Introduction

Rammstein-Jugend “out” Themselves with a Heil Hitler!



Rammstein Fans desecrate Temple with Nazi Graffiti



This Sturmtrupp of Rammstein-Jugend (Rammstein-Youth) has recently been arrested in Israel for desecrating synagogues and attacking Jews, foreigners, homeless and others.

These Neo-Nazis are Rammstein fans. They made a video set to Rammstein music of beatings of Jews, homeless, gays, foreign guest workers and even elderly people. Below is a short clip of modern-day Nazi storm troopers beating the crap out of defenseless victims to the throbbing, faschoid pulse of Rammstein’s songs, “Feuer Frei” and “Du hasst” (You hate) and a CNN report about this gang of Rammstein-Jugend that were arrested in Israel:

Neo-Nazi Rammstein-Jugend busted in Israel



You can rightly say that many Rammstein fans are not Nazis. However, there are different levels of understanding Rammstein. Many of the more casual fans may not understand or notice how Rammstein uses allusions to Nazism in their music. Neo-Nazis are attracted to Rammstein’s music because of the Nazi aesthetic that they knowingly use in their performances.



For those that understand German, here is a report by Oestererreiches Rundfunk (ORF) about the prevalence of Nazi Aesthetics in pop culture and the use of Nazi symbolism among Goths, Metal and Industrial music fans.

Nazi-Ästhetik in Pop- und Grufti-kultur





The next clip is an interview of Boyd Rice by Tom Metzger. Tom Metzger is a leading Nazi in the United States and at one time a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan for California and founder of the Nazi Organization, White Aryan Resistance (WAR). Boyd Rice was an early “industrial” musician and has had great influence on “industrial” rock and its related genres. In this interview Metzger discusses with Boyd Rice how this new genre of electronic “white music” can be used for purposes of Nazi propaganda to promote a “aryan subculture”. This video was apparently made in 1986. So the effort to promote Nazism via pop music is not exactly a new idea. Those fans that believe Rammstein when they say they have absolutely no idea why people accuse them of Nazism or that people accuse them of that only because they are German, should finally consider the possibility that Rammstein is lying to you. Nazi undertones have for a long time been often put intentionally in industrial music and related music genres. It is nothing new and it is no accident. Rammstein fans should finally grow up, get a clue and realize that it is there and is intentional.

Top Nazi, Tom Metzger, Interviews Satanist & Nazi, Boyd Rice, an early Industrial Musician.





This is an editorial discussion of possible interpretations of the symbolism and allegory used by the German industrial metal band, Rammstein. Rammstein is one of a group of bands that make what is called by some as “Pop-Nazi”, Avant Nazi or “Reich and Roll”. Many of Rammstein’s performances have Nazi undertones in sound and in a metaphorical/allegorical sense. The purpose of this webpage is to give background information about the symbolism and put it in context.

Possible interpretations are given here. It can not be proven that any one interpretation is the “correct” interpretation. Their works seem to be designed to be ambiguous as is always the nature of metaphors and allegory. It seems, however, obvious that Rammstein intends to make allusions to Nazism. Whether this represents political conviction or a kind of mimicry of Nazism is not entirely clear. It could be just part of a crude and insensitive marketing strategy on the part of Rammstein to create controversy and in that way generate publicity.

Rammstein is not being accused of being Nazis here. They are being accused of making allusions to Nazism in some of their musical works. Whether they are Nazis or not is not certain. However, it does seem clear that Rammstein — as well as many of their fans — do not have the appropriate respect for the crimes of the Nazis and the millions of people that suffered and died at the hands of the Nazis and their accomplices, whether these victims be Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, Germans or some other nationality or ethnic group.



This is not the first time that bands have incorporated Nazi, fascist and totalitarian concepts and imagery into their performances. The Slovenian band, Laibach, is said to have been a major influence on Rammstein and they began experimenting with embedding Nazi/totalitarian allusions in their performances 15-20 years ago or more. In the photo below, it is clear that the Rammstein-like cross is being used as a substitute for the swastika.

Laibach in Full Avant-Nazi-SS Regalia



See, for example, the video by Laibach, “Geburt einer Nation” on YouTube. The video has similarities to Riefenstahl’s Nazi propaganda film documenting Nuremberg Reichtstag, “Triump des Willens” and is chock full of Nazi allusions. British Subjects will especially be interested in Laibach’s Anglia (on Youtube) that depicts the torture of British subjects. Another such clip that is full of totalitarian and faschist symbols is “Tanz mit Laibach”. Here are a couple of examples of the allusions to Nazism. The cogged wheel is borrowed from Hitler’s German Workers Front, originally it had a Swastika inside it. The images of deer or elk allude to the “Life Rune” or “Lebensrune” in German (commonly used by Nazis), because this rune has a shape that looks similar to the antlers of a deer. Laibach puts “Leben” on the screen when the deer appear, to make sure those in the know don’t miss the reference. The Life Rune represents the life force of the Volksgemeinschaft. There are too many references to Nazism in the video to describe all of them here, but you can probably sense others. Rammstein has been described as Laibach for kids. They are a little more subtle than Laibach but use the same basic approach in their performances. They often use a militaristic cadence and frequently use symbols and/or allegories that suggest faschism and/or Nazism. This clip below has similarities to Rammstein’s marching song, “Links, Zwo, Drei, Vier”.

Laibach – Tanz mit Laibach



Rammstein appears to be satirizing in a way. Satire is the ridicule of persons or groups of people, often for political reasons. Rammstein is, however, does not seem to be satirizing Nazism . They seem, rather, to be satirizing those who try to suppress Nazism and extreme German nationalism and especially those Germans that feel so much guilt and embarrassment about the German past that they don’t want the subject mentioned or discussed at all. Since these Nazi ideas are taboo in Germany and most other places in the World, many of the fans are fascinated and mesmerized by this flirtation with the forbidden fruit of Nazism, whether it is a conscious fascination or not.

Rammstein is one of the most popular of a genre of bands, who embed nihilistic, violent and anarchistic themes in their music, which are not necessarily related to Nazism. Some of their more unstable fans, who are social misfits, become fixated with these themes and go out and commit violent acts and even mass murders that are consistent with these themes, if not inspired by the groups. The musicians and their supporters vehemently assert that they should not be assigned any responsibility at all for the actions of a few of their fans.

Unstable, anarchistic social misfits attack “the System”

inspired by inflammatory messages in the media



Some interesting historical parallels can be drawn between this phenomenon and the Anarchist Movement of the late 1800’s to early 1900’s. At that time a group of anarchistic firebrands regularly published tirades in the media which incited people on the edge of society to rage against the social order of the time. Some unstable, disaffected extremists and fanatics, were inflamed enough to go out and assassinate several European and American heads of state, including Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in 1914. These violent acts provided self-validation for the otherwise ineffectual, anonymous men who carried them out and also publicity for the diffuse grievances that they harbored against society.

Haters – Rammstein/KMFDM fans prowl for

Prey during Massacre on Hitler’s Birthday



The next clip is apparently a dramatization of the video taken from Columbine security cameras and a call to the police from a student. The video shows two Rammstein fans expressing their discontent with society.

Rammstein-Youth Celebrate Hitler’s Birthday[Youtube=http://youtube.com/watch?feature=related&v=82N7mVgoNMM]

There was no direct connection then, either, between the people that incited the actions in the media and the unstable persons that carried out the violent attacks of a century ago. However, today’s body count continues to go up due to the massacres of innocents killed by these disaffected fans of certain bands that fan the flames of their anger at “the System” and the World, in general. Meanwhile, the bands are making a very nice, tidy profit from their efforts, while sometimes sanctimoniously incorporating a certain amount of social criticism in their own works, and even claiming to be the victims, when anyone offers any criticism of the sometimes violent and perverse themes of their performances.

Ironically, if these mass murderers had been listening to tapes from angry, hateful mullahs, there would probably be no problem assigning some amount of responsibility to the mullahs. However, since they tend to be fans of certain metal bands, it is considered impolitic to notice the potential influence of the music on these mass murderers. When the mass murders happen repeatedly, however, it becomes more difficult to maintain that the bands can not be expected to know that certain types of performances can have such an influence on their more unstable, sycophantic fans. In fact, it seems the fans of some metal bands are now carrying out more mass murders of innocent civilians (school children) in some parts of the world than the followers of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaida do.

The song lyrics are protected in the US by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech. However, it, seems, if the band members can reasonably be expected to know that a certain type of song will likely cause their fans to carry out a crime such as a mass murder (because it has happened before), it may be possible to bring a civil conspiracy charge against the band members, as has been done successfully with some hate groups. The key is that the band should be expected to know that a crime would result. The more often these school shootings and mass murders are connected to a particular band’s music, the more reasonable it is to expect that they should know their music can cause such crimes and they will eventually be held liable for the mass murders or other crimes carried out by their fans.



There is a kind of disinformation mill at work that denies there is any reason at all to think that Rammstein may have a right-wing extremist agenda. That seems rather absurd, because Rammstein’s work contains numerous symbols and references into which extremist, right-wing allusions can be read. The objective here is to provide an alternative interpretation of Rammstein’s performances and to point out that there are valid reasons that people may accuse them of having such an agenda. Visitors can decide for themselves what the group’s motivations for using this symbolism may be, whether out of ideology, to provoke or simply greed. The list of symbols here that may be associated with Nazism or right-wing extremism is, by far, not complete and is meant only to provide a few examples of interpretation of the symbolism found in Rammstein’s performances.

These are the main reasons that people can be led to believe that Rammstein may have a extreme right-wing agenda:

The often harsh, often militaristic tone of the music. The frequent use of symbols, metaphors and allegory that allude to Nazism. Frequent use of the war colors of the Third Reich.

Rammstein sings often about “Mother” and the “Sun”. “Mother” or weak women (as in “Du hasst / You Hate”) can often times be taken as a metaphor for modern-day democratic Germany. The swastika is a symbol for the sun. So, references to the sun or to solar symbols can be understood to be references to the Swastika or Nazism, in general.

Another important allusion to Nazism is the use of flames. Rammstein is, of course, famous for their use of flames in their performances. Bonfire and torch-lite parades have been prominent in German nationalistic celebrations since the earliest days of modern German nationalism. The symbolic meaning of flame is “change” or “revolution”. Flames were frequently used by the Nazi SS and Hitler Youth in their ceremonies. The Hitler Youth often had symbolic flames painted on their drums. Some fascist groups still use flames in their logos, such as the National Sammlung and Front National in France, not to mention the burning cross of the KKK. The use of flames alone would not suggest anything, but the use of flames with all of the other allusions to Nazism suggest that it is also an allusion to Nazism, that is an allusion to Nazi-Revolution.

Like R+ Fans, the Nazi SS also Enjoyed Their Fire Shows



Grottfried Helnwein is a shock-artist originally, from Austria. He has advised Rammstein on their art design and is known to have an intense fascination with Nazi imagery. He has also been reported to be a leader in the Scientology cult involved with the secret service of Scientology and involved in celebrity recruitment for the Cult. Scientology has been found by German courts to be a anti-democratic, totalitarian cult with elements of criminality. That means there are some similarities between the beliefs of Scientology and those of the Nazi Party. Below is an example of his artwork, entitled “Epiphany”. It represents the adoration of Christ with a infant Hitler cast as the “Messiah”, three Nazi-SS-officers as the wise men and a very teutonic Virgin Mary. With Helnwein as art adviser, one can perhaps understand why there are so many references to Nazism in Rammstein’s performances. Click on the image of baby Adolf/Jesus below to go to the Rammstein page on Helnwein’s website.

Hitler as Messiah, by Helnwein, Rammstein Art-Collaborator,

Below is a self-portrait of Herr Helnwein, Scientology Cult leader extraordinaire and Rammstein collaborator for art. It is not clear, whether this is his own, personal Panzer, or, if he borrowed this tank from his good friend, Arnold Schwarzenegger, for the purpose of making a romp on the weekend through the Ardenne Forest on the border with Belgium. Notice he appears to be wearing a pistol and so the would-be desert fox appears to be fully prepared for personal combat.

Helnwein, Scientology Super-Agent – Gott der Untermenschen



To Germany and Austria’s credit, Helnwein had difficulties there and ultimately fled to California, where he has a studio and Ireland, where he has a castle, which he uses to entertain celebrities at events with prominent Scientologists and presumably convert a few of them to Scientologists.

Some people seem to have somehow gotten the idea that there are no Nazis in Germany any longer. Others will not think that someone has Nazi political sympathies, unless they are wearing a Nazi SS uniform with a swastika on it. Although there are still Nazi street thugs in Germany, there are also Nazis in Germany that wear business suits that are family people and that are even in the Government. There are also people that are not Nazis, but have political philosophies that are similar to Nazism (see Scientology), without believing in everything that the Nazis believed. Click here for some information about the Nazis of today in Germany.



There is an absurd claim in the Internet that people think Rammstein is Nazi because of the way Lindemann rolls his R’s. These absurd explanations seem put out by the disinformation mill to deflect attention from the real reasons or just to belittle the accusations. Rammstein’s style of music is called the Neue Deutsche Härte (the new German Hard). That implies that there was an “Old German Hard Style”. During the Nazi years it was popular among authority figures (read Nazi officials) to roll the R’s and to speak in a harsh and commanding tone of voice. What causes people to associate Rammstein’s intonation with Nazism is not the way Lindemann rolls his R’s, but his harsh, militaristic, unforgiving and commanding way of vocalizing many of the songs. After the war Germans shunned this way of speaking in order not to provoke Nazi-Stereotypes. Lindemann, however, exaggerates this ton of voice so that he sounds even more sinister than the Nazis and goes out of his way to provoke old stereotypes. See this video for an example of the Old German Hard style:



Judge Roland Freisler – aka “Raving Roland”

The Judge’s name is Roland Freisler and he was very well-known for the intensity of his “Alte Deutsche Härte” (Old German Hard) Style. The men he was addressing in “Old German Hard” Style had tried to assassinate the dear Führer. They were later hanged by order of Freisler. As head of the Volksgerichtshof, Freisler was responsible for sentencing many thousands to death, including many dissidents and resisters of the Nazis. Judge Freisler, in turn, was killed as he held court in Berlin on February 3, 1945 by a bomb dropped by a US Flying Fortress in the largest raid to that date on Berlin.

Here is another example of the Alte Deutsche Härte. This one is even a little more melodic. It is also interactive, like Rammstein’s “Heirate mich” video. The audience responds to questions from the speaker with a roar of “JAAAA!!!”. They even salute Goebbels like Rammstein Fans salute Till with a variation of the devil horns salute.



Goebbels’ Old German Hard hit

“Do you want Total War!!”



The gist of this speech above is that Goebbels is saying Germany will “defend” itself, whether other countries like it or not. Extreme and radical total war is the quickest war, he says, and asks, if the Germans want Total War … even if it is more extreme and radical than anything they previously could imagine. This speech was made only a couple of weeks after the Germans lost the Battle of Stalingrad, which was probably the most brutal battle in history and the turning point in the war. There were about 1.5 million casualties on both sides.

“Total War” meant murdering millions of people by shooting them into ditches, gassing them in extermination camps or killing them in other atrocities. More than a million civilian “enemies of Germany” had already been murdered. Food was also denied Soviets prisoners of war and civilian populations in Eastern Europe so that they would stave to death. Eventually about 20-30 million men, women and children died in this way in Eastern Europe in Goebbels total war.

Some people try to blame only Hitler and his Nazi henchmen for WWII. However, as can be seen in this video clip above, during the war, Hitler had the support of many Germans. Hitler convinced the Germans that certain countries and the “Jewish World Conspiracy” had an unfair advantage and was trying to destroy Germany, if they only followed him without question, Germany could create a new world order and become a great power. At the same time, those that dissented were brutally eliminated. Much of the population had a pretty good idea what was happening. Hitler proposed gassing thousands of Jews already in his book, Mein Kampf, which was sold in the millions of copies, years before the war started. He also threatened in a speech to annihilate the Jewish race in Europe, if the “Jews started a war”. Those that didn’t know what Hitler had in mind, just didn’t want to know and did not care very much what happened to Hitler’s “undesirables”, which besides Jews included any potential political opposition, Gypsies, social outcasts of various types, certain Slavic groups and the insane or handicapped. The plan was to exterminate, in total, about 20-30 million people in murder factories or killing pits, deport tens of millions more to the east and for Himmler’s German Junkers (lords) to rule the rest as slaves, but the operation was abruptly interrupted by a successful massive Soviet counter-attack.

Here are a couple of clips, a Speech where, the number one star of the “Old German Hard” style, Adolf Hitler, promises to “destroy” or “annihilate” the Jewish race in Europe, if another war starts. He does not say expel or punish he says “destroy or exterminate” the Jewish race that is exactly what he tried to do. This speech was probably broadcast to the entire country. The other is an excerpt from a German documentary of 1940 which was intended to prepare the Germans for the final solution for the Jewish “parasites”. It compares Jews to rats. It was probably also shown in theaters across all of Germany.

Signs of the Coming Holocaust

Because many Germans had a strong prejudicial hatred for the Jews and even certain other European nationalities, they did not really care what happened to the Jews when they were shipped to the war zone in the east often in cattle cars and in winter without sufficient supplies. It is not anti-German to mention this. It is just the way it was at that time. To say the German population was forced by a few Nazis to accept all of the terrible things that happened or that they did not know what was happening is just not correct. Much of the German population participated willingly. What German was ever punished simply for telling a friend or neighbor about the rumors of mass murders occurring on the eastern front? It was an open secret on the front and soldiers did come back on leave and talk about it.

There was a mass mania in Germany at that time. People can be fascinated when the normal bounds of society and even the limits of civilization can be cast aside. It feels good to be told that you are the “superman” and others are “subhuman”. Hitler had the support of a very large part of the German population, at times it was certainly a great majority of the German population, when he was having success To deny that most Germans supported Hitler, while he was having great success, is to fail to understand what really happened. Hitler purposely involved the German people in his crimes to insure that they would not turn against him. Germans may not have known all the details, but the population knew basically that the Jews and others were being exterminated. They understood that there would be a terrible price to pay, if Germany were ever defeated. Unfortunately, Germans do not have a monopoly over the totalitarian Nazi/fascist way of thinking. For that reason it is important to understand what really happened at that time in Germany, and not to invent some fairy tale just to make Germans feel better about themselves. Similar things can and do happen elsewhere, and it is a good thing that the Nazi period has been documented so well in Germany. It is not just a problem for Germans, but a problem for everyone, how to prevent that sort of extreme mass hysteria and mass brainwashing from happening again.

The key concept here seems to be that some bands have discovered that a similar cult-like, mass hysterical effect can be produced on a much smaller scale among smaller groups, for example among their fans. The band, Laibach, experimented with embedding Nazi, fascist, and totalitarian concepts and symbolism, as well as homoeroticism, in their performances and discovered they can induce an intense, emotional reaction among their audiences, even among audiences that politically should not be attracted to Nazism. You can find the old clips of Laibach on YouTube. Search for Laibach – Geburt einer Nation.

It seems that bands, such as Rammstein or Marilyn Manson, are producing the same kind of effect among their fans. They don’t proclaim themselves to be right-wing extremist, but they put enough references to extremist icons in their performances that many of their fans make the association, whether consciously, or not. The cult-like, mass psychology probably works just as well for anarchist concepts, other types of totalitarianism or even a mixture. The young fans are almost irresistibly attracted by the references to violence, homoerotic sexuality and the breaking down of other taboos and social norms and the bands love the effect and the money that it brings in, no matter who it may harm.

The Old German Hard was also internationally popular, the same as the New German Hard. In the image below, 4,000 fans of the Old German Hard meet in a park in Newark, New Jersey in the 1930’s and enjoy a day in the park of high-stepping parades and rousing, anti-Joo political speeches. Note the US Flags.

Fans of the Old German Hard Hold a Celebration in New Jersey



Here is an example of the Neue Deutsche Härte. Let’s see if you can hear the similarities. Some of Rammstein’s songs can really swell the fascist breast with pride.



Rammstein – Ich will / I will it

(A tribute to Nazi Martyr Horst Wessel?)

Rammstein sounds are so harsh and militaristic, they make Roland Freisler und Joseph Goebbels sound almost mild and reserved in comparison. Besides the militaristic tone of the music did you notice the play on Nazi symbolism and concepts in the video? Things to look for and questions you might ask are:

What is the Roman-style memorial in the opening? Who is in the painting? Does it represent someone else? What is does metal object represent that they hold up at the memorial? Why are they wearing Mohawks? Why does Lindemann have a club foot in part of this video? Why does Lindemann’s walking stick have a death-head (Totenkopf) handle? What might the symbol on the chest of one person represent? What does the cogged-wheel halo around the head of the bomber mean? What does the howling-wolf image in the last few frames represent?

Some suggested interpretations are given in this link:

Rammstein’s symbols are never an exact copy of a Nazi symbol, but just close enough that someone familiar with the symbols understands what the allusion is. Also a single instance or any one of these symbols would not be enough to imply anything, but when they are used in combination with other symbols and widely throughout Rammstein’s material then one can reasonably assume that Rammstein is trying to send messages according to the common meaning of these symbols. Right wing extremists pick up on these signals and there are many among Rammstein’s fans. It happens too often in their material to be coincidental.

The most appropriate response to those that send Nazi signals and want to be taken seriously or just want to provoke others may be to laugh at them. In that spirit, just for fun – Here is a spoof of Rammstein:

Sometimes the Rammstein Fans pick up on the Nazi allusions and make their own video to complete the message found in the original video, as below. Rammstein keeps their lawyers busy trying to get rid of these telling videos, but just as soon as they get one video taken down another one pops up somewhere else on the Internet. See for yourself how well the music goes with a Nazi rally and rabid rant by the dear Führer. Rammstein loves to claim that they are spreading “German Culture” in the World. In the following videos, you can see that there is some truth to this claim, at least for certain aspects of “German Culture”.

Rammstein – Du Haßt / You Hate / Fan Video



This next two clips are dedicated to the Rammstein-Jugend (Rammstein-Youth), whom Rammstein compares to the Hitler-Youth in their performances, whether the fans realize it, or not, and who often act like the fascist Hitler-Youth in the way they insult, threaten and try to shout others down that are critical of Rammstein’s Nazi aesthetic.

Rammstein – Reise, Reise / Fan Video



A Tribute to our Brave Rammstein Youth





Rammstein frequently uses the colors of the Nazi dictatorship in their performances and other works. Here, some examples are shown. In this page we attempt to answer the historical question, was the dear Führer an early Rammstein-Fan?



Was the dear Führer

an early Rammstein Fan?



Click here for more info –

Rammstein’s Nazi Colors



The leader of Rammstein sometimes wears a uniform that looks rather like a Nazi SS military uniform and practices goose-stepping, apparently in anticipation of upcoming political changes in Germany. Here you can see Lindemann’s finely-honed Goose-stepping technique on stage:

See the Herzeleid Album cover here and find out why people thought the Rammstein members were depicted as Nazis on the cover.

Here are the basic symbols that are sometimes used to communicate a right-wing extremist political beliefs zu others.

The Links video is often cited as proof that Rammstein has a leftist political orientation. However it is a military marching song and seems to have been inspired by Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi propaganda film. Nazi-like symbols somehow got embedded in the same video that is supposed to prove them to be “leftists”. We point some of them out in this page.

The Jewish Anti-Defamation League cited Rammstein for Stripped, because they used video from a well-known, Nazi propaganda film in the clip.



Here is some feedback from the Rammstein Fans. Nice kids, aren’t they?

This is a memorial clip for the tens of millions of victims of the Holocaust, which includes not only those many millions that were killed by the SS Einsatzgruppen or in the murder factories but also about 200,000 “inferior” Germans with mental disease or physical handicaps that were exterminated. That would have been only the start of the program to produce the mythical Aryan race, which was the dream of several gnostic occult organizations, like the Theosophists, the Order of the New Templars, the Teutonic Order, the Thule Society and eventually the Nazi Party. It may not be correct to call all Germans of that time “victims”, because the majority supported the Nazi program during much of the war, but many millions of Germans died or suffered enormously, who did not deserve it and that is also to be regretted. It is a lesson in how quickly and how totally a Gnostic occult organization (a cult) can, under the right circumstances, hijack a Nation and no country is immune to the ideas that Boyd Rice espouses in the interview near the top of this page.

Holocaust Memorial



FAIR USE NOTICE: This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, sustainable development, environmental, community and worker health, democracy, public disclosure, corporate accountability, and social justice issues, etc. We have included the full text of the article (or full data file) rather than a simple link because we have found that links frequently go “bad” or change over time. We believe this constitutes a “fair use” of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without fee or payment of any kind to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond ‘fair use’, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.