Twelve protesters killed by police while demonstrating against a copper smelter in south India in May were shot in the head or chest, and half of those were hit from behind, autopsy reports have shown.

Two others died after bullets pierced the sides of their heads at the factory owned by London-headquartered Vedanta Resources, according to the research by forensic medicine experts from government hospitals.

The youngest victim hit, 17-year-old J Snowlin, took a bullet that exited through her mouth, the autopsy found.

“The deceased would appear to have died of cardiopulmonary arrest due to firearm bullet injury to the back of the neck,” wrote forensic medicine experts.

When journalists visited her family, they said they had not collected the teenager’s autopsy report. “We are continuing to exist, that’s it,” said her mother.

Indian police rules allow the use of live ammunition to quell civil unrest, but stipulate the response should be proportionate and officers should not shoot to kill. Police Standing Orders for Tamil Nadu, the state where the shootings took place, say “aim should be kept low, preferably well below the waist level, and directed against the most threatening part of the mob”.

The environmental protest was the deadliest in India in a decade. A working group of United Nations’ human rights experts in May condemned the “apparent excessive and disproportionate use of lethal force by police”.

Federal police are investigating the shootings, which took place as protesters were marching to the local government headquarters in the port city of Thoothukudi, demanding the copper smelter be shut for allegedly polluting the environment.

No police officers have been arrested or charged in connection with the killings. In a statement following the incident the Tamil Nadu government, which is responsible for the police, said: “Due to unavoidable circumstances, we had to take action to bring the situation under control.”

The Thoothukudi district administration and state police officials did not respond to emails seeking comments on the autopsy reports. Federal police investigating the deaths did not respond to requests for comment on the autopsy findings.

Vedanta did not respond to a request for comment. The company, which had no involvement in the shootings, has previously expressed regret over the deaths at the protest, which it call “absolutely unfortunate”.

Four senior police and two government officials who were present on the day said they were forced to fire live ammunition as the crowd turned violent and threatened a neighbouring Vedanta employees’ apartment building.

Details of deaths

Among the eight killed from bullets entering their head or body from behind or the side, 40-year-old Jansi, who like many people in Tamil Nadu goes by just one name, was shot a few hundred metres away from her house in a narrow street close to Thoothukudi’s seafront. She was shot through the ear, the report into her death showed. A bullet went through the forehead of 34-year-old Mani Rajan. “The deceased would appear to have died of penetrating injury to the brain due to the firearm bullet injury to the right side of forehead,” Mr Rajan’s autopsy report said.

The dead also included a man in his 50s, six men in their 40s, and three men in their early 20s.

The head of the forensic science department at the Thoothukudi Medical College, where the autopsies were conducted, declined to comment, as did two of the principal examiners.

Reuters news agency contacted 11 of the 13 families or friends of those killed, 10 of whom said they were not pursuing any legal action. One of the 11 said he was in touch with a lawyer and wanted justice, but did not elaborate further. Two of the families could not be reached for comment.

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Authorities in Tamil Nadu ordered the permanent closure of the Vedanta smelter on environmental grounds immediately after the shootings at the 22 May protest. That order was overturned by a ruling from India’s green court on 15 December. Vedanta, controlled by billionaire Anil Agarwal, has always denied damaging the environment.

On Friday, the state high court asked the firm not to reopen the plant for another month, until it had heard an appeal from activists challenging the green court decision.

Minimum force

The shootings are being investigated by the federal police. Officials said they were not likely to conclude their findings “any time soon”.

Fifteen police weapons were discharged in total, including three self-loading rifles (SLR), according to state government documents.

Of 69 live bullets used, 30 were fired from the three SLRs, according to the documents. Police fired an additional four rounds from .303 rifles and 12 shots from .410 weapons.

The Police Standing Orders, an exhaustive manual on police action, recommends the use of .303 and .410 rifles as a last resort against violent crowds.

The SLR is a modern rifle capable of continuous fire, said Jacob Punnose, former police chief of the neighbouring Kerala state.

“There is no illegality per se,” he said, referring to the use of SLRs in such circumstances. “But it definitely goes against principle of minimum force.”