Sweden and Denmark have moved to drastically reduce inward refugee flows, as Scandinavian countries compete with each other to shed their reputations as havens for asylum seekers.

For the first time since the 1950s, from midnight on Sunday travellers by train, bus or boat have needed to present a valid photo ID, such as a passport, to enter Sweden from its southern neighbour Denmark, with penalties for travel operators who fail to impose checks. Passengers who fail to present a satisfactory document will be turned back.

“The government now considers that the current situation, with a large number of people entering the country in a relatively short time, poses a serious threat to public order and national security,” the government said in a statement accompanying legislation enabling the border controls.

Hours after the Swedish checks were introduced, Denmark announced it had stepped up border controls on its southern boundary with Germany.

Sweden’s move marked a turning point for the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and Greens, which earlier presented itself as a beacon to people fleeing conflict and terror in Asia and the Middle East.

The Guardian speaks to Bahman a 29 year-old Kurdish mechanic trying to reach Norway where the rest of his family are currently living.

“My Europe takes in people fleeing from war, my Europe does not build walls,” the Swedish prime minister, Stefan Löfven, told crowds in Stockholm on 6 September. But three months and about 80,000 asylum seekers later, the migration minister told parliament: “The system cannot cope.”

Almost 163,000 people applied for asylum in Sweden in 2015, the highest in Europe as a proportion of the population. In the autumn, applications were running at 10,000 weekly. But Stockholm has made clear it wants to slash the flow to about 1,000 a week in 2016.

Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven and the German chancellor, Angela Merkel. Photograph: Action Press/Rex Shutterstock

Temporary border controls were first revealed in November, but the current legislation is valid for three years. Announcing the U-turn in refugee policy, the deputy prime minister burst into tears.

Prof Pieter Bevelander, head of the Malmö Institute of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, said: “Border controls are already in place, but the main control is when the rumour goes about among refugees that Sweden is not taking any more.”

About 40% of asylum seekers produce a passport or other identification upon arrival in Sweden, according to the migration board. But the figure varies according to nationality. Among some groups, such as juvenile Afghans, very few have papers, Bevelander said.

Critics of Sweden’s refugee crackdown fear it will cause a “domino effect” as countries compete to outdo each other in their hostility to asylum seekers.

“Traditionally, Sweden has been connected to humanitarian values, and we are very worried that the signals Sweden is sending out are that we are not that kind of country any more,” said Anna Carlstedt, president of the Red Cross in Sweden, whose staff and volunteers have often been the first line of support for new arrivals in the country.

Denmark’s liberal prime minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, said in his new year address that the country was prepared to impose similar controls on its border with Germany, if the Swedish passport checks left large numbers of asylum seekers stranded in Denmark.

On Monday he defended the decision to start conducting checks at the German border.

“When other Nordic countries seal their borders it can have major consequences for Denmark,” Rasmussen said. “It can lead to more asylum seekers.”

“We are simply reacting to a decision made in Sweden. We are introducing temporary border controls but in a balanced way. This is not a happy moment at all.”

The Danish controls will initially be in place for 10 days, after which they may be extended.



A few days earlier, Rasmussen called for a debate on changes to the Geneva conventions if Europe was unable to swiftly curb the influx of asylum seekers.

About 18,500 migrants applied for asylum in Denmark in 2015. Last month, the government said police should be able to confiscate valuables from refugees to help cover their costs – just one of 34 proposals aimed at tightening refugee policy.

Germany warned on Monday that the passport-free Schengen zone was in danger.

“Freedom of movement is an important principle – one of the biggest achievements [in the European Union] in recent years,” said foreign ministry spokesman Martin Schäfer. “Schengen is very important but it is in danger.”

Schäfer said it was “crucial that we in Europe find common solutions” to the worst refugee crisis since the second world war, and said the EU must now focus on ensuring the security of its external borders.

Chancellor Angela Merkel’s spokesman, Steffen Seibert, said that the Schengen accord was dependent on better protection of the EU’s frontiers.

Last week, Norway’s rightwing government proposed a package of new measures that it claimed would make Oslo’s asylum policies “among Europe’s toughest”. More than 35,000 asylum seekers arrived in Norway last year, compared with 11,500 in 2014.

There was considerable uncertainty about how Sweden’s border controls would be applied. “It will be interesting to see how carriers will interpret a document in Pashtu or Dari, and according to the official Afghan calendar in which we are now in year 1394,” Viktor Banke, an asylum lawyer in Stockholm, told daily newspaper Svenska Dagbladet.

Christina Höj Larsen, MP for the Left party, which has traditionally supported the government but turned against it on this issue, said she was proud of what Sweden had achieved so far, but that it still could do much more. The EU’s failure to share the responsibility for refugees should encourage Sweden to withhold its annual membership fee of 40.1bn kronor (£3.2bn), she said, adding: “There is strong legislation if member countries don’t follow the EU economic framework, but when countries breach the agreements on human rights there are no sanctions.”