[Today is the 44th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire, tomorrow is the 25th anniversary of the loss of the Shuttle Challenger, and next week is the 8th anniversary of the loss of Columbia.

I wrote the post below four years ago, but it still reflects my feelings today. I have updated it a bit to keep it current, but overall it stands as it did in 2007, on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 1. Once you've read it, I recommend you read a followup I posted, which has a different but also important view on these events.]

On January 27, 1967 -- 44 years ago today -- a fire swept through the Apollo 1 capsule during a test, killing all three astronauts. Ed White, Roger Chaffee, and Gus Grissom didn't have a chance. 17 seconds after the first yell of "fire!", they were dead. A series of events and circumstances led to the fire. Perhaps the most famous is the pure oxygen atmosphere used in the capsule during the test. Why did NASA do that? The capsule was designed to use a pure O 2 atmosphere while in space. Our air on Earth is a mix of nitrogen and oxygen, but this is difficult to use in space. The capsule needed to be as lightweight as possible (to save on fuel), so using a lower cabin pressure (5 pounds/square inch instead of 15 as on the surface of the Earth) means less equipment and therefore less weight, and less need for structural strength in the capsule. However, at lower pressure nitrogen can form bubbles in the blood, causing the condition known as "the bends", which can be crippling or fatal. So, at lower cabin pressure, there cannot be nitrogen in the air. Another gas could be substituted but that only works at higher pressure. The air has to have a certain amount of oxygen in it for the human body to survive, and at lower pressure that means essentially 100% of the air must be O 2 . The danger of a fire is very real in space, but the lower pressure and lack of gravity (which means no convection; hot air cannot rise) makes a fire danger with pure O 2 in space is no worse than it is on Earth with our air. But that means the equipment on board that supplies the air can only handle pure oxygen, which in turn means that on the ground they needed to test with pure oxygen. The big difference is, on the ground the pressure is Earth-normal: 15 psi. At this pressure, fire danger is much higher. A spark is what caused the fire. In the pure O 2 , it swept rapidly through the capsule. The hatch in the capsule that led outside was designed to open inward, to prevent it from being blown accidentally (which had happened in a real flight in 1961-- ironically, Grissom's Liberty Bell Mercury flight). It had a complicated set of procedures to open, and the astronauts couldn't get it unlatched in time. And so they died. But I'll take this opportunity to make a point. People die. When they push back frontiers, when they explore, when they stand on the vanguard of what is known and what isn't, the chances of catastrophe are higher. The best we can do is try as hard as we can to minimize those risks. Of course, the way to make risks absolutely minimized is to go nowhere, do nothing. That is unacceptable. Ships are safest in the harbor, but that's not what ships are for. NASA, along with a handful of agencies for other countries, want to go back to the Moon, and push back the frontiers even farther to near-Earth asteroids and to Mars. I agree, and know that we must continue on. And, at some point, in some way, we will lose more people. This is inevitable, but it does not mean we should not go. So remember the names of Grissom, White, Chaffee... ... and Komarov... ... and Dobrovolski, Patsayev, Volkov... ... and Scobee, Smith, McAuliffe, Onizuka, Resnick, McNair, Jarvis... ... and Brown, Husband, Clark, Chawla, Anderson, McCool, Ramon ... This list will not end. But there are billions of us, billions, whose names are not on this list, yet our lives have been changed forever due to the ones who are. Per ardua ad astra.

Related posts: - What value space exploration - Give space a chance - 40 years later, failure is still no longer an option - NASA's next small step: to an asteroid