A river is a mercurial thing, running deep and fast in the rainy season, and low and slow when the rains fade. It can dry up completely one year, then turn into a raging flood the next. Every so often, a river disappears entirely, bringing down the communities it once nourished.

You hear a lot about how climate change is fueling the rise of our seas but not so much about how it will transform our rivers, the flooding of which currently affects almost 60 million people a year. An ambitious new study in Nature Climate Change, though, takes on the task of modeling rivers’ reactions to a warming world. With their projections of flooding severity, the researchers were able to quantify possible losses of both property and human life. As with any climate model, the researchers are making assumptions to present just one possible future scenario—but even in the best case, things don’t look pretty.

Seemingly against reason, climate models have projected that on a warmer planet, storms will dump more water. Why? “The warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold,” says climate scientist Judah Cohen, who wasn't involved in the research. “It’s just like you build a bigger pool—it can hold more water.”

In general, when that water dumps, it dumps hard, swelling rivers and causing flooding. “It then gets much more complicated,” Cohen says. “Warming could maybe change the dynamics of the atmosphere, so that you're getting fewer and fewer storms.” In Southern California, for instance, climate models predict that storms will be more intense but also less frequent.

For this new model, the researchers looked at worldwide impacts of fiercer storms by marrying climate models and models of river flows. “The output of the climate model may be rainfall, for example, and that's the input for the river flow models,” says University of Exeter climate scientist Richard Betts, coauthor on the new paper. “That then calculates the water flow down river channels in all the major basins around the world.” The researchers further modified those outcomes based on different global temperature projections: a 1.5 degree C increase (the idealistic goal of the Paris Climate Agreement), 2 degrees, and 3 degrees.

“What we did is take those outcomes and then look at what the maximum river flows meant in terms of flooding impacts,” Betts says. By looking at population and development data, they could project that forward to predict how many people and how much property would be at risk as climate change periodically swells the rivers of Earth.

The projections are not encouraging. If humanity can hold global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C—and many climate scientists think it may already be too late for that—loss of life from river flooding could go up as much as 83 percent from the current yearly average of 5,700. For 2 degrees, that jumps to as much as 134 percent; 3 degrees, 265 percent.

As for damages, the global average from river flooding is currently about $110 billion a year. With a 1.5 degree rise, the models predict that could jump 240 percent; for 2 degrees it’s 520 percent, and for 3 degrees it’s a stunning 1,000 percent increase, or a new total of $1.25 trillion a year. Under a slightly more optimistic scenario, which projects slower economic growth, those figures would be lower by about a third. Still, not a good outlook.

This does not mean, though, that every region will fare equally. The developing world, where infrastructure isn’t as strong, is more at risk. Population growth is also a factor, as crowding exposes more people to flooding. That’s more intense in South Asia than North America, for example. On the other hand, the models show that a region like Eastern Europe may see a decrease in maximum river water flow.