Regarding 'revulsion against the corruption of the political process' ...



Just to refine the understanding of that motivation a bit. In a significant fraction of the cases at least:



The revulsion is not only with (1) the beneficiaries of the corruption and (2) the policymakers who act in their favor, it is also with (3) the social class who provides political support for the those policymakers, or is merely associated with them in the popular imagination.



A disenchanted voter (such as the stereotypical rural (probably) white working class) will have resentment not only towards the big businesses who benefit from tax breaks while their immediate world is underfunded, they will also resent the coastal-urban population in its entirety -- because that 'other' population has access to various goods the disenchanted voter doesn't. Maybe the opportunity to rise in the middle class, maybe some perceived form of social respect within our culture, maybe something strictly material. The perceptions may well include elements that are outright fabrications of demagogues.



But the point is the resentment (lets say by a Trump voter) is actually more acutely directed toward the next-higher stratum of middle class voters. So voting for a right-authoritarian is in part a big flip-off gesture that is intended to anger and punish the rival middle class social stratum. This is a strong enough motivation that it justifies voting for governments who will even further undermine the resentful voter's own social stratum in economic terms.



I think this all is an important junction of where xenophobia couples into political grievances that do have a genuine economic basis - and then both motivations, and our understanding of them, get a little muddled.



How to fix it? It can't be completely fixed. But it can be reduced by attacking the portion of the source resentment which is directly economic. This might mean redistributive policy, it might mean some concessions to protectionism for the sake of avoiding even worse outcomes.



It could also mean restoring availability of traditional leftist avenues to function as outlets for this kind of resentment. For a whole generation, we gave the extreme right a monopoly on this steady and growing stream of disenchanted voters. Doing so was a really bad move. It was maybe justified at the time as a way to generate political support for deregulationist policies (the opposite of what leftist outlets for resentment would want), but the xenophonic side effects were badly underestimated. And this happened in many, many parts of the world at the same time.