24 Days of GHC Extensions: Pattern Synonyms

Continuing yesterday’s theme of binding extensions, as I like to call them, today we’re going to look at pattern synonyms. Previously, we saw how view patterns allow us to view data through the result of function application. This allowed us to keep some of the definition of the data type abstract, while presenting an easy-to-use interface to API users. However, we noted that there was a syntactic cost - view patterns require the user to learn new syntax.

Today, we’ll look at a brand new extension to GHC - pattern synonyms. Pattern synonyms were introduced in GHC 7.8, and they allow us to give names to pattern matches. This allows us to keep code maintainable, introduce new abstractions, and even pattern match values as if they were ordinary data definitions. This sounds somewhat magical, so lets dive right in and look at examples.

Pattern Synonyms As Constants

Perhaps the most basic use of pattern synonyms is as a tool to replace magic constants in code. When working with foreign code, for example from C libraries, enumerations are often loosely typed as an integer. As an example, let’s look at the SDL library. In this library, there are C routines such as

int SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(SDL_Renderer* renderer, SDL_SetRenderDrawBlendMode(SDL_Renderer* renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)

Looking at the documentation, we see that SDL_BlendMode is just an enum - so what we’re actually passing around at runtime is a number - a CInt . This is a little clunky, and it’s idiomatic Haskell to move constants into a ADT:

data BlendMode = NoBlending | AlphaBlending | AdditiveBlending | ColourModulatedBlending toBlendMode :: BlendMode -> CInt NoBlending = # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE } toBlendMode AlphaBlending = # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND } toBlendMode ... toBlendMode fromBlendMode :: CInt -> Maybe BlendMode 0 = Just NoBlending fromBlendMode ... fromBlendMode

(Note that the #{const ...} syntax comes from hsc2hs).

However, this abstraction comes with a cost - we have to do an actual runtime conversion between the two representations. It’s unfortunate that we have to pay this cost just to write idiomatic code.

Fortunately, this cost goes away entirely when we use pattern synonyms:

pattern NoBlending = # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE } :: CInt pattern AlphaBlending = # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND } :: CInt pattern ...

Here we see the definition of some new pattern synonyms. This indicates to GHC that any time you see a pattern match for NoBlending , we’re actually expecting a number, and that number should be equal to the SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE constant. This would allow us to write a function such as:

setUpBlendMode :: CInt -> IO () () AlphaBlending = do setUpBlendMode putStrLn "Enabling Alpha Blending" activateAlphaBlendingForAllTextures activateRenderAlphaBlending

Here, we pattern match on a CInt , but we use a pattern synonym to give the constant a much more readable name. Astute readers might be a little concerned at this point - we still have to pattern match against values that don’t semantically make sense, because we are still pattern matching against a CInt . However, pattern synonyms play well with the rest of Haskell, so we can use a newtype to introduce more safety:

newtype BlendMode = MkBlendMode { unBlendMode :: CInt } pattern NoBlending = MkBlendMode # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE } pattern AlphaBlending = MkBlendMode # { const SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND }

Now we can hide the MkBlendMode constructor in our module, and export only the pattern synonyms. Thus we get all the benefits of an ADT, but without the runtime overhead! Very cool.

Bidirectional Patterns

So far, we’ve looked at how pattern synonyms can be used to help pattern matching. However, we can do more than this - bidirectional pattern synonyms also allow us to create data. For example, using the previous example, we already have the ability to send the correct integers to the SDL c library:

setRenderAlphaBlending :: Renderer -> IO () () = setRenderAlphaBlending r AlphaBlending ) sdlSetRenderDrawBlendMode r (unBlendMode

Here we use the AlphaBlending pattern synonym - a bidirectional pattern - to construct a value of type BlendMode - the newtype we defined earlier. We use unBlendMode to coerce the newtype back to the underlying CInt and hand this off to SDL. Very cool!

This type of idea can be taken a lot further - in the linked blog post, Matthew Pickering shows us how we can use some seriously cutting edge features of pattern synonyms (not even released yet!) to work with so called “unfixed” versions of data types.

icelandj embraces pattern synonyms to almost an absurd level in this FPComplete article to build an IRC bot - using patterns in a way that is very different to what you may be used to!

Personally, I’m only just getting started with pattern synonyms myself - so I’m in the middle of a learning process to determine when they are useful. It seems when we are working with very generic data (as in Matt’s blog post) pattern synonyms really shine, but I find the patterns-as-constants usage a really nice trick too (first demonstrated to me by Edward Kmett in gl and later in sdl2 ).

I see pattern synonyms as a tool to compliment view patterns. If you’re only using view patterns as a way to tidy up bindings, then there’s a good chance that pattern synonyms will be a better fit. However, view patterns have the advantage of being able to perform actual computations - something that (to the best of my knowlege) pattern synonyms cannot do.

Have a play with them - see what you find! Code accompanying this blog post can be found on Github.

This post is part of 24 Days of GHC Extensions - for more posts like this, check out the calendar.

You can contact me via email at ollie@ocharles.org.uk or tweet to me @acid2. I share almost all of my work at GitHub. This post is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.