As we explained in our previous blog post about deterministic builds it is not possible to identify a compiled C/C++ artifact by its checksum, the same sources will lead to different binaries, so there is no correct result we can agree on to certify a binary.

This is a big problem for many industries where software is a critical component in their products: aeronautics, medical, automotive,… almost any industry will get into trouble if its artifacts can be tampered with without notice.

Conan doesn’t rely on the checksum of the binaries, but on the package ID to identify the binaries, it is a unique identifier that encodes information about settings, options, and requirements of each package. We will explain how knowing the package ID you can know exactly which are the libraries deployed or even the source code used to generate the artifacts.

How package ID works

Conan computes a different package ID for any combination of the following elements:

Settings . Depending on the value of the settings declared in the recipe, a different package ID will be computed, so different operating systems, compilers, build types,… will produce different IDs.

Options . The value of the options will also be added to generate the package ID. The same library, for example, will get a different package ID for a static build and dynamic linking.

Requirements. Depending on the package ID mode configured for the Conan client or the one declared for a specific requirement, different components of the full Conan package reference of all its dependencies could affect the package ID of the consumer. It’s highly configurable, from a mode taking into account only the name of the dependencies to other modes including any change in the sources or even the build environment. Very important to note that transitive requirements (dependencies of my dependencies) are also included, not only the direct dependencies (except for the semver_direct_mode ).

Note.- Only the dependencies declared using the requires attribute or inside the requirements() method will be considered, build_requires don’t affect the package ID.

A quick reminder about Conan package reference

Before moving on, we need to introduce what a Conan package reference is and which are its components. A Conan package reference is the unique identifier of the products of a build that are bundled into a package, it is compounded by the following parts:

Conan reference . It is the identifier of the recipe, like fmt/5.3.0@bincrafters/stable for example, it contains the name and the version of the recipe, and the user/channel information: <name>/<version>@<user>/<channel> . Conan v1.10 introduced recipe revision, which is a way to version the recipe sources without touching the main components of the recipe reference. This is an example of a full Conan reference: fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable#500ad2e039e90e5aa50b8ceb6a35a3e1 Notice that Conan will interpret the <version> component as SemVer if possible.

Package ID . It is the unique identifier of the package binaries, we will elaborate on it in the next sections in this blog post.

Package revision. Introduced in Conan v1.10, the package revision is the hash of the contents of the package. As it was said before, the same sources will typically generate different binaries even using the same environment.

Given all these components, a full Conan package reference will contain all these information <name>/<version>@<user>/<channel>#<rrev>:<pkg_id>#<prev> and it identifies uniquely every Conan package build.

Importance of package ID modes

Conan can identify every single package build, and all this information could be propagated to the consumer’s package ID, but this would lead to a big drawback: any build of a requirement (or transitive requirement) would modify all the package IDs down in the dependency graph, those new IDs wouldn’t have binaries available and we would need to compile them.

In some situations it is not convenient because it will consume too much compilation time and we want to take advantage of available binaries if they are ABI compatible. However, in other situations, that’s exactly what we want to achieve: we can’t take the risk of a requirement changing a header file without bumping the version.

Here it lies the utility and importance of package ID modes, they allow to configure which components of the full package reference should be considered to compute the package ID of the consumer.

These modes go from unrelated_mode where nothing from the requirement is taken into account to package_revision_mode where everything (including package revisions) will modify the package ID. And there are many other modes in between. Choosing the right mode between all the posibilities is very important:

a relaxed mode will be less intensive in terms of compilation, more binaries will be reused, less information from the requirements will be taken into account for the package ID of the consumer. It won’t be possible to know the exact revision from your requirements you used to generate your package, you cannot be sure if it include a bugfix or even features upstreams

a more strict mode will gather more information from the requirements, it can be possible to know the exact sources used to build them, but it will require a new binary for any minor changes and compilation times in your CI can increase significatively.

Choosing the right package ID mode for your project is an important decision. You should carefully consider the versioning schema of your dependencies, your CI times, the criticality of source code changes in your system (can a bugfix be a breaking change?),… all these factors can be managed using the right package ID mode.

These modes can be configured for a Conan client (we are going to use it like that in this blogpost), but the global behavior can be overriden for any single requirement of any recipe using the package_id method (more about this in the docs)

Conan default behavior: semver_direct_mode

By default, Conan uses semver_direct_mode which means that it will compute a different package ID whenever the major component of the version of its direct requirements is different. This is a quite relaxed method with big assumptions: all the dependencies use properly a SemVer versioning schema, my application is not sensitive to new features or bug fixes, and it is ok to ignore changes in options or settings of my requirements. Although it might be adequate for general-purpose libraries and the open-source community, it is probably not the best approach for company software.

Let’s explore it with the example recipe in the conanfile.py below:

from conans import ConanFile class Library ( ConanFile ): name = "name" version = "version" settings = "os" , "compiler" , "build_type" options = { "shared" : [ True , False ]} default_options = { "shared" : True } requires = "fmt/5.3.0@bincrafters/stable"

Using the Conan client we can compute the package ID of the package that will be generated with the command conan info:

⇒ conan info . --profile = default ... conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: f38e4ae2fcc1fd3b6f76fde9093cfce7d4d11f94 ...

Besides the requirements, the ID obtained depends on the values of the settings and options used, here we are telling Conan to use explicitly the profile default . If you want to reproduce the same package ID values that appear in this post, you can use this profile:

⇒ conan profile show default Configuration for profile default: [ settings] os = Macos arch = x86_64 compiler = apple-clang compiler.version = 10.0 compiler.libcxx = libc++ build_type = Release [ options] [ build_requires] [ env ]

With the mode semver_direct_mode , as we’ve already said, only a change in the major component of the requirements will affect the package ID value:

If we change the version of fmt from 5.3.0 to 5.2.1 , we get the same package id for our conanfile: ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = semver_direct_mode ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default # when we require fmt 5.3.0 fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 38dbf89d158028a99d09852abf8b8a82ede43714 # when we require fmt 5.2.1 ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default fmt /5.2.1@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 38dbf89d158028a99d09852abf8b8a82ede43714

We need to change the major component (to 4.1.0 ) to get a different ID: ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default # when we require fmt 4.1.0 fmt /4.1.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 19d34f4e911e399b2fb93166523221c5e1f14f06

But changes that affect the package ID of the requirement won’t be reflected in the package ID of the consumer: # when we require fmt 4.1.0 (shared=True) ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default -o fmt :shared = True fmt /4.1.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 95b87e2c9261497d05b76244c015fbde06fe50b3 conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 19d34f4e911e399b2fb93166523221c5e1f14f06

In the output above it is shown that the package ID for the consumer recipe changes (from 38dbf89d to 19d34f4e ) only when the major component of the requirement fmt changes (although the package ID for fmt is the same). And it doesn’t change if we modify an option of the fmt package, the package ID corresponding to fmt changes but the one of the consumer recipe doesn’t.

With the semver_direct_mode , as long as the major doesn’t change, we can modify the dependencies as much as we want: we can modify options to activate features or switch behaviors, we can use different linking options,… it all depends on the library writer. There are many degrees of freedom under the same package ID of our library. We won’t be able to disambiguate as many configurations lead to the same package ID.

Other package ID modes

There are many more package ID modes to use (see full list), here we are going to show just some of them:

full_version_mode : it will take into account all the components of the SemVer version (in the following example we are modifying the patch component): ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = full_version_mode ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default # when we require fmt 5.2.1 fmt /5.2.1@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 840962321acb965eeab4e8507bdb9e85c11a06fd ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default # when we require fmt 5.2.0 fmt /5.2.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 8e9392814f9e6f0132c2e383d60364623ca759b5

full_package_mode : any change in the package reference (excluding revisions) will modify the package ID of the consumer recipe. Let’s see how modifying an option in the required fmt recipe modify its package ID and a new value is computed for the consumer package: ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = full_package_mode ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default -o fmt :shared = False # when we require fmt 5.2.0 (shared=False) fmt /5.2.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 50fb56084639e9d7f970e1c79e36f53b452eb552 ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default -o fmt :shared = True # with the same fmt 5.2.0, but changing option value (shared=True) fmt /5.2.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 95b87e2c9261497d05b76244c015fbde06fe50b3 conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 159983fa331b57530730eaf05aedeb3628307264

Try other modes in your machine changing the versions of your requirements and see how the package ID of the consumer recipe changes. All these modes provide a high level of customization that allows fine-grained control over the package ID.

The two last fields of the Conan reference of the requirements, user and channel does not affect for most of the package ID modes, only full_recipe_mode and full_package_mode (and modes for revisions that we’ll write about below) will take them into account.

Working with revisions

Conan v1.10.0 introduced revisions for recipes and packages, although the feature is experimental we are pretty sure that it arrived to stay and will become stable soon. Revisions for recipes ( <rrev> ) provide a way to version the recipe sources without changing the version of the recipe itself, while package revisions ( <prev> ) are a way to differentiate binaries built using exactly the same recipe sources (see reproducible builds).

In Conan v1.17.0 two new modes were added to the available list of package ID modes to optionally consider these components of the full Conan reference ( <ref>#<rrev>:<pkg_id>#<prev> ) of the requirements. These modes are:

recipe_revision_mode : it is like the full_package_mode , but it takes into account the recipe revision too.

: it is like the , but it takes into account the recipe revision too. package_revision_mode : additionally it takes into account the package revision.

Using these modes, Conan will compute a new package ID for any change in the requirements, usually it’s more than needed but it’s the safest way to ensure binary traceability and reproducibility: only the same set of requirements configured the same way will be able to generate the same package ID, and with the mode package_revision_mode only using the same actual binaries will generate the same package ID.

recipe_revision_mode

To play the following example we need to activate revisions and use different revisions of the requirements. Take into account that the Conan cache will store only one revision at a time, you will need to use one Artifactory server (download free JFrog Artifactory Community Edition for C/C++) or Bintray if you want to persist them. Follow these steps for the recipe_revision_mode :

Configure Conan for this example: ⇒ conan config set general.revisions_enabled = 1 ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = recipe_revision_mode Check the ID generated with one revision of the fmt requirement: ⇒ git clone https://github.com/bincrafters/conan-fmt.git ⇒ cd conan-fmt ⇒ git checkout 7d9dce3 ⇒ conan export . bincrafters/stable ... fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable: Exported revision: 500ad2e039e90e5aa50b8ceb6a35a3e1 We can ask Conan to compute the package ID of our consumer recipe, it will use the recipe of the fmt library that we have just exported: ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 46516d5f2debf0f4b7e55da9e75bfe277d26a1fc We can modify the recipe of fmt to generate a different revision, and export it to the Conan cache (it will override the existing one as only one revision can be in the cache at a time): ⇒ git clone https://github.com/bincrafters/conan-fmt.git ⇒ cd conan-fmt ⇒ git checkout 7d9dce3 ⇒ echo "# Add a comment at the end of the file" >> conanfile.py ⇒ conan export . bincrafters/stable ... fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable: Exported revision: 30bb32c064e1c43b70d5cb9e2749e484 If we compute the package ID of our consumer recipe, now it is a different one, and only the recipe revision of the fmt package has changed. ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: 859c7995b3e1554bd4a456aee82a45f0c6ade2f7

package_revision_mode

As a final section related to the revisions, if we try to compute the package ID of our recipe using the package_revision_mode Conan will take into account the package revision of the requirements too. Let’s see what happens if the binaries for the fmt recipe are not available:

⇒ conan remove fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable -p ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = package_revision_mode ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: Package_ID_unknown

With this mode enabled, Conan cannot compute the package ID because it cannot know the package revision of the fmt package it would use if it were available. Once we compile the binary, Conan will be able to compute the package ID:

⇒ conan install fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable --profile = default --build fmt ⇒ conan config set general.default_package_id_mode = package_revision_mode ⇒ conan info . --only id --profile = default fmt /5.3.0@bincrafters/stable ID: 853c4b61e2571e98cd7b854c1cda6bc111b8b32c conanfile.py ( name/version ) ID: b2110045f8b2598a521adad9753eb610ba4059ee

Remember that the package ID of our consumer recipe is taking into account the package revision of fmt , which is computed using the checksum of the generated binaries, so every compilation will get a different package revision for that requirement and the computed package ID will be different. That’s the reason why you can’t get the same value of the last example, neither we can, there will be a new value with each compilation of the fmt library.

package_revision_mode is guaranteed to be exact: the package ID would only be reproduced using the same set of libraries and the same graph of dependencies that were used to build the binary at the time.

Conclusion

Conan package ID modes allow fine-grained control to choose how the dependencies may affect the package ID of consumer libraries, if you make the deploy of your applications using Conan packages and keep track of these identifiers, you can control which are the libraries included in any release and how they were compiled and configured.

More sensitive software should use more strict modes, while the community will typically use relaxed modes, but with Conan it is easy to change the mode as we’ve seen along with the post, it is just a value in the Conan settings.

With a good understanding of package ID modes and some powerful features like lockfiles it is possible to setup a robust CI mechanism to coordinate the libraries to build given any change in a dependency. Conan will know which binaries can be reused and which ones have to be rebuilt, it will tell you too the build order and which libraries can be built in parallel. All this information is very helpful to optimize build times and help you to make your release cycle much faster.