UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Recent trends and popular advice telling moms not to sleep with their babies may make mothers who do choose to co-sleep with their infants more likely to feel depressed or judged, according to Penn State researchers.

After analyzing moms’ sleeping patterns and feelings about sleep for the first year of their babies’ lives, the researchers found that mothers who were still co-sleeping— sharing either a room or bed — with their infants after six months were more likely to feel depressed, worried about their babies’ sleep and think their decisions were being criticized.

Douglas Teti, department head and professor of human development and family studies, Penn State, said that regardless of current parenting trends, it’s important to find a sleep arrangement that works for everyone in the family.

“In other parts of the world, co-sleeping is considered normal, while here in the U.S., it tends to be frowned upon,” Teti said. “Co-sleeping, as long as its done safely, is fine as long as both parents are on board with it. If it’s working for everyone, and everyone is okay with it, then co-sleeping is a perfectly acceptable option.”

The researchers said that while most American families begin co-sleeping when their babies are first born, most of those families transition the babies to their own room by the time he or she is six months old. Teti said concerns about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or the desire for babies to learn how to fall asleep on their own may be why many parents in the U.S. prefer their babies to be sleep alone.

Teti said this study — which analyzed the sleeping habits of 103 mothers in their baby’s first year of life — saw a similar pattern in its participants.

“We found that about 73 percent of families co-slept at the one-month point. That dropped to about 50 percent by three months, and by six months, it was down to about 25 percent,” Teti said. “Most babies that were in co-sleeping arrangements in the beginning were moved out into solitary sleep by six months.”

The researchers also found that moms who were still co-sleeping with their babies past six months were more likely to be more depressed, worry about their baby’s sleep and feel more criticized than moms who were no longer co-sleeping.

On average, mothers that were still co-sleeping after six months reported feeling about 76 percent more depressed than mothers who had moved their baby into a separate room. They also reportedly felt about 16 percent more criticized or judged for their sleep habits.

“We definitely saw that the persistent co-sleepers — the moms that were still co-sleeping after six months — were the ones who seemed to get the most criticism,” Teti said. “Additionally, they also reported greater levels of worry about their baby’s sleep, which makes sense when you're getting criticized about something that people are saying you shouldn't be doing, that raises self-doubt. That's not good for anyone.”

Teti said that the study — published in the journal Infant and Child Development — isn’t about whether co-sleeping is good or bad, but about the importance of finding a sleep arrangement that works well while not neglecting your partner or spouse.

“If you’re going to co-sleep, you have to make sure both people in the partnership have talked it through and both people are in sync with what they want to do,” Teti said. “If not, that’s when criticism and arguments can happen, and possibly spill over into the relationship with child. So you want to avoid that. You need to make sure you have time with your partner, as well.”

Teti also said that even when co-sleeping works well, it can still cause more loss of sleep for the parents than if the baby slept in its own room.

“If you co-sleep, it is going to disrupt your sleep, and probably Mom’s sleep more than Dad’s,” Teti said. “So this is something to be careful with if you’re not good with chronic sleep debt. Co-sleeping needs to work well for everyone, and that includes getting adequate sleep. To be the best parent you can be, you have to take care of yourself, and your child benefits as a result.”

Mina Shimizu, a post-doctoral fellow at Auburn University who received her doctorate in human development and family studies at Penn State, also worked on this study.

This study was part of Penn State’s Project SIESTA (Study of Infants’ Emergent Sleep Trajectories), funded by the National Institute of Child and Human Development.