After Vincent van Gogh sliced off most of his ear in 1888, his friends and family convinced him to check into a mental institution at Saint-Rémy-de Provence. Luckily for art history, they still let him paint during his stay (though he wasn’t allowed studio time when he was experiencing an attack). Indeed, in the little over a year van Gogh was at the asylum, he produced a prolific body of work, including the portrait of a smiling man in brightly colored clothes simply known as "The Gardener." Now, Martin Bailey, columnist at the Art Newspaper and author of the new book Starry Night: Van Gogh at the Asylum, has finally identified the mystery portrait sitter.

Bailey reports for Art Newspaper that he found the name of the subject in unpublished notes held by the Musée Estrine in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. The records include statements from Louis Poulet, whose grandfather François Poulet was an orderly and carriage driver at the asylum when Van Gogh was a patient there. According to those documents, the subject was a 28-year-old man named Jean Barral. Bailey tracked down what he could on Barral, finding that he was a farmer and day laborer in the area, which made it possible that he worked on the asylum grounds.

Francois Poulet, an attendant at the asylum was known to accompany van Gogh on trips outside to paint, where it was possible the troubled artist could have interacted with “gardeners” or groundskeepers.

Barbara Tomassi, a curator at the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea in Rome, where the painting is currently held, calls the idea “plausible and susceptible to further research” in an interview with Bailey.

While the portrait as well as other paintings created while at the asylum are colorful masterpieces, van Gogh’s time in the asylum was difficult. In his new book, Bailey traces the lives of the 18 male patients held there with van Gogh, some of whom were seriously disturbed or senile. Life at the asylum meant long stretches of boredom, punctuated by furniture-smashing outbursts by disturbed patients and bouts of nighttime howling and screaming. No friends, and not even his beloved brother, Theo, came to visit the artist while he was at the institution. “I now appreciate quite what a terrifying environment it must have been for van Gogh,” Bailey tells Maev Kennedy at The Guardian. “That makes it even more astonishing that he was able to create some of his finest and [most] optimistic paintings in such a situation. I am also convinced that it was his art which enabled him to survive.”

Van Gogh himself was not a model patient. He had three major breakdowns there and tried to poison himself by eating his toxic paints and drinking the paraffin used in the lamps. In May 1890 he checked himself out of the asylum, saying that the “prison was crushing” him. Though a recent breakdown made it clear he was still not well, the asylum declared him cured. He traveled to northern France to paint spring landscapes, and two months later died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the stomach.

While a new biopic making the rounds claims the artist was murdered, and others have suggested he was shot accidentally, Bailey tells Maev that’s all a lot of nonsense. “The evidence of his mental state in the previous year makes it incontrovertible that he took his own life, but it was thanks to the asylum, his strength of will and his art that he survived that year in which he was able to create so much.”

As for Barral, van Gogh captured the likeness of the friendly looking subject just before he suffered a devastating loss; the day before van Gogh left the asylum, Bailey writes Barral’s five-day-old daughter, Adeline, died.