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A new image analysis technique combines a machine-learning algorithm and microscopic imaging to distinguish between two key cancer cell types associated with tumor progression.

The approach could help in pre-clinical screening of cancer drugs and shed light on a cellular metamorphosis that is associated with more malignant and drug-resistant cancers.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or EMT, is a process by which more docile epithelial cells transform into more aggressive mesenchymal cells. Tumors with higher numbers of mesenchymal cells are often more malignant and more resistant to drug therapies.

“We know that there are these different cell types interacting within tumors and that therapeutics can target these cells differently,” says Susan Leggett, a doctoral student in Brown University’s pathobiology graduate program and lead author of a paper describing the technique in Integrative Biology. “We’ve developed a model that can pick out these cell types automatically and in an unbiased way. We think this could help us better understand how these different cell types respond to drug treatment.”

Generally speaking, the two cell types can be distinguishable by their shapes. Epithelial cells are more compact in appearance, while mesenchymal cells appear more elongated and spindly, both in their overall appearance and in the appearance of their nuclei.

“It’s not hard to distinguish the two in the most extreme instances,” says Ian Y. Wong, assistant professor of engineering at Brown and the senior author of the research. “But sometimes the shape differences are subtle and it can be hard for humans to recognize the difference, which makes categorizing the two a bit arbitrary. The innovation here is that we can train a computer to pick out those more subtle variations.”

Training the algorithm

That training was done by using an epithelial cell line, cultured in a petri dish, that serves as a model for human breast cancer. The researchers activated a transcription factor called Snail that is well known to cause these cells to quickly undergo an extreme form of EMT. Those cells, imaged before and after the transition, served as a training set to teach the algorithm to distinguish between the two cell types.

The researchers showed that, after training, the algorithm was able to categorize individual cells as either epithelial or mesenchymal with greater than 92 percent accuracy.

The team then used the algorithm to analyze sets of cells that undergo EMT triggered by pathways less well studied than that used in the training set. They treated epithelial cells with a compound called TGF-beta1, which promotes rapid cell growth and is also thought to induce EMT. They showed that the growth factor induced EMT more slowly than in the training set, and produced changes in cell shape that were subtler. Still, the algorithm was able to classify the cells after EMT with a high degree of confidence.

The trouble with Taxol

In a third experiment, the researchers looked at epithelial cells treated with the chemotherapy drug Taxol. Recent research has suggested that Taxol and other drugs, when delivered in sub-lethal doses, could induce EMT in the cells they fail to kill. In that way, the drugs may actually prime the tumors to become more drug resistant.

The experiment found that while sub-lethal Taxol created a range of cell shapes, more than 70 percent of those could be classified by the algorithm as mesenchymal.

It’s a preliminary finding that will require much more study to fully understand, Wong says. But it could shed light on how tumors become resistant to Taxol and other drugs.

“The acquisition of drug resistance and subsequent tumor relapse remains poorly understood,” Wong says. “This work suggests that EMT could be a mechanism through which tumors become more resistant.”

With more development, the researchers think their technique could provide a new means to screen the effectiveness of cancer drugs.

“When we do initial lab testing of drugs, we put cells on a plate, apply the drug, and see what lives and what dies,” Wong says. “This could provide us with a more nuanced picture of the drug’s effects, and help us to see whether sub-lethal doses may prime cells for resistance.”

A third type of cell?

Wong says that another intriguing result from the study was that while the algorithm categorized most cells with high confidence, about 10 percent of cells in each of the experimental groups seemed to defy categorization. It’s possible, the researchers say, that this indicates an intermediate cell type that is somewhere between epithelial and mesenchymal.

“People have wondered if there might be more than two cell types of interest,” Wong says. “We can’t say for sure at this point, but we might be picking up a third type. That’s something we’ll be looking at in future work.”

The National Institutes of Health, the COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development at Rhode Island Hospital, a Rhode Island Foundation Medical Research Grant, Jason and Donna McGraw Weiss, and Brown University funded the study.

Source: Brown University