Senator Bernie Sanders could have won the 2016 Democratic presidential primary with just two small changes in the proceedings. If all states had same-day voter registration, and if the media had not prematurely called the nomination for Clinton on June 5th, Bernie most likely would have won. A statistical analysis of the vote share by state, adjusting for a number of demographics, postdicts that the Senator would have won a majority of the pledged delegates with just these two small changes. If superdelegates then behaved as they did in 2008, switching their support to the nominee with more pledged delegates, Bernie would have easily secured the nomination.

Pledged delegates from 49 states (excluding Vermont) for Bernie Sanders. The three models are in order of increasing complexity by adjusting for more demographic controls. The horizontal black line shows the cutoff for a majority of pledged delegates. The left half of the plot shows the result of changing all caucuses to primaries and allowing same-day registration, the right side assumes further that the media had not made an early call.

Many states have early voter-registration deadlines. Since voter participation in primaries is already quite low, and Sanders drew much of his support from young and first-time voters, these early deadlines were a real barrier to many of his supporters. If all states had same-day registration he would have come very close to tying Clinton in pledged delegates.

The media prematurely called the contest on June 5th, stating that Clinton had “clinched” the nomination the day before California, New Jersey, and several other states would vote. This call was based on an anonymous survey of superdelegates who, if the media are to be believed, responded that they planned to cast their votes for Clinton almost two months later at the Democratic Convention. In fact, if every state had same-day voter registration, that improvement alone probably would have prevented this premature call. So in a sense only one small change, not two, would have been sufficient for Bernie to win.

In fact, my analysis is more conservative than I have stated to this point. Since previous analyses by FiveThirtyEight and The Upshot have claimed to show that Bernie benefited from the “caucus effect,” my postdictions also change every caucus to a primary.

Although my thesis here is that only a small change would have resulted in a different outcome, it helps to step back and think about the bigger picture. Early voter-registration deadlines were not the only structural barrier to participation of Sanders voters. Low voter turnout among young people is driven by other things as well, for example the Republican voter-ID laws in South Carolina and Wisconsin. The media also influenced the outcome in far more ways than just their premature call on June 5th, as we know from leaked DNC emails.

The rest of this post discusses technical aspects of the analysis. Full details are available, including data and code.