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We were surprised by the recent debate about whether North Korea can domestically produce UDMH. Working with my colleagues at CNS, we have translated several North Korean scientific papers documenting North Korea’s domestic production of UDMH and identified at least one of the sites probably associated with UDMH production, the February 8 Vinalon Complex in Hungnam.

DPRK Domestic Production of UDMH

aka

Homebrew Hydrazine in Hungnam

Michael Duitsman, Jeffrey Lewis, Grace Liu, David Schmerler, and a bag of locusts

There has been debate recently about whether North Korea is capable of producing UDMH, the fuel in the propellant combination used by its new generation of long-range ballistic missiles like the Hwasong-12 and Hwasong-14. The United States intelligence community, which does not usually comment on intelligence matters, has stated that “based on North Korea’s demonstrated science and technological capabilities — coupled with the priority Pyongyang places on missile programs — North Korea probably is capable of producing UDMH domestically.”

It is easy to understand this assessment. In North Korea, the domestic production of nuclear weapons—including the missiles to deliver them—is considered to have the same importance as the development of the national economy as a whole. The North Korean military fielded its first UDMH-fueled missile, the Musudan, about a decade ago.

UDMH is currently produced by a number of countries around the world, and has been for many decades. The Soviet Union began to mass produce UDMH in 1959. China was producing UDMH by the 1960s. Japan was producing UDMH by the early 1970s. And by the early 1980s, India had produced UDMH at the Andhra Sugars Tunuku factory.

Far from being a secret, the “formula” for UDMH is literally its name: unsymmetrical di-methyl-hydrazine or H2NN(CH3)2. UDMH can be produced by several well-documented processes, including the Olin-Raschig process which was patented by German chemist Friedrich Raschig in 1906 and optimized for commercial production by the Olin Corporation in the United States. UDMH is produced using a variation of this process with dimethylamine substituted for ammonia in the reaction with chlorine.

Source: Hans-Heinrich Moretto, Karl H. Büchel, and Peter Woditsch, Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 1989.

North Korea is hardly so backwards that UDMH production would come as a surprise. Over the years, a variety of liquid and solid rocket propellants have been found in seized cargoes from North Korea. North Korea has a large chemical industry, much of which is concentrated in the around Hamhung and Hungnam. Published accounts by North Korean defectors suggested that many chemicals for defense uses, which would include rocket propellants, are produced in this area. We’ve annotated a satellite image provided by our friends at Planet so you can see just how many interesting things are happening in the Hamhung/Hungnam area.

But it is in North Korea’s scientific publications where we find the best evidence of domestic UDMH production. A cursory look at North Korea’s scientific publications, available through databases like NKTech.net, shows that North Korea is engaged in domestic production of UDMH. Here are three papers we found:

• Kim Ryong Soh, Hong Jeong Hyun, “The Oxidation Process of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2013, 2013, no.2, pp.38-40

• Kim Ryong Soh, Hong Jeong Hyun, “1,1-dimethylhydrazine-H2O Oxidation,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2015, no.1, pp.41-42

• Cha Seok Bong, Kim Yeong No, “A Study on Measuring the Electroconductivity of Unsymmetrical Methyl Hydrazine-water solution,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2016, no.3, pp.41-42.

These three papers describe North Korea’s production of UDMH in some detail, including the specific process used by North Korea (Raschig). Translated abstracts are available at the bottom of this post.

The first two papers concern the treatment of wastewater that results from the UDMH production process — which is a real issue as UDMH is toxic. One of India’s aerospace engineers tells a story about a bull that found its way into a wastewater disposal pit from UDMH production. The workers at the plant “smelt a peculiar ‘non-UDMH’ smell,” eventually tracking it to the dead bull in the disposal pit. These papers are direct evidence of domestic UDMH production, since the wastewater is a byproduct of the production process. Moreover, rather than a press release touting an achievement, which might be dismissed as propaganda, these papers offer a rather mundane discussion of the problems emerging from the specific process to produce UDMH.

The third paper concerns the electrical conductivity of a UDMH-water solution and seems less revealing, at first. It concerns the electrical conductivity of a UDMH-water solution. Electrical conductivity varies by the amount of water in the solution, meaning that a measurement of conductivity can tell one how “wet” the UDMH is. This can be used to assay the quality of the fuel.

These three papers indicate that North Korea is producing UDMH, dealing with the both the wastewater from production and assaying the content of a UDMH-water solution. It is hardly surprising that the DPRK is able to do so, given both the scope of the DPRK chemical industry and the fact that UDMH is produced around the world using well known processes.

The third paper, however, yields an additional secret – the probable location of the UDMH production line. None of the authors on any of the three papers is listed with an affiliation, which is not unusual. In any case, we may also presume that the location of UDMH production is a state secret, relating as it does to the production of fuel for North Korea’s nuclear armed missiles. But one of the authors – Cha Seok Bong – has both an uncommon name and holds patents on other chemical processes. Those patents provide Cha’s institutional affiliation as the February 8 Vinalon Complex in Hungnam.

Of all the facilities in the area, the February 8 Vinalon Complex is the most likely to be involved in the production of UDMH. While North Korean propaganda emphasizes the plant’s role in producing vinalon – a synthetic fiber that North Korea uses extensively to illustrate its self-reliance – the United States intelligence community has long assessed the site, also known as the Hungnam Chemical Plant Pongung, as producing a number of chemicals. According to a partially declassified 1969 imagery interpretation report prepared by the CIA, the facility contained a production line to handle chlorine and ammonia, chemicals that are also used in the Olin-Raschig Process to manufacture hydrazines. It is an obvious candidate for adding a UDMH production line at a later date.

Unfortunately, UDMH production does not have obvious signatures for an analyst using overhead images. Yet, we do see a number of wastewater ponds at the site. Recent construction in different sections of the plant may also correlate with the expansion of UDMH production. But it is Cha, an employee publishing research related to UDMH production, who provides the basis for our conclusion that this plant is at least one of the locations among which North Korea domestically produces UDMH to fuel its new generation of long-range missiles.

Appendix: Translated Summaries of Papers Relating to UDMH Production in the DPRK

김룡소, 홍정현, “접촉공기산화에 의한 1, 1-디메틸히드라진페수의 처리,” 화학과화학공학, 2013, no.2, pp.38-40

Kim Ryong Soh, Hong Jeong Hyun, “The Oxidation Process of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2013, 2013, no.2, pp.38-40

Translated Abstract: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is strongly toxic and does not easily decompose, and its wastewater treatment costs are high and the operation is complex. Treatments include ozone oxidation, chlorine oxidation, and catalyst oxidation, and light oxidation. It can also be treated with activated carbon. Here we review the several factors affecting oxidation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by oxygen in the air based on the water quality of the wastewater. Date Received: 1 September 2012

김룡소, 홍정현, “H2O2에 의한 1,1-디메틸히드라진의 산화,” 화학과화학공학, 2015, no.1, pp.41-42

Kim Ryong Soh, Hong Jeong Hyun, “1,1-dimethylhydrazine-H2O Oxidation,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2015, no.1, pp.41-42

Translated Abstract: UDMH is toxic and carcinogenic to the human anatomy. Wastewater is discharged at high concentration during UDMH production, use, storage, and cleaning process, and its treatment standards are very strict. Fenton, a reagent, is used to catalyze the decomposition of UDMH and is the most effective process. Here we analyze the effect of different factors on this process. Date Received: 23 July 2014

차석봉 , 김용노 , 김성국, “비대칭디메틸히드라진-물계의 전기전도도측정에 대한 연구,” 화학과화학공학, 2016, no.3, pp.41-42.

Cha Seok Bong, Kim Yeong No, “A Study on Measuring the Electroconductivity of Unsymmetrical Methyl Hydrazine-water solution,” Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2016, no.3, pp.41-42.

Translated Abstract: UDMH-water solution’s characteristic of electroconductivity degrades during its regular use, but remains an essential element of UDMH. UDMH, like other hydrazines, becomes basic when introduced to water. Various studies have been published on UDMH-H2O density, viscocity, and vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE). Here the change in electroconductivity of the mixture was examined according to the concentration of UDMH in the UDMH-water solution. Date Received: 18 March 2016