Arctic sea ice continued to track at levels far below average through the middle of July, with open water in the Kara and Barents seas reaching as far north as typically seen during September. Melt onset began earlier than normal throughout most of the Arctic.

Overview of conditions

As of July 23, 2012, sea ice extent was 7.32 million square kilometers (2.82 million square miles). On the same day last year, ice extent was 7.22 million square kilometers (2.78 million square miles), the record low for this day.

Arctic sea ice extent continued to track at very low levels, setting daily record lows for the satellite era for a few days in early July. Extent is especially low in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev seas. In the Barents and Kara seas, the area of open water extends to the north coasts of Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya, as far north as typically seen during September, the end of the summer melt season. Polynyas in the Beaufort and East Siberian seas continued to expand during the first half of July. By sharp contrast, ice extent in the Chukchi Sea remains near normal levels. In this region the ice has retreated back to the edge of the multiyear ice cover. Ice cover in the East Greenland Sea, while of generally low concentration, remains slightly more extensive than normal.

Conditions in context

The first part of July was once again dominated by high sea level pressure over the Beaufort Sea, combined with low sea level pressure over Siberia and Alaska. As discussed in last month’s post, this pressure pattern tends to promote above-average temperatures and enhances ice transport out of the Arctic through Fram Strait. Beginning July 11th, the pressure pattern changed as cyclones moved into the central Arctic Ocean, bringing in cooler temperatures and helping to slow ice loss. Air temperatures at the 925 hPa level (about 3000 feet) in the central Arctic and the Beaufort Sea were 1 to 4 degrees Celsius (2 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal as averaged from July 1 to July 14. In the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, the sea ice has retreated to the edge of the multiyear ice cover. As a result of the anomalously high air temperatures, melt over the multiyear ice cover is extensive and ice concentrations are low. Anomalously low air temperatures for that period were found in the Barents, Kara, and East Greenland seas (1 to 3 degrees Celsius, or 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit, below the 1981 to 2010 climatology).

Early melt onset

The timing of seasonal melt onset, which can be estimated from satellite passive microwave data, plays an important role in the amount of ice that melts each summer. Unusually early melt onset means an early reduction in the surface albedo, allowing for more solar heating of the ice, which in turn allows melt ponds and open water areas to develop earlier in the melt season. In 2012, melt began earlier than normal (as compared to averages for the period 1979 to 2000) throughout most of the Arctic, the exceptions being the Bering Sea and the East Greenland Sea. Melt in the Kara and Barents seas began more than two weeks earlier than normal. Melt onset for the Laptev Sea region as a whole started on June 1 and was the earliest seen in the satellite record. Melt began 12 and 9 days earlier than normal averaged over the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, respectively.