Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,

Note: PADD is Petroleum Administration for Defense District. Data shown include all U.S.-only rail movements (inter- and intra-PADD), and exclude movements to and from Canada. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly PADD is Petroleum Administration for Defense District. Data shown include all U.S.-only rail movements (inter- and intra-PADD), and exclude movements to and from Canada.

Movements of crude oil by rail within the United States averaged 443,000 barrels per day (b/d) in the first five months of 2016, down 45% from the same period last year. Fewer shipments of crude oil by rail from the Midwest (PADD 2) to the East Coast (PADD 1) account for about half of the decline. Crude oil shipments by rail have generally decreased since last summer for several reasons, including narrowing price differences between domestic and imported crude oil, the opening of new crude oil pipelines, and declining domestic production in the Midwest and Gulf Coast onshore regions.

The economics of crude-by-rail transportation depend largely on the relationship between the prices of domestic and international crude oils. Domestic crude oils priced in the Midwest and western Texas are no longer heavily discounted relative to imported crude oils priced in the North Sea. The narrower the spread between domestic and imported crude oils, the more likely coastal refiners will choose to run imported crudes rather than domestic supplies shipped by rail.

Crude oil carried by rail from the Midwest to the East Coast remains the country's largest crude-by-rail movement at 176,000 b/d, or 45% of the total crude oil moved by rail within the United States in May 2016. Crude oil imports processed by East Coast refineries have generally increased since early 2015, averaging 760,000 b/d in May 2016, up from 666,000 b/d in May of last year.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly

EIA develops the crude oil and biofuels rail movement data using information provided by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), along with data from Canada's National Energy Board, other third-party sources, and several EIA surveys. EIA's energy-by-rail data are subject to revision as new information becomes available, especially the most recent one to three months of rail data from the STB. More information is available in EIA's energy-by-rail data methodology report.

Principal contributor: Arup Mallik