Citizen scientist Richard Sprague during his recent travels Richard Sprague

Most of us would find it off-putting to imagine that there are many trillions of bacteria, viruses and fungi living in our body, invisible to the naked eye. But Richard Sprague, a Seattle-based software engineer, has dedicated years of his life -- and tested himself hundreds of times — to unravel their mysteries. Sprague started his career at Apple in the 1990s, where he worked as a software engineer on an early version of what is now Apple TV. He left to form a media start-up, which was later acquired by Microsoft, where he remained for more than a decade. At that point, Sprague started thinking about the next consumer technology breakthrough, which he could get in on early. And that led him to a surprising space: biology. More specifically, he stumbled upon to an emerging field of research known as the "microbiome." That can broadly be defined as "the entire community of microbes found in any specific place and time," said Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist and professor at the University of California, Davis in California. In recent years, Eisen and his peers in the scientific world have had tools at their disposal to better understand the microbiome, and figure out how it relates to human health and well-being. Sprague isn't a scientist, but he's found his own way to help.

Five years, 600 tests

In the past decade, technology has made it possible for people to cheaply analyze not only our own genes, but the genes of our non-human roommates, too. These days, scientists generally agree that about half the cells in a typical human body are human, half are microbial, and there's value in studying both. Sprague identifies with the burgeonning "quantified self" movement, which is big in Silicon Valley and involves tracking and collecting all kinds of data about the body to improve one's health. In 2014, he decided to do all he could to understand his body with these newly available tests. He was one of the first to try 23andMe to analyze his DNA, and was early into direct-to-consumer "microbiome" tests, including one from venture-backed uBiome, where he worked as a citizen scientist-in-residence. "About five years ago, I started learning about all the non-human genes that are just sitting there, which co-evolved with humans and are clearly doing something," he said. At this point, Sprague might be the most "tested" citizen scientist in the world. He has analyzed the microbes in his gut, his nose, his mouth and his skin more than 600 times, he estimates. Sprague has published a lot of this data online. He's also created charts and other graphics to better visualize the data, and look for potential patterns. He'll often incorporate his sleep, food and exercise routines, which he methodically tracks with an iPhone. In the process, Sprague has had to collect a lot of his own feces, which is the main ingredient used in gut microbiome studies. But he's also learned from taking samples from other nooks and crannies in his body. According to Eisen, the UC Davis professor, there are mouth, skin and other related studies of the microbiome underway also.

A few theories

Sprague doesn't claim to offer any hard and fast conclusions that will apply to everyone, but he's found a few interesting things about his own body. For one thing, the microbiome changes over time. Sprague realized quickly that he would get wide variations in his results, especially with when he took a sample from his nose (unlike the gut or mouth, the nose is in more regular contact with the external environment). He also noticed some differences when he embarked on a trip to China from Seattle, where he currently lives. Sprague brought along enough kits to test himself daily, and he blogged that he noticed a blooming of a microbe called coprobacter. A couple other things he noticed: Among the beverages marketed as being a source of probiotics, kombucha doesn't seem to do much for Sprague's microbes. But Kefir, a fermented milk drink, was a microbial favorite. As Sprague put it in a blog post,, "although I can't put my finger on anything quantitative, I do notice that I seem to be a little more energetic on days when I drink kefir."

Diet can have a big impact on Sprague's sleep. He noticed that when he ate potato starch, he was able to increase the amount of a microbe called bifidobacterium, an ingredient found in many commercial probiotics, in his gut. "I learned that this microbe likes to eat a particular kind of resistant starch in potatoes, so I'd drink it about 8 hours before sleep and tested myself," he explained. "I saw a bloom (of it), and sure enough, my sleep that night was amazing." He believes it increased his levels of melatonin, which induces sleep.

An example of some of the analysis that Sprague puts together Richard Sprague