We thank M. Fernandez de Sanmamed and I. Etxeberria for scientific discussion, P. Miller for English editing and X. Morales for ultrasound imaging. The figures contain elements from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). This work was supported by the International Immuno-Oncology Network (II-ON) from Bristol-Myers Squibb; a Worldwide Cancer Research Grant (15-1146); the Asociación Española Contra el Cancer (AECC) Foundation under grant GCB15152947MELE; the Instituto Carlos III (under grants PI14/01686, PI13/00207 and PI16/00668) co-financed with FEDER funds; and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Program (grant agreement no. 635122 PROCROP). P.B. is supported by a Miguel Servet II (CPII15/00004) contract from Instituto de Salud Carlos III; E.P.-R is supported by the Carmen Lavigne training program of the Asociación Española contra el Cancer and by Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía; and A.T. has received financial support through la Caixa Banking Foundation (LCF/BQ/LR18/11640014).

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Nature thanks Frances Balkwill, Kevin Tracey and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.