PARIS—Emmanuel Macron’s government easily survived a no-confidence vote in Parliament on Thursday over its handling of the “yellow-vest” protests that have swept the country in recent weeks.

The no-confidence motion, put forward by the center-left Socialists and the far-left party France Unbowed, won the support of 70 lawmakers, far short of the 289 needed. The symbolic move by the opposition capped a tumultuous three weeks for the French president.

Faced with violent antigovernment protests, Mr. Macron has backed down on planned tax fuel increases and announced new measures to put cash in the pocket of an angry working class.

France’s protests are one manifestation of the antiestablishment mood across Europe, which has contributed to the rise of populist parties, pressure on mainstream politicians and the U.K.’s decision to leave the EU. British Prime Minister Theresa May survived her own no-confidence vote this week with her parliamentary Conservative party, but with stiffer opposition than Mr. Macron faced in France’s National Assembly.

In France, the shooting in Strasbourg on Tuesday, where a gunman killed three people in a suspected terrorist attack near a Christmas market, put further strain on French security forces, already on edge after four consecutive weekends of demonstrations across the country. Several people were wounded in the attack and one person was left brain-dead, according to the Paris prosecutor’s office. A massive manhunt for the suspected attacker, 29-year-old Chérif Chekatt, continued on Thursday.