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Feb. 13, 2020 update: Toronto police had previously said it uses facial recognition, but not through Clearview AI. However, spokesperson Meaghan Gray confirmed Thursday some of their officers were, in fact, using Clearview AI software and that those officers have been directed to stop using the technology.

March 4, 2020 update: The Vancouver Police Department previously told The Current it had never used the software and had no intention of doing so. However, spokesperson Sgt. Aaron Roed confirmed Wednesday that a "detective in the Internet Child Exploitation team created a free, 30-day trial Clearview AI police-only account after attending a workshop in Ontario and learning about the software." Roed said the detective used the technology to conduct one search during a child abuse investigation, but was unsuccessful and cancelled the account. This use of Clearview AI came to light in the past week, Roed said, adding that police officers have been reminded that the technology is not authorized for use.

Original story below.

A secretive facial recognition software used by hundreds of police forces is raising concerns after a New York Times investigation said it could "end privacy as we know it."

Clearview AI has extracted more than three billion photos from public web sites like Facebook, Instagram, employment sites and others, and used them to create a database used by more than 600 law enforcement agencies in the U.S., Canada and elsewhere, according to Times reporter Kashmir Hill.

"It is being used to solve many murder cases, identity fraud cases, child exploitation cases," Hill told The Current's host Matt Galloway.

Police officers who spoke to Hill said the app was a far more powerful tool for cracking cases than any government database they had used before. The company claims their software finds a match in three out of four cases.

The software is so effective, Hill said, that even when she covered her face and mouth for a photo, it still pulled up seven images of her.

"I was just shocked at how well this face recognition algorithm works," she said.

Kashmir Hill investigated Clearview A.I. for the New York Times. (Submitted by Kashmir Hill; Earl Wilson/New York Times)

The end of anonymity?

Hill said investors and police officers she interviewed expect this software, or another similar technology, to be available to the public within the next five years.

"If you were in a restaurant having a sensitive conversation about family secrets or work secrets, a stranger next to you could snap your photo and know who you are, and understand that conversation in context," she said.

What you lose, if this technology gets out into the wild, is the possibility of any anonymity in public ever. - Brenda McPhail, Canadian Civil Liberties Association

"You can imagine stalkers using this tool — just really malicious use cases."

The potential uses for this kind of software is ringing alarm bells for privacy advocates.

"What you lose, if this technology gets out into the wild, is the possibility of any anonymity in public ever. That's something that we need to think about," said Brenda McPhail, director of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association's Privacy Technology and Surveillance Project.

McPhail said this kind of facial recognition technology could also make it easier for governments to monitor protesters.

"It's a threat to the fundamental freedoms that we value in a democracy," she said.

A secretive company

When Hill started looking into Clearview, she initially came up against a lot of dead ends.

Its website was only accessible to law enforcement, and their listed New York address led her to a building that didn't exist. For a long time, the company declined to speak to her.

But they did find her.

While interviewing police officers about the app, she would ask them to scan a photo of her, to see how the software worked.

"The police officers would then get a call from the company saying, 'Are you talking to the media?' So they were actually tracking who was talking to me while they weren't talking to me," she said.

"So I found that a bit disturbing."

Clearview was founded by Hoan Ton-That, an Australian techie and onetime model, and Richard Schwartz, a former aide to Rudy Giuliani when Giuliani was mayor of New York. It is backed by Peter Thiel, an early investor in Facebook and Palantir. <a href="https://t.co/ALE12Z0LkH">pic.twitter.com/ALE12Z0LkH</a> —@nytimes

Hill said that Clearview's secrecy, and their willingness to use their software to track a reporter, raised concerns about police departments' willingness to share sensitive information about suspects and victims with the little-known company.

"Most of the departments had done no vetting of them … and the company has this vast database of everyone that the police department is interested in," she said.

Reported use by Canadian law enforcement

McPhail said she was also concerned by allegations in Hill's story that Canadian police forces are using Clearview AI's software.

"The way the data is collected is probably against Canadian law," said McPhail.

"We've got law enforcement agencies using it without confirming that the use of the tool is compliant with Canadian law. That's a big problem."

Hill interviewed Canadian police officers about the app on condition of anonymity, so The Current reached out to several police forces across the country.

The Vancouver Police Department said it has never used the software and has no intention of doing so. The Toronto Police Service says it does use facial recognition, but not through Clearview AI.

We're deluding ourselves if we think that we have any privacy whatsoever. - Michael Arntfield

Ontario Provincial Police say they have used facial recognition technology, but wouldn't specify which products they use.

"Generally, the RCMP does not comment on specific investigative tools or techniques," an RCMP representative said in a statement.

The Current also requested comment from Clearview AI but did not receive a response.

In the public interest

Michael Arntfield, a Canadian criminologist and former police officer, believes concerns about the technology are overblown.

"The upsides far outweigh the downsides and are in the public interest, quite frankly," he said.

He believes the amount of information Clearview can glean from even billions of images pales in comparison to the "troves" of personal data gathered and sold to advertisers by companies like Google and Facebook .

"We're deluding ourselves if we think that we have any privacy whatsoever," he said.

"Now we can actually use this [technology] for a productive purpose, for a public safety purpose … why is the alarm being sounded now?"

Written by Allie Jaynes. Produced by Ines Colabrese, Ben Jamieson and Joana Dragichi.