by Scott A. Travers

“Independent third-party certification and encapsulation.” It’s quite a mouthful to say, and it’s every bit as important as it sounds.

Simply stated, “slabbing” has revolutionized the rare coin market, fundamentally changing the way people buy and sell coins.

Since its introduction in 1986 by the Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS), slabbing–the encapsulation of coins in sonically sealed, hard plastic holders with tamper-evident holograms–has greatly diminished the grading controversy that plagued the market prior to that time. It also has eased the crisis of confidence that up to then was spreading insidiously through the marketplace. Today, there is widespread acceptance of the grades assigned to rare coins by PCGS and the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation of America (NGC). But while the Slab Revolution has been a tremendous blessing, it also has given rise to a number of misconceptions–some of them downright myths–among the coin- buying public. Some of these have even been perpetrated, or perpetuated, by members of the numismatic press–the very journalists whose knowledge, integrity and independence serve as security blankets for their readers. Some of these misconceptions are fairly obvious; others are much more subtle. But either way, a myth is as good as a mile.

Here, then, is my list of the 10 greatest myths about slabbing:

MYTH NO. 1: You can’t get ripped off when you buy a certified coin.

This is absolutely not the case: You can get a terrible deal on any kind of coin if you choose the wrong dealer. Certified coins offer important safeguards. First and foremost, they carry grades assigned to them by impartial experts–informed, independent assessments regarding their level of preservation–and these provide protection against overgrading by unscrupulous sellers. It’s up to the consumer to correlate this grade with a reliable price guide stating how much each coin is worth in the designated level of preservation.

In one recent case some years back, a coin dealership grossly overcharged customers for coins which had been certified by major grading services. The grading itself was fine, and many of the coins were extremely rare and highly desirable. The problem: The dealer priced the coins at multiples of their fair market value. Just because a coin is accurately graded, that doesn’t mean it’s fairly priced. Overpricing also occurred in connection with esoteric coins which have been certified–unusual pattern coins, for example. Often, these coins fall into gray areas and people have difficulty determining their value. You might have a coin of which only three examples have been independently certified–but that doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s worth a great deal of money.

You need to do your homework–your research–in order to establish the fair market value of any coins you’re interested in buying. Just because a coin has been independently certified doesn’t mean it’s a good value.The first step in protecting yourself as a consumer is to get the coin properly certified, and the second step is to pay a fair price at the correct time in the market cycle.

MYTH NO. 2: All slabbed Mint State-65 coins are created equal. Coin grading is performed on a spectrum–on a continuum. Some coins are high-end for a given grade, some are low-end. Some coins graded 65 are magnificent–beaming with luster and shimmering in their allure, to the point where they might be just a hair away from meriting a grade of 66. Others are dingy, lackluster, spotted or lightly fingerprinted, and barely qualify as 65s. Still others are somewhere in between.

NGC recognized this early on by using the letters A, B and C internally in the grading room. Shortly after NGC’s founding in 1987, I worked there for three years as a part-time grader. If we looked at a coin that we believed was a high-end 65 (or a high-end coin of any grade, for that matter), we would use the letter

“A.” If we believed it was a low-end coin, we would use the letter “C.” And if we believed it was in between, we’d use no letter at all or the letter “B.” To add to the confusion (or at least to the complexity), there are A-plus and A-minus coins, C-plus and C-minus coins and so forth.

My discussions and explanations in public forums of this coin grading spectrum were relentless over many years. Despite David Hall, founder of PCGS, publicly disagreeing with my explanation, in 2010, he did an about-face and asked me to introduce PCGS’s new system of recognizing that coins are graded on a spectrum. PCGS introduced “plus” grading, and I cheerfully accepted the post of its paid spokesman in the rollout. NGC caught up quickly and joined the “plus” revolution, recognizing with PCGS that not all coins of the same grade are equal–at least not all coins bearing higher grades.

So whether the coin is graded with or without a plus, you should take a close look at any coin you’re thinking of buying, even if it’s housed in a slab. If it looks attractive to you, it might very well be attractive to someone else, as well. But if it looks ugly to you–if it looks as if you had taped it to the bottom of your shoe and tap-danced on it–then pass on the coin and tap-dance to the next deal.

MYTH NO. 3: Population and census reports tell you exactly how many coins are available. For a number of years, PCGS and NGC have been issuing

periodic population and census reports detailing how many

coins of each date, mint and type they have certified in each

of the various grades–and these can be extremely useful to

buyers and sellers. By no means, however, should these be

considered precise reflections of how many different coins

are actually available.

The problem is, these reports contain no consistent corrective

mechanism to account for resubmissions–cases where the same

coin is submitted over and over in hopes that it will receive

a higher grade the second, third, fourth or 50th time around.

A given coin might have been graded dozens of times because

the submitter thought it might be given the next-higher grade

and thus command a much higher price. In such a situation,

the population and census reports can be extremely

misleading.

Take the case of a coin worth $1,000 in Mint State-64

and $10,000 in Mint State-65. If it’s a very high-end MS-64

piece, its owner might crack it out of its holder multiple

times and keep resubmitting it, trying to get it upgraded to

65 and thus increase its market value $9,000. The population

and census reports do not correct for this irregularity.

*****

MYTH NO. 4: Slabbing has established a completely fixed,

totally consistent grading standard.

The grading services may indeed have striven for

completely fixed, totally consistent grading standards. But

the realities of the marketplace–and of the slabbing

business–have at the very least created the perception that

the standards have not remained fixed.

The Rosen Numismatic Advisory, an award-winning

newsletter published by market analyst Maurice Rosen,

conducts a “crystal ball” survey each year in which leading

professionals in the coin industry express their views on the

market. In the 1994 survey, virtually every participant

stated that since the mid- to late 1980s, grading standards

have loosened at both PCGS and NGC–despite representations

by the companies and their backers that the standards have

been fixed.

These experts could be wrong, of course–but even if

they were, complete precision and total consistency are

impossible in the real world. Almost any dealer who handles

certified coins will tell you that although the services’

standards are reasonably consistent today, they are certainly

not totally consistent–and it’s possible to take a high-end

65 one day, crack it out of its holder, and next day get a

grade of 66.

In the face of falling revenues caused by declining

interest in rare coins, the grading services might very well

be tempted to increase their business by loosening their

grading standards slightly.

*****

MYTH NO. 5: Slabbed coins protect you against volatility

and make better investments than unslabbed coins.

This statement is so fallacious that PCGS

warns consumers that this is NOT the case. In its

literature, it places the following

statement: “Certification by PCGS does not guarantee

protection against the normal risks associated with

potentially volatile markets. The degree of liquidity of

PCGS-certified coins will vary according to general market

conditions and according to the particular coin involved. For

some coins, there may be no active market at all at certain

points in time.”

If anything, the advent of certification actually has

created more volatility in the marketplace. And limiting your

purchases to certified coins isn’t going to protect you from

this volatility. Let’s say a Mint State-65 Saint-Gaudens

double eagle is worth $1,050 sight-unseen in a slab and

suddenly the sight-unseen price increases to $1,500 and then,

at the snap of a finger, plunges in a day down to $900. The

fact that the coin is certified will enable you to sell it at

its high when it’s $1,500 … or sell it quickly at its low

for $900–but won’t protect you against the market conditions

themselves. Anyone who thinks or says otherwise doesn’t

understand the nature of the marketplace or is

misrepresenting the way the marketplace works.

Buying slabbed coins helps to protect you against two

primary risks: the acquisition risk and the sale risk. The

acquisition risk is the risk that you might overpay when you

buy a coin. With a slabbed coin, the grade is established and

all you have to do is look in a price guide to be sure you’re

not overpaying. The sale risk is the risk that you might be

offered less than a coin is worth when you go to sell it–

that someone might offer you a Mint State-63 price for a Mint

State-65 coin. Again, with a slabbed coin, you know the grade

and thus can determine the value quite readily.

Certification doesn’t necessarily make coins a better

investment, but it does eliminate some of the acquisition

risk when you buy a coin and helps you maximize your return

when you sell that coin.

*****

MYTH NO. 6: A coin can’t deteriorate once it is

encapsulated in a slab.

On the contrary, the deterioration of coins–even when

housed in slabs–is a source of growing concern and

represents a problem that’s likely to occupy us increasingly

over the next several years.

NGC conducted some very intriguing age-acceleration

simulations in which coins that were sonically sealed in

tamper-resistant holders had their age accelerated by

decades. The results proved unsatisfactory, at least in terms

of copper coins: The coins actually deteriorated while they

were in the holders. I have seen a number of copper coins in

PCGS holders which actually broke out in spots while in the

holders.

There’s really no way that a coin can be completely

protected against environmental variables, whether it’s in a

slab or otherwise. We have seen a number of cases where

moisture in the air permeated the holders, as well as other

cases where coins made of highly susceptible and vulnerable

metals such as copper were, in a sense, choking in their

holders–trapped inside with airborne particulate matter

which was causing the coins to deteriorate.

Because copper coins are so susceptible to damage and

deterioration, NGC does not guarantee the grades it assigns

to them, as it does with coins produced in other metals. PCGS

does guarantee the grades of copper coins–but I have seen no

difference in the way these coins deteriorate while

encapsulated, whether the holders came from one service or

the other.

This is a real problem, one I sense we’ll have to

address more urgently over the next several years as coins

that are susceptible grow older in holders and their

deterioration becomes more apparent.

*****

MYTH NO. 7: Slabbed coins can always be liquidated at

Coin Dealer Newsletter prices.

Dream on! The Coin Dealer Newsletter (familiarly known

as the Greysheet) does not determine the marketplace; the

marketplace is supposed to determine the values that are

listed in The Coin Dealer Newsletter–and often, there’s a

great discrepancy.

To cite just one example, the monthly Coin Dealer

Newsletter listings for Mint State-65 Barber half dollars

early this year were, in my opinion, just about double what

they should have been. There were coins listed for $6,000

which my own company, Scott Travers Rare Coin Galleries of

New York, was offering to clients for half that much–$3,000

to $3,500. Many CDN prices are notoriously high. Conversely,

if you have one of these Barber half dollars and you see it

listed for $6,000 in the CDN Monthly Summary, don’t think you

can sell it for $6,000. You might be lucky to get $3,000 for

it. There are many similar examples, but this should suffice.

The Certified Coin Dealer Newsletter (or Bluesheet) is

more accurate, especially for generic, fungible coins–coins

which are available in great quantity and tend to duplicate

each other. The Bluesheet is certainly a better reflection of

market conditions than the Greysheet.

But once you start talking about truly rare coins

costing many thousands of dollars, the publishers of the

Bluesheet and Greysheet have greater difficulty determining

the levels at which these coins actually trade, and have

difficulty confirming transactions. As a consequence, the

price levels listed in these guides become less reliable for

such coins.

Just because a coin has a value of $20,000 or $30,000 in

the Bluesheet or Greysheet, there’s no assurance at all that

you can get that much for it if you sell it. The transaction

reflected in the listing may have occurred many months ago

and the market may have dropped 10 or 15 percent in the

interim.

*****

MYTH NO. 8: Slabbing has attracted billions of dollars

from Wall Street, and the money is here to stay.

The money that entered the coin market from Wall Street

sources, through limited partnerships, amounted to millions

of dollars, not billions. And to those Wall Street sources–

companies such as Merrill Lynch and Kidder Peabody–this was

really an experiment. On Wall Street, where stocks trade at

the rate of $40 million per minute, rare-coin funds totaling

$10 million apiece, or $20 million–or even $50 million–

don’t represent a major outlay.

The experiment proved to be unsuccessful; as a result,

the money left the coin market as quickly as it had arrived.

Given that experience, it’s highly unlikely that new Wall

Street money will be flowing into the coin market anytime

soon–and anyone who says it will return soon is either

misinformed or an outright liar.

*****

MYTH NO. 9: Inexpensive slabbed coins are always worth

at least as much as the fee you pay to get them certified.

This is a myth with special appeal to the unwary. Many

non-knowledgeable investors buying inexpensive coins feel

comfortable paying $40 or $50 apiece for these coins because

that represents such a modest markup over the certification

fee. They assume that since the slabbing fee was $25 and

they’re paying just $15 or $25 more than that, they must be

getting a good deal.

The fact is, coins can and do change hands for less than

the amount of the certification fee. When all is said and

done, you’re buying the coin, not the plastic, and you should

never pay more than the coin itself is worth. Many

inexpensive coins–common-date silver dollars and modern U.S.

coins, for example–are readily available for significantly

less than what it cost to get them certified.

*****

MYTH NO. 10: It’s easy to crack slabbed coins out of

their holders.

In reality, it takes a great deal of time and effort to

remove a coin from a slab–and it takes even more time and

effort, combined with practical experience, to avoid damaging

the coin in the process. These holders are sonically sealed,

and they’re meant to be permanent. Ease of removal wasn’t a

key concern in their design.

Dealers often do crack coins out of slabs in order to

resubmit them in quest of a higher grade–and even they have

trouble on occasion. If you go to a coin show, you’ll

sometimes see dealers trying in vain to remove such coins.

Occasionally, when an inexperienced person does the cracking,

you’ll even see coins fall to the floor as they’re being

removed.

This sort of thing can be traumatic, and I strongly

recommend that if you want some coins cracked out of slabs

and you’re not an expert yourself, you entrust the job to a

professional.

*****

There you have them: 10 basic myths about slabbing.

Do these misconceptions tarnish the achievements of the

Slabbing Revolution or diminish the contributions it has

made?

Not at all.

Third-party certification has been highly beneficial for

numismatics. But, like anything else, it needs to be put in

perspective. It needs to be viewed in a clear, bright light,

not through rose-colored glasses.

The truth–not the myth–is that even under a

searchlight, slabbing still looks very good indeed.