Recently, separate discussions with pnkfelix and graydon have prompted me to think a bit about “dynamically sized types” once again. Those who know Rust well know all about the sometimes annoying discrepancy between a type like ~T (owned pointer to T ) and ~[S] (owned vector of S instances)—in particular, despite the visual similarity, there is no type [S] , so ~[S] is not an instance of ~T for any T . This design was the outcome of a lot of back-and-forth and I think it has generally served us well, but I’ve always had this nagging feeling that we can do better. Recently it occurred to me how we could, though it’s not without its price.

In the spirit of “no stone left unturned”, I thought I’d write out this idea. At first I thought this was a rather futile exercise, since any large changes to Rust have to pass a pretty high bar at this point, but now that I’ve thought the idea through, I think it has a lot of merit and is worth considering.

A change to representation

For the purposes of simplicity, I will focus on vector types in this blog post, though I think that many of the same considerations apply to other types like closure and trait types (as well as strings, but those are really just newtyped vectors to the compiler).

In the compiler today, both a ~[T] and an @[T] are represented as a Box<Vector<T>>* where the Box and Vector types are defined as follows (here N is the length of the vector, which naturally is not known until runtime):

template<class T> struct Box { type_descriptor_t *type_desc; ... T payload; } template<class T> struct Vector { unsigned length; T[N] elements; }

(The fact that ~[T] uses a box is not actually necessary, it was done as part of the early work on tracing GC and will eventually be undone, at least for those cases where the type T does not itself include managed pointers)

However, today, a slice &[T] is represented quite differently. It is in fact a Slice<T> type, where Slice is defined as follows:

template<class T> struct Slice { T* elements; unsigned length; }

The reason for this is that we wish a slice to be a subset of another vector, which is enabled by this two-word representation.

What I’d like to do is to use two words for all vectors. Therefore, the layout for ~[T] and @[T] will be:

template<class T> struct Vector { Box<Elements<T>>* elements; unsigned length; } template<class T> struct Elements { T[N] elements; }

What does this new representation buy us?

Notice that, apart from the box header, this means that a ~[T] or a @[T] is in fact a valid slice. This is exactly like any other ~T or @T pointer, which has the same format as a &T pointer but for the box. This is actually quite similar to how we handle object types ( @Trait vs &Trait ) and closure types ( @fn() , &fn() ).

This means that we can define our Rust type hierarchy as follows:

T = S // sized types | U // unsized types S = &'r T // region ptr | @T // managed ptr | ~T // unique ptr | [S, ..N] // fixed-length array | uint // scalars | ... U = [S] // vectors | str // string | Trait // existential ("exists S:Trait.S") | fn(S*) -> S

Note that I have divided the types into two groups. Sized types indicate values whose size is known to the compiler. Unsized types represent values whose size is not known the compiler (this terminology is somewhat imprecise; unsized values do in fact have a size, but it is not known until runtime). Note that unsized types are generally only legal behind a pointer; that is, you can’t have a type like ~[[int]] , which would be an array of arrays, where each subarray could have a different size. You could have ~[~[int]] —an array of pointers to arrays—or ~[[int, ..4]] , an array of fixed-length arrays of size 4.

Pointers to values of unsized type (e.g., @U , &U ) are “fat” pointers, meaning that at runtime they are represented by a pair ( (pointer, meta) ). The first word is a pointer to the data, and the second word ( meta ) is some kind of descriptor that indicates what size the data has. The exact nature of this descriptor will change depending on the type U , but there is always something there (for vectors, the meta value is just a length; for objects, it’s a vtable; etc). Standard pointer operations (notably borrowing) are applied to the pointer portion of this pair but leave the meta portion intact.

Writing generic code in the face of unsized types

Using this definition of types means that we can write and compose generic impls that operate over types like @T , ~T , and [T] , instead of writing impls, like the following:

impl<T:ToStr> ToStr for @T { fn to_str(&self) -> ~str { let @ref v = *self; fmt!("@%s", v.to_str()) } } impl<T:ToStr> ToStr for ~T { fn to_str(&self) -> ~str { let ~ref v = *self; fmt!("~%s", v.to_str()) } } impl<T:ToStr+Sized> ToStr for [T] { fn to_str(&self) -> ~str { let mut result = ~""; let mut prefix = ""; result.push_char('['); for self.each |v: &T| { result.push_str(prefix); result.push_str(v.to_str()); prefix = ","; } result.push_char(']'); } }

This replaces the impls we must write today, which would be over ~T , @T , ~[T] , @[T] (and &T and &[T] , typically, but I didn’t include those in the above example).

However, there is a catch. The compiler must ensure that unsized types do not appear in illegal locations. For example, we cannot have a local variable of unsized type, because that would require an unknown amount of stack space. Similarly, we cannot have a vector whose elements are unsized. In fact, this is visible in the previous code snippet: if you look carefully at the impl for [T] , you will see that the type T is declared with a bound Sized :

impl<T:ToStr+Sized> ToStr for [T] { ... }

This indicates that the type T must be a sized type.

In practice, I suspect we wouldn’t have to write the Sized bound very often. This is because the traits Copy and Clone must extend Sized , since they return a new instance of the receiver, and you can’t return an unsized type (note that functions must take sized arguments and return sized values). Today, most generic functions fall into two categories: those that copy values around, and those that manipulate them solely by reference. The former would require a Sized bound, but then they also require a Copy bound, which implies Sized . The latter do not require Sized at all.

In summary