Prosecutors are also required to reveal possibly exculpatory evidence to the defense far earlier in the discovery process. And speedy trials are now guaranteed.

In May, the Legislature also acted to legalize so-called gravity knives — small, easy-to-access blades, opened with a flick of the wrist — overturning a law had resulted in the arrest of tens of thousands of black and Latino New Yorkers.

But an effort to ban the long-term use of solitary confinement in jails and prisons failed, though Mr. Cuomo and legislative leaders announced a series of changes late Thursday, with promises to work toward a 30-day cap on stints in solitary.

Congestion pricing

Another budget highlight was a congestion pricing plan, to charge cars that enter the busiest parts of Manhattan, after more than a decade of foiled attempts by lawmakers.

Frustration with the city’s deteriorating subway system, coupled with concerns about gridlock, helped usher through a proposal that had been around since Michael R. Bloomberg was mayor. The fees, which have yet to be set, will not go into effect until 2021.

Reproductive rights

The Reproductive Health Act was one of the first bills the Legislature tackled this year, codifying Roe v. Wade into state law and guaranteeing women’s rights to an abortion after the 24th week of pregnancy when there is “an absence of fetal viability, or the abortion is necessary to protect the patient’s life or health.”

The bill was central to many Democrats’ campaign pledges, but it infuriated the Catholic Church, something Mr. Cuomo, a Catholic, said he was acutely aware of.