This article will go into a bit of the background of FSK and demonstrate writing a simulator in Python.

Recommended Level

Intermediate

Frequency Shift Keying Background

The purpose of frequency shift keying (FSK) is to modulate digital signals so they can be transmitted wirelessly. The popular wireless standard Bluetooth uses slightly modified form of FSK called gaussian FSK. This article will focus on binary FSK, which uses two frequency values to represent a binary value of 1 and 0. The data is converted to these frequencies, transmitted, and then demodulated. There are quite a few methods/circuits to modulate and demodulate an FSK signal. This article will focus on one of the more approachable methods.

The transmitter modelled in this article assumes that two distinct frequencies are created based on a data value. This can be realized in a circuit by using a synthesizer or a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).

The receiver used in this article borrows concepts from analog FM. FM can be demodulated by converting the frequency changes to amplitude changes. Then techniques used to demodulate amplitude modulation (AM) can be applied. The receiver will use a differentiator to convert the frequencies to amplitudes, and then an envelope detector + low-pass filter to remove the carrier frequency and leave the data. Then a data slicer is used convert the analog values to a digital signal.

This process can be represented mathematically by the following equations.

Data in

m(t) Data signal. If the data is:

0 : m(t) = +f dev

1 : m(t) = -f dev To actually implement this with a VCO, you would need to read the datasheet of the VCO to find out what voltage to apply in order to get the desired frequency out. f dev Frequency deviation. The amount of change from the carrier frequency.

VCO

The VCO converts the digital signal to two different frequencies, represented by $$ f_{c}+f_{dev}$$ and $$f_{c}-f_{dev}$$.

y Transmitted signal A Amplitude of the transmitted signal f c Carrier frequency

Noisy Channel

Transmitting a signal over the air will introduce noise. This noise is modelled by adding a term n(t). If the noise becomes too strong, or if the amplitude of the signal becomes too weak, the data cannot be demodulated.

Differentiator

The received signal is passed through a differentiator in order to separate the data signal from the carrier frequency:

Simplifying this equation by lumping the amplitudes into one term, dropping the phase shift and knowing that dm(t)/dt is 0 due to the constant shifts in frequency:

The phase shift is ignored for this example since it is a constant and we can account for it. In real life, some sort of clock recovery or bit syncronization scheme is needed.

Envelope Detector + Filter

The envelope detector is needed to separate the high frequency carrier from the low frequency digital data modulated onto the amplitude. The filter is a low-pass type that only allows the digital data to pass through.

Data Slicer

The data slicer removes the DC offset and some of the noise that will cause problems with a digital signal being read properly. The noise term is left because the slicer cannot remove all of the noise, and if the noise is large enough relative to the signal (signal-to-noise ratio), the signal will become unreadable. After the slicer we're left with the original signal.

Simulating

Requirements

Python 2.7

numpy

matplotlib

scipy

Data in and Setup variables

The first part of the code imports the needed libraries, sets up the FSK parameters, and defines a plotting function. The actual simulation begins by creating an array of random zeros and ones to use as the data stream.

import numpy as np import pylab as pl import scipy.signal.signaltools as sigtool import scipy.signal as signal from numpy.random import sample #the following variables setup the system Fc = 1000 #simulate a carrier frequency of 1kHz Fbit = 50 #simulated bitrate of data Fdev = 500 #frequency deviation, make higher than bitrate N = 64 #how many bits to send A = 1 #transmitted signal amplitude Fs = 10000 #sampling frequency for the simulator, must be higher than twice the carrier frequency A_n = 0.1 #noise peak amplitude N_prntbits = 10 #number of bits to print in plots def plot_data(y): #view the data in time and frequency domain #calculate the frequency domain for viewing purposes N_FFT = float(len(y)) f = np.arange(0,Fs/2,Fs/N_FFT) w = np.hanning(len(y)) y_f = np.fft.fft(np.multiply(y,w)) y_f = 10*np.log10(np.abs(y_f[0:N_FFT/2]/N_FFT)) pl.subplot(3,1,1) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],m[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.title('Original VCO output versus time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,2) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],y[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (V)') pl.title('Amplitude of carrier versus time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,3) pl.plot(f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs],y_f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs]) pl.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (dB)') pl.title('Spectrum') pl.grid(True) pl.tight_layout() pl.show() """ Data in """ #generate some random data for testing data_in = np.random.random_integers(0,1,N)

gsk_python.zip

VCO

The next section converts the bit stream to a sine wave with a frequency dependent on whether or not the bit is a 1 or 0. The original bit stream has to be extended to match the sampling frequency of the simulation. The output of the VCO looks like the following. Notice the change in frequency depending on the bits being sent.

""" VCO """ t = np.arange(0,float(N)/float(Fbit),1/float(Fs), dtype=np.float) #extend the data_in to account for the bitrate and convert 0/1 to frequency m = np.zeros(0).astype(float) for bit in data_in: if bit == 0: m=np.hstack((m,np.multiply(np.ones(Fs/Fbit),Fc+Fdev))) else: m=np.hstack((m,np.multiply(np.ones(Fs/Fbit),Fc-Fdev))) #calculate the output of the VCO y=np.zeros(0) y=A * np.cos(2*np.pi*np.multiply(m,t)) plot_data(y)

Noisy Channel

The next section simulates a noisy channel by adding normally distributed values to the transmitted signal. The code in this example is setup with a noise amplitude of 0.1 which creates a signal-to-noise ratio of ~14dB. Notice the noise in the time domain corrupting the signal in the following plots.





""" Noisy Channel """ #create some noise noise = (np.random.randn(len(y))+1)*A_n snr = 10*np.log10(np.mean(np.square(y)) / np.mean(np.square(noise))) print "SNR = %fdB" % snr y=np.add(y,noise) #view the data after adding noise plot_data(y)

gsk_python2.zip

Differentiator, Envelope Detector, and Low-Pass Filter

The differentatior is simple and is just a discrete differentation function. The envelope detection is done using a Hilbert transform. Finally, the signal is low-pass filtered using a 100 tap FIR filter with a cutoff frequency of 2*bitrate. This is a fairly extreme filter, especially if it was going to be used in an embedded system. The filter could be optimized by putting the cutoff frequency closer to the bitrate and using less taps depending on the need. In the following plots, the filtered data is graphed on top of the unfiltered data to demonstrate the profound effect of the signal transformation.





""" Differentiator """ y_diff = np.diff(y,1) """ Envelope detector + low-pass filter """ #create an envelope detector and then low-pass filter y_env = np.abs(sigtool.hilbert(y_diff)) h=signal.firwin( numtaps=100, cutoff=Fbit*2, nyq=Fs/2) y_filtered=signal.lfilter( h, 1.0, y_env) #view the data after adding noise N_FFT = float(len(y_filtered)) f = np.arange(0,Fs/2,Fs/N_FFT) w = np.hanning(len(y_filtered)) y_f = np.fft.fft(np.multiply(y_filtered,w)) y_f = 10*np.log10(np.abs(y_f[0:N_FFT/2]/N_FFT)) pl.subplot(3,1,1) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],m[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.title('Original VCO output vs. time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,2) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],np.abs(y[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]),'b') pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],y_filtered[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],'g',linewidth=3.0) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (V)') pl.title('Filtered signal and unfiltered signal vs. time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,3) pl.plot(f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs],y_f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs]) pl.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (dB)') pl.title('Spectrum') pl.grid(True) pl.tight_layout() pl.show()

gsk_python3.zip

Slicer

The slicer takes the mean of the entire filtered signal and uses it as a decision threshold to decide if a bit is a 1 or a 0. The decision is done at the center of the bit period. The result is saved to an array and compared to the original to find bit errors. The bit error percentage is printed to the console.

""" slicer """ #calculate the mean of the signal mean = np.mean(y_filtered) #if the mean of the bit period is higher than the mean, the data is a 0 rx_data = [] sampled_signal = y_filtered[Fs/Fbit/2:len(y_filtered):Fs/Fbit] for bit in sampled_signal: if bit > mean: rx_data.append(0) else: rx_data.append(1) bit_error=0 for i in range(0,len(data_in)): if rx_data[i#&93; != data_in[i]: bit_error+=1 print "bit errors = %d" % bit_error print "bit error percent = %4.2f%%" % (float(bit_error)/float(N)*100)

gsk_python4.zip

Result

Bit errors don't start to occur until the signal-to-noise ratio is very small. As an example, the variable A_n is changed to 0.45, which creates an SNR of ~2dB. At this level, out of 64 bits, only one was found to be an error. Here are some plots demonstrating how noisy the signal is at this SNR value.

Transmitted signal with noise

Plot after receiving

Full Code

import numpy as np import pylab as pl import scipy.signal.signaltools as sigtool import scipy.signal as signal from numpy.random import sample #the following variables setup the system Fc = 1000 #simulate a carrier frequency of 1kHz Fbit = 50 #simulated bitrate of data Fdev = 500 #frequency deviation, make higher than bitrate N = 64 #how many bits to send A = 1 #transmitted signal amplitude Fs = 10000 #sampling frequency for the simulator, must be higher than twice the carrier frequency A_n = 0.10 #noise peak amplitude N_prntbits = 10 #number of bits to print in plots def plot_data(y): #view the data in time and frequency domain #calculate the frequency domain for viewing purposes N_FFT = float(len(y)) f = np.arange(0,Fs/2,Fs/N_FFT) w = np.hanning(len(y)) y_f = np.fft.fft(np.multiply(y,w)) y_f = 10*np.log10(np.abs(y_f[0:N_FFT/2]/N_FFT)) pl.subplot(3,1,1) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],m[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.title('Original VCO output versus time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,2) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],y[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (V)') pl.title('Amplitude of carrier versus time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,3) pl.plot(f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs],y_f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs]) pl.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (dB)') pl.title('Spectrum') pl.grid(True) pl.tight_layout() pl.show() """ Data in """ #generate some random data for testing data_in = np.random.random_integers(0,1,N) """ VCO """ t = np.arange(0,float(N)/float(Fbit),1/float(Fs), dtype=np.float) #extend the data_in to account for the bitrate and convert 0/1 to frequency m = np.zeros(0).astype(float) for bit in data_in: if bit == 0: m=np.hstack((m,np.multiply(np.ones(Fs/Fbit),Fc+Fdev))) else: m=np.hstack((m,np.multiply(np.ones(Fs/Fbit),Fc-Fdev))) #calculate the output of the VCO y=np.zeros(0) y=A * np.cos(2*np.pi*np.multiply(m,t)) plot_data(y) """ Noisy Channel """ #create some noise noise = (np.random.randn(len(y))+1)*A_n snr = 10*np.log10(np.mean(np.square(y)) / np.mean(np.square(noise))) print "SNR = %fdB" % snr y=np.add(y,noise) #view the data after adding noise plot_data(y) """ Differentiator """ y_diff = np.diff(y,1) """ Envelope detector + low-pass filter """ #create an envelope detector and then low-pass filter y_env = np.abs(sigtool.hilbert(y_diff)) h=signal.firwin( numtaps=100, cutoff=Fbit*2, nyq=Fs/2) y_filtered=signal.lfilter( h, 1.0, y_env) #view the data after adding noise N_FFT = float(len(y_filtered)) f = np.arange(0,Fs/2,Fs/N_FFT) w = np.hanning(len(y_filtered)) y_f = np.fft.fft(np.multiply(y_filtered,w)) y_f = 10*np.log10(np.abs(y_f[0:N_FFT/2]/N_FFT)) pl.subplot(3,1,1) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],m[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.title('Original VCO output vs. time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,2) pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],np.abs(y[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit]),'b') pl.plot(t[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],y_filtered[0:Fs*N_prntbits/Fbit],'g',linewidth=3.0) pl.xlabel('Time (s)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (V)') pl.title('Filtered signal and unfiltered signal vs. time') pl.grid(True) pl.subplot(3,1,3) pl.plot(f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs],y_f[0:(Fc+Fdev*2)*N_FFT/Fs]) pl.xlabel('Frequency (Hz)') pl.ylabel('Amplitude (dB)') pl.title('Spectrum') pl.grid(True) pl.tight_layout() pl.show() """ slicer """ #calculate the mean of the signal mean = np.mean(y_filtered) #if the mean of the bit period is higher than the mean, the data is a 0 rx_data = [] sampled_signal = y_filtered[Fs/Fbit/2:len(y_filtered):Fs/Fbit] for bit in sampled_signal: if bit > mean: rx_data.append(0) else: rx_data.append(1) bit_error=0 for i in range(0,len(data_in)): if rx_data[i] != data_in[i]: bit_error+=1 print "bit errors = %d" % bit_error print "bit error percent = %4.2f%%" % (float(bit_error)/float(N)*100)

gsk_python5.zip