This post is part two of a series about how you can try out Backpack, a new mixin package system for Haskell. In the previous post, we described how to use a new ghc --backpack mode in GHC to quickly try out Backpack's new signature features. Unfortunately, there is no way to distribute the input files to this mode as packages on Hackage. So in this post, we walk through how to assemble equivalent Cabal packages which have the same functionality.

GHC 8.2, cabal-install 2.0 Before you start on this tutorial, you will need to ensure you have up-to-date versions of GHC 8.2 and cabal-install 2.0. When they are up-to-date, you should see: ezyang@sabre:~$ ghc-8.2 --version The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System, version 8.2.1 ezyang@sabre:~$ /opt/cabal/2.0/bin/cabal --version cabal-install version 2.0.0.0 compiled using version 2.0.0.2 of the Cabal library

Where we are going Here is an abridged copy of the code we developed in the last post, where I have removed all of the module/signature contents: unit str-bytestring where module Str unit str-string where module Str unit regex-types where module Regex.Types unit regex-indef where dependency regex-types signature Str module Regex unit main where dependency regex-types dependency regex-indef[Str=str-string:Str] (Regex as Regex.String) dependency regex-indef[Str=str-bytestring:Str] (Regex as Regex.ByteString) module Main One obvious way to translate this file into Cabal packages is to define a package per unit. However, we can also define a single package with many internal libraries—a new feature, independent of Backpack, which lets you define private helper libraries inside a single package. Since this approach involves less boilerplate, we'll describe it first, before "productionizing" the libraries into separate packages. For all of these example, we assume that the source code of the modules and signatures have been copy-pasted into appropriate hs and hsig files respectively. You can find these files in the source-only branch of backpack-regex-example

Single package layout In this section, we'll step through the Cabal file which defines each unit as an internal library. You can find all the files for this version at the single-package branch of backpack-regex-example. This package can be built with a conventional cabal configure -w ghc-8.2 (replace ghc-8.2 with the path to where GHC 8.2 is installed, or omit it if ghc is already GHC 8.2) and then cabal build . The header of the package file is fairly ordinary, but as Backpack uses new Cabal features, cabal-version must be set to >=1.25 (note that Backpack does NOT work with Custom setup): name: regex-example version: 0.1.0.0 build-type: Simple cabal-version: >=1.25 Private libraries. str-bytestring , str-string and regex-types are completely conventional Cabal libraries that only have modules. In previous versions of Cabal, we would have to make a package for each of them. However, with private libraries, we can simply list multiple library stanzas annotated with the internal name of the library: library str-bytestring build-depends: base, bytestring exposed-modules: Str hs-source-dirs: str-bytestring library str-string build-depends: base exposed-modules: Str hs-source-dirs: str-string library regex-types build-depends: base exposed-modules: Regex.Types hs-source-dirs: regex-types To keep the modules for each of these internal libraries separate, we give each a distinct hs-source-dirs . These libraries can be depended upon inside this package, but are hidden from external clients; only the public library (denoted by a library stanza with no name) is publically visible. Indefinite libraries. regex-indef is slightly different, in that it has a signature. But it is not too different writing a library for it: signatures go in the aptly named signatures field: library regex-indef build-depends: base, regex-types signatures: Str exposed-modules: Regex hs-source-dirs: regex-indef Instantiating. How do we instantiate regex-indef ? In our bkp file, we had to explicitly specify how the signatures of the package were to be filled: dependency regex-indef[Str=str-string:Str] (Regex as Regex.String) dependency regex-indef[Str=str-bytestring:Str] (Regex as Regex.ByteString) With Cabal, these instantiations can be specified through a more indirect process of mix-in linking, whereby the dependencies of a package are "mixed together", with required signatures of one dependency being filled by exposed modules of another dependency. Before writing the regex-example executable, let's write a regex library, which is like regex-indef , except that it is specialized for String : library regex build-depends: regex-indef, str-string reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.String Here, regex-indef and str-string are mix-in linked together: the Str module from str-string fills the Str requirement from regex-indef . This library then reexports Regex under a new name that makes it clear it's the String instantiation. We can easily do the same for a ByteString instantiated version of regex-indef : library regex-bytestring build-depends: regex-indef, str-bytestring reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.ByteString Tie it all together. It's simple enough to add the executable and then build the code: executable regex-example main-is: Main.hs build-depends: base, regex, regex-bytestring, regex-types hs-source-dirs: regex-example In the root directory of the package, you can cabal configure; cabal build the package (make sure you pass -w ghc-head !) Alternatively, you can use cabal new-build to the same effect.

There's more than one way to do it In the previous code sample, we used reexported-modules to rename modules at declaration-time, so that they did not conflict with each other. However, this was possible only because we created extra regex and regex-bytestring libraries. In some situations (especially if we are actually creating new packages as opposed to internal libraries), this can be quite cumbersome, so Backpack offers a way to rename modules at use-time, using the mixins field. It works like this: any package declared in build-depends can be specified in mixins with an explicit renaming, specifying which modules should be brought into scope, with what name. For example, str-string and str-bytestring both export a module named Str . To refer to both modules without using package-qualified imports, we can rename them as follows: executable str-example main-is: Main.hs build-depends: base, str-string, str-bytestring mixins: str-string (Str as Str.String), str-bytestring (Str as Str.ByteString) hs-source-dirs: str-example The semantics of the mixins field is that we bring only the modules explicitly listed in the import specification ( Str as Str.String ) into scope for import. If a package never occurs in mixins , then we default to bringing all modules into scope (giving us the traditional behavior of build-depends ). This does mean that if you say mixins: str-string () , you can force a component to have a dependency on str-string , but NOT bring any of its module into scope. It has been argued package authors should avoid defining packages with conflicting module names. So supposing that we restructure str-string and str-bytestring to have unique module names: library str-string build-depends: base exposed-modules: Str.String hs-source-dirs: str-string library str-bytestring build-depends: base, bytestring exposed-modules: Str.ByteString hs-source-dirs: str-bytestring We would then need to rewrite regex and regex-bytestring to rename Str.String and Str.ByteString to Str , so that they fill the hole of regex-indef : library regex build-depends: regex-indef, str-string mixins: str-string (Str.String as Str) reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.String library regex-bytestring build-depends: regex-indef, str-bytestring mixins: str-bytestring (Str.ByteString as Str) reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.ByteString In fact, with the mixins field, we can avoid defining the regex and regex-bytestring shim libraries entirely. We can do this by declaring regex-indef twice in mixins , renaming the requirements of each separately: executable regex-example main-is: Main.hs build-depends: base, regex-indef, str-string, str-bytestring, regex-types mixins: regex-indef (Regex as Regex.String) requires (Str as Str.String), regex-indef (Regex as Regex.ByteString) requires (Str as Str.ByteString) hs-source-dirs: regex-example This particular example is given in its entirety at the better-single-package branch in backpack-regex-example. Note that requirement renamings are syntactically preceded by the requires keyword. The art of writing Backpack packages is still in its infancy, so it's unclear what conventions will win out in the end. But here is my suggestion: when defining a module intending to implement a signature, follow the existing no-conflicting module names convention. However, add a reexport of your module to the name of the signature. This trick takes advantage of the fact that Cabal will not report that a module is redundant unless it is actually used. So, suppose we have: library str-string build-depends: base exposed-modules: Str.String reexported-modules: Str.String as Str hs-source-dirs: str-string library str-bytestring build-depends: base, bytestring exposed-modules: Str.ByteString reexported-modules: Str.ByteString as Str hs-source-dirs: str-bytestring Now all of the following components work: library regex build-depends: regex-indef, str-string reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.String library regex-bytestring build-depends: regex-indef, str-bytestring reexported-modules: Regex as Regex.ByteString -- "import Str.String" is unambiguous, even if "import Str" is executable str-example main-is: Main.hs build-depends: base, str-string, str-bytestring hs-source-dirs: str-example -- All requirements are renamed away from Str, so all the -- instantiations are unambiguous executable regex-example main-is: Main.hs build-depends: base, regex-indef, str-string, str-bytestring, regex-types mixins: regex-indef (Regex as Regex.String) requires (Str as Str.String), regex-indef (Regex as Regex.ByteString) requires (Str as Str.ByteString) hs-source-dirs: regex-example

Separate packages OK, so how do we actually scale this up into an ecosystem of indefinite packages, each of which can be used individually and maintained by separate individuals? The library stanzas stay essentially the same as above; just create a separate package for each one. Rather than reproduce all of the boilerplate here, the full source code is available in the multiple-packages branch of backpack-regex-example. There is one important gotcha: the package manager needs to know how to instantiate and build these Backpack packages (in the single package case, the smarts were encapsulated entirely inside the Cabal library). As of writing, the only command that knows how to do this is cabal new-build (I plan on adding support to stack eventually, but not until after I am done writing my thesis; and I do not plan on adding support to old-style cabal install ever.) Fortunately, it's very easy to use cabal new-build to build regex-example ; just say cabal new-build -w ghc-head regex-example . Done!