LATEST DATA FROM THE ABS AND AIC

View Fact Sheet Download Fact Sheet (PDF) Research from the 2016 ABS Personal Safety Survey and Australian Institute of Criminology shows that both men and women in Australia experience substantial levels of violence. Males make up a significant proportion of victims of family and sexual violence, yet are excluded from government anti-violence programs such as Our Watch and ANROWS. 75 males were killed in domestic homicide incidents between 2012-14. This equates to one death every 10 days.

REFERENCED OVERVIEW OF RECENT FAMILY VIOLENCE RESEARCH FINDINGS

Download a fully referenced Fact Sheet (PDF) about these research findings

Contrary to common beliefs, up to One in Three victims of sexual assault* and at least One in Three victims of family violence and abuse is male (perhaps as many as one in two). When reading the following quantitative statistics it should be remembered that family violence is extremely complex and doesn't just boil down to ‘who does what to whom and how badly’. The context of the violence and abuse is extremely important. Abuse can occur without the use or threat of physical violence. Please refer to the frequently asked questions page for a more detailed and nuanced analysis of family violence and abuse.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 4510.0 - Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia, 2017 (2018)31 found that in 2017, males comprised just under half (43% - 54 victims) of all victims of Family and Domestic Violence-related Murders (Table 22).

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 4906.0 - Personal Safety, Australia, 2016 (2017)29 is the largest and most recent survey of violence in Australia. It found that:

DURING THE LAST 12 MONTHS 30 Over 1 in 3 persons who experienced violence from an intimate partner were male (35.3%) Almost 1 in 3 persons who experienced violence from a cohabiting partner were male (32.7%) Almost 2 in 5 persons who experienced violence from a current partner were male (39.9%) Over 1 in 3 persons who experienced violence from a boyfriend/girlfriend or date were male (34.3%) Almost 1 in 5 persons who experienced violence from a previous partner were male (18.8%) Almost half the persons who experienced violence from a known person were male (45.5%) Almost half the persons who experienced emotional abuse by a partner were male (45.8%) (47.7% of persons who experienced it by a current partner and 43.4% by a previous partner) Almost half of these males experienced anxiety or fear due to the emotional abuse (41.4% of males who experienced current partner abuse and 43.1% of males who experienced previous partner abuse) 13.8% of men that experienced emotional abuse by a current partner had their partner deprive them of basic needs such as food, shelter, sleep, or assistive aids, compared to 6.4% of women. 8.9% of men that experienced emotional abuse by a current partner had their partner threaten to take their child/ren away from them, compared to 4.6% of women. 38.5% of men that experienced emotional abuse by a previous partner had their partner lie to their child/ren with the intent of turning them against them, compared to 25.1% of women. 7.3% of men that experienced emotional abuse by a current partner had their partner lie to other family members or friends with the intent of turning them against them, compared to 6.6% of women. 10.1% of men that experienced current partner emotional abuse had their current partner keep track of where they were and who they were with, compared to 9.9% of women. Over 1 in 3 persons who experienced sexual harassment were male (34.0%). Most males who experienced sexual harrassment were harassed by a female perpetrator (72.2% were harassed by a female while 48.2% were harassed by a male). The largest category of increase in sexual harassment between 2012 and 2016 was in males harassed by a female perpetrator, which rose by a massive 67.5%. Females harassed by a male perpetrator rose by 15% during the same period. Over 1 in 3 persons who experienced stalking were male (35.0%). Most males who experienced stalking were stalked by a male perpetrator (68.9% were stalked by a male while 36.3% were stalked by a female). Almost 1 in 3 persons who experienced sexual assault were male (28.4%). Most males who experienced sexual violence were assaulted or threatened by a female perpetrator (82.9%). 6 per cent of all males experienced violence compared to 4.7% of all females. The majority of men that experienced intimate partner violence experienced it by a female perpetrator (93.6%). The remainder were in same-sex relationships with male perpetrators.

SINCE THE AGE OF 15 Men were 2 to 3 times more likely than women to have never told anybody about experiencing partner violence, around 50% more likely than women to have never sought advice or support about experiencing partner violence, almost 20% more likely than women to have not contacted police about experiencing partner violence, and less than half as likely as women to have had a restraining order issued against the perpetrator of previous partner violence.



The previous edition of this survey, 4906.0 - Personal Safety, Australia, 2012 (2013)1 also found that:

one in three victims of current partner violence during the last 12 months (33.3%) and since the age of 15 (33.5%) were male

more than one in three victims of emotional abuse by a partner during the last 12 months (37.1%) and since the age of 15 (36.3%) were male. Around half of these men experienced anxiety or fear due to the abuse

at least one in three victims of stalking during the last 12 months (34.2%) were male

around one in three victims of physical violence by a boyfriend/girlfriend or date since the age of 15 (32.1%) were male

almost one in three victims of sexual assault during the last 12 months (29.6%) were male

more than one in three victims of physical and/or sexual abuse before the age of 15 (39.0%) were male

the rate of men reporting current partner violence since the age of 15 almost doubled (a rise of 175%) since 2005 (an estimated 119,600 men reported such violence in 2012)

the rate of men reporting dating violence since the age of 15 also rose by 140% since the 2005 survey

the rate of men reporting current partner violence in the 12 months prior to interview quadrupled (a rise of 394%), however these estimates are considered too unreliable for general use because of the small number of men interviewed for the 2005 survey (the ABS surveyed 11,800 females but only 4,500 males in 2005 - a sampling gender bias that worsened in the 2012 survey, where only 22% of respondents were male)

the vast majority of perpetrators of dating and partner violence against men were female - only 6 or 7% of incidents involved same-sex violence

men were less than half as likely as women to have told anybody about partner violence, to have sought advice or support, or to have contacted the police.

The previous edition of this survey, 4906.0 - Personal Safety, Australia, 2005 (Reissue) (2006)2 also found that:

29.8% (almost one in three) victims of current partner violence since the age of 15 were male

24.4% (almost one in four) victims of previous partner violence since the age of 15 were male

29.4% (almost one in three) victims of sexual assault* during the last 12 months were male

26.1% (more than one in four) victims of sexual abuse* before the age of 15 were male

As part of their evaluation of the 2012 family violence amendments, the Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS) found in their Experiences of Separated Parents Study (2015)25 that males (fathers) made up:

41.3% of parents who reported experiencing physical hurt (with or without emotional abuse) before/during separation

51.8% of parents who reported experiencing emotional abuse alone before/during separation. In 2 out of 11 types of emotional abuse, fathers reported experiencing abuse “often” at equal or higher rates than mothers.

34.6% of parents who reported experiencing between 21 and 55 incidents of emotional abuse before/during separation, and 45.5% of parents who reported between 11 and 20 incidents

42.6% of parents who reported experiencing the highest levels of severity of fear (9 or 10 on a 10-point scale) before/during separation, 43.5% of parents who reported experiencing the most severe control, and 44.6% of parents who reported experiencing the most severe coersion

45.5% of parents who reported experiencing physical hurt since separation

47.4% of parents who reported experiencing emotional abuse (with or without physical hurt) since separation. In 4 out of 13 types of emotional abuse, fathers reported experiencing abuse at equal or higher rates than mothers. In 7 out of 11 types of emotional abuse, fathers reported experiencing abuse “often” at equal or higher rates than mothers.

41.2% of parents who reported experiencing between 21 and 55 incidents of emotional abuse since separation, and 47.2% of parents who reported between 11 and 20 incidents

46.5% of parents who reported often feeling fearful after physical violence since separation, and 48.1% after emotional abuse alone

57.3% of parents who reported often feeling controlled after physical violence since separation, and 59.5% after emotional abuse alone

57.4% of parents who reported often feeling coerced after physical violence since separation, and 60.5% after emotional abuse alone

51.7% of parents who reported experiencing the highest levels of severity of fear (9 or 10 on a 10-point scale) since separation, 60.5% of parents who reported experiencing the most severe control, and 57.6% of parents who reported experiencing the most severe coersion.

There was no statistically significant difference between fathers and mothers in the frequency of reporting having often felt fearful after experiencing physical violence or emotional abuse since separation, and fathers were statistically significantly more likely than mothers to report having often felt controlled or coerced after experiencing physical violence or emotional abuse since separation. When it came to severity, fathers were also more likely than mothers to report experiencing the highest level of fear, control and coersion (10 on a 10-point scale) that they felt arising from the focus parent’s behaviour since separation. Experiences of control and coersion were statistically significantly higher for fathers than mothers.

The Queensland Domestic and Family Violence Death Review and Advisory Board’s 2017–18 Annual Report33 found that there were more recorded intimate partner homicides involving male deceased than female deceased, for the first time. There were 8 male and 4 female victims of intimate partner homicide in Queensland in 2017-18.

Research by Ahmadabadi et al in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence has found that males more often remain in an abusive relationship and report experiencing higher rates of intimate partner violence in their current relationships compared with females. The paper, Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence in Current and Prior Relationships32, adds to the growing research literature supporting a gender symmetry model of family violence.

Researchers at Deakin University investigating Alcohol/Drug-Involved Family Violence in Australia27 surveyed a representative sample of 5,118 Australians and found that males accounted for between 11% and 37% of victims in incidents attended by police, 24% of intimate partner violence victims and 34% of family violence victims in the panel survey. It also found that "there were no significant differences in the proportion of male and female respondents classified as engaging in no, low, and high Coercive Controlling Behaviours (ps > 0.05)."

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 4510.0 - Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia, 2014 EXPERIMENTAL FAMILY AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STATISTICS (2015)26 showed that males made up between 20% (one in five) and 32% (one in three) reported victims of family and domestic violence-related assault, depending on the state or territory surveyed. Overall, for the 5 states and territories surveyed (SA, NT, WA, ACT, NSW), males made up 28.3% of victims (almost one in three).

The Anglicare WA Community Perceptions Report 2014: Family And Domestic Violence21 found that between 18 per cent and over 50 per cent of victims of domestic and family violence were male, depending on the kinds of violent and abusive behaviours surveyed.

Percentage of victims that were male for different behaviours:

Isolating behaviours - over 50% (exact figures not published)

Shamed on social media - over 50% (exact figures not published)

Being pushed, slapped, punched, choked or kicked - 42.6%

Being induced to physical or emotional exhaustion - 41.0%

Mind games and manipulation - 41.0%

Being stalked or followed - 35.7%

Forced sexual contact or coercion - 18.2%

The report also found that between 14 per cent and 35 per cent of perpetrators of domestic and family violence were female, depending on the kinds of violent and abusive behaviours surveyed.

Percentage of perpetrators that were female for different behaviours:

Threats, put-downs, insults or shouting at someone - 35.0%

Belittling someone’s views or opinions- 32.0%

Verbally shaming, humiliating or degrading someone - 23.5%

Being overly critical of daily things - 23.1%

Threatening physical violence or harm - 22.2%

Played mind games on another - 14.3%

The SA Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Survey (1999)3 found that:

32.3% (almost one in three) victims of reported domestic violence by a current or ex-partner (including both physical and emotional violence and abuse) were male

19.3% (almost one in five) victims of attempted or actual forced sexual activity* since they turned 18 years of age were male (excluding activity from partners or ex-partners).

Both this survey and the Personal Safety Survey excluded the male prison population where over one quarter of young inmates experience sexual assault*4.

I phoned the domestic violence help line to try to resolve some issues concerning the abuse, and the woman who answered the phone said, ‘If you admit that you are the perpetrator and your wife says she has been victimised, then we can help you’. Evan

The Crime Prevention Survey (2001)5 surveyed young people aged 12 to 20 and found that:

while 23% of young people were aware of domestic violence against their mothers or step-mothers by their fathers or step-fathers, an almost identical proportion (22%) of young people were aware of domestic violence against their fathers or step-fathers by their mothers or step-mothers

an almost identical proportion of young females (16%) and young males (15%) answered “yes” to the statement “I’ve experienced domestic violence”

an almost identical proportion of young females (6%) and young males (5%) answered “yes” to the statement “my boyfriend/girlfriend physically forced me to have sex”

More stats here

The NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (2005)6 found that 28.9% (almost one in three) victims of domestic assault between 1997 and 2004 were male. Male and female victims received very similar numbers and types of injuries (see figures 1 and 2 below). The latest (2014)18 figures show that 31.2% (almost one in three) victims of assault - domestic violence related offences recorded by NSW Police were male.

The NSW Auditor General19 found that 34% (more than one in three) domestic and family violence incidents recorded by Police in 2010 involved male victims and 30% (almost one in three) involved female perpetrators.

The first year of the Safer Pathway trial scheme at Waverley and Orange (NSW) saw 1,758 male and 4,180 female victims of domestic violence referred to the sites. Almost one in three victims (29.6%) were male24 .

Queensland Police statistics22 obtained in May 2015 via the Queensland Government Statistician's Office show that 27.7% (almost one in three) reported victims of offences against the person in 2013-14 in a family/domestic context were male. These numbers are not based on complaints, but actual cases where the police have taken action.

The Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission (2005)7 found that 32.6% (almost one in three) victims of family violence reported to police were male.

The Australian Institute of Criminology (2015)8 found that 38% (almost two in five) victims of domestic homicide and 24% (almost one in four) victims of intimate partner homicide between 2010-2012 were male:

SBS News, in collaboration with the Australian Institute of Criminology, published an overview of all victims of domestic or family homicide over the 23 year period 1989/90 to 2011/12. They found that 408 male partners (24.8%) and 1237 female partners (75.2%) had been killed during this period.

The Victoria Police Law Enforcement Assistance Program (2017)28 found there were 15,423 male and 38,688 female affected family members in family violence incidents during the period 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2016 (28.5% - almost one in three - were male).

The Victorian Victims Support Agency (2012)9 found that in 2009-10, 36% (more than one in three) persons admitted to Victorian Public Hospitals for family violence injuries were male.

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017)20 found that 29.6% (almost one in three) victims of hospitalised family violence (from a spouse or domestic partner, parent or other family member) in Australia from 1999–00 to 2012–13 were male. There were extraordinarily high numbers of males (8,708) compared to females (1,580) where no perpetrator type was recorded. It is likely that more data is captured for female injury victims because of the compulsory domestic violence screening programs in place for women only in hospitals across Australia. The male reticence to name the perpetrator of injury when it is an intimate partner also probably plays a part.

The Australian Institute of Family Studies (1999)10 observed that, post-separation, fairly similar proportions of men (55%) and women (62%) reported experiencing physical violence including threats by their former spouse. Emotional abuse was reported by 84% of women and 75% of men.

A University of Melbourne / La Trobe University study (1999)11 found that men were just as likely to report being physically assaulted by their partners as women. Further, women and men were about equally likely to admit being violent themselves. Men and women also reported experiencing about the same levels of pain and need for medical attention resulting from domestic violence.

Who to talk to for advice - family or friends? No way. I looked up the Yellow Pages. The voice answering the phone at the Rape Crisis Centre said, 'Only women are abused'. I spoke to a doctor. She seemed to listen to my stammering for a few minutes and then while scribbling asked, ‘What are you doing to make her behave that way?’ Alan

An extensive study of dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations by Murray Straus (2008)12 found that, in Australia, 14% of physical violence between dating partners during the previous 12 months was perpetrated by males only, 21% by females only and 64.9% was mutual violence (where both partners used violence against each other).

Fergusson & Mullen (1999)13, in Childhood sexual abuse: an evidence based perspective, found that one in three victims of childhood sexual abuse* were male.

The Queensland Government Department of Communities (2009)14 reported that 40% (more than one in three) domestic and family violence protection orders issued by the Magistrate Court were issued to protect males.

A study of risk factors for recent domestic physical assault in patients presenting to the emergency department of Adelaide hospitals (2004)15 found that 7% of male patients and 10% of female patients had experienced domestic physical assault. This finding shows that over one in three victims were male (39.7%).

The Australian Institute of Family Studies’ evaluation of the 2006 family law reforms (2009)16 found that 39% (more than one in three) victims of physical hurt before separation were male; and 48% (almost one in two) victims of emotional abuse before or during separation were male.

A study of relationship aggression, violence and self-regulation in Australian newlywed couples by researchers at the University of Queensland (2009)17 found that a substantial minority of couples reported violence, with 82 couples (22%) reporting at least one act of violence in the last year (i.e., the year leading up to and including their wedding). Female violence was more common than male violence, with 76 women (20%) and 34 men (9%) reported to have been violent. There was a significant association between female and male violence. In violent couples the most common pattern was for only the woman to be violent (n=48/82 or 59% of violent couples), next most common was violence by both partners (n=28, 34%), and least common was male-only violence (n=6, 7%).

Halford et al conducted Australian research in 201123 on intimate partner violence (IPV) in couples seeking relationship education for the transition to parenthood and found that in 19% of couples both partners perpetrated IPV, in 12% only the woman had perpetrated IPV, and in 3% only the man had perpetrated IPV.

These authoritative sources agree that up to One in Three victims of sexual assault* and at least One in Three victims of family violence is male (perhaps as many as one in two). Yet previous governments have been unable to acknowledge or offer any services for these victims. This conscious neglect is in itself a form of social violence – the Australian Government’s human rights obligations require it to cater equitably for the needs of all, regardless of gender. One in three is enough to reject the politics of ideology. It is time to care for all those in need, whether male or female.

To send a message to the Australian Government that all victims of violence deserve services and support, click here.

I had to work long shifts and often when I came home, I’d find my wife had left the children (the youngest was only a few months) and had gone down to the club, drinking and playing the poker machines. Sometimes when I went to get her, she’d smash a glass or a bottle across my head. Several times I had my head cracked open. Roy

* While much sexual violence occurs within extended families, not all sexual violence is family violence. Sexual violence is included on this page because the Australian Government's current anti-violence strategy addresses sexual assault and family violence together.

1 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013, Personal Safety Survey, Australia, 2012, cat no 4906.0, ABS, Canberra. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4906.0. Significant problems with this survey include, (a) only female interviewers were used, and (b) a much smaller sample of male informants was used compared to female informants.

2 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Personal Safety Survey, Australia, 2005, cat no 4906.0, ABS, Canberra. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4906.02005%20(Reissue)?OpenDocument. Significant problems with this survey include, (a) only female interviewers were used, (b) a much smaller sample of male informants was used compared to female informants, and (c) no data was published on types of violence or injuries or threats received by male victims.

3 Dal Grande, E, Woollacott, T, Taylor, A, Starr, G, Anastassiadis, K, Ben-Tovim, D, Westhorp, G, Hetzel, D, Sawyer, M, Cripps, D, and Goulding, S. 1999, Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Survey, September 1999, Epidemiology Branch, South Australian Department of Human Services, Adelaide. http://www.health.sa.gov.au/pros/portals/0/interpersonal-violence-survey.pdf

4 Heilpern, D. (2005). Sexual assault of prisoners: Reflections. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 28(1), 286-292. Retrieved November 1, 2009, from http://austlii.law.uts.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2005/17.html

5 Crime Research Centre (University of Western Australia) and Donovan Research 2001, Young people and domestic violence – national research on young people’s attitudes to and experiences of domestic violence, National Crime Prevention, Canberra. http://www.oneinthree.com.au/ypdv

6 People, J. 2005, ‘Trends and Patterns in Domestic Violence Assaults’, Crime and Justice Bulletin, No 89, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, October. http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb89.pdf/$file/cjb89.pdf

7 Crime and Misconduct Commission (2005, March). Policing Domestic Violence In Queensland: Meeting the Challenges. Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission. http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au/data/portal/00000005/content/73653001131400781353.pdf

8 Bryant, W., & Cussen, T. (2015). Homicide in Australia: 2010-11 to 2011-12 National Homicide Monitoring Program annual report. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved August 21, 2015, from http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/mr/21-40/mr23.html.

9 Victims Support Agency (2012). Victorian Family Violence Database Volume 5: Eleven-year Trend Report. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Justice. Retrieved September 17, 2012, from http://www.justice.vic.gov.au/home/crime/research+and+statistics/victorian+family+violence+database+volume+5+eleven-year+trend+analysis+1999-2010

10 Wolcott, I., & Hughes, J. (1999). Towards understanding the reasons for divorce. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Working Paper, 20. Retrieved November 1, 2009, from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/wolcott6.html

11 Heady, B, Scott, D, & de Vaus, D, 1999. Domestic Violence in Australia: Are Women and Men Equally Violent?, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, Melbourne. http://fact.on.ca/Info/dom/heady99.pdf

12 Straus, M, 2008, Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations, Children and Youth Services Review 30, 252–275. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID41-PR41-Dominance-symmetry-In-Press-07.pdf

13 Fergusson, D. M., & Mullen, P. E. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse: An evidence based perspective. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

14 Queensland Government Department of Communities (2009, October 9). Domestic and family violence orders: Number and type of order by gender, Queensland, 2004-05 to 2008-09. [Letter]. Retrieved October 31, 2009, from http://www.menshealthaustralia.net/files/Magistrates_Court_data_on_QLD_DVOs.pdf

15 Stuart, P. (2004). Risk factors for recent domestic physical assault in patients presenting to the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 16(3), 216-224.

16 Kaspiew, R., Gray, M., Weston, R., Moloney, L., Hand, K., & Qu, L. (2009, December). Evaluation of the 2006 family law reforms. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved July 5, 2010, from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fle/evaluationreport.pdf

17 Halford, W.K., Farrugia, C., Lizzio, A. & Wilson, K. (2010) 'Relationship aggression, violence and self-regulation in Australian newlywed couples', Australian Journal of Psychology, 62: 2, 82 — 92, First published on: 19 May 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2011, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530902804169.

18 Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (2014). NSW Recorded Crime Statistics 2014 (Excel spreadsheet). Retrieved November 8, 2015, from http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/RCS-Annual/NewSouthWales.xlsx.

19 Audit Office of New South Wales (2011). New South Wales Auditor-General's Report: Responding to Domestic and Family Violence, Performance Audit. Retrieved May 17, 2013, from http://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/143/Responding_to_Domestic_Family_Violence_Full_Report.pdf.aspx.

20 AIHW: Pointer S (2015). Trends in hospitalised injury, Australia: 1999–00 to 2012–13. Injury research and statistics series no. 95. Cat. no. INJCAT 171. Canberra: AIHW. Retrieved Novenber 2, 2017 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/trends-in-hospitalised-injury-australia-1999-00/contents/table-of-contents

21 Cooke, T. & Nangle, D. (2014). Community Perceptions Report 2014: Family And Domestic Violence. East Perth: Anglicare WA. Retrieved October 27, 2014, from http://www.anglicarewa.org.au/theme/anglicarewaorgau/assets/public/File/AWA800%20-%20FDV%20Report%20v7%20SPREAD.pdf

22 Queensland Government Statistician’s Office (2015, May 13). Reported victims of offences against the person in 2013-14, Queensland. [Email]. Retrieved May 16, 2015, from http://www.oneinthree.com.au/storage/pdfs/QGSO%20stats.pdf

23 Halford, W. K., Petch, J., Creedy, D. K., & Gamble, J. (2011). Intimate partner violence in couples seeking relationship education for the transition to parenthood. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10(2), 152-168.

24 Partridge, E. (2015). Statistics Reveal Hidden Violence. Sydney Morning Herald, September 26-27, 2015, p6. Retrieved October 11th, 2015, from http://www.oneinthree.com.au/storage/pdfs/Statistics_Reveal_Hidden_Violence.pdf.

25 Kaspiew, R., Carson, R., Dunstan, J., De Maio, J., Moore, S., Moloney, L. et al. (2015). Experiences of Separated Parents Study (Evaluation of the 2012 Family Violence Amendments). Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.. Retrieved April 29th, 2018, from https://aifs.gov.au/publications/experiences-separated-parents-study

26 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015), Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia, 2014, cat no 4510.0, ABS, Canberra. Retrieved July 1st, 2016 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4510.0~2014~Main%20Features~Experimental%20Family%20and%20Domestic%20Violence%20Statistics~10000.

27 Miller, P, et al (2016), Alcohol/Drug-Involved Family Violence in Australia (ADIVA) Final Report, Deakin University. Retrieved December 8th, 2016 from http://www.oneinthree.com.au/storage/pdfs/ADIVA_Full_Report.pdf.

28 Crime Statistics Agency Victoria (2017), Victoria Police Law Enforcement Assistance Program. Retrieved November 2nd, 2017 from https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/family-violence-data-portal/family-violence-data-dashboard/victoria-police.

29 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017). Personal Safety Survey, Australia, 2016 (Cat. No. 4906.0). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved November 8th, 2017 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4906.0.

30 Some of these estimates have Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) of greater than 25% and should be used with caution due to the relatively small number of males surveyed by the ABS. Please see our infographic for further details.

31 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018). 4510.0 - Recorded Crime - Victims, Australia, 2017. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved December 23rd, 2018 from abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4510.0Main+Features12017?OpenDocument

32 Ahmadabadi, Z., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Clavarino, A. M., & d’Abbs, P. (2017). Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence in Current and Prior Relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Retrieved May 6th, 2019 from journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260517730563

33 Domestic and Family Violence Death Review and Advisory Board (2018). Domestic and Family Violence Death Review and Advisory Board 2017–18 Annual Report. Retrieved July 3rd, 2019 from www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2018/5618T1802.pdf?fbclid=IwAR10exd0V6tsSIyc9JUmo-ujDt7O0YckPotHn85bNyIRhryLcUf6-MwZCNw