a, Plasma corticosterone levels in Apoe−/− mice and Apoe−/− mice after 16 weeks of sleep fragmentation at ZT3 and ZT14 (n = 4 mice per group, except n = 5 Apoe−/− mice at ZT3). b, Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at ZT3 (n = 4 mice per group). c, Immunohistochemical analysis and quantification of tyrosine hydroxylaze (TH) staining in the bone marrow of Apoe−/− mice, Apoe−/− SF mice and Apoe−/− mice subjected to 3 weeks of chronic variable stress (n = 4 Apoe−/− mice; n = 4 Apoe−/− SF mice; n = 3 Apoe−/− stressed mice). d, Quantification at ZT3 of blood Ly-6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils, bone marrow LSK cells and proliferation in Apoe−/− mice and Apoe−/− SF mice after antagonism of the β3 receptor for 4 weeks (n = 3 Apoe−/− mice treated with β3 blocker; n = 4 Apoe−/− SF mice treated with β3 blocker). e, Quantification of time in outer zone during open field test (n = 9 Apoe−/− mice; n = 8 Apoe−/− SF mice). f, Quantification of time spent in light box during light–dark box test (n = 6 per group). g, Quantification of time in new arm during Y-maze test (n = 8 Apoe−/− mice; n = 5 Apoe−/− SF mice). h, Analysis of neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus at ZT3 (n = 5 Apoe−/− mice, except n = 6 for Pmch, Tph2, Gad1and Npy; n = 5 Apoe−/− SF mice, except n = 4 for Npy). i, Neuropeptide receptor expression in the hypothalamus at ZT3 (n = 6 Apoe−/− mice, except Hcrtr1, n = 10 mice; n = 5 Apoe−/− SF mice, except Hcrtr2, n = 6 mice). j, Circadian gene expression in the hypothalamus at ZT3 and ZT14 (n = 3 Apoe−/− mice; n = 4 Apoe−/− SF mice). k, Mouse food consumption during the course of sleep fragmentation (n = 4 Apoe−/− mice at ZT3, except n = 6 Apoe−/− mice on HFD for 16 weeks at ZT3; n = 4 Apoe−/− SF mice at ZT3, except n = 6 Apoe−/− SF mice on HFD for 16 weeks at ZT3; n = 5 Apoe−/− mice at ZT14, except n = 4 Apoe−/− mice on HFD for 10 weeks at ZT14 and n = 6 Apoe−/− mice on HFD for 16 weeks at ZT14; n = 5 Apoe−/− SF mice at ZT14, except n = 4 Apoe−/− SF mice on HFD for 10 weeks at ZT14 and n = 6 Apoe−/− SF mice on HFD for 16 weeks at ZT14). Data are mean ± s.e.m., *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-tests. ns, not significant.