Research Supporting our Educational Efforts

The impact of the use of aversives on animals is well-researched. Our position on the use of aversives in animal training is not only one based on our ethics, it is supported by scientific data.

Azrin, N.H., Rubin, H.B., & Hutchinson, R.R. (1968, September). Biting Attack by Rats In Response To Aversive Shock. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (11) 633-639.

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Beerda, B., Schilder, M., van Hooff, J., de Vriesa, H., & Mola, J. (1998, July). Behavioral, saliva cortisol, and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (58) 365–381.

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Blackwell, E., & Casey, R. (2006). The use of shock collars and their impact on the welfare of dogs. University of Bristol.

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Blackwell, E., et. al. (2008). The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, Volume 3(5), 207–217.



Blackwell, E. et. al (2012). The use of electronic collars for training domestic dogs: estimated prevalence, reasons and risk factors for use, and owner perceived success as compared to other training methods. BMC Veterinary Research, Volume 8(93).

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British Small Animal Veterinary Association. (2012). Position Statement on Aversive Training Methods (Electronic and Other Aversive Collars). Position Statement No. 31.

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Dale, S. (2000).Vets on Behavior Proclaim, Never Use Shock Collar.

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Deldalle, et al (2013). Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog–owner relationship. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, Volume 9(2), 58-65.

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Englert, K. (n.d.). The Use of Electric Shock Collars vs. Other Training Methods: Efficacy, Stress, and Welfare Concerns.

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Friedman, S. (2010, March). What’s Wrong with This Picture? Effectiveness Is Not Enough. APDT Journal.

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Haverbecke, et. al. (2007). Training methods of military dog handlers and their effects on the team’s performances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 113, 110–122.

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Herron, (2009). Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Applied Animal Behavior Science, Volume 117 (1-2), 47–54.

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Hiby, E.F. Rooney, N.J., & Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2004, February). Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare (13) 1 63-69(7).

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Hibley, et. al. (2004). Training methods and owner–dog interactions: Links with dog behaviour and learning ability. Applied Animal Behavior Science, Volume 132 (3-4), 169–177.

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Miller, P. (2006, February). Shock or Awe. Whole Dog Journal.

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Miller, P. (1999, May). Electronic devices and aversive-laden collars are NOT the ideal fence. Whole Dog Journal.

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Overall, K.L. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

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Polsky, R. (2010). Can Aggression in Dogs Be Elicited Through the Use of Electronic Pet Containment Systems? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science (3) 4 345-357

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Polsky, R. (1983) Factors influencing aggressive behaviour in dogs. California Veterinarian, 10.

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Rooney, et al. (2011). Dog training methods: Their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare, 13:63-69.

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Schalke, E., Stichnoth, J., Ott, S., & Jones-Baade, R. (2007, July). Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (105) 4 369–380.

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Schalke, E., Stichnoth, J. and Jones-Baade, R. (2005) Stress symptoms caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs (Canis Familiaris) in everyday life situations. Current Issues and Research in Veterinary Behavioural Medicine: Papers presented at the 5th International Veterinary Behaviour meeting. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, Indiana.

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Schilder, M., & van der Borg, J. (2004). Training dogs with help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science (85) 319–334.

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Solomon R., Kamin, L. and Wynne, C. (1953) Traumatic avoidance learning: The outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48 (2), 291-302.

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Tortora, D.F. (1982a). Understanding Electronic Dog Training Part 1. Canine Practice, 9 (2), 17-22.

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The Kennel Club. (2017). Electric Shock Collars.

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Welsh Government. (2016). Electronic Shock Collars.



Ziv, G. (2017). The Effects of Using Aversive Training Methods in Dogs – A Review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research (0) 0.

