Amazon recently announced the order of 100,000 electric vans to be delivered by 2030. For perspective, that’s more vehicles than FedEx currently uses worldwide.

Of the many points of discussion around autonomous electric vehicles and the services they are expected to deliver, one underrepresented topic is the battery capacity of EVs and the limitations this imposes.

Most autonomous vehicles, in the long term, are expected to be electric for several reasons. Electric powertrains require less maintenance than their gas counterparts. The fuel is less expensive than gasoline. They are easier to refuel without human intervention. EV batteries are subject to variations in range and power that introduce new variables for fleet orchestration.

More Than Just Range

Vehicle range usually is the first topic that comes to mind with EVs – how far can the vehicle travel. But that is a tricky issue because the range is impacted by several factors unrelated to sheer distance.

As with a gas-powered vehicle, EVs use more power as their speed increases. Autonomous vehicles use energy as they process data, and the computers driving the cars process some 11 terabytes of data per day by some estimates.

Battery capacity also is influenced by temperatures. The lithium-ion batteries most EVs use don’t like cold and some AV shuttle services have been forced to shut down during cold weather. Air conditioning is another power drain, to the chagrin of an agency in Rhode Island that found its shuttles were not equipped with air conditioning and had to keep them garaged during summer heatwaves.

Vehicle weight (number of passengers, presence of bicycles or wheelchairs, etc.) is another factor in energy use. And there are limits to the steepness of the grades some vehicles can climb due to power constraints.

No Two Rides Are Alike

As a result, no two rides consume the same amount of battery power.

Vehicle energy availability becomes an even bigger issue when managing on-demand mobility services using EVs. Whether moving packages or people, if there are constraints such as guaranteed delivery times, ride times and wait times, a vehicle’s battery strength is one of the many variables that need to be considered when deciding what vehicle to send to what traveler at what time.

Does the vehicle have the juice to complete a mission? Does it have enough battery power to reach a charging station after the mission? Where is the nearest charging station? Are there any hills or other energy-intensive features of the route? How many vehicles already are waiting to be charged? How long can a vehicle afford to wait before it runs out of power?

Those are the issues on the front side of autonomous-vehicle refueling. On the backside are questions such as, when will a vehicle that is being charged return to service? Where should it be positioned in the event there are no current ride requests near the charging station?

Service Design Issues

The location and capacity of charging stations are important considerations in service design. The number of vehicles, their passenger/package space and service area dimensions and geography will be limited by the proximity and capacity of charging depots. Because each mission will consume different amounts of energy on every trip, this data must be monitored and factored into every dispatch in real-time.

Energy use and availability are just two of the factors that make fleet orchestration so complex. For passenger services, the locations of every ride request, the number of passengers, the available vehicles, vehicle locations and status, traffic, construction, weather, geography, ride times, wait times and more all factor into matching the right vehicle with the right mission.

Included in the “more” are considerations of surrounding demand and predicted future demand. Operators must make sure there always is enough supply on hand and in the right locations to meet demand within defined service levels and operator utilization requirements.

Doing More with Less

The goal of fleet orchestration is all about sending the right mission to the right vehicle at the right time. Most mobility providers aim to carry as many paying riders (or goods) as possible while driving the fewest vehicles and miles/kilometers. Service providers that own their fleets and/or pay drivers by the hour want to make the most of every vehicle-mile/km.

Deadheading, the time traveling empty to fetch a new ride or to move to a different neighborhood, incurs costs (driver pay, fuel) while reducing revenue.

For autonomous-vehicle services using EVs, battery power plays a critical role in assigning missions to vehicles and is an important service constraint that needs to be factored into fleet performance and fleet orchestration.

Anne Mellano, a civil engineer specializing in innovative transportation systems, is cofounder of Bestmile and directs the company’s participation in Swiss and European Union government-sponsored mobility projects.