At first glance Ivan Mertsalov seems like an average teenager. He plays music, watches sports and is not yet sure what he wants to do with his future. Yesterday he wanted to be an actor, today a lawyer, tomorrow it'll probably be something else. But unlike most teenagers, Mertsalov, 15, can take apart and reassemble an assault rifle in under 30 seconds. That’s because he’s a member of Yunarmia — or Youth Army — a “youth military-patriotic movement” backed by Russia’s Defense Ministry. “People around town have compared us to the Hitler Youth; we’re not,” said Alexander Oborotov, 26, a Youth Army instructor who recruited Mertsalov to the organization just over a year ago. “It’s not that I think there will be a war with the United States tomorrow, but we do need to be prepared.” Since Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered its establishment at the army’s behest in October 2015, upward of 416,000 children between the ages of 8 and 18 have joined the Youth Army’s ranks. On the organization’s website, a live ticker tracking membership increases by the dozens every day. By World War II Victory Day on May 9, the group hopes to have 500,000 members; by 2020 it aims to reach one million.

Backers of the Youth Army say that the organization’s purpose is more than preparing the next generation for military service. Comparing it to organizations like the U.S.’ Boy Scouts, they say the goal is to develop patriots and active citizens who will be dedicated to improving Russia. Critics, however, argue that the movement is an instrument for those in power to hold onto it. They claim that it is an attempt to breed loyalty as the authorities compete for the hearts of Russia’s youth with opposition politicians like Alexei Navalny, who has inspired teenagers to take to the streets in protest against Putin’s administration. With Putin’s fourth presidential term ending in 2024, speculation over succession is already beginning to swirl, and commentators have argued that the Youth Army is an attempt by Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu to carve out a base loyal to him. But critics say that the military should not be allowed to take such an active role in the upbringing of Russia’s children. “It’s a crime,” said Valentina Grebenik, executive secretary of the Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia. “The militarization of childhood is banned by the [United Nations] Convention on the Rights of the Child. What is going on is an outrage against our kids and our society.”

Militarization drumbeat On a recent evening, a dozen members of the Youth Army in Dzerzhinsky, a town just outside Moscow named after the first director of the Soviet secret police service, the Cheka, gathered at a local youth center. Some practiced military-style marching; others filmed a video for YouTube in which they took turns recounting historical events, including Yury Gagarin’s first flight to space and Alexander Nevsky’s 1242 military victory in the Battle on the Ice. Three to four times per week, the children gather after school or on a weekend morning to discuss history — mostly wars — plan events, and exercise. Wearing their trademark red berets, they take trips to theaters and museums, clean the town’s monuments, volunteer with veterans and attend military-patriotic camps, where students compete in drills and cadet exercises. “A people that doesn’t want to feed its own army will feed someone else’s,” said Oborotov, who is an official in Dzerzhinsky's town hall and was appointed in 2016 to head the town’s Youth Army branch, officially numbering 62 members. “But ultimately I just want to teach these children to love the country they were born in.” Instilling patriotic values in Russia’s children has been a large part of officials’ job descriptions since Putin’s third presidential term. A year into his fourth, that push has gone into overdrive. Earlier this month, state television launched a new channel, “Pobeda” — or Victory — targeting Russia’s youth with 24/7 programming dedicated entirely to World War II. And in March, Nikolai Patrushev, Security Council Secretary and former head of the Federal Security Service (FSB), announced that delinquent youngsters would be sent to military-patriotic re-education camps.

Youth Army members practice marching at the organization’s Dzerzhinsky branch. Evan Gershkovich / MT

For Grebenik, these measures are less about patriotism than militarization. She laments that ventures like the Youth Army have been met with little resistance, and instead are welcomed by politicians and parents who she said have nostalgia for Soviet youth organizations like the Pioneers and the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, or Komsomol. In fact, the head of St. Petersburg’s Youth Army branch, Igor Korovin, said in an interview Wednesday that the organization would soon start building centers in seven cities that would resemble Soviet Pioneers' Palaces. “They’ll be like classic Pioneers' Palaces but with a focus only on military-patriotic development,” Korovin said. “We will introduce the kids to troops and weapons so that they have at least some skills for military service.” If there has been any opposition to this drive, Grebenik said that it is in the minority and has been “unable to push back.” Some young people were against the idea before coming around. When Mertsalov first read about the Youth Army online he thought it was a propaganda-driven effort to recruit children to the country’s armed forces. But after Oborotov showed up at his school one day with a pitch that sounded more akin to community service, Mertsalov decided to give it a shot. “I like that I’ve become more disciplined,” he said. “I wasn’t seeking out an organization like this, but it’s good to be a civically engaged person.” Recruitment drive In its efforts to recruit new members, the Youth Army offers incentives. Members who want to become army officers, for example, earn merits for their resumes by placing well in competitions — weapons assembly, shooting accuracy and physical endurance — held during the military-patriotic camps organized regularly throughout the year. Recently, those incentives have been extended to those without apparent aims at earning high standing in the military: At the end of March, the Youth Army announced that 20 universities around the country would award its members extra credits for those accomplishments upon matriculation. Some of the official recruitment, however, has relied less on incentives and more on heavy-handed tactics. Reports this year have surfaced of parents complaining that teachers have forced their children into joining the organization. And in January an apparent Defense Ministry document circulated online stating that all children of officers were required to join the Youth Army. “The absence of officers’ children in the ranks of the Youth Army will be regarded as a misunderstanding by military personnel of the principles of state policy in the field of the patriotic education of citizens,” the document read.

Ivan Mertsalov, bottom right, at first thought the Youth Army was propaganda. Now he argues it's about civic engagement. Evan Gershkovich / MT

Some educators have even lost their jobs for questioning the Youth Army’s benefits. Last year, a teacher in the Arctic region of Murmansk was reportedly fired for complaining about the organization in a social media post. A court later ruled that the firing was illegal and the educator was reinstated. And that July, Russia’s children’s rights ombudsman Anna Kuznetsova called on state-run homes for orphans and troubled youth to urge their children to join the Youth Army. “It’s idiotic,” said Nikolai Scherbakov, a child psychologist who works with Happy Children, a non-profit organization based in Siberia’s Krasnoyarsk region. “The last thing these children need is to be involved with the military. And it’s bad for the army too, because in the long run it will be full of people with behavioral problems.” “You’d think it’d be more important for the authorities to spend money on the right education for these kids rather than coercing them into the army,” he added.

The authorities, though, appear to be pleased with the Youth Army’s developments, and are continuing to push for it to expand: Last month, the Kommersant daily reported that the Defense Ministry had ordered Youth Army regiments to be added to all of its military complexes. Loyalty factory The Youth Army has been able to expand so quickly because military-patriotic clubs have existed around the country since the 1990s. Many have been folded into the Kremlin-backed flavor of the day. The organization is also, especially in the regions, seen as a tool for socioeconomic mobility, say Alexandra Arkhipova and Maria Gavrilova, sociologists with the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), who have traveled to towns and villages across Russia to study military-patriotic movements. “The first thing you see when you go in is a big stand advertising military-patriotic camps, and maybe portraits of graduates who fought in Afghanistan or Chechnya,” said Gavrilova. Her overall takeaway, she said, has been that many families in impoverished Russian villages see military, police or special security service as a way out. “It all reminds me of [Alexander] Petrov and [Ruslan] Boshirov,” she said, referring to two Russians accused of working for the GRU military intelligence service and poisoning former Russian spy Sergei Skripal in the United Kingdom last spring. Russian and Western media outlets found that the men were both excellent students who grew up in far-flung villages. “The more depressed and poor the town, the more prestigious the Youth Army seems,” Gavrilova said.

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