A Virginia university temporarily removed yearbooks that include images of blackface from its digital archives, a decision officials said was necessary to limit the pain caused by racist images but that others have criticised for preventing access to historical records.

Hollins University President Pareena Lawrence decided to pull editions of the university's yearbook, the Spinster, from its website until the university posts information that contextualises the racist history of blackface in the next few weeks.

"Regardless of the year and time, the intent, or the context, these materials are hurtful and disturbing, and they do not embody the values of our community," Ms Lawrence said Tuesday in a message to the university.

"In an effort to limit the damage and pain those depictions might cause in our community, I have decided that for the time being, we will not exhibit the entire collection of The Spinster digitally."

Hard copies of yearbooks will remain available on the Roanoke campus of the private liberal arts school, but each edition will carry a message "acknowledging these racist portrayals of African Americans", Ms Lawrence said.

Blackface controversy in popular culture Show all 6 1 /6 Blackface controversy in popular culture Blackface controversy in popular culture Justin Trudeau Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau apologised after three images of him in blackface emerged, just weeks before the 2019 federal election AP Blackface controversy in popular culture Alitalia Obama Ad Italian airline Alitalia apologised after releasing a video featuring a white actor in blackface playing Barack Obama to promote their non-stop flight from Rome to Washington Blackface controversy in popular culture Katy Perry shoes The Katy Perry Collection pulled this design after it was noted that they resembled blackface. Perry said "I was saddened when it was brought to my attention that it was being compared to painful images reminiscent of blackface. Our intention was never to inflict any pain." Dillard's Blackface controversy in popular culture Prada collection In December, lawyer Chinyere Ezie spotted figurines in the Prada shop window in Soho, New York that bore a resemblance to racist depictions of black people, with dark skin and large, red lips and voiced her disgust over social media. Prada has since apologised. Chinyere Ezie / Facebook Blackface controversy in popular culture Gucci jumper This "balaclava jumper" was removed from sale after it was noted to resemble blackface. In a letter to Gucci employees, designer Alessandro Michele expressed the pain he felt that one of his creative projects was seen as “an intolerable insult”. Blackface controversy in popular culture Moncler Penguin French brand Moncler claims the golliwog-style face is really the face of collaborator Friends With You's character "Malfi the Penguin"

University librarians and members of a group working to address the legacies of slavery and racial inequality raised strong objections in a joint statement.

"While we support President Lawrence's goals of sharing educational information about the history and practice of blackface, learning from this history, and evolving as an institution and society, we cannot and do not support any erasure of institutional history, even if only temporarily," the statement read.

Deborah Caldwell-Stone, interim director of the American Library Association's intellectual freedom office, said restricting access prevents scholars and the public from learning from the yearbooks.

"Archival materials, records, they represent a record of our history, and when you remove materials, you censor them," she said.

"Erasing history solves no problems and simply hides the past from us, so that we can't learn from it...so that we can't remedy any harms from the past."

People who handle culturally sensitive material should treat the items with respect and consult communities that are affected, Ms Caldwell-Stone said.

Rather than temporarily removing the yearbooks from the digital archives, she said the university should keep them online with "appropriate accompanied language".

The presence of materials in an archive, she said, doesn't necessarily mean an institution endorses or approves the content, she added.

"They've created a barrier of access that is problematic," she said.

The Society of American Archivists urged the university to restore online access to all of the yearbooks.

In a statement, the group pointed to its ethics code, which states archivists must not "willfully alter, manipulate, or destroy data or records to conceal facts or distort evidence".

"Removing offensive material that was produced and distributed by the University is, de facto, an alteration of the archival record," the statement said.

University spokesman Jeffrey Hodges said Hollins is not trying to hide history of racism.

"We believe it is not enough to simply state that specific images or other material are racist," he said. "Helping to increase understanding of why blackface and other practices are racist must go hand in hand with acknowledging racism itself."

Colleges and universities have re-examined their yearbooks in the two months since a racist photo that appeared in the 1984 medical yearbook page of Democratic Virginia Gov. Ralph Northam stoked widespread calls for his resignation.

The governor instead vowed to remain in office and to devote himself to racial reconciliation.

Decades-old photographs of students in blackface and other racist images have resurfaced in yearbook pages in Virginia and across the country.

A review of the Hollins yearbooks unearthed racially insensitive cartoons and images of former students in blackface, Ms Lawrence said.

She acknowledged criticism from the community, noting that some may find the decision excessive, and described efforts by the university to address and discuss history, race and diversity.

Support free-thinking journalism and attend Independent events

"Small acts of injustice engender greater acts of injustice, just as small acts of compassion are the seeds of great ones," Lawrence said. "With that spirit in mind, I ask for your understanding and your support."

Four editions - 1915, 1950, 1969 and 1985 - were pulled from the university's website.

Webpages for those editions carry a message saying the books were temporarily removed at the university president's request.

The Spinster stopped publishing in 2013, according to the university.