This article should be considered deprecated since it speaks about the old (standalone) Swarm. To get more up-to-date information about the new Swarm mode, please read the Docker Swarm Introduction (Tour Around Docker 1.12 Series) article or consider getting the The DevOps 2.1 Toolkit: Docker Swarm book.

This series is split into following articles.

In the previous article we manually deployed the first version of our service together with a separate instance of the Mongo DB container. Both are (probably) running on different servers. Docker Swarm decided where to run our containers and Consul stored information about service IPs and ports as well as other useful information. That data was used to link one service with another as well as to provide information nginx needed to create proxy.

We'll continue where we left and deploy a second version of our service. Since we're practicing blue/green deployment, the first version was called blue and the next one will be green. This time there will be some additional complications. Deploying the second time is a bit more complicated since there are additional things to consider, especially since our goal is to have no downtime.

Setup

For those of you who stopped VMs we created in the previous article ( vagrant halt ) or turned off your laptops, here's how to quickly get to the same state where we were before. The rest of you can skip this chapter.

vagrant up vagrant ssh swarm-master ansible-playbook /vagrant/ansible/infra.yml -i /vagrant/ansible/hosts/prod export DOCKER_HOST=tcp://10.100.199.200:2375 docker start booksservice_db_1 docker start booksservice_blue_1 sudo consul-template -consul localhost:8500 -template "/data/nginx/templates/books-service-blue-upstream.conf.ctmpl:/data/nginx/upstreams/books-service.conf:docker kill -s HUP nginx" -once

We can verify whether everything seems to be in order by running the following.

docker ps curl http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books | jq .

The first command should list, among other things, booksservice_blue_1 and booksservice_db_1 containers. The second one should retrieve JSON response with three books we inserted before.

With this out-of-the-way, we can continue where we left.

Run the Second Release Of The Service Container

At this moment we have only blue release deployed and accessible to our users through nginx.

The next release will be called green. We'll run it in parallel with the previous one in order to avoid any downtime. During this time, all our users will continue being redirected to the old (blue) release. Once everything is up and running and we're sure that the new release (green) is working as expected, we'll reconfigure nginx to proxy requests to the new (green) release and the old one (blue) will be stopped.

cd /data/compose/config/books-service docker-compose pull green docker-compose rm -f green docker-compose up -d green docker ps | grep booksservice

At this moment we have two versions of our service up and running (old and new; blue and green) . That can be seen from the output of the last command ( docker ps ). It should display both services running on different servers (or the same if that turned up to be the place with the least number of containers).

This is the moment when we should run our automated tests. We do not have them prepared for this article so we'll manually execute curl command to check whether everything seems to be OK.

curl http://localhost:8500/v1/catalog/service/books-service-green | jq . curl http://[IP]:[PORT]/api/v1/books | jq .

The first command queries Consul and returns data related to the books-service-green service. Please make sure to change the [IP] and the [PORT] in the second command ( curl ) to values you got from Consul.

Keep in mind that we tested the service by sending request directly to its IP and port and not to the publicly available address served with nginx. At this moment both services are running with the old one (blue) being available for the public on http://10.100.199.200 and the new one (green) at the moment accessible only to us. Soon we'll change nginx and tell it to redirect all requests to the new one thus archiving zero-downtime. Now that everything seems to be working as expected, it is time to make the new release (green) available to the public.

curl -X PUT -d 'green' http://localhost:8500/v1/kv/services/books-service/color sudo consul-template -consul localhost:8500 -template "/data/nginx/templates/books-service-green-upstream.conf.ctmpl:/data/nginx/upstreams/books-service.conf:docker kill -s HUP nginx" -once docker stop booksservice_blue_1 curl http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books | jq . docker ps -a | grep booksservice

First we put a new value (green) to the books-service/color Consul key. That is for the future reference in case we want to know what color is currently running. This information will come in handy when we reach the point of having all this fully automated. Then we updated nginx configuration by running consul-template. Next, curl command was the final piece of testing that verifies that publicly available service (this time green) continues working as expected and with no down-time. This testing should be automated but, for the sake of brevity, testing automation was skipped from this article. Finally, we're checking the output of the docker ps -a command. It should show booksservice_green_1 as Up and booksservice_blue_1 and Exited.

Automation With Ansible And Jenkins

Everything we did by now was fine as a learning exercise but in the "real world" all this should be automated. We'll use Ansible as orchestration tool to run all the commands we did by now and a few more. We won't go into details of the Ansible playbook books-service.yml. It can be found together with the rest of source code in the docker-swarm GitHub repository. Since Ansible playbook follows the same logic as manual command we run and, in general, its playbooks are very easy to read, hopefully you won't have a problem understanding it without further explanation. If you run into problems, please consult Continuous Integration, Delivery and Deployment. It has quite a few articles dedicated to Ansible. Feel free to send comments (below) or contact me directly with questions if there are any.

Important thing to note is that there are no separate roles for different services. When Ansible is used with micro services architecture, having a separate role for each service can quickly become too much to manage. Since with Docker it is easy to standardize deployments, there is only one role called service. That role uses variables to customize few differences between different micro services. For example, one might use a database (for example books-service) while other doesn't (for example books-fe). In other words, each service has a separate playbook with service specific variables and all of them rely on the same role.

As an example, following is the definition of the books-service.yml playbook.

- hosts: service remote_user: vagrant sudo: yes vars: - container_image: books-service - container_name: books-service - http_address: /api/v1/books - has_db: true roles: - docker - consul - swarm - nginx - service

We have service specific variables defined under vars section followed with all the roles required for this service. Variables are defining the image and the name of the Docker container, HTTP address service should run on (used to provide nginx proxy) and whether it has a database or not. All services depend on the same roles. They need Docker, Consul, Swarm, nginx and service. All but the last one are dependencies. The service role defines this and all other services we're running. If you take a look at the books-fe.yml playbook, you'll notice that the only difference between the two are variables. Please take a look at the source code in the docker-swarm GitHub repository for more info.

Now, let us run books-service.yml playbook to deploy yet another version of our service.

ansible-playbook /vagrant/ansible/books-service.yml -i /vagrant/ansible/hosts/prod

Did was quite a better experience than what we did by now. A single command took care of everything.

Did it work correctly? We can check that in the same was as before.

curl http://localhost:8500/v1/kv/services/books-service/color?raw curl http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books | jq . docker ps -a | grep booksservice

We can see that the current color is blue (previous was green), that nginx works correctly, that the old (green) container is stopped and that the new one (blue) is running.

Can we do it without even running that single command? That's what Jenkins (and similar tools) are for. If you already used Jenkins you might think that you should skip this part. Please bear with me because once we set it up, we'll go through ways to recuperate from failure.

Let us first make sure that Jenkins is up and running.

ansible-playbook /vagrant/ansible/jenkins.yml -i /vagrant/ansible/hosts/prod

Great thing about orchestration tools like Ansible is that they always check the state and act only when needed. If Jenkins was already up-and-running, Ansible did nothing. If, on the other hand, it was not deployed or was shut down, Ansible acted accordingly and made it work again.

Jenkins can be viewed by opening http://10.100.199.200:8080/ in your favourite browser. Among other jobs, you should see the books-service job that we'll use to deploy new version of our service.

Next, create a new node by using following steps.

Click Manage Jenkins > Manage Nodes > New Node

> > Name it cd , select Dumb Slave and click OK

, select and click Type /data/jenkins/slaves/cd as Remote Root Directory

as Type 10.100.199.200 as Host

as Select Launch slave agents on Unix machines via SSH

Click Add* next to **Credentials

Use vagrant as both Username and Password and click Add

as both and and click Click Save

Now we can run the books-service job. From the Jenkins home page, click books-service link and then the Build Now button. Refresh the page and you'll see the icon in Build History blinking until it's finished running. Once done, there will be a blue icon indicating that everything run correctly.

Run docker ps to confirm that the service is running.

docker ps -a | grep booksservice

What is missing from this Jenkins job configuration is Source Code Management setup that would pull the code from repository whenever there is any change and initiate deployment. After all, we don't want to waste time pushing the Build button every time someone changes the code. Since this is being run in local, SCM setup cannot be demonstrated. However, you should have not trouble finding the information online.

Now let us move to more interesting things and see how to recuperate from failures.

Self-Healing System

What happens when something goes wrong? What happens when, for example, one service or the whole node goes down? Our system should be able to recuperate from such problems. Self-Healing Systems is a big topic spanning code architecture, servers setup, notifications, etc. This subject deserves at least a whole article (and probably a whole book) so we won't go deep into Self-Healing concepts but only take the simplest scenario. We'll set the system in a way that when one service goes down it is redeployed. If, on the other hand, the whole node stops working, all containers from that node will be transferred to a healthy one. We'll need Consul, Jenkins and Ansible for that.

Here's the flow we want to accomplish. We need something to monitor health of our services. We'll use Consul for this purpose. If one of them does not respond to a request made every 10 seconds, Jenkins job will be called. Jenkins, in turn, will run Ansible that will make sure that everything related to that service is up and running. Since we're using Docker Swarm, if the cause of service not working is server shutdown, healthy node will be selected instead. We could have done this without Jenkins but since we already have it set up and it provides a lot of nice and easy to configure features (even though we don't use them in this example), we'll stick with it.

Before we go into details, let's see it in action. We'll start by stopping our service.

docker ps | grep booksservice docker stop booksservice_green_1 docker stop booksservice_blue_1 docker ps -a

At this moment I could not be sure whether you are running blue or green version so the commands above will try to stop both. The second docker ps -a command is used to verify that the service is indeed stopped (status should be Exited).

Now that we stopped our service, Consul will detect that since it runs verification every 10 seconds. We can see its log with the following.

cat /data/consul/logs/watchers.log

The output should be similar to the one below.

Consul watch request: [{"Node":"swarm-master","CheckID":"service:books-service","Name":"Service 'books-service' check","Status":"critical","Notes":"","Output":"HTTP GET http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books: 502 Bad Gateway Output: u003chtmlu003ernu003cheadu003eu003ctitleu003e502 Bad Gatewayu003c/titleu003eu003c/headu003ernu003cbody bgcolor="white"u003ernu003ccenteru003eu003ch1u003e502 Bad Gatewayu003c/h1u003eu003c/centeru003ernu003chru003eu003ccenteru003enginx/1.9.2u003c/centeru003ernu003c/bodyu003ernu003c/htmlu003ern","ServiceID":"books-service","ServiceName":"books-service"}] >>> Service books-service is critical Triggering Jenkins job http://10.100.199.200:8080/job/books-service/build

If you don't see the same output, please make sure that 10 seconds passed between stopping the service and checking Consul logs.

Consul detected that there was something wrong and made a request that triggered the same Jenkins job we run manually and performed another deployment.

You can see the deployment progress from Jenkins. Once it is finished we can take another look at containers status.

docker ps | grep booksservice

Assuming that you stopped the green version, this time you would see booksservice_blue_1 running.

Same procedure would happen if we stop MongoDB or even any of the nodes (for example swarm-node-01). If some service is not responding, Consul triggers corresponding Jenkins job and repeats the deployment cycle. Even if the whole node is down services residing on that node would not respond and the procedure would be repeated.

How does this work?

Every time we deploy a service with Ansible (at the moment only one but that could extend to any number of them) we're making sure that Consul configuration is updated with information about the service. Let's take a look at configuration for the books-service.

cat /etc/consul.d/service-books-service.json

The output should be following.

{ "service": { "name": "books-service", "tags": ["service"], "port": 80, "address": "10.100.199.200", "checks": [{ "id": "api", "name": "HTTP on port 80", "http": "http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books", "interval": "10s" }] } }

It has the information about the service. Keep in mind that, unlike information stored with Consul Registrator that has the precise server and port a service is running on, this information is from the point of view of users. In other words, it points to our public IP and port (10.100.199.200) that is handled by nginx which, in turn, redirects requests to the server where actual service is residing. The reason for this is that in this particular case we only care that service as a whole is never interrupted. Even though we're continually deploying blue and green releases, one of them should always be running.

Finally, there is checks section. it tells consul to perform http request on http://10.100.199.200/api/v1/books every 10 seconds. If server returns anything but code 200, Consul will consider this service not working properly and initiate "rescue" procedure.

Each service should have its own service configuration file with checks section tailored to its specifics. There are different types of checks but, in our case, http is doing exactly what we need.

Next in line is watchers.json configuration file.

cat /etc/consul.d/watchers.json

The output is following.

{ "watches": [ { "type": "checks", "state": "critical", "handler": "/data/consul/scripts/redeploy_service.sh >>/data/consul/logs/watchers.log" } ] }

It tells Consul to watch all services of type checks. This filter is necessary since we have services registered with Consul and we want only those we specified to be checked. Second filter is state. We want only service in critical state to be retrieved. Finally, if Consul finds a service that has both type and state match, it will run the redeploy_service.sh command set in handler. Let's take a look at it.

cat /data/consul/scripts/redeploy_service.sh

The output is following.

#!/usr/bin/env bash RED='33[0;31m' NC='33[0;0m' read -r JSON echo "Consul watch request:" echo "$JSON" echo "$JSON" | jq -r '.[] | select(.CheckID | contains("service:")) | .ServiceName' | while read SERVICE_NAME do echo "" echo -e ">>> ${RED}Service $SERVICE_NAME is critical${NC}" echo "" echo "Triggering Jenkins job http://10.100.199.200:8080/job/$SERVICE_NAME/build" curl -X POST http://10.100.199.200:8080/job/$SERVICE_NAME/build done

I won't go into details of this script but say that it receives JSON from Consul, parses it to find out the name of the service that failed and, finally, makes a request to Jenkins to run the corresponding job and redeploy that service.

To Be Continued

We deployed multiple releases of our service following blue/green deployment technique. At no time service was interrupted during the deployment process. We have the whole process automated with Ansible and run by Jenkins.

We introduced some new Consul features that allow us to monitor the status of our services and perform measures that will recuperate them from failures. In the current setup we still cannot guarantee zero downtime since it can take up to 10 seconds for Consul to detect a failure and a bit more time for Jenkins/Ansible to perform the deployment.

The next article will go further and explore ways to scale every service into multiple nodes so that when one instance goes down, there is at least one more running. That way, even though we can redeploy any failed service, during that process a second instance is running and making sure that there is no downtime.

The story continues in the Scaling Individual Services article.

The DevOps 2.0 Toolkit

If you liked this article, you might be interested in The DevOps 2.0 Toolkit: Automating the Continuous Deployment Pipeline with Containerized Microservices book.

This book is about different techniques that help us architect software in a better and more efficient way with microservices packed as immutable containers, tested and deployed continuously to servers that are automatically provisioned with configuration management tools. It's about fast, reliable and continuous deployments with zero-downtime and ability to roll-back. It's about scaling to any number of servers, design of self-healing systems capable of recuperation from both hardware and software failures and about centralized logging and monitoring of the cluster.

In other words, this book envelops the whole microservices development and deployment lifecycle using some of the latest and greatest practices and tools. We'll use Docker, Kubernetes, Ansible, Ubuntu, Docker Swarm and Docker Compose, Consul, etcd, Registrator, confd, Jenkins, and so on. We'll go through many practices and, even more, tools.