We’ve helped hundreds of people compare between their options and introduced them to people who can help them with their career. If you’re interested in using an economics PhD to work on issues like global priorities research or artificial intelligence policy , apply for our free coaching service :

You can test your ability and interest by taking classes in economics, math and statistics either at your university or online. You don’t need an economics undergraduate degree to enter but proven math ability is required, so make sure you study quantitative subjects. See this guide to getting into an economics PhD program.

Our reasoning for these ratings is explained below . You might also like to read about our approach to rating careers .

An economics PhD is one of the most attractive graduate programs: if you get through, you have a high chance of landing an impactful research job in academia or policy. In particular, academic economics is one of the best ways of conducting and promoting global priorities research, one of our priority paths . You have back-up options in the corporate sector since the skills you learn are in-demand (unlike many PhD programs). You should especially consider an economics PhD if you want to go into research roles, are good at math (i.e. quant GRE score above 165) and have a proven interest in economics research.

If you are well suited to this career, it may be the best way for you to have a social impact.

Research process

For this profile, we interviewed economist Robin Hanson and read the following sources. See all our research in our wiki.

What is this career path?



In this profile we focus on doing an Economics PhD in the US, which usually takes 5-7 years. In the first two years you take classes and the remaining time is spent on writing a dissertation. You usually have to teach during your PhD. More detail on what you do in each phase is here. At the end, you usually apply for jobs through the centrally organised Job Openings for Economists, which is run by the American Economic Association, or you can apply for jobs independently.

Specialisation of final year PhD students in 2014. Source FiveThirtyEight.

Entry requirements



An economics major isn’t required but you need proven math ability and it helps to have taken mathematical economics classes.

You also need:

A high score on the quantitative reasoning section of the GRE – 165 (90th percentile for all individuals taking the GRE) or higher for most programs. If your score is less than 160, your chances are very low.

A high GPA (3.5+), especially in economics and mathematics.

Excellent letters of recommendation from academics; ideally, those that are well-known.

Can you enter from a non-quantitative background? It’s possible, but difficult. You’ll need to spend one to three years retraining. See some advice on how to meet the entry requirements if you have a non-quantitative undergraduate degree.

Why should you do an economics PhD?



Doing high impact research



Academia



Research in economics academia is a potentially very high impact option because you can work on priority cause areas, like global priorities research or AI policy. For example, to contribute to global priorities research you might work on the economics of existential risk and long-term trajectory change, while the macroeconomics, political economy and industrial organisation of AI will be important for developing informed AI policy.

Doing such research is a realistic option because Economics professors get a lot freedom to do research across a wide range of topics and disciplines. That also gives you great option value for future research. You often even get a high degree of autonomy with your dissertation and aren’t forced to specialise narrowly in your advisor’s research interests, giving you freedom to pursue research topics that you most want to work on during your PhD itself (though we’ve heard that sometimes there is pressure to choose topics with higher publication and job market value).

If you do an economics PhD, you have a decent chance of getting a job as an academic: Data indicates that more than half of economics PhD’s get jobs in academia after their PhD.

Non-academic research



If you don’t get a job in academia, or if you don’t want to, there are other important sectors that explicitly hire economics PhD’s, including:

Government (e.g. Federal Reserve, Treasury, Department of Justice)

Non-profit research organisations and think-tanks (e.g. RAND, National Bureau of Economic Research)

International organisations (e.g. World Bank, International Monetary Fund)

The impact you can have in these jobs tends to be more direct and focused on specific issues than in academia. Many of these jobs are advertised on the Job Openings for Economists, which means you don’t have to apply for them separately from academic jobs.

Advocacy potential



Having an economics PhD also puts you in a position to build a public platform and become a public intellectual through journalism and writing books.

You can also influence policy through your research, though some claim that most of the time economists just provide arguments for people with pre-existing views. However there could be room for outsized influence if you provide policy recommendations on issues that are orthogonal to popular disputes, and our guess is that in the long-run economists can change conventional wisdom about what is good policy. You might do this by engaging directly with policy or by conducting academic research on the most pressing problems in order to shift the research priorities of the economics community. Examples of organisations working on the latter are the Global Priorities Institute and the Forethought Foundation.

Other benefits

You gain a broad set of tools for understanding how the social world works, which is helpful for evaluating causes and interventions. This may help you better evaluate your future career options to have more impact. A notable example of this in action is the founding of GiveDirectly (one of GiveWell’s top recommended charities), which was founded by economics PhD students.

Excellent job prospects: You are nearly guaranteed a job. The unemployment rate for economics PhD’s is very low (0.8% in 2013) and data indicates that it has the lowest unemployment rate of all science and engineering PhD’s. You also get the benefit of the centrally organised Job Openings for Economists, which allows you to apply to many different jobs in a short period of time and interview for them at the same time, in the same place.

Academic salaries for economics PhD’s tend to be higher than other PhD’s. The median pay for those who gained economics PhD’s in 2013 and were in full-time employment at a university was $108,000, which is higher than all other science PhD’s. Moreover, the jobs outside of academia which economics PhD’s get are higher paid than non-academic jobs other PhD’s get.

What are the downsides of doing an economics PhD?

You have a relatively low income whilst doing your PhD and have to work very long hours.

You spend 5-7 years getting exposure only to academia, making this option less good for exploration value.

The high degree of autonomy you get means there is little external structure on your time, which can be stressful, and you get very little feedback about how well you are doing which can be demotivating.

Many PhD economists end up in academic jobs where they spend a large portion of their time teaching, leaving less time for research.

Who should consider doing an economics PhD?

Commonly given advice is that you should only do an economics PhD if you:

Are good at math and enjoy formal models in economics

Are willing to study 50-80 hours per week (hours are particularly long in the first year)

Love intellectual pursuits and have a strong drive to do self-directed research.

If you meet those conditions, then an economics PhD may be a good option for you if you want to go into economics academia or if you want to do high-level research at think-tanks or international organisations.

Next steps



To get a sense of what academic research looks like, try reading published papers in major journals, such as the American Economic Review (here is one paper). You can then test your ability and interest by taking classes in economics, math and statistics either at your university or online.

If you are interested in global priorities research, read our problem profile on the topic, and the research agenda of the Global Priorities Institute.

There are many guides online to getting into an economics PhD. We recommend that you start by reading this one, and then read a few of the others. If you’re applying from a non-quantitative background, see these tips by one of our users.

Further reading