Mr. Trump, who joined Mr. Macron at the news conference, said he was open to the idea of a meeting if the Iranians were “good players.”

On Tuesday, Mr. Rouhani responded in kind, putting the ball firmly back in Mr. Trump’s court.

“In the relations between Iran and the U.S., we will not witness any positive development unless the U.S. abandons the sanctions and corrects the wrong path it has chosen,” Mr. Rouhani said during a meeting in Tehran that was broadcast on Iranian television.

“The key to positive developments is in Washington’s hands,” the Iranian leader said.

Mr. Rouhani also made what appeared to be a sarcastic reference to Mr. Trump’s penchant for publicity-seeking in his outreach to the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un, over eliminating Pyongyang’s arsenal of nuclear weapons and missiles. Three meetings between Mr. Trump and Mr. Kim, who have been shown smiling and shaking hands in news photographs, have yielded no progress on disarmament or on the sanctions on North Korea.

“We seek to resolve issues and problems in a rational way, but we are not after photos,” Mr. Rouhani said in the remarks, as translated by PressTV, an Iranian news website. “For anyone wanting to take a picture with Hassan Rouhani, this is not possible,” unless sanctions are lifted, he said.

White House officials declined to comment on Mr. Rouhani’s speech, but an administration official pointed to Mr. Trump’s Group of 7 remarks. The State Department said in a statement that “the President’s remarks at the G7 speak for themselves,” and that Mr. Trump had “made clear he was ready to talk without preconditions when the circumstances are right.”