Shadowing is not Mutation

Immutability has several advantages especially when it comes to areas of Parallel Programming and shared access so you don’t have to deal with deadlocks and race conditions. However, that is not the topic of this post since there are tons or resources that explain that well.

One thing that tripped me a bit on first exposure to Clojure was the idea of immutability i.e. a variable cannot be modified vs that of shadowing bindings -> how the same name can refer to something different. An example would make it more clear. I use SML for the example but any language that makes similar promises will have the same behaviour:

val x = 32;

val x = 32 : int

My first understanding of the idea of the immutable concept was that x cannot be changed now. What if I want to try incrementing the value of x . I can’t (unless I use constructs that support imperative programming in SML). But, what if I go ahead and do:

val x = x + 1;

val x = 33 : int

What?? x just got incremented. Isn’t this mutation? Nope, the difference lies in the fact that the above is not an assignment statement like many programming languages. Let’s take an example in C programming language with code that looks pretty much the same:

int x = 32; x = 33;

Here = is the assignment operator and not a binding. In the case of C the first stament reserves some space in the memory and then puts 32 in it. The second statement then takes 33 and overwrites the memory where 32 was present.

For SML 32 is not replaced by 33. It is more like now we have two different variables that are just spelt with the same ASCII name. One way to think about it is that after making the second binding the first binding hasn’t gone away but we have only lost a way to get to it because having the same name allows us to only refer to the most recent one. We say that the previous binding has been shadowed.

Programmers in imperative languages and functional languages alike frequently deal with shadowing when it comes to scoping in functions. Here is a simple Python example:

x = 32 print("x is ", x) def my_fancy_fn(x): print("x is ", x) my_fancy_fn(33)

x is 32

x is 33

While inside the body of my_fancy_fn the global binding of x to 32 has been shadowed by the new local binding to 33. The original binding still exists but we have no direct way (there is the global keyword but it would result in an exception with the parameter of the same name) to refer to it.

Let’s consider one final example. Lists in Python are mutable but tuples are not.

our_immutable_collection = (1 ,2, 3, 4) our_mutable_collection = [1, 2, 3, 4] second_ref_immutable_collection = our_immutable_collection second_ref_mutable_collection = our_mutable_collection

For the list I can do something like:

our_mutable_collection[0] = 100

Doing the same for the tuple would throw an error:

our_immutable_collection[0] = 100

TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment

Shadowing would still leave the underlying data unchanged:

our_immutable_collection = (100, 2, 3, 4) print(second_ref_immutable_collection)

(1 ,2, 3, 4)

Therefore some other piece of code (in the same or different thread) which had access to the underlying data would still function the same for the immutable case even though the original binding has been shadowed.

print(sum(second_ref_immutable_collection)) print(sum(second_ref_mutable_collection)) #bad

10

109

Therefore in terms of consequences shadowing != mutation

Further Reading