Summary Background Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Introduction 1 Thomas RK Concepts, methods and practical applications in applied demography: an introductory textbook. Age-sex-specific estimates of population are a bedrock of epidemiological and economic analyses, and they are integral to planning across several sectors of society. As the denominator for most indicators, such estimates permeate every aspect of our understanding of health and development. Errors in population estimates affect national and international target tracking and time-series and cross-country analyses of development outcomes. The importance of accurate population estimates for government planning cannot be overstated: population size, age, and composition dictate the national need for infrastructure, housing, education, employment, health care, care of older people, electoral representation, provision of public health and services, food supply, and security.Similarly, fertility rates, both by maternal age and overall, are key drivers of population growth and important social outcomes in their own right. 2 WHO

World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs. , 3 WHO

Health in 2015: from MDGs to SDGs. 4 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. 5 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

World population prospects: the 2017 revision, methodology of the united nations population estimates and projections. 4 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. , 6 Consejo Nacional de Población CONAPO

Proyecciones de la población 2010–2050. Many governments typically produce national population estimates by age and sex for planning purposes. Most international studies and comparative indicators, including the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals, rely on the estimates generated by the UN Population Division at the Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP) for population denominators,although it is not well documented how often these estimates are used by national governments. The UNPOP has produced population estimates since 1951, and it uses a decentralised approach to estimation.For example, the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre produces estimates for Latin America, whereas estimates for all other groups of countries are developed by analysts in New York. Although the UNPOP describes a general approach of examining data on fertility, mortality, migration, and population and searching for consistency,replicable statistical methods are not used. Decisions on how to deal with inconsistency between the components of fertility, mortality, and migration within population counts are left to individual analysts, leading to considerable heterogeneity in approaches across countries. Accordingly, discrepancies between UNPOP and nationally produced estimates—for instance, in 2015, the population estimates for Mexico by UNPOP were 4·6 million more than those of Mexico's National Population Council (125·9 million by UNPOP vs 121·3 million by National Population Council)—cannot currently be resolved. Research in context Evidence before this study Population estimates by age and sex are extensively used in all forms of epidemiological and demographic analysis. National estimates of population and fertility for age and sex groups have been produced by the UN Population Division since 1951. The US Census Bureau produces revised demographic estimates for 15 to 30 countries each year. Several national authorities produce their own population estimates, particularly those in high and middle Socio-demographic Index countries. These efforts are all based on the cohort-component method of population projection, namely that population in an age group at a given time t must equal the population in that cohort at the start of the time period (t–1) plus new entrants and minus people exiting the population because of migration and death. Although these estimates are based on the demographic balancing equation, estimates are not based on standardised, transparent, or replicable statistical methods. Added value of this study To our knowledge, this study presents the first estimates of population by location from 1950 to 2017 that are based on transparent data and replicable analytical code, applying a standardised approach to the estimation of population for each single year of age for each calendar year from 1950 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories and for the globe. This study provides improved population estimates that are internally consistent with the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study's assessment of fertility and mortality, which are important inputs to other epidemiological research and government planning. Implications of all the available evidence Population counts by age and sex that are produced with a transparent and empirical approach will be useful for epidemiological and demographic analyses. The production of annual estimates will also facilitate timely tracking of progress on global indicators, including the Sustainable Development Goals. In the future, the methods applied here can be used to enhance population estimation at the subnational level. 7 US Census Bureau

International data base. 8 Population Reference Bureau

2017 World population data sheet with a special focus on youth. 9 World Bank Group

Population estimates and projections. 10 European Comission Joint Research Centre

Demographic and human capital scenarios for the 21st century: 2018 assessment for 201 countries. 11 Gapminder

Gapminder tools. The US Census Bureau's International Division periodically releases detailed population analyses for selected countries, with new revisions produced for 15 to 30 countries per year.Other organisations, such as the Population Reference Bureau,the World Bank,the Wittgenstein Centre,and Gapminder Foundationalso release population estimates, but these are largely combinations of national estimates with selected UNPOP or US Census Bureau analyses. Many of the organisations who estimate or report on population also provide fertility estimates, which, in addition to affecting population trends, are used to monitor reproductive health service delivery in many locations. To our knowledge, global estimates of annual population by age and sex with underlying primary data and replicable computer code and statistical modelling details are not available from any source. 12 Stevens GA

Alkema L

Black RE

et al. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. 4 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. 13 GBD 2017 Mortality collaborators

Global, regional, and national age-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. , 14 UN Population Division

World mortality report 2017. 15 GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) is committed to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).Continued use of the UNPOP population estimates in GBD is not compatible with GATHER because the methods used for UNPOP estimation are not transparent and uncertainty intervals are not estimated for populations.Moreover, UNPOP population estimates, especially in years between or after a census, are inconsistent with GBD estimates because there is a marked difference between UNPOP and GBD estimates of age-specific mortality in many instances.For this GBD 2017 paper, we sought to produce population estimates and associated fertility estimates for 195 countries and territories from 1950 to 2017 that were based on the available census or population registry data and survey and census data on age-specific fertility rates (ASFR; ie, the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of replicable methods, leveraging the previous GBD work that estimated age-sex-specific mortality rates.To achieve this goal, we aimed to conduct systematic analyses of available sources that could inform ASFR estimation and to systematically identify and extract census and population registry data.

Results Global Figure 3 Global total fertility rate distributed by maternal age group (A) and number of livebirths by GBD super-region, for both sexes combined (B), 1950–2017 Show full caption Total fertility rate is the number of births expected per woman in each age group if she were to survive through the reproductive years (10–54 years) under the age-specific fertility rates at that timepoint. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. The global TFR by maternal age group from 1950 to 2017 is shown in figure 3 . In 1950, the TFR was 4·7 livebirths (95% UI 4·5–4·9) and, by 2017, the TFR had decreased by 49·4% (46·4–52·0) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5). From 1950 to 1995, the TFR within all 5-year maternal age groups decreased: the greatest decrease in terms of contribution to TFR was in women aged 20–24 years (who showed a decrease of 0·42 livebirths), 25–29 years (0·52 livebirths), and 30–34 years (0·38 livebirths). Since 1995, decreases in the contribution to TFR from women aged 30–34 years, 35–39 years, and 40–44 years effectively plateaued at the global level, whereas decreases in women at younger ages continued. This slowing trend in reductions in the number of livebirths per woman in these age groups masks marked heterogeneity across countries, as we subsequently discuss. Of the total livebirths globally in 2017, 9·4% occurred in teenage mothers, which is a reduction from 9·9% of livebirths to teenage mothers in 1950. The age-specific fertility rate per 1000 women aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) per 1000 women in 1950 to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women in 2017. The number of livebirths globally increased from 92·6 million livebirths (88·9–96·4 million) in 1950 to a peak of 141·7 million livebirths (135·8–147·3 million) in 2012. Over the past 35 years, the number of livebirths annually has varied within a relatively narrow range of 133·2 million (130·1–136·2) livebirths to 141·7 million (135·8–147·3) livebirths. Figure 4 Proportion of the global population accounted for by the GBD super-regions (A) and the annual population growth rates, globally and for the super-regions (B) Show full caption Data are shown for both sexes combined, from 1950 to 2017. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. The trend in world population from 1950 to 2017 by GBD super-region is shown in figure 4 . From 1950 to 1980, the global population increased exponentially at an annualised rate of 1·9% (95% UI 1·88–1·92). From 1981 to 2017, however, the pace of the global population increase has been largely linear, increasing by 83·6 million (79·8–87·5) people per year. Over the past 10 years (2007–17), the average annual increase in population has been by 87·2 million (80·8–93·2) people, compared with 81·5 million (79·0–84·5) people per year in the previous 10 years (1997–2007). The global population increased by 197·2% (95% UI 193·3–200·8), from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) people in 1950 to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017. Over this period, the composition of the world's population changed substantially. In 1950, the high-income, central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia GBD super-regions accounted for 35·2% of the global population but, in 2017, the populations of these countries accounted for 19·5% of the global population. Large increases occurred in the proportion of the world's population living in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and north Africa and the Middle East. The annual population growth rate between 1950 and 2017, globally and for the GBD super-regions, is shown in figure 4 . Growth of the global population increased in the 1950s and reached 2·0% per year in 1964, then slowly decreased to 1·1% in 2017. The slow shift in the global population growth rate is determined by markedly different trends by super-region. Growth of the population in north Africa and the Middle East increased until the 1970s, and it has remained quite high, at 1·7% in 2017. Population growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 1950 to 1985, decreased during 1985–1993, increased again until 1997, and then plateaued; at 2·7% in 2017, population growth rates were almost the highest rates ever recorded in this region. The most substantial changes to population growth rates were in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania super-region, where the population growth rate decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017. The large reduction in the population growth rate for this super-region around 1960 was due to the Great Leap Forward in China. In central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, the population growth rate dropped rapidly after 1987 and was negative from 1993 to 2008. Growth rates in the high-income super-region have changed the least, starting at 1·2% in 1950 and reaching 0·4% in 2017. Figure 5 Global population pyramids for females and males by age, in 1950, 1975, 2000, and 2017 Global population pyramids in 1950, 1975, 2000, and 2017 are shown in figure 5 . As the world's population has grown, not only has the distribution of the global population shifted toward sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, but the age structure of the global population has also changed considerably. In 1950, the global mean age of a person was 26·6 years, decreasing to 26·0 years, in 1975, then increasing to 29·0 years in 2000 and 32·1 years in 2017. Demographic change has economic consequences, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (15–64 years) decreased from 59·9% in 1950 to 57·1% in 1975, then increased to 62·9% in 2000 and 65·3% in 2017. Another dimension of the global population is the proportion of the population that is female, which decreased from 50·1% to 49·8% over the 67-year period. National Table 1 Age-specific fertility rates, total fertility rate, total fertility up to a maternal age of 25 years and during ages 30–54 years; the number of livebirths; and net reproductive rate, globally and for the SDI groups, GBD regions, super-regions, countries, and territories, 2017 Age-specific fertility rate (livebirths per 1000 women annually) Total fertility rate Total fertility rate under age 25 years Total fertility rate from ages 30 to 54 years Number of livebirths Net reproductive rate 10–14 years 15–19 years 20–24 years 25–29 years 30–34 years 35–39 years 40–44 years 45–49 years 50–54 years Global 0·81 (0·35–1·69) 42·9 (38·6–48·0) 129·4 (117·8–142·7) 131·9 (125·9–138·7) 96·8 (91·4–102·9) 52·4 (47·7–57·5) 17·2 (15·4–19·2) 3·4 (3·1–3·8) 0·06 (0·06–0·06) 2·4 (2·2–2·5) 0·87 (0·78–0·96) 0·85 (0·79–0·92) 138 810 622 (129 960 385–149 058 367) 1·08 (1·02–1·16) Low SDI 1·4 (0·6–2·9) 71·9 (65·0–80·0) 202·6 (181·7–225·9) 188·4 (177·3–200·9) 147·0 (136·9–158·2) 93·4 (83·6–103·5) 44·6 (39·5–49·9) 15·1 (13·7–16·7) 0·29 (0·28–0·3) 3·8 (3·6–4·1) 1·4 (1·2–1·5) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 37 891 965 (35 159 071–41 108 482) 1·68 (1·58–1·81) Low-middle SDI 0·88 (0·39–1·85) 51·7 (45·5–59·3) 156·6 (141·0–174·3) 152·0 (143·4–161·4) 112·4 (104·4–121·8) 63·8 (57·0–72·0) 24·1 (21·0–27·7) 6·4 (5·5–7·5) 0·12 (0·11–0·12) 2·8 (2·6–3·1) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 1·0 (0·9–1·1) 40 394 490 (37 088 216–44 296 344) 1·28 (1·18–1·4) Middle SDI 0·61 (0·27–1·27) 33·5 (30·1–37·6) 112·4 (100·6–125·9) 120·1 (113·3–127·9) 79·2 (73·7–85·3) 39·0 (34·4–44·2) 11·3 (9·9–13·1) 1·4 (1·1–1·6) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·0 (1·8–2·2) 0·73 (0·66–0·82) 0·65 (0·6–0·72) 26 502 966 (24 536 281–28 871 941) 0·83 (0·77–0·9) High-middle SDI 0·42 (0·18–0·86) 19·8 (18·3–21·6) 84·2 (79·0–89·9) 107·0 (103·4–110·7) 69·4 (65·8–73·1) 32·1 (29·2–35·3) 8·0 (7·2–8·8) 0·63 (0·53–0·74) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·5–1·7) 0·52 (0·49–0·56) 0·55 (0·51–0·59) 22 028 156 (20 983 021–23 184 413) 0·86 (0·81–0·9) High SDI 0·25 (0·11–0·5) 12·5 (11·3–14·0) 49·6 (44·4–55·7) 89·5 (84·3–95·2) 98·6 (91·2–106·8) 51·8 (45·2–59·4) 11·1 (9·4–13·2) 0·63 (0·55–0·72) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·4–1·7) 0·31 (0·28–0·35) 0·81 (0·73–0·9) 11 638 396 (10 631 265–12 780 564) 0·76 (0·69–0·83) Central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia 0·08 (0·03–0·15) 27·0 (23·5–31·2) 102·9 (89·3–118·2) 110·0 (102·9–117·7) 77·0 (70·1–84·8) 32·6 (27·8–38·2) 6·3 (5·3–7·5) 0·29 (0·24–0·35) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·65 (0·56–0·75) 0·58 (0·52–0·66) 5 224 690 (4 687 984–5 805 610) 0·84 (0·76–0·94) Central Asia 0·05 (0·02–0·1) 35·8 (30·7–41·8) 172·3 (151·6–195·2) 145·6 (137·2–154·7) 91·2 (82·3–102·1) 39·3 (33·4–47·0) 9·6 (7·8–12·0) 0·53 (0·37–0·79) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·5 (2·3–2·7) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 0·7 (0·62–0·81) 1 910 928 (1 754 242–2 076 808) 1·15 (1·05–1·25) Armenia 0·04 (0·02–0·09) 24·8 (21·3–28·8) 113·7 (99·3–129·9) 103·4 (95·0–113·6) 50·3 (44·0–58·1) 20·5 (16·9–24·9) 3·7 (2·9–4·6) 0·2 (0·13–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·7) 0·69 (0·6–0·79) 0·37 (0·33–0·42) 38 128 (34 976–41 387) 0·73 (0·67–0·8) Azerbaijan 0·01 (0·0–0·02) 44·1 (37·4–52·0) 148·3 (128·8–169·9) 118·6 (108·9–129·2) 55·6 (48·9–63·2) 21·0 (17·5–25·2) 4·5 (3·6–5·5) 0·46 (0·31–0·72) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·0 (1·7–2·2) 0·96 (0·83–1·11) 0·41 (0·35–0·47) 173 728 (153 488–196 430) 0·87 (0·77–0·99) Georgia 0·26 (0·11–0·54) 46·3 (39·3–54·6) 126·8 (109·2–146·5) 119·8 (109·9–131·5) 71·1 (62·7–81·3) 35·8 (29·6–43·9) 9·0 (7·3–11·3) 0·89 (0·67–1·21) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·0 (1·9–2·2) 0·87 (0·74–1·01) 0·58 (0·5–0·69) 50 298 (45 798–55 247) 0·97 (0·88–1·07) Kazakhstan 0·05 (0·02–0·1) 30·1 (26·5–34·4) 140·1 (120·0–162·7) 149·2 (137·1–162·3) 93·7 (81·5–108·8) 52·5 (41·6–66·6) 12·4 (9·3–16·8) 0·5 (0·31–0·81) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 0·85 (0·73–0·99) 0·8 (0·66–0·97) 347 980 (315 168–381 856) 1·13 (1·03–1·25) Kyrgyzstan 0·01 (0·01–0·03) 38·2 (32·6–44·7) 151·2 (132·1–172·4) 171·9 (159·8–186·0) 119·1 (107·2–131·6) 57·0 (48·0–66·9) 18·0 (14·6–22·0) 0·26 (0·16–0·39) 0·0 (0·0–0·01) 2·8 (2·6–3·0) 0·95 (0·82–1·09) 0·97 (0·85–1·1) 151 035 (141 013–161 162) 1·31 (1·22–1·4) Mongolia 0·21 (0·09–0·43) 27·2 (23·9–30·8) 147·3 (130·5–165·0) 159·7 (148·4–171·4) 114·5 (103·9–125·6) 69·6 (60·3–79·7) 20·1 (16·6–24·1) 1·5 (1·0–2·1) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·7 (2·5–2·9) 0·87 (0·77–0·98) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 75 835 (70 120–81 639) 1·27 (1·17–1·37) Tajikistan 0·06 (0·03–0·13) 55·7 (47·3–65·4) 226·8 (199·4–255·5) 208·3 (193·6–223·8) 128·9 (112·4–148·6) 68·3 (53·5–87·5) 19·2 (14·0–26·4) 2·1 (1·4–3·4) 0·04 (0·04–0·04) 3·5 (3·2–3·9) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 285 161 (259 803–310 494) 1·62 (1·47–1·77) Turkmenistan 0·04 (0·02–0·07) 19·2 (16·4–22·5) 156·1 (135·1–181·5) 190·9 (176·5–207·5) 125·8 (113·3–140·8) 49·1 (41·1–59·4) 10·4 (8·3–13·2) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 2·8 (2·5–3·1) 0·88 (0·77–1·0) 0·93 (0·81–1·07) 109 634 (98 243–123 307) 1·29 (1·15–1·45) Uzbekistan 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 32·3 (27·4–38·0) 194·3 (169·4–221·0) 127·8 (115·6–142·5) 85·2 (74·9–97·8) 25·4 (20·8–31·5) 5·1 (3·9–6·7) 0·2 (0·13–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 2·4 (2·1–2·6) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 0·58 (0·5–0·68) 679 125 (619 142–740 880) 1·09 (1·0–1·19) Central Europe 0·19 (0·08–0·39) 19·5 (17·5–21·6) 57·2 (49·7–66·0) 93·1 (86·7–99·8) 78·0 (70·9–86·2) 31·9 (27·0–37·8) 5·5 (4·8–6·4) 0·24 (0·2–0·28) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 0·38 (0·34–0·44) 0·58 (0·52–0·65) 1 066 904 (960 814–1 187 258) 0·69 (0·62–0·76) Albania 0·07 (0·03–0·13) 19·0 (15·9–22·7) 104·0 (86·8–123·8) 144·9 (132·5–158·3) 73·8 (63·5–85·5) 28·4 (21·9–36·5) 5·9 (4·2–8·1) 0·37 (0·26–0·52) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·9 (1·6–2·2) 0·62 (0·51–0·73) 0·54 (0·45–0·65) 37 047 (32 029–42 830) 0·88 (0·76–1·02) Bosnia and Herzegovina 0·05 (0·02–0·11) 10·1 (8·6–11·7) 48·3 (42·7–54·6) 87·1 (81·7–92·8) 74·0 (67·7–80·7) 27·3 (23·2–31·9) 4·8 (3·9–5·9) 0·32 (0·23–0·45) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·3 (1·2–1·4) 0·29 (0·26–0·33) 0·53 (0·49–0·58) 27 688 (25 627–29 913) 0·6 (0·56–0·65) Bulgaria 0·74 (0·33–1·54) 39·3 (34·2–45·4) 72·2 (61·9–84·0) 87·0 (79·8–94·9) 65·4 (57·6–74·1) 25·7 (20·8–31·7) 3·9 (3·0–4·9) 0·2 (0·14–0·27) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·5 (1·3–1·7) 0·56 (0·48–0·65) 0·48 (0·41–0·55) 58 874 (51 873–66 693) 0·71 (0·62–0·8) Croatia 0·06 (0·03–0·12) 9·8 (8·5–11·6) 45·6 (40·5–51·3) 87·7 (82·7–93·0) 85·9 (79·4–92·6) 38·4 (33·5–43·8) 6·4 (5·2–7·7) 0·32 (0·23–0·44) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·4 (1·3–1·4) 0·28 (0·25–0·31) 0·66 (0·59–0·72) 36 549 (34 544–38 688) 0·66 (0·63–0·7) Czech Republic 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 12·6 (10·7–14·8) 51·1 (44·9–58·2) 99·4 (93·5–105·9) 103·0 (95·5–111·2) 43·4 (37·6–50·0) 6·2 (4·7–7·9) 0·2 (0·12–0·32) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·7) 0·32 (0·28–0·37) 0·76 (0·7–0·84) 104 681 (95 942–114 456) 0·76 (0·7–0·84) Hungary 0·28 (0·12–0·56) 21·7 (18·7–25·3) 47·0 (40·0–55·3) 82·4 (75·7–89·7) 86·4 (77·5–96·4) 39·9 (33·2–47·7) 7·2 (5·6–9·5) 0·22 (0·15–0·3) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 0·35 (0·29–0·4) 0·67 (0·59–0·76) 86 143 (76 294–97 319) 0·69 (0·61–0·78) Macedonia 0·27 (0·12–0·54) 15·9 (13·7–18·5) 64·9 (58·5–71·7) 104·8 (99·2–110·7) 81·5 (75·4–87·9) 29·4 (25·1–34·1) 4·2 (3·1–5·6) 0·26 (0·17–0·38) 0·01 (0·0–0·01) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 0·41 (0·37–0·44) 0·58 (0·54–0·62) 23 593 (22 076–25 167) 0·71 (0·67–0·76) Montenegro 0·12 (0·05–0·24) 11·3 (9·6–13·5) 63·3 (56·4–71·9) 112·5 (106·2–119·1) 95·1 (88·3–102·2) 42·9 (37·2–49·4) 8·8 (6·9–11·4) 0·45 (0·29–0·69) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·6–1·8) 0·37 (0·33–0·43) 0·74 (0·69–0·79) 7069 (6742–7432) 0·79 (0·76–0·84) Poland 0·05 (0·02–0·11) 12·7 (10·9–14·9) 49·8 (42·6–58·2) 89·9 (83·1–97·3) 73·5 (65·7–82·2) 29·7 (24·5–35·8) 5·7 (4·5–7·1) 0·23 (0·17–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·31 (0·27–0·37) 0·55 (0·47–0·63) 355 970 (315 476–402 395) 0·63 (0·56–0·71) Romania 0·38 (0·17–0·79) 34·9 (30·5–40·6) 71·9 (61·9–83·5) 97·4 (90·0–105·5) 73·7 (65·7–82·8) 28·9 (23·6–35·3) 4·7 (3·6–6·1) 0·22 (0·16–0·29) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·7) 0·54 (0·48–0·6) 0·54 (0·47–0·62) 177 010 (158 216–198 220) 0·75 (0·67–0·84) Serbia 0·2 (0·09–0·4) 15·4 (13·3–18·0) 60·1 (51·0–70·7) 90·8 (83·4–99·0) 74·7 (66·3–84·2) 28·5 (23·4–34·6) 4·4 (3·4–5·7) 0·32 (0·22–0·45) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 0·38 (0·32–0·44) 0·54 (0·47–0·62) 80 547 (71 021–91 372) 0·66 (0·58–0·75) Slovakia 0·13 (0·06–0·27) 23·1 (20·2–26·5) 54·5 (46·4–63·9) 87·0 (79·9–94·8) 76·7 (68·2–86·3) 31·8 (26·1–38·6) 5·3 (4·1–6·7) 0·21 (0·15–0·28) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 0·39 (0·33–0·45) 0·57 (0·5–0·65) 52 596 (46 603–59 441) 0·67 (0·59–0·76) Slovenia 0·03 (0·01–0·07) 5·0 (4·1–6·0) 41·5 (34·9–49·4) 108·1 (100·3–117·2) 103·0 (93·7–114·0) 39·7 (33·0–48·5) 5·9 (4·3–8·0) 0·23 (0·14–0·36) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·5 (1·4–1·7) 0·23 (0·2–0·28) 0·74 (0·66–0·84) 19 132 (17 463–21 101) 0·73 (0·67–0·8) Eastern Europe 0·03 (0·01–0·07) 25·3 (21·8–29·4) 80·1 (68·1–94·0) 98·6 (90·2–107·8) 70·6 (61·7–80·6) 30·4 (24·2–37·8) 5·6 (4·3–7·3) 0·23 (0·17–0·3) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·53 (0·45–0·62) 0·53 (0·45–0·63) 2 246 857 (1 958 844–2 577 202) 0·74 (0·64–0·85) Belarus 0·02 (0·01–0·03) 19·2 (16·5–22·2) 84·7 (74·5–96·3) 104·3 (95·9–113·6) 72·3 (64·1–81·4) 29·3 (24·3–35·3) 4·8 (3·8–6·1) 0·16 (0·11–0·23) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·52 (0·46–0·59) 0·53 (0·46–0·62) 101 939 (90 523–114 916) 0·75 (0·67–0·85) Estonia 0·04 (0·02–0·07) 14·1 (11·8–16·9) 52·8 (44·6–62·5) 98·6 (91·1–106·9) 90·7 (81·6–100·8) 46·9 (38·9–56·2) 10·1 (7·5–13·5) 0·3 (0·18–0·46) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·33 (0·28–0·4) 0·74 (0·64–0·85) 13 446 (11 863–15 268) 0·75 (0·66–0·86) Latvia 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 18·7 (15·9–22·0) 62·8 (53·0–74·2) 100·2 (92·2–109·0) 84·4 (74·8–95·1) 41·2 (33·8–50·0) 8·2 (6·4–10·3) 0·32 (0·22–0·43) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·41 (0·34–0·48) 0·67 (0·59–0·77) 19 399 (17 182–21 920) 0·76 (0·67–0·86) Lithuania 0·03 (0·02–0·07) 15·8 (13·6–18·5) 61·1 (51·8–72·0) 114·5 (105·7–124·2) 89·8 (80·0–100·8) 36·2 (29·7–43·8) 6·3 (5·0–7·7) 0·24 (0·17–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·39 (0·33–0·45) 0·66 (0·58–0·75) 29 108 (25 844–32 717) 0·78 (0·69–0·88) Moldova 0·05 (0·02–0·1) 23·5 (20·3–27·3) 75·7 (65·1–89·2) 82·2 (74·9–91·0) 53·7 (47·3–61·6) 21·6 (17·9–26·5) 4·1 (3·4–5·2) 0·13 (0·09–0·2) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·5 (0·44–0·56) 0·4 (0·34–0·47) 35 612 (31 581–40 581) 0·62 (0·55–0·71) Russia 0·03 (0·01–0·07) 25·6 (22·0–29·9) 81·7 (68·9–96·4) 101·1 (92·5–110·7) 74·1 (64·7–84·8) 32·3 (25·6–40·5) 6·0 (4·4–7·9) 0·23 (0·15–0·33) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·4–1·9) 0·54 (0·46–0·63) 0·56 (0·48–0·67) 1 622 870 (1 410 393–1 868 353) 0·77 (0·66–0·88) Ukraine 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 26·8 (23·3–30·9) 77·7 (66·2–90·9) 89·4 (81·5–98·1) 57·8 (50·3–66·5) 23·7 (19·0–29·5) 4·6 (3·5–5·8) 0·24 (0·17–0·34) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 0·52 (0·45–0·61) 0·43 (0·37–0·51) 424 480 (369 821–487 645) 0·66 (0·58–0·76) High income 0·36 (0·16–0·73) 16·2 (14·8–17·8) 53·5 (47·9–60·1) 91·0 (85·6–96·9) 104·4 (95·9–113·6) 56·1 (48·6–64·8) 11·6 (9·6–14·1) 0·65 (0·57–0·75) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·5–1·8) 0·35 (0·32–0·39) 0·86 (0·77–0·97) 11 470 352 (10 419 059–12 658 766) 0·81 (0·73–0·89) Australasia 0·22 (0·1–0·45) 14·5 (12·8–16·5) 51·9 (45·4–59·2) 101·1 (94·5–108·1) 125·9 (116·1–136·3) 69·8 (60·6–80·0) 14·4 (11·7–17·8) 0·81 (0·51–1·31) 0·02 (0·01–0·02) 1·9 (1·7–2·1) 0·33 (0·29–0·38) 1·1 (0·9–1·2) 373 680 (338 110–413 048) 0·91 (0·83–1·01) Australia 0·15 (0·06–0·3) 13·3 (11·3–15·6) 49·2 (41·8–57·8) 98·9 (91·5–107·1) 125·0 (113·8–137·1) 69·4 (58·9–81·4) 14·4 (11·1–18·4) 0·82 (0·51–1·33) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·9 (1·6–2·1) 0·31 (0·27–0·37) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 313 630 (278 661–353 002) 0·89 (0·79–1·01) New Zealand 0·59 (0·25–1·2) 20·1 (17·2–23·9) 66·4 (58·4–76·4) 114·1 (106·9–122·5) 131·7 (122·3–142·7) 72·0 (63·0–83·0) 14·9 (11·7–18·6) 0·74 (0·46–1·2) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·1 (1·9–2·3) 0·44 (0·38–0·5) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 60 050 (54 692–66 222) 1·01 (0·92–1·12) High-income Asia Pacific 0·01 (0·01–0·03) 3·4 (2·9–4·0) 23·8 (19·5–29·1) 74·1 (67·8–80·8) 103·3 (93·5–114·1) 47·4 (39·7–56·5) 7·5 (5·8–9·8) 0·22 (0·15–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·14 (0·11–0·17) 0·79 (0·69–0·9) 1 427 130 (1 260 959–1 623 740) 0·63 (0·56–0·71) Brunei 0·28 (0·12–0·57) 12·4 (10·3–14·9) 53·7 (43·8–65·4) 107·4 (97·8–117·5) 111·8 (98·6–125·8) 70·1 (56·8–87·0) 19·8 (14·6–26·3) 0·55 (0·34–0·86) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·9 (1·7–2·0) 0·33 (0·27–0·4) 1·0 (0·9–1·1) 7093 (6568–7631) 0·89 (0·82–0·96) Japan 0·01 (0·0–0·01) 4·0 (3·3–4·9) 29·6 (23·1–37·6) 81·9 (72·7–92·2) 96·7 (82·6–112·5) 46·3 (35·2–59·9) 8·0 (5·6–11·1) 0·21 (0·13–0·31) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·3 (1·1–1·6) 0·17 (0·13–0·21) 0·76 (0·62–0·92) 922 225 (767 131–1 106 046) 0·65 (0·54–0·77) Singapore 0·08 (0·03–0·16) 4·4 (3·6–5·3) 20·4 (15·8–26·0) 65·0 (57·4–73·7) 101·4 (86·9–117·8) 51·7 (39·5–66·5) 9·6 (6·8–13·3) 0·37 (0·23–0·6) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 0·12 (0·1–0·16) 0·82 (0·67–0·99) 64 836 (54 182–77 378) 0·61 (0·51–0·73) South Korea 0·02 (0·01–0·04) 1·7 (1·4–2·1) 13·5 (11·7–15·5) 60·6 (57·3–64·1) 117·4 (111·6–123·3) 48·9 (44·2–53·8) 6·1 (4·9–7·4) 0·24 (0·15–0·39) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·2 (1·2–1·3) 0·08 (0·07–0·09) 0·86 (0·81–0·92) 432 974 (412 109–453 553) 0·6 (0·57–0·63) High-income North America 0·55 (0·24–1·11) 20·7 (18·8–22·7) 70·7 (64·2–77·9) 99·4 (94·4–104·8) 103·3 (96·4–110·8) 52·5 (46·5–59·2) 11·0 (9·3–13·1) 0·74 (0·55–0·99) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·7–1·9) 0·46 (0·42–0·51) 0·84 (0·76–0·92) 4 314 373 (3 982 175–4 683 089) 0·86 (0·8–0·94) Canada 0·15 (0·07–0·31) 12·8 (10·7–15·3) 46·8 (37·8–57·7) 99·2 (89·7–109·7) 111·9 (98·2–127·0) 51·8 (40·8–64·8) 9·5 (7·0–12·7) 0·42 (0·28–0·62) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·4–1·9) 0·3 (0·24–0·37) 0·87 (0·73–1·02) 390 262 (334 379–455 010) 0·8 (0·69–0·94) Greenland 0·62 (0·27–1·28) 42·5 (35·8–51·1) 104·5 (87·6–123·9) 119·1 (107·8–132·7) 87·0 (74·8–100·8) 42·9 (33·6–54·2) 6·5 (4·6–9·2) 0·05 (0·03–0·08) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 0·74 (0·65–0·84) 0·68 (0·57–0·81) 817 (728–910) 0·94 (0·84–1·06) USA 0·58 (0·25–1·19) 21·4 (19·6–23·4) 73·1 (66·9–80·0) 99·4 (94·9–104·3) 102·3 (96·2–108·9) 52·5 (47·2–58·5) 11·2 (9·6–13·2) 0·78 (0·56–1·05) 0·01 (0·01–0·02) 1·8 (1·7–1·9) 0·48 (0·43–0·52) 0·83 (0·77–0·91) 3 923 218 (3 646 761–4 226 835) 0·87 (0·81–0·94) Southern Latin America 1·5 (0·7–3·2) 53·7 (49·0–59·3) 92·0 (82·4–102·6) 96·7 (91·3–102·8) 90·6 (81·3–100·9) 61·8 (52·1–72·9) 15·6 (12·2–19·8) 0·99 (0·64–1·49) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·1 (1·9–2·2) 0·74 (0·68–0·79) 0·84 (0·73–0·98) 1 041 669 (958 720–1 130 812) 1·0 (0·91–1·08) Argentina 1·7 (0·7–3·5) 58·2 (51·9–66·0) 100·2 (87·8–113·6) 101·3 (93·9–110·2) 92·0 (82·7–102·2) 63·8 (54·1–75·0) 15·8 (12·4–19·8) 1·0 (0·7–1·6) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·2 (2·0–2·3) 0·8 (0·73–0·88) 0·86 (0·75–0·99) 747 539 (695 353–801 816) 1·04 (0·97–1·12) Chile 1·2 (0·5–2·4) 40·9 (35·9–46·6) 72·3 (62·3–83·9) 86·3 (79·5–93·9) 87·5 (78·2–97·8) 57·4 (48·0–68·3) 15·6 (12·1–19·9) 0·88 (0·55–1·36) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·8 (1·6–2·1) 0·57 (0·5–0·66) 0·81 (0·69–0·94) 245 912 (215 928–279 946) 0·88 (0·77–1·0) Uruguay 1·2 (0·5–2·6) 53·9 (47·1–61·6) 86·9 (74·5–101·2) 93·6 (85·6–102·5) 87·8 (77·7–99·2) 56·1 (46·0–67·9) 14·1 (10·5–18·6) 1·0 (0·7–1·5) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·0 (1·7–2·3) 0·71 (0·61–0·82) 0·8 (0·68–0·93) 48 170 (41 869–55 322) 0·95 (0·82–1·09) Western Europe 0·05 (0·02–0·1) 8·7 (7·5–10·0) 40·6 (35·0–47·2) 87·8 (81·6–94·5) 106·6 (97·6–116·6) 61·2 (52·7–70·8) 13·3 (11·1–15·8) 0·73 (0·64–0·82) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·25 (0·21–0·29) 0·91 (0·81–1·02) 4 313 498 (3 871 044–4 807 568) 0·77 (0·69–0·86) Andorra 0·22 (0·09–0·45) 4·9 (4·2–5·6) 26·7 (22·6–31·3) 57·2 (52·2–62·6) 85·1 (76·5–94·1) 52·1 (45·5–59·3) 12·6 (10·4–15·1) 0·96 (0·59–1·45) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·2 (1·1–1·3) 0·16 (0·13–0·19) 0·75 (0·67–0·85) 642 (567–724) 0·58 (0·51–0·65) Austria 0·05 (0·02–0·11) 9·1 (7·7–10·6) 42·8 (37·4–49·0) 87·4 (81·8–93·4) 99·3 (91·8–107·5) 53·5 (46·7–61·2) 10·1 (8·2–12·4) 0·46 (0·32–0·63) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·4–1·7) 0·26 (0·23–0·3) 0·82 (0·75–0·9) 86 756 (79 382–94 860) 0·73 (0·67–0·8) Belgium 0·04 (0·02–0·07) 7·6 (6·4–9·1) 43·6 (36·9–51·5) 114·3 (106·5–122·7) 111·8 (101·9–122·7) 49·7 (41·7–59·0) 9·7 (7·8–12·0) 0·51 (0·36–0·71) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 0·26 (0·22–0·3) 0·86 (0·77–0·96) 121 588 (109 546–134 907) 0·82 (0·74–0·91) Cyprus 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 4·0 (3·3–4·8) 24·5 (19·6–30·6) 58·8 (52·8–65·5) 68·3 (59·7–78·1) 35·9 (28·7–44·6) 9·3 (6·9–12·6) 1·1 (0·7–1·6) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 0·14 (0·11–0·18) 0·57 (0·49–0·67) 10 788 (9310–12 496) 0·48 (0·42–0·56) Denmark 0·01 (0·01–0·03) 4·6 (3·9–5·6) 35·7 (29·6–43·0) 111·4 (103·0–120·6) 128·2 (116·8–140·5) 58·3 (49·4–68·6) 11·0 (8·8–13·6) 0·49 (0·33–0·7) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·6–1·9) 0·2 (0·17–0·24) 0·99 (0·89–1·1) 60 724 (54 681–67 563) 0·84 (0·76–0·94) Finland 0·02 (0·01–0·03) 7·0 (5·9–8·3) 45·0 (38·5–52·6) 95·5 (88·2–103·5) 109·9 (99·5–121·3) 57·1 (48·1–67·3) 12·8 (10·3–15·8) 0·69 (0·51–0·93) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·6 (1·5–1·8) 0·26 (0·22–0·3) 0·9 (0·81–1·01) 55 235 (49 589–61 618) 0·8 (0·71–0·89) France 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 7·6 (6·6–8·8) 47·4 (41·0–54·8) 117·2 (109·7–125·4) 120·6 (110·6–131·4) 61·5 (52·6–71·7) 13·8 (11·1–17·1) 0·77 (0·55–1·03) 0·01 (0·01–0·02) 1·8 (1·7–2·0) 0·28 (0·24–0·32) 0·98 (0·88–1·1) 737 405 (664 102–819 651) 0·89 (0·81–0·99) Germany 0·04 (0·02–0·07) 8·0 (6·9–9·3) 34·3 (29·4–40·1) 75·2 (69·5–81·5) 97·3 (88·5–107·1) 53·6 (45·4–63·0) 9·9 (7·9–12·3) 0·4 (0·28–0·53) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 0·21 (0·18–0·25) 0·81 (0·71–0·91) 710 634 (633 455–798 663) 0·67 (0·6–0·76) Greece 0·14 (0·06–0·29) 9·1 (7·9–10·6) 32·1 (27·0–38·2) 74·5 (68·4–81·1) 100·8 (91·0–111·5) 55·6 (46·7–65·8) 11·2 (8·6–14·6) 1·3 (0·9–1·9) 0·03 (0·02–0·03) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 0·21 (0·18–0·24) 0·84 (0·75–0·95) 89 713 (79 740–100 854) 0·69 (0·61–0·77) Iceland 0·07 (0·03–0·14) 9·6 (8·1–11·3) 54·5 (46·5–63·9) 109·1 (100·9–118·1) 112·7 (102·0–124·6) 64·9 (55·2–75·5) 15·3 (12·2–19·2) 0·5 (0·31–0·81) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·7–2·0) 0·32 (0·28–0·37) 0·97 (0·88–1·05) 4250 (3897–4639) 0·89 (0·82–0·98) Ireland 0·05 (0·02–0·09) 10·6 (9·2–12·6) 40·5 (34·4–47·6) 77·1 (71·0–84·0) 123·4 (112·4–135·4) 93·4 (80·9–107·2) 22·0 (17·6–27·2) 1·2 (0·8–1·7) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·8 (1·6–2·1) 0·26 (0·22–0·29) 1·2 (1·1–1·4) 64 902 (57 702–72 962) 0·89 (0·79–1·0) Israel 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 11·3 (9·6–13·5) 101·1 (88·1–115·8) 171·3 (161·6–181·8) 169·7 (157·9–182·1) 100·8 (88·7–114·0) 24·1 (19·8–29·1) 1·7 (1·2–2·3) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·9 (2·6–3·2) 0·56 (0·49–0·65) 1·5 (1·3–1·6) 177 148 (161 025–194 812) 1·4 (1·27–1·54) Italy 0·02 (0·01–0·03) 5·6 (4·7–6·6) 28·4 (24·3–33·2) 66·2 (61·0–71·9) 91·6 (83·0–101·1) 58·5 (49·8–68·5) 14·9 (12·0–18·5) 0·92 (0·64–1·27) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·17 (0·15–0·2) 0·83 (0·73–0·94) 464 442 (410 461–526 027) 0·64 (0·57–0·73) Luxembourg 0·08 (0·04–0·17) 6·2 (5·1–7·4) 34·4 (28·3–41·8) 75·7 (69·3–82·8) 103·8 (94·0–114·6) 62·2 (52·7–72·6) 13·4 (10·5–17·0) 0·61 (0·38–0·92) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 0·2 (0·17–0·24) 0·9 (0·83–0·97) 6407 (5861–6965) 0·72 (0·65–0·78) Malta 0·19 (0·08–0·39) 12·6 (10·9–14·4) 38·1 (32·2–45·2) 89·2 (82·0–97·0) 101·3 (90·6–113·2) 47·0 (38·6–56·9) 9·0 (7·0–11·5) 0·44 (0·3–0·65) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·3–1·7) 0·25 (0·22–0·29) 0·79 (0·68–0·91) 4311 (3812–4880) 0·71 (0·63–0·81) Netherlands 0·02 (0·01–0·05) 4·1 (3·4–4·9) 30·0 (25·1–35·7) 98·2 (91·1–105·9) 129·2 (118·1–141·3) 60·5 (51·0–71·4) 9·7 (7·5–12·9) 0·43 (0·29–0·59) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·5–1·8) 0·17 (0·14–0·2) 1·0 (0·9–1·11) 172 472 (155 190–191 686) 0·8 (0·72–0·89) Norway 0·01 (0·01–0·03) 5·7 (4·7–6·9) 42·2 (36·3–49·0) 106·9 (100·2–114·1) 120·4 (111·6–129·9) 59·9 (51·9–68·9) 12·0 (9·2–15·4) 0·64 (0·4–0·98) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·6–1·9) 0·24 (0·21–0·28) 0·96 (0·88–1·05) 60 329 (55 230–66 015) 0·84 (0·77–0·92) Portugal 0·12 (0·05–0·25) 10·2 (8·7–12·0) 31·2 (26·0–37·3) 64·2 (58·8–70·2) 89·9 (80·9–99·9) 51·5 (43·2–61·2) 11·1 (8·8–14·0) 0·65 (0·45–0·88) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 0·21 (0·17–0·25) 0·77 (0·67–0·88) 85 589 (74 860–97 921) 0·63 (0·55–0·72) Spain 0·08 (0·04–0·17) 8·3 (7·0–9·8) 26·0 (22·7–29·8) 57·8 (54·1–61·9) 95·1 (88·7–102·1) 66·5 (59·8–73·9) 15·7 (13·2–18·6) 0·87 (0·6–1·23) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·4 (1·2–1·5) 0·17 (0·15–0·2) 0·89 (0·81–0·98) 407 088 (370 674–447 913) 0·65 (0·59–0·72) Sweden 0·02 (0·01–0·04) 5·2 (4·4–6·3) 43·6 (38·1–49·9) 108·8 (102·7–115·5) 125·7 (117·3–134·7) 68·7 (60·7–77·6) 14·4 (11·4–17·8) 0·73 (0·46–1·09) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·7–2·0) 0·24 (0·21–0·28) 1·0 (1·0–1·1) 118 087 (109 169–127 819) 0·88 (0·82–0·96) Switzerland 0·01 (0·01–0·03) 3·4 (2·8–4·1) 28·3 (23·3–34·3) 77·0 (70·4–84·3) 111·8 (101·6–123·0) 65·1 (55·4–76·2) 13·1 (10·6–16·1) 0·64 (0·45–0·85) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·3–1·7) 0·16 (0·13–0·19) 0·95 (0·85–1·06) 87 282 (78 003–97 459) 0·72 (0·64–0·81) UK 0·11 (0·05–0·21) 15·3 (13·5–17·4) 54·1 (46·8–62·4) 91·0 (84·7–97·9) 107·1 (97·8–117·3) 64·7 (55·9–74·7) 13·5 (11·0–16·5) 0·8 (0·58–1·07) 0·02 (0·01–0·02) 1·7 (1·6–1·9) 0·35 (0·3–0·4) 0·93 (0·83–1·05) 783 225 (703 221–873 164) 0·84 (0·75–0·93) England 0·1 (0·05–0·21) 14·9 (13·1–17·0) 54·7 (47·5–63·0) 92·4 (86·2–99·3) 108·5 (99·2–118·7) 66·1 (57·2–76·2) 14·0 (11·2–17·2) 0·82 (0·61–1·09) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·35 (0·3–0·4) 0·95 (0·84–1·06) 672 857 (604 801–749 278) 0·85 (0·76–0·95) Northern Ireland 0·13 (0·06–0·27) 15·2 (13·1–17·6) 53·4 (44·9–63·4) 95·7 (87·9–104·3) 114·6 (103·4–126·9) 67·3 (56·7–79·4) 13·0 (9·7–16·9) 0·59 (0·31–1·04) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·34 (0·29–0·41) 0·98 (0·85–1·12) 23 589 (20 766–26 808) 0·87 (0·76–0·99) Scotland 0·11 (0·05–0·22) 18·9 (16·9–21·2) 44·8 (38·8–51·8) 72·1 (66·9–77·8) 93·1 (84·6–102·5) 55·4 (47·8–64·0) 10·1 (8·1–12·4) 0·62 (0·31–1·16) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·3–1·6) 0·32 (0·28–0·37) 0·8 (0·72–0·88) 53 451 (48 281–59 123) 0·71 (0·64–0·79) Wales 0·11 (0·05–0·22) 16·1 (14·2–18·3) 59·8 (51·0–70·0) 96·1 (88·7–104·2) 100·2 (90·1–111·4) 52·4 (43·9–62·3) 10·0 (7·8–12·6) 0·76 (0·47–1·16) 0·01 (0·01–0·02) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 0·38 (0·33–0·44) 0·82 (0·71–0·94) 33 470 (29 639–37 854) 0·81 (0·72–0·92) Latin America and Caribbean 2·0 (0·9–4·2) 63·5 (57·1–71·0) 112·9 (100·1–127·8) 104·2 (96·7–112·6) 85·7 (79·2–92·9) 51·5 (45·2–58·3) 15·5 (13·2–18·1) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·2 (2·0–2·4) 0·89 (0·8–1·0) 0·77 (0·69–0·85) 10 393 604 (9 469 048–11 430 456) 1·04 (0·95–1·14) Andean Latin America 1·4 (0·6–2·9) 71·4 (63·9–79·5) 138·2 (121·6–157·2) 132·8 (123·2–143·6) 114·3 (102·9–127·4) 76·8 (65·8–88·4) 27·0 (22·1–32·5) 2·7 (2·1–3·4) 0·05 (0·05–0·05) 2·8 (2·6–3·1) 1·1 (0·9–1·2) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 1 386 395 (1 260 285–1 526 533) 1·34 (1·22–1·47) Bolivia 2·2 (1·0–4·6) 71·9 (61·8–83·4) 156·2 (132·9–184·4) 154·6 (141·1–170·5) 136·2 (119·8–155·6) 92·4 (75·8–111·0) 30·9 (23·9–39·4) 4·3 (2·9–6·3) 0·08 (0·08–0·09) 3·2 (2·9–3·6) 1·2 (1·0–1·3) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 301 119 (271 239–334 416) 1·52 (1·37–1·69) Ecuador 0·76 (0·33–1·58) 60·5 (51·5–70·9) 134·3 (112·3–159·1) 112·9 (101·6–125·3) 86·2 (73·8–100·2) 46·3 (36·0–58·7) 12·5 (9·3–16·6) 1·2 (0·8–1·8) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·3 (1·9–2·7) 0·98 (0·82–1·15) 0·73 (0·6–0·89) 315 984 (268 796–370 024) 1·08 (0·92–1·26) Peru 1·5 (0·6–3·1) 78·0 (67·0–91·9) 133·5 (113·1–158·8) 135·0 (123·0–149·3) 120·9 (106·5–138·2) 87·0 (72·2–103·1) 32·9 (25·8–41·0) 3·0 (2·0–4·2) 0·06 (0·05–0·06) 3·0 (2·6–3·3) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 1·2 (1·1–1·4) 769 292 (687 072–866 600) 1·42 (1·26–1·59) Caribbean 1·2 (0·5–2·5) 58·1 (51·1–66·0) 119·3 (108·3–131·3) 112·8 (105·8–120·1) 86·0 (78·5–93·7) 52·7 (46·0–60·0) 15·3 (12·6–18·1) 1·9 (1·5–2·3) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·2 (2·0–2·4) 0·89 (0·81–0·99) 0·78 (0·7–0·86) 815 882 (746 824–889 894) 1·04 (0·95–1·13) Antigua and Barbuda 2·5 (1·1–5·1) 50·1 (43·2–58·2) 81·5 (67·2–98·3) 75·7 (67·8–84·6) 57·8 (49·2–67·8) 27·5 (21·1–35·5) 6·9 (5·1–9·3) 0·08 (0·05–0·13) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·5 (1·3–1·8) 0·67 (0·56–0·79) 0·46 (0·38–0·56) 1071 (905–1261) 0·73 (0·62–0·86) The Bahamas 0·76 (0·33–1·56) 33·5 (28·2–39·9) 73·4 (59·3–90·2) 82·4 (73·3–92·6) 65·8 (55·4–77·8) 41·5 (31·7–53·5) 10·8 (7·9–14·6) 0·37 (0·24–0·56) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·3–1·9) 0·54 (0·44–0·65) 0·59 (0·48–0·73) 4679 (3895–5611) 0·74 (0·62–0·88) Barbados 1·2 (0·5–2·4) 40·2 (34·3–47·1) 75·6 (61·9–91·8) 74·7 (66·6–83·7) 58·2 (49·2–68·7) 27·9 (21·2–36·2) 8·6 (6·3–11·6) 0·17 (0·11–0·25) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·4 (1·2–1·7) 0·58 (0·48–0·7) 0·47 (0·38–0·58) 2850 (2393–3388) 0·68 (0·58–0·81) Belize 1·1 (0·5–2·3) 59·0 (51·1–68·2) 132·5 (115·2–151·8) 112·5 (102·9–123·1) 81·3 (72·5–91·2) 46·8 (39·2–55·6) 11·3 (9·4–13·5) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 0·03 (0·02–0·03) 2·2 (2·0–2·5) 0·96 (0·83–1·1) 0·7 (0·61–0·81) 7843 (6904–8895) 1·06 (0·94–1·2) Bermuda 0·42 (0·18–0·86) 8·5 (7·3–9·8) 34·9 (30·0–40·6) 58·6 (53·5–64·4) 83·0 (74·8–92·2) 58·1 (49·8–67·6) 16·1 (13·3–19·7) 0·96 (0·61–1·47) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·22 (0·19–0·25) 0·79 (0·71–0·89) 562 (502–631) 0·63 (0·57–0·71) Cuba 1·6 (0·7–3·3) 45·5 (41·1–51·0) 91·2 (82·5–100·4) 84·1 (78·8–90·4) 52·7 (47·5–58·4) 23·3 (19·3–28·0) 4·1 (3·1–5·5) 0·15 (0·1–0·24) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 0·69 (0·64–0·75) 0·4 (0·35–0·46) 109 664 (103 731–116 193) 0·72 (0·68–0·77) Dominica 1·4 (0·6–3·0) 44·6 (38·0–53·2) 84·3 (68·6–104·7) 79·4 (70·7–90·2) 66·6 (56·4–79·5) 34·5 (27·7–43·3) 8·0 (6·0–10·6) 0·23 (0·15–0·36) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·6 (1·3–1·9) 0·65 (0·54–0·8) 0·55 (0·45–0·67) 801 (677–960) 0·75 (0·63–0·89) Dominican Republic 0·91 (0·4–1·92) 90·9 (78·3–105·1) 153·6 (131·2–178·5) 123·0 (111·4–135·8) 69·6 (58·8–82·1) 29·5 (22·5–38·3) 6·2 (4·5–8·4) 0·65 (0·44–0·92) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·4 (2·0–2·7) 1·2 (1·1–1·4) 0·53 (0·43–0·65) 216 514 (186 677–250 296) 1·12 (0·96–1·29) Grenada 0·92 (0·41–1·91) 48·2 (41·8–55·7) 88·0 (72·1–106·7) 84·3 (75·2–94·6) 85·3 (73·2–99·2) 53·3 (41·7–67·1) 16·1 (12·2–21·1) 0·69 (0·43–1·06) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·9 (1·6–2·2) 0·69 (0·57–0·82) 0·78 (0·64–0·94) 1514 (1279–1786) 0·9 (0·76–1·06) Guyana 1·9 (0·8–3·9) 67·3 (58·2–77·8) 153·7 (131·8–178·1) 126·2 (114·6–138·9) 89·6 (77·8–102·8) 47·9 (38·4–59·1) 12·4 (9·6–15·9) 1·2 (0·8–1·7) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·5 (2·2–2·9) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 0·76 (0·63–0·9) 15 719 (13 597–18 087) 1·18 (1·02–1·35) Haiti 1·3 (0·6–2·6) 49·9 (42·6–58·3) 128·6 (108·7–153·2) 147·9 (135·1–163·1) 139·7 (123·9–158·4) 107·9 (90·8–128·2) 43·5 (34·9–53·0) 8·3 (6·3–10·7) 0·16 (0·15–0·17) 3·1 (2·8–3·5) 0·9 (0·79–1·02) 1·5 (1·3–1·7) 325 281 (290 528–365 513) 1·41 (1·25–1·59) Jamaica 1·1 (0·5–2·2) 41·0 (35·9–46·9) 81·8 (70·6–94·5) 75·7 (69·2–82·9) 62·7 (55·5–70·9) 39·2 (33·7–45·5) 12·8 (10·6–15·5) 0·93 (0·7–1·22) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 0·62 (0·54–0·71) 0·58 (0·5–0·67) 38 063 (33 491–43 222) 0·76 (0·67–0·86) Puerto Rico 0·74 (0·32–1·51) 30·9 (26·9–35·5) 75·5 (66·6–86·5) 65·2 (59·9–71·2) 43·5 (38·1–49·6) 21·0 (16·8–26·2) 4·7 (3·4–6·4) 0·15 (0·1–0·21) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·2 (1·1–1·3) 0·54 (0·49–0·59) 0·35 (0·29–0·41) 29 896 (27 172–32 946) 0·57 (0·52–0·63) Saint Lucia 0·94 (0·41–1·95) 44·5 (37·8–52·3) 84·2 (68·5–102·8) 71·9 (63·8–81·0) 60·4 (51·0–71·2) 34·6 (26·7–44·4) 10·3 (7·5–14·0) 0·52 (0·35–0·77) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·5 (1·3–1·8) 0·65 (0·53–0·78) 0·53 (0·43–0·65) 2102 (1753–2513) 0·74 (0·62–0·88) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1·5 (0·6–3·1) 60·1 (51·4–70·3) 94·6 (77·7–114·3) 88·9 (79·4–99·5) 70·6 (59·8–83·1) 43·4 (33·3–55·8) 11·2 (8·4–14·7) 0·81 (0·5–1·3) 0·02 (0·01–0·02) 1·9 (1·6–2·2) 0·78 (0·65–0·93) 0·63 (0·51–0·77) 1551 (1302–1838) 0·88 (0·74–1·05) Suriname 3·4 (1·5–7·1) 55·6 (48·1–64·1) 112·7 (95·7–132·1) 115·0 (104·8–126·2) 91·2 (80·1–103·6) 49·7 (40·5–60·6) 12·3 (9·5–15·8) 0·84 (0·68–1·03) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·2 (1·9–2·5) 0·86 (0·73–1·0) 0·77 (0·65–0·9) 9614 (8337–11 018) 1·04 (0·9–1·18) Trinidad and Tobago 0·74 (0·33–1·54) 39·4 (34·2–45·3) 96·7 (82·8–112·5) 92·3 (84·3–101·1) 68·8 (61·0–77·5) 34·6 (28·8–41·4) 7·9 (6·4–9·6) 0·49 (0·37–0·65) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 0·68 (0·59–0·79) 0·56 (0·48–0·64) 17 521 (15 376–19 960) 0·81 (0·71–0·92) Virgin Islands 1·6 (0·7–3·4) 52·8 (44·9–62·0) 121·5 (100·8–145·1) 113·0 (101·8–125·3) 77·3 (66·0–90·1) 36·3 (27·9–46·7) 4·8 (3·6–6·3) 0·07 (0·04–0·1) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 2·0 (1·7–2·4) 0·88 (0·73–1·04) 0·59 (0·49–0·71) 1287 (1097–1507) 0·98 (0·84–1·15) Central Latin America 1·8 (0·8–3·7) 72·5 (65·4–80·4) 129·6 (115·3–145·5) 118·0 (110·1–126·5) 87·4 (78·9–97·1) 47·9 (40·7–56·2) 12·3 (10·0–15·1) 1·4 (1·0–1·7) 0·03 (0·02–0·03) 2·4 (2·1–2·6) 1·0 (0·9–1·1) 0·75 (0·65–0·85) 5 004 522 (4 502 598–5 583 565) 1·12 (1·01–1·25) Colombia 1·2 (0·5–2·5) 64·1 (55·2–74·4) 114·6 (97·0–134·7) 104·7 (94·9–115·7) 80·9 (70·3–92·9) 45·4 (36·7–55·9) 10·9 (8·4–14·0) 1·3 (0·9–1·8) 0·02 (0·02–0·03) 2·1 (1·8–2·5) 0·9 (0·77–1·05) 0·69 (0·58–0·82) 851 115 (733 293–985 161) 1·01 (0·87–1·17) Costa Rica 1·3 (0·6–2·6) 53·8 (48·4–60·5) 92·1 (82·7–103·5) 86·6 (80·7–93·7) 69·7 (63·0–77·8) 37·0 (31·1–43·9) 9·6 (7·2–12·6) 0·71 (0·51–0·99) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·6–1·9) 0·74 (0·66–0·83) 0·58 (0·53–0·64) 69 820 (64 085–76 591) 0·85 (0·78–0·93) El Salvador 1·1 (0·5–2·2) 63·6 (55·9–72·3) 105·5 (90·6–122·3) 93·7 (85·4–103·0) 72·4 (64·1–81·7) 40·1 (33·2–48·2) 11·7 (9·5–14·4) 1·0 (0·72–1·36) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·9 (1·7–2·2) 0·85 (0·74–0·98) 0·63 (0·54–0·73) 107 660 (94 215–122 854) 0·93 (0·81–1·06) Guatemala 1·5 (0·7–3·2) 75·9 (65·7–87·5) 138·9 (118·3–161·9) 134·4 (122·4–147·5) 105·7 (92·1–120·9) 72·4 (58·5–88·4) 26·4 (20·7–33·3) 4·7 (3·3–6·6) 0·09 (0·09–0·09) 2·8 (2·4–3·2) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 430 775 (372 362–496 213) 1·33 (1·15–1·53) Honduras 2·8 (1·2–6·0) 86·7 (75·5–100·7) 148·5 (127·8–173·7) 130·7 (119·4–144·2) 109·0 (95·7–125·1) 72·8 (59·4–89·5) 25·1 (19·6–32·3) 3·3 (2·3–4·7) 0·06 (0·06–0·07) 2·9 (2·5–3·4) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 244 568 (212 956–283 074) 1·37 (1·19–1·59) Mexico 1·7 (0·8–3·6) 70·0 (59·9–82·8) 137·1 (115·2–164·1) 125·9 (113·7–140·5) 90·0 (77·1–105·9) 46·9 (36·5–60·7) 11·0 (7·9–15·4) 1·1 (0·8–1·5) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·4 (2·1–2·9) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 0·74 (0·61–0·91) 2 518 031 (2 153 263–2 972 894) 1·16 (0·99–1·37) Nicaragua 1·5 (0·6–3·0) 82·8 (71·5–95·6) 129·6 (108·9–153·1) 113·9 (102·7–126·3) 96·6 (83·1–111·8) 53·5 (41·8–67·5) 13·1 (9·7–17·5) 1·5 (1·0–2·2) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·5 (2·1–2·9) 1·1 (0·9–1·2) 0·82 (0·68–1·0) 137 802 (117 837–160 442) 1·18 (1·01–1·37) Panama 2·4 (1·1–5·1) 77·1 (66·1–89·7) 126·4 (105·5–150·2) 113·5 (102·8–125·4) 85·3 (73·8–98·2) 44·7 (35·5–55·7) 11·3 (8·6–14·7) 0·78 (0·54–1·11) 0·01 (0·01–0·02) 2·3 (2·0–2·7) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 0·71 (0·59–0·85) 69 684 (59 588–81 021) 1·1 (0·94–1·27) Venezuela 2·7 (1·2–5·8) 92·1 (83·1–102·1) 122·2 (107·4–138·7) 105·2 (97·4–113·7) 75·2 (66·8–84·5) 38·8 (31·9–47·1) 10·7 (8·2–13·9) 1·1 (0·8–1·7) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·2 (2·0–2·5) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 0·63 (0·54–0·74) 575 062 (511 153–645 003) 1·06 (0·95–1·19) Tropical Latin America 2·8 (1·2–5·8) 50·4 (43·8–58·9) 82·8 (70·9–98·1) 78·0 (70·8–86·7) 76·7 (67·2–87·2) 48·9 (39·5–59·9) 16·2 (12·7–20·3) 0·73 (0·54–0·96) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·68 (0·59–0·8) 0·71 (0·6–0·84) 3 186 804 (2 886 839–3 554 625) 0·85 (0·77–0·95) Brazil 2·9 (1·3–6·0) 49·9 (43·0–58·6) 81·6 (69·2–97·4) 76·4 (69·0–85·4) 75·7 (66·0–86·2) 48·3 (38·7–59·4) 16·1 (12·5–20·2) 0·72 (0·53–0·97) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·67 (0·57–0·79) 0·7 (0·59–0·83) 3 040 969 (2 742 060–3 409 928) 0·84 (0·75–0·94) Paraguay 0·7 (0·31–1·45) 64·1 (54·8–74·8) 115·4 (96·9–136·6) 124·0 (112·3–137·0) 110·9 (96·6–126·8) 70·8 (57·1–86·8) 22·2 (16·9–28·8) 0·99 (0·65–1·47) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·5 (2·2–3·0) 0·9 (0·76–1·06) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 145 834 (125 161–169 315) 1·2 (1·03–1·4) North Africa and Middle East 0·28 (0·13–0·59) 47·3 (42·3–53·0) 131·6 (121·0–143·2) 138·9 (131·4–147·7) 117·7 (108·3–128·6) 72·7 (63·1–83·1) 28·2 (25·1–31·8) 5·1 (4·4–5·9) 0·09 (0·09–0·09) 2·7 (2·5–2·9) 0·9 (0·82–0·98) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 13 008 474 (12 060 286–14 103 277) 1·26 (1·17–1·37) Afghanistan 0·38 (0·16–0·8) 97·5 (84·5–113·6) 279·2 (255·7–302·0) 314·6 (304·2–324·5) 248·6 (234·8–261·8) 166·7 (150·2–182·4) 70·9 (61·0–80·8) 24·0 (20·1–27·9) 0·46 (0·44–0·48) 6·0 (5·7–6·3) 1·9 (1·7–2·0) 2·6 (2·4–2·7) 1 376 280 (1 303 953–1 448 446) 2·64 (2·52–2·76) Algeria 0·05 (0·02–0·09) 9·8 (8·2–11·6) 70·9 (59·1–84·3) 121·3 (109·5–133·9) 162·4 (145·4–179·9) 132·8 (115·8–149·9) 58·4 (49·7–67·4) 5·3 (4·3–6·5) 0·1 (0·1–0·11) 2·8 (2·5–3·1) 0·4 (0·34–0·48) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 963 291 (855 732–1 073 343) 1·32 (1·17–1·47) Bahrain 0·2 (0·09–0·4) 15·1 (12·7–18·4) 95·6 (83·7–108·6) 127·7 (118·9–136·8) 87·0 (78·0–96·6) 59·9 (50·6–70·2) 20·6 (16·2–25·7) 3·2 (2·3–4·4) 0·06 (0·06–0·06) 2·0 (1·9–2·2) 0·55 (0·49–0·62) 0·85 (0·76–0·95) 19 881 (18 264–21 611) 0·99 (0·9–1·07) Egypt 0·3 (0·13–0·62) 61·8 (52·7–72·3) 171·9 (147·3–198·8) 136·6 (124·0–151·6) 102·0 (88·2–118·9) 46·7 (37·0–57·8) 11·0 (8·3–14·8) 2·0 (1·4–2·8) 0·04 (0·04–0·04) 2·7 (2·4–2·9) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 0·81 (0·71–0·93) 2 127 960 (1 940 392–2 330 506) 1·26 (1·15–1·37) Iran 0·52 (0·22–1·06) 26·4 (22·1–32·0) 77·0 (62·4–93·6) 100·2 (89·8–111·3) 79·9 (68·1–92·8) 46·2 (36·0–58·1) 14·3 (10·7–18·7) 1·2 (0·8–1·7) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·7 (1·5–2·0) 0·52 (0·44–0·61) 0·71 (0·58–0·86) 1 274 094 (1 085 203–1 494 227) 0·82 (0·7–0·96) Iraq 0·29 (0·13–0·61) 59·7 (50·8–71·0) 173·8 (149·3–203·1) 186·2 (172·4–202·2) 175·3 (159·5–193·5) 113·3 (97·7–129·5) 37·4 (30·6–44·9) 5·5 (4·0–7·2) 0·1 (0·1–0·11) 3·8 (3·4–4·1) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1·7 (1·5–1·8) 1 255 056 (1 135 149–1 393 958) 1·75 (1·59–1·93) Jordan 0·09 (0·04–0·18) 26·1 (21·9–31·2) 126·5 (106·5–151·4) 180·3 (165·9–197·0) 157·5 (140·7–174·8) 96·7 (81·0–113·4) 22·1 (16·7–28·6) 1·5 (1·0–2·1) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 3·1 (2·8–3·4) 0·76 (0·66–0·89) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 243 217 (223 920–266 880) 1·46 (1·34–1·6) Kuwait 0·03 (0·01–0·06) 8·3 (6·9–10·2) 62·3 (52·6–73·2) 78·4 (71·8–85·5) 68·9 (60·6–78·0) 44·8 (36·4–54·3) 18·8 (14·3–24·0) 2·8 (1·8–4·1) 0·05 (0·05–0·06) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 0·35 (0·3–0·41) 0·68 (0·59–0·77) 60 885 (55 064–67 021) 0·68 (0·62–0·75) Lebanon 0·29 (0·13–0·6) 57·6 (48·9–68·8) 117·0 (96·9–142·3) 138·8 (125·9–154·1) 106·1 (91·9–123·3) 51·1 (40·5–64·9) 7·2 (5·6–9·2) 1·3 (0·9–1·7) 0·02 (0·02–0·03) 2·4 (2·1–2·8) 0·87 (0·73–1·06) 0·83 (0·7–0·98) 186 159 (160 797–217 399) 1·15 (0·99–1·34) Libya 0·13 (0·06–0·27) 13·3 (11·0–16·3) 50·8 (40·2–65·0) 114·5 (102·8–128·6) 122·3 (106·1–141·8) 77·7 (61·4–98·4) 36·8 (28·1–48·1) 8·0 (5·4–11·7) 0·15 (0·15–0·16) 2·1 (1·8–2·6) 0·32 (0·26–0·41) 1·2 (1·0–1·5) 122 256 (102 820–146 859) 0·99 (0·84–1·19) Morocco 0·2 (0·09–0·42) 20·0 (16·6–24·0) 73·3 (58·9–90·4) 97·3 (86·9–108·8) 106·8 (91·8–125·1) 80·8 (64·1–101·8) 43·3 (33·6–55·7) 6·2 (4·1–9·5) 0·12 (0·12–0·12) 2·1 (1·9–2·4) 0·47 (0·38–0·57) 1·2 (1·0–1·5) 601 214 (528 391–683 943) 1·01 (0·89–1·15) Oman 0·12 (0·05–0·25) 12·4 (10·7–14·3) 83·3 (69·6–98·7) 142·8 (131·2–154·8) 133·3 (118·8–148·4) 92·6 (78·5–107·8) 39·1 (31·7–47·2) 6·1 (4·8–7·5) 0·12 (0·11–0·12) 2·5 (2·3–2·8) 0·48 (0·41–0·56) 1·4 (1·2–1·5) 80 314 (72 628–88 378) 1·23 (1·11–1·35) Palestine 0·05 (0·02–0·11) 77·9 (67·5–91·0) 201·0 (176·8–226·0) 184·9 (171·1–199·0) 131·4 (116·6–146·9) 75·8 (63·4–89·4) 25·6 (21·2–30·6) 2·0 (1·5–2·5) 0·04 (0·04–0·04) 3·5 (3·2–3·9) 1·4 (1·3–1·5) 1·2 (1·0–1·3) 138 165 (125 084–152 033) 1·66 (1·51–1·83) Qatar 0·18 (0·08–0·37) 11·2 (9·5–13·1) 75·5 (64·1–88·1) 118·4 (109·1–128·1) 108·6 (97·6–120·1) 66·8 (57·6–76·8) 24·9 (20·3–30·0) 2·4 (1·8–3·2) 0·05 (0·04–0·05) 2·0 (1·9–2·2) 0·43 (0·38–0·5) 1·0 (0·9–1·1) 30 253 (27 787–32 803) 0·99 (0·9–1·07) Saudi Arabia 0·11 (0·05–0·23) 9·7 (8·1–11·4) 59·6 (48·8–72·1) 82·9 (75·5–90·8) 85·4 (74·4–97·2) 63·0 (50·5–77·0) 29·6 (23·3–36·9) 3·5 (2·4–4·9) 0·07 (0·06–0·07) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 0·35 (0·29–0·42) 0·91 (0·78–1·05) 502 343 (444 354–565 465) 0·8 (0·7–0·9) Sudan 0·35 (0·15–0·74) 85·5 (74·2–99·7) 185·2 (162·3–212·3) 204·6 (190·7–220·6) 186·7 (170·1–205·5) 116·6 (99·2–134·6) 52·1 (42·9–62·0) 11·7 (8·6–15·4) 0·23 (0·22–0·23) 4·2 (3·9–4·6) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 1·8 (1·7–2·0) 1 336 735 (1 216 996–1 472 638) 1·93 (1·78–2·1) Syria 0·22 (0·1–0·46) 35·2 (29·9–42·0) 98·7 (82·1–117·2) 113·6 (103·1–124·7) 103·5 (90·2–117·7) 60·3 (47·9–74·5) 19·1 (14·3–24·9) 3·8 (2·5–5·9) 0·07 (0·07–0·08) 2·2 (1·9–2·5) 0·67 (0·58–0·77) 0·93 (0·78–1·11) 276 298 (239 261–317 552) 0·99 (0·85–1·14) Tunisia 0·44 (0·19–0·91) 5·9 (4·9–7·3) 47·2 (37·8–59·8) 97·8 (87·8–109·8) 106·5 (93·5–122·3) 72·0 (59·7–87·5) 22·8 (18·2–28·7) 1·6 (1·2–2·3) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 1·8 (1·5–2·1) 0·27 (0·22–0·34) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 167 745 (144 002–197 624) 0·84 (0·72–0·99) Turkey 0·19 (0·08–0·38) 25·9 (21·9–30·6) 90·4 (76·2–108·5) 106·3 (96·4–118·2) 81·1 (71·3–93·1) 42·0 (35·1–49·7) 11·0 (8·9–13·5) 1·1 (0·8–1·4) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 0·58 (0·51–0·67) 0·68 (0·61–0·75) 1 116 714 (1 004 994–1 245 930) 0·85 (0·77–0·95) United Arab Emirates 0·44 (0·19–0·89) 12·1 (10·2–14·7) 58·5 (46·9–73·9) 70·2 (62·1–80·2) 66·5 (56·6–77·3) 36·8 (29·6–45·1) 16·3 (12·9–20·3) 1·6 (1·1–2·1) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·36 (0·29–0·45) 0·61 (0·52–0·7) 71 039 (62 614–80 613) 0·63 (0·56–0·71) Yemen 0·35 (0·15–0·73) 82·1 (71·0–96·0) 205·3 (180·0–234·7) 221·3 (206·8–237·8) 177·9 (160·4–197·8) 124·5 (105·8–143·5) 64·9 (54·4–75·7) 29·0 (24·1–33·7) 0·56 (0·54–0·58) 4·5 (4·2–5·0) 1·4 (1·3–1·7) 2·0 (1·8–2·2) 1 046 417 (953 260–1 151 663) 2·05 (1·89–2·23) South Asia 0·43 (0·19–0·88) 32·6 (28·4–37·8) 159·3 (137·3–185·9) 138·0 (126·3–151·8) 78·0 (69·5–87·4) 32·9 (27·6–39·4) 9·8 (7·4–12·8) 3·4 (2·5–4·6) 0·06 (0·06–0·07) 2·3 (2·0–2·5) 0·96 (0·83–1·12) 0·62 (0·54–0·72) 33 968 926 (30 525 169–38 074 532) 1·01 (0·92–1·13) Bangladesh 0·97 (0·42–2·02) 70·9 (60·8–82·0) 133·1 (115·0–155·3) 99·5 (90·3–110·5) 56·2 (48·6–64·6) 28·2 (22·2–35·3) 6·9 (5·2–9·0) 3·4 (2·3–4·7) 0·06 (0·06–0·07) 2·0 (1·8–2·2) 1·0 (0·9–1·1) 0·47 (0·39–0·57) 2 858 475 (2 598 018–3 180 667) 0·93 (0·84–1·04) Bhutan 0·44 (0·2–0·92) 35·4 (29·6–42·9) 125·3 (103·6–152·4) 113·5 (101·8–127·6) 71·1 (59·9–83·5) 38·4 (29·1–49·6) 9·6 (6·8–13·1) 3·1 (2·0–4·6) 0·06 (0·06–0·06) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 0·81 (0·67–0·98) 0·61 (0·49–0·75) 17 338 (15 394–19 757) 0·93 (0·82–1·06) India 0·37 (0·16–0·76) 25·4 (21·2–30·8) 162·3 (140·1–189·1) 133·7 (122·1–147·4) 70·0 (60·5–80·3) 26·3 (20·7–32·8) 8·0 (5·9–10·4) 2·6 (1·9–3·6) 0·05 (0·05–0·05) 2·1 (1·9–2·4) 0·94 (0·81–1·1) 0·53 (0·45–0·63) 24 568 864 (22 072 577–27 481 958) 0·96 (0·87–1·06) Nepal 0·58 (0·25–1·21) 59·0 (50·7–68·5) 156·9 (134·6–183·9) 114·0 (102·9–127·4) 67·7 (57·7–80·3) 30·8 (24·1–39·9) 9·9 (7·5–12·8) 3·3 (2·3–4·6) 0·06 (0·06–0·07) 2·2 (2·0–2·5) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 0·56 (0·48–0·67) 632 646 (560 875–717 437) 1·03 (0·91–1·17) Pakistan 0·34 (0·15–0·71) 43·6 (36·8–52·4) 161·5 (137·5–190·5) 200·4 (185·8–217·2) 152·9 (135·6–173·1) 85·5 (69·1–105·8) 26·2 (19·7–33·8) 9·7 (6·7–14·0) 0·19 (0·18–0·19) 3·4 (3·0–3·9) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 5 891 600 (5 173 076–6 733 145) 1·48 (1·3–1·69) Southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania 0·15 (0·07–0·31) 18·9 (17·3–20·8) 93·6 (86·4–101·6) 117·7 (113·6–121·9) 71·9 (68·4–75·9) 32·1 (29·5–35·3) 9·0 (8·1–10·1) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·7 (1·6–1·8) 0·56 (0·52–0·61) 0·57 (0·54–0·61) 28 562 870 (27 037 176–30 297 827) 0·79 (0·75–0·84) East Asia 0·1 (0·04–0·21) 8·7 (8·0–9·4) 89·4 (82·8–96·2) 116·8 (112·3–121·4) 61·8 (57·9–65·7) 20·5 (18·4–22·7) 5·5 (4·8–6·2) 0·8 (0·61–1·07) 0·02 (0·01–0·02) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 0·49 (0·45–0·53) 0·44 (0·41–0·48) 17 180 872 (16 167 753–18 210 317) 0·69 (0·65–0·73) China 0·1 (0·05–0·21) 8·9 (8·2–9·7) 91·5 (84·5–98·6) 117·6 (112·9–122·2) 61·4 (57·4–65·4) 20·2 (18·0–22·5) 5·5 (4·8–6·3) 0·82 (0·62–1·1) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 0·5 (0·46–0·54) 0·44 (0·4–0·48) 16 469 641 (15 475 992–17 488 048) 0·69 (0·65–0·74) North Korea 0·05 (0·02–0·09) 1·8 (1·5–2·3) 49·2 (39·0–61·3) 112·8 (101·2–126·9) 71·8 (60·5–84·4) 23·3 (17·2–30·7) 5·4 (3·8–7·8) 0·43 (0·26–0·7) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 0·26 (0·2–0·32) 0·5 (0·42–0·61) 258 789 (228 429–295 066) 0·62 (0·55–0·71) Taiwan (province of China) 0·08 (0·03–0·17) 4·0 (3·4–4·9) 23·5 (19·4–28·4) 63·5 (58·0–69·7) 78·8 (70·3–88·2) 34·1 (28·0–41·5) 4·4 (3·2–6·0) 0·03 (0·02–0·04) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 0·14 (0·11–0·17) 0·59 (0·51–0·67) 175 666 (154 235–200 219) 0·5 (0·44–0·57) Oceania 0·54 (0·24–1·13) 56·3 (48·0–65·8) 194·1 (170·4–219·3) 194·9 (182·0–208·4) 171·6 (155·8–189·1) 123·9 (106·5–143·3) 49·6 (40·7–60·2) 12·4 (9·1–16·7) 0·23 (0·22–0·24) 4·0 (3·7–4·4) 1·3 (1·1–1·4) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 398 611 (364 718–433 764) 1·77 (1·62–1·93) American Samoa 0·72 (0·32–1·49) 35·3 (29·7–41·9) 142·8 (122·6–165·4) 171·4 (157·9–185·8) 136·3 (120·1–153·8) 80·4 (65·8–97·0) 16·1 (12·1–21·0) 0·91 (0·57–1·4) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·9 (2·5–3·3) 0·89 (0·76–1·04) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1134 (987–1298) 1·37 (1·2–1·57) Federated States of Micronesia 1·8 (0·8–3·6) 36·0 (30·5–42·6) 127·9 (106·5–154·5) 146·1 (133·0–161·7) 127·2 (110·9–146·9) 82·6 (66·6–100·1) 18·0 (13·1–24·9) 4·3 (2·7–6·7) 0·08 (0·08–0·09) 2·7 (2·4–3·1) 0·83 (0·72–0·96) 1·2 (1·0–1·3) 2118 (1891–2392) 1·26 (1·12–1·43) Fiji 0·07 (0·03–0·14) 34·4 (29·2–40·4) 149·8 (129·9–172·0) 156·6 (144·6–169·6) 110·6 (98·2–124·4) 57·2 (47·9–67·9) 12·5 (9·8–15·9) 1·2 (0·9–1·6) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·6 (2·3–3·0) 0·92 (0·8–1·06) 0·91 (0·78–1·05) 18 373 (16 204–20 801) 1·21 (1·07–1·37) Guam 0·65 (0·29–1·35) 44·8 (38·1–52·7) 146·7 (128·8–166·5) 165·2 (153·0–179·3) 141·2 (127·1–156·5) 74·3 (61·0–91·1) 15·5 (11·5–20·3) 0·56 (0·36–0·85) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·9 (2·7–3·2) 0·96 (0·84–1·1) 1·2 (1·1–1·3) 3350 (3080–3638) 1·38 (1·28–1·5) Kiribati 0·33 (0·15–0·68) 38·8 (32·8–45·7) 188·0 (162·6–215·5) 184·8 (170·7–199·9) 175·3 (158·1–193·3) 117·1 (98·6–136·9) 29·9 (23·3–37·8) 7·6 (5·5–10·4) 0·15 (0·14–0·15) 3·7 (3·3–4·2) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 1·7 (1·4–1·9) 3544 (3124–4001) 1·66 (1·46–1·86) Marshall Islands 0·82 (0·36–1·71) 66·1 (57·8–76·5) 177·1 (154·4–201·0) 148·8 (136·4–161·7) 109·1 (96·0–123·1) 55·0 (44·7–66·6) 14·9 (11·5–18·8) 1·1 (0·7–1·6) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 2·9 (2·5–3·2) 1·2 (1·1–1·4) 0·9 (0·76–1·05) 1298 (1159–1448) 1·32 (1·17–1·47) Northern Mariana Islands 0·91 (0·4–1·89) 38·5 (33·6–44·0) 102·3 (85·3–121·1) 107·1 (96·4–118·4) 104·8 (91·1–119·6) 49·5 (40·3–60·0) 9·2 (6·7–12·3) 0·11 (0·07–0·17) 0·0 (0·0–0·0) 2·1 (1·8–2·3) 0·71 (0·61–0·81) 0·82 (0·72–0·92) 547 (483–612) 0·98 (0·86–1·09) Papua New Guinea 0·57 (0·25–1·2) 59·4 (50·4–70·0) 200·1 (173·1–229·1) 198·5 (183·9–213·9) 178·4 (160·3–199·0) 133·2 (113·1–156·0) 56·1 (45·0–69·5) 14·9 (10·6–20·5) 0·29 (0·28–0·3) 4·2 (3·8–4·6) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 1·9 (1·6–2·2) 309 184 (282 124–336 719) 1·83 (1·67–2·0) Samoa 0·17 (0·07–0·35) 42·9 (36·5–51·1) 207·9 (182·2–237·7) 244·8 (230·5–260·6) 222·1 (205·2–240·2) 153·5 (134·7–173·9) 56·0 (46·0–68·0) 11·0 (8·1–14·4) 0·21 (0·2–0·22) 4·7 (4·2–5·2) 1·3 (1·1–1·4) 2·2 (2·0–2·5) 6070 (5464–6756) 2·18 (1·96–2·42) Solomon Islands 0·59 (0·26–1·22) 62·2 (52·9–72·9) 207·0 (180·4–237·8) 211·7 (196·9–228·6) 176·0 (158·0–196·6) 124·1 (104·4–146·7) 46·9 (37·0–57·7) 11·1 (7·7–15·4) 0·21 (0·21–0·22) 4·2 (3·8–4·6) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 20 410 (18 459–22 554) 1·91 (1·72–2·12) Tonga 0·4 (0·17–0·8) 17·1 (14·3–20·5) 108·3 (89·8–129·6) 176·1 (162·2–191·1) 170·7 (153·8–188·6) 121·8 (103·5–141·3) 36·6 (28·7–45·9) 2·8 (2·0–3·8) 0·05 (0·05–0·05) 3·2 (2·8–3·6) 0·63 (0·52–0·75) 1·7 (1·4–1·9) 2184 (1908–2489) 1·49 (1·3–1·68) Vanuatu 0·53 (0·23–1·1) 51·2 (43·4–61·2) 190·1 (164·6–220·0) 187·2 (172·7–204·0) 158·8 (141·5–176·7) 109·5 (91·1–128·8) 41·3 (32·3–51·3) 8·0 (5·3–11·3) 0·15 (0·15–0·16) 3·7 (3·4–4·1) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 8428 (7704–9314) 1·71 (1·56–1·88) Southeast Asia 0·21 (0·09–0·43) 32·0 (28·5–36·3) 98·6 (83·7–117·5) 118·2 (111·0–127·0) 94·0 (86·3–103·2) 54·1 (47·9–61·5) 17·1 (14·8–19·9) 1·8 (1·4–2·2) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·1 (1·9–2·3) 0·65 (0·56–0·77) 0·84 (0·75–0·93) 10 983 387 (9 949 746–12 233 978) 0·97 (0·88–1·08) Cambodia 0·34 (0·15–0·7) 43·6 (37·0–52·2) 133·8 (114·2–157·9) 150·7 (138·2–165·5) 118·5 (104·6–133·2) 75·4 (61·4–90·7) 20·4 (16·0–25·5) 4·1 (2·9–5·6) 0·08 (0·08–0·08) 2·7 (2·5–3·0) 0·89 (0·76–1·05) 1·1 (0·9–1·3) 377 406 (343 642–419 172) 1·28 (1·17–1·42) Indonesia 0·15 (0·06–0·3) 27·7 (23·5–32·6) 92·8 (76·9–113·1) 113·7 (103·0–126·6) 89·5 (77·7–104·1) 51·7 (41·7–64·8) 16·4 (12·7–21·5) 1·8 (1·2–2·5) 0·03 (0·03–0·04) 2·0 (1·7–2·3) 0·6 (0·52–0·7) 0·8 (0·67–0·96) 4 032 914 (3 491 800–4 705 431) 0·92 (0·8–1·08) Laos 0·41 (0·18–0·85) 62·9 (54·0–74·2) 164·6 (143·4–190·0) 147·0 (135·4–159·0) 109·1 (96·9–122·1) 65·9 (54·4–78·6) 23·1 (18·1–29·0) 7·7 (5·4–10·5) 0·15 (0·14–0·15) 2·9 (2·6–3·2) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 176 836 (161 828–194 522) 1·32 (1·21–1·45) Malaysia 0·22 (0·09–0·44) 11·1 (9·4–13·1) 51·7 (44·2–60·2) 122·2 (113·9–130·8) 125·1 (114·1–136·6) 72·6 (61·9–84·2) 20·7 (16·4–25·6) 1·4 (0·9–2·2) 0·03 (0·03–0·03) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 0·32 (0·28–0·36) 1·1 (1·0–1·2) 508 960 (457 674–566 097) 0·96 (0·86–1·07) Maldives 0·12 (0·05–0·24) 17·6 (14·7–21·0) 96·6 (83·8–110·2) 112·9 (104·0–121·9) 83·1 (73·3–93·7) 46·0 (36·9–58·1) 15·8 (11·7–21·1) 1·9 (1·2–2·9) 0·04 (0·04–0·04) 1·9 (1·7–2·0) 0·57 (0·5–0·64) 0·73 (0·66–0·82) 6844 (6312–7356) 0·9 (0·83–0·97) Mauritius 0·46 (0·2–0·93) 23·0 (19·6–26·9) 61·0 (52·3–70·6) 82·1 (75·2–90·5) 63·0 (55·5–72·2) 28·0 (22·4–34·8) 6·8 (4·9–9·4) 0·31 (0·19–0·49) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·3 (1·2–1·4) 0·42 (0·36–0·49) 0·49 (0·43–0·55) 12 416 (11 454–13 507) 0·64 (0·59–0·69) Myanmar 0·25 (0·11–0·51) 24·8 (20·9–29·8) 84·7 (70·9–102·3) 105·4 (95·7–115·6) 94·6 (83·1–106·9) 65·3 (53·9–77·9) 25·5 (20·1–31·8) 3·0 (2·1–4·1) 0·06 (0·06–0·06) 2·0 (1·9–2·2) 0·55 (0·46–0·66) 0·94 (0·84–1·06) 876 249 (804 806–959 636) 0·92 (0·85–1·01) Philippines 0·22 (0·1–0·47) 54·2 (46·1–64·6) 137·3 (116·6–162·7) 162·4 (149·5–177·5) 141·5 (126·5–157·0) 92·2 (77·4–107·9) 32·2 (26·0–39·1) 3·5 (2·5–4·7) 0·07 (0·06–0·07) 3·1 (2·8–3·4) 0·96 (0·81–1·14) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 2 526 359 (2 304 451–2 800 024) 1·44 (1·31–1·59) Sri Lanka 0·13 (0·06–0·27) 18·5 (15·4–22·2) 67·3 (54·0–83·3) 109·6 (98·6–121·7) 97·2 (84·2–111·8) 51·3 (40·9–63·7) 14·3 (10·9–18·6) 0·81 (0·56–1·17) 0·02 (0·02–0·02) 1·8 (1·5–2·1) 0·43 (0·35–0·53) 0·82 (0·68–0·98) 292 833 (248 351–344 723) 0·86 (0·73–1·01) Seychelles 1·1 (0·5–2·4) 58·0 (50·5–66·6) 114·4 (98·8–132·0) 111·8 (102·4–122·0) 81·8 (73·8–90·7) 48·8 (42·0–56·6) 13·6 (11·1–16·7) 0·5 (0·31–0·78) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 2·1 (1·9–2·4) 0·87 (0·75–1·0) 0·72 (0·64–0·82) 1497 (1322–1693) 1·03 (0·91–1·16) Thailand 0·36 (0·16–0·73) 32·4 (27·1–39·3) 64·6 (52·1–81·1) 66·0 (58·6–74·0) 48·6 (41·2–57·0) 21·8 (16·8–27·7) 7·6 (5·8–9·9) 0·49 (0·34–0·69) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·2 (1·1–1·4) 0·49 (0·4–0·6) 0·39 (0·32–0·48) 613 237 (539 713–701 506) 0·58 (0·51–0·66) Timor-Leste 0·4 (0·18–0·84) 61·1 (51·9–71·8) 176·0 (150·4–204·0) 209·8 (195·1–225·2) 194·0 (176·2–212·3) 123·2 (103·5–144·2) 52·5 (41·9–64·4) 10·7 (7·4–14·8) 0·21 (0·2–0·21) 4·1 (3·6–4·7) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 1·9 (1·6–2·2) 38 826 (34 156–43 904) 1·92 (1·69–2·17) Vietnam 0·25 (0·11–0·51) 24·7 (20·9–29·6) 107·8 (91·8–127·8) 114·7 (105·5–124·5) 77·0 (67·9–86·8) 36·7 (30·4–43·9) 8·8 (7·0–10·8) 0·48 (0·34–0·65) 0·01 (0·01–0·01) 1·9 (1·7–2·0) 0·66 (0·56–0·79) 0·61 (0·53–0·71) 1 504 552 (1 372 351–1 660 292) 0·88 (0·8–0·97) Sub-Saharan Africa 2·1 (0·9–4·3) 93·7 (84·2–105·2) 199·0 (184·9–215·8) 206·3 (198·2–215·8) 190·1 (179·9–201·1) 137·5 (125·6–149·2) 71·2 (64·2–78·1) 23·3 (21·2–25·3) 0·44 (0·43–0·46) 4·6 (4·3–4·9) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 2·1 (2·0–2·3) 36 181 702 (34 016 504–38 650 498) 2·02 (1·91–2·14) Central sub-Saharan Africa 1·5 (0·6–3·1) 94·1 (85·6–103·0) 195·3 (178·9–212·1) 209·5 (199·7–219·6) 214·4 (202·8–225·9) 159·2 (147·9–169·6) 81·9 (75·8–87·8) 19·0 (16·3–21·9) 0·37 (0·35–0·38) 4·9 (4·6–5·1) 1·5 (1·3–1·6) 2·4 (2·3–2·5) 4 318 103 (4 060 044–4 568 273) 2·14 (2·04–2·23) Angola 1·7 (0·7–3·5) 120·6 (105·7–137·3) 206·1 (179·5–234·4) 212·7 (198·1–228·0) 209·3 (192·1–226·9) 162·3 (143·3–182·6) 91·6 (81·2–102·5) 20·0 (16·0–24·9) 0·39 (0·37–0·4) 5·1 (4·7–5·5) 1·6 (1·4–1·9) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 1 052 695 (962 954–1 146 611) 2·27 (2·09–2·46) Central African Republic 1·4 (0·6–3·0) 87·9 (75·6–101·8) 162·5 (137·3–192·9) 127·3 (114·8–142·3) 150·2 (132·6–170·9) 104·0 (85·0–126·8) 55·9 (45·0–67·4) 22·9 (17·9–28·1) 0·44 (0·42–0·46) 3·6 (3·2–4·0) 1·3 (1·1–1·4) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 133 353 (119 271–149 763) 1·44 (1·31–1·58) Congo (Brazzaville) 1·2 (0·5–2·6) 69·8 (60·5–81·5) 130·4 (111·1–154·2) 137·4 (125·8–151·2) 157·4 (142·7–172·5) 111·7 (92·5–131·7) 41·4 (32·2–51·6) 11·0 (7·8–14·9) 0·21 (0·2–0·22) 3·3 (3·0–3·7) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 1·6 (1·4–1·9) 131 030 (119 585–145 001) 1·48 (1·35–1·63) Democratic Republic of the Congo 1·4 (0·6–2·9) 87·4 (77·7–97·9) 200·0 (178·9–221·6) 221·3 (208·0–234·6) 227·4 (213·0–241·5) 168·1 (153·2–182·2) 85·1 (76·9–93·1) 19·5 (15·8–23·5) 0·38 (0·36–0·39) 5·1 (4·7–5·4) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 2·5 (2·4–2·6) 2 920 848 (2 712 396–3 123 108) 2·21 (2·09–2·32) Equatorial Guinea 1·6 (0·7–3·3) 107·7 (93·4–123·7) 167·1 (141·7–195·1) 157·1 (143·3–172·0) 161·5 (143·6–180·4) 108·8 (89·5–129·8) 58·0 (46·8–70·2) 13·7 (9·7–19·0) 0·26 (0·25–0·27) 3·9 (3·4–4·4) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 1·7 (1·5–2·0) 39 049 (33 922–44 596) 1·74 (1·51–1·98) Gabon 1·2 (0·5–2·5) 62·9 (53·4–75·0) 112·7 (92·5–138·4) 123·9 (111·6–138·7) 131·1 (114·4–151·2) 91·4 (73·7–110·5) 30·0 (22·6–38·6) 4·8 (3·2–7·0) 0·09 (0·09–0·1) 2·8 (2·5–3·2) 0·88 (0·73–1·07) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 41 125 (36 192–47 105) 1·3 (1·15–1·48) Eastern sub-Saharan Africa 1·9 (0·8–4·0) 92·8 (82·2–105·6) 209·7 (192·1–229·6) 203·1 (193·6–213·9) 186·7 (176·0–198·8) 138·2 (125·4–151·0) 73·1 (65·6–80·2) 23·9 (21·4–26·2) 0·46 (0·44–0·47) 4·6 (4·4–5·0) 1·5 (1·4–1·7) 2·1 (2·0–2·3) 13 995 648 (13 041 912–15 084 874) 2·07 (1·95–2·2) Burundi 1·4 (0·6–2·9) 52·6 (45·0–62·2) 206·7 (184·8–232·0) 238·1 (224·9–253·1) 243·2 (228·8–258·6) 198·9 (185·5–211·0) 96·7 (88·1–104·7) 23·0 (18·9–27·1) 0·44 (0·43–0·46) 5·3 (5·0–5·6) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 2·8 (2·7–2·9) 406 276 (379 690–436 338) 2·32 (2·2–2·46) Comoros 1·3 (0·6–2·7) 43·7 (37·0–51·6) 123·3 (102·5–147·0) 144·1 (131·0–158·4) 169·2 (151·5–187·9) 120·1 (100·7–140·8) 49·5 (39·4–60·9) 25·5 (20·4–30·8) 0·49 (0·47–0·51) 3·4 (2·9–3·9) 0·84 (0·7–1·0) 1·8 (1·6–2·1) 18 191 (15 712–20 908) 1·54 (1·34–1·77) Djibouti 1·4 (0·6–2·8) 49·0 (41·3–58·0) 135·0 (112·3–160·8) 147·7 (134·3–162·3) 200·5 (182·8–218·7) 128·1 (108·0–149·3) 61·0 (49·6–73·4) 39·8 (36·6–42·5) 0·77 (0·74–0·79) 3·8 (3·3–4·3) 0·93 (0·77–1·1) 2·2 (1·9–2·4) 34 700 (30 383–39 346) 1·72 (1·5–1·95) Eritrea 1·3 (0·6–2·8) 48·2 (40·6–58·1) 146·7 (122·7–176·3) 128·6 (116·0–143·7) 185·8 (167·6–206·4) 167·4 (148·5–187·4) 82·5 (70·8–95·1) 43·8 (41·8–45·5) 0·84 (0·81–0·88) 4·0 (3·6–4·6) 0·98 (0·82–1·18) 2·4 (2·1–2·7) 177 412 (155 541–203 011) 1·82 (1·61–2·04) Ethiopia 1·9 (0·8–3·9) 89·0 (77·4–103·5) 202·7 (178·6–230·7) 207·2 (193·0–223·4) 200·2 (183·4–218·9) 151·3 (133·3–168·9) 75·3 (65·7–84·9) 29·4 (25·1–33·4) 0·57 (0·54–0·59) 4·8 (4·4–5·2) 1·5 (1·3–1·7) 2·3 (2·1–2·5) 3 714 299 (3 402 189–4 069 663) 2·15 (2·0–2·32) Kenya 1·5 (0·6–3·1) 70·9 (60·6–83·9) 184·0 (158·3–211·0) 153·7 (140·2–167·8) 139·0 (122·1–156·5) 85·0 (68·2–103·3) 35·2 (27·0–44·6) 6·4 (4·3–8·9) 0·12 (0·12–0·13) 3·4 (3·0–3·8) 1·3 (1·1–1·4) 1·3 (1·1–1·6) 1 365 160 (1 208 543–1 535 478) 1·54 (1·34–1·75) Madagascar 2·4 (1·0–5·0) 128·0 (113·1–144·4) 230·2 (204·3–257·3) 215·6 (201·2–230·7) 175·1 (157·7–193·5) 134·5 (115·5–154·3) 75·9 (65·5–86·6) 16·8 (13·2–21·0) 0·32 (0·31–0·34) 4·9 (4·4–5·5) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 975 570 (871 322–1 083 828) 2·16 (1·93–2·4) Malawi 2·7 (1·2–5·6) 110·3 (98·7–124·4) 220·2 (199·4–244·0) 191·9 (179·5–206·2) 154·1 (140·3–168·2) 107·7 (93·9–122·2) 69·9 (60·9–78·9) 33·9 (30·3–37·2) 0·65 (0·63–0·68) 4·5 (4·2–4·8) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 612 862 (571 079–660 504) 1·99 (1·86–2·12) Mozambique 2·0 (0·8–4·1) 98·2 (87·6–111·0) 187·4 (167·5–208·0) 160·7 (149·2–172·6) 157·7 (143·6–172·0) 114·7 (99·8–130·2) 74·4 (65·4–83·3) 36·5 (33·0–39·6) 0·7 (0·68–0·73) 4·2 (3·8–4·5) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 1·9 (1·8–2·1) 988 056 (912 263–1 068 141) 1·78 (1·66–1·91) Rwanda 1·1 (0·5–2·2) 30·1 (25·5–36·2) 167·6 (143·9–196·1) 205·2 (190·6–222·0) 219·1 (202·2–237·6) 158·4 (139·9–178·5) 83·4 (72·8–93·5) 20·9 (16·1–26·7) 0·4 (0·39–0·42) 4·4 (4·0–4·9) 0·99 (0·85–1·17) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 423 424 (381 994–470 006) 2·03 (1·85–2·24) Somalia 1·9 (0·8–4·1) 96·4 (83·1–112·9) 248·7 (221·2–279·3) 273·3 (259·9–288·1) 251·7 (236·9–267·4) 202·6 (188·7–214·9) 101·6 (92·0–110·1) 42·3 (39·8–44·3) 0·81 (0·78–0·85) 6·1 (5·7–6·5) 1·7 (1·5–2·0) 3·0 (2·8–3·1) 685 515 (638 214–737 921) 2·56 (2·44–2·69) South Sudan 2·3 (1·0–4·8) 129·6 (113·5–149·1) 271·7 (245·0–300·8) 262·4 (248·5–277·7) 251·7 (237·0–265·6) 163·5 (144·6–181·5) 78·4 (66·6–90·0) 25·7 (20·4–31·2) 0·49 (0·48–0·51) 5·9 (5·6–6·3) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 2·6 (2·3–2·8) 413 783 (387 551–444 396) 2·5 (2·36–2·66) Tanzania 2·0 (0·9–4·1) 99·2 (87·4–113·8) 220·7 (197·7–247·1) 211·7 (198·2–227·1) 183·2 (167·3–201·4) 138·7 (122·5–155·0) 79·4 (71·0–87·8) 21·9 (17·9–26·0) 0·42 (0·41–0·44) 4·8 (4·4–5·2) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 2·1 (2·0–2·3) 1 986 281 (1 828 505–2 163 767) 2·16 (2·02–2·32) Uganda 2·1 (0·9–4·4) 108·5 (97·4–121·9) 246·8 (226·3–269·9) 246·1 (234·2–257·9) 198·9 (185·1–212·7) 146·0 (131·7–160·0) 80·2 (73·0–87·4) 19·2 (15·7–23·0) 0·37 (0·36–0·38) 5·2 (5·0–5·5) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 2·2 (2·1–2·4) 1 550 366 (1 471 798–1 638 382) 2·37 (2·26–2·48) Zambia 2·0 (0·9–4·3) 104·8 (91·1–121·6) 206·2 (180·0–236·7) 199·3 (184·8–216·1) 183·5 (165·8–203·6) 136·6 (116·9–158·8) 81·0 (69·8–91·8) 23·1 (18·0–28·3) 0·44 (0·43–0·46) 4·7 (4·2–5·2) 1·6 (1·4–1·8) 2·1 (1·9–2·3) 634 965 (568 251–710 865) 2·1 (1·9–2·31) Southern sub-Saharan Africa 0·77 (0·34–1·61) 69·2 (59·8–81·1) 124·3 (109·2–143·1) 137·5 (127·6–149·0) 100·3 (88·0–113·7) 66·1 (54·1–79·6) 22·8 (18·7–27·5) 2·9 (2·1–3·8) 0·05 (0·05–0·06) 2·6 (2·4–2·9) 0·97 (0·85–1·12) 0·96 (0·82–1·12) 1 748 266 (1 595 640–1 938 810) 1·19 (1·09–1·32) Botswana 0·5 (0·22–1·03) 45·8 (39·3–54·0) 115·1 (102·5–130·6) 119·0 (111·2–127·2) 95·3 (87·3–103·8) 66·5 (58·7–74·8) 24·9 (21·5–28·7) 4·3 (3·3–5·5) 0·08 (0·08–0·09) 2·4 (2·2–2·5) 0·81 (0·71–0·92) 0·96 (0·87–1·04) 48 644 (45 386–52 258) 1·1 (1·03–1·19) Lesotho 1·1 (0·5–2·2) 70·2 (61·2–81·3) 150·9 (132·5–173·1) 123·4 (113·2–135·7) 108·8 (97·0–121·3) 73·9 (61·8–87·2) 38·4 (32·1–45·3) 6·5 (4·5–8·9) 0·12 (0·12–0·13) 2·9 (2·6–3·2) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 48 751 (44 699–53 717) 1·23 (1·12–1·36) Namibia 3·1 (1·4–6·4) 54·5 (47·6–63·1) 129·4 (114·1–147·9) 146·9 (136·8–157·4) 128·9 (116·4–142·0) 95·5 (82·0–109·8) 37·3 (30·6–44·8) 7·0 (4·9–9·8) 0·14 (0·13–0·14) 3·0 (2·8–3·3) 0·93 (0·82–1·07) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 59 520 (54 862–64 829) 1·4 (1·28–1·52) South Africa 0·59 (0·26–1·24) 59·3 (50·2–70·9) 102·9 (84·1–126·9) 129·6 (117·0–144·8) 89·0 (76·0–103·3) 56·7 (44·2–71·1) 18·1 (13·4–23·7) 1·9 (1·3–2·8) 0·04 (0·04–0·04) 2·3 (2·0–2·6) 0·81 (0·67–0·99) 0·83 (0·68–1·0) 1 091 574 (976 081–1 238 233) 1·05 (0·94–1·19) Swaziland (eSwatini) 1·2 (0·5–2·4) 73·3 (63·7–85·2) 153·0 (133·0–177·1) 129·3 (117·9–143·0) 125·5 (111·1–142·7) 83·8 (69·3–101·8) 35·8 (28·4–45·3) 6·5 (4·4–9·1) 0·12 (0·12–0·13) 3·0 (2·7–3·5) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 30 680 (26 863–35 270) 1·36 (1·18–1·56) Zimbabwe 0·86 (0·38–1·82) 100·7 (89·6–114·2) 192·2 (176·1–208·8) 176·1 (166·7–185·8) 143·4 (132·6–154·6) 98·3 (87·1–109·9) 39·0 (32·7–45·8) 6·1 (4·8–7·8) 0·12 (0·11–0·12) 3·8 (3·5–4·0) 1·5 (1·4–1·6) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 469 094 (438 268–501 128) 1·7 (1·6–1·81) Western sub-Saharan Africa 2·5 (1·1–5·3) 98·0 (86·9–111·6) 203·0 (187·9–219·9) 222·8 (214·1–232·4) 207·2 (196·6–218·2) 147·2 (133·7–160·6) 78·0 (69·4–86·6) 29·1 (26·2–31·8) 0·56 (0·54–0·58) 4·9 (4·6–5·3) 1·5 (1·4–1·7) 2·3 (2·1–2·5) 16 119 684 (15 142 476–17 204 806) 2·12 (2·01–2·25) Benin 6·2 (2·7–12·9) 79·3 (69·3–91·6) 204·3 (182·9–229·0) 224·2 (210·5–239·8) 203·1 (186·6–221·6) 134·7 (116·5–153·0) 74·0 (63·7–84·3) 28·9 (23·9–33·7) 0·56 (0·54–0·58) 4·8 (4·4–5·2) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 2·2 (2·0–2·4) 420 926 (387 743–457 500) 2·09 (1·96–2·24) Burkina Faso 2·4 (1·0–5·0) 98·0 (86·9–111·5) 235·6 (214·1–260·0) 247·3 (234·4–261·7) 217·2 (201·6–234·4) 164·4 (148·0–180·2) 85·9 (76·6–94·9) 29·0 (25·1–32·7) 0·56 (0·54–0·58) 5·4 (5·1–5·8) 1·7 (1·5–1·9) 2·5 (2·3–2·7) 850 128 (792 781–913 615) 2·31 (2·2–2·44) Cameroon 2·3 (1·0–4·9) 91·9 (80·0–106·7) 172·9 (150·4–199·7) 164·5 (151·4–179·8) 166·3 (149·8–185·4) 115·4 (97·5–136·4) 55·3 (45·8–65·5) 18·0 (14·4–21·9) 0·35 (0·33–0·36) 3·9 (3·5–4·4) 1·3 (1·2–1·5) 1·8 (1·6–2·0) 860 875 (767 156–970 019) 1·73 (1·54–1·94) Cape Verde 1·4 (0·6–2·9) 35·3 (29·6–42·1) 88·8 (71·9–108·7) 113·3 (101·8–126·1) 89·1 (75·8–104·2) 63·4 (49·3–80·1) 26·2 (19·5–34·6) 19·4 (14·4–25·0) 0·37 (0·36–0·39) 2·2 (1·8–2·6) 0·63 (0·51–0·76) 0·99 (0·8–1·22) 9895 (8296–11 738) 1·04 (0·86–1·24) Chad 3·2 (1·4–6·9) 172·7 (155·9–192·3) 294·7 (271·9–319·2) 306·6 (295·9–317·0) 270·3 (258·4–281·4) 188·0 (173·9–201·0) 84·4 (75·2–93·3) 24·2 (20·2–28·2) 0·47 (0·45–0·48) 6·7 (6·4–7·0) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 2·8 (2·7–3·0) 716 150 (684 354–753 893) 2·81 (2·71–2·92) Côte d'Ivoire 3·1 (1·4–6·6) 99·1 (87·1–113·9) 187·7 (163·1–216·8) 184·2 (169·9–200·9) 183·6 (166·2–203·5) 136·2 (117·3–155·2) 77·9 (67·8–87·9) 28·1 (23·4–32·6) 0·54 (0·52–0·56) 4·5 (4·1–4·9) 1·4 (1·3–1·7) 2·1 (1·9–2·3) 863 669 (785 916–951 705) 1·97 (1·8–2·16) The Gambia 2·0 (0·9–4·3) 72·1 (61·5–85·5) 163·5 (138·3–193·9) 168·6 (154·4–185·4) 181·9 (163·8–202·5) 136·7 (116·6–159·4) 73·9 (62·4–85·5) 29·4 (24·3–34·3) 0·57 (0·54–0·59) 4·1 (3·7–4·7) 1·2 (1·0–1·4) 2·1 (1·9–2·3) 68 878 (60 884–78 170) 1·88 (1·68–2·09) Ghana 1·2 (0·5–2·4) 49·5 (41·8–58·4) 131·5 (109·5–156·4) 160·4 (146·5–175·3) 160·0 (142·4–178·9) 111·6 (92·4–132·5) 55·1 (44·2–67·1) 25·3 (20·2–31·0) 0·49 (0·47–0·51) 3·5 (3·0–4·0) 0·91 (0·76–1·08) 1·8 (1·5–2·0) 876 967 (760 322–1 005 644) 1·56 (1·36–1·79) Guinea 4·3 (1·9–9·0) 116·9 (105·2–131·1) 202·6 (182·7–223·0) 195·2 (182·1–210·2) 177·4 (162·0–193·0) 122·4 (106·1–138·9) 73·0 (64·2–81·8) 33·1 (29·6–36·3) 0·64 (0·61–0·66) 4·6 (4·4–4·9) 1·6 (1·5–1·7) 2·0 (1·9–2·2) 434 559 (409 818–461 664) 1·98 (1·88–2·08) Guinea-Bissau 2·3 (1·0–4·8) 90·5 (78·0–104·7) 189·0 (162·6–217·5) 185·6 (171·1–201·1) 191·3 (173·5–209·8) 141·5 (121·4–163·8) 83·7 (72·4–96·0) 40·8 (37·9–43·5) 0·79 (0·76–0·82) 4·6 (4·2–5·0) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 2·3 (2·1–2·5) 68 623 (62 211–75 432) 2·01 (1·84–2·19) Liberia 1·3 (0·6–2·8) 99·9 (87·7–115·0) 183·5 (160·3–210·8) 165·9 (152·5–181·6) 168·1 (151·7–187·1) 125·4 (107·7–145·7) 76·0 (65·3–86·4) 28·5 (23·8–32·9) 0·55 (0·53–0·57) 4·2 (3·8–4·7) 1·4 (1·2–1·6) 2·0 (1·8–2·2) 154 182 (138 357–172 510) 1·85 (1·68–2·04) Mali 3·1 (1·3–6·6) 145·8 (132·4–161·6) 254·1 (232·4–278·4) 266·1 (253·6–279·9) 234·7 (220·5–248·4) 178·5 (164·1–192·1) 89·6 (81·0–97·9) 32·1 (28·2–35·6) 0·62 (0·59–0·64) 6·0 (5·7–6·4) 2·0 (1·8–2·2) 2·7 (2·5–2·9) 877 747 (829 520–932 043) 2·52 (2·41–2·63) Mauritania 2·0 (0·9–4·2) 69·7 (60·1–81·8) 155·0 (134·5–179·7) 164·2 (151·4–179·2) 192·3 (177·0–207·5) 146·2 (129·5–162·7) 68·9 (59·8–78·2) 32·1 (27·8–36·1) 0·62 (0·59–0·64) 4·2 (3·8–4·5) 1·1 (1·0–1·3) 2·2 (2·0–2·4) 118 860 (109 956–129 685) 1·91 (1·77–2·06) Niger 3·2 (1·4–6·9) 174·9 (158·1–194·4) 303·5 (282·6–326·0) 315·5 (305·2–326·6) 278·4 (267·0–290·3) 201·2 (188·6–212·6) 101·9 (92·9–110·0) 37·3 (33·7–40·5) 0·72 (0·69–0·75) 7·1 (6·8–7·4) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 3·1 (3·0–3·2) 1 005 868 (952 540–1 063 380) 3·0 (2·9–3·1) Nigeria 2·3 (1·0–4·9) 91·5 (80·1–105·7) 202·4 (179·3–226·2) 239·9 (226·4–253·2) 219·2 (204·0–234·1) 152·4 (136·0–168·5) 82·5 (73·2–91·7) 30·4 (26·0–34·5) 0·58 (0·56–0·61) 5·1 (4·7–5·5) 1·5 (1·3–1·6) 2·4 (2·2–2·6) 7 798 484 (7 206 652–8 409 904) 2·17 (2·02–2·32) São Tomé and Príncipe 1·0 (0·4–2·1) 57·3 (49·8–66·0) 145·8 (126·3–167·4) 114·6 (103·7–126·5) 139·2 (123·5–156·2) 104·1 (88·0–121·7) 69·1 (58·1–80·6) 18·6 (14·8–22·8) 0·36 (0·34–0·37) 3·3 (2·8–3·7) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 1·7 (1·4–1·9) 4948 (4317–5639) 1·52 (1·33–1·72) Senegal 2·1 (0·9–4·4) 74·9 (64·2–88·4) 182·9 (157·4–213·2) 198·4 (183·7–215·2) 201·3 (184·0–218·4) 151·3 (132·3–169·9) 80·1 (69·0–91·0) 23·3 (18·3–28·4) 0·45 (0·43–0·47) 4·6 (4·2–5·0) 1·3 (1·1–1·5) 2·3 (2·0–2·5) 496 713 (457 701–543 020) 2·1 (1·94–2·27) Sierra Leone 2·4 (1·0–5·0) 98·0 (85·6–113·3) 183·8 (159·9–208·7) 172·8 (159·1–186·9) 174·5 (157·6–191·7) 122·8 (104·8–141·3) 67·7 (57·4–78·2) 28·2 (23·7–32·5) 0·54 (0·52–0·56) 4·3 (3·8–4·7) 1·4 (1·3–1·6) 2·0 (1·7–2·2) 269 005 (243 337–296 085) 1·79 (1·64–1·95) Togo 1·7 (0·8–3·6) 51·8 (45·3–60·1) 149·0 (130·6–171·3) 151·0 (139·2–165·0) 177·5 (162·7–192·5) 131·0 (114·8–147·2) 63·1 (54·2–72·3) 37·3 (34·3–39·9) 0·72 (0·69–0·75) 3·8 (3·5–4·1) 1·0 (0·9–1·2) 2·0 (1·8–2·3) 223 039 (207 346–241 916) 1·69 (1·58–1·81) 95% uncertainty intervals are in parentheses. Data are presented to the number of decimal places as accuracy of these data allows. Super-regions, regions, and countries are listed alphabetically. Total fertility rate is the number of livebirths expected per woman in each age group if she were to survive through the reproductive years (10–54 years) under the age-specific fertility rates at that timepoint. Net reproductive rate is the number of female livebirths expected per woman, given the observed age-specific mortality and fertility rates. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. SDI=Socio-demographic Index. Fertility rates vary substantially across countries and over time ( table 1 appendix 2 ). In 1950, TFR ranged from a low of 1·7 livebirths (95% UI 1·4–2·0) in Andorra to a high of 8·9 livebirths (8·7–9·0) in Jordan. The TFR decreased in all 195 countries and territories between 1950 and 2017, and 102 countries and territories showed a decrease of more than 50%. By 2017, the TFR ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. Although a useful summary, the TFR masks variation in trends in fertility at different ages in many countries. The global decrease in median ASFRs from 1950 to 2017 was 43·4% in women aged 15–19 years and 49·4% in women aged 20–24 years, which contrasts with the observed decreases in the median ASFR in older age groups of mothers of 59·4% in women aged 40–44 years, 65·6% in women aged 45–49 years, and 68·7% in women aged 50–54 years. Figure 6 Total fertility rates under age 25 years (A) and total fertility rate over age 30 years (B), in 2017, by location Show full caption Data are the number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman by age 25 years (A) or ageing from 30 to 54 years (B) who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs. ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. Isl=Islands. LCA=Saint Lucia. TLS=Timor-Leste. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. In 2017, the TFU25 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (95% UI 0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger ( figure 6 ), which is 31 times higher. Countries and territories where the TFU25 was less than 0·25 livebirths included many in western Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan (province of China). TFU25 exceeded 1·5 livebirths in many parts of western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa and in Afghanistan. Trends in TFO30 are more complex; decreases in fertility rate are observed at earlier stages of development, and there are sustained increases in fertility rate at higher levels of development due to women delaying childbearing. TFO30 ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. In 2017, 145 countries showed higher fertility in women older than 30 years than in women younger than 25 years. The geographical pattern shows low fertility in women older than 30 years in disparate settings: central and eastern Europe, China, India, many parts of Latin America, and in some parts of the Middle East. North America, western Europe, central Europe, eastern Europe, Australasia, and high-income Asia Pacific had a higher TFO30 in 2017 than in 1975, with a mean of 60·2% higher TFO30 in these regions. Figure 7 Percentage change in total fertility rates from 1975 to 2017 for women aged 30–54 years (A) and sex ratio at birth in 2017 (B), by location Show full caption Data are the number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current age-specific fertility rates (A) and the ratio of males to females at birth (B). ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. Isl=Islands. LCA=Saint Lucia. TLS=Timor-Leste. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Figure 7 shows the areas where the TFO30 has been increasing since 1975; increases of more than 50% have been observed in most of western Europe, high-income North America, Australasia, and high-income Asia Pacific. The correlation of the ASFR over maternal age groups is shown in appendix 2 . In 2017, 169 countries had a sex ratio of less than 1·07 males per female at birth. Countries with higher sex ratios at birth varied geographically ( figure 7 ). For example, Greenland, Tunisia, and Afghanistan had sex ratios between 1·07 and 1·10 males per female at birth, and India had a sex ratio at birth of 1·10 males per female. Three countries had higher sex ratios at birth: Armenia (1·14 males per female), Azerbaijan (1·15 males per female), and China (1·17 males per female). High sex ratios at birth lower the effective net reproductive rate (the number of female livebirths expected per woman, given observed age-specific death and fertility rates) even more than the TFR. Estimates of the net reproductive rate are shown in table 1 . Net reproductive rate in 2017 ranged from 0·48 female livebirths (0·42–0·56) expected per woman in Cyprus to 3·00 female livebirths (2·90–3·10) expected per woman in Niger. 95 countries had a net reproductive rate of less than 1 meaning that, without changes in fertility, death rates, or net immigration, populations in those countries will eventually decrease. Figure 8 Population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, by location Show full caption ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. Isl=Islands. LCA=Saint Lucia. TLS=Timor-Leste. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The population growth rate from 2010 to 2017 is shown in figure 8 . 33 countries had a negative population growth rate, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe and the Caribbean. Outside Europe, negative growth rates were observed in 14 countries, and the largest negative growth rates were observed in Syria, the Northern Mariana Islands, Georgia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Cyprus (which has a growth rate of 1·7%), Israel (1·9%), and Luxembourg (2·3%) are notable in the GBD western Europe region because they are the only countries with a growth rate greater than 1·2%. Population growth rates in North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean ranged from −0·5% in Puerto Rico to 2·6% in Belize. Population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The Persian Gulf states, with the exception of the United Arab Emirates, all had growth rates of more than 2·2%, mostly due to the migration of workers, not fertility rates. Australia is of note among the GBD high-income super-region in the southern hemisphere, with a high population growth rate of 1·5%. 51 Smallwood S

Chamberlain J Replacement fertility, what has it been and what does it mean?. 52 Keyfitz N On the momentum of population growth. Figure 9 Relationship between total fertility rates and the population growth rate, 2017 Show full caption Total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span (age 10–54 years) and experienced at each age a particular set of age-specific fertility rates observed in the year of interest. Each dot represents a single country or territory. A vertical line is shown at the total fertility rate of 2·05, representing the replacement value, and a horizontal line is shown at a population growth rate of zero. Even when countries have a TFR of less than the replacement value (the TFR at which a population replaces itself from generation to generation, assuming no migration; generally estimated to be 2·05),populations can continue to grow because of population momentum: the phenomenon by which the past growth of birth cohorts leads to more women of childbearing age and increased births relative to deaths, even though the TFR for a time period is less than the replacement value.Populations can also grow due to immigration, as observed in many Persian Gulf nations. A comparison of the 2017 population growth rate versus the TFR is shown in figure 9 , which highlights countries in which the TFR is less than the replacement value but where the population is still growing. The countries where the population is declining are also shown. Countries fall into four quadrants, defined as a TFR of more than or less than the replacement value and a population growth rate of more than or less than zero. Divergence between these two measures, as noted, is a function of lags between period TFR and growth rate (population momentum) or net migration. Table 2 The global population and the populations of SDI groups, GBD regions and super-regions, countries, and territories, 1950–2017 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 Global 2 571 129 (2 518 739–2 623 555) 3 097 198 (3 016 341–3 175 666) 3 775 519 (3 666 324–3 878 482) 4 546 838 (4 435 753–4 651 568) 5 394 707 (5 276 054–5 506 245) 6 189 102 (6 054 565–6 317 018) 7 032 925 (6 888 938–7 176 044) 7 640 466 (7 394 579–7 863 850) Low SDI 286 098 (274 890–297 338) 349 546 (336 103–363 341) 437 907 (422 312–454 314) 550 926 (532 322–569 634) 697 444 (674 783–720 903) 884 141 (854 560–913 871) 1 111 397 (1 073 601–1 150 583) 1 289 721 (1 232 696–1 350 886) Low-middle SDI 428 432 (409 330–447 205) 525 533 (502 817–547 923) 664 708 (640 177–690 260) 842 355 (812 779–870 675) 1 044 178 (1 009 021–1 079 083) 1 267 751 (1 225 483–1 309 059) 1 512 969 (1 462 697–1 561 490) 1 704 731 (1 638 487–1 773 613) Middle SDI 621 890 (600 571–645 428) 777 263 (742 412–812 838) 999 618 (947 545–1 048 416) 1 265 828 (1 216 449–1 313 285) 1 551 201 (1 501 707–1 605 269) 1 769 031 (1 711 246–1 829 574) 1 962 750 (1 906 995–2 020 809) 2 090 439 (1 993 635–2 188 823) High-middle SDI 565 495 (547 267–585 066) 682 199 (652 794–713 287) 819 425 (777 362–859 588) 960 873 (923 189–999 256) 1 111 992 (1 075 191–1 151 041) 1 217 799 (1 176 410–1 260 107) 1 319 712 (1 279 281–1 364 508) 1 387 317 (1 310 630–1 462 683) High SDI 660 034 (642 623–675 897) 749 699 (733 577–766 867) 836 408 (818 207–855 201) 905 978 (885 242–926 388) 965 963 (945 156–987 885) 1 024 486 (1 001 540–1 048 430) 1 098 420 (1 074 557–1 122 783) 1 139 825 (1 098 829–1 181 331) Central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia 279 682 (271 221–287 601) 321 818 (311 502–331 710) 360 299 (349 492–370 047) 392 771 (380 737–404 444) 420 814 (407 203–433 044) 416 949 (402 995–430 201) 411 243 (397 887–423 691) 415 928 (395 177–435 487) Central Asia 28 227 (27 431–29 009) 35 702 (34 598–36 847) 47 868 (46 467–49 262) 58 719 (56 970–60 513) 69 756 (67 616–71 961) 74 835 (71 158–78 628) 82 351 (76 500–88 059) 90 925 (83 164–99 015) Armenia 1453 (1352–1554) 1888 (1750–2024) 2571 (2408–2743) 3171 (2936–3426) 3419 (3161–3672) 3321 (3071–3555) 3105 (2872–3340) 3027 (2705–3349) Azerbaijan 3134 (2934–3343) 3946 (3651–4245) 5273 (4910–5604) 6292 (5851–6752) 7330 (6767–7855) 8245 (7597–8878) 9300 (8577–9979) 10 225 (8964–11 430) Georgia 3698 (3444–3957) 4225 (3904–4523) 4807 (4478–5152) 5171 (4766–5548) 5508 (5117–5908) 4691 (4326–5071) 3971 (3600–4344) 3691 (3373–4045) Kazakhstan 7859 (7340–8388) 9966 (9216–10 796) 13 419 (12 438–14 356) 15 318 (14 126–16 430) 16 843 (15 523–18 040) 15 357 (14 214–16 541) 16 204 (16 114–16 287) 17 904 (16 485–19 230) Kyrgyzstan 1765 (1641–1884) 2215 (2049–2378) 3029 (2811–3249) 3700 (3433–3979) 4462 (4138–4795) 5024 (4639–5413) 5639 (5251–6040) 6368 (5587–7101) Mongolia 809 (758–860) 967 (883–1050) 1276 (1182–1370) 1693 (1572–1814) 2152 (1999–2314) 2440 (2269–2607) 2826 (2638–3023) 3251 (2870–3619) Tajikistan 1667 (1558–1776) 2133 (1972–2288) 3015 (2809–3221) 4074 (3766–4359) 5376 (4988–5804) 6365 (5933–6844) 7818 (7339–8327) 9243 (8191–10 251) Turkmenistan 1252 (1171–1332) 1619 (1496–1746) 2228 (2080–2377) 2920 (2714–3137) 3701 (3426–3980) 4202 (3659–4764) 4559 (4096–5030) 4976 (4563–5397) Uzbekistan 6588 (6129–7015) 8738 (8063–9404) 12 248 (11 433–13 117) 16 375 (15 242–17 475) 20 961 (19 367–22 595) 25 186 (21 683–28 853) 28 925 (23 041–34 641) 32 236 (24 584–39 887) Central Europe 88 946 (86 759–91 285) 101 568 (98 788–104 692) 110 731 (107 678–114 171) 120 005 (116 244–124 011) 124 127 (120 615–128 090) 121 176 (117 460–125 149) 117 167 (115 229–119 104) 114 803 (112 042–117 477) Albania 1268 (1186–1359) 1688 (1576–1807) 2196 (2035–2357) 2737 (2531–2941) 3307 (3048–3568) 3192 (2968–3432) 2889 (2674–3108) 2766 (2469–3068) Bosnia and Herzegovina 2831 (2636–3025) 3352 (3101–3613) 3819 (3536–4087) 4230 (3925–4531) 4509 (4160–4853) 4085 (3584–4617) 3768 (3427–4101) 3399 (3089–3720) Bulgaria 7348 (6835–7871) 8150 (7389–8939) 8741 (7893–9674) 9160 (8212–10 013) 8914 (8183–9640) 7965 (7422–8598) 7442 (7396–7486) 7052 (6530–7576) Croatia 3904 (3625–4192) 4227 (3905–4550) 4513 (4143–4853) 4856 (4497–5199) 4898 (4527–5281) 4560 (4235–4888) 4364 (4058–4676) 4275 (3838–4725) Czech Republic 8850 (8186–9456) 9495 (8814–10 191) 9802 (9168–10 485) 10 275 (9535–11 013) 10 279 (9458–11 050) 10 216 (10 145–10 288) 10 470 (10 397–10 548) 10 592 (10 516–10 668) Hungary 9325 (8708–9957) 10 021 (9354–10 715) 10 302 (9603–11 011) 10 638 (9973–11 385) 10 457 (9702–11 197) 10 195 (9432–10 949) 9930 (9176–10 656) 9727 (8739–10 785) Macedonia 1311 (1223–1406) 1434 (1324–1541) 1666 (1547–1788) 1943 (1793–2083) 2010 (1836–2200) 2021 (1863–2186) 2130 (1870–2379) 2174 (1825–2523) Montenegro 410 (380–438) 478 (445–510) 537 (497–575) 592 (549–633) 625 (582–673) 635 (578–693) 631 (583–678) 626 (558–693) Poland 25 291 (23 602–26 937) 30 308 (28 285–32 322) 33 452 (31 175–35 829) 36 651 (33 547–39 682) 39 059 (35 959–42 058) 38 898 (35 689–41 955) 38 439 (38 177–38 707) 38 393 (38 118–38 672) Romania 16 508 (15 328–17 597) 18 917 (17 237–20 689) 20 767 (18 850–22 784) 22 690 (20 777–24 679) 23 394 (21 570–25 252) 22 389 (20 571–24 271) 20 649 (19 122–22 276) 19 433 (17 350–21 520) Serbia 6946 (6491–7434) 7795 (7188–8364) 8627 (7948–9310) 9324 (8636–9966) 9400 (8633–10 120) 9642 (8860–10 444) 9010 (8348–9664) 8874 (7849–9837) Slovakia 3436 (3420–3451) 4073 (4055–4091) 4540 (4518–4561) 4980 (4956–5005) 5277 (5248–5303) 5385 (5352–5418) 5402 (5364–5442) 5419 (5006–5820) Slovenia 1513 (1406–1613) 1623 (1496–1747) 1764 (1639–1905) 1922 (1775–2083) 1991 (1776–2203) 1989 (1976–2003) 2036 (2020–2052) 2068 (2053–2085) Eastern Europe 162 508 (154 850–170 367) 184 547 (175 249–194 678) 201 699 (191 753–211 238) 214 047 (203 174–225 685) 226 929 (214 331–239 070) 220 936 (208 467–233 519) 211 724 (200 353–222 893) 210 199 (192 574–228 244) Belarus 7418 (6920–7900) 8422 (7787–9053) 9277 (8680–9865) 9857 (9137–10 563) 10 455 (9656–11 248) 10 225 (9467–10 988) 9658 (8899–10 409) 9491 (8380–10 549) Estonia 1031 (1026–1035) 1204 (1198–1210) 1352 (1345–1359) 1472 (1465–1480) 1568 (1559–1576) 1393 (1385–1402) 1332 (1322–1341) 1314 (1304–1324) Latvia 1952 (1817–2084) 2178 (2014–2333) 2424 (2256–2581) 2582 (2393–2780) 2718 (2518–2922) 2431 (2250–2592) 2117 (2103–2131) 1945 (1931–1959) Lithuania 2473 (2299–2649) 2825 (2629–3034) 3207 (2994–3419) 3497 (3245–3756) 3752 (3473–4030) 3593 (3328–3853) 3136 (2882–3359) 2847 (2828–2870) Moldova 2520 (2346–2691) 3056 (2824–3277) 3684 (3451–3937) 4112 (3825–4411) 4463 (4140–4790) 4202 (3802–4597) 3870 (3450–4290) 3721 (3151–4276) Russia 108 890 (101 648–116 491) 123 122 (114 311–132 472) 133 296 (123 706–142 273) 141 389 (131 139–152 459) 151 280 (139 269–162 850) 149 335 (137 504–161 416) 145 342 (135 464–155 198) 146 189 (129 997–162 390) Ukraine 38 222 (35 486–40 820) 43 737 (40 535–46 886) 48 457 (45 206–51 901) 51 135 (47 072–54 769) 52 691 (48 740–56 440) 49 754 (46 128–53 518) 46 266 (40 680–51 959) 44 689 (37 188–51 843) High income 624 261 (607 829–640 001) 704 358 (687 585–721 417) 784 499 (765 553–803 595) 852 184 (830 617–872 817) 909 777 (888 581–930 669) 968 090 (945 346–991 026) 1 036 657 (1 012 835–1 060 283) 1 074 889 (1 033 559–1 116 701) Australasia 10 593 (9938–11 222) 12 947 (12 097–13 753) 15 656 (14 634–16 627) 17 897 (16 758–19 054) 20 271 (18 932–21 552) 22 664 (21 155–24 069) 25 864 (24 172–27 407) 28 391 (26 427–30 166) Australia 8636 (8016–9252) 10 511 (9697–11 300) 12 761 (11 805–13 698) 14 651 (13 589–15 804) 16 854 (15 599–18 087) 18 878 (17 440–20 289) 21 598 (20 005–23 097) 23 943 (22 091–25 629) New Zealand 1957 (1827–2087) 2435 (2254–2613) 2895 (2687–3099) 3245 (3009–3468) 3417 (3159–3674) 3785 (3504–4067) 4265 (3899–4656) 4448 (4042–4847) High-income Asia Pacific 107 077 (100 965–112 694) 123 516 (116 754–130 199) 141 788 (133 926–149 440) 160 667 (151 955–169 179) 173 560 (164 314–182 570) 180 344 (170 747–189 636) 184 713 (174 519–194 370) 187 034 (175 679–198 805) Brunei 62 (58–66) 86 (80–92) 134 (124–144) 191 (177–205) 258 (239–277) 331 (305–356) 394 (363–424) 432 (388–477) Japan 85 811 (79 862–91 233) 95 915 (89 659–102 233) 106 925 (99 115–114 411) 119 572 (111 399–127 742) 125 857 (117 086–134 191) 129 002 (120 122–137 746) 129 954 (120 333–138 917) 128 363 (118 345–139 043) Singapore 1183 (1104–1264) 1666 (1517–1806) 2132 (1985–2270) 2474 (2319–2633) 3175 (2972–3390) 4167 (3873–4449) 5020 (4674–5367) 5568 (4906–6188) South Korea 20 019 (18 685–21 355) 25 848 (24 052–27 742) 32 595 (30 313–34 885) 38 429 (35 734–40 903) 44 268 (41 115–47 098) 46 842 (43 520–49 950) 49 343 (45 894–52 866) 52 670 (48 472–56 781) High-income North America 167 071 (156 028–177 729) 200 987 (188 815–213 853) 230 418 (216 084–244 897) 253 712 (237 019–269 916) 280 718 (263 127–298 908) 310 870 (291 015–330 560) 342 507 (321 270–364 211) 360 884 (324 630–398 446) Canada 14 028 (13 129–14 957) 18 300 (16 943–19 638) 21 732 (20 163–23 312) 24 473 (22 762–26 217) 27 242 (25 184–29 399) 30 301 (28 135–32 397) 33 563 (30 968–35 916) 35 982 (33 302–38 581) Greenland 24 (22–25) 34 (31–36) 47 (44–50) 49 (49–50) 55 (55–55) 56 (55–56) 56 (56–56) 56 (55–56) USA 153 014 (141 989–163 572) 182 647 (170 786–195 050) 208 632 (194 348–222 510) 229 183 (212 518–245 136) 253 413 (236 114–271 078) 280 506 (260 887–299 946) 308 881 (287 626–330 134) 324 839 (288 772–362 239) Southern Latin America 25 759 (24 521–27 013) 30 864 (29 278–32 252) 36 133 (34 286–37 829) 42 943 (40 694–45 029) 49 550 (46 839–52 051) 55 204 (52 208–58 135) 61 228 (58 049–64 578) 65 608 (60 307–70 557) Argentina 17 644 (16 522–18 909) 20 665 (19 199–21 994) 24 120 (22 465–25 726) 28 791 (26 865–30 710) 33 125 (30 785–35 434) 36 784 (34 178–39 630) 41 101 (38 531–43 887) 44 265 (39 144–49 229) Chile 5865 (5464–6251) 7614 (7135–8153) 9203 (8564–9843) 11 194 (10 266–12 121) 13 282 (12 242–14 355) 15 120 (13 857–16 323) 16 762 (14 885–18 566) 17 918 (16 679–19 069) Uruguay 2246 (2088–2398) 2582 (2353–2818) 2806 (2530–3094) 2955 (2663–3243) 3139 (2824–3483) 3297 (2988–3604) 3360 (3106–3600) 3421 (3059–3767) Western Europe 313 759 (302 436–325 156) 336 042 (327 368–344 888) 360 501 (351 707–369 451) 376 964 (367 690–386 532) 385 678 (378 299–393 326) 399 006 (391 457–406 653) 422 344 (416 202–428 409) 432 969 (421 014–445 856) Andorra 5 (5–5) 9 (8–10) 18 (17–20) 34 (31–37) 54 (53–54) 65 (65–66) 84 (83–84) 79 (79–80) Austria 6922 (6482–7400) 7044 (6537–7546) 7431 (6891–7997) 7541 (7017–8108) 7765 (7224–8321) 8017 (7447–8594) 8368 (8301–8430) 8793 (8730–8855) Belgium 8663 (8082–9214) 9127 (8464–9784) 9649 (9004–10 304) 9832 (9080–10 615) 9977 (9169–10 739) 10 252 (9503–11 028) 10 861 (10 784–10 942) 11 319 (11 226–11 408) Cyprus 488 (453–521) 590 (550–633) 641 (557–724) 669 (612–726) 775 (716–836) 915 (848–980) 1120 (1033–1205) 1262 (1138–1391) Denmark 4270 (3976–4562) 4587 (4281–4909) 4934 (4585–5269) 5115 (5080–5148) 5139 (5101–5177) 5329 (5288–5372) 5529 (5483–5574) 5732 (5682–5779) Finland 4028 (3743–4316) 4433 (4132–4726) 4629 (4605–4656) 4796 (4764–4827) 5001 (4969–5034) 5182 (5146–5220) 5375 (5335–5416) 5517 (5474–5561) France 43 137 (40 160–46 060) 46 780 (43 056–50 537) 51 885 (47 890–56 018) 54 904 (50 517–59 115) 57 712 (53 593–61 378) 59 846 (55 427–64 284) 63 693 (59 476–67 922) 65 712 (59 712–71 552) Germany 71 934 (62 172–82 007) 75 192 (69 750–80 580) 79 263 (73 661–84 235) 80 311 (75 192–85 827) 80 041 (79 562–80 550) 82 317 (81 737–82 927) 81 692 (81 091–82 343) 83 294 (74 704–91 872) Greece 7766 (7251–8272) 8583 (7943–9231) 8930 (8259–9581) 9841 (9137–10 578) 10 418 (9642–11 205) 11 073 (10 256–11 901) 11 034 (10 265–11 774) 10 402 (9301–11 460) Iceland 141 (140–141) 173 (172–174) 203 (202–204) 227 (225–228) 253 (252–255) 279 (277–281) 318 (315–320) 337 (334–340