The Geography of Punishment:

How Huge Sentencing Enhancement Zones Harm Communities, Fail to Protect Children

by Aleks Kajstura, Peter Wagner, and William Goldberg

Prison Policy Initiative

July 2008

Section: Press release Executive Summary Introduction Deterrence, Theory and Practice Failing to protect children, harming communities An 'urban effect' Recommendations Methodology Acknowledgments About the authors 1,000 feet is further than you think (sidebar) Vermont's unique sentencing enhancement zone statute (sidebar) County demographics (Appendix A) Drug charges in Hampden County courts and in Massachusetts (Appendix B) Demographic analysis of cities and towns in Hampden County (Appendix C) Rural/Urban percentages of Hampden County cities and towns (Appendix D) Demographic analysis of populations living in enhancement zones (Appendix E) Demographic analysis of the populations living in zones, by House district (Appendix F) Demographic analysis of populations in 100-foot enhancement zones (Appendix G) Full page interactive map of Hampden County zones and population Drug-Free Zones Facing Review (Springfield Republican)

1,000 Feet is Further Than You Think

In preparation for this report, we set out to investigate whether 1,000 feet is an appropriate size for a sentencing enhancement zone. As illustrated above, the statute’s requirement that the distance be measured in a straight line, regardless of obstructions, puts many far-reaching areas under the law’s jurisdiction. We set out to discover whether people can be seen 1,000 feet from a school under ideal circumstances.

We sought out a school on a flat, straight and unobstructed road, but we had considerable difficulty finding such a location. We eventually found a street in West Springfield that fit our criteria and then, because common household tools are incapable of measuring such large distances, we purchased a measuring wheel typically used for surveying. One author then stood on the school’s property line and took pictures of another author at various distances from the property. Each image at left is a closeup of the actual photograph at right.

For the purposes of this demonstration, we attempted to evaluate the sentencing enhancement zones by making the 1,000 feet as small and clear as possible, even though conditions this favorable are rare. The effort and equipment required, even under the best of circumstances, to measure the 1,000 feet suggest that the average person is unequipped to determine the borders of a zone. This would be a much more difficult task if — as is usually the case — the view of the school is obstructed and not useful for estimating a distance. The 1,000-foot distance itself is so far that it reduces a person to a speck, as can be seen in the pictures, and is much farther than is conducive to a transaction or easy communication. It is not reasonable to assume that someone anywhere within 1,000 feet from school property intends to sell drugs to children at the school. We can only conclude that the legislature erred in assuming that 1,000 feet was an effective distance with which to deter drug dealers from operating near schools.

Illustrations by Dennis McGinnis