Until he abruptly reversed course Thursday, 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden was seeking to become the first Democratic presidential nominee since President Jimmy Carter to support the law banning the use of federal funds on abortion services. Though nominees through the decades had varied stances on choice ― from John Kerry’s “personally pro-life” dance to Hillary Clinton’s full-throated support for reproductive freedom ― they each came out in support of repealing the Hyde Amendment’s ban on federal funding for abortion services even if, like Biden, they had to flip-flop. Carter was the first Democratic Party presidential candidate to take a position on the federal funding of abortion services. The Hyde Amendment was enacted by Congress during the 1976 presidential campaign and would be up for renewal in 1977. This was also the first presidential campaign since the Supreme Court legalized abortion in its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. A devout evangelical Christian, Carter took what would become a common abortion position for Democratic presidential nominees. He was personally opposed to abortion but would respect the court’s constitutional interpretation legalizing the practice. But Carter went a bit further. He also supported the Hyde Amendment’s ban on Medicaid funding being used for abortion services. “I personally don’t believe the federal government ought to finance abortions,” Carter said at an October 1976 presidential debate. He continued to stake out this position while in office, particularly after a series of Supreme Court decisions said that the federal government had no obligation to fund abortion services. But he did endorse exceptions to the federal ban for rape, incest and the life of the mother.

AP Jimmy Carter, campaigning for president in 1976, was the last Democratic Party presidential nominee to oppose federal funding for abortions.

At the same time, he made callous statements about the federal funding ban that outraged women’s rights advocates both inside and outside his administration. When asked about how the Hyde Amendment made it harder for poor women to access abortion services that rich women could easily afford, Carter gave a characteristic response: “Well, as you know, there are many things in life that are not fair, that wealthy people can afford and poor people can’t. But I don’t believe that the federal government should take action to try to make those opportunities exactly equal, particularly when there is a moral factor.” The National Organization for Women refused to endorse his reelection, even against Ronald Reagan, the first full-throated anti-abortion major party presidential nominee. Reagan’s reelection opponent Walter Mondale, Carter’s vice president, was a big supporter of abortion rights who endorsed dumping the Hyde Amendment. But the Republican Party spent more energy attacking his vice presidential pick Geraldine Ferraro, the first woman on a major party presidential ticket, as she was an outspoken pro-choice Catholic. A big part of the party’s strategy since Nixon involved peeling off urban and suburban white Catholic voters from their traditional Democratic Party allegiance and highlighting the apparent contradiction between the Church and Ferraro was a way to play to these voters. (It also helped underline opposition to abortion rights as an extension of anti-feminism.) Democrats’ 1988 nominee Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis was also a pro-choice opponent of the Hyde Amendment, although he couched his support for abortion rights within his personal religious opposition to abortion. Dukakis prevailed over a number of opponents in the Democratic Party primary who did support the Hyde Amendment. At the party’s nominating convention a section was added to its platform that, for the first time, however euphemistically, called for repealing the Hyde Amendment, “the fundamental right of reproductive choice should be guaranteed regardless of ability to pay.”

ASSOCIATED PRESS Bill Clinton openly campaigned against the Hyde Amendment in 1992.

Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton won the party’s nomination in 1992. Like Carter, Clinton was a Southern governor who backed middle-ground social positions that conformed to his increasingly conservative state, including on abortion. As governor, he had opposed spending federal funds on abortions except in the cases of rape, incest or the life of the mother and signed legislation requiring minors to obtain parental consent to get an abortion. Those positions quickly softened in the Democratic Party primary. As the party’s nominee, Clinton openly called for getting rid of the Hyde Amendment and argued that the national health care plan he was running on would provide funding for abortion services. Reproductive rights advocates welcomed Clinton’s shift. “It’s natural to back these kinds of pragmatic, get-along compromises in a conservative state,” Harriett Woods, then-president of the National Women’s Political Caucus, told the Associated Press in 1992. “Now he is a national candidate responsible for a broader majority. I’m pleased that he’s growing.” In office, Clinton proposed ending the Hyde Amendment by excluding it from the budgets he submitted to Congress. The legislature, however, did not rescind the rule, but instead loosened it to allow exceptions for rape and incest. (The Hyde Amendment already provided an exception for the life of the mother.) Clinton’s health care plan would have paid for abortion coverage, but it too ran aground in Congress. Al Gore, Clinton’s vice president, had a harder time squaring his reversal on the Hyde Amendment when he ran for president in 2000. In his first run for Congress, Gore sought to differentiate himself from his father, a famous liberal Southern senator, by taking more conservative positions. “I don’t believe a woman’s freedom to live her own life, in all cases, outweighs the fetus’s right to life,” he said on the primary campaign trail in 1976 bid for Tennessee’s 6th congressional district. By the time Gore made it to the Senate in 1985 he had adopted more pro-choice positions, including claiming he had always backed Roe v. Wade. But he continued to oppose federal funding for abortions. That was until Clinton chose him to be his vice president. Gore faced questions about his support for the Hyde Amendment immediately. He said that he still opposed federal funding for abortions, but he supported the use of federal money for abortion services in Clinton’s proposed national health care plan. In the 2000 presidential campaign, Gore called for ending the Hyde Amendment. Sen. Bill Bradley, Gore’s lone primary opponent, attacked him for flip-flopping on this issue. Bradley argued that Gore’s past positions on abortion made him an anachronistic choice for a more modern and liberal Democratic Party and his flip-flopping made him untrustworthy. Gore said that he had “always, always, always” supported Roe v. Wade, but had changed his mind on his support for the Hyde Amendment after it was shown to him that the policy produced “an inequitable result.” (This is practically identical to what has happened with Biden.) Abortion rights advocates came to Gore’s defense. “The fact that he evolved doesn’t make him any less pro-choice than a Bradley or anyone else,” Kate Michelman, then-president of NARAL, said in 2000. This evolution, or flip-flop, however you want to cut it, fed into the media-driven narrative that Gore was inauthentic while his opponent, George W. Bush, the Yale legacy child of a wealthy century-old political dynasty, was someone you could have a beer with (even though Bush was a recovering alcoholic).

ASSOCIATED PRESS Al Gore changed his position on the Hyde Amendment ahead of the 2000 election in exactly the same way Joe Biden did in 2019.