I cannot believe the pilot didn’t notice the damage.

Most of the prop thrust comes from the outermost 1/3 of the blade(s) and these are the bits which have been chopped off.

If you shorten a blade, the prop governor will increase the blade pitch so as to absorb the engine power, but there is a limit (also there is a limit on the blade AOA) and in this case I’d say there is no way the truncated prop could have absorbed the engine power. The post-go-around climb rate must have been terrible and the cruise performance likewise.

That’s assuming the pilot has any currency on the type…