WASHINGTON — President-elect Donald J. Trump, in venting his fury about the disclosure of unsubstantiated reports that Russia had collected compromising personal information about him, reached for a familiar but fraught historical metaphor: Nazi Germany.

Now, Mr. Trump is under fire from Jewish groups, who say the analogy was erroneous, offensive and denigrating to Holocaust survivors. They are demanding that he apologize for it.

The tempest erupted on Wednesday morning after Mr. Trump posted a tweet accusing the nation’s intelligence agencies of allowing the leak of what he called “fake news” about his links to Russia.