Shiite clerics called on Iraqi civilians to take up arms against advancing Sunni insurgents inspired by al-Qaeda, drawing the battle lines for a major sectarian confrontation in the fracturing state.

after Shiite clerics called on Iraqi civilians to take up arms against advancing Sunni insurgents inspired by al-Qaeda, drawing the battle lines for a major sectarian confrontation.

after Shiite clerics called on Iraqi civilians to take up arms against advancing Sunni insurgents inspired by al-Qaeda, drawing the battle lines for a major sectarian confrontation.

The Obama administration signaled its reluctance Wednesday to launch airstrikes in Iraq or intervene militarily in support of its government, telling Congress that a bombing campaign would be fraught with complications and that Iraq’s political divisions needed to be addressed first.

Senior lawmakers who met with President Obama behind closed doors gave no indication afterward that military action was imminent.

They said Obama told them that he was still reviewing his options but that he was primarily considering ways to bolster assistance for Iraq’s beleaguered security forces.

At the same time, some lawmakers said, Obama told them he would not seek Congress’s formal approval should he decide that military force is necessary — a sore point for several members of both parties. The president “indicated he didn’t feel he had any need for authority from us for steps he might take,” said Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.).

The White House said Obama reviewed the administration’s efforts “to strengthen the capacity of Iraq’s security forces” in their fight against Sunni Muslim insurgents who have seized several key cities and overwhelmed the Iraqi army.

Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told a panel from the Senate Appropriations Committee on Wednesday that the Iraqi government has asked the U.S. for airstrikes against ISIL rebels, but he did not elaborate on the specific of the Iraqi request. (Reuters)

In a statement, the White House added that Obama “pledged to continue consulting closely with Congress,” but it did not specify on what legal basis he might act if he did order the use of military force.

In Iraq, meanwhile, fresh threats emerged to the country’s stability. A large fire erupted at a major oil refinery north of Baghdad after it came under attack from insurgents. And Iran’s president vowed that his country would intervene in the conflict if Sunni Muslim insurgents made good on their threat to desecrate Iraqi holy sites that draw thousands of Iranian Shiite pilgrims each year.

Earlier Wednesday, the Pentagon’s top leaders warned of the political and military risks of launching another bombing campaign in Iraq, saying that a rush to action could backfire if targets and goals were unclear.

Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said Iraq’s Shiite-dominated government has requested that Washington provide “air power” as it tries to take back territory seized in recent weeks by fighters from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and other insurgents. Iraqi officials have said their army, which offered little resistance as it retreated from several northern cities last week, needs help in the form of armed U.S. drones and fighter aircraft — something that Obama has so far declined to authorize.

Dempsey told a panel from the Senate Appropriations Committee that pinpointing targets in an air campaign would be difficult, especially because Sunni insurgents have melted into the local population.

“It’s not as easy as looking at an iPhone video of a convoy and then immediately striking,” he said.

The broader problem, he added, is that the government of Iraq, led by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, a Shiite, had worsened Iraq’s sectarian divisions. U.S. officials, who originally paved the way for Maliki to take power, have since chastised him for alienating the country’s Sunnis and Kurds.

“There is very little that — that could have been done to overcome the degree to which the government of Iraq had failed its people. That’s what has caused this problem,” Dempsey said. “This has not broken down entirely on sectarian lines, but it could.”

To drive home the point, Vice President Biden called Maliki on Wednesday and emphasized the need for him and other Iraqi leaders “to govern in an inclusive manner, promote stability and unity among Iraq’s population, and address the legitimate needs of Iraq’s diverse communities,” the White House said in a statement.

Some Republican lawmakers pushed the administration to act more decisively, warning of a risk of Iraq’s becoming a failed state dominated by al-Qaeda sympathizers if the United States does not intervene.

“I want the American people to understand: There’s a lot at stake for us . . . if Iraq falls and Iran dominates the south and this group, ISIS, owns the Sunni territory all the way from Aleppo to Baghdad,” said Sen. Lindsey O. Graham (R-S.C.). “That would create economic chaos in the region, which would affect us here at home.”

In response, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said Obama had not made a decision on airstrikes but urged caution on such military action.

“There has to be a reason for those,” Hagel said of airstrikes. “There has to be an objective. Where do you go with those? What does it do to move the effort down the road for a political solution?”

Hagel and Dempsey said U.S. intelligence analysts had forecast a growing threat from ISIS in Iraq but acknowledged that they were taken aback by how rapidly and easily the insurgents have been able to sweep aside Iraqi forces. Many of the Iraqi troops had been trained by the U.S. military — which invested $25 billion to rebuild the Iraqi army after the U.S.-led invasion of the country in 2003.

“I think we were surprised that the Iraqi divisions . . . just threw down their weapons,” Hagel said.

Dempsey said the Pentagon has deployed “a great deal” of surveillance aircraft — both drones and regular planes — over Iraq “to try to gain clarity on what exactly is occurring.” The Pentagon has also moved an aircraft carrier and other warships into the Persian Gulf.

Another influential military figure, retired Army Gen. David H. Petraeus, also urged caution Wednesday. Petraeus, who oversaw the surge of U.S. troops into Iraq in 2007 and later became director of the CIA, said the United States should not rush to support Maliki militarily unless his government can gain the confidence of Sunnis and other religious and ethnic groups.

“President Obama has been quite clear on this: This cannot be the United States being the air force for Shia militias or a Shia-on-Sunni Arab fight. It has to be

a fight of all of Iraq against

extremists,” Petraeus said at a

foreign-policy conference in London.

Estimates of the number of fighters aligned with ISIS vary greatly. Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), a member of the Appropriations Committee, said at the hearing where Dempsey testified that Iraqi diplomats have told her that ISIS has about 20,000 men under arms, including foreign fighters and veterans of the Syrian civil war.

Dempsey described that estimate as “probably high” but added that ISIS had morphed into a broader movement and become “almost indistinguishable” from other groups opposed to Maliki’s government, including loyalists to former Iraqi ruler Saddam Hussein.

A senior U.S. intelligence official put the number of ISIS fighters at “upwards of 10,000” men and said the number was growing.

The official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive intelligence matters, said the insurgents had freed as many as 5,000 prisoners who are taking up arms and aligning themselves with the group.

Dan Lamothe, Ed O’Keefe, Katie Zezima and Dana Priest contributed to this report.