An Abu Dhabi sovereign-wealth fund accused Goldman Sachs Group Inc. in a lawsuit Wednesday of playing a “central role” in an international corruption scandal and enabling bribes to former top executives at the fund.

International Petroleum Investment Company, a one-time investment partner of scandal-struck 1Malaysia Development Bhd., or 1MDB, named Goldman in a lawsuit filed in a state court in New York. The suit, which also named several other individuals associated with 1MDB, didn’t specify the amount of damages IPIC was...