Keele astronomers find 'cousin' planets around twin stars

WASP-94 could turn into one of the most important discoveries from WASP-South.

Astronomers at Keele University have found two new Jupiter-sized extra-solar planets, each orbiting one star of a binary-star system.

Most known extra-solar planets orbit stars that are alone, like our Sun. Yet many stars are part of binary systems, twin stars formed from the same gas cloud. Now, for the first time, two stars of a binary system are both found to host a ``hot Jupiter'' exoplanet.

The discoveries, around the stars WASP-94A and WASP-94B, were made by a team of British, Swiss and Belgian astronomers.

The Keele-led WASP-South survey found tiny dips in the light of WASP-94A, suggesting that a Jupiter-like planet was transiting the star; Swiss astronomers then showed the existence of planets around both WASP-94A and then its twin WASP-94B. Marion Neveu-VanMalle (Geneva Observatory), who wrote the announcement paper, explains: "We observed the other star by accident, and then found a planet around that one also!".

Hot Jupiter planets are much closer to their stars than our own Jupiter, with a "year" lasting only a few days. They are rare, so it would be unlikely to find two Hot Jupiters in the same star system by chance. Perhaps WASP-94 has just the right conditions for producing Hot Jupiters? If so WASP-94 could be an important system for understanding why Hot Jupiters are so close to the star they orbit.

The existence of huge, Jupiter-size planets so near to their stars is a long-standing puzzle, since they cannot form near to the star where it is far too hot.

They must form much further out, where it is cool enough for ices to freeze out of the proto-planetary disk circling the young star, hence forming the core of a new planet. Something must then move the planet into a close orbit, and one likely mechanism is an interaction with another planet or star. Finding Hot-Jupiter planets in two stars of a binary pair might allow us to study the processes that move the planets inward.

Professor Coel Hellier, of Keele University, remarks: "WASP-94 could turn into one of the most important discoveries from WASP-South. The two stars are relatively bright, making it easy to study their planets, so WASP-94 could be used to discover the compositions of the atmospheres of exoplanets".

The WASP survey is the world's most successful search for hot-Jupiter planets that pass in front of (transit) their star. The WASP-South survey instrument scans the sky every clear night, searching hundreds of thousands of stars for transits. The Belgian team selects the best WASP candidates by obtaining high-quality data of transit lightcurves.

Geneva Observatory astronomers then show that the transiting body is a planet by measuring its mass, which they do by detecting the planet's gravitational tug on the host star.

The collaboration has now found over 100 hot-Jupiter planets, many of them around relatively bright stars that are easy to study, leading to strong interest in WASP planets from astronomers worldwide.

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Notes:

(1) The discovery paper was led by Marion Neveu-VanMalle (Geneva Observatory) and is available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.7566

(2) The WASP consortium ("Wide Angle Search for Planets") includes astronomers at the Universities of Keele, Warwick, St. Andrews and Cambridge, and collaborates with the Geneva Observatory (Switzerland) and the University of Liège (Belgium). See http://wasp-planets.net/

(3) WASP planetary systems are named sequentially so WASP-94 is the 94th planetary system found. WASP-94A refers to the brighter star of the binary and WASP-94B to the fainter star. The twin stars are 180 parsecs away (600 light years) in the constellation of Microscopium. The stars were first observed by Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1834.

(4) WASP is funded by the UK's Science & Technology Facilities Council. The Euler Swiss telescope is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. TRAPPIST is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research.

Images:

The planets are too far away and too near their stars to obtain direct images of them. There are many artists' impressions of extra-solar planets including:

(i) A WASP planet projected against (transiting) its host star.

Image Credit: Mark Garlick.

Smaller version: https://waspplanets.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/wasp_transit_small.jpg

Larger version: https://waspplanets.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/wasp_transit_large.jpg

(ii) An illustration of a planet orbiting one star on a binary system. In WASP-94, the planet would transit the brighter star, causing a dip in the light that can be detected from Earth. Another planet orbits the second star at lower-left. It does not transit and is not directly visible, but it can be detected by its gravitational tug on the second star.

Image Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/Nick Risinger

Smaller version: https://waspplanets.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/eso1241as.jpg

Larger version: http://waspplanets.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/eso1241a.jpg

Contacts:

Prof. Coel Hellier

Keele University

c.hellier@keele.ac.uk

Tel: +44 (0)1782 734243

Mob: +44 (0)7817 182867