Author notes

Amy Watson and Sreya Ghosh contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Amy Watson, Adnan Riaz & Lee T. Hickey John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK Sreya Ghosh, James Simmonds, María-Dolores Rey, M. Asyraf Md Hatta, Alison Hinchliffe, Andrew Steed, Nikolai M. Adamski, Andy Breakspear, Andrey Korolev, Tracey Rayner, Laura E. Dixon, Jeremy Carter, Christian Rogers, Claire Domoney, Graham Moore, Wendy Harwood, Paul Nicholson, Ji Zhou, Cristobal Uauy, Scott A. Boden & Brande B. H. Wulff Plant Breeding Institute, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, New South Wales, Australia Matthew J. Williams & Robert F. Park Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia William S. Cuddy Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia M. Asyraf Md Hatta Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK Daniel Reynolds & Ji Zhou Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland, Australia William Martin & Merrill Ryan School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia David Edwards & Jacqueline Batley Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia Harsh Raman School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Mark J. Dieters & Ian H. DeLacy

Contributions

A.W. and S.G. performed the experiments for studying two generations of wheat and barley under Speed breeding I and II, managed and oversaw the other experiments and wrote the manuscript. A.W. performed experiments studying growth of canola and chickpea under Speed breeding II. Speed breeding I: N.M.A. grew and evaluated the phenotype of the barley eceriferum mutants; S.A.B. provided advice for growth conditions; J.S. made the crosses and some germination tests; M.-D.R. conducted chromosome association studies during meiosis in wheat; M.A.M.H. studied development of transgenic barley lines; A.H. and W.H. contributed to design and execution of barley transformation tests; A.S. performed the inoculation and phenotyping for wheat Fusarium headblight infections; L.E.D. and S.A.B. selected and grew varieties involved in the flowering time phenotype; A.K., A.B. and C.R. performed all testing and measuring for Medicago; T.R. and C.D. performed the same for rapid cycling pea; D.R. and J.Z. filmed plant growth, created timelapse videos and performed growth phenotypic analysis; J.C. performed the energy calculations and provided some necessary data for such; C.U., G.M. and P.N. contributed experiment design, variety choice and phenotypes. Speed breeding II: A.R., D.E. and J.B. designed and conducted the initial pilot experiments on canola under speed breeding; H.R. contributed to the design and phenotyping of canola pod shatter resistance; M.R. and W.M. provided the chickpea varieties suitable for evaluation under speed breeding; M.J.D. and I.H.D. first came up with the idea of speed breeding and developed the initial framework for the protocol at UQ, Brisbane. A.R. and L.T.H. designed and conducted initial pilot experiments investigating harvest of immature wheat seed. Speed breeding III: M.J.W., W.S.C. and R.F.P. were involved in building, testing and implementing the cheaper, full LED version of speed breeding in closed environments. B.B.H.W. and L.T.H. contributed to the idea of conducting and summarizing these experiments in the manuscript, and contributed in terms of intellectual input for the experiments. All authors were involved in the writing of the manuscript and providing corrections and suggestions.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Brande B. H. Wulff or Lee T. Hickey.