Published: 21-06-2016 | Author: Remy van Elst | Text only version of this article

This is a guide on using the Nitrokey HSM with mod_nss and the Apache webserver. The HSM allows you to store the private key for a SSL certificate inside the HSM (instead of on the filesystem), so that it can never leave the device and thus never be stolen.

The guide covers the installation and configuration of mod_nss , coupling the HSM to NSS, generating the keys and configuring Apache, and last but not least we also do some benchmarks on Apache with the HSM and different key sizes.

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Introduction

The Nitrokey HSM in a sealed package

The Nitrokey HSM is an open hardware and open software device. It is a USB version of the SmartCard-HSM. Both the SmartCard-HSM as the Nitrokey HSM have sources available and are fully supported by the OpenSC project.

If you are new to the NitroKey HSM/SmartCard HSM, please also read my getting started article. It explains what the HSM is, how to set it up and how to use it with OpenSSH for example.

I have multiple articles on this nice device, so make sure to read the others as well.

The SmartCard-HSM

In this entire tutorial I will be using slot 1 and ID 1 of the Nitrokey HSM. The User PIN is 648219 as in all the examples. It is very important to read my tutorial to get started with the Nitrokey HSM first as that explains a lot of concepts and usage. The guide was tested on both Arch Linux and Ubuntu 16.04, both with the available latest version of Apache 2.4.

The default mod_ssl of Apache has no support for the PKCS#11 protocol. PKCS#11 is the protocol HSM's use to communicate their crypto operations. Instead of the software using the private keyfiles directly themselves, they ask the HSM things like "hey, here's some data, sign/encrypt that please with key X", which then the HSM does that and returns the result of the requested action.

mod_ssl does support the SSLCryptoDevice , but the documentation states that it only enables use of a cryptographic hardware accelerator board to offload some of the SSL processing overhead . The Nitrokey HSM uses the OpenSC projects code, and they do have a openssl engine wrapper but I could not find any documentation and small tests resulted in nothing.

mod_nss however does support PKCS#11. The website of mod_nss tells us that it is an SSL provider derived from the mod_ssl module for the Apache web server that uses the Network Security Services (NSS) libraries. For the most part there is a 1-1 mapping between the capabilities of mod_nss and mod_ssl.

The management of mod_nss is different from the usual with mod_ssl . You need to use the nss tools like certutil and modutil for certificate management, no more simple files.

This is a good guide on certutil and here is more documentation on certutil . The man page also helps. Here is a list with copy paste actions for the NSS suite.

mod_nss installation

In Ubuntu you can install the mod_nss Apache module with the following command:

apt-get install libapache2-mod-nss apache2 libpkcs11-helper1 libengine-pkcs11-openssl libnss3-tools opensc-pkcs11

You enable the module with the following command:

a2enmod nss

Disable mod_ssl with the folllowing command:

a2dismod ssl

On other Linux distro's you might need to manually change config files. On my Arch installation I had to add the following to /etc/http/conf/http.conf :

Include conf/extra/nss.conf

I also had to install mod_nss from the AUR:

pacaur -Sy mod_nss

NSS and Certutil config

NSS requires a certificate database. We also need to tell NSS to load the pkcs11 module.

Create the database folder:

mkdir -p /etc/nss/db/

Create a new NSS database:

certutil -N -d /etc/nss/db/

It will ask you for a password. Enter a secure one, or, when testing, just pres RETURN twice. Output:

Enter a password which will be used to encrypt your keys. The password should be at least 8 characters long, and should contain at least one non-alphabetic character. Enter new password: Re-enter password:

Add the HSM module to NSS:

modutil -add pkcs11 -libfile /usr/lib/opensc-pkcs11.so -dbdir /etc/nss/db/

On Ubuntu the file is located here:

/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/opensc-pkcs11.so

Output:

WARNING: Performing this operation while the browser is running could cause corruption of your security databases. If the browser is currently running, you should exit browser before continuing this operation. Type 'q <enter>' to abort, or <enter> to continue: Module "pkcs11" added to database.

Enable the pkcs11 module:

modutil -enable pkcs11 -dbdir /etc/nss/db/

Output:

WARNING: Performing this operation while the browser is running could cause corruption of your security databases. If the browser is currently running, you should exit browser before continuing this operation. Type 'q <enter>' to abort, or <enter> to continue: Slot "Virtual hotplug slot" enabled. Slot "Nitrokey Nitrokey HSM (010000000000000000000000) 00 00" enabled.

HSM Key generation and NSS usage

Generate a 2048 bit RSA key in the HSM:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login --pin 648219 --keypairgen --key-type rsa:2048 --id 1 --label "httpd hsm"

Generate a new certificate with that key. This one is self signed. See my tutorial on the Nitrokey if you want to generate a CSR and what to put in hsm.conf :

OPENSSL_CONF=./hsm.conf openssl req -engine pkcs11 -keyform engine -new -key 1:1 -nodes -days 3560 -x509 -sha256 -out "rsahsm.tst.raymii.org.pem" -subj "/C=NL/ST=Zuid Holland/L=Rotterdam/O=Sparkling Network/OU=IT Dept/CN=rsahsm.tst.raymii.org"

Do note that you can also generate a CSR and submit that to your certificate provider.

Convert the PEM certificate into DER format, since DER is what the HSM uses:

openssl x509 -in rsahsm.tst.raymii.org.pem -out rsahsm.tst.raymii.org.der -outform der

Load the DER certificate into the HSM together with the key:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login --pin 648219 --write-object rsahsm.tst.raymii.org.der --type cert --id 1 --label 'httpdcert'

Output:

Using slot 1 with a present token (0x1) Created certificate: Certificate Object, type = X.509 cert label: httpdcert ID: 01

Find out the correct names for the HSM. The tooling is very picky about naming, it took me quite a while to figure it out:

modutil -dbdir /etc/nss/db/ -list pkcs11

We're looking for the Token Name . Example Output:

----------------------------------------------------------- Name: pkcs11 Library file: /usr/lib/opensc-pkcs11.so Manufacturer: OpenSC (www.opensc-project.org) Description: Smart card PKCS#11 API PKCS #11 Version 2.20 Library Version: 0.0 Cipher Enable Flags: None Default Mechanism Flags: None Slot: Nitrokey Nitrokey HSM (010000000000000000000000) 00 00 Slot Mechanism Flags: None Manufacturer: OpenSC (www.opensc-project.org) Type: Hardware Version Number: 0.0 Firmware Version: 0.0 Status: Enabled Token Name: SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN) Token Manufacturer: www.CardContact.de Token Model: PKCS#15 emulated Token Serial Number: DENK0100186 Token Version: 24.13 Token Firmware Version: 2.0 Access: NOT Write Protected Login Type: Login required User Pin: Initialized

In this case the Token name is: SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN) . Now we want to know the exact certificate name. Find that using the following command:

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h 'SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)' -L

( -L is list all certificates. -h indicats the specific token we want to use.)

Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": 648219 SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert u,u,u

In this case the name of the certificate is: SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert .

View the PEM certificate:

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h 'SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)' -L -n "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert" -a

( -n names the specific certificate we want to list/show. -a enables ASCII output.)

Output:

Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": 648219 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIDcjCCAloCCQCxS7T+z2D3ADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADB7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJO TDEVMBMGA1UECAwMWnVpZCBIb2xsYW5kMRIwEAYDVQQHDAlSb3R0ZXJkYW0xGjAY BgNVBAoMEVNwYXJrbGluZyBOZXR3b3JrMRAwDgYDVQQLDAdJVCBEZXB0MRMwEQYD [...] -----END CERTIFICATE-----

( -n names a specific certificate.)

If you omit the -a option you will get the regular text output:

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h 'SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)' -L -n "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert"

Output:

Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": 648219 Certificate: Data: Version: 1 (0x0) Serial Number: 00:b1:4b:b4:fe:cf:60:f7:00 Signature Algorithm: PKCS #1 SHA-256 With RSA Encryption Issuer: "CN=rsahsm.tst.raymii.org,OU=IT Dept,O=Sparkling Network,L=Rotterdam,ST= Zuid Holland,C=NL" Validity: Not Before: Mon Jun 20 17:13:55 2016 Not After : Fri Mar 20 17:13:55 2026 Subject: "CN=rsahsm.tst.raymii.org,OU=IT Dept,O=Sparkling Network,L=Rotterdam,ST=Zuid Holland,C=NL" [...]

Check the certificate chain with certutil :

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h SmartCard-HSM -O -n "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert"

( -O prints the certificate chain.)

Example Output:

Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": 648219 "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert" [CN=rsahsm.tst.raymii.org,OU=IT Dept,O=Sparkling Network,L=Rotterdam,ST=Zuid Holland,C=NL]

If you use a self-signed certificate it will be just one line. If you have an official certificate it will show the full chain:

"COMODORSAAddTrustCA" [CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority,O=COMODO CA Limited,L=Salford,ST=Greater Manchester,C=GB] "COMODORSADomainValidationSecureServerCA" [CN=COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA,O=COMODO CA Limited,L=Salford,ST=Greater Manchester,C=GB] "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webrsa2048" [CN=rsa2048hsm.tst.raymii.org,OU=PositiveSSL,OU=Domain Control Validated]

If it doesn't show the full chain you might need to import root certificates in the NSS database.

Import Root CA Chains

To make sure the correct certificate chain is sent we need to import root certificates in our NSS database. If you use a self signed certificate then you won't need to do this, but if you use an actual signed certificate by a CA you need to do this.

The curl project has a good Root CA Chain. Download it:

mkdir ssl cd ssl wget https://curl.haxx.se/ca/cacert.pem

We need to remove all the comments from the file and just keep the chains. Use the following command to do so:

sed -n '/-----BEGIN/,/-----END/p' cacert.pem > chains.pem

Now split the file into all seperate files:

csplit -f cert- chains.pem '/-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----/' '{*}'

That creates a lot of files named cert-### .

Import the seperate chains with certutil :

for file in ./cert-*; do echo $file; certutil -d /etc/nss/db -A -n "${file}" -t "CT,," -a -i ./${file}; sleep 1 done

The -t "CT,," flags make sure the certificates are trusted. ( + T - Trusted CA to issue client certificates, C - Trusted CA to issue server certificates ). The -A flag adds an existing certificate to the DB. The sleep is added to make sure everything is imported and the HSM is not overloaded.

If you just need to import one (PEM) certificate use the following command, this example is for the Addtrust External Root CA :

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -A -n 'ADDTUST' -t "CT,," -a -i addtrust.pem

Apache2 and mod_nss config

Place the PIN for the slot in this file:

cat /etc/nss/db/pin.txt SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):648219

The format is: tokenname:pin .

Also make sure to give the correct permissions to the NSS db:

chown -R http:root /etc/nss/db/

If http is not your apache user, change it to the correct username. Otherwise your apache error log will fill up with errors like:

[:error] [pid 4873:tid 139841160738688] NSS_Initialize failed. Certificate database: /etc/nss/db. [:error] [pid 4873:tid 139841160738688] SSL Library Error: -8038 SEC_ERROR_NOT_INITIALIZED

Make sure you have disabled mod_ssl in the Apache configuration and have enabled mod_nss . This is my nss.conf file:

# grep -v -e "#" -e '^$' /etc/httpd/conf/extra/nss.conf LoadModule nss_module modules/libmodnss.so Listen 8443 AddType application/x-x509-ca-cert .crt AddType application/x-pkcs7-crl .crl NSSPassPhraseDialog file:/etc/nss/db/pin.txt NSSPassPhraseHelper /usr/bin/nss_pcache NSSEnforceValidCerts off NSSSessionCacheTimeout 100 NSSSession3CacheTimeout 86400 NSSRandomSeed startup builtin NSSRenegotiation off NSSRequireSafeNegotiation off <VirtualHost _default_:8443> DocumentRoot "/etc/httpd/htdocs" ServerName rsahsm.tst.raymii.org:8443 ErrorLog /etc/httpd/logs/error_log TransferLog /etc/httpd/logs/access_log LogLevel info NSSEngine on NSSCipherSuite ALL NSSProtocol TLSv1.0,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2 NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert" NSSCertificateDatabase /etc/nss/db <Files ~ "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php3?)$"> NSSOptions +StdEnvVars </Files> <Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin"> NSSOptions +StdEnvVars </Directory> </VirtualHost>

On Arch I had to comment out NSSSessionCacheSize and replace NSSPassPhraseHelper /usr/libexec/nss_pcache with NSSPassPhraseHelper /usr/bin/nss_pcache . For the testing certificate I also had to add NSSEnforceValidCerts off . The rest is just the example config.

Make sure the certificate name is correct here:

NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert"

A manual test shows that it works:

curl -kI https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 20 Jun 2016 19:06:03 GMT Server: Apache/2.4.20 (Unix) mod_nss/2.4.20 NSS/3.23 Basic ECC Last-Modified: Mon, 20 Jun 2016 19:05:33 GMT ETag: "f-535ba6383fe65" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 15 Content-Type: text/html

OpenSSL also agrees:

echo | openssl s_client -servername raymii.org -connect 127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

CONNECTED(00000003) depth=0 C = NL, ST = Zuid Holland, L = Rotterdam, O = Sparkling Network, OU = IT Dept, CN = raymii.org verify error:num=18:self signed certificate verify return:1 depth=0 C = NL, ST = Zuid Holland, L = Rotterdam, O = Sparkling Network, OU = IT Dept, CN = raymii.org verify return:1 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/C=NL/ST=Zuid Holland/L=Rotterdam/O=Sparkling Network/OU=IT Dept/CN=raymii.org i:/C=NL/ST=Zuid Holland/L=Rotterdam/O=Sparkling Network/OU=IT Dept/CN=raymii.org ---

And below is a screenshot of a signed certificate from Comodo (via Xolphin), with the private key on the HSM:

Just to show that it will work with all major browsers. No trust issues or exceptions here.

Here's the command line to show that the chain is also included:

echo | openssl s_client -servername raymii.org -connect rsa2048hsm.tst.raymii.org:8443

Output:

CONNECTED(00000003) depth=2 C = GB, ST = Greater Manchester, L = Salford, O = COMODO CA Limited, CN = COMODO RSA Certification Authority verify return:1 depth=1 C = GB, ST = Greater Manchester, L = Salford, O = COMODO CA Limited, CN = COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA verify return:1 depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, OU = PositiveSSL, CN = rsa2048hsm.tst.raymii.org verify return:1 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=PositiveSSL/CN=rsa2048hsm.tst.raymii.org i:/C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=COMODO CA Limited/CN=COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA 1 s:/C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=COMODO CA Limited/CN=COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA i:/C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=COMODO CA Limited/CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority 2 s:/C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=COMODO CA Limited/CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority i:/C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=COMODO CA Limited/CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority ---

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Benchmarking 2048 bit RSA

The Nitrokey HSM is not a fast HSM. I've worked with HSM's that are capable of multiple hundreds of signs per second, and this HSM is not one that can do that. But, as we know, that's not the intended target for the device. It's meant for safe and secure key storage, for example to encrypt files or protect SSH or S/MIME keys. I did a few siege benchmarks, and as you can see it is quite slow.

The page that was being loaded is a plain text file containing only the text Jeej it works! .

A siege test with 5 concurrent users, 30 seconds:

siege -c5 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

** SIEGE 4.0.1 ** Preparing 5 concurrent users for battle. The server is now under siege... HTTP/1.1 200 2.95 secs: 15 bytes ==> GET / HTTP/1.1 200 5.73 secs: 15 bytes ==> GET / [...] Lifting the server siege... Transactions: 35 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.39 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 1.95 secs Transaction rate: 1.19 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 2.32 Successful transactions: 35 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 4.76 Shortest transaction: 0.74

That's quite reasonable.

A siege test with 10 concurrent users, 30 seconds:

siege -c10 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 39 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.54 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 4.64 secs Transaction rate: 1.32 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 6.13 Successful transactions: 39 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 17.85 Shortest transaction: 0.75

It starts taking longer.

Comparing the above siege to a test against raymii.org , with all the assets and such loaded:

siege -c10 -d5 -t30S https://raymii.org/s/

Output:

Transactions: 258 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.15 secs Data transferred: 4.42 MB Response time: 0.73 secs Transaction rate: 8.85 trans/sec Throughput: 0.15 MB/sec Concurrency: 6.45 Successful transactions: 258 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 2.25 Shortest transaction: 0.18

At 20 connections failures start to occur:

siege -c20 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

[...] [error] Failed to make an SSL connection: 5 HTTP/1.1 200 3.48 secs: 15 bytes ==> GET / [error] Failed to make an SSL connection: 5 Transactions: 26 hits Availability: 72.22 % Elapsed time: 29.65 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 8.85 secs Transaction rate: 0.88 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 7.76 Successful transactions: 26 Failed transactions: 10 Longest transaction: 19.97 Shortest transaction: 0.00

And at 60 concurrent connections in benchmark mode most fail:

siege -c60 -b -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 17 hits Availability: 48.57 % Elapsed time: 29.04 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 11.28 secs Transaction rate: 0.59 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 6.60 Successful transactions: 17 Failed transactions: 18 Longest transaction: 20.67 Shortest transaction: 0.00

Comparing it to raymii.org :

siege -c60 -b -t30S https://raymii.org/s/

Output:

Transactions: 539 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.80 secs Data transferred: 7.46 MB Response time: 3.12 secs Transaction rate: 18.09 trans/sec Throughput: 0.25 MB/sec Concurrency: 56.36 Successful transactions: 539 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 4.87 Shortest transaction: 0.27

As you can see, the HSM and mod_nss isn't that fast, but it is very secure. The 1 second request overhead comes from the fact that every HTTP request requires HSM access.

Benchmarking EC keys

Let's try it with an EC key to see if that makes any difference. Generate an EC key in the HSM, using a different ID:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login -pin 648219 --keypairgen --key-type EC:prime256v1 --id 3 --label "web ecc"

Output:

Using slot 1 with a present token (0x1) Logging in to "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)". Key pair generated: Private Key Object; EC label: web ecc ID: 03 Usage: sign, derive Public Key Object; EC EC_POINT 256 bits EC_POINT: 044104a898bc5e554f28adc3a89df89dd074a1b169e220f1c8050498925aa056f22d69fb63fed3a7cb287b7e2db259762142ca503a3a31b8c53d75944eeb49751ffa1f EC_PARAMS: 06082a8648ce3d030107 label: web ecc ID: 03 Usage: verify

Generate a self signed certificate from it. See above to find out what to put in the hsm.conf file. Do note that id 3 is used:

OPENSSL_CONF=./hsm.conf openssl req -engine pkcs11 -keyform engine -new -key 1:3 -nodes -days 3560 -x509 -sha256 -out "echsm.tst.raymii.org.ec.pem" -subj "/C=NL/ST=Zuid Holland/L=Rotterdam/O=Sparkling Network/OU=IT Dept/CN=echsm.tst.raymii.org"

Convert the PEM file into DER, since the HSM needs a DER file:

openssl x509 -in echsm.tst.raymii.org.pem -out echsm.tst.raymii.org.der -outform der

Load the DER certificate into the HSM together with the key:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login --pin 648219 --write-object echsm.tst.raymii.org.der --type cert --id 3 --label 'webec'

I gave the certificate object a different label. If we don't do that then certutil can't differentiate between them.

There should be two certificates now:

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h 'SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)' -L

Output:

Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": 648219 SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert u,u,u SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webec u,u,u

In the Apache configuration, change the name of the certificate from:

NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert"

To:

NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webec"

Also change the Ciphersuite to allow ECC ciphers:

NSSCipherSuite +aes_128_sha_256,+aes_256_sha_256,+ecdhe_ecdsa_aes_128_gcm_sha_256,+ecdhe_ecdsa_aes_128_sha,+ecdhe_ecdsa_aes_256_gcm_sha_384,+ecdhe_ecdsa_aes_256_sha,+ecdhe_rsa_aes_128_gcm_sha_256,+ecdhe_rsa_aes_128_sha,+ecdhe_rsa_aes_256_gcm_sha_384,+ecdhe_rsa_aes_256_sha,+rsa_aes_128_gcm_sha_256,+rsa_aes_128_sha,+rsa_aes_256_gcm_sha_384,+rsa_aes_256_sha

Restart the webserver and you should be good to go. Except for, in my case, when connecting it fails and this is in the error_log :

[:info] [pid 25561:tid 140498883753856] Using nickname SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webec. [:info] [pid 25561:tid 140498711348992] Connection to child 64 established (server echsm.tst.raymii.org:8443, client 127.0.0.1) [:info] [pid 25561:tid 140498711348992] SSL input filter read failed. [:error] [pid 25561:tid 140498711348992] SSL Library Error: -12192 Peer reports failure of signature verification or key exchange

Playing around with different settings, ciphersuites and protocols didn't help. Time for a bugreport.

Benchmarking a 1024 bit RSA key

A product folder mentions that the HSM should be a bit faster with smaller keys. Now do note that it's not recommended to use a 1024 bit key in production. But, this is just a benchmark test.

Generate the key:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login --pin 648219 --keypairgen --key-type rsa:1024 --id 4 --label "httpd hsm"

Output:

Using slot 1 with a present token (0x1) Please enter User PIN: Key pair generated: Private Key Object; RSA label: httpd hsm ID: 04 Usage: decrypt, sign, unwrap Public Key Object; RSA 1024 bits label: httpd hsm ID: 04 Usage: encrypt, verify, wrap

Generate a certificate. See above to find out what to put in the hsm.conf file. Do note that id 4 is used:

OPENSSL_CONF=./hsm.conf openssl req -engine pkcs11 -keyform engine -new -key 1:4 -nodes -days 3560 -x509 -sha256 -out "rsa1024hsm.tst.raymii.org.pem" -subj "/C=NL/ST=Zuid Holland/L=Rotterdam/O=Sparkling Network/OU=IT Dept/CN=rsa1024hsm.tst.raymii.org"

Convert the certificate to DER:

openssl x509 -in rsa1024hsm.tst.raymii.org.pem -out rsa1024hsm.tst.raymii.org.der -outform der

Load the DER certificate into the HSM together with the key:

pkcs11-tool --module opensc-pkcs11.so --login --pin 648219 --write-object rsa1024hsm.tst.raymii.org.der --type cert --id 4 --label 'webrsa1024'

I gave the certificate object a different label. If we don't do that then certutil can't differentiate between them.

There should be three certificates now:

certutil -d /etc/nss/db -h 'SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)' -L

Output:

Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI Enter Password or Pin for "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN)": SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert u,u,u SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webrsa1024 u,u,u SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webec u,u,u

In the Apache configuration, change the name of the certificate from:

NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):httpdcert"

To:

NSSNickname "SmartCard-HSM (UserPIN):webrsa1024"

Restart the server and you're good to go. No errors this time. Lets see how the benchmarks compare.

5 concurrent users:

siege -c5 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 51 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.74 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 0.54 secs Transaction rate: 1.71 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 0.93 Successful transactions: 51 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 4.24 Shortest transaction: 0.23

Response time is a lot faster.

10 concurrent users:

siege -c10 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 103 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.91 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 0.60 secs Transaction rate: 3.44 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 2.05 Successful transactions: 103 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 2.83 Shortest transaction: 0.23

Faster, and holds up pretty well.

20 concurrent users:

siege -c20 -d5 -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 124 hits Availability: 100.00 % Elapsed time: 29.03 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 2.47 secs Transaction rate: 4.27 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 10.54 Successful transactions: 124 Failed transactions: 0 Longest transaction: 7.53 Shortest transaction: 0.23

No failed connections as we saw with the 2048 bit key, but the response time is higher.

60 benchmark mode:

siege -c60 -b -t30S https://127.0.0.1:8443

Output:

Transactions: 75 hits Availability: 74.26 % Elapsed time: 29.54 secs Data transferred: 0.00 MB Response time: 6.13 secs Transaction rate: 2.54 trans/sec Throughput: 0.00 MB/sec Concurrency: 15.57 Successful transactions: 75 Failed transactions: 26 Longest transaction: 20.54 Shortest transaction: 0.25

And as expected that results in failed connections. But, with a 2048 bit key we had 48% Availability, now we have 74%.

As we can see the HSM is faster with a smaller keysize, which is not a strange thing. I'm sad that the EC keys didn't work, since EC is a lot less CPU intensive.

Clustering

If you have multiple HSM's you can use a tool like haproxy in TCP mode to load balance connections. Using the HSM's DKEK backup and restore functionality you can have the same private key on multiple devices. I only have one HSM, but my guess is that with more HSM's the speed increase will be noticable.

Tags: apache