Although the belief that creativity is related to psychopathology is prevalent, empirical evidence is limited. Research findings relating to mood disorder in particular are mixed, possibly as a result of differing research approaches (e.g., assessing the creativity of individuals with versus without mood disorder opposed to the prevalence of mood disorder in creative versus noncreative individuals). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate prior research examining the link between mood disorder and creativity from three distinct research approaches. Multilevel random effects models were used to calculate the overall effect size for studies that assessed (a) creativity in a clinical versus nonclinical sample ( k = 13), (b) mood disorder in a creative versus noncreative sample ( k = 10), and (c) the correlation between dimensional measures of creativity and mood disorder symptoms ( k = 15). Potential moderators were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, as significant heterogeneity was detected among the effects in all three analyses. Results reveal a differential strength and pattern of effects across the three analyses, suggesting that the relationship between creativity and mood disorder differs according to the research approach. The theoretical implications of results and potential mechanisms responsible for the relationship between creativity and mood disorder are discussed.

References

Acar, S., Sen, S. ( 2013 ). A multilevel meta-analysis of the relationship between creativity and schizotypy . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 214 – 228 . doi:10.1037/a0031975

Google Scholar ISI

Adams, W. L. ( 2014 , January 22 ). The dark side of creativity: Depression + anxiety x madness = genius? CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/22/world/the-dark-side-of-creativity-vincent-van-gogh/

Google Scholar

Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K. ( 2007 ). In search of Aristotle: Temperament, human nature, melancholia, creativity and eminence . Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 1 – 6 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.013

Google Scholar Medline

Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., Haykal, R. F., Manning, J. S., Connor, P. D. ( 2005 ). TEMPS-A: Progress towards validation of a self-rated clinical version of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire . Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 3 – 16 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.12.001

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Akiskal, H. S., Hirschfeld, R. M., Yerevanian, B. I. ( 1983 ). The relationship of personality to affective disorders: A critical review . Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 801 – 810 . doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790060099013

Google Scholar Medline

Akiskal, H. S., Mendlowicz, M. V., Jean-Louis, G., Rapaport, M. H., Kelsoe, J. R., Gillin, J. C., Smith, T. L. ( 2005 ). TEMPS-A: Validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament . Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 45 – 52 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012

Google Scholar Medline

Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Smith, J. M., Neeren, A. M., , . . . Nusslock, R. ( 2006 ). Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and bipolar spectrum disorders: A retrospective and concurrent behavioral high-risk design . Motivation and Emotion, 30, 143 – 155 . doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9003-3

Google Scholar ISI

Amabile, T. M. ( 1982 ). Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 997 – 1013 . doi:10.1037/00223514.43.5.997

Google Scholar ISI

*Ambers, S. J. ( 1993 ). An examination of the relationship between artistic creativity and psychological functioning (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (304053858)

Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association . ( 1980 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 3rd ed. ). Washington, DC : Author .

Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association . ( 2013 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 5th ed. ). Washington, DC : Author .

Google Scholar

*Andreasen, N. C. ( 1987 ). Creativity and mental illness: Prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives . American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1288 – 1292 .

Google Scholar Medline

Andreasen, N. J. C., Canter, A. ( 1974 ). The creative writer: Psychiatric symptoms and family history . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 15, 123 – 131 . doi:10.1016/0010-440X(74)90028-5

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Angst, J. ( 2007 ). The bipolar spectrum . British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 189 – 191 . doi:10.1192/92/bjp.bp.106.036.030957

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Angst, J. ( 2013 ). Bipolar disorders in DSM-5: Strengths, problems and perspectives . International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 1(12), 1–3. doi:10.1186/2194-7511-1-12

Google Scholar

Angst, J., Adolfsson, R., Benazzi, F., Gamma, A., Hantouche, E., Meyer, T. D., , . . . Scott, J. ( 2005 ). The HCL-32: Towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients . Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 217 – 233 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.011

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Austin, P. C. ( 2011 ). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies . Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 399 – 424 . doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A. ( 2008 ). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779 – 806 . doi:10.1037/a0012815

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Baas, M., Nijstad, B. A., Boot, N. C., De Dreu, C. K. W. ( 2016 ). Mad genius revisited: Vulnerability to psychopathology, biobehavioral approach-avoidance, and creativity . Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/bul0000049

Google Scholar Medline

Baer, J., Kaufman, J. C. ( 2005 ). Bridging generality and specificity: The amusement park theoretical (APT) model of creativity . Roeper Review, 27, 158 – 163 . doi:10.1080/02783190509554310

Google Scholar

Bagby, R. M., Young, L. T., Schuller, D. R., Bindseil, K. D., Cooke, R. G., Dickens, S. E., , . . . Joffe, R. T. ( 1996 ). Bipolar disorder, unipolar depression and the Five-Factor Model of personality . Journal of Affective Disorders, 41, 25 – 32 . doi:10.1016/0165-0327(96)00060-2

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Barron, F., Welsh, G. S. ( 1952 ). Artistic perception as a possible factor in personality style: Its measurement by a figure preference test . Journal of Psychology, 33, 199 – 203 . doi:10.1080/00223980.1952.9712830

Google Scholar ISI

Batey, M., Furnham, A. ( 2006 ). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature . Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132, 355 – 429 . doi:10.3200/MONO.132.4.355-430

Google Scholar Medline

Beaussart, M. L., Kaufman, S. B., Kaufman, J. C. ( 2012 ). Creative activity, personality, mental illness, and short-term mating success . Journal of Creative Behavior, 46, 151 – 167 . doi:10.1002/jocb.11

Google Scholar

Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. ( 1961 ). An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561 – 571 .

Google Scholar Medline

Becker, B. J. ( 2000 ). Multivariate meta-analysis . In Tinsley, H. E. A., Brown, S. D. (Eds.), Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 499 – 525 ). San Diego, CA : Academic Press .

Google Scholar

Becker, G. ( 2000 – 2001 ). The association of creativity and psychopathology: Its cultural-historical origins . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 45 – 53 . doi:10.1207/S153269 34CRJ1301_6

Google Scholar ISI

Beghetto, R. A., Kaufman, J. C. ( 2007 ). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A case for “mini-c” creativity . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1, 73 – 79 . doi:10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.73

Google Scholar

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., Rothstein, H. R. ( 2009 ). Meta-regression . In Introduction to meta-analysis (pp. 187 – 203 ). Chichester, England : John Wiley .

Google Scholar

Brant, P. M. (Producer), & Harris, E. (Director). ( 2000 ). Pollok [Motion picture]. United States : Sony Pictures .

Google Scholar

Byron, K., Khazanchi, S. ( 2011 ). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship of state and trait anxiety to performance on figural and verbal creative tasks . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 269 – 283 . doi:10.1177/0146167210392788

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Card, N. A. ( 2010 ). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. New York, NY : Guilford .

Google Scholar

Carson, S. H. ( 2011 ). Creativity and psychopathology: A shared vulnerability model . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 144 – 153 .

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Carson, S. H. ( 2014 ). The shared vulnerability model of creativity and psychopathology . In Kaufman, J. C. (Ed.), Creativity and mental illness (pp. 253 – 280 ). Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .

Google Scholar

Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., Higgins, D. M. ( 2005 ). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire . Creativity Research Journal, 17, 37 – 50 . doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1701_4

Google Scholar ISI

Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L. ( 2009 ). Tendencies toward mania and tendencies toward depression have distinct motivational, affective, and cognitive correlates . Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 552 – 569 . doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9213-y

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Cohen, J. ( 1969 ). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY : Academic Press .

Google Scholar

*Colvin, K. M. ( 1994 ). Mood disorders and symbolic function: An investigation of object relations and ego development in classical musicians (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (304138794)

Google Scholar

Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. ( 1992 ). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .

Google Scholar

Coyne, J. C. ( 1994 ). Self-reported distress: Analog or ersatz depression? Psychological Bulletin, 116, 29 – 45 . doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.29

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Csikszentmihalyi, M. ( 1996 ). Creativity: Flow and the discovery of invention. New York, NY : HarperCollins .

Google Scholar

D’Agata, E. M. C. ( 2005 ). Methodologic issues of case-control studies: A review of established and newly recognized limitations . Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 26, 338 – 341 . doi:10.1086/502548

Google Scholar Medline

Damian, R. I., Simonton, D. K. ( 2014 ). Diversifying experiences in the development of genius and their impact on creative cognition . In Simonton, D. K. (Ed.), Wiley handbook of genius (pp. 375 – 393 ). Oxford, England : Wiley-Blackwell .

Google Scholar

Damian, R. I., Simonton, D. K. ( 2015 ). Psychopathology, adversity, and creativity: Diversifying experiences in the development of eminent African Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 623 – 636 . doi:10.1037/pspi0000011

Google Scholar Medline

De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., Nijstad, B. A. ( 2008 ). Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 739 – 756 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M. ( 2011 ). Behavioral activation links to creativity because of increased cognitive flexibility . Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 72 – 80 . doi:10.1177/1948550610381789

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Depue, R. A., Krauss, S., Spoont, M. R., Arbisi, P. ( 1989 ). General Behavior Inventory identification of unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in a nonclinical university population . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 117 – 126 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.98.2.117

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Dollinger, S. J., Burke, P. A., Gump, N. W. ( 2007 ). Creativity and values . Creativity Research Journal, 19, 91 – 103 . doi:10.1080/10400410701395028

Google Scholar ISI

Drapeau, C. W., DeBrule, D. S. ( 2013 ). The relationship of hypomania, creativity, and suicidal ideation in undergraduates . Creativity Research Journal, 25, 75 – 79 . doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.752231

Google Scholar

Eaton, W. W., Kessler, L. G. ( 1985 ). Epidemiologic field methods in psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Orlando, FL : Academic Press .

Google Scholar

Eckblad, M., Chapman, L. J. ( 1986 ). Development and validation of a scale for hypomanic personality . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 214 – 222 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.214

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Egger, M., Davey, Smith G., Schneider, M., Minder, C. ( 1997 ). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test . British Medical Journal, 315, 629 – 634 . doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7129.469

Google Scholar Medline

Feist, G. J. ( 1998 ). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity . Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290 – 309 . doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_5

Google Scholar SAGE Journals

Feng, Y., Xiang, Y. T., Huang, W., Wang, G., Feng, L., Tian, T. F., , . . . Angst, J. ( 2016 ). The 33-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-33): A new self-completed screening instrument for bipolar disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 214 – 220 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.057

Google Scholar Medline

Ferguson, C. J., Brannick, M. T. ( 2012 ). Publication bias in psychological science: Prevalence, methods for identifying and controlling, and implications for the use of meta-analyses . Psychological Methods, 17, 120 – 128 . doi:10.1037/a0024445

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Flood, M. ( 2006 ). Exploring the relationships between creativity, depression, and successful aging . Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 31, 55 – 71 . doi:10.1300/J016v31n01-04

Google Scholar

*Foster, P. S., Yung, R. C., Branch, K. K., Stringer, K., Ferguson, B. J., Sullivan, W., Drago, V. ( 2011 ). Increased spreading activation in depression . Brain and Cognition, 77, 265 – 270 . doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.001

Google Scholar Medline

*Frantom, C., Sherman, M. F. ( 1999 ). At what price art? Affective instability within a visual art population . Creativity Research Journal, 12, 15 – 23 . doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1 201_3

Google Scholar

Friedman, R. S., Förster, J. ( 2001 ). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1001 – 1013 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1001

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Friedman, R. S., Förster, J., Denzler, M. ( 2007 ). Interactive effects of mood and task framing on creative generation . Creativity Research Journal, 19, 141 – 162 . doi:10.1080/10400410701397206

Google Scholar ISI

Furnham, A., Batey, M., Anand, K., Manfield, J. ( 2008 ). Personality, hypomania, intelligence and creativity . Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1060 – 1069 . doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.035

Google Scholar ISI

Glazer, E. ( 2009 ). Rephrasing the madness and creativity debate: What is the nature of the creativity construct? Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 755 – 764 . doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.021

Google Scholar

Gleser, L. J., Olkin, I. ( 2009 ). Stochastically dependent effect sizes . In Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V., Valentine, J. C. (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis ( 2nd ed. , pp. 357 – 376 ). New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation .

Google Scholar

*Goldfinch, J. L. ( 1992 ). The relation between bipolar spectrum disorders and creativity (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (304049361)

Google Scholar

Goodwin, F. K., Jamison, K. R. ( 2007 ). Manic-depressive illness: Bipolar disorders and recurrent depression (Vol. 1). New York, NY : Oxford University Press .

Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. ( 1990 ). Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition . Cognition & Emotion, 4, 269 – 288 . doi:10.1080/02699939008410799

Google Scholar ISI

Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). ( 2001 ). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. United States : Universal Pictures .

Google Scholar

*Grigorenko, E. L., Sternberg, R. J. ( 2001 ). Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence as predictors of self-reported adaptive functioning: A case study in Russia . Intelligence, 29, 57 – 73 . doi:10.1016/S0160-2896%2800%2900043-X

Google Scholar

Gruber, J., Eidelman, P., Johnson, S. L., Smith, B., Harvey, A. G. ( 2011 ). Hooked on a feeling: Rumination about positive and negative emotion in inter-episode bipolar disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 956 – 961 . doi:10.1037/a0023667

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Guo, S., Fraser, M. W. ( 2010 ). Propensity score analysis: Statistical methods and analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .

Google Scholar

Hankin, B. L., Fraley, R. C., Lahey, B. B., Waldman, I. D. ( 2005 ). Is depression best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 96 – 110 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.96

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Hare, E. ( 1987 ). Creativity and mental illness . British Medical Journal, 295, 1587 – 1589 .

Google Scholar Medline

Hass, R. W. ( 2014 ). Domain-specific exemplars affect implicit theories of creativity . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 44 – 52 . doi:10.1037/a0035368

Google Scholar

Heider, F. ( 1958 ). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York, NY : John Wiley .

Google Scholar

Higgins, J. P. T., Green, S. (Eds.). ( 2011 ). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (Version 5.1.0). Retrieved from http://www.cochrane-handbook.org

Google Scholar

Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G. ( 2002 ). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis . Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539 – 1558 . doi:10.1002/sim.1186

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Hocevar, D. ( 1979 , April ). The Development of the Creative Behavior Inventory (CBI) . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association . Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service . (No. 170 350)

Google Scholar

Hox, J. J. ( 2002 ). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .

Google Scholar

Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., Botella, J. ( 2006 ). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychological Methods, 11, 193 – 206 . doi:10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Ioannidis, J. P. A., Munafò, M. R., Fusar-Poli, P., Nosek, B. A., David, S. P. ( 2014 ). Publication and other reporting biases in cognitive sciences: Detection, prevalence, and prevention . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 235 – 241 . doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.010

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., Nowicki, G. P. ( 1987 ). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122 – 1131 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Ivcevic, Z., Mayer, J. D. ( 2006 ). Creative types and personality . Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 26, 65 – 86 . doi:10.2190/0615-6262-G582-853U

Google Scholar SAGE Journals

Jamison, K. R. ( 1989 ). Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists . Psychiatry, 52, 125 – 134 . doi:10.1521/00332747.1989.11024436

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Jamison, K. R. ( 1993 ). Touched with fire: Manic depressive illness and the artistic temperament. New York, NY : Free Press .

Google Scholar

Jeon, K.-N., Moon, S. M., French, B. ( 2011 ). Differential effects of divergent thinking, domain knowledge, and interest on creative performance in art and math . Creativity Research Journal, 23, 60 – 71 . doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.545750

Google Scholar

Jin, Z.-C., Wu, C., Zhou, X.-H., He, J. ( 2014 ). A modified regression method to test publication bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 132 . doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-132

Google Scholar Medline

Johnson, S. L., Edge, M. D., Holmes, M. K., Carver, C. S. ( 2012 ). The behavioral activation system and mania . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 243 – 267 . doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143148

Google Scholar

Johnson, S. L., Murray, G., Fredrickson, B., Youngstrom, E. A., Hinshaw, S., Malbrancq, Bass J., , . . . Salloum, I. ( 2012 ). Creativity and bipolar disorder: Touched by fire or burning with questions? Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 1 – 12 . doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.001

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Johnson, S. L., Murray, G., Hou, S., Staudenmaier, P. J., Freeman, M. A., Michalak, E. E. ( 2015 ). Creativity is linked to ambition across the bipolar spectrum . Journal of Affective Disorders, 178, 160 – 164 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.021

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Johnson, S. L., Sandrow, D., Meyer, B., Winters, R., Miller, I., Solomon, D., Keitner, G. ( 2000 ). Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 721 – 727 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.721

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Johnson, S. L., Tharp, J. A., Holmes, M. K. ( 2015 ). Understanding creativity in bipolar I disorder . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 319 – 327 . doi:10.1037/a0038852

Google Scholar

*Jones, M. E., Roy, M. M., Verkuilen, J. ( 2014 ). The relationship between reflective rumination and musical ability . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 219 – 226 . doi:10.1037/a0035634

Google Scholar

Kaufman, J. C. ( 2012 ). Counting the muses: Development of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6, 298 – 308 . doi:10.1037/a0029751

Google Scholar ISI

Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A. ( 2009 ). Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity . Review of General Psychology, 13, 1 – 12 . doi:10.1037/a0013688

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Kaufman, J. C., Bromley, M. L., Cole, J. C. ( 2007 ). Insane, poetic, lovable: Creativity and endorsement of the “Mad Genius” stereotype . Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 26, 149 – 161 . doi:10.2190/J207-3U30-R401-446J

Google Scholar SAGE Journals

Kaufman, J. C., Sexton, J. D. ( 2006 ). Why doesn’t the writing cure help poets? Review of General Psychology, 10, 268 – 282 . doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.268

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Kintz, J., Arod, D. J. ( 2012 ). This book has no title. Seattle, WA: Amazon Digital Services .

Google Scholar

Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., Bufferd, S. J. ( 2011 ). Personality and depression: Explanatory models and review of the evidence . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 269 – 295 . doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Konstantopoulos, S. ( 2011 ). Fixed effects and variance components estimation in three-level meta-analysis . Research Synthesis Methods, 2, 61 – 76 . doi:10.1002/jrsm.35

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Kyaga, S., Landén, M., Boman, M., Hultman, C. M., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P. ( 2013 ). Mental illness, suicide and creativity: 40-year prospective total population study . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 83 – 90 . doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.010

Google Scholar Medline

*Kyaga, S., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Hultman, C., Långström, N., Landén, M. ( 2011 ). Creativity and mental disorder: Family study of 300,000 people with severe mental disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 373 – 379 . doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085316

Google Scholar Medline

Laceulle, O. M., Ormel, J., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Van Aken, M. A. G., Nederhof, E. ( 2014 ). A test of the vulnerability model: Temperament and temperament change as predictors of future mental disorders—The TRAILS study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 55, 227 – 236 . doi:10.1111/jcpp.12141

Google Scholar Medline

Lamb, C. ( 1903 ). The last essays of Elia. London, England : J. M. Dent .

Google Scholar

Lauronen, E., Veijola, J., Isohanni, I., Jones, P. B., Nieminen, P., Isohanni, M. ( 2004 ). Links between creativity and mental disorder . Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 67, 81 – 98 . doi:10.1521/psyc.67.1.81.31245

Google Scholar Medline

*Le, D. H., Cropley, D. H., Gleaves, D. H. ( 2015 ). Examining the relationship between mental health, creative thought, and optimism . International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving, 25, 5 – 20 . Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc11&NEWS=N&AN=2015-25508-001

Google Scholar

Lee, C. S., Huggins, A. C., Therriault, D. J. ( 2014 ). A measure of creativity or intelligence? Examining internal and external structure validity evidence of the Remote Associates Test . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 446 – 460 . doi:10.1037/a0036773

Google Scholar

Lindauer, M. S. ( 1994 ). Are creative writers mad? An empirical perspective . In Rieger, B. M. (Ed.), Dionysus in literature: Essays on literary madness (pp. 33 – 48 ). Bowling Green, OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press .

Google Scholar

Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B. ( 2001 ). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .

Google Scholar

Lloyd-Evans, R., Batey, M., Furnham, A. ( 2006 ). Bipolar disorder and creativity: Investigating a possible link . In Columbus, A. (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (Vol. 40, pp. 111 – 142 ). New York, NY : Nova Press .

Google Scholar

*Ludwig, A. M. ( 1992 ). Creative achievement and psychopathology: Comparison among professions . American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 330 – 356 . Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc3&NEWS=N&AN=1993-01610-001

Google Scholar

*Ludwig, A. M. ( 1994 ). Mental illness and creative activity in female writers . American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1650 – 1656 . doi:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1650

Google Scholar Medline

Ludwig, A. M. ( 1998 ). Method and madness in the arts and sciences . Creativity Research Journal, 11, 93 – 101 . doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1102_1

Google Scholar ISI

McCrae, R. R. ( 1987 ). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258 – 1265 . doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1258

Google Scholar ISI

Mednick, S. A. ( 1962 ). The associative basis of the creative process . Psychological Review, 69, 220 – 232 . doi:10.1037/h0048850

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., Carver, C. S. ( 1999 ). Exploring behavioral activation and inhibition sensitivities among college students at risk for bipolar spectrum symptomatology . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 275 – 292 . doi:10.1023/A:1022119414440

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., Winters, R. ( 2001 ). Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 133 – 143 .

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Miller, C. J., Johnson, S. L., Kwapil, T. R., Carver, C. S. ( 2011 ). Three studies on self-report scales to detect bipolar disorder . Journal of Affective Disorders, 128, 199 – 210 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.012

Google Scholar Medline

Murray, G., Harvey, A. ( 2010 ). Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder . Bipolar Disorders, 12, 459 – 472 . doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00843.x

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Murray, G., Johnson, S. L. ( 2010 ). The clinical significance of creativity in bipolar disorder . Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 721 – 732 . doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.006

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Nelson, B., Rawlings, D. ( 2010 ). Relating schizotypy and personality to the phenomenology of creativity . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 388 – 399 . doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn098

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Nowakowska, C., Strong, C. M., Santosa, C. M., Wang, P. W., Ketter, T. A. ( 2005 ). Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls . Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 207 – 215 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.11.012

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Nusslock, R., Abramson, L. Y., Harmon-Jones, E., Alloy, L. B., Hogan, M. E. ( 2007 ). A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: Perspective from the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 105 – 115 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.105

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Olugbile, O., Zachariah, M. P. ( 2011 ). The relationship between creativity and mental disorder in an African setting . Mens Sana Monographs, 9, 225 – 237 . doi:10.4103/0973-1229.77439

Google Scholar Medline

*Papworth, M. A., James, I. A. ( 2003 ). Creativity and mood: Towards a model of cognitive mediation . Journal of Creative Behavior, 37, 1 – 16 . doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2003.tb00823.x

Google Scholar

*Papworth, M. A., Jordan, G., Backhouse, C., Evans, N., Kent-Lemon, N., Morris, J., Winchester, K. G. ( 2008 ). Artists’ vulnerability to psychopathology: Towards an integrative cognitive perspective . Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(3), 149 – 163 . doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2008.tb01292.x

Google Scholar

Parker, G., Fletcher, K., McCraw, S., Hong, M. ( 2014 ). The Hypomanic Personality Scale: A measure of personality and/or bipolar symptoms? Psychiatry Research, 220, 654 – 658 . doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.040

Google Scholar Medline

Patra, B. N., Balhara, Y. P. S. ( 2012 ). Creativity and mental disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 346 . doi:10.1192/bjp.200.4.346

Google Scholar Medline

Peters, J. L., Sutton, A. J., Jones, D. R., Abrams, K. R., Rushton, L. ( 2008 ). Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61, 991 – 996 . doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Peterson, R. A., Brown, S. P. ( 2005 ). On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 175 – 181 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Plucker, J. A., Beghetto, R. A. ( 2004 ). Why creativity is domain general, why it looks domain specific, and why the distinction does not matter . In Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., Singer, J. L. (Eds.), Creativity: From potential to realization (pp. 153 – 167 ). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .

Google Scholar

Plucker, J. A., Beghetto, R. A., Dow, G. T. ( 2004 ). Why isn’t creativity more important to educational psychologists? Potentials, pitfalls, and future directions in creativity research . Educational Psychologist, 39, 83 – 96 . doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3902_1

Google Scholar ISI

Plucker, J. A., Dana, R. Q. ( 1999 ). Drugs and creativity . In Runco, R. A., Pritzker, S. J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (Vol. 1, pp. 273 – 282 ). San Diego, CA : Academic Press .

Google Scholar

Poole, R. ( 2003 ). “Kind of blue”: Creativity, mental disorder and jazz . British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 193 – 194 . doi:10.1192/bjp.183.3.193

Google Scholar Medline

Post, F. ( 1994 ). Creativity and psychopathology. A study of 291 world-famous men . British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 22 – 34 . doi:10.1192/bjp.165.1.22

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Post, F. ( 1996 ). Verbal creativity, depression and alcoholism. An investigation of one hundred American and British writers . British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 545 – 555 . doi:10.1192/bjp.168.5.545

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Prentky, R. A. ( 2000 – 2001 ). Mental illness and roots of genius . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 95 – 104 . doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1301_11

Google Scholar ISI

Prisciandaro, J. J., Roberts, J. E. ( 2011 ). Evidence for the continuous latent structure of mania in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area from multiple latent structure and construct validation methodologies . Psychological Medicine, 41, 575 – 588 . doi:10.1017/S0033291710001078

Google Scholar Medline

Prisciandaro, J. J., Tolliver, B. K. ( 2015 ). Evidence for the continuous latent structure of mania and depression in out-patients with bipolar disorder: Results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) . Psychological Medicine, 45, 2595 – 2603 . doi:10.1017/S0033291715000513

Google Scholar Medline

R Core Team . ( 2016 ). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing . Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/

Google Scholar

Radloff, L. S. ( 1977 ). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385 – 401 . doi:10.1177/014662167700100306

Google Scholar SAGE Journals

Reese, H. W., Lee, L. J., Cohen, S. H., Puckett, J. M. ( 2001 ). Effects of intellectual variables, age, and gender on divergent thinking in adulthood . International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 491 – 500 . doi:10.1080/01650250042000483

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

*Rhoads, B. A. ( 2012 ). Artistic creativity and mental health: Relationships among creativity, mood, and hardiness in visual artists (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (1225577077)

Google Scholar

Richards, R. ( 1990 ). Everyday creativity, eminent creativity, and health: “Afterview” for CRJ issues on creativity and health . Creativity Research Journal, 3, 300 – 326 . doi:10.1080/10400419009534363

Google Scholar

Richards, R. ( 1994 ). Creativity and bipolar mood swings: Why the association? In Shaw, M. P., Runco, M. A. (Eds.), Creativity and affect (pp. 44 – 72 ). Westport, CT : Ablex .

Google Scholar

Richards, R. ( 2000 – 2001 ). Creativity and the schizophrenia spectrum: More and more interesting . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 111 – 132 . doi:10.1207/S15326934 CRJ1301_13

Google Scholar

*Richards, R., Kinney, D. K., Lunde, I., Benet, M., Merzel, A. P. ( 1988 ). Creativity in manic-depressives, cyclothymes, their normal relatives, and control subjects . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 281 – 288 . doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.281

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Rihmer, Z., Akiskal, K. K., Rihmer, A., Akiskal, H. S. ( 2010 ). Current research on affective temperaments . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 12 – 18 . doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833299d4

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Roberts, M. ( 2012 , October 17 ). Creativity “closely entwined with mental illness.” BBC. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19959565

Google Scholar

Rosenbaum, P. R., Rubin, D. B. ( 1983 ). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects . Biometrika, 70, 41 – 55 . doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41

Google Scholar ISI

Rothenberg, A. ( 2001 ). Bipolar illness, creativity, and treatment . Psychiatric Quarterly, 72, 131 – 147 . doi:10.1023/A:1010367525951

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Rudowicz, E. ( 2004 ). Creativity among Chinese people: Beyond Western perspective . In Lau, S., Hui, A. N. N., Ng, G. Y. C. (Eds.), Creativity: When east meets west (pp. 55 – 86 ). Singapore : World Scientific .

Google Scholar

Ruiter, M., Johnson, S. L. ( 2015 ). Mania risk and creativity: A multi-method study of the role of motivation . Journal of Affective Disorders, 170, 52 – 58 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.049

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Rybakowski, J. K., Klonowska, P. ( 2011 ). Bipolar mood disorder, creativity and schizotypy: An experimental study . Psychopathology, 44, 296 – 302 . doi:10.1159/000322814

Google Scholar Medline

*Sanchez, O., Martin-Brufau, R., Mendez, F., Corbalan, F., Liminana, R. ( 2010 ). The relationship between optimism, creativity and psychopathological symptoms in university students . Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8, 1151 – 1178 . Retrieved from http://investigacionpsicopedagogica.org/revista/articulos/22/english/Art_22_467.pdf

Google Scholar

*Santosa, C. M., Strong, C. M., Nowakowska, C., Wang, P. W., Rennicke, C. M., Ketter, T. A. ( 2007 ). Enhanced creativity in bipolar disorder patients: A controlled study . Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 31 – 39 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.013

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Sass, L. A. ( 2000 – 2001 a). Romanticism, creativity, and the ambiguities of psychiatric diagnosis: Rejoinder to Kay Redfield Jamison . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 77 – 85 . doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1301_9

Google Scholar

Sass, L. A. ( 2000 – 2001 b). Schizophrenia, modernism, and the “creative imagination”: On creativity and psychopathology . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 55 – 74 . doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1301_7

Google Scholar ISI

Sawyer, K. ( 2012 ). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation ( 2nd ed. ). New York, NY : Oxford University Press .

Google Scholar

Scammacca, N., Roberts, G., Stuebing, K. K. ( 2014 ). Meta-analysis with complex research designs: Dealing with dependence from multiple measures and multiple group comparisons . Review of Educational Research, 84, 328 – 364 .

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Schaller, M. ( 1997 ). The psychological consequences of fame: Three tests of the self-consciousness hypothesis . Journal of Personality, 65, 291 – 310 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00956.x

Google Scholar ISI

Schildkraut, J. J., Hirshfeld, A. J., Murphy, J. M. ( 1994 ). Mind and mood in modern art, II: Depressive disorders, spirituality, and early deaths in the abstract expressionist artists of the New York School . American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 482 – 488 .

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Schlesinger, J. ( 2009 ). Creative mythconceptions: A closer look at the evidence for the “mad genius” hypothesis . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3, 62 – 72 . doi:10.1037/a0013975

Google Scholar ISI

Schlesinger, J. ( 2012 ). The insanity hoax: Exposing the myth of the mad genius. New York, NY : Shrinktunes Media .

Google Scholar

Schlesinger, J. ( 2014 ). Building connections on sand: The cautionary chapter . In Kaufman, J. C. (Ed.), Creativity and mental illness (pp. 60 – 75 ). Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .

Google Scholar

Schubert, D. S., Biondi, A. M. ( 1977 ). Creativity and mental health . Journal of Creative Behavior, 11, 186 – 197 . doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1977.tb00611.x

Google Scholar

Schuldberg, D. ( 2001 ). Six subclinical spectrum traits in normal creativity . Creativity Research Journal, 13, 5 – 16 . doi:10.1207/S15326934CRJ1301_2

Google Scholar ISI

Schulz, K., Grimes, D. ( 2002 ). Case-control studies: Research in reverse . Lancet, 359, 431 – 434 . Retrieved from citeulike-article-id : 6063709

#

Google Scholar

*Shapiro, P. J. ( 2002 ). Creativity and bipolar diathesis: Relationships among trait and state affect, creative cognition, and clinical diagnosis of affective disorder (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation Abstracts International : Section B. The Sciences and Engineering .

Google Scholar

*Shapiro, P. J., Weisberg, R. W. ( 1999 ). Creativity and bipolar diathesis: Common behavioural and cognitive components . Cognition & Emotion, 13, 741 – 762 . doi:10.1080/026999399379069

Google Scholar

Silvia, P. J., Kaufman, J. C. ( 2010 ). Creativity and mental illness . In Kaufman, J. C., Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 381 – 394 ). New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .

Google Scholar

Silvia, P. J., Kaufman, J. C., Pretz, J. E. ( 2009 ). Is creativity domain-specific? Latent class models of creative accomplishments and creative self-descriptions . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3, 139 – 148 . doi:10.1037/a0014940

Google Scholar ISI

*Silvia, P. J., Kimbrel, N. A. ( 2010 ). A dimensional analysis of creativity and mental illness: Do anxiety and depression symptoms predict creative cognition, creative accomplishments, and creative self-concepts? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 2 – 10 . doi:10.1037/a0016494

Google Scholar

*Simeonova, D. I., Chang, K. D., Strong, C., Ketter, T. A. ( 2005 ). Creativity in familial bipolar disorder . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 623 – 631 . doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.01.005

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Simonton, D. K. ( 1986 ). Biographical typicality, eminence and achievement styles . Journal of Creative Behavior, 20, 14 – 22 . doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1986.tb00413.x

Google Scholar

Simonton, D. K. ( 2005 ). Are genius and madness related? Contemporary answers to an ancient question . Psychiatric Times, 22(7), 21 – 23 . Retrieved from http://pro.psychcentral.com/are-genius-and-madness-related-contemporary-answers-to-an-ancient-question-2/00330.html

Google Scholar

Simonton, D. K. ( 2010 ). So you want to become a creative genius? You must be crazy . In Cropley, D. H., Cropley, A. J., Kaufman, J. C., Runco, M. A. (Eds.), The dark side of creativity (pp. 218 – 234 ). New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .

Google Scholar

Simonton, D. K. ( 2014 a). The mad (creative) genius: What do we know after a century of historiometric research? In Kaufman, J. C. (Ed.), Creativity and mental illness (pp. 25 – 41 ). Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .

Google Scholar

Simonton, D. K. ( 2014 b). The mad-genius paradox: Can creative people be more mentally healthy but highly creative people more mentally ill? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 470 – 480 . doi:10.1177/1745691614543973

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Simonton, D. K. ( 2014 c). More method in the mad-genius controversy: A historiometric study of 204 historic creators . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 53 – 61 . doi:10.1037/a0035367

Google Scholar ISI

Simonton, D. K., Song, A. V. ( 2009 ). Eminence, IQ, physical and mental health, and achievement domain: Cox’s 282 geniuses revisited . Psychological Science, 20, 429 – 434 . doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02313.x

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

*Siwek, M., Dudek, D., Arciszewska, A., Filar, D., Rybicka, M., Cieciora, A., Pilecki, M. W. ( 2013 ). The analysis of the bipolarity features in students of arts and students of technology . Psychiatria Polska, 47, 787 – 796 . Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=psyc11&NEWS=N&AN=2014-44503-003

Google Scholar

*Soeiro-de-Souza, M. G., Post, R. M., de Sousa, M. L., Missio, G., do Prado, C. M., Gattaz, W. F., , . . . Machado-Vieira, R. ( 2012 ). Does BDNF genotype influence creative output in bipolar I manic patients? Journal of Affective Disorders, 139, 181 – 186 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.036

Google Scholar Medline

Solomon, D. A., Keller, M. B., Leon, A. C., Mueller, T. I., Shea, M. T., Warshaw, M., , . . . Endicott, J. ( 1997 ). Recovery from major depression: A 10-year prospective follow-up across multiple episodes . Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1001 – 1006 . doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230033005

Google Scholar Medline

Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., Robins, E. ( 1978 ). Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability . Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773 – 782 . doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013

Google Scholar Medline

Srivastava, S., Ketter, T. A. ( 2010 ). The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: Evidence from personality and temperament studies . Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 522 – 530 . doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0159-x

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Strong, C. M., Nowakowska, C., Santosa, C. M., Wang, P. W., Kraemer, H. C., Ketter, T. A. ( 2007 ). Temperament-creativity relationships in mood disorder patients, healthy controls and highly creative individuals . Journal of Affective Disorders, 100, 41 – 48 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.015

Google Scholar Medline

Sussman, A. ( 2007 ). Mental illness and creativity: A neurological view of the “tortured artist.” Stanford Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 21 – 24 . Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/group/cosign/Sussman.pdf

Google Scholar

Taft, R., Rossiter, J. T. ( 1966 ). The Remote Associates Test: Divergent or convergent thinking? Psychological Reports, 13, 1313 – 1314 . doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1313

Google Scholar SAGE Journals

*Thomas, D. N. ( 1988 ). Influences of creativity, depression, and psychological well-being on physiological and psychological symptoms in midlife women (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (8827496)

Google Scholar

Thys, E., Sabbe, B., De Hert, M. ( 2014 ). Creativity and psychopathology: A systematic review . Psychopathology, 47, 141 – 147 . doi:10.1159/000357822

Google Scholar Medline

Torrance, E. P. ( 1990 ). Torrance tests of creative thinking. Bensenville, IL : Scholastic Testing Service .

Google Scholar

Treadway, M. T., Zald, D. H. ( 2011 ). Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: Lessons from translational neuroscience . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 537 – 555 . doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Tremblay, C., Grosskopf, S., Yang, K. ( 2010 ). Brainstorm: Occupational choice, bipolar illness and creativity . Economics & Human Biology, 8, 233 – 241 . doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.01.001

Google Scholar Medline

Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. ( 1973 ). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability . Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207 – 232 . doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9

Google Scholar ISI

Van den Noortgate, W., López-López, J. A., Marín-Martínez, F., Sánchez-Meca, J. ( 2013 ). Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes . Behavior Research Methods, 45, 576 – 594 . doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0261-6

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Van den Noortgate, W., López-López, J. A., Marín-Martínez, F., Sánchez-Meca, J. ( 2015 ). Meta-analysis of multiple outcomes: A multilevel approach . Behavior Research Methods, 47, 1274 – 1294 . doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0527-2

Google Scholar Medline

Van den Noortgate, W., Onghena, P. ( 2003 ). Multilevel meta-analysis: A comparison with traditional meta-analytical procedures . Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 765 – 790 . doi:10.1177/0013164403251027

Google Scholar SAGE Journals | ISI

Van Elk, M., Matzke, D., Gronau, Q. F., Guan, M., Vandekerckhove, J., Wagenmakers, E.-J. ( 2015 ). Meta-analyses are no substitute for registered replications: A skeptical perspective on religious priming . Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1365 . doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01365

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Van Meter, A. R., Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L. ( 2012 ). Cyclothymic disorder: A critical review . Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 229 – 243 . doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.001

Google Scholar Medline

Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Igou, E. R. ( 2014 ). From Van Gogh to Lady Gaga: Artist eccentricity increases perceived artistic skill and art appreciation . European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 93 – 103 . doi:10.1002/ejsp.1999

Google Scholar

Vandenbroucke, J. P., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., , . . . Egger, M. ( 2007 ). Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration . PLoS Medicine, 4(10), e297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297

Google Scholar

Vellante, M., Zucca, G., Preti, A., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M. B. L., Akiskal, K. K., Akiskal, H. S. ( 2011 ). Creativity and affective temperaments in non-clinical professional artists: An empirical psychometric investigation . Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 28 – 36 . doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.062

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

*Verhaeghen, P., Joormann, J., Aikman, S. N. ( 2014 ). Creativity, mood, and the examined life: Self-reflective rumination boosts creativity, brooding breeds dysphoria . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8, 211 – 218 . doi:10.1037/a0035594

Google Scholar ISI

*Verhaeghen, P., Joormann, J., Khan, R. ( 2005 ). Why we sing the blues: The relation between self-reflective rumination, mood, and creativity . Emotion, 5, 226 – 232 . doi:10.1037/15283542.5.2.226

Google Scholar Medline

Viechtbauer, W. ( 2010 ). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package . Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.121108

Google Scholar Medline

Viechtbauer, W., Cheung, M. W.-L. ( 2010 ). Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis . Research Synthesis Methods, 1, 112 – 125 . doi:10.1002/jrsm.11

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Waddell, C. ( 1998 ). Creativity and mental illness: Is there a link? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 166 – 172 . Retried from http://ww1.cpa-apc.org/French_Site/Publications/Archives/CJP/1998/Mar/mar98_revpap1.htm

Google Scholar

Weisberg, R. W. ( 2006 ). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley .

Google Scholar

Weisz, J. R., Kuppens, S., Eckshtain, D., Ugueto, A. M., Hawley, K. M., Jensen-Doss, A. ( 2013 ). Performance of evidence-based youth psychotherapies compared with usual clinical care . JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 750 – 761 . doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1176

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

Welsh, G. S., Barron, F. ( 1963 ). Barron–Welsh Art Scale. Palo Alto, CA : Mind Garden .

Google Scholar

Wender, E. H., Kety, S. S., Schulsinger, E., Rosenthal, D., Schulsinger, E., Ortmann, J., Lunde, I. ( 1986 ). Psychiatric disorders in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals with affective disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 923 – 929 .

Google Scholar Medline

Wills, G. I. ( 2003 ). Forty lives in the bebop business: Mental health in a group of eminent jazz musicians . British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 255 – 259 . doi:10.1192/bjp.183.3.255

Google Scholar Medline | ISI

World Health Organization . ( 1978 ). Mental disorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland : Author .

Google Scholar

Young, L. N., Winner, E., Cordes, S. ( 2013 ). Heightened incidence of depressive symptoms in adolescents involved in the arts . Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7, 197 – 202 . doi:10.1037/a0030468

Google Scholar

*Youngstrom, E. A., Murray, G., Johnson, S. L., Findling, R. L. ( 2013 ). The 7 Up 7 Down Inventory: A 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies carved from the General Behavior Inventory . Psychological Assessment, 25, 1377 – 1383 . doi:10.1037/a0033975

Google Scholar Medline