From algorithms and artificial intelligence to smart contracts, technology will transform the legal profession. Here’s what it could mean for law students

There was a time when law firm trainees were essentially glorified administrators. They filled their days with photocopying, pagination and trawling through documents. Now, computers do those mundane tasks much faster and without complaint. As law firms increasingly resemble tech companies, it’s up to law students to keep up with the pace of change – and to prove that trainees still have a role.



Understanding the impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on legal services could set applicants apart when competing for legal training contracts, says Christina Blacklaws, director of innovation at Cripps LLP.

Students will have to put some of the work in themselves, though. Blacklaws thinks law degrees have fallen behind when it comes to equipping graduates with the skills they need. “Some universities are grappling with these issues, but I think they’re in the minority,” she says. “Most universities continue to teach a traditional curriculum, which was fine up until a few years ago, but might not properly prepare young people.”

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This isn’t a problem limited to law. Graduates in most subjects are likely to find themselves working more with computers, algorithms and automated systems than their predecessors, and, relative to their peers, budding lawyers need not panic yet. A 2013 study on the future of employment (pdf) examined the risk of algorithms replacing different jobs over the next 20 years, and calculated that lawyers had only a 3.5% chance of losing out to robots. This compares with 94% for paralegals.



The reason is that algorithms are good at making decisions that are more or less binary – judges, for instance, have a 40% chance of replacement. According to Andrew Murray, a professor of technology law at the London School of Economics, lawyers must give advice which presents a number of views taking account of complex issues, and “that’s more difficult to programme”.

Some aspects of lawyers’ jobs are more vulnerable to change than others. While algorithms are effective at processing data, they’re weaker in areas requiring emotional intelligence and human judgment. Complex areas of statutory law, like tax, will benefit from technology’s superior processing skills – but humans will probably always be better at negotiating deals, mediating disputes, or making ethical judgments.



If they won’t replace lawyers entirely, however, algorithms will certainly shape legal work of the future. Day-to-day laws and rules will increasingly be enforced through algorithmic regulation, which uses an automated system to police everything from dangerous driving to market fraud.

“This changes the role of the lawyer,” Murray says. “An algorithmically-regulated self-driving car would theoretically be unable to speed or to breach dangerous driving laws. This means we will reduce towards zero criminal prosecutions for driving.”

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Murray envisages the lawyers of the future as setting rather than enforcing the rules, working together with programmers to ensure the algorithms are properly written.

Technology is also likely to transform dispute resolution. The physical courtroom where all parties congregate will be replaced with virtual courts. Ebay’s resolution centre, although not legally binding, already uses online platforms to resolve consumer protection disputes. Murray thinks that algorithms will replace judges in some cases, with documents written in machine-readable code, such as self-enforcing smart contracts. The lawyer will move from litigating the dispute to programming smart contracts from the outset.

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Law students looking to take advantage of these changes might consider an internship with large tech companies such as Facebook or Google, Murray suggests: “It shows an awareness of a developing client base.” They should also inform themselves about future clients in emerging areas such as virtual reality, robotics and artificial intelligence.

Students might also look to media companies, where the shift online has spawned new legal dilemmas. Ian Walden, professor of media law at Queen Mary University of London, explains that what was once a “relatively clean subject” has been blurred by the rise of social media and services that span multiple regulatory areas, such as Netflix – which can be classified as both broadcaster and online programme service – and YouTube, which offers both user-generated content and broadcasted programmes. Much of Walden’s work as a solicitor involves determining which regulatory regime applies to new services.

Media law is being further shaped by new approaches to privacy. “What we may have considered private 20 years ago wouldn’t be now, because it would be regularly disclosed on a public-facing website,” Walden says.

Data protection is superseding privacy as the central area of media law, with a raft of new EU rules coming into force in 2018. This includes a new right to be forgotten, which Walden notes is “of considerable concern to media outlets”. The BBC has set up a new department to deal with requests for information to be taken down.



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Walden suggests that students interested in these emerging areas should seek out law courses with modules on media, internet, cyberspace and data protection. Advertising is another area he recommends, since it’s a critical online revenue stream.

But law students should remember that a degree is an academic, rather than vocational, programme. Murray advises against selecting modules solely on the basis that they might be useful down the line, and suggests students wait until they undertake vocational training in their Legal Practice Course (LPC).

“The best route to getting a training contract is to have a really good academic background,” he says. “Study things you’re interested in – whether it’s family or commercial law – because I believe that’s how you’ll perform best.”



The crucial thing law students can do is manage expectations. Their workplaces are unlikely to resemble the courtroom dramas they watched on television growing up. “Students shouldn’t be seduced by the Rumpole of the Bailey-type concept of law,” Blacklaws says. “Young people need to expose themselves to the current practice of law, which is evolving so rapidly. The legal profession is very different to how it was five years ago, let alone 10 or 20.”