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Thu, 25 Feb 2016

Debugging with the natives, part 1

By popular request, I'm going to run a couple of articles explaining how native Unix debuggers like gdb or lldb work. In this one, we'll take a quick cross-section of what's going on. I'll say “ gdb ” but I could be talking about any similar debugger.

Starting things up

When you start a program in a debugger like gdb , it does a variation of the usual fork() – exec() trick, in which it sets itself up as a tracer of the child process before it exec() s the program you want to run. Alternatively, the same API can attach to a process already running. Either way, the effect is that any signals received by the “tracee” process will be delivered first to the debugger, and any system calls made by the tracee will also generate a signal. These signals can be inspected, discarded or modified as the debugger wishes, using the ptrace() API. In effect, the process (tracee) and the debugger (tracer) execute by mutual hand-off, suspending and resuming each other.

Walking the stack

Using the same API, gdb can access the raw memory image of the debugged program, and its register file. (Note that when gdb is active, the program is suspended, so its registers are saved in memory.) It can use this to walk the stack and print a backtrace: the register file gives us the program counter and stack pointer. If we have a nice simple stack which saves frame pointers, it simply walks the chain in memory. To print symbolic function names, it can use either the symbol table (if we must) or the compiler-generated debugging information (better; more on that in a moment).

Reading local state

To print a local variable, the debugger uses the same compiler-generated debugging information to look up where that variable is currently located. This lookup is keyed on the program's current program counter, to handle the way that locals get moved around between registers and the stack from instruction to instruction. The result of the lookup might be a memory location, a register number, or even, sometimes, something composite like “first 8 bytes in register X, rest in memory location Y”.

Setting breakpoints

To set a breakpoint on a particular source line, gdb uses a different part of the debugging information which encodes a mapping between binary locations (program counter values) and source file/line/column coordinates. A small subset of program counter values are specially identified as “beginning of statement” instructions; these are normally the ones the user wants to break on. Sometimes, hardware debug registers can be used to implement breakpoints (up to some maximum); the CPU generates a trap on reaching the program counter value stored in the register. More classically, the “soft” method is for the debugger to overwrite the instructions with trap instructions, saving the old instruction. This trap will cause a signal to be generated when the program executes it.

Resuming from breakpoints

To resume from a software breakpoint, a bit of juggling is required. Recall that we overwrote the original instruction. We can replace it, then ask the OS to single-step the program (using the hardware's single-step mode), then re-set the trap. This is racy in multithreaded programs when the other threads aren't stopped. So instead a good debugger will emulate the instruction itself! This means using an internal interpreter for the target instruction set, backed by the memory and register file access that it already has via ptrace() .

Conditional breakpoints and expression evaluation

If we have a conditional breakpoint, we also need to be able to evaluate expressions when we take the trap (and silently resume if the expression is false). For this, the debugger has a parser and interpreter for each source language it supports. These interpreters are very different from an ordinary interpreter: the expression's environment comes from the binary contents of the debugged program's image, rather than being a structure the interpreter itself maintains. (The interpreter keeps a small amount of local state, such as for subexpression results, but it's mostly in the debuggee.)

Calling functions

To evaluate expressions containing function calls, we need to be able to run code in the debuggee. To do so, we craft a special frame on the debuggee's stack, a safe distance away from its actual top-of-stack. Having evaluated the arguments as usual, we put them in the relevant registers (saving what was there), tweak the saved stack pointer to point to this crafted state, set the instruction pointer to the callee, and set the debuggee going again. The function runs as normal, and on return it uses an on-stack return address that the debugger supplied. This points at a breakpoint-like instruction that raises a signal, returning control to the debugger. This then cleans up the stack as if nothing happened, and resets the registers accordingly. (Disclaimer: I haven't actually dug through gdb 's code here, so I might have one or two things subtly wrong. At least, the above is how I'd implement it. Let me know if you know better.)

It goes on...

There's lots more, but if you understand the above, you've probably got the gist.

All that seems like a big bag of tricks. What are the principles at work in this design? Although the system has “grown” rather than being “designed”, and has a generous share of quirks and unstandardised corners, there are some surprisingly strong principles lurking in it. I've written a little about these in my paper at Onward! last year. Next time, I'll cover briefly some of the same observations, and a few others, hopefully thereby re-explaining how debuggers work, a bit more systematically .

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