in the generic collection is determined using the type of expression in the select <<expression>> part of the query. An example of a LINQ query that returns book titles for books with prices less than 500 is shown in the following listing:

from book in myBooks where book.Price < 500 select book.Title

This query goes through a collection of books myBooks that takes book entities which have a price property less than 500, and for each title, returns the title. The result of the query is an object IEnumerable<String> because String is a type of return expression in the select query (the assumption is that the Title property of a book is string ).

Functions

LINQ adds a set of useful function that can be applied to collections. Functions are added as new methods of collection objects and can be used in the following form:

<collectionObject>.methodname()

<collectionObject>.methodname(<collectionObject>)

<collectionObject>.methodname(<<expression>>)

All LINQ queries are executed on the collections of type IEnumerable<T> or IQueryable<T> , and as results are returned as new collections ( IEnumerable<T> ), objects, or simple types. Examples of LINQ queries or functions that return collections are:

IEnumerable<T> myBooks = allBooks.Except(otherBooks); IEnumerable<string> titles = myBooks.Where(book=>book.Price<500) .Select(book=>book.Title); int count = titles.Count();

First of these three functions creates a new collection where are placed all books expect the ones that are in the otherBooks collection. The second function takes all books with prices less than 500, and returns a list of their titles. The third function finds a number of titles in the titles collection. This code shows the usage of each of the three LINQ functions shown above.

Note that there is a dual form of the LINQ queries and functions. For most of the queries you can write equivalent function form. Example is shown in the following code:

from book in myBooks where book.Price < 500 select book.Title myBooks .Where(book=>book.Price<500) .Select(book=>book.Title);

In the following sections can be found more examples about LINQ to collections.

Dynamic LINQ

As explained above, LINQ queries and functions return either classes or collections of classes. In most cases, you will use existing domain classes (Book, Author, Publisher, etc.) in the return types of queries. However, in some cases you might want to return custom classes that do not exist in your class model. As an example, you might want to return only the ISBN and title of the book, and therefore you do not want to return an entire Book object with all properties that you do not need at all. A similar problem will be if you want to return fields from different classes (e.g., if you want to return the title of the book and name of publisher).

In this case, you do not need to define new classes that contain only fields you want to use as return values. LINQ enables you to return so called "anonymous classes" - dynamically created classes that do not need to be explicitly defined in your class model. An example of such a kind of query is shown in the following example:

var items = from b in books select new { Title: b.Title, ISBN: b.ISBN };

The variable items is a collection of dynamically created classes where each object has Title and ISBN properties. This class is not explicitly defined in your class model - it is created dynamically for this query. If you try to find the type of variable items, you will probably see something like IEnumerable<a'> - the .NET Framework gives some dynamic name to the class (e.g., a'). This way you can use temporary classes just for the results of queries without the need to define them in the code.

Many people think that this is a bad practice because we have used objects here without type. This is not true - the items variable does have a type, however the type is not defined in some file. However, you have everything you need from the typed object:

Compile-time syntax check - if you make some error in typing (e.g., put ISBN instead of ISBN), the compiler will show you warning and abort compilation.

Intellisense support - Visual Studio will show you a list of properties/methods of the object as it does for regular objects.

However, there is a way to use untyped objects in .NET. If you replace the keyword var with the keyword dynamic , the variable items will be truly untyped. An example is shown in the following listing:

dynamic items = from b in books select new { Title: b.Title, ISBN: b.ISBN };

In this case you have a true untyped object - there will be no compile-time check (properties will be validated at run-time only) and you will not have any Intellisense support for dynamic objects.

Although var is better than dynamic (always use var where it is possible), there are some cases where you will be forced to use dynamic instead of var . As an example, if you want to return the result of some LINQ query as a return value of a method you cannot declare the return type of the method as var because the scope of the anonymous class ends in the method body. In that case you will need to either define an explicit class or declare the return value as dynamic .

In this article I will use either explicit or anonymous classes.

Lambda Expressions

While you are working with LINQ, you will find some "weird syntax" in the form x => y . If you are not familiar with this syntax, I will explain it shortly.

In each LINQ function you will need to define some condition that will be used to filter objects. The most natural way to do this is to pass some function that will be evaluated, and if an object satisfies a condition defined in the function, it will be included in the result set of the LINQ function. That kind of condition function will need to take an object and return a true/false value that will tell LINQ whether or not this object should be included in the result set. An example of that kind of function that checks if the book is cheap is shown in the following listing:

public bool IsCheapBook(Book b) { return (b.Price < 10 ); }

If the book price is less than 10, it is cheap. Now when you have this condition, you can use it in the LINQ clause:

var condition = new Func<Book, bool>(IsBookCheap); var cheapBooks = books.Where(condition);

In this code we have defined a "function pointer" to the function IsBookCheap in the form Func<Book, bool> , and this function is passed to the LINQ query. LINQ will evaluate this function for each book object in the books collection and return a book in the resulting enumeration if it satisfies the condition defined in the function.

This is not a common practice because conditions are more dynamic and it is unlikely that you can create a set of precompiled functions somewhere in the code, and they will be used by all LINQ queries. Usually we need one expression per LINQ query so it is better to dynamically generate and pass a condition to LINQ. Fortunately C# allows us to do this using delegates:

var cheapBooks = books.Where( delegate (Book b){ return b.Price < 10 ; } );

In this example, I have dynamically created Function<Book, bool> , and put it directly in the Where( ) condition. The result is the same as in the previous example but you do not need to define a separate function for this.

If you think that this is too much typing for a simple inline function, there is a shorter syntax - lambda expressions. First you can see that we don't need the delegate word (the compiler should know that we need to pass a delegate as an argument). Also, why do we need to define the type of the argument ( Book b )? As we are applying this function to the collection of books, we know that b is a Book - therefore we can remove this part too. Also, why should we type return - an expression that defines the return condition will be enough. The only thing we would need to have is a separator that will be placed between the argument and the expression that will be returned - in C#, we use => symbol.

When we remove all the unnecessary stuff and put a separator => , we are getting a lambda expression syntax in the form argument => expression . An original delegate and equivalent lambda expression replacement is shown in the following example:

Funct<Book, bool> delegateFunction = delegate (Book b){ return b.Price < 10 ; } ; Funct<Book, bool> lambdaExpression = b = > b.Price< 10 ;

As you can see, a lambda expression is just a minimized syntax for inline functions. Note that we can use lambda expressions for any kind of function (not only functions that return bool values). As an example, you can define a lambda expression that takes a book and author, and returns a book title in the format book "title (author name)". An example of that kind of lambda expression is shown in the following listing:

Func<Book, Author, string> format = (book, author) = > book.Title + " (" + author.Name + " )" ;

This function will take two arguments ( Book and Author ), and return a string as a result (the last type in the Func<> object is always the return type). In the lambda expression are defined two arguments in the brackets and the string expression that will be returned.

Lambda expressions are widely used in LINQ, so you should get used to them.

Class model used in this article

In the examples, we will use a data structure that represents information about books, their authors, and publishers. The class diagram for that kind of data structure is shown on the figure below:

Each book can have several authors and one publisher. The fields associated to entities are shown on the diagram. Book has information about ISBN, price, number of pages, publication date, and title. Also, it has a reference to a publisher, and a reference to a set of authors. Author has a first name and last name without reference back to a book, and publisher has just a name without reference to books he published.

There will be the assumption that a collections of books, publishers, and authors are placed in the SampleData.Books, SampleData.Publishers, and SampleData.Authors fields.

LINQ queries

In this section I will show some examples of basic queries/functions that can be used. If you are a beginner this should be a good starting point for you.

Basic query

The following example shows the basic usage of LINQ. In order to use a LINQ to Entities query, you will need to have a collection (e.g., array of books) that will be queried. In this basic example, you need to specify what collection will be queried ("from <<element>> in <<collection>>" part) and what data will be selected in the query ("select <<expression>>" part). In the example below, the query is executed against a books array, book entities are selected, and returned as result of queries. The result of the query is IEnumerable<Book> because the type of the expression in the "'select << expression>>" part is the class Book .

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<Book> bookCollection = from b in books select b; foreach (Book book in bookCollection ) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0}" , book.Title);

As you might have noticed, this query does nothing useful - it just selects all books from the book collection and puts them in the enumeration. However, it shows the basic usage of the LINQ queries. In the following examples you can find more useful queries.

Projection/Selection of fields

Using LINQ, developers can transform a collection and create new collections where elements contain just some fields. The following code shows how you can create a collection of book titles extracted from a collection of books.

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<string> titles = from b in books select b.Title; foreach ( string t in titles) Console.WriteLine( " Book title - {0}" , t);

As a result of this query, IEnumerable<string> is created because the type of expression in the select part is string. An equivalent example written as a select function and lambda expression is shown in the following code:

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<string> titles = books.Select(b=>b.Title); foreach ( string t in titles) Console.WriteLine( " Book title - {0}" , t);

Any type can be used as a result collection type. In the following example, an enumeration of anonymous classes is returned, where each element in the enumeration has references to the book and the first author of the book:

var bookAuthorCollection = from b in books select new { Book: b, Author: b.Authors[ 0 ] }; foreach ( var x in bookAuthorCollection) Console.WriteLine( " Book title - {0}, First author {1}" , x.Book.Title, x.Author.FirstName);

This type of queries are useful when you need to dynamically create a new kind of collection.

Flattening collections returned in a Select query

Imagine that you want to return a collection of authors for a set of books. Using the Select method, this query would look like the one in the following example:

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable< List<Author> > authors = books.Select(b=>b.Authors); foreach (List<Author> bookAuthors in authors) bookAuthors.ForEach(author=>Console.WriteLine( " Book author {0}" , author.Name);

In this example, from the book collection are taken a list of authors for each book. When you use the Select method, it will return an element in the resulting enumeration and each element will have the type List<Author> , because that is a type of property that is returned in the Select method. As a result, you will need to iterate twice over the collection to display all authors - once to iterate through the enumeration, and then for each list in the enumeration, you will need to iterate again to access each individual author.

However, in some cases, this is not what you want. You might want to have a single flattened list of authors and not a two level list. In that case, you will need to use SelectMany instead of the Select method as shown in the following example:

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<Author> authors = books.SelectMany(b=>b.Authors); foreach (Author authors in authors) Console.WriteLine( " Book author {0}" , author.Name);

The SelectMany method merges all collections returned in the lambda expression into the single flattened list. This way you can easily manipulate the elements of a collection.

Note that in the first example, I have used the ForEach method when I have iterated through the list of authors in order to display them. The ForEach method is not part of LINQ because it is a regular extension method added to the list class. However it is a very useful alternative for compact inline loops (that is probably the reason why many people think that it is part of LINQ). As the ForEach method, it is not part of LINQ, you cannot use it on an enumeration as a regular LINQ method because it is defined as an extension for List<T> and not Enumerable<T> - if you like this method, you will need to convert your enumerable to a list in order to use it.

Sorting entities

Using LINQ, developers can sort entities within a collection. The following code shows how you can take a collection of books, order elements by book publisher name and then by title, and select books in an ordered collection. As a result of the query, you will get an IEnumerable<Book> collection sorted by book publishers and titles.

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<Book> booksByTitle = from b in books orderby b.Publisher.Name descending , b.Title select b; foreach (Book book in booksByTitle) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0}\t-\tPublisher: {1} " , book.Title, book.Publisher.Name );

Alternative code using functions is shown in the following example:

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; IEnumerable<Book> booksByTitle = books.OrderByDescending(book=>book.Publisher.Name) .ThenBy(book=>book.Title); foreach (Book book in booksByTitle) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0}\t-\tPublisher: {1} " , book.Title, book.Publisher.Name );

This type of queries is useful if you have complex structures where you will need to order an entity using the property of a related entity (in this example, books are ordered by publisher name field which is not placed in the book class at all).

Filtering entities / Restriction

Using LINQ, developers can filter entities from a collection and create a new collection containing just entities that satisfy a certain condition. The following example creates a collection of books containing the word "our" in the title with price less than 500. From the array of books are selected records whose title contains the word "our", price is compared with 500, and these books are selected and returned as members of a new collection. In ''where <<expression>>'' can be used a valid C# boolean expression that uses the fields in a collection, constants, and variables in a scope (i.e., price). The type of the returned collection is IEnumerable<Book> because in the ''select <<expression>>'' part is the selected type Book .

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; int price = 500 ; IEnumerable<Book> filteredBooks = from b in books where b.Title.Contains( " our" ) && b.Price < price select b; foreach (Book book in filteredBooks) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0},\t Price {1}" , book.Title, book.Price);

As an alternative, the .Where() function can be used as shown in the following example:

Book[] books = SampleData.Books; int price = 500 ; IEnumerable<Book> filteredBooks = books.Where(b= > (b.Title.Contains( " our" ) && b.Price < price) ); foreach (Book book in filteredBooks) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0},\t Price {1}" , book.Title, book.Price);

Local variables

You can use local variables in LINQ queries in order to improve the readability of your queries. Local variables are created using the let <<localname>> = <<expression>> syntax inside the LINQ query. Once defined, local variables can be used in any part in the LINQ query (e.g., where or select clause). The following example shows how you can select a set of first authors in the books containing the word 'our' in the title, using local variables.

IEnumerable<Author> firstAuthors = from b in books let title = b.Title let authors = b.Authors where title.Contains( " our" ) select authors[ 0 ]; foreach (Author author in firstAuthors) Console.WriteLine( " Author - {0}, {1}" , author.LastName, author.FirstName);

In this example, variables Title and Authors reference the title of the book and the list of authors. It might be easier to reference these items via variables instead of a direct reference.

Collection methods

Using LINQ, you can modify existing collections, or collections created using other LINQ queries. LINQ provides you a set of functions that can be applied to collections. These functions can be grouped into the following types:

Set functions - functions that can be used for collection manipulation operations like merging, intersection, reverse ordering, etc.,

Element function - functions that can be used to take particular elements from collections,

Conversion functions - functions used to convert a type of collection to another,

Aggregation functions - SQL-like functions that enable you to find a maximum, sum, or average value of some field in collections,

Quantifier functions - used to quickly traverse through a collection.

These functions are described in the following sections.

Set functions

Set operators enable you to manipulate collections and use standard set operations like unions, intersects, etc. LINQ set operators are:

Distinct - used to extract distinct elements from a collection,

Union - creates a collection that represents the union of two existing collections,

Concat - add elements from one collection to another collection,

Intersect - creates a collection that contains elements that exist in both collections,

Except - creates a collection that contains elements that exist in one, but do not exist in another collection,

Reverse - creates a copy of a collection with elements in reversed order,

EquallAll - checks whether two collections have the same elements in the same order,

Take - this function takes a number of elements from one collection, and places them in a new collection,

Skip - this function skips a number of elements in a collection,

Assuming that the booksByTitle and filteredBooks collection are created in previous examples, the following code finds all books in booksByTitle that do not exist in filteredBooks , and reverses their order.

IEnumerable<Book> otherBooks = booksByTitle.Except(filteredBooks); otherBooks = otherBooks.Reverse(); foreach (Book book in otherBooks) Console.WriteLine( " Other book - {0} " , book.Title);

In the following example, booksByTitle and filteredBooks are concatenated and the number of elements and number of distinct elements is shown.

IEnumerable<Book> mergedBooks = booksByTitle.Concat(filteredBooks); Console.WriteLine( " Number of elements in merged collection is {0}" , mergedBooks.Count()); Console.WriteLine( " Number of distinct elements in merged collection is {0}" , mergedBooks.Distinct().Count());

Paging example

In this example is shown an example of client side paging using the Skip(int) and Take(int) methods. Assuming that there are ten books per page, the first three pages are skipped using Skip(30) (ten books per page placed on three pages), and all books that should be shown on the fourth page are taken using Take(10) . An example code is:

IEnumerable<Book> page4 = booksByTitle.Skip( 30 ).Take( 10 ); foreach (Book book in page4) Console.WriteLine( " Fourth page - {0} " , book.Title);

There is also an interesting usage of the Skip / Take functions in the SkipWhile / TakeWhile form:

IEnumerable<Book> page1 = booksByTitle.OrderBy(book=>book.Price) .SkipWhile(book=>book.Price<100) .TakeWhile(book=>book.Price<200); foreach (Book book in page1) Console.WriteLine( " Medium price books - {0} " , book.Title);

In this example, books are ordered by price, all books with price less than 100 are skipped, and all books with price less than 200 are returned. This way all books with price between 100 and 200 are found.

Element functions

There are several useful functions that can be applied when you need to extract a particular element from a collection:

First - used to find the first element in a collection. Optionally you can pass a condition to this function in order to find the first element that satisfies the condition.

- used to find the first element in a collection. Optionally you can pass a condition to this function in order to find the first element that satisfies the condition. FirstOrDefault - used to find the first element in a collection. If that kind of element cannot be found, the default element for that type (e.g., 0 or null) is returned.

- used to find the first element in a collection. If that kind of element cannot be found, the default element for that type (e.g., 0 or null) is returned. ElementAt - used to find the element at a specific position.

The following example shows the usage of the FirstOrDefault and ElementAt functions:

Book firstBook = books.FirstOrDefault(b=>b.Price>200); Book thirdBook = books.Where(b=>b.Price>200).ElementAt( 2 );

Note that you can apply functions either on the collection, or on the result of some other LINQ function.

Conversion functions

There are a few conversion functions that enable you to convert the type of one collection to another. Some of these functions are:

ToArray - used to convert elements of collection IEnumerable<T> to array of elements <T> .

- used to convert elements of collection to array of elements . ToList - used to convert elements of collection IEnumerable<T> to list List<T> .

- used to convert elements of collection to list . ToDictionary - used to convert elements of a collection to a Dictionary . During conversion, keys and values must be specified.

- used to convert elements of a collection to a . During conversion, keys and values must be specified. OfType - used to extract the elements of the collection IEnumerable<T1> that implements the interface/class T2 , and put them in the collection IEnumerable<T2> .

The following example shows the usage of the ToArray and ToList functions:

Book[] arrBooks = books.ToArray(); List<Book> lstBook = books.ToList();

ToDictionary is an interesting method that enables you to quickly index a list by some field. An example of such a kind of query is shown in the following listing:

Dictionary<string, Book> booksByISBN = books.ToDictionary(book = > book.ISBN); Dictionary<string, double> pricesByISBN = books.ToDictionary( book = > book.ISBN, book=>book.Price);

If you supply just one lambda expression, ToDictionary will use it as a key of new dictionary while the elements will be the objects. You can also supply lambda expressions for both key and value and create a custom dictionary. In the example above, we create a dictionary of books indexed by the ISBN key, and a dictionary of prices indexed by ISBN.

Quantifier functions

In each collection, you can find a number of logical functions that can be used to quickly travel through a collection and check for some condition. As an example, some of the functions you can use are:

Any - checks whether any of the elements in the collection satisfies a certain condition.

- checks whether any of the elements in the collection satisfies a certain condition. All - checks whether all elements in the collection satisfies a certain condition.

An example of usage of functions is shown in the following example:

if (list.Any(book=>book.Price<500)) Console.WriteLine( " At least one book is cheaper than 500$" ); if (list.All(book=>book.Price<500)) Console.WriteLine( " All books are cheaper than 500$" );

In the example above, the All and Any functions will check whether the condition that price is less than 500 is satisfied for books in the list.

Aggregation functions

Aggregation functions enable you to perform aggregations on elements of a collection. Aggregation functions that can be used in LINQ are Count , Sum , Min , Max , etc.

The following example shows the simple usage of some aggregate functions applied to an array of integers:

int [] numbers = { 5 , 4 , 1 , 3 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 7 , 2 , 0 }; Console.WriteLine( " Count of numbers greater than 5 is {0} " , numbers.Count( x=>x>5 )); Console.WriteLine( " Sum of even numbers is {0} " , numbers.Sum( x= > (x%2== 0 ) )); Console.WriteLine( " Minimum odd number is {0} " , numbers.Min( x= > (x%2== 1 ) )); Console.WriteLine( " Maximum is {0} " , numbers.Max()); Console.WriteLine( " Average is {0} " , numbers.Average());

As you can see, you can use either standard aggregation functions, or you can preselect a subset using a lambda condition.

Advanced queries

This section shows how you can create advanced queries. These kinds of queries includes joining different collections and using group by operators.

Joining tables

LINQ enables you to use SQL-like joins on a collection of objects. Collections are joined the same way as tables in SQL. The following example shows how you can join three collections publishers, books, and authors, place some restriction conditions in the where section, and print results of the query:

var baCollection = from pub in SampleData.Publishers from book in SampleData.Books from auth in SampleData.Authors where book.Publisher == pub && auth.FirstName.Substring( 0 , 3 ) == pub.Name.Substring( 0 , 3 ) && book.Price < 500 && auth.LastName.StartsWith( " G" ) select new { Book = book, Author = auth}; foreach ( var ba in baCollection) { Console.WriteLine( " Book {0}\t Author {1} {2}" , ba.Book.Title, ba.Author.FirstName, ba.Author.LastName); }

This query takes publishers, books, and authors; joins books and publishers via Publisher reference, joins authors and publications by the first three letters of the name. In addition results are filtered by books that have prices less than 500, and authors with name starting with letter "G". As you can see, you can use any condition to join collection entities.

Join operator

LINQ enables you to use thw ''<<collection>> join <<collection>> on <<expression>>'' operator to join two collections on join condition. It is similar to the previous example but you can read queries easily. The following example shows how you can join publishers with their books using a Book.Publisher reference as a join condition.

var book_pub = from p in SampleData.Publishers join b in SampleData.Books on p equals b.Publisher into publishers_books where p.Name.Contains( " Press" ) select new { Publisher = p, Books = publishers_books}; foreach ( var bp in book_pub){ Console.WriteLine( " Publisher - {0}" , bp.Publisher.Name); foreach (Book book in bp.Books) Console.WriteLine( " \t Book - {0}" , book.Title); }

A collection of books is attached to each publisher record as a publishers_books property. In the where clause, you can filter publishers by a condition.

Note that if you are joining objects by references (in the example above, you can see that the join condition is p equals b.Publisher ) there is a possibility that you might get an "Object reference not set to the instance objects" exception if the referenced objects are not loaded. Make sure that you have loaded all related objects before you start the query, make sure that you handled null values in the query, or use join conditions by IDs instead of references where possible.

Grouping operator

LINQ enables you to use group by functionality on a collection of objects. The following example shows how you can group books by year when they are published. As a result of the query is returned an enumeration of anonymous classes containing a property ( Year ) that represents a key used in the grouping, and another property ( Books ) representing a collection of books published in that year.

var booksByYear = from book in SampleData.Books group book by book.PublicationDate.Year into groupedByYear orderby groupedByYear.Key descending select new { Value = groupedByYear.Key, Books = groupedByYear }; foreach ( var year in booksByYear){ Console.WriteLine( " Books in year - {0}" , year.Value); foreach ( var b in year.Books) Console.WriteLine( " Book - {0}" , b.Title); }

Aggregation example

Using LINQ and group by, you can simulate a "

select title, count(*) from table

" SQL query. The following LINQ query shows how to use LINQ to aggregate data:

var raw = new [] { new { Title = " first" , Stat = 20 , Type = " view" }, new { Title = " first" , Stat = 12 , Type = " enquiry" }, new { Title = " first" , Stat = 0 , Type = " click" }, new { Title = " second" , Stat = 31 , Type = " view" }, new { Title = " second" , Stat = 17 , Type = " enquiry" }, new { Title = " third" , Stat = 23 , Type = " view" }, new { Title = " third" , Stat = 14 , Type = " click" } }; var groupeddata = from data in raw group data by data.Title into grouped select new { Title = grouped.Key, Count = grouped.Count() }; foreach ( var data in groupeddata){ Console.WriteLine( " Title = {0}\t Count={1}" , data.Title, data.Count); }

Nested queries

LINQ enables you to use nested queries. Once you select entities from a collection, you can use them as part of an inner query that can be executed on the other collection. As an example, you can see the class diagram above that has class Book that has a reference to the class Publisher , but there is no reverse relationship. Using nested LINQ queries, you can select all publishers in a collection and for each publisher entity, call other LINQ queries that find all books that have a reference to a publisher. An example of such a query is shown below:

var publisherWithBooks = from publisher in SampleData.Publishers select new { Publisher = publisher.Name, Books = from book in SampleData.Books where book.Publisher == publisher select book }; foreach ( var publisher in publisherWithBooks){ Console.WriteLine( " Publisher - {0}" , publisher.Name); foreach (Book book in publisher.Books) Console.WriteLine( " \t Title \t{0}" , book.Title); }

When a new instance is created in a query, for each publisher entity is taken a collection of Book s set in the LINQ query and shown on console.

Using local variables you can have a better format for the query as shown in the following example:

var publisherWithBooks = from publisher in SampleData.Publishers let publisherBooks = from book in SampleData.Books where book.Publisher == publisher select book select new { Publisher = publisher.Name, Books = publisherBooks }; foreach ( var publisher in publisherWithBooks){ Console.WriteLine( " Publisher - {0}" , publisher.Name); foreach (Book book in publisher.Books) Console.WriteLine( " \t Title \t{0}" , book.Title); }

In this query, books for the current publisher are placed in the publisherBooks variable, and then is returned an object containing the name of the publisher and his books.

This way you can dynamically create new relationships between entities that do not exist in your original class model.

Conclusion

Usage of LINQ on collections of entities may significantly improve your code. Some common operations on collections like filtering, sorting, finding minimum or maximum, can be done using a single function call or query. Also, a lot of LINQ features enable you to use collections in a SQL-like manner enabling you to join collections, and group them like in standard SQL. Without LINQ, for that kind functionality you might need to create several complex functions, but now with the LINQ library, you can do it in a single statement.

If you have any suggestions for improving this article or some interesting usage of LINQ queries, let me know and I will add them here.