Family: Aquifoliaceae

Genus: Ilex

Species: paraguariensis

Synonyms: Ilex paraguayensis , I. paraguensis, I. mate, I. domestica, I. sorbilis

Common Names: Yerba maté, maté, erva mate, congonha, erveira, Paraguay cayi, Paraguay tea, South American holly, matéteestrauch, erva-verdadeira, St. Bartholomew’s tea, Jesuit’s tea, hervea, caminú, kkiro, kali chaye

Part Used: Leaves



The following text has been reprinted from: The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs © 2005 by Leslie Taylor .





YERBA MATE Herbal Properties and Actions

MAIN ACTIONS

OTHER ACTIONS

STANDARD DOSAGE increases energy relieves pain Leaves burns fat increases bile Infusion: 1 cup 2-3 suppresses appetite mildly laxative times daily cleanses blood promotes perspiration Capsules: 1-2 g twice daily stimulates digestion enhances immunity cleanses bowels stimulates heart fights free radicals enhances memory

Yerba mate is a widely-cultivated, medium-sized evergreen tree that can grow to 20 m high in the wild. Commonly, when cultivated, it is pruned into a shrubby, 4-8 m tall tree to make harvesting easier. Yerba mate is in the holly family, and bears holly-like leaves that are quite stiff and leathery. In the wild it grows near streams, and thrives at 1,500-2,000 feet above sea level. It has graceful, full-leafed branches, and white flowers that produce small red, black, or yellow berries. It is yerba mate's tough, leathery leaves that are used medicinally and as a natural, refreshing tea beverage throughout South America. Yerba mate is indigenous to Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay; however, it is now cultivated in many tropical countries to supply a world demand for its leaves.

TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES

Yerba mate was has been used as a beverage since the time of the ancient Indians of Brazil and Paraguay. In the early 16th century, Juan de Solís, a Spanish explorer of South America's famed La Plata River, reported that the Guarani Indians of Paraguay brewed a leaf tea that "produced exhilaration and relief from fatigue." The Spaniards tried the beverage and liked it. Their subsequent demand for the tea led the Jesuits to develop plantations of the wild species in Paraguay and yerba mate became known as "Jesuits' tea" or "Paraguay tea."

Methods of leaf preparation for the traditional tea beverage vary then and now: in one method, the branches are cut, then held over an open fire (to fire-cure the leaves). This deactivates the enzymes in the leaves (making them more brittle) and the green color of the leaves is retained in the subsequent drying process (with charred bits often found in the resulting tea product, which lends to a smoky flavor). Other methods include a brief par-blanching of the leaves in boiling water (to deactivate the leaf enzymes and soften its leathery texture). They then are toasted dry in large pans over a fire or inside a brick oven-resulting in a finished brown-leaf tea.

The wild plant has a distinct aroma and taste that has not been matched by plantation cultivation. In South America yerba mate is considered a national drink in several countries; in Europe, it is called "the green gold of the Indios." In Brazil and Paraguay (leading exporters of mate), some production still comes from wild stands-most of which is found in the humid depressions of the foothills. It is not unusual for one wild tree to yield 30-40 kg of dried leaves annually. In wild harvesting, mate gatherers, called tarrafeiros or yebateros, travel through the jungle searching for a stand of trees (called a mancha). Harvesting is done between May and October, when the tree is in full leaf. Leaves are picked from the same tree only every third year, which protects it for subsequent crops. Most of the mate in commerce today, however, comes from large cultivation projects in Paraguay and Uruguay.

The word mate is Spanish for "gourd," and refers to the small gourd cup in which the tea beverage traditionally is served throughout South America. It is also served with a metal drinking straw or tube, called a bombilla, which has a filter attached to the lower end to strain out leaf fragments. The bottom third of the gourd is filled with fire-burned or toasted leaves, and hot water is added. Burnt sugar, lemon juice, and/or milk often is used to flavor the refreshing tea, which occupies a position rivaling that of coffee in the United States. Mate bars are as prevalent in South America as coffee bars are in North America and Europe; mate drinking has deep cultural roots.

In addition to its standing as a popular beverage, yerba mate is used as a tonic, diuretic, and as a stimulant to reduce fatigue, suppress appetite, and aid gastric function in herbal medicine systems throughout South America. It also has been used as a depurative (to promote cleansing and excretion of waste). In Brazil, mate is said to stimulate the nervous and muscular systems and is used for digestive problems, renal colic, nerve pain, depression, fatigue, and obesity. A poultice of the leaves also is applied topically to anthrax skin ulcers (for which mate's tannin content - highly astringent - may be the reasoning behind this use).

Yerba mate also has a long history of use worldwide. In Europe it is used for weight loss, physical and mental fatigue, nervous depression, rheumatic pains, and psychogenic- and fatigue-related headaches. In Germany it has become popular as a weight-loss aid. Yerba mate is the subject of a German monograph which lists its approved uses for mental and physical fatigue. In France yerba mate is approved for the treatment of asthenia (weakness or lack of energy), as an aid in weight-loss programs, and as a diuretic. It also appears in the British Herbal Phamacopoeia (1996) and indicated for the treatment of fatigue, weight loss, and headaches. In the U.S., Dr. James Balch, M.D. recommends yerba mate for arthritis, headache, hemorrhoids, fluid retention, obesity, fatigue, stress, constipation, allergies, and hay fever, and states that it "cleanses the blood, tones the nervous system, retards aging, stimulates the mind, controls the appetite, stimulates the production of cortisone, and is believed to enhance the healing powers of other herbs." Yerba mate now is cultivated in India, and the Indian Ayurvedic Phamacopoeia lists mate for the treatment of psychogenic headaches, nervous depression, fatigue, and rheumatic pains.

PLANT CHEMICALS

The primary active chemical constituency of yerba mate comprises xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline), saponins, and 10% chlorogenic acid. Sterols resembling ergosterol and cholesterol are also present in yerba mate, and novel saponins have been discovered in the leaf (and named matesaponins). Saponins are plant chemicals with known pharmacological activities, including, as recent research shows, stimulating the immune system. In addition, yerba mate leaf is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and 15 amino acids.

In recent U.S. campaigns, yerba mate marketers claim that yerba mate contains no caffeine - rather, a chemical similar to caffeine called mateine. Mateine, they say, possesses all the benefits of caffeine and none of its negative effects (or so they would have consumers believe). Fact: yerba mate does contain caffeine. It has been chemically and scientifically identified, documented, verified, and validated to contain caffeine for many years by independent chemists and scientists around the world ("independent" being the operative term here). This fact continues to be confirmed by independent research every year. The caffeine content of yerba mate has been assayed to contain between .7 and 2%, with the average leaf yielding about 1% caffeine. In living plants, xanthines (such as caffeine) are bound to sugars, phenols, and tannins, and are set free or unbound during the roasting and/or fermenting processes used to process yerba mate leaves, coffee beans and even cacao beans. The mateine chemical "discovered" is probably just caffeine bound to a tannin or phenol in the raw leaf.

Caffeine Content Comparison

Common Beverage Products Plant Beverage Caffeine

Content Avg. caffeine in a 6 oz beverage* Yerba maté leaves 0.7-2% 50-100 mg Coffee beans (Coffea sp) 1-2.5% 100-250 mg Black tea (Camellia sinensis) 2.5-4.5% 10-60 mg Guaraná seed (Paullinia cupana) 4-8% 200-400 mg Chocolate (Cacao seed) 0.25% 13 mg

*Based on quantities used in standard preparation methods

The traditional use of yerba mate for fatigue is explained by its primary active chemical: caffeine. Caffeine is a known stimulant, even documented with the ability to enhance athletic and cognitive performance after sleep deprivation and stress. Yerba mate's traditional use for the heart may be due to the phytochemical theophylline, also known as a pharmaceutical medication used to stimulate the heart muscle. All three xanthines (theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline) have diuretic properties, which may validate the traditional use of the plant as a diuretic. These substances have several other documented pharmacological actions including central nervous system stimulation, relaxation of smooth muscle (especially bronchial muscle), myocardial stimulation, and peripheral vasoconstriction.

The main plant chemicals found in yerba mate include: alpha-amyrin, alpha-terpineol, arachidic acid, beta-amyrin, butyric acid, caffeic acid, caffeine, 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid, calcium, carotene, chlorogenic acid, choline, chlorophyll, chrysanthemin, cyanidin-3-o-xylosyl-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, essential oil, eugenol, geraniol, geranyl acetone, guaiacin b, indole, inositol, ionone, iso-butyric acid, iso-capronic acid, iso-chlorogenic acid, iso-valeric acid, kaempferol, lauric acid, levulose, linalool, linoleic acid, matesaponins, neochlorogenic acid, nerolidol, nicotinic acid, nudicaucin c, octan-1-ol, octanoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pyridoxine, quercetin, raffinose, safrole, stearic acid, tannins, theobromine, theophylline, trigonelline, and ursolic acid.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

Researchers in Switzerland performed a study on human subjects (in 1999) that indicated yerba mate could be beneficial as a weight-loss aid. They noticed a thermogenic effect in healthy individuals indicating a rise in the proportion of fat burned as energy. In another study, yerba mate was given in combination with the plants guaraná and damiana. This combination prolonged gastric emptying (which made the subjects feel "fuller" longer) and reduced body weight. Clinical studies indicate yerba mate leaf inhibits lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Yerba mate extracts also have been shown to relax smooth muscle, to increase bile flow, and inhibit vasoconstriction. A recent (2002) U.S. patent cites yerba mate for inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity by 40-50% in vitro, reporting that it might be useful for a variety of such disorders as "depression, disorders of attention and focus, mood and emotional disorders, Parkinson's disease, extrapyramidal disorders, hypertension, substance abuse, eating disorders, withdrawal syndromes and the cessation of smoking."

Yerba mate has significant antioxidant activity, demonstrated in numerous studies. Its high antioxidant values are linked to rapid absorption of known antioxidant plant chemicals found in mate leaves. An infusion of the leaf has been demonstrated to inhibit lipid peroxidation - particularly LDL (low-density lipoprotein) oxidation. Oxidation of LDL is considered to be the initiating factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Another study in vitro has shown yerba mate to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), with an effect comparable to that of two pharmaceutical AGE inhibitor drugs. The formation of AGEs play a part in the development of diabetic complications.

CURRENT PRACTICAL USES

Yerba mate has long been a part of South American culture where it is more heavily consumed than coffee and tea. The average person in Uruguay will consume 9-10 kg annually! However - like many things - too much of a good thing can be harmful. Heavy drinkers of mate in South America were documented with an increased risk of upper-aerodigestive tract cancers (a 1.6- to 4-fold increase for heavy drinkers). It was speculated that this risk was caused by the tannins in the leaf (mate contains 7-14% tannins) consumed at a high temperature. Despite several studies published in Uruguay reporting this increased cancer risk (and where some of the heaviest mate drinkers are found), it has done little to change the mate-drinking culture there. One interesting change was that more drinkers began adding milk to their mate - it was suggested that the milk would bind to the tannins in the brew, reduce the temperature, and mitigate much of their (possibly) negative effects.

Yerba mate has become more popular and available in the U.S. in recent years. Various mate products now can be widely found in health food stores: cut-leaf green and brown teas and tea bags, ground-leaf capsules, and standardized extracts (standardized to the caffeine content) are sold in capsules. It is also appearing as an ingredient in many more U.S.-manufactured herbal formulas designed for energy gain and/or weight loss. There have been some sporadic problems in product quality - mostly involving other leaves (cheaper fillers) added as adulterants. Mango leaves are a common adulterant in South America but, in at least one documented case, a yerba mate commercial product sold in Scotland was adulterated with a plant (in the belladonna family) containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids - which caused negative side-effects in one consumer. True yerba mate, however, is considered a safe supplement and it's on the FDA's GRAS list (generally regarded as safe). Consumers should stick with reputable manufacturers who regularly test and control their imported plant ingredients to avoid such issues as adulterants.

Yerba Mate Plant Summary Main Preparation Method: infusion Main Actions (in order):

stimulant, tonic (tones, balances, strengthens overall body functions), thermogenic (increase fat-burning), nervine (balances/calms nerves), anti-allergy Main Uses: 1. as a stimulant (for its caffeine content) 2. as an overall tonic (tones, balances, strengthens the body) and digestive aid 3. for obesity and as part of weight loss regimens 4. as a general nervine (balances/calms nerves) for nerve pain, nervous fatigue, and depression 5. for allergies and sinusitis Properties/Actions Documented by Research:

anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, bile stimulant, stimulant, thermogenic (increases fat burning), vasodilator Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:

anti-allergy, antidepressant, appetite suppressant, blood cleanser, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), central nervous system stimulant, digestive stimulant, hypotensive (lowers blood pressure), nervine (balances/calms nerves), neurasthenic (reduces nerve pain), neuroprotective (protects brain cells), purgative (strong laxative) Cautions: It contains natural caffeine. Don't use if allergic to caffeine or zanthines

Traditional Preparation: A leaf tea or infusion is the standard preparation, utilizing 2-4 g of cut leaves in 150 ml of hot water. Powdered leaf and leaf extracts with standardized caffeine content are being used in capsules and formulas in herbal products as well. General dosages recommended are the equivalent of 2 g once or twice daily, or follow the labeled dosage information.

1. Yerba mate contains caffeine and should not be used by those who are sensitive or allergic to caffeine. Excessive consumption of caffeine is contraindicated for persons with high blood pressure, diabetes, ulcers, and other diseases.

2. Yerba mate should not be consumed excessively and chronically (as it has been documented to increase the risk of certain such cancers as oral and esophageal cancer).

3. Yerba mate has been reported to have MAO-inhibitor activity in one in vitro study. Those persons taking MAO-inhibitor drugs should use yerba mate with caution to monitor these possible effects.

Drug Interactions: None documented, however; it may potentiate monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs (MAOIs).

Worldwide Ethnomedical Uses Brazil for anthrax ulcers (topical), appetite suppression, asthenia, central nervous system stimulant, digestion stimulant, fatigue, heart support, hypertension, muscle weakness, nerve pain, obesity, renal colic, rheumatism, urinary insufficiency, and as a common beverage and stimulant Europe for asthenia, central nervous system disorders, depression, fatigue, gout, headache, heart regulation, obesity, rheumatism, spasms, ulcers, urinary insufficiency, weight loss India for fatigue, headache, nervous depression, rheumatic pains South

America for appetite suppression, debility, energy, exhaustion, fatigue, gout, headache, heart regulation, memory enhancement, muscle weakness, neurasthenia, obesity, rheumatism, scurvy, spasms, stimulant, stress, sweat promotion, tonic, wound and as a common beverage, diuretic, laxative, and stimulant Turkey as a beverage, diuretic, laxative, stimulant, sweat promoter, and for scurvy U.S. for allergies, antiaging, appetite suppression, arthritis, constipation, edema, endurance, fatigue, hayfever, headache, heart support, hemorrhoids, nervous system disorders, obesity, stamina, stress, urinary insufficiency, and as a stimulant Elsewhere as a cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant, tonic

The above text has been reprinted from

The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted 2005

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Referenced Quotes on Yerba Mate

2011 Jul 14;136(3):378-84."Ilex paraguariensis dried and minced leaves are made into a brewed tea, prepared in a sui generis manner by large populations in South America, having evolved from a tea drunk by the Guarani ethnic group to a beverage that has a social and almost ritualistic role in some South American modern societies. It is used both as a source of caffeine, in lieu or in parallel with tea and coffee, but also as a therapeutic agent for its alleged pharmacological properties. Although with some exceptions, research on biomedical properties of this herb has had a late start and strongly lags behind the impressive amount of literature on green tea and coffee. However, in the past 15 years, there was a several-fold increase in the literature studying Ilex paraguariensis properties showing effects such as antioxidant properties in chemical models and ex vivo lipoprotein studies, vaso-dilating and lipid reduction properties, antimutagenic effects, controversial association with oropharyngeal cancer, anti-glycation effects and weight reduction properties. Lately, promising results from human intervention studies have surfaced and the literature offers several developments on this area. The aim of this review is to provide a concise summary of the research published in the past three years, with an emphasis on translational studies, inflammation and lipid metabolism. Ilex paraguariensis reduces LDL-cholesterol levels in humans with Ilex paraguariensis dyslipoproteinemia and the effect is synergic with that of statins. Plasma antioxidant capacity as well as expression of antioxidant enzymes is positively modulated by intervention with Ilex paraguariensis in human cohorts. A review on the evidence implicating Ilex paraguariensis heavy consumption with some neoplasias show data that are inconclusive but indicate that contamination with alkylating agents during the drying process of the leaves should be avoided. On the other hand, several new studies confirm the antimutagenic effects of Ilex paraguariensis in different models, from DNA double breaks in cell culture models to mice studies. Novel interesting work has emerged showing significant effect on weight reduction both in mice and in rat models. Some mechanisms involved are inhibition of pancreatic lipase, activation of AMPK and uncoupling of electron transport. Intervention studies in animals have provided strong evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Ilex paraguariensis, notably protecting cigarette-induced lung inflammation acting on macrophage migration and inactivating matrix-metalloproteinase. Research on the effects of Ilex paraguariensis in health and disease has confirmed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and lipid-lowering activities. Although we are still waiting for the double-blind, randomized prospective clinical trial, the evidence seems to provide support for beneficial effects of mate drinking on chronic diseases with inflammatory component and lipid metabolism disorders."

3. "ACTIONS: Mental stimulant, Increases stamina and endurance, Diuretic. TRADITIONAL USE: Yerba Mate is considered a stimulant and effective as a diuretic. Yerba Mate carries a colorful tradition on the South American Pampas. Gauchos drink Yerba Mate from a cow horn. It is a general tonic and invigorating to the physique, as well as mentally stimulating. Yerba Mate is now widely used for its tonic effects. Yerba Mate is an invigorating tonic to the body and mind. MERIDIAN INDICATIONS: Increases circulation by invigorating Spleen / Kidney Qi, Heat to Triple Warmer, Opens Liver meridian, Clears mist from Upper Burner, Fortifies Heart and Lung heat. EVA POINTS: Kidney, Circulation"

4. "Medicinal Action and Uses: Tonic, diuretic, and powerfully stimulant."

5. "For arthritis, headache, hemorrhoids, fluid retention, obesity, fatigue, stress, constipation, allergies, and hay fever. Cleanses the blood, tones the nervous system, retards ageing, stimulates the mind, controls the appetite, stimulates production of cortisone, and is believed to enhance the healing power of other herbs."

14. "For reasons unknown at this time, echinacea in high doses tends to promote continued immune system stimulation rather than balanced immune function. This is not true of most [herbal] tonics. Most behave like yerba mate', a more of less whole body tonic; yerba mate', even in large amounts, continues to promote balance in many body systems without overstimulating any system." . . .

"Of the many immunomodulators in the plant kingdom, I think the best are lapacho, echinacea, astragalus, yerba mate', licorice root and all species of ginseng."

"Smilax together with ginseng and yerba mate' would act to enhance the physical development of muscle tissue. These would help oxygenate cells and help them burn calories. The entire musculoskeletal system would benefit.". . .

" Last but certainly not least, I believe a modern elixir should address energy production. The solution in a liquid extract is to combine the only really good herbs for this effect, yerba mate' and ginseng species. First, it contains significant amounts of the South American herb yerba mate'.This would give the product a natural energy wallop not shared by other liquid herbal extracts. This natural energy would not interfere with the ability to sleep. On the contrary, it would help regulate sleep cycles and produce a better sleep. It would also allow one to work longer without fatigue, get more done, and feel better about doing it. Indirectly, then, the nervous system benefits, as stress and anxiety are reduced, muscle tension lessens and performance effectiveness increases."

21. "AQUIFOLIACEAE

Holly Family

The four genera and over 450 species are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres, but the centre of representation lies in Central and South America. The species are usually medium-sized (sometimes large) trees. The largest and economically most important genus is Ilex, a number of species of which are horticulturally employed as ornamentals and as the source of several caffeine-rich preparations: yaupon (L vomitoria), yerba mate (L paraguariensis), guayusa (L guayusa). The family is closely related to the Celastraceae.

Most of the chemical work has been done on the many species and varieties of Ilex used as stimulants, bitter tonics and diaphoretics. Caffeine is a major constituent of the genus; triterpenes and chlorogenic acid derivatives are also present.

Ilex Linnaeus

Including about 300-400 species of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs of temperate and tropical regions, this genus is represented on all continents except Antarctica. Several species are employed for their caffeine content. Many species are planted as ornamentals."

Published Research on Yerba Mate

Brain Res. Bull. 2013 Mar; 92: 60-8.

Branco, C., et al. "Anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and behavioral effects of organic and conventional yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in wistar rats." Brain Res. Bull. 2013 Mar; 92: 60-8.



Cellular Protective Antioxidant Actions:

Barbato, O., et al. "Dietary supplementation of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) during the dry period improves redox balance in lactating dairy cows." Antioxidants. 2019 Feb; 8(2).

Cittadini, M., et al. "Effects of bioavailable phenolic compounds from Ilex paraguariensis on the brain of mice with lung adenocarcinoma." Phytother. Res. 2019 Feb 6.

Panza, V., et al. "Effect of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study." Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019 Mar; 70(2): 212-221.

Cuelho, C., et al. "Topical formulation containing Ilex paraguariensis extract increases metalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase activities in mice exposed to UVB radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2018 Dec; 189: 95-103.

Machado, M., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis modulates fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways." PLoS One. 2018 Sep; 13(9): e0204023.

Kungel, P., et al. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a purified polysaccharide from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis)." Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018 Jul; 114: 1161-1167.

Rodríguez-Arzuaga, M., et al. "New antioxidant treatment with yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusion for fresh-cut apples: Modeling, optimization, and acceptability." Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2018 Apr; 24(3): 223-231.

Bortoli, P., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis: Potential antioxidant on aluminium toxicity, in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease." J. Inorg. Biochem. 2018 Apr; 181: 104-110.

Mateos, R., et al. "Improved LC-MS(n) characterization of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonols in different commercial mate (Ilex paraguariensis) brands. Quantification of polyphenols, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity." Food Chem. 2018 Feb; 241: 232-241.

Baeza, G., et al. "Polyphenol content, in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2018 Mar; 98(4): 1397-1406.

Albrecht, C., et al. "[Bioavailability of phenolic compounds and redox state of murine liver and kidney as sex-dependent responses to phytoextracts.]." Rev. Fac. Cien. Med. Univ. Nac. Cordoba. 2017 Dec; 74(4): 338-344.

Santiago, P., et al. "Mechanisms underlying antiatherosclerotic properties of an enriched fraction obtained from Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil." Phytomedicine. 2017 Oct; 34: 162-170.

Scotta, A., et al. "[In vitro modulating activity of aqueous extracts from American plants on chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity on murine splenocytes]." Rev. Fac. Cien. Med. Univ. Nac. Cordoba. 2017 Dec; 74(4): 325-330.

Gebara, K., et al. "Daily intake of chlorogenic acids from consumption of maté (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) traditional beverages." J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2017 Nov; 65(46): 10093-10100.

Pereira, C., et al. "llex paraguariensis decreases oxidative stress in bone and mitigates the damage in rats during perimenopause." Exp. Gerontol. 2017 Nov; 98: 148-152.

Bains, Y., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis and its main component chlorogenic acid inhibit fructose formation of advanced glycation endproducts with amino acids at conditions compatible with those in the digestive system." Fitoterapia. 2017 Mar; 117: 6-10.

Portela, J., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis crude extract acts on protection and reversion from damage induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in human erythrocytes: a comparative study with isolated caffeic and/or chlorogenic acids." J. Sci. Food Agric. 2017 May; 97(7): 2007-2014.

Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Ilex paraguariensis by using response surface methodology." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.

Petrilli, A., et al. "Effect of chocolate and yerba mate phenolic compounds on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in HIV/AIDS individuals." Nutrients. 2016 May 23; 8(5).

Piovezan-Borges, A., et al. "Antioxidant potential of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) extracts in Saccharomyces cerevisae deficient in oxidant defense genes." Braz. J. Biol. 2016 Jun; 76(2): 539-44.

Panza, V., et al. "Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise." Br. J. Nutr. 2016 Apr; 115(8): 1370-8.

de Oliveira, C., et al. "Statistical approaches to assess the association between phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis and Ilex paraguariensis teas." Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015; 55(10): 1456-73.

Branco, C., et al. "Organic and conventional yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil) improves metabolic redox status of liver and serum in Wistar rats." Antioxidants. 2013 Jul; 2(3): 100-9.

Peralta, I., et al. "Prevention of hydrogen peroxide-induced red blood cells lysis by Ilex paraguariensis aqueous extract: participation of phenolic and xanthine compounds." Phytother. Res. 2013 Feb; 27(2): 192-8

Fernandes, E., et al. "Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) enhances the gene modulation and activity of paraoxonase-2: in vitro and in vivo studies." Nutrition. 2012 Nov-Dec; 28(11-12): 1157-64.

Gorjanovic, S., et al. "Antioxidant capacity of teas and herbal infusions: polarographic assessment." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012 Sep; 60(38): 9573-80.

Boaventura, B., et al. "Association of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjects." Nutrition. 2012 Jun; 28(6): 657-64.

Conforti, A., et al. "Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women." Bone. 2012 Jan; 50(1): 9-13.

Cunha, F., et al. "Reduction in oxidative stress levels in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream after the application of enemas containing aqueous Ilex paraguariensis extract." Acta. Cir. Bras. 2011 Aug; 26(4): 289-96.

Coentrao, A., et al. "Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from green and toasted mate tea." Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011 May; 6(5): 651-6.

Beal, P., et al. "Oxidative stability of fermented Italian-type sausages using mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) extract as natural antioxidant." Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011 Nov; 62(7): 703-10.

Berte, K., et al. "Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae) extract as obtained by spray drying." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011 May; 59(10): 5523-7.

Vieira, M., et al. "Phenolic acids and methylxanthines composition and antioxidant properties of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) residue." J Food Sci. 2010 Apr; 75(3): C280-5.

Leonard, S., et al. "Analysis of free-radical scavenging of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguriensis) using electron spin resonance and radical-induced DNA damage." J. Food. Sci. 2010 Jan-Feb; 75(1): C14-20.

Xu, G., et al. "Chemical constituents from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis inhibit human neutrophil elastase." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2009 Sep; 32(9): 1215-20.

Matsumoto, R., et al. "Effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) ingestion on mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant status in healthy young women." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009 Mar; 57(5): 1775-80.

Martins, F., et al. "Consumption of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver." Br. J. Nutr. 2009 Feb; 101(4): 527-32.

Filip, R., et al. "Effect of Ilex extracts and isolated compounds on peroxidase secretion of rat submandibulary glands." Food. Chem. Toxicol. 2007 Apr; 45(4): 649-55.

Bixby, M., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis extracts are potent inhibitors of nitrosative stress: a comparative study with green tea and wines using a protein nitration model and mammalian cell cytotoxicity." Life Sci. 2005 Jun; 77(3): 345.

Arbiser, J., et al. "Naturally occurring proteasome inhibitors from mate tea (Ilex paraguayensis) serve as models for topical proteasome inhibitors." J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005 Aug; 125(2): 207-12.

Chandra, S., et al. "Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green (Camellia sinensis) teas." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Jun; 52(11): 3583-9.

Ramirez-Mares, M. V., et al. "In vitro chemopreventive activity of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts and selected polyphenols." Mutat. Res. 2004 Oct; 554(1-2): 53-65.

Bracesco, N., et al. "Antioxidant activity of a botanical extract preparation of Ilex paraguariensis: prevention of DNA double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human low-density lipoprotein oxidation." J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2003 Jun; 9(3): 379-87.

Actis-Goretta, L., et al. "Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity of wines and other plant-derived beverages." Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002; 957: 279-83.

Filip, R., et al. "Antioxidant activity of Ilex paraguariensis and related species." Nutr. Res. 2000; 20(10): 1437-46.

Schinella, G., et al. "Antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000; 269(2): 357-60.

Gugliucci, A. "Antioxidant effects of Ilex paraguariensis: induction of decreased oxidability of human LDL in vivo." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 224(2): 338-44.

Gugliucci, A. "Low-density lipoprotein oxidation is inhibited by extracts of Ilex paraguariensis." Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(1): 47-56.



Anti-obesity, Thermogenic (fat-burning), & Cholesterol-Lowering Actions:

Chianese, G., et al. "Bioactive triterpenoids from the caffeine-rich plants guayusa and maté." Food Res. Int. 2019 Jan; 115: 504-510.

Machado, M., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis modulates fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways." PLoS One. 2018 Sep; 13(9): e0204023.

Dos Santos, T., et al. "Yerba mate stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018 May 31: e1800142.

de Oliveira, E., et al. "Treatment with Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) aqueous solution prevents hepatic redox imbalance, elevated triglycerides, and microsteatosis in overweight adult rats that were precociously weaned." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2018; 51(6) :e7342.

Chaves, G., et al. "Heavy drinkers of Ilex paraguariensis beverages show lower lipid profiles but higher body weight." Phytother. Res. 2018 Jun; 32(6): 1030-1038.

Miranda, A., et al. "[Regional oxidative stress in encephalon of female mice with polyphenolic exposure from tea extracts in oral overweight plant-based treatment]." Rev. Fac. Cien. Med. Univ. Nac. Cordoba. 2017 Sep; 74(3): 197-202.

Choi, M., et al. "Long-term dietary supplementation with yerba mate ameliorates diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in mice by regulating energy expenditure and lipid metabolism. J. Med. Food. 2017 Dec; 20(12): 1168-1175.

Colpo, A., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis extracts extend the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster fed a high-fat diet." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017 Nov; 51(2): e6784.

Alkhatib, A., et al. "Yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) metabolic, satiety, and mood state effects at rest and during prolonged exercise." Nutrients. 2017 Aug 15; 9(8).

Conceição, E., et al. "Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) on the hypothalamic signalling of insulin and leptin and liver dysfunction in adult rats overfed during lactation." J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 2017 Feb; 8(1): 123-132.

Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Ilex paraguariensis by using response surface methodology." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.

Gamboa-Gómez, C., et al. "Plants with potential use on obesity and its complications." EXCLI J. 2015 Jul; 14: 809-31.

Kim, S., et al. "Anti-obesity effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2015 Sep; 15: 338.

Messina, D., et al. "[Lipid - lowering effect of mate tea intake in dyslipidemic subjects]." Nutr. Hosp. 2015 May; 31(5): 2131-9.

Gambero, A., et al. "The positive effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) in obesity." Nutrients. 2015 Jan; 7(2): 730-50.

Lima Nda, S., et al. "Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning." Life Sci. 2014 Oct; 115(1-2): 29-35.

de Meneses Fujii, T., et al. "Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) modulates NF-kappaB pathway and AKT expression in the liver of rats fed on a high-fat diet." Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014 Dec; 65(8): 967-76.

Bravo, L., et al. "Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-cholesterol fed rats." Fitoterapia. 2014 Jan; 92: 219-29.

Lima Nda, S., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) improves endocrine and metabolic disorders in obese rats primed by early weaning." Eur. J. Nutr. 2014 Feb; 53(1): 73-82.

Carmo, L., et al. "The effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption on IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 production by bone marrow cells in wistar rats fed a high-fat diet." Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 2013; 83(1): 26-35.

Gao, H., et al. "Effects of Yerba Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on vascular endothelial function and liver lipoprotein receptor gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats." Fitoterapia. 2013 Jan; 84: 264-72.

Borges, M., et al. "The effect of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats." Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013 Aug; 64(5): 561-9.

Arçari, D., et al. "The in vitro and in vivo effects of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on adipogenesis." Food Chem. 2013 Nov; 141(2): 809-15.

Arçari, D., et al. "Modulatory effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) on the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2013 Oct; 57(10): 1882-5.

Gao, H., et al. "Beneficial effects of Yerba Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on hyperlipidemia in high-fat-fed hamsters." Exp. Gerontol. 2013 Jun; 48(6): 572-8.

Balzan, S., et al. "Lipid-lowering effects of standardized extracts of Ilex paraguariensis in high-fat-diet rats." Fitoterapia. 2013 Apr; 86: 115-22.

Resende, P., et al. "The activity of mate saponins (Ilex paraguariensis) in intra-abdominal and epididymal fat, and glucose oxidation in male Wistar rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Dec; 144(3): 735-40.

Pimentel, G., et al. "Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats." J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012 Jul 25.

Boaventura, B., et al. "Association of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjects." Nutrition. 2012 Jun; 28(6): 657-64.

Gosmann, G., et al. "Phenolic compounds from maté (Ilex paraguariensis) inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes." Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2012 Jun; 67(2): 156-61.

Kang, Y., et al. "Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet." Lab Anim Res. 2012 Mar; 28(1): 23-9.

Hussein, G., et al. "Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) promotes satiety and body weight lowering in mice: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2011; 34(12): 1849-55.

Klein, G., et al. "Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study." J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2011 Oct; 30(5): 320-32.

Huessein, G., et al. "Protective and ameliorative effects of maté (Ilex paraguariensis) on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice." Phytomedicine. 2011 Dec; 19(1): 88-97.

Silva, R., et al. "The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats." Fitoterapia. 2011 Sep; 82(6): 818-26

Arcari, D., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of yerba maté extract (Ilex paraguariensis) ameliorate insulin resistance in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity." Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2011 Mar; 335(2): 110-5.

Bracesco, N., et al. "Recent advances on Ilex paraguariensis research: minireview." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul; 136(3): 378-84.

de Moralis, E., et al. "Consumption of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis ) improves serum lipid parameters in healthy dyslipidemic subjects and provides an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction in individuals on statin therapy." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009 Sep; 57(18): 8316-24.

Martins, F., et al. "Maté tea inhibits in vitro pancreatic lipase activity and has hypolipidemic effect on high-fat diet-induced obese mice." Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jan; 18(1): 42-7.

Arcari, D., et al. "Antiobesity effects of yerba maté extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice." Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Dec; 17(12): 2127-33.

Pang, J., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis extract ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet: potential role of AMPK in the visceral adipose tissue." Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008 Aug ; 476(2): 178-85.

Dickel, M., et al. "Plants popularly used for losing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan; 109(1): 60-71.

Mosimann, A., et al. "Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits." Biofactors. 2006; 26(1): 59-70.

Pittler, M., "Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review." Obes. Rev. 2005 May; 6(2): 93-111.

Paganini Stein, F., et al. "Vascular responses to extractable fractions of Ilex paraguariensis in rats fed standard and high-cholesterol diets." Biol. Res. Nurs. 2005 Oct; 7(2): 146-56.

Collomp, K., et al. "Effects of salbutamol and caffeine ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance." Int. J. Sports Med. 2002; 23(8): 549-54.

Anderson, T., et al. "Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients." J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2001; 14(3): 243-50.

Martinet, A., et al. "Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity." Phytomedicine. 1999; 6(4): 231-38.



Gastroprotective Actions:

Gonzalez-Gil, F., et al. "Yerba mate enhances probiotic bacteria growth in vitro but as a feed additive does not reduce Salmonella enteritidis colonization in vivo." Poult Sci. 2014 Feb; 93(2): 434-40.

Puangpraphant, S., et al. "Yerba mate tea and mate saponins prevented azoxymethane-induced inflammation of rat colon through suppression of NF-κB p65ser(311) signaling via IκB-α and GSK-3β reduced phosphorylation." Biofactors. 2013 Jul-Aug; 39(4): 430-40.

Maria-Ferreira, D., et al. "Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides isolated from Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil." Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013 Aug; 59: 125-33.



Anti-inflammatory & Pain Relieving Actions:

Panza, V., et al. "Effect of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study." Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019 Mar; 70(2): 212-221.

Muñoz-Culla, M., et al. "Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) inhibits lymphocyte activation in vitro. Food Funct. 2016 Nov; 7(11): 4556-4563.

Petrilli, A., et al. "Effect of chocolate and yerba mate phenolic compounds on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in HIV/AIDS individuals." Nutrients. 2016 May; 8(5).

Luz, A., et al. "The anti-inflammatory effect of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil (Mate) in a murine model of pleurisy." Int. Immunopharmacol. 2016 Jul; 36: 165-172.

de Carvalho, E., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis promotes orofacial pain relief after formalin injection: involvement of noradrenergic pathway." Pharmacognosy Res. 2016 Mar; 8(Suppl 1): S31-7.

Lim, D., et al. "Analgesic effect of Ilex paraguariensis extract on postoperative and neuropathic pain in rats." Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2015; 38(10): 1573-9.

Lima Nda, S., et al. "Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning." Life Sci. 2014 Oct; 115(1-2): 29-35.

Schinella, G., et al. "An aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis reduces carrageenan-induced edema and inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in animal models of inflammation." Planta Med. 2014 Aug; 80(12): 961-8.

Pimentel, G., et al. "Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats." J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012 Jul 25.

Matsunaga, K., et al. "Inhibitory action of Paraguayan medicinal plants on 5-lipoxygenase." Natural Med. 2000; 54(3): 151-54.

Marr, K., et al. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fenleuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, in ponies." Res. Vet. Sci. 1998; 64(2): 111-17.

Yasukawa, K., et al. "Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice." Phytother. Res. 1993; 7(2): 185-89.



Anti-hemorrhagic Actions:

Dahmer, T., et al. "Antithrombotic effect of chikusetsusaponin iva isolated from Ilex paraguariensis (Maté)." J. Med. Food. 2012 Dec; 15(12): 1073-80.



Anti-diabetic Actions:

Rocha, D., et al. "Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on the metabolism of diabetic rats." Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 Sep; 105: 370-376.

Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Ilex paraguariensis by using response surface methodology." Arch. Pharm. Res. 2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.

Pereira, D., et al. "Influence of the traditional Brazilian drink Ilex paraguariensis tea on glucose homeostasis." Phytomedicine. 2012 Jul; 19(10): 868-77.

Kang, Y., et al. "Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet." Lab Anim Res. 2012 Mar; 28(1): 23-9.

Klein, G., et al. "Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study." J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2011 Oct; 30(5): 320-32.

Huessein, G., et al. "Protective and ameliorative effects of maté (Ilex paraguariensis) on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice." Phytomedicine. 2011 Dec; 19(1): 88-97.

Arcari, D., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of yerba maté extract (Ilex paraguariensis) ameliorate insulin resistance in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity." Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2011 Mar; 335(2): 110-5.

Lunceford, N., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea." Fitoterapia. 2005 Jul; 76(5): 419-27.

Gugliucci, A., et al. "The botanical extracts of Achyrocline satureoides and Ilex paraguariensis prevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III." Life Sci. 2002; 72(3): 279-92.

Kalousova, M., et al. "Advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with diabetes mellitus." Physiol. Res. 2002; 51(6): 597-604.



Bile Stimulant Actions:

Mosimann, A., et al. "Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits." Biofactors. 2006; 26(1): 59-70.

Gorzalczany, S., et al. "Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of ‘maté’ (Ilex paraguariensis) and its substitutes of adulterants." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75(2-3): 291-94.



Heart & Circulatory Tonic Actions:

Cuesta, A., et al. "[Acute effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption on heart rhythm in patients referred for Holter study]." Arch. Cardiol. Mex. 2018 Dec; 88(5): 468-473.

Santiago, P., et al. "Mechanisms underlying antiatherosclerotic properties of an enriched fraction obtained from Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil." Phytomedicine. 2017 Oct; 34: 162-170.

Cahuê, F., et al. "Short-term consumption of Ilex paraguariensis extracts protects isolated hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury and contradicts exercise-mediated cardioprotection." Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2017 Nov; 42(11): 1149-1157.

González Arbeláez, L., et al. "Effect of an Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) extract on infarct size in isolated rat hearts: the mechanisms involved." Food Funct. 2016 Feb; 7(2): 816-24.

Yu, S., et al. "Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) improves microcirculation of volunteers with high blood viscosity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." Exp. Gerontol. 2015 Feb; 62: 14-22.

Gao, H., et al. "Aqueous extract of Yerba Mate tea lowers atherosclerotic risk factors in a rat hyperlipidemia model." Phytother. Res. 2013 Aug; 27(8): 1225-31.

Paganini Stein, F., et al. "Vascular responses to extractable fractions of Ilex paraguariensis in rats fed standard and high-cholesterol diets." Biol. Res. Nurs. 2005 Oct; 7(2): 146-56.

Schinella, G., et al. "Cardioprotective effects of Ilex paraguariensis extract: evidence for a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism." Clin. Nutr. 2005 Jun; 24(3): 360-6.

Gorgen, M., et al. "Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis decreases nucleotide hydrolysis in rat blood serum." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Feb; 97(1): 73-7.

Leborgne, L., et al. "Oxidative stress, atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk factors." Arch. Mal. Coeur. Vaiss. 2002; 95(9): 805-14.

Muccillo Baisch, A., et al. "Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis on mesenteric arterial bed of rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 60(2): 133-39.



Osteogenic Actions:

Brasilino, M., et al. "Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves bone formation in the alveolar socket healing after tooth extraction in rats." Clin. Oral Investig. 2018 Apr; 22(3): 1449-1461.

da Veiga, D., et al. "The yerba mate intake has a neutral effect on bone: A case-control study in postmenopausal women." Phytother. Res. 2018 Jan; 32(1): 58-64.

Brun, L., et al. "Effects of yerba mate (IIex paraguariensis) on histomorphometry, biomechanics, and densitometry on bones in the rat." Calcif. Tissue Int. 2015 Nov; 97(5): 527-34.

Conforti, A., et al. "Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women." Bone. 2012 Jan; 50(1): 9-13.



Antimicrobial Actions:

Fernandes, C., et al. "Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) fruit using compressed propane and supercritical CO(2)." J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017 Jan; 54(1): 98-104.

Rempe, C., et al. "Computational ranking of yerba mate small molecules based on their predicted contribution to antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." PLoS One. 2015 May; 10(5): e0123925.

Prado Martin, J., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) against food pathogens." Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 2013 Apr-Jun; 45(2): 93-8.

Burris, K., et al. "Aqueous extracts of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) as a natural antimicrobial against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a microbiological medium and pH 6.0 apple juice." J. Food. Prot. 2012 Apr; 75(4): 753-7

Burrins, K., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) aqueous extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus." J Food Sci. 2011 Aug; 76(6): M456-62.

Luckemeyer, D., et al. "Effects of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (yerba mate) on Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 replication." Phytother. Res. 2012 Apr; 26(4): 535-40.

Battagim, J., et al. "Comparative study of the effect of green and roasted water extracts of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus mutans." J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2012 Apr; 27(2): 232-40.

Filip, R., et al. "Antifungal activity of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis against Malassezia furfur." Phytother Res. 2010 May; 24(5): 715-9.



Anticancerous Actions:

Bracesco, N., et al. "Analysis of radioprotection and antimutagenic effects of Ilex paraguariensis infusion and its component rutin." Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2018 Jul; 51(9): e7404.

Amigo-Benavent, M., et al. "Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of green coffee and yerba mate extracts, their main hydroxycinnamic acids, methylxanthine and metabolites in different human cell lines." Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017 Aug; 106(Pt A): 125-138.

Ramirez-Mares, M., et al. "Inhibitory effect of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts on the proliferation of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells." Toxicol Rep. 2016 Feb; 3: 269-278.

Puangpraphant, S, et al. "Dicaffeoylquinic acids in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) inhibit NF-kB nucleus translocation in macrophages and induce apoptosis by activating caspases-8 and -3 in human colon cancer cells." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011 Oct; 55(10): 1509-22.

Arbiser, J., et al. "Naturally occurring proteasome inhibitors from mate tea (Ilex paraguayensis) serve as models for topical proteasome inhibitors." J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005 Aug; 125(2): 207-12.

Gonzalez de Mejia, E., et al. "Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation." J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005 Mar; 53(6): 1966-73.



Cancerous Actions:

Lopes, A., et al. "Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in maté drinkers in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Mar; 27(3): 331-337.

Stefani, E., et al. "Maté consumption and risk of cancer: a multi-site case-control study in Uruguay." Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2011; 12(4): 1089-93.

Szyman'ska, K., et al. "Drinking of maté and the risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Latin America: a case-control study." Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Nov; 21(11): 1799-806

Dasanayake, A., et al. "Maté drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Oral Oncol. 2010 Feb; 46(2): 82-6.

Bates, M. N., et al. "Bladder cancer and mate consumption in Argentina: A case-control study." Cancer Lett. 2007 Feb; 246(1-2): 268-73.

Fagundes, R., et al. "Higher urine 1-hydroxy pyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) is associated with tobacco smoke exposure and drinking mate in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." BMC Cancer. 2006 May; 6: 139.

Goldenberg, D., et al. "The beverage mate: a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck." Head Neck. 2003; 25(7): 595-601.

Sewram, V., et al. "Mate consumption and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer in Uruguay." Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2003; 12(6): 508-13.

Castellsague, X., et al. "Influence of maté drinking, hot beverages and diet on esophageal cancer risk in South America." Int. J. Cancer. 2000; 88(4): 658-64.

Fonseca, C., et al. "Nontoxic, mutagenic, and clastogenic activities of Mate-Chimarrao (Ilex paraguariensis)." J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2000; 19(4): 333-46.



Toxicity / Safety Studies:

de Sousa, W., et al. "Evaluation of reproductive toxicology of aqueous extract of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), a traditional South American beverage." J. Med. Food. 2019 Jan; 22(1): 97-101.

de Andrade, F., et. al. Safety assessment of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) dried extract: results of acute and 90 days subchronic toxicity studies in rats and rabbits." Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Feb; 50(2): 328-34.



Reviews:

Gan, R., et al. "Health benefits of bioactive compounds from the genus Ilex, a source of traditional caffeinated beverages." Nutrients. 2018 Nov 5; 10(11).





This is an informational site only and no products are sold. The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is intended for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site. rats."2013 Mar; 92: 60-8.Branco, C., et al. "Anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and behavioral effects of organic and conventional yerba mate (St. Hil.) on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in wistar rats."2013 Mar; 92: 60-8.Barbato, O., et al. "Dietary supplementation of yerba mate () during the dry period improves redox balance in lactating dairy cows.". 2019 Feb; 8(2).Cittadini, M., et al. "Effects of bioavailable phenolic compounds fromon the brain of mice with lung adenocarcinoma.". 2019 Feb 6.Panza, V., et al. "Effect of mate tea () on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study."2019 Mar; 70(2): 212-221.Cuelho, C., et al. "Topical formulation containingextract increases metalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase activities in mice exposed to UVB radiation.. 2018 Dec; 189: 95-103.Machado, M., et al. "modulates fat metabolism inthrough purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways.". 2018 Sep; 13(9): e0204023.Kungel, P., et al. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a purified polysaccharide from yerba mate ()."2018 Jul; 114: 1161-1167.Rodríguez-Arzuaga, M., et al. "New antioxidant treatment with yerba mate () infusion for fresh-cut apples: Modeling, optimization, and acceptability."2018 Apr; 24(3): 223-231.Bortoli, P., et al. "Potential antioxidant on aluminium toxicity, in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease."2018 Apr; 181: 104-110.Mateos, R., et al. "Improved LC-MS(n) characterization of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonols in different commercial mate () brands. Quantification of polyphenols, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity."2018 Feb; 241: 232-241.Baeza, G., et al. "Polyphenol content,bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages."2018 Mar; 98(4): 1397-1406.Albrecht, C., et al. "[Bioavailability of phenolic compounds and redox state of murine liver and kidney as sex-dependent responses to phytoextracts.].". 2017 Dec; 74(4): 338-344.Santiago, P., et al. "Mechanisms underlying antiatherosclerotic properties of an enriched fraction obtained fromA. St.-Hil.". 2017 Oct; 34: 162-170.Scotta, A., et al. "[In vitro modulating activity of aqueous extracts from American plants on chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity on murine splenocytes].". 2017 Dec; 74(4): 325-330.Gebara, K., et al. "Daily intake of chlorogenic acids from consumption of maté (A.St.-Hil.) traditional beverages."2017 Nov; 65(46): 10093-10100.Pereira, C., et al. "decreases oxidative stress in bone and mitigates the damage in rats during perimenopause."2017 Nov; 98: 148-152.Bains, Y., et al. "and its main component chlorogenic acid inhibit fructose formation of advanced glycation endproducts with amino acids at conditions compatible with those in the digestive system.". 2017 Mar; 117: 6-10.Portela, J., et al. "crude extract acts on protection and reversion from damage induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in human erythrocytes: a comparative study with isolated caffeic and/or chlorogenic acids."2017 May; 97(7): 2007-2014.Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities ofby using response surface methodology."2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.Petrilli, A., et al. "Effect of chocolate and yerba mate phenolic compounds on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in HIV/AIDS individuals.". 2016 May 23; 8(5).Piovezan-Borges, A., et al. "Antioxidant potential of yerba mate (St. Hil.) extracts indeficient in oxidant defense genes."2016 Jun; 76(2): 539-44.Panza, V., et al. "Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise."2016 Apr; 115(8): 1370-8.de Oliveira, C., et al. "Statistical approaches to assess the association between phenolic compounds and theantioxidant activity ofandteas."2015; 55(10): 1456-73.Branco, C., et al. "Organic and conventional yerba mate (A. St. Hil) improves metabolic redox status of liver and serum in Wistar rats."2013 Jul; 2(3): 100-9.Peralta, I., et al. "Prevention of hydrogen peroxide-induced red blood cells lysis byaqueous extract: participation of phenolic and xanthine compounds.". 2013 Feb; 27(2): 192-8Fernandes, E., et al. "Yerba mate () enhances the gene modulation and activity of paraoxonase-2:andstudies."2012 Nov-Dec; 28(11-12): 1157-64.Gorjanovic, S., et al. "Antioxidant capacity of teas and herbal infusions: polarographic assessment."2012 Sep; 60(38): 9573-80.Boaventura, B., et al. "Association of mate tea () intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjects."2012 Jun; 28(6): 657-64.Conforti, A., et al. "Yerba Mate () consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women."2012 Jan; 50(1): 9-13.Cunha, F., et al. "Reduction in oxidative stress levels in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream after the application of enemas containing aqueousextract."2011 Aug; 26(4): 289-96.Coentrao, A., et al. "Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from green and toasted mate tea."2011 May; 6(5): 651-6.Beal, P., et al. "Oxidative stability of fermented Italian-type sausages using mate leaves (St. Hil) extract as natural antioxidant."2011 Nov; 62(7): 703-10.Berte, K., et al. "Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of yerba-mate (A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae) extract as obtained by spray drying."2011 May; 59(10): 5523-7.Vieira, M., et al. "Phenolic acids and methylxanthines composition and antioxidant properties of mate () residue."2010 Apr; 75(3): C280-5.Leonard, S., et al. "Analysis of free-radical scavenging of Yerba Mate () using electron spin resonance and radical-induced DNA damage."2010 Jan-Feb; 75(1): C14-20.Xu, G., et al. "Chemical constituents from the leaves ofinhibit human neutrophil elastase."2009 Sep; 32(9): 1215-20.Matsumoto, R., et al. "Effects of mate tea () ingestion on mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant status in healthy young women."2009 Mar; 57(5): 1775-80.Martins, F., et al. "Consumption of mate tea () decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver."2009 Feb; 101(4): 527-32.Filip, R., et al. "Effect ofextracts and isolated compounds on peroxidase secretion of rat submandibulary glands."2007 Apr; 45(4): 649-55.Bixby, M., et al. "extracts are potent inhibitors of nitrosative stress: a comparative study with green tea and wines using a protein nitration model and mammalian cell cytotoxicity.". 2005 Jun; 77(3): 345.Arbiser, J., et al. "Naturally occurring proteasome inhibitors from mate tea () serve as models for topical proteasome inhibitors."2005 Aug; 125(2): 207-12.Chandra, S., et al. "Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract ofin comparison to mate () and green) teas."2004 Jun; 52(11): 3583-9.Ramirez-Mares, M. V., et al. "chemopreventive activity ofandtea extracts and selected polyphenols."2004 Oct; 554(1-2): 53-65.Bracesco, N., et al. "Antioxidant activity of a botanical extract preparation of: prevention of DNA double-strand breaks inand human low-density lipoprotein oxidation."2003 Jun; 9(3): 379-87.Actis-Goretta, L., et al. "Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity of wines and other plant-derived beverages."2002; 957: 279-83.Filip, R., et al. "Antioxidant activity ofand related species.". 2000; 20(10): 1437-46.Schinella, G., et al. "Antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of.". 2000; 269(2): 357-60.Gugliucci, A. "Antioxidant effects of: induction of decreased oxidability of human LDL."1996; 224(2): 338-44.Gugliucci, A. "Low-density lipoprotein oxidation is inhibited by extracts of."1995; 35(1): 47-56.Chianese, G., et al. "Bioactive triterpenoids from the caffeine-rich plants guayusa and maté."2019 Jan; 115: 504-510.Machado, M., et al. "modulates fat metabolism inthrough purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways.". 2018 Sep; 13(9): e0204023.Dos Santos, T., et al. "Yerba mate stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice."2018 May 31: e1800142.de Oliveira, E., et al. "Treatment with(yerba mate) aqueous solution prevents hepatic redox imbalance, elevated triglycerides, and microsteatosis in overweight adult rats that were precociously weaned."2018; 51(6) :e7342.Chaves, G., et al. "Heavy drinkers ofbeverages show lower lipid profiles but higher body weight."2018 Jun; 32(6): 1030-1038.Miranda, A., et al. "[Regional oxidative stress in encephalon of female mice with polyphenolic exposure from tea extracts in oral overweight plant-based treatment].". 2017 Sep; 74(3): 197-202.Choi, M., et al. "Long-term dietary supplementation with yerba mate ameliorates diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in mice by regulating energy expenditure and lipid metabolism.2017 Dec; 20(12): 1168-1175.Colpo, A., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis extracts extend the lifespan offed a high-fat diet."2017 Nov; 51(2): e6784.Alkhatib, A., et al. "Yerba maté (metabolic, satiety, and mood state effects at rest and during prolonged exercise.". 2017 Aug 15; 9(8).Conceição, E., et al. "Effects of(yerba mate) on the hypothalamic signalling of insulin and leptin and liver dysfunction in adult rats overfed during lactation.". 2017 Feb; 8(1): 123-132.Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities ofby using response surface methodology.". 2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.Gamboa-Gómez, C., et al. "Plants with potential use on obesity and its complications."2015 Jul; 14: 809-31.Kim, S., et al. "Anti-obesity effects of Yerba Mate (): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial."2015 Sep; 15: 338.Messina, D., et al. "[Lipid - lowering effect of mate tea intake in dyslipidemic subjects].". 2015 May; 31(5): 2131-9.Gambero, A., et al. "The positive effects of yerba maté () in obesity.". 2015 Jan; 7(2): 730-50.Lima Nda, S., et al. "Effects of(yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning."2014 Oct; 115(1-2): 29-35.de Meneses Fujii, T., et al. "Yerba Mate () modulates NF-kappaB pathway and AKT expression in the liver of rats fed on a high-fat diet."2014 Dec; 65(8): 967-76.Bravo, L., et al. "Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of yerba mate () in high-cholesterol fed rats.". 2014 Jan; 92: 219-29.Lima Nda, S., et al. "(yerba mate) improves endocrine and metabolic disorders in obese rats primed by early weaning."2014 Feb; 53(1): 73-82.Carmo, L., et al. "The effects of yerba maté () consumption on IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 production by bone marrow cells in wistar rats fed a high-fat diet."2013; 83(1): 26-35.Gao, H., et al. "Effects of Yerba Mate tea () on vascular endothelial function and liver lipoprotein receptor gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats."2013 Jan; 84: 264-72.Borges, M., et al. "The effect of mate tea () on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats."2013 Aug; 64(5): 561-9.Arçari, D., et al. "Theandeffects of yerba mate (extract on adipogenesis."2013 Nov; 141(2): 809-15.Arçari, D., et al. "Modulatory effects of yerba maté () on the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway."2013 Oct; 57(10): 1882-5.Gao, H., et al. "Beneficial effects of Yerba Mate tea () on hyperlipidemia in high-fat-fed hamsters."2013 Jun; 48(6): 572-8.Balzan, S., et al. "Lipid-lowering effects of standardized extracts ofin high-fat-diet rats.". 2013 Apr; 86: 115-22.Resende, P., et al. "The activity of mate saponins () in intra-abdominal and epididymal fat, and glucose oxidation in male Wistar rats."2012 Dec; 144(3): 735-40.Pimentel, G., et al. "Yerba mate extract () attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats."2012 Jul 25.Boaventura, B., et al. "Association of mate tea () intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjects."2012 Jun; 28(6): 657-64.Gosmann, G., et al. "Phenolic compounds from maté () inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes."2012 Jun; 67(2): 156-61.Kang, Y., et al. "Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate () in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet."2012 Mar; 28(1): 23-9.Hussein, G., et al. "Mate tea () promotes satiety and body weight lowering in mice: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1."2011; 34(12): 1849-55.Klein, G., et al. "Mate tea () improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study."2011 Oct; 30(5): 320-32.Huessein, G., et al. "Protective and ameliorative effects of maté () on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice."2011 Dec; 19(1): 88-97.Silva, R., et al. "The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate () on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats."2011 Sep; 82(6): 818-26Arcari, D., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of yerba maté extract () ameliorate insulin resistance in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity."2011 Mar; 335(2): 110-5.Bracesco, N., et al. "Recent advances onresearch: minireview."2011 Jul; 136(3): 378-84.de Moralis, E., et al. "Consumption of yerba mate () improves serum lipid parameters in healthy dyslipidemic subjects and provides an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction in individuals on statin therapy.". 2009 Sep; 57(18): 8316-24.Martins, F., et al. "Maté tea inhibits in vitro pancreatic lipase activity and has hypolipidemic effect on high-fat diet-induced obese mice."(Silver Spring). 2010 Jan; 18(1): 42-7.Arcari, D., et al. "Antiobesity effects of yerba maté extract () in high-fat diet-induced obese mice."(Silver Spring). 2009 Dec; 17(12): 2127-33.Pang, J., et al. "extract ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet: potential role of AMPK in the visceral adipose tissue."2008 Aug ; 476(2): 178-85.Dickel, M., et al. "Plants popularly used for losing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil."2007 Jan; 109(1): 60-71.Mosimann, A., et al. "Aqueous extract ofattenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits."2006; 26(1): 59-70.Pittler, M., "Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review.". 2005 May; 6(2): 93-111.Paganini Stein, F., et al. "Vascular responses to extractable fractions ofin rats fed standard and high-cholesterol diets."2005 Oct; 7(2): 146-56.Collomp, K., et al. "Effects of salbutamol and caffeine ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance."2002; 23(8): 549-54.Anderson, T., et al. "Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients."2001; 14(3): 243-50.Martinet, A., et al. "Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity.". 1999; 6(4): 231-38.Gonzalez-Gil, F., et al. "Yerba mate enhances probiotic bacteria growthbut as a feed additive does not reducecolonization."2014 Feb; 93(2): 434-40.Puangpraphant, S., et al. "Yerba mate tea and mate saponins prevented azoxymethane-induced inflammation of rat colon through suppression of NF-κB p65ser(311) signaling via IκB-α and GSK-3β reduced phosphorylation.". 2013 Jul-Aug; 39(4): 430-40.Maria-Ferreira, D., et al. "Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides isolated fromA. St.-Hil."2013 Aug; 59: 125-33.Panza, V., et al. "Effect of mate tea () on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study."2019 Mar; 70(2): 212-221.Muñoz-Culla, M., et al. "Yerba mate (inhibits lymphocyte activation2016 Nov; 7(11): 4556-4563.Petrilli, A., et al. "Effect of chocolate and yerba mate phenolic compounds on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in HIV/AIDS individuals.". 2016 May; 8(5).Luz, A., et al. "The anti-inflammatory effect ofA. St. Hil (Mate) in a murine model of pleurisy."2016 Jul; 36: 165-172.de Carvalho, E., et al. "promotes orofacial pain relief after formalin injection: involvement of noradrenergic pathway.". 2016 Mar; 8(Suppl 1): S31-7.Lim, D., et al. "Analgesic effect ofextract on postoperative and neuropathic pain in rats."2015; 38(10): 1573-9.Lima Nda, S., et al. "Effects of(yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning.". 2014 Oct; 115(1-2): 29-35.Schinella, G., et al. "An aqueous extract ofreduces carrageenan-induced edema and inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in animal models of inflammation."2014 Aug; 80(12): 961-8.Pimentel, G., et al. "Yerba mate extract () attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats."2012 Jul 25.Matsunaga, K., et al. "Inhibitory action of Paraguayan medicinal plants on 5-lipoxygenase."2000; 54(3): 151-54.Marr, K., et al. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fenleuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, in ponies."1998; 64(2): 111-17.Yasukawa, K., et al. "Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice.". 1993; 7(2): 185-89.Dahmer, T., et al. "Antithrombotic effect of chikusetsusaponin iva isolated from(Maté)."2012 Dec; 15(12): 1073-80.Rocha, D., et al. "Effect of yerba mate () extract on the metabolism of diabetic rats."2018 Sep; 105: 370-376.Oh, K., et al. "Optimization of pancreatic lipase inhibitory and antioxidant activities ofby using response surface methodology.". 2016 Jul; 39(7): 946-52.Pereira, D., et al. "Influence of the traditional Brazilian drinktea on glucose homeostasis."2012 Jul; 19(10): 868-77.Kang, Y., et al. "Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate () in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet."2012 Mar; 28(1): 23-9.Klein, G., et al. "Mate tea () improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study."2011 Oct; 30(5): 320-32.Huessein, G., et al. "Protective and ameliorative effects of maté () on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice."2011 Dec; 19(1): 88-97.Arcari, D., et al. "Anti-inflammatory effects of yerba maté extract () ameliorate insulin resistance in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity."2011 Mar; 335(2): 110-5.Lunceford, N., et al. "extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea.". 2005 Jul; 76(5): 419-27.Gugliucci, A., et al. "The botanical extracts ofandprevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III."2002; 72(3): 279-92.Kalousova, M., et al. "Advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with diabetes mellitus."2002; 51(6): 597-604.Mosimann, A., et al. "Aqueous extract ofattenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits."2006; 26(1): 59-70.Gorzalczany, S., et al. "Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of ‘maté’ () and its substitutes of adulterants."2001; 75(2-3): 291-94.Cuesta, A., et al. "[Acute effect of yerba mate () consumption on heart rhythm in patients referred for Holter study]."2018 Dec; 88(5): 468-473.Santiago, P., et al. "Mechanisms underlying antiatherosclerotic properties of an enriched fraction obtained fromA. St.-Hil.". 2017 Oct; 34: 162-170.Cahuê, F., et al. "Short-term consumption ofextracts protects isolated hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury and contradicts exercise-mediated cardioprotection."2017 Nov; 42(11): 1149-1157.González Arbeláez, L., et al. "Effect of an(yerba mate) extract on infarct size in isolated rat hearts: the mechanisms involved."2016 Feb; 7(2): 816-24.Yu, S., et al. "Yerba mate () improves microcirculation of volunteers with high blood viscosity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."2015 Feb; 62: 14-22.Gao, H., et al. "Aqueous extract of Yerba Mate tea lowers atherosclerotic risk factors in a rat hyperlipidemia model."2013 Aug; 27(8): 1225-31.Paganini Stein, F., et al. "Vascular responses to extractable fractions ofin rats fed standard and high-cholesterol diets."2005 Oct; 7(2): 146-56.Schinella, G., et al. "Cardioprotective effects ofextract: evidence for a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism."2005 Jun; 24(3): 360-6.Gorgen, M., et al. "Aqueous extract ofdecreases nucleotide hydrolysis in rat blood serum."2005 Feb; 97(1): 73-7.Leborgne, L., et al. "Oxidative stress, atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk factors."2002; 95(9): 805-14.Muccillo Baisch, A., et al. "Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of aqueous extracts ofon mesenteric arterial bed of rats."1998; 60(2): 133-39.Brasilino, M., et al. "Mate tea () improves bone formation in the alveolar socket healing after tooth extraction in rats."2018 Apr; 22(3): 1449-1461.da Veiga, D., et al. "The yerba mate intake has a neutral effect on bone: A case-control study in postmenopausal women."2018 Jan; 32(1): 58-64.Brun, L., et al. "Effects of yerba mate () on histomorphometry, biomechanics, and densitometry on bones in the rat."2015 Nov; 97(5): 527-34.Conforti, A., et al. "Yerba Mate () consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women."2012 Jan; 50(1): 9-13.Fernandes, C., et al. "Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from erva-mate () fruit using compressed propane and supercritical CO(2)."2017 Jan; 54(1): 98-104.Rempe, C., et al. "Computational ranking of yerba mate small molecules based on their predicted contribution to antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant."2015 May; 10(5): e0123925.Prado Martin, J., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of yerba mate (St. Hil.) against food pathogens."2013 Apr-Jun; 45(2): 93-8.Burris, K., et al. "Aqueous extracts of yerba mate () as a natural antimicrobial againstO157:H7 in a microbiological medium and pH 6.0 apple juice."2012 Apr; 75(4): 753-7Burrins, K., et al. "Antimicrobial activity of Yerba Mate () aqueous extracts againstO157:H7 and."2011 Aug; 76(6): M456-62.Luckemeyer, D., et al. "Effects ofA. St. Hil. (yerba mate) onvirus types 1 and 2 replication."2012 Apr; 26(4): 535-40.Battagim, J., et al. "Comparative study of the effect of green and roasted water extracts of mate () on glucosyltransferase activity of."2012 Apr; 27(2): 232-40.Filip, R., et al. "Antifungal activity of the aqueous extract ofagainst2010 May; 24(5): 715-9.Bracesco, N., et al. "Analysis of radioprotection and antimutagenic effects ofinfusion and its component rutin."2018 Jul; 51(9): e7404.Amigo-Benavent, M., et al. "Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of green coffee and yerba mate extracts, their main hydroxycinnamic acids, methylxanthine and metabolites in different human cell lines."2017 Aug; 106(Pt A): 125-138.Ramirez-Mares, M., et al. "Inhibitory effect ofandtea extracts on the proliferation of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells."2016 Feb; 3: 269-278.Puangpraphant, S, et al. "Dicaffeoylquinic acids in yerba mate (St. Hilaire) inhibit NF-kB nucleus translocation in macrophages and induce apoptosis by activating caspases-8 and -3 in human colon cancer cells."2011 Oct; 55(10): 1509-22.Arbiser, J., et al. "Naturally occurring proteasome inhibitors from mate tea () serve as models for topical proteasome inhibitors."2005 Aug; 125(2): 207-12.Gonzalez de Mejia, E., et al. "Effect of yerba mate () tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation."2005 Mar; 53(6): 1966-73.Lopes, A., et al. "Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in maté drinkers in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil."2018 Mar; 27(3): 331-337.Stefani, E., et al. "Maté consumption and risk of cancer: a multi-site case-control study in Uruguay."2011; 12(4): 1089-93.Szyman'ska, K., et al. "Drinking of maté and the risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Latin America: a case-control study."2010 Nov; 21(11): 1799-806Dasanayake, A., et al. "Maté drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis."2010 Feb; 46(2): 82-6.Bates, M. N., et al. "Bladder cancer and mate consumption in Argentina: A case-control study."2007 Feb; 246(1-2): 268-73.Fagundes, R., et al. "Higher urine 1-hydroxy pyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) is associated with tobacco smoke exposure and drinking mate in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil."2006 May; 6: 139.Goldenberg, D., et al. "The beverage mate: a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck.". 2003; 25(7): 595-601.Sewram, V., et al. "Mate consumption and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer in Uruguay."2003; 12(6): 508-13.Castellsague, X., et al. "Influence of maté drinking, hot beverages and diet on esophageal cancer risk in South America."2000; 88(4): 658-64.Fonseca, C., et al. "Nontoxic, mutagenic, and clastogenic activities of Mate-Chimarrao)."2000; 19(4): 333-46.de Sousa, W., et al. "Evaluation of reproductive toxicology of aqueous extract of yerba mate (A. St.-Hil.), a traditional South American beverage."2019 Jan; 22(1): 97-101.de Andrade, F., et. al. Safety assessment of yerba mate () dried extract: results of acute and 90 days subchronic toxicity studies in rats and rabbits."2012 Feb; 50(2): 328-34.Gan, R., et al. "Health benefits of bioactive compounds from the genus, a source of traditional caffeinated beverages.". 2018 Nov 5; 10(11).

All available third-party research on yerba mate can be found at. A partial listing of the published research on yerba mate updated through Feb 2019 is shown below:Alkhatin, A., et al. "Yerba maté and exercise performance."2018 Jul; 50(7): 1525.Areta, J., et al. "Metabolic and performance effects of yerba mate on well-trained cyclists.". 2018 Apr; 50(4): 817-826.Prediger, R., et al. "Effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of mate tea leaves () in animal models of learning and memory."2008 Dec; 120(3): 465-73.Lieberman, H. R., et al. "Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during U.S. Navy SEAL training."2002; 164(3): 250-61.Alikaridis, F. "Natural constituents ofspecies."1987; 20(2): 121-44.Fossati, C. "On the virtue and therapeutic properties of ‘yerba-maté’ (orSt. Hilaire 1838)."1976; 78(3): 265-72.Vasquez, A., et al. "Studies on maté drinking.". 1986; 18: 267-72.Panza, V., et al. "Effect of mate tea () on the expression of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) and on circulating inflammatory cytokines in healthy men: a pilot study."2019 Mar; 70(2): 212-221.Niraula, P., et al. "extends lifespan and increases an ability to resist environmental stresses in."2018 Dec; 21(6): 497-505.Boligon, A., et al. "modulates fat metabolism inthrough purinergic system (ADOR-1) and nuclear hormone receptor (NHR-49) pathways."2018 Sep; 13(9): e0204023.da Veiga, D., et al. "Protective effect of yerba mate intake on the cardiovascular system: a post hoc analysis study in postmenopausal women."2018; 51(6): e7253.Colpo, A., et al. "extracts extend the lifespan offed a high-fat diet.". 2017 Nov; 51(2): e6784.Pereira, C., et al. "decreases oxidative stress in bone and mitigates the damage in rats during perimenopause.2017 Nov; 98: 148-152.Pereira, A., et al. "supplementation may be an effective nutritional approach to modulate oxidative stress during perimenopause."2017 Apr; 90: 14-18.Bains, Y., et al. "and its main component chlorogenic acid inhibit fructose formation of advanced glycation endproducts with amino acids at conditions compatible with those in the digestive system."2017 Mar; 117: 6-10.Lima, M., et al. "extract increases lifespan and protects against the toxic effects caused by paraquat in."2014 Sep; 11(10): 10091-104.Conforti, A., et al. "Yerba Mate () consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women."2012 Jan; 50(1): 9-13.Dudonne, S., et al. "DNA macroarray study of skin aging-related genes expression modulation by antioxidant plant extracts on a replicative senescence model of human dermal fibroblasts."2011 May; 25(5): 686-93.Cittadini, M., et al. "Neuroprotective effect ofintake on brain myelin of lung adenocarcinoma-bearing male Balb/c mice."2019 Jan 19: 1-5.Cittadini, M., et al. "Effects of bioavailable phenolic compounds fromon the brain of mice with lung adenocarcinoma."2019 Feb 6.de Lima, M., et al. "Comparing the effects of chlorogenic acid andextracts on different markers of brain alterations in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress.". 2019 Feb; 35(2): 373-386.Schuster, J., et al. "More than just caffeine: psychopharmacology of methylxanthine interactions with plant-derived phytochemicals.". 2019 Mar; 89: 263-274.Cittadini, M., et al. "Modulation of fatty acids and interleukin-6 in glioma cells by South American tea extracts and their phenolic compounds.". 2018 Feb-Mar; 70(2): 267-277.Bortoli, P., et al. "Ilex paraguariensis: potential antioxidant on aluminium toxicity, in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease."2018 Apr; 181: 104-110.Colpo, A.., et al. "Compounds fromextracts have antioxidant effects in the brains of rats subjected to chronic immobilization stress."2017 Nov; 42(11): 1172-1178.Oñatibia-Astibia, A., et al. "Health benefits of methylxanthines in neurodegenerative diseases."2017 Jun; 61(6).Ludka, F., et al. "hydroalcoholic extract exerts antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects: involvement of the NMDA receptor and the L-arginine-NO pathway."2016 Jun; 27(4): 384-92.Gatto, E., et al. "Inverse association between yerba mate consumption and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. A case-control study."2015 Sep; 356(1-2): 163-7.Santos, E., et al. "Anxiolytic-like, stimulant and neuroprotective effects ofextracts in mice.". 2015 Apr; 292: 13-21.Reis Ede, M., et al. "Antidepressant-like effect ofin rats."2014; 2014: 958209.Cittadini, M., et al. "Effects of oral phytoextract intake on phenolic concentration and redox homeostasis in murine encephalic regions."2015 Oct; 18(7): 316-22.Branco Cdos, S., et al. "Anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and behavioral effects of organic and conventional yerba mate (St. Hil.) on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in Wistar