Great Red Spot, a long-lived enormous storm system on the planet Jupiter and the most conspicuous feature of its visible cloud surface. It is generally reddish in colour, slightly oval in shape, and approximately 16,350 km (10,159 miles) wide—large enough to engulf Earth. It moves in longitude with respect to the clouds as Jupiter rotates but remains centred at about latitude 22° S.

Great Red Spot A true-colour image of Jupiter's Great Red Spot taken by the Juno spacecraft. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Bjorn Jonsson

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The first record of the Great Red Spot is a drawing made in 1831 by German amateur astronomer Samuel Heinrich Schwabe of the “Hollow” in which the spot sits. The Great Red Spot itself has been continuously observed since 1878 when it was described by American astronomer Carr Walter Pritchett. It may be the same storm as the so-called “Permanent Spot” that was discovered in 1665 by Italian astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini and last seen in 1713. Detailed observations and measurements have been made by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. Seen through telescopes from Earth, it varies in colour from year to year from salmon-red to gray, when it may blend indistinguishably into the colouring of the surrounding cloud belts. High-resolution spacecraft pictures revealed that the feature’s pinkish cloud layer can be overlain from time to time by high-altitude white clouds, producing the gray impression seen from Earth. In the late 19th century the length of the spot was about 48,000 km (30,000 miles), and since then the spot has been shrinking. The Voyager spacecraft measured the spot’s length at 23,000 km (14,500 miles) in 1979. Since 2012 the spot has become more circular and has been shrinking at a faster rate of about 900 km (580 miles) per year.

Jupiter's Great Red Spot (top right) and the surrounding region, as seen from Voyager 1 on March 1, 1979. Below the spot is one of the large white ovals associated with the feature. NASA/JPL

Meteorologically, the Great Red Spot is an anticyclonic circulation system—i.e., a high-pressure centre in the planet’s southern hemisphere. Cameras carried by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft revealed in 1979 that the entire system rotates counterclockwise with a period of about seven days, corresponding to wind velocities at its periphery of 400 km (250 miles) per hour. The source of the red coloration is unknown; suggestions range from compounds of sulfur and phosphorus to organic material, any of which could be produced by lightning discharges or by high-altitude photochemical reactions. The Great Red Spot extends well above Jupiter’s main cloud layers.

False-colour infrared image of the Great Red Spot and its environs, based on observations made by the Galileo spacecraft in June 1996. Various colours distinguish details seen by Galileo at three different infrared wavelengths and provide information about the relative altitudes of the cloud layers. The yellow and yellow-green of the Great Red Spot indicate its projection above the surrounding clouds, whereas the blue-purple regions identify areas of cloud thinning. Photo NASA/JPL/Caltech (NASA photo # PIA00838)

The Great Red Spot is not anchored to any solid surface feature—Jupiter is most likely fluid throughout. Instead, it may well be the equivalent of a gigantic hurricane, powered by the condensation of water, ammonia, or both at lower levels in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Alternatively, it may draw its energy from the smaller eddies that merge with it or from the high-speed currents on either side of it. Its remarkable longevity is undoubtedly a result of its size, but an exact theory that explains both its source of energy and its stability remains to be developed.

Jupiter's Great Red Spot Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings, photographed by Voyager 1, February 25, 1979. Included are the white ovals, observed since the 1930s, and immense areas of turbulence to the left of the Great Red Spot. Photo NASA/JPL/Caltech (NASA photo # PIA00014)