Even so, companies including the mining giants Glencore and BHP Billiton as well as oil majors Royal Dutch Shell and Total have been emboldened in their push by a United Nations report showing CCS is critical to containing global warming. "It's about changing the way people look at CCS from thinking that it's kind of inevitable but impossible and turning into kind of necessary and doable," Fiona Wild, head of climate change and sustainability at BHP Billiton, said in an interview in Edinburgh. Loading "We need to get policy regimes in place that support development over the longer term because we need scale." The CCS industry's lobby group on Tuesday released a report outlining the benefits of the technology and backers ranging from a polar explorer to the former Republican US Senator John Warner. The paper from the Global CCS Institute is meant to draw attention to the issue at the UN climate talks in Katowice, Poland, on Tuesday.

Cost is the biggest impediment to CCS. The International Energy Agency estimates the price for sequestering carbon starts at about $US40 a tonne, double the cost of emissions in Europe. Industry needs to capture 2.3 billion tonnes a year by 2040. That suggests CCS would need $US92 billion a year in support to work at scale - more than the entire coal industry took in investment last year. 'Get-out-of-jail-card' Those figures leave CCS vulnerable both to challenges from environmentalists, who dislike the principle of helping fossil fuels, and from developers of renewables, who increasingly are building wind and solar farms at a cost rivalling traditional forms of energy. "CCS is a get-out-of-jail card and a great business opportunity," said Michael Liebreich, founder of the Bloomberg NEF research group in London now owned by Bloomberg.

"Not only would it allow them to keep on doing what they do, but also it offers the prospect of being paid to clean up their own pollution. I just can't see it ever happening at scale." A pledge proposed by the UK Government would mean all new coal plants would be required to have fully operating carbon capture and storage technology by 2020. Credit:Justin McManus There's other challenges, too, blocking widespread adoption of CCS: There's no agreed business model indicating developers can make money on the technology. Before a plant is built, its promoters must answer how they will extract and monitor their captured emissions.

Possible ways of supporting CCS include putting a price on polluting either through carbon markets or a tax. The other options would be a direct subsidy or strict regulations on coal plants.

Developers are reluctant to take on the liability for looking after sequestered carbon for more than a few decades. That means governments usually need to step in with guarantees to make projects work.

CCS won't work everywhere for technical reasons. Carbon must be stored in geologically stable rock formations, most often in depleted oil and natural gas fields. Those fields need to be close enough to the source of pollution to make the project work economically. Regardless of the hurdles, the industry is pressing ahead. On a grey autumn day in Edinburgh last month, executives from Shell, Total and the Norwegian oil company Equinor joined with Britain's Energy Minister Claire Perry at a conference calling to reinvigorate CCS.

For its part, the British government announced measures it hopes will lead to the country's first CCS project up and running by the middle of the next decade. Other efforts include: Drax Group, which operates what used to the UK's biggest coal plant, recently announced it was firing up Europe's first biomass CCS pilot that will siphon off 1 tonne of CO2 a day when fully operational.

The Port of Rotterdam is working with its largest emitters on transporting carbon to a remote part of the facility where it can then be moved offshore. The project may reach a capacity of 10 million tonnes a year. Loading

A group of energy companies known as the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is partnering with BP, Shell, Equinor, Total, Eni and Occidental Petroleum to develop CCS at a new gas-fired power plant to be built in the north REeast of England. "We have the ambition to do more," said Shell CEO Ben van Beurden. "We are ready and able to deliver CCUS if we can operate within a well understood fiscal, policy and risk allocation framework." Nevertheless, even the industry's proponents acknowledge it's had a number of false starts since CCS first developed in the 1970s.

"We have great momentum but we also had momentum in the past," said Riccardo Puliti, senior director of the World Bank's energy and extractive practice, which helps administer a $US55 million fund devoted to the technology. Experimental industry For now, CCS remains an experimental industry. About 30 million tonnes of carbon are currently being siphoned away from smokestacks, according to IEA estimates. That's tiny fraction of the 33 billion tonnes the world emits. There are currently 18 large-scale CCS facilities operating worldwide, with five more under construction and a further four in advanced development, according to the Global CCS Institute. It's seeking an industry 100 times larger-requiring hundreds or even thousands of plants worldwide. Most of the talk about carbon capture and storage is not serious talk about reducing emissions. Greenpeace air-pollution expert Lauri Myllyvirta

A combination of significant changes to regulatory frameworks, generous subsidies and corporate muscle would be needed to even just get started. The IEA points to two facilities that can show how CCS works. Petra Nova in Texas and Boundary Dam in Saskatchewan, Canada, each capture more than 1 million tonnes a year. For environmentalists, the scale of what the industry is asking for is well beyond what it could do for the planet. Even reaching the IEA's goal of sequestering 2.3 billion tonnes a year through CCS would only offset the annual emissions of India, where pollution is growing rapidly. The UN says emissions from fossil fuels of all kinds must fall to near zero by the middle of the century to limit global warming to what's already the quickest shift since the end of the last ice age 10,000 years ago. "Most of the talk about carbon capture and storage is not serious talk about reducing emissions," Lauri Myllyvirta, an air-pollution expert at Greenpeace. "It's meant to lull investors, plant operators and politicians into believing you can keep running coal-fired power plants or even build new ones and avoid having your investment stranded in the future."

Bloomberg