Australian National University professor Michael Clarke has condemned China’s escalating crackdown on Uyghurs, one of the nation’s ethnic Muslim minorities. In the far western province of Xinjiang, the Chinese government has forced up to one million people into re-education camps. Professor Clarke has told Sky News that China is using manpower, surveillance and hi-tech policing to enable the ‘most systematic form of cultural cleansing’, moulding them away from their own ethnic identity. He says any mosques that haven’t already been shut down are heavily monitored.

China is 'moulding' Uighurs from their own ethnic identity

Satellite images have revealed China is destroying scores of traditional burial grounds belonging to Uighur Muslims as part of a broader campaign to wipe out the minority group’s cultural identity.

The images, analysed by Earthwise Alliance and published on Wednesday, show new carparks and standardised facilities in places that used to house the remains of Uighur families in China’s northwestern Xinjiang province.

In just two years, dozens of cemeteries have been destroyed in the northwest region.

Some of the graves were cleared with little care — in Shayar county, journalists saw unearthed human bones left discarded in three sites.

In other sites tombs that were reduced to mounds of bricks lay scattered in cleared tracts of land.

While the official explanation ranges from urban development to the “standardisation” of old graves, overseas Uighurs say the destruction is part of a state crackdown to control every element of their lives.

“This is all part of China’s campaign to effectively eradicate any evidence of who we are, to effectively make us like the Han Chinese,” said Salih Hudayar, who said the graveyard where his great-grandparents were buried was demolished.

“That’s why they’re destroying all of these historical sites, these cemeteries, to disconnect us from our history, from our fathers and our ancestors.”

An estimated one million mostly Muslim ethnic minorities have been rounded up into re-education camps in Xinjiang in the name of combating religious extremism and separatism.

Those who are free are subject to rigorous surveillance and restrictions — from home visits from officials to bans on beards and veils.

China has remained defiant despite escalating global criticism of its treatment of Uighurs.

This week, the United States said it would curb visas for officials over the alleged abuses and black-listed 28 Chinese firms it accuses of rights violations.

RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION

According to satellite imagery analysed by AFP and Earthwise Alliance, the Chinese Government has, since 2014, exhumed and flattened at least 45 Uighur cemeteries — including 30 in the past two years.

The Xinjiang Government did not respond to a request for comment.

The destruction is “not just about religious persecution”, said Nurgul Sawut, who has five generations of family buried in Yengisar in southwestern Xinjiang.

“It is much deeper than that,” said Ms Sawut, who now lives in Australia and last visited Xinjiang in 2016 to attend her father’s funeral.

“If you destroy that cemetery … you’re uprooting whoever’s on that land, whoever’s connected to that land,” she explained.

Even sites featuring shrines or the tombs of famous individuals were not spared. In Aksu, local authorities turned an enormous graveyard where prominent Uighur poet Lutpulla Mutellip was buried into “Happiness Park”, with fake pandas, a children’s ride, and a man-made lake.

Mutellip’s grave was like “a modern-day shrine for most nationalist Uighurs, patriotic Uighurs” recalled Ilshat Kokbore, who visited the tomb in the early ’90s and now resides in the US.

The “Happiness Park” project moved graves to a new cemetery in an industrial zone out in the desert. The caretaker there said he had no knowledge of the fate of Mutellip’s remains.

DESTROYING HISTORY

In China, urban growth and economic development has laid waste to innumerable cultural and historic sites, from traditional hutong neighbourhoods in Beijing to segments of Dali’s ancient city wall in southwestern Yunnan province. It is an issue Beijing itself has acknowledged.

The Government has also been criticised for its irreverence towards burial traditions outside of Xinjiang, including the destruction of coffins in central Jiangxi last year to force locals to cremate.

But activists and scholars say the clearances are especially egregious in Xinjiang, where they parallel the erasure of other cultural and spiritual sites — including at least 30 mosques and religious sites since 2017, an AFP investigation found in June.

The official explanation for cemetery removal or relocation varies by site. In Urumqi, the regional capital, a cemetery near the international airport was cleared to make way for an urban “reconstruction” project.

In Shayar, where the local government has built new cemeteries near some of the old sites, an official told AFP the program was aimed at “standardisation”. A sign by a new cemetery in Shayar, which replaced a graveyard from the 18th century containing about 7500 graves, echoed this statement.

The rebuilt sites “saved space, protected the ecosystem” and were “civilised”, it said.

“The new cemeteries are standardised, clean, and they’re convenient for residents,” Kadier Kasimu, deputy director of Shayar’s cultural affairs bureau, told AFP.

HUMAN REMAINS

Tamar Mayer, a professor of geosciences at Middlebury College, who researches Uighur shrines and cemeteries, described the new sites as homogenous and tightly packed.

Families, which traditionally leave gifts by the graves, no longer have “space to mourn”, she said, adding the policy seemed to be an attempt to “sanitise the area from Uighurs”.

Aziz Isa Elkun, a Uighur activist in Britain whose father was buried in one of the many destroyed cemeteries in Shayar, agreed: “If you want to build new graves then you can, but you do not need to destroy the old ones.”

The Shayar Government did not respond to AFP’s questions on the process of moving remains to new sites.

But it is clear that human remains have been left behind in the process. On a trip to Xinjiang in September, AFP visited 13 destroyed cemeteries across four cities and saw bones in at least three Shayar sites.

Local officials dismissed the evidence — one even picked up a bone, held it next to his right shin and declared it “too big to be a human’s”.

But seven forensic anthropologists who saw images taken by AFP identified a number of human remains, including a femur, feet, hand bones and part of an elbow.

“There are a range of ages,” said Xanthe Mallett, a criminologist at the University of Newcastle.

In Hotan, southern Xinjiang, residents were given just two days to claim their dead, according to a government notice photographed by AFP in May.

“Any tombstone that was not claimed during the registration period will be relocated as an unclaimed corpse,” it read in Uighur.

“The owner of the tombstone is solely responsible for any consequences coming out of the failure in registration.”

ATTACKS ON UIGHUR CULTURE

The move to raze Uighur cemeteries is not new — satellite imagery reviewed by AFP shows destruction from more than a decade ago.

But while Uighurs and ethnic minorities are still exempt from certain policies like cremation, which goes against Islamic tradition, authorities appear to be hardening their stance, said Rian Thum, a Uighur history and culture expert at the University of Nottingham.

They used to have a “non-confrontational approach to Uighur culture, but now any policy that attacks Uighur culture seems to get a boost rather than put in check as their approach has changed,” said Dr Thum.

The security crackdown in Xinjiang has also made it easier for authorities to ram through policies, said Tahir Hamut, a Uighur poet in the US who left Xinjiang in 2017.

“No one dares to speak up now,” he told AFP. “No one raises demands with the Government.”