Boris Johnson and the EU have released a new withdrawal agreement that addresses four key sticking points.

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson‘s deal with Brussels addresses four key sticking points that have so far obstructed a Brexit agreement.

The deal, announced on Thursday, is unlikely to be accepted by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), which Johnson’s government is relying on for support in Parliament.

A repackaged backstop

The sticking point over two years of failed efforts to secure a Brexit deal has been the Conservative Party’s opposition to the controversial “backstop” – a solution negotiated between former Prime Minister Theresa May and the European Union to solve issues around the Irish border after the United Kingdom‘s exit from the EU.

It would have continued the UK’s membership in the EU customs union in an effort to avoid the creation of a “hard” border that would have created the infrastructure to ensure customs checks between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

The DUP was furiously opposed to any backstop arrangements that would treat the status of Northern Ireland differently to mainland Great Britain, fearing this to be the thin end of the wedge ultimately leading to Irish reunification.

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At the same time, hardline Brexiter Conservative MPs who supported the DUP’s position were not in favour of the backstop because there was no mechanism by which it could be brought to an end, implying the UK’s permanent membership of an EU customs union after Brexit.

Without a backstop, the creation of border infrastructure would violate the terms of the Good Friday peace agreement – a treaty between the UK and Ireland to end decades of paramilitary conflict in the region that stipulates there will be no return to a hard border of any kind.

Despite Johnson’s insistence that he would not capitulate to EU demands for some form of a deal by which Northern Ireland diverges from the rest of the UK, this is in effect what he has done.

It is not the backstop as originally envisaged, but under the new deal now agreed by Brussels, Northern Ireland will be treated differently from mainland Great Britain.

This is a major diplomatic victory for Dublin, which has maintained a consistent position that this is the only way for the UK to avoid a “no deal” Brexit.

Customs

Under the agreement, Northern Ireland will officially remain in the UK’s customs territory and will benefit from the independent trade policy that the UK pursues thereafter. However, it will be treated as an entry point into the European single market.

British authorities will apply UK tariffs to products from countries outside the EU as long as those goods entering Northern Ireland do not enter the single market, but EU tariffs will apply if those goods do head for the single market.

Both sides have agreed a mechanism overseen by a joint committee to assess the risk that goods entering Northern Ireland either from other countries outside the EU or from mainland Great Britain will then enter the EU via Ireland.

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VAT

Among other things, negotiations have centred on the need to maintain the consistency on VAT rates in order to maintain the integrity of the EU single market for goods while providing certainty for business.

Under the new deal, a mechanism has been agreed to ensure consistency on VAT within Northern Ireland, while respecting the UK’s ambitions to diverge in the digital market.

The role of the Northern Ireland Assembly

A key demand of the DUP has been for the Northern Ireland Assembly in Stormont to have a mechanism by which it can continue to consent to the arrangement after the transition period following Brexit – in effect giving it a veto over the new arrangements.

The DUP’s anti-Brexit arrangements argued that this would not only put too much power in the hands of pro-British unionists in the assembly, but was unrealistic given that the assembly has not convened for more than two years.

Under Johnson’s new deal, there will be a consent mechanism that enables the Northern Ireland Assembly to decide by a simple majority if the arrangements stay four years after the end of the Brexit transition period – in effect removing the automatic veto from the DUP.

Here is the revised withdrawal agreement in full.