Introduction

This post is part of F# Advent 2019. Thank you Sergey Tihon for organizing this and the rest of the contributors for producing interesting, high-quality content.

I scan and read articles on a constant basis, such as those published as part of F# Advent. Those that I find interesting, or I want to save for later, I bookmark using Pocket. One of the neat features it provides is tagging. You can add as many tags as you want to organize the bookmarked links. When I first started using the service, I was fairly good at adding tags. However, I’ve gotten lazy and don’t do it as much. It would be nice if bookmarked links could automatically be categorized for me without having to provide the tags manually. Using machine learning, this task can be automated. In this writeup, I will show how to build a machine learning model using ML.NET, a .NET, open-source, cross-platform machine learning framework to automatically categorize web links / articles.

Prerequisites

This application was built on a Windows 10 PC, but should work cross-platform.

Create the solution

Make a new directory and create a solution by using the .NET CLI.

1

2

3

mkdir FsAdvent2019

cd FsAdvent2019

dotnet new sln



Then, create an F# Console application.

1

dotnet new console -o FsAdvent2019 -lang f



Navigate to the console application directory and install the Microsoft.ML NuGet package.

1

2

cd FsAdvent2019

dotnet add package Microsoft.ML -v 1.4 . 0



Get the data

Click on this link to download and unzip the data anywhere on your PC.

The data contains information about several articles that are separated into four categories: business (b), science and technology (t), entertainment (e) and health (h). Visit the UCI Machine Learning repository website to learn more about the dataset.

Below is a sample of the data.

1

2

3

4

ID Title Url Publisher Category Story Hostname Timestamp

2 Fed's Charles Plosser sees high bar for change in pace of tapering http://www.livemint.com/Politics/H2EvwJSK2VE6OF7iK1g3PP/Feds-Charles-Plosser-sees-high-bar-for-change-in-pace-of-ta.html Livemint b ddUyU0VZz0BRneMioxUPQVP6sIxvM www.livemint.com 1394470371207

3 US open: Stocks fall after Fed official hints at accelerated tapering http://www.ifamagazine.com/news/us-open-stocks-fall-after-fed-official-hints-at-accelerated-tapering-294436 IFA Magazine b ddUyU0VZz0BRneMioxUPQVP6sIxvM www.ifamagazine.com 1394470371550

4 Fed risks falling 'behind the curve', Charles Plosser says http://www.ifamagazine.com/news/fed-risks-falling-behind-the-curve-charles-plosser-says-294430 IFA Magazine b ddUyU0VZz0BRneMioxUPQVP6sIxvM www.ifamagazine.com 1394470371793



Inside the console application directory, create a new directory called data and copy the newsCorpora.csv file to it.

1

mkdir data



Define the schema

Open the Program.fs file and add the following open statements at the top.

1

2

open Microsoft.ML

open Microsoft.ML.Data



Directly below the open statements, define the data schema of the input and output of the machine learning model as records called ModelInput and ModelOutput respectively.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18



type ModelInput = {



Title:string



Url:string



Publisher:string



Category:string



Hostname:string

}





type ModelOutput = {

PredictedLabel: string

}



As input, only the Title, Url, Publisher and Hostname columns are used to train the machine learning model and make predictions. The label or value to predict in this case is the Category. When a prediction is output by the model, its value is stored in a column called PredictedLabel.

Create the application entry point

The MLContext is the entry point of all ML.NET applications which binds all tasks like data loading, data transformations, model training, model evaluation, and model saving/loading.

Inside of the main function, create an instance of MLContext .

1

let mlContext = MLContext()



Load the data

Once the MLContext is initialized, use the LoadFromTextFile function and provide the path to the file containing the data.

1

let data = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<ModelInput>( "data/newsCorpora.csv" )



Create training and test datasets

It’s often good practice to split the data into train and test sets. The goal of a machine learning model is to accurately make predictions on data it has not seen before. Therefore, making predictions using inputs that are the same as those it was trained on may provide misleading accuracy metrics.

Use the TrainTestSplit to split the data into train / test sets with 90% of the data used for training and 10% used for testing.

1

let datasets = mlContext.Data.TrainTestSplit(data,testFraction= 0.1 )



Define the transformation and algorithm pipelines

Now that the data is split, define the set of transformations to be applied to the data. The purpose of transforming the data is to convert it into numbers which are more easily processed by machine learning algorithms.

Preprocessing pipeline

The preprocessing pipeline contains the series of transformations that take place before training the model. To create a pipeline, initialize an EstimatorChain and append the desired transformations to it.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

let preProcessingPipeline =

EstimatorChain()

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedTitle" , "Title" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedUrl" , "Url" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedPublisher" , "Publisher" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedHost" , "Hostname" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Concatenate( "Features" ,[| "FeaturizedTitle" ; "FeaturizedUrl" ; "FeaturizedPublisher" ; "FeaturizedHost" |]))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Conversion.MapValueToKey( "Label" , "Category" ))



In this preprocessing pipeline, the following transformations are taking place:

Convert the Title, Url, Publisher and Hostname columns into numbers and store the transformed value into the FeaturizedTitle, FeaturizedUrl, FeaturizedPublisher and FeaturizedHost columns respectively. Combine the FeaturizedTitle, FeaturizedUrl, FeaturizedPublisher and FeaturizedHost into one column called Features. Create a mapping of the text value contained in the Category column to a numerical key and store the result into a new column called Label.

Algorithm pipeline

The algorithm pipeline contains the algorithm used to train the machine learning model. In this application, the multiclass classification algorithm used is LbfgsMaximumEntropy . To learn more about the algorithm, see the ML.NET LbfgsMaximumEntropy multiclass trainer API documentation.

1

2

let algorithm =

mlContext.MulticlassClassification.Trainers.LbfgsMaximumEntropy()



Postprocessing pipeline

The postprocessing pipeline contains the series of transformations to get the output of training into a more readable format. The only transformation performed in this pipeline is mapping back the numerical value mapping of the predicted value into text form.

1

2

let postProcessingPipeline =

mlContext.Transforms.Conversion.MapKeyToValue( "PredictedLabel" )



Create training pipeline

Once the pipelines are defined, combine them into a single pipeline which applies all of the transformations to the data with a single function call.

1

2

3

4

let trainingPipeline =

preProcessingPipeline

.Append(algorithm)

.Append(postProcessingPipeline)



Train the model

Use the Fit function to train the model by applying the set of transformations defined by trainingPipeline to the training dataset.

1

2

let model =

datasets.TrainSet |> trainingPipeline.Fit



Evaluate the model

Once the model is trained, evaluate how well it performs against the test dataset. First, use the trained model to get the predicted category by using the Transform function. Then, provide the test dataset containing predictions to the Evaluate function which calculates the model’s performance metrics by comparing the predicted category to the actual category and print some of them out.

1

2

3

4

5

let metrics =

(datasets.TestSet |> model.Transform)

|> mlContext.MulticlassClassification.Evaluate



printfn "Log Loss: %f | MacroAccuracy: %f" metrics.LogLoss metrics.MacroAccuracy



Using the model on real data

Create a list of ModelInput items and use the Transform method to get the predicted category.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

let predictions =

[

{

Title= "A FIRST LOOK AT SURFACE DUO, MICROSOFT’S FOLDABLE ANDROID PHONE"

Url= "https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/3/20895268/microsoft-surface-duo-foldable-phone-dual-screen-android-hands-on-features-price-photos-video"

Publisher= "The Verge"

Hostname= "www.theverge.com"

Category = ""

}

{

Title= "This Shrinking Economy With Low Inflation Is Stuck on Rates"

Url= "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-12/when-a-shrinking-economy-and-low-inflation-don-t-mean-rate-cuts?srnd=economics-vp"

Publisher= "Bloomberg"

Hostname= "www.bloomberg.com"

Category = ""

}

]

|> mlContext.Data.LoadFromEnumerable

|> model.Transform



Then, create a Sequence of ModelOutput values and print out the PredictedLabel values.

1

2

mlContext.Data.CreateEnumerable<ModelOutput>(predictions, false )

|> Seq.iter( fun prediction -> printfn "Predicted Value: %s" prediction.PredictedLabel)



The final Program.fs file should look as follows:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

open System

open Microsoft.ML

open Microsoft.ML.Data





type ModelInput = {



Title:string



Url:string



Publisher:string



Category:string



Hostname:string

}





type ModelOutput = {

PredictedLabel: string

}





let main argv =



let mlContext = MLContext()



let data = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<ModelInput>( "data/newsCorpora.csv" )



let datasets = mlContext.Data.TrainTestSplit(data,testFraction= 0.1 )



let preProcessingPipeline =

EstimatorChain()

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedTitle" , "Title" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedUrl" , "Url" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedPublisher" , "Publisher" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Text.FeaturizeText( "FeaturizedHost" , "Hostname" ))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Concatenate( "Features" ,[| "FeaturizedTitle" ; "FeaturizedUrl" ; "FeaturizedPublisher" ; "FeaturizedHost" |]))

.Append(mlContext.Transforms.Conversion.MapValueToKey( "Label" , "Category" ))



let algorithm =

mlContext.MulticlassClassification.Trainers.LbfgsMaximumEntropy()



let postProcessingPipeline =

mlContext.Transforms.Conversion.MapKeyToValue( "PredictedLabel" )



let trainingPipeline =

preProcessingPipeline

.Append(algorithm)

.Append(postProcessingPipeline)



let model =

datasets.TrainSet |> trainingPipeline.Fit



let metrics =

(datasets.TestSet |> model.Transform)

|> mlContext.MulticlassClassification.Evaluate



printfn "Log Loss: %f | MacroAccuracy: %f" metrics.LogLoss metrics.MacroAccuracy



let predictions =

[

{

Title= "A FIRST LOOK AT SURFACE DUO, MICROSOFT’S FOLDABLE ANDROID PHONE"

Url= "https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/3/20895268/microsoft-surface-duo-foldable-phone-dual-screen-android-hands-on-features-price-photos-video"

Publisher= "The Verge"

Hostname= "www.theverge.com"

Category = ""

}

{

Title= "This Shrinking Economy With Low Inflation Is Stuck on Rates"

Url= "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-12/when-a-shrinking-economy-and-low-inflation-don-t-mean-rate-cuts?srnd=economics-vp"

Publisher= "Bloomberg"

Hostname= "www.bloomberg.com"

Category = ""

}

]

|> mlContext.Data.LoadFromEnumerable

|> model.Transform



mlContext.Data.CreateEnumerable<ModelOutput>(predictions, false )

|> Seq.iter( fun prediction -> printfn "Predicted Value: %s" prediction.PredictedLabel)



0



Run the application

This particular model achieved a macro-accuracy of 0.92, where closer to 1 is preferred and log loss of 0.20 where closer to 0 is preferred.

1

Log Loss: 0.200502 | MacroAccuracy: 0.927742



The predicted values are the following:

1

2

Predicted Value: t

Predicted Value: b



Upon inspection, they appear to be correct, science and technology for the first link and business for the second link.

Conclusion

In this writeup, I showed how to build a machine learning multiclass classification model that categorizes web links using ML.NET. Now that you have a model trained, you can save it and deploy it in another application (desktop, web) that bookmarks links. This model can be further improved and personalized by using data from Pocket which has already been tagged. Happy coding!