The Venice film festival was slammed for its “toxic masculinity” as it opened on Wednesday with just one female director represented among its line-up in decades.

With Hollywood effectively turning the festival into its launchpad for the Oscars with new films by Damien Chazelle, the Coen brothers, Alfonso Cuaron and Lady Gaga’s much-hyped screen debut, feminists have lashed the organisers for choosing only one film by a female director.

It is the second year in a row that Venice has featured just one film by a woman among the 21 vying for the Golden Lion top prize.

Festival director Alberto Barbera declared that he would “rather quit” than give in to pressure for a quota for women after the Cannes, Toronto and Locarno festivals pledged themselves to gender equality.

But his stance — as Venice bids to rival Cannes as the world’s most important festival — was lambasted by an alliance of European women filmmakers.

“Sorry, but we don’t buy this anymore,” said the European Women’s Audiovisual Network in an open letter earlier this month. “When Alberto Barbera threatens to quit, he is perpetuating the notion that selecting films by female filmmakers involves lowering standards.”

Others blamed a streak of Italian “toxic masculinity” that saw actress and #MeToo campaigner Asia Argento pilloried in her homeland for accusing Harvey Weinstein of rape.

‘I will resign’

Mr. Barbera insisted that he chose the films “on the quality and not the sex of the director”, telling reporters that “if we impose quotas, I resign.”

He was already under pressure for including a documentary by Bruce Weber, Nice Girls Don’t Stay for Breakfast despite claims of coercive sexual behaviour by the American fashion photographer made by 15 male models.

Mr. Weber denies any wrongdoing.

Mr. Barbera also faced questions over his decision to invite disgraced Hollywood director James Toback to premiere his film The Private Life of a Modern Woman at Venice last year.

Mr. Toback has been accused of sexual harassment and assault by nearly 400 women, including actresses Julianne Moore, Selma Blair and Rachel McAdams.

“I’m not in a position to judge, to decide if James Toback’s behaviour was good or bad,” Mr. Barbera said.

Launchpad for Oscars

A host of Oscar winners over the past five years have been premiered at Venice including Gravity , Birdman , Spotlight , La La Land and last year’s best film, The Shape of Water . Its Mexican director Guillermo del Toro is the head of the jury this year.

Mr. Barbera has stolen some of the Cannes’ thunder and its stars, with his festival’s timing making it a better launchpad for the American awards season.