Ansink , E. and Wesseler , J. ( 2009 ), ‘ Quantifying type I and type II errors in decision-making under uncertainty: the case of GM crops ’, Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 2 : 61 – 66 .

Apel , A. ( 2010 ), ‘ The costly benefits of opposing agricultural biotechnology ’, New Biotechnology 27 : 635 – 640 .

Arrow , K.J. and Fisher , A.C. ( 1974 ), ‘ Environmental preservation, uncertainty, and irreversibility ’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 88 : 312 – 319 .

Arrow , K. , Cropper , M. , Eads , G. , et al. ( 1996 ), ‘ Is there a role for benefit-cost analysis in environmental, health, and safety regulation? ’, Science 272 : 221 – 222 .

Baten , J. , Crayen , D. , and Voth , H.-J. ( 2010 ), ‘Poor, hungry and ignorant: numeracy and the impact of high food prices in industrializing Britain, 1780–1850’, University of Tuebingen Working Paper, [Available at] , and), ‘Poor, hungry and ignorant: numeracy and the impact of high food prices in industrializing Britain, 1780–1850’, University of Tuebingen Working Paper, [Available at] http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1120.pdf

Batista , R. , Saibo , N. , Lourenco , T. , and Oliveira , M. ( 2008 ), ‘ Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion ’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 105 : 3640 – 3645 .

Baudo , M. , Lyons , R. , Powers , S. , Pastori , G. , Edwards , K. , Holdsworth , M. , and Shewry , P. ( 2006 ), ‘ Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding ’, Plant Biotechnology Journal 4 : 369 – 380 .

Bennett , A.B. , Chi-Ham , C. , Barrows , G. , Sexton , S. , and Zilberman , D. ( 2013 ), ‘ Agricultural biotechnology: economics, environment, ethics, and the future ’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 38 : 19.1 – 19.31 .

Billingsley , P. ( 2012 ), Probability and Measure , Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley .

Case , A. and Paxson , C. ( 2006 ), ‘ Stature and status: height, ability, and labor market outcomes ’, Journal of Political Economy 116 : 499 – 532 .

Committee on Agriculture ( 2012 ), Cultivation of Genetically Modified Food Crops – Prospects and Effects , New Delhi : Lok Sabha Secretariat .

Copenhagen Consensus ( 2008 ), Copenhagen Consensus 2008, [Available at] ), Copenhagen Consensus 2008, [Available at] http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Projects/Copenhagen%20Consensus%202008-1.aspx

Copenhagen Consensus ( 2012 ), Copenhagen Consensus 2012, [Available at] ), Copenhagen Consensus 2012, [Available at] http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Projects/CC12.aspx

Currie , J. and Hyson , R. ( 1999 ), ‘ Is the impact of health shocks cushioned by socioeconomic status? The case of low birth weight ’, American Economic Review 89 : 245 – 250 .

Deaton , A. ( 2003 ), ‘ Health, inequality, and economic development ’, Journal of Economic Literature 41 : 113 – 158 .

Dixit , A. and Pindyck , R. ( 1994 ), Investment Under Uncertainty , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .

Doblhammer , G. and Vaupel , J. ( 2001 ), ‘ Lifespan depends on month of birth ’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98 : 2934 – 2939 .

Enserink , M. ( 2008 ), ‘ Tough lessons from Golden Rice ’, Science 320 : 468 – 471 .

Fogel , R.W. ( 1994 ), ‘ Economic growth, population theory and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy ’, American Economic Review 84 : 369 – 395 .

Graff , G. , Hochman , G. , and Zilberman , D. ( 2009 ), ‘ The political economy of agricultural biotechnology policies ’, AgBioForum 12 : 34 – 46 .

Graff , G. , Hochman , G. , and Zilberman , D. ( 2013 ), ‘ The political economy of technological regulation in the face of creative destruction: the case of agricultural biotechnology ’, in Herring , R. (ed.), Oxford Handbook on Food, Politics and Society , Oxford : Oxford University Press .

Greenpeace ( 2005 ), Golden Rice: All Glitter, No Gold , Amsterdam : Greenpeace International .

Greenpeace ( 2012 ), Golden Illusion: The Broken Promises of ‘Golden’ Rice , Amsterdam : Greenpeace International .

Hennessy , D. and Moschini , G. ( 2006 ), ‘ Regulatory actions under adjustment costs and the resolution of scientific uncertainty ’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88 : 308 – 323 .

Herman , R. , Chassy , B. , and Parrott , W. ( 2009 ), ‘ Compositional assessment of transgenic crops: an idea whose time has passed ’, Trends in Biotechnology 27 : 555 – 557 .

Herring , R. ( 2007 ), ‘ Opposition to transgenic technologies: ideology, interests and collective action frames ’, Nature Review Genetics 9 : 458 – 463 .

Herring , R. ( 2010 ), ‘ Epistemic brokerage in the bio-property narrative: contributions to explaining opposition to transgenic technologies in agriculture ’, New Biotechnology 27 : 614 – 622 .

Herring , R. ( 2012 ), ‘State science and its discontents: why India's second transgenic crop did not follow the path of Bt cotton’, paper presented at the Weihenstephaner Socio-Economic Seminar, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 13 June.

King , C.H. and Bertino , A.M. ( 2008 ), ‘ Asymmetries of poverty: why global burden of disease valuations underestimate the burden of neglected tropical diseases ’, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2 : e209.

Kolstad , C. ( 1987 ), ‘ Uniformity versus differentiation in regulating externalities ’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 14 : 386 – 399 .

Murray , C. and Lopez , A. ( 1996 ), The Global Burden of Disease , Vol. 1 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Paarlberg , R. ( 2008 ), Starved for Science: How Biotechnology is Being Kept Out of Africa , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .

Potrykus , I. ( 2010a ), ‘ Regulation must be revolutionized ’, Nature 466 : 561.

Potrykus , I. ( 2010b ), ‘ Lessons from the “Humanitarian Golden Rice” project: regulation prevents development of public good genetically engineered crop products ’, New Biotechnology 27 : 466 – 472 .

Qaim , M. , Stein , A. , and Meenakshi , J.V. ( 2007 ), ‘ Economics of biofortification ’, Agricultural Economics 37 ( s1 ): 119 – 133 .

Ramessar , K. , Peremarti , A. , Gomez-Galera , S. , Naqvi , S. , Moralejo , M. , Munoz , P. , Capell , T. , and Chritou , P. ( 2007 ), ‘ Biosafety and risk assessment framework for selectable marker genes in transgenic crop plants: a case of the science not supporting the politics ’, Transgenic Research 16 : 261 – 280 .

Richards , M. , Hardy , R. , Kuh , D. , and Wadsworth , M. ( 2002 ), ‘ Birth weight, postnatal growth and cognitive function in a national UK birth cohort ’, International Journal of Epidemiology 31 : 342 – 348 .

Shewry , P. , Baudo , M. , Lovegrove , A. , and Powers , S. ( 2007 ), ‘ Are GM and conventionally bred cereals really different? ’, Trends in Food Sciences and Technology 18 : 201 – 209 .

Stein , A. ( 2006 ), Micronutrient Malnutrition and the Impact of Modern Plant Breeding on Public Health in India: How Cost-effective is Biofortification? , Göttingen : Cuvillier Verlag .

Stein , A. , Sachdev , H. , and Qaim , M. ( 2008 ), ‘ Genetic engineering for the poor: Golden Rice and public health in India ’, World Development 36 : 144 – 158 .

Swinnen , J.F.M. and Vandemoortele , T. ( 2010 ), ‘ Policy gridlock or future change? The political economy dynamics of EU biotechnology regulation ’, AgBioForum 13 : 291 – 296 .

Tang , G. , Qin , J. , Dolnikoawski , G. , Russell , R. , and Grusak , M. ( 2009 ), ‘ Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A ’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 : 1176 – 1183 .

Tang , G. , Hu , Y. , Yin , S. , Wang , Y. , Dallal , G. , Grusak , M. , and Russell , R. ( 2012 ), ‘ β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children ’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96 : 658 – 664 .

Taylor , H. and Karlin , S. ( 1984 ), An Introduction to Stochastic Modeling , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .

Thomas , D. and Frankenberg , E. ( 2002 ), ‘ Health, nutrition and prosperity: a microeconomic perspective ’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80 : 106 – 113 .

van den Belt , H. ( 2003 ), ‘ Debating the precautionary principle: “guilty until proven innocent” or “innocent until proven guilty”? ’, Plant Physiology 132 : 1122 – 1126 .

Vigani , M. and Olper , A. ( 2014 ), ‘ GM-free private standards, public regulation of GM products and mass media ’, Environment and Development Economics , this issue.

Wesseler , J. ( 2009 ), ‘ The Santaniello theorem of irreversible benefits ’, AgBioForum 12 : 8 – 13 .

Wesseler , J. , Scatasta , S. , and Fall , E. ( 2011 ), ‘ Environmental benefits and costs of GM crops ’, in Carter , C. , Moschini , G.C. , and Sheldon , I. (eds), Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare , Bingley : Emerald Group Publishing , pp. 173 – 199 .

Wesseler , J. , Leimgruber , S. , and Smart , R. ( 2012 ), ‘Comparison of time periods in the approval processes for GM crops in the EU, USA, Canada & South Africa’, Paper presented at the 16th ICABR Conference, 128th EAAE Seminar, Ravello, Italy, 24–27 June.

West , K. and Darnton-Hill , I. ( 2008 ), ‘ Vitamin A deficiency ’, in Semba , R.D. and Bloem , M.W. (eds), Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries , Totowa, NJ : Humana Press , pp. 377 – 433 .

World Health Organization ( 2001 ), Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Geneva : World Health Organization .