The authors say the report is "based on data from a survey of English-speaking, online news users in India – a small (but important) subset of a larger, more diverse, and very complex Indian media market."

Significant numbers of respondents expressed an appetite for more personalised mobile news alerts, more online news video, for donating to support news organisations, and to pay for digital news in the future.

The most widely used online news sources (beyond platforms) are websites of leading legacy media including TV channels and newspapers. But some new news websites have reach, including some alternative and biased sites.

India’s news media fared poorly when compared to its counterparts in other countries on the metric of audience trust. Only 36% of the surveyed respondents said they trusted “news overall”, while 39% of the respondents said they trust “news I use”, according to a study by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) at the University of Oxford.

A 2018 RISJ Digital News Report had found that “the average level of trust in the news in general remains relatively stable at 44%, with just over half (51%) agreeing that they trust the news media they themselves use most of the time”. The 2018 report surveyed 74,194 respondents in 37 countries that are largely in Europe, Asia, North and South America.

This maiden India report, released on Monday, is based on a survey of 1,013 respondents to an online survey conducted in January this year by YouGov and focuses on English-speaking Internet users in the country. As a result, respondents are "generally more affluent, have higher levels of formal education, skews male, and are more likely to live in cities than the wider Indian population and our findings only concern our sample, and thus cannot be taken to be more broadly representative," says the report. Nonetheless, it reveals multiple findings about how a small, yet significant number of Indians find and perceive news, and how the news media industry could shape up in the future.

Findings from India showed 45% of respondents said trusted news found via search engines compared to only 34% globally. In addition, 34% of Indians surveyed said they trusted news found through social media, in contrast to only 23% of global respondents.

Findings from the 2019 India Digital News Report

The report further says 57% of Indian respondents are worried whether online news they come across is real or fake. When asked about different kinds of potential disinformation, many respondents expressed concern over content that is highly biased (51%), poor journalism (51%) as well as false news (50%).

From the 2018 Digital News Report - 37 Countries

This small segment of India’s population that was surveyed relies heavily on social media platforms (like Facebook and Instagram), messaging platforms (like WhatsApp) and search engines (like Google) to access news.

This means only 18% of respondents directly go to news websites or apps. In other words, a vast majority of users get news through “side-door access”, which means either via search, social or messaging platforms.

Only 18% of Indian users came across news directly through news sites or apps.

“We are glad to be able to offer this report as a snapshot of this development and how the rise of mobile media, social media platforms, and messaging applications is in the process of changing how Indians access news and engage with it, including low trust in much news and rising concerns about various kinds of disinformation,” writes Rasmus Klein Nielsen, Director of the Reuters Institute and Professor of Political Communication at Oxford University, who is also one of the report’s authors.

He also noted that India has remained ‘conspicuously absent’ from the previous seven editions of the report.

Unsurprisingly, India is a mobile-first market with 68% respondents saying their smartphone is the primary device of accessing news, with 31% of respondents saying they use only their mobile phone to get news.

Facebook and WhatsApp are particularly widely used, with 75% of respondents using Facebook (and 52% saying they get news there), and 82% using WhatsApp (with 52% getting news there). Other social media widely used for news include Instagram (26%), Twitter (18%), and Facebook Messenger (16%).

Online news generally (56%), and social media specifically (28%), have outpaced print (16%) as the main source of news among respondents under thirty-five years of age, whereas respondents over 35 still mix online and offline media to a greater extent.