The Observer Pattern had Subjects… 🤔

True, true, we’ve seen subjects already. But, in RxJS-land, Subjects are a combination of Observables and Observers! 🤯

So that means we need to combine our previous concept of a subject:

const subject = { state : { message : "Hello" } , observers : [ ] , update ( value ) { this . state = value this . observers . forEach ( observer => { observer . notify ( ) } ) } }

with our new concept of an Observable and Observers:

const createObservable = subscribe => { return { subscribe } } const observer = { next ( value ) { console . log ( ` new value received ` , value ) } }

Let’s see how this all fits together

Refactoring createObservable to createSubject

Since our Subject is an Observable , let’s start with a createSubject function that’s exactly the same as createObservable :

const createSubject = subscribe => { return { subscribe } }

To make our Subject an observer , we need to add a next method to match up the API:

const createSubject = subscribe => { return { subscribe , next ( value ) => { } } }

Now we’re a bit stuck… we need to call next on the observer that’s hidden away inside of the subscribe function. But how do we access it?

The secret is to override the subscribe function with a new internal subscribe :

const createSubject = subscribe => { const internalSubscribe = observer => { } return { subscribe : internalSubscribe , next : ( value ) => { } } }

Now we can yoink out the observer and use it inside of our next method:

const createSubject = subscribe => { let intervalObserver const internalSubscribe = observer => { intervalObserver = observer } return { subscribe : internalSubscribe , next : value => { intervalObserver . next ( value ) } } }

💡 Re-wiring “pieces” (subscribe and observer) internally is the Magic Sauce of RxJS. You’ll see this technique everywhere!

Finally, hook up the original subscribe(observer) so everything works again:

const internalSubscribe = observer => { intervalObserver = observer subscribe ( observer ) }

With all the pieces put together, you can now invoke subscribe (just like an Observable!) and next (just like an Observer!) 🎉

const subject = createSubject ( subscribe ) subject . subscribe ( observer ) subject . next ( { message : "Hello" } )

You’ll notice above that if you click on the document, you’ll still get Mouse Events logged out. While this is a neat feature, it’s not the role of a Subject 😬

On Subjects, the next method is the only way we want to push through values. We save events, timers, etc for Observables. This means we get to delete code! 🥳 So let’s remove the option to pass in a subscribe function.

const createSubject = subscribe => const createSubject = ( ) =>

With subscribe function gone, the only purpose of our exposed subscribe API is to grab the observer. So the body of createSubject simplifies to the following:

const createSubject = ( ) => { let intervalObserver return { subscribe : observer => { intervalObserver = observer } , next : value => { intervalObserver . next ( value ) } } }

Looking at the code above, you might be thinking, “John, this is way simpler than what we started with! Why did you take me on a roundabout course to get here?”

You are totally right, we could have just started with this, but I wanted to emphasize that a Subject is both an Observable and Observer. So I lingered a little 🙂

Multiple Observers. The True Purpose of Subjects.

If you think back to the Observer Pattern, you’ll remember that Subjects should notify an array of observers. But as you can see in the demo below, only the twoObserver is notified 🙁:

The fix is to think back to the Observer Pattern and add an Array to the Subject to keep track of all the observers:

const createSubject = ( ) => { let observers = [ ]

Then, each time we receive a new observer through subscribe , we push it into the array:

subscribe : observer => { observers . push ( observer ) } ,

And each time we invoke next , we send the value to all the observers:

next : value => { observers . forEach ( observer => { observer . next ( value ) } ) }

Our new and improved “multiple observers” createSubject in all of its glory:

const createSubject = ( ) => { let observers = [ ] return { subscribe : observer => { observers . push ( observer ) } , next : value => { observers . forEach ( observer => { observer . next ( value ) } ) } } }

Our last feature to implement is unsubscribe or removing an observer from the Subject. This will be very similar to how unsubscribe is implemented in Observables, but instead of “stopping” an Observable, we’ll be removing an observer from the Array:

A standard “remove an item from an Array in JavaScript” snippet will work just fine. Luckily for us, we closed over the observer , so we still have a reference to it:

subscribe : observer => { observers . push ( observer ) const unsubscribe = ( ) => { const index = observers . indexOf ( observer ) observers . splice ( index , 1 ) } return unsubscribe }

Now whenever we invoke subscribe , we get back our unsubscribe function that will remove the observer from the Subject:

const subject = createSubject ( ) const oneUnsubscribe = subject . subscribe ( oneObserver ) const twoUnsubscribe = subject . subscribe ( twoObserver ) subject . next ( { message : "Hello" } ) oneUnsubscribe ( ) subject . next ( { message : "Goodbye" } )

YES! 🤯🤯🤯

const subject = createSubject ( ) const observable = createObservable ( subscribe ) subject . subscribe ( oneObserver ) subject . subscribe ( twoObserver ) observable . subscribe ( subject )

I’m just going to end this post here and let that demo sink in for a bit 😇