A key part of the EU referendum debate is the argument that the UK is consistently outvoted. Here’s what the data says

One key issue in the debate about whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU is how far the UK is currently marginalised in Europe. As Nigel Lawson put it in the Times in May 2013: “While never ‘at the heart of Europe’ … we are now becoming increasingly marginalised as we are doomed to being consistently outvoted by the eurozone bloc.”

How much evidence is there in support of this claim?

One good starting point is a dataset on the passage of 125 pieces of EU legislation between 1996 and 2008 put together by Robert Thomson, at the University of Strathclyde, and his collaborators.

Robert and his colleagues interviewed over 350 decision-makers to identify the positions of the member state governments, the EU commission, and the European parliament on each piece of law (on a 0-100 scale on each issue). For example, in a piece of legislation in 2005 on sugar subsidies the positions ranged from stopping all subsidies (supported by Denmark and Sweden) to keeping current levels (supported by Poland).

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Lord Lawson said in 2013: “We are doomed to being consistently outvoted by the eurozone bloc.” Photograph: Toby Melville/Reuters

The UK’s position was closer to Denmark and Sweden, as was the outcome, which meant a substantial reduction in subsidy levels. The team also identified the location of the final policy outcome, the existing policy, and the importance (salience) each government attached to each issue.

What does “marginalised” mean in this context?



If a government is very powerful, we can assume that policy outcomes are likely to be close to the policy positions of this government. If, on the other hand, a government is marginalised, either because it is not powerful or because it is isolated from a deal between other governments, then final outcomes are likely to be further from the positions of this government. A government could be “lucky”, by simply having a policy position that is the same as that of many other governments. Nevertheless, by aggregating across a large number of issues on a large number of pieces of legislation, the effect of such luck should wash out.

Figure 1 below shows the average “distance” between a government’s policy position (on the 0-100 scale) and the final outcomes on over 300 issues involved. Out of 29 EU actors (27 governments plus the commission and parliament), the UK was on average the fourth closest actor to final policy outcomes, and performed much better than France, Germany and the EU commission. So, far from marginalised.

But perhaps the UK government was only successful on issues it did not particularly care about?

Figure 2 shows the average distances from outcomes on only those issues for which each actor felt very strongly (which they rated as “highly salient”). The results are even more positive from a UK perspective: the UK was even closer to the average policy outcome on these issues.

Image: Simon Hix

However, we should be careful not to infer too much from these results.

What could be happening on some issues is that the UK wants only a minor policy change from a current policy while some other governments want more integrationist or regulatory policies. Then a compromise deal leads to an outcome that is more integrationist or regulatory than the UK would prefer, but is nonetheless closer to the UK’s position than the positions of the other governments.

There is some evidence, nevertheless, that this is not the case.

For example, only 27% of the time the UK government’s position was closer to the existing (status quo) than the finally adopted policy, whereas 73% of the time the UK preferred the adopted policy to the status quo. In comparison, 35% of the time the German government policy preferred the status quo to the adopted policy, and 65% of the time they preferred the adopted policy to the status quo.

But what if we look “under the bonnet”, at particular policy areas?

As Figure 3 below shows, policy outcomes are close to UK positions on tax, social affairs (such as on the working time directive), justice and home affairs (such as data protection), transport, fisheries, and migration (such as rules on the free movement of people and common asylum policies), whereas the UK government was quite some distance from policy outcomes on internal market issues (including financial services regulation), agriculture, and external trade. And a more detailed analysis reveals that there are many specific issues on which the UK did relatively well in terms of being close to the outcomes, as well as many on which it did relatively poorly in these terms. The above mentioned reduction in subsidies for sugar production in 2005 is an example of a UK success, whereas the UK had opposed reducing sugar subsidies in 2000 and lost. Likewise, the UK opposed a regulation from 2000 on liberalising the market for bananas, which has had significant implications for developing countries. But, the data retention directive of 2005 was a UK success.

Image: Simon Hix

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Overall, using the best available data on EU decision-making, there is strong evidence that on average the UK has not been marginalised in the making of EU laws. The UK government has been closer to final policy outcomes than most other governments. This is also true for policy issues the UK government has been particularly concerned about, although there is some evidence that on certain policy issues, including internal market and trade, the UK has been less content with final EU decisions.

But there are some important caveats to these findings.

This dataset only covers policies that are subject to the main EU decision-making procedures, so not the EU budget or international treaties. The data only goes up to 2008, and obviously a lot has happened since then. Hence, to address the issue of whether the UK has become more marginalised in the EU since the eurozone crises and the EU’s response to the crisis I will be considering other types of evidence and data in future posts.

Simon Hix is Harold Laski Professor of Political Science at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and senior fellow on the Economic and Social Research Council’s programme UK in a Changing Europe. A longer version of this piece can be found here.