CCENT Certification All-In-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

By Glen E. Clarke

The CCENT certification is a new, fast-growing certification that tests your knowledge of basic Cisco device-management and networking concepts. It is a great stepping stone to the CCNA certification and other Cisco certification tracks. The CCENT exam tests your knowledge of real-world networking concepts and Cisco features found on most networks today, and this Cheat Sheet gives you quick facts and code listings to remember on test day to help you answer questions found on the CCENT certification exam.

OSI Model for the CCENT Certification Exam The CCENT certification tests you heavily on the OSI model and the different protocols and devices that run at each layer of the OSI model. The following table reviews the OSI model by giving you a description of each layer and examples of protocols and devices that run at each layer. Layer Description Examples 7.

Application Responsible for initiating or services the request. SMTP, DNS, HTTP, and Telnet 6.

Presentation Formats the information so that it is understood by the receiving system. Compression and encryption depending on the implementation 5.

Session Responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating the session. NetBIOS 4.

Transport Breaks information into segments and is responsible for connection and connectionless communication. TCP and UDP 3.

Network Responsible for logical addressing and routing IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP, IGRP, and routers 2.

Data Link Responsible for physical addressing, error correction, and preparing the information for the media MAC address, CSMA/CD, switches, and bridges 1.

Physical Deals with the electrical signal. Cables, connectors, hubs, and repeaters

Cisco IOS Basics for the CCENT Certification Exam The CCENT certification exam will test you on the basics of the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and how to configure the IOS. The following are some key points that summarize the IOS basics to remember for the CCENT certification exam: Types of Memory: There are different types of memory on a Cisco device: ROM: The Read-Only Memory (ROM) on a Cisco device is like the ROM on a computer in the sense that it stores the POST and the boot loader program. The boot loader program is responsible for locating the IOS. Flash: The flash memory is used to store the Cisco IOS. RAM: RAM is used to store things like the routing table on a router, or the MAC address table on a switch. It is also used to store the running-config. RAM is also known as volatile RAM, or VRAM. NVRAM: Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) is used to store the startup-config, which is copied to the running-config on bootup after the IOS is loaded.

The Boot Process: For the CCENT certification exam, you need to know the high-level steps that occur when a Cisco device starts up. The following is a quick review of the boot process of a Cisco router: POST: The first thing that occurs when a Cisco device boots up is the POST routine, which is responsible for performing a self diagnostic to verify everything is functioning on the router or switch. Locate IOS: After the POST, the bootloader program, which is stored in ROM, locates the IOS in flash memory and loads it into RAM. Startup-config applied: After the IOS is loaded into memory, the bootloader program then locates the startup-config and applies it to the device.

Configuration Modes: When making changes to the Cisco device, there are a number of different configuration modes, and each change is made in a specific configuration mode. The following summarizes the major configuration modes: User Exec: When you connect to a Cisco device, the default configuration mode is user exec mode. With user exec mode, you can view the settings on the device but not make any changes. You know you are in user exec mode because the IOS prompt displays a “>”. Priv Exec: In order to make changes to the device, you must navigate to priv exec mode, where you may be required to input a password. Priv exec mode displays with a “#” in the prompt. Global Config: Global configuration mode is where you go to make global changes to the router, such as the hostname. To navigate to global configuration mode from priv exec mode, you type config term , where you will be placed at the “(config)#” prompt. Sub Prompts: You can navigate to a number of different sub prompts from global configuration, such as the interface prompts to modify settings on a specific interface and the line prompts to modify the different ports on the device.



Configuring Users and Passwords for the CCENT Certification Exam The CCENT certification exam will test you on basic configuration of the Cisco IOS, including setting passwords and creating users. The following are some key points that summarize configuring passwords on Cisco devices: Command(s) Result R1>enable

R1#config term

R1(config)#enable password mypass

R1(config)#enable secret mysecret These commands are used to create an enable password and an enable secret. Remember that the enable password is stored in clear text within the configuration file while the enable secret is encrypted. R1>enable

R1#config term

R1(config)#line con 0

R1(config-line)#password conpass

R1(config-line)#login These commands are used to create a console password on the console port. Remember that after the password is set, you must specify the login command to require authentication on the port. R1>enable

R1#config term

R1(config)#line aux 0

R1(config-line)#password auxpass

R1(config-line)#login These commands are used to create an auxiliary port password on the router. Again, notice the use of the login command after setting the password; if you forget to use it then the router will not prompt for a password on that port. R1>enable

R1#config term

R1(config)#line vty 0 15

R1(config-line)#password vtypass

R1(config-line)#login These commands are used to create a password for telnet connections that are made to the device. R1>enable

R1#config term

R1(config)#username glen password glenpass R1(config)#line con 0

R1(config-line)#login local R1(config)#line vty 0 15

R1(config-line)#login local These commands are used to create a username called glen with a password of glenpass. You then use the login local command on each of the console port, auxiliary port, and vty ports to require authentication with a username and password. R1(config) #banner motd #

Enter TEXT message. End with the character ‘ # ‘ .

This device is for authorized personnel only.

Please disconnect at once if you have not been given permission to access this device

#

R1(config)# This command creates a message-of-the-day banner, which displays before someone logs in. This is used to give legal notice that unauthorized access is prohibited.

Configuring Interfaces for the CCENT Certification Exam The CCENT certification exam requires you to know how to configure basic settings on the router, such as the hostname and the interfaces. The following commands review those configuration tasks. The following commands are used to configure the name of the router with the hostname command. The name of the router appears in the prompt once it is set. Notice that the hostname is changed in global configuration mode. Router>enable Router#config term Router(config)#hostname R2 The following commands are used to configure the FastEthernet port on the router. Notice that the interface is referenced with the slot/port syntax on the interface command. The IP address is set and then the description of the interface, the speed and duplex mode are then set, and finally the port is enabled with the no shutdown command. R2(config)#interface f0/0 R2(config-if)#ip address 25.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R2(config-if)#description Private LAN R2(config-if)#speed 100 R2(config-if)#duplex full R2(config-if)#no shutdown The following commands are used to configure the Serial port on the router. Notice that the interface is referenced with the slot/port syntax on the interface command. The IP address is set and then the encapsulation protocol (PPP or HDLC) is set. Because this is the DCE end of a back-to-back serial cable, the clock rate needs to be set, otherwise the service provider sets that. Finally, the interface is enabled with the no shutdown command. R1>enable R1#config term R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 24.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R1(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 (only set for DCE device) R1(config-if)#no shutdown

Configuring Network Services for the CCENT Certification Exam This section reviews popular commands used when configuring a Cisco device for name resolution, DHCP services, and NAT. You’ll need to know these for the CCENT Certification exam. The following commands configure the hostname table on a router and display the entries in the hostname table: NY-R1>enable NY-R1#config term NY-R1(config)#ip host BOS-R1 24.0.0.2 To verify that the entry has been added: NY-R1(config)#exit NY-R1#show hosts The following commands enable DNS lookups and specify the DNS server of 23.0.0.200 to send DNS queries to. The domain name is also set to gleneclarke.com. NY-R1>enable NY-R1#config term NY-R1(config)#ip domain-lookup NY-R1(config)#ip name-server 23.0.0.200 NY-R1(config)#ip domain-name gleneclarke.com The following commands configure your router as a DHCP server by setting an address pool (range of addresses to give out) and setting up excluded addresses that are not to be given out. The lease time is set to 7 days in this example. NY-R1(config)#ip dhcp pool NY_Network NY-R1(dhcp-config)#network 23.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 NY-R1(dhcp-config)#default-router 23.0.0.1 NY-R1(dhcp-config)#dns-server 23.0.0.200 NY-R1(dhcp-config)#lease 7 0 0 NY-R1(dhcp-config)#exit NY-R1(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 23.0.0.1 23.0.0.15 The following commands configure NAT overload services on a router called NY-R1. In this example, a list of source addresses is created in access list #1, which is then used as the inside source list. The FastEthernet 0/0 port is the overloaded public address port that all inside addresses get translated to. NY-R1(config)#Access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 NY-R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 interface FastEthernet 0/0 overload NY-R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0 NY-R1(config-if)#ip nat outside NY-R1(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/1 NY-R1(config-if)#ip nat inside

Basic Switch Commands to Remember for the CCENT Certification Exam This section outlines some of the popular commands you use on a Cisco switch for the CCENT certification exam. Most of the basic router commands, such as setting passwords and banners, work on the switch. Command(s) / Result Switch#show mac-address-table Used to display the MAC address table on the switch. Switch>enable

Switch#config term

Switch(config)#hostname

NY-SW1

NY-SW1(config)# Used to change the hostname on the switch. NY-SW1>enable

NY-SW1#config term

NY-SW1(config)#interface

vlan1

NY-SW1(config-if)#ip address 23.0.0.25

255.0.0.0

NY-SW1(config-if)#no shutdown

NY-SW1(config-if)#exit

NY-SW1(config)#ip default-gateway

23.0.0.1 Configures the switch for an IP address so that you can

remotely connect to the switch and manage it. Also notice that the

default gateway is set. If you do not set the default gateway, you

will be unable to manage the switch from a different network. Switch>enable

Switch#config term

Switch(config)#interface f0/5

Switch(config-if)#speed 100

Switch(config-if)#duplex full

Switch(config-if)#description Web

Server

Switch(config-if)#no shutdown These commands are used to manually configure a port for 100

Mbps, full duplex, and assigns a description to the port. The port

is then enabled with the no shutdown

command. Switch(config-if)#shutdown Disables the port. SW1>enable

SW1#config term

SW1(config)#interface f0/6

SW1(config-if)#switchport mode

access

SW1(config-if)#switchport

port-security

SW1(config-if)#switchport port-security

mac-address sticky

SW1(config-if)#switchport port-security

maximum 1

SW1(config-if)#switchport port-security

violation shutdown This group of commands configures port security on port #6.

Port security is a way to limit which systems can connect to a

switch. This code example uses a “sticky” MAC address that tells

the switch to configure the port for whatever MAC uses the port

first. It then sets the maximum number of MACs for the port to 1

and shuts down the port if there is a violation. show port-security address Show the MAC addresses that have been configured for each

port. show port-security interface

f0/6 Show the configuration of port security on port 6. Switch>enable

Switch#vlan database

Switch(vlan)#vlan 2 name

Executives

VLAN 2 added:

Name: Executives

Switch(vlan)#exit Configures a VLAN named E xecutives in the VLAN database. Switch#show vlan Display a list of VLANs. Switch(config)#interface range f0/6 –

9

Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access

vlan 2 Place ports 6–9 in the newly created VLAN 2.

Troubleshooting Commands for the CCENT Certification Exam When problems arise on Cisco devices, there are a number of show commands you can use to help identify what the problem is. The following table lists popular show commands: Command(s) Result show running-config Displays the running configuration stored in VRAM. show startup-config Displays the startup configuration stored in NVRAM. show ip interface brief Shows a summary of the interfaces and their status. show interfaces Displays detailed information about each interface. show interface serial 0/0 Displays detailed information about a specific interface. show ip route Displays the routing table. show hosts Displays the host name table. show controller serial0/1 Displays whether the serial interface is a DCE or DTE

device. show ip protocols Displays what routing protocols are loaded. show cdp neighbors Displays basic information about neighboring devices such as

name, type of device, and model. show cdp neighbors detail Displays detailed information about neighboring devices such as

name, type of device, model, and IP address.

Security Best Practices for the CCENT Certification Exam One of the most important skills to have as a CCENT is the capability of implementing basic security practices on your Cisco devices. The following are some key points to remember about securing devices when you take the CCENT exam: Secure Location: Be sure to locate your Cisco routers and switches in a secure location — a locked room where limited access is permitted.

Disable Ports: In high secure environments, you should disable unused ports so that unauthorized systems cannot connect to the network.

Configure Port Security: In order to control which systems can connect to the enabled ports, use port security to limit which MAC addresses can connect to which ports.

Set Passwords: Be sure to configure passwords on the console port, auxiliary port, and the vty ports. Also configure the enable secret for access to priv exec mode.

Login Command: Do not forget the login command after setting the password on the port. The login command tells the Cisco device that anyone connecting must log in and forces the prompt for a password.

Login Local Command: If you are looking to create usernames and passwords for login, then use the login local command to tell the Cisco device that you wish to authenticate persons by the usernames and password configured on the device.

Encrypt Passwords: Be sure to encrypt all passwords in the configuration with the service password-encryption command!

Banners: Be sure to configure banners that do not have the word “welcome” in the message or any other inviting phrases. You want to make sure that the banners indicate that unauthorized access is prohibited.

Secure Communication: To remotely manage the device, use SSH instead of telnet as the communication is encrypted.

Network Cabling for the CCENT Certification Exam The CCENT certification tests you on the different types of cabling that are used in different scenarios. The following are some key points to remember about network cabling. Rollover cable: A rollover cable is also known as a console cable and gets the name rollover because the order of the wires from one end of the cable to the other are totally reversed, or rolled over. The rollover/console cable is used to connect a computer to the console port or auxiliary port of the router for administration purposes.

Back-to-back serial cable: The back-to-back serial cable is used to connect two Cisco routers directly together over a serial link. A back-to-back serial link will have one router act as the DCE device with the clock rate set and the other router act as the DTE device.

Straight-through cable: A straight-through cable is used to connect dissimilar devices together. Scenarios that use straight-through cables are computer-to-switch and switch-to-router.

Crossover cable: A crossover cable has wires 1 and 2 switch positions with wires 3 and 6 on one end and is used to connect similar devices together. Scenarios that use crossover cables are computer-to-computer, switch-to-switch, and computer-to-router (they are both hosts).

Coaxial cable: A network cable type used in old Ethernet environments, such as 10Base2 and 10Base5. Coaxial cable is seen in high-speed Internet connections with cable companies today.

Fiber optic cable: A unique cable type that has a glass core which carries pulses of light as opposed to copper cable carrying electrical signals (coax and twisted pair cabling).

Network Devices and Services Overview for the CCENT Certification Exam You can be sure to get a few questions on the CCENT certification exam that test your knowledge of types of devices and different network services. The following are some key points to remember about devices and services: Network devices Hub: A hub is a layer-1 device that is used to connect systems together. When a hub receives data in the form of an electrical signal, it sends the data to all other ports in hopes the destination system is at one of those ports. All ports on the hub create a single collision domain and a single broadcast domain.

Repeater: A repeater is a layer-1 device that is used to amplify the signal. As the signal travels along the network, it gets weaker due to interference, so the purpose of the repeater is to regenerate that signal so it can travel more distance.

Bridge: A bridge is a layer-2 device that creates multiple network segments. The bridge maintains a table in memory of what systems reside on what segments by their MAC addresses. When data reaches the bridge, the bridge filters the traffic by only sending the data to the network segment that the destination system resides on. The purpose of the bridge is that it filters traffic by sending the data only to the segment where the destination system resides. Each segment on the bridge creates a separate collision domain, but it is all one broadcast domain.

Switch: The switch, another layer-2 device, is an improvement on a bridge in the sense that each port on the switch acts as a network segment. The switch filters traffic by sending the data only to the port on the switch where the destination MAC address resides. The switch stores each MAC address and the port the MAC address resides on in an area of memory known as the MAC address table . Each port on the switch creates a separate collision domain, but all ports are part of the same broadcast domain.

Router: A router is a layer-3 device that handles routing of data from one network to another network. The router stores a listing of destination networks in the routing table which is found in memory on the router. Network services DHCP: The DHCP service is responsible for assigning IP addresses to hosts on the network. When a client boots up, it sends a DHCP discover message, which is a broadcast message designed to locate a DHCP server. The DHCP server responds with a DHCP Offer, offering the client an IP address. The client then responds with a DHCP request message asking for the address before the server responds with a DHCP ACK to acknowledge that the address has been allocated to that client.

DNS: The DNS service is responsible for converting the Fully Qualified Domain Name, (FQDN) such as www.gleneclarke.com to an IP address.

NAT: Network Address Translation is responsible for converting the internal address to a public address that is used to access the Internet. NAT offers the benefit of being able to purchase only one public IP address and have a number of clients on the network use that one IP address for Internet access. NAT also offers the security benefit that the internal addresses are not used on the Internet — helping to keep the internal addresses unknown to the outside world. There are two types of NAT to know for the CCENT certification exam: Static NAT: Static NAT is the mapping of one internal address to one public address. With static NAT, you will need multiple public addresses to allow internal clients to access the Internet. NAT o verloading: A more popular form of NAT, NAT overloading is the concept that all internal address get translated to the one public address on the NAT device.

Web services: There are a number of Web services you should be familar with for the CCENT certification exam: POP3/IMAP4: POP3 and IMAP4 are the Internet protocols for receiving email over the Internet. SMTP: SMTP is the Internet protocol for sending email over the Internet. SMTP servers are also known as email servers . HTTP: HTTP servers are also known as W eb servers and are used to host Web sites. HTTP is a protocol that is used to send the Web page from the Web server to the Web client. FTP: FTP is an Internet protocol used to transfer files over the Internet. The files are hosted on FTP servers, which are then downloaded to any clients on the Internet.



Configuring Routing for the CCENT Certification Exam Routing protocols will certainly come up on your CCENT certification exam. This section reviews popular commands that deal with routing and routing protocols, such as RIPv1 and RIPv2. Command(s) Result ip routing Enables routing on the router. Should be on by default. no ip routing Disables routing on the router. show ip route Displays the routing table. ip route 23.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

22.0.0.2 Adds a static route to the router for the 23.0.0.0 network and

sends any data for that network to the 22.0.0.2 address (next

hop). no ip route 23.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

22.0.0.2 Deletes the static route from the routing table. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

22.0.0.2 Sets the gateway of last resort on the router to forward any

packets with unknown destinations to the 22.0.0.2 address. ROUTERB>enable

ROUTERB#config term

ROUTERB(config)#router rip

ROUTERB(config-router)#network

26.0.0.0

ROUTERB(config-router)#network

27.0.0.0 Configures the router for RIPv1. RIP is a dynamic routing

protocol that is used to share routing information with other

routers running RIP. In this example, RIP will share knowledge of

the 26.0.0.0 and the 27.0.0.0 networks. ROUTERB>enable

ROUTERB#config term

ROUTERB(config)#router rip

ROUTERB(config-router)#network

26.0.0.0

ROUTERB(config-router)#network

27.0.0.0

ROUTERB(config-router)#version

2 To configure the router for RIPv2, you use the same commands

but add the “version 2” command at the end. show ip protocols Display what routing protocols are running on the router. debug ip rip Enable RIP debugging, which will display RIP related messages

on the screen as RIP-related events occur (packets are sent and

received). no debug all Turns off debugging once you are done troubleshooting RIP.