Alaska Permanent Fund

Low birthweight 49 Chung W

Ha H

Kim B Money transfer and birth weight: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. 0·7 percentage points lower; * * Significant at the 1% level. * * Significant at the 1% level.

AGPAR score: mean, proportion with low score 49 Chung W

Ha H

Kim B Money transfer and birth weight: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. 0·063 higher; * * Significant at the 1% level. * * Significant at the 1% level.

Prenatal care 49 Chung W

Ha H

Kim B Money transfer and birth weight: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. Prenatal care began 2·23 days earlier; * * Significant at the 1% level.

Mortality 47 Evans WN

Moore TJ The short-term mortality consequences of income receipt. 13% increase among urban Alaskans immediately following annual payment receipt; † † Significant at the 10% level. † † Significant at the 10% level.

Probability of child obesity at 3 years of age 50 Watson B

Guettabi M

Reimer MN Universal cash transfers reduce childhood obesity rates. 4·5 percentage points lower per $1000 additional dividend; * * Significant at the 1% level.

Annual household income <$25 000 No effect

Annual household income $25 000–75 000 4·5 percentage point reduction in probability of obesity; 22·4% fewer cases; significant but significance not reported

Annual household income >$75 000 No effect

Employment rate 45 Jones D

Marinescu I The labor market impacts of universal and permanent cash transfers: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund. No effect

Labour force participation 45 Jones D

Marinescu I The labor market impacts of universal and permanent cash transfers: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund. No effect

Part-time employment rate 45 Jones D

Marinescu I The labor market impacts of universal and permanent cash transfers: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund. 17% increase * * Significant at the 1% level.

Men No effect

Women 22% increase ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Hours worked last week 45 Jones D

Marinescu I The labor market impacts of universal and permanent cash transfers: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund. 0·617 decrease

Income inequality (Gini coefficient, relative mean deviation, and Thiel's Entropy Index) 60 Kozminski K

Baek J Can an oil-rich economy reduce its income inequality? Empirical evidence from Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend. Gini Coefficient 0·21 * * Significant at the 1% level. ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level. * * Significant at the 1% level.

Number of hours worked in reference week 61 Bibler A

Guettabi M

Reimer MN Short-term labor responses to unconditional cash transfers. 0·59 h (SE 0·253) decrease per $1000 increase in dividend payment ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Men 0·244 h (SE 0·346) decrease per $1000 increase in dividend payment

Women 0·913 h (SE 0·335) decrease per $1000 increase in dividend payment; * * Significant at the 1% level. ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Whether respondent employed in reference week 61 Bibler A

Guettabi M

Reimer MN Short-term labor responses to unconditional cash transfers. 0·6% (SE 0·006) increase per $1000 increase in dividend payment

Men 1·6% (SE 0·007) increase per $1000 increase in dividend payment ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Women 0·4% (SE 0·009) decrease per $1000 increase in dividend payment

Crime 1 day after Permanent Fund Dividend receipt 59 Watson B

Guettabi M

Reimer M Universal cash and crime.

Noise violations No effect

Property crime No effect

Substance abuse-related crime 6·16 more incidents (SE 1·964) * * Significant at the 1% level.

Violent crime No effect

Medical assistance to other agencies No effect

Crime 4 weeks after Permanent Fund Dividend receipt 59 Watson B

Guettabi M

Reimer M Universal cash and crime.

Noise violations No effect

Property crime Average 8% fewer incidents per day; significant but level not reported

Substance abuse-related crime Average 10% more incidents per day; significant but level not reported

Violent crime No effect

Medical assistance to other agencies Average 9% more incidents per day; significant but level not reported

Annual hours worked (triple difference comparison with all states) 62 Feinberg RM

Kuehn D Guaranteed nonlabor income and labor supply: the effect of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend.

Men −182 h per year (SE 3·182) * * Significant at the 1% level.

Single women −106 h per year (SE 3·561) ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Married women −151 h per year (SE 3·835) ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Iranian targeted subsidy plan

Probability of low-income labour market participation 63 Salehi-Isfahani D

Mostafavi-Dehzooei MH Cash transfers and labor supply: evidence from a large-scale program in Iran.

Men No effect

Women Increased by 7% * * Significant at the 1% level.

Low-income hours worked (fixed effects, timing of participation) 63 Salehi-Isfahani D

Mostafavi-Dehzooei MH Cash transfers and labor supply: evidence from a large-scale program in Iran.

Men Increased by 0·069 h per week * * Significant at the 1% level.

Women No effect

Hours worked 63 Salehi-Isfahani D

Mostafavi-Dehzooei MH Cash transfers and labor supply: evidence from a large-scale program in Iran.

Waged Increased by 0·066 h per week ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Self-employed Increased by 0·082 h per week ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Waged and self-employed Increased by 0·050 h per week, but not significant

Ontario Basic Income Pilot

Recipients' accounts of how Ontario Basic Income Pilot affected them 56 Basic Income Canada Network

Signposts to success: report of a BICN survey of Ontario basic income recipients. Improvements reported in many areas, including ability to explore different options and cope with various personal circumstances, long-term planning, improved diet leading to better health, paying off debt, dignity, and social interaction

Recipients' accounts of how Ontario Basic Income Pilot affected them 57 Hamilton L

Mulvale JP “Human again”: the (unrealized) promise of basic income in ontario. Improvements reported in many areas including ability to plan, ability to take up work that fits around personal circumstances (particularly health issues), and work incentives; not having to deal with intrusive bureaucracy and removal of risk of sanctions was reported to reduce stress

Tribal dividends

Accidental mortality 48 Bruckner TA

Brown RA

Margerison-Zilko C Positive income shocks and accidental deaths among Cherokee Indians: a natural experiment. Increase in dividend payment months; risk ratio 2·62, 95% CI 1·54–4·47

Substance abuse (qualitative) Ethnographic evidence suggested young people often spent lump sum dividends on motor vehicles and substances

Unemployment 64 Conner TW

Taggart WA Assessing the impact of Indian gaming on American Indian nations: is the house winning?.

Native Americans only −3·13% ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

All −2·09% ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Labour force participation 64 Conner TW

Taggart WA Assessing the impact of Indian gaming on American Indian nations: is the house winning?.

Native Americans only −7·22% * * Significant at the 1% level.

All −3·22% ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Per capita income

Native Americans only $3944·79 * * Significant at the 1% level.

All $3141·17 * * Significant at the 1% level.

Qualitative; community perceptions of effects of casinos 58 Foley D The heartland chronicles revisited: the casino's impact on settlement life. No effect on adult labour force participation; some reports of young adults living off their dividends; reports of increased substance abuse, but relevant personnel reported drops in driving under the influence, robbery, petty crimes, and increased participation in adult education; some conflict over eligibility for dividends (ie, tribal membership)

Young adult obesity 51 Akee R

Simeonova E

Copeland W

Angold A

Costello EJ Young adult obesity and household income: effects of unconditional cash transfers. 2–4% decrease in probability of obesity at 21 per $5000 per annum higher initial income, * * Significant at the 1% level.

Young adult body-mass index 51 Akee R

Simeonova E

Copeland W

Angold A

Costello EJ Young adult obesity and household income: effects of unconditional cash transfers. 0·6 lower at 21 per $5000 per annum higher initial income, ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Child health: accidents, allergies, headaches, and eczema 51 Akee R

Simeonova E

Copeland W

Angold A

Costello EJ Young adult obesity and household income: effects of unconditional cash transfers. No effect

Psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents—emotional (anxiety or depression), behavioural (conduct or oppositional defiant disorder), and substance abuse disorder 53 Costello EJ

Erkanli A

Copeland W

Angold A Association of family income supplements in adolescence with development of psychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood among an American Indian population. Odds of any disorder lower for Native American young adults (OR 0·66, 95% CI 0·48–0·90); reductions limited to alcohol and cannabis abuse

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment Symptom Score 46 Costello EJ

Compton SN

Keeler G

Angold A Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. For those who exited poverty, score fell to that of never-poor children (4·28 to 2·90)

Emotional and behavioural distress 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. −37% (SE 0·104) of a SD and −23% (SE 0·104) of a SD; significant but level not reported

Trait conscientiousness 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. +25% (SE 0·128) of a SD; significant but level not reported

Trait agreeableness 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. +37% (SE 0·147) of a SD; significant but level not reported

Trait neuroticism 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. +0·38% (SE 0·141) of a SD; significant but level not reported

Parental mental health (whether one or both parents sought mental health support) 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. Cumulative reductions in probability 2, 3, and 4 years after dividends began ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Maternal and paternal labour force participation rate 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. No effect

Educational attainment (years of completed education at age 21) 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. 1·1 years longer in education for children in poverty at baseline; * * Significant at the 1% level.

Finished high school by 19 years of age 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. +39% probability for children in poverty at baseline; * * Significant at the 1% level.

High school diploma or general equivalency degree by 19 years of age 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. No effect

School attendance (days in previous quarter) 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. 3·85 additional days per quarter for children in poverty at baseline; ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level.

Criminal arrest figures 50 Watson B

Guettabi M

Reimer MN Universal cash transfers reduce childhood obesity rates.

Young adult 22% less likely to have been arrested at 16–17 years of age; ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level. † † Significant at the 10% level.

Adult 3·9% reduction in probability of maternal arrest; ‡ ‡ Significant at the 5% level. * * Significant at the 1% level.

Marital status 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. No effect

Parent-child relationship quality 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. , 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. Maternal relationships improved by 4%; * * Significant at the 1% level.

Parental supervision 46 Costello EJ

Compton SN

Keeler G

Angold A Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. , 52 Akee R

Copeland W

Costello EJ

Simeonova E How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors?. , 54 Akee RKQ

Copeland WE

Keeler G

Angold A

Costello EJ Parents' incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment. 3–5% improvement * * Significant at the 1% level.