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Adding exercise to a regimen of chemotherapy shrinks tumors more than chemotherapy alone, according to a study with mice.

Exercise has long been recommended to cancer patients for its physical and psychological benefits. For a new study, published in the American Journal of Physiology, researchers were particularly interested in testing whether exercise could protect against the negative cardiac-related side effects of the common cancer drug doxorubicin.

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Though effective at treating a variety of types of cancer, doxorubicin is known to damage heart cells, which could lead to heart failure in the long-term.

“The immediate concern for these patients is, of course, the cancer, and they’ll do whatever it takes to get rid of it,” says senior author Joseph Libonati, associate professor in the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania.

“But then when you get over that hump you have to deal with the long-term elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.”

Previous studies had shown that an exercise regime prior to receiving chemotherapy could protect heart cells from the toxic effects of doxorubicin, but few had looked to see whether an exercise regimen during chemotherapy could be beneficial.

To do so, Libonati’s team set up an experiment with four groups of mice. All were given an injection of melanoma cells in the scruffs of their neck. During the next two weeks, two of the groups received doxorubicin in two doses while the other two groups received placebo injections. Mice in one of the treated groups and one of the placebo groups were put on exercise regimens, walking 45 minutes five days a week on mouse-sized treadmills, while the rest of the mice remained sedentary.

‘Amazing’ results

After the two-week trial, the researchers examined the animals’ hearts using echocardiogram and tissue analysis. As expected, doxorubicin was found to reduce the heart’s function and size and increased fibrosis—a damaging thickening of tissue. Mice that exercised were not protected from this damage.

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“We looked, and the exercise didn’t do anything to the heart—it didn’t worsen it, it didn’t help it,” Libonati says. “But the tumor data—I find them actually amazing.”

The “amazing” result was that the mice that both received chemotherapy and exercised had significantly smaller tumors than mice that only received doxorubicin after two weeks.

Further studies will investigate exactly how exercise enhances the effect of doxorubicin, but the researchers believe it could be in part because exercise increases blood flow to the tumor, bringing with it more of the drug in the bloodstream.

“If exercise helps in this way, you could potentially use a smaller dose of the drug and get fewer side effects,” Libonati says. Gaining a clearer understanding of the many ways that exercise affects various systems of the body could also pave the way for developing drugs that mimic the effects of exercise.

“People don’t take a drug and then sit down all day,” he says. “Something as simple as moving affects how drugs are metabolized. We’re only just beginning to understand the complexities.”

The National Cancer Institute, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Biobehavioral Research Center at Penn, National Center for Research Resources, and National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences supported the study.

Source: University of Pennsylvania