A 17-year-old boy was shot and wounded in Ramallah, north of Jerusalem, by an Israeli soldier whose vehicle was stoned, the Israel radio reported. Mayor Regrets the Shooting

Jerusalem's Mayor, Teddy Kollek, called the shooting at the Dome of the Rock ''a terrible incident, all the more so because of the place where it happened.

''We have all these years guarded the holy places with the utmost care,'' he said. ''We never had anything of this kind happen in 15 years. But mad things do happen.''

The Temple Mount, an ancient man-made plateau just inside the Old City walls, has repeatedly been a target of agitation by Jewish militants trying to pray there in defiance of a ban by the Israeli authorities. Fistfights have broken out between Jews and Arabs, and arrests have been made.

The mount was the site of the original Jewish temple built by Solomon and of the Second Temple, which was destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 70. There has been no Jewish presence on the mount since then, although it is one of the holiest places in Judaism. Israel, after capturing that part of Jerusalem in the 1967 war, pledged to leave all holy sites undisturbed and in the custody of their religions. Important to 2 Religions

Consequently, the mount and its two mosques - Al Aksa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, also called the Mosque of Omar - have remained under the jurisdiction of an Islamic council. The site is usually considered the third holiest in Islam, after Mecca and Medina, because a protrusion of bedrock, around which the Dome of the Rock was built in the seventh century, is believed to be the point from which the Prophet Mohammed ascended to heaven on his horse.

The rock is also sacred in Jewish tradition, which knows it as Even Ha-Shetiya, or the stone from which the world was created. Israel's chief rabbis issued a strong denunciation of the gunman today, according to the Israeli radio, declaring that he had desecrated a spot holy to the Jewish people.