Summary: Researchers report lower levels of activity in the amygdala, an area of the brain associated with fear, in people under the influence of LSD.

Source: University of Basel.

Scientists at the University of Basel have shown that LSD reduces activity in the region of the brain related to the handling of negative emotions like fear. The results, published in the scientific journal Translational Psychiatry, could affect the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety.

Hallucinogens have many different effects on the psyche; among other things, they alter perception, thought, and temporal and emotional experience. After the Basel-based chemist Albert Hofmann discovered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the 1940s, there was a huge amount of interest in the substance, particularly in psychiatry. It was hoped, for example, that it could provide insights into the development of hallucinations, and studies were conducted on its effectiveness on illnesses such as depression or alcohol dependency. In the 1960s, LSD was declared illegal worldwide, and medical research on it came to a standstill.

In the last few years, however, interest in researching hallucinogens for medical purposes has been revived. Psychoactive substances such as LSD, particularly in combination with psychotherapies, could offer an alternative to conventional medication. It is now known that hallucinogens bind to a receptor of the neurotransmitter serotonin; how the changes of consciousness influence the activity and connectivity of the brain, however, is not yet known.

LSD alters brain activity

Researchers at the University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK) and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University Hospital Basel (USB) have now conducted a study into the acute effect of LSD on the brain. They used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the brain activity of 20 healthy people after taking 100 micrograms of LSD. During the MRI scan, the participants were shown images of faces portraying different emotional states such as anger, joy or fear.

Professor Stefan Borgwardt and his team showed that the depiction of fear under LSD led to a notably lower level of activity in the amygdala – an area of the brain that is believed to be central to the processing of emotions. This observation could explain some of the changes in emotional experience that occur after taking hallucinogens.



Less fear after taking LSD

In a second step, the researchers, together with clinical pharmacologists at the University Hospital Basel, examined whether the subjective experience altered by LSD is associated with the amygdala. This appears to be the case: the lower the LSD-induced amygdala activity of a subject, the higher the subjective effect of the drug. “This ‘de-frightening’ effect could be an important factor for positive therapeutic effects,” explains Doctor Felix Müller, lead author of the study. The researchers presume that hallucinogens may cause many more changes in brain activity. Further studies will investigate this, with a particular focus on their therapeutic potential.

About this psychology research article

Source: Stefan Borgwardt – University of Basel

Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

Original Research: Full open access research for “Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects” by F Mueller, C Lenz, P C Dolder, S Harder, Y Schmid, U E Lang, M E Liechti & S Borgwardt in Translational Psychiatry.Published online April 4 2017 doi:10.1038/tp.2017.54

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[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]University of Basel “Less Fear: How LSD Affects the Brain.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 4 April 2017.

<https://neurosciencenews.com/lsd-fear-emotion-6335/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]University of Basel (2017, April 4). Less Fear: How LSD Affects the Brain. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved April 4, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/lsd-fear-emotion-6335/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]University of Basel “Less Fear: How LSD Affects the Brain.” https://neurosciencenews.com/lsd-fear-emotion-6335/ (accessed April 4, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]

Abstract

Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profound changes in various mental domains, including perception, self-awareness and emotions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the acute effects of LSD on the neural substrate of emotional processing in humans. Using a double-blind, randomised, cross-over study design, placebo or 100 μg LSD were orally administered to 20 healthy subjects before the fMRI scan, taking into account the subjective and pharmacological peak effects of LSD. The plasma levels of LSD were determined immediately before and after the scan. The study (including the a priori-defined study end point) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov before study start (NCT02308969). The administration of LSD reduced reactivity of the left amygdala and the right medial prefrontal cortex relative to placebo during the presentation of fearful faces (P<0.05, family-wise error). Notably, there was a significant negative correlation between LSD-induced amygdala response to fearful stimuli and the LSD-induced subjective drug effects (P<0.05). These data suggest that acute administration of LSD modulates the engagement of brain regions that mediate emotional processing.

“Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects” by F Mueller, C Lenz, P C Dolder, S Harder, Y Schmid, U E Lang, M E Liechti & S Borgwardt in Translational Psychiatry.Published online April 4 2017 doi:10.1038/tp.2017.54

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