Paradise Papers reveal James Simons tried to keep tax haven fund hidden from public and is wealthier than rich lists suggest

One of the Democratic party’s top donors has spent decades building a hidden offshore fortune of more than $8bn in the tax haven of Bermuda, according to leaked documents.

James Simons, a hedge fund magnate who spent $11m in support of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign, amassed investment profits in the Lord Jim Trust, a vast private wealth fund set up on the Atlantic island in 1974.

Confidential legal files from 2010 show lawyers and advisers for Simons worked to protect him and his children from “particularly severe” US tax bills that would be triggered if they tried to bring the funds onshore. Bermuda imposes no taxes on profits or income.

The Simons trust was revealed in the Paradise Papers, millions of leaked offshore files reviewed by the Guardian, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and others. The files give a rare glimpse inside trusts used by the super-rich to ensure confidentiality and minimal regulation.

Brooke Harrington, a professor at Copenhagen Business School and the author of Capital Without Borders, said offshore trusts were the ideal vehicles for concealing immense wealth. “They don’t have to be registered and they don’t have to be audited,” she said. “It’s a handshake deal and nobody has to know. It’s the ultimate in secrecy.”

The documents said the Simons trust was worth about $8bn by the end of 2010. Simons said in a statement that the trust was later divided up, half going to him and the other half divided between his three children. He said most of the money would be used for charity.



The leaked documents indicate that because of the hidden fortune in Bermuda, Simons’ personal wealth was greater than estimates in publicly available rich lists. Simons was worth at least $11.25bn in 2010, according to one filing – about 32% more than the total stated in Forbes that year.



Measures taken by Simons to keep the scale of his offshore wealth secret are also detailed in the files. When restructuring his trust in 2010, attorneys for Simons persuaded Bermuda’s supreme court to hold hearings on the case in private and prevent the Simons name from being listed in the public docket.



“There has always been very great sensitivity as regards even the remotest possibility of publicity of the wealth of Mr Simons and his family,” one of his attorneys wrote in a filing. “Mr Simons himself is exceptionally private.”

Simons said he had always made necessary disclosures to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and paid tax on any small transfers from the trust into the US. His fund was a type of trust treated as a foreign taxpayer by US authorities.



The account is one of more than 2,500 offshore trusts in the cache of files leaked from Appleby, an offshore legal and financial services company. The trusts were connected to people and companies from more than 100 countries, according to analysis by the ICIJ. At least five trust structures handled by Appleby contained more than $1bn.



A trust is a legal relationship that dates back to 12th-century England. At their simplest, they hold assets placed into trust by someone for someone else’s benefit, and are managed by a trustee. Ownership of the assets floats between these three parties, providing various legal protections.

Appleby advertises to prospective clients in its company literature that Bermuda offers a perfect combination of zero tax, guaranteed privacy and an absence of regulatory paperwork.

In a report published in February, the Tax Justice Network said trusts were vulnerable to exploitation by people seeking to launder money or evade taxes. The report noted that trusts are used to shield assets from legitimate creditors who are owed money, including tax authorities

Andres Knobel, the report’s author, said trusts were “vehicles for social injustice” that international authorities should tackle. “Countries seem uninterested in addressing the issue, focusing only on other vehicles such as companies, as if trusts really involved only private family matters and the protection of vulnerable people,” said Knobel.

Simons is the chairman and founder of Renaissance Technologies, a hedge fund group in New York that manages more than $50bn. Renaissance has been pursued for several years by federal authorities for up to $6.8bn in taxes it was accused of avoiding through practices described as “abuses” by a Senate investigation. The company is due to meet IRS officials for talks this week.



Renaissance has frequently made spectacular returns, which it attributes to closely guarded trading models developed by a secretive team of scientists and mathematicians at the fund’s campus in Long Island.

Simons was a maths prodigy, working as a professor and then a government cold war codebreaker after obtaining a doctorate at 23. He was fired for publicly criticising the war in Vietnam. Robert Mercer, a computer science PhD who bankrolls rightwing causes such as Donald Trump’s presidential campaign and the website Breitbart News, is one of Renaissance’s co-chief executives.

Simons and Mercer are two of the biggest donors in US politics, giving tens of millions of dollars to Democrats and Republicans respectively. Simons contributed $27m to Democratic candidates and campaign groups for the 2016 elections, according to federal filings. Among his contributions was $11m to Priorities USA Action, a Super Pac that backed Clinton’s campaign for the presidency.



Renaissance has for years energetically lobbied Congress in search of more favourable tax conditions. So far in 2017, according to federal records, it has spent $230,000 employing two Washington firms to lobby the US Senate, House of Representatives and Treasury on tax issues and proposals affecting hedge funds.

Capital, once you’ve got it, accumulates much faster than anything you can earn. Prof Brooke Harrington

The leaked files show the Lord Jim Trust was established for Simons by a family friend. It originally held about $100,000 in cash and company shares. Simons said in a statement that it had been a “welcome surprise”.

The trust was updated over the years for the benefit of Simons’ children and his US foundation. Trusts are frequently used to avoid inheritance taxes and stop details of legacies being made public during the probate process.

Simons’ trust made major investments in Renaissance’s stable of successful hedge funds. According to a 2010 court filing, the trust “derived substantial profits every year from its investments and has made very few distributions” back to Simons. It could essentially be left to collect vast profits on these investments, growing exponentially for years without facing deductions for the benefit of the public purse.

Confidential accounting documents prepared by attorneys for Simons in 2009 projected how the trust would grow if it had continued to accumulate wealth in the same way. They said it would exceed $8bn by the end of 2010, and forecast that it would reach $15bn by the end of 2017 and that on 31 December 2030, the fund would stand at approximately $35bn.



Harrington said: “Capital, once you’ve got it, accumulates much faster than anything you can earn. It multiplies itself like rabbits.”

Simons and his family faced a dilemma, however, because of rules intended to deter wealthy Americans from holding money offshore. Under a so-called throwback tax, the longer an offshore trust is left collecting gains and interest, the higher the US tax rate imposed when funds are brought onshore. Attorneys warned Simons there could come a time when the taxes owed exceeded 100% of the fund’s value.

David Drummond of Georgetown Trust, a financial services company in Belize, said: “The US doesn’t like passive income sitting somewhere. They want to tax everything.”

So the Simons family developed a plan. Four new “sub-trusts” were created in Bermuda – one each for Simons and his children Elizabeth, 57, Nathaniel, 51, and Audrey, 31 – to split ownership of the money in the Lord Jim Trust. Simons took about half the total and each child received one-sixth.

Simons, an active philanthropist in the US, said he had transferred his half to a new Bermuda company he created in 2011 for making charitable donations. “So far it has not been very active, but as time goes on its activity will increase,” he said.

He declined to reveal the total value of his share in the former trust today. “I prefer not to disclose my net worth,” he said. A source familiar with Simons’ finances estimated that it was worth $8bn.

Simons said his three children had each given away a “meaningful amount” of their shares of the Lord Jim Trust to charities, mostly in Bermuda. The present total value of the children’s portions could not be established.

According to the legal documents, the new sub-trusts were due to share the estimated $1bn a year in annual income to the trust that could be withdrawn without triggering punitive US taxes.



But the funds should not be touched for personal purposes, Simons was told by his advisers. John Richmond, his private banker at HSBC Bermuda, said in an affidavit that the trust should be treated “as a fund which is available for a distant and not presently remotely foreseeable ‘rainy day’”.

This should not pose a problem for Simons, according to his attorneys, who noted that “the depth of wealth” available to him and his family separate from the trust fund was “immense, amounting to several billion dollars”.

Simons, known as Jim, is more publicly visible than his ultra-private colleague Mercer. Still, he has tended to avoid the glamorous events frequented by many of the Democrats’ biggest donors. He and his wife, Marilyn, have donated millions through their private foundation to causes such as autism research and mathematics education.

Simons has retained a donnish air from his days as a lecturer. He turned out in ill-fitting trousers and a non-matching blazer for a gala event in Manhattan this year with the former vice-president Joe Biden. Simons has kept his native Massachusetts accent and is a prolific smoker of Merit cigarettes.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Samuel L Stanley, Joe Biden, James Simons and Richard Gelfond at the Stars of Stony Brook Gala in New York in April. Photograph: CJ Rivera/Getty Images

At the same time, however, Simons has used his wealth to fund exclusive perks. He has owned a large apartment beside Central Park for the past 34 years, which, based on recent sales in the same building, is worth about $48m. He and his wife own a mansion and sprawling grounds valued at more than $6m near Renaissance’s campus on Long Island.

Simons is also the owner of a $65m Gulfstream private jet with space for 13 passengers, according to federal filings. He is assumed to be the owner of a 219ft, $100m yacht named Archimedes, which is based in Bermuda and initially had the name “Project Lord Jim”. Once, according to reports, Simons paid out for a trip to Bermuda for the entire Renaissance staff.

While privately storing vast wealth offshore, Simons has publicly called for higher tax rates on Americans he has termed “rich guys like me”. During a speech at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2010, he said he was “not a big fan” of the administration of Barack Obama, who he dismissed as a “rather timid president” on fiscal issues.

No reference was made to this by Simons’ advisers in the leaked documents, but a future overhaul of the US tax system could redraw the rules on bringing back offshore funds, reducing the potential bills for people such as the Simons family.

Under plans to reform the US tax code sketched out by the White House this year, Trump has proposed a one-off tax break to reduce the bills facing Americans who repatriate offshore funds. During the 2016 campaign, Trump suggested a one-off 10% rate. Simons said: “A tax holiday would not apply to me since I am no longer a beneficiary of the trust.”

In 2010, attorneys told Simons there was a way to avoid US taxes on accumulated wealth from the Lord Jim Trust: if the money only went to charity. It was proposed that the funds be split and used for the US philanthropic foundations founded by Simons and each of his three children, which have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on liberal and academic causes.

Since 1995, Simons and his wife have led the Simons Foundation in New York, which gives grants to dozens of scientific and academic causes each year. It must also make annual disclosures to the IRS about its spending that can be viewed by the public.

In his statement, Simons said he had chosen to transfer his share of the Bermuda trust to Simons Foundation International, which he formed in the tax haven in 2011. He said the amount of money in SFI was “meaningfully larger” than the almost $3bn held by his US foundation.

SFI, which has no website and little public footprint, was registered in Bermuda as a company rather than a charity. While charities on the island must file annual accounts to the government, companies are not required to. Simons said this was the structure his attorneys recommended. SFI’s founding documents say it will “operate exclusively as a nonprofit organization”. Simons said he can no longer personally benefit from his share of the trust money.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest A boat sails into the harbour in Hamilton, Bermuda. The island has no profit or income tax. Photograph: wwing/Getty Images/iStockphoto

Simons said in his statements that SFI had donated to the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and France’s Institut des Haute Études Scientifiques. He said SFI was “in the process” of giving grants to US universities.

In a 2015 interview, he said he spent money on philanthropy because “it feels good”, rather than out of a duty to give back to institutions that had aided his rise. “Do I feel I’m giving back? Not especially,” Simons said. “I could give back in a lot of ways. There’s a lot of things I could do besides support science.”

Simons said in his statement that his children’s sub-trusts had also been used for charity. IRS filings show his older daughter transferred $54m from her Bermuda sub-trust in 2011-12 to her Heising-Simons Foundation, which focuses on early education and science. The tax implications of the transfer were not detailed.

But over recent years, Elizabeth and her siblings have mostly funded their US nonprofits with money from separate trust funds their father created for them in the US, which were fed with profitshe collected on other investments. The leaked files said these US trusts each held more than $120m in 2010.

Over the past decade, $182m was directed from Nathaniel’s US trusts to the Sea Change Foundation, his environmental group in San Francisco. Elizabeth Simons did the same with $156.6m from her US trusts. And Audrey, Simons’ youngest child, donated $190.9m from her US trusts to her poverty and climate change-focused Foundation for a Just Society.

In his statement, Simons said his children’s Bermuda trusts had donated “primarily to Bermuda charitable foundations”. This kind of spending would not appear in US public records.