In the most simple terms, the model suggests that supermassive black holes formed "very, very quickly over very, very short periods of time" and then stopped suddenly. "Supermassive black holes only had a short time period where they were able to grow fast and then at some point, because of all the radiation in the universe created by other black holes and stars, their production came to a halt," Basu said. Until now, the current understanding was that stellar-mass black holes form when the center of a massive star collapses in on itself. In contrast, Basu and Das suggest that some black holes originate from direct-collapses, not stellar remnants.

According to the researchers, many supermassive black holes billions of times more massive than the Sun have been discovered in the last decade. Scientists believe they formed within 800 million years of the Big Bang, but that challenges our understanding of black hole formation and growth. This new direct-collapse scenario could provide an explanation for how these early supermassive black holes formed.