Secrets of US History

“You must be the change you want to see in the world.” Mahatma Gandhi

US interventions taken for sole purpose of regime change since 1945:

1946 – Thailand (Pridi; conservative): success (Covert operation)

1946 – Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): failure (Subverted election)

1947 – France (communist): success (Subverted election)

1947 – Philippines (center-left): success (Subverted election)

1947 – Romania (Gheorghiu-Dej; stalinist): failure (Covert operation)

1948 – Italy (communist): success (Subverted election)

1948 – Colombia (Gaitan; populist/leftist): success (Subverted election)

1948 – Peru (Bustamante; left/centrist): success (Covert operation)

1949 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): success (Covert operation)

1949 – China (Mao; communist): failure (Covert operation)

1950 – Albania (Hoxha; communist): failure (Covert operation)

1951 – Bolivia (Paz; center/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1951 – DPRK (Kim; stalinist): failure (Overt force)

1951 – Poland (Cyrankiewicz; stalinist): failure (Covert operation)

1951 – Thailand (Phibun; conservative): success (Covert operation)

1952 – Egypt (Farouk; monarchist): success (Covert operation)

1952 – Cuba (Prio; reform/populist): success (Covert operation)

1952 – Lebanon (left/populist): success: (Subverted election)

1953 – British Guyana (left/populist): success (Covert operation)

1953 – Iran (Mossadegh; liberal nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1953 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (Covert operation)

1953 – Philippines (center-left): success (Subverted election)

1954 – Guatemala (Arbenz; liberal nationalist): success (Overt force)

1955 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (Covert operation)

1955 – India (Nehru; neutralist/socialist): failure (Covert operation)

1955 – Argentina (Peron; military/centrist): success (Covert operation)

1955 – China (Zhou; communist): failure (Covert operation)

1955 – Vietnam (Ho; communist): success (Subverted election)

1956 – Hungary (Hegedus; communist): success (Covert operation)

1957 – Egypt (Nasser; military/nationalist): failure (Covert operation)

1957 – Haiti (Sylvain; left/populist): success (Covert operation)

1957 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (Covert operation)

1958 – Japan (left-center): success (Subverted election)

1958 – Chile (leftists): success (Subverted election)

1958 – Iraq (Feisal; monarchist): success (Covert operation)

1958 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1958 – Sudan (Sovereignty Council; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1958 – Lebanon (leftist): success (Subverted election)

1958 – Syria (Kuwatli; neutralist/Pan-Arabist): failure (Covert operation)

1958 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (Subverted election)

1959 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1959 – Nepal (left-centrist): success (Subverted election)

1959 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (CO)

1960 – Ecuador (Ponce; left/populist): success (Covert operation)

1960 – Laos (Phouma; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1960 – Iraq (Qassem; rightist /militarist): failure (Covert operation)

1960 – S. Korea (Syngman; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1960 – Turkey (Menderes; liberal): success (Covert operation)

1961 – Haiti (Duvalier; rightist/militarist): success (Covert operation)

1961 – Cuba (Castro; communist): failure (Covert operation)

1961 – Congo (Lumumba; leftist/pan-Africanist): success (Covert operation)

1961 – Dominican Republic (Trujillo; rightwing/military): success (Covert operation)

1962 – Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): failure (Subverted election)

1962 – Dominican Republic ( left/populist): success (Subverted election)

1962 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): failure (Covert operation)

1963 – Dominican Republic (Bosch; social democrat): success (Covert operation)

1963 – Honduras (Montes; left/populist): success (Covert operation)

1963 – Iraq (Qassem; militarist/rightist): success (Covert operation)

1963 – S. Vietnam (Diem; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1963 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): failure (Covert operation)

1963 – Guatemala (Ygidoras; rightist/reform): success (Covert operation)

1963 – Ecuador (Velasco; reform militarist): success (Covert operation)

1964 – Guyana (Jagan; populist/reformist): success (Covert operation)

1964 – Bolivia (Paz; centrist/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1964 – Brazil (Goulart; liberal/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1964 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/marxist): success (Subverted election)

1965 – Indonesia (Sukarno; militarist/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1966 – Ghana (Nkrumah; leftist/pan-Africanist): success (Covert operation)

1966 – Bolivia (leftist): success (Subverted election)

1966 – France (de Gaulle; centrist): failure (Covert operation)

1967 – Greece (Papandreou; social democrat): success (Covert operation)

1968 – Iraq (Arif; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1969 – Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist): failure (Covert operation)

1969 – Libya (Idris; monarchist): success (Covert operation)

1970 – Bolivia (Ovando; reform nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1970 – Cambodia (Sihanouk; moderate/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1970 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist): failure (Subverted election)

1971 – Bolivia (Torres; nationalist/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1971 – Costa Rica (Figueres; reform liberal): failure (Covert operation)

1971 – Liberia (Tubman; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1971 – Turkey (Demirel; center-right): success (Covert operation)

1971 – Uruguay (Frente Amplio; leftist): success (Subverted election)

1972 – El Salvador (leftist): success (Subverted election)

1972 – Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): failure (Subverted election)

1973 – Chile (Allende; social democrat/Marxist): success (Covert operation)

1975 – Australia (Whitlam; liberal/labor): success (Covert operation)

1975 – Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): failure (Covert operation)

1975 – Bangladesh (Mujib; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1976 – Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): failure (Subverted election)

1976 – Portugal (JNS; military/leftist): success (Subverted election)

1976 – Nigeria (Mohammed; military/nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1976 – Thailand (rightist): success (Covert operation)

1976 – Uruguay (Bordaberry; center-right): success (Covert operation)

1977 – Pakistan (Bhutto: center/nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1978 – Dominican Republic (Balaguer; center): success (Subverted election)

1979 – S. Korea (Park; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1979 – Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (Covert operation)

1980 – Bolivia (Siles; centrist/reform): success (Covert operation)

1980 – Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (Covert operation)

1980 – Italy (leftist): success (Covert operation)

1980 – Liberia (Tolbert; rightist): success (Covert operation)

1980 – Jamaica (Manley; social democrat): success (Subverted election)

1980 – Dominica (Seraphin; leftist): success (Subverted election)

1980 – Turkey (Demirel; center-right): success (Covert operation)

1981 – Seychelles (René; socialist): failure (Covert operation)

1981 – Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): failure (Covert operation)

1981 – Panama (Torrijos; military/reform populist); success (Covert operation)

1981 – Zambia (Kaunda; reform nationalist): failure (Covert operation)

1982 – Mauritius (center-left): failure (Subverted election)

1982 – Spain (Suarez; rightist/neutralist): success (Subverted election)

1982 – Iran (Khomeini; Islamic nationalist): failure (Covert operation)

1982 – Chad (Oueddei; Islamic nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1983 – Mozambique (Machel; socialist): failure (Covert operation)

1983 – Grenada (Bishop; socialist): success (Overt force)

1984 – Panama (reform/centrist): success (Subverted election)

1984 – Nicaragua (Sandinistas; leftist): failure (Subverted election)

1984 – Surinam (Bouterse; left/reformist/neutralist): success (Covert operation)

1984 – India (Gandhi; nationalist): success (Covert operation)

1986 – Libya (Qaddafi; Islamic nationalist): failure (Overt force)

1987 – Fiji (Bavrada; liberal): success (Covert operation)

1989 – Panama (Noriega; military/reform populist): success (Overt force)

1990 – Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): failure (Subverted election)

1990 – Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist): success (Subverted election)

1991 – Albania (Alia; communist): success (Subverted election)

1991 – Haiti (Aristide; liberal reform): success (Covert operation)

1991 – Iraq (Hussein; military/rightist): failure (Overt force)

1991 – Bulgaria (BSP; communist): success (Subverted election)

1992 – Afghanistan (Najibullah; communist): success (Covert operation)

1993 – Somalia (Aidid; right/militarist): failure (Overt force)

1993 – Cambodia (Han Sen/CPP; leftist): failure (Subverted election)

1993 – Burundi (Ndadaye; conservative): success (Covert operation)

1994 – El Salvador (leftist): success (Subverted election)

1994 – Rwanda (Habyarimana; conservative): success (Covert operation)

1994 – Ukraine (Kravchuk; center-left): success (Subverted election)

1996 – Bosnia (Karadzic; centrist): success (Covert operation)

1996 – Congo (Mobutu; military/rightist): success (Covert operation)

1996 – Mongolia (center-left): success (Subverted election)

1998 – Congo (Kabila; rightist/military): success (Covert operation)

1998 – Indonesia (Suharto; military/rightist): success (Covert operation)

1999 – Yugoslavia (Milosevic; left/nationalist): success (Subverted election)

2000 – Ecuador (NSC; leftist): success: (Covert operation)

2001 – Afghanistan (Omar; rightist/Islamist): success (Overt force)

2001 – Belarus (Lukashenko; leftist): failure (Subverted election)

2001 – Nicaragua (Ortega; Christian socialist): success (Subverted election)

2001 – Nepal (Birendra; nationalist/monarchist): success (Covert operation)

2002 – Venezuela (Chavez; reform-populist): failure (Covert operation)

2002 – Bolivia (Morales; leftist/MAS): success (Subverted election)

2002 – Brazil (Lula; center-left): failure (Subverted election)

Chronological list of US air warfare campaigns:

China (1945-49): conventional; biological

Korea (1950-53): conventional; biological; chemical; incendiary

China (1951-52): conventional; biological; chemical

Guatemala (1954): conventional

Indonesia (1958): conventional

Cuba (1959-61): conventional; (biochemical attacks in other years)

Guatemala (1960): conventional

Vietnam (1961-73): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster

Congo (1964): conventional

Peru (1965): conventional

Laos (1964-73): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster

Guatemala (1967-69): conventional

Cambodia (1969-70): conventional; chemical; biological

Cambodia (1975): conventional

El Salvador (1980-89): conventional

Nicaragua (1980-89): conventional

Grenada (1983): conventional

Lebanon (1983-4): conventional

Syria (1984): conventional

Libya (1986): conventional

Iran (1987): conventional

Panama (1989): conventional; chemical; biological

Iraq (1991): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU

Kuwait (1991): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU

Somalia (1993): conventional

Bosnia (1993-95): conventional; cluster; DU

Sudan (1998): conventional; biological

Afghanistan (1998): conventional

Yugoslavia (1999): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU

Afghanistan (2001-present): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU

Iraq (2003-present): conventional; chemical; biological; cluster; DU

Estimated causalities from direct interventions or indirect/proxy/low intensity conflicts

China (1945-60): 200K

Greece (1947-49): 100K

Korea (1951-53): 2M

Guatemala (1954-2002): 300K

Vietnam (1960-75): 2M

Laos (1965-73): 500K

Cambodia (1969-75): 1M

Indonesia (1965): 500K

Colombia (1966-2002): 500K

Oman (1970): 10K

Bangladesh (1971): 2M

Uganda (1971-1979): 200K

Chile (1973-1990): 20K

East Timor (1975): 200K

Angola (1975-2002): 1.5M

Argentina (1976-1979): 30K

El Salvador (1980-95): 100K

Nicaragua (1980-90): 100K

Mozambique (1981-1988): 1M

Turkey (1984-2002): 50K

Rwanda (1990-1996): 1M

Iraq (1991): 98k

Somalia (1991-1994): 300K

Yugoslavia (1991-2002): 300K

Liberia (1992-2002): 150K

Burundi (1993-1999): 200K

Sudan (1998): 100K

Congo (1998-2002): 3M

Iraq (1993-present): 653k Lancet study

Afghanistan (2001-present): 19.8k

This is why we need an independent news media. This is why WikiLeaks is relevant and crucial.

References:

Killing hope: US military and CIA interventions since World War II By William Blum

American Empire and the Political Economy of Global Finance

American Military Intervention: A Useful Tool Or A Curse? GlobalSecurity.org

Democracy by Force US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World

www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/