What is Network Functions Virtualization (NFV):

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is an architecture that provides a way to decouple the network functionality from proprietary hardware and use it on the virtualized standard IT hardware or on cloud-based architecture.

It is developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). NFV architecture is used to transform the telecom industry by lowering Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), fast innovation and deployment, and by providing Scale-out / Scale-in functionality during special traffic hours.

ETSI created the NFV Industry Specification Group (ISG) to define the requirements and architecture to address the below technical challenges:

Ensuring that virtualized network platforms will be simpler to operate.

Achieving high performance virtualized network appliances which are portable between different hardware vendors, and with different hypervisors.

Achieving co-existence with legacy proprietary hardware platforms whilst enabling an efficient migration path to fully virtualized network platforms which re-use network operator BSS and OSS.

Management and orchestration of virtual network appliances while ensuring security and avoiding misconfiguration.

Maintaining network stability and service levels without degradation during appliance load and relocation.

Ensuring the appropriate level of resilience to hardware and software failures.

Enabling the creation of virtual network function without recompilation, on any hypervisor and hardware configuration, and integrate “on the fly” into the network operators’ existing management and orchestration systems.

Analyzing future technical requirements and standards in relevant standardization organization and groups to be identified or created at ETSI and other ad hoc standards development organizations.

Minimizing energy consumption

It consists of three main building blocks:

NFVI VNF MANO

Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI):

The Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) or NFV Infrastructure is the foundational layer of NFV. Physical servers, storage arrays and networking nodes like router, switches, and firewall etc. are part of it. Also by using a hypervisor (like VMware ESXi, KVM etc.), it provides the virtual compute, storage, and network infrastructure on which the VNFs are deployed and executed.

The virtual infrastructure can be obtained by using some virtualization technologies, for example:

Virtual Computing: VMware vSphere, VMware Cloud NFV, KVM, Xen

Virtual Storage: VMware vSAN, Ceph

Virtual Networking: VMware NSX, Neutron, Open Day Light

NFVI nodes can be deployed in multiple sites and zones to provide high-availability services and to support workload requirements. Operators can choose standard hardware from their preferred vendors like HPE, DELL, IBM, Cisco, Juniper etc. at competitive prices and upgrade hardware independently from workloads.

Management and Orchestration (MANO):

Management and Orchestration (MANO) covers the orchestration and management of infrastructure resources both hardware or software. MANO can be further divided into three components:

Virtual Infrastructure Manager (VIM)

Virtual Network Functions Manager (VNFM)

NFV Orchestrator (NFVO)

Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM):

Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM) is responsible for managing and monitoring of NFVI compute, storage, and network resources. It exposes this functionality northbound to VNFM and NFV Orchestrator so that they can deploy and manage VNFs. It also exposes the same functionality southbound to the hypervisors and SDN controllers in the NFVI. VIM also maintains the inventory of NFVI. The VIM provides the API that allows the VNFM to manage the complete lifecycle of all of the VNFs. VMware vCenter is a good example of Virtual Infrastructure Manager (VIM).

Virtual Network Functions Manager (VNFM):

Virtual Network Functions Manager (VNFM) or VNF Manager is used to controlling, managing and monitoring the VNFs lifecycle. It also controls Element Management System (EMS) or/and Network Management System (NMS). VNF Manager works under control of NFV Orchestrator. Some of VNFM key responsibilities are:

Instantiation of VNFs

Configuration of VNFs

Start of VNFs

Stop of VNFs

Scaling in/out of VNFs

Updating and/or upgrading VNFs

Termination of VNFs

Network Functions Virtualizations Orchestrator (NFVO):

Network Functions Virtualization Orchestrator (NFVO) or NFV Orchestrator is mainly responsible for onboarding of VNFs and Network Services those are managed by same or different VNF Managers and part of same or different NFVI.

NFVO communicates with the VIMs directly through their northbound interface, and coordinates, authorizes, releases and engages the virtual compute, storage and networking resources among single or multiple datacenters globally. This function is also called Resource Orchestration.

The second function of NFV Orchestrator is Service Orchestration that is used to manage the life cycles of Network Services and VNFs. It provides the below functionalities:

Onboarding of Network Services, VNFs

Instantiation, Scaling in/out, and Termination of Network Services and VNFs

Monitoring and Auto-healing of VNFs

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