I use and love syntax extensions, and I’m planning on using them to simplify down how one interacts with a system like serde. Unfortunately though, to write them you need to use Rust’s libsyntax , which is not going to be exposed in Rust 1.0 because we’re not ready to stablize it’s API. That would really hamper future development of the compiler.

It would be so nice though, writing this for every type we want to serialize:

1 2 3 4 5 #[derive_deserialize] struct Point { x : int , y : int , }

instead of:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 impl < D : Deserializer < E > , E > Deserialize < D , E > for Point { fn deserialize_token ( state : & mut D , token : Token ) -> Result < Point , E > { try ! ( state . expect_struct_start ( token , "Point" )); let mut x = None ; let mut y = None ; loop { let idx = match try ! ( state . expect_struct_field_or_end ( & [ "x" , "y" ])) { Some ( idx ) => idx , None => { break ; } }; match idx { Some ( 0 u s ) => { x = Some ( try ! ( state . expect_struct_value ())); } Some ( 1 u s ) => { y = Some ( try ! ( state . expect_struct_value ())); } None | Some ( _ ) => { panic ! () } } } let x = match x { Some ( x ) => x , None => try ! ( state . missing_field ( "x" )), }; let y = match y { Some ( y ) => y , None => try ! ( state . missing_field ( "y" )), }; Ok ( Point { x : x , y : y ,}) } }

So I want to announce my plan on how to deal with this (and also publically announce that everyone can blame me if this turns out to hurt Rust’s future development). I’ve started syntex, a library that enables code generation using an unofficial tracking fork of libsyntax . In order to deal with the fact that libsyntax might make breaking changes between minor Rust releases, we will just release a minor or major release of syntex , depending on if there were any breaking changes in libsyntax . Ideally syntex will allow the community to experiment with different code generation approaches to see what would be worth merging upstream. Or even better, what hooks are needed in the compiler so it doesn’t have to think about syntax extensions at all.

I’ve got the basic version working right now. Here’s a simple hello_world_macros syntax extension (you can see the actual code here). First, the hello_world_macros/Cargo.toml :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [ package ] name = "hello_world_macros" version = "0.2.0" authors = [ "erick.tryzelaar@gmail.com" ] [ dependencies ] syntex = "*" syntex_syntax = "*"

The syntex_syntax is the crate for my fork of libsyntax , and syntex provides some helper functions to ease registering syntax extensions.

Then the src/lib.rs , which declares a macro hello_world that just produces a "hello world" string:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 extern crate syntex ; extern crate syntex_syntax ; use syntex :: Registry ; use syntex_syntax :: ast :: TokenTree ; use syntex_syntax :: codemap :: Span ; use syntex_syntax :: ext :: base :: { ExtCtxt , MacExpr , MacResult , TTMacroExpander }; use syntex_syntax :: ext :: build :: AstBuilder ; use syntex_syntax :: parse :: token :: InternedString ; fn expand_hello_world < 'cx > ( cx : & 'cx mut ExtCtxt , sp : Span , tts : & [ TokenTree ] ) -> Box < MacResult + 'cx > { let expr = cx . expr_str ( sp , InternedString :: new ( "hello world" )); MacExpr :: new ( expr ) } pub fn register ( registry : & mut Registry ) { registry . register_fn ( "hello_world" , expand_hello_world ); }

Now to use it. This is a little more complicated because we have to do code generation, but Cargo helps with that. Our strategy is use a build.rs script to do code generation in a main.rss file, and then use the include!() macro to include it into our dummy main.rs file. Here’s the Cargo.toml we need:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [ package ] name = "hello_world" version = "0.2.0" authors = [ "erick.tryzelaar@gmail.com" ] build = "build.rs" [ build - dependencies ] syntex = "*" syntex_syntax = "*" [ build - dependencies . hello_world_macros ] path = "hello_world_macros"

Here’s the build.rs , which actually performs the code generation:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 extern crate syntex ; extern crate hello_world_macros ; use std :: os ; fn main () { let mut registry = syntex :: Registry :: new (); hello_world_macros :: register ( & mut registry ); registry . expand ( "hello_world" , & Path :: new ( "src/main.rss" ), & Path :: new ( os :: getenv ( "OUT_DIR" ). unwrap ()). join ( "main.rs" )); }

Our main.rs driver script:

1 2 // Include the real main include ! ( concat ! ( env ! ( "OUT_DIR" ), "/main.rs" ));

And finally the main.rss :

1 2 3 4 fn main () { let s = hello_world ! (); println ! ( "{}" , s ); }

One limitiation you can see above is that we unfortunately can’t compose our macros with the Rust macros is that syntex currently has no awareness of the Rust macros, and since macros are parsed outside-in, we have to leave the tokens inside a macro like println!() untouched.

That’s syntex . There is a bunch of more work left to be done in syntex to make it really useable. There’s also a lot of work in Rust and Cargo that would help it be really effective:

We need a way to inform Rust that this block of code is actually coming from a different file than the one it’s processing. This is roughly equivalent to the #line macros in C .

. We could upstream the “ignore unknown macros” patch to minimize changes to libsyntax .

. It would be nice if we could allow #[path] to reference an environment variable. This would be a little cleaner than using include!(...) .

to reference an environment variable. This would be a little cleaner than using . We need a way to extract macros from a crate.

On Cargo’s side:

It would be nice if Cargo could be told to use a generated file as the main.rs / lib.rs /etc.

/ /etc. Cargo.toml could grow a plugin mechanism to remove the need to write a build.rs script.

I’m sure there’s plenty more that needs to get done! So, please help out!

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