After a marathon debate, some stall tactics by Republicans, and the expression of a lot of frustration, the House passed Oregon’s controversial climate policy bill Monday on a 36-to-24 vote.

The bill now heads to the Senate, where a narrower vote margin for passage is already creating more drama.

House Republicans kept the debate going for nearly six-and-half hours, many rising several times to decry the “disastrous” effects they contend the bill will have on jobs, energy prices and Oregon’s economy, all for an “imperceptible” impact on global greenhouse emissions.

They proposed sending the bill back to committee for more work, asked to delay it indefinitely, and lofted a procedural challenge to House Speaker Tina Kotek about whether the bill required supermajority approval versus a simple majority.

Democrats voted down their motions and passed the bill.

House Bill 2020 is one of the most complex and sprawling pieces of legislation ever to come before Oregon lawmakers. It envisions a wholesale reduction in Oregonians’ use of fossil fuels, and an associated decrease in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

To get Oregon there, the policy would require companies in the utility, transportation and industrial sectors to buy emission allowances in a state-run auction or on a secondary market to cover each metric ton of pollution – or so-called carbon equivalents -- their operations emit. As the state reduces the supply of allowances, they will get more expensive, increasing fossil fuel prices and incentivizing business and consumers to reduce their consumption and related emissions.

The policy’s path is more challenging in the Senate. Democratic leaders can only afford to lose two of their caucus members’ votes in the upper chamber. Sen. Betsy Johnson, D-Scappoose, is an avowed opponent of the bill. Sen. Arnie Roblan, D-Coos Bay, has also expressed doubts, particularly about the bill’s impact on gas prices.

Meanwhile, Sen. Laurie Monnes Anderson, D-Gresham, is still holding out for more concessions to mitigate the impact of the bill on electricity costs for Boeing, a large employer in her district.

Boeing’s greenhouse emissions fall below the 25,000 metric ton threshold to be directly regulated under the new policy, meaning the company wouldn’t be required to buy allowances to offset its emissions in state auctions. But it can voluntarily opt into the program, and an amendment passed last week assured that if it did so, the company would be treated as an “emissions-intensive-trade-exposed” business. As an EITE, the company would receive 95 percent of its emissions allowances for free.

Yet that still doesn’t protect Boeing from higher energy bills, particularly higher electricity prices.

Boeing currently buys its electricity through a wholesale direct access agreement with Constellation Energy. Those wholesale agreements can offer cheaper electricity for big customers. But the climate policy may change that, and that could cost Boeing as much a $1 million a year, Monnes Anderson says she’s been told by the company’s lobbyists.

HB 2020 offers free emission allowances until 2030 for Oregon’s two largest electric utilities, PacifiCorp and Portland General Electric. That’s in recognition of their ongoing push to get rid of coal-fired power and transition to more renewable energy under the provisions of a 2016 bill.

Independent energy service suppliers are not subject to that legislation. Their energy often comes from a dirtier mix of sources, including merchant fossil fuel plants, but there are also those who focus on renewables.

To date, backers of the carbon policy haven’t offered the energy service suppliers any free emission allowances, meaning a potentially significant rate hikes when they pass through their cost to customers.

“Boeing competes in an environment where we have a heavily subsidized competitor. And, we have 1,600 people at Boeing Portland that depend on us being a competitive place to do business, and to earn future work, so cost matters to us,” Leslie Hazzard, a spokeswoman for Boeing Portland, said in an emailed statement.

Monnes Anderson could end up as the swing vote in the Senate. She said she wants to support the carbon policy, and is still working “very openly with the governor’s office. A lot of work is still being done on this.”

“I’m fighting for Boeing because they’re in my district,” said Monnes Anderson. The situation “would be different if they were buying their electricity from a utility company. I want to make sure they are being treated equitably.”

Robert Kahn, president of the Northwest & Intermountain Power Producers Coalition, said he wasn’t optimistic there would be further changes to the bill this session.

“But I would expect we’ll be back next session,” he said.