After his fifth election victory in just under five years, Shinzo Abe is well on his way to entering the history books as the longest-serving Japanese leader in the modern era. If Abe is re-elected in September 2018 as chairman of his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), he could remain as prime minister until the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020. LDP politician Sato Eisaku, who served as prime minister from 1964 to 1972, currently holds the record.

Abe's resounding victory in Sunday's snap election gives impetus to the forces that want to revise the Japanese constitution. "The question is no longer whether, but how to revise the constitution," says Satoshi Machidori, a professor of law at the University of Kyoto.

Abe's minor coalition partner, the Komeito party, is skeptical about the revision, but supporters of the constitutional amendment now have the necessary two-third majority in both chambers of parliament.

Read more: Japan: Is a new sun rising for Japan's Shinzo Abe?

Building consensus

Immediately after the election, Abe promised to deepen the Japanese people's understanding of proposed constitutional reforms and reach consensus on party disputes.

"I will strive for an agreement with as many people as possible," Abe said.

Japanese nationalists argue the constitution was forced on Japan in 1946 by the US. Since then, the constitution has never been changed.

The constitutional debate mainly focuses on Article 9, which renounces Japan's right to war. Nevertheless, by 1954 Japan had introduced self-defense forces. Abe wants to expand the role of Japanese forces and their deployment possibilities. However, a departure from pacifism could polarize public opinion and inject new vigor into the opposition. In that case, it might be difficult to achieve the simple majority in a referendum that is required to change the constitution.

North Korean threat

North Korea remains an important foreign policy issue for Abe. Earlier this year, North Korea had two missiles fly over Japanese territory. In response, Abe introduced a countrywide alarm system connected to the mobile phones of all citizens. Civic emergency exercises were also held in many Japanese cities. The Japanese leader also supported US President Donald Trump's hard line against the Kim Jong Un regime.

Abe is likely to continue with this foreign policy course toward North Korea. The conservative premier wants to hit two birds with one stone: on the one hand, continuing tensions between North Korea and the US allies in the region would justify Japan's departure from pacifism; on the other, Abe can prove to be a reliable US partner to counter Chinese ambitions in the region.

Read more: Japan PM Shinzo Abe pledges pressure on North Korea after big election win

The future of Japan's constitution, explained Postwar constitution Drafted in the wake of Japan's surrender at the end of World War II, the Japanese constitution established democratic processes, enshrined the role of the Emperor and ensured the country's pacifist nature. But decades have passed since its non-Japanese writers hashed out Japan's political future. A new wave has emerged, pushing for the recognition of Japan's right to maintain a standing military.

The future of Japan's constitution, explained Article 9: 'Forever renounce war' Article 9 of Japan's constitution enshrines the country's pacifist nature. The first part of the article states that "Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation," while the second stipulates it will not maintain military. But Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has proposed revising parts of the constitution that forbid the country from maintaining a standing military.

The future of Japan's constitution, explained The question of recognition While Japan's constitution forbids the country maintain a standing military, it nonetheless has one of the best-equipped militaries in the world. Tokyo justifies the existence of the Self Defense Forces (SDF) to defend the nation in the event it ever comes under attack. But Prime Minister Shinzo Abe wants to change that by amending the constitution to codify the status quo.

The future of Japan's constitution, explained Checks, balances and referendums While Abe has the two-thirds majority in parliament to vote through constitutional changes, he vowed not to do so. In order to amend the constitution – which has never occurred since its inception – both legislative chambers need to pass it with two-thirds of the vote. Afterwards, it is put to a national referendum, which only requires a simple majority in favor for it to be accepted.

The future of Japan's constitution, explained Pacifist ideals endure While public opinion is split on whether to revise the constitution, few voters see it as a priority. Most polls have shown that Japanese voters want to keep the country's pacifist ideals as they are enshrined in the constitution. In a poll for the top-selling Yomiuri newspaper, only 35 percent of respondents wanted Abe to recognize Japan's military, while 42 percent said they opposed the idea.

The future of Japan's constitution, explained Political divide Even with support from his party and like-minded conservatives, Abe faces many hurdles to execute his vision. There are even differences among pro-change lawmakers on what the changes might look like. But that hasn't fazed Abe. "I have renewed my determination to secure people's lives and peaceful living, no matter what," said Abe after his party's victory at the polls. Author: Lewis Sanders IV



Weak opposition

The 63-year-old politician is facing domestic opposition regarding cronyism in his administration. However, Abe owes his victory in snap elections to the country's positive economic outlook, which is supported by the upswing of the global economy.

"Abe's firm grip on Japan is also due to the lack of an alternative," said Koichi Nakano, a political analyst at Sophia University, Tokyo.

The Democratic Party, the largest opposition group in Japan, has suffered due to the rise of the Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike's "Kibo no To," or "Party of Hope" and the new Constitutional Democratic Party led by the former DPJ member Yukio Edano.

The new political alignments impeded the formation of a joint opposition. Additionally, the opposition parties lacked a figurehead after the popular Koike renounced her candidacy.

Despite Abe's success in the election, the voter turnout was recorded at only 54 percent, which was also the case in the previous lower house elections three years ago.

For that reason, Sebastian Maslow, a political scientist at the University of Kobe, says "the election result should not be viewed as a clear endorsement for Abe's policies."