Research News

Microplastics million times more abundant in the ocean than previously thought

Mini-microplastics uncovered in the stomachs of filter-feeding marine organisms



Scientists measured microplastics found in salps, pictured here.



December 12, 2019

Nothing seems safe from plastic contamination. A new study by NSF-funded researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography suggests there could be a million times more pieces of plastic in the ocean than previously estimated.

Biological oceanographer Jennifer Brandon found some of the tiniest microplastics in seawater at much higher concentrations than previously measured. Her method showed that the traditional way of counting marine microplastics is likely missing the smallest particles, suggesting that the number of microplastics in the ocean is off by five to seven orders of magnitude.

Brandon now estimates that the ocean is contaminated by 8.3 million pieces of mini-microplastics per cubic meter of water.

Her discovery is published in Limnology and Oceanography Letters.

"For years we've been doing microplastics studies the same way, by using a net to collect samples," Brandon said. "But anything smaller than that net mesh has been escaping."

Most plastics are so chemically strong that neither microbes in soil nor water can break down the elemental bonds.

For answers, Brandon turned to salps, gelatinous filter-feeding invertebrates that suck in water to eat and to propel themselves around the upper 6,500 feet of the ocean. Their stomachs were a likely place to find mini-microplastics.

Of the 100 salps Brandon surveyed from water samples collected in 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017, 100 percent had mini-microplastics in their guts.

The research was an outgrowth of basic research that took place at NSF's Central California Current Long-Term Ecological Research site.

"Despite tremendous interest in microplastics, we are just beginning to understand the scale and effects of these ocean contaminants," said Dan Thornhill, a program director in NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences. "This study demonstrates that marine plastics are far more abundant than anyone realized and can be found potentially everywhere in the ocean. This is troubling, especially when the consequences for the environment and human health remain largely unknown."

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