Scripps Oceanography graduate student Andrew Mullen positions the Benthic Underwater Microscope to study corals. Credit: Jaffe Laboratory for Underwater Imaging/Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego

A new microscopic imaging system is revealing a never-before-seen view of the underwater world. Researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego have designed and built a diver-operated underwater microscope to study millimeter-scale processes as they naturally occur on the seafloor.

The research team observed coral turf wars, coral polyp "kissing," and much more using the new microscopic technology.

Many important biological processes in the ocean take place at microscopic scales, but when scientists remove organisms from their native habitats to study them in the lab, much of the information and its context are lost. In a quest to overcome this challenge, Scripps oceanographer Jules Jaffe and his team have developed a new type of underwater microscope to image marine microorganisms in their natural settings without disturbing them.

The Benthic Underwater Microscope, or BUM, is a two-part system-an underwater computer with a diver interface tethered to a microscopic imaging unit-to study marine subjects at nearly micron resolution. The instrument has a high magnification lens, a ring of focused LED lights for fast exposures, fluorescence imaging capabilities, and a flexible tunable lens, similar to the human eye, to change focus for viewing structures in 3-D.

"This underwater microscope is the first instrument to image the seafloor at such small scales," said Scripps PhD student Andrew Mullen, co-lead author of the study published in the July 12 issue of the journal Nature Communications. "The system is capable of seeing features as small as single cells underwater."

The Benthic Underwater Microscope is positioned to study coral competition. Credit: Jaffe Laboratory for Underwater Imaging/Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego

The motivation for building the imaging system was to better understand the many ecological processes taking place underwater on a microscopic scale, according to the Scripps researchers.

"To understand the evolution of the dynamic processes taking place in the ocean, we need to observe them at the appropriate scale," said Jaffe, the senior author of the study, and head of the Jaffe Laboratory for Underwater Imaging at Scripps.

To test the new technology's ability to capture small-scale processes taking place underwater, the researchers used the imaging system to view millimeter-sized coral polyps off the coast of Israel in the Red Sea, and off Maui, Hawaii.

During experiments in the Red Sea, the researchers set up the BUM to capture the interactions of two corals of different species placed close to each other. The images revealed micro-scale processes in which corals emit string-like filaments that secrete enzymes from their stomach cavity to wage a chemical turf battle to destroy the tissue of other species in a competition for seafloor space. Yet, when the researchers placed corals of the same species next to each other, they did not eject these gastric fluids.

Scripps Oceanography graduate student Andrew Mullen discusses the research being conducted using the Benthic Underwater Microscope, an instrument recently developed by the Jaffe Laboratory for Underwater Imaging at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Credit: Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego.

"They can recognize friend versus foe," said Mullen.

The researchers also captured video of neighboring individual polyps on a single coral colony taking turns embracing one another, an unknown phenomenon the researchers call coral polyp "kissing."

Next, the researchers deployed the instrument off Maui following one of the largest coral-bleaching events on record, which occurs when single-celled algae that live inside the coral polyp eject themselves during high ocean temperature events. Recently bleached corals are still alive, but in their weakened state can be rapidly invaded and overgrown by filamentous turf algae.

Using the microscope, the research team observed a previously unreported honeycomb pattern of initial algal colonization and growth in areas between the individual coral polyps during coral bleaching. These findings provide insight into a process that Scripps marine ecologist Jennifer Smith, a co-author of the study, called the "succession of algae" where small filamentous algae initially settle on the ridges between coral polyps and eventually smother the living tissue. The images showed that algae are able to actively overgrow living corals during a bleaching event.

Platygyra exposed to four different stimuli. In situ time series video of the interactions between colonies of the coral Platygyra and four different stimuli. In each frame the Platygyra colonyis on the left side. Platygyrais paired with the following stimuli: top-left -a small colony of the coral Galaxea brought from the lab, bottom left - a mesh net filled with Artemia (brine shrimp), top right - a loose colony of the coral Stylophora from the reef, and bottom right - a loose foreign colony of Platygyra from the reef. Credit: Andrew Mullen.

"This instrument is a part of a new trend in ocean research to bring the lab to the ocean, instead of bringing the ocean to the lab," said study co-lead author Tali Treibitz, a former Scripps postdoctoral researcher now at the University of Haifa's Charney School of Marine Science.

Jaffe and Mullen are now preparing the instrument to take pictures of microscopic particles in the water near the coral's surface to study how the flow of water over corals allows them to exchange the necessary gases to breathe.

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More information: Underwater Microscopy for In Situ Studies of Benthic Ecosystems, Nature Communications, nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12093 Journal information: Nature Communications Underwater Microscopy for In Situ Studies of Benthic Ecosystems,