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The Cancer Drugs Fund in England was a "huge waste of money" and may have caused patients to suffer unnecessarily from the side effects of the drugs, according to UK researchers.

The fund ran from 2010 to 2016, costing £1.27bn, following an election promise made by the Conservatives to pay for cancer drugs the NHS was not funding.

The researchers found only one in five of the treatments was of benefit.

But the Tories said the fund gave patients "precious extra time".

Nearly 100,000 patients received drugs under the scheme. It was run separately to the normal NHS process for assessing the effectiveness and affordability of new drugs, which is administered by a body called NICE.

The fund was promised by the Conservatives during the 2010 election campaign amid concern patients were not always getting access to the latest drugs.

Five things £1.27bn can pay for in the NHS (over five years)

10,000 nurses

2,500 hospital consultants

One of England's 10 regional ambulance services

A one-off pay rise of 2.5% for every member of NHS staff

An extra 200 GP surgeries

Lead researcher Prof Richard Sullivan, from King's College London, described it as "policy on the hoof" because of the way it was announced.

"Populism doesn't work when you are dealing with complex areas of policy like this. When it was launched it was not monitored properly. It was politically and intellectually lazy."

He said it was not only politicians who were guilty, but leading doctors and cancer charities for not speaking out against the fund or scrutinising it more.

And he said by the end the initiative had proved to be a "huge waste of money" and a "major policy error", saying it was telling that in 2015 the committee that controlled the fund started delisting drugs and ended up striking off more than half the treatments from the list.

But the chief executive of Breast Cancer Now, Baroness Delyth Morgan, said the fund had "had a totally transformational impact" on many living with incurable breast cancer.

She added it had offered patients "significant and precious extra time with their loved ones", adding Perjeta could extend life by nearly 16 months, and Kadcyla by six to nine months, compared with existing treatments.

But Baroness Morgan did say the fund had only ever been "intended as a sticking plaster" while the "significant flaws" in the NICE appraisal process were fixed.

One patient, Julie Strelley-Jones who has breast cancer that spread to her brain took Kadcyla through the fund: "I wouldn't be here without this drug.

"It's everything to me and my family and my friends, and if you were in my situation I don't think you can put a value on saving somebody or extending somebody's life."

Image caption Reassuring voters about the NHS was central to David Cameron's plans to "detoxify" the Conservative brand during the 2010 election campaign.

The fund was eventually brought under the remit of NICE last year and is now used to pay for treatments it believes there is a case to fund.

The study, which was published in the Annals of Oncology journal, looked at the 47 treatments that were being funded by January 2015, the point at which drugs started to be delisted because the cost of the fund was spiralling out of control.

They found only 18% met internationally recognised criteria for being deemed clinically beneficial.

This led them to conclude that a majority of patients may well have suffered because of side effects that the drugs can cause.

This can include anything from hair loss, upset stomachs and swelling in joints to an increased risk of stroke.

Of the drugs where there was some evidence of benefit, the average was an extra 3.2 months of survival.

Emlyn Samuel, of Cancer Research UK, agreed with the researchers that the fund "wasn't fit for purpose".

He said the charity would be closely monitoring the impact of the new system administered by NICE.

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