Vladimir Putin is just as sensitive to the perception of weakness at home. Credit:Reuters Russia’s Putin is the man under most immediate strain. His deadly meddling in Ukraine has been decried by the West for months, but has never ceased. Anything short of now abandoning the rebels in east of the country is unlikely to be enough. But Obama will need to exert genuine pressure to force Putin’s hand. That won’t be easy. The American leader has spent the past few months carefully explaining the limits of US power, warning of a “high threshold” for any future use of force.

In a speech in May, Obama specifically highlighted the conflict in Ukraine when warning “regional aggression that goes unchecked … could draw in our military”. Obama’s words will now be tested. Whether the Malaysian airliner carrying 298 people was deliberately targeted or hit by mistake, this marks an inescapable act of aggression. The President’s opponents will be quick to remind people about Obama’s earlier hollow pledge on Syria – that a chemical attack marked a “red line” the regime should not cross, and yet the US did nothing when the gas was unleashed. Obama’s term in the White House is winding down. Should he now get saddled with the words ‘‘lame duck’’, those last months will be tough. Putin is just as sensitive to the perception of weakness at home.

He has sought to rescue flagging popularity by bristling at foreign criticism, cracking down on local media and poking fun at the US by giving sanctuary to NSA leaker Edward Snowden. Russia has a lot at stake. The country’s economic boom of recent years is built on the export of natural resources, which are vulnerable to sanctions. Putin’s attempts to undermine Ukraine are both born of confidence in Russia’s wealth - to create a sphere of influence - and paranoia that Russia could be isolated. His carefully confected stature as a Russian patriot will be threatened if he is seen to now buckle to the very Western forces he has ridiculed. Loading

All this is before we know how European nations will react, what action Ukraine itself will take, or the countries who had nationals killed aboard the plane. An international stand-off in this type of febrile climate could quickly get out of hand.