Schmoke was not alone in his membership in a "new breed" of black leadership inclined to buck the orthodoxy of zero-tolerance criminalization of addiction. Washington, D.C., like Schmoke's Baltimore, had had a vigorous trade in heroin in the 1960s and 1970s, and in cocaine in the 1980s. Its mayor, veteran civil rights organizer Marion Barry, forcefully asserted that drug users should be treated as "medical problems" and that they and their families had been the victims of the drug war. Barry called for the diversion of street-level resources to efforts to frustrate cocaine producers, distributors, and, quite controversially, the real estate, luxury goods, and financial business which laundered drug money – Barry himself served a six months in federal prison for possession of crack cocaine between his third and fourth mayoral term. Similarly, Hartford, Conn.'s Carrie Saxon Perry, a veteran community activist and, in 1987, the first black woman elected mayor of a large U.S. city, stated that the extreme drug-war-related social and health dislocations she witnessed in the fourth-poorest city in the country required her to support decriminalization.