Drinking water and nutrition inside the packed food will need to be customised as per the needs of the astronaut. Proper disposal of metabolic waste accumulating over the week or more long flight, would also need some thought.

The R&D of astronauts is equal to that of building cyborgs.

2. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) already has heavy launching capabilities in the form of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mark-III). Would the current capabilities be enough for the planned missions or is ISRO planning on developing new or upgraded launch vehicles?

The 10-tonne-to-low-Earth-orbit GSLV Mark-III should suffice for the manned Gaganyaan orbital flight.

But then, we should watch out for the American rockets — Delta IV Heavy, Falcon Heavy, Space Launch System, New Glenn and Vulcan, that are pushing the payload carrying capacities across impressive ranges from 2-50 (heavy-lift) and 50-130 (super-heavy) tonnes. All of them are built by dedicated space launch contractors, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) only contributes by participating in R&D of some of the rocket parts, and being a customer through its missions.

The Russian Angara A5 and Proton, the European Ariane 5 and Ariane 6, and the Chinese Long March 5 are also in similar heavy-lift ranges.

Globally, the purpose of building such super-heavies is very simple. As the sizes of satellites shrink, the satellite launch market will be inundated by smaller launch vehicles. The super-heavies, on the other hand, are meant for, long-duration human habitation in the near-Earth space – inside the Earth-moon system; and exploration of planets with heavy and sophisticated payloads, including humans.

If India intends to land astronauts on the moon, possess its own space station in the low-Earth orbit, at the Lagrange points, one revolving around the moon, or have a massive rover running across Mars and deep in the oceans of Enceladus, we would need our own super-heavy rocket.

GSLV Mark-III is one of the smallest of the heavy-lift rockets in the world. In its current form, it can only carry communication satellites, space capsules, and slightly larger robotic space missions than what its smaller sibling, PSLV, can.

3. Has India made sufficient investments in astronaut training, mission control and launch vehicle production to sustain human flight to space after the first few missions?

For a long time, our policy-makers have had an affinity for anything low-cost. In the recent past, the same set developed a knack for comparing their missions to the budgets of Western blockbuster movies.

If doing things so cheaply and comparing apples with oranges was doing any good to India, we would by now have disrupted the entire space market. Low-cost has become an unsaleable gimmick. The space market is not impressed by it anymore. We need a pragmatic approach to investment.

The best option would be to use the aforementioned amount as an angel investment from the government to the DoS (Department of Space). The government should then facilitate the industry to come in with investments that suit their long- and short-term interests. Free-market dynamics will enable technology spin-offs from Gaganyaan.

But in all the sundry of monetary capital required, what we should rather be discussing are the investments in human capital. Skilled human capital is an enabler of productivity and it brings in immense return on investments. Outer space is not a final frontier, it is our first step in the vastness of space. An enterprise of this magnitude will need newer and potent econometrics and rationale.

4. What kind of scientific experiments and ideas could India try out in space technologies? A whole lot of work is already being done at the International Space Station and there’s the view that the Indian space programme will only be largely reinventing the wheel?

I am confident the Gaganyaan programme managers will invite bright scientific experimental research proposals, from across the length and breadth of the country, and not just from the DoS labs, to fly as payloads on the preliminary unmanned Gaganyaan flights. One that I can think of now would be to carry human phantoms (anthropomorphic dummies) and monitor the bio-chemo-physical impact of space radiation, microgravity, and varying closed environment conditions on it. This will help fine-tune the subsequent manned Gaganyaan mission.

Redoing is the first step towards disruptive invention. We shouldn’t shy away from redoing things, but the act of redoing must be for pushing the envelope and not for satiating the ‘me-too’ syndrome. Redoing also has a time-stamp attached to it. The more one lingers with redoing, it becomes pretention. The real merit of redoing is to rapidly spawn disruption.

And why just the Gaganyaan capsule? Once India builds its own space station, we will have ample time and orbital real estate to carry out an assortment of scientific experiments creatively. New Delhi cannot afford to make Gaganyaan a one-time wonder.

5. Looking ahead, do you think ISRO should seriously consider a manned mission to the moon? How can they best prepare for such a mission and what kind of moon missions could India attempt?

As they say, one leads to another, Gaganyaan-1 is a building block of a human-rated mission to the moon. But then one must realise what ails ISRO. You see the teams that built Chandrayaan-1 later built the Mars Orbiter Mission. The same teams are now building Chandrayaan-2.

ISRO has been deficient at human resource building and this is the reason why it is unable to work simultaneously on multiple programmes at a time. I’d say India is short of roughly 1.5-2 lakh top-notch scientists and technologists at the moment, only in the space sector. It is not that we do not have the pool, we do. What we lack is the ability to succinctly employ this human resource to strategically delineated projects.

If Gaganyaan is able to employ a few thousand scientists and technologists in the Indian lunar programme, across ISRO, the private sector, and the defence agencies, and the same number in the human spaceflight programme, India will be able to spin a major industry out of it. For a vision of that magnitude, one ISRO is not enough. India must breed an entire ecosystem shaped by free-market dynamics.

The first period of human spaceflight, from the 1960s to the 1980s, was driven by the space race. Things are much different today. With easing access and its ensuing democratisation, the near-Earth space has become a part of the global multipolar geopolitics. We may soon have greenfield infrastructure projects coming up in the near-Earth space.

If India is to establish its R&D bases on the moon, we will have to think according to national interest and our doctrine of strategic autonomy, and not through the lenses of any one agency.

6.What is that threshold, if any, which if ISRO crosses you will be convinced that they can take an Indian to the moon and back?

I am convinced for sure, we (Indians) will go to the moon and prosper there.

7. Do you think ISRO routinely fails to capitalise on education outreach and social media, even for glamorous and successful projects like the Mangalyaan?

Science on social media is extremely demanding and consumer-driven. It is more or less like movie box-office openings. The consumer (funding institutions, public and media) demands continuous high-impact scientific discoveries and innovation, there is sudden euphoria, there are overnight stars born, short attention spans, and whatever that grapples popular media affects science and the way it is done.

Highly productive research institutions around the world – be it the likes of the Ivy Leagues, NASA, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French CNRS or the German Max Planck Society – do not experience the struggle as much. ISRO’s pace of generating scientific content is slower comparatively. Its deficient human resource and the once-in-five-year low-cost missions are not able to generate enough novel scientific discoveries.

Megaprojects like Gaganyaan can engage scientific labs across several disciplines and faculties, in universities, research institutes, and even in the private sector. This is the best way to generate novel trans-disciplinary research output continuously. Such continuous supply at source will find its way to the social media naturally.

In all this, one has to start imagining what a mega spectacle the week of Gaganyaan will be. I can imagine all of us in 2022, glued to our TV sets and mobile phones, biting nails and waiting anxiously to hear and see that beam of audio-visuals and waiting for the astronauts to return. I can also imagine the way it will pump up the imaginations of kids and youngsters in India in one go. Human spaceflight is not for the naysayers and worry warts; it requires courage, allegiance and self-belief. It needs preparations, from you, from me, from those astronauts, scientists and engineers directly involved, from all of us. We are part of this aspiration. This cannot be a one-off event. This is a beginning of a new era, an era of go-getting Indians. It is for those Indians who feel limited by the skies.