University of Florida political science professor Michael McDonald is a widely acknowledged expert on election turnout, that is, how many of the eligible voters actually show up on Election Day.

When asked this week about his thoughts for turnout in November, his initial response was quick and short: “Who knows?”

Of course he and others have ideas for what could drive or depress turnout out this year, and how that could impact the results. But McDonald‘s first take is still telling: This is an unusual, unsettled election year and that makes turnout predictions risky.

Here are some of the odd factors that may influence the turnout:

• Minnesota’s November election, with no U.S. Senate or gubernatorial race, has not sparked massive national interest.

While presumed Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton has begun to set up her general election campaign here, few national outside groups have found a reason to play statewide in Minnesota.

Presumed Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump’s campaign, based on its primary behavior, has shown inclination to invest in those basic building blocks of campaigns. The primary season, Trump did not need that infrastructure. But if he has no money and no interest in getting Republicans to the polls, down ticket turnout could suffer.

Unless the presidential race looks close in Minnesota, which it does not appear to be yet, national presidential cash is unlikely to flow to get partisans out to the polls.

There are exceptions to that. The U.S. northern Eighth Congressional District race, which pits Democratic U.S. Rep. Rick Nolan against his 2012 Republican rival Stewart Mills, may cause national groups to pour cash up north. If the open Second District race and the Third Congressional District contest, which pits Republican U.S. Rep. Erik Paulsen against Democratic state Sen. Terri Bonoff, look close, national money and turnout operations may follow. Those pockets of Minnesota may see higher turnout as a result, which could filter up to the presidential race and down to the state legislative races.

• Neither Trump nor Clinton have yet inspired coalitions of young people.

“Young people seem to be not too enthused at this point,” McDonald said.

College-aged voters turned-out when President Barack Obama was on the ballot. This year, on the Democratic side, U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders appeared to be the young voters’ candidate of choice. But in November, neither of those men will be on the ballot.

For both Democrats, the youth vote is key. In presidential election years, Democrats tend to do better in Minnesota during presidential election years in part because unreliable voters, that is people who don’t vote every time there is an election, are more likely to go to the polls. A Republican operative said he does not expect college turnout, particularly in places like St. Cloud State, to be nearly as high as it was when Obama ran. If the DFL and Clinton do not find a way to inspire the kids to vote, that lack of turnout could make life tough for Democratic candidates, particularly those running for state Legislature.

• Trump and Clinton are, so far, rather unpopular among the general public.

According to the New York Times’ running calculations, Clinton has a more unfavorable rating than any previous Democratic nominee and Trump has a way, way more unfavorable rating than any previous Republican nominee.

That unpopularity could make voters decide not to vote or it could motivate them to to vote in order to thwart their most disliked candidate or hated policies.

If, for instance, Hispanic and female voters mobilize this year to vote against Trump, that could spur Democrats to the voting booths. If Republicans, who don’t like Trump but hate Clinton, are inspired to vote against her, that could increase GOP voting.

“Tongue in cheek, I’ve been calling this the hate election,” McDonald said.