WASHINGTON—A budget deal headed to final passage, while a Supreme Court ruling paved the way for a border wall and Robert Mueller’s congressional testimony landed few new blows to President Trump last week.

As the president accelerates his 2020 re-election effort, that run of news aids his campaign, people from both parties agreed. Still, there are potential speed bumps ahead, including the unresolved trade negotiations with China and the pace of U.S. economic growth—as well as the president’s ability at times to distract...