Spencer Platt via Getty Images Former Democratic presidential candidate Mike Bloomberg addresses his staff and the media after announcing that he was ending his campaign on March 4. Bloomberg spent more than $900 million on his presidential bid — and only a fraction of that on coronavirus aid.

The coronavirus pandemic is the perfect opportunity for billionaires to justify their existence.

For years, wealthy Americans have argued that philanthropy was essential to a functioning society. In contrast to unwieldy, inefficient government programs, private donors have the ability to take swift action and deliver social impact free of bureaucracy.

“My wife and I set up a foundation about 20 years ago,” computer magnate Michael Dell said last year in response to a Democratic proposal to enact a wealth tax. “I feel much more comfortable with our ability as a private donation to allocate those funds than I do giving them to the government.”

JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon and Starbucks founder Howard Schultz made the same case, arguing that taxing wealth robs billionaires of their capacity to invest in private and public innovation. Philanthropy, Bill Gates said when asked about a wealth tax at The New York Times’ Dealbook conference last year, “plays a role that neither the private sector or the government is able to do.”

Two months into the coronavirus outbreak, America is still waiting for billionaire philanthropists to deliver on any of these promises.

As of Wednesday afternoon, America had logged at least 54,453 cases of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, and 737 associated deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ending the pandemic will require bold ideas, private-sector innovation, new technology — and a massive infusion of resources. Hospitals need beds and protective equipment. Americans need swift and reliable diagnostic tests. If there was ever a time when America needed decisive action from its wealthiest citizens, this is it.

So far, however, they haven’t stepped up. A systematic review of America’s 50 richest people reveals that vanishingly few billionaires have made even token efforts to address the COVID-19 crisis.

Dell’s company has donated software and facemasks to China, but he hasn’t contributed any of his $32.3 billion personal fortune to addressing the crisis at home. Neither Dimon nor Schultz have announced any donations to help the health system respond to the pandemic. While Gates has been funding COVID-19 efforts since January, his contributions so far amount to less than one-1,000th of his total net worth and roughly one-20th of his yearly liability under a 2% wealth tax.

Jim Bennett via Getty Images Seattle-based billionaire Howard Schultz has not donated any of his personal fortune toward efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

Where Are The Billionaires?

While positive press coverage may create the impression that billionaires are chipping in to help America tackle COVID-19, the vast majority of the country’s 540 billionaires have in fact made no public contributions whatsoever.

Neither Charles Koch nor the family of his late brother, David Koch, have donated any of their combined $80 billion personal fortune to the crisis. Despite pledging to give away 99% of his wealth before before dying, Warren Buffett has not contributed any of his $80 billion personal fortune to the cause.

Other notable billionaires who have not announced any charitable efforts to address the coronavirus crisis include casino magnate Sheldon Adelson (net worth: $34.5 billion), Oracle co-founder Larry Ellison ($65 billion) and Google co-founders Larry Page ($55.5 billion) and Sergey Brin ($53.5 billion). America’s wealthiest hedge-fund manager, Jim Simons, has announced investments in vaccine startups but has not made any public announcement of philanthropic efforts.

Even among billionaires who have made donations, few have contributed more than the equivalent of pocket change. Nike co-founder Phil Knight, for example, is donating “a combined $10 million” with two other executives. The Walton family, with a combined net worth of over $150 billion, is donating $25 million through Walmart and The Walmart Foundation — a mere .016% of their wealth. And while Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, the richest person in the world, has announced a series of charitable efforts through his company, he has made no large-scale donations himself.

One of the more generous donors — compared to his peers anyway — is Microsoft co-founder Steve Ballmer, who has pledged $4 million to community groups in Seattle and Los Angeles. Those donations amount to just 0.0077% (or one-12,000th) of Ballmer’s $51.7 billion fortune. If the average American family (median net worth: $97,300) gave away that much, it would amount to $8.10.

Billionaire Philanthropy Isn’t All that Innovative

Only three of America’s 50 richest individuals have made large-scale efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

In January, Gates announced that he was pledging “up to $100 million” to help fight coronavirus internationally. Two months later, he announced that he was joining the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, a collaborative effort to identify and develop treatments for the disease.

Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg has also chipped in, promising $20 million to the United Nations Foundation, the WHO’s COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund and the CDC Foundation. Last week, he announced that the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub would help the University of California San Francisco expand its COVID-19 testing capacity.

China News Service via Getty Images Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates has donated far less to coronavirus efforts than he would pay under a wealth tax.

And then there’s Michael Bloomberg. Over the past year, the erstwhile presidential candidate spent more than $900 million of his $53 billion net worth trying to become the Democratic nominee. Since dropping out earlier this month, the New York-based tycoon has announced two large-scale coronavirus-related philanthropy efforts. The first, the Bloomberg Local Response Initiative, will coordinate responses between city and state leaders. The second, as yet unnamed, will help developing countries address the pandemic. Bloomberg hasn’t specified the scale of his total giving, but has dedicated $40 million to his domestic effort.

Under the wealth taxes Sens. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) proposed during the 2020 presidential campaign, Bloomberg would owe $3.7 billion or $4.7 billion, respectively. Even under his own campaign’s tax plan, Bloomberg’s liability would have been $1.2 billion. That’s 30 times more than his public donations to COVID-19 efforts so far. (Asked to comment on this disparity, a spokesperson for Bloomberg provided a link to his philanthropic efforts.)

But while these donors may seem generous compared to their stingier peers, it is still not clear what they are doing that the government can’t. So far, Gates and Zuckerberg’s donations are straightforward infusions of cash into existing medical institutions — something the CDC could be capable of doing itself if it hadn’t been systematically defunded.

Bloomberg isn’t supplying much in the way of innovation either. His domestic effort is simply a network of public officials that will, according to a press release, “provide mayors with the most up-to-date information on the virus from the Centers for Disease Control.” While encouraging local politicians to ”share their insights and lessons learned” may be a worthy initiative in the long term, Bloomberg’s vast fortune could also be leveraged toward more immediate goals such as increasing COVID-19 testing capacity and providing personal protective equipment to health care workers.

It is still an open debate whether millionaires and billionaires are more innovative with their philanthropy than government programs. What is clear, at least when it comes to COVID-19, is that they are much stingier.