A systemic disease that causes inflammation in the spinal joints and was thought to have affected members of the ancient Egyptian royal families may have been another condition, according to a new study published in Arthritis&Rheumatology.



The authors refutes claims of Ankylosing spondylitis in royals like King Amenhotep III (1390–1352 BC), finding instead a degenerative spinal condition called diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in royal Egyptian mummies from the 18th to early 20th Dynasties.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a member of a group of inflammatory conditions called the spondyloarthropathies that cause arthritis and affect up to 2.4 million Americans over the age of 15 according to the ACR.





CT of the thoracic spine of mummified King Amenhotep III (1390–1352 BC) diagnosed with DISH

disease . Sagittal two-dimensional image showing continuous ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament from the fourth to the ninth vertebrae (between arrows) associated with osteophytes and normal height of the intervertebral discs . Credit: Saleem at al.,DOI: 10.1002/art.38864



The most common in this rheumatic disease family is ankylosing spondylitis, which causes pain and stiffness in the back, and may lead to bony fusion of the spine.



Studies estimate that ankylosing spondylitis affects about one percent of the population, primarily affecting young men.

In DISH the hardening of ligaments along the vertebrae of the spine cause stiffness in the upper back and can affect other joints in the body. While DISH may appear similar to ankylosing spondylitis, it is a degenerative and not an inflammatory type of arthritis, affecting those 60 years of age and older.

Previous research using x-ray images claimed that three Pharaohs (Amenhotep II, Ramesses II, and his son Merenptah) displayed evidence of ankylosing spondylitis. The current study used computed tomography (CT), a more sophisticated imaging technology, to study thirteen royal Egyptian mummies from 1492-1153 BC to determine if signs of ankylosing spondylitis or DISH were present.

A diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis was ruled out due to the absence of joint erosion in the lower back and pelvis area (sacroiliac joints) or fusion of sacroiliac joints or of small joints between the vertebra in the spine (facet joints) on the CT scans of the mummies. Signs of DISH were found in four Pharaohs (Amenhotep III—18th Dynasty; Ramesses II, his son Merenptah, and Ramesses III—19th to early 20th Dynasties).

The study was conducted by Dr. Sahar Saleem with the Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine in Cairo, Egypt and Dr. Zahi Hawass, Egyptologist and former head of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities.



The authors say, “The mummies of Ancient Egypt offer a wealth of information regarding the history of disease. In studying these ancient remains we may be able to uncover the pathway of diseases—like ankylosing spondylitis or DISH—and how they might impact modern populations.”



Saleem adds, “The process of mummification could induce spinal changes, which should be considered when investigating diseases in ancient remains.”

Citation: “Ankylosing Spondylitis or Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) in Royal Egyptian Mummies of 18th-20th Dynasties? CT and Archaeology Studies.” Sahar N Saleem and Zahi Hawass.Arthritis&Rheumatology DOI: 10.1002/art.38864