Croft and Anderson served separately under Kurt Volker, the former U.S. special representative for Ukraine negotiations, and witnessed an unusual effort by non-government officials to influence U.S. foreign policy toward the besieged country as it was facing intensifying aggression from Russia.

The impeachment inquiry centers on Trump’s efforts to pressure Ukraine’s leaders to investigate his political rivals, including former Vice President Joe Biden, and allegations that Trump added to that pressure by withholding critical military aid to Ukraine. Democrats have zeroed in on what appears to be a shadow diplomacy effort, spearheaded by Giuliani, aimed at sparking such investigations and stiff-arming U.S. officials who stood in their way.

In his opening statement, Anderson said that John Bolton, who served as Trump’s national security adviser until recently, told him during a June meeting that “Mr. Giuliani was a key voice with the president on Ukraine which could be an obstacle to increased White House engagement” with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. Croft wrote in her opening statement that she heard Trump, both directly and indirectly, “describe Ukraine as a corrupt country.”

Anderson described how Giuliani’s involvement became an obstacle earlier this year, forcing the State Department to scramble to contain fallout after the abrupt removal of Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch, the top U.S. envoy to Ukraine whom Trump recalled after a smear campaign by the president’s allies.

“Before [Zelensky’s] inauguration in May, my colleagues and I saw a tweet by Rudolph Giuliani alleging that President-elect Zelensky was surrounded by enemies of President Trump,” he said, according to his opening statement. “In an effort to counter the negative narrative sparked by Ambassador Yovanovitch’s withdrawal and Giuliani’s statements, we pushed for a high-level delegation to attend Zelensky’s inauguration.”

Anderson also told lawmakers that “senior officials in the White House” blocked the State Department from issuing a statement condemning Russia after Moscow seized Ukrainian ships in November 2018. Instead, Anderson recalls, “Ambassador Volker drafted a tweet condemning Russia’s actions, which I posted to his account.”

Croft, who also served as a Ukraine adviser on the National Security Council, told investigators that she received “multiple calls” from Livingston, a lobbyist, who told her that Yovanovitch should be fired. She also said she never met Giuliani but was aware that Volker spoke to him at times.

Trump ousted Yovanovitch in May after Giuliani and others had launched a coordinated effort to undermine her, according to Yovanovitch’s testimony before impeachment investigators earlier this month.

“[Livingston] characterized Ambassador Yovanovitch as an ‘Obama holdover’ and associated with George Soros,” Croft said. “It was not clear to me at the time—or now—at whose direction or at whose expense Mr. Livingston was seeking the removal of Ambassador Yovanovitch.”

Livingston, a former Republican lawmaker, is registered as a foreign agent to represent an association of steel companies that acts as a liaison between the industry and the Ukrainian government. His filing with the Justice Department indicates his work for the association includes maintaining “contact, as necessary, with members of Congress and their staff, and with executive branch officials.”

Trump later criticized Yovanovitch during his July 25 phone call with Zelensky, according to a White House memorandum of the call, and several other senior State Department officials have told impeachment investigators that they were alarmed by the push to remove Yovanovitch.

Croft testified that she told her supervisor on the National Security Council, Fiona Hill, about the calls from Livingston. Hill, Trump’s former top Russia aide, told investigators earlier this month that she was so concerned with Giuliani’s involvement that she reported it to an NSC lawyer.

Croft also revealed that she learned of an effort by Trump to withhold military aid to Ukraine — approved by Congress and the Pentagon — prior to July 18, when it was officially announced to agency officials during a video conference.

“The only reason given was that the order came at the direction of the president,” she said.

Mark MacDougall, the lawyer representing Croft and Anderson, said in separate statements that the State Department sought to block his clients’ testimony, adding that both were served with subpoenas to compel their appearance Wednesday morning.

MacDougall also said he would push back against what he characterized as Republican lawmakers’ efforts to identify the whistleblower who first raised concerns about Trump’s posture toward Ukraine.

“[To] the extent we reasonably conclude that any questions directed to [Croft and Anderson] this afternoon are intended to assist anyone in establishing the identity of the Whistleblower, we will make the necessary objections and will give the witness appropriate instructions,” MacDougall said.

Underscoring the peril of operating in Ukraine at a precarious time in its relationship with the U.S., Anderson told lawmakers that his work “has at times led to harassment and intimidation by hostile intelligence services, death threats, and other significant challenges for my family and I.”

