TOLYATTI, Russia — The last two years have been brutal for Konstantin Golava, a 22-year-old environmental activist and the only publicly out gay person in this gritty industrial city known for car factories, chemical plants, and nothing else.

In early 2012, as soon as Golava started disseminating news items related to LGBT issues through his social media accounts, rumors about his sexual orientation began to spread. Since then, he's been beaten up by unidentified thugs, dismissed from his job at a community center working with teenagers, and vilified by national and local media as having desecrated the memory of Soviet victims of WWII by deliberately placing condoms near the city's eternal flame.

One evening in November 2012, while Golava was attending a conference in another city, he agreed to meet on a street corner with a young man who had contacted him. When Golava arrived, several men grabbed him, pushed him into a car with tinted windows, and drove him to a dark, quiet courtyard. They punched him, grabbed his phone, found his mother's number, called, and informed her that her son was a "pedophile" and a "pervert." Then they asked her if they should kill him.

"They threw me out of the car, made me get down on my knees, and pointed the gun at my head," Golava recalled over a recent cup of coffee at a brightly lit café in downtown Tolyatti, a city still crisscrossed by multiple streets named after Vladimir Lenin. "They said, 'A disgusting pig like you, it's not even worth killing you.' And they got in the car and took off." Although he filed a complaint, the police refused to take up the case.

The Russian government's decision last June to ban "propaganda" of nontraditional sexual relationships to minors startled the world and sparked an international uproar, especially as it came in the run-up to February's Winter Olympics in Sochi. But for members of the LGBT community living in Tolyatti and elsewhere in "the provinces" — which in Russia means anywhere that isn't Moscow or St. Petersburg — the federal move was almost anticlimactic.

In the years leading up to the federal law, at least 10 regional governments passed similar anti-LGBT propaganda laws, starting with the regions of Ryazan, Arkhangelsk, and Kostroma. St. Petersburg, seen as Russia's cultural capital, began debating its own law in late 2011 and passed it in March 2012, followed by the Samara region and several others.

Tolyatti is in the Samara region, 500 miles southeast of Moscow, and named after Palmiro Togliatti, a longtime leader of the Italian Communist Party. Life in Tolyatti is stifling and repressive, said Vyacheslav, another gay man who, like Golava, grew up here. If people suspect you're gay, he said, it can be dangerous.

"It's like a small village," he said. "People will point their fingers, call you pederast, they could set your apartment on fire out of hate. Here it's better to be quiet and a bit underground."

Vyacheslav, 30, is wiry and energetic, a former firefighter who is currently unemployed. He wasn't surprised when the Russian government finally passed the federal anti-propaganda law in June. "Once the law passed in St. Petersburg, it was evident," he said. "I figured it would end up being all over Russia. It felt like the country was closing up."

Like many young adults here, Vyacheslav has lived in the same small apartment with his parents most of his life; comings and goings are observed by longtime neighbors as well as family members. Because he would often return home late after being at a gay club or gathering, his parents worried that his nocturnal schedule meant he was dealing drugs. They once surreptitiously checked his phone messages, discovered a love note from a man, and confronted him. Vyacheslav dismissed it as a joke, but since then, he has known that they knew.

Even so, they regularly berate him for his lack of interest in getting married. "It torments them," he said. "And then they constantly torment me, 'Where's the wife and children?'" He fantasizes about making an announcement at a large family gathering, in front of his parents and his many aunts, uncles and cousins. "I would just like to say it to all of them, but I'm afraid," he said. "Because people don't know anything about this issue, and the information they have is bad."

The imposition of anti-propaganda legislation, first in the regions and then nationally, clearly exacerbates the problem of "bad information" by hampering efforts to promote positive LGBT-related images and attitudes. In early December, the new federal law was cited in fining Russian LGBT activists Nikolai Alekseyev and Yaroslav Yevtushenko 4,000 rubles (about $120) each for holding a banner reading "Gay propaganda doesn't exist. People don't become gay, people are born gay" near a library in the far northern city of Arkhangelsk. Weeks later, a court in Kazan found another activist guilty of propaganda for participating in a demonstration last June.

Beyond the legal minefield, however, the anti-gay campaign appears to have provided sanction for unfettered expressions of anger and hatred toward the LGBT community, without fear of consequences. There are frequent reports from around the country about people being fired for their sexual orientation, being beaten up by anti-gay gangs, or otherwise suffering mistreatment and discrimination.

"I'm afraid in Tolyatti — every fifth person knows my face," said Golava, who hopes to move to St. Petersburg soon. "Here, if you do something, you become a star. But I don't need to be a star, I just want to live within my rights."

Golava, a tall, slender man, smiled nervously when talking about the recent events that had made him into the kind of star he doesn't need to be. Before and after the physical assault last fall, he experienced increased bullying and harassment at work, he said. In December, his supervisor called him in and requested him to remove all references to LGBT issues from his social media accounts.

"She closed the door, and I understood what the conversation was about," he recalled. "She started with that phrase all homophobes use, 'I am of course a very tolerant person myself, but...' She said, 'Of course, we like you, but we will have problems because of the laws.'"

Last January, when the federal propaganda law came up for discussion in the parliament, Golava attended a local protest and for the first time publicly declared his sexual orientation to journalists and others who were there. After that, his problems at work intensified, and he was let go in early May.

Two weeks later, his participation at an HIV-prevention event led to the explosive charge that he had defiled the memory of those who perished in the war. The event was organized by Project April, a group that dispenses HIV information; it was held near an eternal flame honoring the war dead in Tolyatti's central plaza, a common site for all sorts of political and nonpolitical events and gatherings. The activists placed more than a dozen candles in red jars on the ground, in the form of a big ribbon. Next to that, they spread out a large piece of red fabric and laid out blue brochures with information about HIV/AIDS and a yellow bowl with condoms meant for distribution to bystanders.

Several days after the event, Komsomolskaya Pravda, a leading Moscow tabloid, published an article headlined: "In Tolyatti, LGBT Activists Laid Condoms at the Eternal Flame." Taking umbrage at the purported disrespect shown by the participants, the journalist wrote that "the tongue can't even twist itself to call them 'citizens.'" The article, which specifically named and ridiculed Golava, triggered an uproar, fanned by further coverage in the news and discussion on social media.

In an effort to quell the furor, Golava and other activists called a news conference to explain their actions. At the event, several men rushed at Golava, handcuffed him to a 70-pound weight, and dumped a bucket of red paint over his head; he still has damage to the vision in one eye from chemicals in the paint, he said. No one has been punished for the assault, but local officials have fined Golava 10,000 rubles (about $300) for having held an unauthorized gathering. His appeal of the fine has been rejected; he is now in the process of appealing to the European Court of Human Rights.