~350 BC (21) The brilliant Greek mathematician, Archytas of Tarentum builds a mechanical bird dubbed "the Pigeon", that is propelled by steam. It serves as one of histories earliest studies of flight, not to mention probably the first model airplane. ~322 BC The Greek philosopher Aristotle writes... “If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it... then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords.” ... hinting how nice it would be to have a few robots around. ~270 The Greek inventor and physicist Ctesibus ('ti sib ee uhs') of Alexandria designs water clocks that have movable figures on them. Water clocks are a big breakthrough for timepieces. Up until then the Greeks used hour glasses that had to be turned over, after all the sand ran through. Ctesibus' invention changes this because it measures time as a result of the force of water falling through it at a constant rate. In general, the Greeks of this epoch are fascinated with automata of all kinds often using them in theater productions and religious ceremonies. ~200 BC

In China artisans develop elaborate automata, including an entire mechanical orchestra. ~50 BC The Greek tradition is revived by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (90 -20 BC, who describes several automata and developed the canon of proportions, which will become the basis of classical anatomical and architectural aesthetics. (5) (3) 8 AD One of the first stories of A.I., as a story is written of how a man falls in love with a statue he has created that has come to life. 100 AD app.

Hero of Alexandria detailed several automata that were used in theater and for religious purposes. He also designed automata that opened the gates on hydraulic principles. 725 A Chinese engineer and a Buddhist monk build the first true mechanical clock a water-driven device with an escapement that causes the clock to tick. 1200 AD app.

Arab authors also designed complex mechanical arrangements. The most famous amongst them is Al-Jazari. He wrote Automata - which is considered the most important text for the study of the History of Technology. This book is richly illustrated and gives the state of the art of technology in the middle ages and shows how advanced technology in that time was compared with the western countries.(6) Talking heads were said to have been created, Roger Bacon and Albert the Great reputedly among the owners. 1400 Automated carillons begin to appear in the Netherlands.





1495

In approximately 1495, before he began work on the Last Supper, Leonardo designed and possibly built the first humanoid robot in Western civilization.(4) The robot, an outgrowth of his earliest anatomy and kinesiology studies recorded in the Codex Huygens, was designed according to the Vitruvian canon. This armored robot knight was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while opening and closing its anatomically correct jaw. It may have made sounds to the accompaniment of automated drums. On the outside, the robot is dressed in a typical German-Italian suit of armor of the late fifteenth century. This robot would influence his later anatomical studies in which he modeled the human limbs with cords to simulate the tendons and muscles.(3) ~1500 In the 16th century Clockmakers extended their craft to creating mechanical animals and other novelties. The technology of clockmaking has contributed considerably to the contruction of Atomata and calculators alike.



1525 The first real android in human form that has been recorded is thought to have been built, approximately in this year, by Hans Bullmann at Nuernberg Germany. He is said to have created quite a few androids - simulated people of which some can even play musical instruments to the delight of paying customers. (16)

Contemporary with Bullmann was Gianello Torriano of Cremona (1515-1585). One of his figures, that of a woman lute player, survived and is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.(20) Torriano, a lady figurine playing the lute. (28) 1533 In his laboratory at Nuernberg, scholar Johann Müller, a.k.a. Regiomontanus, is reputed to have created an iron fly and an artificial eagle, both of which could take to the air. Supposedly with steam pressure.(16) 1543 In England, John Dee creates a wooden beetle that can fly for an undergraduate production of Aristophanes' Pax.(16) 1560 (10)

Here is a fine example of the technology of automata in the sixteenth century. Shown here is a wooden monk, apr 30 centimeters in height, with a crude lever and joints mechanism. The purpose of this puppet will remain guesswork, and how long it took to create it too. But with our contemporary tooling it would certainly take a few months to get this intricate machinery working. A scientist in historic tooling would probably give it a year, but to our opinion at least 2 years of trying and retrying. This proves that making automata still went on during the dark ages. (the above pictures are taken at the Deutsches Museum at Munich in Germany, and the statuette stands behind very thick glass, that's why you see some reflection in the pictures) 1564

picture from: Dix livres de chirurgie (Paris 1564) In Dix livres de chirurgie (Paris 1564) Pare Ambroise publishes a design of a mechanical hand. Made from the real thing enforced with mechanical "muscles". You'll observe that comparing the two examples given here and above the metal work is of a comparable level. This level of mechanics in this epoch opens enormous possibilities. So why did developments stop? In Gaby Wood's book Living Dolls (see library) some indication is given: superstition. Also according to Wood: inventors dealing with human like automatons had to be very careful. For the clerics closely watched these developments, an inquisition counsel was always nearby. Not in all countries though. 1580 Rabbi Loew of Prague is said to have invented the Golem, a clay man brought to life. 18th century It is in the 18th century, halfway through the Edo period, that Japan sees the debut of puppets, called "karakuri-ningyo," with mechanisms fitted inside that makes them move by themselves. At about the same time, similar mechanical dolls, called "auto-mata", appear in Europe. As for the Japanese puppets, their initial development dates back to the middle of the 16th century when "Nanban (foreign) culture" made its way to the country near the end of the Muromachi Era. A close examination of the puppet's mechanism points to the particular influence of the clock making technology of Europe brought to Japan by Francis Xavier and other Jesuit missionaries. 1725 At the Heilbrunn chateau in Germany, a mechanical theatre is created featuring 119 animated figures that perform a play about village life to the accompaniment of a water-powered organ.(16)

While training as a Jesuit, Jacques Vaucanson creates flying angels which cause him to be thrown out of the order. (16) 1727 The now famous word "android" is coined after German philosopher and alchemist Albertus Magnus who attempts to create an artificial being. 1737 French inventor Jacques Vaucanson creates several robotic beings, including a human-sized, flute-playing android. 1738 (11)

Jacques de Vaucanson begins building automata in Grenoble, France. He builds three in all. His first was the flute player that could play twelve songs. This was closely followed by his second automaton that played a flute and a drum or tambourine, but by far his third was the most famous of them all. The duck was an example of Vaucanson's attempt at what he called "moving anatomy", or modeling human or animal anatomy with mechanics." The duck moved, quacked, flapped it's wings and even ate and digested food. 1753 (11)



Actually the very first writing automata, in the western world, was developed by Knaus in 1753. If you look closely to the top of this contraption you will observe some writing on a white rectangular piece of paper. And as was usual in these centuries, the ornaments were almost as important as the functionality of the machine itself. 1760 German Inventor Friedrich von Knauss creates an android able to hold a pen and write a segment of up to 107 words. 1772 Pierre Jacquet-Droz starts to create life-like androids modeled after writers, artists and musicians. 1773 Pierre and Henry Louis Jaquet-Droz (Swiss) invented the first automaton that could write. Soon after that they build another automaton that draws a portrait of King Louis XV. Taking the word 'robot' in a broad sense, we might say that their machines are some of the first working robots. They create three dolls, each with a unique function. One can write, another plays music, and the third draws pictures as the one shown here.

(2) At the museum d'Arts et d'Histore at Neuchâtel, Switzerland, public demonstrations of the Jaquet-Droz automations can be attended. Demonstrations are held at the first sunday of each month at 14, 15, and 16 hours. Price is included in the admission of the museum.(24) The above automata draws 4 sketches, each sketch is drawn in about 3 minutes. A nice book on this type of early automatons is written by Gaby Woods at least the fist few chapters, after that the book is less to the point. 1801 Joseph Jacquard builds an automated loom that is controlled with punched cards. Punch cards are later used as an input method for some of the 20th centuries earliest computers. 1810

The Mechanical Trumpeter constructed by Friedrich Kaufmann in 1810. This is an example of a program (e.g. stepped drum) mounted into an automata to play a tune, like the European street organs. The notches mounted on the drum activated valves that let the air pass by 12 tongues. Which produced a kind of modulated sound. This sound will be modulated through a trumpet so it does sound like a trumpet The stepped drum and the bellows are powered by a spring mechanism that need to be wound up, observe the crank laying at the bottom. The height of this automata is apr. 180 cm. 1818 Mary Shelley writes the famous novel "Frankenstein." which is about a frightening artificial life form created by Dr. Frankenstein. The Frankenstein complex still resides in the mind of the general public. Pointing towards the possible mishap that will undoubtedly be caused by malfunction of robots and alike and that all machines will eventually turn against human kind. Later fears, misshapen, accidents and even novels concerning artificial life forms will deal with this so called "Frankenstein complex". In the mind of mankind robots are bound to cause accidents or other imaginary mischief.

1822 Charles Babbage demonstrates a prototype of his "Difference Engine" to the Royal Astronomical Society. He continues his work by designing an even more ambitious project "the Analytical Engine" that reportedly was to use punch cards inspired by Joseph Jacquard's invention. During his lifetime he never produces a functional version of any of the machines. Despite this shortcoming he is often heralded as the "Father of the Computer" and his work lives on as the foundation for the binary numbering system that is the basis of modern computers. A computer will form the "brain" of future robots. 1889 Edison's "invention laboratorium" is producing a talking-doll. 1890 Nikolai Tesla creates the first remote-controlled vehicles.

1892 Seward Babbitt (USA) designs a motorized crane with gripper to remove ingots from a furnace. (23)

1898 Nikola Tesla builds and demonstrates a remote controlled robot boat at Madison Square Garden. 1921 The word ROBOT is used for the first time in the context of mechanical people in a play called "R.U.R" (Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech dramatist Karel Capek. These are intelligent machines meant to serve their human makers. But the play ends dramatic as robots took over the world and destroyed humanity. The Frankenstein syndrome invented before he was even there! Karel Capek (Czech) called these powerful beings "robota" meaning forced and slavishly work. He distinguishes the robot from man by the absence of emotion.(12) 1926

(13) Fritz Lang's movie "Metropolis" is released. "Maria" the female robot in the film is the first robot to be projected on the silver screen. The android is built in the form of its creator's wife. This movie is commonly known as the precursor to Star War's C-3PO.(19) 1936 Alan Turing introduces the concept of a theoretical computer called the Turing Machine. It is a fundamental advance in computer logic and also spawns new schools in Mathematics. He completes his seminal paper On Computable Numbers, which paves the way for modern computers. 1938 The first programmable paint-spraying mechanism is designed by Americans Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund for the DeVilbiss Company. 1929-1938 Psychologists Clark Hull, Thomas Ross, develop the Hypothetico-Deductive System, in an attempt to design learning robots.

1940 Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) produces a series of short stories about robots starting with "A Strange Playfellow" (later renamed "Robbie") for Super Science Stories magazine. The story is about a robot and its affection for a child that it is bound to protect. Over the next 10 years he produces more stories about robots that are eventually recompiled into the volume "I, Robot" in 1950. (14) 1942

Asimov is generally credited with the popularization of the term "Robotics" which was first mentioned in his story "Runaround" in 1942. But probably Isaac Asimov's most important contribution to the history of the robot is the creation of his Three Laws of Robotics: 1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Asimov later adds a "zeroth law" to the list: 0. A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.