WASHINGTON — Top Democratic leaders in the House and Senate implored President Trump on Monday to employ “all resources available” to extradite 13 Russians charged last month with subverting the 2016 presidential election after Russia’s president raised the possibility of Jewish involvement.

“Ensuring these Russian nationals stand trial in the United States is imperative for deterring Russia from future attacks on our democracy and would be a signal to those who seek to meddle with our election that such actions are not without consequences,” Senator Chuck Schumer, the top Democrat in his chamber, and Representative Nancy Pelosi, the top Democrat in the House, wrote in a letter to the White House.

Jewish groups in the United States and some Israeli politicians also joined in an uproar over comments by the Russian president, Vladimir V. Putin, in which he appeared to suggest that Jews might have been behind the hacking attack on the 2016 election in the United States.

In an interview broadcast on NBC News over the weekend, Mr. Putin was asked about the 13 Russian citizens charged by the special counsel, Robert S. Mueller III, looking into the election interference. The question prompted a long, meandering response from Mr. Putin.