As the $1.5 trillion tax cut sailed through the House on Thursday along party lines, the Senate Finance Committee was beset by sharp exchanges between Republicans and Democrats, who spent an arduous day trying — and failing — to change a bill they said would favor corporations and the rich over everyone else.

As midnight approached, Republicans on the usually collegial committee united to push an amended version of their tax overhaul toward the Senate floor, prompting an angry exchange between Sherrod Brown, the Ohio Democrat, and Orrin Hatch, the committee chairman and Utah Republican, over who really benefits from the bill.

“That whole thing about higher wages, well, it’s a good selling point,” Mr. Brown said. “Just spare us the bank shot, spare us the sarcasm, and the satire.”

Mr. Hatch, who had wearily tolerated hours of debate on a bill that Republicans have always planned to push along party lines, had heard enough.