Scientists have created an artificial intelligence system that could help treat patients with sepsis.

The technology, developed by researchers from Imperial College London, was found to predict the best treatment strategy for patients.

Our new AI system was able to analyse a patient’s data – such as blood pressure and heart rate – and decide the best treatment strategy. Dr Aldo Faisal Study author

The system ‘learnt’ the best treatment strategy for a patient by analysing the records of about 100,000 hospital patients in intensive care units and every single doctor’s decisions affecting them.

The findings, published in the journal Nature Medicine, showed the AI system made more reliable treatment decisions than human doctors.

The team behind the technology say the tool could be used alongside medical professionals, to help doctors decide the best treatment strategy for patients.

Sepsis, also known as blood poisoning, is a potentially fatal complication of an infection, and kills around 44,000 every year in the UK.

In the study, researchers looked back at US patient records from 130 intensive care units over a 15 year period to explore whether the AI system’s recommendations might have been able to improve patient outcomes, compared with standard care. The researchers now hope to trial the system, called AI Clinician, in intensive care units in the UK.

Choosing the best treatment

Dr Aldo Faisal, senior author from the Department of Bioengineering and the Department of Computing at Imperial, said: “Sepsis is one of the biggest killers in the UK - and claims six million lives worldwide - so we desperately need new tools at our disposal to help patients. At Imperial, we believe that AI for Healthcare is the solution. Our new AI system was able to analyse a patient’s data – such as blood pressure and heart rate – and decide the best treatment strategy. We found that when the doctor’s treatment decision matched what the AI system recommended, they had a better chance of survival.”

The team used the AI system to assess which particular treatment approach to sepsis was most successful.

Sepsis can cause a drastic drop in blood pressure which can leave organs deprived of blood flow and oxygen, and can ultimately lead to multiple organ failure and death.

Sepsis is a devastating condition which claims far too many lives in the UK. We need to be better at spotting the signs early and artificial intelligence has the potential to do this quickly and more effectively than humans. Lord O'Shaughnessy Health minister

To raise blood pressure and keep the heart pumping, doctors give extra fluids, usually in the form of a salt solution, as well as medication that tightens blood vessels and raises blood pressure, called vasopressors.

Professor Anthony Gordon, senior author from the Department of Surgery & Cancer at Imperial explained: “We know that most patients with sepsis need fluid drips and in more severe cases also need vasopressors to

maintain blood pressure and blood flow. There is still much debate amongst clinicians about how much fluid to give and when to start vasopressors. There are clinical guidelines but they provide general advice. The AI Clinician is able to learn what is the best option for each individual patient at that moment in time.”

Health Minister Lord O’Shaughnessy added: “Sepsis is a devastating condition which claims far too many lives in the UK. We need to be better at spotting the signs early and artificial intelligence has the potential to do this quickly and more effectively than humans – supporting doctors so they can spend more time with patients.

“We’re already making steps to improve diagnosis with our new sepsis tool, but we must also embrace any new technology solutions that can improve patient care and save lives.”

To help doctors decide which approach would boost a patient’s chance of survival, the research team created an AI system that would assess a patient’s vital signs and recommend the best treatment approach.

Artificial intelligence

The system analysed the medical records of 96,000 US patients with sepsis in intensive care units. Using a process called reinforcement learning – where robots learn how to make decisions and solve a problem – the AI Clinician went through each patient’s case and worked out the best strategy of keeping a patient alive. The system calculated 48 variables including age, vital signs and pre-existing conditions.

The system then predicted the best treatment strategy for each patient with sepsis. The results revealed that 98 per cent of the time, the AI system matched or was better than the human doctors’ decision.

The AI Clinician was able to ‘learn’ from far more patients than any doctor could see in a lifetime. Professor Anthony Gordon Study author

The study also found that mortality was lowest in patients where the human doctor’s doses of fluids and vasopressor matched the AI system’s suggestion. However, when the doctor’s decision differed from the AI system, a patient had a reduced chance of survival.

The team found when the doctor’s decision varied from the AI Clinician’s suggestion, it was on average to administer too much fluid and too little vasopressor but importantly it varied between individual patients.

The team say the findings show the AI Clinician could help doctors decide the best treatment strategy for patients.

Professor Gordon explained “The AI Clinician was able to ‘learn’ from far more patients than any doctor could see in a lifetime. It has learnt from 100,000 patients and ‘remembered’ them all equally whereas doctors are always susceptible to recall bias, where they particularly remember recent cases or unusual cases”.

Dr Faisal explained: “An intensive care doctor will see roughly 15,000 patients by the time they retire. Yet this system has seen nearly 100,000 patients, it has the life time experience of 8 doctors, and has learned from each of those cases what the best decisions were for each situation.”

Next steps

Dr Faisal added: “The explosion in Artificial Intelligence applications in healthcare is currently focused on mimicking the perceptual ability of human doctors, e.g. recognising a tumour from a brain scan as used in diagnostics. However, doctors do more than just diagnose, they treat people. Our AI Clinician system focuses on capturing this cognitive capacity of doctors: Imagine having a doctor watching over you every second of every day, administering a course of treatment, observing how you respond to the treatment, and then adjusting the treatment as your condition evolves.

“The AI Clinician technology we developed can have many applications in medicine, whenever we need to choose, observe and adjust treatment. Whenever there are large amounts of patient data the AI Clinician can assess and learn from, the system can be used. We have applied this technology previously to treatment in diabetes and in anaesthesia during surgery, and can use this to optimise the delivery of expensive treatments e.g. in cancer therapy”.

The team now plan to trial the AI Clinician in UK hospitals. Dr Faisal added: “The only way for any technology to help a patient is to turn it into a product that doctors and hospitals can prescribe, therefore we are seeking to commercialise.”

This work was only possible through the collaboration of artificial intelligence and clinician scientists pioneered at Imperial.

Dr Faisal said: “We broke down boundaries and silos that held back traditional approaches to healthcare, by training a novel generation of PhD students to look at AI and Healthcare as one problem, not two.”

Dr Matthieu Komorowski, a clinician who obtained a PhD in Artificial Intelligence with the two senior authors and was the first author of this study and supported by an Imperial College President’s PhD fellowship.

The research was supported by National Institute of Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the UK Research and Innovation’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Professor Anthony Gordon is also an NIHR Research Professor.

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"The Artificial Intelligence Clinician learns optimal treatment strategies for sepsis in intensive care" by M. Komorowski et al.is published in Nature Medicine

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