26: Forbidden Planet (1956) – Entering the Krell underground.

Inserting real people into matte paintings or hanging miniatures is an SFX technique predating motion pictures, but A. Arnold Gillespie and colleagues went one better for this introductory shot to Leslie Nielson’s tour of the vast underground labyrinth left behind by an alien civilisation in this sci-fi classic: the camera filming the large Metropolis-like miniature pans around to a pre-fixed position, at which point footage of actors Walter Pidgeon, Nielson and Warren Stevens walking through the MGM car park is matted in. The same technique is applied to later shots but with rostrum movement and slightly less convincingly (one can plainly see that the actors are moving in daylight and also discern the concrete of the car park). The initial movement of the camera in our featured footage sets up the conceit that it can move any time it likes, and reinforces the realism of the shot.

25: Aliens (1986) – Express elevator to hell.

James Cameron brought old Corman colleagues the Skotak brothers on to his production of the much lauded sequel to Alien. They had worked before on the SFX teams of Battle Beyond The Stars (1981) and Galaxy Of Terror (1982), and this reunion only re-iterated that it was a great partnership. Cameron and the Skotaks used the most appropriate technique for each shot, meticulously planning them with sawdust-and-string’ animatics (later to become a habit in Hollywood). The very grainy Kodak film stock on which Aliens was shot permitted an extraordinary amount of practical model-on-wires footage, and the results rank amongst the best ever obtained by that method. This shot is a more traditional (by then) motion-control effort, but what makes it outstanding is Cameron’s demanding vision of how much movement it should have, and the extraordinary sense of scale and drama. SFX shots as mobile as the deployment of Aliens‘ dropship were not to become common practice in Hollywood until the advent of CGI; this is a truly audacious and ambitious piece of film which the makers pull off with jaw-dropping effectiveness. It’s almost a shame to look at it out of context.

24: Terminator 3 (2003) – Arnie’s ruined terminator face.

It’s not every ILM shot that makes it into arguably the most esteemed show reel of any effects house on the planet, but the sight of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s half-man/half-robot face in T3 is unfaultable and a sure candidate. The camera lingers on it, and it can afford to. Similarly astonishing work was achieved with Aaron Eckhart’s mutilated visage as Two Face in The Dark Knight, but unfortunately common sense kicks in after the shock and one realises that there’s no way Eckhart’s lower lip could maintain tension with that much damage to the left cheek. Here there are no such issues. With lighting, textures and fusion between actor and illusion absolutely pristine, it’s a perfect ‘trick’, selling the reality of the Terminator character as never before.

23: Frenzy (1972) – Back to Bob’s place.

Poor Anna Massey unwittingly follows the ‘necktie killer’ (Barry Foster) back to his flat in Hitchcock’s hard-hitting London-based thriller. Hitch follows the couple up the stairs but then backs away from the scene as they enter, as if sickened by the previous rape and murder of Barbara Leigh-Hunt, and not wanting to see any more. The huge camera seems to make an impossibly adroit and smooth retreat down the stairwell before backing out of the house entirely and out into the environs of Covent Garden. Except that by the time the camera has backed out completely, it is looking at a totally different house. Even though the shot is uninterrupted, the descent down the stairs takes place in the studio and the wider retreat into Covent Garden takes place on location. Can you see the join?

22: Dawn Of The Dead (2004) – The chaos sets in.

Alfred Hitchcock set a precedent for looking down at chaos from above in his ariel shot of the birds gathering their forces over the besieged fishing village in The Birds (see #6). Zach Snyder takes a similarly remote view of the chaos Sarah Polley drives through in the pre-credits sequence of his excellent remake. Once again (see #45) injudicious use of exhaust distortion (on the helicopter) is the only carbuncle on this astonishing shot of a zombie-strewn world descending into chaos, and it’s the incident at the petrol station (at the end of the sequence) that really drives home the sense of apocalypse.

21: The Ten Commandments (1956) – Moses parts the sea.

Cecil B. DeMille’s second chance at parting the red sea (which he had first done with his prior version of The Ten Commandments in 1923) provides one of the great spectacles of the 1950s. Water had proved the bugbear of many an SFX artist, and here DeMille follows a similar technique as tried in The Dambusters (1955). The technique involves isolating suitable footage of cascading water in moving matte areas, and this it is that provides the great backward-moving flukes that reveal the impressive ‘parted sea’ model (a Hollywood attraction for many years afterwards). Considering that SFX artists were getting equal or worse results 20-30 years later, this is a ground-breaking and ambitious piece of footage greatly assisted by reverse photography.

20: Things To Come (1936) – Everytown.

William Cameron Menzies’ loose adaptation of H.G. Wells’ vision of Britain’s future is a patchy affair both in narrative and SFX terms, but this hanging miniature shot can’t be faulted, particularly regarding its elaborate integration with the crowd below. This is a rather late answer to Metropolis (see #10) but also a more fluid integration of model architecture with real people. Hanging miniatures were used quite extensively in Aliens, providing both the upper ‘alien-ised’ architecture of the reactor centre and also 75% of the Sulaco’s hangar bay.

19: Back To The Future Part II (1989) – Landing the DeLorean at night.

The secret to a good effects shot (at least one where you know that the shot is impossible in the real world) is psychologically integrating the impossible element with the parts of the scene that are manifestly real. Here the ever-ingenious Robert Zemeckis uses a street-lamp to mask the transition between model and real DeLorean. The matching of shadows and lights is extraordinary, and if it weren’t for the fact that the car’s headlights only have a road-reflection after they pass the street-light, it would be a perfect SFX illusion.

18: Total Recall (1990) – Doing her nails.

This is an example of a simple effect that could probably have been achieved in the 1950s, if anyone had written a sci-fi script where a woman could change the colour of her nails with a tap on some future-gizmo. The nails are rotoscoped to provide an area for an animated colour transition to take place, and that’s all there is to it. It’s an elegant and not terribly expensive SFX shot that is 100% convincing.

17: The Road To Perdition (2002) – Entering Chicago.

You don’t have to recreate the whole damned world to ‘sell’ period, but you do need to pull out the stops on one shot that establishes era. SFX house Cinesite provide Sam Mendes with an unforgettable introduction to 1930s Chicago here, where cinematography, music and first-tier CGI work combine to take one’s breath away. The convenient flock of birds throwing the skyscrapers into relief are gilding the lily a little, but otherwise this is flawless.

16: War Of The Worlds (2005) – Destroying the bridge.

This ILM shot was used to sell Spielberg’s reimagining of both the 1953 George Pal production and H.G. Wells original book, and it’s a marvel of frightening destructiveness custom-made to tap into the horrors of post-9/11 culture. The supposed camera operator sensibly moves towards areas of interest whilst not over-doing the manic camera shake. WoTW is actually quite a close-set and intimate film, and the relatively small clutch of ‘hero’ shots like this are intended to sell us the scenario so we’ll understand the claustrophobia of Tom Cruise’s plight as he searches for shelter. No-one could afford to make a film with very many labour-intensive shots like this, but WoTW could’ve used another 10-15. Nonetheless, you can really see where the money went in this footage.

15: The Last Starfighter (1984) – Starfighter leaves orbit.

SFX wizard John Dykstra marks Nick Castle’s CGI-laden adventure as the moment that it was clear where optical effects were heading. Only two years after TRON (see #9), even the Cray X-MP computer couldn’t hope to integrate non-stylistic live footage seamlessly with computer-generated special effects, and the film’s ‘computer game’ link (TRON‘s excuse for the low-res effects) was too tenuous to bridge the gap. Nonetheless we see advancements here in rendering phong shaders, huge advancements in transparency shaders and also diffused shadow rendering. There’s still only very limited bitmap-texturing, but this shot is one of the most ambitious in Starfighter and it foreshadowed the SFX revolution of the 1990s by over six years.

14: King Kong (1933) – Kong wrecks the subway.

This shot, with inserts of screaming citizens removed, is one of the most elaborate in Willis O’Brien’s fantasy classic, and a veritable masterpiece not only of animation but of compositing. Every part of the frame is alive with action – check out the strangely loitering gawpers at the windows, stage right. Note also that fleeing crowds pass both in front of and behind Kong. Also notice the animated passengers in the bottom left-hand corner of the frame who succeed in climbing down from the wrecked subway train and flee their furry persecutor. It’s a shame no-one thought of the go-motion approach for the first train, which passes in a particularly stiff manner, but that doesn’t take away credit for the evident weeks or months of work which went into this one shot.

13: Forrest Gump (1994) – Picking up Lt. Dan Taylor.

Once again Robert Zemeckis’ knack for combining good storytelling skills with SFX know-how finds him deservedly in this list again. Presenting fully-limbed Gary Sinise as an amputee for this shot required Sinise to keep his blue-stockinged lower legs dangling through two holes in the bed, which were later substituted with a combination of plate and CGI model material, whilst the areas around his knees were elaborately substituted with CGI stumps. You can see the bed dip and rise as Sinise is lifted off, so it’s no easy matte substitution, and the sheets even respond to the passing of one of his ‘stumps’. Totally convincing.

12: Excalibur (1981) – Sword withdrawal.

Having re-spun the Luke-Skywalker-fights-himself scene from the previous year’s The Empire Strikes Back, Lancelot (Nicholas Clay) extracts his own sword from the left side of his abdomen. Dazzlingly perfect, this is perhaps literally the oldest trick in the book: a retractable blade combines with a drop-away ‘exit wound tip’ to create a perfect illusion. This trick could have comfortably been performed at the court of the real King Arthur; but if it ain’t broke…

11: Return Of The Jedi (1983) – ‘There’s too many of them!’

To give some idea of how hard a composite matte shot with 40+ elements was in the days of photochemical special effects, check out our interview with John Dykstra (he discusses this at the bottom of page 1). Even with ILM’s improved compositing techniques, getting that many elements to combine when the failure of only one could mean starting from scratch, is a huge achievement.

10: Metropolis (1926) – View down onto the main street.

Fritz Lang’s truly seminal SF masterpiece boasts a number of SFX shots that were not only iconic but ground-breaking in their use of hanging miniatures, miniature sets and a makeshift method of compositing known as the “Schufftan Process”, which involved removing strategic areas of silvering from a mirror and projecting ‘live’ footage onto the other side. But the film is best known for its astonishing model work, of which this shot is a particularly fine example. Note that the cars and vans of Lang’s future city move at varying speeds and even veer a little to the left or right. Also, the use of bright sunlight truly captures the sense of scale of a grand metropolis, and this is less evident in some of the more widely-reproduced shots featuring flying machines.

9: TRON (1982) – Escape on the light-beam.

Having taken a sound thrashing at the box-office when pitting its old-style The Black Hole against Star Trek: The Motion Picture in Christmas of 1979, Disney was desperate to update its appeal for a generation of kids beginning to think of it in terms of ‘old’ movies. Consequently The Mouse leapt on Steven Lisberger’s crazy idea for a semi-CGI adventure – even though CGI was a preserve mainly of theoretical labs at the time. The sails on the ‘Solar Sailor’ in this shot had a small amount of transparency to them throughout most of the movie, something that was going to add a fair chunk of cash to the rendering pipeline, but which Lisberger held out for. In this particular shot, the transparency has been filled in after a ‘charge up’, possibly due to the scope of the shot and the enormously increased rendering times for a transparent element within it. The shot itself presages the style of many a later CGI adventure, as well as clearly harking back to the holy grail of sci-fi movies – Star Wars.

8: Cloverfield (2008) – First look at the devastation.

Matt Reeves’ initial peek out into post-monster New York is a masterpiece of match-moving, with miles of virtual debris apparently available for the hand-held camera to zoom in on at will. Oddly, it’s only the head of the statue of liberty that looks fake*. It would be a mistake to use the effectiveness of this technique as an excuse for yet more ‘hand-held’ Hollywood films, but advances in match-moving are likely to make this kind of seamless CGI integration far more affordable in the next few years.

*Thanks to VFX artist Riddick 1 for pointing out to me that the head was not a prop. Check out his comment below, and you’ll see that – fake-looking or not – the CGI Lady Liberty fooled Paramount itself.

7: Hannibal (2001) – Brains for dinner.

Though utilising similar motion-capture/CGI combos to Terminator 3‘s ‘ruined face’ effect (see #24 ), it’s fairly unlikely that any use of the technique has wrung more horror (or dinner) out of people than when a drugged Ray Liotta is served his own brain-tissue to eat in Ridley Scott’s horrific sequel to Silence Of The Lambs (1991). An animatronic head was used for certain close-up sequences not directly involving Liotta’s face, but this shot is all CGI and mo-cap. The only thing that potentially diminishes the effectiveness of the shot is the dark background, which rather gives the impression of sleight-of-hand or a magic show, when in fact the CGI doesn’t need it in order to work.

6: The Birds (1963) – Destruction of Capitol Oil garage.

An extraordinarily complex piece of compositing (shown in the clip with inserts removed) which demonstrates Hitchcock’s continuing urge to push the lackadaisical state of the art. The flapping of the birds’ wings caused too much fringing for conventional blue-screen work to be utilised, and Hitchcock was forced to turn to the ‘yellow screen’ or ‘sodium vapour process’. Only Walt Disney studios have ever been equipped for this process, and indeed only one camera has ever been rigged for it. SVP involves filming the subject against a screen lit with powerful sodium vapour lights utilising a very narrow spectrum of light. Unlike most compositing processes, SVP actually shoots two separate elements of the footage simultaneously using a beam-splitter; one reel exposed is regular photographic stock and the other an emulsion sensitive only to the sodium vapour wavelength. Very precise mattes are obtained from the latter, allowing the subject to be pulled out of the background and combined with any other in a later run through an optical printer. The fringing or ‘matte line’ effects are negligible compared to blue-screen work, but the very precise conditions under which the footage must be shot mitigated against its wide usage. Disney, to whom many shots in The Birds was farmed out, used the process in numerous films including Mary Poppins (1964), Freaky Friday (1976)and The Black Hole (1979).

5: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) – Heading for Stromberg’s Lair.

Possibly the first successful example of match-moving in motion pictures, Derek Meddings’ audacious attempt to co-ordinate the aquatic lair of Bond’s latest adversary into hand-held footage was a real eye-opener at the time, and another extraordinary achievement for a franchise which has frequently pushed the boundaries of optical effects.

4: The Lost World (1997) – T-Rex takes a drink.

Here the T-Rex from the hugely successful dinosaur franchise is so perfectly integrated into its environment that one initially assumes it is the Stan Winston animatronic. Only when its movements become a little bolder in warning off the barking dog do we realise that it must be CGI. Selling an element so incongruous in an environment so familiar represents an extraordinary work of lighting and movement. The Rex shifts its weight superbly, and there’s very little to give it away, even on close examination.

3: Star Wars (1977) – Into the trench.

Though the opening shot of Star Wars remains the most iconic, it suffered sniffy criticism from some quarters for being a higher-speed re-run of Douglas Trumbull’s initial pan on the Jupiter mission in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). This shot, on the other hand is not only equally exciting but far more original, as we take the point of view of a rebel fighter diving into the Death Star’s trench to take a shot at the reactors. The vast scale of the Death Star is revealed as soon as we have made our dizzying descent downward, and we see the walls of the trench extend for miles ahead. This three-element shot (model, laser-bolts and star background) relies on the flexibility (rather than the repeatability) of the Dykstraflex motion control system, and is still a stunner.

2: Star Trek II: The Wrath Of Khan (1982) – The Genesis project.

While TRON (see #9) was going for the low-res marathon at the box-office, the first of Nick Meyer’s very popular Star Trek entries was wowing cinema-goers with some truly advanced CGI sprint-work from ILM showing the effect of the life-giving ‘genesis device’ on a planetary scale. When the lengthy rendering process was well-advanced, someone spotted that the virtual camera was about to crash into one of the randomly created mountain ranges. So much time and work would have been lost starting from scratch that it was decided to magically introduce a valley to let the camera through (visible about 39 seconds into the clip). This extraordinary sequence showed the future both of ILM and visual effects, even if there was yet a long wait for the hardware bottlenecks to clear up.

1: JurassicPark (1992) – T-Rex investigates the light.

One of the oldest clips from the world of bitmap-textured CGI animation, and – to my mind – simply the most convincing ‘impossible thing’ ever committed to celluloid by Hollywood. The segue between the withdrawing of Stan Winston’s animatronic head and the appearance of the CGI version is effective and seamless, playing both technologies to their strengths. The movement of the musculature in the T-Rex combines with the very prosaic illumination of the car headlights to sell the Rex, and the camera judder combines perfectly with the footfalls of the massive beast. Rain and darkness have sold many a special effect before, and they certainly do no harm here, but the result is pure movie history.

“Effects these days are in the hands of everyman. You can go shoot a movie of broadcast quality on your own. But it doesn’t necessarily mean we’re seeing better movies. Shakespeare didn’t have a word-processor. When we got word-processors, we didn’t get Shakespeare. We gotta separate the two out. There’s creativity and there’s technology, and the two are inter-related. But technology is not necessarily creative.”

Harrison EllenshawTRON – Visual Effects Supervisor, Associate Producer

Planet Of The Apes (1968) – discovery of the Statue Of Liberty.Charlton Heston stumbles upon a competent – but not superb – matte painting of a post-holocaust Lady Liberty at the end of the furry sixties classic. The shot is iconic because the idea is mind-twisting; it’s a fantastic ending, but the SFX tech and execution behind it were not ground-breaking, totally convincing or even exceptional.

The Matrix (1999) – Bullet-Time.

An effect extraordinarily limited in what can usefully be done with it, it has nonetheless been flogged to death in the 10 years since The Matrix.

29th December 2008