In an election year defined by angry populism, Hillary Clinton made an optimistic economic pitch on Friday, presenting a wide-ranging plan for job growth that would provide incentives for corporations that invest in employees and strip tax benefits from companies that move jobs overseas.

Speaking at an auto parts manufacturer in Detroit, days before Michigan holds its Democratic primary, Mrs. Clinton proposed a “new bargain for the new economy” that would bring back manufacturing jobs and increase collective bargaining rights.

She unveiled her economic proposal as two other presidential candidates, Senator Bernie Sanders and Donald J. Trump, descended on the state as the campaign entered a new phase, moving to the industrial heartland of the country, where both men are hoping their anti-free trade message resonates.

A new “clawback” proposal she unveiled would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas. This is the latest revision to the corporate tax code Mrs. Clinton has proposed in an effort to create jobs and lift wages, which have been virtually stagnant for 15 years even as the costs of college, child care, housing and health care have soared.