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US-Iraqi partnership

US-Iraqi partnership How the US used the term Now we’re in the midst of a full transition to Iraqi responsibility, and to a comprehensive partnership between the United States and Iraq based on mutual interests and mutual respect." President Barack Obama

Remarks by president, 22 July 2009 A view from the Arab media "When Barack Obama came to power in the United States, many Arab media expressed confidence in his military approaches to end American military involvement in Iraq. This didn’t stop the Arab media from reminding that the sectarian violence in Iraq needed to be addressed with clear plans and constructive approaches." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

End of the war

End of the war How the US used the term ... as we end this war, and as Iraq faces its future, the Iraqi people must know that you will not stand alone. You have a strong and enduring partner in the United States of America." President Barack Obama

Remarks by president, 12 December 2011 A view from the Arab media "December 2011 was not the end of the war for Iraqis. Suicide attacks and violence continued to overshadow their daily lives. Arab media labelled it mostly as withdrawal of American troops and dedicated space to highlight the number of Iraqi and American lives lost as a result of the 2003 invasion." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Security

Security How the US used the term The most urgent priority for success in Iraq is security, especially in Baghdad. Eighty percent of Iraq's sectarian violence occurs within 30 miles of the capital." President George W Bush

Address to the nation on a new strategy for Iraq, 10 January 2007 A view from the Arab media "The term that has been widely used in the Arab media is the ‘lack of security in Iraq’. Stories of sectarian-based attacks, car bombs and suicide bombers resulting in heavy civilian casualties dominated news from Iraq in 2006 and after the American troop pullout in 2012." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Sovereignty

Sovereignty How the US used the term As the transfer of sovereignty approaches on 30 June, we are likely to see more violence from groups opposed to freedom. We will not be intimidated or diverted. On 1 July, and beyond, our reconstruction and military commitment will continue." President George W Bush

Radio Address, 1 May 2004 A view from the Arab media "This term is associated with the day the American troops left Iraq on 31 December 2011. The Iraqis celebrated the first anniversary last December. The day has been declared a national day for the sovereignty of Iraq. The Iraqi media hailed the occasion as the day Iraq regained sovereignty from foreign troops." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Commitment to Iraq

Commitment to Iraq How the US used the term Our combat mission is ending, but our commitment to Iraq’s future is not." President Barack Obama

Address to the nation on the end of combat operations in Iraq, 31 August 2010 A view from the Arab media "Arab media would report American officials’ statements on Iraq. Statements on ‘commitment to Iraq’ after the pullout of troops were reported. Arab analysts and commentators were interviewed on the subject. Many questioned the term and its practicalities. Many Iraqi media outlets called upon the American administration to stay committed to helping Iraqis." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Progress

Progress How the US used the term As security in Iraq has improved, the Iraqi government has made political progress as well." President George W Bush

President discusses Iraq, 18 July 2008 A view from the Arab media "Most Arab media outlets reported the American official statements on what was labelled as ‘progress in Iraq’. However, many were critical of the lack of progress in security in Iraq. In June 2008, pan-Arab newspaper al-Quds al-Arabi reported an American officer saying ‘the security progress in Iraq had been insubstantial’." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Removal of troops

Removal of troops How the US used the term And under the Status of Forces Agreement with the Iraqi government, I intend to remove all US troops from Iraq by the end of 2011." President Barack Obama

Responsibly ending the war in Iraq, 27 February 2009 A view from the Arab media "The Arab media pointed out the security vacuum the pullout of American troops would create in Iraq. Questions of the readiness of Iraqi security forces to take over were posed. The unity of Iraq as a nation was questioned too. Scepticism over the future of stability in Iraq was prominent." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Mutual

Mutual How the US used the term We are here (...) to turn the page - begin a new chapter in the history between our countries - a normal relationship between sovereign nations, an equal partnership based on mutual interests and mutual respect." President Barack Obama

Remarks by president after meeting Prime Minister al-Maliki, 12 December 2011 A view from the Arab media "A term used mostly by Iraqi media. Pan-Arab media in general would quote Iraqi and American officials emphasising the ‘mutual interests’ between the United States and Iraq. Mutual interests over security and stability and foreign policy were among the issues emphasised by officials from both countries." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Peace

Peace How the US used the term The relative peace and strong participation in January’s provincial elections sent a powerful message to the world about how far Iraqis have come in pursuing their aspirations through a peaceful political process." President Barack Obama

Remarks on responsibly ending the war in Iraq, 27 February 2009 A view from the Arab media "News of car bombs and suicide bombings in Iraq has been widely reported in the Arab media. In 2012 and the early months of 2013, there was an increase in random attacks targeting mainly populated neighbourhoods in Iraqi cities. Peace is what Iraqis have been hoping for the past 10 years." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Success in Iraq

Success in Iraq How the US used the term And we expect that, as conditions on the ground continue to improve, they will permit us to continue the policy of return on success." President George W Bush

President discusses Iraq, 10 April 2008 A view from the Arab media "In July 2008 the Egyptian newspaper al-Ahram ran an article warning that what the Americans labelled as a successful mission in Iraq would result in a complete failure if they did not realise the Iraqi police forces needed a longer time of logistical support to be able to secure the streets." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Training Iraqi Forces

Training Iraqi Forces How the US used the term We will continue training Iraqi security forces so this rising democracy can eventually take responsibility for its own security." President George W Bush

President congratulates Iraqis on election, 30 January 2005 A view from the Arab media "In 2012, news of American intention to withdraw its security trainers from Iraq was circulated in the Arab media. Iraqi police trainees were quoted saying they were not benefiting from their American trainers. Doubts on the efficiency of retired American officers training Iraqi policemen were outlined." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Transition

Transition How the US used the term And under the Status of Forces Agreement with the Iraqi government, I intend to remove all US troops from Iraq by the end of 2011. We will complete this transition to Iraqi responsibility, and we will bring our troops home with the honour that they have earned." President Barack Obama

Remarks by the president on responsibly ending the war in Iraq, 27 February 2009 A view from the Arab media "The term has been used over the 10 years. Several announcements of transition of power, transition of security and transition to democracy were reported in the Arab media. After the American troop pullout in 2012, the term stayed in use. A ‘transition to new Iraq’ notion was presented by the Iraqi government." Dr Zahera Harb

Senior Lecturer in International Journalism, City University London

Al-Qaeda