Voting access for Native Americans has improved since passage of the Voting Rights Act, but experts say those voters can still face challenges that include language barriers, registration difficulties and a lack of access to polling places and to government services that might ease the voting process. (Photo by Becky McCray/Creative Commons)

WASHINGTON – Arusha Gordon remembers hearing the decades-old stories from her Native American clients about the challenges of voting back then.

Polling places were often miles off reservation and located in mostly white towns whose residents were not always welcoming, said Gordon, voting rights counsel for the Lawyers Committee on Civil Rights Under Law.

James Tucker heard the same stories from tribal members who said it was sometimes easier to skip elections completely.

Those challenges are a thing of the past say Gordon and Tucker, the voting rights counsel for the Native American Rights Fund. But voting can still be a challenge for Native Americans, who may face language barriers, registration difficulties and a lack of access to polling places and government services that can ease the voting process.

“It’s an issue that often gets overlooked,” Gordon said. “They (tribes) never get as many resources directed towards them.”

Voting was still relatively new for Arizona tribes in 1968 when President Lyndon Johnson sent his “Special Message to the Congress on the Problems of the American Indian: ‘The Forgotten American.'” The Snyder Act granting U.S. citizenship, and voting rights, to tribes was not passed until 1924 and it was not until 1948 that the Arizona Supreme Court guaranteed Native Americans in the state the right to vote.

“An alien in his own land” What’s happened in the 50 years since President Lyndon Johnson called on Congress to enact sweeping programs to help Native Americans, people he called “the Forgotten American.”

Voting records cannot be kept by race, so hard numbers on Native American participation are difficult to come by. But the hurdles to voting are not, say Gordon and Tucker, who point to language as one of the most obvious.

In 2000, Arizona was required under the federal Voting Rights Act to provide bilingual voter registration and voting materials in six different Native American languages: Apache, Navajo, Pueblo, Tohono O’Odham, Yaqui and Yuman. After 2015, only Apache and Navajo were still required.

“The Census Bureau issues new language determinations every five years and Arizona dropped those languages based on those determinations,” Tucker said.

But Gordon said the change made registration and voting nearly impossible for Native Americans who only spoke the dropped languages.

Maricopa County is one of the counties that dropped Tohono O’Odham, but the county recorder’s office said it “will still provide audio translated ballots in the Tohono O’Odham language when they are requested within the San Lucy and Hikiwan precincts.”

Dan McCool, emeritus professor of political science at the University of Utah, looked at counties like Maricopa and said there’s a legitimate reason for the reduction in bilingual voting materials: “On some reservations, the number of people who speak the native language is dropping.”

Being able to read voting materials is one thing. For Native Americans, being able to fill them out can be another – it’s hard to put your address on a form if you don’t have a standard street address.

“Many Native Americans, because they are more rural, have non-traditional street addresses,” Gordon said. “So for instance, in Arizona, the voter registration form provides a space to draw a map to where you live.”

That form allows would-be voters to describe their home’s surroundings, give directions or add distance measurements to the home in the address block, said Matt Roberts, a spokesman for the Arizona Secretary of State’s office.

The form says, in English and Spanish: “If no street address, describe residence location using mileage, cross streets, parcel #, subdivision name and lot, or landmarks. Do not use post office box or business address. Draw a map below if located in rural area.”

But Gordon said that can cause problems if county officials then use a single address, like the closest government service center, for all the voters who used the draw-a-map method of giving an address.

“In Arizona, you can have on your license your non-traditional address … but then when (Native Americans) go to vote, the address on the poll books is listed as the service center,” she said.

Under Arizona law voters must show poll workers a “sufficient photo ID” with an address that matches the poll books, like a driver’s license. They can also show two forms of non-photo ID – a utility bill, a bank statement, a tribal enrollment card, among other forms – or one non-photo ID and one photo ID, if the address on the latter does not match the poll books.

It shouldn’t be that way, said McCool.

“Many people living on Indian reservations do not have a street address, but they still have a right to vote,” he said.

Before they even get to a polling place, however, tribal members may face problems registering. Arizona law requires proof of citizenship for a first-time registrant.

That can be met by Native Americans who provide a tribal ID number, but Gordon said that number is not always available. In that case, it takes a copy of a birth certificate, passport or other specific form. But in remote areas, it can be hard to get to the office that keeps records like birth certificates – if there’s a birth certificate at all.

“When Arizona passed its voter ID law, you had a lot of Native people who live in the northern part of the state that might not have birth certificates,” Tucker said. “There was no means for them to register to vote.”

Many government service centers, including polling stations, are located off-reservation and some Native Americans have to travel hours just to get basic services, Tucker said, let alone cast a ballot.

Calls to numerous county recorder’s offices and several tribes around the state were not returned. But Rep. Tom O’Halleran, D-Sedona, said there’s no reason Native American voters can’t have the same unhindered right to vote as any other citizen.

“As citizens of the United States we should make sure they know who they’re voting for, what issue they’re voting for and be able to get that ballot to the voting location,” O’Halleran said.

Even though the problems today may be different than 50 years ago, more progress needs to be made, he said.

“No (citizen) in America should be kept out of voting because of a language barrier or because they can’t get to a voting location in time,” O’Halleran said.