Illinois Gov. J.B. Pritzker is mounting a full-court press to overhaul the state income tax, and critics are equally aggressive in trying to stop him. That’s led to a lot of questionable claims on both sides about the financial upside of Pritzker’s plan to switch Illinois to a graduated tax from a flat tax.

Pritzker fired yet another volley recently during an address before two big business lobbying groups that oppose his plan. The case he made for a graduated tax, which the governor calls a “fair tax,” was one we hadn’t heard before.

“States with a fair tax create jobs and grow their economies faster than we do,” Pritzker said.

It’s not our role to weigh in on the merits of the graduated vs. flat-tax debate. But in the past we have fact-checked sweeping assertions from both sides that failed to measure up on closer inspection. Pritzker’s recent claim, we found, doesn’t hold up much better.

Mixed results

Forty-one states levy a broad-based tax on income, 32 of them under a graduated-rate structure. Pritzker, in his speech, didn’t go into specifics, so we reached out to his office for details.

Jordan Abudayyeh, a Pritzker spokeswoman, responded with an email comparing compound annual growth rates for employment and Gross Domestic Product in Illinois over a five-year period to those of five other states: California, New York, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa, all of which tax income at graduated rates. Compound annual growth rates help to measure trends over time.

“Whether you compare Illinois to other large state economies or our neighbors with a fair tax, Illinois underperforms them on economic growth and employment,” Abudayyeh wrote in an email.

The data she sent us came from two federal sources: the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Her figures for those states check out, but they don’t come close to telling the full story.

GDP has grown at a faster clip over the past five years in all five states Abudayyeh cited than it has in Illinois, and every one but Iowa beat Illinois on employment growth as well.

But that’s just a small sampling of states, and Pritzker made a sweeping assertion that doesn’t hold up when analyzing all 50 states. Pritzker’s analysis ignores that all but one of the nation’s nine flat-tax states also bested Illinois’ growth rate for GDP during that five-year period. And more than a dozen states with graduated tax systems saw rates more anemic than Illinois.’ The same pattern holds true for employment growth.

In fact, more than half of all states that tax income — whether by flat or graduated rates — showed more pronounced economic growth than Illinois during the period Pritzker sampled. That says far more about Illinois’ own economy than it does about the merits of a graduated-rate structure compared with a flat tax writ large.

Experts we spoke with agreed that Pritzker’s evidence was far from compelling.

“You can’t just pull out some handpicked states and say, ‘Well, they grew faster, therefore if we changed (rate structures) we’d grow faster,’” said Kenneth Kriz, a public finance expert at the University of Illinois-Springfield. “There’s not enough ‘there’ there.”

Richard Auxier, a research associate with the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, also said Pritzker oversimplified things. A graduated rate structure is a tool by which states can raise more revenue without increasing the burden on those who make less, Auxier said. But there’s no guarantee doing so will provide a broader economic boost.

“The flip side of this is arguing you should get rid of your tax,” he added, pointing to the growth enjoyed by large states such as Texas and Florida, both of which outperform Illinois yet levy no income tax at all.

To be sure, none of this lends credence to the graduated-tax critics who predict dire consequences for Illinois’ economy should it switch rate structures either, though. Experts we queried told us existing research does not suggest any significant connection one way or the other between the type of income tax a state employs and its overall economic performance.

“Even those (studies) that are finding any effect, they’re never big effects,” said Therese McGuire, a professor at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management who studies regional economic development. “I don’t think we have really strong evidence to go out and say anything strong.”

Our ruling

Referring to a graduated income tax, Pritzker said “states with a fair tax create jobs and grow their economies faster than we do.”

To support that claim, a Pritzker spokeswoman pointed us to five states — two with large populations and three that border Illinois — that levy their income tax at graduated rates and saw greater economic growth than Illinois over the past five years, according to federal data.

But that tiny sample overlooks what else those datasets show: GDP and employment increased at faster rates than Illinois’ in nearly every other flat-tax state as well, along with a number of states that levy no income tax at all.

Experts told us a graduated income tax is not likely to solve Illinois’ every economic ill, as Pritzker suggested, nor drive workers and businesses away in droves as critics of his proposal predict.

We rate Pritzker’s claim Half True.

Click here for more on the six PolitiFact ratings and how we select facts to check.

The Better Government Association runs PolitiFact Illinois, the local arm of the nationally renowned, Pulitzer Prize-winning fact-checking enterprise that rates the truthfulness of statements made by governmental leaders and politicians. BGA’s fact-checking service has teamed up weekly with the Sun-Times, in print and online. You can find all of the PolitiFact Illinois stories we’ve reported together here.

Sources

Video, Illinois Central Management Services, May 1, 2019

“Graduated tax amendment moves to Illinois House as Republicans remain unanimously opposed,” Capitol News Illinois, May 1, 2019

“Pritzker-backed group strays from facts in income-tax claim,” PolitiFact Illinois, April 21, 2019

“No ‘jobs tax’ in Pritzker’s tax plan, despite what attack ad claims,” PolitiFact Illinois, Mar. 31, 2019

State Individual Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2019, Tax Foundation, Mar. 20, 2019

Email interview: Jordan Abudayyeh, Pritzker spokeswoman, May 15-16, 2019

Dataset: Annual GDP by state in current U.S. dollars, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, accessed May 16, 2019

Dataset: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed May 16, 2019

Email interview: Michael Hicks, professor and director of the Center for Business and Economic Research at Ball State University, May 16, 2019

Phone interview: Kenneth Kriz, professor of public administration at the University of Illinois-Springfield, May 16, 2019

Phone interview: Richard Auxier, research associate with the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, May 16, 2019

Phone interview: Therese McGuire, professor of strategy at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management, May 16, 2019

Phone interview: Annette Nellen, professor and director of the Master of Science in Taxation Program, May 15, 2019