“This regime is a regime that’s an authoritarian regime,” said one protester, Roselyne Gonle-Luillier, a judge. “We are in a soft dictatorship and we have concerns about guarantees of individual freedoms and the guarantee of fundamental rights.”

Mr. Macron won the presidency on a wave of disillusionment with France’s traditional parties, beating Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right National Front party, in a runoff. But many voters are disgruntled with the policies he has pursued since taking office.