The answer to the first question is difficult; the idea that one would need to specify motion one way or the other around a circle doesn't seem to have been very widespread prior to the development of clocks, and people simply seemed to have said left or right, in most cases. Two old terms in English exist: widdershins (counterclockwise) and deosil or deasil (clockwise) though again, these seem to originally have more had the sense of left and right rather than clockwise or counterclockwise per se. "Widdershins" is first attested in 1545 (notably, well after the appearance of public clocks in Europe) and very colorfully. In the Scottish Records of Elgin, which cover the years 1280 to 1800, we read a complaint that says, "Sayand the said Margarat Baffour vas ane huyr and ane wyche and that sche ȝeid widersonnis about mennis hous sark alane," which roughly translates as "Claimed that the aforementioned Margaret Balfour, was a whore and a witch, and that she went [in the opposite direction to sunwise] about men's houses in only her shift." Clearly if you wanted to be done for witchcraft in Elginshire in 1545, dancing counterclockwise in your nighty around someone's house was more than enough provocation.