For more than 40 years, companies operating in Europe have been designing their supply chains for a trade regime of minimal paperwork and zero tariffs. Brexit could turn this low cost, low friction system on its head. Or maybe it won’t. Uncertainty about the ﬁnal outcome, how long negotiations will take and a possible transition period creates a huge dilemma for leadership teams.

In late 2018, British leaders planning the country’s withdrawal from the European Union opt for a hard Brexit. As a result, EU agreements on trade between the UK and the rest of the EU cease and the country embraces World Trade Organization (WTO) terms, leading to stiff customs duties within months. In boardrooms from London to Tokyo, executive teams meet urgently to rethink their supply chain strategies. While some UK-based companies make plans to move production out of the country, others prepare to increase investment in Britain.

A hard Brexit poses substantial risk to the proﬁtability of companies operating in the UK. Disruptions to supply chains, for example, could reduce net proﬁts of ﬁve key UK manufacturing industries alone by as much as 30%, or £3 billion, with automotive and technology industries among the hardest hit, Bain analysis shows (see Figure 1). But preparing now for a hard Brexit scenario could backﬁre. It may take two years or longer for the UK to agree on the terms of exiting the EU, once the UK government invokes Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. If it opts for a soft version of Brexit—or none at all—companies that move manufacturing or sourcing out of the UK risk incurring a higher cost base unnecessarily.

That double peril has left many leadership teams feeling anxious and reluctant to act. But waiting for a clearer sense of the future is the riskiest option. Successful companies thrive in uncertainty by incorporating change into the process of making strategy. Leadership teams can limit the negative consequences of a hard or soft Brexit by adopting a different approach to strategy today—one that anticipates a range of future scenarios.

Management teams that have learned to manage in uncertainty focus on the few risks that matter most. They assess each potential scenario and identify the critical trigger points that signal a swing from one outcome to another—we call these signposts. That approach helps determine a clear portfolio of strategic actions that balance commitment and ﬂexibility. Instead of basing a strategy on conditions at a discrete point in time, leaders engage in a continuous cycle of execute, monitor and adapt, redirecting the company toward the best opportunities over time.

Potential Brexit fallout

Future Brexit scenarios range from no change at all to severe change. While that may feel overwhelming, a handful of factors will determine Brexit’s impact on supply chains: export tariffs, foreign exchange rates and the UK’s labor market regulations, immigration laws and tax policy (see Figure 2).

A hard Brexit could include a shift to standard WTO tariffs (2% to 13%) on all exports and imports, and also result in a 10% increase in the cost of UK labor and a 20% depreciation in the British pound. A moderate scenario could involve a rise of up to 5% in export and import tariffs, a 10% currency depreciation and a 5% increase in the cost of labor. Ultimately, the UK might still land on a softer Brexit, with minimal or no tariffs on trade with the EU. The Prime Minister has made a commitment to bring the ﬁnal deal to Parliament, but this also adds uncertainty.

A hard Brexit poses the biggest risk for the food retail, automotive and technology industries. These three sectors would see the greatest negative impact on proﬁts from import and export tariffs, higher inventory requirements to compensate for procurement bottlenecks and delays, and a depreciation of the British pound. Food retailers could see proﬁts fall by £6 billion to £20 billion, though most would seek to offset part of that decline with price increases. Technology companies could suffer a 20% to 35% decline in proﬁt while chemical companies may see a drop of 4% to 8% (see Figures 1 and 3), depending on their ability to pass on some price increases.

On the other hand, net exporters in industries with low WTO tariffs, such as aerospace, or industries characterized by zero tariffs and a global production footprint and sales mix, such as pharma, could potentially beneﬁt from a hard Brexit due to pound depreciation and lower UK tax rates. In this scenario, aerospace companies may see proﬁts increase by 4% to 8%, and pharma, by 2% to 3%. Indeed, large industrial and pharma companies, including Rolls-Royce, Boeing, GSK and AstraZeneca, have conﬁrmed their commitment to continue investing in the UK.

Importantly, Brexit’s impact can vary even within a given industry, because each company’s supply chain is different. Associated British Foods, which produces more than two million tonnes of sugar annually from sugar beet factories in the UK and Spain, would be hit hard if a hard Brexit triggers a shift to WTO customs duties on sugar beet. By contrast, Tate & Lyle Sugars, one of Europe’s largest sugar manufacturers, currently pays high EU tariffs on sugar cane imports from Brazil, and its UK operations were unproﬁtable in 2015. If the UK agrees after Brexit to the more favorable WTO tariff structure on non-EU sugar cane imports, Tate & Lyle Sugars could import and produce at lower cost.

A strategy for Brexit uncertainty

Companies that develop a strategy for uncertainty will be able to pivot faster than the competition when Brexit details become clear, minimizing supply chain risk. Four guidelines can help leadership teams understand how Brexit could play out for them:

deﬁne the speciﬁc uncertainties your business might face and their economic impact on your company (absolute and relative);

formulate a set of probable scenarios and their economic impact;

devise a speciﬁc set of strategic options; and

identify a clear set of signposts for action.

Leading companies use that approach to balance commitment to a long-term supply chain strategy with investments and to position themselves to seize the post-Brexit future as it unfolds. Timing is key, no matter which scenario unfolds. While planning rational actions for each possible outcome, leaders pair each action with a signpost that triggers it.

Thomas Kwasniok, a partner with Bain's Performance Improvement practice, shares three types of actions executives can take to limit risk and prepare for the outcome of Brexit.

No-regret moves. Some actions will increase a company’s competitive edge no matter what scenario plays out. They include improving cost management or operational effectiveness. One UK retailer decided it would be better off setting up a global warehouse hub outside the UK to position itself both for the possibility of a medium or hard Brexit and for geographical advantage.

Options and hedges. Leadership teams that develop strategic options and hedges for a variety of future scenarios navigate better when new developments unfold. Lloyd’s of London, which generates 11% of its revenues from Europe, announced it will move part of its operations to the EU in 2017 since Brexit is likely to eliminate the passporting rights that allow EU companies to sell their services across borders.

Companies manufacturing in the UK can hedge against a hard Brexit by investing in a range of smaller-scale pilot plants in the EU that can be ramped up or scaled down quickly. Producing small volumes allows companies to keep costs down while learning about manufacturing in a new country. If the UK opts for a hard Brexit, companies with pilot plants outside the UK are well positioned to quickly relocate or ramp up production. In the case of a soft Brexit, the company has avoided a large and ultimately unnecessary investment.

Other options include joint ventures that provide lower-cost market entry or manufacturing changes that provide additional ﬂexibility at low cost. Some companies exposed to a devaluation of the pound may use ﬁnancial hedging instruments or choose to denominate contracts in different currencies.

Big bets. The most challenging balancing act involves large-scale investments that have different payoffs depending how future uncertainties play out. Examples include doubling down on UK production capacity, shifting production to new foreign markets and switching suppliers from foreign- to UK-based companies.

Automaker Nissan’s decision to manufacture new models in the UK is a big bet that the UK will negotiate a zero-for-zero arrangement with the EU, meaning neither will impose tariffs on ﬁnished cars and components. Toyota, by contrast, is waiting for a clearer signal on the future of UK-EU tariff regime for autos. The EU currently imposes a 10% tariff on ﬁnished cars entering the common market. Roughly 50% of cars manufactured in the UK are exported, and 65% of car components are sourced from outside the UK.

Leading companies develop ﬂexibility by focusing on projects that make sense now while assessing their payoffs under different future scenarios. If a big bet looks too risky to take immediately, companies can wait for greater clarity and move quickly once signposts—such as the ﬁnal UK-EU agreement, other foreign trade agreements and budget announcements—signal likely changes ahead.

On the other hand, companies with brands that are closely tied to the national identity may weigh ﬁnancial considerations and still ﬁnd strong brand-based arguments to stay in the UK since Brexit already has increased the allure of British-made products.

It will take at least two years to know what changes Brexit will bring and how they will affect supply chain speed, costs and inventories. Developing a strategy for uncertainty provides leadership teams with the tools to anticipate multiple Brexit outcomes ahead of the competition—and long before the government makes its ﬁnal decision.

By incorporating change into the strategic process, companies can pivot and correct course quickly as Brexit unfolds. That kind of agility may also help companies brace for other future supply chain risks, from the possible instability or breakup of the eurozone to changing US trade policy under the Trump administration.

Thomas Kwasniok and Michael Garstka are partners in Bain & Company’s London ofﬁce. Peter Guarraia is a partner in Bain’s Chicago ofﬁce.