Studies determining the contribution of water fluxes to sea level rise typically remove the ongoing effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Unfortunately, use of inconsistent ter- minology between various disciplines has caused confusion as to how contributions from GIA should be removed from altimetry and GRACE measurements. In this paper, we review the physics of the GIA corrections applicable to these measurements and discuss the differing nomenclature between the GIA literature and other studies of sea level change. We then examine a range of estimates for the GIA contribution derived by varying the Earth and ice models employed in the prediction. We find, similar to early studies, that GIA produces a small (compared to the observed value) but systematic contribution to the altimetry estimates, with a maximum range of −0.15 to −0.5 mm/yr. Moreover, we also find that the GIA contribution to the mass change measured by GRACE over the ocean is significant. In this regard, we demonstrate that confusion in nomenclature between the terms ‘absolute sea level’ and ‘geoid’ has led to an overestimation of this contribution in some previous studies. A component of this overestimation is the incorrect inclusion of the direct effect of the contemporaneous perturbations of the rotation vector, which leads to a factor of ∼two larger value of the degree two, order one spherical harmonic component of the model results. Aside from this confusion, uncertainties in Earth model structure and ice sheet history yield a spread of up to 1.4 mm/yr in the estimates of this contribution. However, even if the ice and Earth models were perfectly known, the processing techniques used in GRACE data analysis can introduce variations of up to 0.4 m/yr. Thus, we conclude that a single-valued ‘GIA correction’ is not appropriate for sea level studies based on gravity data; each study must estimate a bound on the GIA correction consistent with the adopted data-analysis scheme.

Concerns about the analysis of satellite data for sea level rise were summarized in a previous post Sea level rise acceleration (or not): Part IV Satellite era record (scroll down towards the bottom), focusing on an exchange between Nils Axel Morner and Steve Nerem.

All this makes my head hurt. The punchline of all this seems to be that if you assume that the ‘glass’ remains constant in size and shape, then the amount of water in the glass is increasing, at an apparently accelerating rate. However, if the glass is expanding in diameter, then the increase in the level of the water from increasing the amount of water in the glass rises more slowly.

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

This post was actually triggered by a recent article: Rising ground under West Antarctica could prevent ice sheet collapse. This is based on a recent paper by Barletta et al. who found that the ground under the rapidly melting Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica is rising at the astonishingly rapid rate of 41 millimeters, or more than 4 cm, per year. If this trend increases as the study projects, then the grounding line, which is the spot where the marine-based ice shelf of the Pine Island Glacier meets bedrock, will have risen by 8 meters, or 26.2 feet, in 100 years. Such rapid rebound could stabilize the ice sheetby driving the grounding line for the marine ice sheet towards the sea, leading to less of the underside of the ice being exposed to the warm ocean. However, the rising of the ground may have caused scientists to underestimate ice loss in the region by 10%, since the rising Earth partially hides the gravity signal coming from ice loss.

From phys.org:

These new measurements of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), the scientific term for uplift due to ice sheet unloading, are an important part of a wider story about the fate of the Antarctic ice sheets, said Doug Kowalewski, the Antarctic Earth Sciences program director in the National Science Foundation’s Office of Polar Programs (OPP).

“The observed GIA response captured by the POLENET array is an order of magnitude greater than previously thought. The upcoming challenge is to couple the GIA observations with ice-sheet models,” Kowalewski said.

While this is good news for the WAIS, it does not exactly inspire confidence in our quantitative understanding of the GIA.

Comparison with tide guages

Those that are skeptical of the satellite observations argue ‘but the tide guages.’ As reported in Part IV, there have been several studies that compare the tide guage with altimeter values during the period since 1993 and find good agreement:

Merrifield et al. (2009): After 1990, the global trend increases to the most recent rate of 3.2 ± 0.4 mm yr-1, matching estimates obtained from satellite altimetry.

Jevrejeva et al. (2014): There is a good agreement between the rate of sea level rise (3.2 ± 0.4 mm· yr-1) calculated from satellite altimetry and the rate of 3.1 ± 0.6 mm·yr-1 from tide gauge based reconstruction for the overlapping time period (1993–2009).

Hay et al. (2015): Our analysis, which combines tide gauge records with physics-based and model-derived geometries of the various contributing signals, also indicates that GMSL rose at a rate of 3.0 ± 0.7 millimetres per year between 1993 and 2010 . . . is also consistent with the estimate based on TOPEX and Jason altimeter measurements (3.2 ± 0.4 mm yr-1 for the period 1993–2010.)

Dangendorf et al. 2016: our estimate of 3.1 ± 1.4 mm⋅y−1 from 1993 to 2012 is consistent with independent estimates from satellite altimetry.

So, what actually went into these analyses? Dangendorf (2016) describes what they did:

Here we present a GMSL reconstruction that accounts for ocean volume redistribution, local observations [mostly global positioning system (GPS)] of VLM, and geoid changes caused by ongoing GIA, present-day ice melt, and TWS, including ground- water depletion and water impoundment behind dams. We base our approach on an area-weighting average technique and on recent scientific achievements made for each individual correction. Our tide gauge selection consists of 322 stations, for which VLM corrections with uncertainties of less than 0.7 mm/yr are available. After accounting for VLM, each tide gauge is further corrected for geoid changes from ongoing GIA, glacier/ice-sheet melting, and TWS. The tide gauges are then grouped into six coherent regions objectively defined to account for water volume redistribution. Within each oceanic region, a regional mean sea level curve is built by recursively combining the two nearest stations into a virtual station halfway, until only one station is left. After all this, one is still left with the argument ‘but the tide guages.’

Local sea level rise

What does all this mean for local sea level rise? Pretty much nothing, apparently, with regards to recent and historical local sea level rise. Looking at raw, local tide gauge data in many locations shows much lower values over the past 3 decades than 3.2 mm/yr (JC’s anecdotal eyeball estimate), with the exception of regions that are sinking from geological processes or land use practices.

What matters to local decision makers is their local rate of sea level rise, relative the local coast (whether it is rising or sinking for whatever reason). Understanding the causes of their local sea level rise helps them understand what they can do to address the problem.

Projections of future local sea level rise are of course also relevant. But such projections should account for the lessening of local sea level rise by enlarging the ocean basins.

Summary

Assuming that the uncertainty in GIA adjustments are ‘in the noise’ of global sea level rise may not be entirely justified. The adjustments to the satellite data that emerged in the discussion between Morner and Nerem do not inspire confidence in the estimate of sea level rise from satellite data, and the low level of stated uncertainty strains credulity.

I would appreciate any additional insights you have on this topic, recent references, etc.