About Light Speed

Light travels fast. In a vacuum it moves about 3 x 108 meters (186,000 miles) each second, a distance so large it’s difficult to comprehend. Here are some roughly equivalent distances:

Eight times around Earth’s equator

Most of the way from Earth to the moon



Light takes less than a millionth of a second to go from the flashlight to the mirror and back. Could you observe this time? Light takes less than a millionth of a second to go from the flashlight to the mirror and back. Could you observe this time? Total distance the light travels =

2 x 100 m = 200 m



Speed of light = c = 3 x 108m/s



Time = distance divided by speed = 200 m/(3 x 108m/s)= .7 x 10-6s

So you can expect the reflection to return about one millionth of a second after you turn on the light. Not much time to do your experiment! That’s what Galileo and his assistant found, at the turn of the seventeenth century, when they tried this same experiment from one hilltop to another.

Slow Light



Light moves with speed c in a vacuum. But light can move with a speed less than c, when it passes through some material. The table shows the speed of light when it goes through glass, water, and air. Note that in this table the speed of light in each material is given as a decimal times the speed of light in a vacuum.



In certain exotic materials light can move much slower than c, and in some cases can even be brought entirely to a halt. Light has been slowed to one mile per hour (.0000000015c) in an unusual form of matter known as a Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC). And in 2001, physicists for the first time managed to stop light in a vapor of rubidium gas.



Research

A pulse of light injected into a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) can be slowed to a tiny fraction of the speed of light in a vacuum. In the movie, the top animation shows how the information in a pulse is compressed when it enters a BEC (contained inside the blue arc), and then returned to it's original form as it exits. In the movie, the lower animation illustrates a race between a light pulse that passes through a cigar-shaped BEC blob and a light pulse traveling in free space, demonstrating how light can be controlled with BECs. Techniques that slow light could potentially lead to devices that manipulate light in the same way that microelectronic chips and computers manipulate electrical signals and data.



Image credit: Chien Liu and Lene Hau, Harvard University

Slowing Light



Lene Hau who stopped light dead in its tracks Lene Hau who stopped light dead in its tracks

Light comes in units of energy called photons which have no mass, only energy and momentum. Modern physics tells us that massless particles must move at the speed c in a vacuum. It’s possible to slow light down by making it interact with matter and, in a sense, converting photons to something with mass. That’s one way to understand what Lene Hau and colleagues at the Rowland Institute of Science did in 1999 when they slowed light to 17 miles per hour in a Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC) made of ultracold sodium atoms. The BEC is usually opaque, but the researchers made the material transparent by exposing it to a specific arrangement of laser beams. The lasers allowed incoming photons to combine with atoms to form a hybrid particle known as a polariton. Because polaritons get mass from the atoms, they move slower than c. In a BEC, many atoms condense to form one large, super atom. The super atoms are very heavy, and so are the polaritons formed with the incoming photons, and as a result they move much slower than c.

In 2001, Ron Walsworth, Mikhail Lukin and colleagues at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics formed slow moving polaritons in a vapor of rubidium atoms, in much the same way that Hau slowed light in a BEC. By turning down the lasers that made the vapor transparent, the researchers gradually reduced the portion of the polaritons that were made of photons and increased the portion made of atoms, and the light was effectively stopped and stored in the vapor. By turning the lasers back up, the researchers converted the polaritons back into photons, which then resumed their speed-of-light travel. At about the same time that this work was being done, Hau’s group stopped light in a BEC.

Among other things, stopping light might provide a way to store data in future optical computers, or lead to new ways to manipulate light.

Links

PhysicsCentral



Image credit: Collin Cusce/ JLab Image credit: Collin Cusce/ JLab

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