WASHINGTON—A gauge of U.S. business prices rose broadly in June, driven in part by a rise in transportation costs that underscores the sector’s climbing labor expenses.

The producer-price index, a measure of the prices businesses receive for their goods and services, rose a seasonally adjusted 0.3% in June from a month earlier, the Labor Department said Wednesday. When excluding the often-volatile food and energy categories, prices were also up 0.3% in June from the prior month.

Rising...