[Editor’s note: In anticipation of UHA 2020 to be held in Detroit, October 8-11, 2020, The Metropole is featuring Detroit as our Metro of the Month for January. See here for the CFP and here for info about and link to the UHA spreadsheet. The latter is meant to help urbanists find prospective panels and panelists.]

Detroit does not lack for cinematic representation. The most recent example, the Kathryn Bigelow directed Detroit, depicted the urban rebellion of 1967 and the police brutality that helped spark the violent conflagration. Before that, perhaps the most notable contribution might be Steven Soderbergh’s adaptation of Elmore Leonard’s novel Out of Sight. The 1998 film followed the travails of George Clooney and Ving Rhames as two frustrated former convicts and thieves in search of one final score, with a relentless F.B.I. agent, played by Jennifer Lopez, in pursuit. Soderbergh managed to capture the city’s architectural past, its class- and race-based urban-suburban division, and its social geography amid a noirish Motor City tale of theft, sensuality, and brutality.

For more intrepid filmgoers, 1987’s Robocop succinctly captures the city’s plight and the arc of America more broadly in its tale of privatized police forces, neoliberal urban governance and corporate malfeasance expressing snide dismissiveness and satirical laughter simultaneously. “RoboCop ’87 is a biting indictment of neoliberal urbanism,” Keith Orejel wrote of the movie in 2014. “The central villain of the film is the Omni Consumer Products (OCP) corporation, whose maniacal plan is to bulldoze the slums (which seems to be most of the city) and build “Delta City,” a luxurious high-rise dominated community, over the rubble. It is urban redevelopment taken to its wildest extremes.” Sound familiar?

Regrettably, the exalted automobile that built Detroit would one day help undermine it as cars and highways funneled residents to suburban environs. In this way, the Motor City embodies the countervailing forces of twentieth century urbanity.

Yet one can become imprisoned by such depictions. As Rebecca J. Kinney argues in her 2016 book, Beautiful Wasteland: The Rise of Detroit as America’s Postindustrial Frontier, works that portray a city in debilitating crisis or as an empty frontier serve the forces of neoliberalism all too well. Presenting Detroit as “a beautiful wasteland,” she writes, presages its identification as a comeback city, ripe for new investment—systematic prejudices and failures be damned.

Popular histories frequently travel this road. Take Ze’ev Chafets’s Devil’s Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit, which turns 30 in 2020. “Detroit today is a genuinely fearsome-looking place,” he wrote in 1990. “Most of the neighborhoods appear to be the victims of bombardment—houses burned and vacant, buildings crumbling, whole city blocks overrun with weeds and the carcasses of discarded automobiles.” More recent additions, such as Charlie LeDuff’s Detroit: An American Autopsy (2013), and Mark Binelli’s Detroit City is the Place to Be: The Afterlife of an American Metropolis (2012), tend to represent the city in similar fashion, as an almost undead figure, bound to its industrial past in a zombie-like existence. “If we were to only survey the popular historiography of Detroit, we might conclude that Detroit is only interesting because of the 1967 riot and five decades of urban crisis,” writes historian Brandon Ward.

Though Detroit often suffers from nostalgic interpretations of its history that depend on a blinkered view of its recent past and present, it’s worth remembering that at the outset of the twentieth century, it was the cynosure of American technology. Henry Ford’s automobile empire placed it and its surrounding metropolitan region at the forefront of movement, both technological and human, as the era of modernism unfolded.

Between his innovative assembly lines and the elegant simplicity of his Model T, Ford’s vision aligned Detroit with modernist philosophy as espoused by Le Corbusier and others. “Cars, cars, fast, fast. One is seized, filled with enthusiasm, with joy … the joy of power,” wrote Le Corbusier in 1924. “One has confidence in this new society: it will find a magnificent expression of its power. One believes in it.”

Machines alone did not dominate movement in Detroit: great flows of humanity added to its perpetual motion. Immigrants from across the globe settled in the city and larger region to work in Ford’s plants (and those of his eventual competitors). For example, by 1920 one-fourth of Highland Park’s population had been born abroad. The Detroit area soon boasted the nation’s first mosque. Irish, Maltese, Mexican, Japanese, Syrian, and others worked together in the carefully and brutally-designed symmetry of automobile production. From 1910 to 1940, the population surrounding the famed River Rouge plant boomed from 17,960 to 158,416.

Ford’s plants drew tens of thousands of African Americans to metropolitan Detroit, particularly during the industrial booms brought on by the world wars. Many moved to suburbs near those plants, a development regrettably ignored by writers. “Historians have done a better job excluding African Americans from the suburbs than even their white suburbanites,” writes Andrew Weise in his book on African American suburbs, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century.

Yet, “industrial suburbs” like those that grew near Ford’s River Rouge plant reveal new complexities about Detroit and the nation. A new study by Todd Michney and Ladale Winling reveals that black homeowners who worked in and resided near the plant received “considerable numbers of HOLC refinancing loans” between 1933-1935—what the two historians dub the “rescue phase” before the HOLC, FHA, and VA imposed more systematic segregation in what they call the “consolidation phase” spanning 1935-1951. Blacks established roots within Detroit as well, mostly on its East Side in communities such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley, but also in West Side middle-class enclaves such as Conant Gardens and Tireman Alley. Those West Side residents, perhaps due to their middle-class status, secured more HOLC refinancing loans than did working-class peers in other parts of the city.

From the start of the twentieth century through the 1930s, a mix of Beaux Arts and Art Deco architecture rose throughout the city, again placing it at the vanguard of American culture. This too would have an ironic effect as it unwittingly established the future setting for “ruin porn” – captured perhaps most famously by Camillo Vergera, whose photographs preserved the city in dystopian amber.

World War II reshaped the larger metropolitan region. With the U.S.’s entry into the global conflict, 14 billion military dollars flowed into the city and its suburbs. Its population blossomed: while the city added only 30,000 new residents from April 1940 to June 1944, the the four suburban counties around Detroit and Willow Run added 200,000 more. Ypsilanti, Inkster, Ecorse Township, and Royal Oak Township provided newly arrived African Americans with their own suburban opportunities. Though infrastructure expansion initially failed to keep pace with this rapid growth, over time municipal and state governments established services and agencies that eventually reshaped suburban Detroit. Yet suburban opportunity remained restricted due to restrictive deeds and covenants dating back to the turn of the century, which produced levels of segregation equaled only by other highly-stratified metropolises such as Philadelphia and Atlanta.

Even in its heyday, Detroit’s cultural and economic achievements hid troubling developments. During World War II, as the city boomed, it was already bleeding manufacturing jobs to the South and West and, later, out of the country altogether. Meanwhile, the military spending that had reshaped metropolitan Detroit would be redirected to the coastal West and Sunbelt. Even as the sounds of Motown worked their way into the ears of Americans during the 1950s, black Detroiters suffered the harshest burdens imposed by this hemorrhaging of jobs and capital.

For Tom Sugrue, author of arguably the most influential history of Detroit published over the last three decades, the origins of the city’s crisis could be found not in the 1960s, but during the 1950s, when a more rigid form of segregation, aided by FHA and VA federal policies, took hold across the city. African-American job seekers encountered race-based barriers in securing employment, just as the first waves of deindustrialization hit the city. Whites who could afford to flee the city did; those that could not dug in their heels and deployed legal and extralegal means to keep African American residents in their place.

During this period, police tactics, procedures, and policies led to a troubling paradox: both harassment and under-policing of black communities became standard. By the end of the 1960s, black Detroiters abhorred the violence and crime that affected their neighborhoods, but feared police intervention almost as much. New programs such as the Detroit Police Department’s (DPD) STRESS (Stop Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets) program, begun in 1971, were little better. Disturbing numbers of African Americans died under the custody of STRESS.

Detroit faced very real challenges during and after the 1960s. From 1970 to 1980, over 300,000 residents abandoned the Michigan metropolis; by 1980, 20 percent of the city’s growing black population lived under the national poverty line. Infant mortality rose to nearly 25 percent. Many cities struggled with deindustrialization, but “but few suffered to the extent Detroit did,” notes historian Heather Ann Thompson.

Journalists such as Jim Sleeper, Frederick Siegel, and Jonathan Rieder placed Detroit’s decline squarely at the feet of its black residents, who, they argued, forced whites to leave when they turned to a more militant brand of politics. Yet those authors failed to acknowledge how fear of crime and the decline of property values sparked white flight. Thompson rightly notes that such arguments ignore how a history of systematic discrimination from housing, occupational segregation, and police brutality had not only shaped city politics and dynamics but informed the black community’s embrace of a more militant strain of politics which alienated erstwhile white liberals and conservatives alike. Were all white Detroiters racists? Of course not, writes Thompson, but many refused to acknowledge the structural factors that had contributed to the city’s state of affairs and, by extension, privileged them over their black counterparts.

Judging from the bibliography provided below, the city has inspired numerous influential works over the past thirty years—and its history has revealed much about the United States at large. Sugrue’s The Origins of the Urban Crisis sought to explain the complexities of not only Detroit’s crisis, but the crises of cities across the nation. Detroit became a harbinger for national urban decline.

Where does that leave urban historians of Detroit today? With the dawn of the twenty-first century, historians such as Thompson, Stephen M. Ward, and Victoria Wolcott have shifted the focus away from how and why whites fled to how African Americans, men and women, hacked it out in the Motor City, making lives for themselves and their fellow residents while also keeping the city breathing. This is not to say the actions and policies of white Detroiters and their suburban counterparts have gone ignored. In his 2007 work Colored Property, David Freund stalked the suburbs of Detroit, exploring how integral the racialization of federal and state policies were to white homeownership and the damaging effects of naturalizing these kind of discriminatory government programs. And even more recent work by George Galster, Ward, Kinney, and Kimberly Kinder attempt to reorient how we see the city.

Unfortunately, even with an improved awareness of the city’s history, certain tropes persist. For example, the media has often portrayed practices like “urban homesteading” and “self provisioning” as valuable updates to the tradition of American bootstrapping while ignoring the systematic forces that make it necessary. In fact, historians such as Kinder and Kinney suggest that “self-provisioning,” or what Kinder describes as “devolved urban governance,” is little more than neoliberal governance run amok. “I do not pretend that self- provisioning will ‘save’ Detroit,” she writes.

Where does this leave us? As Joe Casey, lead singer of Detroit postpunk band Protomartyr sings on its 2015 album, The Agent Intellect, “The proof we are here, is the dust that they’re breathing, the proof we’re apart, is the fact they’re still living, they don’t see us.” Casey is pointing both to the importance of locals keeping the city alive and the media’s refusal to acknowledge them. The band’s first three albums emphasize the fact that while Detroit’s existence remains tenuous, the city and its residents persist. Nor is the band unaware of the “Motor City rediscovered” trope so present in popular narratives. “Have you heard the bad news, we’ve been saved by both coasts,” Casey sings on “Come and See,” from the 2014 album Under Color of Official Right, “a bag of snakes with heads of gas, the complicated hair cuts ride in on white asses.” “Smug urban settlers,” “bad bartenders,” and “upper-class slummers,” among numerous others, come in for criticism on “Tarpeian Rock,” off the same album. Even amid struggle—or maybe even because of it—Detroit has birthed punk pioneers like MC5 and Iggy Pop and the Stooges. Resiliency stands as a hallmark of Detroit and its denizens. Urban historians more than anyone know this. Here’s to hoping that new works carrying this message break through.

Much thanks to University of Buffalo’s Victoria Wolcott for her help with the bibliography and especially historian Tom Klug, who has compiled a vast and very comprehensive list of works exploring Detroit from which this bibliography is derived. You can find our curated version below – which it should be noted leans heavily on publications from 1990 forward with a few works from the 1980s thrown in as well. We encourage readers to dig into Klug’s move expansive list, particularly for scholarship published prior to 1980, which can be found here.

Bibliography

Aberbach, Joel D., and Jack L. Walker. Race in the City: Political Trust and Public Policy in the New Urban System. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1973.

Abonyi, Malvina Hauk, and James A. Anderson. Hungarians of Detroit. Peopling of Michigan. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, Center for Urban Studies, 1977.

Abraham, Nabeel. “Detroit’s Yemeni Workers.” MERIP Reports, no. 57 (May 1977): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/3011555.

Abraham, Nabeel, Sally Howell, and Andrew Shryock, eds. Arab Detroit 9/11: Life in the Terror Decade. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2011.

Abrahamson, Michael. “‘Actual Center of Detroit’: Method, Management, and Decentralization in Albert Kahn’s General Motors Building.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77, no. 1 (March 2018): 56–76. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2018.77.1.56.

Abt, Jeffrey. A Museum on the Verge: A Socioeconomic History of the Detroit Institute of Arts, 1882-2000. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2001.

Adhya, Anirban. “From Crisis to Projects; a Regional Agenda for Addressing Foreclosures in Shrinking First Suburbs: Lessons from Warren, Michigan.” Urban Design International 18, no. 1 (January 2013): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.31.

———. Shrinking Cities and First Suburbs: The Case of Detroit and Warren, Michigan. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

Adler, Richard. Cholera in Detroit: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.

Akhtar, Saima. “Immigrant Island Cities in Industrial Detroit.” Journal of Urban History 41, no. 2 (March 2015): 175–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214563509.

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Anastakis, Dimitry. “From Independence to Integration: The Corporate Evolution of the Ford Motor Company of Canada, 1904–2004.” Business History Review 78, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 213–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/25096866.

Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist: Joseph A. Labadie and the Labor Movement. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1998.

Anderson, Janet. Island in the City: Belle Isle, Detroit’s Beautiful Island: How Belle Isle Changed Detroit Forever. Detroit, MI: Friends of Belle Isle, 2001.

Anderson, Karen Tucker. “Last Hired, First Fired: Black Women Workers during World War II.” The Journal of American History 69, no. 1 (June 1982): 82–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1887753.

Apel, Dora. Beautiful Terrible Ruins: Detroit and the Anxiety of Decline. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015.

Archer, Melanie. “Small Capitalism and Middle-Class Formation in Industrializing Detroit, 1880-1900.” Journal of Urban History 21, no. 2 (January 1995): 218–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614429502100203.

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Austin, Dan. Lost Detroit: Stories Behind the Motor City’s Majestic Ruins. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010.

Ayers, Oliver. Laboured Protest: Black Civil Rights in New York City and Detroit During the New Deal and Second World War. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.

Baba, Marietta L., and Malvina Hauk Abonyi. Mexicans of Detroit. Peopling of Michigan Series. Detroit, MI: Ethnic Studies, Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, 1979.

Babson, Steve. Building the Union: Skilled Workers and Anglo-Gaelic Immigrants in the Rise of the UAW. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991

Babson, Steve, Dave Riddle, and David Elsila. The Color of Law: Ernie Goodman, Detroit, and the Struggle for Labor and Civil Rights. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

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———. “Regime Maintenance, Solution Sets, and Urban Economic Development.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 29, no. 4 (June 1994): 596–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/004208169402900405.

Bailey, E. J. “Health Care Use Patterns Among Detroit African Americans: 1910-1939.” Journal of the National Medical Association 82, no. 10 (October 1990): 721–23.

Baime, A. J. The Arsenal of Democracy: FDR, Detroit, and an Epic Quest to Arm an America at War. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

Bak, Richard. A Place for Summer: A Narrative History of Tiger Stadium. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1998.

———. Boneyards: Detroit Under Ground. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

———. Detroit: A Postcard History. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 1998.

Balderrama, Francisco E., and Raymond Rodriguez. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.

Baldwin, Neil. Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate. New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2001.

Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935- 1970. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004.

Barrow, Heather B. Henry Ford’s Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.

Batchelor, Ray. Henry Ford, Mass Production, Modernism, and Design. New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 1994.

Bates, Beth Tompkins. The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

Bavery, Ashley Johnson. “‘Crashing America’s Back Gate’: Illegal Europeans, Policing, and Welfare in Industrial Detroit, 1921-1939.” Journal of Urban History 44, no. 2 (March 2018): 239–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144216655791.

Bego, Mark. Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2012.

Bentley, George C., Priscilla McCutcheon, Robert G. Cromley, and Dean M. Hanink. “Race, Class, Unemployment, and Housing Vacancies in Detroit: An Empirical Analysis.” Urban Geography 37, no. 5 (July 2016): 785–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1112642.

Benz, Terressa A. “Toxic Cities: Neoliberalism and Environmental Racism in Flint and Detroit Michigan.” Critical Sociology 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 49–62.

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———. Metropolitan Jews: Politics, Race, and Religion in Postwar Detroit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Biles, Roger. “Expressways before the Interstates: The Case of Detroit, 1945–1956.” Journal of Urban History 40, no. 5 (September 2014): 843–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214533294.

Binelli, Mark. Detroit City Is the Place to Be: The Afterlife of an American Metropolis. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2012.

Bjorn, Lars, and Jim Gallert. Before Motown: A History of Jazz in Detroit, 1920-60. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Bledsoe, Timothy, Michael Combs, Lee Sigelman, and Susan Welch. “Trends in Racial Attitudes in Detroit, 1968-1992.” Urban Affairs Review 31, no. 4 (March 1996): 508–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749603100404.

Blum, Peter H. Brewed in Detroit: Breweries and Beers Since 1830. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999.

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———. The American Revolution: Pages from a Negro Worker’s Notebook. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 2009.

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Boyd, Herb. Black Detroit: A People’s History of Self-Determination. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2017.

Boyd, Melba Joyce. Wrestling with the Muse: Dudley Randall and the Broadside Press. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003.

Boyd, Melba Joyce, and M. L. Liebler. Abandon Automobile: Detroit City Poetry 2001. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2001.

Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 2004.

Bradley, Betsy Hunter. The Works: The Industrial Architecture of the United States. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Brinkley, Alan. Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982.

Brinkley, Douglas. Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress, 1903-2003. New York, NY: Viking, 2003.

Bryan, Ford R. Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1997.

Burns, Andrea A. “Waging Cold War in a Model City: The Investigation of ‘Subversive’ Influences in the 1967 Detroit Riot.” Michigan Historical Review 30, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/20174058.

Byrnes, Mary E. “A City Within a City: A ‘Snapshot’ of Aging in a HUD 202 in Detroit, Michigan.” Journal of Aging Studies 25, no. 3 (August 2011): 253–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2011.03.011.

Camp, Jordan T. “Challenging the Terms of Order: Representations of the Detroit Rebellions, 1967–1968.” Kalfou 2, no. 1 (Spring 2015): 161–80. https://doi.org/10.15367/kf.v2i1.61.

Capeci, Dominic J. Race Relations in Wartime Detroit: The Sojourner Truth Housing Controversy of 1942. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1984.

Capeci, Dominic J., and Martha Wilkerson. Layered Violence: The Detroit Rioters of 1943. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1991.

Carew, Anthony. Walter Reuther. New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 1993.

Carriere, Michael H. “Touch and Go Records and the Rise of Hardcore Punk in Late Twentieth- Century Detroit.” Cultural History 4, no. 1 (March 2015): 19–41. https://doi.org/10.3366/cult.2015.0082.

Chafets, Ze’ev. Devil’s Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1990.

Christensen, Dana May. “Securing the Momentum: Could a Homestead Act Help Sustain Detroit Urban Agriculture.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 16 (2011): 241–60.

Ciani, Kyle E. “Hidden Laborers: Female Day Workers in Detroit, 1870–1920.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781400003649.

Clark, Daniel J. Disruption in Detroit: Autoworkers and the Elusive Postwar Boom. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2018.

Clemens, Elizabeth. The Works Progress Administration in Detroit. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.

Colasanti, Kathryn J. A., Michael W. Hamm, and Charlotte M. Litjens. “The City as an ‘Agricultural Powerhouse’? Perspectives on Expanding Urban Agriculture from Detroit, Michigan.” Urban Geography 33, no. 3 (April 2012): 348–69. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.33.3.348.

Collum, Marla O., Barbara E. Krueger, and Dorothy Kostuch, eds. Detroit’s Historic Places of Worship. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2012.

Conant Gardeners. Conant Gardens: A Black Urban Community, 1925-1950. Detroit, MI: The Conant Gardeners, 2001.

Coopey, Richard, and Alan McKinlay. “Power Without Knowledge? Foucault and Fordism, C.1900–50.” Labor History 51, no. 1 (2010): 107–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236561003654800.

Cowie, Jefferson. “‘A One-Sided Class War’: Rethinking Doug Fraser’s 1978 Resignation from the Labor-Management Group.” Labor History 44, no. 3 (August 2003): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/002365603200012928.

Cox, Norman. Detroit’s New Front Porch: A Riverfront Greenway in Southwest Detroit. Washington, D.C.: Rails-To-Trails Conservancy, 1999.

Cruz, John. Metro Detroit’s Foreign-Born Population. Detroit, MI: Global Detroit Initiative, 2014.

Danziger, Edmund Jefferson. Survival and Regeneration: Detroit’s American Indian Community. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1991.

Darden, Joe T. “Black Residential Segregation Since the 1948 Shelley v. Kraemer Decision.” Journal of Black Studies 25, no. 6 (July 1995): 680–91.

Darden, Joe T., Ron Malega, and Rebecca Stallings. “Social and Economic Consequences of Black Residential Segregation by Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Characteristics: The Case of Metropolitan Detroit.” Urban Studies 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 115–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018779493.

Darden, Joe T., and Richard W. Thomas. Detroit: Race Riots, Racial Conflicts, and Efforts to Bridge the Racial Divide. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2013.

Desjarlais, Mary, and Bill Rauhauser. Beauty on the Streets of Detroit: A History of the Housing Market in Detroit. 2nd ed. Ferndale, MI: Cambourne Pub., 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976737.

Dewar, Margaret, Eric Seymour, and Oana Druță. “Disinvesting in the City: The Role of Tax Foreclosure in Detroit.” Urban Affairs Review 51, no. 5 (September 2015): 587–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087414551717.

Doody, Colleen. Detroit’s Cold War: The Origins of Postwar Conservatism. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.

Downey, Liam. “Environmental Racial Inequality in Detroit.” Social Forces 85, no. 2 (December 2006): 771–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0003.

Downs, Linda Bank. Diego Rivera: The Detroit Industry Murals. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.

Eisinger, Peter. “Detroit Futures: Can the City Be Reimagined?” City & Community 14, no. 2 (June 2015): 106–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12109.

———. “Is Detroit Dead?” Journal of Urban Affairs 36, no. 1 (February 2014): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12071.

Esch, Elizabeth. The Color Line and the Assembly Line: Managing Race in the Ford Empire. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2018.

Fahey, Carolyn. “Urban or Moral Decay?: The Case of Twentieth Century Detroit.” Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 41, no. 3 (July 2017): 170–83. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2017.1301292.

Fehr, Russell MacKenzie. “Political Protestantism: The Detroit Citizens League and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 6 (2018): 1153-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144218793646.

Freund, David M. P. Colored Property: State Policy and White Racial Politics in Suburban America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Fu, May C. “On Contradiction: Theory and Transformation in Detroit’s Asian Political Alliance.” Amerasia Journal 35, no. 2 (January 2009): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.35.2.fq15578270gr4411.

Gabin, Nancy F. Feminism in the Labor Movement: Women and the United Auto Workers, 1935- 1975. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Gallagher, John. Reimagining Detroit: Opportunities for Redefining an American City. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

Galster, George. “A Structural Diagnosis and Prescription for Detroit’s Fiscal Crisis: Response to William Tabb’s ‘If Detroit Is Dead, Some Things Need to Be Said at the Funeral.’” Journal of Urban Affairs 37, no. 1 (2015): 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12175.

———. Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Gansky, Andrew Emil. “‘Ruin Porn’ and the Ambivalence of Decline: Andrew Moore’s Photographs of Detroit.” Photography and Culture 7, no. 2 (July 2014): 119–39. https://doi.org/10.2752/175145214X13999922103084.

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Featured image (at top): Detroit Skyline, 1929, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress