WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — A new featherweight, flame-resistant and super-elastic “metamaterial” has been shown to combine high strength with electrical conductivity and thermal insulation, suggesting potential applications from buildings to aerospace.

The composite combines nanolayers of a ceramic called aluminum oxide with graphene, which is an extremely thin sheet of carbon. Although both the ceramic and graphene are brittle, the new metamaterial has a honeycomb microstructure that provides super-elasticity and structural robustness. Metamaterials are engineered with features, patterns or elements on the scale of nanometers, or billionths of a meter, providing new properties for various potential applications.

Graphene would ordinarily degrade when exposed to high temperature, but the ceramic imparts high heat tolerance and flame-resistance, properties that might be useful as a heat shield for aircraft. The light weight, high-strength and shock-absorbing properties could make the composite a good substrate material for flexible electronic devices and “large strain sensors.” Because it has high electrical conductivity and yet is an excellent thermal insulator, it might be used as a flame-retardant, thermally insulating coating, as well as sensors and devices that convert heat into electricity, said Gary Cheng, an associate professor in the School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University.

“This material is lighter than a feather,” he said. “The density is really low. It has a very high strength-to-weight ratio.”

Findings were detailed in a research paper published on May 29 in the journal Advanced Materials. The paper was a collaboration between Purdue, Lanzhou University and the Harbin Institute of Technology, both in China, and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. A research highlight about the work appeared in the journal Nature Research Materials and is available at https://www.nature.com/articles/natrevmats201744.pdf. A YouTube video about the work is available at https://youtu.be/PVd-eS_KMlU.

“The outstanding properties of today’s ceramic-based components have been used to enable many multifunctional applications, including thermal protective skins, intelligent sensors, electromagnetic wave absorption and anticorrosion coatings,” Cheng said.

However, ceramic-based materials have several fundamental bottlenecks that prevent their ubiquitous use as functional or structural elements.

“Here, we report a multifunctional ceramic-graphene metamaterial with microstructure-derived super-elasticity and structural robustness,” Cheng said. “We achieved this by designing a hierarchical honeycomb microstructure assembled with multi-nanolayer cellular walls serving as basic elastic units. This metamaterial demonstrates a sequence of multifunctional properties simultaneously that have not been reported for ceramics and ceramics–matrix–composite structures.”

The composite material is made of interconnected cells of graphene sandwiched between ceramic layers. The graphene scaffold, referred to as an aerogel, is chemically bonded with ceramic layers using a process called atomic layer deposition.

“We carefully control the geometry of this graphene aerogel,” he said. “And then we deposit very thin layers of the ceramic. The mechanical property of this aerogel is multifunctional, which is very important. This work has the potential of making graphene a more functional material.”

The process might be scaled up for industrial manufacturing, he said.

Future work will include research to enhance the material’s properties, possibly by changing its crystalline structure, scaling up the process for manufacturing and controlling the microstructure to tune material properties.

The research was funded in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Writer: Emil Venere, 765-494-4709, venere@purdue.edu

Source: Gary Cheng, 765 494-5436, gjcheng@purdue.edu

Note to Journalists: A copy of the research paper is available from Emil Venere, Purdue University News Service, 765-494-4709, venere@purdue.edu. A YouTube video is available at https://youtu.be/PVd-eS_KMlU. Other multimedia materials are available on Google Drive at https://goo.gl/BmqZBr. The materials were prepared by Erin Easterling, digital producer for the Purdue College of Engineering, 765-496-3388, easterling@purdue.edu.

ABSTRACT

Flyweight, Superelastic, Electrically Conductive, and Flame-Retardant 3D Multi-Nanolayer Graphene/Ceramic Metamaterial Qiangqiang Zhang1,2,3,* Dong Lin4,5,6, Biwei Deng5,6, Xiang Xu7, Qiong Nian5,6,8, Shengyu Jin5,6, Kevin D. Leedy9, Hui Li7, and Gary J. Cheng5,10* *Address correspondence to gjcheng@purdue.edu or zhangg@lzu.edu.cn 1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China 2Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University 3School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 4Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Kansas State University 5School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University 6Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University 7Center of Structural Monitoring and Control School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology 8School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy, Arizona State University 9Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 10School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

A ceramic/graphene metamaterial (GCM) with microstructure-derived superelasticity and structural robustness is achieved by designing hierarchical honeycomb microstructures, which are composited with two brittle constituents (graphene and ceramic) assembled in multi-nanolayer cellular walls. Attributed to the designed microstructure, well-interconnected scaffolds, chemically bonded interface, and coupled strengthening effect between the graphene framework and the nanolayers of the Al2O3 ceramic (NAC), the GCM demonstrates a sequence of multifunctional properties simultaneously that have not been reported for ceramics and ceramics–matrix–composite structures, such as flyweight density, 80% reversible compressibility, high fatigue resistance, high electrical conductivity, and excellent thermal-insulation/flame-retardant performance simultaneously. The 3D well-ordered graphene aerogel templates are strongly coupled with the NAC by the chemically bonded interface, exhibiting mutual strengthening, compatible deformability, and a linearly dependent relationship between the density and Young’s modulus. Considerable size effects of the ceramic nanolayers on the mechanical properties are revealed in these ceramic-based metamaterials. The designed hierarchical honeycomb graphene with a fourth dimensional control of the ceramic nanolayers on new ways to scalable fabrication of advanced multifunctional ceramic composites with controllable design suggest a great potential in applications of flexible conductors, shock/vibration absorbers, thermal shock barriers, thermal insulation/flame-retardant skins, and porous microporous microwave-absorbing coatings.