Giselle Beltre, who lives in Morris Park in the Bronx, said she is delayed by the subway three or four times a week. She worries about having to pay a fee if she does not pick up her 6-year-old son from day care on time.

“Sometimes if I’m late for that, there’s penalties,” she said.

Last summer, the authority began a short-term rescue plan to make immediate repairs. The subway’s new leader, Andy Byford, also proposed a long-term plan to fix the subway that could cost $19 billion for the first five years. That plan includes installing new signals on some of the busiest lines at a quicker pace.

On Wednesday, Mr. Byford said the two rescue plans would help to restore faith in the system.

“These programs are our ironclad commitment to improve service and ensure that our transit system continues to be one of the great equalizers for all New Yorkers,” Mr. Byford said in a statement in response to the Federal Reserve’s report.

The report also said that neighborhoods with lower household incomes were more likely to have longer periods of unreliable service during the morning commute. Many of the neighborhoods with areas that have poor subway service were in the Bronx and Brooklyn, including East New York in Brooklyn and Eastchester in the Bronx.