Journalist Dan Baum, in an April 2016 article in Harper’s Magazine, mentions a quote he obtained in 1994 from John Erlichman, President Richard Nixon’s domestic policy advisor, discussing how the War on Drugs was established to disenfranchise the opponents to Nixon’s policies. The Drug War was constructed to allow the administration to disrupt black civil rights efforts and hippie anti-war movements by heavily criminalizing the drugs that they used more than other groups, marijuana by the hippies and heroin by black communities.

These Drug War policies exploited prejudices for political gain, not in the interest of public health and justice. Groundbreaking research into the therapeutic applications of psychedelics was conducted all over the world in the 1950s and 60s. Although promising, this research came virtually to a halt in the early 1970s due to the political backlash of the War on Drugs launched by the Nixon Administration.

The prohibition of psychoactive substances, particularly marijuana, has accrued enormous social costs. The sheer amount of time and resources dedicated by law enforcement agencies to arrest otherwise law abiding and nonviolent citizens for marijuana possession is egregious. It allocates time away from other critical policing issues such as violent crime and has not been successful at reducing drug use. The ricocheting effects and repercussions of these unnecessary arrests are felt acutely by individuals, and disproportionately through minority and poor communities, who in many states lose their right to vote after a felony conviction.

Related: Why Are So Many Violent Criminals Walking Free?

Currently, 50% of states in the US have medical or recreational marijuana legally available, and 75% of states have reduced marijuana penalties. According to a 2015 Gallup poll, since 2013 the majority of American voters have been in favor of legalizing marijuana. The upswing in support for marijuana legalization started in earnest after medical marijuana was approved in California and Arizona in 1996.

As we have observed with marijuana, support for legalization follows medicalization. It is my hope that this trend will replicate with MDMA and other psychoactive substances. This hope is, in part, why I founded the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) in 1986, the year after MDMA was criminalized.

From the middle 1970s to the early 1980s, MDMA, under the codename “Adam,” had been used by therapists as a therapeutic tool for healing and personal growth in individuals and in couple’s therapy. In 1985 the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) placed MDMA in Schedule 1, indicating that the substance had a high potential for abuse and that there was no accepted medical use, making it much harder to use in research. This decision went against the ruling of the DEA Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) who presided over the hearing for the scheduling of MDMA. The ALJ recommended that MDMA be placed in Schedule 3, meaning that it had a reduced potential for abuse and that it had some accepted medical use.

When used carefully and thoughtfully, psychedelics have incredible potential to unlock profound healing for individuals, which in turn, drives social change; psychedelics, especially in therapeutic and spiritual contexts, can facilitate transformative inner awareness. Psychedelics inspire insightful and expansive states of reflection, as well as feelings of compassion, hope and a “connectedness” or “oneness” with all forms of life.

MAPS works with these non-ordinary states of consciousness in the context of clinical research to support individuals in the process of healing trauma. The efficacy of our clinical research inspires significant questions about many dominant consumptive and destructive practices, such as the pharmaceutical, prison, and military industrial complexes. As a small non-profit organization doing the drug development work of a pharmaceutical company, we rely on the generous support of individuals and foundations to fund this work, as well as the dedication of volunteers and our passionate staff.

MAPS is currently awaiting FDA approval for our final phase of clinical trials evaluating MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for chronic, treatment resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Should our Phase 2 data be sufficient and our projections for Phase 3 be accurate, we anticipate the approval of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD as a legally available treatment in 2021. This would be a huge victory in the over 30-year struggle for legal availability of psychedelic-assisted therapy.

In preparation for a post-prohibition world, MAPS is training therapists and promoting harm reduction practices. We have developed a training program for therapists being considered for the Phase 3 studies, geared to prepare therapists for the unique experience of healing trauma with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. We plan to expand this training post FDA-approval with the goal of establishing a network of holistic psychedelic treatment centers.

We also work to create opportunities for learning and growth through the harm reduction work of the Zendo Project. The Zendo Project provides a supportive environment and specialized care designed to transform difficult psychedelic experiences in recreational settings into valuable learning opportunities offering healing and growth. In turn, harm reduction reduces the number of drug-related hospitalizations and arrests.

I believe that the social implications of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy are much broader than a treatment for those who are suffering from PTSD. MDMA and other psychedelic substances can facilitate a powerful experience characterized by connectedness and unity. Experiencing this profound unity can move our global community toward policies which will support healing generations of trauma inflicted by war, end prohibition, and allow individuals the opportunity to explore and expand their consciousness. An article about MDMA in the July 14, 2016, issue of the scientific journal, Cell, concluded by saying, “The world’s populations need more compassion and empathy for one another. The study of MDMA provides one small but potentially important step toward reaching that goal.”