On September 6, after two false-starts,REF the U.S. and India will hold their first Two-Plus-Two (2+2) dialogue in New Delhi. It will pair the two countries’ two top diplomats and defense officialsREF to discuss “strengthening strategic, security, and defense cooperation as the U.S. and India jointly confront global challenges.”REF

A 2+2 is generally reserved for the most intensive strategic partnerships and its creation adds yet another substantive layer to the maturing Indo–U.S. relationship. India conducted its first two 2+2 dialogues with U.S. treaty allies Japan and Australia in 2010 and 2017, respectively.REF

After the September 6 meeting, India will have had 2+2 dialogues with each fellow member of the “Quad,” the informal grouping of the four Indo–Pacific democracies—Australia, India, Japan, and the U.S.—that reconstituted their Quadrilateral Strategic Dialogue (QSD) last November after a 10-year hiatus.

Trump and U.S.–India Relations

Like its predecessors, the Trump Administration has been an enthusiastic advocate of the Indo–U.S. partnership, which senior officials from both countries have described as the “defining partnership of the 21st century.” The December 2017 U.S. National Security Strategy pledges to “deepen our strategic partnership with India and support its leadership role in Indian Ocean security and throughout the broader region.”REF

Defense Cooperation. Bilateral defense cooperation has taken several meaningful steps forward in the past year and a half. Most recently, in August 2018, the Trump Administration granted India Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) status, easing regulations for advanced defense and aerospace exports to India.REF The STA-1 designation reduces the number of licenses required for such exports and increases the availability of license exceptions for India.

In March 2018, Delhi and Washington agreed that India will station a military attaché at U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) in Bahrain. The agreement addressed a long-standing Indian request to enhance dialogue with Central Command (CENTCOM) and improve cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. Similarly, in 2017, CENTCOM was invited to join an existing U.S.–India Military Cooperation Group tasked with “developing, implementing and refining a 5-year [military cooperation] plan.”REF

Looking ahead, India and the U.S. are planning a new “joint service amphibious humanitarian assistance/disaster relief exercise in 2018 and a joint service counter terrorism exercise in 2019.”REF India and the U.S. have also reportedly agreed to their “first-ever mega tri-Service amphibious exercise.”REF

China and the BRI. As the early and only vocal critic of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), India has welcomed the Trump Administration’s growing criticism of the Chinese initiative. Shortly after a trip to India, in mid-2017, Defense Secretary James Mattis directly criticized the BRI for the first time in congressional testimony. Since then, a litany of U.S. officials has expressed varying degrees of concern about the Chinese initiative and its lack of transparency and accountability, and irresponsible debt-financing practices.

Meanwhile, India and the U.S. have begun to explore greater cooperation in regional connectivity and infrastructure initiatives through the India–Japan–U.S. trilateral strategic dialogue and a dedicated Trilateral Infrastructure Working Group. In May 2018, the U.S.–India Business Council and U.S.–Japan Business Council launched a new initiative, the Indo–Pacific Infrastructure Trilateral Forum, designed to improve coordination among private-sector companies to develop infrastructure abroad.

Pakistan. India has welcomed President Trump’s more muscular approach to Pakistan.REF Among other things, the Administration has suspended more than $1 billion in security assistance to Islamabad, and supported Pakistan’s “grey-listing” at the Financial Action Task Force, an international watchdog for terrorist financing. Recent reports suggest that the Administration has also “quietly started cutting scores of Pakistani officers from coveted [military] training and educational programs.”REF

Agenda Items for the 2+2

At the upcoming dialogue, India and the U.S. should:

Build convergence on the FOIP. The U.S. and Japanese governments have laid out similar visions for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Underpinning these visions is a rules-based order responsible for the region’s peace and prosperity. In recent years, India has become an increasingly vocal advocate for the rules and principles underpinning the FOIP,REF and has embraced the “Indo–Pacific” as the successor to the “Asia–Pacific.” While it is not necessary that India formally endorse the FOIP, the two sides must take every opportunity to reinforce their commitment to support and defend the pillars of the rules-based order.

Promote defense sales. India is the world’s largest importer of arms and plans to spend over $100 billion over the next decade filling critical capability gaps.REF Negotiations are underway to sell India Sea Guardian dronesREF and to add to previous orders for U.S. Apache attack helicopters, heavy-lift transport helicopters, and multi-role anti-submarine warfare helicopters. Meanwhile, U.S. defense firms Boeing and Lockheed Martin continue to pitch their F/A-18 and F-16 fighter jets to India, with the latter offering to establish fighter production lines in India.

Streamline the bureaucracy. Just as the U.S. continues to reform its defense bureaucracy to facilitate greater military ties and sales, India has major challenges ahead in reforming its own, oft-derided procurement processes. In particular, Delhi must further reform its problematic “offset” policiesREF and its caps on foreign direct investment in its defense sector, both of which have stifled progress and dissuaded potential investors.

Sign COMCASA. After more than a decade of negotiations, the U.S. and India signed the first of three “foundational” military cooperation agreements in 2016, a Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA).REF The two countries now appear on the verge of signing a Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA)REF before or during the 2+2 dialogue on September 6. Signing a COMCASA would allow the two to exchange encrypted communications (and communications systems) on military platforms. To date, the U.S. has had to remove some advanced communications systems from platforms sold to India, which prevents the two from communicating over secure channels during exercises. The two sides are also actively negotiating the third foundational agreement, a Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), which would enable them to share advanced satellite data for navigation and missile targeting.

Avoid sanctions. When Congress passed the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) in 2017, it did not foresee that key security partners like India were at risk of being sanctioned.REF Recognizing the potential for CAATSA sanctions to become a major irritant in bilateral relations, the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) expands the U.S. President’s ability to waive or delay sanctions for India. While a more permanent legislative “fix” is desirable, the NDAA at least removes the looming threat of sanctions in the short term. Officials from the two governments are now discussing a forthcoming wave of Iran-related U.S. sanctions following the Administration’s withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal.REF While New Delhi has publicly suggested that it will only comply with U.N.-backed sanctions, Indian refiners have already begun to curb Iranian oil imports, even as U.S. oil exports to India reach record heights.REF In August 2018, India plans to import a record 9.94 million barrels of U.S. crude, nearly tripling its average in recent months.REF

Accept the invitation. Prime Minister Narenda Modi has reportedly invited President Trump to be his guest of honor at India’s pre-eminent Republic Day ceremony, on January 26, 2019. It is one of the highest diplomatic honors accorded by India, and President Trump should accept the invitation—ideally before the 2+2 dialogue.

Navigate visas. The economic relationship will not be a focal point of the 2+2 dialogue, but the Trump Administration’s tightening of regulations for H-1B visas might be.REF The U.S. receives over 200,000 H-1B visa applications per year and approves roughly 85,000, the majority for computer-related technology jobs. Indian IT firms account for a disproportionate share of approved visas, and Delhi expressed concern when the Administration unveiled new visa regulations last year.REF Still, last year, Indians accounted for 75.6 percent of all approved H-1B visa petitions, with China and Canada a distant second and third at 9.4 percent and 1 percent, respectively. It should also be noted that H-1B visas accounted for only 50,000 to 60,000 of the 1.1 million visas issued to Indian nationals every year.

Collaborate on infrastructure. In July 2018, Australia, Japan, and the U.S. signed a new regional infrastructure partnership agreement designed to “build infrastructure, address development challenges, increase connectivity, and promote economic growth.”REF While India continues to promote new infrastructure initiatives with the U.S. and Japan at their trilateral dialogue and other forums, India’s inclusion in this initiative would complement the QSD.

Conclusion

At times, lofty rhetoric and high expectations have exceeded the pace of practical cooperation in Indo–U.S. relations. Today, perhaps the opposite is true. Functional defense and strategic collaboration are advancing at a formidable rate. Yet, there is a thin but perceptible air of unease in Delhi. It is fueled by a confluence of factors including trade frictions, high turnover in senior U.S. government positions, the absence of an Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia, and a general sense of unpredictability about the Trump Administration’s priorities and intentions.

However, the geopolitical logic that has propelled this historic partnership remains intact. In some important ways it has only grown stronger. The Trump Administration has further diminished what was once the most imposing of obstacles to closer ties: America’s Pakistan policy. Meanwhile, the Administration has aligned the U.S. and India on what is arguably today’s key geostrategic initiative: China’s BRI.

For its part, India has acquiesced to years of persistent lobbying by the Quad to reconstitute the four democracies’ QSD. Paired with progress on foundational military agreements and reforms to U.S. export-control laws, the practical foundations of, and geopolitical motivations for, the U.S.–India partnership are as strong today as they have ever been.

—Jeff M. Smith is Research Fellow in the Asian Studies Center, of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy, at The Heritage Foundation.