



Eager to avoid the complications that may arise if viral vectors are used to deliver components of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system, researchers have been busy developing nonviral nanoparticle carriers, such as lipid, polymeric, and gold nanoparticles. Now, at MIT, researchers have developed a new lipid nanoparticle that has an interesting twist: It packs chemically modified single guide RNA (sgRNA). By enhancing sgRNA, the researchers hope to protect it against nuclease degradation, and thereby boost efficiency of the overall CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system.

According to the MIT team, which was led by Daniel G. Anderson, Ph.D., an associate professor of chemical engineering and a member of MIT’s Koch Institute, the new delivery technique cut out certain genes in about 80% of liver cells, the best success rate ever achieved with CRISPR in adult animals.

Details about the new delivery system appeared November 13 in the journal Nature Biotechnology, in an article entitled “Structure-Guided Chemical Modification of Guide RNA Enables Potent Non-Viral In Vivo Genome Editing.” According to this article, the new delivery system could sidestep some of the complications encountered with delivery via viral vectors.

For example, once a particular virus is used, the patient may develop antibodies to it, so that it cannot be used again. Also, some patients have pre-existing antibodies to the viruses being tested as CRISPR/Cas9 delivery vehicles.

The researchers analyzed the structure of the complex formed by Cas9 and the sgRNA to figure out which sections of the sgRNA strand could be chemically modified without interfering with the binding of the two molecules. Based on this analysis, they created and tested many possible combinations of modifications.

“We used the structure of the Cas9 and sgRNA complex as a guide and did tests to figure out we can modify as much as 70% of the gRNA,” said Hao Yin, Ph.D., the first author of the Nature Biotechnology article and a Koch Institute research scientist. “We could heavily modify it and not affect the binding of sgRNA and Cas9, and this enhanced modification really enhances activity.”

“Using lipid nanoparticle formulations of these enhanced sgRNAs (e-sgRNA) and mRNA encoding Cas9, we show that a single intravenous injection into mice induces >80% editing of Pcsk9 in the liver,” wrote the article’s authors. “Serum Pcsk9 is reduced to undetectable levels, and cholesterol levels are significantly lowered about 35% to 40% in animals.”

The current study builds on previous work by Anderson, Yin, and their colleagues. Back in 2014, the team developed a nonviral delivery system in the first-ever demonstration of curing a disease (the liver disorder tyrosinemia) with CRISPR in an adult animal. However, this type of delivery requires a high-pressure injection, a method that can also cause some damage to the liver. Later, the researchers showed they could deliver the components without the high-pressure injection by packaging messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding Cas9 into a nanoparticle instead of a virus.

In a previous study in which the team delivered gRNA via a virus, the researchers succeeded in editing the target gene in about 6% of hepatocytes, which is enough to treat tyrosinemia. In the current study, the researchers experimented with knocking out a few different genes expressed by hepatocytes, but focused most of their attention on the cholesterol-regulating Pcsk9 gene. This gene was eliminated in more than 80% of liver cells, and the Pcsk9 protein was undetectable. In the treated mice, a 35% drop in the total cholesterol level was found.

The researchers are now working on identifying other liver diseases that might benefit from this approach, and advancing these approaches toward use in patients.

“I think having a fully synthetic nanoparticle that can specifically turn genes off could be a powerful tool not just for Pcsk9 but for other diseases as well,” Anderson commented. “The liver is a really important organ and also is a source of disease for many people. If you can reprogram the DNA of your liver while you're still using it, we think there are many diseases that could be addressed.”



























