Honeybee (Apis mellifera) landing on a milk thistle flower (Silybum marianum). Credit: Fir0002/Flagstaffotos/ Wikipedia/GFDL v1.2

Consider the bee that keeps circling your coffee cup or glass of juice—an unsung pollinator hero helping farmers grow tons of fruit and vegetables for our consumption. You try to shoo away the bee, but it dodges your hand to land neatly on the lip of your cup and quickly takes a sip of the liquid inside. In the next instant, it's up and away.

The bee's ability to manoeuvre in mid-air is a marvel of life, requiring a combination of different senses to navigate during flight. Two of the major organs that help in this navigation are an insect's eyes and antennae. Now, Taruni Roy Khurana and Sanjay Sane from the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore show that visual cues and air flow work in opposing ways to help bees position their antennae accurately during flight.

"You can think of antennae as probes that do very interesting things," says Sane.

Antennae are multipurpose organs—they act as noses, sometimes as tongues to smell and taste substances, they are feelers, and from what Roy Khurana and Sane show, they also help bees fly and navigate.

"Bees position their antennae in a very specific way, and somehow that position is very important for flight, because when we disrupt it, the bees can't fly," says Sane.

In a long careful process, Roy Khurana first trained domestic bees with sugar water as bait, to fly through a wind tunnel. Wind tunnels—set-ups designed to create precise airflow—are normally used to test the effects of wind on models of aircraft and buildings. In this case, the wind tunnel was used to explore how bees positioned their antennae in response to different air speeds.

With increasing airflow speeds, bees were seen to bring their antennae forward to hold them in specific positions. The faster the airflow, the more forward were the antennae held.

In another set of experiments, the researchers used tethered bees—by attaching each bee to a thin metal rod with super-glue—to study how visual cues affected antenna position. The tethered bees, with LED screens on either side of their eyes, were shown moving images similar to those they would experience when in flight. These moving images made bees move their antennae backward.

A combination of both—moving images and airflow, however, caused the bees to maintain their antennae in a fixed position. The two stimuli, one visual and the other a measure of air drag force, were operating in opposition to help the bee maintain its antennae in a fixed position.

And with good reason—antennal positioning is critical, as the information collected by antennae are often used by flying bees to make decisions in a wingbeat—a fraction of a second. "Even a single decision, if wrong, could lead to a crash," says Roy Khurana.

Roy Khurana and Sane further suggest that bees could be using airflow to judge how fast they fly. In order to assess distance as they fly, especially if they have to relay information about a food source to other workers, bees use a vision-based speedometer in their heads.

However, when visual cues are sparse, this internal speedometer becomes less reliable. Under such situations, bees could use airflow measurements to judge distances.

"Bees are getting feedback from their eyes and antennae. What they can do, is calibrate across these different senses. They're using input from one sense to calibrate inputs from another sense," says Sane.

But in their experiments, Roy Khurana and Sane found that bees' antennae respond to a very narrow range of air speeds - between 1.5 to 3 meters per second. Measuring flight distances with this sensor would be equivalent to measuring kilometres using a meter scale. Small errors would be compounded to give an inaccurate value of distance.

However, the meter scale can be used to calibrate, say ten steps taken by a person. A count of how many such tens of steps are needed to measure a kilometre, would give much more reasonable estimates of kilometre-long distances.

"Therefore, it makes sense to think that bees could be calibrating a large scale system—their visual speedometer, with a small scale—their airflow sensors in antennae, to accurately judge distances," says Roy Khurana.

"We're really very excited about this hypothesis. Though we haven't tested it yet, there's quite a bit of evidence that backs it," she adds.

Explore further Bees' flight secrets revealed

More information: Taruni Roy Khurana et al, Airflow and optic flow mediate antennal positioning in flying honeybees, eLife (2016). Journal information: eLife Taruni Roy Khurana et al, Airflow and optic flow mediate antennal positioning in flying honeybees,(2016). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.14449

Provided by National Centre for Biological Sciences