There is probably no better way to make a bunch of people mad than to suggest that technology is going to render them entirely obsolete. But on a recent episode of Mindscape , a podcast by theoretical physicist Sean M. Carroll, the artist known as Grimes ended up doing just that, extrapolating on various galaxy-brain theories on the uses and abuses of artificial intelligence to suggest that one day, machines will become much better at producing art that humans are. "I feel like we're kind of in this amazing time where we may be like the last artists ever," she said, "which feels fun."

But the Internet is notoriously good at simplifying the messiness of reality into cut-and-dry projections of our deepest hopes and fears—symbols so gripping that they can sometimes cause us to make assumptions that go against our values. To believe that Grimes has made an album designed to spread good faith in Silicon Valley is to undermine her intelligence and agency as an artist, one whose artistic reckoning with the world—and her place within it—has never been anything close to straightforward.

Grimes has a long history of getting in trouble for saying what's on her mind, even when she's saying things her critics probably ultimately agree with . But in 2020, as she gears up to release her excellent fifth album, Miss Anthropocene, it's become seemingly impossible for people to see her every word and gesture as anything more than a reflection of the eccentric tech billionaire who showed up on her arm at the MET Gala two years ago. Considering the long arc of her career—that of a thoroughly DIY artist who has spent the past ten years decrying sexism in the music industry and asserting that women who make compelling pop stars can also be formidable producers—it's a development that has a touch of tragedy to it. It's not as though she suddenly became hyped on artificial intelligence because of her association with a man who's trying to use it to revolutionize the car industry ; after all, it's the thing that brought them together in the first place , and Musk has long been blowing the whistle about the potential dangers of the technology.

At points, Grimes weighed in on shitstorm. "I care about the future of art, why not speculate on it?" she wrote in one Tweet . "Seems weird to withhold ideas, and even weirder that suggesting potential futures can cause so much rage."

The response was swift and emotional—especially from the growing faction of high-profile independent musicians who have taken to including the phrase "Bernie Sanders 2020" in their Twitter bios. Singer-songwriter Zola Jesus posted a stream of (since-deleted) Tweets criticizing the interview, at one point calling Grimes "the voice of silicon fascist privilege." Former Majical Cloudz mastermind Devon Welsh, who in another era of the music Internet used to be Grimes' partner , likened her remarks to "propaganda" —then reposted a video from the unveiling of the Cybertruck last November, drawing on a rumor that Grimes played the hologram Cyber Girl who introduced Tesla founder Elon Musk, her current boyfriend and the father of her future child. "Is this where we want to be going?" he wrote. "Are these our idols? Is this a future for everyone? Or just the wealthy few?"

As much as I love Grimes, the idea didn't sound all that fun to me—especially when you consider the results of a recent report by the Creative Independent , where over two-thirds of the professional musicians surveyed reported that they were struggling to make a living wage. And it sounded even less fun after the Canadian producer, singer, and multi-instrumentalist proceeded to announce the eventual demise of live music—not as a financially devastating hypothetical side effect of a world where we spend too much of our time online, but as an outcome she seemed to be looking forward to. "One of the things I like about the digital age—maybe this is bad, but as a performer, I hate the potential of failure in front of a giant audience," she said, before pointing to the popularity of Instagram and other social platforms as proof that music fans were seeking something different, too. "People are actually just gravitating towards the clean, finished, fake world. Everyone wants to be in the simulation."

Still, it's easy to see why her comments might invite accusations that she's become part of a powerful elite obsessed with prescribing technological solutions to everyday problems. Is Grimes really making straight-up Silicon Valley propaganda? Probably not—though it can seem at times like she's trying to make people believe she is. After publications picked up her remarks on AI music, she took to Twitter to offer some recommended reading: Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Swedish-American cosmologist and MIT professor Max Tegmark, co-founded a research institute that counts Musk as an advisor and multi-million-dollar donor. In 2018, she teamed up with Los Angeles musician HANA to release a song from the perspective of an "AI propaganda girl group," imploring listeners to "submit." And in a recent interview with Zane Lowe, she even revealed she has plans to start a "psychedelic tech company."

At first, much of conversation around Grimes and Musk's infamous red carpet appearance seemed to center on the incongruence of a former Montreal scene kid and an inventor who once bragged about wanting to put an Italian restaurant on Mars, as though their union were somehow proof of the algorithmic randomness of the Trump era. Now that I've had a few years to digest it, it makes a strange kind of sense. Both of them, after all, are in the business of using technology to dream up fantastical new worlds—with the giddy brilliance of people who have the resources to turn those dreams into real things. And while there's a big difference between making art about the future and actually designing rockets and self-driving cars, their public output over the past few years suggests a strange blurring of that distinction.

Ever since Page Six announced they were dating, it's been hard to avoid noticing that Musk has been acting an awful lot like an artist, from his Bond-franchise inspired Met Gala outfit to the frenetic EDM track he released the top of this year. Though he's been billing the Cybertruck as a cost-saving high-performance vehicle capable of towing a Ford F-150 and withstanding actual snipers, the retro-futuristic pick-up certainly feels a whole lot more like an art object than something you might imagine an actual farmer using; its hulking silhouette and blunt steel surfaces definitely wouldn't feel at all out of place in a Grimes video, though Travis Scott got that honor first. Grimes, meanwhile, has been making art and public statements that seem particularly concerned with the way our world is designed.

You wouldn't necessarily notice it just by listening to the music, which feels like a culmination of the vision she set forth with her 2012 breakout album, Visions: future-gazing pop music that is as infectious and warmly enveloping as it is alien, buoyed by a blurring of genre lines and geographical boundaries that feels distinctly of the Internet. The production is immaculate, the songwriting is strikingly mature (see: "Delete Forever," her country-inflected tribute to Lil Peep), and the record includes an Auto-Tuned collaboration with a Taiwanese rapper named Pan, aka Aristophanes, that sounds, for what it's worth, like the dawn of an entirely new kind of music.

But Grimes has always been as obsessed with sonic innovation as she is with world-building (she calls it "lore," perhaps in a nod to role-playing games), and Miss Anthropocene is particularly ambitious in this respect. Mainly, she says, it's a concept album about climate change, one that eschews explicit political messaging to discover the artist, in videos and promotional social media posts, incarnating a misanthropic climate goddess who seems hell-bent on destroying the world.

By anthropomorphizing the economic and industrial forces threatening our planet, Grimes has said, she hopes to make climate change "fun"—which is another use of the word that will probably rub some people the wrong way. It's also a bit of an odd premise coming from an artist whose partner is in the business of selling green cars, though it seems to be a sincere attempt to make people more interested in the problem. Miss Anthropocene isn't just an album about climate change, though. Drawing on the religions of ancient Egypt and Greece, she says she's devised an entire pantheon of gods, each corresponding to the different forces that shape our present reality: pollution; artificial intelligence; plastic surgery; social media. In an interview with Lana Del Rey and Brit Marling, she explained it as a means of making sense of a confusing world. "It's like every form of suffering had a representation," she said of her pre-modern inspirations. "If your kid dies in a war, you can literally go speak to War and be like, "Why did you do this?"

Still, when she sings a line like "We don't move our bodies anymore," as she does on Pan collaboration "Darkseid," it can be hard to tell exactly where she stands. Her comments to the media suggest she's enough of a techno-optimist to be at least a little bit excited about a future where we merge more fully with machines, if not being supplanted by them entirely—and she seems to be approaching the album's rollout as an exercise in building out her own digital world, as though she weren't entirely happy with the present one. The cover art is a representation of the software the artist presumably used to design Miss Anthropocene—and her social media feeds are littered with various other not-wholly human characters: a quivering AI talking head; a pair of robotic dogs. Recently, after unveiling Instagram and Twitter accounts for an AI character called "War Nymph" (she's been describing it as her new online avatar, mapped from her own body), she sent War Nymph to a magazine photoshoot in her stead, clad in Balenciaga.

Grimes has long been saying that she considers herself more of a behind-the-scenes Phil Spector figure than a performer—and though she's still billing Miss Anthropocene as a Grimes album, the concept feels of a piece with a dismantling of her public persona that has been in the works for some time. Back in May 2018, she took to Twitter to announce that she was changing her legal name to c, the symbol for the speed of light. In March 2019, when she released a demo she'd written for a forthcoming augmented reality musical, she informed fans that she was going to start making "AR (or illustrated?) ‘submembers' within Grimes," inspired by her last album's titular "Art Angels." "im bored being so precious abt music and also feeling boxed in by the Grimes branding and I have this whole other world that's rly fun to write for," she wrote in the YouTube caption.