Belle Gibson claimed that she was diagnosed with brain cancer 2009, and that she was given four months to live. At the service, Ainscough's bereft father, Col, bade farewell to his blue-eyed daughter – he called her Jet – and recounted anecdotes of her style and sincerity. Her first steps and first day of school, captured on film, flashed up on a projector screen. Guests spoke of the unending love between Ainscough and her partner, Tallon Pamenter. The pair were to have been married in just a few months' time. Finally, former Australian Idol winner Wes Carr performed. Those who were there say it was a moving tribute; one filled with happy memories, moments of laughter, and smiles through the tears. Through it all, Gibson wept, at times uncontrollably, and over the top of everyone else. "Some guests seemed put off by it," one remarked. "She was noticeably having outbursts." Said another: "It was like she was making a point of being seen and heard. Like she was trying to prove that she was more devastated than everybody else who was there." Belle Gibson had first met Jess Ainscough in April two years before. Ainscough was addressing a Self-Love and Sisterhood conference in Prahran, a fashionable suburb in Melbourne's inner south-east. Gibson, a rising star in the self-help movement, lined up at the town hall with the scores of other fans to meet the keynote speaker after the event. Like Ainscough, she was also building an online following off the back of her story of beating terminal cancer, hers ostensibly of the brain. Gibson used the opportunity to tell Ainscough about the health and wellness smartphone app she was building. The app was called The Whole Pantry. Developed over several months, it included healthy meal planners and recipes based on natural ingredients. It would go on to be downloaded an impressive 300,000 times. It wasn't long before the pair were moving in similar circles, albeit in different cities. They regularly exchanged niceties on social media, usually in the form of gushing praise on Instagram of each other's "wellness journey".

Jess Ainscough, known to fans as "the Wellness Warrior", died in 2015 aged 29 from a rare cancer. Belle Gibson described her as a "close friend", Ainscough's agent said there was no relationship. But Gibson and Ainscough were not friends. That first meeting had never sat well with Ainscough, who felt uneasy. "Something was off about her," she would later tell a friend. Ainscough's manager, Yvette Luciano, remembers Gibson lining up to meet Ainscough again, this time in 2014, during Ainscough's Melbourne book tour. She said Gibson stood out in the crowd of fans. "There definitely was a feeling like she... [was] trying to force something with Jess." After Ainscough died, Luciano took to social media to set the record straight: "Beyond an Instagram comment or two," she wrote, there was no relationship whatsoever, personally or professionally, between Ainscough and Gibson. Gibson’s The Whole Pantry app birthed a lucrative brand, all built on the lie that she had cancer. Gibson's decision to travel from her home in Melbourne's affluent bayside area to Ainscough's memorial on the tropical Sunshine Coast, almost 1800 kilometres away, was something of a surprise to many at the service. Some of Ainscough's friends remember the bizarre moment when Gibson approached them as they were gathered outside under evergreen shade trees in a sea of bitumen car-parking, and insinuated herself into their grief. She was politely embraced, and comforted. Those closest to Ainscough then made the short drive back to the house that she and fiancé Pamenter had shared with her father in Alexandra Headland. The two-storey property, 800 metres from the surf, was set back on a suburban street behind native rainforest. Gibson had never been there before, but she acted like she had.

Inside, she cried. She cried about Ainscough, and about her own cancer. "She was hysterically sobbing, saying how devastated she was to lose Jess," one of Ainscough's friends said. "No one really knew what to do with her." Luciano said she was confused to see Gibson. "I didn't even know how she knew where Jess lived or how she got there." [Gibson] was hysterically sobbing, saying how devastated she was to lose Jess. No one really knew what to do with her. At one point, Gibson summoned the dead woman's fiancé into a bedroom and wept on his shoulder. She told him her heart was breaking, that she was petrified of dying the way his partner had. "I don't know how they ended up in [the] room together," one onlooker commented, "but I do remember her coming out crying. If she didn't even know the girl, then what the f… compelled her to be doing any of it?" Pamenter, Ainscough's partner, remembers that Gibson was upset and asked him for a private moment to talk. He knew who Gibson was, through her social media profile, but the service was the first time he had met her. She spoke about her own cancer, he recalls. "At the time, there was so much going on that, I guess, I was just feeling sorry for her, thinking, maybe she's kind of thinking the same could happen to her." For years before Ainscough's death, Gibson had been positioning herself as the next poster girl for holistic health and wellness. The template she used in her story followed a similar path. Both women spoke of spiralling into bad eating habits that began as teenagers. They talked about listening to their doctors and trying conventional medicine to treat terminal cancer, but ultimately coming to the realisation of needing to trust their "intuition". They both said they believed it was their only option. Ainscough said her journey of "research and empowerment ... ultimately saved my life". Gibson said she "was empowering myself to save my own life". The "whole" way of eating, "whole body" wellness, and "whole life" are littered throughout the pages of their books and transcripts of interviews. Ainscough called herself a cancer survivor, and said she was "living proof of the body's ability to heal itself", while Gibson knew her cancer was "curable; my immune system is just suppressed".

There was one problem, however, with Gibson's story: she didn't have cancer at all. Ainscough's illness was real. She had proved it was possible to forge a wellness career from a terminal-cancer diagnosis, but it was short-lived. The queen of wellness was dead; her website would soon be taken down. There was a void left in the market, and plenty of people ready to believe again. Perhaps, as Gibson sat in the bedroom with Pamenter that day, her tears were all for show. Perhaps they were genuine, or perhaps they were about something else entirely. One thing was for certain, though: Gibson was coming undone. She knew she was about to be exposed. We had called her from The Age newsroom in Melbourne the day before Ainscough's service to discuss the myriad discrepancies in the stories of cancer and philanthropy that she had used to promote her global brand. We had been looking into her for weeks, suspicious about the veracity of her tale. Her cancer story seemed far-fetched, and her claims of donating huge amounts of money to charities didn't hold water. Her phone was off. We called her partner, Clive Rothwell, who said she was on a flight to the Sunshine Coast for the service. So we emailed her a list of 21 questions, asking for evidence of her cancer diagnosis and charitable donations, and seeking clarification of other parts of her story that didn't stack up, such as her age, and her qualifications. Not long after, Gibson called back and left a message. She sounded very young. Her tone was friendly, professional, busy: "Good afternoon. My name's Belle Gibson. I've had a missed call from you, so, if you could give me a call back that'd be great. Thank you." Later, Gibson emailed to say she was attending the funeral of "a close friend and someone who mentored me through many years". She has never taken or returned our calls since. By the same time the following week, the cracks in Gibson's story would become chasms. The Age exposed Gibson for fundraising fraud and revealed she was deleting comments from the net questioning her cancer diagnosis; and The Australian published an admission by Gibson herself that it was possible she had been misdiagnosed. Within weeks, she had confessed to The Australian Women's Weekly that her story was a lie.

This is a story of large-scale deception; a tale that duped millions in the reckless pursuit of attention and fame. It began in Brisbane, where Annabelle Natalie Gibson grew up, before moving to Perth, then Melbourne. In just a few short years it took her around the globe, propelling her to extraordinary heights and into lucrative partnerships with two of the world's best-known companies, publishing giant Penguin and tech giant Apple, who were eager to capitalise on her astonishing story. Gibson had claimed that, in 2009, she was 20 years old and working in a corporate job when she started experiencing memory loss, vision problems and walking difficulties. Gibson said her concerns were brushed aside by her doctor, and was prescribed antidepressants. Not long after, she said, she suffered a stroke at work, following which tests revealed she had terminal brain cancer. She claimed that in 2009 she was given four months to live. Gibson said she endured chemotherapy and radiotherapy for two months, but decided to stop the gruelling treatment after passing out in a city park near the hospital. She started exploring the world of alternative medicine and the detoxification properties of lemons, which got her thinking about the importance of a healthy diet. Gibson then embarked on a quest to heal herself with nutrition and holistic medicine, including "salt, vitamin and Ayurvedic treatments, craniosacral therapy, oxygen therapy, colonics, and a whole lot of other treatments". Four years later, she said, what she was doing was working. She appeared on Instagram just as the photo-sharing app was becoming popular, posting as a cancer patient healing herself naturally. She had tapped into something big. Her social media profile exploded, and she quickly amassed tens of thousands of followers. She built an app, and it was a winner. On August 5, 2013, The Whole Pantry went live. It contained more than 50 gluten-free, paleo and vegan recipes, as well as health and wellness lifestyle guides, recipe conversion tools, and a shopping-list function. The app was "not just about food", Gibson would later say. It was also about "combating stress, achieving wellness and a healthy, wholesome lifestyle". Gibson, who in 2013 was actually just 21 years old, could not have anticipated the success that lay just around the corner. The Whole Pantry took off overnight, earning the No. 1 rating in the App Store in its debut month. By the end of 2013, it was named Apple's Best Food and Drink App, and the second-best iPhone app in the world. It was downloaded hundreds of thousands of times globally, and inspired lucrative book deals in Australia, the US and the UK. The Whole Pantry brand would earn Gibson $500,000 in less than two years.

Many years ago, long before Belle Gibson was credited as the creator of the world's first health, wellness and lifestyle app, a lanky young American doctor named John W. Travis went for a walk in Baltimore. He had just graduated from medical school and had moved there to complete a residency at Johns Hopkins University. Bored with much of the curriculum, he frequently visited the campus bookshop. On this spring day, in 1972, he rummaged through the unloved paperbacks piled on a clearance table and fished out a book, High Level Wellness, marked down to $US2. "Wellness," Travis mused. He paid the shop assistant and took the book home. "I didn't like the word at first," he recalls, "but I really liked the ideas. It turned out to be the best two bucks I ever spent." Travis was totally gripped. High Level Wellness was a collection of transcribed radio talks by Halbert Dunn, the founder and chief of the US National Office of Vital Statistics from the 1930s to 1960, and an assistant surgeon-general. Dunn's concept of "high-level wellness" was about promoting the positive aspects of health – the aspects that went beyond simply avoiding getting sick. It made sense to the young doctor. Wellness was the opposite of illness. And just as there were many degrees of illness, there were also many degrees of wellness. Just because you are not sick or showing any overt symptoms, and you could get a check-up and obtain a clean bill of health, explains Travis to us now, "that doesn't mean you are well." You might still be bored, depressed, anxious or unhappy. All of this can set the stage for physical and mental illness. Stress, for instance, is often linked to the onset of disease. And negative emotional states can increase smoking, drinking and overeating. Way ahead of its time, High Level Wellness taught that wellness was a continuing pursuit that had a holistic approach: one of mind, body and spirit. And also other key factors, like the environmental, social, emotional, intellectual. "There was another whole dimension besides treating illness," Travis says, "another whole dimension that medicine wasn't addressing."

By 1975, Travis decided to return to Mill Valley, California, where he had lived during his internship. There, he met a man named Don Ardell, head of the Bay Area Health Planning Agency, who, it turned out, had also read Dunn's work and considered him a visionary. Travis rented a suite of offices in a renovated building surrounded by redwood trees on the edge of the downtown district, and opened the world's first-ever wellness centre: the Wellness Resource Center. He began with a part-time practitioner and a shared secretary. Meanwhile, Ardell was gaining national attention touring the country speaking about wellness at hospitals and health-planning agencies. The small centre grew to employ about a dozen practitioners and support staff. There was no diagnosing here, no treating, no prescribing. They didn't take insurance. It wasn't that sort of centre. What they did provide for people who came in was a battery of lifestyle questionnaires, followed by a two-hour "wellness assessment". Clients were then given feedback and offered a series of wellness proposals: stress reduction, nutritional counselling, fitness counselling or a "lifestyle evolution" group, a form of group therapy that emphasised positives. "We counselled them," Travis says, "and we had people coming back for multiple sessions." In the following years, Travis was featured in magazines and prime-time TV interviews. He wrote and self-published The Wellness Workbook, which was later picked up by a national publisher and eventually sold 250,000 copies. Letters began flooding in; people were hungry to find out more; nurses were asking how they could bring up such novel ideas with their doctors. "In those early days, this wasn't something people had ever heard about... we had to spell the word out over the phone: 'W-E-L-L-N-E-S-S'," Travis recalls. "But it caught on... and I had no idea where it was going to go." Belle Gibson in 2014: 'What she was doing is not what wellness is. Wellness is growth,' says John W. Travis. He didn't know it yet, but wellness was on the cusp of a tremendous transformation, growing through the 1980s and '90s into a ubiquitous and big-money global economy. Hospital wellness centres sprang up across the US, then across the globe. Health practitioners started co-opting the word. Wellness treatment spas came into fashion, as did workplace wellness programs. The word even entered the lexicons of the world's largest insurance companies.

Wellness turned into a hugely popular, high-end and fashionable pursuit, especially among society's rich and glamorous. In 2015, the wellness tourism sector was said to have generated $736 billion in revenue. According to research group SRI International, which was commissioned by the Global Spa and Wellness Summit to quantify the value of wellness tourism in 2013, more than one in six "travel dollars" that year was spent on these kinds of holidays. These days, Travis is exactly where you'd expect to find him: leaning back in a faded canvas deck chair, eating cereal, in a place called Skinners Shoot, in the Byron Bay hinterland of northern NSW. Home for him, for half the year, is a rusting blue-and-white caravan parked next to a banana tree in a commune with 12 other people. "An unintentional community," he calls it. When we reach him by Skype, the combination of slow internet and piercing sun through the leaves of the poinciana tree overhead makes it hard to see his face, so he shuffles around. Travis looks much younger than his 74 years, and radiates good health. He is grey-bearded and bald, but lean, with bright skin, clear eyes and a toothy smile. He chuckles, and shakes his head. "You know, I almost gave up on the word completely." Wellness, he says, has devolved, stripped of much of its original meaning. It's commonplace now to hear the word used to peddle products of all descriptions, which have a tenuous link at best with personal health and wellbeing. Go into just about any pharmacy, or supermarket, or sports event, or even turn on the TV, and you'll probably see the name Swisse Wellness, Australia's most popular vitamin and supplements manufacturer. Its name used to be Swisse Vitamins, until it was taken over by Hong Kong's Biostime International Holdings, and someone had the idea to drop the namesake of its core product and tap into something much bigger. Wellness stores today offer body scrubs and facials, while department store chains now devote entire sections to wellness products. In 2017, Saks Fifth Avenue's flagship store in Manhattan renamed its second floor The Wellery. Covering 1500 square metres, The Wellery provides exercise classes, brow bars, vegan non-toxic manicures, cellulite treatment, salt-detoxification booths. In its clothing range it stocks golf wear and activewear.

Workplace wellness programs are another adaptation of the concept. Half of all US employers with 50 staff or more are estimated to have one in place. But its definition here, too, is largely pared back, often focusing on things such as body-mass indexes, cholesterol checks, blood pressure and perhaps some yoga, but overlooking many of wellness's core aspects outside of physical health. Travis spent 30 years fighting to get Halbert Dunn's ideas out into the world, and now "there's a wellness centre on every street corner", many bearing scant resemblance to its original philosophy. It once frustrated him, seeing "wellness" being thrown around as a marketing buzzword. The last time he typed "wellness" into Google, the No. 1 hit that came back was an all-natural dog-food brand. But that's not what upsets him the most about the devolution of the term. Travis seems much more distressed by the notion that wellness can be used to treat health problems. "Wellness is about learning and it's about growing," he explains. "It's not about fixing things." Few cancer specialists dispute the idea that many therapies falling under today's big umbrella of wellness can have a positive effect on patients. When used in tandem with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery, things such as yoga, massage, meditation, acupuncture, aromatherapy and relaxation techniques constitute what cancer doctors now refer to as "complementary" therapies. The Cancer Council of Australia advises patients that such therapies can help them manage the symptoms of the disease and the side effects of treatment, as well as relieve stress and anxiety. The famous singer, actor and cancer-awareness advocate Olivia Newton-John, in 2012, permitted Melbourne's Austin Hospital to use her name in its new $189-million cancer wing on two conditions: first, that it incorporate the word "wellness" and, second, that it offer wellness therapies to ease physical, emotional and spiritual pain. (When, in 2017, Newton-John revealed that her breast cancer had returned, she said she would complete a course of radiation treatment in conjunction with natural wellness therapies.) Olivia Newton-John with her husband John Easterling at the start of Melbourne's annual Wellness Walk to help raise money for programs at the Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre. Credit:Joe Armao

Then, however, there are the more extreme, more cultish and far more disturbing manifestations of wellness theories in cancer treatment: where wellness becomes a synonym for alternative medicine; where it becomes about curing the disease. Once confined to the fringes, social media has propelled this most controversial aspect into a world of its own. A world of pseudoscience and miracle cures. A world of popular wellness warriors, like Jess Ainscough and her heir apparent, Belle Gibson. For Ainscough and Gibson, and those like them, their interpretation of the word "wellness" goes beyond the down-to-earth values, and attention to mind and body and spirit and environment. Wellness, for them, often means distrusting conventional medicine and believing in unproven treatments such as extreme dieting, colonic irrigation or high doses of vitamins and antioxidants. You might also hear these sorts of people claiming that cancer battles boil down to having the right attitude or willpower to survive. At best, according to cancer doctors, these theories can be misleading and expensive, and provide false hope. At worst, they encourage vulnerable people to withdraw from treatments that give them the best chance of survival. "Drugs do not cure cancer," Ainscough once wrote. "They just don't. Cancer is nothing more than your body telling you that something has got to give. It is the result of a breakdown in your body's defences after it has endured years of abuse in the form of a toxic diet, toxic mind and toxic environment. I feel so, so blessed to be wise to these facts."' When the idea of wellness first shot to national attention, and Travis appeared on the US's 60 Minutes program in November 1979, host Dan Rather, sitting across from him, asked a question about wellness that was on a lot of people's minds: is it meant to be a substitute practice of medicine? "Absolutely not," Travis returned frankly. "It is an adjunct to, and quite different to, the practice of medicine." Until recently, Travis had never heard of Belle Gibson. But he's seen plenty like her come and go: people who claim to be treating their varied diseases with wellness. "What she was doing is not what wellness is. Wellness is growth, and learning about yourself, and expanding your horizons," he says, easing back in his deck chair again. "But I'm afraid a lot of that falls on deaf ears."