Allison, G.T., O.R. Coté Jr., R.A. Falkenrath, and S.E. Miller. 1996. Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Arbatov, A. 2016. Saving Nuclear Arms Control. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 72(3): 165–170.

Asmus, R.D., R.L. Kugler, and F.S. Larrabee. 1995. NATO Expansion: The Next Steps. Survival 37(1): 7–33.

Asmus, R.D., and R.C. Nurick. 1996. NATO Enlargement and the Baltic States. Survival 38(2): 121–142.

Benczes, I. 2016. From Goulash Communism to Goulash Populism: The Unwanted Legacy of Hungarian Reform Socialism. Post-Communist Economies 28(2): 146–166.

Boix, C. 2011. Democracy, Development, and the International System. American Political Science Review 105(4): 809–828.

Breslauer, G.W. 2009. Observations on Russia’s Foreign Relations Under Putin. Post-Soviet Affairs 25(4): 370–376.

Brown, M.E. 1995. The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion. Survival 37(1): 34–52.

Carment, D., and P. James. 2000. Explaining Third-Party Intervention in Ethnic Conflict: Theory and Evidence. Nations and Nationalism 6(2): 173–202.

Collins, L., and Beehner, L. 2019. ‘Baltic States’ Militaries Buttressed by Volunteers’. Army Magazine. https://www.ausa.org/articles/baltic-states%E2%80%99-militaries-buttressed-volunteers. Accessed 21 March 2019.

Colton, T.J., and H.E. Hale. 2009. The Putin Vote: Presidential Electorates in a Hybrid Regime. Slavic Review 68(3): 473–503.

Crandall, M. 2014. Soft Security Threats and Small States: The Case of Estonia. Defence Studies 14(1): 30–55.

Dalsjö, R., Berglund, C., and Jonsson, M. 2019. ‘Bursting the Bubble: Russian A2/AD in the Baltic Sea Region: Capabilities, Countermeasures, and Implications’. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R-4651-SE.

Elak, L., and Z. Śliwa. 2016. The Suwalki Gap: NATO’s Fragile Hot Spot. Zeszyty Naukowe AON 103(2): 24–40.

Fazal, T.M. 2011. State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Fish, M.S., and R.S. Brooks. 2004. Does Diversity Hurt Democracy? Journal of Democracy 15(1): 154–166.

House, Freedom. 2019. Freedom in the World 2019. Washington, DC: Freedom House.

Gaddis, J.L. 1998. History, Grand Strategy, and NATO Enlargement. Survival 40(1): 145–151.

Gates, R.M. 2014. Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Gel’man, V. 2015. Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Gessen, M. 2017. The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia. London: Penguin.

Goldgeier, J.M. 1998. NATO Expansion: Anatomy of a Decision. Washington Quarterly 21(1): 83–102.

Goldgeier, J.M. 1999. Not Whether but When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Gorska, J. 2010. Dealing with a Juggernaut: Analyzing Poland’s Policy toward Russia, 1989–2009. Lanham, MD: Lexington.

Götz, E. 2017. Putin, the State, and War: The Causes of Russia’s Near Abroad Assertion Revisited. International Studies Review 19(2): 228–253.

Gould-Davies, N., and N. Woods. 1999. Russia and the IMF. International Affairs 75(1): 1–22.

Jermalavicius, T., et al. 2018. NATO’s Northeast Quartet: Prospects and Opportunities for Baltic-Polish Defence Cooperation. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence and Security.

Kallas, K. 2016. Claiming the Diaspora: Russia’s Compatriot Policy and its Reception by Estonian-Russian Population. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 15(3): 1–25.

Kay, S. 2005. What Went Wrong with NATO? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18(1): 69–83.

Kennan, G.F. 1997. A Fateful Error. New York Times, 5 May: A19.

Kessler, Glenn. 2004. NATO Seeks to Soothe Russia. Washington Post, 3 April.

Kim, T. 2011. Why Alliances Entangle but Seldom Entrap States. Security Studies 20(3): 350–377.

Korolev, A. 2018. On the Verge of an Alliance: Contemporary China-Russia Military Cooperation. Asian Security 15(3): 1–20.

Kortunov, A. 1996. NATO Enlargement and Russia. In Search of an Adequate Responses. In Will NATO Go East? The Debate over Enlarging the Atlantic Alliance, ed. D.G. Haglund, 71–82. Kingston: Queen’s University Centre for International Relations.

Kramer, M. 2009. The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia. Washington Quarterly 32(2): 39–61.

Lanoszka, A. 2016. Russian Hybrid Warfare and Extended Deterrence in Eastern Europe. International Affairs 92(1): 175–195.

Lanoszka, A. 2018. Tangled Up in Rose? Theories of Alliance Entrapment and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Contemporary Security Policy 39(2): 234–257.

Lanoszka, A. 2019. Disinformation in International Politics. European Journal of International Security 4(2): 227–248.

Lanoszka, A., and M.A. Hunzeker. 2019. Conventional Deterrence and Landpower in Northeastern Europe. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.

Laruelle, M. 2018. Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields. London: Routledge.

Layne, C. 2005. The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy to the Present. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Levin, D.H., and B. Miller. 2011. Why Great Powers Expand in Their Own Neighborhood: Explaining the Territorial Expansion of the United States 1819–1848. International Interactions 37(3): 229–262.

Lipman, M., and M. McFaul. 2001. “Managed Democracy” in Russia: Putin and the Press. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6(3): 116–127.

Marten, K. 2018. Reconsidering NATO Expansion: A Counterfactual Analysis of Russia and the West in the 1990s. European Journal of International Security 3(2): 135–161.

Mearsheimer, J.J. 1990. Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security 15(1): 5–56.

Mearsheimer, J.J. 1993. The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent. Foreign Affairs 72(3): 50–66.

Mearsheimer, J.J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.

Mearsheimer, J.J. 2014. Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs 93(5): 77–89.

O’Loughlin, J., G. Toal, and V. Kolosov. 2016. Who Identifies with the “Russian World”? Geopolitical Attitudes in Southeastern Ukraine, Crimea, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. Eurasian Geography and Economics 57(6): 745–778.

Orenstein, M. 1998. Lawlessness from Above and Below: Economic Radicalism and Political Institutions. SAIS Review 18(1): 35–50.

Pevehouse, J.C. 2002. Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization. International Organization 56(3): 515–549.

Pilloni, J.R. 2000. Burning Corpses in the Streets: Russia’s Doctrinal Flaws in the 1995 Fight for Grozny. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13(2): 39–66.

Posen, B.R. 1993. The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival 35(1): 27–47.

Posen, B.R. 2013. Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Posen, B.R. 2019. Trump Aside, What’s the U.S. Role in NATO? New York Times, 10 March: A21.

Preble, C.A. 2009. Power Problem: How American Military Dominance Makes Us Less Safe, Less Prosperous, and Less Free. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Pushkov, A.K. 1997. Don’t Isolate Us: A Russian View of NATO Expansion. The National Interest 47: 58–63.

Reiter, D. 2001. Why NATO Enlargement Does Not Spread Democracy. International Security 25(4): 41–67.

Renz, B. 2016. Why Russia Is Reviving Its Conventional Military Power. Parameters 46(2): 23–36.

Renz, B. 2019. Russian Responses to the Changing Character of War. International Affairs 95(4): 817–834.

Russett, B., and A.C. Stam. 1998. Courting Disaster: An Expanded NATO vs. Russia and China. Political Science Quarterly 113(3): 361–383.

Saideman, S.M., and D.P. Auerswald. 2012. Comparing Caveats: Understanding the Sources of National Restrictions upon NATO’s Mission in Afghanistan. International Studies Quarterly 56(1): 67–84.

Sarotte, M.E. 2010. Perpetuating U.S. Preeminence: The 1990 Deals to “Bribe the Soviets Out” and Move NATO In. International Security 35(1): 110–137.

Schaub Jr., G., M. Murphy, and F.G. Hoffman. 2017. Hybrid Maritime Warfare. RUSI Journal 162(1): 32–40.

Schmitt, O. 2019. How to Challenge an International Order: Russian Diplomatic Practices in Multilateral Security Organisations. European Journal of International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119886024.

Shifrinson, J.R.I. 2016. Deal or No Deal? The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Offer to Limit NATO Expansion. International Security 40(4): 7–44.

Shifrinson, J.R.I. 2017. Time to Consolidate NATO? Washington Quarterly 40(1): 109–123.

Shlapak, D.A., and M.W. Johnson. 2016. Reinforcing Deterrence on NATO’s Eastern Flank: Wargaming the Defense of the Baltics. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Shupov, A.K. 1997. Don’t Isolate Us: A Russian View of NATO Expansion. National Interest 47(1): 58–63.

Simón, L. 2015. Europe, the Rise of Asia and the Future of the Transatlantic Relationship. International Affairs 91(5): 969–989.

Snegovaya, M. 2020. What Factors Contribute to the Aggressive Foreign Policy of Russian Leaders? Problems of Post-Communism 67(1): 93–110.

Snyder, G.H. 1984. The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics. World Politics 36(4): 461–495.

Stanley-Lockman, Z., and K. Wolf. 2016. European Defence Spending 2015: The Force Awakens. Brief 10. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.

Stone, K., and M. McFaul. 2015. Who Lost Russia (This Time)? Vladimir Putin. Washington Quarterly 38(2): 167–187.

Stuart, D.T. 1996. Symbol and (Very Little) Substance in the US Debate over NATO Enlargement. In Will NATO Go East? The Debate over Enlarging the Atlantic Alliance, ed. D.G. Haglund, 117–145. Kingston: Queen’s University Centre for International Relations.

Treverton, G.F. 1991. The New Europe. Foreign Affairs 7(1): 94–112.

Trimbach, D.J., and S. O’Lear. 2015. Russians in Estonia: Is Narva the Next Crimea? Eurasian Geography and Economics 56(5): 493–504.

Tsygankov, A.P. 2018. The Sources of Russia’s Fear of NATO. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 51(2): 101–111.

Van Evera, S. 1994. Hypotheses on Nationalism and War. International Security 18(4): 5–39.

Wallander, C.A. 2002. NATO’s Price: Shape Up or Ship Out. Foreign Affairs 81(6): 2–8.

Wallander, C.A. 2018. NATO’s Enemies Within: How Democratic Decline Could Destroy the Alliance. Foreign Affairs 97(4): 70–81.

Waltz, K.N. 2000. NATO Expansion: A Realist’s View. Contemporary Security Policy 21(2): 23–38.

Wawro, G. 2014. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire. New York: Basic Books.

Williams, P., and P.N. Woessner. 1996. The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling. Scientific American 274(1): 40–44.