The price of ether is shattering all-time highs.

Rising to more than $1,000 for the first time ever last week, the cryptocurrency has reclaimed its place as the second-largest blockchain by total value, days after being temporarily surpassed by Ripple’s XRP token. However, as with that controversial market move, the massive uptick in value bears a deeper look from more novice or potential investors.

Indeed, ether’s price rise has masked a wave of technical problems – issues that went so far as to cause the cryptocurrency to be taken off a major exchange this weekend. Largely discussed on internal developer channels, reports of the problems to the public have been unusually quiet, scarcely touching Reddit, Twitter and other active ethereum forums.

But what may be most of note is not the scant reaction, but the fairly fundamental nature of the issues, as most relate directly to the most basic operations of blockchains.

For one, a glitch in the software that determines how much a transaction should cost to send – named the “gas oracle” – has caused a massive inflation in user fees, with some paying far higher than is necessary for a transactions to go through.

If this seems somewhat unwelcoming to newcomers, it’s met by other issues. In another case, the computers that run ethereum are struggling to download a full history of its transactions.

More forward-looking projects are showing signs of strain also. The test network for Casper, ethereum’s long-awaited ecologically friendly alternative to proof-of-work, and arguably a core tenet of its value proposition, is currently splitting into incompatible forks.

In a reminder for those eager to hit it big on crypto, ethereum heavyweight Vlad Zamfir wrote in response to the issues:

“(Ethereum is) still not safe or scalable.”

As such, the comments may best serve as a note of caution, one that hints at the current state of ethereum and suggests the work-in-progress nature of cryptocurrencies more broadly.

Inflated transaction costs

Perhaps the most concerning issue is within ethereum’s algorithm to estimate transaction costs – leading users of wallets and exchanges to overpay for transactions by up to 70% percent.

Speaking to CoinDesk, ethereum developer Nick Johnson explained that this is due to a glitch in ethereum’s internal, automatic gas pricing function.

While the code had sustained the spike in transactions caused by the popular CryptoKitties app and the recent popularity of initial coin offerings, recently “something odd has been happening with the estimated gas price,” Johnson told CoinDesk.

Johnson explained that the gas oracle – today used by popular wallets such as MyEtherWallet, MetaMask, Shapeshift, and others – calculates transactions costs for users based on fees paid in the most recent ethereum transactions.

However, Johnson said in an email, “while it’s still possible to transact on the network at a fairly low price, the oracle started returning increasingly high estimates.”

According to Johnson, the core issue seems to be that some users were simply paying more to use the blockchain, boosting the gas oracle calculation.

Griff Green, founder of decentralized charity Giveth, told CoinDesk he noticed the unusually high costs and took to Twitter to urge users to manually calculate the correct transaction fees.

Green praised Bittrex for flagging the issue by preventing new ether and asset deposit address generation – and while other major exchanges and wallets have yet to respond, Green told CoinDesk that he expects ethereum developers to release a new algorithm soon.

He told CoinDesk:

“This is just some random tech shit that devs have to deal with to keep the network alive.”

Blockchain syncing issues

Adding to this, developers have been struggling to get network nodes to sync to the blockchain. Those that try either fail, or are faced with a long wait.

Stepping back, any new node that wishes to mine ether or run the blockchain as part of its own wallet is faced with this problem. And while the issue has circulating for some time, it has worsened in recent weeks.

According to Peter Pratscher, who runs the mining pool Bitfly, it’s down to a failure of a function called “warp sync” as a result of the current size of the ethereum state – a figure that equates to a current sum of all of ethereum’s computation, and is stored by all nodes.

Pratscher said that because of the failure of this function, “new nodes will need to do a traditional sync of the ethereum blockchain, which requires quite some time (in the range of several days).”

Discussions are currently underway on how to reduce the size of the ethereum state, including the idea of deleting what is known as “dust accounts” – empty addresses that have been inactive for a long time.

Pratscher concluded:

“I hope that the dev teams will get ahead of the issue and provide some improvements in this regards.”

Testnet setbacks

While a smaller issue in comparison, largely because it doesn’t impact the live ethereum network, the problems facing the Casper test network also provide evidence of the early-stage nature of ethereum as a technology.

Perhaps due to the pressure felt for ethereum’s need to scale, Casper development efforts have surged in recent months, however, the nascent test net is currently splintered, and nodes cannot connect to the blockchain.

As a result, the test network, which was hoped to renew a source of “fun” in testing environments, has largely fallen silent.

Speaking to CoinDesk, prominent Casper developer Karl Floersch asserted that this has nothing to do with the Casper code itself, which is “working exactly as expected with no hiccups.”

Still, given the new nature of the testnet, developers have been quick to suggest a range of possible issues and fixes that could once again see a jumpstart in activity.

Correction: A previous version of this article incorrectly stated that Bittrex delisted ether from its site.

Nuts and bolts image via Shutterstock