Despite many lower-level successes, coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq ultimately failed to accomplish their core objectives. So, what four broad lessons should the future leaders of similar operations learn from these two frustrating experiences? This text’s author elaborates on the following: 1) develop clear and specific goals; 2) craft a workable strategy; 3) establish and empower a coordination body that oversees the design and implementation of the strategy; and 4) honestly appraise your partner’s strengths and weaknesses.