Last week’s surprise announcement by Entergy that it is closing its Vermont Yankee nuclear generating station was bad news for those who care about clean air and the cost of living. Yankee, with a capacity of 620 megawatts, produces more than 5 billion kilowatt-hours of energy every year. How will Vermont replace that power? With fossil fuels: some oil, but mostly natural gas. This means that each of the 5.1 billion kWhs currently provided by a zero-carbon energy source will come with at least half a kilogram of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Over a single year, the generators that will replace Yankee’s 5.1 billion kWhs will dump at least 2.8 million tons of CO 2 into the air.

Meredith Angwin, who publishes Yes Vermont Yankee, an excellent, well-written, well-argued, and well-researched blog, noted in a recent article the remarkable fact that the New England electricity system operator will pay US$78 million just to make sure that oil-fired capacity is available for winter months when natural gas will all be used for space heating.

Notice the ISO NE has not contracted for wind or solar generation to insure against fuel shortages in winter months. That is because the ISO NE is not staffed with stupid people. It is staffed with smart people who are making sure there is enough fuel to run the electricity grid. Neither wind nor solar can provide such insurance; they are simply too unreliable.

No, Yankee will be replaced with fossil sources that emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide. That is the only way the New England grid will be able, without Vermont Yankee, to continue to supply enough vital electricity to keep society and the economy moving through the dark winter months.

There is a carbon market in the U.S. northeast, called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). It was established ostensibly to encourage electric utilities to switch to low-carbon fuels. In reality, it encourages a preferred fossil fuel, natural gas. Regardless. The most recent carbon auction held by RGGI established a carbon price of $3.21 per ton. That will not dissuade even oil-fired generation.

Nor will the other highly touted carbon disincentive: time of use retail electricity rates. They are not often viewed as representing a de facto price on carbon, but that is what they are. Electricity, for most customers, is a very demand-inelastic commodity: you need it, all the time. Whatever price is charged, you pretty much have to pay it. And since most people go to work in the morning and come home for dinner in the evening—that is, after all, what makes us, as a collective society, economically productive—it follows that most people will use the most electricity in the morning as they get ready for work and in the evening as they prepare dinner and try to achieve the all-important work-life balance. This means they simply have little choice but to pay the high peak rate, which is there because of expensive fossil-fired, and carbon emitting, peak power providers.