CHINA, THE CASTE SOCIETY !

International trade & globalization, in the form of trading the abstract 'labor' in lieu of the physical flow of 'labor', had only thrived on miseries of the Chinese peasants, i.e., modern coolies. Bhagwati's immeserization growth theory explains why the more trade there is, the more worsening-off the living standards of the Chinese peasants will be. In one word, the Chinese communists ["national capitalists"], pre-occupied with "pleasure-seeking [hedonism] and literature-decoration" [inquisitions & censorship] like the Manchu rulers, had transferred the hardship of the Chinese peasants and their children into the huge export surplus. (Gordon Chang, who claimed in "Coming Collapse Of China", that China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) would lead to a shrinking export on the part of China and hence a collapse of the Chinese economy. Just note that the Chinese Communists do not know how to play a fair game, no matter W.T.O. or not.)



Indeed, China re-valued its currency by 2% on July 24th, 2005. However, the old merchant saying goes like this: the wool grows on the sheep . The hardworking Chinese coolies would continue to elastically absorb the cost, including that from the appreciated currency, while China continues to export the goodies, women and "baby girls" to the world at the same price or even less. The U.S. government, in lieu of aiding the international currency gamblers, better knows where the root of the exchange rate problem is, i.e., China's caste system !!!



While the U.S. and Europe continue to subsidize their machine-operation farming industry, Communist China had lessened the money input into the countryside from 1990 onward, and by 1994, dramatically cut the funds flow into the countryside, with the time period of 1994-1996 being of negative growth. This is on top of the early ripoff, from 1952 to 1978, of an 'Agri-industrial scissor price differential' of 632 billion RMB from the peasants in addition to a collection of 726.4 billion agriculture tax, whereas its funds input into the countryside was merely 173 billion RMB for the same time period. (In the 1980s or earlier, US$1=RMB4 and less.)







Modern Coolies & the Immiserization Growth





The fascist Chinese communist regime, pre-occupied with "pleasure-seeking and literature-decoration" like the Manchu rulers, had created a monstrous "satiable" society by rewarding the few at the expense of the majority !!! There are credible sources to prove that the bank managers in China colluded with the bank employees in embezzling funds or steering away the funds to the overseas accounts like in HK, Switzerland, Japan, Australia and America. HK happens to be the paradise for "washing money", by the way. The corruption and crime going on in China, not merely restricted to the banks which are one of the "terminal illness", is fundamentally rooted in the crony personnel system in which the parasites and thugs of each level, high or low, get entangled with each other in a spiderweb to pursue hedonism while restraining the masses of people with the repressive state machine. In the name of "globalization", the communist regime had begun the process of liquidating the rotten and corrupt banking system by allowing Bank of America to invest $3B for 9 percent stake in China's state-owned Construction Bank. The United States government [e.g., the State Department] and the Senators, who had actively pursued the cross-border fund transfers by Chiang Kai-shek's cronies in the 1950s-60s and often tipped Chiang Kai-shek in person, are apparently turning a blind eye to the transnational financial crimes committed by the Chinese communists, but with an expectation of reaping the dramatic returns after their Wall Street proxies are to take the Chinese banks to the Initial Public Offerings in NYSE.



To understand how desperate the Chinese are, note that seven coolies, who were trafficked out of China by a smuggling ring, stranded into Iraq during the Easter weekend of year 2004, only to be caught by the Iraqi as some "Japanese hostages". More, on June 10th, 2004, while George W. Bush was playing with Saddam's trophy pistol, terrorists killed 11 Chinese construction workers of the peasant background in northern Afghanistan of Kunduz. The ten peasants from Shangrao of Jiangxi Province left behind dozens of kids and 10 widows. China's Railway Shisiju [14th Bureau] Group Corporation paid those peasants merely US$10 per day !!! And, the Chinese insurance company refused to provide the indemnity to the families of the victims on the pretext that the terrorism attack was not covered in the clauses of the insurance policies.





For understanding China's "economic powerhouse phenomenon", go to section "China's Migrant Workers - Modern Coolies" for the alternative theories and prediction on "boom or bust" as well as refer to Joshua Cooper Ramo's fabricated "asymmetrical strategy". With China's navy engaged in smuggling, army in profiteering & airforce constrained the number of flight hours for pilots {caveat: during traitor-son party-secretary Jiang Zemin's reign years}, China does not have any arsenal to scare its opponents other than some missiles that, in the eyes of Martin Vandeer Wylder, could at most "make a pretty short fireworks display", no matter how Rumsfeld [who invested $500,000 in a venture capital fund in Shanghai] exaggerated the numbers to create a sensational "China menace" picture. Having noticed the backlashes from Zhu Chenghu's A-bomb blackmail, retired communist diplomat Wu Jianmin, at http://news.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=news&MsgID=32387, proposed that China would need another 100 years for some catch-up work, with a faulty assumption that China's foes would pause to wait out the said timeframe. The communist leaders simply don't know that China's societal weakness, together with its racial ego & racial weakness, is no longer a "state secret".





This website having named the names of Gap, Nike, Addidas and Walmart since the domain registration in 1999, finally, someone raised the attention: Harold Meyerson, at

, stated that AFL-CIO, on March 17, 2004, "filed the kind of unfair-trade petition that corporations commonly file, alleging that China's repression of workers' rights has displaced at minimum 727,000 U.S. jobs, and calling on the president to threaten China with tariffs until it stops artificially lowering its workers' wages". "Business Week", at

, carried an article entitled "[American Textile] Industry To Seek More Limits On Imports [Of Chinese Clothing Products]".



With the cheap "made-in-China" commodities floating around the world, people in the West might not recover their conscience till after reflecting on the tragedy of the 1911 Triangle Company's Fire Disaster in New York on which occasion 146 coolie girls of the European immigrant background jumped off the 9th floor to escape from the locked-up workshops (see Rose Friedman recital in PBS program). Recent statistics showed that cheap Chinese imports could have saved an average American family 2 to 3 times more than the tax cut benefits from George Bush's tax cut coffer. While it was true that the U.S. manufacturing jobs had continued to shrink, the living standard of the Americans does not necessarily deteriorate at all. Right here in northern California, a young Pilipino man, who makes a mere $2000 per month at a dentistry, claimed to have concubines in Mexico, the Philippines and China. A good example to illustrate the innate American advantages would be the "autobiographical drama" of a young bankrupt American who wrote of his losing his job, the internet stocks and the "shirts" at the year 2000 dot com bust, travelling overseas for relaxation, and then bringing home an Asian woman for living in his mother's house: the American passport and the 'Caucasian' outlook might be probably the best innate asset after all.





Alan Greenspan, possibly the smartest American, had continued to express puzzlement over the "conundrum" of long term interest rates but did make clear that an appreciation of the Chinese currency would not shrink the U.S. import but to force the U.S. to import from the rest of the countries other than China. What Greenspan does not know is that my countryside cousins, mostly women, had been going to Guam, Samoa and other Pacific islands for a decade as the export of labor: what is coming to the U.S. market is merely a tag stating something not "made-in-China" but made-by-the-Chinese in nature. Do note that no country in this world could compete against China and its enormous cheap labor or escape from the diminishing living standards as exemplified by the loss of the U.S. manufacturing jobs; for people in India and Mexico etc, the same diminishing living standards would be inevitable since no labor in India or Mexico could compete against the Chinese coolies whatsoever.





http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7092151/: "[premier] Wen [Jiabao] also promised that all farm taxes will be ended by next year [2006?] and that, by 2007, every Chinese child can receive nine years of schooling. Children from the poor families will be exempt from most fees and receive free textbooks, Wen said, though he did not say whether they will have to pay tuition." -- Is that a joke? The countryside schools either being abandoned by the kids going into child labor or dilapidated due to ill funding, the government should instead fix the issue via two prongs: 1) terminating the tuition at all public elementary and high schools; and 2) raising salary for the countryside teachers. Communist China had now jacked up the annual tuition cost of attending a provincial normal college or university to a minimum of RMB 6000 [US$770]. In contrast, Mao Tse-tung and et als were able to attend the county-level middle schools and Hunan Provincial Normal College under Manchu Qing Dynasty's "New Administrative Measures" for free. Ordinary vocational or trade schools charged similar tuition, i.e., a byproduct of communist China's profit-driven "reform" in the hospital and education systems. The daughter of my uncle, after having spent over 10000 RMB [US$1200], had to force the hospital into releasing the patient for 'herbal medicine' treatment in the countryside. Should you have no money in the pocket, dare you enter the emergency room of a Chinese hospital . Here, this webmaster proclaim to the commies: You commies are being cursed, unless you reverse your track NOW. The curse is from my male countryside relatives, cousins and uncles who, at this moment, invariably suffer from the liver problems of one sort or the other as a result of doing the coolie labor for you all lifelong.





Knowing that Communist China, with its repressive policy against its majority peasant caste, would not spare a trickle of its foreign exchange reserve for the benefits of the modern coolies, the world had better embrace for more and more influx of the Chinese goods. This is especially true when China's economic growth is unusually skewed to the "foreign demand" [i.e., exports] rather than the 'domestic demand'. The Communist regime, having risked the domestic inflation by printing extra RMB currency for sake of balancing the supply of the U.S. dollars from the export gain, has no choice but to continue the yuan-dollar pegging, yielding to the inevitable consequence of "water overflowing over the riverbank" down the road. Communist China, in the early years, demanded that all export and import companies surrendered the foreign exchange for the RMB ('ren min bi') or the people's money currency, a practice from the Jiangxi Soviet days of the 1930s --when the communists were engaged in laundering the government's legal tender to buy supplies by printing the worthless Soviet banks' paper money. Fundamentally speaking, the communist regime had adopted the same "blocking" approaches economically and politically as Gun the father of pre-Xia dynasty founder Yu had undertaken as to the flood control. At stake is not a matter of the IQ or intelligence of the Chinese communist rulers and their "Harvard-educated" or "Stanford-educated" ministers and councilors but the stubborn and selfish greed for money, power, women and pleasure: There is no merit in Caoan Jushi's suggestion of the hideous agenda by some "disguised" ruling elites in deliberately corrupting China and the Chinese people to a final demise. Billion Chinese, in the opinion of the regime, had better work for the menial pay than out of job. Any mishap in the currency fluctuation could disrupt the export-driven economy and subsequently lead to the economic depression, social instability and political collapse.

Some mathematics for you:

In today's China, i.e., late 20th century, the ordinary Chinese could make no more than US$2-US$10 per day. One of my aunts, whose land was "enclosed" by the government around year 2000, had been receiving for years a mere subsidy of RMB 300 [US$40] per month. Before the enclosure, she could net no more than the subsidized income after paying for the costs of seeds, fertilizer and taxes. Another aunt is now receiving about RMB 30 [US$4] per month in the form of a non-governmentally-sanctioned retirement benefits for the peasants of her county. In the cities and towns, innumerable workers had been forced to retire at age 40-55 in exchange for a nominal severance pay and a monthly subsidy of around RMB400 [$50]. (For China's ECON101, refer to Yang Fan's article on bubbles.) In contrast, a bank employee in the Yangtze area might receive a subsidy of RMB300,000 [US$40k] for purchasing a property; and a high school teacher may receive an annual bonus of RMB9000 [US$1100] in year 2004. To yield the bureaucratic position to some younger people of connections, a small potato official from a county-level taxation department, at age 55, could get a one-time severance payout of RMB500,000 [US$61,500] as well as a monthly subsidy of RMB3000 [US$400], i.e., a prevalent mode of collective & collusive 'communizing' and carving-up of the state-owned assets and revenue streams . The city-dwellers of Shanghai could easily reap a profit of RMB200,000 [US$10k-30k] in a matter of 1-2 years from the real estate market that soundly beats even Tokyo, HK or New York. E.g., the cousin of my grandfather, who was allocated about 50 square meters' living quarter on the 2nd floor of a detached house in the old French Concession territory, now boasts a real estate value of 1 million RMB [i.e., US$115,000]. And, behind the drive of the real estate price in Shenzhen & Zhuhai [i.e., the special economic zones] were certainly hotbeds of the second-wife villages and flourishing meat-swap market that had provided at one time 300 prostitutes for a Japanese tour delegation, tens of thousands of young women for the HK truck drivers, and innumerable others for the "wealthy, powerful and distinguished" Chinese men and international rascals.





SELECTED ARTICLES FROM CHINANEWS: China had 113.9 million migrant workers in 2003

China had 113.9 million migrant workers from rural areas in 2003, who accounted ... China is dedicated to clearing the way for migrant workers this year, ... www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-05/15/content_330991.htm - 22k -



A difficult era for rural high schools - Chinanews

From Chinanews.com: According to a survey made by China Youth Development Foundation, currently 60% of China's rural teenagers choose to be farmers or migrant workers after graduation from junior high school. "Senior high school education will cost thousands of...



The High Cost of Cheap Chinese Labor - Paul W. Beamish

From Harvard Business Review (link): Its well known that low-skilled Chinese labor is abundant. Over the past two decades, some 140 million low-skilled workers have either moved off the payrolls of state-owned enterprises into the private sector or migrated out of rural areas into the cities to seek their fortunes. Whats less well known is that the average worker earns just 75 cents an hour. Migrant workerswho account for one-fifth of the 750 million people in Chinas labor markettypically earn less than $130 a month.



Experts: Improve welfare of 200 million rural workers - China Daily

From China Daily (link): The 200 million rural migrant laborers now working in Chinese cities, one of the major forces creating the economic boom of China and the world as well, need to be taken good care of their rights by the government and the society, experts said. A central government survey has showed that 68 percent of employees in China's manufacturing sector and 80 percent in the construction sector were rural migrant workers. According to a recently published survey by the Developmental Research Center of the State Council, China's cabinet, the nation's rural migrant labor force rose to 200 million people this year. The survey found that 120 million rural migrant workers now work in China's cities, while another 80 million are in smaller towns. All of them have left even lower-paying farm life.



China set to become world's sweatshop, report warns - Andrew Taylor

The Great Divide From the Financial Times: The eradication of poverty in China has stalled since the country joined the World Trade Organisation four years ago, with more than three-quarters of rural households expected to suffer a cut in real incomes between 2001-07, a report warns today. The study by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), timed to coincide with next week's WTO ministerial conference in Hong Kong, says that China is becoming the sweat shop of the world as large numbers of agricultural and former state enterprise workers chase work in the cities, depressing wages.



As China Plans Moon Landing, Millions Still Struggle to Survive

From Bloomberg.com: As China basked in the successful launch of its second manned space flight, a ``sacred and glorious'' mission beamed live to hundreds of millions of television viewers Wednesday, Li Jing wasn't watching. ``The space program is fine, but they should take care of us farmers first,'' said Li, 42, gazing into the sky above the Beijing vegetable market where she cycles every day with her husband and two children to sell leeks and other produce. ``Life is really tough for us.'' China's Shenzhou-6 launch highlights the contradictions in a nation that is gaining economic, diplomatic and scientific clout while 200 million people of its people still live on less than $1 a day, according to World Bank 2004 estimates.





China, The Caste Society





After obtaining power in 1949, the Chinese communists successfully set up, on the Chinese continent, a cruel caste system. Unlike the Mongols' caste society of the 14th century which was ethnic in nature, the current one is political and power-driven, and it is hidden and disguised in nature, unknown to the outside world as a result of collusion, conscious or subconscious, of the people in the upper castes in China. This caste system was created for sake of pitting one class or level of people against a lower level with a wider base or population, solely for sake of strengthening the grip of power of the communist dictatorship as well as exploiting the hardworking Chinese masses in the lower levels, peasants and workers alike. We call this communist system a 'caste society' because the Chinese system of class differentiation and the rigid policy of having the babies register in the mother's residency is a cruel system exactly mapping the notorious 'Indian Caste Society' where the babies born are predestined to be of the same insurmountable castes (Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras).



In the caste system, the people are born and bound, both physically and mentally. This kind of bondage had led to the unfair and unequal treatment of the Chinese people in terms of the economic, political and social welfare, and directly caused the massive loss of brain power and intelligence as exemplified by the inadequate education that 70-80% of China's population, i.e., the peasants, have received. Though the caste society could be sub-divided into many levels, the main two groups would be the city-dwellers (not necessarily the workers as used as a class in the communist class doctrines) versus the peasants. asiademo.org had included one extra caste, the "hei hukou" or the "grey area households", namely, those Chinese who had no registration with the government whatsoever.



When this webmaster was asked to explain in details the situation of the peasants versus city dwellers, this webmaster thought it hard and then derived a good analogy. This webmaster told people that you could probably think of the Chinese peasants as the 'invisible men' as depicted by a Black author in the U.S. (Ralph Ellison), and the kind of relationship between the Chinese peasants and city-dwellers would be equivalent to the Blacks versus the Whites in the U.S. in the 1960s . In today's world, you could find the segregation, physical and economical, in such countries as China and North Korea. In China, the babies born in the Chinese countryside had to register with their mother's locality and that they had no right to move to town, study in town or work in town. Worse than that would be the acquiesce of the city dwellers of China as well as the mockery at the miseries of the Chinese peasants.



Among the city dwellers and the peasants, sub-castes abound in that the communist cadres are divided into 25 levels, workers 8 levels and the peasants at least 4 levels. Movement between the levels in each caste being usually difficult, the inter-caste movements are almost impossible. The peasants in the countryside are never allowed to move to the towns and cities, township residents are not allowed to move into the provincial or municipal cities, and people in the inner provinces are not allowed to move to the coastal areas where the chances of livelihood and welfare are much better. The ollustrative examples will be: the city residents of a certain municipal district, like the Minhang District of the Shanghai Municipality, are not allowed to migrate to the Shanghai city proper, the Shanghai residents not allowed to migrate to Beijing the capital city, and the residents of Guangzhou not allowed to migrate to Shenzhen or Zhuhai the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). Now HK is and Macau are back in China, the kind of mechanism applies again here, namely, the Chinese children whose parents moved to HK or Macao would not be allowed to enter HK or Macau for the permanent residency, and in the most recent case, China intervened in HK's judicial affairs by overturning the HK legislature which ruled that those mainland children could reunite with the parents in HK and Macao. To understand how strict China's registration system is, just note that in today's Beijing the capital city, a separate ruling is in effect, requiring that whoever male Beijing resident must undergo a DNA test to determine the father-child relationship before their pre-marriage child could apply for registration of the household register in the Beijing (Peking/Pekin) Municipality.



People may ask how could this kind of cruel pyramid-style system have survived in China for almost 50 years (from 1949 to 1999, as of the edit of this paragraph) and would for sure continue . The answer lies in the fact that this caste society had deliberately pitted one class or level of people against the lower levels with a wider base or population, thus making the higher class or level of people into the unconscious and subconscious safeguards of the regime in repressing the lower class or level of people. As long as the people in the upper castes do not realize the roles they are playing, there would be no self-liberation of the upper castes, not to mention the fate of those in the lower castes. Besides, the communist government has the police, military police (1 million strong, converted from the army after the Tiananmen Massacre) and army, and it never hesitates to sacrifice the human life for achieving its ends, power and dictatorship. While the Manchu dynasty, under constant attacks and revolts from the Han Chinese, could still survive for hundreds of years (with ironically such military pillars as Han Chinese General Zuo Zongtang), there is no reason to doubt the determination of the Chinese communists in continuing their repression of the Chinese people via any means or with any tools they have on hand. Externally speaking, the western economic powers, represented by their corporate interests, including Gap, Nike, Addidas and Walmart, would love to deal with the Chinese regime which never cares about those Chinese coolies working in the sweatshops of Saipan, toured and touted by Tom Delay, et al., of the American Congress.





Northern Mariana Island legislation: "According to ABC's 20/20 television program, Abramoff lobbied DeLay to stop legislation banning sex shops and sweatshops that force employees to have abortions in the Mariana Islands when Abramoff accompanied DeLay on a 1997 trip to the island. While on the trip, DeLay promised not to put the bill on the legislative calendar". Chinese compatriots, look out! Those slaves in sex shops and sweatshops of Pacific Islands are staffed by our brothers and sisters !





Note: The word caste was a social phenomenon in India. Hindu society is divided into the castes and several thousands of sub-castes. Caste is a highly organized social grouping. A Hindu is born in a caste and dies as a member of that caste. As caste is determined by birth; and one can never move from one caste to another. Castes are not equal in status but arranged in a vertical order in which one caste is at the top and is the highest (the Brahman), another at the bottom, and in between them there are the Kshatriya, the Vashya and etc in a descending order. This inequality in status is said to be an outcome of a person's deeds (good or bad) accomplished in his previous life. In the words of S.D. Theertha, "... the Hindu social order is simply a menace to freedom, unity and peace. The three thousands and odd castes and the larger number of sub-castes, into which the Hindus are irretrievably divided, keep nearly ninety-five per cent of the Hindus in perpetual disgrace and permanently condemned to an inferior social status.









The Early Crackdown and the Land-Reform Joke On the Peasants





After obtaining power in 1949, the Chinese Communists (CCP) first launched the so-called "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement" & the "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" in the early 50s. The "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement" started in 1950, while the "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" was launched in 1955 with the advent of the 'Hu Feng Reactionary Clique'. The 1955 crackdown (which implicated 4 million people) was officially declared a so-called 'Kuo Da Hua', namely, the over-implication, but the 1950 crackdown stood as 'justified' still today.



During the "Suppression of Reactionaries Movement", the Chinese communists (CCP) required that every Chinese obtain three letters of reference from people in their hometown attesting to their past. Every Chinese citizen was made into a folder in the personnel file. The folder, a determinant in a person's future promotion, transfer and benefits, would be kept in the personnel department of the working unit. The household registration would be enforced, first handled by the Civil Administration Ministry, and then taken over by the Public Security Ministry on Jan 13th, 1956. The so-called 'referral letter' stamped by some working units would be required for sake of buying the train tickets or staying in a hotel. In addition to the physical and psychological control, the rice or flour coupons would be used to maintain the economic control of the people. Three kinds of coupons, i.e., national circulation, regional circulation, and local circulation, would allow the township Chinese to travel to a destination of measured range. For the peasants, they would have to exchange their uncooked rice for the coupons before they could walk outside of their domain.



Before the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River, the CCP declared a general amnesty for all officials and soldiers of the Kuomintang (KMT or GMD) government, stating that only the top 'war criminals' would be tried and punished. However, once the CCP took over the country, it began to round up the small potato officials and officers of the ex-regime. During the time period from 1949 to 1952, the landlords and wealthy peasants (one subcaste among the peasant caste), low-level ex-KMT officers, and other 'reactionaries' were rounded up in various kinds of camps, custody and prisons. Three distinctive stages could be distinguished: the initial voluntary surrender and registration, the consecutive targeted arrests, and the final investigations. Millions would be either executed on the massive scale or imprisoned for life.

As recalled by Hu Zunuan, all sub-county-level shire and village officials were rounded up and executed by the communists no matter how many days the victims were ever on the post during the nationalist government's rule. Hu Zunuan's father and uncles, i.e., graduates of colleges from major metropolitan cities, were rounded up and killed as part of the elimination of the gentry class.



The Nationalist Army colonel-level officers, about one tenth of the total captives rounded up in the communist provincial quasi-prisons since the 1950s, survived the execution, torture and hunger to get amnesty in 1975. Lu Shiyang, i.e., Hu Zunuan's cousin, was executed by the communists in 1951 simply because he was a former Nationalist Army company commander even though he left the army after the victory over Japan in 1945 and never ever fought against the communist army. Lu Shiyang's wife, who was locked up by the communist thugs, broke out of confinement and rushed to the execution ground, only to see her husband's skull shot by bullets and broken in peices. Picking up pieces of the skull bone and holding her dead husband to the chest, the woman spent one whole night in the wilderness. The wife was a teenager girl who volunteered for working in the field army hospital during the 1937 Battle of Shanghai, fell in love with the brave soldier who had a bullet extracted without anesthetics, and waited full eight years to get married with Lu Shiyang after the VJ day. After the death of her husband, the woman wore double and triple sewn pants with dead knots to prevent the communist thugs from repeated attempts at sexual assault, and later fled back to Shanghai from Sichuan. The communist thugs, more barbaric than the Mongol and Manchu barbarians' conquest of China, killed the male victims and took over the women and girls for sex. In 2014, at high age, the woman returned to retrieve her husband's corpse but found nothing, collected the mud instead and bid farewell to the land of sorrow one last time.



Hu Zunuan, fleeing home and wandering in the mountains of southwestern China, was at last rounded up by the communists and put to the same prison camp as the KMT nationalist army officers in today's Guizhou province. While wandering in the wilderness, Hu Zunan met a teenager girl with similar fate and got love of his life. The two lovers were separated by the communists after being sent to the communist gulag; however, Hu Zunuan, after release from the gulag, never ever found his woman again and spent dozens of years searching for her trace. Hu Zunuan witnessed the fate of those veteran army officers throughout the various stages of political movements, persecution and hunger. (The southwestern prison camps were the same mercury mines that China worked on during the WWII for barter trades with America. Knowing that he had a late-stage cancer, Hu Zunuan contacted Professor Tan Song to have his stories and his family and relatives' stories forever recorded. Tan Song, who was just sacked by Chungking Normal University, spent months walking with Hu Zunian to revisit the mountain roads Hu Zunuan roved in the 1950s. Hu Zunuan's stories, as well as Lu Shiyang couple's stories, being so much saddening, caused this webmaster enormous heartache to the extent of suffocation.)

Similar to the fate of Hu Zunuan would be Xia Zhishi's family. In the spring of 1951, in the Hetongxian county of Sichuan Province, Xia Zhishi, a veteran of the 1911 Xin Hai Revolution, was executed together with his elder brother, junior brother [the 4th son in order] and a nephew. See page 415 of Dong Zhujun's book "My One Century" [Sanlian Bookstore, Peking, China, Sept 1997 edition]. Dong Zhujun learnt of the execution details from the letter written by stepson Xia Shuyu, and for three years, provided the financial support to seven children born by her stepson. About 2-3 years after that, in about 1953-4, Dong Zhujun received a letter from the daughter of another stepson born by her ex-husband Xia Zhishi, i.e., Xia Naigeng, stating that he [Xia Naigeng] was thinking about fleeing to Shanghai's stepmother numerous times ... regretting that no decision was made ... seeing his wife and daughter at the prison cell at 11:00 am for a final bye ... hoping that stepmother could take care of his wife and daughter after he was to leave this world the next morning ... and wishing to become a dog or a horse to requite stepmother in the next life." (Xia Zhishi's elder son, who was born by Dong Zhujun, a woman who had liaison with the underground communists in Shanghai, survived. Dong Zhujun herself, for implication in the entangles of Mao Tse-tung's woman Jiang Qing in the 1930s, barely survived the cultural revolution of the 1960s. Right after the communists took over Nanking in 1949, Jiang Qing ordered her henchman Ke Qingshi to secretly execute all the KMT government officials who were involved in arresting her in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Jiang Qing tortured and killed almost all people who were acquainted with her in the 1930s, including the communist officials who ever read the anonymous letter mailed by Lin Boqu's wife Zhu Ming in the 1950s.)



Xia Zhishi was restored the reputation and rebuilt the tomb in 1988. Xia Zhishi fired the first shot against the Manchu government in the Sichuan provincial railway protection movement of 1911, which was against the Manchu attempt at nationalizing the Sichuan-people-sponsored railway and selling the railway rights to the European and American synarchists. (The Americans, like Mary C. Wright, who analyzed China's 1911 revolution from the external perspective and in 1968 claimed that the secret societies under Song Jiaoren, not Sun Yat-sen's "Allied Society", played the role of overthrowing the Manchu rule, did not trace the roots to the synarchists' attempt at swindling China's railway for explaining the root cause of the 1911 revolution. The Sichuan railway loan, i.e., the Hu-guang (Hukuang) loan, together with the Tientsin-Pukow railway loan, were pledged by the customs and salt revenue tax. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the salt taxes that were robbed by the Japanese made China default on the two railway loans, portion of which beonged to the Americans. The two railway loans, which were barely reorganized and reinstated on and off, in 1928 and in 1937, fell back again after the Japanese invaded China and seized all ports along the coast. Together with the 1913 aftermath loan or the gold bond, they were the poster childs auctioned on EBay today, carrying no enforceability since the powers, since 1938, colluded with the Japanese in depositing China's customs tax and salt tax, i.e., the funds reserved for the payment of the reorganized R.O.C. bonds, in the Japanese Yokohama Specie Bank, hence forfeiting the claim to payment of the principal and interests on the R.O.C. debts --that were reorganized in the 1930s to have included the Peking government's debts.)



The 1950 crackdown started with the so-called "18 March 1950 Instructions As To Severely Cracking Down On the Reactionaries', and the 'Double 10 Instructions", namely, a decree on Oct 10th, 1950. By November of 1953, altogether 4 to 20 million people were executed. Communist China published a series of at least half a dozen books termed the "records of the elimination of the bandits" in Southwest China, Central China, Northwest China and etc, with a flamboyant claim of having eliminated like around several millions of bandits. During the Korean War, millions of Chinese, who were horrified by the blood land reform, rose up across China against the communist rule, having false hope that the Nationalist Army could return to the mainland, not knowing that Truman and Acheson had blockaded the Taiwan Straits to prevent the Nationalist Government troops from counterattacking the mainland. In the Guangxi Province alone, about a million around bandits were eliminated for the years of 1950-1954, accounting for like 1/5th of the total provincial adult male population. The communist statistics claimed that from 1949 to 1952, the Guangxi bandits who were killed numbered 512,900. This was the result of the populace's revolts against the communist "land reform" policy, not knowing that Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi's Guangxi Clique, after over two decades of management of the province, had militarized the whole province, with the resistance war veterans being the backbone of the province's conservative value. Prior to the resistance war, Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi implemented the "three sub-merging" experiment in Guangxi, namely, mobilization of the masses into a Spartan militaristic state, i.e., drafting soldiers, training them and then releasing them back into the countryside for future war mobilization. Among the rebel leaders would be the northern expedition army veteran generals such as Zhou Zuhuang and Zhong Zupei, as well as Burma War veteran general Gan Lichu (The communists, using Zhong Zupei's daughter as a bait, pacified Zhong Zupei with a pardon offer and then executed him.)



collectivization

land reform was the foremost key to achieving an upturn of the finance and economic status of the country

], and after few attempts, finally succeeded in suicide by taking the insomnia tablets [refer to

].) Few high profile communist officials (including Liu Shanqing?) were executed for some alleged economic crimes. The army officers or soldiers who dumped their countryside wives for the city bourgeoisie girls were heavily criticized as well. This national wife-dumping movement, i.e., monopolizing the women of relative beauty or robbing women of the reactionary descent or background, was in the name of anti-feudalism, or against matchmaker or parents-assigned marriages, or in the name of 'revolutionary freely-matched love'. (Communist China had a propaganda movie termed "The Sentry Under the Neon Lights [of Shanghai]", for example. This webmaster's making a list of the above communist petty projects could probably make the world audience think how retarded the whole Chinese people were to be so much servile to an idiotic communist regime. Just bear in mind that this was a Soviet setup and import, not something from the 5000 years of Chinese civilization. As to why a brilliant civilized society like China could have fallen into darkness, just note the rise and fall of civilizations of the world in the past. Many civilizations had fallen under the conquest of the barbarians. China was totally conquered by the barbarian Mongols once, by the barbarian Manchus the second time around, and now was a derivative of the Soviet-Mongol conquest. In light of this, it is imperative for this webmaster to keep alive the Prometheus fire and make the call to the sons of China: Are you to wear the communist pigtails for 267 years?)



The additional casualties noteworthy would be two communist cadres called Pan Hannian & Yang Fan1, rumored to be the persons sent to Nanking for talks with the then Japanese occupation commander Okamura Yasuji just as the French communists had endured under the Nazi when the news came that the Soviet Union signed a friendship treaty with Germany. Pan Hannian would be accused of treason and sentenced to death on probation; he later died during the cultural revolution, only to be restored reputation in the 1980s. Pan Hannian & Yang Fan1 were said to have been targeted for sake of burying treachery evidence. Yuan Shu, another Pan Hannian crony, was imprisoned for like twenty years as well. Click http://www.panhannianguju.org/phncq8.htm to see how the CCP slapped its own face by describing the collusion details, i.e., Pan Hannian went to see Wang Jingwei without the knowledge of the Politburo and how Pan Hannian colluded with the puppet government during the resistance war time period, etc. Per Yu Maochun's "OSS In China", Pan Hannian was both a Chinese communist spy as well as a Comintern spy, for which Mao purged him in 1955 as a way to route the Russian influence as well as cover up the communist treachery. Pan Hannian was restored reputation in 1982, five years after he died on a forced labor farm in Jiangxi Province. The Communists still prohibited the disclosure of its treacheries as shown in the banning of Zhong Kan's book "Judgmental Biography of Kang Sheng" in 1981. Alternatively speaking, it was Yang Fan who implicated Pan Hannian for having reported on the 'actress' life of Mao's unofficial wife Jiang Qing, aka Lan-pin in 1937-38. More treachery could be seen at terror.htm. Jiang Qing, for her open sexuality on the Shanghai Bund and implication in a KMT arrest in 1934, was given some negative feedback by the underground communists like Yang Fan, for which Jiang Qing & Kang Sheng, in Feng Zhijun's opinion, had routed Yang Fan & Pan Hannian in 1954 and put them to the lifelong imprisonment.

Note that Pan Hannian's visiting the Japanese and puppets was just the tip of an iceberg as the communists in 1944 had struck a deal with the Japanese, through the extradition of a Sorge-ring prisoner from the Tokyo High Police's prison, to pincerattack the Chinese government during the massive Japanese Ichigo Campaign of 1944. Endo Homare, who pointed out that Pan Hannian met Whang Jingweice twice, in 1939 and 1943, had a disourse on Yang Fan's visit with the Japanese occupation army in 1945, which should be a different Japanese-CCP liaison from that of 1944. Communist spy chief Pan Hannian, possessing a special pass, travelled in the Japan-occupied territory at will, and at one time in the winter of 1944, when Pan returned to Yenan for the communist party congress meetings, Pan took the route of travelling to Peking in lieu of the safe road through the Yellow River flood zone and told his Peking underground pal that he had the protection of the "Japanese comrades", i.e., the Japanese spy agency. Before Pan visited the puppet government leader and the Japanese occupation commander in the 1940s, Pan Hannian already worked for the Japanese foreign ministry's Shanghai consulate and Japanese military spy master Kagesa Sadaagi in the 1930s, through a quadruple-identity or or quintuple communist spy called Yuan Shu. The Japanese foreign ministry paid to Pan Hannian directly. This was in addition to the funds and money that quadruple-identity spy Yuan Shu embezzled and passed on to the communists out of budgets that were allocated to the puppet Reviving Asia Movement by the Japanese foreign ministry. Hu Shoumei, i.e., Guan Lu, who was embedded in 76 Jessfield for two years as puppet Li Shiqun's secretary, was described to be involved in passing on the funds and money to the communists in cooperation with Ye Jiqing, i.e., Li Shiqun's wife. Hu Shoumei worked with Li Shiqun till the end of 1942 before devoting to the work in the Japanese embassy in Nanking and the editing work for the puppet Women's Voice monthly magazine, a joint venture with the Japanese Navy. The communists, after the end of the cultural revolution (1966-1976), at one time issued an internal circular stating that Ye Jiqing should not be described as a "beauty snake", which alternatively acknowledged the true identity of Li Shiqun couple.



Endo Homare, the only survivor of her family from the 1948 communist siege and blockade of Changchun that led to the starvation death of 300,000 civilians, verified that the Japanese foreign ministry funneled over 3 billion yens of funds to the communists through Pan Hannian, equivalent to 25 million U.S. dollars [more than the amount of an American tung oil, tin or tungsten barter trade]. Should you doubt this U.S. dollar number, just bear in mind that Chen Hansheng cohorted with the U.S. and HK-based Indusco and China Defense League in funneling at least 20M, and communist actresses and actors collected the overseas Chinese donation of a similar amount of 20M or more in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian compatriots, especially in Singapore, paid their price later, with hundreds of thousands of them massacred by the Japanese army near the Marina Bay, not knowing that their donation went into the communist pockets and used against the Chinese compatriots. All combined, the communists netted more than three batches equivalent of tung oil, tin, zinc or tungsten barter trades with the Americans. In addition, the communists received the R.O.C. government funding prior to the 1941 Wan'nan Incident plus direct Soviet funding. At the end, when Japan surrendered, the communists possessed an army of merely 300,000 and the total number of 140,000 rotten guns --Mao's words.



Religious suppression followed suits. On July 22nd, 1954, the so-called 'Autonomous & Patriotic Christianity Committee' was established. On Aug 26th, 1954, the polices in regards to 're-education via forced laboring' were enforced.



The "Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries" was launched in 1955 with the advent of the 'Hu Feng Reactionary Clique'. The 1955 crackdown, which implicated 4 million people, was now officially declared a so-called 'Kuo Da Hua', namely, the over-implication. Hua Min pointed out that Mao had invoked the 1942 Yan'an Rectification Movement as a good example for launching a new wave of the "purging reactionaries" movements. On July 1st, 1955, the CCP issued "Instructions In Regards To Launching the Struggle For Purging the Hidden Reactionaries" which lasted two years. Mao Tse-tung was commented to have utilized this purge movement for enforcing the progress of "socialist reform" in the form of the "agricultural cooperatives". The CCP set a target number of 5% for the "hidden reactionaries", and this number was lowered to 1.43% after the USSR exposed the crimes that Stalin had perpetrated during the 1930s' Great Purge at the Soviet 20th Congress. The CCP Central, for adjusting its over-implication blunder, claimed that by 1956, among those investigated, about 1.43% had been classified as the real reactionaries, and this number could amount to 1.5% with all cases to be investigated and tried. Hua Min cited the CCP documents with the following wording: "For the 8.6 million people to be investigated for the second batch of 'purging the reactionaries movement' in 1956, we [i.e., the CCP] thought that we should lower the target to 2% from 5%." The end result of the 2nd batch, per Hua Min, yielded the number of 0.3% as the reactionaries among the statistics collected from 15 provinces and municipalities.



The Brief Spring (1956-1957) & China's Great Reversal

The period following the bloody crackdown would see some kind of revision in the government policies. Some intellectuals began to question the severity of the bodily execution, some other intellectuals began to challenge the agricultural policies, and some intellectuals demanded academic freedom. Against this background, Mao would stage several more political movements targeted at the specific representatives of the specific schools of thoughts. Mao insisted that the execution of 'Little Chiang Kai-shek Et als', in the millions, were warranted; Mao personally cursed agriculturalist Liang Suming (Last Confucian of China) for more than one hour during the Sept 1953 National Agriculture Meeting; Mao classified Hu Feng (who wrote a thirty thousand word letter to Mao arguing for the academic freedom) as an anti-party clique in 1954; and Mao sent Ding Ling (a communist writer, a classmate of his first wife Yang Kaihui, and a possible mistress) to the labor camp in 1955. Mao launched, on Jan 20th, 1955, the 'Movement For Criticizing the Hu Feng Thoughts'. The "Hu Feng Anti-Party Clique" implicated 2100 victims. Hu Feng was sentenced to the "life imprisonment" and would not get out till 1978. Ding Ling, for her role in the 'Ding Ling & Chen Qixia Anti-Party Clique', would be sentenced into exile for 22 years. The Movement of "Elimination of the Counterrevolutionaries" in July 1955 would see 140,000 people rounded up in the class struggle, and 81,000 of them identified as the counterrevolutionaries (see http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wow2/publications/jun2199.pdf). Hu Feng was punished in a harsh way for apparently knowing too much about the communist dirty deals than his admonition letter to Mao Tse-tung. More, Hu Feng, also a JCP member, was one of the early communism activists in Peking in the 1920s, equivalent to Chen Hansheng and Zhang Guotao's status under Li Dazhao, a fact often neglected by the communist history historians.



In the mid-1950s, changing in the international arena would be the event that Stalinism was negated in the U.S.S.R. in 1956 and the horrors of the Purge was exposed by Nikita Khrushchov in a secret party congress meeting. Some Chinese communists began to identify with the moderateness of the new Soviet leadership. Numerous memoirs and writings had described the time period prior to the Anti-Rightist Movement as a relaxing interval. Parties with social dancing were popular all over the nation, and the party's headquarters, Zhongnanhai, would hold dancing parties at least twice a week, and Mao and Liu et als were said to exchange the dancing partners (actresses from the PLA's troupe) several times during one tune. Intellectuals began to speak out again, and the political vase parties began to criticize the communists, too.



Facing various criticism, Mao launched the 'Rectification Movement' on April 27th, 1957. Mao said that he had successfully induced the snakes out of hibernation and officially launched the 'Anti-Rightist Movement' in June 1957. At some college in Nanking, students held criticism and debates for three days and three nights, continuously, and 20 out of one class of 40 were later dispatched to Manchuria for military farming. During the Anti-Rightist Movement, Mao said that Qin's First Emperor Shihuangdi just buried alive 460 Confucians but he had successfully eradicated 552,2887 "bourgeoisie rightists" nationwide in 1957. Ding Ling and the rightists were exiled to Sub-farm No. 5 (i.e., Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm) of Military Farm No. 850 in the Ussuri River border area. Xie Hegeng, once a top CCP mole inside of the KMT nucleus, was spotted by rightist Yin Yi in picking up the rotten vegetable leaflets for food in 1960. (Also serving terms together with the rightists on the re-education farms would be the former KMT tank battalion officers whom my father, as machinery technician, had worked together in the machinery repair working unit. My father also recalled that the iron & cast team on Farm No. 850 mainly consisted of the so-called "convicts". The former KMT tank battalion officers were exiled to the border much earlier than People's Volunteer Soldiers who were repatriated from Korea in 1958. Per Gao Wenjun's book, numerous KMT officers, including two of his Whampoa Cadet classmates, were exiled to the New Dominion Province right after the communists' taking over power in 1949.)



On Aug 8th, 1957, Mao launched the 'Massive Socialism Education Movement' in the countryside. On Oct 9th, 1957, Mao proposed the so-called 'Four Mega Weapons', namely, Big Character Poster, Big Debate and, etc. The People's Daily, on Nov 13th, first proposed the 'Great Leap Forward' (GLF). On Nov 18th, Mao boasted of winning a nuclear war with sacrifice of half of China's population. In Feb 1958, "The People's Daily", officially proclaimed the GLF. In the same month, a so-called patriotic hygienic movement was launched to exterminate flies, rats, swallows and mosquitoes. April 9th, 1958, the "People's Communes" were proposed. The 'high output satellites' were launched in July 1958. The Aug 1958 Beidaihe Meeting officially endorsed the idea of the "People's Communes". In early 1959, the Tibetan rebellions were quelled. The Lushan Meeting of July 2-Aug 16 1959 declared the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique'. After 1959's Lushan Meeting, Mao went on the Anti-Rightist Trend to rout another 3,800,000 people. Dec 1959, the CCP Propaganda Department launched the criticisms of 'humanitarianism' and the demography theories of Ma Yinchu. (Some of the dates listed here were corroborated with Bloody 50 Years.)







"The Household Registration System"





On April 17th, 1953, the State Council issued a decree called " Instructions As To Persuading and Desisting the Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into the Cities ". On March 12th, 1954, the government, seeing that the previous order had not much effect, issued a second decree dubbed " Instructions As To Continuously Enforcing The Persuasion and Desisting of the Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into the Cities ". Various provincial and local governments had been required to enforce the rulings. However, statistics showed that peasants numbering 570,000, from 1956 to 1957, had moved into the towns and cities. This was, in fact, a direct result of the panic caused by the communist government which issued a 3rd decree on Jan 13th, 1956, i.e., " Instructions As To Transferring Of the Agri-household Registration, Statistical Work and Household Registration To the Public Security Ministry ". Whow! Now the household registration was no longer enforced by the so-called "Civil Administration Ministry". On Jan 9th, 1958, the so-called First National People's Congress officially made a law entitled " The Rules and Regulations of Household Registration of the People's Republic of China ", and the ruling was issued in the name of State President Mao Tse-tung. The CASTE was officially born !!!



This strict enforcement of the caste won't change till the early 80s when the local governments, short of cash as well as greedy for the extra cash income, broke the ban by selling the township registers to peasants as well as the inner-province people. Lai'an County of Anhui Province was the first to take the "ransom", and they charged 5,000 yuan for selling a register. Within 6 days, altogether they sold out 773 household registers, cashing in a total of 3,863,000 yuan. 500,000 Anhui peasants followed suit shortly. Shandong Province was next, and a register would be sold for 5,000 to 12,000 yuan. In Jiangsu Province, 3,000 could buy it. Hubei Province, 6,000 yuan. Henan Province would be the next. By 1986, the Central Government decided that this must be stopped. A mutant form of business, however, would develop in the early 90s, in such advanced regions as Guangdong, Shanghai and Zhejiang Province, in the name of payment for the "city management fees", to exchange for a right to live in the towns and cities. The Guangzhou Municipality charged a fee of 3,500 to 13,000 yuan. The vampires grew on the daily basis. In Dec 1993, the Shanghai Municipality decreed that its register could be obtained via an investment of 1,000,000 yuan or 200,000 U.S. dollars, similar to the L-1 Visa in America. The Shenzhen Municipality of Guangdong Province followed suit in early 1995 by asking for 1,000,000 yuan. On June 13th, 1995, Beijing the capital devised the first ruling against the mobile population. Bear in mind that today's peasants could only make 200 yuan per month excluding the taxes, fees and fertilizers, and the peasant children could only make 2 yuan by inserting fuses into the fireworks per day. What a state-level joke!!! There should be no surprise about the "purchasing power" of those "lucky" peasants. In the mid-1980s, the Chinese families and relatives would assemble an astronomical figure of money just for sake of sending their son or daughter to Japan and Australia for the so-called "overseas studies". They ended up doing the "gold rush".



The kind of human control and organization could be traced to 2,600 years ago when counselor Guan-zi first organized the Qi Principality's army into groups of 5, 10, 100, 500, 1000, etc. Guan-zi's being touted as the forerunner Legalist a possible Han dynasty sophistry writing, Shang Yang, i.e., reformer of the Qin Principality, was credited with enforcing a rule of neighborhood watch. Shang Yang made five households into a so-called 'bao', and ten 'bao' would be a collective unit for punishment should the neighbors fail to report the crime committed by one member. Shang Yang ordered the passes be closed at nights, and when he fled the capital city, he could not be able sneak out of the Han'guguan Pass at night. When he looked for taking rest in a commoner's residence, he was told that he could not stay because 'Prince Shang-jun Laws' forbade it. Shang Yang became a victim of his own system. In the Tang dynasty, Emperor Tang Taizhong enacted some form of the Bao-jia system. In the Soong dynasty, reformer Wang Anshi proposed the 'Bao Jia Law'. In the ancient times, the government could not afford to pay salaries to redundant bureaucrats, and would pay salaries to the county magistrate, only. As exemplified by the Yuan dynasty's Three Elderlys' System, a copycat of the Qin and Han dynasties' systems, each and every village would be responsible for the human management on their own. The familial control was a way to alleviate the government of the administration and financial burdens, not for spying and monitoring. It would be in the Ming dynasty that we would see a "Li-Jia (Neighborhood Watch) System" that was devised solely for watching and spying on each other in the neighborhood for illegal activities. The Ming dynasty would appoint certain elder people to supervise the village communities, and collective responsibility and punishment would be imposed. This Li-Jia or Bao-Jia System was later adopted by the Japanese in their colonial rule and suppression of people in Taiwan as well as on mainland China.



Dual Township-Countryside Household System

Chinese communists had deliberately weakened the Chinese race physically as well as mentally

The Peasants' Starvation & The Great Leap Forward





The Chinese peasants, subdivided into at least the four levels of wealthy, well-to-do, medium (including lower-than-medium or "xiazhong") and poor, plus a category called 'leasehood peasants' (gu'nong), did enjoy a few happy and merry communistic days in the late 50s when Mao launched in 1958 the "Great Leap Forward" (GLF), the year the second five-year plan began. In August 1958, Mao assembled a meeting in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, which was attended by Robert Shapiro who, now a member of the Chinese Political Consultative Committee (CPCC), wrote a book called "I Chose China: The Metamorphosis of a Man and a Country". The so-called "agricultural cooperatives" would undergo intensified collectivization to form the 'people's communes', which would not dissolve till Deng's economic reform after Mao's death in 1976. (Shapiro, a CPUSA solider of the American field army [which was hijacked by the Soviet agents], defected to the communist side during the late 1940s, and was immediately awarded with a woman as wife.)



The Peasants for the first time ate in the public canteens of the communes. Mao launched a new wave of the 'human sea tactics': Tens of thousands of peasants were ordered to make iron and steel (with a target of reaching an annual production of 10.4 million tons). The peasants destroyed almost all iron utensils for making steel to answer Mao's crazy call for catching up with the steel production of the U.S.A. or Britain within 15 years. The end result was the useless iron as a result of lack of high temperature furnaces. My maternal grandpa was ordered to go to Suzhou for making the iron and steel, and when he returned home, he had to sell his bed sheet to pay for the ticket home. His village was classified to be under the Suzhou Admin Circuit after the Songjiang Circuit was revoked.



In northern Manchuria, by the River Ussuri, this webmaster's father and his No. 850 Farm (staffed by 100,000 Chinese officers repatriated from the Korean Battlefield) dug through the frozen ground (i.e., frozen marshland) to make a canal for one whole week, sleepless, using pickaxe for breaking the soil. Sitting with him on the tractor was a military convoy platoon commander, and supervising him would be a former tank battalion commander who, a Mongol in ethnicity, often cursed his subordinate officers as a bunch of KMT bastards. The reason for digging the canal was to empty the water in the swamp land which later turned into 1.05 million "Chinese acres" of farmland. Tilling the fields on the Northern Wilderness's expansive land day in and day out, my father found a wolf sitting inside the tractor on one morning. Note that the grain harvests on the military farms were completely surrendered to the government as the peasants did. The excuse was to repay the Soviet debts. My father had to mimic his colleagues in stealing the soybean seeds for the hungry stomach, but he ate the soybean seeds processed by a fertilizer, leading to a diarrhea that 'luckily' killed all intestine parasites. The only occasion when my father and his folks felt happy would be the free lunch or dinner while attending conferences at the farm headquarters or inspecting the sub-farm machinery. The army officers enjoyed better treatment. Hundreds of thousands of Sichuan Province girls swamped into the northern tip of Manchuria for convenient marriages with 100000 expatriated officers. Nearby, at the Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm, rightist Xie He'geng still could find rotten vegetable leaflets for food in 1960. But, at the Jiabiangou Gully Farm of Gansu Province, a sand dune area next to the Gobi, hundreds [up to possibly 1500 deaths] among a total of 2400 rightists were starved to death or persecuted to death. KMT General Fu Zuoyi's brother, i.e., Fu Zuogong, died of hunger & persecution in March 1960 at Jiapigou. Fu Zuogong, mistaking his brother's position in the communist regime, returned from the U.S.A. after finishing studies.





Farm No. 850 had an area covering ten train stops, with its headquarters inside of some building built by the Japanese Kwantung Army. Without a pass, it was not likely to travel the ten train stops' distance to get out of the farm which was segregated from the outside world by a fence. The head of Farm No. 850 was a former army division commander, by the name of Yu Yongqing [who was a Red Army veteran like his superior Wang Zhen], and heads of about nine sub-farms were mostly of the regimental commander level. At one time, a deputy farm superintendent by the name of Bai retrieved my father from the sub-farm for a post at the farm headquarters, i.e., a machinery and technology division that was equipped with two jeeps and one motorcycle. Farm No. 850 was also responsible for supplying the Mount Wanda-shan wood for the People's Hall project in Peking, on which occasion the sub-farm head and my father drove the first shipment of diesel bins to the site and later shouldered the sleeper logs for the railway track that led to Mount Wanda-shan. My father, driving the tractor all night, found himself at the edge of a cliff by daybreak. Numerous rightists joined the logging on Mt Wanda. Farm No. 850 also lent the officer-farmers via the navy transport ships to the Chongmingdao Island at the outset of the Yangtze River. Part of Farm No. 850, including my father's sub-farm chief as well as direct supervisor, were later relocated to Hai-la-er of Inner Mongolia for more farming projects. (Judging by the number of 100,000 Chinese officers, you could extrapolate how many field soldiers had been deployed on the Korean Battlefield. Over 2 million PLA soldiers rotated their duty in Korea for covering up the casualties of up to 1 million. Note that the lower-rank soldiers and officers, after working for North Korea as coolies for free from 1953 to 1958, returned to their hometowns or home villages without the so-called government officialdom posts. The officers, from platoon commanders or higher, were mostly sent to Manchuria. The conventional saying for the Korean War is that Mao intended to eliminate the KMT turn-coat soldiers and officers by sending them to Korea as the "dust [fodder] of cannons blasting". About 14,000-15,000 Chinese prisoners of war made their way to Taiwan ultimately.)





Meanwhile, nationwide, the commune cadres would make up the numbers of "per acre rice or wheat productions" to compete with the fellow communes nationwide. This would be called "launching the high grain output satellites". In early 1959, "The People's Daily" and the New China News Agency reported that in the Zhuangxian County of Hunan Province some commune harvested 35000 kilograms of rice per acre, while some commune in Guangxi Province reached 65000 kilograms per acre. One communist official, ex-general Peng Dehuai, was the only one who stood out against Mao, hence lost his job and was classified as a "counter-reactionary". Peng was previously Mao's garrison general in the years in Yan'an and also the brave volunteer general fighting the Americans in Korea at the risk of taking the atomic bombs' attack. Peng wrote a letter to Mao criticizing the GLF, but Mao published his letter to the whole party which was convening on Mount Lushan in Jiangxi Province on July 17th, 1959. Peng was cheated into making self-criticism for sake of the party unity on July 23rd, but he fell into Mao's trap and was promptly classified into another anti-party clique, consisting of Zhou Xiaozhou [provincial party secretary, Mao's wartime secretary who later committed suicide during the cultural revolution], Zhang Wentian [CCP secretary general of 1935-1945 who at one time deprived Mao of his leadership of the Red Army, and was ridiculed by Mao as 'ming jun' or the smart emperor while his wife was ridiculed by Mao to be 'niang niang' or empress], & Huang Kecheng [the PLA chief of staff]. Peng Dehuai, who had personally expressed loyalty to Mao as commander for the Red Army 3rd Corps-Conglomerate during the 1930 Futian Incident (i.e., a mutiny resulting from the Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League), a mao scheme to eliminate the local Hunan communists, never realized that he had chosen a monster as his master in the very beginning. (Mao Tse-tung attacked Peng Dehuai by invoking the death of his senior son in Korea in Nov 1950, exclaiming a famous comment: "Wasn't it true that whoever manufactured the first prototype of pottery figurine [i.e., launching the Korean Relief War] would be doomed in losing his lineage?" -- This was a silly allusion to the fact that Qin First Emperor Shihuangdi, who had the terra cotta soldiers buried in his tomb, would cause his family to be exterminated by General Xiang Yu in the aftermath of the uprising against Qin Dynasty.)



By 1959, the national grain output was 30 million tons less than that in year 1958, and year 1960 output was 26.5 million tons less than that of 1959. The numbers were from Ma Hong's Economic Annals. The peasants would later see their grains, including their own quota and seeds, surrendered to the government for meeting the inflated per acre rice or wheat production. 27 million peasants perished in the Great Famine. Unofficial figures would run as high as 40 to 60 millions . Deng Xiaoping, the party general secretary of the time, at first refused to open the army grain reserves, saying that the army might need it should the Soviet Union or the U.S.A. invade China. Later, excuses were made for the cause of the death of the peasants whose numbers were never allowed to be publicized, one excuse being the repayment of the Soviet debt with the worsening of the Sino-Soviet ties in 1960 and the other being that 1) peasants ate too much in the commune canteens, 2) the three-year-long natural disaster, and 3) peasants melted the hoes and etc, thus having no tools for tilling the fields.



The truth, according to one Chinese who came over to the U.S. from Anhui Province, however, is that the peasants surrendered the seeds to meet the inflated quotas (the so-called output satellites) and the consequent disastrous harvests in 1959-1960. This Anhui fellow-countryman talked about how the peasants in their village, after finishing up all the grass, trees, roots and leaves, ate the mud, a kind of soft mud called "Guanyin Mud" which was rumored to be specially reserved by the Guanyin (the female god of mercy, bodhisattva Amitabha, one of the four Mahayanist sects in China which propagates the salvation in the 'pure land' in the west) for the famine years; hordes of peasants died of the swollen stomach. Wei Jingsheng, in his autobiography, had mentioned the stories told by his Anhui cousins, namely, the party apparatus, in order to meet the inflated figures, would dig deep into the ground of villagers in search of grains , and Wei mentioned that the majority of people in his hometown village had died and some families were exterminated altogether. The search-and-confiscate approach, according to one person's recollection, was the consequence of a widely-held belief that the peasants, who had achieved the huge output as evidenced by the 'high grain output satellite', must have hidden their grains in the underground vaults.



The famine also reached the cities. Robert Shapiro had description of the rations he experienced during those years. Mao himself had later ordered a cut in the meat supply (giving up his favorite soy-sauce-cooked pork meat) and planted some vegetables in his Zhongnanhai 'white house'. In contrast with the countryside, however, at least the people in the cities still had something to eat. There was a story by an Anhui countrymen who said that he was the only kid in his village to have survived the famine because he was attending the junior high school in the township capital and was entitled to the rations for the grains while his childhood pals in the village had all perished. Prisoners, like the rightists, died in batches across the country. In Yunnan Province, having barely escaped the execution storm in 1951, Lu Keng, whose family sent in two eggs during the timeframe of 1958-1960, would be starving almost to death, only to have survived after he was offered the "intensive-labor grain quota" after a security official from the Kunming city visited him at prison with an anti-communist leaflet which floated around in Peking the capital city with a similar handwriting, stating something like "People who were starved to death did not do anything wrong to the communists, whereas the communists owed the people for the death".



The harvest situation posed some ambiguity here: According to Peng Dehuai, he personally saw rice not being harvested in 1959 because the manpower was sent to producing iron and steel. Robert Shapiro noted, however, that the grain output dropped sharply and the year 1959 was the first of the so-called 'Three Bad Years', and he blamed it partly on the repayment of the Soviet Debt (see page 144, I Chose China). However, Nikita Khrushchov did not break with the Chinese communists till July 1960 when he abruptly broke all 343 contracts under the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty, cancelled 257 projects, and called home 1,390 Soviet experts (see page 147, I Chose China).



The Alternative Explanation

This webmaster is adding the following paragraph two and a half years after starting to inquire into the causes of famine and starvation. This webmaster asked parents what they might think the causes for starvation and death of the peasants from 1959 to 1961 would be, and they, around ages of 30 during the famine years, would still use the official wording 'Three Year Natural Disaster' to describe the causes of the peasants' death. This webmaster told parents that many experts had compared the three years with the rest of China's disaster history and concluded that nothing in particular had impacted the nation on a whole scale. This shows that when the lies are said one hundred times, it would become truth. Communist president Liu Shaoqi said in a meeting in Jan-Feb 1962 that the mistakes in the prior years should be attributed to 70% human errors and 30% natural disasters. Liu was said to have told Mao that cannibalism that occurred in the GLF years would be recorded in history.



According to the new information provided by Wang Weiluo on May 12th, 2001, as shown on www.epochtimes.com, the grain output decreased by 17.6% in 1959, and the 1960 output decreased by 18.5%, and it would be in year 1966 that the grain output was restored to the level as seen in 1958. The above figures were also available in Ma Hong's Economic Annals. The most commonly cited cause would be

Low sowing and desertation of land due to labor routing to iron & steel and reservoirs

Example: in 1958, the labor force in Shangdon Province went for iron & steel and reservoirs, and only three fourths of the land were plowed and planted the seeds. In the winter of 1959, about 8.87 million peasants were building the reservoirs, and still several millions of peasants were working on the reservoir projects in 1960 when the economy was already in collapse. Mr. Wang Weiluo gave one extra cause

Export of 4.15 million tons of grains in exchange for gold/foreign currency for sake of the atom project

The Jan 1st 1960 Commentary on "The People's Daily" claimed that the year of 1960 would be an even bigger 'leap' year than 1959. In the beginning of the so-called Three Flags, namely, the General Roadmap, the Great Leap Forward, and the People's Communes, the communist state council had dismantled the so-called 'disaster relief committee'. Ignoring the surfacing of grain shortage, Mao launched the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique' movement on Mount Lushan in 1959 and exacerbated the worsening situations. There were still around 34.3 billion grams of grain reserves (equiv 17.15 million tons ?) in June 1959, enough for the supply of all township population across the nation for a whole year. Wang calculated that the shortage of grains would cause about 24 million people starvation, and if each of those people would be allocated 250 kilograms per year, the shortage would be about 6 million tons of grains. That means the export had deprived the life of 24 million people. (Wang also gave an number of the cost of the Yellow River dam as another cause of drain on the national resources during that timeframe.)



In May 1960, another 'Three Anti' movement was launched in the countryside. On Nov 7th, 1960, the army was engaged in a movement of "meditating on the class hardship and national hardship" and "thinking about sweetness under the [thuggery] comunist rule". My maternal grandparents, like all commune members, surrendered all harvested grains to the government, in accordance with the government policy as to "concerted purchase & concerted sale". Few months after the launch of the Great Leap Forward, the commune canteens were shut down due to shortage of the grain supply, and the peasants had to eat miscellaneous stuff to survive the starvation. My mother recalled that she and her classmates had to eat to their full stomach at the junior school before going home because they had nothing to eat at home at all.



Mao himself did not know that the Chinese peasants were dying till September 1960 when his personal bodyguard (Wang Dongxing) read to him the letters that families of the soldiers wrote. It was said that communist premier Zhou Enlai (the person whom John King Fairbanks believed could fix everything) and communist president Liu Shaoqi had asked Wang to read these letters to Mao because those high-ranking officials dared not tell Mao about the peasant death. Another saying is that Liu had deliberately waited so long so that Mao would have to acknowledge his mistake and resign some of his posts later. What a tragedy !!! In April of 1956, famine caused 14.6 thousand Guangxi people to flee across the border. In northern Manchuria, girls and women from Sichuan Province swarmed over for marriages with the repatriated officers from Korea. In 1960, No. 850 Farm on the River Ussuri, one of the border farms under Wang Zhen's Agriculture Ministry, people had to steal horse's fodder for food, and hordes of people fled the farm, with the deputy farm commissar picking up pistol to chase those escapees on one occasion. One of the escapees, who borrowed half of my father's monthly stipend, tried to persuade my father into fleeing together with two other pals, and then fled to nearby Jixi Coal Mine. Numerous rightists escaped from the hinterland provinces for a passage to the Soviet Central Asia. On April 16, 1962, 70 thousand minority people of the Ili-Tacheng areas defected to the U.S.S.R.



Different numbers occurred here as to the people who were starved to death; however, the general consensus is a range of 20 to 30 million. To solve the economic crisis, the CCP ordered the massive shutdown of state enterprises which decreased to a total unit of 197,000 in 1962 from 318,000 in year 1959, a reduction by 38%. By August of year 1963, nationally, the salaried employees were cut by 18.87 million, and in addition, the township population were cut by 26 million. The forced migration into the countryside had caused the peasant labor to increase by 57.86 million, to a total peasant labor force of 212,780,000, namely, 0.213 billion, from year 1958 to year 1962. Once in the countryside, this new influx of 57.86 million people would have to get the food from the fields by themselves.



cruel ruling is far worse than the danger of a tiger.

Statistics show that China might have more than 250-300 million (or 0.25-0.3 billion) illiterate or semi-literate, and most of them are peasants and their kids.

The Phenomenon Of Subdivided Houses





In the cities, there had ensued a temporary vacancy when the capitalists, the landlords and wealthy people as well as the common people, numbering over 2 million, followed the ex-KMT government all the way to Taiwan. There were stupid people during the time of power change. One adopted son of my great grandfather went out on a buying spree after borrowing the gold bars, i.e., the life savings of my great grandfather, and he took over large patches of land from the fleeing landowners.



Meanwhile, the communist soldiers and the logistic support columns, who had originally enrolled in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as peasants from the countryside in northern China, had been steadily migrating into cities. The workers on the docks of Shanghai or the women workers in the textile factories, and people living in the slum areas, i.e., Gundilong in Shanghai, would become the official residents of the city. The inflow of peasants into the cities had much to do with the communist practice in recruiting those peasants for the earlier war efforts. Numerous reports point to the peasants being used as the human shields in attacking the cities. On records would be that the logistical peasants, two to three times the number of the million strong PLA army, had been dispatched to the battlefields, and those peasants marched from north to south alongside the PLA soldiers. Some communist films depicted the PLA soldiers dating or adultery with the so-called city bourgeoisie girls. Their countryside wives came to the cities to find out that they were dumped. In the 50s and 60s, the city girls had a fashion of marrying the soldiers because of the stable income and political career those soldiers will bring with them. (Note one more thing: In communist China's early constitution, the wives do not have the right to divorce their army husbands.)



After the capitalists and the landlords, the nationalists and their followers, had mostly left the cities for Taiwan or elsewhere for fear of the communists, the influx of people would occupy the vacant houses and divide up the houses. That's why today there are still many families living in the quarters of one big detached house in those extra-territorial districts of Shanghai, a phenomenon called the subdivided houses . Certainly, most wealthy families had surrendered their houses to the government in the early 50s. The in-law families of two of my aunts had quite some properties which were donated to the communist government. Later in the 80s, some of those confiscated houses were returned to the heirs of the landlords for purpose of attracting the overseas capital, and even the Hongkong-Shanghai Bank building was vacated for their old British colonial master. Ironically, the countryside landowners were mostly shot to death and nobody would be able to make a claim even if the communist government had the sincerity to return the confiscated land.



Certainly, the best detached houses were mostly distributed to the high, middle or lower ranking communist officials. Example, Wei Jingshen's father, a PLA officer, had been distributed a detached house in Peking. One cousin of my grandfather, who, with his brother, were mere kids in the late 30s playing with my grandfather's pistol but enrolled in the underground communist party in the late 40s, would then be distributed a detached house in the former French Settlement. He, with the help of his contractor-father for St. John's University, had first worked as a mail sorter and gate keeper at the university and then joined ranks with the communist students. His detached house would be confiscated during the cultural revolution when he and his St. John's gang were classified as traitors. After the end of the cultural revolution, as a kind of restoration of the fame, he would get a piece of another detached house on the Huaihai Road, not far away from today's American and French consulates. The characteristics of this early time period of the communist power is that whoever occupied or homestead-occupied a house or portion of a house would be the likely user (not owner as the communist doctrines forbid the property ownership) and whoever moved fast enough to get registered in the communist "household registration system" would likely become the "permanent resident" of the particular locality.



There ensued a second wave of "subdivided houses" when the "Cultural Revolution" started in 1966. The Communist government, knowing that "foreign connections" meant for money, deliberately allowed some selected multi-national corporations [including Shell, the British Chemicals, the HK-Shanghai Bank] to continue their operations inside of China. Note that the island of HK was forever ceded to Britain by the Manchus after the Opium War debacle but was promised to be returned to China after the Japanese surrender: That is, the communist China's sensational recovery of Hongkong in 1997 was a befuddled event that covered up the treachery in the communists' colluding with the British imperialists and colonialists in selling out China's interests, i.e., Hongkong --that was supposed to be returned after the victory over Japan, not something like the New Territories' lease due date of 1997. In mainland China, quite some foreigners and their Chinese employees continued to enjoy the bourgeoisie lifestyle throughout the next 17 years, unscathed by numerous purge and persecution movements against the so-called "national bourgeoisie". Zheng Nian, i.e., the author of "Life And Death In Shanghai", had detailed description of her kick-out experiences in July 1966. After she was set free six years later, she would find out that only two rooms on the second floor of her detached house would be returned. Worse than that would be the fact that the communists converted the residents at the subdivided detached house into spies on Zheng Nian. Zheng Nian spent the next eight years relentlessly seeking for the truth of her daughter's "suicide" [i.e., murder by the "cultural revolution committee Shanghai branch"]. (A graduate of the London Economics Institute [1935-1938], Zheng Nian married Zheng Kangqi who was a R.O.C. legation officer to Britain. When the communist troops took over Shanghai in 1949, CCP cadre Zhang Hanfu persuaded Zheng Kangqi into a stay as a foreign affairs adviser. Zheng Nian herself returned to China with her daughter from Sidney, Australia, not knowing the fate of her daughter's murder-death in the later cultural revolution. Zheng Kangqi left for the general manager post at Shell shortly afterward. Zheng Nian took charge of the business operations at Shell after her husband passed away in 1957.)



By the time the Korea War ended, the communist government would implement the "Household Registration System" for sake of stemming the further human migration from the "lower" levels to the "higher" levels, namely, the countryside vs township, or the inner province vs. coastal area. Sensing a tightening of the human population controls, some wise guys left China in the early 50s for HK, the port still open to the outside world (without the requirement of a passport, just like old Shanghai during the times of extraterritoriality). Those who stayed on in China would see their ex-colleague of the 1930s, Jiang Qing (Mao's unofficial wife), to become the director of the cultural revolution committee in the late 60s and prey on them to avenge the old feuds (as competing actress) or love and hate (as old mistress). (Liu Shaotang, a student who followed the communist army south from Peking in the early 1950s, fled to Hongkong from Nanking, for example. Liu Shaotang was to become an editor in Taiwan and was responsible for preserving history with the compilation of dozen books of biographies and autobiographies of the R.O.C. military and political figures. Liu Shaotang had an axiom: one person against one nation (communist China), something that was left undone and something this webmaster had voluntarily inherited for carrying on.)



Soon, the communist government would set up the border post to restrict the human outflows. The HK route would be shut off soon; however, communist premier Zhou could somehow still be able to make arrangement for his relatives and a few family members of the renowned nationalist party leaders and generals to leave China for Taiwan via HK. Zhou Enlai made a special arrangement to allow Chen Jieru, i.e., Chiang Kai-shek's first wife, to emigrate to Hongkong, where Chen Jieru was given a house from Jiang Jingguo to dwell. Zhou Enlai, while working as the politics department director at the Whampoa Military Academy in the mid-1920s, had taken Chiang Kai-shek and Chen Jieru as his 'teacher' and 'teacher's wife' equivalent, and hence made the exception. Jiang Jingguo had provided support to Chen Jieru to thank the stepmother for wiring over money to him while he was studying in the Soviet Union. (Zhou Enlai could have a hand in the publication or non-publication of two books, i.e., Chen Jieru's memeoirs [which did not get published till after the death of Chen Jiru and Chiang Kai-shek] and an undercover/pro-communist writer Tang-ren (Yan Qingshu)'s book JINLING [Nanking] CHUNMENG [springtime dreams], which was a satirical novel about Chiang Kai-shek. The inter-relation of the two books was probably centered on the rumored figure Zheng-san-fa-zi, someone who was claimed to be a third brother of a Zheng-surnamed family from Henan Province and who was falsely claimed to be adopted by the Jiang family to be the future Chiang Kai-shek. It was difficult to imagine how Chen Jieru, a teenager girl who got acquainted with Chiang Kai-shek in the late 1910s, could have contrived the idea of tagging Chiang Kai-shek as Zheng-san-fa-zi without some brainstorming work on the part of the communists. Did Chen Jieru read the book JINLING [Nanking] CHUNMENG [springtime dreams] first, and then mistook it as real?)







The Chinese City-Dwellers & The Pyramid Scheme





Among the city-dwellers, the caste society will see further classification and division inside the pyramid. First, the communist cadres will be divided into 25 levels, with the top level being the party general secretary, the party central committee chairman, the military committee chairman of the party, the presidents, and the premiers. It shouldn't be a surprise to have 4-5 vice premiers or vice-chairmen in the CCP apparatus, and it is commonplace for a city to possess one mayor and more than several vice-mayors, and each level of divisions, like bureau, division and department of city governing body, and county and its communes, to have multiple vice-heads. After all, the communist system is a bureaucratic system.



When Mao organized the military in late 20s, he had devised a system of multiple leadership, dubbed "Democratic Concentration System". Mao certainly borrowed some concepts from the nationalists whose system was first set up under Mikhail Borodin, a Comintern deputy sent by Lenin to Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Mao would insert a party secretary in each level of military commands beginning from the captains or the company equivalent. Thus, the communist military would have a party czar or gestapo beside the captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, brigadier, major general, lieutenant general, and general. It's a dual responsibility to insure that "Party Directs The Gun Barrel" as the Mao saying goes. This duality would extend to all civil and administrative systems of Chinese society after they took over power in 1949. In each school and college, factory and mine, government branch and police unit, commercial unit and trade organization, there would always exist a dual leadership, namely an administrative head and a party gestapo. Examples, in the city-level key senior high school, we have the principal and his vice-heads as well as the party secretary called "Teaching Director". In the college where this webmaster spent four years in 80s, there was the party branch with party secretaries and vice-secretaries on the college level and on the department level, respectively.



In correspondence with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) structure in Beijing, the college level and department level party secretaries, not shadow leaders at all, are full-time professionals who are in charge of their own party apparatus which includes the "Division of Organization" etc, mirroring the "Ministry of Organization" of CCP in Beijing, said to be the arm in charge of training special agents, maybe overlapping some activities of the State Security Ministry. (The predecessor of State Security Ministry would be the 'Central Investigation Department' of CCP, a department in charge of assassinations and sabotage, with heads like Gu Shunzhang, Xiang Zhongfa, Deng Fa and Li Kenong.)



Note CCP has three ministries, i.e., Ministry of Organization, Ministry of Propaganda and Ministry of United Front. They are, in levels of bureaucracy and officialdom, equivalent to the seven ministries and/or committees of the State Council, including Ministries of Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Public Security, Justice, Finance, Planning Commission, and the People's Bank of China. CCP possesses a Politburo with party general secretary, an academy called 'CCP Central Party Academy', a Central Military Committee that is in charge of Defense Ministry of the State Council, a CCP secretariat (equivalent to State Council's secretariat), a party general secretary office, a rotating committee of party members across the country, a standing committee of selected party members, and a CCP "discipline committee". In the State Council, aside from each and every minister and deputy ministers, there would be assigned a so-called position of 'CCP Section Secretary'.



As to the workers, i.e., the general designation for people who work in factories, in mines, in shops, and in party or government apparatus, there would be levels like group head and vice heads, workshop head and vice heads, etc. They are further divided into eight (8) levels, and every level of workers would enjoy different privileges and treatments as to housing and subsidy, etc. In comparison with workers in towns and big cities, those working on military farms, oilfields and in mines fared just a little better than the peasants in that they were salaried while the peasants are not. However, working conditions for workers in mines are precarious. Once every few months, news of mine blasts or cave-in leaked to the outside world, with hundreds of miners dead. (In June 2000, there was a news report of government prosecution of a group of mine leaders who had deliberately created cave-ins and explosions to kill the contracted peasant miners for sake of insurance claims.) In one sense, the workers working in the oilfields and mines are not much better than those convicts who were sent to the border areas in ancient times, and once they were dispatched there, their residency register would get revoked by the towns where they originally dwelled. We noticed occasional "reciprocal-relocation", namely, one family in the oilfield of Shaobo in Jiangsu Province might switch with another family in some oilfield in New Dominion Province because they mutually agreed to do so. Other than that, the workers in the oilfields and mines, together with their descendants, are likely to stay put for the foreseeable future.



Privileges and treatments are really the game here. By creating the different classes and levels in the caste society, the Chinese communists intend to offer one small level of people more incentives for serving the upper level of a small handful while suppressing the lower level of the masses. By not adopting the great civil services exam of imperial China which had been the prevalent form of selection of the civil administrators of China for 1500 years (not counting the university system set up in Han Dynasty), the CCP had resorted to the most wicked way of ruling, namely, nepotism, corruption and hypocrisy. To order to get promoted to a higher level, the CCP members are constantly engaged in activities of serving the small handful at the upper levels while suppressing the lower level of the masses. That's why we had and have the rampant corruption, bribery and cheating on the part of officials, and the inefficiency and waste of resources inside the government. E.g., Year 2000 saw the vice-chairman of the Chinese Political Consultative Committee imprisoned. The army is no exception. It was engaged in widespread profiteering, in cases of smuggling, operation of nightclubs, and the human organ joint ventures with the American companies. The Jiang politburo had finally cracked down on the army by ordering them to be divested of the commercial interests in year 1999. The police is no exception, either. In a documentary with a similar name to "Miami Vice", i.e., "Shanghai Vice", you would see the widespread heroin trafficking, distribution and usage in China, mostly facilitated by the naturally-born tradesmen from the Afghanistan and Xinjiang areas (in addition to the supply from the Delta in the Thai-Burmese-Yunnan border areas), while the police fought an losing as well as apathetic battle. It was said that many counters in cities (owned by small proprietary business owners) are dealing with drugs as a more profitable alternative business these days. And, it's not rare to see couples being drug addicts together in Chinese families these days. You could notice the occasional display of public destruction of the plagiarized CDs and tapes, but rarely saw the communists publicly burning cocaine and heroin as Governor Lin Zexu of the Manchu Qing Dynasty did prior to the Opium War. (The above statements were written in late 1998 and early 1999, and this webmaster do give credit to the Jiang Politburo for publicly burning the heroin across the country on June 25th, 2000.)







The Town & Country Administration Layout, & the Civilian-Army Equivalence





In America, we have the words "town and country" for the two facets of life in the cities and in the countryside. In China, the two words would be "cheng" (city or town) and "xiang" (countryside). An examination of the administrative system all over the world will yield the same result, namely, a larger administrative unit overseeing the smaller one, except in China. China, before 1949, used the same administrative layout as the rest of the world, or in another sense, China acted as an example or model for the neighboring countries like Korea, Japan and Vietnam in the areas of administration. In Korea and Japan, there still exists the administrative unit of "dao" or "do" (first adopted by Tang Dynasty's emperor Taizhong who redivided the nation into 10 Daos after conquering both Eastern Turkic Khanate and the Western Turkic Khanate) combining two or three provinces in China but just two or more prefectures in Korea or Japan, as exemplified by the name of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. People in Taiwan and in Japan, in addressing recipients living in either Tokyo or Taipei, would first write the name of the county and then the name of city, like the order of the Taipei County and then the Taipei City. This is the ancient Chinese system, first adopted by Qin Dynasty's first emperor Shihuang who devised thirty-six Jun, prefectures or commanderies (which would be the configuration for the Han Dynasty's commanderies and so on).



However, the communists, deeply rooted in its hostility towards the peasants (whom Mao had praised as the true force in moving the history), possibly as a result of knowledge of its destructive force to an existing regime, would be bent on maintaining the dictatorship at all costs. They inverted the administrative system by initiating the leadership of town and city over the countryside, an exception not seen in history ever.



What the communist system did was to have a city control the multiple counties around it. Examples: For thousand years, the city or town of Suzhou (Suchow) had been under the county of Wuxian; however, in the communist system, the city of Suzhou would supervise the county of Wuxian plus several other counties in the region, including the county of Kunshan. The supervision of city over counties would mean that the county heads would have to report to the city mayor of Suzhou.



The Kunshan county head was recently promoted to the peer of a Suzhou mayor via a re-organization: the Kunshan county was recently upgraded to the level as a city, just like many other upgrades the communists had promoted. After all, two thousand years of Chinese history talked extensively about the schemes of "winning promotion and getting rich" via the officialdom. When the Kunshan county of the Suzhou city was upgraded to a city, all officials, big and small, get lifted one level higher, thus enjoying a better officialdom treatment in wages, cars, housing and other privileges. Likewise, the county of Jiading (an ancient town which once endured three rounds of Manchu slaughters) was upgraded into a municipal district under the Shanghai city, with the result being that the Jiading township residents would now enjoy the so-called "city residence register", not tradable yet with the counterpart "city 