Kenya was hurtling towards a deepening political crisis last night after violent clashes and a record-low turnout in its contentious presidential rerun, suggesting that President Uhuru Kenyatta’s anticipated victory would be a hollow one.

Mr Kenyatta’s return to power seemed assured after Raila Odinga, the opposition leader, withdrew from the fresh race, calling for a boycott of an election that he has condemned as a “sham”.

With Kenyans at their most polarised in a decade, voting in parts of the country got off to a chaotic start, with some polling stations unable to open at all and others forced to delay by several hours.

Police and opposition supporters in slum areas of Nairobi and parts of western Kenya engaged in running battles, with at least three people shot dead by security forces.

In sharp contrast to the August poll, when voters queued during the night and lines snaked around buildings and down streets, many polling stations in the capital, Nairobi, saw just a trickle of voters. Even in areas perceived as strongly supportive of the government, turnout appeared muted.

Kenya was holding its second presidential election in three months after Mr Odinga, an ethnic Luo, successfully challenged his defeat. The Supreme Court annulled the election that handed Mr Kenyatta victory citing procedural irregularities. Mr Kenyatta, a Kikuyu, won 54 per cent of the vote.

But after failing to get the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) to meet his demands for electoral reforms and to remove discredited officials, Mr Odinga called on his supporters to boycott the election if it was not postponed.

Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Show all 20 1 /20 Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun A National Super Alliance protester yells as nearby police officers Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Residents some brandishing swords, throw stones towards Kenyan police officials AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Supporters of National Super Alliance (NASA) presidential candidate Raila Odinga burn tires AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun A security officer checks a voter before letting him participate in a presidential election REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Smoke rises from tear gas fired by riot policemen to disperse supporters of Kenyan opposition leader Raila Odinga REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun An opposition supporter gestures with a knife during clashes with police in Kibera slum REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Riot police fire tear gas to disperse supporters of Kenyan opposition leader Raila Odinga REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Residents throw stones towards Kenyan police officials AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun A protester prepares to throw back a teargas canister AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun A Kenyan woman prepares to cast her vote by gas lamp, just after dawn AP Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Opposition supporters run away from police in Kibera slum during clashes in Nairobi REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Supporters of National Super Alliance presidential candidate Raila Odinga burn tires AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun People queue to cast their vote at a polling station REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Kenyan police officials react as teargas fills a street in Kibera AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Members of the Kenyan Independent Electoral and Boundaries commission check ballot boxes AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Kenyan police officers chase National Super Alliance protesters Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun People cast their votes at a polling station REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun Residents look on as Kenyan police officials walk towards a group of demonstrators AFP/Getty Images Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun A protester throws stones as riot police REUTERS Kenya elections rerun: in pictures Kenya elections rerun People queuing outside a polling station REUTERS

On the eve of yesterday’s poll, he embarked on a new strategy, saying the National Super Alliance (NASA) was transforming itself from an opposition party into a national resistance movement campaigning for “fresh, free and fair presidential elections” within 90 days.

All eyes will now be on the turnout, which in August reached nearly 80 per cent. A poor turnout could prompt legal challenges and will critically undermine Mr Kenyatta’s legitimacy and his ability to unite the country – at its most polarised since 2007, when a flawed poll plunged the country into deadly ethnically-fuelled violence leaving at least 1,300 dead, and more than 600,000 displaced.

Mr Kenyatta, casting his vote, urged Kenyans to turn out and vote, and accused “tribalists” of trying to disrupt the poll. “We are requesting them humbly that they should turn out in large numbers,” he said. “We’re tired as a country of electioneering and I think it’s time to move forward.”

Riots break out after Kenya election's contested result

But some criticised the President for moving ahead with a chaotic election amid growing calls for a delay, both from domestic players and the international community.

“For this election to be free and fair, everyone should be moving together,” said Benjamin Wale, an IT specialist, as he watched police sparring with protesters in Kibera. “This is a section of the country claiming to move forward. All the participants should have reached an agreement before an election. This is not how a national election should be.”

Mr Odinga enjoys strong support in Kibera, and protests quickly turned ugly as polling began, with charred wire and shattered glass strewn across the roads. Olympic Primary School, a central polling station in the slum, was initially barricaded, and eventually opened several hours late.

Police fired tear gas repeatedly to deter protesters, but also potential would-be voters prepared to defy Mr Odinga’s calls for a boycott. Witnesses saw residents harassing people with the tell-tale purple ink on their fingers that showed they had voted.

“The environment is not that welcoming,” said a presiding officer as rocks pounded the roof of the school. “The turnout is zero.”

In the opposition stronghold of Kisumu, hundreds of polling stations did not open at all, and fierce clashes erupted between opposition supporters and police. Twenty-five people were injured in clashes, many from gunshot wounds, said medics.

Hundreds of election officials, meanwhile, did not turn up to work in flashpoints across the country amid a climate of intimidation and violence, and the IEBC later announced that it was postponing polling in four western Kenya constituencies until Saturday.

Kenya’s election has been dogged by intrigue and scandal since the murder of a key IEBC official just days before the August vote.

Then, Mr Kenyatta, who initially appeared to accept the Supreme Court’s decision gracefully, smeared the judges as “crooks” and promised to “fix” the court if re-elected. He also rushed through controversial electoral law amendments that are set to pass into law on 27 October if the President does not send them back for reconsideration.

Officials count ballots at a polling station in Mombasa in the presidential rerun (AFP)

The credibility of the poll received a fresh blow a little over a week ago when an IEBC official fled the country after receiving threats, prompting her boss, IEBC chairman Wafula Chebukati, to say he wasn’t sure he could deliver “free, fair and credible” elections.

Efforts to delay the elections continued up until the day before the poll, when the Supreme Court was to consider a petition. But five of seven judges did not turn up to work, leading to suggestions from the opposition that the officials had been intimidated, a claim bolstered by an attack on the deputy chief justice’s car the previous evening, when her bodyguard was shot. She was not in the car at the time.

In an unusually sombre statement, the European Union said the lack of a quorum was “highly unusual” for a Supreme Court, and “raised serious questions among Kenyan stakeholders, including about possible political interference”.