In my last post on the proposed repeal of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the enactment of a British Bill of Rights, I considered the extent to which the House of Lords might thwart the Government’s plans. My conclusion was that the Lords might plausibly assert itself so as to delay the legislation, traditional understandings of the Salisbury Convention notwithstanding, but that the Parliament Act 1911 clearly deprives the Lords of any absolute veto. What, however, of the devolved nations? Could they block the implementation of the UK Government’s proposals?

The Scottish Government appears to think that they can. Reiterating a position adopted by the Scottish Government in October 2014, the Scottish Social Justice Secretary, Alex Neil, told the Scottish Parliament in May 2015 that:

The Scottish government’s position is that implementation of the Conservative government’s proposals would require legislative consent and that this parliament should make clear that such consent will not be given.

The First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, went further in a media statement issued by the Scottish Government in September 2015. She said:

Responsibility for the Human Rights Act rests solely with the Westminster parliament, but European Convention rights are embedded into the devolution settlement and human rights itself is a devolved issue. That means that any attempt to repeal or amend the Human Rights Act is likely to require the legislative consent of the Scottish Parliament. It is inconceivable – given the breadth of the support which the Human Rights Act commands across the Scottish Parliament – that such consent would be granted. The Scottish Government will certainly advocate that it is not granted. The Scottish Government will also oppose any weakening of human rights protections – not just in Scotland, but across the whole of the UK. Human rights, after all, are not English, Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish rights. They are universal rights.

So, could Scotland — or one of the other devolved nations — block the repeal of the HRA and the enactment of a British Bill of Rights?

The law

As in relation to the House of Lords’ role, the devolved nations’ position in this regard is determined by an amalgam of law and convention. The legal position is clear and straightforward. It is that the UK Parliament is sovereign; that devolution did nothing, as a matter of law, to detract from that sovereignty; and that the UK Parliament therefore remains legally free to make whatever laws it wishes, both for the UK as a whole and for any of its constituent parts. This is so irrespective of whether the subject-matter of the relevant UK legislation is something over which one or more devolved legislatures has authority or is something that is solely within Westminster’s legislative province. Indeed, it is of the essence of devolution — as distinct from federalism — that any authority ascribed to devolved institutions is conferred on a non-exclusive basis. Legislative authority is not therefore transferred by Westminster to the devolved legislatures, but merely shared by it with them. As a matter of law, therefore, the devolved legislatures and administrations have no capacity to preclude the repeal of the Human Rights Act or the enactment of a new Bill of Rights which (if the UK Parliament so chooses) could extend to the devolved nations as well as to England.

The Sewel Convention

However, as is often the case in relation to the British constitution, a full appreciation of how it works can be acquired only when the legal position is examined through the lens of political practice, or convention. And in the present context, a clear and weighty convention effectively neutralises the the UK Parliament’s legal capacity to legislate unilaterally on matters falling within the competence of the devolved legislatures. The convention in question is the Sewel Convention (for discussion of which see Chris McCorkindale’s recent post on the Scottish Constitutional Futures Forum Blog). The Convention is stated in the following terms in the Memorandum of Understanding that shapes the relationship between the UK Government and the devolved administrations:

The United Kingdom Parliament retains authority to legislate on any issue, whether devolved or not. It is ultimately for Parliament to decide what use to make of that power. However, the UK Government will proceed in accordance with the convention that the UK Parliament would not normally legislate with regard to devolved matters except with the agreement of the devolved legislature. The devolved administrations will be responsible for seeking such agreement as may be required for this purpose on an approach from the UK Government.

Thus the Convention requires the UK Government to obtain the consent of relevant devolved legislatures if it wishes to cause the UK Parliament to legislate with respect to devolved matters. As a convention, the Sewel Convention is not legally enforceable, but it carries very considerable political weight, and a UK Government that proceeded in breach of the Convention could fairly be said to be acting unconstitutionally. It could, of course, argue that the word “normally” in the Convention permits unilateral intervention by the UK Parliament in devolved affairs in exceptional circumstances, but it would face an uphill struggle establishing that the present circumstances justify reliance upon this get-out clause; to the contrary, the constitutional significance of what is proposed militates in favour of a consensual approach across the Union, as opposed to top-down invocation of Westminster’s “sovereign” right.

The question then becomes whether the UK Government’s human-rights proposals would involve the taking of any legislative steps that would trigger the Convention. The answer to that question turns upon whether any of those steps would involve legislating “with regard to devolved matters”. For the purpose of the Sewel Convention, it is recognised that the UK Parliament will legislate “with regard to devolved matters” if it enacts legislation that (a) a devolved legislature could have enacted or (b) affects the scope of the legal authority of a devolved legislature or a devolved administration. Whether condition (a) or (b) is satisfied in any given circumstances is a question of law, since it is the devolution legislation that determines what devolved institutions can do. Ultimately, therefore, the question whether the Convention applies turns upon an analysis of the law.

Three issues

Against this background, in seeking to work out whether the Convention applies to any aspects of the UK Government’s human-rights proposals, it is necessary to distinguish between the various legislative steps that might be involved in their implementation, and to consider whether any of them would involve legislation “with regard to devolved matters”. Three possible such legislative steps are worth addressing.

It is clear that the first step would have to be repeal of the Human Rights Act. Would UK legislation repealing that Act affect “devolved matters”? Different views have been expressed on this point; my view is that it would not. Criterion (a) is not engaged, because no devolved institution is capable of legislating with respect to the Act. The effect of section 29(2)(c) of and schedule 4 to the Scotland Act 1998 is that the whole of the Human Rights Act is outwith devolved competence, meaning that the Scottish Parliament cannot amend it or (insofar as it applies to Scotland) repeal it. (Equivalent provisions exist in the devolution legislation pertaining to Northern Ireland and Wales.)

Nor is criterion (b) engaged: in other words, repeal of the Human Rights Act would not affect the extent of the devolved institutions’ competences. This may at first sight seem odd given that those competences are limited by precisely the same provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights as are given effect by the Human Rights Act. However, the fact that those competences are so circumscribed is attributable not to the Human Rights Act but to the devolution legislation, into which the ECHR rights are hard-wired as a constraint upon devolved institutions’ authority. In other words, devolved administrations and legislatures are bound by the ECHR independently of the Human Rights Act, because the ECHR rights are effectively written into the devolved nations’ principal constitutional texts, i.e. the devolution statutes. (Admittedly, the Convention rights that bind the devolved institutions are defined parasitically upon the Human Rights Act, in that the expression “Convention rights” is said in the devolution statutes to bear the same meaning as in the Human Rights Right. However, it seems to me that the Human Rights Act could be repealed in a way that would leave unaltered the range of rights that circumscribe the devolved institutions’ competences, meaning that repeal would not trigger Sewel.)

Second, what if those statutes were themselves to be amended as part, for instance, of an attempt to reduce or excise the influence of the ECHR throughout the UK? (It would, for instance, be very odd for devolved institutions to be bound by the ECHR if, as may be in the Government’s contemplation, the UK were to cease to be a party to that treaty.) That would be a different matter entirely. Amending the devolution statutes so as to affect (whether by means of expanding or reducing) the devolved institutions’ legal powers would trigger the Sewel Convention. It follows, therefore, that if the devolved institutions were (for example) to be relieved of any obligation to abide by ECHR rights, the Sewel Convention would be triggered on ground (b), because the scope of the devolved institutions’ authority would thereby be affected.

The position, then, is that if the UK Government is set upon repealing the Human Rights Act and replacing it with a Bill of Rights that gives only limited effect to the ECHR, the Sewel Convention would (absent the devolved legislatures’ consent) require the UK Parliament to leave in place those parts of the devolution legislation that give full effect to the ECHR insofar as it circumscribes the authority of the devolved administrations and legislatures. (By “full effect”, I mean the level of effect given by the Human Rights Act, as opposed to the sort of qualified effect that appears to be envisaged by promoters of the Bill of Rights.) This point is reinforced by the fact that, as far as Northern Ireland is concerned, the Good Friday Agreement requires the ECHR to be incorporated into the law of Northern Ireland and stipulates that the Northern Ireland Assembly should lack authority to infringe the ECHR.

Third, what about the proposed British Bill of Rights itself? Would its being enacted amount to legislating “with regard to devolved matters” so as to trigger the application of the Sewel Convention? As far as condition (b) is concerned, a British Bill of Rights might affect the scope of the devolved institutions’ powers. It might, for instance, require devolved institutions to comply with peculiarly British rights (whatever they are) that are not found in the ECHR, thereby imposing limits upon the devolved institutions that go beyond the obligation to comply with the ECHR contained in the devolution statutes. We cannot however be sure about this until we know what the Bill of Rights says.

The position is clearer, however, as far as condition (a) is concerned. Although the Human Rights Act is non-devolved, meaning that no devolved legislature is permitted to amend or (insofar as it applies to the relevant devolved nation) repeal it, the same is not true of human rights. It would, for instance, be open to the Scottish Parliament to enact its own Bill of Rights. This means that the UK Parliament’s enacting a British Bill of Rights would trigger the Sewel Convention, because insofar as the British Bill of Rights would apply to Scotland, the UK Parliament would be doing something (i.e. legislating in respect of human rights in Scotland) that the Scottish Parliament is competent to do. The only way around that problem would be first to deprive the Scottish Parliament of the authority so to legislate — but that, of course, would itself affect the scope of its authority, so triggering the Convention.

Where does this leave us?

The UK Parliament is free, as a matter of law and convention, to repeal the Human Rights Act. It is also free, as a matter of law, to amend the devolution statutes (so as to vary or remove the obligation to comply with the ECHR, which it would presumably seek to do if the UK were to withdraw from the ECHR) and to enact a British Bill of Rights that applies throughout the UK. However, the Sewel Convention (absent devolved consent) precludes the amendment of the devolution legislation and the enactment of a British Bill of Rights that applies to the devolved nations in respect of devolved matters. The Sewel Convention (absent consent) also effectively precludes UK withdrawal from the ECHR because such withdrawal would, on any rational analysis, necessitate amendment of the devolution statutes so as to remove the obligation upon devolved institutions to comply with the ECHR.

It follows that if the devolved institutions were to refuse to give consent, the UK Government would be limited in what it could do. It could repeal the HRA without legal difficulty and without engaging the Sewel Convention. But this would only get it so far, in that the ECHR would remain fully binding upon the devolved nations via the devolution legislation. This would be particularly odd if the UK were subsequently to cease to be a party to the ECHR, although there is no reason in principle why the devolved nations’ human-rights obligations could not be pegged to standards contained in an international treaty to which the UK was no longer a party. In addition, repeal of the HRA could — again without domestic legal difficulty, and again without breaching the Sewel Convention — be accompanied by the enactment of a Bill of Rights. However, unless there was to be transgression of the Sewel Convention, such a Bill of Rights, in the absence of devolved consent, could only apply in relation to English matters (and to non-devolved matters elsewhere). The result, far from delivering on the rhetoric of a “British” Bill of Rights, would be a patchwork of human-rights standards drawing upon both the ECHR (which would continue to be hard-wired into the devolution statutes) and a British Bill of Rights enacted by the UK Government but largely applicable only to England.

It is worth closing by re-emphasising that the Sewel Convention is just that: a convention, not a law. (It has been proposed by the Smith Commission that the Convention should be recognised in statute, but, as I have argued elsewhere, it is not clear that this would fundamentally alter the status of the Convention — although it would give it added political gravitas.) The UK Government could therefore, without acting unlawfully, ignore the Sewel Convention. But however lawful that would be, it would be unconstitutional. That might sound hollow: if a court is not going to prevent the Government from proceeding, why should it be concerned about the niceties of the Sewel Convention? The answer is that conventions, to the extent that they have binding force, acquire it through the political realm. And it is hard to think of a convention that is more laden with political significance — and invested with political clout — than the Sewel Convention. At a time when no exaggeration is involved in saying that the Union hangs by a thread, it would be a foolish Prime Minister who cast aside a convention that institutionalises respect for devolved autonomy in order to implement the proposed human-rights changes. All of which suggests that, for all that the Human Rights Act is not legally entrenched, it may be far more deeply politically entrenched within our multi-layered constitutional order than the UK Government has so far appreciated.