The largest study ever conducted of its kind has identified where and how to save coral reef communities in the Indo-Pacific, according to an international group of scientists from WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) and other conservation NGOs, government agencies, and universities. The study outlines three viable strategies that can be quickly enacted to help save coral reefs that are threatened by climate change and human impacts.

Published today in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, the study involved the efforts of more than 80 authors who surveyed coral abundance on more than 2,500 reefs across 44 countries in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The findings revealed that the majority of reefs had functioning coral communities with a living cover of architecturally complex species that give reefs their distinctive structure. After the damage caused by severe heat stress during the 2014-17 El Niño event, the authors found nearly 450 reefs in 22 countries across the Indo-Pacific that survived in climate ‘cool spots’ that should be prioritized for urgent protection and management.

The landmark publication also presents a conservation framework of three management strategies (protect, recover, and transform) to safeguard reef ecologies and ecosystem services into the future.

“The good news is that functioning coral reefs still exist, and our study shows that it is not too late to save them,” said WCS Conservation Scientist Dr. Emily Darling, lead author of the study and leader of WCS’s global coral reef monitoring program. “Safeguarding coral reefs into the future means protecting the world’s last functioning reefs and recovering reefs impacted by climate change. But realistically – on severely degraded reefs – coastal societies will need to find new livelihoods for the future.”

Good news on corals has become rare in the 21st Century as increasing carbon emissions and human impacts of overfishing, pollution and unsustainable development have led to predictions of a bleak future for tropical reefs and the millions of people who depend on them. The Indo-Pacific, a hotspot of coral reef biodiversity, in particular has been devastated by periods of severe heat stress and mass coral bleaching events in 1983, 1998, 2005, 2010, and most recently in the world’s longest, largest and most intense bleaching event in 2014-2017.

The study also identifies the minimum requirements to save functioning reefs. This required evaluating the impacts of 20 environmental, climatic, and human-caused stressors on reef-building corals. The authors found that higher abundances of framework corals, the species that build the backbone of coral reefs, occurred in locations with fewer climate shocks and longer recovery windows. Higher coral abundances were also found farther from coastal populations and their associated markets and agricultural impacts.

The authors’ findings helped to formulate the three strategic choices of management for the reefs.

· Protect: 17 percent of coral reefs in the study’s dataset had functioning coral reefs and occurred in a climate ‘cool spot’ during the 2014-2017 El Niño. The reefs are found in 22 countries from East Africa to South East Asia, the Coral Triangle, and the Pacific. These findings call for an international network of coral reef conservation to save the world’s last functioning coral reefs.

· Recover: The second strategy is to promote rapid coral recovery where reefs (54 percent of those examined in the study) were previously functioning but have been recently impacted by the 2014-2017 coral bleaching event.

· Transform: The third strategy recognizes that some coastal societies will need to transform away from dependence on reefs that are no longer functioning (28 percent of the reefs analyzed fell into this category).

The study’s findings stress that strategic local management can play a role in helping protect corals through tools such as marine protected areas or other management restrictions that reduce threats and keep coral reefs above functional thresholds. However, the authors noted that local management can complement but not replace the need for worldwide efforts to limit carbon emissions.

“Saving reefs will require combining local and global efforts, such as reducing local dependence on reef fish to maintain a reef’s important functions while also reducing carbon emissions to keep warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius,” said Dr. Tim McClanahan, WCS Senior Conservation Zoologist and co-author of the study.

Said Dr. Georgina Gurney from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University: “While coral reef sustainability depends largely on reducing carbon emissions, identifying reefs that are likely to respond – or importantly, not respond – to local management is critical to targeting development and management strategies to build the well-being of the millions of people dependent on coral reefs across the globe.”

Said Gabby Ahmadia, director of marine conservation science at World Wildlife Fund and co-author of the study: “More than ever, we must consider how to manage local threats to coral reefs while keeping an eye to future climate impacts. This study will help policymakers and conservationists make informed management decisions for coral reefs and the communities that rely on them.”

This work was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Bloomberg Philanthropies‘ Vibrant Oceans Initiative.

The authors of the study titled “Social-environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene” are: Emily S. Darling; Tim R. McClanahan; Joseph Maina; Georgina G. Gurney; Nicholas A.J. Graham; Fraser Januchowski-Hartley; Joshua E. Cinner; Camilo Mora; Christina C. Hicks; Eva Maire; Marji Puotinen; William J. Skirving; Mehdi Adjeroud; Gabby Ahmadia; Rohan Arthur; Andrew G. Bauman; Maria Beger; Michael L. Berumen; Lionel Bigot; Jessica Bouwmeester; Ambroise Brenier; Tom C.L. Bridge; Eric Brown; Stuart J. Campbell; Sara Cannon; Bruce Cauvin; Chaolun Allen Chen; Joachim Claudet; Vianney Denis; Simon Donner; Estradivari; Nur Fadli; David A. Feary; Douglas Fenner; Helen Fox; Erik C. Franklin; Alan Friedlander; James Gilmour; Claire Goiran; James Guest; Jean-Paul A. Hobbs; Andrew S. Hoey; Peter Houk; Steven Johnson; Stacy D. Jupiter; Mohsen Kayal; Chao-yang Kuo; Joleah Lamb; Michelle A.C. Lee; Jeffrey Low; Nyawira Muthiga; Efin Muttaqin; Yashika Nand; Kirsty L. Nash; Osamu Nedlic; John M. Pandolfi; Shinta Pardede; Vardhan Patankar; Lucie Penin; Lauriane Ribas-Deulofeu; Zoe Richards; T. Edward Roberts; Ku’ulei S. Rodgers; Che Din Mohd Sufuan; Enric Sala; George Shedrawi; Tsai Min Sin; Patrick Smallhorn-West; Jennifer E. Smith; Brigitte Sommer; Peter D. Steinberg; Makamas Sutthacheep; Chun Hong James Tan; Gareth J. Williams; Shaun Wilson; Thamasak Yeemin; John F. Bruno; Marie-Josée Fortin; Martin Krkosek; and David Mouillot.

About Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Vibrant Oceans Initiative: As climate change increasingly threatens key ocean ecosystems, Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Vibrant Oceans Initiative is working around the world to advance evidence-based conservation practices and implement data-driven policies to protect our oceans and the 3 billion people that depend on them. Launched in 2014, Bloomberg’s Vibrant Oceans Initiative currently operates with partners Rare, Oceana, Global Fishing Watch, and the Wildlife Conservation Society in 10 countries that are top fishing nations – Australia, the Bahamas, Chile, Fiji, French Polynesia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Tanzania, Peru and the United States – to win science-based policies, protect priority coral reefs least vulnerable to climate change, and increase transparency through the adoption of national fishing data platforms.

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation supports creative people, effective institutions, and influential networks building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. MacArthur is placing a few big bets that truly significant progress is possible on some of the world’s most pressing social challenges, including over-incarceration, global climate change, nuclear risk, and significantly increasing capital for the social sector. In addition to the MacArthur Fellows Program, the Foundation continues its historic commitments to the role of journalism in a responsible and responsive democracy; the strength and vitality of our headquarters city, Chicago; and generating new knowledge about critical issues.

###