The eBird taxonomy update is now complete. These updates happen once a year to take into account splits, lumps, name changes, and changes in the sequence of the species lists. As of this point, all eBird data–including your My eBird lists, range maps, bar charts, region and hotspot lists, and data entry will be reflecting the new taxonomy. eBird Mobile and BirdLog should also be updated to the new taxonomy. If you see unfamiliar bird names in the list, please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened. In addition, we list a number of new options for data entry (hybrids, spuhs, slashes, etc.) below. eBirders who do not speak English as their first language have five new translations for bird names to choose from: Croatian, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish (Venezuela), and Ukrainian. Remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website.

Important note for eBird Mobile and BirdLog users: If you use eBird Mobile or BirdLog please make sure all your lists have been submitted. If you have problems submitting a list (such as blank lines in the list) this may be a result of the taxonomic update. Please get in touch with us at ebird@cornell.edu and we’ll help you work through the issues. eBird Mobile is the *free* global data entry app for eBird that allows you to track your records and lists worldwide (get it here). BirdLog provides similar regional apps for Android users until the release of eBird Mobile in the fall; get those at the Google Play store.

2015 eBird Taxonomic Update

This year’s update is v2015 of the eBird/Clements Checklist. The eBird/Clements Checklist is an integrated global taxonomy for the birds of the world, including all species and subspecies, as well as additional taxa useful to field birders to report in eBird. The list of species available in eBird is the eBird Taxonomy (v2015) and includes all species, subspecies groups (which we call identifiable sub-specific forms or ISSF), hybrids, intergrades, spuhs (e.g., scoter sp.), slashes (e.g., Short-billed/Long-billed Dowitcher), domestics, and forms. The Clements Checklist includes only the species and subspecies, along with subspecies groups which are further identified as monotypic (consisting of one subspecies) or polytypic (consisting of more than one subspecies). In this way, the eBird/Clements Checklist is completely integrated, but can also be divided into these two groups. Read more about the eBird Taxonomy.

The Clements Checklist provides two update pages (overview and 2015 updates & corrections) and also provides all three files (eBird/Clements, Clements, and eBird) for download.

The Clements Checklist 2015 updates & corrections provides details (including references) for all species splits and lumps, new species descriptions, revisions to subspecies groups (ISSFs) or subspecies, and other changes relevant to the Clements Checklist. We refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page. One name change of interest concerns Omani Owl (formerly Strix omanensis, now Strix butleri) and Hume’s Owl, now known as Desert Owl, which was formerly Strix butleri but is now Strix hadorami; see the Clements updates for more on this.

A list of all the taxonomic changes is below. This is largely in sync with the Clements update; references are not listed in full, but are included in the Clements update. Since this is a long article, here is a short index:

Introduction

Languages

Species splits

Subspecies group changes

Species lumps

New species

New subspecies groups

New hybrids and intergrades

New forms

New domestics

New slashes and spuhs

Common name “ambiguation” and subspecies group lumps

Common Name changes

Scientific Name changes

INTRODUCTION

When the taxonomy is updated in eBird, many of the changes are fairly simple to implement. When a common name changes, a scientific name changes, or when the taxonomic sequence is revised, those changes roll through and start appearing in eBird output fairly quickly. Keeping track of name changes is a challenge, and consulting Avibase is one of the best ways to do so. Just type any bird name in Avibase and Avibase will show you the history of that name, and–if it differs from eBird–it will show what the eBird equivalent is for that name. Try it for “Louisiana Heron”, for example.

When species are lumped, eBird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group. In these cases, your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may (or may not) drop by one. The actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being “demoted” from species to subspecies.

When splits occur, however, the process is more complicated. In many cases, we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split. All these records update automatically to the new species. But when a bird is reported at the species level, and then that species is split, we update the records in eBird to one of the “child” species whenever possible. We try to be very conservative with this. When two species do not overlap in range (i.e., they are allopatric) we go ahead and make the change. When the species do overlap (i.e., are sympatric), and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences, we usually do not make the change. This results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option.

As an example, this year Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans) was split into two species, Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans) and Moltoni’s Warbler (Sylvia subalpina). The breeding ranges are largely allopatric, and Subalpine Warbler is much more widespread overall, but they overlap extensively in migration. So for eBird we changed all the records from the summer and from areas where only Subalpine Warbler is known or expected to be common (e.g., eastern Europe, Africa). Sightings that specified the subspecies were updated automatically (we recommend being specific when possible, but only when you understand the subspecies options you select for data entry!). Before this update, if you observed a “Subalpine Warbler” from within the range of Moltoni’s Warbler (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, coastal western Italy, and portions of the southern Mediterranean coast of France and Spain) but did not note the subspecies, it would be considered in eBird as Subalpine/Moltoni’s Warbler–the only difference now is that the taxa involved are now considered species instead of subspecies. If you know which one you saw, we encourage you to update your records. If you are not sure (and this is one of the tougher identification issues in the world, so don’t feel bad!), then your observation is best listed as the slash option.

One issue with eBird is that reviewing your records of “Subalpine/Moltoni’sWarbler” or of “Short-billed/Long-billed Dowitcher” currently is not easy using the My eBird tools. If you know the checklist it is on, you can find the list in “Manage My Observations” and edit it as needed. If you can find your checklist on the range map of “Subalpine/Moltoni’s Warbler” then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there. But the best option to review your records is to go to My eBird and then click “Download My Data” from the right side. This downloads your entire eBird database as a CSV file that can be opened in Excel or a similar spreadsheet program. From there, you should easily be able to sort by name or search for “Subalpine/Moltoni’s Warbler” to find your records. Then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the Submission ID in the URL for a checklist view.

For those who regularly use subspecies groups to report in eBird (this is encouraged, with caution!), please be sure to read the section on Common name “ambiguation” and subspecies group lumps near the bottom of this story.

LANGUAGES

eBirders that do not speak English as their first language have five new translations to choose from: Croatian, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish (Venezuela), and Ukrainian. You can access these under “Preferences” from most eBird pages, which is also where you can set the names to shows as common names or scientific names. English speakers have a range of regional options as well, including United Kingdom, Australia, Philippines, Malaysia, and New Zealand names. One additional option is English (IOC), which gives a full translation of species names into the IOC World Bird List (v5.3) nomenclature. Note that these names are exact taxonomic matches, so they reflect as slashes when a species is split by IOC and not by eBird; similarly, species split by eBird will appear as subspecies groups for IOC. Our eBird Help Center story explains more about regional common name preferences.

SPECIES SPLITS

The species below were split in eBird. To see a map of the new species, click “map”. To see your personal lists in My eBird, just make sure you are logged in and click “my records”. If you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown, then please enter your sightings! Full details for can be seen at the Clements Updates & Corrections page. Below are the splits for this update:

Common Ostrich Struthio camelus: Somali Ostrich, restricted to the Horn of Africa, is split.

Common Ostrich Struthio camelus [map] [my records ]

] Somali Ostrich Struthio molybdophanes [map] [my records]

Gray Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum: The island-endemic form Hainan Peacock-Pheasant is split as a separate species.

Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Bambusicola thoracicus: The island-endemic form Taiwan Bamboo-Partridge is split as a separate species.

Townsend’s Shearwater Puffinus auricularis: Townsend’s Shearwater is split into three species. Townsend’s is critically endangered species breeding on islands off west Mexico; Newell’s Shearwater is also endangered and breeds on Hawaii; and Rapa Shearwater breeds on Rapa Island in the central Pacific. The at-sea ranges for all three species needs to be better elucidated.

Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea: The island endemic species Sao Tome Ibis is split as a separate species.

Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea [map] [my records ]

] Sao Tome Ibis Bostrychia bocagei [map] [my records]

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo: Himalayan Buzzard, which occurs in the Himalayan region, and Eastern Buzzard, which occurs in east Asia, are split from Common Buzzard which is now the species of Europe, and western Asia, wintering in India, the Middle East, and Africa. See the Clements updates for details on the revised scientific name Buteo refectus.

Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus: The southern African species Forest Buzzard is split from Mountain Buzzard of East Africa.

Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus [map] [my records ]

] Forest Buzzard Buteo trizonatus [map] [my records]

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio: Purple Swamphen is split into six species with these ranges: Western Swamphen (western Europe and northwestern Africa); Black-backed Swamphen (Southeast Asia); African Swamphen (Africa, mostly south of the Sahara, north to Egypt and Israel); Australasian Swamphen (Australia, New Zealand, and South Pacific islands); Philippine Swamphen (Philippines); Gray-headed Swamphen (central Asia, from eastern Turkey through India to Myanmar and northern Thailand; introduced to Florida).

Takahe Porphyrio mantelli: The New Zealand endemic Takahe is further split into North Island and South Island species. The North Island Takahe has been extinct since 1894; note that South Island Takahe has since been introduced into some North Island locations to better preserve the species, which is critically endangered:

South Island Takahe Porphyrio hochstetteri [map] [my records ]

] North Island Takahe Porphyrio mantelli [map] [my records]

Dusky Woodcock Scolopax saturata: Dusky Woodcock is split into Javan Woodcock and New Guinea Woodcock.

Javan Woodcock Scolopax saturata [map] [my records ]

] New Guinea Woodcock Scolopax rosenbergii [map] [my records]

Dark-eared Dove Phapitreron cinereiceps: The island endemic Tawitawi Brown-Dove is split from Dark-eared Dove, and the name of the Philippine endemic Dark-eared Dove is changed to Mindanao Brown-Dove.

Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus: Some complicated changes occur here. Both of the polytypic groups of Asian Koel, Asian Koel (Asian) Eudynamys scolopaceus [scolopaceus Group] and Asian Koel (Pacific) Eudynamys scolopaceus [orientalis Group] are recognized as species: Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus and Pacific Koel Eudynamys orientalis. As part of the same revision, however, Australian Koel Eudynamys cyanocephalus is lumped with Pacific Koel; this taxon retains recognition, however, as a polytypic group, Pacific Koel (Australian) Eudynamys orientalis cyanocephalus/subcyanocephalus.

Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus [map] [my records ]

] Pacific Koel Eudynamys orientalis [map] [my records]

Cave Swiftlet Collocalia linchi: The Borneo endemic Bornean Swiftlet is split from Cave Swiftlet.

Cave Swiftlet Collocalia linchi [map] [my records ]

] Bornean Swiftlet Collocalia dodgei [map] [my records]

Long-billed Hermit Phaethornis longirostris: The west Mexico endemic (Nayarit to s. Oaxaca) Mexican Hermit is split from Long-billed Hermit.

Mexican Hermit Phaethornis mexicanus [map] [my records ]

] Long-billed Hermit Phaethornis longirostris [map] [my records]

Blossomcrown Anthocephala floriceps: Blossomcrown is split into a Santa Marta endemic form in northernmost Colombia and another from the central Andes of Colombia.

Santa Marta Blossomcrown Anthocephala floriceps [map] [my records ]

] Tolima Blossomcrown Anthocephala berlepschi [map] [my records]

Bahama Woodstar Calliphlox evelynae: The island endemic Inagua Woodstar is split from the more widespread Bahama Woodstar.

Bahama Woodstar Calliphlox evelynae [map] [my records ]

] Inagua Woodstar Calliphlox lyrura [map] [my records]

Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi: Plovercrest is split into the Brazilian endemic Green-crowned Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi and the more widespread and more southerly Violet-crowned Plovercrest Stephanoxis loddigesii.

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher Ceyx lepidus: Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher is split into 15 monotypic species; click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable Clements Checklist for the ranges of each species:

Tuamotu Kingfisher Todiramphus gambieri: Tuamotu Kingfisher is split into Niau Kingfisher (Todiramphus gertrudae) and the extinct Mangareva Kingfisher (Todiramphus gambieri).

Niau Kingfisher Todiramphus gertrudae [map] [my records ]

] Mangareva Kingfisher Todiramphus gambieri [map] [my records]

Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris: Collared Kingfisher is split into six species; click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable Clements Checklist for the ranges of each species. Pacific Kingfisher also includes three subspecies (vitiensis, eximius, and regina) that we previously classified as subspecies of Sacred Kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus):

Micronesian Kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamominus: Micronesian Kingfisher is split into three species each endemic to their own island group:

Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus: The southern African species Rock Kestrel is split from the widespread Old World Eurasian Kestrel.

Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus [map] [my records ]

] Rock Kestrel Falco rupicolus [map] [my records]

Bluebonnet Northiella haematogaster: The western Australia species Naretha Bluebonnet is split, and the eastern species takes the name Greater Bluebonnet.

Greater Bluebonnet Northiella haematogaster [map] [my records ]

] Naretha Bluebonnet Northiella narethae [map] [my records]

Blackish Antbird Cercomacra nigrescens: Riparian Antbird, a western Amazonian lowland species with unique vocalizations, is split from the widespread species Blackish Antbird. Note that Blackish Antbird may have additional taxa that could also involve additional cryptic species, although the vocalizations are fairly similar across its range:

Blackish Antbird Cercomacroides nigrescens [map] [my records ]

] Riparian Antbird Cercomacroides fuscicauda [map] [my records]

Lineated Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes albolineatus: Lineated Woodcreeper is split into four species, and the newly described Inambari Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes fatimalimae which we recognized in eBird in 2013 is now ratified by the SACC. Click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable Clements Checklist for the ranges of each of the four species split from Lineated Woodcreeper:

Rusty-backed Spinetail Cranioleuca vulpina: The island endemic Coiba Spinetail (Coiba Island is off central Panama in the state of Veraguas) is split from Rusty-backed Spinetail, which is now restricted to South America.

Rusty-backed Spinetail Cranioleuca vulpina [map] [my records ]

] Coiba Spinetail Cranioleuca dissita [map] [my records]

White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus: Gilbert’s Honeyeater, endemic to extreme sw Western Australia, is split from the eastern species White-naped Honeyeater.

Kokako Callaeas cinereus: The New Zealand endemic Kokako is further split into North Island and South Island species:

North Island Kokako Callaeas wilsoni [map] [my records ]

] South Island Kokako Callaeas cinereus [map] [my records]

Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus: The New Zealand endemic Saddleback is further split into North Island and South Island species:

North Island Saddleback Philesturnus rufusater [map] [my records ]

] South Island Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus [map] [my records]

Chestnut Quail-thrush Cinclosoma castanotum: Chestnut Quail-thrush is split into two species, with Copperback Quail-thrush roughly in western Australia and Chestnut Quail-thrush primarily in the east.

Asian Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi: Asian Paradise-Flycatcher is split into three species, with Amur Paradise-Flycatcher breeding in eastern China, Kamchatka, and Japan, Blyth’s Paradise-Flycatcher widely in southeast Asia from s China, Myanmar, and Indochina to Indonesia, and Indian Paradise-Flycatcher in Afghanistan and Pakistan to Bangladesh, including Sri Lanka and India south of the Himalayas. All three taxa migrate through Thailand and winter in Malaysia. This species will be particularly complicated to assign in eBird. We also have the option Japanese/Amur Paradise-Flycatcher, which should be used in eBird to apply to all four species including Indian Paradise-Flycatcher and Blyth’s Paradise-Flycatcher (essentially, a “paradise-flycatcher sp.” for Asia). We will update this species name in 2016. Until then we encourage careful documentation of paradise-flycatchers on migration and wintering grounds in Asia.

Northern Scrub-Robin Drymodes superciliaris: The New Guinea endemic Papuan Scrub-Robin is split from its Australia counterpart, Northern Scrub-Robin.

Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans: Moltoni’s Warbler, which is resident on the Balearic islands of Spain, Sardinia, coastal western Italy, and parts of southern France and Spain along the Mediterranean coast, is split from the widespread Subalpine Warbler. Records during migration are difficult to assign to species (the wren-like call note of Moltoni’s is the best field characteristic) so we encourage liberal use of Subalpine/Moltoni’s Warbler in such cases. See the Clements update for the change in scientific name from moltonii to subalpina.

Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans [map] [my records ]

] Moltoni’s Warbler Sylvia subalpina [map] [my records]

Snowy-browed Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra: The Philippine subspecies of Snowy-browed Flycatcher are split as a new species, Bundok Flycatcher Fidecula luzoniensis.

Snowy-browed Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra [map] [my records ]

] Bundok Flycatcher Ficedula luzoniensis [map] [my records]

Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma: Scaly Thrush is split into four species: the migratory northern White’s Thrush of eastern Russia and northeastern China, wintering in southeast Asia; the largely resident Scaly Thrush that occurs from northeastern India (wintering to central-northern India) through Malaysia and with an island endemic outlier population on Amami Island of southern Japan; the island endemic Sri Lanka Thrush; and the southern India endemic Nilgiri Thrush which occurs mostly in the western Ghats.

Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula: Chinese Blackbird, which occurs in eastern China and winters south to northern Thailand and northern Indochina, is split from Eurasian Blackbird of western Asia and Europe. Eurasian Blackbird is also introduced to Australia and New Zealand and several other places.

Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula [map] [my records ]

] Chinese Blackbird Turdus mandarinus [map] [my records]

Bay-winged Cowbird Agelaioides badius: Bay-winged Cowbird is divided into two species, now known as Baywings. Pale Baywing, endemic to eastern Brazil (south to the state of Minas Gerais) is split from the more widespread and more southerly Grayish Baywing.

Grayish Baywing Agelaioides badius [map] [my records ]

] Pale Baywing Agelaioides fringillarius [map] [my records]

Apapane Himatione sanguinea: The extinct Laysan Honeycreeper is recognized as a species distinct from the still common and widespread Apapane.

Laysan Honeycreeper Himatione fraithii [map] [my records ]

] Apapane Himatione sanguinea [map] [my records]

Nukupuu Hemignathus lucidus: Nukupuu is split into three island endemic species, all believed extinct; the Maui Nukupuu is the one most recently reported in the wild.

Greater Akialoa Hemignathus ellisianus: Greater Akialoa has long been extinct, but is now recognized as three island endemic species, further increasing the vast number of extinct species for the Hawaiian archipelago.

Akepa Loxops coccineus: Akepa is split into three island endemic species, with only the Hawaii Akepa still surviving (the other two extinct).

SUBSPECIES GROUP CHANGES and RESHUFFLES

Several subspecies groups were split or lumped as well and these are summarized below. Other subspecies are moved between species (see especially Caspian Gull). To review your records of any of these, simply open your Life List on eBird and use a browser search to search for the species name in question. Click the species to open all reports for that species; your subspecies reports will appear in this list and you can review those for accuracy. Selected revisions are listed below; for a complete listing of these changes see the Clements updates.

Helmeted Guineafowl : The polytypic group Helmeted Guineafowl (Helmeted) is restricted to the subspecies meleagris and somaliensis. Change the scientific name of this group from Numida meleagris [meleagris Group] to Numida meleagris meleagris/somaliensis.

: The polytypic group Helmeted Guineafowl (Helmeted) is restricted to the subspecies meleagris and somaliensis. Change the scientific name of this group from Numida meleagris [meleagris Group] to Numida meleagris meleagris/somaliensis. Crested Guineafowl : The polytypic group Crested Guineafowl (Crested) Guttera pucherani [edouardi Group] is divided into two groups: Crested Guineafowl (Western) Guttera pucherani verreauxi/sclateri, and Crested Guineafowl (Southern) Guttera pucherani edouardi/barbata.

: The polytypic group Crested Guineafowl (Crested) Guttera pucherani [edouardi Group] is divided into two groups: Crested Guineafowl (Western) Guttera pucherani verreauxi/sclateri, and Crested Guineafowl (Southern) Guttera pucherani edouardi/barbata. Pale-winged Trumpeter : Within trumpeters, the subspecies ochroptera was previously available in eBird as Pale-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged) Psophia leucoptera ochroptera but is now moved to Gray-winged Trumpeter as Gray-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged) Psophia crepitans ochroptera. As a result, Pale-winged Trumpeter now becomes monotypic within eBird and thus has no subspecies groups.

: Within trumpeters, the subspecies ochroptera was previously available in eBird as Pale-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged) Psophia leucoptera ochroptera but is now moved to Gray-winged Trumpeter as Gray-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged) Psophia crepitans ochroptera. As a result, Pale-winged Trumpeter now becomes monotypic within eBird and thus has no subspecies groups. Sharp-shinned Hawk : Subspecies madrensis, previously placed in a group with subspecies chionogaster, properly belongs in the group Sharp-shinned Hawk (Northern) Accipiter striatus [velox Group]. Consequently, the group Sharp-shinned Hawk (White-breasted) becomes monotypic, and the scientific name for this group changes from Accipiter striatus chionogaster/madrensis to Accipiter striatus chionogaster.

Caspian Gull : Transfer the monotypic group Caspian Gull (Mongolian) Larus cachinnans mongolicus to Herring Gull Larus argentatus, as Herring Gull (Mongolian) Larus argentatus mongolicus. In addition the monotypic group Caspian Gull (Steppe) Larus cachinnans barabensis is moved to Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus and thus becomes Lesser Black-backed Gull (Steppe) Larus fuscus barabensis. Caspian Gull thus becomes monotypic.

Barn Owl : Subspecies sumbaensis, previously included in the polytypic group Barn Owl (Eurasian) Tyto alba [alba Group], is moved to the polytypic group Barn Owl (Australian) Tyto alba [delicatula Group].

: Subspecies sumbaensis, previously included in the polytypic group Barn Owl (Eurasian) Tyto alba [alba Group], is moved to the polytypic group Barn Owl (Australian) Tyto alba [delicatula Group]. Barred Owlet-nightjar : Subspecies terborghi, previously considered to be a subspecies of Vogelkop Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles affinis, is transferred to Barred Owlet-Nightjar Aegotheles bennettii, and recognized as a new monotypic group, Barred Owlet-Nightjar (Diamond’s) Aegotheles bennettii terborghi.

Nutting’s Flycatcher : Nominate nuttingi properly belongs in a group with subspecies inquietus, not with subspecies flavidior. The names of the group Nutting’s Flycatcher (West Mexican) Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus change to Nutting’s Flycatcher (Nutting’s) Myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi/inquietus; and the names of the group Nutting’s Flycatcher (Southern) Myiarchus nutting nuttingi/flavidior change to Nutting’s Flycatcher (flavidior) Myiarchus nuttingi flavidior.

Bismarck Black Myzomela: Subspecies ernstmayri, hades, ramsayi, and nigerrima, which were formerly classified as subspecies of Papuan Black Myzomela Myzomela nigrita, properly belong as subspecies of Bismarck Black Myzomela Myzomela pammelaena.

LUMPS and INVALID SPECIES

In eBird taxonomic revision, lumps are very easy to deal with. Usually the taxa become subspecies groups, so there is no changing of records necessary, just a recalculation of lists as the species drop to identifiable subspecies. Whenever possible, we encourage birders to continue reporting at the subspecies level, but whenever you select these options, be sure you understand the taxa that you are using; do not try to guess at the subspecies based on the name! This section also includes invalid species descriptions: these are rare but occur when an original description of a species or subspecies is proven to be a hybrid, rare variant, or other form of natural variation that does not represent a species. Full details for can be seen at the Clements Updates & Corrections page.

Kangaroo Island Emu Dromaius baudinianus and King Island Emu Dromaius ater are both lumped with Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae. Both Kangaroo Island and King Island Emu are extinct and have no records in eBird, so this has no bearing n the lists of eBirders.

and are both lumped with Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae. Both Kangaroo Island and King Island Emu are extinct and have no records in eBird, so this has no bearing n the lists of eBirders. Australian Koel Eudynamys cyanocephalus : See the above section on Asian Koel splits for information on the lump of Australasian Koel that was part of this same taxonomic revision for Eudynamus koels.

: See the above section on Asian Koel splits for information on the lump of Australasian Koel that was part of this same taxonomic revision for Eudynamus koels. Kai Coucal Centropus spilopterus : The poorly known Kai Coucal is lumped with Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus, but monotypic groups are maintained as Pheasant Coucal (Kai) Centropus phasianinus spilopterus and Pheasant Coucal (Pheasant) Centropus phasianinus phasianinus

: The poorly known Kai Coucal is lumped with Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus, but monotypic groups are maintained as Pheasant Coucal (Kai) Centropus phasianinus spilopterus and Pheasant Coucal (Pheasant) Centropus phasianinus phasianinus Sucunduri Flycatcher Tolmomyias sucunduri : Sucunduri Flycatcher is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to eBird/Clements Checklist 6.8, pending review by SACC of the proposed new species. SACC has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of Yellow-margined Flycatcher Tolmomyias assimilis. We retain it as a monotypic group Yellow-margined Flycatcher (Sucunduri) Tolmomyias assimilis sucunduri .

: Sucunduri Flycatcher is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to eBird/Clements Checklist 6.8, pending review by SACC of the proposed new species. SACC has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of Yellow-margined Flycatcher Tolmomyias assimilis. We retain it as a monotypic group . Campina Jay Cyanocorax hafferi : Campina Jay is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to eBird/Clements Checklist 6.8, but SACC has voted to not recognize hafferias a species. Consequently we now classify hafferi as a monotypic group Azure-naped Jay (Campina) Cyanocorax heilprini hafferi along with the group Azure-naped Jay (Azure-naped)

: Campina Jay is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to eBird/Clements Checklist 6.8, but SACC has voted to not recognize hafferias a species. Consequently we now classify hafferi as a monotypic group along with the group Inambari Gnatcatcher Polioptila attenboroughi: Inambari Gnatcatcher is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to eBird/Clements Checklist 6.8, pending review by SACC of the proposed new species. Based on current information, SACC has voted to not recognize attenboroughi as a species. Consequently we now recognize it as one of several subspecies groups within Guianan Gnatcatcher: Guianan Gnatcatcher (Inambari) Polioptila guianensis attenboroughi.

NEW SPECIES

Each year, a few newly described species or populations newly recognized for their distinctiveness are named and added to the eBird/Clements taxonomy. This just goes to show how much remains to be learned about the birds of the World! Full details for can be seen at the Clements Updates & Corrections page.

Boa Nova Tapaculo Scytalopus gonzagai : The eBird “form” Serra Tapaculo (undescribed form) Scytalopus [undescribed Bahia form] has now been formally described and ratified by SACC as a species Boa Nova Tapaculo Scytalopus gonzagai

: The eBird “form” has now been formally described and ratified by SACC as a species Sichuan Bush-Warbler Locustella chengi is described as a new species, closely related to Russet Bush-Warbler Locustella mandelli . This taxon has not previously been available in eBird, and we encourage those lucky enough to have seen this species (which is apparently fairly common at higher elevations in Sichuan and nearby Chinese states).

is described as a new species, closely related to . This taxon has not previously been available in eBird, and we encourage those lucky enough to have seen this species (which is apparently fairly common at higher elevations in Sichuan and nearby Chinese states). Sulawesi Streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa sodhi: The taxon formerly available in eBird as Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher (undescribed form) Muscicapa [undescribed form] is now formally described and recognized as a species. Its range is the foothill forests of Sulawesi.

NEW SUBSPECIES GROUPS

The following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry. When you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups, and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks, please report them to eBird. Please do not guess based on the name, such as “Northern” and “Southern” or “African” and “Asian”; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level.

Thicket Tinamou (occidentalis) Crypturellus cinnamomeus occidentalis

Thicket Tinamou (cinnamomeus Group) Crypturellus cinnamomeus [cinnamomeus Group]

Helmeted Guineafowl (West African) Numida meleagris galeatus

Helmeted Guineafowl (Reichenow’s) Numida meleagris reichenowi

Helmeted Guineafowl (Tufted) Numida meleagris [mitratus Group]

Crested Guineafowl (Southern) Guttera pucherani edouardi/barbata

Crested Fireback (Malay) Lophura ignita rufa

Crested Fireback (Bornean) Lophura ignita ignita/nobilis

Salvin’s Prion (Salvin’s) Pachyptila salvini salvini

Salvin’s Prion (MacGillivray’s) Pachyptila salvini macgillivrayi

Purple Heron (Bourne’s) Ardea purpurea bournei

Purple Heron (Purple) Ardea purpurea [purpurea Group]

Intermediate Egret (Intermediate) Mesophoyx intermedia intermedia

Intermediate Egret (Plumed) Mesophoyx intermedia plumifera

Intermediate Egret (Yellow-billed) Mesophoyx intermedia brachyrhyncha

Red-shouldered Hawk (lineatus Group) Buteo lineatus [lineatus Group]

Limpkin (Speckled) Aramus guarauna [pictus Group]

Limpkin (Brown-backed) Aramus guarauna guarauna

Gray-winged Trumpeter (Napo) Psophia crepitans napensis

Gray-winged Trumpeter (Gray-winged) Psophia crepitans crepitans

Dark-winged Trumpeter (Xingu) Psophia viridis interjecta

Masked Lapwing (Masked) Vanellus miles miles

Masked Lapwing (Black-shouldered) Vanellus miles novaehollandiae

Gull-billed Tern (Gull-billed) Gelochelidon nilotica [nilotica Group]

Gull-billed Tern (Australian) Gelochelidon nilotica macrotarsa

Spotted Dove (Western) Streptopelia chinensis suratensis

Spotted Dove (Eastern) Streptopelia chinensis chinensis/tigrina

White-eared Brown-Dove (White-eared) Phapitreron leucotis leucotis

White-eared Brown-Dove (Buff-eared) Phapitreron leucotis nigrorum

White-eared Brown-Dove (Short-billed) Phapitreron leucotis brevirostris/occipitalis

Amethyst Brown-Dove (Amethyst) Phapitreron amethystinus amethystinus/imeldae

Amethyst Brown-Dove (Gray-breasted) Phapitreron amethystinus maculipectus

Amethyst Brown-Dove (Cebu) Phapitreron amethystinus frontalis

Whistling Green-Pigeon (Ryukyu) Treron formosae permagnus/medioximus

Whistling Green-Pigeon (Taiwan) Treron formosae formosae/filipinus

Superb Fruit-Dove (Western) Ptilinopus superbus temminckii

Superb Fruit-Dove (Eastern) Ptilinopus superbus superbus

Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (cuprea) Ducula badia cuprea

Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (badia Group) Ducula badia [badia Group]

Little Bronze-Cuckoo (Little) Chrysococcyx minutillus [minutillus Group]

Little Bronze-Cuckoo (Gould’s) Chrysococcyx minutillus [poecilurus Group]

Little Bronze-Cuckoo (Dark-backed) Chrysococcyx minutillus rufomerus

Little Bronze-Cuckoo (Pied) Chrysococcyx minutillus crassirostris/salvadorii

Pacific Koel (Oriental) Eudynamys orientalis [orientalis Group]

Pacific Koel (Australian) Eudynamys orientalis cyanocephalus/subcyanocephalus

Peruvian Screech-Owl (pacificus) Megascops roboratus pacificus

Peruvian Screech-Owl (roboratus) Megascops roboratus roboratus

Vermiculated Screech-Owl (Vermiculated) Megascops guatemalae vermiculatus

Northern Hawk Owl (American) Surnia ulula caparoch

Northern Hawk Owl (Eurasian) Surnia ulula ulula/tianschanica

Barred Owlet-nightjar (Diamond’s) Aegotheles bennettii terborghi

Band-tailed Nighthawk (Band-tailed) Nyctiprogne leucopyga [leucopyga Group]

Band-tailed Nighthawk (latifascia) Nyctiprogne leucopyga latifascia

Tyrian Metaltail (Santa Marta) Metallura tyrianthina districta

Tyrian Metaltail (Costa) Metallura tyrianthina chloropogon

Tyrian Metaltail (Merida) Metallura tyrianthina oreopola

Tyrian Metaltail (Tyrian) Metallura tyrianthina tyrianthina/quitensis

Tyrian Metaltail (septentrionalis) Metallura tyrianthina septentrionalis

Tyrian Metaltail (smaragdinicollis) Metallura tyrianthina smaragdinicollis

Viridian Metaltail (recisa) Metallura williami recisa

Viridian Metaltail (Viridian) Metallura williami williami

Viridian Metaltail (Ecuadorian) Metallura williami primolina

Viridian Metaltail (Black-throated) Metallura williami atrigularis

Golden-bellied Starfrontlet (Perija) Coeligena bonapartei consita

Golden-bellied Starfrontlet (Golden-bellied) Coeligena bonapartei bonapartei

African Pied Hornbill (Western) Lophoceros fasciatus semifasciatus

African Pied Hornbill (Congo) Lophoceros fasciatus fasciatus

White-crested Hornbill (White-cheeked) Horizocerus albocristatus albocristatus/macrourus

White-crested Hornbill (Dark-cheeked) Horizocerus albocristatus cassini

Piping Hornbill (Western) Bycanistes fistulator fistulator

Piping Hornbill (Eastern) Bycanistes fistulator sharpii/duboisi

Rufous Hornbill (Northern) Buceros hydrocorax hydrocorax

Rufous Hornbill (Southern) Buceros hydrocorax mindanensis/semigaleatus

Indigo-banded Kingfisher (Northern) Ceyx cyanopectus cyanopectus

Indigo-banded Kingfisher (Southern) Ceyx cyanopectus nigrirostris

Society Kingfisher (Moorea) Todiramphus veneratus youngi

Society Kingfisher (Tahiti) Todiramphus veneratus veneratus

Pacific Kingfisher (Lau) Todiramphus sacer marinus

Green Bee-eater (Yellow-throated) Merops orientalis [viridissimus Group]

Green Bee-eater (Arabian) Merops orientalis cyanophrys/najdanus

Green Bee-eater (Russet-crowned) Merops orientalis [orientalis Group]

Yellow-billed Barbet (Western) Trachyphonus purpuratus goffinii

Yellow-billed Barbet (Togo) Trachyphonus purpuratus togoensis

Yellow-billed Barbet (Eastern) Trachyphonus purpuratus purpuratus/elgonensis

White-headed Barbet (White-headed) Lybius leucocephalus [leucocephalus Group]

White-headed Barbet (Brown-and-white) Lybius leucocephalus senex

White-headed Barbet (White-bellied) Lybius leucocephalus leucogaster

Blue-throated Barbet (Red-crowned) Psilopogon asiaticus asiaticus

Blue-throated Barbet (Blue-crowned) Psilopogon asiaticus davisoni

Ivory-billed Aracari (Yellow-billed) Pteroglossus azara flavirostris

Ivory-billed Aracari (Ivory-billed) Pteroglossus azara azara

White-bellied Piculet (White-bellied) Picumnus spilogaster spilogaster/orinocensis

White-bellied Piculet (Mangrove) Picumnus spilogaster pallidus

Gray-headed Woodpecker (Gray-headed) Picus canus canus/jessoensis

Gray-headed Woodpecker (Black-naped) Picus canus [guerini Group]

Gray-headed Woodpecker (Sumatran) Picus canus dedemi

Eurasian Kestrel (Canary Islands) Falco tinnunculus canariensis/dacotiae

Eurasian Kestrel (Cape Verde) Falco tinnunculus neglectus/alexandri

Eurasian Kestrel (Rufescent) Falco tinnunculus rufescens

Blue-winged Parrotlet (Turquoise-winged) Forpus xanthopterygius spengeli

Blue-winged Parrotlet (crassirostris) Forpus xanthopterygius crassirostris

Blue-winged Parrotlet (Blue-winged) Forpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius

Dusky-billed Parrotlet (Schomburgk’s) Forpus modestus modestus

Dusky-billed Parrotlet (Dusky-billed) Forpus modestus sclateri

Pearly Parakeet (lepida) Pyrrhura lepida lepida

Pearly Parakeet (anerythra) Pyrrhura lepida anerythra

Pearly Parakeet (coerulescens) Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens

White-backed Fire-eye (Pacific) Pyriglena leuconota pacifica

White-backed Fire-eye (Black-bellied) Pyriglena leuconota castanoptera

White-backed Fire-eye (Black-headed) Pyriglena leuconota picea

White-backed Fire-eye (White-backed) Pyriglena leuconota [leuconota Group]

White-backed Fire-eye (Pernambuco) Pyriglena leuconota pernambucensis

Rufous Antpitta (Sierra Nevada) Grallaria rufula spatiator

Rufous Antpitta (Perija) Grallaria rufula saltuensis

Rufous Antpitta (Rufous) Grallaria rufula rufula

Rufous Antpitta (Cajamarca) Grallaria rufula cajamarcae

Rufous Antpitta (North Peruvian) Grallaria rufula obscura

Rufous Antpitta (South Peruvian) Grallaria rufula occabambae

Rufous Antpitta (Bolivian) Grallaria rufula cochabambae

Black-faced Antthrush (Black-faced) Formicarius analis [analis Group]

Rufous-breasted Leaftosser (Ceara) Sclerurus scansor cearensis

Rufous-breasted Leaftosser (Rufous-breasted) Sclerurus scansor scansor

White-browed Spinetail (gularis) Hellmayrea gularis gularis

White-browed Spinetail (brunneidorsalis) Hellmayrea gularis brunneidorsalis

White-browed Spinetail (cinereiventris) Hellmayrea gularis cinereiventris

White-browed Spinetail (rufiventris) Hellmayrea gularis rufiventris

Vilcabamba Thistletail (Vilcabamba) Asthenes vilcabambae vilcabambae

Vilcabamba Thistletail (Ayacucho) Asthenes vilcabambae ayacuchensis

Rufous Spinetail (unirufa) Synallaxis unirufa unirufa

Rufous Spinetail (munoztebari) Synallaxis unirufa munoztebari

Rufous Spinetail (meridana) Synallaxis unirufa meridana

Rufous Spinetail (ochrogaster) Synallaxis unirufa ochrogaster

Gray Elaenia (Choco) Myiopagis caniceps parambae/absita

Gray Elaenia (Gray) Myiopagis caniceps cinerea

Gray Elaenia (Gray-headed) Myiopagis caniceps caniceps

Foothill Elaenia (Perija) Myiopagis olallai incognita

Foothill Elaenia (Antioquia) Myiopagis olallai coopmansi

Foothill Elaenia (Foothill) Myiopagis olallai olallai

Brown-crested Flycatcher (Cooper’s) Myiarchus tyrannulus [cooperi Group]

Spotted Pardalote (Wet Tropics) Pardalotus punctatus millitaris

Spotted Pardalote (Spotted) Pardalotus punctatus punctatus

Spotted Pardalote (Yellow-rumped) Pardalotus punctatus xanthopyge

Black-browed Triller (Black-browed) Lalage atrovirens atrovirens

Black-browed Triller (Biak) Lalage atrovirens leucoptera

Long-tailed Shrike (erythronotus/caniceps) Lanius schach erythronotus/caniceps

Long-tailed Shrike (schach) Lanius schach schach

Long-tailed Shrike (tricolor/longicaudatus) Lanius schach tricolor/longicaudatus

Long-tailed Shrike (bentet) Lanius schach bentet

Long-tailed Shrike (nasutus Group) Lanius schach [nasutus Group]

Woodchat Shrike (Western) Lanius senator senator

Woodchat Shrike (Balearic) Lanius senator badius

Woodchat Shrike (Caucasian) Lanius senator niloticus

Black-naped Oriole (East Asian) Oriolus chinensis diffusus

Black-naped Oriole (Sunda) Oriolus chinensis [maculatus Group]

Black-naped Oriole (Black-naped) Oriolus chinensis [chinensis Group]

Gray Fantail (keasti) Rhipidura albiscapa keasti

Gray Fantail (alisteri) Rhipidura albiscapa alisteri

Gray Fantail (albiscapa) Rhipidura albiscapa albiscapa

Gray Fantail (preissi) Rhipidura albiscapa preissi

Gray Fantail (albicauda) Rhipidura albiscapa albicauda

Madagascar Paradise-Flycatcher (Madagascar) Terpsiphone mutata [mutata Group]

Madagascar Paradise-Flycatcher (Comoro) Terpsiphone mutata vulpina/voeltzkowiana

Madagascar Paradise-Flycatcher (Grand Comoro) Terpsiphone mutata comoroensis

Azure-naped Jay (Azure-naped) Cyanocorax heilprini heilprini

Scarlet Robin (Campbell’s) Petroica boodang campbelli

Scarlet Robin (Scarlet) Petroica boodang boodang/leggii

Ashy Robin (Ashy) Heteromyias albispecularis albispecularis

Ashy Robin (Black-capped) Heteromyias albispecularis [armiti Group]

Varied Tit (Varied) Sittiparus varius [varius Group]

Varied Tit (Iriomote) Sittiparus varius olivaceus

Varied Tit (Chestnut-bellied) Sittiparus varius castaneoventris

Varied Tit (Owston’s) Sittiparus varius owstoni

Sedge Wren (Venezuelan) Cistothorus platensis alticola

Sedge Wren (Paramo) Cistothorus platensis aequatorialis

Sedge Wren (Junin) Cistothorus platensis graminicola

Sedge Wren (Puna) Cistothorus platensis minimus

Sedge Wren (Tucuman) Cistothorus platensis tucumanus

Sedge Wren (Pampas) Cistothorus platensis platensis/polyglottus

Sedge Wren (Austral) Cistothorus platensis hornensis/falklandicus

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Central American) Henicorhina leucophrys [mexicana Group]

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Choco) Henicorhina leucophrys brunneiceps

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (anachoreta) Henicorhina leucophrys anachoreta

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (bangsi) Henicorhina leucophrys bangsi

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Perija) Henicorhina leucophrys manastarae

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (meridana) Henicorhina leucophrys meridana

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (venezuelensis) Henicorhina leucophrys venezuelensis

Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Andean) Henicorhina leucophrys [leucophrys Group]

Lesser Bristlebill (Brown-eyed) Bleda notatus notatus

Lesser Bristlebill (Yellow-eyed) Bleda notatus ugandae

Yellow-throated Greenbul (flavicollis) Atimastillas flavicollis flavicollis

Yellow-throated Greenbul (soror) Atimastillas flavicollis soror

Yellow-throated Greenbul (flavigula) Atimastillas flavicollis flavigula

Plain Greenbul (leoninus) Eurillas curvirostris leoninus

Plain Greenbul (curvirostris) Eurillas curvirostris curvirostris

Orange-spotted Bulbul (Aceh) Pycnonotus bimaculatus snouckaerti

Orange-spotted Bulbul (Orange-spotted) Pycnonotus bimaculatus bimaculatus/barat

Streak-breasted Bulbul (Tablas) Hypsipetes siquijorensis cinereiceps

Streak-breasted Bulbul (Cebu) Hypsipetes siquijorensis monticola

Streak-breasted Bulbul (Siquijor) Hypsipetes siquijorensis siquijorensis

Mountain Chiffchaff (Caucasian) Phylloscopus sindianus lorenzii

Mountain Chiffchaff (Kashmir) Phylloscopus sindianus sindianus

Capped White-eye (Capped) Zosterops fuscicapilla fuscicapilla

Capped White-eye (Oya Tabu) Zosterops fuscicapilla crookshanki

Dark-fronted Babbler (atriceps) Rhopocichla atriceps atriceps

Dark-fronted Babbler (bourdilloni) Rhopocichla atriceps bourdilloni

Dark-fronted Babbler (siccata) Rhopocichla atriceps siccata

Dark-fronted Babbler (nigrifrons) Rhopocichla atriceps nigrifrons

Brown Illadopsis (Moloney’s) Illadopsis fulvescens moloneyana/iboensis

Brown Illadopsis (Brown) Illadopsis fulvescens [fulvescens Group]

Black-headed Sibia (Black-headed) Heterophasia desgodinsi desgodinsi/tonkinensis

Black-headed Sibia (engelbachi/kingi) Heterophasia desgodinsi engelbachi/kingi

Black-headed Sibia (Lang Bian) Heterophasia desgodinsi robinsoni

Common Nightingale (megarhynchos/africana) Luscinia megarhynchos megarhynchos/africana

Common Nightingale (golzii) Luscinia megarhynchos golzii

Blue Whistling-Thrush (Black-billed) Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus

Blue Whistling-Thrush (Yellow-billed) Myophonus caeruleus [flavirostris Group]

Blue Rock-Thrush (solitarius Group) Monticola solitarius [solitarius Group]

Blue Rock-Thrush (philippensis) Monticola solitarius philippensis

Blue Rock-Thrush (madoci) Monticola solitarius madoci

Siberian Stonechat (Caspian) Saxicola maurus hemprichii

Siberian Stonechat (Przewalksi’s) Saxicola maurus przewalskii

Russet-tailed Thrush (Russet-tailed) Zoothera heinei [heinei Group]

Russet-tailed Thrush (Mussau) Zoothera heinei eichhorni

Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush (Orange-billed) Catharus aurantiirostris [aurantiirostris Group]

Indian Blackbird (Indian) Turdus simillimus simillimus/bourdilloni

Indian Blackbird (Black-capped) Turdus simillimus nigropileus/spencei

Indian Blackbird (Sri Lanka) Turdus simillimus kinnisii

Western Yellow Wagtail (flavissima/lutea) Motacilla flava flavissima/lutea

Two-banded Warbler (Roraiman) Myiothlypis bivittata roraimae

Two-banded Warbler (Two-banded) Myiothlypis bivittata bivittata/argentinae

Red-capped Cardinal (Red-capped) Paroaria gularis gularis

Red-capped Cardinal (Bolivian) Paroaria gularis cervicalis

Crimson-fronted Cardinal (Araguaia) Paroaria baeri baeri

Crimson-fronted Cardinal (Xingu) Paroaria baeri xinguensis

Flame-crested Tanager (Flame-crested) Tachyphonus cristatus [cristatus Group]

Flame-crested Tanager (Natterer’s) Tachyphonus cristatus nattereri

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (Perija) Anisognathus lacrymosus pallididorsalis

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (melanops) Anisognathus lacrymosus melanops

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (yariguierum) Anisognathus lacrymosus yariguierum

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (intensus) Anisognathus lacrymosus intensus

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (palpebrosus Group) Anisognathus lacrymosus [palpebrosus Group]

Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager (lacrymosus) Anisognathus lacrymosus lacrymosus

Blue-gray Tanager (Blue-gray) Thraupis episcopus [cana Group]

Blue-gray Tanager (White-edged) Thraupis episcopus [episcopus Group]

Savannah Sparrow (Savannah) Passerculus sandwichensis [sandwichensis Group]

Moustached Brushfinch (Moustached) Atlapetes albofrenatus albofrenatus

Moustached Brushfinch (Merida) Atlapetes albofrenatus meridae

Slaty Brushfinch (Slaty) Atlapetes schistaceus [schistaceus Group]

Slaty Brushfinch (Taczanowki’s) Atlapetes schistaceus taczanowskii

Yellow-breasted Brushfinch (nigrifrons) Atlapetes latinuchus nigrifrons

Yellow-breasted Brushfinch (Yellow-breasted) Atlapetes latinuchus [latinuchus Group]

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Northern) Habia rubica [rubicoides Group]

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Scarlet-throated) Habia rubica [rubra Group]

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager (Red) Habia rubica rubica/bahiae

Blue Seedeater (Equatorial) Amaurospiza concolor aequatorialis

Blue-black Grosbeak (Blue-black) Cyanocompsa cyanoides [cyanoides Group]

Blue-black Grosbeak (Amazonian) Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii

Baglafecht Weaver (Baglafecht) Ploceus baglafecht [baglafecht Group]

Baglafecht Weaver (Emin’s) Ploceus baglafecht emini

Baglafecht Weaver (Reichenow’s) Ploceus baglafecht reichenowi

Baglafecht Weaver (Stuhlmann’s) Ploceus baglafecht [stuhlmanni Group]

Vieillot’s Weaver (Chestnut-and-black) Ploceus nigerrimus castaneofuscus

Vieillot’s Weaver (Black) Ploceus nigerrimus nigerrimus

NEW HYBRIDS and INTERGRADES

eBird has a long list of field identifiable hybrids. These are always listed in taxonomic order (the species that comes first sequentially is listed first) and are always followed by “hybrid”. If you identified a hybrid, especially any of the below, please do report it to eBird (hopefully with photos)! eBird also maintains a much shorter lists of intergrades (hybrids between subspecies groups); these are followed by the phrase “intergrade” and can be identified from the scientific name by the structure of the names which indicates that it is a subspecies. Hybrids and intergrades are unique to the eBird taxonomy; they are not found in the Clements Checklist.

Black-bellied x West Indian Whistling-Duck (hybrid) Dendrocygna autumnalis x arborea

Swan x Graylag Goose (Domestic type) (hybrid) Anser cygnoides x anser (Domestic type) (hybrid)

American Wigeon x Northern Shoveler (hybrid) Anas americana x clypeata

Mallard x White-cheeked Pintail (hybrid) Anas platyrhynchos x bahamensis

Ring-necked Duck x Greater Scaup (hybrid) Aythya collaris x marila

Common x Red-breasted Merganser (hybrid) Mergus merganser x serrator

Dusky x Sharp-tailed Grouse (hybrid) Dendragapus obscurus x Tympanuchus phasianellus

Masked x Brown Booby (hybrid) Sula dactylatra x leucogaster

Neotropic x Double-crested Cormorant (hybrid) Phalacrocorax brasilianus x auritus

Great Blue x Cocoi Heron (hybrid) Ardea herodias x cocoi

Tricolored Heron x Reddish Egret (hybrid) Egretta tricolor x rufescens

European x Oriental Honey-buzzard (hybrid) Pernis apivorus x ptilorhynchus

Common Black x Red-shouldered Hawk (hybrid) Buteogallus anthracinus x Buteo lineatus

Swainson’s x Rough-legged Hawk (hybrid) Buteo swainsoni x lagopus

Long-legged x Upland Buzzard (hybrid) Buteo rufinus x hemilasius

Sandhill x Whooping Crane (hybrid) Grus canadensis x americana

Northern x Wattled Jacana (hybrid) Jacana spinosa x jacana

Great x Common Snipe (hybrid) Gallinago media x gallinago

Common x Thick-billed Murre (hybrid) Uria aalge x lomvia

Bonaparte’s x Franklin’s Gull (hybrid) Chroicocephalus philadelphia x Leucophaeus pipixcan

Franklin’s x Ring-billed Gull (hybrid) Leucophaeus pipixcan x Larus delawarensis

Ring-billed x Herring Gull (hybrid) Larus delawarensis x argentatus

California x Herring Gull (hybrid) Larus californicus x argentatus

Little x Fairy Tern (hybrid) Sternula albifrons x nereis

Sandwich Tern (Cabot’s x Cayenne) Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus x eurygnathus

Eurasian x African Collared-Dove (hybrid) Streptopelia decaocto x roseogrisea

White-cheeked x Prince Ruspoli’s Turaco (hybrid) Tauraco leucotis x ruspolii

Streamertail (Red-billed x Black-billed) Trochilus polytmus polytmus x scitulus

Ladder-backed x Downy Woodpecker (hybrid) Picoides scalaris x pubescens

Ladder-backed x Hairy Woodpecker (hybrid) Picoides scalaris x villosus

Downy x Hairy Woodpecker (hybrid) Picoides pubescens x villosus

Campo Flicker (Campo x Field) Colaptes campestris campestris x campestroides

Lineated x Black-bodied Woodpecker (hybrid) Dryocopus lineatus x schulzi

Pale-headed x Bamboo Woodpecker (hybrid) Gecinulus grantia x viridis

Long-billed x Little Corella (hybrid) Cacatua tenuirostris x sanguinea

Green x Eastern Rosella (hybrid) Platycercus caledonicus x eximius

Crimson x Eastern Rosella (hybrid) Platycercus elegans x eximius

Musk x Rainbow Lorikeet (hybrid) Glossopsitta concinna x Trichoglossus haematodus

Rainbow x Scaly-breasted Lorikeet (hybrid) Trichoglossus haematodus x chlorolepidotus

White-collared x Golden-collared Manakin (hybrid) Manacus candei x vitellinus

White-throated x Spot-breasted Fantail (hybrid) Rhipidura albicollis x albogularis

Frill-necked x Ochre-collared Monarch (hybrid) Arses telescopthalmus x insularis

Lesser x Raggiana Bird-of-Paradise (hybrid) Paradisaea minor x raggiana

Gray-headed x Black-headed Parrotbill (hybrid) Psittiparus gularis x margaritae

Chinese x Taiwan Hwamei (hybrid) Garrulax canorus x taewanus

European Pied x Collared Flycatcher (hybrid) Ficedula hypoleuca x albicollis

Blue Rock-Thrush (pandoo x philippensis) Monticola solitarius pandoo x philippensis

Common Redstart x Whinchat (hybrid) Phoenicurus phoenicurus x Saxicola rubetra

Orange-crowned x Nashville Warbler (hybrid) Oreothlypis celata x ruficapilla

Nashville x Magnolia Warbler (hybrid) Oreothlypis ruficapilla x Setophaga magnolia

Bay-breasted x Blackburnian Warbler (hybrid) Setophaga castanea x fusca

Yellow Warbler (Mangrove x Golden) Setophaga petechia (Mangrove x Golden intergrade)

Hooded x Yellow Warbler (hybrid) Setophaga citrina x petechia

Yellowhammer x Pine Bunting (hybrid) Emberiza citrinella x leucocephalos

Summer x Western Tanager (hybrid) Piranga rubra x ludoviciana

Scarlet x Western Tanager (hybrid) Piranga olivacea x ludoviciana

Hepatic x Flame-colored Tanager (hybrid) Piranga flava x bidentata

Western x Eastern Meadowlark (hybrid) Sturnella neglecta x magna

Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch (Hepburn’s x Gray-crowned) Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis x tephrocotis Group

Apapane x Iiwi (hybrid) Himatione sanguinea x Drepanis coccinea

Pine x Black-capped Siskin (hybrid) Spinus pinus x atriceps

Black-necked Weaver (Olive-backed x Black-backed) Ploceus nigricollis brachypterus x nigricollis

NEW FORMS

Within eBird, we also have forms for taxa that are field identifiable (or likely potential species) and worth tracking, but are not formally described. These include undescribed species (noted with “undescribed form”), undescribed subspecies groups, and miscellaneous other options. This year’s update includes one “undescribed form” that has been described and accepted by the CBRO (Brasilian Records Committee); we include it without the “undescribed” note but it is not considered a valid species for eBird/Clements…yet. Forms are unique to the eBird taxonomy; they are not found in the Clements Checklist.

New Caledonian Storm-Petrel (undescribed form) Fregetta [undescribed form]

Maranhao Hermit Phaethornis maranhaoensis

Pine Siskin (green morph) Spinus pinus (green morph)

NEW DOMESTICS

eBird has certain domesticated species that are regularly seen in a feral or wild state. The two parrots added here have multiple plumage variations that indicate domestic provenance; individuals that match the wild type should not be reported using this option. Domestics are unique to the eBird taxonomy; they are not found in the Clements Checklist.

Cockatiel (Domestic type) Nymphicus hollandicus (Domestic type)

Budgerigar (Domestic type) Melopsittacus undulatus (Domestic type)

NEW SLASHES AND SPUHS

As with hybrids, eBird has a long list of “slashes” and “spuhs”. These are useful in the field if you get a good enough look at a bird to know it, for example, a scoter, but not to tell if it was a Common Scoter, Black Scoter, Surf Scoter, or White-winged Scoter. You can use “scoter sp.”, in such instances. If you are able to narrow it down to two (or in rare cases, three or four) species options, we have “slashes”, which mention the full common name (and scientific name) for the species that are potential species for your observation (e.g., Surf/Black Scoter). This list is being regularly updated as observers let us know what field identification problems they encounter. Slashes and spuhs are unique to the eBird taxonomy; they are not found in the Clements Checklist.

Anser sp. Anser sp.

Indian/Eastern Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha/zonorhyncha

Talegalla sp. Talegalla sp.

Blue-throated/Red-throated Piping-Guan Pipile cumanensis/cujubi

Cracidae sp. Cracidae sp.

Arborophila sp. Arborophila sp.

pheasant sp. Phasianinae sp.

Hutton’s/Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus huttoni/gavia

Neotropic/Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus/auritus

Great Blue/Cocoi Heron Ardea herodias/cocoi

Little Egret/Western Reef-Heron Egretta garzetta/gularis

White-faced/Puna Ibis Plegadis chihi/ridgwayi

Rueppell’s/Eurasian Griffon Gyps rueppelli/fulvus

Himalayan/Eurasian Griffon Gyps himalayensis/fulvus

Changeable/Crested Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus limnaeetus/cirrhatus

Spizaetus sp. Spizaetus sp.

Northern/Montagu’s Harrier Circus cyaneus/pygargus

Brown Goshawk/Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter fasciatus/cirrocephalus

Levant/Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes/nisus

Long-legged/Upland Buzzard Buteo rufinus/hemilasius

Rallina sp. Rallina sp.

Ruddy/White-throated Crake Laterallus ruber/albigularis

wood-rail sp. Aramides sp.

crane sp. Gruidae sp.

Common Ringed/Semipalmated Plover Charadrius hiaticula/semipalmatus

Northern/Wattled Jacana Jacana spinosa/jacana

Common/Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago gallinago/stenura

Herring/Yellow-legged Gull Larus argentatus/michahellis

Yellow-legged/Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus michahellis/fuscus

Little/Fairy Tern Sternula albifrons/nereis

Eurasian/African Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto/roseogrisea

Macropygia sp. Macropygia sp.

Common/Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina passerina/talpacoti

brown-dove sp. Phapitreron sp.

Common/African Cuckoo Cuculus canorus/gularis

Shining/Little Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus/minutillus

bronze-cuckoo sp. Chrysococcyx sp. (bronze-cuckoo sp.)

Asian Emerald/Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus/xanthorhynchus

Klaas’s/Dideric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas/caprius

Chrysococcyx sp. Chrysococcyx sp.

Squirrel/Black-bellied Cuckoo Piaya cayana/melanogaster

cuckoo sp. (Cuculidae sp.) Cuculidae sp.

European/Pallid Scops-Owl Otus scops/brucei

Bubo sp. Bubo sp.

Asian Barred/Jungle Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides/radiatum

owlet-nightjar sp. Aegotheles sp.

Batrachostomus sp. Batrachostomus sp.

frogmouth sp. Podargidae sp.

potoo sp. Nyctibius sp.

Plain/Pallid Swift Apus unicolor/pallidus

treeswift sp. Hemiprocne sp.

Crimson/Fiery Topaz Topaza pella/pyra

Green/Sparkling Violetear Colibri thalassinus/coruscans

violetear sp. Colibri sp.

metaltail sp. Metallura sp.

Long-billed/Plain-capped Starthroat Heliomaster longirostris/constantii

Purple-throated/White-throated Mountain-gem Lampornis calolaemus/castaneoventris

Chlorostilbon sp. Chlorostilbon sp.

Lophoceros sp. Lophoceros sp.

Black-casqued/Yellow-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata/elata

hornbill sp. Bucerotidae sp.

Broad-billed/Narrow-billed Tody Todus subulatus/angustirostris

Black-backed/Rufous-backed Dwarf-Kingfisher Ceyx erithaca/rufidorsa

Todiramphus sp. Todiramphus sp.

Yellow-billed/Mountain Kingfisher Syma torotoro/megarhyncha

Chloroceryle sp. Chloroceryle sp.

nunlet sp. Nonnula sp.

Monasa sp. Monasa sp.

Bucconidae sp. Bucconidae sp.

Galbula sp. Galbula sp.

jacamar sp. Galbulidae sp.

Malabar/Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon malabaricus/haemacephalus

Brown-headed/White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon zeylanicus/viridis

Capito sp. Capito sp.

Aulacorhynchus sp. Aulacorhynchus sp.

Little/Red-stained Woodpecker Veniliornis passerinus/affinis

Veniliornis sp. Veniliornis sp.

Piculus sp. Piculus sp.

Dryocopus sp. Dryocopus sp.

Barred/Plumbeous Forest-Falcon Micrastur ruficollis/plumbeus

cacatua sp. Cacatua sp.

Greater/Lesser Vasa-Parrot Mascarinus vasa/niger

pygmy-parrot sp. Micropsitta sp.

tiger-parrot sp. Psittacella sp.

Yellow-billed/Orange-billed Lorikeet Neopsittacus musschenbroekii/pullicauda

Charmosyna sp. Charmosyna sp.

Barred/Andean Parakeet Bolborhynchus lineola/orbygnesius

Black-billed/Yellow-billed Parrot Amazona agilis/collaria

Austral/Slender-billed Parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus/leptorhynchus

Green/Pacific Parakeet Psittacara holochlorus/strenuus

Smithornis sp. Smithornis sp.

Banded/Black-and-yellow Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus/ochromalus

asian broadbill sp. Eurylaimidae sp.

Sunbird/Yellow-bellied Asity Neodrepanis coruscans/hypoxantha

antvireo sp. Dysithamnus sp.

Dusky-throated/Saturnine Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus/saturninus

Cercomacroides sp. Cercomacroides sp.

Thrush-like/Tepui Antpitta Myrmothera campanisona/simplex

tapaculo sp. Rhinocryptidae sp.

xenops sp. Xenops sp.

Anabacerthia sp. Anabacerthia sp.

Syndactyla sp. Syndactyla sp.

Automolus sp. Automolus sp.

thornbird sp. Phacellodomus sp.

softtail sp. Thripophaga sp.

Suiriri/Chapada Flycatcher Suiriri suiriri/islerorum

Anairetes sp. Anairetes sp.

doradito sp. Pseudocolopteryx sp.

White-crested/Straneck’s Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata/griseicapilla

Serpophaga sp. Serpophaga sp.

Mionectes sp. Mionectes sp.

scrub-flycatcher sp. Sublegatus sp.

Lophotriccus sp. Lophotriccus sp.

Hemitriccus sp. Hemitriccus sp.

Poecilotriccus sp. Poecilotriccus sp.

Todirostrum sp. Todirostrum sp.

spadebill sp. Platyrinchus sp.

Myiophobus sp. Myiophobus sp.

Ramphotrigon sp. Ramphotrigon sp.

attila sp. Attila sp.

Yellow-throated/Three-striped Flycatcher Conopias parvus/trivirgatus

Pipreola sp. Pipreola sp.

Orange-bellied/White-fronted Manakin Lepidothrix suavissima/serena

Lepidothrix sp. Lepidothrix sp.

Dark-eared/White-eared Myza Myza celebensis/sarasinorum

Gavicalis sp. Gavicalis sp.

Melipotes sp. Melipotes sp.

friarbird sp. Philemon sp.

Meliphagidae sp. Meliphagidae sp.

mouse-warbler sp. Crateroscelis sp.

Melanocharis berrypecker sp. Melanocharis sp.

Yellow-bellied/Slaty-chinned Longbill Toxorhamphus novaeguineae/poliopterus

jewel-babbler sp. Ptilorrhoa sp.

wattle-eye sp. Platysteira sp.

Rufous-winged/Maroon-breasted Philentoma Philentoma pyrhoptera/velata

Vangidae sp. Vangidae sp.

currawong sp. Strepera sp.

Common/White-tailed Iora Aegithina tiphia/nigrolutea

cuckooshrike sp. Campephagidae sp.

Colluricincla sp. Colluricincla sp.

shrike-babbler sp. Pteruthius sp.

Rufous-browed/Black-billed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis/nigrirostris

White-throated/Spot-breasted Fantail Rhipidura albicollis/albogularis

White-throated/White-browed Fantail Rhipidura albicollis/aureola

Monarcha sp. Monarcha sp.

Restless/Paperbark Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta/nana

Myiagra sp. Myiagra sp.

Cyanocorax sp. Cyanocorax sp.

jay sp. Corvidae sp. (jay sp.)

green-magpie sp. Cissa sp.

Red-billed/Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax/graculus

manucode sp. Phonygammus/Manucodia sp.

Microeca sp. Microeca sp.

Western/Yellow-throated Nicator Nicator chloris/vireo

Greater Short-toed/Hume’s Lark Calandrella brachydactyla/acutirostris

Horned/Temminck’s Lark Eremophila alpestris/bilopha

Northern/Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis/ruficollis

Tachycineta sp. Tachycineta sp.

Fairy/Tree Martin Petrochelidon ariel/nigricans

Petrochelidon sp. Petrochelidon sp.

Forest Swallow/Square-tailed Sawwing Petrochelidon fuliginosa/Psalidoprocne nitens

sawwing sp. Psalidoprocne sp.

Parus sp. Parus sp.

Indian/Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea/cinnamoventris

Rock/Persian Nuthatch Sitta neumayer/tephronota

Cinnycerthia sp. Cinnycerthia sp.

bristlebill sp. Bleda sp.

Red-tailed/White-bearded Greenbul Criniger calurus/ndussumensis

Criniger sp. Criniger sp.

Icterine/Xavier’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus/xavieri

Pycnonotidae sp. Pycnonotidae sp.

cupwing sp. Pnoepyga sp.

longbill sp. Macrosphenus sp.

Gray-bellied/Slaty-bellied Tesia Tesia cyaniventer/olivea

tesia sp. Tesia sp.

Cettia sp. Cettia sp.

Arctic/Japanese Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus borealis/xanthodryas

Iduna sp. Iduna sp.

Iduna/Hippolais/Acrocephalus sp. Iduna/Hippolais/Acrocephalus sp.

Megalurus sp. Megalurus sp.

jery sp. Neomixis sp.

Camaroptera sp. Camaroptera sp.

Subalpine/Montoni’s Warbler Sylvia cantillans/subalpina

parrotbill sp. Paradoxornithidae sp.

white-eye sp. Zosteropidae sp.

Pomatorhinus sp. Pomatorhinus sp.

Malacopteron sp. Malacopteron sp.

Pellorneidae sp. Pellorneidae sp.

Chinese/Taiwan Hwamei Garrulax canorus/taewanus

Bradornis sp. Bradornis sp.

Blue-and-white/Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana/cumatilis

Brachypteryx sp. Brachypteryx sp.

whistling-thrush sp. Myophonus sp.

forktail sp. Enicurus sp.

Red-flanked/Himalayan Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus/rufilatus

Tarsiger sp. Tarsiger sp.

Korean/Green-backed/Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia/elisae/narcissana

Siberian/White-tailed Stonechat Saxicola maurus/leucurus

Saxicola sp. Saxicola sp.

Northern/Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe/hispanica

Mimidae sp. Mimidae sp.

Aplonis sp. Aplonis sp.

Temminck’s/Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga temminckii/siparaja

White/White-browed Wagtail Motacilla alba/maderaspatensis

Richard’s/Oriental Pipit Anthus richardi/rufulus

yellowthroat sp. Geothlypis sp. (yellowthroat sp.)

Flame-crested/Fulvous-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus/surinamus

Tachyphonus sp. Tachyphonus sp.

Ramphocelus sp. Ramphocelus sp.

Black-crested/Gray-crested Finch Lophospingus pusillus/griseocristatus

inca-finch sp. Incaspiza sp.

Catamenia sp. Catamenia sp.

Olive/Green-backed Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus/chloronotus

Spizella sp. Spizella sp.

Gray-hooded/Ortolan Bunting Emberiza buchanani/hortulana

Black-headed/Red-headed Bunting Emberiza melanocephala/bruniceps

Hepatic/Summer Tanager Piranga flava/rubra

Summer/Scarlet Tanager Piranga rubra/olivacea

Chlorothraupis sp. Chlorothraupis sp.

Red-shouldered/Tawny-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius assimilis/humeralis

White-edged/Yellow-tailed Oriole Icterus graceannae/mesomelas

hawaiian honeycreeper sp. Drepanidinae sp.

Parrot/Red Crossbill Loxia pytyopsittacus/curvirostra

Mycerobas sp. Mycerobas sp.

malimbe sp. Malimbus sp.

Black-necked/Spectacled Weaver Ploceus nigricollis/ocularis

Red/Forest Fody Foudia madagascariensis/omissa

pytilia sp. Pytilia sp.

whydah sp. Vidua sp. (whydah sp.)

indigobird sp. Vidua sp. (indigobird sp.)

COMMON NAME “AMBIGUATION” and SUBSPECIES GROUP LUMPS

A persistent problem in eBird is when birders assume a subspecies group without fully understanding the status, occurrence, range, or field marks of the relevant options. While we want to collect carefully identified records of subspecies, and while known status is always a factor in bird identification, making incorrect assumptions is very dangerous for eBird data quality. An example would be Willet (Eastern) Tringa semipalmata semipalmata and Willet (Western) Tringa semipalmata inornata. Incautious observers regularly report Willet (Eastern) because they are standing on the Atlantic coast without understanding the (very subtle!) field identification characteristics or true status of “Western” Willet. In fact, subspecies inornata (which as a breeding bird is the more westerly of the two, breeding in the interior of the USA and southern Canada, and is the only form on the Pacific coast) is also the common wintering Willet in the southeastern USA and Gulf coast and returning migrants may return to the winter range as early as 1 July (and some birds oversummer!). “Eastern” Willet (which breeds exclusively in Gulf coast and East coast saltmarshes) actually winters almost exclusively in South America, and is very rare in Canada, the USA, and Caribbean after 1 September. Thus, while Willets on the East Coast that are obviously breeding can be identified as “Eastern Willet”, and those carefully identified by plumage and/or structure can be identified with care, the mere presence of a Willet on the East Coast does not allow one to identify it to subspecies. For those that do not understand all these nuances, we encourage conservative reporting as simply “Willet”.

This is not a problem unique to Willets. We often see birders assume an identification of a subspecies group with an “Eastern” or “Northern” moniker in the name, or appearing on the eBird filter, can be safely reported. While this is sometimes true, it is always important to understand the status and field marks for the subspecies you report. And since subspecies groups are often subtle, we always encourage adding photos or notes to support your identification.

To help minimize some of the problems of erroneous assumptions of subspecies group in eBird, we have undertaken an “ambiguation” process this year. Several subspecies groups that were formerly described with “eastern” and “western”, or similar geographical monikers, now are named with the formal subspecific epithet. For example, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Northern) is now Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (fulgens) and Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Southern) is now Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (autumnalis). this is intended to be a cautionary flag for eBirders: if you see a subspecies group with this name (always in lowercase), it is a very tricky identification issue and one you should only report if you fully understand it. In general, these taxa will not appear on eBird filters and must be intentionally sought in eBird using “Add a species”

A second process involved the removal of subspecies groups in places where the subspecies groups were not possible to safely identify in the field and not possible to validate in our review process, even with excellent documentation. The species involved in this include:

Cattle Egret : The Cattle Egret (Seychelles) Bubulcus ibis seychellarum subspecies is no longer considered valid, so Cattle Egrets from the Seychelles are now considered part of the nominate subspecies, with the new common name “Cattle Egret (Western)”; this form is sometimes split as a species from Cattle Egret (Eastern) Bubulcus ibis coromandus.

: The Cattle Egret (Seychelles) Bubulcus ibis seychellarum subspecies is no longer considered valid, so Cattle Egrets from the Seychelles are now considered part of the nominate subspecies, with the new common name “Cattle Egret (Western)”; this form is sometimes split as a species from Cattle Egret (Eastern) Bubulcus ibis coromandus. Red-shouldered Hawk : Eastern and Gulf Coast subspecies groups merged as “Red-shouldered Hawk (lineatus Group)”.

: Eastern and Gulf Coast subspecies groups merged as “Red-shouldered Hawk (lineatus Group)”. Least Tern : All three subspecies groups (Eastern Interior, California) are removed; Least Tern now does not have subspecies groups in eBird.

: All three subspecies groups (Eastern Interior, California) are removed; Least Tern now does not have subspecies groups in eBird. American Robin : The Eastern and Western subspecies groups are merged in to a single “American Robin (migratorius Group)”.

: The Eastern and Western subspecies groups are merged in to a single “American Robin (migratorius Group)”. Summer Tanager : Both subspecies groups (Eastern, Western) are removed; Summer Tanager now does not have subspecies groups in eBird.

: Both subspecies groups (Eastern, Western) are removed; Summer Tanager now does not have subspecies groups in eBird. Savannah Sparrow: Eastern and Western subspecies groups are merged as “Savannah Sparrow (Savannah)”.

COMMON NAME CHANGES

See the Clements Checklist updates (to be posted soon here) of the reasoning behind these name changes. Note that some relate directly to splits discussed above, since some of the taxa that were formerly species may appear here. For example, a widespread bird that occurs in North America and Eurasia that is split into unique species on each continent; the population occurring on both continents might be retained here as a “slash” and appear as a name change (also a downgrade from species to slash).

Ostrich (Common) —> Common Ostrich

Ostrich (Somali) —> Somali Ostrich

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Northern) —> Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (fulgens)

Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Southern) —> Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (autumnalis)

Common Eider (Atlantic) —> Common Eider (Dresser’s)

Common Eider (Boreal) —> Common Eider (Northern)

Australian Brush-Turkey —> Australian Brushturkey

Wattled Brush-Turkey —> Wattled Brushturkey

Bruijn’s Brush-Turkey —> Waigeo Brushturkey

Red-billed Brush-Turkey —> Red-billed Brushturkey

Black-billed Brush-Turkey —> Yellow-legged Brushturkey

Brown-collared Brush-Turkey —> Red-legged Brushturkey

Dusky-legged Guan (Bridge’s) —> Dusky-legged Guan (Bridges’s)

Crested Guineafowl (Crested) —> Crested Guineafowl (Western)

quail sp. —> new world quail sp.

Gray Peacock-Pheasant (Hainan) —> Hainan Peacock-Pheasant

Gray Peacock-Pheasant (Gray) —> Gray Peacock-Pheasant

Coturnix sp. —> old world quail sp.

Rockhopper Penguin —> Southern Rockhopper Penguin

Rockhopper Penguin (Western) —> Southern Rockhopper Penguin (Western)

Rockhopper Penguin (Eastern) —> Southern Rockhopper Penguin (Eastern)

Tristan Penguin —> Moseley’s Rockhopper Penguin

Levantine Shearwater —> Yelkouan Shearwater

Townsend’s Shearwater (Townsend’s) —> Townsend’s Shearwater

Townsend’s Shearwater (Newell’s) —> Newell’s Shearwater

Townsend’s Shearwater —> Townsend’s/Newell’s Shearwater

Townsend’s Shearwater (Rapa Island) —> Rapa Shearwater

Rough-faced Shag —> New Zealand King Shag

Bronze Shag —> Stewart Island Shag

Cattle Egret (ibis) —> Cattle Egret (Western)

Cattle Egret (Asian) —> Cattle Egret (Eastern)

Green Heron (Eastern) —> Green Heron (virescens/bahamensis)

Green Heron (Western) —> Green Heron (anthonyi)

Green Heron (Frazar’s) —> Green Heron (frazari)

Waldrapp —> Northern Bald Ibis

Bald Ibis —> Southern Bald Ibis

Olive Ibis (Olive) —> Olive Ibis

Olive Ibis (Sao Tome) —> Sao Tome Ibis

Osprey (Eurasian) —> Osprey (haliaetus)

Osprey (American) —> Osprey (carolinensis)

Osprey (Caribbean) —> Osprey (ridgwayi)

White-backed/Rueppell’s Griffon Vulture —> White-backed Vulture/Rueppell’s Griffon

Short-toed Eagle —> Short-toed Snake-Eagle

Red-shouldered Hawk (South Florida) —> Red-shouldered Hawk (extimus)

Red-shouldered Hawk (California) —> Red-shouldered Hawk (elegans)

Red-tailed Hawk (Western) —> Red-tailed Hawk (calurus/alascensis)

Red-tailed Hawk (Eastern) —> Red-tailed Hawk (borealis)

Red-tailed Hawk (Northern) —> Red-tailed Hawk (abieticola)

Red-tailed Hawk (Fuertes’s) —> Red-tailed Hawk (fuertesi)

Red-tailed Hawk (Mexican) —> Red-tailed Hawk (kemsiesi/hadropus)

Red-tailed Hawk (Costa Rican) —> Red-tailed Hawk (costaricensis)

Red-tailed Hawk (Tres Marias) —> Red-tailed Hawk (fumosus)

Red-tailed Hawk (Socorro) —> Red-tailed Hawk (socorroensis)

Common Buzzard (Himalayan) —> Himalayan Buzzard

Common Buzzard (japonicus) —> Eastern Buzzard

Mountain Buzzard (Mountain) —> Mountain Buzzard

Mountain Buzzard (Forest) —> Forest Buzzard

Mountain Buzzard (Elgin) —> Elgin Buzzard (undescribed form)

Yellow Rail (Mexican) —> Yellow Rail (Goldman’s)

King/Aztec Rail —> Aztec/King Rail

rail sp. —> rail/crake sp.

Purple Swamphen (European) —> Western Swamphen

Purple Swamphen (Black-backed) —> Black-backed Swamphen

Purple Swamphen (African) —> African Swamphen

Takahe (South Island) —> South Island Takahe

Takahe (North Island) —> North Island Takahe

Purple Swamphen (Australasian) —> Australasian Swamphen

Purple Swamphen (Philippine) —> Philippine Swamphen

Purple Swamphen (Gray-headed) —> Gray-headed Swamphen

Purple Swamphen —> swamphen sp.

moorhen/coot sp. —> gallinule/moorhen/coot sp.

Pale-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged) —> Gray-winged Trumpeter (Ochre-winged)

Pale-winged Trumpeter (White-winged) —> Pale-winged Trumpeter

Sandhill Crane (Lesser) —> Sandhill Crane (canadensis)

Sandhill Crane (Greater) —> Sandhill Crane (tabida/rowani)

Sandhill Crane (Mississippi) —> Sandhill Crane (pulla)

Sandhill Crane (Florida) —> Sandhill Crane (pratensis)

Sandhill Crane (Cuban) —> Sandhill Crane (nesiotes)

Sunda Lapwing —> Javan Lapwing

Southern Lapwing (Northern) —> Southern Lapwing (cayennensis)

Southern Lapwing (Central South America) —> Southern Lapwing (lampronotus)

Southern Lapwing (Southern South America) —> Southern Lapwing (chilensis/fretensis)

Snowy Plover (Snowy) —> Snowy Plover (nivosus)

Snowy Plover (Humboldt) —> Snowy Plover (occidentalis)

Little Ringed Plover (Northern) —> Little Ringed Plover (curonicus)

Little Ringed Plover (Southern) —> Little Ringed Plover (dubius/jerdoni)

Greater Painted-snipe —> Greater Painted-Snipe

Australian Painted-snipe —> Australian Painted-Snipe

South American Painted-snipe —> South American Painted-Snipe

Solitary Sandpiper (Eastern) —> Solitary Sandpiper (solitaria)

Solitary Sandpiper (Western) —> Solitary Sandpiper (cinnamomea)

Black-tailed Godwit (Icelandic) —> Black-tailed Godwit (islandica)

Black-tailed Godwit (European) —> Black-tailed Godwit (limosa)

Black-tailed Godwit (Siberian) —> Black-tailed Godwit (melanuroides)

Dunlin (Pacific) —> Dunlin (pacifica/arcticola)

Dunlin (Eastern) —> Dunlin (hudsonia)

Dunlin (Greenland) —> Dunlin (arctica)

Dunlin (Icelandic) —> Dunlin (schinzii)

Dunlin (European) —> Dunlin (alpina)

Dunlin (Northeast Asian) —> Dunlin (sakhalina Group)

Rock Sandpiper (Pribilof Is.) —> Rock Sandpiper (ptilocnemis)

Rock Sandpiper (Kuril Is.) —> Rock Sandpiper (quarta)

Rock Sandpiper (Bering Strait) —> Rock Sandpiper (tschuktschorum)

Rock Sandpiper (Aleutian) —> Rock Sandpiper (couesi)

Short-billed Dowitcher (Atlantic) —> Short-billed Dowitcher (griseus)

Short-billed Dowitcher (Prairie) —> Short-billed Dowitcher (hendersoni)

Short-billed Dowitcher (Pacific) —> Short-billed Dowitcher (caurinus)

Dusky Woodcock (Javan) —> Javan Woodcock

Dusky Woodcock (New Guinea) —> New Guinea Woodcock

Black Guillemot (Arctic) —> Black Guillemot (mandtii)

Black Guillemot (Subarctic) —> Black Guillemot (grylle Group)

Pigeon Guillemot (Snow’s) —> Pigeon Guillemot (snowi)

Pigeon Guillemot (American) —> Pigeon Guillemot (columba Group)

Black-legged Kittiwake (Atlantic) —> Black-legged Kittiwake (tridactyla)

Black-legged Kittiwake (Pacific) —> Black-legged Kittiwake (pollicaris)

Caspian Gull (Mongolian) —> Herring Gull (Mongolian)

Yellow-legged Gull (Azorean) —> Yellow-legged Gull (atlantis)

Yellow-legged Gull (Mediterranean) —> Yellow-legged Gull (michahellis)

Caspian Gull (Caspian) —> Caspian Gull

Iceland Gull (Kumlien’s) —> Iceland Gull (kumlieni)

Caspian Gull (Steppe) —> Lesser Black-backed Gull (Steppe)

Lesser Black-backed Gull (Taimyr) —> Lesser Black-backed Gull (taimyrensis)

Kelp Gull (Kelp) —> Kelp Gull (dominicanus)

Kelp Gull (Antarctic) —> Kelp Gull (austrinus)

Kelp Gull (Indian Ocean) —> Kelp Gull (judithae)

Kelp Gull (Cape) —> Kelp Gull (vetula)

Kelp Gull (Madagascar) —> Kelp Gull (melisandae)

Black Noddy (Caribbean) —> Black Noddy (americanus)

Black Noddy (Hawaiian) —> Black Noddy (melanogenys)

Black Noddy (Black) —> Black Noddy (minutus Group)

Common Tern (Common) —> Common Tern (hirundo)

Common Tern (Siberian) —> Common Tern (longipennis)

Black Skimmer (Northern) —> Black Skimmer (niger)

Ground-Dove/Inca Dove —> ground-dove/Inca Dove

Gray-chested Dove (cassini) —> Gray-chested Dove (cassinii)

White-eared Dove —> White-eared Brown-Dove

Amethyst Dove —> Amethyst Brown-Dove

Dark-eared Dove (Mindanao) —> Mindanao Brown-Dove

Dark-eared Dove (Tawitawi) —> Tawitawi Brown-Dove

Asian Koel (Pacific) —> Pacific Koel

Kai Coucal —> Pheasant Coucal (Kai)

Pheasant Coucal —> Pheasant Coucal (Pheasant)

African Scops-Owl (Annabon) —> African Scops-Owl (Annobon)

Otus sp. —> scops-owl sp.

Brown Fish-Owl (Western) —> Brown Fish-Owl (Turkish)

African Barred-Owlet (Bar-fronted) —> African Barred Owlet (Bar-fronted)

Hume’s Owl —> Desert Owl

Barred Owl (Mexican) —> Barred Owl (Cinereous)

Great Gray Owl (Eurasian) —> Great Gray Owl (Lapland)

Jungle Boobook —> Papuan Boobook

Papuan Boobook —> Papuan Owl

New Caledonian Owlet-Nightjar —> New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar

Feline Owlet-Nightjar —> Feline Owlet-nightjar

Starry Owlet-Nightjar —> Starry Owlet-nightjar

Wallace’s Owlet-Nightjar —> Wallace’s Owlet-nightjar

Archbold’s Owlet-Nightjar —> Archbold’s Owlet-nightjar

Mountain Owlet-Nightjar —> Mountain Owlet-nightjar

Moluccan Owlet-Nightjar —> Moluccan Owlet-nightjar

Australian Owlet-Nightjar —> Australian Owlet-nightjar

Vogelkop Owlet-Nightjar —> Vogelkop Owlet-nightjar

Barred Owlet-Nightjar —> Barred Owlet-nightjar

Barred Owlet-Nightjar (Barred) —> Barred Owlet-nightjar (Barred)

Barred Owlet-Nightjar (Dwarf) —> Barred Owlet-nightjar (Dwarf)

Black Swift (Northern) —> Black Swift (borealis)

Black Swift (Central American) —> Black Swift (costaricensis)

Black Swift (Caribbean) —> Black Swift (niger)

Papuan Needletail —> Papuan Spinetailed Swift

Cave Swiftlet (Cave) —> Cave Swiftlet

Cave Swiftlet (Bornean) —> Bornean Swiftlet

Papuan Swiftlet —> Three-toed Swiftlet

Long-billed Hermit (Jalisco) —> Mexican Hermit (Jalisco)

Long-billed Hermit (Mexican) —> Mexican Hermit (Mexican)

Magnificent Hummingbird (Northern) —> Magnificent Hummingbird (Rivoli’s)

Magnificent Hummingbird (Costa Rican) —> Magnificent Hummingbird (Admirable)

Plovercrest (Emerald-crested) —> Green-crowned Plovercrest

Plovercrest (Violet-crested) —> Violet-crowned Plovercrest

Berylline x Magnificent Hummingbird (hybrid) —> Magnificent x Berylline Hummingbird (hybrid)

New World trogon sp. —> new world trogon sp.

Southern x Damara Red-billed Hornbill (hybrid) —> Southern Red-billed x Damara Red-billed Hornbill (hybrid)

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Dimorphic) —> Dimorphic Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Sula) —> Sula Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (North Moluccan) —> North Moluccan Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Seram) —> Seram Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Buru) —> Buru Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (New Guinea) —> Papuan Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Manus) —> Manus Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (New Ireland) —> New Ireland Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (New Britain) —> New Britain Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Bougainville) —> Bougainville Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (New Georgia) —> New Georgia Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (North Solomons) —> North Solomons Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Malaita) —> Malaita Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Guadalcanal) —> Guadalcanal Dwarf-Kingfisher

Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher (Makira) —> Makira Dwarf-Kingfisher

Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher —> Vanuatu Kingfisher

Mangaia Kingfisher —> Mewing Kingfisher

Tahiti Kingfisher —> Society Kingfisher

Collared Kingfisher (Vanuatu) —> Pacific Kingfisher (Vanuatu)

Collared Kingfisher (South Pacific) —> Pacific Kingfisher (South Pacific)

Collared Kingfisher (Solomon Is.) —> Pacific Kingfisher (Solomon Is.)

Sacred Kingfisher (Fiji) —> Pacific Kingfisher (Fiji)

Micronesian Kingfisher (Palau) —> Palau Kingfisher

Micronesian Kingfisher —> Guam Kingfisher

Micronesian Kingfisher (Miyako-Jima I.) —> Guam Kingfisher (Miyako-Jima I.)

Micronesian Kingfisher (Guam) —> Guam Kingfisher (Guam)

Micronesian Kingfisher (Pohnpei) —> Pohnpei Kingfisher

Collared Kingfisher (Sordid) —> Torresian Kingfisher

Collared Kingfisher (Marianas Is.) —> Mariana Kingfisher

Collared Kingfisher (St. Matthias Is.) —> Melanesian Kingfisher (St. Matthias Is.)

Collared Kingfisher (Dampier Straits) —> Melanesian Kingfisher (Dampier Straits)

Collared Kingfisher (New Ireland) —> Melanesian Kingfisher (New Ireland)

Collared Kingfisher (New Britain) —> Melanesian Kingfisher (New Britain)

Collared Kingfisher (Bougainville-Guadalcanal) —> Melanesian Kingfisher (Bougainville-Guadalcanal)

Black-mandibled Toucan —> Yellow-throated Toucan

Black-mandibled Toucan (Chestnut-mandibled) —> Yellow-throated Toucan (Chestnut-mandibled)

Black-mandibled Toucan (Black-mandibled) —> Yellow-throated Toucan (Black-mandibled)

Eurasian Kestrel (Rock) —> Rock Kestrel

Red-fronted Parakeet —> Red-crowned Parakeet

Yellow-fronted Parakeet —> Yellow-crowned Parakeet

Bluebonnet —> Greater Bluebonnet

Bluebonnet (Yellow-vented) —> Greater Bluebonnet (Yellow-vented)

Bluebonnet (Red-vented) —> Greater Bluebonnet (Red-vented)

Bluebonnet (Naretha) —> Naretha Bluebonnet

Black-crowned Pitta —> Graceful Pitta

Black-headed Pitta —> Black-crowned Pitta

Blackish Antbird (Blackish) —> Blackish Antbird

Blackish Antbird (Riparian) —> Riparian Antbird

Chestnut-belted Gnateater (Snethage’s) —> Chestnut-belted Gnateater (Snethlage’s)

Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Pululahua) —> Rusty-breasted Antpitta (rara)

Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Tumbes) —> Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Leimebamba)

Serra Tapaculo (undescribed form) —> Boa Nova Tapaculo

Lineated Woodcreeper (Duida) —> Duida Woodcreeper

Lineated Woodcreeper (Lineated) —> Guianan Woodcreeper

Lineated Woodcreeper (Rondonia) —> Rondonia Woodcreeper

Lineated Woodcreeper (Layard’s) —> Layard’s Woodcreeper

Rusty-backed Spinetail (Rusty-backed) —> Rusty-backed Spinetail

Rusty-backed Spinetail (Coiba) —> Coiba Spinetail

Ochre-bellied/Macconnell’s Flycatcher —> Ochre-bellied/McConnell’s Flycatcher

Golden-faced Tyrannulet (Amazonas) (undescribed form) —> Peruvian Tyrannulet (Amazonas) (undescribed form)

Sucunduri Flycatcher —> Yellow-margined Flycatcher (Sucunduri)

Vermilion Flycatcher (Vermilion) —> Vermilion Flycatcher (obscurus Group)

Vermilion Flycatcher (Southern) —> Vermilion Flycatcher (rubinus)

Jelksi’s/Plumbeous Black-Tyrant —> Jelski’s/Plumbeous Black-Tyrant

Nutting’s Flycatcher (West Mexican) —> Nutting’s Flycatcher (Nutting’s)

Nutting’s Flycatcher (Southern) —> Nutting’s Flycatcher (flavidior)

flycatcher sp. —> flycatcher sp. (Tyrannidae sp.)

Green-and-black Fruiteater (tallmanorum) —> Green-and-black Fruiteater (Sira)

Red-throated Myzomela —> Ruby-throated Myzomela

Black Myzomela —> Papuan Black Myzomela

Mountain Myzomela —> Elfin Myzomela

Scarlet-bibbed Myzomela —> Sclater’s Myzomela

Ebony Myzomela —> Bismarck Black Myzomela

New Hebrides Honeyeater —> Vanuatu Honeyeater

Olive-streaked Honeyeater —> Yellow-streaked Honeyeater

Black-backed Honeyeater —> Gray-streaked Honeyeater

White-naped Honeyeater (Western) —> Gilbert’s Honeyeater

White-naped Honeyeater (Eastern) —> White-naped Honeyeater

Makira Melidectes —> Makira Honeyeater

Mountain Gerygone —> Gray Thornbill

New Guinea Babbler —> Papuan Babbler

Northern Logrunner —> Papuan Logrunner

Lemon-breasted Berrypecker —> Mid-mountain Berrypecker

Kokako (North Island) —> North Island Kokako

Kokako (South Island) —> South Island Kokako

Saddleback (North Island) —> North Island Saddleback

Saddleback (South Island) —> South Island Saddleback

Nullarbor Quail-Thrush —> Nullarbor Quail-thrush

Fernando Po Batis —> Bioko Batis

Fuelleborn’s Boubou (Usumbara) —> Fuelleborn’s Boubou (Usambara)

Australasian Magpie —> Australian Magpie

Australasian Magpie (Papuan) —> Australian Magpie (Papuan)

Australasian Magpie (Black-backed) —> Australian Magpie (Black-backed)

Australasian Magpie (Western) —> Australian Magpie (Western)

Australasian Magpie (Black-backed x Western) —> Australian Magpie (Black-backed x Western)

Australasian Magpie (White-backed) —> Australian Magpie (White-backed)

Australasian Magpie (Black-backed x White-backed) —> Australian Magpie (Black-backed x White-backed)

Australasian Magpie (Tasmanian) —> Australian Magpie (Tasmanian)

Rufous Shrike-Thrush —> Little Shrikethrush

Rufous Shrike-Thrush (Rufous) —> Little Shrikethrush (Rufous)

Rufous Shrike-Thrush (Little) —> Little Shrikethrush (Little)

Sooty Shrike-Thrush —> Sooty Shrikethrush

Sandstone Shrike-Thrush —> Sandstone Shrikethrush

Gray Shrike-Thrush —> Gray Shrikethrush

Bower’s Shrike-Thrush —> Bower’s Shrikethrush

Mottled Whistler —> Mottled Berryhunter

Crested Pitohui —> Piping Bellbird

Tepui Greenlet —> Tepui Vireo

Oriolus sp. —> old world oriole sp.

Velvet-mantled Drongo (Príncipe) –> Velvet-mantled Drongo (Principe)

Japanese/Asian Paradise-Flycatcher —> Japanese/Amur Paradise-Flycatcher

Asian Paradise-Flycatcher —> Indian Paradise-Flycatcher

Black Monarch —> Fantailed Monarch

Black-backed Monarch —> Kofiau Monarch

Rufous-collared Monarch —> Ochre-collared Monarch

Campina Jay —> Azure-naped Jay (Campina)

Canary Flycatcher —> Papuan Flycatcher

Alpine Robin —> Subalpine Robin

Purple Martin (Northern) —> Purple Martin (subis/arboricola)

Purple Martin (Desert) —> Purple Martin (hesperia)

Cliff Swallow (Northern) —> Cliff Swallow (pyrrhonota/ganieri)

Cliff Swallow (Southwestern) —> Cliff Swallow (melanogaster)

White-winged Tit —> White-naped Tit

Brown Creeper (Pacific) —> Brown Creeper (occidentalis Group)

Brown Creeper (Rocky Mts) —> Brown Creeper (montana/idahoensis)

Brown Creeper (Eastern) —> Brown Creeper (americana/nigrescens)

Brown Creeper (Mexican) —> Brown Creeper (albescens/alticola)

Brown Creeper (Guatemalan) —> Brown Creeper (pernigra)

Brown Creeper (Honduran) —> Brown Creeper (extima)

Pacific Wren (Alaskan islands) —> Pacific Wren (alascensis Group)

Pacific Wren (Southern) —> Pacific Wren (pacificus Group)

Sedge Wren (Northern) —> Sedge Wren (Sedge)

Sedge Wren (Middle America) —> Sedge Wren (Grass)

Marsh Wren (Pacific) —> Marsh Wren (paludicola Group)

Marsh Wren (Interior West) —> Marsh Wren (plesius Group)

Marsh Wren (Eastern) —> Marsh Wren (palustris Group)

Marsh Wren (Worthington’s) —> Marsh Wren (griseus)

Marsh Wren (Central Mexico) —> Marsh Wren (tolucensis)

Bewick’s Wren (Eastern) —> Bewick’s Wren (bewickii/altus)

Bewick’s Wren (Interior West) —> Bewick’s Wren (eremophilus Group)

Bewick’s Wren (Pacific) —> Bewick’s Wren (spilurus Group)

Cactus Wren (Eastern) —> Cactus Wren (brunneicapillus Group)

Cactus Wren (Western) —> Cactus Wren (affinis Group)

Long-billed Gnatwren (obscurus) —> Long-billed Gnatwren (Chattering)

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Eastern) —> Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (caerulea)

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Western) —> Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (obscura Group)

Inambari Gnatcatcher —> Guianan Gnatcatcher (Inambari)

Laura’s Wood-Warbler —> Laura’s Woodland-Warbler

Yellow-throated Wood-Warbler —> Yellow-throated Woodland-Warbler

Uganda Wood-Warbler —> Uganda Woodland-Warbler

Mountain Warbler (Negros) —> Mountain Warbler (Philippines)

Sulawesi Leaf-Warbler —> Sulawesi Leaf Warbler

Timor Leaf-Warbler —> Timor Leaf Warbler

Island Leaf-Warbler —> Island Leaf Warbler

Island Leaf-Warbler (Halmahera) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Halmahera)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Bacan) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Bacan)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Buru) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Buru)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Seram) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Seram)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Taliabu) (undescribed form) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Taliabu) (undescribed form)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Banggai) (undescribed form) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Banggai) (undescribed form)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Kai) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Kai)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Numfor) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Numfor)

Island Leaf-Warbler (Biak) —> Island Leaf Warbler (Biak)

Island Leaf-Warbler (New Guinea) —> Island Leaf Warbler (New Guinea)

Island Leaf-Warbler (South Pacific) —> Island Leaf Warbler (South Pacific)

Philippine Leaf-Warbler —> Philippine Leaf Warbler

Makira Leaf-Warbler —> Makira Leaf Warbler

Kulambangra Leaf-Warbler —> Kulambangra Leaf Warbler

Black-necked Cisticola —> Black-backed Cisticola

Black-necked Cisticola (Ghana/Pale) —> Black-backed Cisticola (winneba)

Black-necked Cisticola (Black-necked) —> Black-backed Cisticola (Black-backed)

Blackcap —> Eurasian Blackcap

Red Sea Warbler —> Arabian Warbler

Subalpine Warbler (moltonii) —> Moltoni’s Warbler

Fernando Po Speirops —> Bioko Speirops

White-throated White-eye —> Tagula White-eye

Gray White-eye —> Gray-brown White-eye

Black-chinned Laughingthrush (Nilgiri) —> Black-chinned Laughingthrush (Banasura)

Black-chinned Laughingthrush (Brahmagiri) —> Black-chinned Laughingthrush (Nilgiri)

Kerala Laughingthrush (Central Kerala) —> Kerala Laughingthrush (Palani)

Kerala Laughingthrush (South Kerala) —> Kerala Laughingthrush (Travancore)

Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher (undescribed form) —> Sulawesi Streaked Flycatcher

Scaly Thrush (White’s) —> White’s Thrush

Scaly Thrush —> White’s/Scaly Thrush

Scaly Thrush (Nilgiri) —> Nilgiri Thrush

Scaly Thrush (Sri Lanka) —> Sri Lanka Thrush

Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush (Orange-billed) —> Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush (Brown-headed)

Hermit Thrush (Western lowlands) —> Hermit Thrush (guttatus Group)

Hermit Thrush (Western mountains) —> Hermit Thrush (auduboni Group)

Hermit Thrush (Northern/Eastern) —> Hermit Thrush (faxoni/crymophilus)

Island Thrush (Keller’s) —> Island Thrush (Apo)

Island Thrush (Celeb) —> Island Thrush (Lompobattang)

Island Thrush (Australasian) —> Island Thrush (North Melanesian)

Island Thrush (Layard’s) —> Island Thrush (Viti Levu)

Island Thrush (Viti) —> Island Thrush (Vanua Levu)

Island Thrush (Tempest) —> Island Thrush (Taveuni)

American Robin (Newfoundland) —> American Robin (nigrideus)

American Robin (Eastern) —> American Robin (migratorius Group)

Red-legged Thrush (Western) —> Red-legged Thrush (plumbeus/schistaceus)

Red-legged Thrush (West Cuban) —> Red-legged Thrush (rubripes/coryi)

Red-legged Thrush (Eastern) —> Red-legged Thrush (ardosiaceus/albiventris)

Curve-billed Thrasher (Eastern) —> Curve-billed Thrasher (curvirostre Group)

Curve-billed Thrasher (Western) —> Curve-billed Thrasher (palmeri Group)

Jungle/Common Myna —> Common/Jungle Myna

Black-bellied Glossy-Starling —> Black-bellied Starling

Purple-headed Glossy-Starling —> Purple-headed Starling

Copper-tailed Glossy-Starling —> Copper-tailed Starling

Burchell’s Glossy-Starling —> Burchell’s Starling

Rueppell’s Glossy-Starling —> Rueppell’s Starling

Long-tailed Glossy-Starling —> Long-tailed Glossy Starling

Meves’s Glossy-Starling —> Meves’s Starling

Meves’s Glossy-Starling (Meves’s) —> Meves’s Starling (Meves’s)

Meves’s Glossy-Starling (Benguela) —> Meves’s Starling (Benguela)

Splendid Glossy-Starling —> Splendid Starling

Principe Glossy-Starling —> Principe Starling

Lesser Blue-eared Glossy-Starling —> Lesser Blue-eared Starling

Lesser Blue-eared Glossy-Starling (Lesser) —> Lesser Blue-eared Starling (Lesser)

Lesser Blue-eared Glossy-Starling (Miombo) —> Lesser Blue-eared Starling (Miombo)

Sharp-tailed Glossy-Starling —> Sharp-tailed Starling

Greater Blue-eared Glossy-Starling —> Greater Blue-eared Starling

Purple Glossy-Starling —> Purple Starling

Cape Glossy-Starling —> Cape Starling

Bronze-tailed Glossy-Starling —> Bronze-tailed Starling

glossy-starling sp. —> Lamprotornis sp.

Rufous-throated White-eye —> Madanga

Oriental Pipit —> Paddyfield Pipit

American Pipit (Siberian) —> American Pipit (japonicus)

American Pipit (American) —> American Pipit (rubescens/pacificus)

American Pipit (Western montane) —> American Pipit (alticola)

Blue-winged x Golden-winged Warbler (hybrid) —> Golden-winged x Blue-winged Warbler (hybrid)

Blue-winged/Golden-winged Warbler —> Golden-winged/Blue-winged Warbler

Nashville Warbler (Eastern) —> Nashville Warbler (ruficapilla)

Nashville Warbler (Western) —> Nashville Warbler (ridgwayi)

Common Yellowthroat (Pacific) —> Common Yellowthroat (arizela Group)

Common Yellowthroat (Western) —> Common Yellowthroat (occidentalis Group)

Common Yellowthroat (Eastern) —> Common Yellowthroat (trichas Group)

Common Yellowthroat (Brownsville) —> Common Yellowthroat (insperata)

Common Yellowthroat (Chapala) —> Common Yellowthroat (chapalensis)

Masked Yellowthroat (Chiriquí) —> Masked Yellowthroat (Chiriqui)

Yellow-throated Warbler (White-lored) —> Yellow-throated Warbler (albilora)

Yellow-throated Warbler (Yellow-lored) —> Yellow-throated Warbler (dominica/stoddardi)

Rufous-capped Warbler (North Mexico) —> Rufous-capped Warbler (rufifrons Group)

Rufous-capped Warbler (South Mexico) —> Rufous-capped Warbler (salvini)

Wilson’s Warbler (Mountain West) —> Wilson’s Warbler (pileolata)

Wilson’s Warbler (Eastern) —> Wilson’s Warbler (pusilla)

Wilson’s Warbler (Pacific Coast) —> Wilson’s Warbler (chryseola)

Yellow-breasted Chat (Eastern) —> Yellow-breasted Chat (virens)

Yellow-breasted Chat (Western) —> Yellow-breasted Chat (auricollis)

warbler sp. —> warbler sp. (Parulidae sp.)

tanager sp. —> tanager sp. (Thraupidae sp.)

Western Spindalis (Southern Bahamas) —> Western Spindalis (Bahamas Black-backed)

Western Spindalis (Northern Bahamas) —> Western Spindalis (Bahamas Green-backed)

Brewer’s x Black-chinned Sparrow (hybrid) —> Black-chinned x Brewer’s Sparrow (hybrid)

Spizella sp. —> American Tree Sparrow/Spizella sp.

Costa Rican Brush-Finch —> Costa Rican Brushfinch

Sierra Nevada Brush-Finch —> Sierra Nevada Brushfinch

Perija Brush-Finch —> Perija Brushfinch

Black-headed Brush-Finch —> Black-headed Brushfinch

Caracas Brush-Finch —> Caracas Brushfinch

Paria Brush-Finch —> Paria Brushfinch

Gray-browed Brush-Finch —> Gray-browed Brushfinch

White-browed Brush-Finch —> White-browed Brushfinch

stripe-headed brush-finch sp. —> stripe-headed brushfinch sp.

Green-striped Brush-Finch —> Green-striped Brushfinch

Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch —> Chestnut-capped Brushfinch

Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch (Plain-breasted) —> Chestnut-capped Brushfinch (Plain-breasted)

Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch (Chestnut-capped) —> Chestnut-capped Brushfinch (Chestnut-capped)

Dark-eyed Junco (Cassiar) —> Dark-eyed Junco (cismontanus)

White-crowned Sparrow (Eastern) —> White-crowned Sparrow (leucophrys)

White-crowned Sparrow (Mountain) —> White-crowned Sparrow (oriantha)

White-crowned Sparrow (Nuttall’s) —> White-crowned Sparrow (nuttalli)

White-crowned Sparrow (Puget Sound) —> White-crowned Sparrow (pugetensis)

White-throated x White-crowned Sparrow (hybrid) —> White-crowned x White-throated Sparrow (hybrid)

White-throated/White-crowned Sparrow —> White-crowned/White-throated Sparrow

White-throated x Golden-crowned Sparrow (hybrid) —> Golden-crowned x White-throated Sparrow (hybrid)

White-throated Sparrow x Dark-eyed Junco (hybrid) —> Dark-eyed Junco x White-throated Sparrow (hybrid)

Bell’s Sparrow (Bell’s) —> Bell’s Sparrow (belli)

Bell’s Sparrow (Mojave) —> Bell’s Sparrow (canescens)

Bell’s Sparrow (San Clemente) —> Bell’s Sparrow (clementeae)

Bell’s Sparrow (Gray) —> Bell’s Sparrow (cinerea)

Bell’s/Sagebrush Sparrow (Sage Sparrow) —> Sagebrush/Bell’s Sparrow (Sage Sparrow)

Song Sparrow (Eastern) —> Song Sparrow (melodia/atlantica)

Song Sparrow (Aleutian) —> Song Sparrow (sanaka/maxima)

Song Sparrow (Pacific Northwest) —> Song Sparrow (rufina G