Shawn Virgillo has always loved the outdoors. He grew up among farms and forests in Astoria, Oregon, near where the Columbia River empties into the Pacific. He used to make regular trips to the state’s eastern border to fish on the Snake River, and would roll down his car window to catch the bitter, citrusy scent of sagebrush baking in the high-desert sun. He was wild about that smell.

Now Virgillo lives just a few miles from the river, but he likely won’t fish again until 2022. For two years he’s been among the 200 inmates in the minimum-security section of the Snake River Correctional Institution, Oregon’s biggest prison. Virgillo was convicted of assault in 2017. He knew the officers who arrested him from his work in the event-security business. It was humiliating. “I never, ever expected myself a bad person,” he says. “I made a mistake.”

On a cold November morning, Virgillo is back outside—escorted by a corrections officer. Dressed in denim-and-neon-yellow uniforms stamped INMATE, he and 10 other prisoners walk out the front door, through a perimeter gate, around the corner to a greenhouse. At workbenches they find a familiar rhythm, leavening their labor with ribbing and inside jokes. Deftly they rap the edges of conical containers to knock loose the contents: healthy gray-green seedlings of Wyoming big sagebrush.

Gnarled and drab, this subspecies rarely reaches more than a few feet tall. The plant may not inspire awe like a redwood or saguaro, but it defines its landscape as much as those giants do. Sagebrush is the cornerstone of an ecosystem that supports more than 350 animal and plant species. Nearly 100 types of birds inhabit the sagebrush steppe, and many are highly if not entirely dependent on the plant itself for food or habitat. Greater Sage-Grouse, which nest under its branches and eat nothing but its leaves in winter, so rely on sagebrush that they’re viewed as emblems for the entire ecosystem. And what they signify is a system in peril. Their population has dwindled to as few as 200,000 from perhaps 16 million before European settlement, during which time development, fire, and other forces have degraded more than half of the immense sagebrush sea.

These are among the lessons that Virgillo and other inmates have learned as participants in the Sagebrush in Prisons Project. It’s a partnership between the Institute for Applied Ecology (IAE), an Oregon-based nonprofit focused on conserving native species; the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, which is struggling to stem the loss of sagebrush on its vast western holdings; and state corrections departments eager to provide skill-building work programs for the incarcerated. In the spring, inmates sow BLM-collected seeds in trays indoors. They spend the summer caring for the seedlings, guided by IAE staff. Come fall, those with clearance to leave prison grounds plant the young shrubs in areas scorched by wildfire, hoping they will take hold and ultimately mature enough to support sage-grouse and myriad other wildlife.

State prisons across the West, along with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and

the nonprofit Institute for Applied Ecology, are working to combat sagebrush habitat loss.

Video: Mike Fernandez/Audubon

It wasn’t clear if the project itself would take root when it began at Snake River in 2014. At the time, few had tried growing sagebrush at prisons. But about 15 men produced 20,000 plants that first year, and the BLM was impressed with the healthy seedlings. The program now includes an educational component on sagebrush ecology, and it has expanded to other prisons. In 2019, 519 inmates at nine facilities in five states grew 421,000 seedlings. All told, these men and women have helped grow about 1.5 million sagebrush plants. For reference, in a good year the BLM and its contractors might plant up to a half-million seedlings across the 5.1-million-acre management district that encompasses Snake River. “This program is restoring habitat and restoring hope,” says Stacy Moore, who runs the prisons project and is the IAE’s ecological education program director. “I’ve had men and women say, ‘This is the first time that I’ve been able to give back.’”

For inmates, the project provides a wellspring of positivity and purpose in what can be a dehumanizing environment. “We can get out, and we can do something that has merit, helping nature,” Virgillo says. “To know that I’m a part of trying to protect them little birds, it’s really neat. There’s so many other animals that rely on it, too.”

As the greenhouse warms in the morning sun, the men fill plastic bags with eight seedlings each, then pack cardboard boxes with 22 bags apiece. Tomorrow, under guard, they’ll travel about 30 miles from the prison to round out the season by planting these nearly 5,000 seedlings, the last of the year’s crop after BLM staff took more than 50,000 to a burn site.

But that’s later. Now they must return to their bunks for a pre-lunch headcount. The officer leads them back inside. The prison gate clangs shut behind them.

A century before it became the backdrop of countless cowboy flicks, the sagebrush sea struck white travelers as bleak and oppressively vast. “Nothing was to be seen but the artemisia, or wild sage, which is extremely uninteresting, having neither beauty nor usefulness to recommend it,” one irritable expeditionist wrote in 1849. “I have traveled for days before reaching the Columbia River where nothing could be seen on the highlands and plains but the artemisia.”

Such impressions weren’t merely the product of sunburn or saddle soreness. The 18 sagebrush species once dominated some 150 million acres in the West. Since then humans have steadily whittled away the habitat and, consequently, its wildlife.

After a morning's work in the greenhouse, Snake River inmates head back inside for a headcount. Photo: Mike Fernandez/Audubon

Greater Sage-Grouse suffered such severe declines that they were headed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. But conservationists, energy companies, ranchers, and other stakeholders hammered out an agreement to steer development from the bird’s best remaining habitat, leading the federal government in 2015 to opt for keeping the species off the list. Then in March 2019 the Trump administration threw out those management plans, whose terms it had flouted anyway, replacing them with looser restrictions in its push to unfetter fossil fuel companies. Even as BLM scientists work to conserve the sagebrush ecosystem, the agency’s energy and minerals program has been so aggressive in leasing sage-grouse habitat that a federal judge in October froze the rollback until the court can determine if it’s legal, ordering the administration to once more follow the terms of the 2015 deal.

In the country around the Snake River prison, it’s easy to see other threats to the sagebrush steppe. Oregon farmers have converted large tracts of native shrubland to fields of onions, potatoes, and alfalfa. Just across the river in Idaho, metro Boise’s urban sprawl swallows more sagebrush every year.

But here and in much of the West, a bigger menace looms: fire. Between 2000 and 2018, nearly three-quarters of Interior Department–managed acres that burned were shrubland and grassland, not the forests that wildfire news reports typically bring to mind. That includes more than 15 million acres of lost sagebrush. Fire is hitting some parts of the sagebrush steppe up to 50 times more frequently than it did historically, and massive blazes covering hundreds of thousands of acres are becoming more and more common.

Behind a dead plant's skeleton, a healthy sagebrush shrub grows at the site of the 2012 Danner Loop fire in Oregon—the first area replanted through the Sagebrush in Prisons Project. Photo: Mike Fernandez/Audubon

While a warming, increasingly arid climate contributes to this quickening onslaught, the more immediate cause is a wildly successful invasive plant called cheatgrass. Native to Eurasia, the aggressive annual made its way to North America on 19th-century ships. It spread quickly, aided by railroads and livestock, and now inhabits more than 100 million acres in the West. Unlike native perennials, it dies off by early summer, providing kindling that causes more frequent blazes. When the smoke clears, cheatgrass beats sagebrush and other species to the draw, crowding out native seedlings and creating conditions for more sage-devouring fires.

“We’re losing a lot of sagebrush, and it is not recovering out there on the landscape,” says Michele Crist, a BLM Fire and Aviation Program landscape ecologist and Audubon board member. “Instead, what we’re getting are these monocultures of cheatgrass. It will take years and years to restore these landscapes back to being sagebrush-dominated.”

“We’re losing a lot of sagebrush, and it is not recovering. It will take years and years to restore these landscapes.”

Shortening that recovery time is critical for sagebrush-reliant species. Sage-grouse, for example, return to the same breeding area each spring, even after a fire, but they generally need sagebrush cover to hide from predators and nest successfully. Scientists who are scrambling to improve restoration techniques have learned that sowing seeds has a depressingly low success rate. Hand-planting seedlings is far more effective, but it takes considerably more time and labor.

Time is one thing inmates have in surplus, and many of them view labor—even hard, dangerous work like fighting fires, which several Sagebrush in Prisons Project participants do—as a welcome break from the monotony, negativity, and violence that often ensnare those inside. In a country with the world’s largest incarcerated population, there’s always the risk that the government will exploit or grow dependent on captive labor, says David Fathi, director of the National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union. But as long as inmates are fully informed of any risks involved—and growing sagebrush is more tedious than dangerous—work programs can be mutually beneficial. “Ninety-seven percent of prisoners are eventually going to get out and come home and live next door to you and me,” Fathi says. “Giving prisoners job skills and training is one of the best things you can do to ensure, or at least maximize, the chance of a successful reentry that doesn’t involve a return to prison.”

After a successful growing season at the South Boise Women's Correctional Center, Kaitlin Derby helps to take down the the hoop house for winter. Photo: Mike Fernandez/Audubon

Inmates at some facilities are paid a small wage for growing sagebrush. All of them do the work voluntarily, Moore stresses, and they have to apply for a position. While rules prevent her from contacting participants after they leave prison, she’s heard from corrections officers that a few have used their experience to find work in horticulture.

The participants seem genuinely invested in and uplifted by the work—even, as a dozen inmates at three prisons told Audubon, grateful for it. They’re grateful to learn skills for potential jobs when they’re released. Grateful to be trusted. To learn about nature. To experience moments of peace. To feel good about themselves. To see the plants grow. To be out in the sunshine—hell, to be out in the rain.

“It gives us a chance to feel like we’re human beings again, instead of just our IDOC numbers,” says Idaho State Correctional Center inmate Dan De Minico, referring to the state agency that oversees his incarceration just outside Boise. Unlike most others in the program, De Minico is serving a life sentence. Growing sagebrush isn’t preparation for anything; he’s not building a resume. But he loves the work. He’s been on the crew every year since the prison got involved in 2015. And whenever he calls his mother, Barbara, he tells her the sagebrush news. Like when he found a praying mantis in the shrubbery, or monitored a Killdeer couple nesting among the seedlings. “It’s a big thing for him, because he’s in there for a long time, and it is something he looks forward to every year,” Barbara says. “Even those who don’t see any possibility of getting out have a feeling of still being part of the world.”

Down the road from De Minico’s cell, Samantha Floyd is in a very different situation. She’s only two weeks from release at the South Boise Women’s Correctional Center, where most inmates serve short sentences for drug- and alcohol-related offenses. Floyd can’t wait to take her young son to a family-favorite fishing spot at the BLM’s Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, home to North America’s highest concentration of nesting raptors. As it happens, that’s where Floyd and other inmates just spent a frigid day replanting a burn site. “This project, the classes here, have kind of saved my life,” she says. “Once I leave here, I’ll be able to take my son and show him, ‘Look, while Mom was away, this is what I did.’”



The morning after boxing up ­seedlings, Virgillo and nine other Snake River inmates pair off under the cobalt sky at the Flying Double F Ranch, a private hunting operation near Vale, Oregon. The extra seedlings were earmarked for reclaiming a tawny patch of pasture overrun by cheatgrass and other invasives. Beside the field wends Bully Creek, a ribbon of relative lushness. Sage-grouse need such riparian habitat in the hot, dry summer to find insects, forbs, and other food for their chicks. The idea is to build a sagebrush corridor connecting the creek to BLM-managed habitat nearby.

Audubon in Action. After a 2017 wildfire tore across a Greater Sage-Grouse breeding site at Sheep Springs in northwest Nevada, members of the Lahontan Audubon Society in Reno purchased 7,700 seedlings grown by inmates in the Sagebrush in Prisons Project to jumpstart restoration. In November 2018 volunteers and BLM staff planted a third of those before heavy rains halted their efforts (the rest went to other burn sites). North, in Boise, Idaho, the Golden Eagle Audubon Society has been sowing excess seedlings from the project since 2017, including at Blacks Creek Bird Reserve, where wildfires have ravaged vital habitat for birds like the Brewer’s Sparrow and Sage Thrasher. —Kristine Liao

Working in rows, one member of each duo carefully presses the young shrubs into holes his partner digs by stomping on a dibble, a tool with a conical head that mirrors the plant containers’ shape. It takes a lot of jumping and wrenching to make each hollow in the cold, hard ground, but the men don’t mind. It’s a relief to be out in the fresh air, and a new experience for some of the urbanites who have spent little time in the countryside. “This dog shit?” one inmate asks about the weathered patty at his feet. “Cow,” Virgillo says flatly, not pausing his work.

Back in the greenhouse, the seedlings seemed full of pluck and promise. Spread out on this vast landscape, dwarfed by surrounding ­grasses, they appear too delicate to take hold. To give them a leg up, land managers often knock back cheatgrass with an herbicide and sow native grass seeds that can help outcompete the invader.

But they’re tougher than they look, as a visit to a BLM tract in southeast Oregon shows. The site of a 2012 fire, it was the first area replanted through the project, in 2014. Beside charred sagebrush stand spunky shrubs a couple of feet tall. Their branches bow under yellowish seed heads. Younger sagebrush have begun to take root in the gaps between them. As the sunlight fades, pronghorn silhouettes slink across a nearby ridge. It looks like a landscape in recovery.

This sagebrush seedling faces stiff competition from invasive plants, but the inmate-grown shrubs have strong roots and high survival rates. Photo: Mike Fernandez/Audubon

Still, inmates alone aren’t going to save this ecosystem. Too much habitat is disappearing too quickly for them to keep up, even if all 24 prisons Moore has identified in the region take part, as she hopes they will. But it’s something. Every seedling prisoners grow, if it survives, will be more source of food and shelter for creatures that badly need it. And every skill they learn in the process puts them one step closer to a productive life after incarceration. “I see absolutely no downside,” says Daly Edmunds, Audubon Rockies’ policy and outreach director. “It’s a really creative way that new partners can be involved in helping to change what the future looks like for this ecosystem.”

Virgillo often considers what his own future will look like. He longs to see his two adult kids, and for simple pleasures he once took for granted. “I’m looking forward to my own cooking,” he says. “A real bed, and not a foam mat. Silence at night. The lights being totally out.”

He’s still got two long years to go, but the program gives him something good to think about in the meantime. “Mind candy,” he calls it. Spring will bring another chance to coax new life from tiny seeds. The awful boredom, the loneliness, it all goes away in the greenhouse. Some nights, back in his bunk with one more hard day behind him, he can still smell the sagebrush on his hands.

This story originally ran in the Spring 2020 issue as “Outside Job.” To receive our print magazine, become a member by making a donation today.