What does the politics of how we use land have to do with climate change? And with poverty, conflict and migration? These are the questions being addressed this week at an international conference focused on a more sustainable future for our planet.

"Deforestation and changes in land-use contribute around 12 percent of greenhouse gas emissions," Karin Kemper, senior director for Environment and Natural Resources at the World Bank, said, speaking at the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) in Bonn, Germany.

Deforestation, soil degradation and climate-related drought are exacting a high price on humanity, Kemper told the conference. She cited the 2015 peat fires in Indonesia, which she said caused $16 billion worth of damage. Land degradation cost Burundi 4 percent of its GDP, she added, and Colombia more than 1.5 per cent of GDP.

"The destruction of forests and land comes at a high price, and we urgently need to deal with these issues," Kemper said.

Sustainable land use to tackle climate change

Held in Bonn for the first time, the conference brings together over 1,000 GLF members, including scientists, economists, politicians and activists.

Previously, the conference has taken place alongside the United Nations climate conferences. This year, the GLF made a bid to emerge from COP's shadow.

With global warming still a core concern, speakers underscored that climate change, land use and human wellbeing are all deeply intertwined.

"When forest are cleared in the Congo, in Ethiopia first the rains fail, and then the harvest — with dramatic consequences for the people," German Development Minister Gerd Müller said.

"We need sustainable rural areas which offer long-term survival prospects for nature, and at the same time human livelihoods and income," he added. "We must discuss such approaches to solutions more intensively — the Global Landscape Forum brings the right experts together to do that."

German Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks said making economies sustainable implied protecting the climate and biodiversity, and combatting desertification — and that healthy soil, forests and agricultural lands delivered on all three.

"They can absorb greenhouse gases, making them the three natural green carbon sinks," she said, adding that this was key to meeting the Paris Agreement goal of keeping global warming to no more than 2 degrees.

Less fertile land means more conflict

Stefan Schmitz, director of the German government's One World - No Hunger initiative, brought attention to how these issues also impact migration, saying that "70 percent of poor and hungry people in the world live in rural areas — in Africa it’s as high as 75 percent."

Every year, we lose 10 million hectares of fertile land, Schmitz said. "Productive land is becoming an increasingly scarce and contested commodity. The annual loss of natural forests in the tropics is of the same magnitude."

This doesn't just accelerate climate change. It also impacts human livelihoods, and results in conflict as pressure grows on ever-scarcer resources.

"When hunger, the exploitation of nature and climate change combine, crisis and conflict increases, and the number of wars and refugees also rises," Schmitz said. "These aren't things that will happen in the future — it's already happening today."

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Global solutions

The conference stressed global approaches to solving these problems, with sustainable agriculture, education and information as key.

Better soil cultivation could mean more CO2 being absorbed into the ground, and cleaner groundwater. Politics, banks and civil society all have a role to play in creating more sustainable economies, with benefits both for the environment and human prosperity, including job creation.

Erik Solheim, executive director of the UN Environment Program (UNEP), stressed that policies should aim to tackle multiple environmental problems at once.

"Climate, biodiversity, deforestation and changing land-use all belong together, they are the big polluters of the planet — but many people don’t know that," he said. "The degradation of the soils and climate change can be solved at the same time."