Just thinking about the Microsoft Surface tablets is a head-scratcher. The company offered two products, the Surface RT and the Surface Pro. One came with a pen. They both had USB ports, microSDXC card slots, HD video ports, flip-back stands, different screen resolutions and two types of Windows software. If all that confused you, you are not alone. While the technologically savvy most likely lapped up those features, average consumers did not. "Windows is a hammer, and everything looks like a nail" to Microsoft, said Ryan Block, a former editor at Engadget and a co-founder of Gdgt, a gadget website. "You can look at the Surface, which is the best example; they created this totally blown-out tablet based around Windows and Windows-like experiences that didn't translate" for most people. Microsoft enthusiasts and some pundits came to the company's defence last week, saying that the Surface had failed because the iPad hit the market years earlier and had too much of a head start. Maybe. But I have a different theory: the Surface failed because Microsoft confused consumers who didn't want to think about RT or Pro or what version of Windows their new gadget would run.

"The people in Redmond have a fundamental misunderstanding of what users are looking for, which is not speeds and feeds," said J.P. Gownder, a vice president and principal analyst at Forrester Research. (Microsoft is based in Redmond, Washington.) "Speeds and feeds" is an old trade magazine term for the technical specifications of a new PC. Fifteen years ago, that a computer was a little bit faster or had more memory than the last version was a very big deal. The string of numbers and jargon on the side of a computer's box was a sort of runic code that made sense to IT managers or tech-savvy relatives coerced into helping the less sophisticated. It told them what to buy. That is just not the case any more. Consumers demand something that is easy to understand, and they got that in products like the iPad. There is one flaw in the theory that Microsoft's tablet did not catch on because the iPad was already popular: Microsoft was late to the game, but it was hardly late to the idea. The company helped popularise the term "tablet PC" when Bill Gates introduced one in 2000 at the annual Comdex computer show in Las Vegas. But it was Apple, a decade later, that figured out how to simplify the tablet and sell it to mainstream customers.

Microsoft says one of the reasons the company does offer all these features - and feels the need to explain its gigahertz and gigabytes - is that it has to market its products to small businesses and IT professionals, and they still obsess over bigger, better, faster. That's where technology culture runs into consumer culture, and the two clash. Frank X. Shaw, Microsoft's vice-president for corporate communications, said the company had made great strides to instil a more balanced culture of design, marketing and engineering, and executives there said a reorganisation announced this month would inspire more consumer-friendly offerings. Microsoft said it was dissolving its eight product divisions in favour of four new ones arranged around more specific themes. "To execute, we've got to move from multiple Microsofts to one Microsoft," said Steven A. Ballmer, the company's chief executive. "Are we an engineering-focused culture? Yes, we are, and that's good. Most great technology companies, at their core, have a deep engineering bias," Shaw said. "One of the goals is to make sure we have a more singular vision for what we're offering to people."

A few months after the satirical iPod video first drew attention online, Microsoft acknowledged that it had been responsible for the video. Turns out, it was meant to be circulated internally to show how the company needed to change its culture. I asked Shaw about the iPod clip, and he said Microsoft had evolved from an insular technology culture to one that is more aware of customers' needs. "I think we're significantly better," he said, while acknowledging that the company still had work to do. "The question is, How do you mirror engineering with equally strong skills in design and marketing? If you're overly strong in any of those areas, odd things can happen." He's right. Odd things like Microsoft's convoluted Surface tablets. New York Times