UPDATE: I’ve written a second post addressing some issues with this one.

Recently, I’ve been fascinated by the Freer monad, and free monads in general. While free monads are definitely interesting, they’ve got several practical deficiencies. On such deficiency is the lack of applicative interpretation. In existing free monads, each effect hides the next effect, even if it should be statically available. This essentially means that (<*>) = ap in all cases. While this is fine most of the time, it can definitely be a problem for some effects.

Haxl, developed at Facebook, is basically a free monad over a union of request types. The unique thing about Haxl is that it uses (<*>) to do requests in parallel. Essentially, any requests statically available in the arguments to (<*>) will be requested concurrently. Other free monads as of yet don’t have that capability. Instead, every effect, whether bound with >>= or applied with <*> , will hide the next one from analysis.

It’d be nice to bring this ability into a general free monad. Let’s start with the definition of the Free monad.

data Free f a where Val :: a -> Free f a Free :: f ( Free f a ) -> Free f a instance Functor f => Functor ( Free f ) where fmap f ( Val a ) = Val ( f a ) fmap f ( Free a ) = Free ( fmap ( fmap f ) a ) instance Functor f => Applicative ( Free f ) where pure = Val Val f <*> a = fmap f a Free f <*> a = Free $ fmap ( <*> a ) f instance Functor f => Monad ( Free f ) where Val a >>= k = k a Free a >>= k = Free $ fmap ( >>= k ) a

This is the implementation found in the free package. I won’t go into the details, but it can be proven that Free follows the Functor / Applicative / Monad laws. The idea behind this implementation is that Free f is applied to f , and mapping this f will recursively modify Free until it reaches a Val .

The problem, you may notice, is that f needs to be a Functor. If the goal is a monad instance for any f , restricting f to a Functor doesn’t make much sense. The Freer monad solves this by applying a left Kan extension, which is essentially a free Functor, to Free .

data Lan f a where Lan :: ( a -> b ) -> f a -> Lan f b instance Functor ( Lan f ) where fmap f ( Lan g b ) = Lan ( f . g ) b type Freer f = Free ( Lan f ) -- simplifies to data Freer f a where Val :: a -> Free f a Freer :: f a -> ( a -> Freer f b ) -> Freer f b

This Freer type will then behave as a monad over any f at all, regardless of whether or not it’s a Functor.

Getting back on track, let’s take a look at the Applicative instance for Freer .

instance Applicative ( Freer f ) where pure = Val Val f <*> a = fmap f a Freer b k <*> a = Freer b (( <*> a ) . k )

The apparent problem is that there’s no way to interpret more than one instance of f at a time when they’re composed applicatively. For something like Haxl, this a deal breaker. So let’s go (almost) back to the drawing board and start with Free again. Is there any free functor we can apply that would enable applicative interpretation?

The free applicative seems good.

data Ap f a where Pure :: a -> Ap f a ( :<*> ) :: Ap f ( a -> b ) -> f a -> Ap f b instance Functor ( Ap f ) where fmap f ( Pure a ) = Pure ( f a ) fmap f ( xs :<*> x ) = fmap ( f . ) xs :<*> x instance Applicative ( Ap f ) where pure = Pure Pure f <*> y = fmap f y ( xs :<*> x ) <*> y = ( fmap flip xs <*> y ) :<*> x type Freer f = Free ( Ap f ) -- simplifies to data Freer f a where Val :: a -> Freer f a Freer :: Ap f ( Freer f a ) -> Freer f a

We can’t simplify Ap out of Freer entirely, unlike Lan , because of Ap ’s recursive nature. But the problem seems to be solved. Check out the new instances, particularly the Applicative instance.

instance Functor ( Freer f ) where fmap f ( Val a ) = Val ( f a ) fmap f ( Freer a ) = Freer ( fmap ( fmap f ) a ) instance Applicative ( Freer f ) where pure = Val Val f <*> a = fmap f a Freer f <*> Val a = Freer $ fmap ( fmap ( $ a )) f Freer f <*> Freer a = Freer ( fmap ( <*> ) f <*> a ) instance Monad ( Freer f ) where Val a >>= k = k a Freer a >>= k = Freer ( fmap ( >>= k ) a )

As you can see, this version of Freer has its (<*>) specialized such that applicative effects are properly chained into one Ap instance. And in fact, applying Haxl to this encoding of Freer does parallelize.

liftFreer :: f a -> Freer f a liftFreer = Freer . ( pure Val :<*> ) runAp :: Applicative f => Ap f a -> f a runAp ( Pure a ) = pure a runAp ( f :<*> a ) = runAp f <*> a runM :: Monad m => Freer m a -> m a runM ( Val a ) = return a runM ( Freer a ) = runAp a >>= runM haxl3 = runM ( liftFreer haxl1 <*> liftFreer haxl2 ) io1 = runHaxl env haxl3

You’ll find that running io1 runs haxl1 and haxl2 concurrently. This is a demonstrable benefit of this encoding.

The issue, as with most free monads, is performance. This encoding is essentially a linked list of applicative effects, resulting in the next monadic effect. fmap alone is O(n), where n is the number of applicative effects, and (<*>) is O(n^2 + m). I’m not sure what steps could be taken to improve performance, but a faster type-aligned list might be a good place to start.

Anyway, that’s all I have so far. Let me know if you have any thoughts.

UPDATE: Edward Kmett pointed out that a better way to think of this is as a variation on Free that takes an Applicative rather than a Functor.

Anything free is relative to what you forget: Free -| Forget The usual free monad is relative to a forgetful functor that takes any monad f and remembers just that f is a functor, and which maps monad homomorphisms to mere natural transformations. Similarly Ap is a free applicative relative to a forgetful functor that takes an applicative down to its underlying functor, and operational is a free monad relative to a forgetful functor that takes a monad all the way down to a type constructor of kind * -> * , not even a functor. On the other hand, you can easily define a ‘free’ construction that forgets that f is a monad and remembers that f is an applicative, then the free construction can know about the applicative for f and dispatch (<*>) through it accordingly. This is a bit tricky because unlike with Functor , the compatibility between (<*>) and (>>=) for the monad is less trivial, but this Free is the one you want to build such a Free (Ap f) on top of.

The point is that if you factor Ap out of the Freer definition above, you end up with a Free monad that works with Applicatives instead of Functors. This is a useful distinction to make because this variant of Free can be applied to any Applicative, which would remove the need for Ap in many cases.

data Free f a where Val :: a -> Free f a Free :: f ( Free f a ) -> Free f a instance Functor f => Functor ( Free f ) where fmap f ( Val a ) = Val ( f a ) fmap f ( Free a ) = Free ( fmap ( fmap f ) a ) instance Applicative f => Applicative ( Free f ) where pure = Val Val f <*> a = fmap f a Free f <*> Val a = Free $ fmap ( fmap ( $ a )) f Free f <*> Free a = Free ( fmap ( <*> ) f <*> a ) instance Applicative f => Monad ( Free f ) where Val a >>= k = k a Free a >>= k = Free ( fmap ( >>= k ) a )