The asteroid impact that burst over Chelyabinsk, Russia on the morning of February 15 has provided a huge collection of new data that scientists have been analyzing since. This week, three papers, two in Nature and one in Science, describe new aspects of the meteorite’s airburst, building the most detailed forensic picture that we have of the events of that morning.

First reports of the Chelyabinsk airburst came from a plethora of dash-cams that caught the event. For the first time, a meteorite impact was recorded widely on camera, a consequence of technological advance and (presumably) increasingly litigious or bad Russian drivers. Alongside the dash-cam recordings, the fireball and the transient shadow that it cast was recorded across the region by fixed CCTV cameras. And looking back at Earth from space, the trajectory of the fireball was observed in satellite imagery.

The brightness of the fireball has provided an estimate of the energy of the airburst, equivalent to an explosion of more than 500 kilotons of TNT, many times greater than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Similar estimates of the size of the explosion were obtained earlier this year from the array of infrasound detectors operated by the Independent Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization, which maintains an array of nuclear bomb monitoring equipment.

The new papers exploit an even wider array of data. Much of the information is effectively a superb example of crowdsourced science: damage reports, surveys of damage, injury reports, camera recordings, and other data have provided an unprecedented set of measurements of the event, as reported in Science by Olga Popova and colleagues.

Alongside the data from Earth is information from astronomy, planetary science, geophysics, meteoritics, and cosmology. The meteorite that fell to Earth has now been classified as an LL chondrite. It formed early in the history of the Solar System as asteroids and eventually planets condensed from the nebula.

Fragments of the meteorite recovered from near Chelyabinsk, including an enormous rock dredged from the bottom of Lake Chebarkul, have revealed its early history. We have all this data even though less than one thousandth of the asteroid has been retrieved, and more than three-quarters is estimated to have evaporated.

Measurements of the radioactive decay products from traces of uranium in the meteorite minerals show that it must have itself suffered a harsh collision during the maelstrom in which asteroids condensed, which occurred at around 115 million years after the birth of the Solar System. Its existence as a discrete asteroid ended almost four and a half billion years later when it struck Russia.

The eyewitness reports of the airburst and the damage it caused give an idea of the sorts of effects caused by such “near miss” events. Entering the atmosphere almost 100 km above the surface at speeds of around 20 km/second, the 20 meter wide asteroid set up a shockwave at 90 km altitude. By 83 km it had started to fall apart. By the time it got to around 35 km above Russia, it was shining as a bright shooting star, emitting light that burnt the retinas of anyone watching it and sending out a shockwave sideways from its path that blew some people off their feet.

As the video makes clear, the shockwave broke phone networks, upset the electric grid, and interrupted the gas supply in some districts of Emanzhelinka as the valves closed in response to the vibration. No bones were broken, but some residents were hurt by flying debris and glass, while others suffered concussions.

Similar descriptions of the trajectory, determined from video data, are reported by in the first Nature paper. In the second Nature paper, researchers look at the danger posed by asteroids. Risk estimates for asteroid fireball damage have, up to now, been based on data from nuclear bomb airburst tests. Comparison of the damage caused by the Chelyabinsk airburst with previous models for asteroid damage shows that the risks have been underestimated. The latest data increases the potential danger of impacts from asteroids tens of meters across.

These results demonstrate the forensic value of the asteroid that fell to Earth in February of this year. They help us assess how such bodies come into existence and interact with our planetary home, and they show us how we might assess the risk of such events into the future.

Nature and Science, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nature12671, 10.1038/nature12741 and 10.1126/science.1242642 (About DOIs).

This article was first published at The Conversation.