The United Kingdom is a divided kingdom that may split in two. Referendum results show a country divided by geography, social class, and across the generations.

England and Wales are on one side of the Remain-Leave divide, Scotland and Northern Ireland on the other. London has been shown not to speak for England. Working class voters were mostly in favour of Leave, the middle class less so. The young wanted to stay in the EU. Pensioners wanted to get out.

The most significant variation in terms of its likely political impact is the Scotland-England divide. Scotland voted by 62 to 38 to stay in the EU. “The vote here makes clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union,” Scotland’s First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, said overnight.

David Cameron was at pains to stress during his resignation speech that Scotland’s administration – and those of Wales and Northern Ireland – would be involved in the process of negotiating Brexit. He will be hoping that his words will have helped avert a break-up of the UK. But the prospect of another Scottish referendum is now real. A few years hence, motorists travelling along the A1 may have come upon a border checkpoint north of Berwick upon Tweed, and may need to change currencies, because they will be using euros on the north side of the Tweed.

Northern Ireland also backed Remain by a proportion of 56 to 44, but is certain now to share a border with the EU, because the Republic of Ireland has no plans to follow the UK into the unknown. If exit negotiations go badly, and the UK is not able to negotiate a free trade deal, there could be customs posts where the two parts of Ireland meet.

London was the only English region, but not the only English city or town, to back Remain.

While most of the north of England was in favour of coming out, some of the big cities, including Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds and Newcastle upon Tyne backed Remain.

Donald Trump pleased at Brexit

Some prosperous parts of the South East and East Anglia also bucked the national trend, an indication that people in the higher income brackets were more likely to vote Remain that those who struggle to compete with immigrant labour for jobs, housing and access to public services.

Oxford voted Remain by a margin of almost three to one. Similarly, Cambridge. Generally, it was noticeable that where there are universities, the Remain prevailed, implying that university students value the opportunities for travel and finding work that go with EU membership more than they worry about the competing with EU migrants for jobs in the UK.