Full text of a booklet containing a chronology of and documents on the armed struggle during the decline of the mass social movements in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION

INTRODUCTION

PREFACE

OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT CONFLICT

DIFFUSED URBAN GUERRILLA

PRISON REVOLTS

PRISONS, COURTS AND THE LEGAL HIERARCHY

EXPROPRIATION

VICTIMS OF REPRESSION

SWEAT LABOUR

POLITICIANS AND PARTY HEADQUARTERS

TRADES UNIONS

FACTORIES AND THE INDUSTRIAL HIERARCHY

STATE OFFICES

HEROIN PUSHERS

ATTACKS AGAINST THE POLICE

RESTRUCTURING REPRESSION

ANTI-INSTITUTIONAL MOVEMENT, REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE, ARMED STRUGGLE. SOME REFLECTIONS.

TOWARDS THE GENERALISATION OF ARMED STRUGGLE

ON THE PROBLEM OF ARMED STRUGGLE

FORWARD COMRADES!

The years covered by this pamphlet mark an important period for the whole of the movement against capital. It was at this time that the antagonist movement in Italy finally shed all its taboos concerning destruction, violence and the use of arms against the class enemy. It became normal to respond to the humiliation and tyranny of capitalism with the arms considered to be the most effective for doing so, and acts of violence by bosses, police and fascists found an immediate response both in the streets and in specific retaliatory actions against them.

During this period a vast quantity of groups and struggle organisations emerged, convinced of the need to extend and heighten the armed struggle against capital. Many of these, in keeping with their leninist convictions, reached the conclusion that capitalism's final crisis had arrived, that victory was near and that it was time to fight the State on its own terms, in closed militaristic organisations (the armed wing of the proletariat) aimed at taking over and directing first the struggle, then the State. Their objectives were to recruit comrades into their organisations-the only ones entitled to carry out this historic task according to them-and to raise the level of the struggle to the ultimate moment of victory. When their analysis proved to be mistaken (that the end of capitalism was not imminent, instead it was going through a difficult phase of re-structuring), they began negotiating with the enemy to have their prisoners released, even at the cost of dissociating themselves from the struggle and from revolution itself.

But there was another dimension present in the struggle at the end of the seventies, one consisting of autonomous actions carried out by affinity groups formed for the duration of the action itself. At the time when we first published this counter-information we did so in order to make known and extend the whole dimension of armed struggle, and for this reason we chose to limit our criticism of the forms that struggle took. In reprinting it we are doing so with another aim: that of contributing to the struggle's qualitative development. Now that the need for an armed attack against capital and the State has become widely accepted amongst comrades, it is time to work to extend the qualitative aspect that is spreading today using methods including sabotage against the structures of capital. This sabotage, usually carried out by small groups of comrades who have come together on the basis of affinity, is based on simple means that are available to anyone, and contains a strong element of creativity and joy in the knowledge that it is simple and effective to attack what is oppressing us directly, and that there is no need for endless documents of ideological justification for doing so. This does not mean that arms in the traditional sense of the word are no longer relevant or should be considered something to be used at some time far off in the future. It is important to reflect on all these problems in order to develop and strengthen an effective and intelligent revolutionary perspective.

The key to the future is rebellion. As the multinationals spread their hold throughout the world, changing their hosts as the demands of (overall) profit direct them, the trade unions are showing themselves to be obsoleteas organisations of struggle, and actually direct participants in capitalism's plan of restructuring. The advanced democratic State is ready to patronise inquests in any sphere: prison reform, ecological problems, debates on abortion, etc., in order to handle dissent and render it a manageable dynamic within the global project of social control, and some of the modern European States have shown themselves to be more astute in this prevision than others.

We would say that Italy, although similar to Britain at an economic level where it shares its place as the weakest of the advanced industrialised countries, has less sophisticated means at its disposal with which to control the growing strata of those pushed to the margins of the process of production. In other words, it is not that Italy is country in a more acute state of economic crisis than Britain, nor that, because here in Britain we do not read daily reports in our newspapers about the burning of factory manager's cars, or the laming of journalists, that a situation of revolt at mass level does not also exist.

It is not the politicised minority who create revolt, but the existance of exploitation. What we can say is that there is not a clearly politicised minority in Britain who, drawing their direction from the mass, are seeking to give it a wider perspective, that of generalised rebellion. Many factors come into play in this situation in our opinion, not least the one already mentioned: the State's capacity to recuperate marginal groups and give them a ‘socially fulilling’ task such as involvement in adventure playgrounds, local housing, organised squatting projects, etc., allowing them a certain autonomy of movement, and very little excess energy for such activities as revolution.

But we cannot blame the State for everything. We feel there exists a certain aristocratic tendency within the movement in Britain that denies the importance of illegal action at grass roots level, and still persists in seeing rebellion in terms of the workers' movement. To this extent we feel the following information, however incomplete, is a contribution to forming a more realistic vision of where the struggle lies today.

The chronology that follows is an important element of counter-information concerning the situation of struggle in Italy. We do not claim this to be a fully representative picture. Many acts of rebellion never reach the press either because they are suppressed or because, taken on their individual merit they are too insignificant, as in the case of absenteeism, individual sabotage, and self-appropriation of goods. And it is in these areas more and more that the minority groups are finding the message that an intensification of the struggle is necessary. We hope, however, that something will emerge from this vast collection of data: that armed struggle in Italy today does not lie in the hands of a few professional militants, but that it is a way of being, a way of everyday life for hundreds of thousands of people, and that area is forever widening its field of attack.

The young people who have been pushed to the margins of Italian capitalism are creating their own theory with their actions. They have realised not only that there is nothing for them within the present structure, but also that they want nothing from it. They want to destroy it in every form it presents itself, and this involves not only institutions, but the people who make them function as such. Similar attitudes are also re-emerging among the employed workers within the context of the factory, following a period of relative stasis since the struggles of 1973. The result of this has been to create a situation of ideological crisis within the organised Left. On the one hand, the mass refusal of the system has not left the retrograde Left out of their radical critique; on the other these same groups are finding themselves confronted with a living situation of rebellion, leaving their abstract theories of economic cycles in the cold. They are faced with the pertinent question: What are we going to do? Unfortunately in many cases the answer has been one that has been found in the past by groups of a Stalinist character: that of policing the spontaneous movement.

But it is not possible to draw a simple line of demarcation between ‘authoritarian’ groups that develop in such and such a way, and ‘libertarian’ groups that automatically find the truth of the moment in the mass struggle. Any group or tendency that considers itself ‘carrier of truth’, and tries to impose its ideology on the situation, automatically takes the side of the counter-revolution, no matter how sweet the sound of their label is to our ears. This is not to say that such comrades are acting in bad faith. There is an almost traditional lack of clarity on certain problems within the anarchist movement, which carries many to jump to the (ideological) defence of tendencies which they know only through historical eulogy and have never put into practice in the reality in which they are living.

When the reality of the moment is that of rebellion at mass level, this ignorance and adhesion to to old models becomes particularly dangerous, as it can lead to trying to put a brake on the real move ment, and to a condemnation of comrades who are working in the practical field of clarification.

Clarity on the problem of armed intervention in the class struggle is therefore of primary importance. First, what exactly do we mean by the term ‘armed struggle’? Secondly, when is this form of intervention justifiable? Thirdly, what organisational form should this intervention take?

These are all questions which the anarchist movement in Italy has been forced to face in recent years, some groups more willingly than others. The theoretical articles that accompany the following chronology are therefore also a fruit of the present historical situation, and represent an attempt to go ahead towards what we feel is a direction where anarchists can be present in the struggle today.

Clearly what we have been able to portray in the following selection of data is limited and at times disordered. But one of the prime elements of rebellion is disorder. So let us begin to be wary of the order within our ranks, and look to the disorder around us.

Jean Weir

1979

IN 1960 IN ITALY the favourable economic period comes to an end, and clashes begin in the streets. The government, presided over by the Christian Democrat Tambroni, tries to repress these clashes, but is defeated. Many demonstrators are killed by police in Genoa, Rome, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Catania.

In 1963 the Socialists enter the government. Repression resumes. The trades unions begin to negotiate with the bosses. They gradually cease to represent the workers. In the ‘Hot Autumn’ of 1969 the workers in the factories begin to organise autonomously, in the form of wildcat strikes, factory occupations, etc., and this situation has lasted, with varying periods of flux and reflux, to the present day.

A number of Marxist-Leninist organisations are born, for example Servire il Popolo. The anarchist movement tries to re-organise through the FAI (Italian Anarchist Federation).

1968 sees a general relaunching of political organisations following the struggles of May in France. In Italy it is the anarchists that show the greatest development, but the movement is full of contradictions and disillusions most of those who approach their organisations.

In 1969 Lotta Continua is born, and immediately after, Potere Operaio. It is the year of the piazza Fontana massacrea. The movement finds unity in the defence of the anarchist comrades who were framed and arrested.

In 1970 there is a revolt of the population of Reggio Calabria, but the fascists succeed in taking over the struggle due to the inefficiency of the comrades' political organisations.

1969 sees the beginning of the revolts in the prisons, which continue until 1972. They re-emerge in 1973 and give life to the movement of imprisoned militants.

The first organisations to become a point of reference for clandestine struggle are born. Around 1970 the Gruppi di Azione Proletaria (GAP) are formed in Genoa. Potere Operaio supports them but Lotta Continua condemns them. It is here that the degeneration of the latter begins, ending up in a squalid gauchisme, to disappear completely as a movement shortly afterwards leaving only a tiny group around their daily paper.

During the same period Collettivo Metropolitano develope alongside the original Brigate Rosse (Red Brigades, of a Stalinist matrix, tinted with different shades of Leninism): Nap (Nuclei Armati Proletari) or Armed Proletarian Cells; Prima Linea or Front Line; Azione Rivoluzionaria or Revolutionary Action; Nuclei Combattenti Comunisti or Communist Combattent Cells, etc. These groups have in turn influenced the internal structure of the Red Brigades which, as far as one can understand from their latest strategic document, would now seem to be that of Leninist democratic centralism, i.e. groups that work separately, but in contact in the strategic sense. Each group elaborates its own analyses and plans of action, then submits them to the strategic command who study them and return them with relative observations. Individual groups can diverge from the strategic command and develop analyses and actions that might not have their approval. It is conceivable that the intensification of repression will force the Red Brigades to reconsider this structure and decide in favour of the closed model of the Stalinist type (supported by the old guard), or the more open model based on territorial evaluations.

It is the latter model that is now being applied by other groups, with varying levels of conviction and success. This breaking away from the rigid model of the Red Brigades can be seen in the actions of the NAP (and in their documents on theory and organisations), and in more recent analyses produced by the combatant organisation Prima Linea. Here the Leninism is more diluted and the autonomy of individual groups (and therefore security on a military level) appears to be greater.

The combatant organisation Azione Rivoluzionaria has attempted to develop theory and organisation in a libertarian direction, and has often made explicit references to anarchism.

Alongside this organisation, which is working in Italian territory in a more or less efficient and coordinated way, there exists an infinity of small groups and individual militants who, without referring to any specific organisation and often using made up names, have developed a phenomenon of constant guerilla activity, constituting a very interesting point of reference for the development of the armed confrontation in Italy.

The chronology that follows has been translated from the bimonthly review Anarchismo, and covers the period from March 1976, to November 1978.

We see the present historical situation as one that is characterised by a state of increasing illegality in which vast strata of society find themselves. Millions of unemployed young people and those on the margins of society are having to use what ever means are available in order to survive: thousands of women are obliged to have back street abortions; workers are practicing individual forms of sabotage, absenteeism and production boycotts; there are those in the system's concentration camps (special prisons, psychiatric hospitals etc.) who are rebelling; proletarian squatters have not paid rent for years; ethnic communities are reaffirming their identities; ‘hooligans’ are crowding metropolitan ghettos; and many others.

The very fact that all these exploited are imposing their presence as living contradictions in the midst of capitalism's process of totalitarian transformation, constitutes an inadmissible form of illegality for the State. The State's response is to eliminate this in any way possible, using a whole arsenal of brutal repressive instruments in the attempt.

We see our task as that of attempting to transform this mass illegalitarianism into a situation of generalised rebellion that the State would no longer be able to absorb into the dialectic claiming better conditions/reform/control. There is only one way to do this: to demonstrate with actions that each one of us has an enemy that is identifiable in precise structures and personages, and that this enemy is not invulnerable. We must demonstrate through action that individual revolt can and must transform itself into collective insurrection, the only one capable of really freeing us from oppression. It now seems clear to us that this means going beyond the limiting logic of defense against State violence. It is instinctive for anyone who is subjected to a system of exploitation that tries to bend them to its will to defend themselves, and in fact everyone is trying to do so in one way or another. There are those who make make themselves the knowing collaborators of power, or who delegate this defense to others ‘more capable’.

We, who consider ourselves conscious revolutionaries, cannot limit ourselves to this. We must and will attack the State. Moreover, we are not attacking it to take possession of it in turn, but to destroy it in all its forms and realisations.

The creative essence of anarchism is present in this work of destruction: in striking and eliminating its hierarchical mechanisms right away, we are at the same time creating the premise for the libertarian management of society. We are not proposing a preconceived model of society, the justice of which we want to convince others, but want to put each person in the condition of managing his or her own actions directly, free the impositions of power and its servants.

We maintain that some instruments of struggle have been acquired not only and not so much by certain sectors of the revolutionury movement, but by the whole proletarian movement, which cannot in any way be reduced to one or more organisation or set of initials. We think that the instruments we have at our disposition should be addressed to this situation of struggle.

..At this point attention should be paid not to exchange the instrument with the aim to be attained. We must not let armed and illegal practice in struggle become an end in itself and valid as such, therefore unchangeable, infallible, self-sufficient and omnipotent. ...The practice of violent attack against the State that we are interested in developing is identifiable not only and not so much with the shooting in the legs of notorious Christian Democrats, but must permeate every aspect of our struggle, every field of intervention. For our attack to be effective we must be able to identify the structures and representative of power in every city, factory, school, quarter, barracks, institution, right to the relationships that exist among ourselves, and strike them with all the range of instruments and arms that our fantasy suggests.

This should prevent us from falling into Leninist-type mystification where, directing the attack towards a mythical ‘heart of the State’, they are actually preparing for the conquest of this heart in order to take it over, leaving all the old capillaries intact and spread throughout the whole country. Our task is also to deny the absurd equation (so convenient to the State) ‘armed struggle equals clandestinity’, which would lead us in to accepting the role of ‘professionals’ of armed struggle and the reduction of our activity and our very lives to the purely military aspect of struggle.

As anarchists our efforts should, on the contrary, be that of demonstrating that it is possible to go beyond these divisions into roles, against the formation of an elite of experts, and the false alternative (not by chance one that is desired and encouraged by the State), between creative people and pistoleros.

February

23 Milan: A ‘Mass in defence of life’ is celebrated in the Duomo cathedral, attended by representatives of all the strata who are against abortion and the spreading of communism, from Nazi-fascists to the silent majority. The police attack a group of comrades trying to reach the cathedral. During the clash, eight luxury cars and the office of an Iranian airline company are set fire to.

March

12 Naples: The trial of the NAP members who rebelled in prison on the 3rd is due to take place. Hundreds of proletarians go to show their solidarity with the rebels. Violent clashes with the police develop. Three arrests are made.

13 Rome: While Lotta Continua and Avanguardia Operaia comrades are distributing leaflets outside a school concerning the wounding of a LC comrade by an MSI member, they are shot at by plain-clothes police. One comrade is wounded, nine are arrested.

13 Rozzano: At the Knipping engineering factory, noted for its antiworker reprisals and for enforcing a 60/70-hour week, about 60 workers break in through the gates, destroy adding machines, typewriters, windowpanes and machinery. The police arrive in force and 13 workers are held.

14 Rome: About 20 comrades come out in protest against the regime in Spain, which recently shot down seven proletarians in the street. They throw molotovs against the Spanish Embassy. Three policemen shoot indiscriminately into the group of young people running away, killing one of them, Luigi De Angelis.

17 Turin: Production is blocked all over Italy following sabotage at the FIAT factory in Turin. In Pomigliano the workers of Alfa Romeo and Aeritalia block the motorway. In Pozzuoli the workers of the Sofer, Olivetti and Icon paralyse the area. Similar events take place in Milan where factories are deserted, roads blocked, town halls besieged. There are actions also in Pordenone, Genoa, Bologna, Macerata, Bergamo, and Ivrea. The unions announce the preparation of a controlled strike in an attempt to recuperate the spontaneous rebellion. Everything now depends on the critical capacity of the workers. Those who insulted the union leaders, deriding their agreements with the entrepreneurs, and are refusing to sacrifice themselves ‘for the good of the nation’, must discover that they cannot obtain much within the framework of the existing society, but that they can take all, transforming the bases themselves. The bosses can’t pay more, but they can disappear.

18 Padova: Police brutally attack students in the University refectory where they were staging a sit-in. They break in without warning, shooting tear gas. Later in the day police shoot into a crowd outside the university building, wounding five people.

25 General Strike. Turin, Pavia, Varese, Novara Genoa, Padova, Florence, Naples and Potenza-clashes in front of the Town Halls. Road and rail blocks in Trento, Massa, Bari and Treviso.

26 Milan: Radical critique tunrs into practice. A pop concert put on by Socialists in the Paladino find out that warnings that such events would not be tolerated were serious. Hundreds of comrades, conscious that capitalism isn’t only in the factories, governments and police stations, but is in all the situations of our daily lives, the whole of our social existence, wreck the auditorium and break up the concert.

30 Naples: Unemployed workers, tired of demonstrations and broken promises, decide to make themselves heard. They attack the labour exchange and the central railway station, where they damage first class carriages. They build barricades in the city centre, take over buses and cars, and resist police onslaughts for over four hours. Offices and shops are devastated. 29 arrests are made.

May

1 Rome: A march organised by Autonomia Operaia is attacked by the police. Comrades defend themselves with stones and molotovs. Many are wounded. 24 arrests.

27 Treviso: Violent clashes break out between counter-demonstrators and police at an MSI meeting. Six comrades are arrested.

31 Florence: Eleven comrades are arrested during clashes with the police at a meeting held by MSI leader Almirante.

June

28 Rome: There are violent clashes when a huge crowd break away from the festival organised by Proletariato Giovanile (proletarian youth) in Parco Lambro. Thousands of ‘autonomists’ refuse to be controlled by the groups of politicos who wanted to impose their supremacy on participants at the festival, and violent clashes develop with the police. Those who are used to the idea of revolution as a point of general discussion, the well-behaved revolution, cannot understand that the proletarian revolution is disordered, wild, desecrating.

July

15 Milan: Judges condone the sacking of four workers for their political ideas at their appeal trial. The Carabinieri reply to the public’s manifestation of anger by attacking them, wounding many.

29 Ravenna: A festival organised by Federazione Giovanile Comunista Italiana is broken up. Many comrades, irritated by high prices, the squalid spectacle, the barbed wire, and the searches by CP activists, begin to protest nearby. Police fire into them, killing a comrade. Groups of comrades raise barricades, uproot road signs, plunder shops, and attack the town hall and the police headquarters.

September

13 Naples: A group of unemployed workers is attacked by police, who wound 30 and make numerous arrests.

October

8 Arese: Wildcat strike at Alfa Romeo factory against the government’s proposed tax increases and rise in cost of petrol. FIAT-OM workers block traffic in the main street. Other spontaneous actions take place in all the major towns and cities. The trade union bureaucrats are obliged to call a general strike.

November

30 Turin: 23 comrades are arrested following an attack on Right wing catholic organisation Comunione e Liberazione premises.

December

7 Milan: The city has been in a state of siege since the early hours of the morning, with thousands of police and Carabinieri, as comrades plan to sabotage the first night of the Scala. Clashes go on for hours all over the centre of the city. Shops are devastated, buses and cars set fire to and barricades erected. 33 arrests. Two comrades are seriously wounded.

20 Cagliari: Over a thousand people demonstrate in protest at the killing of Wilson Spiga, aged 17. The boy had gone through red traffic lights and was shot by a plain-clothes policeman.

January

14 Rome: The bookshop Maraldi is set fire to during a demonstration in protest against the fascist assembly in the city. Molotovs are also thrown against a Christian Democrat premises.

30 Naples: Police provoke comrades leaving a concert. 37 people are attacked, beaten up and arrested for no reason other than that they are left-wing militants.

February

2 Rome: A protest march against the killing of comrade Bellachioma by a fascist is attacked by machine gun fire. The first to fire were two plain-clothes policemen; others follow their example, wounding two people.

2 Turin: The fascist bookshop Fogola and a coffee bar, meeting place for fascists and heroin pushers, are set on fire.

3 Pisa: Shop belonging to a notorious fascist is wrecked. Police intervene, making one arrest.

16 all over Italy: universities are occupied. The occupations, which are related to the Malfatti reform, evolve into a general critique of all forms of alienation. They become the refusal of authority, bureaucrats, parties and trade unions.

18 Rome: Trade union leader (CGIL) Lama tries to hold a meeting in the occupied University. He and his gorillas are chased away by thousands of students who destroy the platform he is standing on. The CP calls for police intervention against students who wreck the University before leaving it in the hands of the forces of order.

March

4 Rome: Carabinieri in the corridors of the High Court are attacked by the public following the sentencing of Fabrizio Panzieri to nine years’ imprisonment for the events that led to the death of the fascist Mantakas. Many comrades are wounded by batons and tear gas.

5 Rome: Twenty thousand gather in protest against Panzieri’s sentence. After a moment of confusion they defend themselves, keeping ahead of the police for hours. Cars and buses are used as barricades. Seven comrades are arrested.

8 Palermo: Police attack a group of comrades who decided to reduce the ticket prices at a concert. Heavy clashes follow during which shots are fired into the crowd by police.

11 Bologna: Thousands of comrades come out into the streets following the killing of Lotta Continua comrade, Franco Lo Russo, at the university. A Christian Democrat bookshop is set on fire, shops are plundered, the Town Hall is attacked and the railway station is occupied. The Communist Party mayor calls in the army.

12 Rome, Bologna, Turin, Padova, Lecce, Messina, etc.: Armed comrades clash with police and attack party buildings and shops. The rage of thousands spreads through the streets, ignited by the assassination of Franco Lo Russo and Panzieri’s prison sentence, growing emargination and the squalid games of power. Armouries are plundered and pistols and guns distributed among demonstrators in Rome and Bologna. Fascist lairs, cars, buses, shops, restaurants and offices go up in flames.

18 Milan: Armed comrades break away from a march and enter the headquarters of the Marelli company. They take the wallets containing identity cards etc. from those present and set fire to the building. Ten minutes later more offices are attacked. At midday a commando take away pistols and ammunition from an armoury. At 1 pm the office of a firm noted for its exploitation of young people is attacked with molotovs.

April

1 Venice: Violent clashes between police and demonstrators trying to get into the Melibran theatre with self-reduced tickets.

21 Rome: Battle at the University between hundreds of comrades and police divisions. The ‘autonomists’ respond with arms. One policeman is killed, another wounded.

May

14 Milan: In a clash between ‘autonomists’ and police during a demonstration, a Carabinieri sergeant is shot in the forehead and dies a few days later.

19 Mestre: A group of comrades frees two feminists arrested by the police after smashing the window of a cinema to tear down a poster advertising a strip-tease show.

19: Despite the fact that the government has gone so far as to mobilise not only thousands of police, special squadrons and Carabinieri, but has also armed park attendants and forestry guards, demonstrations continue to take place in many cities. In Rome thousands of students participate in an assembly at the University, which is surrounded by the army. In Milan two bombs go off in an underground terminus, preventing trains from operating. The action is claimed by Prima Linea who write: ‘the sabotage in the underground on this working day and therefore day of profit for the bosses, is linked to other forms of mass illegality’. In Padova the University is crowded with comrades who give battle to the forces of order. 15 cars are burned, another dozen are overturned and used as barricades, and tanks are attacked with molotovs. In Genoa hundreds of young people occupy the streets and side streets of the city centre, have a pitched battle with the police, then retire into their ‘bases’.

June

10 Turin: While discussions with the unions continue, workers at the FIAT-Mirafiori get tired of waiting and damage an office building, hold a demonstration and walk out in short, disordered strikes.

30 Syracuse: 25 workers are charged with having blocked the road and the railway station in February following the poisoning of 18 men and women at the gates of the ISAB factory.

July

5 Rome: About a hundred shantytown dwellers come out to demonstrate about their living conditions in front of a municipal building where a session of councillors is taking place. They are attacked by police and two demonstrators are arrested.

10 Melilli: A few dozen men, women and children occupy the Town Hall. They want to be transferred to an area safely away from the poisonous discharge from industrial establishments around Syracuse.

15 Rome: Following a denunciation by Communist Party and Comunione e Liberazione members 400 police raid a students’ residence. The whole place is turned over in true Gestapo fashion. Seven students end up in prison.

15 Rome: Proletarians block the access to their area in protest against police raids where, under pretext of looking for a machine gun police had manhandled women and children. This kind of experience is not new to the area. Needless to say, no machine gun was found.

21 Milan: Two thousand paper mill workers threatened with redundancy erect roadblocks on the route to the airport. They also try to invade the runways but are prevented by police.

23 Cagliari: The Communist mayor and two Socialist Party officials are locked inside the town hall by 150 miners and sympathisers who have not received social security payments for the past 50 months, and because they have been fighting in vain for the past year to have vital repairs done to the mine where they work.

24 Ravenna: Workers of the Maraldi group who have not been paid for months block the port with a steel hull. In Varese more than 300 workers of the Siai Marchetti block the railway station. At the same time another 400 workers block the Sempione road in two places.

29 Naples: 140 dockers who have been laid off for the past two months put lorries in front of the gates thereby blocking port activity.

In Reggio Calabria 450 workers of the Andreae Knitwear company who have been laid off for months occupy the railway station for a number of hours.

September

7 Naples: Demonstrations of ESSO workers climb on to the roof of a depot and threaten to set fire to the tank. In Milan about a hundred families organised in a squatters’ committee have been occupying the first nine floors of the housing office for the past five days.

23 Naples: About 80 workers at the OMSA stocking factory occupy the railway lines for hours at a point where express trains have to pass. The protest is about the proposed closure of the factory.

29 Bolzano: The inhabitants of S. Giacomo area occupy one of the main streets of the city and hold it for 4 hours. The reason is that the street is dangerous for children, and recently four have been injured. In Florence, students, employed and unemployed workers squat three disused hotels. The action is directed against high rents and towards ‘having a house one can live in with dignity’.

30 Milan: During the night, news of the assassination of Walter Rossi reaches Milan. Huge demonstrations take place throughout the night, and a number of cars in the city are damaged.

October

1 Rome: Protests about the assassination of Rossi. A large spontaneous demonstration assembles. Three fascist lairs are burned. Cars and buses are used to block roads. Police repeatedly storm demonstrators with tear gas. In Bologna incidents break out during a march. A bar is burned and many cars are destroyed. A car showroom is set fire to during the night. In Florence the hotel occupation widens its perspective with the protest against the Rossi assassination. Some shops are damaged. In Catanzaro there are clashes between comrades and fascists, and against the police. In Brescia there are demonstrations with attacks on various symbols of power. A Luisa Spagnola shop is burned. In Padova two bars are burned and a bank is attacked. In Varese demonstration with molotovs against chosen targets. In Verona clashes with the police, molotovs against shops. In Milan a large demonstration, molotovs against a church and a cafe frequented by fascists.

3 Rome: Violent clashes with police etc. During the funeral of Walter Rossi, comrades rebel against the atmosphere of official mourning in the presence of representatives of the city authorities, and at a point where one of the fascist lairs is situated, the funeral becomes a demonstration. There are immediate clashes with the Carabinieri. A fascist meeting place is set fire to, as is an MSI party premises, a police car and a lorry.

Z Milan: Protest against rise in bus fares. A bus is taken over by comrades and covered in slogans. It is then used to lead the demo against fares.

9 Milan: Anarchist comrades occupy an underground railway station, locking the gates and letting passengers in free. Slogans are written on the walls and leaflets distributed against price increases and demanding a free service.

14 Rome: During an anti-fascist demonstration a large part of the march breaks away and attacks some of the key points of repression with molotovs. Shops are plundered and the Christian Democrat premises attacked. Some comrades picked up by the police are freed by others. Police find 187 abandoned molotov cocktails.

17 Milan: Police attack a demonstration against fares increases. The result: some wounded, hundreds of millions of lire damage to ATM (transport company) property cars, ticket machines, control lines, signals.

18 Rome: A demonstration heads for the Bonn Embassy after the Stammheim and Mogadishu massacres. Police block the road, so demonstrators go to the American Embassy instead. Police storm the march and two comrades are wounded.

20 Rome: Protests continue against Stammheim and Mogadishu. A proposed demonstration to the German consulate is averted by all the forces of power in the city. Violent clashes with police develop. 20 comrades are arrested and four policemen are wounded.

21 Milan: Barricades are erected in the city against police .

27 Palermo: Comrades block roads in the city centre. In Oristano the whole village of Samugneo is blocked by its 4,000 inhabitants because it lacks drains, water supply, roads, etc.

29 Milan: ATM trams and kiosks attacked in various underground stations in the continuing struggle against fares increases.

November

7 Vercelli: The workers of Montefibre occupy and hold the railway station for three hours in protest against redundancies and the closing of numerous companies in the area.

11 Bologna: German Christian Democrat, Gunter Muller and English Labour minister Thomas Urwin come to present the Flag of Honour of the Council of Europe to Andreotti in recognition of the development of European relations. Comrades occupy the Faculty of Architecture-they want to ask Muller about the killings at Stammheim; they want two comrades arrested in Bologna in March to be freed. Patrols of comrades cover the city. Clashes break out with police.

11 Milan: Clashes between comrades and police in the Sempione area during a protest march against the molotoving of a comrade’s house the night before. Police fire pistol shots and teargas. Comrades retaliate with molotovs, spanners, stones, catapults and anything else they can find.

12 Rome: In spite of the ban on demonstrations comrades begin to gather for the march in protest against the closing of the autonomous groups’ premises. More than four hours’ battle with the police ensue. 20 arrests are made. In Milan clashes break out for the same reason and a large group break into the police office at one of the railway stations.

12 Lecce: Clashes between comrades and police. One comrade is seriously injured in the legs.

15 National Strike: In Padova, Turin, Trento, Bologna, Bari, clashes between police helped by CGIL gorillas, and comrades who criticise the conservative and repressive role of the unions in every way. The new and old police attack the comrades, who respond with stones and molotovs.

16 Genoa: Inhabitants of the inland region hit by flooding the previous year are enraged by the government’s failure to provide aid. They occupy and block the Genoa/Alessandria motorway.

18 Milan: The workers of Unidal block a main boulevard in protest against the company’s plan to make 5,000 workers redundant.

29 Bari: Demonstrations and clashes with police in protest against the killing of young comrade Petrone the previous day. The Cisnal premises are assailed and destroyed. A TV cameramen films police firing wildly and one down on his knees taking careful aim. Other incidents in Bologna, Catania, L’Aquila and Milan.

December

8 Cagliari: Demonstration about the crisis situation. Clashes with police. Molotovs/tear gas.

8 Alghero: Spontaneous demonstration in protest against the police killing a 16 year old boy caught stealing a pair of shoes. Clashes with police. Many shop windows are smashed.

12 Rome: In spite of a ban, a demonstration takes place to commemorate the Piazza Fontana massacre (bomb placed by fascists and the Italian secret services in the Banca dell’Agricoltura in Milan in 1969 killing 27 people, which was used to strike the anarchist movement). Molotovs against FIAT dealers, and the SIP. Many cars are burned, windows and traffic lights smashed.

16 Genoa: During clashes in the city centre between police and demonstrators, premises of Catholic Association are attacked.

17 Milan: During an anti-fascist demonstration many comrades manage to enter the headquarters of the Italian Monarchist Association, and cause damage of more than 50 million lire.

January

17: 3,000 workers left without wages or holiday pay by a contracting firm organise a series of road blocks and then go to the company building where they cause damage of over 200 million lire.

30 Rome: Police bar a protest demonstration against the exile of comrades to island prisons. All the same, comrades come out into the streets and the morning is spent fighting off the police. 79 people are arrested and later released. 7 policemen wounded.

February

10 Rome: Violent clashes develop when police try to break up a demonstration against plans to exile comrades. 14 arrests are made.

6 Cagliari: Hard clashes at the RAI (television company) between police and demonstrators protesting against the arrest of six comrades who lived in the area. They are accused of belonging to an armed organisation.

9 Cagliari: During the demonstration called by the trade unions against redundancies at the Ruminaca company, groups of demonstrators smash shop windows and the RAI-TV van where the incidents were being filmed.

18 Turin: Groups of ‘self-reducing’ passengers attack 25 AMT carriages and destroy ticket machines.

19 Tivoli: A CP meeting is disrupted by groups of comrades protesting against the decision to exile revolutionary militants.

25 Rome: During a demonstration for the ‘political 6’ (struggle in the secondary schools against examinations, where pupils demand the automatic passage to high school, which normally requires a minimum 60 per cent pass), a Christian Democrat and MSI premises are attacked with molotovs. 32 comrades are arrested. Many attacks on Christian democrat premises and police stations take place during the night.

March

7 Naples: a demonstration of unemployed workers paralyses the eastern part of the city. In the evening sellers of contraband goods come out into the streets with the slogan ‘if you want to stop smuggling, you’ll have to give us jobs’.

21 Cagliari: Workers at the firm Selpa, in struggle for the past four years to save their jobs, occupy the villa belonging to two SIR directors for four hours.

22 Milan: During the funeral of Fausto and Lorenzo (see “Victims of Repression”), anarchist comrades try to attack the premises of trade union delegates and fights break out with the confederal macebearers barricaded inside.

April

18 Cosenza: At the end of a trade union meeting to organise a general strike at provincial level, police storm workers who try to break into the city buildings. Clashes spread out over the whole main square, resulting in many people being wounded.

21 Bologna: Clashes between police and demonstrators. Three comrades are arrested.

June

5 Rome: Clashes break out between between police and groups of comrades who were contesting a Democrazia Nazionale meeting. A Comunione e Liberazione bookshop is attacked with molotovs.

July

11 Rome: A group of homeless people blow up the office of the city assessor, dedicating the action to the CP bureaucrat.

August

16 Capo Rizzuto Island: Anti-terrorist operation invades holiday camp La Comune searching for wanted ‘terrorists’. Clashes break out between hundreds of young campers and police. Not a shadow of a terrorist to be found.

October

20 Florence: Demonstration of 10,000 hospital workers from all over the Tuscany region, and this self-managed movement spreads to all other Italian cities. The army is called in in some cities.

23 Rome: Police break into a hospital and break up a nurses’ meeting. Clashes break out with injuries on both sides, and six arrests are made.

30 Naples: Clashes between police and unemployed workers from the firm Hidropress which had put up road blocks in the city.

March

5 Naples: Poggioreale prison: 9 prisoners, all belonging to the NAP, attempt to escape. Discovered after taking a warder hostage, they barricade themselves in the ‘transit’ pavilion. They only come out after a communique has been read on the radio and television, and they are promised transfers to other prisons.

May

6 Turin: Bars are found to be sawn through in the new prison and an escape bid by three Red Brigades members and two other prisoners is foiled.

August

12 Catania: Incidents in the juvenile prison. Wild firing of machine guns against young prisoners protesting about conditions and food, wounds a woman carrying child in the street outside.

14 Turin: In the new prison prisoners refuse to return to their cells after the exercise period. Guards open fire to intimidate them. Prisoners in Poggioreale also protest in solidarity and demand the immediate application of prison reforms.

16 Nuoro: Rebellion in the prison where prisoners are demanding the suspension of a punishment meted out to one of their comrades. Furniture and fittings are set fire to. The prison is devastated. The revolt is quelled after hours of fighting which results in 20 prisoners being wounded.

18 Milan, Rimini, Augusta, Salerno, Rome: Prisoners demonstrate against the prison regime. In Perugia prisoners forcibly refuse to be transferred to other prisons.

20 Lecce: Mass escape from the prison where eleven prisoners immobilise guards and oblige them to open the prison gates. Four are captured a few hours later. The others remain in liberty despite massive police operations throughout the area.

26 Bologna: Escape attempt by three comrades is foiled-three hacksaws are confiscated.

30 S. Vittore: A comrade is put in solitary confinement and other inmates of his wing call for his release. This is refused and a rooftop protest follows, ending only when he is returned to his cell.

31 Turin: All the prisoners go on to the roof, demanding that the new prison reforms be put into effect. After 50 hours the police intervene in force. The prisoners defend themselves with all possible means, and outside the prison groups of sympathisers clash with police.

September

15 Reggio Calabria: Police are called in with dogs to quell a revolt in the prison. One prisoner, a NAP comrade, is savaged by one of the dogs.

30 Campobasso: after their escape attempt is discovered, four prison ers barricade themselves and two warders in a cell. They only come out 24 hours later after a press conference where they reveal the inhu man conditions in the prison.

October

6 Catania: Revolt in the prison, resulting in the destruction of a third of it. After police regain control two prisoners are found dead with knife wounds, and two others are wounded.

8 Favignana: a judge is taken hostage by a prisoner who explains that his action is against ‘brutal State repression aimed at the physical elimination of combatants inside the prison’.

November

25 Milan, S. Vittore: a rooftop demonstration by 250 prisoners is attacked by police at dawn. A whole wing is devastated.

December

10 Palermo: Ucciardone prison: a revolt breaks out and goes on for 22 hours. The prisoners are demanding the Governor’s dismissal. Police use oxyacetylene cutting gear to break through barriers. Vio lent close-combat clashes follow, resulting in many wounded on both sides.

13 Florence: 15 prisoners at the Murate prison take one officer and six warders hostage. They only give in after they been granted trans fers to prisons of their choice.

January

1 Piacenza: Revolt in the prison. Police intervene immediately with machine guns. One prisoner is killed before the revolt is suppressed.

2 Treviso: 13 prisoners take machine guns from guards and es cape.

3 Venice: Prisoners in a wing of the S. Maggiore prison clash with guards and police, resulting in the destruction of the whole wing.

5 Fossombrone: Six prisoners try to escape, four succeed, but the other two are caught at the gate. Both are brutally beaten up by guards. One suffers a cerebral haemorrhage and dies.

22 Possuoli: Maria Pia Vianali and Franca Salerno, accused of being members of the NAP are sprung from prison. The NAP members on trial in Naples claim the organisation’s responsibility in the court room.

February

21 Saluzzo: An escape attempt by three comrades is spotted by guards who open fire, wounding them. Two are recaptured immedi ately, the other takes refuge in a house which is then surrounded by police. To guarantee his safety, others in the prison take a warder and three fascist prisoners hostage. They are only released when all in volved are granted transfers.

23 Cuneo: 6 prisoners escape over rooftops.

April

11 Perugia: After a failed escape attempt, 14 prisoners barricade themselves in a cell along with 4 warders. They come out after being granted transfers to other prisons.

17 Catania: 15 prisoners hold a rooftop protest for an hour and a half. In Brescia 200 prisoners stage a demonstration lasting 16 hours.

18 Viterbo: 4 hours of revolt. Prisoners barricade themselves in the prison offices, smash windows, doors and desks. Some of the com rades manage to knock down a wall and get reinforcements from an other wing.

May

7 Milan: 160 prisoners at S. Vittore refuse to return to their cells after the exercise period. They make their way to the roof and four companies of riot police are brought in. For two hours they fire into the air and throw tear gas canisters.

8 Ravenna: 5 prisoners escape. Pianosa (island prison) 3 prisoners escape. Two are caught by coastguards, the other escapes in an inflat able canoe.

June

2 Forli: Nine prisoners celebrate the day of the Republic by escaping from prison.

4 Island of Pianosa: Five prisoners escape from the island prison in a rubber dinghy.

9 Spoleto: A revolt breaks out in the prison: some Red Brigades and NAP comrades, along with a few other prisoners, take 12 warders hostage during the exercise period.

July

5: Five conscientious objectors in a military prison where they are doing their ‘national service’ begin a hunger strike to denounce the climate of repression put into effect by the military hierarchy over the past few months.

27 Turin: A revolt holds out for three hours in the juvenile prison Ferranti Aporti.

September

13 Rome: Families and friends of prisoners in the super-prisons, Favignana, Cuneo, Trani, Asinara and Fossombrone present a formal complaint to the Minister of Justice and to the prison directors and warders, about the inhuman treatment meted out in these concentra tion camps.

November

15 Turin: A group of prisoners in Le Nuove prison refuse to return to their cells at the end of the exercise period. The protest is about the non-functioning of the sewage system in the isolation cells where about 120 prisoners are living amid shit.

December

12 Turin: For the past three days 300 prisoners in the Nuove prison have been on hunger strike in protest against the super-prisons, demanding the demilitarisation of the prison guards, and ‘more hu mane sentences’.

16 Nuoro: Two prisoners escape from the penal colony Mamone.

January

20 Florence: A group of five people manage to enter the Murate pris on with the intention of freeing comrades accused of belonging to the Unita Combattente Comuniste. The action fails as a passer by recognises the van parked outside the prison as being one that had been stolen the previous day. Crossfire follows on the arrival of a police flying squad, and one PS officer is killed, another injured.

February

5 Parma: Three prisoners attempt to escape. When they are discov ered, they hold the prison director and some screws hostage, and only free them after they have been granted transfers to other prisons.

27 Arezzo: Prisoners in the local prison begin a hunger strike in soli darity with those doing the same in Padova.

March

26 Milan: Five prisoners escape from the juvenile prison Beccaria after taking two guards hostage.

July

Salerno: Four prisoners take eight guards hostage in an attempt to regain their freedom. In the end they have to content themselves with transfers to other prisons.

August

19 Asinara: Revolt in the super-prison. Five prisoners destroy the visiting room and distribute leaflets to prisoners. Prisoners on their exercise period are attacked by guards, and heavy clashes follow. Many prisoners are severely beaten up, and one anarchist comrade, Horst Fantazzini*, who has on previous occasions made mi raculous recoveries from police bullets, was taken to hospital in a semi-comatose state.

23 Pavia: Three prisoners slash their wrists and wound themselves in various parts of their bodies in protest against the judge’s refusal to let them have visits from their families.

29 Milan: Three eighteen-year-old prisoners escape from the juvenile prison, taking a warder with them until they reach the outside gates. Two are arrested the following day.

September

9 Cuneo: Comrade Giuliano Isa destroys 5 interphones in the visiting hall in the local super-prison. A similar action is carried out by 5 comrades in the concentration camp of Favignana.

12 Novara: The visiting room of the superprison is damaged during the night.

15 Messina: The prisoners in the female maximum-security wing de stroy the interphones in the visiting room, and claim the action in a communique where they put forward demands concerning internal and external isolation.

20 Latina: The presumed NAP militant Silvano Innocenti escapes in a motorboat from the island of Ponza where he was in forced resi dence.

23 Asinara: The prisoners in the Fornelli section break down the walls dividing the cells during a revolt organised to demand the aboli tion of the super-prisons. The wing is evacuated and the prisoners transferred to other parts of the island.

24 Genoa: Protest in the Marassi prison, where prisoners refuse to go back into their cells after the exercise period. Carabinieri and PS divisions are called in to intervene.

25 Nuoro: A prisoner escapes from the penal colony Mamone.

October

10 Cagliari: A prisoner serving four years for robbery escapes from the prison camp. 13: Six young prisoners who were not due to be released until 1981, escape from borstal.

November

17 Favignana: Incidents inside the super-prison where six prisoners rebelled against guards who were trying to force them to re-enter their cells.

January

28 Rome: Six pistol shots are fired at appeal Court Counsellor Pietro Margariti. The action is claimed by the nucleus Sergio Romeo. The NAP issue a bulletin: ‘The counsellor of the Appeal Court, Pietro Margariti, is responsible for the ill-treatment, persecution and trans fers that comrade prisoners are subjected to. He is responsible for the massacre of the proletarian prisoners in Rebibbia during the revolt of August 1975, and transfers to the most disgusting prisons in Italy, as well as beatings, provocations, etc...’

April

22 Milan: A Red Brigades/NAP cell enter the offices of the regional pris on inspectorate and take away various papers. A leaflet is left: ‘pris ons are the final link in the chain of anti-proletarian repression...’

May

5: Four pistol shots are fired at deputy Procurator of the Republic, Paolino dell’Anno. The action is claimed by the NAP.

June

8 Genoa: The Procurator General, Francesco Coco, and his escort of two Carabinieri are killed. The action is claimed by the Red Brigades in a leaflet and in a declaration by some of their members in the court of Turin.

November

1 Florence: The car belonging to the deputy Procurator of the Repub lic and Public Prosecutor in the trial against the NAP is burned.

1977

January

28 Rome: A High Court judge’s car is burned. The action is claimed by NAP.

February

13 Bergamo: Five bombs explode, destroying two prison buildings under construction.

March

14 Avellino: Incendiary devices destroy car and van used for trans porting prisoners.

20 Augusta: Arson at prison warehouse causes millions of lire dam age.

30 Pisa: Alberto Mammoli, the prison doctor at the time of the death of anarchist comrade Franco Serantini who was, along with oth ers, responsible for his death, is seriously wounded with three pistol shots. Action claimed by Azione Rivoluzionaria.

April

28 Turin: A Red Brigades cell kill lawyer Fulvio Croce, president of Turin Law Society. The action takes place on the eve of the Red Brigades’ trial with the aim of having it postponed.

May

4 Brescia: Prison doctor’s house set on fire with petrol bombs.

16 Ercolano: Two explosive devices go off against a villa used as a training school for prison personnel.

May

19 Bologna: Deputy Procurator of the Republic’s car burned.

June

19 Turin: An architect’s studio raided and documents relative to the construction of the new prison Valette are removed. The contents of the documents are to be revealed by the comrades.

30 Spoleto: The Red Brigades explode a bomb against the prison walls.

July

17 Florence: A series of explosions cause considerable damage to the new prison under construction at Sollicciano. Action claimed by an armed nucleus of Azione Riuoluzionaria.

17 Leghorn: The engine of a crane and builders’ huts on the site of the prison under construction in via Padula are bombed. This is claimed by Azione Rivoluzionaria.

October

9 Como: Incendiary bottles thrown against the prison gates, setting fire to them. Action claimed by Azione Combattenti Comuniste.

15 L’Aquila: Court building set fire to. Widespread damage. Action claimed by Unita di lotta armata per il comunismo.

November

19 Turin: The regional Inspectorate of Prison Sentences is bombed.

December:

Turin: Prima Linea claim the bombing carried out with 400 sticks of explosive against the new prison under construction. To trick the guards the comrades arrive dressed as policemen, then immobilise them.

Sassari: Five explosives are placed in front of the house of deputy procurator of the Republic, but the fuse goes out due to a technical fault.

January

2 Palermo: Car of local High Court judge burned.

30 Spoleto: Eight charges of TNT cause another half billion lire dam age to foundations of the new prison Maiano.

February

7 Vibo Valentia: Pistol shots are fired against the home of the prison director.

14 Rome: The judge involved in prison construction and under whose direction the special prisons were built, is brought to justice by the Red Brigades.

March

5 Turin: Bomb attack, claimed in telephone call by Red Brigades, against home of lawyer Manni, president of the Law Society. The attack takes place three days before the commencement of the supertrial of the ‘historic nucleus’ of the Red Brigades.

27 Nuoro: Van used for transporting prisoners is set fire to by group Barbagia Rossa.

April

Catania: Two hooded men wound the chief prison warden in the legs.

11 Turin: A Red Brigades cell ambush a prison guard outside his home. The guard retaliates, wounding one of the comrades, then is killed by the other members of the cell.

19 Milan: Assistant-governor of San Vittore prison is killed by the Walter Alesia column of the Red Brigades.

May

6 Novara: The prison doctor is wounded by 2 pistol shots by a group Proletari armati per il comunismo.

24 Rome: Bomb against the offices of the Ministry of Justice.

24 Cagliari: The car belonging to a warder at Buoncammino prison is destroyed by fire.

June

3 Nuoro: Bombs against cars of two prison warders.

6 Udine: Proletari armati per il comunismo shoot and kill the chief warder of the local prison.

July

17 Tivoli: A bomb explodes against the door of the juvenile prison Tommaseo.

August

14 Tropea: An explosive charge is placed in front of the local prison, blowing up a warder’s car.

19 Bergamo: Pistol shots and machine gun fire from a car strike a prison sentinel and a passing police car.

24 Bergamo: Shots fired during the night against a prison sentinel.

24 Verona: Local prison warder lamed by Proletari armati per il comunismo.

October

10 Rome: Judge Girolamo Tartaglione, responsible for the persecu tion of many comrades through his position at the Ministry of Jus tice, is himself brought to justice by a Red Brigades cell.

11 Naples: Alfredo Paolella, university lecturer and collaborator in the plan for restructuring of prisons as well as being director of the Centre for Criminological Observation at Poggioreale prison, is brought to justice by Prima Linea.

November

3 Genoa: Red Brigades burn cars belonging to two prison guards noted for beating up prisoners.

8 Patrica: A commando of Formazione Comuniste Combattenti ambush the chief procurator of Frosinone, Calvosi and his police es cort. One of the comrades Roberto Capone, is killed during the ac tion.

13 Milan: The health inspector of San Vittore prison is shot in the legs by Reparti comunisti d’attacco.

15 Florence: Prison doctor of the Murate escapes unhurt when his car explodes on turning the ignition key. Action claimed by Red Bri gades.

17 Turin: Squadre armate proletarie break into the office of the archi tect responsible for transformation of La Marmora police station into a bunker for holding Red Brigades members awaiting trial. They fire four shots into his arms and legs.

28 Naples: Director of S. Maria Caputa Vetere prison shot in the shoulder.

March

15 Milan: A milk lorry is attacked and milk is given away free.

28 Monte Cassino: Proletarian shopping inside the FIAT Cassino. The canteen stores are plundered to the cry of ‘workers, help your selves’, while calculators and typewriters are destroyed. The scene moves to the office buildings, where the same thing happens. While union officials and factory bosses are carrying out an on the spot investigation, the stores are given a final clearout, putting the cost of damage at over 15 million lire.

May

27 Turin: Red Brigades expropriate 60 million lire from the Polytech nic.

31 Noale (Venice): Robbery carried out by the Red Brigades in a branch of the Savings Bank.

June

14 Rome: A meat wholesaler is kidnapped by Unita combattente comuniste who ask for large quantities of prime meat to be delivered to 71 butchers in 23 areas, to be sold at the political price of 1,500 lire (about 90 pence) per kilo. Unfortunately he was found by police before the conditions were met.

15 Pegli: The NAP claim a robbery in a telephone call: ‘This morn ing we expropriated, in the name of the proletariat, 5 million lire from the Banca Popolare di Novara.

37 Milan: In Parco Lambra during the festival of Proletariato Giovanile, comrades plunder a bar. The same thing happens to two lorry loads of food. The young proletariat are no longer willing to fatten up speculators, no matter how they disguise themselves.

July

27 Ravenna: Requisition from a supermarket: fruit, clothing and gro ceries.

September

15 Brescia: Four people rob the Credito Agrario bank of 50 million lire. As they are leaving they declare that they belong to the Red Brigades.

26 Milan: Expropriation in the elegant confectioners Motta. Nearly all the goods displayed are taken away.

October

21 Milan: Expropriation in one of the most famous bookshops in the city. Comrades empty the till, and take away books to the value of half a million lire.

November

7 Milan: Three thousand comrades break into 5 luxury cinemas in the city and force the managers to reduce the tickets to 500 lire each.

30 Venice: The Red Brigades rob a bank in the city, taking away 80 million lire.

December

3 Milan: About a hundred people loot a supermarket, taking away goods to the value of several million lire.

February

22 Naples: Following a trade union open meeting, many luxury shops are looted.

March

13 Catanzaro: Proletarian expropriation in a local bank, yielding 40 million lire.

28 Rome: A bread van is hijacked by young armed people who dis tribute the bread among passersby.

April

3 Genoa: Piero Costa, armaments entrepreneur kidnapped by the Red Brigades 80 days before, is released on payment of one and a half billion lire.

June

8 Bologna: Trial begins against 22 students and a 66 year old woman accused of stealing napkins, tablecloths, cutlery, food, etc., from a restaurant frequented by the local bourgeoisie and a common haunt for Communist Party ...business lunches.

September

25 Bologna: Expropriations in many shops during the three days’ meeting on Repression.

November

15 Milan: Demonstration followed by proletarian expropriation in a store in Corso Italia.

February

10 Prato: During an attempted expropriation three comrades of Lotta Armata per il Comunismo end up having to kill a notary, who was evidently more attached to money than his life.

19 Milan: 12 furs are stolen from the cloakroom of a private club. They are worth a total of 60 million lire. A note is found in their place addressed to the ‘gracious attention of the bourgeoisie’, and signed Nucleo Anarchici Proletari.

April

17 Bologna: Comrades break into an opticians and an electro domestic appliances store and take away many of the goods.

May

27 Bologna: Ronde Proletarie di Combattimento empty the till in a shoe shop and then set fire to it, leaving written on the walls: ‘Fire to those who finance the MSI’.

July

20 Castiglione del Lago: A group of young people gathered for the Umbria-jazz concerts, plunder a Coop supermarket.

October

19 Padova: The University refectory is set fire to following recent episodes of self-reduction in food prices.

There are approximately 1,800 lire to one pound sterling.

1 million lire is therefore approximately 550 pounds sterling, 1 billion lire, 550,000 pounds

sterling.

March 14 Rome: Police make chase on a group of about twenty comrades following a molotov attack on the Spanish Embassy in protest against the shooting of seven people in the streets of Spain. At one point three policemen open fire on a group of young people spotted running in a part of the city far away from the Embassy. They say they fired into the air with the aim of intimidating them, but the body of comrade Luigi De Angelis, killed by a bullet in the calf, tells another story.

April

7 Monticelli: Six molotovs are thrown against the entrance to the Ministry of Justice following the confirmation of the nine years’ sen tence meted out to anarchist comrade Giovanni Marini for having defended himself against an attack by fascists, killing one of them. Police guards begin a wild chase, and at least two hundred yards from the Ministry a young comrade is shot in the neck. The usual cry of legitimate defence is hurled by the assassins, but no gun was found in the hand of Mario Salvi, nor did it appear in any of the police pho­tographs.

28 Milan: Gaetano Amoroso, Luigi Spera and Carlo Palma, three members of the Antifascist Committee, are knifed by a group of fas cists. The three are taken to hospital in serious condition, and Gaetano Amoroso dies three days later.

May .

28 Sezze Romano: Following a MSI meeting, a fascist gang led by the honourable Saccucci and SID inspector Troccia, fire repeatedly all over the village. A young CP member is killed and a Lotta Continua militant injured. The police could have arrested Saccucci at the time of the shooting, but he is allowed to leave the country.

January

12 Cagliari: A fifteen-year-old boy is killed by police. He was trying to steal a car and was slaughtered by a volley of machine gun fire-which as always in the case of proletarian victims, happened ‘by acci dent’.

March

11 Bologna: After clashes at the University between comrades and Comunione e Liberazione members carabinieri open fire, killing Francesco Lo Russo, Lotta continua militant. The reaction of thousands of proletarians is immediate.

17 Turin: Student Bruno Cecchetti is killed by machine gun fire by a carabinieri squadron as he is walking home. They say the shooting was an accident when their first claim, that Cecchetti had threatened them with a pistol, could not be substantiated.

April

28 Agrigento: A 46 year old man, Vincenzio Ponzio, ‘in prison for insulting a public official’ is found hanged in his cell.

May

12 Rome: The Government bans the Radicals’ demonstration in the city and call in police. They shoot into the crowd and kill a 19 year old girl, Giorgiana Masi.

June

8 Milan: A 27 year old worker, Orazio Gilardoni, falls from the roof of one of the railway station buildings, killing himself. Another ‘accident’ at work.

16 Reggio Emilia: Another death on the exploitation front. A 68 year old worker, Aldo Tonelli, was cleaning an irrigation canal along with other workmates, when he was buried under soil and died.

24 Milan: a 39 year old woman from Calabria married to an unem ployed immigrant worker, dies of malnutrition.

July

11 Cassino: Seven workers are injured following a gas explosion at work.

15 Latina: A worker falls to his death from an unsteady ladder at the Fulgor Cavi Cable Company. He remains unattended for hours be fore his body is found. One of the company managers tries to conceal the fact that the ladder was faulty.

18 Alessandria: 53 year old peasant Giuseppe Squarise was fitting cement piping in a hole 15 feet deep when he was knocked down by falling soil and killed.

22 Milan: Prima linea distribute a leaflet claiming an arms expropria tion carried out by three of their members on the 19th, when one comrade, Romano Tognini, ‘Valerio’ was killed.

22 MIilan: A 32 year old father of three children dies after 9 hours of agony following an explosion in the SECI factory Quarto Oggiaro.

26 La Spezia: A 44 year old worker Silvano Petacco, dies as a result of having been bitten by a rat while cleaning a drain a few days be fore.

30 Gela: Explosion during the night in the ANIC factory killing one worker, aged 28. Two others, aged 24 and 39, die a few day later.

August

3 Udine: Ennio Mian, aged 17, kills himself because he cannot find work. 7 Naples: Luigi Muioi, aged 25 and father of three dies of an electric shock while working a machine in a rubber factory.

8 Trieste: A 37 year old worker employed in the maintenance of an incinerator falls, hitting his head on the floor of the furnace combustion chamber and dies instantly.

8 Terlano: Sergio Petri, aged 25, dies after falling from scaffolding.

8 Spinetta: A 15 year old boy is working with his father doing painting for Michelin when he falls from scaffolding and dies.

9 Nocera Inferiore: A 22 year old worker dies and his brother is seriously injured when the balcony they are working on collapses.

9 Viccini: A 21 year-old worker falls from scaffolding on the third floor of a building he is working on and dies instantly.

12 Ravenna: Edoardo Minguzzi, aged 54, dies buried under tons of chaff while working in a granary.

19 Turin: Giuseppe Ferrari, a 59 year old worker, is killed by an electric shock while working in an electric terminal box.

19 Moggio Udinese: Another worker is killed by an electric shock, this time while working on a building site. He was 23 years old.

19 Ampezzo: A 33 year old worker dies after falling from scaffold ing.

28 Bolzano: A cook dies after being burned in the kitchen where he was employed.

31 Agrigento: Three workers die, crushed by a crane while working on the construction of a viaduct.

15 Porto Empedocle: A worker dies in one of the Montedison plants, crushed by a conveyor belt.

September

1 Turin: A worker is crushed by a mechanical saw in the Alcan aluminium factory and dies.

7 Brescia: Luciano Pitossi, aged 27, is killed by machine gun fire from police patrol cars. In the past he had stolen a car, and now he pays for it with his life.

13 Naples: 23 year old Gerardo Fioravanti, suspected of armed robbery, is shot dead by two policemen. As always, the names of the police are not made public.

13 Milan: a 46 year old worker gives his arm to the bosses of SALCIM. It was pulled off by a lithographic machine while he was working it.

14 Nocera Inferiore: Anna Maria, aged 29, goes into hospital to be treated, but dies, and nobody knows why.

14 Naples: Coast guard captain gives orders to open fire on a Greek ship because it does not stop at the customs. Result: one dead, a 25 year old sailor. Reason for shooting? Suspected smuggling.

14 Roviga: The warehouse of a fireworks factory explodes causing the death of one of the workers.

17 Pescara: William Marinelli, aged 16, is killed by police. He had stolen a car.

19 Bergamo: After 15 years of torture and being transported from one asylum to another, Palmira Valle, aged 29, is found dead tied to a bed in a psychiatric hospital. Death was due to suffocation by the sheet she was tied up with.

21 Florence: Another death at work due to electric shock. This time the victim was aged 32 and worked on the railways.

22 Naples: Seven directors at the Montefibre factory are charged at an inquest concerning the deaths of three workers.

22 Cavarzere: A young soldier doing military service is shot dead by a guard on duty while entering the barracks because he did not give the password.

23 Cagliari: A nurse hangs herself for fear of being made redundant. She had been of sick for a few months and had received a letter from the hospital management telling her of the probability of a suspen sion of work.

28 Caltanissetta: The number of deaths due to typhoid among the poor people of the village reaches 143.

28 Cuneo: Two workers are killed when the boiler they are working on explodes.

30 Rome: Walter Rossi, a Lotta Continua militant, is killed by fascists while giving out leaflets condemning the shooting of Elena Paccinelli by four fascists the previous Thursday. A petrol pump attend ant at a nearby filling station was also wounded.

October

4 Alghero: An 88 year old man throws himself from rocks 45 feet high. He killed himself because, as he had no daughters left, his sons were going to put him into a State run old people’s home.

4 L’Aquila: Another woman employed at the ACE factory dies of cancer. She was 42 years old, mother of two children. Two others who died recently were aged 34 and 42. All three workers had been in contact with toxic substances that had been proved to be cancer ogenous.

13 Naples: A 32 year old man dies of a benign brain tumour in the psychiatric hospital Nocera Inferiore. Although he had shown symp toms of a brain tumour over the past ten years, the doctors at the asylum where he was locked up had been filling him up with anti -epileptic drugs, and only sent him to hospital when he was already in a coma.

15 Chieti: Another victim of work. A 44 year old worker falls from the seventh floor of a building he was demolishing. Five more chil dren find themselves fatherless.

21 Trento: A woodman dies, crushed by a tree-trunk. Another work man dies after being struck by a huge steel telegraph cable.

November

4: Three more workers die for the bosses: In Ascoli Piceno, a 27 year old worker at Elettro-carbonium is crushed by a huge electrode of amorphous carbon. In Troina, two workers, one aged 32, the other 14, are crushed by a lift while working on a building site. The fist dies, the second is seriously injured.

8 Rome: A young car thief is sentenced to death by the city police who give chase to him and shoot and kill him.

15 Porto Marghera, Venice: Three workers at the Montedison plant are vic tims of an accident at work. They are seriously burned by flames from a gas tank.

15 Milan: A tank full of petrol explodes, killing one person and leav ing two seriously wounded.

21 November: An unknown man dies of cold. He was found dead from exposure in his home-the street.

24 Turin: Capital punishment for 22 year old Antonio Torchia. He had a record for theft and robbery, and ended up being shot in the back by a Carabinieri patrol.

28 Bari: Two young communists, Benedetto Petrone and Francesco Intrano, are attacked by fascists. Petrone is killed, Intrano seriously wounded.

December

4 Olgiate: Another execution at the hands of the Carabinieri. A young man accused of fraud did not stop at a halt signal and the executioner shot him in the back and neck, killing him.

8 Alghero: A 16-year-old boy is killed by private cops while stealing a pair of shoes in a boutique. An immediate demonstration of protest is organised by comrades, resulting in clashes with the police and the smashing of shop windows.

8 Brindisi: Three workers killed at work and 52 injured, at the Montedison plant.

8 Milan: Clarice Anceschi, aged 93, commits suicide by throwing her self from a fourth floor window. She was an internee in a hospice for old people.

11 Catania: Private guard at an orange grove kills a 30-year-old man for stealing a box of oranges.

11 Lodi: Another life to the bosses: a 20 year old builder falls to his death through a roof.

25 Sassari: A 21-year-old prisoner dies. The official version is that he banged his head against the wall while playing around with his cellmates.

26 Milan: Mauro Larghi, a comrade of Autonomia Operaia arrested 10 days ago for disarming a night guard, dies as the result of a beat ing at the time of his arrest.

January

5 Rome: 20 year old drug addict Bruno Santini dies in the prison medical centre while awaiting trail.

6 Florence: A 68 year old prisoner kills himself by throwing himself from a third floor window.

15 Ravenna: a 73 year old man, arrested for stealing a bar of choco late, hangs himself in an isolation cell four hours after his arrest.

17 Afragola: A police patrol kill Giovanni D’Ambra aged 20 with machine gun fire while he is escaping from prison.

25 Lucca: Two workers are killed and five are injured when the ma chine they are testing explodes.

February

21 Padova: Sergio Secchi, aged 26 and prisoner in the Castello prison, kills himself using a camping gas cannister.

March

7 Venice: A thirty-three year old porter picked up by the police for being drunk hangs himself in a police cell.

10 Rome: A 38 year old prisoner sentenced for theft hangs himself in his cell. A similar episode takes place in Vercelli prison where a 56-year-old prisoner kills himself.

17 San Donato Milanese: A 17 year old boy is shot in the back by police at a road block.

18 Milan: Two young anarchist comrades, Lorenzo Ianucci and Fausto Tinelli, are shot dead in mysterious circumstances. Police try to construct a confused story of drugs around the case, but the politi cal motivations for the murders are all too obvious.

April

7 Bolzano: A man is arrested because he cheered on hearing of Moro’s death.

9 Imperia: A 17-year-old boy dies crushed against a lorry when he tries to avoid a road block as he was driving a car without a licence.

11 Naples: A 22-year-old prisoner commits suicide by hanging him self from the bars of his cell.

11 Torreannunziata: A 14-year-old boy is mortally wounded by ma chine gun fire from carabinieri at a road block.

May

4 Bologna: In a shoot-out with police following a robbery, 21-year-old revolutionary militant Roberto Rigobello is killed by machine gun fire. Marco Tirabovi is arrested.

9 Palermo: Democrazia Proletaria comrade Giuseppe Impastato, is assassinated by the local mafia against whom he had been fighting a courageous battle. They exploded a charge of TNT against him in such a way as to confuse police reports with talk of suicide or a failed bomb attack.

12 Venice: Following an armed robbery the police kill Silvano Maestrello, known for his many escapes. He had managed to regain his freedom at least seven times.

20 Naples: A 45-year-old prisoner awaiting trial commits suicide in prison.

June

1 Rome: A 25-year-old prisoner awaiting trial hangs himself in Rebibbia prison.

3 Grosseto: A 33-year-old Maroccan is killed by a volley of machine gun fire in obscure circumstances inside the Carabinieri barracks.

7 Cagliari: A prisoner waiting to be transferred from a prison asylum hangs himself in his cell.

11 Venice: A policeman kills a 19-year-old who was loitering near a car.

29 Milan: A 33-year-old prisoner hangs himself in his cell.

July

31 Bergamo: A young man aged 21 hangs himself in a Carabinieri barracks cell after being arrested for attempted theft.

August

Naples: A 17-year-old prisoner awaiting trial for stealing 50,000 lire (about 25 pounds), hangs himself in the bathroom of the juvenile prison where he is being held.

31 Saluzzo: A 45-year-old prisoner arrested the previous day for shop lifting, hangs himself.

September

19 Genova: A toxic sulphurous cloud kills three workers in a tannery in a few seconds, poisons many others and spreads over the whole area. The lorry driver who made a mistake while unloading his tank is in prison; the factory bosses on the other hand are walking around freely.

October

6 Ravenna: A 20-year-old heroin addict dies in prison.

November

Florence: A 22-year-old woman dies following a back street abortion.

March

24 Milan: A ‘patrol against sweat labour’ breaks into the porters’ co operative Dusmet. Before leaving they devastate the premises and take away money and various objects.

April

2: An armed commando of 5 enter the office of the firm Maros. They devastate the office and take away 2 million lire.

29 Milan: An armed nucleus breaks into the depot of a door-to-door cosmetics firm. They leave a leaflet: ‘...Sweat labour is the main way chosen by multinational capitalism today to realise its two basic ob jectives: to obtain increased profits by remodelling productivity, and reconstructing a global command of the proletariat through the con striction of wage slavery’.

May

10 Milan: An ‘armed band of young proletarians’ breaks into the of fice of Rizzoli publishers. Faces covered by balaclavas and arms in hand, they close the employees and clients in one room and set up incendiary devices in the editor’s office that explode simultaneous ly. On the walls: ‘the dens of sweat labour will be closed by fire’.

June

30 Milan: Two bombs against youth employment offices. A leaflet is left by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari denouncing the exploitation of the young work force.

July

4 Porto Marghera: A fire breaks out in a factory that produces lenses, causing 600 million lire damage. Claimed jointly by the Red Brigades/NAP.

January

26 Bologna: Nuclei combattenti comunisti devastate sweatshop Mary Johns.

February

4 La Spezia: ‘Luisa Spagnoli extracts her profits by speculating on the backs of proletarian prisoners. This is why one of her lairs has been closed’. This is a leaflet left by Azione Rivoluzionaria at the site of attack on one of the Luisa Spagnoli chain of dress shops in Cagliari: Lotta Femminista claim a fire at the Rinascente superstore.

18 Vicenza: Organizzazione operaia per il comunismo claim an action against a porters’ cooperative, placing it in the struggle against sweat labour.

26 Rome: Ronde femministe di quartiere bomb a baby-sitting agency, saying in a leaflet claiming the attack ‘We will no longer accept the blackmail of sweat labour’.

March

12 Varese: The new depot of Bassani Ticino a firm that has got rich through the exploitation of prisoners, is completely destroyed in a fire claimed by Unita combattenti comuniste.

May

12 Zane: A group of comrades from Autonomia Operaia devastate the offices of a contracting firm that exploits sweat labour.

November

21 Turin: Squadre Armate Combattente break into the offices of an agency for domestic work, immobilise the employees and the women in charge, leaving on the walls: ‘Attack the dens of sweat labour’.

March

6 Milan: Two armed groups break into the publishers Jaca Books and the editorial offices of Supermilano, both linked to Comunione e Liberazione. Both places are devastated.

15 Milan: During a demonstration in protest against the imprison ment of four comrades three fascist dens are firebombed.

20 Milan: Molotovs thrown against a Christian Democrat party premises and a car parked outside a church.

27 Rome: Seven people break into the cultural centre run by Chris tian Democrats and Comunione e Liberazione. The centre is wrecked. Action claimed by Lotta Armata per il Comunismo.

31 Milan: A nucleus of comrades breaks into a pizzeria where the hard core fascists of the area congregate, and where some of the thugs’ actions are coordinated. The pizzeria is completely destroyed and some of its regular customers wounded.

April

4 Turin: A fascist meeting place, Bar Sergio, is devastated.

25 Salerno: Comrades break into the Augusto theatre where the Com munist Party and Christian Democrats are together celebrating the anniversary of the Resistance. The Christian Democrats are manhan dled and their flag set fire to.

29 Milan: MSI provincial councillor Enrico Pedinovi is brought to justice with five pistol shots.

30 Rome: Library of ancient Spanish History is set fire to. Claimed by nucleus defining itself International Brigade Paeredes Manot. A leaflet left in a nearby telephone box reads: ‘The Francoist den Villalbani has been destroyed. Disguised as a Spanish li brary, this place concealed many liason activities between the neo- fascist organisations of central Europe, a shunting point for the clan destine activities of the many Italian fascists involved in the Borghese coup, and the bombings of Avanguardia Nazionale’.

June

6 Rome: The cinema Barberini is set fire to prior to a fascist meet ing.

9 Padova: Just before an MSI meeting is due to take place a group of comrades wreck and set fire to a fascist lair and destroy it completely.

17 Milan: Comrades close the electoral campaign. After an MSI meeting a lorry belonging to the firm that had put up the stage where the fascists spoke was burned. The same thing happens to the Nazi group meeting place Alternativa, and the MSI rooms in corso Genova. The celebration ends with the burning of a pizzeria that was the fascist haunt in the area.

26: Christian Democrat member’s car burned. Claimed by Lotta armata per il comunismo.

September

27 Padova: Three people break into the premises of Mondo Libero, a fascist newspaper. Those present are tied up, and the three take away various documents. The emblem of the Red Brigades is drawn on the wall.

October

2 Milan: After knocking down the wall with a pick-axe, comrades break into the fascist premises on viale Murillo. They completely de stroy the offices and burn furniture and documents in the street.

5 Candoglia: Unita comuniste combattente claim an attack against the Christian Democrat premises.

13 Varese: Two molotovs and a shower of bullets against the Chris tian Democrat rooms.

20 Carrara: Christian Democrat rooms devastated and set fire to.

30 Florence: Christian Democrat rooms burned. Other attacks against a Savings Bank and carabinieri barracks.

November

10: Unita combattente comuniste enter the appartment of PSDI depu ty, tie him up, search the house and take the money they find.

December

1 Milan: A Red Brigades cell breaks into the offices of Democrazia Nuova. Those present are tied up and a million lire expropriated.

14 Vicenza: Headquarters of Centro Cristiano Lavoratori (Centre for Christian Workers) are broken into and documents removed. Lotta armata per il comunismo.

15 Taranto: PLI headquarters devastated. In Naples a Christian Democrat premises is burned. In Rome an explosion damages MSI headquarters, and the Comunione e Liberazione premises are at tacked.

January

10 Rome: EUR Congress Palace become a target for explosions that go off in the entrance hall, stopping an MSI meeting from taking place. Action claimed by ‘new partisans’.

24 Turin: Three Christian Democrats’ cars burned.

February

6 Rome: Gruppo guerriglieri Maria Cagol carry out a series of attacks including the destruction of a car belonging to a notorious fascist.

10 Bologna: Seven molotovs are thrown against the premises of Comunione e Liberazione, more against a Christian Democrat prem ises. Later in the day a Christian Democrat and a fascist meeting place are set fire to.

13 Bari: MSI and Christian Democrat premises set fire to, as well as the car of a fascist district councillor.

22 Naples: Fascist meeting place Contro Corrente is set fire to after a trades union meeting.

24 Bologna: Two cars belonging to Christian Democrat councillors are burned.

March

21 Spoleto: MSI rooms destroyed by fire caused by molotovs.

3 Florence: Reparti comunisti di combattimento claim three actions against local Christian Democrats, all bomb attacks against premises.

7 Rome: High explosive charge goes off in the private office of Minis ter for Home Affairs, Cossiga. Lotta armata per il comunismo claim the action.

19 Genoa: A Red Brigades cell burns four cars: two belonging to in dustrialists, and two belonging to Christian Democrat town council lors.

20 Turin: Ten pistol shots are fired by a commando at a Christian Democrat councillor, but the shots miss their target.

28 Milan: Car belonging to a regional councillor is burned-action claimed by the Red Brigades.

May

1 Verona: Molotov thrown against Christian Democrat premises.

4 San Benedetto del Trento: A Red Brigades cell claims the burning of regional councillor’s car.

27 Milan: Three cars belonging to Comunione e Liberazione mem bers burned by ‘a group of comrades’.

June

20 Cagliari: A group of comrades from the ‘autonomists’ beat up a few of the CP reactionaries in front of the University.

30 Rome: The houses of two fascists are the targets of molotovs thrown during the night. Minister of the treasury’s car also goes up in flames. A leaflet claiming these actions is signed ‘young proletarians’.

July

11 Genoa: One of the most important figures among the local Chris tian Democrats is shot in the arms and legs by the Red Brigades.

11 Rome: Marlo Perlini of Comunione e Liberazione receives three pistol shots in the legs from the Red Brigades.

13 Turin: A Christian Democrat councillor is shot in the legs by the Red Brigades.

October

5 Nuoro: During the night the town hall is broken into and an ass, stolen from a neighbouring courtyard, is tied to the mayor’s desk.

13 Rome: A group of comrades break into a Christian Democrat party premises and take away files and other papers.

23 Milan: A Christian Democrat councillor is lamed by the Red Bri gades. Action is claimed in the name of the RAF comrades.

24 Trieste: Attacks against Christian Democrat rooms and against the home of a fascist councillor, claimed by Ronda proletaria.

25 Turin: Another Christian Democrat worthy is lamed by the Red Brigades.

26 Massa: Christian Democrat official’s car burned.

26 Rome: Cars belonging to various Christian Democrats in the city burned.

27 Genoa: Another five Christian Democrats’ cars burned.

November

2 Rome: A Christian Democrat director and supporter of the iron fist against ‘terrorism’ is killed by thirteen shots from the Red Brigades

12 Aquila: Unita comunista close a Christian Democrat lair by fire.

14 Rome: Molotov attack against fascist den in the Appio quarter.

December

6 Bergamo: Squadre operaie armate claim attacks against Euroschool and a Christian Democrat premises.

12 Rome: Bomb devastates lair of fascists belonging to Democrazia nazionale.

12 Trento: Bomb attack against Tecnofin, meeting place for Christian Democrat and Communist Party members. Claimed by PrimaLinea.

17 Reggio Emilia: Christian Democrat premises bombed. Police arrest a member of Gymnasio Nihilista.

20 Rome: Nuclei armate territoriale destroy the powerful motorbike of one of the CP strong-arm boys.

21 Rome: Cars of three Christian Democrat members go up in flames-claimed in a telephone call by Red Brigades.

25 Como: Bomb explodes in the night in front of MSI premises.

31 Bolzano: Christian Democrat provincial headquarters set fire to.

January

1 Trento: Ronde proletarie claim the bombing of Communist Party provincial federation.

1 Lamezia Terme: Car of a MSI provincial councillor goes up in flames. A leaflet signed Red Brigades claims the action.

3 Padova: Organizzazione operaia per il comunismo attack seven Christian Democrat premises in protest against the sentences of two comrades in Padova courts.

5 Cagliari: A molotov explodes against a Christian Democrat premises.

7 Rome: Many comrades have been attacked and wounded by fascists who are, as always, protected by the police. This evening, a group of comrades bring to justice two fascist thugs who were leaving their lair, arms in hand, to begin new attacks. A third fascist is killed by Carabinieri during crossfire in front of the same premises. The execu tion of the two fascists is claimed by Nuclei armati per il contropotere territoriale.

8 Bari: Attempts made to burn two MSI premises.

10 Luras: Christian Democrat mayor’s car explodes.

10 Trieste: Two molotovs explode against provincial Christian Dem ocrat headquarters. One comrade is arrested but others manage to free him.

12 Cagliari: Explosion in front of Christian Democrat headquarters - Ronda proletaria.

12 Potenza: Headquarters of the provincial Christian Democrat com mittee are ransacked and set fire to.

12 Naples: A homemade bomb explodes in front of MSI premis es.

18 Genoa: A Red Brigades cell wounds member of the CP provincial committee and director of a business school Professor Filippo Peschiera in the legs.

28 Rome: Nuclei combattenti territoriali burn the car belonging to a CP lawyer known for his work on the party’s dossier against political violence.

30 Naples: Bomb attacks against three Christian Democrat premises.

February

12 Enna: Three molotovs explode against MSI premises the day after Almirante’s visit.

16 Portici: Christian Democrat police chief’s car destroyed by molotovs.

24 Rome: Christian Democrat premises burned.

26 Brescia: Rivoluzionari anti-imperialisti comunisti attack the build ing housing the offices of a Christian Democrat senator and the provincial secretary of the same party.

26 Ostia: A known local fascist’s car goes up in smoke during the night.

28 Bologna: During the night five Christian Democrat area offices are burned, as well as a Comunione e liberazione bookshop.

March

3 Cerignola: Explosion at a villa being built by a local Christian Dem ocrat party official.

5 Rome: Car belonging to magistrate and president of the Technical Institute is burned.

5 Ribera: Bomb against MSI premises.

6 Cinciello: Organizzazione proletaria per il comunismo attack Comunione e liberazione spokesman.

7 Arluno: House and car belonging to paediatrician, one of the protag onists in the infamous anti-abortion movement, are burned.

8 Cavarzere: Incediary bomb against Christian Democrat headquar ters.

10 Rome: Two bombs during the night-the first at the Italian Asso ciation gymnasium, the other at a Christian Democrat party offic e.

10 Rome: Nucleo comunista armato Francesco Lo Russo blows up two Christian Democrat premises, and two carabinieri barracks.

10 Ravenna: Failed bomb attack on Christian Democrat party prem ises.

10 Messina: A molotov is thrown against the Christian Democrat premises.

14 Milan: Incendiary bomb against the Don Minzoni cultural centre.

14 San Benedetto del Trento: A bar belonging to a Christian Demo crat councillor is set on fire.

16 Rome: at 9.30 am, in via Fani, a Red Brigades column attack the car escort of Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro. They eliminate five policemen and kidnap the Christian Democrat president. The same morning parliament concedes the first government that in cludes Communist Party votes.

April

7 Rome: During the night TNT explosions take place in front of two Christian Democrat premises.

7 Turin: Cars belonging to two Christian Democrat politicians are burned - action claimed by the Red Brigades.

14 Venice: TNT against two Christian Democrat party offices, and pistol shots against the home of a Christian Democrat provincial councillor, claimed by Proletari comunisti organizzati.

15 Genoa: Red Brigades claim the burning of three cars belonging to Christian Democrat members.

22 Orani: The car of Christian Democrat councillor is blown up.

25 Rome: A Christian Democrat leading councillor mixed up in affairs of the Mafia, is shot in the legs by the Red Brigades.

25 Cormano: Christian Democrat party premises almost completely destroyed in an explosion.

29 Cagliari: Bomb during the night against Christian Democrat rooms.

May

1 Ostia: Cars belonging to two local fascists are burned.

1 Sassari: Bomb attack against provincial headquarters of the Italian Liberal Party.

4 Rome: Formazioni proletarie armate plunder a ‘social promotion centre’ run by Christian Democrats.

9 Rome: At 13.30, a few yards from the Christian Democrat and Communist Party offices in via Caetani, the body of Aldo Moro is found in the boot of a Renault car, following a telephone communication. He had been shot eleven times. The unions call another gener al strike. The family refuse a State funeral.

10 Santa Sofia: A comrade is arrested following a bomb attack against a Christian Democrat office.

10 Trapani: The flat belonging to Christian Democrat party chairman of public works is burned.

12 Milan: Red Brigades Walter Alesia Column lame a Christian Democrat director.

12 Pisa: An incendiary bomb goes off under the car belonging to Christian Democrat provincial secretary.

13 Ravenna: Christian Democrat premises and a catholic radio sta tion destroyed by fire.

21 Asti: Formazioni combattenti comuniste Prima Linea claim a bomb attack against the provincial headquarters of the Christian Democrats.

21 Ostia: Bomb against local MSI party offices.

27 Rome: Explosion at a Christian Democrat centre, claimed by Formazioni armate proletarie.

June

2 Rome: Bombs against three Christian Democrat party offices.

3 Venice: Proletari comunisti organizzati claim the bombing of the homes of three fascists, members of Fronte della Gioventu.

8 Turin: Squadre proletarie di combattimento wound doctor Giacomo Ferrero with pistol shots. He is a known fascist, who in the past has been sentenced for usury.

16 Palermo: Bomb against ACLI headquarters.

16 Bologna: Cellule comuniste combattenti set fire to two Christian Democrats’ cars.

18 Rozzano: Failed incendiary attack against Christian Democrat premises.

19 Aosta: A nucleus for direct attack of Azione Rivoluzionaria ex plode a bomb in the regional offices of the Christian Democrats.

25 Tempio Pausania: Dynamite attack against the home of Christian Democrat mayor of Aglientu.

25 Trieste: Bomb attack on the home of Christian Democrat vice president of the regional junta. Claimed by Nuclei comunisti per contropotere.

29 Milan: Cinema Fontana is burned. It served as a meeting place for Comunione e Liberazione.

July

1 Venice: Incendiary attack devastates headquarters of Acli di Mirano, an organisation responsible for reducing employment in hos pitals.

15 Turin: Piedmont region computer centre is set fire to by Prima Linea, and computers are destroyed.

15 Padova: Ronde armate proletarie destroy car belonging to universi ty lecturer Pietro Dlogu.

15 Treviso: Ronde armate proletarie burn down the door of a university professor’s house.

19 Rome: Christian Democrat councillor’s car burned.

28 Rome: Dynamite attack against Christian Democrat party premis es.

September

26 Rome: Bombing of two notori