Satellite data from the European Space Agency suggests San Francisco’s 58-story Millennium Tower sunk nearly two inches in a single year — almost twice the rate as measured by ground-based instruments.

The latest available monitoring data from points in the basement of the building indicates that the structure sunk about an inch between mid-2015 and mid-2016, according to a summary of data collected for the Transbay transit project next door to the sinking structure.

But the data from space tells a much more dramatic story. It shows that at designated spots on the south and eastern sides of the structure, the building has sunk from 1.5 inches to 2 inches over the last year.

"The Sentinel-1 satellites have shown that the Millennium Tower skyscraper in the center of San Francisco is sinking by a few centimeters a year," a statement by the ESA concludes. "Studying the city is helping scientists to improve the monitoring of urban ground movements, particularly for subsidence hot spots in Europe."

The mirrored skyscraper at 301 Mission Street — home to multi-million dollar apartments, some of them owned by celebrities like Joe Montana and Hunter Pence — has been infamously nicknamed the "leaning tower of San Francisco," after it was revealed that the tower was tilting and sinking. The tower has sunk 16 inches into soft landfill in San Francisco’s Financial District, and shifted two inches to the northwest since it was built nine years ago.[[403053366, C, 650, 651]]

Data from Sentinel-1 satellites between February 22, 2015 and September 20, 2016 showed the tower is sinking in the "line of sight’" – the direction that the satellite is "looking" at the building, the agency said. The data showed a vertical drop of almost two inches in that period, assuming the building was not tilting. The building is in fact tilting to the north and west, away from the line of sight of the satellites. It is not clear how that tilting may impact the estimates from space.

ESA collaborated with Norut, PPO.labs and the Geological Survey of Norway to map other areas in the wider San Francisco that are moving: this includes buildings along the Hayward Fault as well gradual sinking of the newly reclaimed land in the San Rafael Bay.

According to ESA, “an uplift of the land was detected around the city of Pleasanton, possibly from the replenishment of groundwater following a four-year drought that ended in 2015.” [[403053516, C]]

The San Francisco City Attorney’s office sued the building’s developers, Millennium Partners, earlier this month for failing to disclose that the building was sinking to buyers as early as 2009.

California law mandates owners or developers to notify buyers of any problems or building defects and can be prosecuted under civil law for withholding the information.

Although the exact cause of the tower tilting and shifting has not been pinpointed, it is believed to be connected to the building’s supporting piles not firmly resting on bedrock.

In order to probe these subtle shifts, scientists combined multiple radar scans from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 twin satellites of the same area to detect subtle surface changes

ESA scientists said in a statement the study is helping them to better monitor ground movements in cities, especially hot spots in Europe that are slowly sinking.

The ESA study highlighted the area around a train station in Oslo, Norway, which is built on reclaimed land. Buildings around the station are built on bedrock, but the station’s older parts are experiencing severe sinking.

“The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission is, for the first time, making it possible to launch operational national deformation mapping services,” said Dag Anders Moldestad from the Norwegian Space Center.[[403054256, C]]