Christina Larson

Associated Press

MADRE DE DIOS, Peru – Destruction of the forests can be swift. Regrowth is much, much slower.

Around the world, people put shovels to ground to help it happen.

In a corner of the Peruvian Amazon, where illegal gold mining scarred forests and poisoned ground, scientists work to change wasteland back to wilderness. More than 3,000 miles to the north, on former coal mining land across Appalachia, workers rip out old trees that never put down deep roots and make the soil more suitable to regrow native tree species.

In Brazil, a nursery owner grows different kinds of seedlings to help reconnect forests along the country’s Atlantic coast, benefiting endangered species such as the golden lion tamarin.

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They labor amid spectacular losses – the Amazon jungle and the Congo basin ablaze, smoke from Indonesian rainforests wafting over Malaysia and Singapore, fires set mostly to make way for cattle pastures and farm fields.

Rebuilding woodland is slow and often difficult work, and it requires patience: It can take several decades or longer for forests to regrow as viable habitats. “Planting a tree is only one step in the process,” said Christopher Barton, a professor of forest hydrology at the Appalachian Center of the University of Kentucky.

There is urgency to that work – forests are one of the planet’s first lines of defense against climate change, absorbing as much as a quarter of man-made carbon emissions each year.

Through photosynthesis, trees and other plants use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce chemical energy to fuel their growth; oxygen is released as a byproduct. As forests shrink, so does Earth’s capacity to cope with carbon emissions.

Successful reforestation programs take into account native plant species. They are managed by groups with a sustained commitment to monitoring forests, not just one-off tree planting events. Usually, they economically benefit the people who live nearby – by creating jobs or reducing erosion that damages homes or crops.

A study in the journal Science projected that if 2.2 billion acres of trees were planted – about 500 billion saplings – they could absorb 220 gigatons of carbon once they reached maturity. The Swiss researchers estimated this would be equivalent to about two-thirds of man-made carbon emissions since the start of the Industrial Revolution.

'Look for the survivors'

On a spring morning, forestry researcher Jhon Farfan steered a motorcycle through the dense Peruvian jungle, his tires churning up red mud. He followed a narrow path cut by gold miners in the heart of the Amazon, but he was not seeking treasure. Instead, he was on a quest to reforest abandoned gold mines within the world’s largest tropical forest.

After three hours of difficult travel, he reached a broad clearing where knee-high saplings stood in rows, their yellow-green leaves straining for the sun. Farfan whipped out a clipboard with a diagram of the saplings planted months earlier, much like a teacher checking attendance.

“The goal is to look for the survivors,” he said.

Within the thick jungle, only a sliver of light escapes to the forest floor. Often more can be heard than seen: a chorus of howler monkeys, the chatter of red-crowned parakeets – reminders that the Amazon is home to more species diversity than anywhere on the planet.

The rainforest is under increasing threat from illicit logging, mining and ranching. In a region of southeastern Peru called Madre de Dios, Farfan’s job involves inspecting lands where the forest has been lost to illegal mining spurred by the spike in gold prices after the global financial crash in 2008.

To recover the gold, the floor of the jungle was turned upside down. There are no gold seams in the lowland areas of the Amazon but only flakes of gold washed down from the Andes mountains by ancient rivers, buried beneath the soil.

After cutting and burning centuries-old trees, miners used diesel pumps to suck up deep layers of the earth, then pushed the soil through filters to separate out gold particles. To turn gold dust into nuggets, they stirred in mercury, which binds the gold together but poisons the land.

Left behind are patches of desert-like land – dry, sandy, stripped of topsoil and ringed by trunks of dead trees.

Last December, Farfan and other scientists with the Peru-based nonprofit CINCIA planted more than 6,000 saplings of various species native to this part of the Amazon, including the giant shihuahuaco, and tested different fertilizers.

“Most tree deaths happen in the first year,” Farfan said. “If the trees make it to year five, typically they’re going to be there a long time.”

A study of former gold mines in Peru by scientists at CINCIA and Wake Forest University several years ago found that seedlings transplanted with soil were more likely to survive than “bare-root seedlings,” and the use of special fertilizers helped growth. Some of the trees tested absorbed trace amounts of mercury through contaminated soil, but it’s not clear how this will affect them.

Since the project began three years ago, the team has planted more than 115 acres with native seedlings, the largest reforestation effort in the Peruvian Amazon to date. The group is in discussion with Peru’s government to expand its efforts.

“It’s very hard to stop mining in Madre de Dios, since it’s a major activity,” Farfan said. The challenge: to plant a tree that can grow in this soil.

'Desperation species'

While scientists struggle with tainted landscapes in the Amazon, activists a continent away reckon with flawed attempts to heal the land.

After miners left West Virginia’s Cheat Mountain in the 1980s, there was an effort to green the coal mining sites to comply with federal law. The companies used heavy machinery to push upturned soil back into place, compacting the mountainside with bulldozers. The result was soil so packed in that rainwater couldn’t seep down, and tree roots couldn’t expand.

Companies planted “desperation species” – grasses with shallow roots or non-native trees that could endure but wouldn’t reach their full height. On Cheat Mountain and at other former mining sites across Appalachia, more than a million acres of former forests are in similar arrested development.

“It was like trees trying to grow in a parking lot – not many could make it,” said Michael French, director of operations for the Kentucky-based nonprofit Green Forests Work.

The Appalachian highlands once supported a large and unique ecosystem, dominated by 500,000 acres of red spruce forest a century and a half ago. Commercial logging in the late 1800s and coal mining in the 20th century stripped the landscape, leaving less than a tenth of the red spruce forests intact.

French and colleagues at Green Forests Work collaborate with the U.S. Forest Service to restore native Appalachian forests and the rare species they support – by first tearing down other trees.

“We literally go in with a giant plow-like machine and rip the guts out of the soil” by dragging a 4-foot ripping shank behind a bulldozer, said Barton, the University of Kentucky professor and founder of Green Forests Work. “Sometimes we call it ugly.”

This “deep ripping,” as it’s known, gives rainwater and tree roots a better chance to push down into the soil.

The idea of ripping up the ground seemed startling at first.

“When we first started, a lot of our colleagues thought we were crazy. But 10 years later, we’re well on our way,” said Shane Jones, a wildlife biologist for the U.S. Forest Service.

Earlier efforts at reforesting old mining sites within West Virginia’s Monongahela National Forest didn’t fare so well; sometimes the majority of seedlings died. In areas where the team has deep-ripped over the past decade, the survival rate of saplings has been about 90%.

Green Forests Work has reforested about 800 acres within the Monongahela, and it is taking a similar approach to other former mining sites across Appalachia, having reforested about 4,500 total acres since 2009. The ultimate goal is to restart the natural cycle of the forest – so scientists’ work becomes invisible again.

Other reforestation crusades are more personal.

Maria Coelho da Fonseca Machado Moraes, nicknamed Dona Graça, runs a tree nursery that grows seedlings of species native to Brazil’s lesser-known jungle – the Atlantic coastal rainforest.

She collaborates with a nonprofit group called Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, which works to protect and restore the forest habitat of the endangered namesake monkey. “The Atlantic rainforest is one of the planet’s most threatened biomes, more than 90% of it was deforested,” said Luis Paulo Ferraz, the nonprofit group’s executive secretary. “What is left is very fragmented.”

Dona Graça said she is furious at what happened to the forest, which was whittled down to allow for the urban expansion of Rio de Janeiro and other cities.

She deplores “the stupidity and ignorance” of people who “destroyed most of the trees and continue destroying them. So I’m trying. I can’t do too much, but the little I can do, I try to do it properly to rescue those trees.”

Between feeding her chickens and raking leaves, she grows seedlings of rare species – pau pereira, peroba, “trees that people have damaged already, they don’t exist anymore.” She mixes limestone and clay, places it in plastic nursery bags and plants seeds in them; she irrigates them with water and cow urine.

Replanting efforts – which aim to reconnect fragmented parcels of forest – often use the seedlings from Dona Graça’s nursery, which gives her both income and great satisfaction.

She does this, she said, for posterity. “In the future when I pass away ... that memory I tried to leave for the people is: It’s worth it to plant, to build,” she said.

Contributing: Federica Narancio and Yesica Fisch