Internet Modern History Sourcebook



Editor: Paul Halsall





See Introduction for an explanation of the Sourcebook's goals.

Explanation of Sources of Material Here.

See the Help! page for all the help on research I can offer.

The Modern History Sourcebook works as follows:

This Main Index page shows all sections and sub sections. These have also been regularized in a consistent hierarchy. This should allow rapid review of where texts are.

To access the sub-section pages, simply browse the sections below and select the highlighted section title.

The navigation bars on the left also offers links to each sub-section

Additional Study/Research Aids

In addition to the above structure, there are a series of pages to help teacher and students.

Bad Links

1. This project is both very large and fairly old in Internet terms. At the time it was begun (1996), it was not clear that web sites [and the documents made available there] would often turn out to be transient. As a result there is a process called "link rot" - which means that a "broken link" is a result of someone having taken down a web page. In some cases some websites have simply reorganized sub-directories without creating forwarding links. Since 2000, very few links to external sites have been made. An effort is under way to remove bad links.



2. All links to documents marked [at IHSP] should be working.



3. Users may attempt to locate texts not currently available, or where the links have changed via The Internet Archive/Way Back Machine. Alternately, a search via Google may locate another site where the document is available.



SECTIONS

Subjects covered by the source texts in each Section.

Studying History

Introduction: Using Primary Sources

Nature of Historiography Writing History Ancient Theories 19th Century Philosophies of History Professional Theories History and Epistemology History and Anthropology History and Identity Politics Post-Modern Theories Misc. Discussions

Other Sources of Information on Modern History General Guides to Net Text [link to texts at other sites.] General Etext Projects [sites with texts online.] Economics Law Military Religion Philosophy Literature Music Lyrics Western Civilization/Europe United States History Latin American History

Student Papers and Projects Student Papers Student Web Projects



The Early Modern World

Reformation

Protestant Reformation Precursors and Papal Critics Luther and Lutheranism Calvin and Calvinism Radical Reformers English Reformation Scottish Reformation John Knox Protestant Culture

Catholic Reformation Precursors The Council of Trent Activist Popes Other Catholic Reformers The Society of Jesus Catholic Culture

Conflict

Women and Reformation

Early Modern World

The Early Modern World System The European "Age of Discovery" South and South East Asia East Asia The Middle East: Ottomans and Safavids - Rivals of European Powers Africa Eastern Europe Becomes a Peripheral Area

Mercantile Capitalism

Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy

Everyday Life

Structures of Life in the West

Everyday Life

From Popular to Mass Culture

Absolutism

Absolutism Spain England

France and the Ancien Regime The Crisis: French Wars of Religion The Creation of an Absolutist Regime The Sun King Absolutism and Trade Policy

French Culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries

Constitutional States

Constitutional States

The English Revolution Tudor Government The Stuart Challenge Civil War and Revolution Radicals

Religious Groups "Puritans" Baptists Quakers

The Restoration

The "Glorious Revolution"

English Culture in the 17th and 18th Centuries

The Netherlands

Philosophical Reflections on Constitutional Politics

Internationalist Ideas

Colonial North America

Early Conquest and Exploitation

Political Forms Virginia New England Middle Atlantic

American Society

Colonial L America

Colonial Latin America

Conquest and Exploitation

The Creation of Latin American Cultures

The Transformation of the West

Scientific, Political, and Industrial Revolutionion

Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution Traditional Aristotelianism New Medieval Analyses of motion The Challenge: Astonomy in the 16th Century Galileo Galilei: The Turning Point Philosophy of Science: Induction/Deduction The Creation of Classical Physics New Medical Theories Scientific Institutions

The Scientific Attitude

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment Precursors The Enlightenment as a Propaganda Project The Enlightenment and Political Analysis The Enlightenment Evaluation of the Human Condition The Enlightenment and Economics Enlightenment and Philosophy Enlightenment Attitudes The Social Setting Enlightenment Philosophy - Full Texts Enlightenment Politics and Economics - Full Texts

Religion in an Age of Reason Opposition to Religion Rational Christianity Evangelicalism Catholic Pietism Jewish Responses



Government in the Age of Enlightenment

Russia

Austria

Prussia

Poland

American Independence

American Independence Mid-18th Century Politics Early New York French and Indian Wars Benjamin Franklin American Revolution

The Establishment of the American State

Commentators on America

Native Americans

Slavery

The French Revolution Lead Up Liberal Revolution Radical Revolution

Responses to Revolution

Napoleon

Napoleonic Wars

The Industrial Revolution The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries The Revolution in the Manufacture of Textiles The Revolution in Power Railroads Steam Ships The Great Engineers The Process of Industrialization

Social and Political Effects The Lives of Workers Urban Life: New Social Classes Social Reformism

Literary Response

Romanticism

Romanticism

Roots of Romanticism

Romantic Philosophy

Romanticism in the Arts

The 19th Century and Western Hegemony

Conservative Order

The Council of Vienna System and Challenges

Reactionary Thought

Modern Conservatism

Nationalism

Nationalism Analyses Non-National Forms of Government

Cultural Nationalism: The Nation as Positive Focus of Identity

Liberal Nationalism: The Nation as a Basis for Liberal Democracy

Triumphal Nationalism: The Nation as a Claim to Superiority

Liberalism

Liberalism Utilitarianism Laissez-Faire Economics Radical Politics John Stuart Mill Other Liberalisms Welfare Liberalism

Feminism Origins Political Feminism United States Britain Other Countries Prohibitionism



1848

1848: Europe in Revolt

France

Austria

Prussia/Germany

19C Britain

Britain Radicalism Liberal Reformism The State The Professions The Poor Men, Women, and Sex Social Class

Ireland

Victorian Sensibility

Victorian Literature

19C France

France The Restoration The July Monarchy, 1831-1848 1848 The Second Empire The Franco-Prussian War and the Commune The Third Republic

French Literature

19C Austria and Germany

Austria-Hungary

Germany

German Literature

19C Italy

Italy

19C West Europe

Other Western European Countries

Switzerland

Netherlands

Denmark

Sweden

Norway

Spain

Portugal

19C East Europe

Eastern European Countries

Greece

Romania [Moldavia/Wallachia/Transylvania]

Bulgaria

Hungary

Poland

Bohemia

Russia

Early US

The United States Emerges

Political Institutions

Economic Development

Expansion and Manifest Destiny

The United States as a World Power

Early US Society

Early US Religion

US Civil War

The American Civil War

The Conflict over Slavery

The Civil War Confederate Documents Union Documents The Military History of the Civil War The Social History of the Civil War

Reconstruction, and Jim Crow

US Immigration

US Immigration and Its Effects

European Immigration General British German Irish Italian Jewish Other

Asian Immigration

Latin American Immigration

Ellis Island and New York

Opposition to Immigration

US Culture

The Maturation of American Culture

Legal Framework of American Life

The Gilded Age

The Emergence of Modern Politics

American Thought

American Literature

Canada

Canada: Another North American Society

Origins Loyalism

Creation of the Canadian State

Canadian Society

Canadian Regions

Australia and New Zealand

Australia

New Zealand

19C Latin America

Latin America in the 19th Century Independence Political Development United States Imperialism Immigration

Mexico

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia/Panama

Cuba

Nicaragua

Peru

Venezuela

Socialism

Responses to Economic Growth: Socialism and Marxism

Early Socialism

Marxism

Versions of Socialism Revisionism Fabianism Labor Parties

Socialist Culture

Trade Unionism

Imperialism

Imperialism Analyses Motives and Attitudes Celebrations and Objections

China and the West

India Under the British

Africa

The Middle East

The Japanese Exception

American Imperialism

Industrial Revolution II

The Second Industrial Revolution and Advanced Capitalism Growth: Free Markets and Government Support The Modern Corporation The Life of the Workers The Consumer Marketplace

New Technologies The Steel Industry The Chemical Industry Electricity Aviation Confidence and Disaster



Darwin, Freud, Einstein

Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein, Dada The Classical Synthesis The Advance of Medical Theory and Treatments Geology Biology: Red in Tooth and Claw Reactions to Darwin Social Darwinism Physics: The End of the Classical Synthesis Astronomy Psychology: The Obscurity of the Mind

Philosophical Reflections: The End of Reason?

Literature: Humanity's Heart of Darkness?

Visual Arts: What to Do After Photography?

19C Religion

Religion in the Face of Modernity

Catholicism: Reaction and Radicalism The Popes: Reaction and Reform Renewed Marianism Converts Converts and Decadence Radicals Missionary Expansion

Protestantism: Activism, Rationalism, and Fideism Biblical Criticism Muscular Christianity The Oxford Movement Quakers Fundamentalism Missionary Expansion Resistence to Roman Control Old Catholics "Modernism"

Eastern Orthodoxy: Christian Life Under Tsars and Sultans.

Judaism and Modernity

Eastern Religions in the West

Humanist Consideration of Religious Thought

World Wars and the End of Western Dominance

WWI

World War I

The Path to War Ottoman Empire: Weakness The Balkans: Conflict Austria Hungary German Arms Race The Alliance System

The War Diplomatic History Military History Personal Accounts

Resistence to War

Literary Responses

The Aftermath

Russian Revolution

The Tsarist State

Russian Revolution The Development of the Opposition Lenin 1905 1905 Party Programs 1917

Bolshevik Rule to 1924

Stalinism

Age of Anxiety

Age of Anxiety: The Interwar Years

European Culture

Western Europe Britain France

The New States of Eastern Europe Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Greece Turkey

The United States

Latin America in the Early 20th Century United States Intervention Mexico Argentina Chile Uruguay

Inter-War International Relations

The Depression

Economic Problems and the Depression War Reparations

Economic Problems in Europe

The Depression in the US

Fascism in Europe

Italy

Spain

Other Countries

Nazism

The Weimar Republic

National Socialism Hitler Elections The Churches and the Nazis



Holocaust

The Holocaust

Anti-Semitism Religious Anti-Semitism Racist Anti-Semitism Violent Racist Anti-Semitism

The "Final Solution": The Murder of European Jewry

Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust

The Handicapped

The Roma [Gypsies]

Serbs

Homosexuals

"Revisionism"

Pre- and Post-Holocaust Genocides Armenia 1914- Bangladesh 1971 East Timor 1975- Cambodia 1978 Rwanda 1996 Former Yugoslavia



WWII

Lead Up to War

War In Europe The Home Front

War In Asia Use of Atomic Bomb

After the War

The World Since 1945

Bipolar World

World Unity The United Nations Organization Human Rights: Universal Ideals or a Western Impositions?

The Cold War Beginnings Berlin Crises Cuban Crises Cold Warriors Various Detentes

Literary Reflections

US Power

America as World Leader: External Power

American Foreign Relations Realpolitik or Human Rights

Relations with the Soviet Union [also see above "Cold War]

Relations with China

The Korean War

The "Vietnam War"

US Society

America as World Leader: Internal Change

US Domestic Politics: The State American Conservatism McCarthyism Republicans Democrats American Radicalism

American Society: Immigration

The 20th Century Expansion of Legal Rights Balance of Power Rights in Court Racial Equality Free Speech



Post-War W Europe

Western Europe Since 1945 The Division of Europe Reconstruction European Union The Welfare State

Post-War Western European States Britain Germany France Italy Spain Ireland Other Western Countries



Post-War E Europe

Eastern Europe Since 1945

The Soviet Union/Russia Domestic Politics Foreign Policy

Other Central and Eastern European Countries Albania Hungary Yugoslavia

1989: What Happened and Why? Romania

After 1989

Decolonization

Decolonization Retreat from Empire The Non-Aligned Movement

Globalization: New Hegemonies?

Asia since 1900

India

China Chinese Efforts to Modernize: 1911-1949 Communist Rule Dissidents Post Mao China Hong Kong

Japan

Korea

Vietnam

Other Asian States

Africa Since 1945

Africa

South Africa

Other African Countries

Middle East Since 1914

Israel and Palestine Zionism The British Mandate The Establishment of the State of Israel Israeli Soceity The Palestinians

Turkey

Egypt

Algeria

Iran

Kurds

20C Latin America

20th Century Latin America

Common Themes and Issue United States Interference Pan-American Efforts Economic Progress National Identity Liberation Theology

Argentina

Chile

Brazil

Paraguay

Uruguay

Peru

Central America

Nicaragua

Mexico

Cuba

Indigenous Peoples

Modern Social Movements

Modern Social Movements

Feminism Origins of Third Wave Cultural Feminism Political Feminism Liberal Feminism Radical Feminism

Black Power The US Civil Rights Movement Radicals Since 1968

Other Ethnic/Minority Movements

Lesbian and Gay Rights

Post-War Thought

Post-War Western Thought

Existentialism

Post-Structuralism and Offspring Linguistics Anthropology Pomo Marxism Deconstruction Social Constructionism Queer Theor



Post-War Religion

Religion since 1945

Roman Catholicism

Protestantism

Eastern Orthodoxy

Judaism

Islam

Buddhism

Humanist-Religious Debate

Modern Science

Science, Technology and the Transformation in the Means of Production

Biology: The DNA Revolution

Physics

Space Exploration

Computers

Knowledge Based Production

The Internet

The World Environment: Cornucopeian Plenty or a Crisis Situation

Pop Culture

Popular Culture United States Europe

Sports: The Opium of the People?

The Twenty First Century

21st Century

Selected Documents

Introduction

The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Although this part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project began as a way to access texts that were already available on the Internet, it now contains hundreds of texts made available locally. The great diversity of available sources for use in modern history classes requires that selections be made with great care - since virtually unlimited material is available. The goals here are:

To present a diversity of source material in modern European, American, and Latin American history, as well as a significant amount of materal pertinent to world cultures and global studies. A number of other online source collections emphasize legal and political documents. Here efforts have been made to include contemporary narrative accounts, personal memoirs, songs, newspaper reports, as well as cultural, philosophical, religious and scientific documents. Although the history of social and cultural elite groups remains important to historians, the lives of non-elite women, people of color, lesbians and gays are also well represented here.

To present the material as cleanly as possible, without complicated hierarchies and subdirectories, and without excessive HTML markup. What you get here is direct access to significant documents, not the efforts of some whizkid "website designer". In other words, we are interested here in the music, not the Hi-fi!.

Within the major sections, to indicate a few high quality web sites for further source material and research.

Sources of Material Here

The texts on these pages come from many sources:

Files posted to various places on the net. In some cases, the source URL no longer exists.

Shorter texts created for class purposes by extracting from much larger texts. In some cases, the extracts have been suggested by a variety of commercial sourcebooks.

Texts scanned in from printed material. In some cases the printed book may be recent, but the material scanned is out of copyright.

Texts sent to me for inclusion.

Links to other online texts. In almost all these cases I have made local copies, so please inform me if links no longer work.

Efforts have been made to confirm to US Copyright Law. Any infringement is unintentional, and any file which infringes copyright, and about which the copyright claimant informs me, will be removed pending resolution.

NOTES:

Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location].

Locally available texts are marked by [At this Site].

WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.

The Modern History Sourcebook is part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project. The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.



© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 22 Sept 1998: latest revision 9 April 2019

The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.



© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 21 January 2020 [CV]