He tried to distinguish himself as an executive animated by big ideas and uniquely capable of carrying them out, pointing to his record in Florida of introducing a taxpayer-financed school voucher program, expanding charter schools, reducing the size of the state government by thousands of workers and cutting taxes by billions.

He went after Hillary Rodham Clinton — who contends with her own issues of dynastic privilege as she seeks the Democratic nomination — by name, mocking her “no-suspense primary” and warning that “the presidency should not be passed on from one liberal to the next.”

And he belittled some of his most credible Republican opponents in Washington as unseasoned managers. Recalling his two terms as chief executive of Florida, Mr. Bush derisively likened the senators he faces in the primary field — among them Marco Rubio of Florida, once a protégé of Mr. Bush’s — to President Obama, who campaigned for the White House after just three years in the Senate.

“There’s no passing off responsibility when you’re a governor, no blending into the legislative crowd or filing an amendment and calling that success,” Mr. Bush said. “As our whole nation has learned since 2008, executive experience is another term for preparation, and there is no substitute for that.”