Women in large numbers believe they face disadvantages in the workplace, including lower pay than men and other forms of discrimination—opinions that haven't budged during a period when public opinion has shifted markedly on many other social issues, a new Wall Street Journal/NBC News survey shows.

Decades after women began flooding into the workforce, 84% of women say men are paid more for similar work, a view borne out by government data but which draws agreement from only two-thirds of men. More than four in 10 women say...