WASHINGTON—U.S. Chamber of Commerce President Thomas Donohue last week was nearing the end of a speech urging Congress to rebuild the nation’s infrastructure when he offered another option: At least make it easier to build things when the money can be found.

“If we just fix the permitting thing this year, you would create an extraordinary enthusiasm about moving forward,” Mr. Donohue said, at a special forum on infrastructure in which he urged lawmakers to take tough votes, including on raising gasoline taxes, in a midterm...