The study examined eight years of data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, a nationally representative database of U.S. emergency department admission data. In line with other research, it found American gunshot victims are overwhelmingly male (89 percent), young (61 percent under the age of 30) and poor (over half are from the lowest income quartile).

Nearly half (49.5 percent) of gunshot injuries are the result of an assault by another individual. Most of the remaining injuries happen unintentionally (35.3 percent), while legal interventions (officer-involved shootings) account for 2.4 percent.

Suicide attempts make up a relatively small fraction (5.3 percent) of emergency department gunshot cases, primarily because more than 80 percent of firearm suicide attempts end in death and people found dead are typically not taken to the hospital.

For this reason, the authors stress that their study is far from a complete account of the toll of gun violence in the United States. “Patients who died before reaching the hospital . . . were excluded” from the study, they write, as were patients who did not seek treatment for their wounds.

The authors identify a number of policy implications in their paper. First, experts know how to reduce the burden of gun violence — universal background checks would be a good start. “Multiple studies have demonstrated that background checks — particularly among people with mental illness, fugitives, and those with a history of misdemeanors — have reduced rates of suicide and homicide,” the authors write.

Second, attempts to treat gun violence exclusively as a mental-health problem are likely to come up short. Fewer than 7 percent of the patients in the study had a diagnosed mental-health disorder. While expanding mental-health treatment may help reduce suicide attempts, it “would have a limited impact on the overall burden of firearm-related injuries.”

Finally, policymakers are making the problem of gun violence worse by severely restricting gun research and failing to implement proven violence-reduction policies, such as the aforementioned universal background checks.