The infrastructure bill seeks to reclassify extinct species as non-native, and prevent them from returning

How the coalition is stopping the reintroduction of wildlife to the UK

Can any more destructive and regressive measures be crammed into one piece of legislation? Already, the infrastructure bill, which, as time goes by, has ever less to do with infrastructure, looks like one of those US monstrosities into which a random collection of demands by corporate lobbyists are shoved, in the hope that no one notices.



So far it contains (or is due to contain) the following assaults on civilisation and the natural world:



• It exempts fracking companies from the trespass laws.



• It brings in a legal requirement for the government to maximise the economic recovery of petroleum from the UK's continental shelf. This is directly at odds with another legal requirement – to minimise the UK's greenhouse gas emissions.



• It abandons the government's commitment to make all new homes zero-carbon by 2016.



• It introduces the possibility (through clauses 21 and 22) of a backdoor route to selling off the public forest estate. When this was attempted before, it was thwarted by massive public protest.



• It further deregulates the town and country planning system, making life even harder for those who wish to protect natural beauty and public amenities.



• It promotes new road building, even though the total volume of road traffic has flatlined since 2002.



Enough vandalism? Not at all.There's yet another clause aimed at suppressing the natural world, which has, so far, scarcely been discussed outside parliament.

If the infrastructure bill is passed in its current state, any animal species that "is not ordinarily resident in, or a regular visitor to, Great Britain in a wild state" will be classified as non-native and subject to potential "eradication or control". What this is doing in an infrastructure bill is anyone's guess.

At first wildlife groups believed it was just poor drafting, accidentally creating the impression that attempts to re-establish species which have become extinct here – such as short-haired bumblebees or red kites – would in future be stamped out. But the most recent Lords debate scotched that hope: it became clear that this a deliberate attempt to pre-empt democratic choice, in the face of rising public enthusiasm for the return of our lost and enchanting wildlife.



As Baroness Parminter, who argued unsuccessfully for changes to the bill, pointed out, it currently creates



a one-way system for biodiversity loss, as once an animal ceases to appear in the wild, it ceases to be native.

She also made the point that it is not only extinct species which from now on will be treated as non-native, but, as the bill now stands, any species listed in schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.



Among those in schedule 9 are six native species that have already been re-established in Britain (the capercaillie, the common crane, the red kite, the goshawk, the white-tailed eagle and the wild boar); two that are tentatively beginning to return (the night heron and the eagle owl); and four that have been here all along (the barn owl, the corncrake, the chough and the barnacle goose). All these, it seems, are now to be classified as non-native, and potentially subject to eradication or control.



After the usual orotund time-wasting by aristocratic layabouts ("my ancestor Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, who was known as the great Sir Ewen ... killed the last wolf in Scotland" etc), the minister promoting the bill, Baroness Kramer, made it clear that the drafting was no accident. All extinct species, it appears, are to be treated as non-native and potentially invasive. At no point did she mention any of the benefits their re-establishment might bring, such as restoring ecological function and bringing wonder and delight and enchantment back to this depleted land.

The animal hit list



Here is a list, taken from my book Feral, of a few of the animals which have become extinct recently (in ecological terms) and which probably meet the bill's new definition of non-native: "not ordinarily resident in, or a regular visitor to, Great Britain in a wild state". Some would be widely welcomed; others not at all, but it's clear that a debate about which species we might bring back is one that many people in this country want to have, but that the government wants to terminate. There's a longer list, with fuller explanations and a consideration of their suitability for re-establishment, in the book.



• European beaver: became extinct in Britain in the mid-18th century, at the latest. Officially re-established in the Knapdale Forest, Argyll. Unofficially in the catchment of the River Tay and on the River Otter, in Devon.



• Wolf: the last clear record is 1621 (not 1743 as commonly supposed). It was killed in Sutherland. As far as I can determine, neither Sir Ewen Cameron nor any of the other blood-soaked lairds and congenital twits from whom Lord Cameron of Dillington is descended were involved.



• Lynx: the last known fossil remains date from the 6th century but possible cultural records extend into the 9th century.

• Wild boar: the last truly wild boar on record were killed on the orders of Henry III in the Forest of Dean, in 1260. Four small populations in southern England, established after escapes and releases from farms and collections.

• Elk or moose (Alces alces): the youngest bones found in Britain are 3,900 years old. Temporarily released in 2008 into a 450-acre enclosure on the Alladale Estate, Sutherland.



• Reindeer: the most recent fossil evidence is 8,300 years old. A free-ranging herd grazes on and around Cairn Gorm in the Scottish Highlands.



• Wild horse: the most recent clearly established fossil is 9,300 years old. Animals belonging to the last surviving subspecies of wild horse, Przewalski’s (Equus ferus przewalskii), graze Eelmoor Marsh in Hampshire.



• Forest bison, or wisent: likely to have become extinct here soon before the peak of glaciation, between 15,000 and 25,000 years ago. A herd was temporarily established at Alladale in 2011.



• Brown bear: probably exterminated around 2,000 years ago.



• Wolverine (Gulo gulo): survived in the UK until roughly 8,000 years ago.

• Lion: the last record of a lion in the region is a bone from an animal that lived in the Netherlands - then still connected to Britain - 10,700 years ago.

• Spotted hyena: around 11,000 years ago.



• Hippopotamus: it was driven out of Britain by the last glaciation, around 115,000 years ago, and hunted to extinction elsewhere in Europe about 30,000 years ago.



• Grey whale: the most recent palaentological remains, from Devon, belonged to a whale that died around 1610.

• Walrus: late Bronze Age, in the Shetland Islands.



• European Sturgeon: possibly as recently as the 19th century.

• Blue stag beetle: estimated to have died out in the 19th century.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest European eagle owl. Photograph: Christopher Thomond/The Guardiam

• Eagle owl: the last certain record is from the Mesolithic period, 9,000-10,000 years old. But a possible Iron Age bone has been found at Meare in Somerset. Now breeding in some places, after escaping from collections.



• Goshawk: wiped out in the 19th century. Unofficially re-established in the 20th century, through a combination of deliberate releases and escapes from falconers.

• Common crane: last evidence of breeding in Britain was in 1542. Cranes re-established themselves through migration in the Norfolk Broads in 1979, and have bred there since then. Now breeding in two other places in eastern England. Re-introduced in 2010 to the Somerset Levels.



• White stork: last recorded nesting in Edinburgh in 1416. In 2004 a pair tried to breed on an electricity pole in Yorkshire. In 2012 a lone bird built a nest on top of a restaurant in Nottinghamshire.



• Spoonbill: the last breeding records are 1602 in Pembrokeshire and 1650 in East Anglia. In 2010 a breeding colony established itself at Holkham in Norfolk.

• Night heron: last bred here in either the 16th or 17th century, at Greenwich. Today it is a scarce visitor.

• Dalmatian pelican: remains have been found from the Bronze Age in the Cambridgeshire Fens and from the Iron Age in the Somerset levels, close to Glastonbury. A single medieval bone has been found in the same place.

These and many others are now to be classified as officially non-native, unless this nonsense can be stopped.



Incidentally, determining what is and isn't a native species, let alone what "should" or "should not" be living here, is a much more complicated business than you might imagine, as Ken Thompson's interesting book, Where Do Camels Belong? makes clear.

He also points out that some species which are initially greeted with horror and considered an ecological menace soon settle down as local wildlife learns to prey on them or to avoid them. Sometimes they perform a useful ecological role by filling the gaps created by extinction. He overstates his case, and glosses over some real horror stories, but his book is an important counterweight to attempts to create a rigid distinction between native and non-native wildlife.



Many species introduced to this country by human beings are now cherished as honorary members of our native wildlife. Here are just a few I've come across. How many of you knew that they were all brought here by people?



They include: the brown hare, little owl, field poppy, corncockle, crack willow, greater burdock, pheasant's eye, cornflower, wormwood, mayweed and white campion.

Although this is an interesting subject, government ministers unfortunately seem to know to know nothing about it and to care even less. They are crashing through the middle of delicate interactions between people and the natural world like bulldozers in a rainforest.



www.monbiot.com

