When it comes to ranking U.S. states on the harshness of their criminal justice systems, incarceration rates only tell half of the story.

More than two million people are in prisons and jails, but 4.5 million people nationwide are on probation and parole, and several of the seemingly “less punitive” states put vast numbers of their residents under these forms of supervision, says the Prison Policy Initiative in an updated report.

The advocacy group calculated each state’s rate of correctional control, which includes incarceration as well as community supervision (probation and parole). The report includes over 100 charts breaking down each state’s correctional population.

The report also includes an interactive chart that ranks states on their use of correctional control.

Among the findings:

–Ohio and Idaho surpass Oklahoma – the global leader in incarceration – in correctional control overall.

–Pennsylvania, which revoked Meek Mill’s probation last year, has the second-highest rate of correctional control in the nation.

–Rhode Island and Minnesota have some of the lowest incarceration rates in the country, but are among the most punitive when community supervision is accounted for.

Many of the highest rates of correctional control are in states with high rates of probation. “All too often, probation serves not as a true alternative to incarceration but as the last stop before prison,” says report author Alexi Jones. Jones proposes reforms and highlights flaws in current probation systems:

Probation imposes time-consuming conditions and fees that people struggle to meet, and which the report says can paradoxically hold them back from turning their lives around.

Violating even the most minor requirement (such as missing a meeting) can result in incarceration.

Probation terms can go on for years after the original offense, meaning even model probationers can serve decades under state scrutiny.

Jones says, “States are putting people on probation when a fine, warning, or community treatment program would suffice,” putting more people at risk of incarceration.

Ted Gest is president of Criminal Justice Journalists and Washington Bureau Chief of the Crime Report.