Right in time for Labor Day, immigrant displacement of American workers has resumed—confirming the trend that has characterized the Obama era. Even worse, government data suggests that, also unnoticed by the political class, illegal immigration is surging again.

U.S. employers added 173,000 employees last month, the smallest increase since March and the second smallest gain of the year, the government reported Friday. Unemployment, meanwhile, fell to 5.1%, its lowest level since March 2008, before the Great Recession hit with full force.

August job numbers are always iffy. People are away on vacations, so the response to the employment surveys is smaller than usual. Over the past five years the government has revised upward the number of August jobs by an average of 77,000. One August—I think it was 2011—the government initially reported zero job growth, only to revise it mightily, to 200,000 plus, the following month.

Unfortunately the “other” employment survey, of households rather than employers, is never revised after its initial release. This is the survey that breaks total employment into its foreign-born and native-born components. So we cannot expect the dismal news in this employment report to be tempered in the next employment report.

And it was dismal. In August:

Total employment rose by 196,000—up by 0.13%

Native-born American employment fell by 122,000—down by 0.1%

Foreign-born employment rose by 318,000—up by 1.3%

The 318,000 gain in immigrant employment last month was the highest monthly increase since September 2014, when immigrants gained 356,000 jobs. It comes after two successive months in which native-born American workers gained, and immigrant workers lost jobs.

In other words, it marks a return to what has passed for “normal” during recent years.

Native-born American workers have lost ground to their foreign-born competitors throughout the Obama years, a trend that is made clear in our New VDARE.com American Worker Displacement Index (NVDAWDI) graphic:

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Native-born American employment growth is the black line, immigrant employment growth is in pink, and NVAWDI—the ratio of immigrant to native-born American job growth—is in yellow. The index starts at 100.0 for both immigrants and native-born Americans in January 2009, and tracks their employment growth since then.

From January 2009 to August 2015:

Foreign-born employment rose by 3.235 million, up 15.0%. The immigrant employment index rose from 100.0 to 114.9.

by 3.235 million, up 15.0%. The immigrant employment index from 100.0 to 114.9. Native-born American employment rose by 3.580 million or by 3.0%. The native-born American employment index rose from 100.0 to 103.0.

by 3.580 million or by 3.0%. The native-born American employment index rose from 100.0 to 103.0. NVDAWDI (the ratio of immigrant to native-born American employment growth indexes) rose from 100.0 to 111.6. (100X(114.9/103.0)

Immigrant employment has risen five times faster than native-born American employment—15% versus 3%—during the Obama years. In many unskilled occupations, the job growth gap is far larger, owing to the disproportionate number of foreign-born workers.

The presence of foreign-born workers lowers wages for all Americans. Harvard Professor George Borjas estimates that immigrants arriving between 1980 and 2000 reduced the average annual earnings of native-born males by about 4%. [The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market, Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 2003] Among high school dropouts, who roughly correspond to the poorest tenth of the workforce, the impact was even larger—a 7.4% wage reduction. Nor are native-born college graduates immune; their income is 3.6% lower due to the two decades worth of competing immigrants.

And this helps explain why wages have risen an average of only 2% per annum over the past few years, well below what was the norm the last time unemployment rates were this low for this long.

The key displacement metric is the immigrant share of total U.S. employment. In February 2009, President Obama’s first full month in office, 14.97% of all persons working in the U.S. were foreign-born, according to that month’s Household Employment Survey. Since then the foreign-born share has risen steadily, albeit erratically:

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The foreign-born share of U.S. employment in August 2015 was 16.70%, up from 16.50% in July. In only 10 of the 80 months of Obama’s Presidency have immigrant workers accounted for a greater share of U.S. employment than they did last month.

August’s immigrant employment share was 1.73 percentage points above the level recorded at the start of Obama’s administration.

With national employment in August at 149.04 million, every one percentage point rise in the foreign-born employment share translates to as many as 1,490,400 displaced native-born workers. This means that Obama-era immigration may have pushed as many as 2.58 million (1.73 times 1,490,400) native-born Americans onto the unemployment rolls.

A detailed snapshot of American worker displacement over the past year is seen in the “Employment Status of the civilian population by nativity” table published in the monthly BLS report:

Employment Status by Nativity, Aug. 2014-Aug. 2015 (numbers in 1000s; not seasonally adjusted) Aug-14 Aug-15 Change % Change Foreign born, 16 years and older Civilian population 39,289 40,290 1,001 2.5% Civilian labor force 26,046 26,056 10 0.0% Participation rate (%) 66.3% 64.7% -1.6% -2.4% Employed 24,639 24,914 275 1.1% Employment/population % 62.7% 61.8% -0.9% -1.4% Unemployed 1,407 1,142 -265 -18.8% Unemployment rate (%) 5.4% 4.4% -1.0% -18.5% Not in labor force 13,243 14,234 991 7.5% Native born, 16 years and older Civilian population 208,940 210,806 1,866 0.9% Civilian labor force 130,388 131,334 946 0.7% Participation rate (%) 62.4% 62.3% -0.1% -0.2% Employed 122,008 124,314 2,306 1.9% Employment/population % 58.4% 59.0% 0.6% 1.0% Unemployed 8,381 7,021 -1,360 -16.2% Unemployment rate (%) 6.4% 5.3% -1.1% -17.2% Not in labor force 78,552 79,472 920 1.2% Source: BLS, The Employment Situation - August 2015, Table A-7, September 4, 2015. PDF

The immigrant unemployment rate fell to an absurdly low 4.4% from 5.4% the prior August; native-born unemployment fell to 5.3% from 6.4% last August. Advantage immigrants .

. The number of foreign-born unemployed dropped by 265,000 or 19%. Corresponding figures for native-born Americans: 1,360,000 or 16%. Advantage immigrants.

The foreign-born labor force—the number of immigrants working or looking for work—was virtually unchanged, rising by a mere 10,000, while the corresponding native-born labor force rose by 0.9%. An anomaly: perhaps immigrants are the only ones who can afford to go on vacation?

From August 2014 to August 2015:And, as for several months now, there is the mystery of population growth. As per the table above, BLS estimates the working-age population of immigrants has increased by 1.0 million, or 2.5%, over the past 12 months. This is lower than the growth rate reported in recent months, but still above what Homeland Security reports for legal entrants of all ages. Obvious implication: illegal immigration is on the rise again.

In fact, the inflow may be greater than appears at first site. Immigrants die; immigrants leave the country. So the gross number of new arrivals must be even greater than the net population growth figures reveal.

Edwin S. Rubenstein (email him) is President of ESR Research Economic Consultants.