Sometimes a large number of independent extensions are possible and would produce an explosion of subclasses to support every combination. — (GoF)

As a kid, I was a fan of diving as it gave me freedom and measureless joy. Over the years my passion changed and I have started diving in deep waters of the ocean of programming. Knowing how things work brings a lot of satisfaction so let’s try to understand amazing extensions in Kotlin.

It is said that problems with architecture design are strictly connected with lack of knowledge about how language mechanisms work and what they are for. Sadly but truly nowadays countless amount of engineers have gaps in fundamentals and that is why we need to evangelize them over and over again.

What are extensions for?

Kotlin introduces extension functions and extension properties to solve some common scenarios. Imagine that there is a need to add or extend existing functionality to a class. What are the options?

Extend an entire class

Use util function

Decorate

Extending a class is always a risky option, util function will become a big static pain for testing and even using sophisticated Decorator Pattern(if applicable) generates tons of boilerplate. Kotlin extensions give the fourth and the best option you can get.

Extend non-extendable

Extension mechanism provides an ability to add functionality even to final classes. Let’s have a look at this code.

From the newbie perspective, it looks pretty odd. Adding functionality to String class? How is that even possible? Extensions do not actually modify classes they extend.

The sample above shows that compiler generates a class and the static function with a receiver as a parameter. The receiver has a type of extended class. Now it is obvious why the code is so awful when extension functions are used in Java. In the end, they are only static functions.

Inlining matters

Inline functions are extremely beneficial in case of a having function that takes functions as parameters. That sounds like an inception but do not be frightened. It is just a functional programming and it is closely related to extension functions.

Lately, I was dealing a lot with collections and for most of the time, I had to search through them in reverse order. My pre-refactored code looked like this.

As soon as I typed .reversed().forEach() twenty times I realized that it is a really good idea to squash it into .reversedForEach(). Refactored code used extension function which I added to Iterable type.

Everything was great except a performance. I accidentally forgot to inline my function so my code was creating redundant objects. This is a common mistake in designing extension functions.

Left: no inlining | Right: with inlining

The picture shows Java code generated from Kotlin. It is clear that inlining has a great impact on bytecode. For the closer look, I suggest to read carefully inline functions section in Kotlin reference and play with some samples.

Summing up extension functions have a great potential to cure a lot of headaches but it needs to be remembered that with a great power comes a great responsibility so use them consciously.

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