Press play to see where New York’s waste goes – from its local district all the way, in some cases, to India or China. Click on a marker to see the amount of waste it generated/received in 2015. Graphic by Max Galka

The Big Apple generates more than 14 million tonnes of rubbish a year, and spends around $2.3bn disposing of it – sometimes 7,000 miles away in China. Max Galka counts the costs of a city literally built on trash

As the largest city in the world’s most wasteful country, New York generates more than 14 million tonnes of trash each year; reputedly (though possibly inaccurately) more than any other city in the world.

Not only that, New York is also America’s densest city: its narrow, traffic jam med streets make collecting all that garbage a logistical Gordian knot. And New York is located smack in the centre of the Northeast megalopolis, a giant urban expanse where available land for disposing of garbage is in short supply.



To deal with these challenges, the city relies on a complex waste-management ecosystem encompassing two city agencies, three modes of transport (trucks, trains and barges), 1,668 city collection trucks, an additional 248 private waste hauling companies, and a diverse network of temporary and permanent facilities extending halfway around the world.

A brief history of New York’s waste management

Waste management problems are nothing new for New York. As described in a 1657 ordinance, when New York was still called New Amsterdam, “… many burghers and inhabitants throw their rubbish, filth, ashes, dead animals and suchlike things into the public streets to the great inconvenience of the community.” A snapshot from two centuries later depicts a city overrun with horse manure, posing a health hazard for residents.

Through most of its history until the mid-1900s, New York’s primary method for disposing of its waste was simply to dump it into the ocean. At one point, as much as 80% of New York’s garbage ended up out at sea. However, in what was surely its most enduring waste management initiative, New York City used some of its garbage (mostly ash, rubble and other debris) to create artificial land, thereby increasing its own size. Much of the city’s land today, including some of its priciest neighbourhoods, are literally built on garbage.

A 1660 map of lower Manhattan overlaid on a current map shows how much of the land is manmade, built on top of the City’s own garbage.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest A map of 1660s Manhattan overlaid on modern New York shows how much of the city’s land is manmade – largely by ruble and other debris dumped in the water. Photograph: New York Public Libraries/Open Street Map/Max Galka

Two waste systems – one public, one private

Today, New York City generates 14 million tonnes of trash each year. The amount is so large that the city manages it through two separate systems, one public and one private. The public system handles waste from residences and government buildings as well as some non-profits. This “public waste,” which accounts for about a quarter of the city’s total, is collected by New York’s Department of Sanitation (DSNY), the largest waste management agency in the world with a yearly budget of $1.5bn (£1.25bn), greater than the annual budget of some countries.

The other three-quarters of New York’s garbage is generated by commercial businesses, most of it rubble and debris from construction projects. Collection of this “private waste” does not come out of the city’s budget. Instead, business must pay one of the City’s 248 licensed waste haulers to take it away. Overseeing private trade waste is New York’s Business Integrity Commission, an agency created to rid the carting industry of organised crime. Consistent with the Tony Soprano stereotype, New York’s garbage hauling industry has long had ties to organised crime. Today, this corruptive influence has largely been eliminated, and the BIC’s primary function is regulatory oversight and setting price controls.

In 2012, New York’s public and private waste management systems spent a combined $2.3bn on garbage collection and disposal.

The long journey of New York garbage

Before the trash goes out to the curb for pickup, New York law requires it be separated into three categories: paper, metal/glass/plastic, or mixed solid waste (non-recyclable garbage). Each type of waste is typically collected separately and follows a different path to its ultimate destination, often with several intermediate stops along the way.

Each day, New York’s public garbage trucks collect nearly 7,000 tonnes of residential mixed solid waste. After finishing their routes, most of these trucks will deposit the garbage in one of New York’s waste transfer stations located throughout the city. From there, the garbage will eventually be loaded on to a barge or train and carried as far as 600 miles to its final stop. For most of New York’s mixed solid waste (about 80% of it by tonnage), this last stop will be a landfill. The remaining 20% will end up at a waste-to-energy plant, where it will be incinerated and converted into energy.

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Paper and metal/glass/plastic waste is brought to one of the City’s recyclables handling and recovery facilities, specialised plants which separate and sort the recyclable materials. From this point, the journey of New York’s recyclable waste splits apart into many possible directions. Some of it will be sold to local raw material processors (paper mills, smelters etc), some will be exported overseas, most often 6,000 or 7,000 miles to China or India, some will be sold through intermediary waste brokers, and some specific items will be separated and sold directly to their end-users (for example, crates to a Coca-Cola bottling plant, or beer kegs to Anheuser-Busch).

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