Cboe Global Markets Inc. is seeking to introduce a brief delay on one of its markets, becoming the latest U.S. stock-exchange group to attempt to hit the brakes on high-frequency traders, people familiar with the situation said.

The plan shows how “speed bumps” have proliferated among U.S. exchanges in recent years, even at market operators that initially opposed them. IEX Group Inc., the upstart exchange featured in Michael Lewis’s book “Flash Boys,” kicked off the trend and has since been followed by the New York Stock Exchange...