The UK-backed Libyan coastguard is running a racket in the Mediterranean Sea by turning its legitimate power to stop migrant crossings into a cash cow, according to victims’ accounts.

Guards allegedly stop smuggler vessels offshore and detain those onboard, before taking bribes to later release them. Migrants say they are then able to attempt another crossing to Europe.

Human Rights Watch (HRW) has collected numerous testimonies from migrants intercepted at sea who subsequently bribed their way out of Libyan detention centres. HRW says the accounts are tantamount to evidence EU funding could be exacerbating the refugee crisis it aims to fix.

Britain and other countries have been supporting the country’s coastguard with training and equipment despite heavily documented evidence of refugee abuse and even instances of violent clashes with aid vessels.

Stéphane, a 30-year-old man from Cameroon, told The Independent he was beaten and robbed by uniformed members of the force while attempting the treacherous boat crossing to Italy in June. This crossing had been organised by a Cameroonian smuggler.

“While they were beating us they demanded money, dollars, telephones – they took everything,” he said. “They claimed that if we gave them money, they would have taken us to Italy themselves.”

Stéphane and the other passengers were transferred to a prison near Sabratha, one of the biggest smuggling hubs in Libya, where he was kept for three weeks.

Libyan Coast Guard puts refugees and rescuers in danger during rescue operation at sea

Migrants are supposed to be offered support to return to their countries of origin – but Stéphane was offered a different way out.

He said officials offered to free prisoners for €155 (£140) a head. With no money or possessions left after the first crossing, the bribe to release Stéphane and 56 other people was paid by the same Cameroonian smuggler who organised the initial crossing.

Stéphane was then taken to the same house he stayed in before his first crossing attempt, before boarding another smugglers’ dinghy and five days later being rescued and transferred to Sicily unchallenged.

The Independent met him at a rehabilitation centre run by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) for migrants with medical and psychological needs in Catania.

Stéphane told of horrific experiences in Libya, where he was kidnapped for ransom by two separate armed militias before attempting to flee to Italy, where he now hopes to complete his law studies.

His account is the latest in a series of allegations levelled at the Libyan coastguard, which has allegedly shot at humanitarian rescue ships, beat migrants and caused sinkings.

Despite credible evidence of abuses, the Ministry of Defence has embarked on a third round of training which started in October 2016, taking on 60 Libyan coastguard members in total.

Two rounds of programmes including human rights education have been completed offshore and in recent days a classroom-based course on maritime law, navigation and boat-handling has started at a military base in Italy.

Europe has steadily been increasing its cooperation with Libya’s fragile Government of National Accord (GNA), following the arrival of hundreds of thousands of migrants in crossings which have killed more than 15,000 men, women and children over the past four years.

A Libyan coastguard boat observing a rescue by MSF’s Bourbon Argos ship on 4 November 2016 (Lizzie Dearden)

The Government insists it carries out “robust assessments” on its partners, despite mounting evidence Libyan coastguard operations are both inhumane and ineffective.

Steve Valdez-Symonds, Amnesty UK’s director for refugee and migrant rights, said Stéphane’s story matched evidence of migrants being “passed from the coastguard to detention centres where they may be sold on to smugglers and others”.

He added: “There isn’t effectively a government to deal with in Libya but the EU is pursuing its obsession to stop people reaching Europe, regardless of the consequences.”

Mr Valdez-Symonds said the “chaotic” aftermath of Libya’s civil war, when the UK was among Nato members bombing Muammar Gaddafi’s forces before he was overthrown and killed, meant money was difficult to trace.

“You’ve got people in quasi-official positions like that of a coastguard who are probably not being paid regularly or properly supervised,” he warned. “Whether of their own initiative or as part of the operation they’re being directed in, these sort of abuses do seem to be pretty common.”

According to the International Organisation for Migration, there are between 700,000 and one million migrants in Libya, with between 5,000 and 6,000 of those in detention.

The flow over the Central Mediterranean has been relatively steady since 2014 but dipped temporarily over the summer amid suspicions militias had been paid to hold migrants back using money from the Italian interior ministry.

Judith Sunderland, the associate Europe director for Human Rights Watch, warned of an “overlap” between smugglers, armed groups and recognised authorities in Libya, which remains fractured between two rival governments and numerous militias.

“We are concerned about the violent, reckless, erratic behaviour of coastguard forces receiving support and equipment from Europe,” Ms Sunderland said.

In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea Show all 7 1 /7 In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A baby being taken on to MSF's Bourbon Argos ship from a boat carrying 130 migrants and refugees Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A refugee boat carrying 101 people being rescued by MSF's Bourbon Argos Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A refugee boat carrying 101 people being rescued by MSF's Bourbon Argos all images by Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A baby among refugees on a boat carrying 185 people off the coast of Libya Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea Migrants and refugees sleeping after being rescued by MSF's Bourbon Argos ship Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A crew from MSF's Bourbon Argos ship rescuing a boat carrying 130 migrants and refugees off the coast of Libya, at sunrise Lizzie Dearden In pictures: A day of refugee rescues in the Mediterranean Sea A woman in a stretcher being lifted onto MSF's Bourbon Argos ship from a boat carrying 130 migrants and refugees off the coast of Libya Lizzie Dearden

“These are unreliable partners and a lot of evidence collected points to collusion between Libyan coastguard forces and smugglers.

“So there’s very clearly a danger that EU money, training and equipment is feeding a cycle contributing to further pain and suffering, and ultimately not serving its aims.”

Ms Sunderland said HRW had documented no substantial change either in the flow of refugees or conditions in Libya since EU training programmes started more than a year ago.

A Government spokesperson said the UK carries out robust assessments on all partners, including impact analysis and human rights compliance checks, before providing support in fragile states with poor human rights records.

“All our work considers possible risks to vulnerable migrants,” he added.

“In Libya, our support is saving lives, improving conditions and rights for migrants. The alternative would be to turn a blind eye to their suffering.”

A spokesperson for the GNA told The Independent: “The Libyan government takes these allegations very seriously. We have a zero tolerance for corruption in any instances and will investigate these very serious allegations before taking the appropriate action.