They brought down an autocrat and now hunch over position papers, microphones, BlackBerrys and meals from McDonald’s. Revolution is messy but lasting power is won, young activists are learning, in meticulous battles of negotiations, egos and intrigue.

The new breed of professionals who helped topple President Hosni Mubarak is watching its rebellion turn into a political struggle among the country’s splintered opposition forces, remnants of the former ruling regime and the army, which has taken control of the nation until the constitution is amended and elections are held.

Not wanting to be left out of the future government, two competing groups of young activists are meeting with the military and distancing themselves from longtime opposition figures they regard as inept and weakened from years of oppression by Egyptian security forces.

Egyptian politics under Mubarak was dominated by his National Democratic Party, which stifled secular opposition groups and the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. But this political universe is changing as an emboldened youth movement, some of which represents a progressive wing of the traditional opposition scene, is demanding a wider role in forming a new democracy.


These emerging dynamics are likely to alter Washington’s relationship with a strategic ally and the Arab world’s most populous nation. Many young activists view the U.S. regional policies more skeptically than did Mubarak’s government, which was supported by Democratic and Republican administrations despite its poor record on human rights.

But these new voices have their own differences.

The major rift in the youth movement is between the Coalition for the Jan. 25 Revolution Youth and a clique of urban professionals led by Google executive Wael Ghonim and dentist Mustafa Nagar. The two groups had shared strategies in a ransacked travel agency and under a tent during protests in Tahrir Square that began in late January. But talks with the government involving members of the latter group in the last days of Mubarak’s rule angered some members of the coalition.

“The guys from the coalition didn’t like it,” said Nagar, who has a persistent cough after inhaling tear gas during demonstrations. “They accused us of selling out the blood of the martyrs. And now that same coalition is trying to meet and talk to anyone they can. We are split from them completely.”


This strained atmosphere, along with the ambitions of older opposition figures, has complicated negotiations with the military.

A high-level army officer said, “The people want change, and we’re trying to give them change, but some of them want all of it now. They are over a million people without a leader. They do not speak with one voice.”

The drama is unfolding as labor strikes shake the country, the economy is in turmoil and the army has consolidated power by dissolving the parliament. The army says it wants to hold elections within six months. But some worry that the military’s grip is excluding civilians while pushing the country toward elections before it is politically stable.

“I think it’s too early to say what the military council’s intentions are, but personally, I’m not worried that they’re in full control of the country,” said Mohamed Nour Farahat, a law professor. “Their statements so far have been reassuring and I don’t doubt their intentions.”


Ghonim and other activists, including those with the April 6 youth movement, met about a year ago through the new National Front for Change, founded by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohamed ElBaradei. They studied methods for nonviolent protests and political movements that upended autocratic governments in Ukraine and Serbia.

The broader youth movement, including members of leftist organizations, democratic groups and the religiously conservative Muslim Brotherhood, rallied around the death last summer of Khaled Said, a blogger allegedly beaten by undercover police officers in Alexandria. The activists launched Facebook pages, calculated how to persuade a historically reluctant Egyptian population to take to the streets and named themselves under the umbrella that eventually became the Jan. 25 coalition.

Minutes after news of Mubarak’s resignation swept Tahrir Square last week, Islam Lofty, a 33-year-old human rights lawyer and coalition member with the Muslim Brotherhood, sat in the tent with a flashlight and drafted a victory statement on a Nestle Pure Life water bottle box. One protester called it “our Declaration of Independence.”

The hastily drawn document read in part: “We are on the brink of a new era that we have always dreamed of, an Egypt free of oppression and tyranny.... This is a great [awakening]. We will never again allow a tyrant to lead.”


Days before that euphoria, however, differences had already arisen between Ghonim’s circle and the Jan. 25 coalition, which represents the major youth groups, including the youth wing of the Muslim Brotherhood and April 6. The pace of events overwhelmed both the government and the activists, and suddenly the army was filling a tense political vacuum as protesters were turned into emissaries for the masses.

Filmmaker Amr Salama, an ally of Ghonim, has been meeting with generals while trying to finish a movie on AIDS that he wants to submit to the Cannes Film Festival.

“I can’t even stop for a minute to process of what’s happening,” Salama said. “My fiancee calls me and asks what I am doing tomorrow. I tell her I am meeting with the [army] high council. It’s all too big.... It’s too fast even for the army. They weren’t prepared for it. They say, ‘It has happened too fast. We’re trying to make a statement every day.’ They have a goal to be as quick as the situation, but it’s too hard for them.”

The split in the youth movement began when members of Ghonim’s group met with the government to protect protesters from security forces and resolve the crisis in the days before Mubarak fell. It was further aggravated when Ghonim, who was arrested Jan. 27, was released from jail 12 days later and instantly became the new face of the revolution after an emotional television interview.


Unlike a number of coalition members, Ghonim did not have a long history in the dissident camp. One coalition member referred to the Google executive as “just the support” because he posted a Facebook page that helped provide a catalyst for the demonstrations.

“Ghonim and Nagar are working individually and they don’t represent any parties or political direction,” said Nasser Abdel Hamid, a Jan. 25 coalition member. “The coalition is the only youth group that represents six of the most prominent political parties that have been active in Egypt over the last four or five years. We are planning to expand.”

Mohamed Abbas, a coalition member from the Muslim Brotherhood, said members of the umbrella group have their arguments but remain unified. The 13 members of the group meet once a day.

“But it’s not a good idea to meet in a coffee shop,” he said with a laugh. “There is a lot of shouting. We have so many different ideologies. So we disagree a lot. But at the end of the meeting, we all agree.”


One of those agreements is to stay away from Egypt’s older secular opposition figures. Through years of political oppression and disparate agendas, the old-guard opposition was divided and co-opted by the ruling party. It is highly criticized by the young, including activists who suspect older operatives, such as Ayman Nour, who ran against Mubarak in 2005, of attempting to exploit the youths’ victory.

“A lot of old opposition parties are trying to hijack it,” said Saly Moore Toma, a Christian leftist member of the coalition. “We have to be careful of weak young [activists] working with the evil old.”

This week, coalition members held a news conference on the rooftop of a newspaper office to announce their demands. They want more talks with the army and the disbanding of the current council of ministers, replacing them with technocrats.

Meanwhile, across the Nile, Ghonim’s circle met among the hanging tapestries of Nagar’s spacious apartment. Women wearing leather boots and French-style scarves placed their Louis Vuitton bags on antique coffee tables and ran a phone bank to ensure that those wounded during the protests in Tahrir received proper medical treatment.


jeffrey.fleishman@latimes.com

bob.drogin@latimes.com

ned.parker@latimes.com

Amro Hassan of The Times’ Cairo bureau and special correspondent Doha Al Zohairy contributed to this report.