It is a scientifically proven fact that people do irrational things to avoid making losses. One of the biggest fears they have is that of losing money. In fact, studies have revealed that the pain of losing is twice as strong an emotion than the joy of winning. Thus, the emotion felt while losing Rs 100 is doubly strong than that felt by gaining Rs 100.Human nature is not designed to accept losses. Hence human species’ instinctive or natural reaction to a market downturn is flight, and not fight. However, this brings with it the possibility that investors could miss out on opportunities to generate returns that would help them achieve their long-term investment objectives.Fear is a personal experience. It is an emotion that is ‘learnt’ from three things: a past personal event, experiences of family and friends, or a contagious ‘herd’ experience. If investors encounter a bad fear trigger, typically the first reaction for them is to ‘freeze’, meaning they stall and wait. Meanwhile, other chemicals are being formed that increase the investors’ ability to ‘fight or flight’ – that is, they either help them build requisite defenses, or turn their backs on the situation and make an exit. While most investors would freeze into inaction, there is a possibility that some would overreact and trade incessantly to lock in minor gains and avoid losses. This behaviour, naturally, could lead to trouble.In 2010, a Reuters study explained the reason why investors are afraid of losing money, as a result of which they even reject opportunities from which they are likely to gain. The study identified the culprit as being amygdala, or ‘an almond-shaped centre in the brain that controls fear and certain other acute emotions’. This aversion is believed to lead investors to make to hasty decisions regarding money or finances. Each time one plans to start investing during a market correction or situations of market panic, one fears losing everything in a flash. This dread is unfounded and irrational, as they know that they are not going to put all their money in only one stock, and their portfolio will be diversified. Ideally, before executing any trade, investors should take stock of all the available exit strategies that can be deployed in a worst-case scenario.Investors should also consider the implications of not investing their hard-earned money in the equity market. For one, they would lose a minimum of 1 per cent of their money each month that they do not do so. Investing in the stock market is one of the best ways to build wealth over time.It is actually riskier to keep money in the form of cash, as wealth will then not grow faster than the prevailing rate of inflation, thereby resulting in lower spending power. Timing the market on a consistent basis is nearly impossible, so it is better to gradually invest by using the rupee-cost averaging method.1. Acknowledge the fear and try to identify its source.2. Try and understand the manner in which it affects them. They should analyse every possible outcome of the decisions they fear to make, including the worst-case scenario.3. Confront their fears directly using loss aversion behaviour.4. One way for investors to overcome inaction in times of fear is to automate the investment process. In this manner, they can continue to invest without having to make a conscious decision each time they do so.Investors can ready themselves for a market crash before it takes place. For one, a potential crash should always be taken into account when one plans an investing strategy. This does not imply that they should be needlessly conservative while investing, but it does mean choosing a strategy that takes into account what they would do in the event of a major market downturn.Young investors should actually welcome a market crash, as this offers them the opportunity to invest their future savings at favourable valuations. If the share of risky investments, like stocks, has risen in investors’ portfolios owing to gains earned during a bull run in the market, then moving a portion of their overall portfolio out of stocks and into safer investments can reduce their potential risk before the bottom falls out of the market.The fear of making losses tends to make investors hesitant to execute their strategy with regard to timing. This can often lead to the inability to take timely action with respect to new entries as well as exits. The focus should ideally be on minimising losses, as this allows investors to stay in the game, both financially and psychologically. Investors must have the ability to bear losses. However, in the event that they cannot guard their capital against potential losses and choose to remain on the sidelines, they could miss out on potential gains.The fear of missing out can be characterised as greed, largely owing to the fact that investors are not acting based on a desire to own a stock, but with a view to be a part of the market’s upside momentum. This has proved to be very risky for investors who take positions when the uptrend is mature and nearing its end.Unfortunately, most investors and traders choose to adopt a stance that is in opposition to the principle “let your profits run and cut your losses short.” Instead, they opt for making quick profits, while letting their losses spin out of control. Very often, they tend to equate their net worth with their self worth, and opt for making a quick profit that makes them feel like winners.The desire to focus on being right rather than on making money is a function of the investor’s ego. To be successful, this tendency should be avoided at all costs. Investors should strive for excellence and financial gain over a sustained period of time, rather than focusing on the fact that each buy or sell order they give should be an accurate one.Checking the performance of investments very frequently increases the chances of receiving negative news in the short term. This is not likely to play a major role in the process of investors attaining their long-term goals. If they react irrationally to this kind of news, as humans tend to do, they can seriously damage their long-term plans or goals.“Individuals who cannot master their emotions are ill-suited to profit from the investment process”The right temperament, the ability to value assets, and an appropriate understanding of risk.1. To be a great investor, you need the right temperament: It is important to understand that temperament is different from knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, and discernment. It includes patience (allowing investments to grow or mature over time), and the ability and willingness to stick to a plan while ignoring the crowd (the fortitude of character to remain steadfast).The correct temperament for investing cannot be taught. As Warren Buffett said, “The good news is that to be a great investor you don’t have to have a terrific IQ. If you’ve got 160 IQ, sell 30 points to somebody else because you won’t need it in investing. What you need is the right temperament. You need to be able to detach yourself from the views or opinions of others.”2. The investor should also have the emotional capability to separate market fluctuations from the underlying real value.3. The investor should have an appropriate understanding of risks, both implicit and explicit: Perhaps investors can best prepare themselves to manage their money efficiently and build their net worth by getting a firm grasp of financial history. Investors can also acquire an understanding of the human psychology that influences the buying and selling decisions of individuals. This will improve their chances of avoiding mistakes that could impair their wealth-building process.The most important aspect is to focus on the value and not price. Even the world’s greatest business is not a good investment if the price is too high. In the long term, investing in the stock market has a positive expected value because over time, the market rises. This holds true only if investors are participating in the market as a whole (say through index buys), and not in individual stocks. Trying to find the next Page Industries is more like buying a lottery ticket, but with slightly better odds. While success is not guaranteed, investing in this manner greatly increases its chances.When times are good, portfolio concentration is popular as it magnifies gains. It can deliver superior long-term results vis-à-vis diversification. The Holy Grail for investors is a stock with a high probability of winning, and also with a large potential for gain.The way humans are wired -- the natural inclination to seek more information, look for patterns, compare options, and even flee to safety -- is great at keeping them out of harm’s way. But these very tendencies can also be their greatest liability while investing.Investors should be patient. Sitting on cash means keeping money in their money market account, or in short-term bonds. One has to be willing to do that for a period of time, while waiting for market fluctuations to cease.During a crash in the market, they should not do anything or make any move whatsoever. More investing mistakes take place during market crashes than at any other point in time. Panic-stricken investors sell their holdings at the worst-possible time, fearing that even bigger losses are right around the corner.In 2009, the stock market started the year with a 24.6% drop during the January to March period. It recovered to provide a 29% positive return over the course of the year.This can be viewed in a different light. After a 13% upswing from the March to May period in 2008, the stock market ended up losing 37% during the course of the year.Ideally, one should have things set up in such a manner that they continue to make regular investments to take advantage of low prices during a crash.This means one ought to have done appropriate research and zeroed in on some noteworthy companies whose prices are going to rise when the situation improves.When the market goes to the other extreme, which is where it’s been lately, investors should be prepared to exit and go back to cash.Investors should not be greedy and enter the market in haste before it signals a bottom.After a crash, the situation should be assessed. That is, after waiting for an appropriate length of time to let their emotions stabilise, investors should assess their portfolio’s performance and see what worked and what did not. If some investments did not perform as expected during a crash, then they should consider whether or not they should hold on to them, or replace them with better investment options.However, investors should not make major structural changes to their investing strategy in haste. One way in which they can make gradual changes is to keep existing assets as invested earlier, but direct new contributions to different investment options. In this way, they will gradually pivot toward the new investment strategy, but allow old investments to possibly recover some losses borne by them.