Nonetheless, the string of convictions has fueled speculation about fallout in the Democratic primary for governor in September, especially after Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s upset primary victory over Representative Joseph Crowley helped illustrate the vulnerability of some career politicians.

In the wake of the verdicts in the cases of Mr. Kaloyeros and Mr. Skelos, Mr. Cuomo’s political opponents said the governor had hobbled the state’s ethics oversight and never delivered on promises of procurement reform. They pointed to glowing statements Mr. Cuomo had made about Mr. Percoco and Mr. Kaloyeros, and also tied the governor to Todd R. Howe, a former lobbyist who had facilitated many of the schemes.

“Dean Skelos and Sheldon Silver have been convicted, while Andrew Cuomo continues to bend the rules, break the law and defraud taxpayers seemingly without consequence,” said Marc Molinaro, the Republican candidate for governor.

The convictions also made for ready talking points in the race for New York attorney general, with Zephyr Teachout and Letitia James, both candidates for the post, pointing to the office’s power to prosecute public corruption in Albany.

Mr. Skelos and his son had been granted a retrial after winning an appeal of their convictions last year in the wake of a 2016 Supreme Court decision involving Bob McDonnell, the former Republican governor of Virginia, that limited the definition of public corruption.

The appeals panel ruled that the judge’s instructions to the jury had been too broad, possibly inviting jurors to convict the Skeloses on behavior that was not unlawful. Prosecutors had immediately vowed to bring the case again, calling their evidence “overwhelming” even in the face of the narrowed definition.

Other than Mr. Skelos’s three days on the witness stand, much of the testimony in the retrial hewed closely to that of the original. Prosecutors said that Mr. Skelos, soon after ascending to the Senate leadership in 2010, began hounding executives at several different companies to send money to his son. All the companies were seeking legislation that could make or break their business prospects, and Mr. Skelos made clear that he would kill the bills unless the executives complied with his demands, prosecutors said.