This article was originally posted at Jacek's blog.

Background

Akka Streams offers a number of predefined building blocks for your graphs (i.e. processing pipelines). Should you need a non-standard solution, there's an API to help you write the custom part of the graph. In this post I'm going to walk you through implementing your own graph stage.

Recap: Akka Streams concepts

Since the stream processing terminology heavily depends on the library/toolkit you are using, here is a quick reminder of what things are called in the Akka Streams world: the producer is called a Source , the consumer - a Sink and the processing stages are Flow s. Each of those is a specialized graph stage whose type is determined by the number of inputs and outputs - a Source has no inputs and a single output, a Sink has a single input and no outputs, a Flow has a single input and a single output.

In terms of the types, each part of the graph is a GraphStage with a given Shape - with the most basic shapes being: SourceShape , FlowShape and SinkShape . There are also other more complex Shape s available, used for modelling such concepts as broadcasting or merging elements of the stream, but those are out of the scope of this post.

The use case

Let's say that having a stream of elements of type E you want to observe their arbitrary property of type P , accumulate the elements as long as the property remains unchanged and only emit an immutable.Seq[E] of accumulated elements when the property changes. In a real-life example the elements can be e.g. lines in a CSV file which you would like to group by a given field.

Anatomy of a custom graph stage

A custom graph stage is nothing more than an implementation of:

abstract class GraphStage[S <: Shape]

In our example the stage is going to have a single input and a single output, which makes it a Flow whose shape is:

FlowShape[E, immutable.Seq[E]]

The definition of the stage thus becomes:

final class AccumulateWhileUnchanged[E] extends GraphStage[FlowShape[E, immutable.Seq[E]]] { // ... }

Now you just need to implement two methods

def shape: FlowShape - to provide a concrete shape

- to provide a concrete shape def createLogic(attributes: Attributes): GraphStageLogic - to provide your custom logic of the stage

Let's now dig into the details of those two methods.

Implementing a custom graph stage

Providing a custom FlowShape

A FlowShape simply consists of an Inlet and an Outlet , i.e. the ports of the stage. To define a port, you need to provide its name and data type. After defining the ports, the stage implementation becomes:

final class AccumulateWhileUnchanged[E] extends GraphStage[FlowShape[E, immutable.Seq[E]]] { val in = Inlet[E]("AccumulateWhileUnchanged.in") val out = Outlet[immutable.Seq[E]]("AccumulateWhileUnchanged.out") override def shape = FlowShape(in, out) }

Providing a custom GraphStageLogic

Since the GraphStage s are meant to be reusable, it is crucial to keep them immutable, i.e. not to put any mutable state inside them. On the other hand, however, the stage we are implementing here is definitely stateful - its state consists of the accumulated elements. Here is where the GraphStageLogic comes to the rescue - since a new instance of it is created for every materialization of the flow, it is the one and only place to keep the mutable state in.

Within the GraphStageLogic , apart from keeping the mutable state, you may also define handlers for the onPush() and onPull() events. The onPush() event occurs when a new element from the upstream is available and can be acquired using grab() . The onPull() , on the other hand, occurs when the downstream is ready to accept a new element which can be sent with push() .

So here is what a draft implementation of the GraphStageLogic with the handlers is going to look like:

override def createLogic(attributes: Attributes) = new GraphStageLogic(shape) { setHandlers(in, out, new InHandler with OutHandler { override def onPush(): Unit = { // ... } override def onPull(): Unit = { // ... } }) }

To implement the actual accumulating logic, you need to:

know how to extract the observed property of the incoming elements,

keep track of the incoming elements in some kind of a buffer.

Extracting the observed property

The easiest way to know which property to observe is to have the user provide a function which extracts this property - so you need to adjust the stage definition a bit:

final class AccumulateWhileUnchanged[E, P](propertyExtractor: E => P) extends GraphStage[FlowShape[E, immutable.Seq[E]]] {

Keeping track of the incoming elements

The internal state of your stage logic will consist of:

an Option[P] to keep the current value of the observed property (empty until the first element arrives),

to keep the current value of the observed property (empty until the first element arrives), a Vector[E] to accumulate the elements (cleared when the observed property changes).

When the next input element arrives (in onPush() ), you want to extract its property and check if it differs from the current value. If there is no current value yet or the values are equal, you add the element to the buffer and pull() the input, otherwise you push() the buffer contents downstream and clear the buffer. When the downstream requests a new sequence of elements with onPull() , you just need to pull() the input in order to indicate, that the stage is ready to accept a new incoming element.

An additional case that you need to handle is when the upstream has completed (i.e. no more input elements are going to arrive or there was an error in the upstream) - then you need to push the last elements from the buffer (unless it is empty) and complete the stage afterwards. Moreover, to be nice to memory and the GC, you may wish to clear the buffer after the stage is complete.

The full implementation of the above concepts is going to be something like:

final class AccumulateWhileUnchanged[E, P](propertyExtractor: E => P) extends GraphStage[FlowShape[E, immutable.Seq[E]]] { val in = Inlet[E]("AccumulateWhileUnchanged.in") val out = Outlet[immutable.Seq[E]]("AccumulateWhileUnchanged.out") override def shape = FlowShape.of(in, out) override def createLogic(attributes: Attributes) = new GraphStageLogic(shape) { private var currentState: Option[P] = None private val buffer = Vector.newBuilder[E] setHandlers(in, out, new InHandler with OutHandler { override def onPush(): Unit = { val nextElement = grab(in) val nextState = propertyExtractor(nextElement) if (currentState.isEmpty || currentState.contains(nextState)) { buffer += nextElement pull(in) } else { val result = buffer.result() buffer.clear() buffer += nextElement push(out, result) } currentState = Some(nextState) } override def onPull(): Unit = { pull(in) } override def onUpstreamFinish(): Unit = { val result = buffer.result() if (result.nonEmpty) { emit(out, result) } completeStage() } }) override def postStop(): Unit = { buffer.clear() } } }

If you are wondering why emit() is used instead of push() in onUsptreamFinish() (line 40), the answer is - because it is not possible to push a port which has not been pulled. Once the upstream is finished, the buffer may still contain the final group of accumulated elements - but chances are that the output port has not been pulled after the previous group was pushed. You want, however, to send the final group anyway - that is where emit() comes to the rescue - when it detects that the output port is not available (i.e. cannot be pushed), it replaces the OutHandler with a temporary one and only then does it execute the actual push() .

Now you are ready to use the custom stage in your application with .via(new AccumulateWhileUnchanged(...)) . For example, having a simple domain like:

case class Element(id: Int, value: Int) object SampleElements { val E11 = Element(1, 1) val E21 = Element(2, 1) val E31 = Element(3, 1) val E42 = Element(4, 2) val E52 = Element(5, 2) val E63 = Element(6, 3) val Ones = immutable.Seq(E11, E21, E31) val Twos = immutable.Seq(E42, E52) val Threes = immutable.Seq(E63) val All = Ones ++ Twos ++ Threes }

when you run:

Source(SampleElements.All) .via(new AccumulateWhileUnchanged(_.value)) .runWith(Sink.foreach(println))

the output will be:

Vector(Element(1,1), Element(2,1), Element(3,1)) Vector(Element(4,2), Element(5,2)) Vector(Element(6,3))

Testing

There is a number of useful utilities to help you test your custom graph stages. With the help of those and using the SampleElements helper defined above, a sample test case for the above stage looks like:

"AccumulateWhileUnchanged" should { "emit accumulated elements when the given property changes" in { val (_, sink) = Source(SampleElements.All) .via(AccumulateWhileUnchanged(_.value)) .toMat(TestSink.probe)(Keep.both) .run() sink.request(42) sink.expectNext(SampleElements.Ones, SampleElements.Twos, SampleElements.Threes) sink.expectComplete() } }

The TestSink.probe (line 6) creates an instance of akka.stream.testkit.TestSubscriber.Probe , which offers methods such as expectNext() or expectComplete() (lines 10-11) to verify whether the stage behaves correctly.

Summary

After diligently going through this post, you should understand how the GraphStage API is designed and how to use it to implement your own graph stage.

For even more details, please refer to the Custom stream processing section of the Akka Streams documentation.