The International Monetary Fund suggested Saudi Arabia increase its value-added tax to 10 per cent, from 5 per cent, as part of the kingdom's fiscal consolidation agenda and to help offset any uncertainty from volatile oil prices.

"The introduction of the VAT in January 2018 was a landmark achievement, with revenue collections exceeding expectations,” the Washington-based lender said in a report published late Monday. “[IMF] staff suggested that consideration be given to raising the VAT rate from 5 to 10 percent, in consultation with the GCC.”

The IMF estimates the VAT rate increase will have a 2 per cent positive impact on the kingdom's gross domestic product (GDP) by 2024, far greater than water and wage reforms or savings from capital spending and interest payments.

Saudi Arabia, the Arab world’s largest economy, is implementing wide-ranging economic reforms to reduce its reliance on oil following Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030 that includes economic diversification and social modernisation. Earlier, King Salman removed energy minister Khalid Al-Falih from his position and appointed Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman to be in charge of oil policy, making it the first time a royal family member has taken the role. Saudi is likely to adhere to its policy of controlling oil supply under the new minister.

The IMF praised Saudi’s implementation of economic reforms that led to non-oil growth picking up and the fiscal deficit declining in 2018 but noted that higher government spending has increased medium-term fiscal vulnerabilities amid a decline in oil prices. Fiscal consolidation, the lender said, is needed to reduce these vulnerabilities as the budget gap is expected to widen this year. After reaching $85 a barrel in October 2018, oil prices have receded to hover between $50 and $60 a barrel in 2019. Saudi Arabia needs oil at $80-$85 to balance its budget, according to the IMF.

The IMF projects the kingdom’s budget deficit will widen to 6.5 per cent of GDP in 2019, after narrowing to 5.9 per cent in 2018 as government spending increases. Oil revenues are expected to be broadly unchanged from 2018, while non-oil revenues are projected to increase due to higher VAT revenues, a further increase in the expatriate levy, and because previously earmarked revenues are being brought on budget.

Non-oil growth is expected to continue recovering in 2019, accelerating to 2.9 per cent this year, as higher government spending and improved confidence will support business activity, according to the fund.

The overall economy is forecast to expand 1.9 per cent, slowing down as a result of oil production curbs negotiated by OPEC and its partners.

The IMF also said that while Saudi Arabia made significant strides in non-oil growth reforms in 2018, the “the fiscal pendulum had swung too far toward supporting near-term growth and reform implementation”.

Besides increasing VAT, the IMF suggested Saudi Arabia consider a series of additional fiscal measures such as moving ahead with plans to raise water prices while compensating low and middle-income households through the Citizens’ Account Programme. It also urged the kingdom to contain the government sector wage bill.