WASHINGTON—Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang, a self-described tech entrepreneur and philanthropist, earned about $150,000 last year, according to his newly released personal financial disclosure form.

The form shows the 44-year-old’s earnings last year came mostly from speaking engagements, including at the investment bank JPMorgan Chase & Co., and that he has assets worth between about $834,000 and $2.4 million, mostly tied to a Hudson Valley property.

Though new to politics, Mr. Yang is likely to appear on the Democratic debate stage the next two months. He says he has met both metrics set by the Democratic National Committee for debate qualification: He has reached more than 65,000 donors and notched 1% or more support in at least three qualified polls.

He has a large internet following, which has dubbed itself “the Yang Gang,” that has grown in part thanks to his supporters’ spread of pro-Yang memes. His pitch for a universal basic income of $12,000 a year to all adult Americans, as well as his stances on topics ranging from circumcision—he’s against it—to marijuana legalization—he’s for it—have helped keep him in the news.

Mr. Yang said he “walked away with some number in the millions” when the New York test-prep company he led as chief executive officer was acquired by Kaplan, Inc. in 2009. After the Kaplan acquisition, Mr. Yang started a nonprofit called Venture for America, which describes itself on its website as a fellowship program for recent college graduates seeking to start new companies. Then-President Obama recognized Mr. Yang as a “champion of change” in 2012.