At the RV park he owns in a remote corner of southwestern Kansas, Jan Leonard is seeing the benefits of one of the federal government’s most contentious programs.

Development is booming in tiny Hugoton, a town of roughly 3,900 people. The town is the site of a new cellulosic ethanol refinery that was funded in part by a loan guarantee from the Energy Department. The same program funded high-profile flops such as Solyndra, the California-based solar company that filed for bankruptcy and led to hearings over the Obama administration’s backing of unproven projects for producing clean energy.

But in Hugoton, which Leonard describes as “pretty far from nothing,” more trailers are rolling into his park and new businesses are popping up.

“There’s a Dollar General getting built. A new motel getting built. Another grocery store getting built,” Leonard said in a phone interview. “There’s a lot of different people coming to town. It’s been big.”

The plant has a workforce of 75 and an annual payroll of $5 million. When it was established in 2009, as part of President Obama’s stimulus package, the clean-energy loan-guarantee program was billed as a twofer: It would provide billions of dollars for environment-friendly energy, and it would create jobs.

Instead, the program became synonymous with failure and provided a regular talking point for conservatives.

Besides Solyndra, three other subsidized companies went bust at a cost of $780 million. Critics, especially Republicans in Congress, seized on it as an example of government waste.

But roughly six years later, there are more signs that the program is working. In California, Tesla Motors has flourished, paying back a $465 million loan nearly 10 years early. A handful of companies have opened solar energy sites and signed long-term contracts to sell power to utility companies.

And then there is the Abengoa biorefinery in Hugoton, which Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz visited in October for the opening. He was joined by two Kansas Republicans who voted against the stimulus package: Sen. Pat Roberts and Gov. Sam Brownback, a former senator.

“This program, let me say, not only here in Hugoton, but across the board has been a tremendous success,” Moniz said. “I mentioned $30 billion in loans with a 2 percent default rate — that is a pretty enviable in any portfolio.”

Roberts and Brownback say they voted against the stimulus package for other reasons.

“The governor strongly supports the Abengoa project,” said Eileen Hawley, a spokeswoman for Brownback.

Despite the program’s failures, the department projects a profit of between $5 billion and $6 billion during the next 20 to 25 years. Overall, 20 of the program’s 30 enterprises are operating and generating revenue, according to the department.

The successful projects include a site in Alamosa, Colo, that is the world’s largest generator of high-concentration photovoltaic energy, which is a type of solar power. The operator, power company Cogentrix, has 10 permanent operations positions in addition to supply-line jobs. The Energy Department says the program has created or saved about 35,000 permanent jobs.

Republicans have argued that the investments are risky and the program mismanaged, as Solyndra demonstrated, though improvements have been made.

“We are not out of the woods by any stretch,” said Rep. Fred Upton (R-Mich.), chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee. “Our oversight efforts will continue as problems still persist, and more needs to be done to protect billions of dollars in taxpayer interests.”

But supporters say government investment is necessary for innovative energy enterprises.

“It’s very hard to get commercial-scale financing, especially for these types of projects,” said Nancy Pfund, a managing partner with DBL Investor, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with holdings in two companies backed by the program. “It’s been a very positive force in that respect.”

Mike Garland, chief executive of Pattern Energy Group, a company focused on wind energy investments, said he was turned down by the program in part because he could get other financing.

“I kind of respected that about the program,” Garland said. “I would have liked to have had a lower cost of capital, lower cost of debt. But it is run in a way that said, ‘Your deal is too good. You don’t need it.’ ”

The loan program’s director, Peter Davidson, said the program had a specific target.

“Commercial lenders are often unwilling to finance the first few commercial-scale projects that use a new technology because there is not yet a history of performance or operation,” he said.

The refinery in Hugoton, built by Seville, Spain-based Abengoa, is the largest cellulosic biorefinery in the world, producing up to 25 million gallons of ethanol using non-edible waste. About $132 million of the plant’s $500 million cost was backed by the loan-guarantee program.

Abengoa buys biomass from local farmers that would otherwise be useless and sells the refined biofuels through trading companies in the United States, Europe and parts of Asia.