Americans are largely pleased with the outcome of this month’s midterm elections but have little faith that Republican gains in the House and Senate will prompt the two parties to work more closely to solve the nation’s problems, a new Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll finds.

Weeks after Republicans recaptured the Senate and tightened their grip on the House, roughly three-fourths of poll participants said this month’s midterm results would produce “just some” or “not that much” change in a country that most believe has gone...