If you follow the media in Armenia, you will get a clear sense that Armenian citizens and organizations come under attack primarily from Azerbaijani and Turkish hackers. From a quantitative perspective, this certainly seems to be true. In the last year alone, hackers from Azerbaijan and Turkey were able to hack several thousand Armenian profiles on Facebook and Instagram. And if we look back over the last 10-15 years, the overriding number of cyber attacks were indeed the work of Azerbaijani and Turkish cyber groups. Until October 2009, when Armenia’s National Security Service (NSS) took over the supervision of Armenia's state cyber space, Azerbaijani hacking groups would collectively attack and breach security networks of official Republic of Armenia and Artsakh state sites. Since the NSS took over, the number of successful attacks decreased drastically.

However, if we look beyond large-scale attacks to the more targeted ones - cyber operations against important state and non-state institutions, as well as individuals - it is possible to highlight a number of well known cases. And behind each of these are state-sponsored hacker groups or even state structures themselves.