India’s forest cover has increased by 5,871 square kilometres from the government’s 2011 assessment to 6,97,898 sq km or 69.79 million hectares, according to the Indian State of Forest Report 2013 released by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Forest cover is distinct from forest area, which usually refers to all the geographic areas recorded as forest in government records.

The report defines forest cover as all lands greater than one hectare in area having a tree canopy density of more than 10 per cent. Thus, forest cover indicates presence of trees over any tract of land.

The FSI has been assessing the state of Indian forests since 1987 and data from its reports reveal that the country’s forest cover fell sharply from 6,40,819 sq km in 1987 to 6,33,397 sq km in 1997, before recovering to 6,90,899 sq km in 2007 and 6,92,027 sq km in 2011. Forest cover as a percentage of the country’s total geographic area reached an all-time high of 21.23 in 2013. It stood at 19.49 per cent in 1987, dipped to 19.27 per cent in 1997 before rising again in 2001 to cross the 20-percentage-point mark (20.55 per cent), after which it has stayed above 20 per cent.

According to the FSI report, the survey was made using latest satellite data for wall-to-wall mapping of the country’s forests on a biennial cycle. The biennial report contains information about district-wise forest cover assessment of the States and changes from the previous assessment regarding different canopy classes.

Madhya Pradesh has the highest forest cover in the country, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and (undivided) Andhra Pradesh. Assam and the north-eastern States together account for more than a quarter of the country’s total forest cover.

Forests are classified into very dense forests, moderately dense forests and open forests. The FSI figures show that while the extent of very dense forests zoomed from 51,285 sq km in the 2003 assessment to 83,502 sq km, a leap of 63 per cent, the area under moderately dense forests fell 6 per cent from 3,39,279 sq km to 3,18,745 sq km in the latest assessment. The extent of open forests was up at 2,95,651 sq km from 2,87,769 sq km a decade earlier.

The tree cover of the country was estimated at 91,266 sq km (9.13 million hectares), and together, the total forest and tree cover of the country was 7,89,164 sq km (78.92 million hectares), or 24.01 per cent of the country’s total geographic area.

With urbanisation in the country on the rise, up from 27.81 per cent in 2001 to 31.16 per cent in 2011, according to Census 2011 figures, and a corresponding rise in the urban population, the need for urban tree cover has never been more acute. The latest FSI data show that Tamil Nadu topped the States with a total urban tree cover of 1,509 sq km, which accounts for 12.08 per cent of its total urban area. Kerala, which stood fourth, was number one in terms of percentage of urban area (38.17 per cent).