Satya Prakash

Tribune News Service

New Delhi, November 14

Enlarging the scope of Sabarimala Temple entry restrictions issue, the Supreme Court on Thursday referred to a seven-judge Bench the issue of discriminatory practices in other religions as well for laying down constitutional principles for determination of such issues.

By a majority verdict of 3:2, a five-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi framed seven issues for consideration of the seven-judge Bench for enunciating constitutional principles to be followed in dealing with such issues in any religion. The other two judges who were part of the majority verdict were Justice AM Khanwilkar and Justice Indu Malhotra.

The verdict came on petitions seeking review of its September 28, 2018 judgment allowing entry women, irrespective of their age, into the Lord Ayyappa’s hilltop temple at Sabarimala in Kerala. There were 65 petitions in all -- 56 review petitions, four fresh writ petitions and five transfer petitions.

While the majority referred the matter to a larger Bench, Justice Rohinton Nariman and Justice DY Chandrachud dismissed the review petitions, saying: “Organised acts of resistance to thwart the implementation of this judgment must be put down firmly.”

Issues referred to seven-judge Bench

* What is the ambit of interplay between freedom of religion under Articles 25 and 26 and other fundamental rights, particularly right to equality under Article 14

* What is the sweep of expression “public order, morality and health” Article 25(1)

* What is the meaning of “morality”? Is it over arching morality in reference to preamble or limited to religious beliefs?

* How far courts can enquire into a particular practice being an integral part of a religion/religious denomination? Should it be left exclusively to be determined by the religious group’s head?

* What is the meaning of “sections of Hindus” appearing in Article 25(2)(b)?

* Whether “essential religious practices” of a religious denomination or a section thereof are protected under Article 26?

* What’s the permissible extent of judicial recognition to PILs challenging religious practices by persons not belonging to such religious denomination?

The verdict does not talk about stay on the original order allowing women, irrespective of their age, into the Sabarimala Temple which is to open for devotees from Sunday.

The majority verdict took note of the fact that the debate about constitutional validity of practices entailing into restriction of entry of women generally in places of worship was not limited to Sabarimala Temple alone but also arose in respect of entry of Muslim women in a Dargah/Mosque and entry of Parsi women married to a non-Parsi into the holy fire place of an Agyari.

If a particular practice was essential to religion or was an integral of the religion, was also pending before it in respect of female genital mutilation in Dawoodi Bohra community, the Bench noted.

“It is time that this Court should evolve a judicial policy befitting to its plenary powers to do substantial and complete justice and for an authoritative enunciation of the constitutional principles by a larger bench of not less than seven judges.

“The decision of a larger bench would put at rest recurring issues touching upon the rights flowing from Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India. It is essential to adhere to judicial discipline and propriety when more than one petition is pending on the same, similar or overlapping issues in the same court for which all cases must proceed together,” said the majority verdict pronounced by CJI Gogoi.

Noting that there was a conflict between its judgments in Shirur Mutt case and Durgah Committee case, the majority verdict said it was required to be considered by the larger Bench which may also decide if the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965 governed the temple in question at all.

“The endeavour of the petitioners is to resuscitate the debate about – what is essentially religious, essential to religion and integral part of the religion,” said CJI Gogoi, pronouncing the majority verdict. It left it to the seven-judge Bench to take a call on giving a fresh opportunity to all interested parties to be heard.

By 4:1 verdict, a five-judge Constitution Bench headed by the then CJI Dipak Misra had had on September 28, 2018 allowed entry women, irrespective of their age, into the Sabarimala Temple by declaring the age-old practice unconstitutional. Justice Malhotra, the lone woman on the Bench, had dissented. The majority had declared unconstitutional Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965, which barred entry of women between 10 and 50 years of age into the temple.

The verdict had led to massive protests by Lord Ayyappa’s devotees—particularly after the entry of two women into the temple. The devotees believed the age-old tradition of not allowing women in the age group of 10 to 50 years to enter the shrine should be respected as the deity was an eternal celibate.

Explaining the rationale for sending the matter to a larger Bench, the majority verdict said, “Indubitably, decision by a larger bench will also pave way to instill public confidence and effectuate the principle underlying Article 145(3) of the Constitution - which predicates that cases involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution should be heard by a bench of minimum five judges of this Court.”

The CJI’s verdict said, “It may not be inappropriate if matters involving seminal issues including the interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution touching upon the right to profess, practise and propagate its own religion, are heard by larger bench of commensurate number of Judges. That would ensure an authoritative pronouncement and also reflect the plurality of views of the Judges converging into one opinion. That may also ensure consistency in approach for the posterity.”