The Race to 2021: The State of Autonomous Vehicles and a "Who's Who" of Industry Drivers - [updated 2/27/17]

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The t-test - . inferences about population means. questions. what is the main use of the t -test? how is the distribution

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2016 & Beyond:Trends, Challenges and Opportunities PRMA Annual Summit Itasca, IL November 15, 2016 Download at www.iii.org/presentations Robert P. Hartwig, Ph.D., CPCU  Special Consultant Insurance Information Institute and Clinical Associate Professor of Finance  Darla Moore School of Business University of South Carolina Tel: 917.453.1885  bobh@iii.org  www.iii.org

P/C Industry Net Income After Taxes1991–2016:Q2 • 2005 ROE*= 9.6% • 2006 ROE = 12.7% • 2007 ROE = 10.9% • 2008 ROE = 0.1% • 2009 ROE = 5.0% • 2010 ROE = 6.6% • 2011 ROAS1 = 3.5% • 2012 ROAS1 = 5.9% • 2013 ROAS1 = 10.2% • 2014 ROAS1 = 8.4% • 2015 ROAS = 8.4% • 2016:H1 ROAS = 6.4%* $ Millions Net income in Q2:2016 on an annualized basis was on track to fall short of full-year 2015 • ROE figures are GAAP; 1Return on avg. surplus. Excluding Mortgage & Financial Guaranty insurers yields a 8.2% ROAS in 2014, 9.8% ROAS in 2013, 6.2% ROAS in 2012, 4.7% ROAS for 2011, 7.6% for 2010 and 7.4% for 2009; 2015E is annualized figure based actual figure through Q3 of $44.0 • Sources: A.M. Best, ISO; Insurance Information Institute

Profitability Peaks & Troughs in the P/C Insurance Industry, 1975 – 2016:H1 History suggests next ROE peak will be in 2016-2017 ROE 1977:19.0% 1987:17.3% 10 Years 2006:12.7% 1997:11.6% 10 Years 2015: 8.4% 2013 9.8% 9 Years 2016:H1 6.4% 1975: 2.4% 1984: 1.8% 1992: 4.5% 2001: -1.2% *Profitability = P/C insurer ROEs. 2011-15 figures are estimates based on ROAS data. Note: Data for 2008-2014 exclude mortgage and financial guaranty insurers. Source: Insurance Information Institute; NAIC, ISO, A.M. Best, Conning

ROE: Property/Casualty Insurance by Major Event, 1987–2016:H1 (Percent) P/C Profitability Is Both by Cyclicality and Ordinary Volatility Modestly higher CATs Katrina, Rita, Wilma Low CATs Sept. 11 Hugo Lowest CAT Losses in 15 Years 4 Hurricanes Sandy Andrew, Iniki Record Tornado Losses Northridge Financial Crisis* * Through 2016:H1. Excludes Mortgage & Financial Guarantee in 2008 – 2014. Sources: ISO, Fortune; Insurance Information Institute. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

P/C Insurance Industry Combined Ratio, 2001–2016:Q2* Higher CAT Losses, Shrinking Reserve Releases, Toll of Soft Market Heavy Use of Reinsurance Lowered Net Losses Relatively Low CAT Losses, Reserve Releases As Recently as 2001, Insurers Paid Out Nearly $1.16 for Every $1 in Earned Premiums Relatively Low CAT Losses, Reserve Releases Avg. CAT Losses, More Reserve Releases 3 Consecutive Years of U/W Profits: First Time Since 1971-73 Sandy Impacts Best Combined Ratio Since 1949 (87.6) Cyclical Deterioration Lower CAT Losses Elevated CATs * Excludes Mortgage & Financial Guaranty insurers 2008--2014. Including M&FG, 2008=105.1, 2009=100.7, 2010=102.4, 2011=108.1; 2012:=103.2; 2013: = 96.1; 2014: = 97.0. Sources: A.M. Best, ISO (2014-2015); Figure for 2010-2013 is from A.M. Best P&C Review and Preview, Feb. 16, 2016. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Policyholder Surplus, 2006:Q4–2016:Q2 ($ Billions) 2007:Q3Pre-Crisis Peak Drop due to near-record 2011 CAT losses Surplus as of 6/30/16 stood at a record high $680.64B The industry now has $1 of surplus for every $0.76 of NPW,close to the strongest claims-paying status in its history. 2010:Q1 data includes $22.5B of paid-in capital from a holding company parent for one insurer’s investment in a non-insurance business . The P/C insurance industry entered 2016in very strong financial condition. Sources: ISO, A.M .Best. 6 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Net Premium Growth (All P/C Lines): Annual Change, 1971—2016:Q2 (Percent) 1975-78 1984-87 2000-03 Net Written Premiums Fell 0.7% in 2007 (First Decline Since 1943) by 2.0% in 2008, and 4.2% in 2009, the First 3-Year Decline Since 1930-33. 2016 Q2: 3.0% 2015: 3.4% 2014: 4.2 2013: 4.4% 2012: +4.2% Outlook 2016F: 3.0% 2017F: 2.9% Shaded areas denote “hard market” periods Sources: A.M. Best (1971-2013), ISO (2014-16). eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Y-o-Y Growth Rates, Direct Premiums Written, Commercial vs. Personal Lines, 2013:Q4 - 2016:Q2 Since 2013, personal lines Direct Premiums Written have generally grown faster than commercial lines DPW, and that growth has been less volatile. Sources: NAIC, via SNL Financial; Insurance Information Institute calculations.

Non-Life Insurance: Global Real (Inflation Adjusted) Premium Growth, 2015 Real non-life premium growth was stronger in the US in 2015 than in most of Europe Source: Swiss Re, sigma, No. 3/2016. 9 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

GLOBAL M&A UPDATE: A PATH TO GROWTH? Are Capital Accumulation, Drive for Growth and Scale Stimulating M&A Activity? 10

U.S. INSURANCE MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS,P/C SECTOR, 1994-2015 (1) M&A activity in the P/C sector in 2015 totaled $39.6B, its highest level since 2000 ($ Millions) (1) Includes transactions where a U.S. company was the acquirer and/or the target. Source: Conning proprietary database. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Huge Shift from Domestic M&A Activity to Cross-Border The share of M&A deal volume that was cross-border more than doubled in 2015 . Source: Thomson Reuters as of Oct. 2015 from Geneva Association Newsletter Insurance and Finance, Jan. 2016, presentation “Facts vs. Sentiment: Deals in the Insurance Sector,” by Aviva CEO Mark Wilson. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

M&A Activity Has Shifted Away from Europe and Towards Asia and N. America Asian, N. American deal volumes were up sharply in 2015 . Source: Thomson Reuters as of Oct. 2015 from Geneva Association Newsletter Insurance and Finance, Jan. 2016, presentation “Facts vs. Sentiment: Deals in the Insurance Sector,” by Aviva CEO Mark Wilson. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

M&A: Deal Rationale by Dollar Amount Scale drives most deals (excluding health sector) Source: SNL Financial and WCMA estimates from Geneva Association Newsletter Insurance and Finance, Jan. 2016, presentation “What is the Logic Behind Consolidation? And Does It Create Value? A View from Outside,” by Brian Shea, Head of Willis Capital Markets & Advisory Europe (WCMA). . eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

INVESTMENTS: THE NEW REALITY Investment Performance is a Key Driver of Profitability Depressed Yields Will Necessarily Influence Underwriting & Pricing 16

S&P 500 Index Returns, 1950 – 2016* Stock market got off to its worst start ever in 2016 but markets recovered yet remained volatile. Trump Bump: Sharp surge in stock post-election Annual Return Fed Raises Rate Tech Bubble Implosion 2016*: +5.9% Financial Crisis Energy Crisis *Through Nov. 12 2016. Source: NYU Stern School of Business: http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/datafile/histretSP.html Ins. Info. Inst.

Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Investment Income: 2000–2016:Q21 Investment earnings are still 19% below their 2007 pre-crisis peak ($ Billions) Due to persistently low interest rates, investment income fell in 2012, 2013 and 2014 but showed a small (1.9%) increase in 2015—another drop in 2016 seems likely. *Annualized figure based on actual Q2:2016 net investment income earned of $22.067B. 1 Investment gains consist primarily of interest and stock dividends. Sources: ISO; Insurance Information Institute.

U.S. Treasury Security Yields:A Long Downward Trend, 1990–2016* Yields on 10-Year U.S. Treasury Notes have been essentially below 5% for more than a decade. Despite the Fed’s December 2015 rate hike, yields remain low though there has been a post-election spike Since roughly 80% of P/C bond/cash investments are in 10-year or shorter durations, most P/C insurer portfolios will have low-yielding bonds for years to come. *Monthly, constant maturity, nominal rates, through Oct. 2016; Nov. figure is as of Nov. 9. Sources: Federal Reserve Bank at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm. National Bureau of Economic Research (recession dates); Insurance Information Institute. 19 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Interest Rates Surged on News of the Trump Election Victory: 10-Year Treasury The 10-year Treasury yield jumped to 2.07% on Nov. 9, the day after the election The 10-year Treasury yield sank in the wake of the June 23 Brexit vote Sources: Federal Reserve Bank at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm; Insurance Information Institute. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Net Investment Yield on Property/ Casualty Insurance Invested Assets, 2007–2016P* (Percent) Estimated book yield in 2016 is down about 140 BP from pre-crisis levels The yield on invested assets remains low relative to pre-crisis yields. The Fed’s plan to raise interest rates in late 2015 has pushed up some yields, albeit quite modestly. Sources: A.M. Best; 2015E-2016P figures from A.M. Best P/C Review and Preview, Feb. 2016; Insurance Information Institute

Interest Rate Forecasts: 2016 – 2021F Yield (%) 3-Month Treasury 10-Year Treasury 10-year yields are actually down in 2016 A full normalization of interest rates is unlikely until 2019, more than a decade after the onset of the financial crisis. Sources: Blue Chip Economic Indicators (10/16 for 2016 and 2017; for 2018-2021 10/16 issue); Insurance Info. Institute.

THE ECONOMY The Strength of the Economy Will Greatly Influence Insurer Exposure Base Across Most Lines 29

US Real GDP Growth* The Q4:2008 decline was the steepest since the Q1:1982 drop of 6.8% Real GDP Growth (%) Recession began in Dec, 2007 Q1 2014/15 GDP data were hit hard by this year’s “Polar Vortex” and harsh winter Demand for Insurance Should Increase in 2016 as GDP Growth Continues at a Steady, Albeit Moderate Pace and Gradually Benefits the Economy Broadly * Estimates/Forecasts from Blue Chip Economic Indicators. Source: US Department of Commerce, Blue Economic Indicators 10/16; Insurance Information Institute.

US Unemployment Rate Forecast Rising unemployment eroded payrolls and WC’s exposure base. Unemployment peaked at 10% in late 2009. 2007:Q1 to 2017:Q4F* Jobless figures have been revised downwards for 2016 Unemployment forecasts have been revised modestly downwards. Optimistic scenarios put the unemployment as low as 4.3% by Q4 of 2017. * = actual; = forecasts Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Blue Chip Economic Indicators (10/16 edition); Insurance Information Institute.

Household Net Worth: 2005–2016:Q21 ($ Billions) Household net worth is reaching new highs Household net worth continues to recover from the Great Recession and could accelerate. This would expand the “wealth effect” which is more pronounced among higher income households. 1 Annualized and seasonally adjusted figure. Sources: Federal Reserve; Insurance Information Institute.

Mortgage Debt Outstanding: 2001–2016:Q21 ($ Billions) Mortgage lending is growing once again, albeit sluggishly Mortgage debt outstanding remains below pre-crisis levels. Consumers have the capacity to resume more aggressive spending. 1 Annualized and seasonally adjusted figure as of Q2 2016. Sources: Federal Reserve; Insurance Information Institute.

Annual Growth in Household Debt:2006 – 2016:Q2* Household debt growth plunged during the Great Recession and has yet to recover Annual Change Household debt continues to expand but timidly, reflectly lingering economic uncertainties 1 Annualized and seasonally adjusted figure. Sources: Federal Reserve; Insurance Information Institute. eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

The Wealth Effect: Will Rising Home Prices and a Bull Market Push Up Spending? Estimated book yield in 2016 is down about 140 BP from pre-crisis levels (Percent) The wealth effect is diminished in the slow-growth, post-recession economy, but could it accelerate under a Trump Administration? High net worth families could ramp up spending Sources: Mark Zandi of Moody’s Analytics. Post-crisis estimate is for 2013; Insurance Information Institute

Profitability & Politics How Is Profitability Affected by the President’s Political Party? 36

P/C Insurance Industry ROE by Presidential Administration, 1950-2015* OVERALL RECORD: 1950-2015* Democrats 7.72% Republicans 7.85% Party of President has marginal bearing on profitability of P/C insurance industry *Truman administration ROE of 6.97% based on 3 years only, 1950-52;. Source: Insurance Information Institute

Trumponomics, Insurance and Politics How Might the Trump Presidency Impact the Insurance Industry? 38

Trump’s Economic Plan & Other Key Factors Impacting Insurers eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Trump Administration: Likely Issues Impacting Insurers Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”) “Repeal” is imminent, early in 2017 Elimination of individual mandate seems certain Certain provisions of the ACA will be retained Children can remain on parental policies until age 26 Can’t deny coverage based on pre-existing conditions Possible changes Allow insurers to sell (and consumers to purchase) across state lines Expansion of Medicare (possibly to age 55 for some)??? Will need to devise high-risk pools Expansion of tax-qualified Health Savings Accounts Tax Credits 41 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Trump Administration: Likely Issues Impacting Insurers Dodd-Frank Likely to be scaled back Insurers may find it easier to avoid bank-centric and Euro-centric regulation SIFI designations could be dropped For Met, Pru and possibly AIG Dept. of Labor Fiduciary Standard Rule Less onerous implementation of the rule possible Climate and Energy Climate change no longer a priority Carbon-based and carbon emitting industries will benefit from reduced pressure on climate issue 42 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Trump Administration: Likely Issues Impacting Insurers Trade Has vowed to be tough in (re)negotiating trade deals Unlikely there is any stomach in Congress for all out trade wars with Mexico, China or other major trading partners A crescendo in protectionist sentiments would be a net negative for all industries, including (re)insurance and financial services in general Despite his election rhetoric, Trump is neither a protectionist nor an isolationist Trade Likely to be hostile to Corporate Inversions Treatment of offshore tax havens in future tax reforms will be of interest 43 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Trump Administration: Likely Issues Impacting Insurers M&A Activity Few implications for P/C or Life insurers, but health insurers could see a bumpy path, especially since the “replacement” for the ACA remains to be devised While businesses many have a freer hand to consolidate under Trump, that activity will have its limits Populist movements are not historically friendly to the accumulation of market power (Teddy Roosevelt—a Manhattanite, US President and “Trust Buster” and founder of the Progressive Party—which split from the Republican Party in 1912) 44 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Likely Issues Impacting High Net Worth Consumers Taxes May push through across-the-board tax personal income tax cuts as part of or as a early step toward tax reform and simplification Lower corporate income taxes to restore international competitiveness on rates Elimination/reduction of ACA tax on investment earnings(?) Interest Rates and Inflation Trump’s fiscal policy (tax cuts couple with increased infrastructure and military spending) is potentially inflationary and will push up interest rates, a benefit for fixed income investors Lower corporate income taxes to restore international competitiveness on rates 45 12/01/09 - 9pm eSlide – P6466 – The Financial Crisis and the Future of the P/C

Auto & Home Insurance: State of the Personal Lines Market Auto Frequency and Severity Are an Immediate Challenge Dearth of Major CATs (Until Recently), Pricing Discipline Has Helped Home 46

Return on Net Worth: All P-C Lines vs. Homeowners & Pvt. Pass. Auto, 1990-2014* (Percent) Average RNW: 1990-2013* All P-C Lines: 7.8% PP Auto: 8.1% Homeowners: 4.3%** Excluding 1992’s Hurricane Andrew Pvt.Pass. Auto Has Consistently Outperformed the P-C Industry as a Whole. Homeowners Volatility is Associated Primarily With Coastal Exposure Issues *Latest available. **Excludes 1992, the year of Hurricane Andrew. If 1992 is included the resulting homeowners RNW is 1.9% Sources: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute. 47

RNW Pvt. Passenger Auto, 2005-2014 Average: Highest 25 States (Percent) Hawaii was the most profitable state for auto insurers from 2005-2014 Sources: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute

RNW Pvt. Passenger Auto, 2005-2014 Average: Lowest 25 States (Percent) Michigan was the least profitable state for auto insurers from 2005-2014 Sources: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute

RNW Homeowners Insurance, 2005-2014 Average: Highest 25 States (Percent) Hawaii was the most profitable state for home insurers from 2005-2014 due to the absence of hurricanes during this period Sources: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute

RNW Homeowners Insurance, 2005-2014 Average: Lowest 25 States (Percent) Hurricanes Katrina and Rita made Louisiana and Mississippi the least profitable states for home insurers from 2005-2014 Sources: NAIC; Insurance Information Institute

Shifting Winds (and Waters): Appetite for Coastal and Flood Risks is Increasing Can Money Be Made in the Long-Run in Hurricane Country? 52

Florida Citizens Exposure to Loss ($ Billions) Total exposure to loss in Florida Citizens increased by 178 percent, from $154.6 billion in 2002 to $429.4 billion in 2012. Between 2012 and 2013 its exposure to loss dropped by nearly 50 percent. Source: PIPSO; Insurance Information Institute (I.I.I.).

Florida Citizens Policy Count, 2005 – 2016:Q1 Hawaii was the most profitable state for home insurers from 2005-2014 due to the absence of hurricanes during this period FL Citizens policy count has shrunk significantly in recent years as more exposure as been assumed by private insurers Sources: Insurance Information Institute research and analysis from SNL data.

Florida Citizens Market Share, 2005 - 2015 FL Citizens market share has shrunk significantly in recent years as more exposure as been assumed by private insurers Sources: Insurance Information Institute research and analysis from SNL data.

Top 10 Residential Insurers in Florida in 2016* Note: Excludes State Farm Florida. SNL show SF Florida $613.8 million and a market share of 7.0% *As of 3/31/16. Source: Florida Citizens: https://www.citizensfla.com/documents/20702/93160/20160331+Market+Share+Report/ab841adc-d5fb-45ca-bff6-8dbd15d5cac5

Value of Insured Residential Coastal Exposure In 2012 ($ Billions) Source: AIR Worldwide

Number of National Flood Insurance Program Policies in Force at Year-End, 1980-2015* (millions) The number of NFIP policies in force has plunged by 549,000 or 9.6% since 2009, even as coastal development surges and sea levels rise Private insurers are showing an increased interest in covering flood risk. NFIP’s 2017 reauthorization should help. Source: National Flood Insurance Program. * As of July, 2015

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