PM Narendra Modi had handpicked a trusted bureaucrat and a small team to strategise demonetisation

Highlights PM Modi handpicked trusted bureaucrat Hasmukh Adhia to spearhead move

Mr Adhia, five others privy to the plan were sworn to utmost secrecy

A young team of researchers worked in 2 rooms at PM Modi's residence

Hasmukh Adhia and five others privy to the plan were sworn to utmost secrecy

Prime Minister Narendra Modi handpicked a trusted bureaucrat, little known outside India's financial circles, to spearhead a radical move to abolish 86 percent of the country's cash overnight and take aim at the huge shadow economy.Hasmukh Adhia, the bureaucrat, and five others privy to the plan were sworn to utmost secrecy, say sources with knowledge of the matter. They were supported by a young team of researchers working in two rooms at Prime Minister Modi's residence, as he plotted his boldest reform since coming to power in 2014.When announced, the abolition of high-value banknotes of 500 and 1,000 rupees came as a bolt from the blue.The secrecy was aimed at outflanking those who might profit from prior knowledge, by pouring cash into gold, property and other assets and hide illicit wealth.Previously unreported details of PM Modi's handling of the so-called "demonetisation" open a window onto the hands-on role he played in implementing a key policy, and how he was willing to act quickly even when the risks were high.While some advocates say the scrapping of the banknotes will bring more money into the banking system and raise tax revenues, many are furious at having to queue for hours outside banks to exchange or deposit their old money.Many labourers, who used to get their salaries in cash, have also been unpaid and produce has rotted in markets as cash stopped changing hands. Not enough replacement notes were printed in preparation for the upheaval, and it could take months for things to return to normal.PM Modi has staked his reputation and popularity on the move."I have done all the research and, if it fails, then I am to blame," Prime Minister Modi told a cabinet meeting on November 8, shortly before the move was announced, according to three ministers who attended.Overseeing the campaign, with support from the backroom team camped out at Prime Minister Modi's residence in the capital, was Hasmukh Adhia, a top finance ministry official.The 58-year-old served as principal secretary to Mr Modi from 2003-06 when he was chief minister of Gujarat, establishing a relationship of trust with his boss and introducing him to yoga.Colleagues interviewed by Reuters said he had a reputation for integrity and discretion.Mr Adhia was named revenue secretary in September 2015, reporting formally to Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. In reality, he had a direct line to Prime Minister Modi and they would speak in Gujarati when they met to discuss issues in depth.In the world's largest democracy the demonetisation was revolutionary: it called into question the state's promise to "pay the bearer" the face value on every banknote.At a stroke, Prime Minister Modi scrapped money worth 15.4 trillion rupees ($220 billion), equal to 86 percent of cash in Asia's third-largest economy.The idea is backed by some economists, although the speed of its implementation is widely seen as radical."One is never ready for this kind of disruption - but it is a constructive disruption," said Narendra Jadhav, a 31-year veteran and former chief economist of India's central bank - The Reserve Bank of India. He now represents Prime Minister Modi's party in the Rajya Sabha.PM Modi, in his TV address to the nation, cautioned that people could face temporary hardship as replacement 500 and 2,000 rupee notes were introduced. Calling for an act of collective sacrifice, he promised steps to soften the blow for the nine in 10 Indians who live in the cash economy.Immediately after the address, Mr Adhia sent a tweet: "This is the biggest and the boldest step by the Government for containing black money."The boast harked back to Prime Minister Modi's election vow to recover black money that had resonated with voters fed up with the corruption scandals that plagued the previous Congress government.Over more than a year, Prime Minister Modi commissioned research from officials at the finance ministry, the Reserve Bank and think-tanks on how to advance his fight against black money, a close aide said.He demanded answers to questions such as: How quickly India could print new banknotes; how to distribute them; would state banks benefit if they received a rush of new deposits; and who would gain from demonetisation?The topics were broken up to prevent anyone from joining the dots and concluding that a cash swap was in the offing."We didn't want to let the cat out of the bag," said a senior official directly involved. "Had people got a whiff of the decision, the whole exercise would have been meaningless."Under Mr Adhia's oversight, the team of researchers assembled and modeled the findings in what was, for it, a theoretical exercise.It was made up of young experts in data and financial analysis; some ran Prime Minister Modi's social media accounts and a smartphone app that he used to solicit public feedback.Yet for all the planning, PM Modi and Mr Adhia knew they could not foresee every eventuality, and were willing to move swiftly.Following the sudden announcement, there were massive queues forming at banks when they reopened after a short holiday.New 2,000 rupee notes were hard to come by and barely any new 500 rupee notes had been printed. India's 200,000 cash dispensers or ATMs could not handle the new, smaller, notes and it would take weeks to reconfigure them.Filling ATMs with the 8 trillion rupees ($117 billion) in new banknotes that the finance ministry reckons are needed to restore liquidity to the economy is even trickier.In a best-case scenario, in which India's four banknote presses churned out new 500 and 2,000 rupee notes designed to replace the abolished ones, it would take at least three months to hit that target.Secrecy was paramount, but clues had been left.Back in April, analysts at State Bank of India said that demonetisation of large-denomination notes was possible.The Reserve Bank of India, the central bank, also disclosed in May that it was making preparations for a new series of banknotes that were confirmed in August when it announced it had approved a design for a new 2,000 rupee note.The printing presses had only just started turning when the media finally started to run with the story in late October."The plan was to introduce it around November 18, but there was a clear sign that it could get leaked," said one person with direct knowledge who, like others interviewed by Reuters, asked not to be named due to the sensitivity of the matter.Some officials in the finance ministry had expressed doubts about scrapping high-value notes when the idea came up for discussion. They now feel resentment at the secrecy in which Mr Adhia rammed through the plan on Prime Minister Modi's orders.They also say the plan was flawed because of a failure to ramp up printing of new notes ahead of time.Other critics say the Adhia team fell prey to a form of "group think" that ignored outside advice.

© Thomson Reuters 2016

In the words of one former top official who has worked at the finance ministry and the Reserve Bank: "They don't know what's happening in the real world."(Additional reporting by Rajesh Kumar Singh, Manoj Kumar, Mayank Bhardwaj and Neha Dasgupta in New Delhi, Suvashree Choudhury in Mumbai and Subrata Nagchaudhury in Kolkata; Writing by Douglas Busvine; Editing by Mike Collett-White)