We all know the patent system is broken.

But most people believe that the biggest problem with it is abusive litigants who extort so-called “license fees” from small businesses unable to pay the cost of standing up to them in court. Their activities, of course, have no more in common with real patent licensing than a mob protection racket has with the sale of genuine “liability insurance.”

The unspoken reality is that the U.S. patent system faces an even bigger problem: a market so constricted by high transaction costs and legal risks that it excludes the vast majority of small and mid-sized businesses and prevents literally 95 percent of all patented discoveries from ever being put to use to create new products and services, new jobs, and new economic growth.

#### Jay Walker ##### About Jay Walker is executive chairman of Patent Properties, Inc. which will launch its new no-fault patent licensing system this year. He is the founder of Priceline.com and the world’s 11th most prolific living inventor and patentee.

Even the most dramatic estimates of the social cost of abusive patent litigation range in the low tens of billions of dollars. But according to a new study by the distinguished economists Robert Litan of the Brookings Institution and Hal Singer of the Progressive Policy Institute—a study I helped to fund—liberating patent licensing from its litigation-focused costs and risks would enable tens of thousands of currently-dormant inventions to be commercialized and conservatively add up to $200 billion a year in increased output to the U.S. economy. That’s at least ten times bigger than the litigation problem, and directly impacts job creation.

What Is Broken and How to Fix It

Here’s the challenge in a nutshell: innovation drives the economy, but much of the new technical knowledge required for such innovation is contained only in patents. The U.S. patent database is the world’s largest encyclopedia of technology improvements and technology experts in the world. Some of that database is directly relevant to the new products and services that any individual company is working on improving or creating. But the database is too hard to access.

Accessing the knowledge and expertise contained in the patent data-base is not a problem for large Fortune 500 companies. Giant companies have long recognized the value of the patent database and spend millions, and in some instances billions, on dedicated teams and expensive tools to mine the patent database for competitive advantage and effective legal risk management. But for the vast majority of smaller and mid-sized businesses that are responsible for the bulk of U.S. job creation, patents represent not a treasure trove of new technical knowledge but a growing multi-trillion-dollar database filled with infringement risk.

As a result, most small and mid-sized firms instruct their employees not to read patents that might help improve their products and services. This deprives those firms from being able to build on the knowledge these patents contain and, in turn, help other companies improve their products and so on. This kind of behavior, though legally prudent, defeats the patent system’s whole purpose of technological disclosure and commercialization.

The problem is not just who is excluded from the opportunity to commercialize patented inventions—i.e., the overwhelming majority of sub-Fortune 500 firms who are the backbone of the U.S. economy. The system also makes it all but impossible to commercialize any but the biggest blockbuster inventions, including the more incremental advances that are usually the most useful in solving the pressing problems of daily existence.

In their study, Dr. Litan and Dr. Singer offered a sports analogy to illustrate how such a constricted patent licensing system harms the economy:

“It is as if the economy were playing a game of baseball in which the only hits that counted were home runs by just those players on very well-financed teams,” they wrote. “In such an economy, vast numbers of other valuable or ‘run-producing’ innovations—triples, doubles, [or] singles—generated by many other firms, universities or individual inventors cannot be economically licensed given the potential risks or costs of litigation.”

In short, confining the commercialization of invention to the risky and hugely expensive machinery of our court-centered licensing system is severely retarding innovation, not promoting it. And in the process, the patent system itself is losing much of its original democratic character and popular support.

Patents Were Created to Level the Playing Field

Remember, America’s Founders quite consciously created the first patent system in the world aimed at the common man, in contrast to the feudal and elitist patent systems prevailing in Britain and Europe at the time. The first patent law passed in April of 1790 set patent fees to a level any ordinary citizen could afford — less than 5 percent of the rate in Britain. It encouraged large numbers of people, the vast majority of whom lacked the wealth to build factories and manufacture products from their patents (now called “non-practicing entities”), to participate in inventive activity. And in a huge break from European patent systems of the day, it facilitated the licensing and sale of patent rights, thereby creating the world’s first market for new technology.

The low patent fees and ability to license patent rights turned invention into a new income-earning career path for thousands of poor but technically creative citizens. And as a result, within 50 years the U.S. per capita patenting rate reached three times the rate in Britain. U.S. inventors were also far more prolific than their British counterparts, creating five times as many patented inventions as Britain did each year, even though our populations were then roughly equal in size. By 1885, the U.S. per capita patenting rate was quadruple that of Britain.

This democratized patent system thus directly stimulated America’s growth from an economic backwater wholly dependent on imports into the unrivaled leader of the worldwide Industrial Revolution. In the words of historians Naomi Lamoreaux of Yale and the late Kenneth Sokoloff of UCLA: “Observers attributed much of the country’s rapid technological progress to its distinctive patent system. Quite revolutionary in design at inception, the U.S. patent system came to be much admired for providing broad access to property rights in new technological knowledge and for facilitating trade in patented technologies. These features attracted the technologically creative, even those who lacked the capital to directly exploit their inventions.”

If we’re honest with ourselves, we must admit that the patent system today has lost much of its original democratic character. Sure, anyone with a good inventive idea (and at least $20,000 for legal and other fees) can get a patent. But what can you do with that patent? More than likely, you won’t be able to put it to good use unless you have the multi-million-dollar resources required to launch a startup, secure a licensing deal with a big corporation or, if necessary, litigate to stop an infringer. Those are all unlikely pathways.

How ironic that we live in a democratized technological ecosystem in which anyone can invent and patent anything, yet it is mostly just the rich and powerful who can effectively partake of its resources. The patent system is thus hostage to a costly and exclusionary legal system.

So let’s liberate it.

My company and I are working to do our part. Soon we'll be launching an alternative to today’s litigation-based licensing system, aimed at small business. Called The United States Patent Utility, it will be aimed at smaller and mid-sized businesses that need a low-cost way to mitigate their infringement risk. It will also offer universities and other smaller patent owners a way to finally earn some revenue from their inventions. We're hoping to empower companies, because today every company, large and small, spanning every sector of our economy must be able to answer the following foundational questions:

What relevant technologies and technologists are available to help us improve our products and services and improve the way we do our business?

What technologies are our competitors investing in that may show up in future products, services or business practices?

And what technologies are we using that might inadvertently trespass on someone else’s patent right?

The challenge for the overwhelming number of American companies is huge, as it is with any new way of doing business. But the need is also great, because any industry that does all its deals in federal court is clearly not in good shape.