The commanding large-scale canvas Mountain Forms by iconic artist and Group of Seven founder Lawren Harris — a mountain scene from his coveted 1920s creative period — sold for a record $9.5 million at the Heffel Fine Art Auction House in Toronto in Nov. 2016.

Tapped with a conservative presale estimate of $3 million to $5 million, the painting ultimately sold for much more, making it the most expensive Canadian artwork ever sold at auction, knocking off longtime record-holder Paul Kane's Scene in the Northwest. Including the buyer's sales premium, the painting sold for $11.21 million.

Here are the top five most valuable Canadian artworks ever sold at auction.

1. Lawren Harris, Mountain Forms

​Sold in 2016 for $11,210,000 (all prices including sales premium)

Lawren Harris' Mountain Forms fetches 9.5 million (hammer price) , breaks record at <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/heffelauction?src=hash">#heffelauction</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/cbcent?src=hash">#cbcent</a> <a href="https://t.co/epMcax9Yh0">pic.twitter.com/epMcax9Yh0</a> —@deanasumanac

2. Jean Paul Riopelle, Vent du nord​

​Sold in 2017 for $7,438,750

Jean Paul Riopelle's abstract work Vent du nord headed into Heffel's spring 2017 auction with a conservative pre-sale estimate of $1 million to $1.5 million. (Heffel Auction/The Canadian Press)

3. Paul Kane, Scene in the Northwest – Portrait of John Henry Lefroy ​

​Sold in 2002 for $5,062,000

Art lover and media baron Ken Thomson bought Scene in the Northwest at a Sotheby's Canada sale in 2002, eventually donating it to the Art Gallery of Ontario. (Courtesy: The Thomson Collection/Art Gallery of Ontario)

4. Lawren Harris, Mountain and Glacier

Sold in 2015 for $4,602,000

Heffel set a new record for a Harris work with Mountain and Glacier that was sold at an auction in Nov. 2015. (Heffel Fine Art Auction House)

5. Jeff Wall, Dead Troops Talk (A Vision After an Ambush of a Red Army patrol, near Moqor, Afghanistan, Winter 1986)

Sold in 2012 for $3,666,400