This morning in the #python IRC channel, someone needed help with a recursive function:

Questioner: i have a problem with a little recursive function

Questioner: i create a list recursive of length 2**30 but i get a memory problem

Naysayer: recursion in Python is almost always bad news

Questioner: i have probs with high memory because i create too many too large list when i enter a value of 2**30 for N

RecursionFan: recursion is awesome

RecursionFan: it sounds like you’re doing it wrong

Naysayer: you should avoid recursion in python

RecursionFan: why?

Naysayer: There’s this little thing called the stack

Questioner: yeah i now the depth of my recursion, its just log(N)

Questioner: but can somebody help me so this function can work for parameters of 2**30

RecursionFan: there’s this little thing called http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call

Naysayer: yeah, and python doesn’t have it

Onlooker: RecursionFan, does python optimise tail-recursion?

nedbat: RecursionFan: Python doesn’t do tail-call removal.

Naysayer: Onlooker: No

nedbat: Naysayer: “you should avoid recursion” is a bit strong. You need to understand the limitation.

nedbat: Naysayer: Python is as good at recursion as C is at integer arithmetic.

Naysayer: nedbat: It is good practice to avoid recursion in Python if you don’t understand how it works.

nedbat: Naysayer: it is good practice to avoid _____ in Python if you don’t understand how it works.

(Names other than mine, nedbat, are changed.) Before anyone’s read Questioner’s code, or even listened fully to his question, we’re off on the usual rant against recursion in Python, and debates about tail-call elimination. As it happens, and as Questioner rightly understood, the problem is not about deep recursion:

def computeHW ( N ):

if N == 1 :

return [ 1 ]

else :

L = computeHW ( N / 2 )

L . extend ([ 2 * i for i in L ])

return L



Questioner wanted to call this function with 2**30, which is quite modest in terms of depth, the stack will only get 30 levels deep. But it’s crazy in memory terms: it tries to allocate a list with a billion elements, but not before it’s allocated and deallocated many many others, up to that size.

So yes, this function isn’t going to work, but not because of tail-call optimization or its lack. We can change the function into a generator that still works recursively, but won’t allocate any memory:

def computeHW2 ( N ):

if N == 1 :

yield 1

else :

for i in computeHW2 ( N / 2 ):

yield i

for i in computeHW2 ( N / 2 ):

yield 2 * i



Talking more with Questioner, it turns out he didn’t want the sequence, he wanted to be able to randomly access elements of his list. We can turn this function into a closed-form solution that computes the n’th element of this list:

def closedHW ( N ):

if N == 0 :

return 1

else :

bits = N . bit_length ()

return 2 * closedHW ( N - 2 ** ( bits - 1 ))



This function is still recursive, and so will use up to 30 stack frames for numbers up to 2**30, but doesn’t allocate any lists at all. This function is also in a simple tail-call form, so we can easily make it iterative:

def closedHW_iterative ( N ):

hw = 1

while N :

bits = N . bit_length ()

N -= 2 ** ( bits - 1 )

hw *= 2

return hw



BTW, this code gets to use one of the few methods on integers, bit_length(), which is new in 2.7.

In the end, we eliminated the recursion, but not for any of the reasons Naysayer was darkly hinting at.

When people say Python is bad at recursion, they are referring to the fact that the stack can’t grow beyond 1000 frames. This makes it bad at the kind of recursion that languages like Scheme and Haskell encourage. This school of thought uses recursive procedures for iterative processes, to put it in terms from Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs. Python is not good for this sort of recursion, because it won’t work for more than 1000 iterations, which is far too low a limit.

But truly recursive processes don’t often need that much stack, so using recursive procedures for recursive processes is fine in Python. Blanket statements like “recursion is almost always bad in Python” are just simplistic.