The capital cost of a large BTES system can be significant, as a large number of geothermal boreholes will need to be drilled, compared to just a few thermal wells for an ATES system. However, the installation cost should be similar to conventional GSHP systems, and the higher COP values will result in a lower total life-cycle cost than a conventional GSHP system. Both closed-loop geothermal systems will have a lower life-cycle cost than a conventional fossil-fuel fired HVAC system. Because BTES is a closed-loop geothermal technology, there should be little difficulty in obtaining permits. Typically, the most common constraint is on the available land area in which to construct the GHX array.