Capital gains are the profits from the sale of an asset — shares of stock, a piece of land, a business — and generally are considered taxable income. How much these gains are taxed depends a lot on how long you held the asset before selling.

In 2020 the capital gains tax rates are either 0%, 15% or 20% for most assets held for more than a year. Capital gains tax rates on most assets held for less than a year correspond to ordinary income tax brackets (10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% or 37%).

What is short-term capital gains tax?

Short-term capital gains tax is a tax on profits from the sale of an asset held for one year or less. The short-term capital gains tax rate equals your ordinary income tax rate — your tax bracket. (Not sure what tax bracket you’re in? Review this rundown on federal tax brackets.)

What is long-term capital gains tax?

Long-term capital gains tax is a tax on profits from the sale of an asset held for more than a year. The long-term capital gains tax rate is 0%, 15% or 20% depending on your taxable income and filing status. They are generally lower than short-term capital gains tax rates.

Capital gains tax rules can be different for home sales. Learn more here.

2020 capital gains tax rates

Expand the filing status that applies to you.

Single filers Long-term capital gains tax rate Your income 0% $0 to $40,000 15% $40,001 to $441,450 20% $441,451 or more Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according to federal income tax brackets. Married, filing jointly Long-term capital gains tax rate Your income 0% $0 to $80,000 15% $80,001 to $496,600 20% $496,601 or more Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according to federal income tax brackets. Head of Household Long-term capital gains tax rate Your income 0% $0 to $53,600 15% $53,601 to $469,050 20% $469,051 or more Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according to federal income tax brackets. Married, filing separately Long-term capital gains tax rate Your income 0% $0 to $40,000 15% $40,001 to $248,300 20% $248,301 or more Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according to federal income tax brackets.

» Looking for a way to defer capital gains taxes? Putting money in an IRA or a 401(k) could help postpone or even avoid future capital gains tax bills.

» Having trouble deciding whether and when to sell? A qualified financial advisor can help you understand your options. See some of our picks of the best.

How capital gains are calculated

Capital gains taxes can apply on investments, such as stocks or bonds, real estate (though usually not your home), cars, boats and other tangible items.

The money you make on the sale of any of these items is your capital gain. Money you lose is a capital loss. Our capital gains tax calculator can help you estimate your gains.

You can use investment capital losses to offset gains. For example, if you sold a stock for a $10,000 profit this year and sold another at a $4,000 loss, you’ll be taxed on capital gains of $6,000.

The difference between your capital gains and your capital losses is called your “net capital gain.” If your losses exceed your gains, you can deduct the difference on your tax return, up to $3,000 per year ($1,500 for those married filing separately).

You include your capital gain in your income to figure out what tax rate applies to the capital gain. Capital gains taxes are progressive, similar to income taxes.

Watch out for two things

1. Rule exceptions. The capital gains tax rates in the tables above apply to most assets, but there are some noteworthy exceptions. Long-term capital gains on so-called “collectible assets” are generally taxed at 28%; these are things like coins, precious metals, antiques and fine art. Short-term gains on such assets are taxed at the ordinary income tax rate.

2. The net investment income tax. Some investors may owe an additional 3.8% that applies to whichever is smaller: your net investment income or the amount by which your modified adjusted gross income exceeds the amounts listed below.

Here are the income thresholds that might make investors subject to this additional tax:

Single or head of household: $200,000

Married, filing jointly: $250,000

Married, filing separately: $125,000

How to minimize capital gains taxes

Hold on

Whenever possible, hold an asset for a year or longer so you can qualify for the long-term capital gains tax rate, since it's significantly lower than the short-term capital gains rate for most assets. Our capital gains tax calculator shows how much that could save.

Exclude home sales

To qualify, you must have owned your home and used it as your main residence for at least two years in the five-year period before you sell it. You also must not have excluded another home from capital gains in the two-year period before the home sale. If you meet those rules, you can exclude up to $250,000 in gains from a home sale if you’re single and up to $500,000 if you’re married filing jointly. (Learn more here about how capital gains on home sales work.)

Rebalance with dividends

Rather than reinvest dividends in the investment that paid them, rebalance by putting that money into your underperforming investments. Typically, you'd rebalance by selling securities that are doing well and putting that money into those that are underperforming. But using dividends to invest in underperforming assets will allow you avoid selling strong performers — and thus avoid capital gains that would come from that sale.

Use tax-advantaged accounts

These include 401(k) plans, individual retirement accounts and 529 college savings accounts, in which the investments grow tax-free or tax-deferred. That means you don’t have to pay capital gains tax if you sell investments within these accounts. Roth IRAs and 529s in particular have big tax advantages. Qualified distributions from those are tax-free; in other words, you don’t pay any taxes on investment earnings. With traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, you’ll pay taxes when you take distributions from the accounts in retirement. (Learn more here about taxes on your retirement accounts.)

Carry losses over

If your net capital loss exceeds the limit you can deduct for the year, the IRS allows you to carry the excess into the next year, deducting it on that year’s return.

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