Coming back to Dalio's world (or the world as it is now), what drives the economy and how do banks capitalise themselves? Dalio, as we have seen, is of the opinion that spending drives the economy and is silent on bank capitalisation.

The Schiffs, on the other hand, categorically state that it is savings by individuals that are the lifeblood of the economy. Savings are deposited in bank accounts and banks lend money to businesses as loans. This is how investment happens. And this is how banks are capitalised, not by money printing by central banks or bailouts by governments.

The Schiffs further point out that, “Savings are not just a means to increase one's ability to spend. They are an essential buffer that shields economies from the unexpected...[A] pool of spare savings prevents disruption and allows for immediate reconstruction of damaged capital.”

It is a well-known fact that Americans of the current generation have limited savings. American mainstream economists hold that in this consumerist society, consumer demand is the more important thing. If there is consumer demand, the economy will flourish. As the Schiffs state, Americans are blinded to the simple truth that “we can't consume more than we produce, or borrow more than we save...at least not for very long.”

According to the Schiffs, “When the economic headwinds began to pick up in earnest in 2008, politicians and economists reflexively looked for a means to get consumers to spend even more and save even less.”

“They have it backward. Spending for its own sake means nothing. What if you spent $1 million, but bought nothing but air? How would this benefit society?... But the act of buying air does not improve the economy as a whole. The air was always there. Something has to be produced to give the spending any value.”

“Spending is merely the yardstick that we use to measure production. Since everything that is produced will eventually be consumed, why does spending really matter? Even the stuff that no one really wants will be consumed it the price falls far enough. But nothing can be consumed until it is produced. It’s production that adds the value.”

There is a feeling among people that prices necessarily have to increase. That is, inflation is inevitable. This, say the Schiffs, is government propaganda. By persistent Keynesian monetary policies, governments have managed to keep prices going up. But prices can go down too.

From the late 1700s to 1913, according to the Schiffs, prices fell steadily in the US.

At the same time, they experienced the fastest economic growth in mankind's history. Deflation is not to be feared but to be embraced.

As the Schiffs point out: “Henry Ford made a fortune...by steadily bringing down the price of cars. More recently the computer industry has made bundles of money despite the fact that its products constantly experience significant price deflation.” Yet inflation is every politician’s best friend. The reasons for this are explained in this book.

The Schiffs cover a lot of ground from the New Deal to the closing of the gold window in 1971 (which was an effective declaration of bankruptcy by the US government) to “the Goldilocks economy” to US dependence on Chinese imports and finally to the 2008 crisis. In all this, the authors do not lose their readers’s interest or their sense of humour.

At present, the Schiffs opine, the US has two politically appealing options before it – either default on its loans (i.e., simply tell its creditors that it can’t repay its debt obligations) or simply print money to pay off debts. The latter may lead to hyperinflation. Both options will lead to a loss of American living standards through lost purchasing power and higher interest rates.

There is a third option that I think the Schiffs have missed out – war.

Germany experienced hyperinflation in the 1920s and that led directly to the rise of Hitler and the Second World War. To divert attention away from its problems, it can’t be ruled out that the US government will not take such dire steps.