We thank D. Beilman for commenting on the paper; E. Wingert for help on the figures; D. Olsen for technical support; H. Kreft and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, BirdLife International, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank Database, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the World Database of Protected Areas, and the Gridded Human Population of the World Database for making their data openly available. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP5, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in Extended Data Table 1) for producing and making available their model outputs. This work was made possible by funding from the University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant to C.M. The paper was developed as part of the graduate course on ‘Methods for Large Scale Analyses’ in the Department of Geography, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. A.G.F. and T.W.G were supported by Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative (PICCC) award F10AC00077 and National Science Foundation Hawai‘i EPSCoR grant no. EPS-0903833. R.J.L. was supported by the Pacific Islands Climate Science Center and PICCC award F10A00079. R.S.D. and E.J.T. were supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowships, and I.F.-S. by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science.