Case: An 18 year old male presents after a single gunshot wound to his left calf. He complains of pressure-like pain near the wound and sensory numbness below his left knee. On examination, the left leg is tense. He has no dorsalis pedis pulse. Based on the history, exam, and findings in the image, which of the following is true regarding this diagnosis?

Poll Results

Diagnosis can be made by clinical exam alone

Explanation

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This patient’s lower extremity numbness and pain were caused by compartment syndrome, which occurs when elevated pressure within fascial compartments causes ischemic necrosis of muscle. This challenging diagnosis can be made in two ways:

Clinical Exam 1

Pain out of proportion – the most common and possibly most sensitive sign

Motor weakness – classic, but limited by pain and injuries

Palpation – not sensitive

Pain on passive stretch – not scientifically validated

Sensory deficits – limited specificity

Measurement of Compartment Pressure

Traditionally, absolute compartment pressure >30 mmHg or perfusion pressure (diastolic blood pressure – compartment pressure) <30 mmHg have been thresholds for diagnosing compartment syndrome. But recent evidence shows that this may not be a valid diagnostic criteria alone.

Absolute pressure >30 mmHg has a high false positive rate.* Perfusion pressure <30 mmHg has been shown in multiple studies to have a high false-positive rate and poor specificity of ~65%.1 Two studies showed that no patient with measurements qualifying for fasciotomy actually needed the procedure.2,3 Clinicians should consider this important diagnosis while remembering that bedside pressure measurements are imperfect.

Master Clinician Bedside Pearls

Eric Silman, MD

Assistant Clinical Professor

Department of Emergency Medicine

University of California San Francisco

@Silmonster[/su_spoiler]

1. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(5):1039-1044. PubMed] Nelson J. Compartment pressure measurements have poor specificity for compartment syndrome in the traumatized limb.. 2013;44(5):1039-1044. 2. J Trauma. 2006;60(6):1330-5; discussion 1335. PubMed] Harris I, Kadir A, Donald G. Continuous compartment pressure monitoring for tibia fractures: does it influence outcome?. 2006;60(6):1330-5; discussion 1335. 3. J Trauma. 2006;60(5):1037-1040. PubMed] Prayson M, Chen J, Hampers D, Vogt M, Fenwick J, Meredick R. Baseline compartment pressure measurements in isolated lower extremity fractures without clinical compartment syndrome.. 2006;60(5):1037-1040.