Canada's military has already learned the lesson that your supposed friends may actually be working against you. That those professing a willingness for peace have never put down their guns and that they are connected to narco-trafficking and need the chaos to continue so they can profit from it.

It happened in Afghanistan and it's happening now in Canada's newest mission: Mali.

"One of the biggest problems isn't that we have really tough rivals but that we have really bad allies," says Aisha Ahmad, a terrorism researcher at the University of Toronto who regularly travels to Mali. "Those groups are implicated in cocaine trafficking and illicit business and have become financially incentivized to maintain the status quo."

WATCH: David Common's feature on the situation Canada's peacekeepers face in Mali tonight on The National on CBC Television and streamed online

Jihadists never signed agreement

In the bigger sense, Canada is part of a wider mission to support a five-year-old peace agreement. But the parties which signed that agreement, including pro-government groups and separatist and rebel factions, are seen to be breaking it on nearly a daily basis. Then there are the Islamic jihadists and bandits who didn't ever sign the agreement and regard the UN mission (and the Canadians, by extension) as crusaders.

Starting in August, the Canadians are taking part in an aviation mission, relieving German troops who are part of a multinational UN mission that's been in place since 2013.

"The core of the mandate is for the political process," says Arthur Boutellis, who helped design the original UN mission. He sees all peacekeeping nations as there to support the conditions for peace, to allow political actors to move forward. "But you should expect hostile forces. You should expect attacks on convoys. You should expect IED threats."

On Monday, 44 more Canadian soldiers arrived in Gao to take over from the German contingent. (Stephanie Jenzer/CBC)

The Canadians will be responsible for ferrying other international troops by air, away from the roadside bombs which litter Mali's unforgiving, dusty terrain. They'll also conduct medical evacuations when peacekeepers are injured, and a series of effective and deadly attacks on international troops over the past several months shows the Canadian flight crews and medical teams will be busy.

Surface-to-air missiles are not believed to be present in Mali. But the airfield in the largely lawless northeastern city of Gao puts Canadian peacekeepers squarely in an area where the Malian government has little influence and where jihadists regularly attack peacekeeper bases.

We got into bed with some pretty rough characters - Aisha Ahmad, terrorism researcher

The question Canadian soldiers will be asking, says Ahmad, is who can we trust?

African nations make up the bulk of the peacekeeping force and, while many have shown professionalism, they sometimes lack the equipment and high-level training. Worse though are the Malians themselves, the power brokers who signed the peace agreement, and welcomed the international community as peacekeepers.

"We got into bed with some pretty rough characters," she says, "I'm deeply concerned that our men and women in uniform would be put into a situation where they're potentially being handed an unwinnable war."

Actors were used to play the role of injured troops as part of pre-deployment training for Canadian soldiers. In this training scenario, an improvised explosive device has traumatically amputated a leg and severely injured a soldier. (David Common/CBC News)

The federal Liberals seem keenly aware of the complexities — and challenges to success. From a post-election promise of 600 soldiers for peacekeeping, the Mali mission has been scaled back to about 250, with no ground troops.

Reluctant to take on Mali commitment

While Canada has sent millions in aid dollars for several years, former UN official Boutellis says, at one point, Canada rescinded all offers of military assistance. That, he says, may leave the impression at UN headquarters that Canada is now willing to negotiate for an even greater contribution.

"Some infantry, for instance, would very much be welcome," he says. "Maybe Canada would then consider expanding its contribution to patrolling."

Starting this summer, the Canadians will play a limited role, but it is critically important to the mission. Ahmad says that may be an opportunity to rein in the excesses of our allies.

Canadian soldiers conduct a practice medical evacuation, as they prepare to deploy to Mali. (David Common/CBC)

"We seem to save all of our carrots for our friends and use all of our sticks on our enemies, but our friends are a bunch of carrot-stealing rapacious bad guys."

She suggests the mission get tough with those whose peace we are ostensibly there to support, and insist they clean up their act, distance themselves from the drug trade, corruption and targeted sexual assaults.

Tough talk for allies

That would be a tough conversation, but at least those who signed the peace agreement will come to the table. The jihadists will not.

But without that conversation, the violence won't end, she says. And Canada's military is expecting to leave Mali after just one year.

That, says the terrorism researcher, is "essentially saying we've successfully met our obligations to the international community by taking on this limited role ... now we're done and we're going out. That's a very low bar from what we're going to say ... mission accomplished."

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres reviews the honour guard composed of UN peacekeepers after his arrival May 30 in Mopti, Mali. (MINUSMA/Flickr)

WATCH: David Common's feature on the situation Canada's peacekeepers face in Mali tonight on The National on CBC Television and streamed online

Watch Adrienne Arsenault's reports from Mali:

The National host Adrienne Arsenault takes a look at what Canada's peacekeepers face, and why the mission matters. 4:02

CBC's Adrienne Arsenault reports from Mali, where drought and extremism threaten one of the poorest nations in the world and could worsen the migrant crisis in Europe. 2:10

Chief of Defence Staff, Gen. Jonathan Vance, describes Canada's role and future in Mali 0:35