In some cases, the trainers acknowledged a lack of evidence but made bold claims regardless. For example, they cited “rather limited” research on how abortion affects men – but claimed these can include “random acts of violence”. In other cases they relied heavily on anecdotes and vague references to unspecified “studies”.

These courses could have seemed absurd if they weren’t so serious – and part of a global infrastructure of organised opposition against reproductive rights. Heartbeat, the US group that produced them, says its “presence is felt on every inhabited continent” with hundreds of affiliate groups in countries worldwide.

‘A global misinformation network’

Heartbeat was set up in 1971 as Alternatives To Abortion in the run-up to the landmark Roe v. Wade Supreme Court ruling that legalised abortion in the US.

Today it has affiliates around the world that Heartbeat told openDemocracy “must adhere to basic principles that affirm alternatives to abortion and ensure non-discrimination, but all other matters of policy and management remain under the direction of the centres’ local leadership allowing for autonomy”.

In the UK, there are also hundreds of crisis pregnancy centres though only one – in Northern Ireland – appears to be in Heartbeat’s network of affiliates. It’s not known, though not unlikely, that some staff at these centres have taken Heartbeat trainings. The US group’s ‘academy’ has hundreds of short courses online.

In 2014 the sexual health organisation Brook published a report that looked into dozens of UK crisis pregnancy centres and also found “unacceptably biased and misleading information” in them including about abortion’s mental and physical health impacts, as well as “inappropriate language and emotional manipulation”.

One of the Heartbeat webinars I took, ‘Abortion Basics’, said it was “designed to help volunteers and staff members feel confident in discussing the option of abortion accurately and relationally with clients”. But it included several incorrect and controversial claims – including that abortion can “result in cancer down the road”.

Eric Jauniaux, senior lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at University College London and University College Hospital, later told openDemocracy that these claimed cancer risks are a mainstay of anti-abortion campaigners and are false but “like a boomerang”. Despite numerous studies showing no such link, “still it comes back."

Abortion can also have “major ramifications” on future pregnancies, claimed the webinar (which appears to have been taken down from its online academy website in January), including increased risks of ectopic pregnancies, and “reduced fertility”.

Again, these claims are not supported by the mainstream medical community and have been refuted by health agencies including the UK’s National Health Service. In the US, a recent review of medical studies also found that the frequency of ectopic pregnancy after a medical abortion (0.02%) is much lower than in all pregnancies (1–2%).

Other claims were more original. For example: After a woman has an abortion, the trainer said, her partner can “experience homosexuality.” It’s not clear in the webinar where she got this from. But most medical experts agree that nothing can ‘cause’ homosexuality; gay people are born gay. (And, being gay isn’t a bad thing either.)

Early on, the trainer cast doubt on other sources of information, saying official figures on abortion are not “reliable”. Negative mental health impacts, she later added, are also “compounded because the mental health professionals and the medical community in general actually deny the existence of post abortion syndrome.”

Indeed, reputable research has debunked the existence of such a syndrome. The UK’s National Health Service says a woman who ends an unplanned pregnancy is “no more likely to experience mental health problems” than if she continues it. Recent evidence published by the American Medical Association’s journal meanwhile shows that women who are denied abortions have worse mental health than those who are not.

‘Dangerous delay tactics’

The second webinar I followed, called ‘Talking About Abortion’, said it was based on the experience of Heartbeat affiliates. “For the purpose of this presentation, I will be speaking as if I am speaking to the client”, said the trainer at the beginning.

The first thing to do, she explained, is offer a woman considering an abortion a pregnancy test and an ultrasound. Then, you can warn her against making a decision “too quickly”. The trainer re-emphasises this advice later, saying: “Get the caller to slow down and really think… Build a relationship with her and gain her trust”.

She then asks her hypothetical caller (who we never hear from) if she knows about possible physical complications – and makes several confusing statements, such as: “Statistically most abortions do not cause physical injury. However, statistically the chances of your getting pregnant might not have been great either”.

“More women are dying from legal abortion than we realised, because most abortion related deaths are not reported as such”, the trainer continued, dialing up the fear and suggesting the caller’s life could be on the line, including with increased suicide risks.

What she did not say is that childbirth has a higher mortality rate than abortion in the US. Recent studies also have discredited claimed links between abortion and suicide, finding that such risks are “not attributable to the abortion” itself.

When it came time to describe surgical abortions, unlike in the first webinar I followed this trainer used more neutral terms like “the foetus” instead of “the baby”.

She also correctly stated that “You and only you will be asked to sign a consent form at the abortion clinic.” (Though at some Heartbeat affiliates globally, undercover reporters in openDemocracy’s investigation were told otherwise. Staff at one in Mexico City, for example, told a reporter she needed their partner’s or a relative’s consent).

If a woman asks about emergency contraception, the trainer also suggests a pregnancy test to “let you know if you might have conceived more than 7-10 days ago”.

However, she also notes that you have to take emergency contraception within 72-120 (3-5 days) hours of intercourse. If someone followed her advice, and waited to take a pregnancy test, they would miss their chance to take emergency contraception.

If they listened to some of the other things the trainer said, they might end up with another unwanted pregnancy. For example, the webinar claimed that “Condoms do not do a good job at preventing pregnancy”.

However, in this case, even the details the trainer provided undermined this conclusion; she said ‘the pregnancy rate for condom use is [only] 3%’. Needless to say, a 97% success rate would mean condoms actually are doing a pretty good job.

‘It’s harassment and lies’

In response to openDemocracy’s questions, Heartbeat said: “We stand by our training and by our values… Our clients have the right to choose an abortion and they also have the right to know more fully what may be at stake in their decision.” They added that “a recent survey of pregnancy help centre clients revealed a 99% satisfaction score.”

But the emphasis on delaying women’s decisions in the training I took is dangerous, Mara Clarke, from the UK charity Abortion Support Network, told me. “As soon as someone decides they want an abortion, they are up against the clock”, she explained. Delaying decisions could force women to endure more invasive procedures.

“These groups are violating the core medical ethic of ‘first treat the wellbeing of the patient,’” believes University of Toronto human rights law professor Rebecca Cook. “In delaying access to necessary medical care that only women need, these practices discriminate against women in the exercise of their right to health.”