For years, telemarketers have found it increasingly difficult to find steady employment. Many of their jobs have been automated or outsourced overseas, and the establishment of the federal do-not-call registry didn’t help either. The latest federal data suggest there are now fewer than half as many U.S. telemarketers than there were just 10 years ago -- a loss of about 181,000 jobs.

Telemarketing isn't the only profession that's shedding jobs. Other occupations -- including data entry workers, file clerks and postal sorters -- have lost a great number of positions over the past decade.

Rapid downsizing affects different parts of the country in different ways. To get a sense of the impact, Governing reviewed recently released Labor Department Occupational Employment Statistics data for all occupations, identifying which occupations declined the most over the 10-year period ending last May -- and where these jobs remain.

The largest losses tend to be low-wage positions that have been disrupted by automation, although there are other factors at play as well. It’s likely that many local economies where these jobs are heavily concentrated could soon incur downsizing if they haven’t already. The Jacksonville, Fla., and Salt Lake City metro areas, for example, employ disproportionately large numbers of workers in disappearing fields.

The following 10 occupations had the highest percentage job losses between 2008 and last year. More narrowly defined occupations with total employment less than 100,000 are excluded.

Telemarketers

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -52 percent

Cuts to telemarketers were the steepest of any larger occupation reviewed over the decade. Most of these predominately low-wage jobs that remain are in the business support services sector.

To identify where these jobs are most prevalent, we refer to location quotients. This measure represents the concentration of a given occupation within a metro area compared to the concentration for the nation as a whole.

Six metros employed telemarketers at more than five times the national rate last year: Canton, Ohio; Dayton, Ohio; El Paso, Texas; Idaho Falls, Idaho; San Antonio and Youngstown, Ohio.

Northeastern Ohio, in particular, is home to several large call centers. In the Canton and Youngstown metro areas, telemarketers are employed at a rate of 7 times that of the national average.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Canton-Massillon, OH 1,530 7.9 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 1,760 7.2 Idaho Falls, ID 470 6.2 Dayton, OH 2,660 6.2 El Paso, TX 1,910 5.5 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 5,920 5.2 Longview, TX 410 4.0 Montgomery, AL 720 3.9 Akron, OH 1,380 3.7 Athens-Clarke County, GA 340 3.4 Green Bay, WI 650 3.3 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 7,570 3.3 Provo-Orem, UT 860 3.1 Boise City, ID 1,090 3.0 Knoxville, TN 1,260 2.9 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 840 2.8 Tucson, AZ 1,090 2.6 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 3,370 2.4 Eau Claire, WI 220 2.3 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 2,520 2.3 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 6,490 2.2 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 2,430 2.1 Richmond, VA 1,480 2.0 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 1,730 2.0 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 740 2.0 Portland-South Portland, ME 480 2.0 Erie, PA 280 2.0 Lynchburg, VA 220 1.9 East Stroudsburg, PA 120 1.9 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 3,210 1.9 Columbus, OH 2,210 1.9 Madison, WI 800 1.8 Toledo, OH 600 1.8 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 2,650 1.8 Lincoln, NE 350 1.7 Manchester, NH 220 1.7 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 790 1.7 Salt Lake City, UT 1,300 1.6 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 270 1.5 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 6,210 1.5 Oklahoma City, OK 1,050 1.5 Reno, NV 380 1.4 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 1,700 1.4 Rockford, IL 230 1.4 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 850 1.4 Enid, OK 40 1.3 Pittsburgh, PA 1,620 1.3 Rochester, NY 730 1.2 Jacksonville, FL 950 1.2 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 670 1.2 St. Louis, MO-IL 1,830 1.2 Iowa City, IA 120 1.1 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 1,340 1.1 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 110 1.1 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,330 1.1 Logan, UT-ID 70 1.1 Huntsville, AL 260 1.0 Duluth, MN-WI 140 1.0 Winchester, VA-WV 60 1.0 Portsmouth, NH-ME 100 0.9 Colorado Springs, CO 290 0.9 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 190 0.9 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 4,670 0.9 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 310 0.9 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 110 0.9 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 2,720 0.8 Roanoke, VA 140 0.8 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 2,400 0.8 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,710 0.8 Waterbury, CT 60 0.8 Austin-Round Rock, TX 890 0.8 Tulsa, OK 370 0.7 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 970 0.7 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 4,920 0.7 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 110 0.7 Modesto, CA 140 0.7 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 860 0.7 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 2,090 0.7 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 1,090 0.7 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 630 0.7 Binghamton, NY 70 0.7 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 250 0.7 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 50 0.7 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 1,410 0.6 York-Hanover, PA 120 0.6 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,020 0.6 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 1,590 0.6 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 370 0.6 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 150 0.5 New Haven, CT 170 0.5 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 5,680 0.5 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 100 0.5 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 120 0.5 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 1,610 0.5 St. Cloud, MN 60 0.5 Worcester, MA-CT 150 0.5 Wichita, KS 160 0.5 Peoria, IL 90 0.5 Raleigh, NC 310 0.4 Urban Honolulu, HI 230 0.4 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 240 0.4 Redding, CA 30 0.4 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 260 0.4 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 420 0.4 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 590 0.4 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 420 0.4 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 130 0.4 Baton Rouge, LA 160 0.4 Springfield, MA-CT 130 0.4 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 230 0.3 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 470 0.3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,030 0.3 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 650 0.3 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 70 0.3 Fargo, ND-MN 40 0.2 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 180 0.2 Asheville, NC 50 0.2 Greensboro-High Point, NC 90 0.2 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 130 0.2 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 40 0.2 Fresno, CA 80 0.2 Fort Wayne, IN 40 0.2 Columbia, SC 70 0.2 Winston-Salem, NC 40 0.1

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

File Clerks

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -46 percent

File clerks represent another profession that’s slowly disappearing as a result of automation and the shift from paper to electronic records.

Just 110,000 file clerks were employed nationwide last year, a decline of nearly half from a decade prior. Industries employing large numbers of file clerks include legal services, local governments and physicians’ offices.

File clerk jobs tend to be spread out fairly evenly; regional differences aren’t as vast as they are for some other occupations. But some regions do have a relatively high number of these jobs.

The Jacksonville, Fla., Miami and Salt Lake City metro areas all have double the national share of file clerk positions, as do several smaller areas.

They're much less common in the upper Midwest and much of the Southeast.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 170 3.0 El Paso, TX 670 2.9 Lubbock, TX 300 2.8 Lewiston, ID-WA 50 2.6 Jacksonville, FL 1,280 2.5 Prescott, AZ 120 2.4 Jackson, TN 120 2.4 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 4,610 2.3 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 450 2.3 Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ 220 2.3 Lincoln, NE 310 2.3 Las Cruces, NM 120 2.3 Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ 100 2.2 Gainesville, FL 220 2.2 Trenton, NJ 380 2.2 Salt Lake City, UT 1,120 2.1 Port St. Lucie, FL 220 2.0 East Stroudsburg, PA 80 1.9 Erie, PA 180 1.9 Carson City, NV 40 1.9 Hammond, LA 60 1.9 Bend-Redmond, OR 120 1.9 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 510 1.9 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 300 1.9 Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL 80 1.8 Wheeling, WV-OH 90 1.8 Mankato-North Mankato, MN 70 1.8 Sebring, FL 40 1.8 Homosassa Springs, FL 40 1.8 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 3,750 1.7 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 70 1.7 Manchester, NH 150 1.7 San Angelo, TX 60 1.7 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 240 1.6 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 1,620 1.6 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 11,520 1.6 Panama City, FL 100 1.5 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 360 1.5 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,130 1.5 Mansfield, OH 60 1.5 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 250 1.5 Urban Honolulu, HI 530 1.5 Fairbanks, AK 40 1.5 Laredo, TX 110 1.5 Oklahoma City, OK 700 1.5 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 1,100 1.5 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 1,400 1.5 Johnson City, TN 90 1.5 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 180 1.5 Springfield, MO 230 1.4 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 320 1.4 Tulsa, OK 470 1.4 Boulder, CO 200 1.4 Ames, IA 50 1.4 Coeur d'Alene, ID 70 1.4 Knoxville, TN 410 1.4 Tallahassee, FL 180 1.4 Baton Rouge, LA 410 1.4 Dover, DE 70 1.4 Missoula, MT 60 1.4 Midland, TX 100 1.3 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 140 1.3 Cedar Rapids, IA 140 1.3 Billings, MT 90 1.3 Tyler, TX 100 1.3 Austin-Round Rock, TX 1,030 1.3 Corpus Christi, TX 190 1.3 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,060 1.3 Lancaster, PA 240 1.3 Great Falls, MT 30 1.3 Pueblo, CO 60 1.3 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 170 1.3 Farmington, NM 50 1.3 Stockton-Lodi, CA 230 1.3 Abilene, TX 60 1.2 Glens Falls, NY 50 1.2 Binghamton, NY 90 1.2 Charleston, WV 100 1.2 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 2,770 1.2 Colorado Springs, CO 260 1.2 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 210 1.2 Kingston, NY 60 1.2 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,340 1.2 Boise City, ID 290 1.2 Fort Collins, CO 140 1.2 Bismarck, ND 60 1.2 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 400 1.2 Battle Creek, MI 50 1.2 Anchorage, AK 150 1.2 Harrisonburg, VA 60 1.2 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 880 1.1 Columbus, OH 910 1.1 Jackson, MS 230 1.1 St. Louis, MO-IL 1,170 1.1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 5,250 1.1 Salem, OR 150 1.1 Topeka, KS 90 1.1 Pittsburgh, PA 980 1.1 Victoria, TX 30 1.1 Muskegon, MI 50 1.1 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 880 1.1 Reno, NV 190 1.1 Eugene, OR 130 1.1 Houma-Thibodaux, LA 70 1.1 Winchester, VA-WV 50 1.1 Columbia, MO 80 1.1 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 2,930 1.1 Wichita Falls, TX 50 1.1 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 1,950 1.1 Albuquerque, NM 310 1.1 Medford, OR 70 1.0 Mobile, AL 140 1.0 Richmond, VA 500 1.0 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 1,590 1.0 Chattanooga, TN-GA 190 1.0 Redding, CA 50 1.0 Grand Forks, ND-MN 40 1.0 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 130 1.0 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 1,100 1.0 Rochester, NY 390 1.0 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 490 1.0 Killeen-Temple, TX 100 1.0 Longview, TX 70 1.0 Green Bay, WI 130 1.0 Chico, CA 60 1.0 Toledo, OH 220 1.0 Alexandria, LA 40 1.0 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 420 1.0 Merced, CA 50 1.0 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 40 1.0 Waterbury, CT 50 1.0 Bloomington, IN 50 0.9 Evansville, IN-KY 110 0.9 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 70 0.9 Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI 50 0.9 Fresno, CA 260 0.9 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 380 0.9 Greeley, CO 70 0.9 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 150 0.9 Fort Wayne, IN 150 0.9 State College, PA 50 0.9 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 70 0.9 Dover-Durham, NH-ME 30 0.9 Dayton, OH 250 0.9 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 790 0.9 Lake Charles, LA 80 0.9 Santa Fe, NM 40 0.9 Ocala, FL 70 0.9 Warner Robins, GA 50 0.9 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 30 0.9 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 360 0.9 Monroe, LA 50 0.8 Akron, OH 210 0.8 Waco, TX 70 0.8 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 680 0.8 Lafayette, LA 120 0.8 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 660 0.8 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 2,920 0.8 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 260 0.8 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 600 0.8 Peoria, IL 110 0.8 St. George, UT 40 0.8 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 910 0.8 Columbia, SC 230 0.8 Bowling Green, KY 50 0.8 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 80 0.8 Utica-Rome, NY 80 0.8 Springfield, IL 60 0.8 Lexington-Fayette, KY 160 0.8 Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL 70 0.8 Syracuse, NY 180 0.8 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 110 0.8 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,820 0.8 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 790 0.8 Modesto, CA 110 0.8 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 70 0.8 Texarkana, TX-AR 30 0.8 Tucson, AZ 210 0.7 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 1,510 0.7 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 150 0.7 Clarksville, TN-KY 50 0.7 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 180 0.7 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 460 0.7 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 70 0.7 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 1,070 0.7 Savannah, GA 90 0.7 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 140 0.7 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 190 0.7 Ann Arbor, MI 120 0.7 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 1,430 0.7 Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN 50 0.7 Grand Junction, CO 30 0.7 Visalia-Porterville, CA 80 0.7 Rochester, MN 60 0.7 Bakersfield, CA 160 0.7 Reading, PA 90 0.7 Gainesville, GA 40 0.7 Idaho Falls, ID 30 0.7 Salisbury, MD-DE 80 0.7 Charlottesville, VA 60 0.7 Madison, WI 190 0.6 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 300 0.6 Terre Haute, IN 30 0.6 Morgantown, WV 30 0.6 Champaign-Urbana, IL 50 0.6 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 120 0.6 Montgomery, AL 80 0.6 Canton-Massillon, OH 80 0.6 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 60 0.6 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 140 0.6 Sioux Falls, SD 70 0.6 Joplin, MO 40 0.6 Salinas, CA 80 0.6 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 880 0.6 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 260 0.6 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 330 0.6 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 160 0.6 Duluth, MN-WI 60 0.6 Roanoke, VA 70 0.6 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 30 0.6 Fort Smith, AR-OK 50 0.6 Greenville, NC 30 0.6 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 830 0.6 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 470 0.6 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 60 0.6 Wichita, KS 120 0.6 Santa Rosa, CA 90 0.6 Fargo, ND-MN 60 0.6 Raleigh, NC 260 0.5 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 60 0.5 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 140 0.5 Macon, GA 40 0.5 Racine, WI 30 0.5 Provo-Orem, UT 100 0.5 New Haven, CT 110 0.5 College Station-Bryan, TX 40 0.5 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 40 0.5 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 60 0.5 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 190 0.5 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 210 0.5 Kennewick-Richland, WA 40 0.5 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 440 0.5 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 40 0.5 Athens-Clarke County, GA 30 0.5 Rockford, IL 50 0.5 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 50 0.5 Lynchburg, VA 30 0.4 York-Hanover, PA 60 0.4 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 40 0.4 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 60 0.4 Greensboro-High Point, NC 110 0.4 Worcester, MA-CT 90 0.4 Portland-South Portland, ME 60 0.4 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 150 0.4 Amarillo, TX 30 0.4 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 70 0.4 Springfield, MA-CT 90 0.4 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 60 0.4 Spartanburg, SC 40 0.3 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 40 0.3 Winston-Salem, NC 70 0.3 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 60 0.3 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 90 0.3 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 30 0.3

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors and Machine Operators

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -44 percent

The Postal Service’s workforce continues to slowly contract, employing just under half a million full-time employees -- down from nearly 800,000 in the late 1990s.

Many of the eliminated positions have been in distribution facilities. The Labor Department estimates that the number of jobs for mail sorters, processors and machine operators dropped by about 82,000 over the decade -- a decline of 44 percent. (This excludes postal clerks and mail carriers.)

These workers are found all across the country, but they’re most prevalent in areas with large distribution hubs. The small Charleston, W.V., metro area, home to a major processing and distribution center, recorded the highest concentration nationally.

Postal workers responsible for sorting and processing are similarly employed at more than three times the national rate in six other metros: Des Moines, Iowa; Fayetteville, N.C.; Greensboro, N.C., Manchester, N.H.; Springfield, Mass; and Trenton, N.J.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Charleston, WV 400 5.0 Springfield, MA-CT 1,010 4.3 Manchester, NH 290 3.6 Trenton, NJ 560 3.4 Greensboro-High Point, NC 860 3.3 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 850 3.2 Fayetteville, NC 290 3.1 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 700 3.0 Champaign-Urbana, IL 210 2.9 Bangor, ME 120 2.5 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 310 2.4 Macon, GA 170 2.4 Rocky Mount, NC 90 2.4 Roanoke, VA 260 2.4 Billings, MT 140 2.3 Johnstown, PA 80 2.3 Portland-South Portland, ME 320 2.1 Jacksonville, FL 1,000 2.0 Pittsburgh, PA 1,640 2.0 Bismarck, ND 100 1.9 Cheyenne, WY 60 1.9 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,410 1.9 Missoula, MT 80 1.8 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 800 1.8 Richmond, VA 830 1.8 Syracuse, NY 390 1.8 Sioux Falls, SD 200 1.8 Worcester, MA-CT 360 1.8 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 240 1.8 Montgomery, AL 200 1.7 Great Falls, MT 40 1.7 Springfield, IL 130 1.7 Lancaster, PA 300 1.7 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 710 1.7 Casper, WY 50 1.6 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 1,740 1.6 Grand Junction, CO 70 1.6 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 2,260 1.6 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 10,860 1.6 Fargo, ND-MN 160 1.6 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 270 1.6 Columbia, MO 110 1.6 Rochester, NY 580 1.6 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 5,190 1.6 Columbia, SC 420 1.6 Anchorage, AK 190 1.6 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 630 1.5 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 500 1.5 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 930 1.5 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,070 1.5 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 530 1.5 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 1,120 1.5 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 1,110 1.5 Abilene, TX 70 1.5 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 290 1.5 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 1,140 1.5 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 100 1.5 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 370 1.5 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 2,560 1.5 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 530 1.4 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 90 1.4 Knoxville, TN 400 1.4 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 590 1.4 Evansville, IN-KY 160 1.4 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 180 1.4 Lubbock, TX 140 1.4 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 360 1.4 Springfield, MO 210 1.4 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 410 1.4 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 290 1.4 Cedar Rapids, IA 140 1.4 Tallahassee, FL 170 1.4 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,880 1.3 Mankato-North Mankato, MN 50 1.3 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 2,690 1.3 Raleigh, NC 590 1.3 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 5,630 1.3 Grand Forks, ND-MN 50 1.3 Gainesville, FL 120 1.3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 2,790 1.2 St. Louis, MO-IL 1,210 1.2 Amarillo, TX 100 1.2 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 1,200 1.2 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 570 1.2 Wichita, KS 260 1.2 Columbus, OH 910 1.2 Eugene, OR 130 1.2 Lexington-Fayette, KY 230 1.2 Eau Claire, WI 70 1.2 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 1,000 1.2 Cape Girardeau, MO-IL 40 1.2 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 2,990 1.2 Mobile, AL 140 1.2 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 2,200 1.1 Salt Lake City, UT 580 1.1 Urban Honolulu, HI 380 1.1 Albuquerque, NM 310 1.1 Altoona, PA 50 1.1 Medford, OR 70 1.1 Reno, NV 190 1.1 Chattanooga, TN-GA 190 1.1 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1,540 1.1 Colorado Springs, CO 220 1.1 Green Bay, WI 130 1.1 St. Cloud, MN 80 1.1 Tulsa, OK 330 1.1 Muncie, IN 30 1.1 Peoria, IL 130 1.0 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 900 1.0 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 1,910 1.0 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 2,030 1.0 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 400 1.0 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 920 1.0 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 1,440 1.0 Rapid City, SD 50 1.0 Jackson, MS 180 1.0 Oklahoma City, OK 420 0.9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 880 0.9 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 650 0.9 Akron, OH 220 0.9 Midland, TX 70 0.9 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 90 0.9 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 120 0.9 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 140 0.9 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 910 0.9 Redding, CA 40 0.9 Bakersfield, CA 190 0.8 Santa Rosa, CA 120 0.8 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 210 0.8 Johnson City, TN 50 0.8 Wausau, WI 40 0.8 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 70 0.8 Fort Wayne, IN 130 0.8 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 580 0.8 Madison, WI 230 0.8 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 860 0.8 Tucson, AZ 210 0.8 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 240 0.8 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 150 0.8 Boise City, ID 180 0.8 Lincoln, NE 100 0.8 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 540 0.8 Baton Rouge, LA 220 0.8 New Haven, CT 150 0.8 Fresno, CA 200 0.7 El Paso, TX 160 0.7 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 570 0.7 Erie, PA 60 0.7 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 280 0.7 Dayton, OH 190 0.7 Austin-Round Rock, TX 510 0.7 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 1,450 0.7 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 120 0.7 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 360 0.7 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 100 0.7 Corpus Christi, TX 90 0.6 Duluth, MN-WI 60 0.6 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 110 0.6 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 70 0.6 Lafayette, LA 80 0.6 Toledo, OH 110 0.5 Yakima, WA 30 0.5 Saginaw, MI 30 0.5 Provo-Orem, UT 90 0.5 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 50 0.4 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 60 0.4 Huntsville, AL 60 0.4 Canton-Massillon, OH 40 0.3 Boulder, CO 40 0.3 York-Hanover, PA 40 0.3 Salem, OR 30 0.3 Asheville, NC 30 0.2 Winston-Salem, NC 40 0.2 Ann Arbor, MI 30 0.2

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Bill and Account Collectors

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -39 percent

There are similarly a lot fewer workers these days tasked with collecting payments. Federal data show 250,000 bill and account collectors nationwide -- down from about 409,000 in 2008.

This occupation encompasses a range of bill collecting activities, such as preparing statements, receiving payments and posting collections to accounts. Many of the positions were upended by the proliferation of online billing and automated telephone payment systems. One related Citi analysis estimated banking jobs were declining at a rate of about 2 percent a year, projecting a 30 percent reduction in staffing between 2015 and 2025 from retail banking automation.

One place where the job losses were most evident is Sioux Falls, S.D., where several banks cut staffing at call centers and other facilities in recent years. Billing and account collectors still remain heavily concentrated in the banking hub, however, at about six times the national rate.

Major metro areas with disproportionately large numbers of these workers elsewhere include Buffalo, N.Y.; Jacksonville, Fla.; and Salt Lake City.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Sebring, FL 310 6.8 Sioux Falls, SD 1,670 6.2 San Angelo, TX 380 4.8 Coeur d'Alene, ID 390 3.7 Cleveland, TN 280 3.6 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 1,260 3.3 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 3,160 3.3 Salt Lake City, UT 3,860 3.1 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 1,990 3.1 Jacksonville, FL 3,480 2.9 Bloomington, IL 440 2.8 Brunswick, GA 180 2.4 St. Cloud, MN 440 2.4 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 1,040 2.3 Spartanburg, SC 610 2.3 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 1,580 2.2 Dover-Durham, NH-ME 190 2.1 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 7,290 2.0 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 1,230 2.0 Oklahoma City, OK 2,140 2.0 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 12,310 2.0 Columbus, OH 3,580 2.0 Greensboro-High Point, NC 1,220 1.9 Kansas City, MO-KS 3,560 1.9 Columbia, SC 1,240 1.9 Boise City, ID 1,040 1.9 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 1,130 1.8 St. Louis, MO-IL 4,120 1.7 Topeka, KS 330 1.7 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 3,100 1.7 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 220 1.7 Hattiesburg, MS 180 1.7 Wausau, WI 200 1.7 Montgomery, AL 470 1.6 Killeen-Temple, TX 390 1.6 Richmond, VA 1,800 1.6 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 3,360 1.6 Tulsa, OK 1,200 1.6 Canton-Massillon, OH 470 1.6 Greenville, NC 210 1.6 Wichita, KS 770 1.5 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 3,390 1.5 Savannah, GA 450 1.5 Valdosta, GA 130 1.5 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 1,570 1.5 Logan, UT-ID 140 1.5 Charleston, WV 280 1.4 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 6,590 1.4 Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC 180 1.4 Austin-Round Rock, TX 2,500 1.4 Lake Charles, LA 280 1.4 Great Falls, MT 80 1.4 Florence, SC 200 1.3 El Paso, TX 690 1.3 Grand Island, NE 90 1.3 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 5,740 1.3 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 2,360 1.3 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 2,100 1.3 Albany, GA 130 1.2 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 1,620 1.2 Pittsburgh, PA 2,430 1.2 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 6,270 1.2 Rochester, NY 1,080 1.2 Stockton-Lodi, CA 510 1.2 Raleigh, NC 1,300 1.2 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 3,990 1.2 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 1,040 1.2 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 80 1.2 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 990 1.2 Columbia, MO 190 1.1 Rome, GA 70 1.1 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 5,430 1.1 Mobile, AL 330 1.1 Lima, OH 90 1.1 Pittsfield, MA 80 1.1 Laredo, TX 190 1.1 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,870 1.1 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 90 1.1 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 290 1.1 Toledo, OH 540 1.1 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 2,480 1.0 Knoxville, TN 700 1.0 Gainesville, GA 160 1.0 Macon, GA 180 1.0 Bismarck, ND 120 1.0 Anchorage, AK 300 1.0 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 600 1.0 Madison, WI 670 1.0 Goldsboro, NC 70 1.0 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 7,920 1.0 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 450 1.0 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 1,650 1.0 Fort Wayne, IN 360 1.0 Lincoln, NE 300 1.0 Fargo, ND-MN 230 1.0 Lubbock, TX 240 1.0 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 4,560 1.0 Pine Bluff, AR 50 1.0 New Bedford, MA 110 0.9 Visalia-Porterville, CA 250 0.9 Jackson, MS 430 0.9 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 360 0.9 Dover, DE 100 0.9 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 9,850 0.9 Chattanooga, TN-GA 400 0.9 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 140 0.9 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 880 0.9 Texarkana, TX-AR 90 0.9 Dothan, AL 90 0.9 Athens-Clarke County, GA 140 0.9 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 190 0.9 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 2,250 0.9 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,510 0.9 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 450 0.9 Casper, WY 60 0.9 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 990 0.9 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 1,570 0.9 Muncie, IN 70 0.9 Grand Junction, CO 90 0.9 Jackson, MI 80 0.9 Reading, PA 260 0.8 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 2,180 0.8 Williamsport, PA 80 0.8 Akron, OH 480 0.8 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 250 0.8 Lawton, OK 60 0.8 Corpus Christi, TX 260 0.8 Fort Smith, AR-OK 150 0.8 Parkersburg-Vienna, WV 50 0.8 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 13,200 0.8 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 450 0.8 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 810 0.8 Medford, OR 120 0.8 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 320 0.8 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 330 0.8 Waco, TX 160 0.8 Leominster-Gardner, MA 70 0.8 Tucson, AZ 500 0.8 Reno, NV 310 0.8 Tuscaloosa, AL 140 0.8 Olympia-Tumwater, WA 150 0.8 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 330 0.8 Modesto, CA 240 0.8 Yakima, WA 120 0.8 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 1,110 0.8 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 1,900 0.7 Tyler, TX 130 0.7 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 220 0.7 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 1,500 0.7 Peoria, IL 210 0.7 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 190 0.7 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 1,480 0.7 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 250 0.7 Springfield, IL 120 0.7 Albuquerque, NM 440 0.7 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 350 0.7 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 2,240 0.7 Alexandria, LA 70 0.7 Evansville, IN-KY 180 0.7 Wilmington, NC 140 0.7 Amarillo, TX 130 0.6 Hammond, LA 50 0.6 Green Bay, WI 190 0.6 Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL 120 0.6 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 340 0.6 Huntsville, AL 240 0.6 Fayetteville, NC 140 0.6 Champaign-Urbana, IL 110 0.6 Baton Rouge, LA 420 0.6 Prescott, AZ 70 0.6 New Bern, NC 50 0.6 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 3,310 0.6 Santa Rosa, CA 220 0.6 Kankakee, IL 40 0.6 Manchester, NH 120 0.6 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 2,060 0.6 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 590 0.6 Jonesboro, AR 60 0.6 Missoula, MT 60 0.6 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 200 0.6 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 120 0.6 Jacksonville, NC 50 0.6 Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL 50 0.6 Urban Honolulu, HI 470 0.6 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 60 0.6 Saginaw, MI 90 0.6 Idaho Falls, ID 70 0.6 Charlottesville, VA 110 0.6 Midland, MI 30 0.6 Waterbury, CT 70 0.6 Terre Haute, IN 70 0.6 Greeley, CO 100 0.6 Warner Robins, GA 70 0.6 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 150 0.6 New Haven, CT 280 0.6 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 40 0.6 Provo-Orem, UT 240 0.6 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 2,340 0.6 Fresno, CA 360 0.6 Trenton, NJ 220 0.5 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 130 0.5 Worcester, MA-CT 260 0.5 Portland-South Portland, ME 190 0.5 Tallahassee, FL 160 0.5 Winston-Salem, NC 240 0.5 Wheeling, WV-OH 60 0.5 Glens Falls, NY 50 0.5 Mansfield, OH 50 0.5 Kokomo, IN 30 0.5 Merced, CA 60 0.5 Monroe, LA 70 0.5 Syracuse, NY 260 0.5 Yuma, AZ 50 0.5 Lancaster, PA 210 0.5 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 110 0.5 Bakersfield, CA 260 0.5 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 180 0.5 Springfield, MA-CT 280 0.5 Roanoke, VA 130 0.5 Watertown-Fort Drum, NY 30 0.5 Duluth, MN-WI 110 0.5 Staunton-Waynesboro, VA 40 0.5 Cumberland, MD-WV 30 0.5 Longview, TX 80 0.5 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 210 0.5 Jefferson City, MO 60 0.5 Springfield, MO 170 0.5 Gainesville, FL 110 0.5 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 120 0.5 State College, PA 50 0.5 Lafayette, LA 150 0.5 Salisbury, MD-DE 120 0.5 Racine, WI 60 0.4 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 110 0.4 Wenatchee, WA 40 0.4 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 860 0.4 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 70 0.4 Clarksville, TN-KY 70 0.4 Abilene, TX 50 0.4 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 80 0.4 Flint, MI 100 0.4 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 40 0.4 Salinas, CA 130 0.4 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 140 0.4 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 150 0.4 Eau Claire, WI 60 0.4 Utica-Rome, NY 90 0.4 Midland, TX 70 0.4 Dayton, OH 260 0.4 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 280 0.4 Janesville-Beloit, WI 50 0.4 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 390 0.4 Muskegon, MI 40 0.4 Asheville, NC 130 0.4 Albany, OR 30 0.4 Ocala, FL 70 0.4 Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, KY 40 0.4 Dalton, GA 40 0.4 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 300 0.4 York-Hanover, PA 110 0.4 Boulder, CO 120 0.4 Dubuque, IA 40 0.4 Ann Arbor, MI 140 0.4 Carbondale-Marion, IL 30 0.4 Barnstable Town, MA 60 0.4 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 110 0.4 Port St. Lucie, FL 90 0.4 Erie, PA 70 0.3 Santa Fe, NM 40 0.3 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 80 0.3 Kingston, NY 30 0.3 Lexington-Fayette, KY 150 0.3 Iowa City, IA 50 0.3 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 80 0.3 Colorado Springs, CO 150 0.3 Morgantown, WV 40 0.3 Kennewick-Richland, WA 60 0.3 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 60 0.3 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 70 0.3 Chico, CA 40 0.3 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 60 0.3 Fort Collins, CO 70 0.3 Billings, MT 40 0.3 Bloomington, IN 30 0.3 Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN 40 0.3 Salem, OR 70 0.2 Bellingham, WA 40 0.2 Napa, CA 30 0.2 Houma-Thibodaux, LA 30 0.2 Bend-Redmond, OR 30 0.2 Appleton, WI 40 0.2 Lynchburg, VA 30 0.2 Cedar Rapids, IA 30 0.1

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Data Entry Keyers

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -36 percent

One might assume there aren’t many data entry workers left in the workforce. But the latest federal estimates suggest about 175,000 jobs classified as data entry keyers remain nationally.

The occupation continues to shrink, down 36 percent over the decade.

In addition to operating a keyboard, this occupation is defined to include data verification work and preparing information for printing. A similar occupational classification that accounts for another 53,000 jobs, word processors and typists, also fell by more than half over the decade.

Data entry keyers are concentrated relatively evenly across much of the country with a few exceptions. Larger areas where their numbers are disproportionately higher include the Austin, Texas; Fresno, Calif.; and Salt Lake City metro areas.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Ocean City, NJ 150 3.1 Salt Lake City, UT 2,610 3.0 Portsmouth, NH-ME 340 3.0 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 720 2.8 Austin-Round Rock, TX 3,150 2.5 El Paso, TX 870 2.4 Fresno, CA 1,030 2.3 Reno, NV 630 2.2 Springfield, IL 270 2.2 Manchester, NH 280 2.0 Kansas City, MO-KS 2,460 1.9 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 720 1.9 Laredo, TX 220 1.9 Decatur, IL 110 1.7 Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA 80 1.7 Trenton, NJ 460 1.6 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 500 1.6 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 6,950 1.6 Oklahoma City, OK 1,200 1.6 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 340 1.6 Charleston, WV 220 1.6 Pine Bluff, AR 60 1.6 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 500 1.6 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 410 1.6 Jacksonville, FL 1,310 1.6 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 2,440 1.5 Lincoln, NE 330 1.5 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 230 1.5 Waco, TX 210 1.5 Missoula, MT 110 1.5 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 970 1.5 Duluth, MN-WI 220 1.5 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 3,430 1.4 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,760 1.4 Raleigh, NC 1,090 1.4 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 850 1.4 Modesto, CA 320 1.4 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 4,390 1.4 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 1,640 1.4 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 4,740 1.4 Corpus Christi, TX 310 1.4 Knoxville, TN 620 1.4 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 15,290 1.3 Panama City, FL 130 1.3 Winston-Salem, NC 410 1.3 Florence, SC 140 1.3 Goldsboro, NC 60 1.3 Rocky Mount, NC 80 1.3 Topeka, KS 170 1.3 St. Louis, MO-IL 2,060 1.3 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 1,880 1.2 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,460 1.2 Port St. Lucie, FL 220 1.2 Wilmington, NC 190 1.2 Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ 190 1.2 Amarillo, TX 170 1.2 Tallahassee, FL 250 1.2 Salem, OR 250 1.2 Alexandria, LA 90 1.2 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 6,640 1.2 Rochester, NY 740 1.2 Kingston, NY 90 1.2 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 2,890 1.2 Boulder, CO 260 1.2 Kankakee, IL 60 1.2 Great Falls, MT 50 1.2 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 1,450 1.2 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 630 1.2 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 190 1.2 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 4,120 1.1 Akron, OH 450 1.1 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 450 1.1 Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ 80 1.1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 8,350 1.1 Asheville, NC 260 1.1 Saginaw, MI 120 1.1 Morristown, TN 60 1.1 Dover, DE 90 1.1 Columbus, OH 1,410 1.1 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 300 1.1 Greensboro-High Point, NC 470 1.1 Las Cruces, NM 90 1.1 Jackson, TN 90 1.1 San Angelo, TX 60 1.1 Tulsa, OK 550 1.1 Dayton, OH 470 1.0 Stockton-Lodi, CA 310 1.0 Killeen-Temple, TX 170 1.0 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 50 1.0 Erie, PA 150 1.0 Longview, TX 110 1.0 Johnson City, TN 90 1.0 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 760 1.0 Columbia, MO 110 1.0 Victoria, TX 50 1.0 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 40 1.0 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 1,650 1.0 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 690 1.0 Grand Junction, CO 70 1.0 Hattiesburg, MS 70 1.0 Midland, TX 120 1.0 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 1,710 1.0 Provo-Orem, UT 290 1.0 Cape Girardeau, MO-IL 50 1.0 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 170 1.0 Auburn-Opelika, AL 70 1.0 Cedar Rapids, IA 160 0.9 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 160 0.9 Billings, MT 100 0.9 Napa, CA 90 0.9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 3,000 0.9 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 1,670 0.9 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 580 0.9 Ann Arbor, MI 250 0.9 Fargo, ND-MN 150 0.9 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 170 0.9 Wausau, WI 80 0.9 Bismarck, ND 80 0.9 Syracuse, NY 340 0.9 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,620 0.9 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 600 0.9 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 200 0.9 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 910 0.9 Albany, GA 60 0.9 Springfield, MO 220 0.9 Salinas, CA 190 0.9 Columbus, GA-AL 120 0.9 Tyler, TX 110 0.9 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 1,230 0.9 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 1,030 0.9 Columbia, SC 400 0.9 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 310 0.9 Toledo, OH 310 0.9 St. George, UT 70 0.9 Manhattan, KS 40 0.9 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 1,070 0.9 Appleton, WI 130 0.9 St. Cloud, MN 110 0.9 Terre Haute, IN 70 0.9 Pittsburgh, PA 1,160 0.8 Colorado Springs, CO 290 0.8 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 220 0.8 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 750 0.8 Madison, WI 390 0.8 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 170 0.8 Danbury, CT 80 0.8 Dalton, GA 60 0.8 Wheeling, WV-OH 60 0.8 St. Joseph, MO-KS 50 0.8 Sherman-Denison, TX 40 0.8 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 2,370 0.8 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 1,050 0.8 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 340 0.8 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 350 0.8 Monroe, LA 80 0.8 Joplin, MO 80 0.8 Bangor, ME 60 0.8 Santa Rosa, CA 190 0.8 Cheyenne, WY 40 0.8 Jackson, MS 250 0.8 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 520 0.8 Lafayette, LA 180 0.8 Jefferson City, MO 70 0.8 State College, PA 60 0.8 Green Bay, WI 160 0.8 Roanoke, VA 140 0.8 Utica-Rome, NY 110 0.8 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 50 0.8 Morgantown, WV 60 0.7 Johnstown, PA 50 0.7 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 370 0.7 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 70 0.7 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 2,390 0.7 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 980 0.7 Richmond, VA 560 0.7 Lubbock, TX 120 0.7 Odessa, TX 70 0.7 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 100 0.7 Chico, CA 70 0.7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1,680 0.7 Bakersfield, CA 260 0.7 Lancaster, PA 210 0.7 Ithaca, NY 40 0.7 Montgomery, AL 140 0.7 Olympia-Tumwater, WA 90 0.7 Binghamton, NY 80 0.7 Tuscaloosa, AL 80 0.7 Bloomington, IL 70 0.7 Greenville, NC 60 0.7 Harrisonburg, VA 50 0.7 Yuba City, CA 40 0.7 Chattanooga, TN-GA 200 0.7 Reading, PA 150 0.7 Lynchburg, VA 80 0.7 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 80 0.7 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 2,540 0.7 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 250 0.7 Anchorage, AK 140 0.7 Medford, OR 70 0.7 Texarkana, TX-AR 50 0.7 Prescott, AZ 50 0.7 Hammond, LA 40 0.7 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,560 0.7 York-Hanover, PA 140 0.7 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 90 0.7 Abilene, TX 50 0.7 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 960 0.7 Tucson, AZ 290 0.7 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 190 0.7 Peoria, IL 140 0.7 Winchester, VA-WV 50 0.7 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 460 0.6 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 200 0.6 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 170 0.6 Eugene, OR 120 0.6 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 200 0.6 Visalia-Porterville, CA 120 0.6 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 80 0.6 Pueblo, CO 50 0.6 New Bedford, MA 50 0.6 Decatur, AL 40 0.6 Athens-Clarke County, GA 70 0.6 Racine, WI 60 0.6 Logan, UT-ID 40 0.6 Cleveland, TN 30 0.6 Urban Honolulu, HI 340 0.6 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 170 0.6 Rockford, IL 110 0.6 Flint, MI 100 0.6 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 40 0.6 Glens Falls, NY 40 0.6 Springfield, OH 30 0.6 Baton Rouge, LA 280 0.6 Columbus, IN 40 0.6 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 130 0.6 Carbondale-Marion, IL 40 0.6 Albuquerque, NM 270 0.6 Mobile, AL 120 0.6 Canton-Massillon, OH 120 0.6 Fayetteville, NC 90 0.6 Eau Claire, WI 60 0.6 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA 30 0.6 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 440 0.6 Charlottesville, VA 80 0.6 Springfield, MA-CT 210 0.5 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 80 0.5 Macon, GA 60 0.5 Kennewick-Richland, WA 70 0.5 Burlington, NC 40 0.5 Battle Creek, MI 30 0.5 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 210 0.5 Fort Collins, CO 100 0.5 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 80 0.5 Lake Charles, LA 70 0.5 Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC 50 0.5 Jackson, MI 30 0.5 Huntsville, AL 130 0.5 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 90 0.5 Redding, CA 40 0.5 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 80 0.5 Clarksville, TN-KY 50 0.5 Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA 30 0.5 Sheboygan, WI 30 0.5 New Haven, CT 160 0.5 Spartanburg, SC 90 0.5 Evansville, IN-KY 90 0.5 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 90 0.5 Altoona, PA 30 0.5 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 200 0.5 Ocala, FL 60 0.5 Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN 50 0.5 Idaho Falls, ID 40 0.5 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 100 0.4 Salisbury, MD-DE 80 0.4 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 210 0.4 Portland-South Portland, ME 110 0.4 El Centro, CA 30 0.4 Wichita, KS 150 0.4 Gainesville, FL 70 0.4 Warner Robins, GA 40 0.4 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 70 0.4 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 70 0.4 Fort Wayne, IN 100 0.4 Boise City, ID 150 0.4 Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL 50 0.4 Worcester, MA-CT 130 0.4 Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL 30 0.4 Gainesville, GA 40 0.4 Yakima, WA 40 0.4 Lexington-Fayette, KY 110 0.3 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 40 0.3 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 30 0.3 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 30 0.3 College Station-Bryan, TX 40 0.3 Iowa City, IA 30 0.3 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 50 0.3 Greeley, CO 30 0.3

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Order Clerks

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -36 percent

Approximately 159,000 order clerks were employed last year, a steep decline from nearly 250,000 just 10 years prior.

Much of their dwindling numbers stems from automation and a shift to e-commerce. According to the Labor Department, many order clerks work for retailers, but they’re also employed with wholesalers, warehousing and other types of companies. The jobs pay a median annual wage of $36,000.

Order clerks were concentrated at four times the national rate in the Tampa, Fla., area, where the Home Shopping Network is headquartered. Another 15,000 workers were employed in the Los Angeles metro area.

Separately, data suggest other smaller classifications of clerks similarly recorded substantial losses over the decade. They include correspondence clerks (-59 percent), new account clerks (-53 percent), mail clerks (-37 percent) and payroll and timekeeping clerks (-29 percent).

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 5,460 3.8 Yakima, WA 370 3.6 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 290 2.9 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 290 2.7 Racine, WI 220 2.6 Wausau, WI 190 2.5 Columbus, OH 2,640 2.3 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 15,310 2.3 Sheboygan, WI 140 2.1 Madison, WI 900 2.1 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 350 2.1 Medford, OR 190 2.0 Green Bay, WI 390 2.0 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 2,490 2.0 Colorado Springs, CO 620 2.0 Knoxville, TN 840 2.0 Reno, NV 500 2.0 Grants Pass, OR 50 1.8 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 6,960 1.8 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 270 1.8 Akron, OH 620 1.7 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 2,800 1.7 Dubuque, IA 110 1.7 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 70 1.6 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 540 1.6 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 2,500 1.5 Corpus Christi, TX 320 1.5 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,780 1.5 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 4,040 1.5 Waco, TX 190 1.5 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 1,400 1.5 Stockton-Lodi, CA 410 1.5 Lubbock, TX 230 1.5 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 2,390 1.5 Boise City, ID 520 1.5 Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA 70 1.5 Laredo, TX 160 1.4 Santa Rosa, CA 320 1.4 Springfield, MO 320 1.4 Sherman-Denison, TX 70 1.4 Williamsport, PA 80 1.4 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 940 1.4 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 740 1.4 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 1,610 1.4 Boulder, CO 270 1.4 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 4,470 1.4 Odessa, TX 110 1.4 Chico, CA 120 1.4 Victoria, TX 60 1.4 Winston-Salem, NC 390 1.3 Fort Collins, CO 230 1.3 Janesville-Beloit, WI 100 1.3 Columbus, IN 70 1.3 Austin-Round Rock, TX 1,460 1.3 Dayton, OH 530 1.3 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 1,460 1.3 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 170 1.3 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 1,360 1.3 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 260 1.3 Longview, TX 120 1.2 Appleton, WI 160 1.2 Redding, CA 90 1.2 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 210 1.2 Toledo, OH 390 1.2 Grand Junction, CO 80 1.2 Staunton-Waynesboro, VA 60 1.2 Johnson City, TN 100 1.2 Cleveland, TN 60 1.2 Tyler, TX 130 1.2 Eau Claire, WI 100 1.2 Yuba City, CA 60 1.1 Visalia-Porterville, CA 190 1.1 Cedar Rapids, IA 180 1.1 Wichita, KS 370 1.1 Hanford-Corcoran, CA 50 1.1 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,170 1.1 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 90 1.1 Pittsburgh, PA 1,340 1.1 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 270 1.0 St. Louis, MO-IL 1,560 1.0 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,160 1.0 Morristown, TN 50 1.0 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 1,320 1.0 Chattanooga, TN-GA 270 1.0 Fort Wayne, IN 240 1.0 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 150 1.0 Fresno, CA 400 1.0 Eugene, OR 170 1.0 Rocky Mount, NC 60 1.0 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 3,010 1.0 Bakersfield, CA 320 1.0 El Paso, TX 320 1.0 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 1,030 1.0 Modesto, CA 190 0.9 Midland, TX 100 0.9 Longview, WA 40 0.9 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 120 0.9 Lancaster, PA 240 0.9 Jacksonville, FL 680 0.9 Greensboro-High Point, NC 350 0.9 Napa, CA 70 0.9 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 250 0.9 Bangor, ME 60 0.9 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 250 0.9 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 2,420 0.9 Coeur d'Alene, ID 60 0.8 Bellingham, WA 80 0.8 Texarkana, TX-AR 50 0.8 Muskegon, MI 60 0.8 Duluth, MN-WI 120 0.8 Jackson, TN 60 0.8 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 1,850 0.8 Auburn-Opelika, AL 50 0.8 Wenatchee, WA 40 0.8 Albany, OR 40 0.8 Lincoln, NE 160 0.8 Manchester, NH 100 0.8 Provo-Orem, UT 210 0.8 State College, PA 60 0.8 Greeley, CO 90 0.8 Yuma, AZ 50 0.8 Roanoke, VA 130 0.8 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 210 0.8 Wheeling, WV-OH 50 0.8 Raleigh, NC 540 0.8 Macon, GA 90 0.8 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 7,950 0.8 Dalton, GA 50 0.8 College Station-Bryan, TX 90 0.7 Olympia-Tumwater, WA 90 0.7 New Bedford, MA 50 0.7 Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL 40 0.7 Joplin, MO 60 0.7 Portsmouth, NH-ME 70 0.7 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 100 0.7 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,510 0.7 Springfield, MA-CT 250 0.7 Canton-Massillon, OH 130 0.7 Lynchburg, VA 70 0.7 Tulsa, OK 320 0.7 Wichita Falls, TX 40 0.7 Richmond, VA 480 0.7 Columbia, MO 70 0.7 Wilmington, NC 90 0.7 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 870 0.7 Salisbury, MD-DE 120 0.7 Fort Smith, AR-OK 80 0.7 Oklahoma City, OK 440 0.7 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 900 0.7 Fond du Lac, WI 30 0.7 Decatur, IL 40 0.6 Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ 40 0.6 York-Hanover, PA 130 0.6 Sioux Falls, SD 110 0.6 Rochester, MN 80 0.6 Lima, OH 30 0.6 Rochester, NY 350 0.6 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 240 0.6 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 180 0.6 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 90 0.6 Altoona, PA 40 0.6 Syracuse, NY 200 0.6 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 140 0.6 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 370 0.6 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 3,030 0.6 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 210 0.6 Worcester, MA-CT 180 0.6 Abilene, TX 40 0.6 Amarillo, TX 70 0.6 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 1,740 0.6 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 280 0.6 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 230 0.6 Killeen-Temple, TX 90 0.6 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 30 0.6 Salt Lake City, UT 440 0.6 Idaho Falls, ID 40 0.6 Burlington, NC 40 0.6 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 340 0.6 Columbia, SC 230 0.6 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 1,610 0.6 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 820 0.5 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 130 0.5 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 1,160 0.5 Barnstable Town, MA 60 0.5 El Centro, CA 30 0.5 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 70 0.5 Jefferson City, MO 40 0.5 Reading, PA 100 0.5 Bend-Redmond, OR 50 0.5 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 570 0.5 Kennewick-Richland, WA 60 0.5 Trenton, NJ 130 0.5 Harrisonburg, VA 30 0.5 Savannah, GA 90 0.5 Kingston, NY 30 0.5 Hattiesburg, MS 30 0.5 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 190 0.5 Merced, CA 40 0.5 Urban Honolulu, HI 240 0.5 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 150 0.5 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 40 0.5 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 370 0.4 New Haven, CT 130 0.4 Fargo, ND-MN 60 0.4 Anchorage, AK 80 0.4 Ocala, FL 50 0.4 Charlottesville, VA 50 0.4 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 120 0.4 Spartanburg, SC 70 0.4 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 250 0.4 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 180 0.4 Binghamton, NY 40 0.4 Flint, MI 60 0.4 Asheville, NC 80 0.4 Montgomery, AL 70 0.4 Lafayette, LA 80 0.4 Lexington-Fayette, KY 110 0.4 Danbury, CT 30 0.4 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 210 0.4 Salem, OR 70 0.4 Florence, SC 30 0.4 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 120 0.4 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 60 0.4 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 80 0.4 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 70 0.3 Gainesville, FL 50 0.3 Ann Arbor, MI 80 0.3 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 60 0.3 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 30 0.3 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 120 0.3 Champaign-Urbana, IL 30 0.3 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 140 0.3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,050 0.3 Peoria, IL 60 0.3 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 190 0.3 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 170 0.3 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 50 0.3 Utica-Rome, NY 40 0.3 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 40 0.3 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 50 0.3 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 30 0.2 Baton Rouge, LA 110 0.2 Tucson, AZ 100 0.2 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 40 0.2 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 60 0.2 Fayetteville, NC 30 0.2 Huntsville, AL 50 0.2 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 40 0.2 Jackson, MS 60 0.2 Albuquerque, NM 50 0.1

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Chief Executives

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -35 percent

The number of Americans holding chief executive roles has also slowly diminished. Employment for the chief executive occupation, spanning all types of organizations and industries, is down by about 106,000 over the decade.

As one would expect, chief executives earn much higher wages than other occupations on this list, with an average annual salary of about $200,000. Along with those heading private companies, they include an estimated 36,000 chief executive positions in governments and schools.

It’s likely that areas where they're most common are home to many startups or smaller firms. They’re particularly concentrated in the Nashville, Sacramento and Salt Lake City metro areas, at more than double the national rate. Meanwhile, only a couple hundred chief executives are based in New Orleans, San Antonio, Denver and other larger metro areas.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Coeur d'Alene, ID 240 2.9 Salt Lake City, UT 2,560 2.7 Provo-Orem, UT 850 2.6 Pocatello, ID 110 2.4 Topeka, KS 350 2.4 Logan, UT-ID 180 2.3 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 2,970 2.3 Terre Haute, IN 200 2.3 Manhattan, KS 110 2.2 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 740 2.2 Enid, OK 70 2.1 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 2,820 2.1 Flagstaff, AZ 170 2.0 Idaho Falls, ID 180 2.0 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 100 1.9 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 5,140 1.9 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 370 1.9 Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ 80 1.8 Tulsa, OK 1,060 1.8 Sheboygan, WI 150 1.8 Wichita, KS 720 1.8 Prescott, AZ 150 1.8 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 6,540 1.8 Lewiston, ID-WA 60 1.7 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 690 1.7 Anchorage, AK 400 1.7 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 120 1.7 Fond du Lac, WI 100 1.7 St. Joseph, MO-KS 120 1.7 Kansas City, MO-KS 2,390 1.7 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 480 1.7 Tallahassee, FL 390 1.7 Springfield, MA-CT 740 1.7 Duluth, MN-WI 280 1.6 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 4,300 1.6 St. George, UT 140 1.6 Gainesville, FL 290 1.6 Knoxville, TN 820 1.6 Chattanooga, TN-GA 510 1.6 Charleston, WV 230 1.6 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 5,040 1.5 Tucson, AZ 770 1.5 Panama City, FL 170 1.5 Oklahoma City, OK 1,260 1.5 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 240 1.5 Burlington-South Burlington, VT 240 1.4 Green Bay, WI 340 1.4 Barnstable Town, MA 200 1.4 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 190 1.4 Wausau, WI 130 1.4 Jefferson City, MO 140 1.4 Napa, CA 140 1.4 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 2,720 1.4 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 1,210 1.4 Urban Honolulu, HI 850 1.4 Carson City, NV 50 1.3 Santa Rosa, CA 360 1.3 St. Cloud, MN 190 1.3 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 4,740 1.3 Dover, DE 110 1.3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 5,520 1.3 New Bedford, MA 110 1.3 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 10,440 1.3 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 300 1.3 Mankato-North Mankato, MN 90 1.3 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 7,900 1.3 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 770 1.3 Cape Girardeau, MO-IL 70 1.3 Rockford, IL 250 1.3 Bowling Green, KY 130 1.3 Lawrence, KS 80 1.3 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 200 1.3 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 1,420 1.2 Lexington-Fayette, KY 460 1.2 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 1,040 1.2 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 690 1.2 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 440 1.2 Lawton, OK 70 1.2 The Villages, FL 40 1.2 Redding, CA 110 1.2 Pine Bluff, AR 50 1.2 St. Louis, MO-IL 2,200 1.2 Racine, WI 120 1.2 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 300 1.2 Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL 170 1.2 Janesville-Beloit, WI 100 1.2 Morgantown, WV 100 1.2 Pittsfield, MA 60 1.1 Elmira, NY 50 1.1 Fort Smith, AR-OK 160 1.1 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 520 1.1 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 200 1.1 Sioux Falls, SD 230 1.1 Syracuse, NY 450 1.1 Columbia, SC 560 1.1 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 480 1.1 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 290 1.1 Salinas, CA 260 1.1 Valdosta, GA 80 1.1 Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN 130 1.1 Madison, WI 570 1.1 Jackson, TN 90 1.1 Port St. Lucie, FL 210 1.1 Parkersburg-Vienna, WV 50 1.1 Portland-South Portland, ME 300 1.1 Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI 100 1.0 Glens Falls, NY 70 1.0 Rome, GA 50 1.0 Carbondale-Marion, IL 70 1.0 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 340 1.0 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 430 1.0 Gainesville, GA 120 1.0 Sebring, FL 40 1.0 Salem, OR 230 1.0 Jonesboro, AR 80 1.0 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 1,400 1.0 Columbia, MO 130 1.0 Sumter, SC 50 1.0 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 290 1.0 Yuba City, CA 60 1.0 Johnson City, TN 100 1.0 Fargo, ND-MN 180 1.0 Spartanburg, SC 200 1.0 State College, PA 90 1.0 Watertown-Fort Drum, NY 50 1.0 Muncie, IN 60 1.0 Richmond, VA 810 0.9 Rochester, NY 640 0.9 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 290 0.9 Springfield, IL 130 0.9 Yuma, AZ 80 0.9 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 60 0.9 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 90 0.9 Florence, SC 110 0.9 New Bern, NC 50 0.9 Fairbanks, AK 40 0.9 Eau Claire, WI 100 0.9 Rapid City, SD 80 0.9 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 910 0.9 Kingston, NY 70 0.9 Charlottesville, VA 140 0.9 Joplin, MO 100 0.9 Champaign-Urbana, IL 120 0.9 Fort Wayne, IN 260 0.9 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 1,270 0.9 Homosassa Springs, FL 40 0.9 Pittsburgh, PA 1,350 0.9 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 110 0.9 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 2,330 0.9 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 160 0.9 Olympia-Tumwater, WA 130 0.9 Punta Gorda, FL 60 0.9 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 570 0.9 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 40 0.9 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 160 0.9 Clarksville, TN-KY 100 0.9 Cedar Rapids, IA 160 0.9 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 180 0.9 Fresno, CA 430 0.8 Ocala, FL 120 0.8 Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC 90 0.8 Stockton-Lodi, CA 280 0.8 Peoria, IL 190 0.8 Greensboro-High Point, NC 410 0.8 Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, KY 60 0.8 Wenatchee, WA 50 0.8 Utica-Rome, NY 140 0.8 Morristown, TN 50 0.8 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 1,330 0.8 Erie, PA 140 0.8 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,620 0.8 Dubuque, IA 60 0.8 Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL 80 0.8 Toledo, OH 320 0.8 Lynchburg, VA 110 0.8 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 50 0.8 Kokomo, IN 40 0.8 Modesto, CA 200 0.8 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 2,990 0.8 Bakersfield, CA 320 0.8 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 220 0.8 Ames, IA 50 0.8 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 190 0.8 Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA 50 0.8 Columbus, OH 1,080 0.8 Leominster-Gardner, MA 50 0.8 Beckley, WV 40 0.8 Rochester, MN 120 0.8 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 80 0.8 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 590 0.8 York-Hanover, PA 180 0.8 Yakima, WA 90 0.8 Binghamton, NY 100 0.7 Appleton, WI 120 0.7 Lincoln, NE 180 0.7 Kankakee, IL 40 0.7 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 220 0.7 Roanoke, VA 150 0.7 Bismarck, ND 70 0.7 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 130 0.7 Merced, CA 70 0.7 Lancaster, PA 240 0.7 Springfield, MO 200 0.7 Rocky Mount, NC 50 0.7 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 530 0.7 Monroe, MI 40 0.7 Visalia-Porterville, CA 150 0.7 Hot Springs, AR 30 0.7 Portsmouth, NH-ME 90 0.7 Bangor, ME 60 0.7 Reading, PA 160 0.7 Johnstown, PA 50 0.7 Chico, CA 70 0.7 Ithaca, NY 50 0.7 Harrisonburg, VA 60 0.7 Staunton-Waynesboro, VA 40 0.7 Grand Forks, ND-MN 40 0.7 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 280 0.7 New Haven, CT 250 0.7 Athens-Clarke County, GA 80 0.7 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 220 0.6 Winston-Salem, NC 230 0.6 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 140 0.6 Waterbury, CT 60 0.6 Columbus, IN 40 0.6 Madera, CA 40 0.6 Bloomington, IN 60 0.6 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 50 0.6 Worcester, MA-CT 240 0.6 Kennewick-Richland, WA 90 0.6 Decatur, IL 40 0.6 Raleigh, NC 520 0.6 Altoona, PA 50 0.6 Reno, NV 190 0.6 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 410 0.6 Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA 30 0.6 Dayton, OH 310 0.6 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 70 0.6 Manchester, NH 90 0.6 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 950 0.6 Lima, OH 40 0.6 El Centro, CA 50 0.6 Evansville, IN-KY 120 0.6 Columbus, GA-AL 90 0.6 Greenville, NC 60 0.6 Savannah, GA 130 0.6 Hattiesburg, MS 50 0.6 Huntsville, AL 170 0.6 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 770 0.6 Hanford-Corcoran, CA 30 0.6 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 7,050 0.6 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 60 0.6 Monroe, LA 60 0.6 Macon, GA 70 0.5 Mobile, AL 130 0.5 Montgomery, AL 120 0.5 Goldsboro, NC 30 0.5 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 300 0.5 Iowa City, IA 70 0.5 Dothan, AL 40 0.5 Akron, OH 230 0.5 Wilmington, NC 90 0.5 Jackson, MI 40 0.5 Cleveland, TN 30 0.5 Owensboro, KY 40 0.5 Saginaw, MI 60 0.5 Jacksonville, NC 30 0.5 Dover-Durham, NH-ME 40 0.5 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 390 0.5 Burlington, NC 40 0.5 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 380 0.5 Dalton, GA 40 0.5 Wheeling, WV-OH 40 0.5 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 140 0.5 Canton-Massillon, OH 110 0.5 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 90 0.5 Midland, TX 70 0.5 Asheville, NC 120 0.5 Williamsport, PA 30 0.5 Austin-Round Rock, TX 630 0.5 Ann Arbor, MI 130 0.5 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 210 0.4 Eugene, OR 90 0.4 Missoula, MT 40 0.4 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 1,140 0.4 Albany, GA 30 0.4 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 2,000 0.4 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 750 0.4 Texarkana, TX-AR 30 0.4 Houma-Thibodaux, LA 50 0.4 Baton Rouge, LA 200 0.4 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 50 0.4 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 490 0.4 Bellingham, WA 40 0.4 Muskegon, MI 30 0.4 Medford, OR 40 0.4 Billings, MT 40 0.3 Jackson, MS 120 0.3 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 80 0.3 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 50 0.3 Flint, MI 60 0.3 Salisbury, MD-DE 70 0.3 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 1,250 0.3 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 40 0.3 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 60 0.3 Bend-Redmond, OR 30 0.3 Lake Charles, LA 40 0.3 Trenton, NJ 90 0.3 Waco, TX 40 0.3 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 190 0.3 Tuscaloosa, AL 40 0.3 Boulder, CO 60 0.3 Killeen-Temple, TX 50 0.3 Lubbock, TX 50 0.3 Fayetteville, NC 40 0.2 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 290 0.2 Lafayette, LA 50 0.2 Corpus Christi, TX 40 0.2 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 50 0.1 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 250 0.1 El Paso, TX 50 0.1 Colorado Springs, CO 30 0.1

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Production Worker Helpers

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -30 percent

Production workers encompass a range of jobs, from food processing workers to machinists. All “helper” employees who assist these workers collectively make up a big segment of the labor force -- about 350,000 employees nationally.

Production worker helpers have followed a downward trajectory for years, declining 30 percent over the decade. These workers are defined to perform low-skill tasks, such as “supplying or holding materials or tools” and “cleaning work area and equipment.”

Federal data show significant regional differences. Production worker helpers are most concentrated in Anniston, Ala.; Fayetteville, Ark.; Elkhart, Ind.; Fort Smith, Ark., and several other smaller areas.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville, AL 1,010 9.6 Walla Walla, WA 480 7.8 Fort Smith, AR-OK 2,030 7.7 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA 1,240 5.9 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 860 5.8 Michigan City-La Porte, IN 530 5.6 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 1,730 5.2 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD 970 4.7 Gettysburg, PA 370 4.7 Tuscaloosa, AL 1,130 4.6 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 2,520 4.3 Gadsden, AL 340 3.9 Mobile, AL 1,580 3.8 Auburn-Opelika, AL 500 3.6 Fort Wayne, IN 1,820 3.5 Jonesboro, AR 460 3.4 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 4,540 3.3 Winston-Salem, NC 2,070 3.2 Provo-Orem, UT 1,900 3.2 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 1,150 3.1 Burlington, NC 450 3.0 St. Cloud, MN 760 3.0 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 1,310 3.0 Morristown, TN 290 2.7 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 3,300 2.7 Ogden-Clearfield, UT 1,600 2.6 Lewiston, ID-WA 160 2.5 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 2,500 2.5 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 220 2.5 Valdosta, GA 310 2.5 Owensboro, KY 290 2.3 Lewiston-Auburn, ME 270 2.3 Parkersburg-Vienna, WV 210 2.3 Greensboro-High Point, NC 1,950 2.2 Dalton, GA 350 2.2 Springfield, OH 250 2.2 Montgomery, AL 860 2.2 Monroe, LA 410 2.2 St. Joseph, MO-KS 280 2.1 Toledo, OH 1,490 2.1 Lawrence, KS 250 2.1 Enid, OK 120 2.0 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 570 2.0 Macon, GA 480 2.0 Staunton-Waynesboro, VA 230 2.0 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 2,720 2.0 Boise City, ID 1,500 1.9 Lebanon, PA 230 1.9 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 4,600 1.8 Florence, SC 380 1.8 Harrisonburg, VA 280 1.8 York-Hanover, PA 790 1.8 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 410 1.8 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 1,120 1.8 Huntsville, AL 970 1.8 Odessa, TX 320 1.7 Merced, CA 300 1.7 Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL 230 1.7 Erie, PA 510 1.7 Altoona, PA 240 1.7 Lafayette, LA 810 1.7 Green Bay, WI 700 1.7 Wausau, WI 290 1.7 Winchester, VA-WV 240 1.7 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 630 1.6 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 11,690 1.6 Albany, OR 180 1.6 Modesto, CA 720 1.6 Idaho Falls, ID 250 1.6 Lancaster, PA 950 1.6 Appleton, WI 470 1.6 St. George, UT 240 1.5 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 4,420 1.5 Houma-Thibodaux, LA 300 1.5 Napa, CA 270 1.5 Stockton-Lodi, CA 870 1.5 Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA 200 1.5 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 3,770 1.5 Dayton, OH 1,320 1.4 Manchester, NH 390 1.4 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 440 1.4 Reading, PA 590 1.4 Racine, WI 260 1.4 Lynchburg, VA 330 1.4 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 2,100 1.3 Johnstown, PA 160 1.3 Portsmouth, NH-ME 300 1.3 Worcester, MA-CT 900 1.3 Goldsboro, NC 130 1.3 Bakersfield, CA 970 1.3 Longview, TX 280 1.3 Gainesville, GA 270 1.3 Sheboygan, WI 180 1.3 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 10,810 1.3 Eugene, OR 460 1.2 Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ 170 1.2 Jackson, MS 760 1.2 Athens-Clarke County, GA 250 1.2 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 5,540 1.2 Waco, TX 330 1.2 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 210 1.2 Decatur, AL 140 1.1 Evansville, IN-KY 430 1.1 Tulsa, OK 1,160 1.1 Savannah, GA 460 1.1 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 820 1.1 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 1,280 1.1 Chattanooga, TN-GA 640 1.1 Spartanburg, SC 390 1.1 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 2,640 1.1 Salt Lake City, UT 1,790 1.0 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 540 1.0 Lima, OH 130 1.0 Lake Charles, LA 290 1.0 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 2,400 1.0 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 2,100 1.0 Janesville-Beloit, WI 160 1.0 Wichita Falls, TX 140 1.0 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 530 1.0 Bowling Green, KY 180 1.0 Killeen-Temple, TX 330 1.0 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 10,850 1.0 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 520 1.0 Santa Rosa, CA 480 1.0 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 4,520 1.0 Grand Junction, CO 140 1.0 Rockford, IL 340 0.9 Lincoln, NE 410 0.9 Grants Pass, OR 60 0.9 Baton Rouge, LA 900 0.9 Clarksville, TN-KY 190 0.9 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 780 0.9 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 820 0.9 Casper, WY 90 0.9 Logan, UT-ID 130 0.9 Albuquerque, NM 840 0.9 Springfield, MA-CT 720 0.9 Roanoke, VA 330 0.9 Texarkana, TX-AR 120 0.9 Canton-Massillon, OH 360 0.9 Richmond, VA 1,360 0.9 Glens Falls, NY 110 0.9 Akron, OH 670 0.9 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 360 0.8 Victoria, TX 80 0.8 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 3,040 0.8 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ 100 0.8 Bay City, MI 70 0.8 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 12,280 0.8 Columbus, OH 2,110 0.8 Tyler, TX 200 0.8 Monroe, MI 70 0.8 Muncie, IN 90 0.8 Hammond, LA 80 0.8 Knoxville, TN 730 0.8 Wichita, KS 560 0.8 Asheville, NC 370 0.8 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 2,240 0.8 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 2,770 0.8 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 390 0.8 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 1,000 0.8 Portland-South Portland, ME 380 0.8 Coeur d'Alene, ID 110 0.7 Corpus Christi, TX 330 0.7 Raleigh, NC 1,100 0.7 Cape Girardeau, MO-IL 70 0.7 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 560 0.7 Port St. Lucie, FL 250 0.7 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 630 0.7 Wheeling, WV-OH 100 0.7 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 4,810 0.7 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 430 0.7 Salem, OR 280 0.7 Columbus, GA-AL 190 0.7 Grand Island, NE 70 0.7 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 2,350 0.7 State College, PA 110 0.7 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 4,270 0.7 Austin-Round Rock, TX 1,620 0.7 San Angelo, TX 70 0.7 Fresno, CA 580 0.6 East Stroudsburg, PA 80 0.6 Waterbury, CT 100 0.6 Charleston, WV 170 0.6 Lexington-Fayette, KY 410 0.6 Longview, WA 60 0.6 St. Louis, MO-IL 2,030 0.6 Duluth, MN-WI 190 0.6 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 100 0.6 Redding, CA 100 0.6 Terre Haute, IN 100 0.6 Bloomsburg-Berwick, PA 60 0.6 Visalia-Porterville, CA 220 0.6 Abilene, TX 90 0.6 Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL 100 0.6 Morgantown, WV 90 0.6 Cedar Rapids, IA 200 0.6 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 1,060 0.6 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 2,870 0.6 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 140 0.6 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 130 0.6 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 250 0.6 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 180 0.6 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 180 0.6 Bellingham, WA 120 0.6 Pittsburgh, PA 1,520 0.6 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 1,640 0.5 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 1,280 0.5 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 3,570 0.5 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI 180 0.5 Prescott, AZ 80 0.5 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,360 0.5 Rochester, NY 650 0.5 Utica-Rome, NY 160 0.5 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 2,460 0.5 Pittsfield, MA 50 0.5 Salinas, CA 220 0.5 Danbury, CT 100 0.5 Medford, OR 100 0.5 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 1,580 0.5 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 1,320 0.5 Greenville, NC 90 0.5 Rocky Mount, NC 60 0.5 Fairbanks, AK 40 0.5 Columbia, SC 420 0.5 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,110 0.5 El Paso, TX 330 0.5 Las Cruces, NM 80 0.4 Battle Creek, MI 60 0.4 Binghamton, NY 100 0.4 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 2,460 0.4 Fayetteville, NC 130 0.4 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 310 0.4 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 140 0.4 Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 50 0.4 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 330 0.4 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 530 0.4 New Bedford, MA 60 0.4 Oklahoma City, OK 560 0.4 Lubbock, TX 130 0.4 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 490 0.4 Reno, NV 200 0.4 Madera, CA 40 0.4 Gainesville, FL 110 0.4 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 1,170 0.4 Salisbury, MD-DE 140 0.4 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 130 0.4 Fort Collins, CO 130 0.3 Tallahassee, FL 140 0.3 Sherman-Denison, TX 40 0.3 Charlottesville, VA 90 0.3 Beckley, WV 30 0.3 New Haven, CT 220 0.3 Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA 180 0.3 Jacksonville, FL 530 0.3 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 320 0.3 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 340 0.3 Flagstaff, AZ 50 0.3 Grand Forks, ND-MN 40 0.3 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 6,970 0.3 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 1,880 0.3 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 90 0.3 Brunswick, GA 30 0.3 Syracuse, NY 210 0.3 Madison, WI 270 0.3 Warner Robins, GA 50 0.3 Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI 50 0.3 Rochester, MN 80 0.3 Yakima, WA 60 0.3 Laredo, TX 60 0.3 Urban Honolulu, HI 290 0.3 Boulder, CO 110 0.3 Bloomington, IN 40 0.3 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 170 0.2 Fargo, ND-MN 80 0.2 Tucson, AZ 200 0.2 Trenton, NJ 120 0.2 Kennewick-Richland, WA 60 0.2 Springfield, MO 110 0.2 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 1,610 0.2 Bloomington, IL 40 0.2 Chico, CA 40 0.2 Bend-Redmond, OR 40 0.2 Barnstable Town, MA 50 0.2 Panama City, FL 40 0.2 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 450 0.2 Eau Claire, WI 40 0.2 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 70 0.2 Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ 50 0.2 Norwich-New London-Westerly, CT-RI 50 0.2 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 80 0.2 Ocala, FL 40 0.2 Wilmington, NC 40 0.1 Flint, MI 40 0.1 Olympia-Tumwater, WA 40 0.1 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 70 0.1 Colorado Springs, CO 70 0.1 Anchorage, AK 40 0.1

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Installation, Maintenance and Repair Worker Helpers

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -30 percent

Employees assisting those in other lines of work are similarly finding fewer jobs. Labor Department estimates indicate a 30 percent decline in helpers who assist installation, maintenance and repair workers.

These employees are most commonly found in the building equipment and automotive repair industries. They tend to be mostly based outside of major metros, with the highest concentrations in smaller areas of Louisiana, Texas and other parts of the South.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Houma-Thibodaux, LA 400 6.5 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 450 3.9 Midland, TX 260 3.6 Lake Charles, LA 280 3.3 Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL 170 3.3 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 340 3.2 Carbondale-Marion, IL 110 3.0 Lubbock, TX 290 2.8 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA 340 2.7 California-Lexington Park, MD 90 2.6 Fairbanks, AK 70 2.6 Texarkana, TX-AR 100 2.6 Odessa, TX 140 2.6 Enid, OK 50 2.5 Gadsden, AL 60 2.5 Grants Pass, OR 50 2.4 Lafayette, LA 340 2.4 Albany, OR 80 2.4 Baton Rouge, LA 640 2.2 Salisbury, MD-DE 260 2.2 Dover, DE 100 2.1 Alexandria, LA 90 2.1 Monroe, LA 120 2.1 Decatur, AL 80 2.0 Dothan, AL 80 2.0 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 730 2.0 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 4,230 2.0 Tuscaloosa, AL 140 2.0 Richmond, VA 900 1.9 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 1,910 1.9 Janesville-Beloit, WI 90 1.9 Sierra Vista-Douglas, AZ 40 1.9 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 300 1.9 Ocala, FL 140 1.8 Mobile, AL 230 1.8 Longview, TX 120 1.8 Vineland-Bridgeton, NJ 70 1.7 San Angelo, TX 60 1.7 Corpus Christi, TX 230 1.7 Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ 160 1.7 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC 270 1.7 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 3,830 1.7 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 910 1.7 Sebring, FL 30 1.7 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 420 1.7 Coeur d'Alene, ID 70 1.6 Boise City, ID 380 1.6 Santa Rosa, CA 240 1.6 Farmington, NM 60 1.6 Jackson, TN 80 1.6 Roanoke, VA 180 1.6 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 4,050 1.6 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 620 1.6 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,140 1.6 Montgomery, AL 180 1.5 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC 170 1.5 Abilene, TX 70 1.5 Charlottesville, VA 120 1.5 Panama City, FL 90 1.5 Lynchburg, VA 110 1.5 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 70 1.5 Portsmouth, NH-ME 100 1.5 Sumter, SC 40 1.5 Ocean City, NJ 40 1.5 Columbus, GA-AL 120 1.4 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 1,260 1.4 Las Cruces, NM 70 1.4 Austin-Round Rock, TX 1,060 1.4 Fayetteville, NC 130 1.4 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 640 1.4 Salinas, CA 180 1.4 Bowling Green, KY 80 1.4 Greensboro-High Point, NC 360 1.4 Rocky Mount, NC 50 1.4 St. Cloud, MN 100 1.4 Jacksonville, FL 670 1.3 Florence, SC 80 1.3 Anchorage, AK 170 1.3 Great Falls, MT 30 1.3 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL 160 1.3 Cumberland, MD-WV 30 1.3 Wilmington, NC 120 1.3 Eugene, OR 150 1.3 Spartanburg, SC 140 1.3 Tulsa, OK 390 1.3 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 130 1.3 Valdosta, GA 50 1.3 Jacksonville, NC 40 1.3 Oklahoma City, OK 560 1.3 Sherman-Denison, TX 40 1.3 Flagstaff, AZ 60 1.2 Winston-Salem, NC 240 1.2 Athens-Clarke County, GA 80 1.2 Columbia, SC 340 1.2 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 1,820 1.2 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 2,510 1.2 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,310 1.2 Morgantown, WV 60 1.2 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 320 1.2 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 840 1.2 Manchester, NH 100 1.2 Laredo, TX 90 1.2 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 30 1.2 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 230 1.2 Utica-Rome, NY 110 1.2 Tucson, AZ 320 1.2 Raleigh, NC 530 1.2 Knoxville, TN 320 1.2 Logan, UT-ID 50 1.2 Salem, OR 140 1.1 Harrisonburg, VA 50 1.1 Lawton, OK 40 1.1 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA 90 1.1 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 110 1.1 Canton-Massillon, OH 140 1.1 Visalia-Porterville, CA 120 1.1 Idaho Falls, ID 50 1.1 Wheeling, WV-OH 50 1.1 Fort Smith, AR-OK 90 1.1 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 2,050 1.1 Syracuse, NY 240 1.1 Reno, NV 180 1.1 Medford, OR 70 1.1 Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL 40 1.1 Bakersfield, CA 240 1.1 Asheville, NC 150 1.1 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV 80 1.1 Winchester, VA-WV 50 1.1 Yuma, AZ 50 1.1 Waco, TX 90 1.1 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 1,120 1.1 Billings, MT 70 1.1 Fort Wayne, IN 160 1.1 Binghamton, NY 80 1.0 Wichita Falls, TX 40 1.0 Tallahassee, FL 130 1.0 Dubuque, IA 40 1.0 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA 240 1.0 El Paso, TX 220 1.0 Albany, GA 40 1.0 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 210 1.0 Grand Junction, CO 40 1.0 Killeen-Temple, TX 100 1.0 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 700 1.0 State College, PA 50 1.0 Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville, AL 30 1.0 Johnson City, TN 50 1.0 Lexington-Fayette, KY 190 1.0 Altoona, PA 40 1.0 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 1,820 0.9 Amarillo, TX 80 0.9 Salt Lake City, UT 480 0.9 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 170 0.9 Redding, CA 40 0.9 Grand Forks, ND-MN 30 0.9 Duluth, MN-WI 80 0.9 Hattiesburg, MS 40 0.9 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL 140 0.9 College Station-Bryan, TX 70 0.9 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 680 0.9 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 1,540 0.9 Urban Honolulu, HI 290 0.9 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 3,850 0.9 Chattanooga, TN-GA 150 0.9 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 650 0.9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 810 0.9 Charleston, WV 70 0.9 Greeley, CO 60 0.9 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 340 0.9 Racine, WI 50 0.9 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 100 0.8 Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI 50 0.8 Glens Falls, NY 30 0.8 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 270 0.8 Dover-Durham, NH-ME 30 0.8 Mankato-North Mankato, MN 30 0.8 La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN 40 0.8 El Centro, CA 30 0.8 Lancaster, PA 140 0.8 Savannah, GA 100 0.8 Jonesboro, AR 30 0.8 Albuquerque, NM 220 0.8 Modesto, CA 110 0.8 Bend-Redmond, OR 50 0.8 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 140 0.8 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 320 0.8 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 5,200 0.8 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 320 0.8 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 200 0.8 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 540 0.8 Stockton-Lodi, CA 130 0.8 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 640 0.7 New Haven, CT 150 0.7 Kingston, NY 30 0.7 Fresno, CA 200 0.7 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 750 0.7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1,010 0.7 Danbury, CT 40 0.7 New Bedford, MA 30 0.7 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 550 0.7 Rochester, NY 250 0.7 Barnstable Town, MA 50 0.7 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI 60 0.7 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 240 0.7 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 100 0.7 Pittsburgh, PA 540 0.7 Reading, PA 80 0.7 Dayton, OH 180 0.7 Tyler, TX 50 0.7 Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 90 0.6 York-Hanover, PA 80 0.6 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 100 0.6 Toledo, OH 130 0.6 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 290 0.6 Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 130 0.6 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 60 0.6 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 180 0.6 Greenville, NC 30 0.6 Worcester, MA-CT 120 0.6 Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA 110 0.6 Gainesville, FL 60 0.6 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 520 0.6 Napa, CA 30 0.6 Elkhart-Goshen, IN 60 0.6 Green Bay, WI 70 0.6 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 340 0.6 Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC 30 0.6 Jackson, MS 100 0.6 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 1,090 0.5 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 770 0.5 Springfield, MA-CT 130 0.5 Trenton, NJ 90 0.5 Chico, CA 30 0.5 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 1,780 0.5 Gainesville, GA 30 0.5 Erie, PA 50 0.5 Columbus, OH 370 0.5 Provo-Orem, UT 90 0.5 Akron, OH 110 0.5 Evansville, IN-KY 50 0.5 Rochester, MN 40 0.5 Portland-South Portland, ME 70 0.4 Madison, WI 120 0.4 Huntsville, AL 70 0.4 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL 60 0.4 Wichita, KS 90 0.4 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 590 0.4 Colorado Springs, CO 80 0.4 Kansas City, MO-KS 300 0.4 Topeka, KS 30 0.4 St. Louis, MO-IL 360 0.4 Ann Arbor, MI 60 0.4 Peoria, IL 40 0.3 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 250 0.3

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers

2008-2018 U.S. Jobs Change: -30 percent

Several major telecoms have announced layoffs in recent years, partly due to Americans' opting to cut the cord on cable or phone service. There are now about 50,000 fewer installers and repairers than a decade ago -- a decline of 30 percent.

For the most part, these workers are distributed relatively evenly across the country. Larger metro areas with somewhat elevated numbers include Albany, N.Y.; Washington, D.C.; Pittsburgh and the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, area.

Metro Area 2018 Employment Location Quotient Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA 250 4.4 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 720 3.4 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 1,010 2.7 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 6,130 2.4 Richmond, VA 1,260 2.4 Fresno, CA 730 2.4 Jefferson City, MO 140 2.3 Pittsburgh, PA 2,120 2.3 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 6,430 2.2 Fort Wayne, IN 390 2.2 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH 230 2.2 Altoona, PA 100 2.1 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 1,880 2.1 Panama City, FL 140 2.0 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 2,260 2.0 Ocala, FL 170 2.0 St. Cloud, MN 170 1.9 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR 540 1.9 Sioux Falls, SD 240 1.9 Killeen-Temple, TX 210 1.9 Anchorage, AK 260 1.8 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 1,480 1.8 Yuba City, CA 60 1.8 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 4,110 1.8 Danbury, CT 100 1.6 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,400 1.6 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA 410 1.6 Billings, MT 110 1.6 Salisbury, MD-DE 200 1.5 Tyler, TX 130 1.5 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH 50 1.5 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX 170 1.5 Utica-Rome, NY 150 1.5 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 11,270 1.5 Port St. Lucie, FL 170 1.4 Manchester, NH 130 1.4 Waco, TX 130 1.4 North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton, FL 330 1.4 Jonesboro, AR 60 1.4 Austin-Round Rock, TX 1,120 1.3 Canton-Massillon, OH 180 1.3 El Paso, TX 320 1.3 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 1,530 1.3 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA 140 1.3 Homosassa Springs, FL 30 1.3 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 560 1.3 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 590 1.2 Tulsa, OK 440 1.2 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 1,170 1.2 St. George, UT 60 1.2 Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH 2,550 1.1 Binghamton, NY 90 1.1 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 690 1.1 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 450 1.1 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 930 1.1 Raleigh, NC 540 1.1 Bangor, ME 60 1.0 Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin, FL 90 1.0 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 1,250 1.0 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 2,470 1.0 Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS 120 1.0 Dover-Durham, NH-ME 40 1.0 Evansville, IN-KY 120 1.0 Oklahoma City, OK 490 1.0 Topeka, KS 90 1.0 Roanoke, VA 120 1.0 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC 120 0.9 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ 280 0.9 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 740 0.9 Eau Claire, WI 60 0.9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 970 0.9 Kingston, NY 40 0.9 Colorado Springs, CO 200 0.9 Springfield, MO 140 0.9 Sherman-Denison, TX 30 0.9 Akron, OH 230 0.9 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 680 0.9 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 1,660 0.8 Santa Rosa, CA 140 0.8 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles-Arroyo Grande, CA 80 0.8 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 4,000 0.8 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,210 0.8 Greensboro-High Point, NC 220 0.8 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 750 0.7 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 510 0.7 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 1,210 0.7 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 560 0.7 Cedar Rapids, IA 80 0.7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 1,120 0.7 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 90 0.7 Portland-South Portland, ME 110 0.7 Fayetteville, NC 70 0.6 Dover, DE 30 0.6 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 310 0.6 Columbus, OH 490 0.6 Springfield, MA-CT 150 0.6 Lafayette, LA 90 0.6 Lake Charles, LA 50 0.5 Lubbock, TX 60 0.5 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 450 0.5 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 270 0.5 Chattanooga, TN-GA 110 0.5 Reading, PA 70 0.5 Tucson, AZ 150 0.5 Rochester, NY 210 0.5 Lancaster, PA 100 0.5 St. Louis, MO-IL 550 0.5 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 200 0.5 Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC 160 0.5 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO 90 0.5 Rochester, MN 40 0.5 Boise City, ID 120 0.5 Charleston-North Charleston, SC 130 0.5 Salt Lake City, UT 250 0.4 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI 190 0.4 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA 120 0.4 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 1,530 0.4 Urban Honolulu, HI 150 0.4 Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL 50 0.4 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 380 0.4 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL 60 0.4 Kennewick-Richland, WA 40 0.4 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 430 0.4 Montgomery, AL 50 0.4 York-Hanover, PA 50 0.4 Charlottesville, VA 30 0.3 Madison, WI 100 0.3 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA 60 0.3 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 510 0.3 Columbia, SC 90 0.3 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 630 0.3 Spartanburg, SC 30 0.2 New Haven, CT 40 0.2 Baton Rouge, LA 50 0.2

SOURCE: May 2018 BLS Occupational Employment Statistics. (See data note.)

About the Data

Job losses refer to changes between May 2008 and May 2018 as reported in the Labor Department's Occupational Employment Statistics data. Each occupation spans multiple industries and is defined by the Standard Occupational Classification (see definitions). Metro areas not shown did not have published Labor Department estimates. The 10 occupations with the largest losses exclude those with fewer than 100,000 employees nationally and secretary occupations as it's unclear how many positions were reclassified or eliminated.

Location quotients represent how an occupation's share of total employment within an area compares to that of the national economy. A location quotient of 3, for instance, means an occupation is three times more concentrated in a corresponding area than it is nationally, while values less than 1 indicate it is less concentrated.