Introduction

A couple of weeks ago, I’ve posted yet-another-controversial-tweet - this time criticizing F# libraries for web programming and saying that “they focus on wrong problem”. In this post I’d like to expand this thought a bit, describe what is, in my opinion, problem with those libraries, and introduce a project that will try to fix those problems.

DISCLAIMER: In the original tweet I’ve mentioned three libraries - Suave, Giraffe, and Freya. First of all, if we were to talk about all major F# web solutions we should also mention WebSharper. Secondly, my experience with Freya and WebSharper is fairly limited - I’ve never used any of them in commercial application - so in this post I won’t talk about them but focus on Suave and Giraffe

DISCLAIMER 2: I really like both Suave and Giraffe - I’ve been using Suave for years in multiple commercial applications and I think it’s really good project. Also I’ve been investigating and testing Giraffe for last couple of months and I also believe it’s good project with a bright future.

The model

So let’s start with describing a programming model that Suave and Giraffe use. Both libraries are using a really similar model of building applications from small functions that takes HttpContext as an input and returns a modified HttpContext and then they use combinators functions to combine those small functions and build application with them. This model is really powerful, it provides full control over the flow of the program, and follows some FP principles (building applications as a composition of functions).

There are some small differences between Suave and Giraffe implementation of this model, but going into such details is not in scope of this post.

The problem

While I love the programming model I also believe that both Suave and Giraffe missed an opportunity to build on top of this model. Helper functions provided by both libraries that are the main building block of the applications are really “low level” - they mostly focus on the details of the HTTP protocol. And I think that while this is an useful level of abstraction for some use cases, my experience with building business applications with Suave / Giraffe suggests that this is not a level of abstraction that’s useful for typical, boring-line-of-business applications - and that’s most common use case for most software developers. If we compare Suave / Giraffe with other ecosystems it often feels like writing ASP.Net applications with just middleware - without using MVC / WebAPI abstractions, or writing Elixir web applications with just Plugs - without Phoenix Framework. Of course there are cases where this lower level of abstraction is a good choice, but success and popularity of such libraries like Rails, ASP.Net MVC, or Phoenix shows us that developers want to use some higher level of abstraction and focus on solving their business domain problems instead of worrying about the details of the HTTP protocol.

Developer experience

The previous paragraph was focused on technical issues but let’s now move to something a bit different. Working on OSS tooling for the last couple of years has thought me one important thing - good user experience is sometimes more valuable for project than technical superiority. I also strongly believe that tooling can be a great way to allow people ramp up faster and to teach users some new concepts. A great example of that is ReSharper - while it’s not super popular in F# community ( ;-) ) and some of the features for C# are probably overkill, I strongly believe that ReSharper is one of the most impactful source of information about new language features for C# developers - not every developer is following all news, conferences and announcements but it’s hard to miss when tool starts to give warnings and shows automatic refactorings introducing new language features. In web space great example for such behavior is Phoenix - everything it does in regards of tooling, from new project template through opinionated structure of the project to generators that let users to scaffold some new controllers is designed to make the introduction of most important concepts used in Phoenix easier for new developer.

I strongly believe that lack of opinionated tooling and opinionated, commonly used way to build web applications is another important issue of Suave and Giraffe. Developers don’t want to focus on making decisions about structuring the project, or wonder how they need to combine things together, or what are best practices - they want to focus on problems of their business. Again, frameworks like Phoenix and Rails are great example of how having such an opinionated way of building web applications works great in practice.

Introducing Saturn

For the last couple of weeks I’ve been working on Saturn - a new F# OSS project that will attempt to solve the problems mentioned above. It’s strongly inspired by some concepts from Phoenix. Before going into details of Saturn an important thing about it is that it builds on top of the existing ecosystem - and to be precise on top of Giraffe - in similar fashion that Phoenix builds on top of Plugs abstraction.

Library

A core part of Saturn is a library that can be put on top of any existing Giraffe application. This library contains a set of helper functions, tries to hide some complexity of Giraffe (for example manual passing of next in every function), and what’s most important it introduces several higher level building blocks that can be used to model a web application. Those building blocks are using a nice high level, declarative DSL using computation expressions with custom keywords. Currently in Saturn there exists 4 such higher level building blocks:

Pipelines

Scopes

Controllers

Applications

and now I shall explain each with a code sample.

pipeline - the simplest building block provided by Saturn. It can be used to combine multiple HttpHandlers in a more declarative way without using custom operators. It also provides custom operations that hide some of the Giraffe complexity.

Example:

let browser = pipeline { plug acceptHtml plug putSecureBrowserHeaders fetchSession set_header "x-pipeline-type" "Browser" }

scope - it is a DSL that can be used to define routing and combining this routing together with the pipelines

Example:

let defaultView = scope { get "/" (renderHtml Index.layout) get "/index.html" (redirectTo false "/") get "/default.html" (redirectTo false "/") } let browserRouter = scope { error_handler (renderHtml NotFound.layout) //Use the default 404 webpage pipe_through browser //Use the default browser pipeline forward "" defaultView //Use the default view }

controller - it is a DSL for building typical HTTP controllers. It’s using predefined routing inspired by Phoenix’s resource macro.s

Example:

let resource = controller { index indexAction show showAction add addAction edit editAction create createAction update updateAction delete deleteAction }

Example:

application - it’s a DSL used for defining application settings and ASP.Net configuration. It aims to replace some cumbersome configuration of some ASP.Net features with declarative feature toggles.

let app = application { pipe_through endpointPipe error_handler (fun ex _ -> HttpHandlers.renderHtml (InternalError.layout ex)) router Router.router url "http://0.0.0.0:8085/" memory_cache use_static "static" use_gzip }

The important thing about Saturn’s computation expression and those higher level building blocks - pipeline , scope and controller is that they are not introducing any additional abstraction in terms of types - they are transformed to standard Giraffe HttpHandler which means they are composable with each other and with other, existing HttpHandlers that you may have.

Tooling

The other, as important as core library, part of Saturn is additional, opinionated tooling for scaffolding new projects, generating controllers, models, database layer and migration scripts, controlling database migrations etc.

This tooling comes in 2 parts - first one is a project template that creates default the project structure, and a set of helper files. This is a normal dotnet project template distributed through NuGet which means you will be able to use dotnet new saturn to create Saturn applications. The second part of the tooling is a dotnet extension tool, again, distributed by NuGet. It’s automatically referenced when creating a new Saturn project. So after creating new project you will be able to go to the project folder and run, for example, the dotnet saturn gen command to generate new controller, views, model and a database layer.

Design choices

Some parts of the Saturn library and the whole tooling is really opinionated - for example there is no choice to change the way the routing for controller is created, you can just decide not to implement some of the actions. This may seem restrictive at first, but I strongly believe that it is a good design for the most common use cases. And since everything is based on the composable HttpHandler model if the default implementation of controller is not working for you, you can easily recreate it with lower level abstractions such as the scope DSL.

Similarly the tooling is really opinionated - the default template out of the box uses Paket for dependency management, FAKE for build script, Dapper for data access, Simple.Migrations to handle database migrations. The dotnet saturn tool generates code assuming certain project structure was created as by the default template, and probably won’t work in other situation.

Resources

Both Saturn library and tooling are open-source projects that can be found on GitHub and NuGet:

Saturn library - https://github.com/SaturnFramework/Saturn and https://www.nuget.org/packages/Saturn/

Saturn template - https://github.com/SaturnFramework/Saturn.Template and https://www.nuget.org/packages/Saturn.Template/

Saturn dotnet tool - https://github.com/SaturnFramework/Saturn.Dotnet and https://www.nuget.org/packages/Saturn.Dotnet/

Saturn sample project created using template and generator tool - https://github.com/SaturnFramework/Saturn.Sample

Summary

In this post I’ve tried to point out some problems of Suave and Giraffe and explain why I’ve decided to create new library for web programming with F#.