As Truls Becken remarked in a comment on a previous post, “when it comes to encapsulation, the very foundation is that all state must be accessible only from inside the object’s methods.” On the one hand, it was loads of fun for us to be able to add methods to our “obi” on the fly at run-time. But on the other hand… those methods would have no clue about the state of the object. It seemed like a fatal blow to my approach. Maybe closures weren’t the key to home-grown object orientation in Lisp after all….

I puzzled over this for a while and tried to think about how I could solve this. I’ll never know if I could have figured it out on my own or not because I happened to pick up Peter Norvig’s Paradigms of Artifical Intelligence Programming last night. Chapter thirteen is all about objects and it just so happens that closures are the key to making things happen. Unlike Paul Graham, who began his OOP example from ANSI Common Lisp with inheritance (and multiple inheritance!), Norvig emphasizes encapsulation (via closures) as the cornerstone to his OOP design. If you ever wondered about the phrase “Lambda the Ultimate,” well… this is one example that illustrates why lambda really is the ultimate… uh… thing.

Here is a proof of concept of from the REPL prompt demonstrating that we’ve solved Truls’ problem:

CL-USER> (setf example (create-obi))

#<COMPILED-CLOSURE CREATE-OBI-1>

CL-USER> (setf setter (funcall example ‘set-size ‘() ‘()))

#<COMPILED-CLOSURE CREATE-OBI-1-1>

CL-USER> (funcall setter ‘huge)

HUGE

CL-USER> (setf shower (funcall example ‘show-size ‘() ‘()))

#<COMPILED-CLOSURE CREATE-OBI-1-2>

CL-USER> (funcall shower)

The size is HUGE

NIL

CL-USER> (funcall setter ‘extra-large)

EXTRA-LARGE

CL-USER> (funcall shower)

The size is EXTRA-LARGE

As you can see, the variables referenced in the set-size and show-size methods are the same… and they are protected from general access by the closure.

And here is my current code file. You’ll see there that I’ve been experimenting with reflection and a recursive approach to evaluating long chains of object references. Nothing earth-shattering, though. Yeah, I know… I still need to add class definitions and inheritance into it. And I know that I’ve got at least three conflicting strands of thought emerging there right now and that a lot will have to change in the coming iterations. If you really want to see how to do things right, go read Graham and Norvig.

But what I really wanted to say about all of this is that I’ve been puzzling over some of Paul Graham’s remarks for some time. How is it that closures can be so powerful? When I wrote my last post on closures and OOP… it had just come to me in a flash of insight that you could do stuff with closures. (It wasn’t really written to change the world or tell people how they should do things… and I was shocked that it was even read at all, much less taken seriously by anybody.)

And macros. Yeah… I could see that you can define looping constructs and so forth… and that such things couldn’t be done with a mere function. But my question always was, when will I ever want to do this? I hear lots and lots of people on the web droning on about their lisp-illumination, but I don’t see so much practical advice on how to get illuminated and what you can do with your new powers once you have them. I know what the Blub paradox is… but… how do you get out of it? Well for me it began when I realized that I could implement my own vision of OOP in Lisp if I wanted to. (That’s something that’s impossible in my professional toolset, now. And as a result, I think of that as a sort of thing that only ‘real’ programmers with hairy chests can ever even think about futzing with.) And as I first started experimenting, I saw that there was going to end up being a lot of repetitive code to get classes to work right. And then it sunk in… that I could write some code to write that code for me. And it would of course be macros that I would use to do that. And I could make things as elaborate as I wanted and all the work would be done at compile time… my constructs would hardly impact performance at run time.

And that leads inexorably to a third Ah-ha moment. With lambda, closures, and macros… I can build not just my own implementation of OOP… but I can build anything. I finally see what Alan Kay meant when he said, “Lisp isn’t a language, it’s a building material.” Lisp is amazing not because of what the Paul Grahams of the world do with it, but because it allows average programmers to solve problems that they thought were only solvable by geniuses.

So anyway… if you want to get illuminated… what do you do? Stay away from the web a bit. A lot of it will just confuse you unnecessarily. Stick with the very best books on Lisp… and tackle the hardest problems you can think of. You know, the one’s you’ve always felt were above your abilities. It will be like starting to learn programming all over again. But the sinking feeling in your stomach that you get at that realization will be offset by the fact that programming will again be as fun as it was when you were first learning.

If you are bored with your current set of tools, languages, and projects… that’s a sign that it’s time for you to start learning Lisp.

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