Albania puts communist spy kit on show By Andrew Hosken

BBC News, Tirana Published duration 18 May 2016 Related Topics Cold War

image caption Albania's communist-era spy chief says surveillance was carefully regulated

Nesti Vako might be more than 70 years old, but he certainly doesn't look it.

Dapper and ramrod-straight, with a good head of white hair - he could have been a retired head teacher or postmaster.

In fact Nesti Vako was possibly the most important engineer under Albania's former communist dictator, Enver Hoxha. Some of his colleagues built the 750,000 or so bunkers ordered by the paranoid Hoxha.

Mr Vako was for 25 years the head of surveillance for the Sigurimi secret police, so he was very important indeed.

To many Albanians under Hoxha, the Sigurimi meant torture, execution, arbitrary imprisonment. And they knew where its agents were based - the House of Leaves, where I met Mr Vako.

Like him, the Sigurimi's old headquarters in Tirana looked nothing like what I had imagined. It's a solid red-brick house with copper drainpipes and limestone window frames. It could have been a bishop's residence. It got its name from the ivy leaves that used to cover the front.

image caption The Sigurimi's spy kit included suitcases with secret cameras

Nesti Vako gave me a tour of the now deserted house, soon to become a museum. Some exhibits are already there: German-built recording machines, bugs in spectacle cases, broom handles and suitcases with hidden cameras.

The only things missing were the exploding cigars and a James Bond Aston Martin with pop-up machine guns.

image caption The House of Leaves: An unremarkable building that was well known as the Sigurimi HQ

I couldn't help liking Mr Vako despite his creepy CV. He struck me as sincere as he talked about his role protecting people from "insurgents" and "terrorists".

'Crazy system'

He bridled indignantly when I suggested that maybe it was the Sigurimi that people needed protecting from.

"The prosecutor general had to sign an order for the surveillance to take place; there was a time limit on how long you could spy on someone. There was nothing illegal," he said.

But he added that the communists made "a lot of mistakes".

"For example there was this crazy system of farm collectivisation, when people had their pigs and sheep taken away," he said. "But this was not Enver Hoxha; this was just some official attempting to advance his career."

Another ex-secret policeman, Adrian Pepaj, said: "We stopped saboteurs from blowing things up and lives being lost."

Under Hoxha the country suffered four decades of virtual isolation and it's still not visited by many outsiders.

Hoxha's Albania

image copyright AFP image caption Enver Hoxha's grave in Tirana: Still revered by a few, he held Albania in an iron grip

1941 - Nazi Germany invades Yugoslavia and Yugoslav communists help Hoxha found Albanian Communist Party

1944 - Hoxha seizes power after communist guerrilla war against Italian and then German occupation forces

1945 - Thousands of "war criminals" prosecuted and over decades Hoxha jails or executes thousands of others

1948 - Albania cuts ties with Yugoslavia, gets economic aid from Stalin's Soviet Union and joins Warsaw Pact in 1955

1961 - Hoxha switches allegiance to communist China after Stalin's death

1978 - Hoxha cuts ties with China because of reforms there after death of Mao Zedong

1985 - Hoxha dies, replaced by Ramiz Alia

1989 - Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and in 1990 Albanians form independent political parties

Notorious prison

The dictator now suffers the dead tyrant's ultimate humiliation, becoming a tourist attraction. Like the House of Leaves, his dilapidated old house in the centre of Tirana is to become a museum. You can already visit Hoxha's personal nuclear bunker on the outskirts, a vast underground cavern.

The German ambassador to Albania, Hellmut Hoffmann, called those initiatives a good start. Germany is helping to fund the communist-era relics.

But he regretted that "none of the original sites where the terror really took place has been turned into a commemorative site".

"Probably the most notorious forced labour camp, called Spac, about two hours drive from Tirana, is rotting away," he complained.

"They have basically demolished the characteristics of a labour camp and there are no plaques - nothing at all."

Former victims "would like much more to happen here in terms of commemorating the past", he said.

image copyright AFP image caption Albania's landscape is still dotted with Hoxha's little bunkers

image copyright AFP image caption This tunnel inside a mountain near Linza would have housed regime forces in the event of war

Genc Bejleri from the Albanian Ministry of Culture, overseeing work at the House of Leaves, said "there were people who had an easy life under Hoxha but there were many more who really suffered".

If a father did something considered bad and was considered an enemy, then his sons and daughters would also suffer for the rest of their lives, he explained. "They would be persecuted; they would not be allowed to go to university, and that sort of thing."

Since the dark days of the dictatorship Albania has certainly taken enormous strides. Five years ago, it quietly joined Nato and is a candidate for EU membership.

The EU has built new prisons and roads here, literally paving the way for eventual membership.