Divisions, Faculty, Featured, Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Research, Sachi Ozawa

Grayson Mendenhall

October 12, 2016

Vaccine-preventable diseases among adults cost the U.S. economy $8.95 billion in 2015, and unvaccinated individuals are responsible for 80 percent, or $7.1 billion, of the tab, according to the most comprehensive analysis to date from the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy.

Researchers led by Associate Professor Sachiko Ozawa studied 10 vaccines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study, published in the journal Health Affairs, examined the actual cost of inpatient and outpatient care, cost of medication and the value of productivity lost from time spent seeking care.

The ten vaccines protect against 14 pathogens: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, the herpes zoster virus that causes shingles, human papillomavirus, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, meningococcal disease, pneumococcal disease, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and chickenpox.

The flu was the most costly disease with a vaccine available, accounting for nearly $5.8 billion in health-care costs and lost productivity in 2015. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 42 percent of U.S. adults received the flu vaccine during the 2015-2016 flu season. Other notable diseases with significant economic burdens include pneumococcal disease, such as meningitis and pneumonia, which is associated with nearly $1.9 billion in costs, and herpes zoster that causes shingles rounding out at $782 million.

“We believe our estimates are conservative and highlight the potential economic benefit of increasing adult immunization coverage and the value of vaccines,” Ozawa said. “We hope our study will spur creative health-care policies that minimize the negative spillover effects from people choosing not to be vaccinated while still respecting patients’ right to make informed choices.”

The statistical model researchers developed determined the unvaccinated cost to the U.S. economy at $9 billion. Inpatient and outpatient care accounted for 95 percent of costs with lost productivity making up the other 5 percent.

The new UNC-led research is a more comprehensive review of the economic burden of vaccine-preventable diseases among US adults than previous studies, as the focus to date has been on one or a few specific vaccine-preventable diseases. The team of researchers consulted existing research and data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database in their analysis.

The study was funded by the pharmaceutical company Merck, a leading producer of vaccines.

Study Authors

Sachiko Ozawa is an associate professor in the Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Allison Portnoy is a doctoral student in the Department of Global Health and Population at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Hiwote Getaneh is a technical research analyst at MDRC, in New York City.

Samantha Clark is a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Maria Knoll is an associate scientist in the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

David Bishai is a professor in the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Keri Yang is director of the Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence at Merck in West Point, Pennsylvania.

Pallavi D. Patwardhan is associate director of the Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence at Merck in Lebanon, New Jersey.

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