Kaiser Permanente will launch a medical school focused on training students in its integrated style of care, in the latest sign of growing efforts to expand and reshape traditional physician education.

The big Oakland, Calif.-based managed-care operator said it would build the Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine in southern California, with the goal of enrolling a first class of 48 students in 2019. Kaiser Permanente, a nonprofit that wraps together health plans and health-care providers, will structure the school as a new...