The digital age has made it harder for individuals who had brushes with the law to reboot their lives with a clean slate, say ex-offenders and experts.

SINGAPORE: A video of Mr Chee Chu Siong leaping onto the bonnet of a private-hire car at St James Power Station in May last year not only made him infamous online — it led to his eventual prosecution in court.

After a drunken birthday celebration at the now-defunct nightspot, the 26-year-old stepped on the BMW’s windscreen, climbed on its roof, then jumped off and walked away. The elderly Grab driver caught all of his antics on his in-car camera.



The driver’s son subsequently posted the dashcam footage on Facebook, which went viral. Meanwhile, Mr Chee’s alcohol-fuelled folly became a police case.

In March, he was fined the maximum S$2,500 after pleading guilty to committing a rash act that endangered the personal safety of others.

While he has paid his dues in the eyes of the law, he is still paying a heavy personal price more than a year after his misdemeanour: He has lost his job as an event management executive, and now gets by with occasional jobs from his friends, such as being a public relations manager, and doing part-time work at a shop.

Mr Chee said he feels “sad and disappointed” at what he described as public humiliation online.



Because his name and face had been all over the Internet, he has found it “quite hard” to find steady employment. His friends’ friends recognise him when they meet, asking why he did such a thing.

“Everyone does make mistakes and everyone deserves a second chance … Why make someone’s life so miserable?” Mr Chee said in a mix of Mandarin and English.

These days, he does not dare to drink anymore, save for the occasional glass of beer. He has also fully compensated his victim with S$12,300 for the repairs needed.

Another former offender, who did not wish to be named, has been similarly affected. After being sentenced to a jail term and slapped with a driving ban for her role in a fatal car accident some time back, online articles and discussion have made it “way harder” for her to deal with the guilt and get over what happened. She said:

Suddenly, something you should be dealing with in private becomes public and you receive judgment from everyone else … But some would also argue that I deserve everything that’s happening to me right now.

File photo of a gavel. (Photo: Jeremy Long)

Her reputation has taken a hit as well, causing her to constantly worry whether acquaintances know about the accident. It has become so bad that she has considered moving overseas or changing her name.

“I feel like when people Google my name, the results will mostly be about the accident, (which) is way more damaging to me emotionally and mentally than the punishment itself,” she said.

She tried asking news outlets to take down her photos online or consider archiving articles — effectively removing them online after a while — about cases like hers which do not involve a long period of incarceration. But they did not accede to her requests.

Over the years, similar pleas from ex-offenders or their lawyers have reached newsrooms.

The reality is that these days, offenders — and even those who are charged but not convicted — have to live with the fact that news reports of their cases, sometimes accompanied by viral videos of their criminal acts, will remain forever on the World Wide Web, easily retrieved by anyone doing an online search of their names.

Indeed, the digital age has made it harder for individuals who had brushes with the law to reboot their lives with a clean slate.

Interviews with former offenders, criminal lawyers and human resources experts showed that the indelible records of someone with a criminal past in cyberspace could have wide-ranging consequences, from employment prospects being affected, tarnished reputations, to their loved ones being harassed.

Another ex-convict, Mr Yang Kaiheng, 30, knows all too well how public scrutiny of his past actions will continue to haunt his future.

A few years ago, Mr Yang co-founded the now-defunct sociopolitical site The Real Singapore with his Australian-Japanese wife, Ms Ai Takagi. In 2016, he was sentenced to eight months’ jail after admitting to deliberately sowing discord between Singaporeans and foreigners through articles published on the website.



The Real Singapore editors Yang Kaiheng (left) and Ai Takagi leave court on Monday (May 4), after Yang's application to leave Singapore for Australia is approved. (Photo: Calvin Oh)

Mr Yang, who has a degree in environmental science, said that he chose to start his own business precisely because he knew employers could easily search for his name online and find out about his past.

He now runs Takagi Ramen, which has a few outlets island-wide.

I originally thought that I might apply for a job in NParks (National Parks Board), but because of that shame and the knowledge that potential employers would know about my case and may reject me due to this, I actually didn’t even bother applying.

A young offender, who only wanted to be known by his initials R O, considers himself lucky for having escaped media attention when he was hauled to the courts last year.

The law student was given 21 months’ probation for cheating people out of S$1,800 on online marketplace Carousell, as well as threatening one of his female accomplices. He was eventually nabbed when a few victims reported to the police that he had not delivered the goods as promised.

The 23-year-old said that if his crimes had been splashed online, he could have lost his place in law school.

“I was afraid I couldn’t pursue law in the future … I didn’t have a back-up plan either. I was worried that my batch mates, friends and other relatives would know also. Only my mother knows about this,” he added.

READ: Reintegrating ex-offenders a noble cause, but into what kind of a society? A commentary



WHY COURT PROCEEDINGS ARE MADE PUBLIC

In 2012, Law and Home Affairs Minister K Shanmugam responded to a parliamentary question on whether he would consider introducing a law to ban the publication of accused persons’ photographs and details before they are convicted.

“On balance it is probably better to have trials in open court in the majority of cases,” he said then.

He added: “Justice must not only be done, it must be seen to be done; and there needs to be good grounds to make exceptions to this rule. The solution to adverse publicity during ongoing proceedings must be to increase public awareness that a charge is not the same as a conviction, and that an accused person is presumed to be innocent until he is found guilty by a court of law.”

Home Affairs and Law Minister K Shanmugam. (File photo: TODAY)

For those who have been convicted, there seems to be less argument — as far as public sentiments go — with the notion that they deserve the negative publicity.

Lawyer Luke Lee noted that court proceedings are generally open to the media and public for transparency, and to send a message to would-be lawbreakers that “enforcement authorities in Singapore are effective and no-nonsense”.

Some court proceedings, however, are closed to the media and public. These are called “in-camera” hearings, which are held when a vulnerable victim gives testimony on the witness stand, for example.

In certain cases, judges may impose a court gag order on the names of accused persons, often to prevent victims of sexual crimes from being identified and embarrassed. For offences under the Children and Young Persons Act, reporting details that could identify the young victims is also banned under the law.

According to lawyers, gag orders can be issued to protect mentally depressed individuals as well. However, Mr Sunil Sudheesan, who heads the Association of Criminal Lawyers of Singapore, noted that the orders are victim-centric and would not apply to mentally-ill accused persons.

Once the courts are involved, lawyers said there is little they can do to stop the media or online users from reporting or discussing their clients’ cases, apart from speaking to journalists to persuade them not to include certain details or publish photographs of their clients.

They also advise their clients on certain steps that can be taken to minimise the damage.

One such piece of advice is to privatise or deactivate all their social media accounts, or remove existing digital information before they are charged in court, said criminal lawyer Josephus Tan of Invictus Law Corporation.

Mr Tan has taken on many high-profile cases in his legal career, such as the Yishun cat killer and the couple convicted of physically and psychologically abusing Annie Ee, an intellectually-disabled waitress, who later died from her injuries.

The common corridor leading to the flat where Annie Ee Yu Lian died after 8 months of abuse. (Photo: Lianne Chia)

Another option available to ex-offenders is a legal name change through a deed poll after their case has concluded, he said, adding:

Ultimately, the media is not prevented by law from reporting (a case) objectively and factually from the start to the end regardless of the outcome, unless there is a gag order or in-camera hearing imposed by the court. Lawyers can try and informally persuade media personnel from omitting certain personal or professional information such as their employment details, but there is no guarantee of success.

While the laws relating to deleting online information are vague in many countries, the European Court of Justice had in 2014 ruled that search engines such as Google must, in some cases, honour requests from users to delete links to personal information.

Thus, while information would still exist on websites, court documents and newspapers’ online archives, people would not necessarily know it was there, reported The New York Times.

In its 2014 ruling, Europe’s highest court also said that a search engine “as a general rule” should place the right of privacy over the right of the public to find information.

IMPACT OF INTERNET, SOCIAL MEDIA

Ms Tania Chin from Withers KhattarWong said she had successfully appealed to journalists not to publish pictures of her clients in the past, which “made a difference”. However, the lawyer added that “there are a lot of things you can’t escape (from), especially things said in open court”.

She noted that crimes of a sexual nature are likely to receive greater media coverage and generate more public discussions, compared to, for example, financial crimes that are “more dry and factual”.

One high profile case which she had handled in 2012 involved a pimp who ran an online vice ring and recruited escorts, including an underage 17-year-old girl. Nearly 50 men were also dealt with in the case.

She was acting for the pimp, and her client was “very affected by the entire episode”, which stretched on for more than a year till his appeal against his sentence concluded.

“He lived with his aged parents, and they were badgered very frequently at home. That was something we had very little control over, except for making a few calls (to the media) to say: ‘Hey, can you please try to limit that?’,” she said.

File photo of handcuffs. (Photo: TODAY)

Criminal lawyer John Koh of Populus Law Corporation echoed Ms Chin’s concerns, adding that many of his clients have found the online publication of their crimes “more harrowing than traditional media”.

“The Internet, especially social media, has opened the avenue of discussion at another level … and social media allows the public to locate these accused persons with ease. Some of my clients have received very distasteful comments and even death threats from strangers,” he said.

In one case, Mr Koh represented a local actor accused of molesting his maid. His client was granted a discharge amounting to an acquittal on all criminal charges last year after they settled it out of court.

This case has shown me that even if the court finds you innocent, the public can still think you are guilty and that you have used some ‘under the table’ method to get out of trouble.

Mr Koh added that he would tell his clients, especially those who have been convicted, to accept the possibility that being reported on is “very real”. He also asks them to look out for inaccuracies and offers to clarify facts with media outlets if necessary.

When it comes to the problems her clients face when their crimes are reported and discussed online, Ms Chin said that the biggest issue is a blow to their reputation. Their spouses and children could be bullied too.

Those charged but not convicted could lose their jobs as well, which she felt was “quite unfair”. Without a steady income, they would not be able to pay their legal fees or support their families, even though they had not been found guilty, she said.

File photo of a gavel (Photo: Jeremy Long)

Mr Tan of Invictus noted that his clients face such issues too, especially those who are relatively young and fear they might not able to find jobs in the future.

The online sphere has added another dimension to their work, he added, as lawyers now have to advise their clients and families on how to manage their emotions and prevent online harassment. Some would “constantly seek assurance” from their lawyers.

“In this regard, the law on doxxing is a great development and is to be lauded. It will go a long way to protect not only the accused, the convicted or the acquitted, but also the ones who stood beside them,” Mr Tan noted.

Doxxing involves the publishing of someone’s personal information such as their photos, contact numbers or employment details with the intention of harassing the person. Under the Protection from Harassment Act, doxxing is a crime and punishable by jail time, a fine of up to S$5,000, or both.

A lawyer who did not wish to be named pointed to another problem which accused persons face – from their banks.



Many of my clients who were charged with white-collar offences and whose cases were reported in the media, had informed me that their banks had called them up and asked them to close their bank accounts.

“Perhaps the financial institutions may think that the white-collar criminal might use the bank accounts to do monkey business, so they decide to play safe by closing the bank accounts,” he added.

EMPLOYERS ‘MORE OPEN’ TO GIVING SECOND CHANCES

While some ex-offenders may now find it harder to leave behind their chequered past, a silver lining is that employers today are more open to the idea of hiring these individuals, even as an increasing number of firms conduct background checks on potential recruits.

Nevertheless, much depends on the sort of crime committed and the nature of the job which the ex-offenders are applying for, said employers and human resource experts who were interviewed.

Mr Koh Juan Kiat, executive director of the Singapore National Employers Federation, noted that a 2018 survey showed that about two-thirds of 200 employer respondents said they would do some form of background checks on potential employees. These cover their employment history, submitted references and educational qualifications.

A better and more adaptive performance review process is needed to keep employees accountable, drive their performance and maintain the sanity of traditional managers. (Photo: Unsplash/rawpixel)

Some employers would also conduct online searches, so ex-offenders should come clean about their past crimes to build a level of trust with their potential employer, said Mr Erman Tan, former president of the Singapore Human Resources Institute.

He added: “HR professionals might look at your Facebook page, your LinkedIn page and all these, because they need to understand more about you. Some of them might ask if it’s okay to take a look at it, or for you to show them. Some, because it’s public information, they (just) go in and search because it’s the social norm now.”

There remain “certain challenges” in hiring ex-offenders, as HR professionals might not want to take the risk of them re-offending. It is up to the ex-offenders to present themselves in the right way and “be realistic” about their chances, Mr Tan said.

As a boss at Takagi Ramen now, Mr Yang recently hired someone to fill a senior management position “even though our checks unveiled some not-so-nice history”.

“I know just how revealing (background checks and Google searches) can sometimes be,” he said. “(But) especially given our own history, we make sure (assessment is) based on (the applicant’s) more recent working history and the responses given during the interview, as I have been on the other side of the fence.”

Mr David Ang, director of corporate services at Human Capital Singapore, noted that ex-offenders can fill gaps in certain industries, especially those facing a labour crunch.

Unfortunately, some of them might not be able to use the skills which they have due to their criminal history, he said.

For example, an accountant who serves prison time for financial offences might find it hard to find work as employers will not trust him or her to handle money again.

Mr Ang also expressed concern about accused persons being prevented from getting hired or retaining their jobs after they have been charged, but not convicted in court yet.

“If you’re prosecuting these people, you need to find the evidence, prove beyond doubt that the person is guilty. Even if the case is thrown out of court or discharged, sometimes these cases hang over your head and also deprive you of opportunities. People look at you (differently),” Mr Ang added.

When you start a new job, your employer tends to make a series of promises to you that are not necessarily part of your written contract. (Photo: REUTERS/Jason Reed)

HELPING OFFENDERS GET BACK ON THEIR FEET

Before convicts are released from prison here, they undergo training conducted by the Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE).

The most recent statistics from SCORE released in February show that 5,307 employers are currently registered with them. Almost all (96 per cent) of inmates referred to Score had secured a job before they were released.

A SCORE spokesperson said these jobs were primarily in the food and beverage, hospitality, logistics and manufacturing industries. As of May, the three-month retention rate of these ex-offenders was 81 per cent, while the six-month retention rate was 63 per cent.

“Ex-offenders who have secured jobs through placement exercises are assigned a job coach. To help ex-offenders stay and grow on the job, SCOREjob coaches also engage ex-offenders, their supervisors and employers regularly to provide assistance and support,” the spokesperson added.

Offenders also have the chance to legally clear their criminal records under the Registration of Criminals Act, if they commit certain minor offences and do not re-offend in five years, among other criteria.

The most recent statistics available show that from 2001 to 2015, a total of 157,369 of such convicted offenders had their records rendered “spent”.

However, for some ex-offenders, this is not enough as they seek redemption — the Internet never forgets.

Over 7,000 runners took part in the Yellow Ribbon Prison Run this year, part of the Yellow Ribbon Project that aims to raise public awareness of the difficulties and challenges facing ex-offenders and their families. (Photo: Mediacorp)

Said the woman who was involved in the fatal car accident: “Imagine 10 years from now, my record is spent so I can legally say I don’t have a criminal record, but a prospective employer Googles my name and comes to their own conclusion that I’m lying and doesn’t offer me a chance.”

Despite the troubles ex-offenders like him can face, Mr Yang stressed that it is “important that ex-convicts also help themselves”.

“It is easy to fall back on excuses and say that you missed out on a job opportunity ‘because you are an ex-convict’, but there are so many opportunities out there … and you just have to work extra hard to find them,” he added.