THE "GOLDEN RICE" HOAX -

When Public Relations replaces Science

by Dr. Vandana Shiva



"Golden Rice": A technology for creating Vitamin A deficiency.

Golden rice has been heralded as the miracle cure for malnutrition and hunger of which 800m members of

the human community suffer.

Herbicide resistant and toxin producing genetically engineered plants can be objectionable because of their

ecological and social costs. But who could possibly object to rice engineered to produce vitamin A, a

deficiency found in nearly 3 million children, largely in the Third World?

As remarked by Mary Lou Guerinot, the author of the Commentary on Vitamin A rice in Science, one

can only hope that this application of plant genetic engineering to ameliorate human misery without regard

to short term profit will restore this technology to political acceptability.

Unfortunately, Vitamin A rice is a hoax, and will bring further dispute to plant genetic engineering where

public relations exercises seem to have replaced science in promotion of untested, unproven and

unnecessary technology.

The problem is that vitamin A rice will not remove vitamin A deficiency (VAD). It will seriously

aggravate it. It is a technology that fails in its promise.

Currently, it is not even known how much vitamin JA the genetically engineered rice will produce. The

goal is 33.3% micrograms/100g of rice. Even if this goal is reached after a few years, it will be totally

ineffective in removing VAD.

Since the daily average requirement of vitamin A is 750 micrograms of vitamin A and 1 serving contains

30g of rice according to dry weight basis, vitamin A rice would only provide 9.9 micrograms which is

1.32% of the required allowance. Even taking the 100g figure of daily consumption of rice used in the

technology transfer paper would only provide 4.4% of the RDA.

In order to meet the full needs of 750 micrograms of vitamin A from rice, an adult would have to

consume 2 kg 272g of rice per day. This implies that one family member would consume the entire

family ration of 10 kg. from the PDS in 4 days to meet vitaminA needs through "Golden rice".

This is a recipe for creating hunger and malnutrition, not solving it.

Besides creating vitamin A deficiency, vitamin A rice will also create deficiency in other micronutrients

and nutrients. Raw milled rice has a low content of Fat (0.5g/100g). Since fat is necessary for vitamin A

uptake, this will aggravate vitamin A deficiency. It also has only 6.8g/100g of protein, which means less

carrier molecules. It has only 0.7g/100g of iron, which plays a vital role in the conversion of Betacarotene

(precursor of vitamin A found in plant sources) to vitamin A.

Superior Alternatives exist and are effective.

A far more efficient route to removing vitamin A deficiency is biodiversity conservation and propagation

of naturally vitamin A rich plants in agriculture and diets.

Table 1 gives sources rich in vitamin A used commonly in Indian foods.

Source Hindi name/ Content (microgram/100g)

(Amaranth leaves) Chauli saag=266-1,166 -

(Coriander leaves) - Dhania=1,166-1,333

(Cabbage) Bandh gobi=217

(Curry leaves)-Curry patta=1,333

(Drumstick leaves)-Saijan patta1=283

(Fenugreek leaves)-Methi-ka-saag=450

(Radish leaves)-Mooli-ka-saag=750

(Mint)-Pudhina=300

(Spinach)-Palak saag=600

(Carrot)-Gajar=217-434

(Pumpkin (yellow))-Kaddu=100-120

(Mango (ripe))-Aam=500

(Jackfruit)-Kathal=54

(Orange)-Santra=35

(Tomato (ripe))-Tamatar=32

(Milk (cow, buffalo))-Doodh=50-60

(Butter)-Makkhan=720-1,200

(Egg (hen))-Anda=300-400

(Liver (Goat, sheep))-Kalegi=6,600 - 10,000

Cod liver oil=10,000 - 100,000

In spite of the diversity of plants evolved and bred for their rich vitamin A content, a report of the Major

Science Academies of the World - Royal Society, U.K., National Academy of Sciences of the USA, The

Third World Academy of Science, Indian National Science Academy, Mexican Academy of Sciences,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brazilian Academy of Sciences - on Transgenic Plants and World

Agriculture has stated, Vitamin A deficiency causes half a million children to become partially or totally

blind each year.

Traditional breeding methods have been unsuccessful in producing crops containing a high vitamin A

concentration and most national authorities rely on expensive and complicated supplementation programs

to address the problem. Researchers have introduced three new genes into rice, two from daffodils and

one from a microorganism. The transgenic rice exhibits an increased production of betacarotene as a

precursor to vitamin A and the seed in yellow in colour. Such yellow, or golden rice, may be a useful tool

to help treat the problem of vitamin A deficiency in young children living in the tropics.

It appears as if the world’s top scientists suffer a more severe form of blindness than children in poor

countries. The statement that "traditional breeding has been unsuccessful in producing crops high in

vitamin A" is not true given the diversity of plants and crops that Third World farmers, especially women

have bred and used which are rich sources of vitamin A such as coriander, amaranth, carrot, pumpkin,

mango, jackfruit.

It is also untrue that vitamin A rice will lead to increased production of betacarotene. Even if the target

of 33.3 microgram of vitamin A in 100g of rice is achieved, it will be only 2.8% of betacarotene we can

obtain from amaranth leaves 2.4% of betacarotene obtained from coriander leaves, curry leaves and

drumstick leaves.

Even the World Bank has admitted that rediscovering and use of local plants and conservation of vitamin

A rich green leafy vegetables and fruits have dramatically reduced VAD threatened children over the past

20 years in very cheap and efficient ways. Women in Bengal use more than 200 varieties of field greens.

Over a 3 million people have benefited greatly from a food based project for removing VAD by increasing

vitamin A availability through home gardens. The higher the diversity crops the better the uptake of

pro-vitamin A.

The reason there is vitamin A deficiency in India in spite of the rich biodiversity a base and indigenous

knowledge base in India is because the Green Revolution technologies wiped out biodiversity by

converting mixed cropping systems to monocultures of wheat and rice and by spreading the use of

herbicides which destroy field greens.

In spite of effective and proven alternatives, a technology transfer agreement has been signed between the

Swiss Government and the Government of India for the transfer of genetically engineered vitamin A rice

to India.

The ICAR, ICMR, ICDS, USAIUD, UNICEF, WHO have been identified as potential partners. The

breeding and transformation is to be carried out at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and University of

Delhi, South Campus.

The Indian varieties in which the vitamin A traits are expected to be engineered have been identified as IR

64, Pusa Basmati, PR 114 and ASD 16.

Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has been identified as "God father" to ensuring public acceptance of genetically

engineered rice. DBT & ICAR are also potential partners for guaranteeing public acceptance and steady

progress of the project.

Genetically engineered vitamin A rice will aggravate this destruction since it is part of an industrial

agriculture, intensive input package. It will also lead to major water scarcity since it is a water intensive

crop and displaces water prudent sources of vitamin A.

Transferring an Illusion to India.

The first step in the technology transfer of vitamin A rice requires a need assessment and an assessment

of technology availability. One assessment shows that vitamin A rice fails to pass the need test.

The technology availability issue is related to whether the various elements and methods used for the

construction of transgenic crop plants are covered by intellectual property rights. Licenses for these rights

need to be obtained before a product can be commercialised. The Cornell based ISAAA (International

Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Application) has been identified as the partner for ensuring

technology availability by ensuring technology availability by having material transfer agreements signed

between the representative authority of the ICAR and the "owners" of the technology, Prof. I. Potrykus

and Prof. P. Beyer.

In addition, Novartis and Kerin Breweries have patents on the genes used as constructs for the vitamin A

rice.

At a public hearing on Biotechnology at U.S. Congress on 29th June 2000, Astra-Zeneca stated they

would be giving away royalty free licenses for the development of "Golden rice".

At a workshop organised by the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Dr. Barry of Monsanto’s Rice

Genome initiative announced that it will provide royalty-free licenses for all its technologies that can help

the further development of "golden rice".

Hence these gene giants Novartis, Astra-Zeneca and Monsanto are claiming exclusive ownership to the

basic patents related to rice research. Further, neither Monsanto nor Astra - Zeneca said they will give up

their patents on rice - they are merely giving royalty free licenses to public sector scientists for

development of "golden rice". This is an arrangement for a public subsidy to corporate giants for R&D

since they do not have the expertise or experience with rice breeding which public institutions have.

Not giving up the patents, but merely giving royalty free licenses implies that the corporations like

Monsanto would ultimately like to collect royalties from farmers for rice varieties developed by public

sector research systems. Monsanto has stated that it expects long term gains from these IPR

arrangements, which implies markets in rice as "intellectual property" which cannot be saved or

exchanged for seed. The real test for Monsanto would be its declaration of giving up any patent claims to

rice now and in the future and joining the call to remove plants and biodiversity out of TRIPS. Failing

such an undertaking by Monsanto the announcement that Monsanto giving royalty free licenses for

development of vitamin A rice like the rice itself can only be taken as a hoax to establish monopoly over

rice production, and reduce rice farmers of India into bio-serfs.

While the complicated technology transfer package of "Golden Rice" will not solve vitamin A problems in

India, it is a very effective strategy for corporate take over of rice production, using the public sector as a

Trojan horse.