d i g i t a l digital equipment corporation • maynard, massachusetts

ERR PARERR

ERR ADRSERR RUN PAUSE MASTER USER SUPER KERNEL DATA

16 16

18 18

22 22 ADDRESSING ADDRESS USER D USER D USER I USER I SUPER D SUPER D SUPER I SUPER I KERNEL D KERNEL D KERNEL I KERNEL I CONS PHY CONS PHY PROG PHY PROG PHY POWER LOCK OFF PARITY HIGH LOW DATA DATA

PATHS DATAPATHS µ ADRS

FPP/CPU µ ADRSFPP/CPU BUS REG BUS REG DISPLAY

REGISTER DISPLAYREGISTER

21

20

19

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17

16

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14

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12

11

10

9

8

7

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5

4

3

2

1

0

LOAD

ADRS

EXAM

DEP

CONT

ENABLE HALT ENABLEHALT

S INST S BUS S INSTS BUS

START

console



Ctrl/C Ctrl/D Ctrl/H LF Ctrl/Q Ctrl/S Ctrl/T Ctrl/Z ESC TAB Break REBOOT

Paper tape reader file none BASIC-11 V007A ODT-11X-V004A ED-11-V004B

PDP 11/70 Emulator - v3.1 August 2020

This emulator came about because years ago I was a programmer for RSTS/E on a PDP 11/45 and had admired the console idle loop light pattern - but I couldn't quite remember how it looked. Given the unavailability of real systems it became time to write an emulator!

I was going to start with a PDP 11/45 emulator but the extra memory of a PDP 11/70 became far too attractive (a whole 4MB!). It took some time before I finally produced a PDP 11/45 version.

I have met my core objective - I can now see the RSTS/E console light pattern that I was looking for, and found that newer versions (eg v9.6) have a different light pattern. Also I have now seen some of the light patterns for other OSes. RSX and BSD 2.11 have their own different patterns and Unix V5 and Ultrix operate with absolute minimum light movement (I'm assuming they operates mostly in WAIT mode).

Getting all of the operating systems used here presents its own set of challenges - one of which is finding the software in the first place. But one of the most interesting was RSTS/E V06C which has its own story.

Note: The boot code in this emulator is a custom PDP 11 program running with it's own set of light patterns. It is initially loaded at address 140000 and has a LIGHTS command which operates by mapping and executing a WAIT instruction from a pattern of virtual addresses located in Supervisor mode. You can also use the BOOT command to start one of the guest operating systems listed below, or the ODT command to start a version of the Octal Debugging Tool.

However boot code like this was not part of early PDP 11s. These systems had no BIOS or other software to help get the bare metal started. If you were lucky perhaps the previous boot code would still be intact in non-volatile magnetic core memory, but in general booting the system required toggling in a small bootstrap loader from the front panel. There are listings of bootstrap loaders for various devices here. If you are a purist don't use the boot code! Instead find the bootstrap code for the device you want to boot from and toggle it in through the switches. However be warned - the boot program will not work unless toggled in perfectly which often takes a few goes.

Here is an example of the switch commands for booting from an RK05 where the value at address 1002 selects the unit number (rk0, rk1, rk2, etc). Goodluck!

Address Data Code Switch commands HALT, 001000, LOAD ADDRESS 001000 012737 mov #unit,rkda 012737, DEPOSIT 001002 000000 000000, DEPOSIT or 020000 for rk1, 040000 for rk2, etc 001004 177412 177412, DEPOSIT 001006 012700 mov #rkwc, r0 012700, DEPOSIT 001010 177406 177406, DEPOSIT 001012 012710 mov #-256,(r0) 012710, DEPOSIT 001014 177400 177400, DEPOSIT 001016 012740 mov #5,-(r0) 012740, DEPOSIT 001020 000005 000005, DEPOSIT 001022 105710 tstb (r0) 105710, DEPOSIT 001024 100376 bpl .-2 100376, DEPOSIT 001026 005007 clr pc 005007, DEPOSIT 001000, LOAD ADDRESS, ENABLE, START

If you wish to toggle in a simple light chaser to the front panel then here are some switch commands which can be used:

Address Data Code Switch commands HALT, 001000, LOAD ADDRESS 001000 012700 mov #1,r0 012700, DEPOSIT 001002 000001 000001, DEPOSIT 001004 006100 rol r0 006100, DEPOSIT 001006 000005 reset 000005, DEPOSIT 001010 000775 br .-4 000775, DEPOSIT 001000, LOAD ADDRESS, ENABLE, START

HALT, 140000, LOAD ADDRESS, ENABLE, START

If you plan to run the emulator repeatedly or for a project, consider downloading the emulator to your own machine or server. This will significantly speed any of the emulator disk accesses and response times. All files and emulator OS disks can be found in the top level folder of http://skn.noip.me/pdp11/ or in the zip file pdp11.zip Please note that browser security policy may prevent local emulator pages from booting disk images so please read the information in StartChrome.cmd

If you are interested in how the emulator works then you can browse the source files on Github. The main Javascript files are pdp11.js, fpp.js and iopage.js

There are many PDP emulators out there and I have never seen what I consider to be a complete list. Some of the really interesting ones can be found by googling terms such as "vhdl pdp 11". However the gold standard is SIMH at Trailing Edge. A different approach to Javascript PDP 11 emulation can be found at www.pcjs.org.

I believe that the first PDP 11 emulator would be SIM-11 written in FORTRAN before the first PDP 11/20 hardware was even built - see How the PDP-11 Was Born. There is more PDP 11 history at www.hampage.hu.

Of course if you want your own PDP 11/70 front panel you might consider a PiDP-11.

Happy emulating!

Paul Nankervis

This emulator matches approximately the following SIMH configuration:

set cpu 11/70 1912K nofpp !1912K is not actually SIMH legal - use 2M instead set clk 50hz attach rk0 rk0.dsk !RK05 image of Unix V5 attach rk1 rk1.dsk !RK05 image of RT11 v4.0 attach rk2 rk2.dsk !RK05 image of RSTS V06C-03 attach rk3 rk3.dsk !RK05 image of XXDP attach rk4 rk4.dsk !RK05 image of RT-11 3B attach rk5 rk5.dsk !RK05 image of RT-11 V5.4F set rl0 RL02 attach rl0 rl0.dsk !RL02 image of BSD 2.9 set rl1 RL02 attach rl1 rl1.dsk !RL02 image of RSX 11M v3.2 set rl2 RL01 attach rl2 rl2.dsk !RL01 image of RSTS/E v7.0 set rl3 RL02 attach rl3 rl3.dsk !RL02 image of XXDP+ set rp0 RP06 attach rp0 rp0.dsk !RP06 image of ULTRIX-11 V3.1 set rp1 RP06 attach rp1 rp1.dsk !RP06 image of BSD 2.11 set rp2 RP04 attach rp2 rp2.dsk !RP04 image of RSTS/E v9.6 set rp3 RP04 attach rp3 rp3.dsk !RP04 image of RSX 11M v4.6 set rp4 RP04 attach rp4 rp4.dsk !RP04 image of RSTS/E v10.1 attach tm0 tm0.tap !Backup of RSTS 4B-17 attach tm1 tm1.tap !Distribution for RSTS V06C-03 attach tm2 tm2.tap !Distribution for RSTS V7.0

List of guest OS's:

Disk OS Comment RK0 Unix V5 Boot using: unix then login as root RK1 RT11 v4.0 The lightest/fastest OS here RK2 RSTS V06C-03 Boot and login as 1,2 with password SYSTEM or as 11,70 using PDP RK3 XXDP Diagnostic OS and utilities RK4 RT-11 3B Distribution for RT-11 Version 3B RK5 RT-11 V5.4F Distribution for RT-11 Version 5.4F TM0 RSTS 4B-17 Boot ROLLIN from TM0 and restore DK0 with "DK:<MT:VIXEN/REW". Reboot from DK0 with "/BO:DK" to auto-login as 1,2 (password is SYSTEM ) Relogin as 11,70 with password PDP Commands are case sensitive. RL0 BSD 2.9 Boot using: rl(0,0)rlunix CTRL/D to exit single user and start multiuser - login as root (no password) RL1 RSX 11M v3.2 Login as 1,2 with password SYSTEM RL2 RSTS/E v7.0 Option: <LF> Suboption: <LF> ... Login as 1,2 using SYSTEM or 11,70 using PDP RL3 XXDP Larger version of diagnostics - including PDP 11/70 utilities RP0 ULTRIX-11 V3.1 CTRL/D to enter multiuser mode. Login as root with no password RP1 BSD 2.11 Will autoboot and enter multiuser mode. Login as root with no password RP2 RSTS/E v9.6 Answer boot questions and login as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) or 11,70 (no password) RP3 RSX 11M v4.6 Starts logged in as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) - user accounts 200,1 (no password) or 11,70 (password PDP ) RP4 RSTS/E v10.1 Answer boot questions and login as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) or 11,70 (no password)

Note: Disks are shown in approximately order size. The RK05 disks at the top are small and not too bad to use across a network. The RP06 disks at the bottom can be rather slow.

Youtube video 1

Youtube video 2

Example boot of Unix V5

Boot> boot rk0 @unix login: root # cat /etc/passwd root::0:1::/: daemon::1:1::/bin: bin::3:1::/bin: # who root tty8 Mar 21 12:09 # chdir /usr/sys/ken # pwd ../usr/sys/ken # ls -al total 121 drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 352 Nov 26 18:13 . drwxr-xr-x 5 bin 384 Nov 26 18:13 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 3855 Nov 26 18:13 alloc.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2159 Nov 26 18:13 clock.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2662 Nov 26 18:13 fio.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2941 Nov 26 18:13 iget.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2674 Nov 26 18:13 main.c ... # ls -al /usr/games total 64 drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 144 Nov 26 18:13 . drwxr-xr-x 14 bin 224 Nov 26 18:13 .. -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 1562 Nov 26 18:13 bj -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 16268 Nov 26 18:13 chess -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 2468 Nov 26 18:13 cubic -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 624 Nov 26 18:13 moo -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 2192 Nov 26 18:13 ttt -rw-rw-rw- 1 bin 294 Nov 26 18:13 ttt.k -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 5386 Nov 26 18:13 wump # ls -al /bin total 339 drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 944 Nov 26 18:13 . drwxr-xr-x 9 bin 160 Jan 29 16:14 .. -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 1514 Nov 26 18:13 ar -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 7308 Nov 26 18:13 as -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 6042 Nov 26 18:13 bas -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 152 Nov 26 18:13 cat -rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 5668 Nov 26 18:13 cc .... # ls -al /usr/source/s2 total 281 drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 848 Jan 2 19:36 . drwxr-xr-x 7 bin 112 Nov 26 18:13 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 4233 Nov 26 18:13 mail.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 588 Nov 26 18:13 mesg.s -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 1088 Nov 26 18:13 mkdir.s -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 6922 Nov 26 18:13 mkfs.c -rw-r--r-- 1 bin 563 Nov 26 18:13 mknod.c ... # chdir / # cal 10 1981 Oct 1981 S M Tu W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 # bas print sqr(2) 1.414213562 10 print "Calculating e" 20 p = 20 30 k = 1 40 e = 0 50 for x=1 p 60 e = e + 1/k 70 k = k * x 80 next x 90 print "e=" e " (" exp(1) ")" run Calculating e e=2.718281828 (2.718281828) CTRL/D # cat > hello.c main(argc, argv) char **argv; { printf("Hello world

"); } CTRL/D # cc hello.c # a.out Hello world # cat > pi.f c PI via Nilakantha series: 3 + 4/(2*3*4) - 4/(4*5*6) + 4/(6*7*8) ... double precision pi, n, d pi = 3.0 n = 4.0 d = 2.0 do 25 i=1,3000 pi = pi + n / (d * (d + 1.0) * (d + 2.0)) d = d + 2.0 n = -n 25 continue write(6,70) pi 70 format('PI is approximately ', d2.16) end CTRL/D # fc pi.f # a.out PI is approximately 0.3141592653580503d+01 #

Example boot of RT11 v4.0

Boot> boot rk1 RT-11SJ V04.00C .D 56=5015 .TYPE V4USER.TXT Welcome to RT-11 Version 4. RT-11 V04 provides new hardware support and some major enhancements over Version 3B. Please use the HELP command; it describes the new options in many of the utilities. If you are using a terminal that requires fill characters, modify location 56 with a Deposit command before proceeding with system installation. LA36 DECwriter II and VT52 DECscope terminals do NOT require such modification. .D 56=0 .DIR SWAP .SYS 25 01-Feb-82 RT11BL.SYS 65 01-Feb-82 RT11SJ.SYS 67 01-Feb-82 RT11FB.SYS 80 01-Feb-82 ... DISMT2.COM 8 01-Feb-82 DUNGEO.COM 1 07-Jun-86 DSAVE .DAT 10 07-Jun-86 ADVENT.DOC 4 20-Jul-85 DUNGEO.SAV 216 07-Jun-86 DINDX .DAT 20 07-Jun-86 DTEXT .DAT 383 07-Jun-86 ADVENT.SAV 93 20-Jul-85 ADVENT.VAR 22 20-Jul-85 ADVTXT.TXT 125 20-Jul-85 ODT11 .MAC 61 31-Oct-74 ANIMAL.SAV 22 02-Oct-85 BLKJAK.SAV 20 02-Nov-85 FORTH .MAC 146 RTLEM .MAC 363 06-Sep-73 BOOT .MAC 26 24-Mar-75 118 Files, 3392 Blocks 1370 Free blocks .R DUNGEO Welcome to Dungeon. This version created 10-AUG-78. You are in an open field west of a big white house with a boarded front door. There is a small mailbox here. >OPEN MAILBOX Opening the mailbox reveals: A leaflet. >READ LEAFLET Taken. Welcome to Dungeon! Dungeon is a game of adventure, danger, and low cunning. In it you will explore some of the most amazing territory ever seen by mortal man. Hardened adventurers have run screaming from the terrors contained within. In Dungeon, the intrepid explorer delves into the forgotten secrets of a lost labyrinth deep in the bowels of the earth, searching for vast treasures long hidden from prying eyes, treasures guarded by fearsome monsters and diabolical traps! No DECsystem should be without one! Dungeon was created at the Programming Technology Division of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science by Tim Anderson, Marc Blank, Bruce Daniels, and Dave Lebling. It was inspired by the Adventure game of Crowther and Woods, and the Dungeons and Dragons game of Gygax and Arneson. The original version was written in MDL (alias MUDDLE). The current version was translated from MDL into FORTRAN IV by a somewhat paranoid DEC engineer who prefers to remain anonymous. On-line information may be obtained with the commands HELP and INFO. >QUIT Your score would be 0 [total of 560 points], in 1 move. This gives you the rank of beginner. Do you wish to leave the game? Y .MAC RTLEM ERRORS DETECTED: 0 .LINK RTLEM .RUN RTLEM ... attempt to land the lunar module using the mouse as a light pen - goodluck!

Example boot of RSTS V06C-03

Boot> boot rk2 RSTS V06C-03 Vixen (DK2) Option: You currently have: JOB MAX = 31, SWAP MAX = 28K. You currently have crash dump disabled. DD-MMM-YY? 31-OCT-76 12:00 PM? 9:03 INIT V06C-03 RSTS V06C-03 Vixen Command File Name? DETACHING... I11/70 Password: PDP Ready DIR Name .Ext Size Prot Date SY:[11,70] ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76 TREK .BAS 16 < 60> 31-Oct-76 TREK .DOC 9 < 60> 31-Oct-76 ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76 STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> 31-Mar-81 STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60> 31-Mar-81 ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> 20-Jul-85 ADVENT.SAV 93 <124> 20-Jul-85 ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> 20-Jul-85 ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60> 20-Jul-85 SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> 13-Mar-77 HELLO .MAC 1 < 60> 13-Mar-77 PRIME .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76 PI .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76 BOOT .MAC 26 < 60> 01-Jan-76 Total of 386 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70] Ready RUN PI 3.14159265358979 Ready RUN ADVENT WELCOME TO ADVENTURE!! WOULD YOU LIKE INSTRUCTIONS? NO YOU ARE STANDING AT THE END OF A ROAD BEFORE A SMALL BRICK BUILDING. AROUND YOU IS A FOREST. A SMALL STREAM FLOWS OUT OF THE BUILDING AND DOWN A GULLY. E YOU ARE INSIDE A BUILDING, A WELL HOUSE FOR A LARGE SPRING. THERE ARE SOME KEYS ON THE GROUND HERE. THERE IS A SHINY BRASS LAMP NEARBY. THERE IS FOOD HERE. THERE IS A BOTTLE OF WATER HERE. GET FOOD OK QUIT DO YOU REALLY WANT TO QUIT NOW? Y OK YOU SCORED 32 OUT OF A POSSIBLE 350, USING 3 TURNS. YOU ARE OBVIOUSLY A RANK AMATEUR. BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME. TO ACHIEVE THE NEXT HIGHER RATING, YOU NEED 4 MORE POINTS. Ready RUN ACEY ACEY DUCEY CARD GAME CREATIVE COMPUTING MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY ACEY-DUCEY IS PLAYED IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER THE DEALER (COMPUTER) DEALS TWO CARDS FACE UP YOU HAVE AN OPTION TO BET OR NOT BET DEPENDING ON WHETHER OR NOT YOU FEEL THE CARD WILL HAVE A VALUE BETWEEN THE FIRST TWO. IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO BET, INPUT A 0 YOU NOW HAVE 100 DOLLARS. HERE ARE YOUR NEXT TWO CARDS: 4 5 WHAT IS YOUR BET? 100 9 SORRY, YOU LOSE SORRY, FRIEND, BUT YOU BLEW YOUR WAD. TRY AGAIN (YES OR NO)? NO O.K., HOPE YOU HAD FUN! Ready SYSTAT RSTS V06C-03 Vixen status at 31-Oct-76, 09:05 AM Up: 2:34 Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS 1 [OPR] Det ERRCPY 5K SR 5.0 BASIC 2 [SELF] KB0 SYSTAT 8K RN Lck 2.1 BASIC Busy Devices: None Disk Structure: Disk Open Free Cluster Errors Name Comments DK2 3 324 1 0 VIXEN Pub, DLW Small Large Jobs Hung TTY's Errors 380 1 2/2 0 0 Run-Time Systems: Name Ext Size Users Comments BASIC BAC 16(16)K 2 Perm, Addr:26, KBM, CSZ RSX TSK 2(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM RT11 SAV 4(28)K 0 Temp, Addr:66, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255 RMS11 TSK 4(28)K 0 Non-Res Message Receivers: Name Job Msgs Max Senders ERRLOG 1 0 40 Priv Ready BYE/Y Saved all disk files; 388 blocks in use, 112 free Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0 at 31-Oct-76 09:05 AM System RSTS V06C-03 Vixen Run time was 2.7 seconds Elapsed time was 2 minutes Good morning

Example boot of XXDP

Boot> boot rk3 CHMDKB1 XXDP+ DK MONITOR BOOTED VIA UNIT 3 28K UNIBUS SYSTEM ENTER DATE (DD-MMM-YY): RESTART ADDR: 152010 THIS IS XXDP+. TYPE "H" OR "H/L" FOR HELP. .R EKBB?? EKBBF0.BIC CEKBBF0 11/70 CPU #2 A CPU UNDER TEST FOUND TO BE A KB11-B/C OR KB11-CM LOOK AT THE CONSOLE LIGHTS THE DATA LIGHTS SHOULD READ 166667 THE ADDRESS LIGHTS SHOULD READ 032236 CHANGE SWITCH 7 TO CONTINUE LOOK AT THE CONSOLE LIGHTS THE DATA LIGHTS SHOULD READ 166667 THE ADDRESS LIGHTS SHOULD READ 032316 TYPE A CHARACTER TO CONTINUE END PASS # 1 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA END PASS # 2 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA END PASS # 3 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA END PASS # 4 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA END PASS # 5 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ...

Example boot of RSTS 4B-17

Boot> boot tm0 ROLLIN V07 #DK:<MT:VIXEN/REW END-OF-FILE DURING READ, TYPE M TO MOUNT ANOTHER REEL, OR K TO KILL REQUEST: k #/BO:DK: RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN OPTION? ^J DD-MON-YY? 24-MAR-75 HH:MM? 9:21 VIXEN - SYSTEM PACK MOUNTED ENABLE CRASH DUMP? N CHAIN "INIT" CATASTROPHIC ERROR PROGRAM LOST-SORRY I/O CHANNEL NOT OPEN Ready SYSTEM INITIALIZATION PROGRAM END OF FILE ON DEVICE - INIT ASSUMED COMPLETE Ready CAT LOGIN .BAS 7 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM LOGIN .BAC 15 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM LOGOUT.BAS 7 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM LOGOUT.BAC 15 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM PIP .BAS 18 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM PIP .BAC 23 40 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM SYSTAT.BAS 12 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM SYSTAT.BAC 19 168 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM ... Ready RUN TTYSET 'TTYSET' TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS PROGRAM ? LC ? ^Z Ready run utilty 'UTILTY' SYSTEM UTILITY PROGRAM ? LOGINS ? HELP COMMANDS ARE: MOUNT DEV:ID DISMOUNT DEV: LOCK DEV: UNLOCK DEV: NO LOGINS LOGINS CLEAN DEV: KILL JOB# SEND KBN: STRING FORCE KBN: [^]STRING CHANGE [ACCT]PASSWORD QUOTA [ACCT] QUOTA ZERO DEV:[ACCT] HANGUP KBN: DATE DD-MMM-YY TIME HH:MM ? ^Z Ready run pip PIP - RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN #acct.sys 11,70,PDP,0,2,PDP 11/70 EMULATOR #^Z Ready run systat OUTPUT STATUS TO? kb: RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN STATUS ON 24-Mar-75 AT 09:22 AM UP: 1:07 JOB WHO WHERE WHAT SIZE STATE RUN-TIME 1 1,2 KB0 SYSTAT 6K RN 0.1 BUSY DEVICES: NONE DISK STRUCTURE: DISK OPEN FREE CLUSTER ERRORS COMMENTS DK0 0 3185 1 0 PUBLIC SMALL LARGE ERRORS HUNG TTY'S 69 0 0 0 Ready bye CONFIRM: y SAVED ALL DISK FILES; 782 BLOCKS IN USE JOB 1 USER 1,2 LOGGED OFF KB0 AT 24-Mar-75 09:22 AM SYSTEM RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN RUN TIME WAS .1 SECONDS ELAPSED TIME WAS 1 MINUTE, 20 SECONDS GOOD MORNING HELLO RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN JOB 1 KB0 24-Mar-75 09:24 AM #11,70 PASSWORD: PDP RSTS V4B-17 IS NOW AVAILABLE... NEW OR OLD-- ^C Ready CAT PRIME .BAS 1 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:43 AM PI .BAS 1 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:43 AM Ready OLD PI Ready LIST PI 09:25 AM 24-Mar-75 10 REM CALCULATE PI 20 P = 0 30 P1 = 1 40 FOR K%=0% TO 10% 50 P = P + 1.0/P1 * (4.0/(8%*K% + 1%) - 2.0/(8%*K% + 4%) - 1.0/(8%*K% +5%) - 1.0/(8%*K% + 6%)) 60 P1 = P1 * 16.0 70 NEXT K% 80 PRINT USING "#.##############",P 99 END Ready RUN PI 09:25 AM 24-Mar-75 3.14159265358979 Ready

Example boot of BSD 2.9

Boot> boot rl0 :boot 70Boot : rl(0,0)rlunix Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983 mem = 3797696 xp2: drive type 20 unrecognized xp3: drive type 20 unrecognized CONFIGURE SYSTEM: xp 0 csr 176700 vector 254 attached rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR rl 0 csr 174400 vector 160 attached rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 interrupt vector already in use ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 attached ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 interrupt vector already in use dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines lp 0 csr 177514 vector 200 attached Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C # ^D Wed Dec 31 16:02:43 PST 1969 /etc/fstab: No such file or directory /usr/sys: No such file or directory init: /dev/tty07: cannot open init: /dev/tty06: cannot open init: /dev/tty05: cannot open init: /dev/tty04: cannot open init: /dev/tty03: cannot open init: /dev/tty02: cannot open init: /dev/tty01: cannot open init: /dev/tty00: cannot open Berkeley Unix 2.9BSD :login: root Welcome to the 2.9BSD (Berkeley) UNIX system. # cat /etc/passwd root::0:2:The Man:/:/bin/csh toor::0:2:The Man:/: daemon:***:1:1:The devil himself:/: sys:***:2:1::/: bin:***:3:1::/: uucp::4:1:UNIX-to-UNIX Copy:/usr/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico notes:***:5:1:Notesfiles maintainer:/usr/spool/notes: anon:***:6:1:Notesfiles anonymous user:/usr/spool/notes: news:***:7:1:News maintainer:/usr/spool/news: wnj:ZDjXDBwXle2gc:8:2:Bill Joy,457E,7780:/a/guest/wnj:/bin/csh dmr:AiInt5qKdjmHs:9:2:Dennis Ritchie:/a/guest/dmr: ken:sq5UDrPlKj1nA:10:2:& Thompson:/a/guest/ken: mike:KnKNwMkyCt8ZI:11:2:mike karels:/a/guest/mike:/bin/csh carl:S2KiTfS3pH3kg:12:2:& Smith,508-21E,6258:/a/guest/carl:/bin/csh joshua::999:2:&:/usr/games:/usr/games/wargames # ls -al total 546 drwxr-xr-x11 root daemon 512 Mar 7 09:00 . drwxr-xr-x11 root daemon 512 Mar 7 09:00 .. -rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 164 Sep 29 09:20 .cshrc -rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 266 Mar 7 08:43 .login -rw-rw-r-- 1 root superuse 2 Jul 26 16:00 .msgsrc -rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 116 Mar 30 00:59 .profile -rw-r--r-- 1 root superuse 56 Nov 20 16:03 2.9stamp -rw-rw-r-- 1 root superuse 450 Mar 30 00:50 READ_ME drwxrwxr-x 2 bin bin 1632 Nov 20 16:04 bin -rwxrwxr-x 1 root superuse 23572 Mar 7 09:05 boot drwxrwxr-x 2 root superuse 1424 Nov 20 18:11 dev drwxr-xr-x 2 root superuse 768 Nov 20 17:46 etc -rwxrwxr-x 1 root superuse 561 Jul 26 16:55 genallsys.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 hkunix drwxrwxr-x 2 bin bin 416 Nov 20 16:06 lib drwxrwxr-x 2 root daemon 4128 Dec 7 22:35 lost+found drwxrwxr-x 2 root superuse 128 Apr 11 10:00 mdec drwx------ 2 root daemon 32 Jul 7 13:07 mnt -rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 rkunix -rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 rlunix -rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:39 rpunix drwxrwxrwx 2 root superuse 144 May 30 19:42 tmp -rwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 104798 Nov 20 16:33 unix drwxrwxrwx 2 root superuse 48 Feb 18 18:16 usr -rwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 104798 Nov 20 16:33 xpunix # ...

Example boot of RSX 11M v3.2

Boot> boot rl1 RSX-11M V3.2 BL26 1912K MAPPED >RED DL1:=SY: >RED DL1:=LB: >MOU DL1:RSXM26 >@DL1:[1,2]STARTUP >* Enter date and time ( dd-mmm-yy hh:mm ) [S]: 29-JAN-90 12:01 >TIM 29-JAN-90 12:01 >INS $PIP >INS $EDT >BYE > HAVE A GOOD AFTERNOON 29-JAN-90 12:01 TT0: LOGGED OFF >@ <EOF> >HELLO 1,2 PASSWORD: RSX-11M BL26 MULTI-USER SYSTEM GOOD AFTERNOON 29-JAN-90 12:01 LOGGED ON TERMINAL TT0: Welcome to RSX-11M V3.2 timesharing >PIP/LI DIRECTORY DL1:[1,2] 29-JAN-90 12:01 HELLO.MAC;1 1. 30-OCT-76 12:02 SYE.HLP;1 8. 26-MAY-79 13:52 EDTCOM.MSG;1 16. 26-MAY-79 13:52 QIOSYM.MSG;1 29. 26-MAY-79 13:52 LOGIN.TXT;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:11 HELP.HLP;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:11 STARTUP.CMD;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:04 FORTH.MAC;1 149. 30-OCT-76 12:02 TOTAL OF 206./223. BLOCKS IN 8. FILES >INS $MAC >MAC HELLO,HELLO=HELLO >INS $TKB >TKB HELLO=HELLO >INS HELLO >RUN HELLO >HELLO WORLD! >UNS HELLO >BYE > HAVE A GOOD AFTERNOON 29-JAN-90 12:02 TT0: LOGGED OFF >

Example boot of RSTS/E v7.0

Boot> boot rl2 RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen (DL2) Option: ^J You currently have: JOB MAX = 63, SWAP MAX = 31K. Default memory allocation table specifies some existing memory as being nonexistent. Table will be reset by RSTS. Memory allocation table: 0K: 00000000 - 00207777 ( 34K) : EXEC 34K: 00210000 - 00307777 ( 16K) : RTS (BASIC) 50K: 00310000 - 16737777 (1862K) : USER 1912K: 16740000 - End : NXM Table suboption? ^J You currently have crash dump disabled. DD-MMM-YY? 31-OCT-81 12:00 PM? 9:32 INIT V7.0-07 RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen Command File Name? ^J DETACHING... ... ERRINT V7.0-07 RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen ERRLOG File is 2% Full Change Size to < 100 >? Utilize Crash File Output (Yes/No) <No>? Detaching . . . I11,70 Password: PDP Welcome to RSTS/E V7.0 time sharing ... Ready DIR Name .Ext Size Prot Date SY:[11,70] ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76 TREK .BAS 16 < 60> 31-Oct-76 TREK .DOC 9 < 60> 31-Oct-76 ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76 STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> 31-Mar-81 STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60> 31-Mar-81 ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> 20-Jul-85 ADVENT.SAV 93 <124> 20-Jul-85 ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> 20-Jul-85 ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60> 20-Jul-85 SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> 13-Mar-77 HELLO .MAC 1 < 60> 13-Mar-77 BOOT .MAC 24 < 60> 13-Mar-77 PRIME .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76 PI .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76 Total of 384 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70] Ready SYSTAT RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen status at 31-Oct-81, 09:32 AM Up: 36 Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS 1 [OPR] Det ERRCPY 5K SR 4.7 BASIC 2 [SELF] KB0 SYSTAT 11K RN Lck 0.3 BASIC Busy Devices: None Disk Structure: Disk Open Free Cluster Errors Name Comments DL2 3 2500 1 0 VIXEN Pub, DLW Small Large Jobs Hung TTY's Errors 486 1 2/2 0 0 Run-Time Systems: Name Ext Size Users Comments BASIC BAC 16(16)K 2 Perm, Addr:34, KBM, CSZ RT11 SAV 4(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255 RSX TSK 3(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM TECO TEC 8(24)K 0 Non-Res Resident Libraries: None Message Receivers: Name Job Msgs Max Senders ERRLOG 1 0 40 Priv Ready EDT TEST.BAS *I 10 PRINT "SIMPLE TEST" 20 END ^Z *EX 2 LINES OUTPUT Ready OLD TEST Ready RUN TEST 09:33 AM 31-Oct-81 SIMPLE TEST Ready BYE Confirm: Y Saved all disk files; 387 blocks in use, 113 free Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0 at 31-Oct-81 09:33 AM System RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen Run time was .6 seconds Elapsed time was 1 minute Good morning

Example boot of XXDP

Boot> boot rl3 CHMDLD0 XXDP+ DL MONITOR BOOTED VIA UNIT 3 28K UNIBUS SYSTEM ENTER DATE (DD-MMM-YY): RESTART ADDR: 152010 THIS IS XXDP+. TYPE "H" OR "H/L" FOR HELP. .R EQKC?? EQKCE1.BIC CEQKC-E...PDP 11/70 CPU EXERCISER CPU UNDER TEST FOUND TO BE A 11/74 (KB11CM) PROCESSOR ID REGISTER =000001 (OCTAL) 1 (DECIMAL) OPT.CP=165406 OPERATIONAL SWITCH SETTINGS SWITCH USE 15 HALT ON ERROR 14 LOOP ON TEST 13 INHIBIT ERROR TYPEOUTS 12 INHIBIT UBE 11 INHIBIT ITTERATIONS 10 BELL ON ERROR 9 LOOP ON ERROR 8 ALLOW RELOCATION VIA I/O DEVICE (NOTE CHANGE) 7 INHIBIT TYPEOUT OF THIS TEXT AND SYS SIZE 6 INHIBIT RELOCATION 5 INHIBIT ROUND ROBIN RELOCATION 4 INHIBIT RANDOM DISK ADDRESS 3 INHIBIT MBT 2 THESE THREE SWITCHES 1 ARE ENCODED TO SELECT RELOCATION 0 ON THE FOLLOWING DEVICES: 0...RP11/RP03 1...RK11/RK05 2...NOT USED 3...NOT USED 4...RH70/RP04 5...RH70/RS04 OR RS03 6...NOT USED 7...NOT USED **NOTE** SWITCH REG BIT 8 HAS BEEN REVERSED IN REV D NOTE THAT SWR BIT 8 SET NOW ALLOWS I/O RELOCATION THIS PROGRAM SUPPORTS I/O RELOCATION ONLY WITH THE FOLLOWING DEVICES: RP03,RK05,RP04/5/6,RS03/4 THE FOLLOWING DEVICES AND DRIVES WILL BE USED FOR RELOCATION IF BIT 8 SET: DEVICE DRIVES RK05 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, RP04 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, TYPE A CHARACTER TO CONTINUE k1THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 2THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 3THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 4THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 5THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 000:01:01 END PASS # 1 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0 1THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789 ...

Example boot of ULTRIX-11 System V3.1

Boot> boot rp0 Sizing Memory... Boot: hp(0,0)unix (CTRL/C will abort auto-boot) hp(0,0)unix: 36754+55616+8128+7744+8128+7616+3648 ULTRIX-11 Kernel V3.1 realmem = 3915776 buffers = 73728 clists = 2080 usermem = 3677312 maxumem = 417792 proc on q erase = delete, kill = ^U, intr = ^C # ^D Restricted rights: Use, duplication, or disclosure is subject to restrictions stated in your contract with Digital Equipment Corporation. *UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. Mounted /dev/hp01 on /usr Mounted /dev/hp05 on /user1 Sat Oct 31 16:52:30 PST 1981 ERROR LOG has - 1 of 200 blocks used ULTRIX-11 System V3.1 (vixen) login: root Welcome to the ULTRIX-11 System erase = delete, kill = ^U, intr = ^C vixen# ls -al total 373 drwxr-xr-x16 root 912 Oct 31 16:40 . drwxr-xr-x16 root 912 Oct 31 16:40 .. -rw-rw-r-- 1 root 93 Jan 15 06:07 .cshrc -rw-rw-r-- 1 root 115 Jan 15 06:07 .login -rw-r--r-- 1 root 204 Oct 31 16:39 .profile drwx------ 2 root 144 Oct 31 17:00 .setup drwxr-xr-x 2 root 3424 Oct 31 16:02 bin -rw-r--r-- 1 root 42548 Jan 20 13:43 boot -rw-r--r-- 1 root 42548 Jan 20 13:43 boot.bu -rw-r--r-- 1 root 191 Oct 6 07:58 crt.profile drwxr-xr-x 2 root 4736 Oct 31 16:52 dev drwxr-xr-x 4 root 1232 Oct 31 16:52 etc -rw-r--r-- 2 root 131330 Oct 31 16:25 gunix -rw-rw-r-- 1 root 36 Oct 31 16:40 hello.c drwxr-xr-x 2 root 544 Oct 31 17:00 lib drwx------ 2 root 512 Sep 26 08:53 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root 256 Aug 6 17:21 mdec drwxrwxr-x 2 root 32 Oct 31 16:20 media drwx------ 2 root 32 Jul 10 1980 mnt drwx------ 2 root 256 Sep 29 16:01 opr -rw-r--r-- 1 root 185 Oct 6 07:58 prt.profile drwxr-xr-x 2 root 640 Jul 28 05:45 sas -rw-rw-r-- 1 root 249 Oct 31 16:40 size.c drwxrwxrwx 2 root 304 Oct 31 16:02 tmp -rw-r--r-- 2 root 131330 Oct 31 16:25 unix drwxr-xr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:37 user1 drwxr-xr-x24 root 384 Oct 31 16:05 usr vixen# df Filesystem total kbytes kbytes percent node kbytes used free used Mounted on /dev/hp00 4606 3120 1486 68% / /dev/hp01 9629 7800 1829 80% /usr /dev/hp05 81036 28489 52547 35% /user1 vixen# who root console Oct 31 16:52 vixen# ps -aux PID TTY TIME CMD 41 co 0:00 -sh 50 co 0:00 ps -aux vixen# cc hello.c vixen# a.out Hello world vixen# cat > size.c #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Size of char: %d byte

",sizeof(char)); printf("Size of int: %d bytes

",sizeof(int)); printf("Size of float: %d bytes

",sizeof(float)); printf("Size of double: %d bytes

",sizeof(double)); } ^D vixen# cc size.c vixen# a.out Size of char: 1 byte Size of int: 2 bytes Size of float: 4 bytes Size of double: 8 bytes vixen# ls /user1 lost+found root src user1 vixen# ls /user1/src etc src sys usr vixen# ls -al /user1/src/usr total 6 drwxrwxr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 . drwxrwxr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 .. drwxrwxr-x 3 root 48 Oct 31 16:38 games drwxrwxr-x 5 root 80 Oct 31 16:38 include drwxrwxr-x 3 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 lib drwxrwxr-x 2 root 64 Oct 31 16:38 local vixen# uname ULTRIX-11 vixen# ^D ULTRIX-11 System V3.1 (vixen) login: sys Welcome to the ULTRIX-11 System $ cd conf $ sysgen ULTRIX-11 System Generation Program For help, type h then press <RETURN> sysgen> c For help, answer the question with ?<RETURN> To backup to the previous question, type <CTRL/D> Configuration name <unix> ? vixen Processor type: ( 23 23+ 24 34 40 44 45 55 60 70 73 83 84 ) < 70 > ? Memory size in K bytes (K = 1024) < 3824 > ? I/O buffer cache size (NBUF: min = 16, max = 72) < 72 > ? Please enter the system (ROOT) disk controller first. Disk controller type: < rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11, uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ? rh11 First MASSBUS disk controller: Drive 0 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ? rp06 Drive 1 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ? rp06 Drive 2 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ? CSR address <176700> ? Vector address <254> ? Is the system disk on this controller <yes> ? System disk unit number <0> ? Disk controller type: < rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11, uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ? rl11 Drive 0 type < rl01 rl02 > ? rl02 Drive 1 type < rl01 rl02 > ? rl02 Drive 2 type < rl01 rl02 > ? CSR address <174400> ? Vector address <160> ? Disk controller type: < rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11, uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ? Use standard placement of root, swap, and error log <yes> ? Magtape controller: < tm02 tm03 tm11 ts11 tsv05 tsu05 tu80 tk50 tu81 > ? tk50 Magtape unit number < 0->3 > ? 0 CSR address <174500> ? Vector address <260> ? Magtape unit number < 0->3 > ? Magtape controller: < tm02 tm03 tm11 ts11 tsv05 tsu05 tu80 tk50 tu81 > ? Crash dump device < tk50 rp06 > ? rp06 LP11/LPV11 line printer present <no> ? y CSR address <177514> ? vector address <200> ? Communications devices: < dz dzv dzq dh dhu dhv dhdm du dn kl dl > ? dl Number of units <1> ? 4 CSR address <175610> ? Vector address <300> ? Communications devices: < dz dzv dzq dh dhu dhv dhdm du dn kl dl > ? Number of pseudo ttys <4> ? Include C/A/T phototypesetter driver <no> ? User devices: < u1 u2 u3 u4 > ? Current CPU has floating point hardware! Include kernel floating point simulator <no> ? Include TCP/IP ethernet support <yes> ? no Use standard system parameters <yes> ? ... Timezone (hours west/behind GMT) <5=EST 6=CST 7=MST 8=PST> ? 5 Does your area use daylight savings time <yes> ? Choose the Geographic Area for daylight savings time from the table below: Geographic Area Selection --------------- --------- USA 1 Australia 2 Western Europe 3 Central Europe 4 Eastern Europe 5 Enter the selection number <1> 2 ULTRIX-11 System Generation Program For help, type h then press <RETURN> sysgen> m Configuration name <unix> ? vixen ****** CREATING ULTRIX-11 CONFIGURATION AND VECTOR TABLES ****** Device Address Vector units console 177560 60 kw11-l 177456 100 kw11-p 172540 104 rl 174400 160 2 lp 177514 200 1 hp 176700 254 2 (crash dump device) tk 174500 260 1 dl 175610 300 4 Filsys Device maj/min start length root hp 9/0 pipe hp 9/0 swap hp 9/2 200 6070 errlog hp 26/2 0 200 ****** MAKING KERNEL FOR SEPARATE I & D SPACE PROCESSORS ****** as - -o l.o l.s /lib/cpp -P -DSEP_ID -DK_OV -DKERNEL dump.s >dump.i as - -o dump_id.o dump.i rm -f dump.i cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL c.c cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL dds.c cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL tds.c cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL nds.c cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL dksizes.c cc -S -DKERNEL ec.c ed - ec.s < :comm-to-bss as - -o ec.o ec.s rm ec.s The output file will be named unix_id! ovload The unix_id sizes must be within the following limits: root text segment > 49152 but <= 57344 overlay text segments <= 8192, 15 overlays maximum bss + data segments <= 49088 total root+(overlay 1, overlay 2,...overlay n)+data+bss = root+data = (total) size unix_id 55616+(8128,7744,8128,7616,3648)+6242+30512 = 92370b = 0264322b (90880 total text) rm l.o c.o dump_id.o dds.o tds.o nds.o dksizes.o ec.o New kernel is now named `vixen.os'! ****** CHECKING SIZE OF NEW ULTRIX-11 OPERATING SYSTEM ****** `vixen.os' within limits, SYSGEN successful! sysgen> ^D $ su # cp vixen.os /unix #

Example boot of BSD 2.11

Boot> boot rp1 70Boot from xp(0,1,0) at 0176700 Press <CR> to boot, or any other key to abort: 0 : xp(0,1,0)unix Boot: bootdev=05010 bootcsr=0176700 2.11 BSD UNIX #2: Oct 31 04:05:24 PST 1981 root@Sat:/usr/src/sys/VIXEN phys mem = 3915776 avail mem = 3684480 user mem = 307200 hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR. ht ? csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR. ra ? csr 172150 vector 154 skipped: No CSR. rl 0 csr 174400 vector 160 attached tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 attached tms ? csr 174500 vector 260 skipped: No CSR. ts ? csr 172520 vector 224 interrupt vector already in use. xp 0 csr 176700 vector 254 attached Automatic reboot in progress... Sat Oct 31 16:00:38 PST 1981 Sat Oct 31 16:00:38 PST 1981 checking quotas: done. Assuming non-networking system ... checking for core dump... preserving editor files clearing /tmp standard daemons: update cron accounting. starting lpd starting local daemons: sendmail. Sat Oct 31 16:00:40 PST 1981 2.11 BSD UNIX (vixen.2bsd.com) (console) login: root erase, kill ^U, intr ^C # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/xp1a 163557 85424 78133 52% / # ps -aux USER PID NICE SZ TTY TIME COMMAND root 0 0 8 ? 0:00 swapper root 1 0 29 ? 0:00 (init) root 42 0 11 ? 0:00 update root 45 0 51 ? 0:00 cron root 49 -1 26 ? 0:00 acctd root 55 0 47 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/lpd root 75 0 19 co 0:00 -sh root 81 0 59 co 0:00 ps -aux # ls -al total 721 drwxr-xr-x 14 root 1024 Oct 31 04:11 . drwxr-xr-x 14 root 1024 Oct 31 04:11 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 root 349 Oct 29 1996 .cshrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 May 17 1995 .hushlogin -rw-r--r-- 1 root 153 May 2 1997 .kermrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root 335 Oct 29 1996 .login -rw-r--r-- 1 root 8 Jan 17 1988 .mailrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root 152 Oct 29 1996 .profile -rw------- 1 root 0 Apr 22 2000 .rhosts -rw-r--r-- 1 root 12 May 2 1997 .tiprc -r--r--r-- 1 root 18648 Aug 28 1992 README -rw-r--r-- 1 root 2714 Oct 31 02:55 VERSION -rw-r--r-- 1 root 3371 Oct 31 02:55 VERSION~ drwxr-xr-x 3 root 512 Apr 23 2000 a drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1024 Apr 23 2000 bin -rwxr-x--- 1 root 36286 Oct 31 04:03 boot drwxr-xr-x 3 root 4608 Oct 31 04:23 dev -rwxr-x--x 1 root 38798 Oct 31 04:03 disklabel drwxr-xr-x 3 root 1024 Oct 31 16:00 etc -rwxr--r-- 1 root 170258 Apr 22 2000 genunix -rw-r----- 1 root 11520 Oct 31 16:00 hostid.core drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1024 Aug 17 1990 lost+found -rw-r--r-- 1 root 27072 Oct 31 16:00 lpd.core drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 mdec drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Dec 31 1991 mnt -rwxr----- 1 root 170258 Oct 31 03:15 oldunix drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 sbin -rw-r--r-- 1 root 24896 Oct 31 16:00 sendmail.core lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 11 Apr 23 2000 sys -> usr/src/sys drwxrwxrwt 2 root 512 Oct 31 16:00 tmp -rwxr-xr-x 1 root 30490 Oct 31 04:03 toyset -rwxr--r-- 1 root 170509 Oct 31 04:05 unix drwxr-xr-x 28 root 512 Oct 31 02:03 usr drwxr-xr-x 6 root 512 Apr 23 2000 var lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 4 Apr 23 2000 vmunix -> unix # while true; do echo; /usr/games/fortune; sleep 5; done A man's best friend is his dogma. Three rules for sounding like an expert: 1. Oversimplify your explanations to the point of uselessness. 2. Always point out second-order effects, but never point out when they can be ignored. 3. Come up with three rules. The human mind treats a new idea the way the body treats a strange protein: it rejects it. -- P. Medawar Charlie was a chemist, But Charlie is no more. What Charlie thought was H2O was H2SO4. ^C # cat > hello.c #include <stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello world

"); } ^D # cc hello.c # ls -al hello* a.out -rwxr-x--x 1 root 5335 Mar 31 15:52 a.out -rw-r----- 1 root 59 Mar 31 15:52 hello.c # ./a.out Hello world # cat > size.c #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Size of char: %d byte

",sizeof(char)); printf("Size of int: %d bytes

",sizeof(int)); printf("Size of float: %d bytes

",sizeof(float)); printf("Size of double: %d bytes

",sizeof(double)); } ^D # cc size.c # ./a.out Size of char: 1 byte Size of int: 2 bytes Size of float: 4 bytes Size of double: 8 bytes # cd /sys/VIXEN # make make -f Make.sys I=/usr/include H=../h M=../machine AS="/bin/as -V" CPP="/lib/cpp -P -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h" CFLAGS="-O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h" SED="/bin/sed" cc -O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h -S ../sys/init_main.c /bin/sed -f SPLFIX init_main.s | /bin/as -V -u -o init_main.o rm -f init_main.s cc -O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h -S ../sys/init_sysent.c ... text data bss dec hex 55168 8458 24348 87974 157a6 total text: 124736 overlays: 7680,7360,7680,7488,7488,7744,5632,8000,7744,2752 Compacting symbol table symcompact unix symcompact: 228 symbols removed Compacting strings table strcompact unix rearranging symbols symorder ../pdp/symbols.sort unix ./checksys unix System will occupy 220576 bytes of memory (including buffers and clists). end {0100046} nbuf {0020350} buf {0046716} nproc {0020336} proc {0063746} ntext {0020340} text {0077006} nfile {0020344} file {0074352} ninode {0020342} inode {0020432} ncallout {0020346} callout {0037216} ucb_clist {0020354} nclist {0020352} ram_size {0000000} xitdesc {0020430} quotdesc {0000000} namecache {0037736} _iosize {0010456} nlog {0017414} # make install install -c -o root -g kmem -m 744 unix /unix # shutdown -h now Shutdown at 04:29 (in 0 minutes) [pid 80] *** FINAL System shutdown message from root@vixen.2bsd.com *** System going down IMMEDIATELY System shutdown time has arrived # syncing disks... done halting

Example boot of RSTS V9.6

Boot> boot rp2 RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS (DB2) INIT V9.6-11 Today's date? 31-OCT-86 Current time? 11:12 Start timesharing? <Yes> ^J Default memory allocation table shows LESS memory than INIT detects on this machine. Adjusting memory table. Memory allocation table: 0K: 00000000 - 00433777 ( 71K) : EXEC 71K: 00434000 - 15163777 (1622K) : USER 1693K: 15164000 - 16737777 ( 219K) : XBUF Memory available to RSTS/E is 1912K words. 86.10.31 11:12 1 device disabled Proceed with system startup? <YES> ^J Beginning RSTS/E system startup... 86.10.31 11:12 Installing monitor overlays 86.10.31 11:12 Mounting disks 86.10.31 11:12 Assigning logical names 86.10.31 11:12 Starting error logging 86.10.31 11:12 Setting system characteristics 31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Installing run-time systems and libraries 31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Setting terminal characteristics 31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Defining system commands 31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Setting printer characteristics 31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Starting spoolers *** From [1,2] on KB0: at 11:12 AM 31-Oct-86 ** RSTS/E is on the air... I11,70 Last logged in on 31-Oct-86, 06:42 AM at KB0: Welcome to RSTS/E V9.6 time sharing ... $ systat RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS/E V9.6 status at 31-Oct-86, 11:12 AM Up: 29 Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS 1 1,2 Det ERRCPY 5K SR 1.3 ...RSX 2 11,70 KB0 SYSTAT 16K RN Lck 0.2 ...RSX 3 1,2 Det PBS... 19K SL 0.1 ...RSX Busy Devices: None Disk Structure: Dsk Open Size Free Clu Err Name Level Comments DB2 18 171796 119440 69% 4 0 VIXEN 1.2 Pub, DLW General FIP Hung Buffers Buffers Jobs/Jobmax TTY's Errors 734 461 3/63 0 0 Run-Time Systems: Name Typ Dev Size Users Comments ...RSX TSK 0(32)K 3 Monitor, KBM DCL COM DB2: 24(8)K 0 Temp, Addr:71, DF KBM RT11 SAV DB2: 4(28)K 0 Temp, Addr:108, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255 BASIC BAC DB2: 16(16)K 0 Non-Res, KBM, CSZ TECO TEC DB2: 10(20)K 0 Non-Res, KBM Resident Libraries: Name Prot Acct Size Users Comments CSPLIB < 42> DB2:[ 0,1 ] 8K 2 Temp, Addr:100 EDT < 42> DB2:[ 0,11 ] 39K 0 Non-Res RMSRES < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:1689 RMSLBA < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:139 RMSLBB < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Temp, Addr:132 RMSLBC < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Non-Res RMSLBD < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 2K 1 Temp, Addr:143 RMSLBE < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Temp, Addr:125 RMSLBF < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:128 DAPRES < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 10K 0 Non-Res, Addr:1679 Message Receivers: Rcvrid Job Rib Obj Msgs/Max Links/InMax/OutMax Access ERRLOG 1 0 1 0/40 0/0/0 Prv QM$CMD 3 1 3 0/20 0/0/255 Prv QM$SRV 3 2 4 0/30 0/0/255 Prv QM$URP 3 3 5 0/10 0/0/255 Lcl PR$03A 3 17 65 0/5 0/0/255 Prv PR$03B 3 25 65 0/5 0/0/255 Prv BA$03A 3 41 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv BA$03B 3 49 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv BA$03C 3 57 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv $ help You can obtain on-line information about any DCL command or qualifier, as well as many other general topics. For more complete details about a topic, refer to the appropriate RSTS manual or guide. The RSTS/E System User's Guide contains descriptions of the DCL commands and qualifiers that you use in file, system, and programming operations. The RSTS/E System Manager's Guide contains descriptions of the DCL commands and qualifiers used in system management operations. See the RSTS/E Quick Reference Guide for the syntax of all DCL commands and qualifiers on RSTS/E. For instructions on how to use this HELP facility, type HELP HELP from DCL, or type HELP in response to the HELP Topic? prompt. Additional help is available on: @ Accounts Advanced ALLOCATE APPEND ASSIGN ATTACH BACKUP BASIC BROADCAST BYE CCL CLOSE COBOL COPY CREATE Dates DCL DEALLOCATE DEASSIGN DEFINE DELETE DETACH DIBOL DIFFERENCES DIRECTORY DISMOUNT DUMP EDIT Entries EOD EXIT Expressions Files FORCE ... Topic? ^Z $ set term/width:80 $ dir Name .Typ Size Prot Name .Typ Size Prot SY:[11,70] ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> TREK .BAS 16 < 60> TREK .DOC 9 < 60> ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60> STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60> ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> ADVENT.SAV 93 <124> ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60> SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> HELLO .MAC 1 < 60> BOOT .MAC 24 < 60> PI .BAS 1 < 60> PRIME .BAS 1 < 60> Total of 384 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70] $ switch basic Ready run prime 1 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 ... CPU TIME 2.7 SECONDS Ready list PRIME 11:14 AM 31-Oct-86 10 REM PRIME NUMBERS 20 S=TIME(1) 30 FOR I%=1% TO 1000% 40 FOR J%=2% TO I%-1% 50 IF I%/J%*J%=I% THEN 80 60 NEXT J% 70 PRINT I%, 80 NEXT I% 90 PRINT 100 PRINT "CPU TIME ", (TIME(1) - S) / 10, " SECONDS" 999 END Ready bye Saved all disk files on SY: 424 blocks in use Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0: at 31-Oct-86 11:14 AM System RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS/E V9.6 Run time was 4.2 seconds Elapsed time was 2 minutes Good morning

Example boot of RSX 11M 4.6

Boot> boot rp3 RSX-11M V4.6 BL56 1912.K MAPPED >RED DB3:=SY: >RED DB3:=LB: >MOU DB3:RSXM56 >@DB3:[1,2]STARTUP >* PLEASE ENTER TIME AND DATE (HR:MN DD-MMM-YY) [S]: 11:12 31-OCT-76 >TIM 11:12 31-OCT-76 >* ENTER LINE WIDTH OF THIS TERMINAL [D D:132.]: 80 >SET /BUF=TI:80. >ACS SY:/BLKS=1024. >; >; This system startup command file (LB:[1,2]STARTUP.CMD) contains a >; template of commands to initialize the queue print spooler and queue >; LP0:, initialize the error logger, initialize the DCL CLI, and install >; the RMS Library and Utilities. As is these commands are commented out >; and are not executed. To include these commands as part of the >; startup procedure, edit the file to remove the period and semi-colon >; (.;) comment delimiter from the beginning of each line. These >; commands may be useful for initializing the various facilities for >; your installation or else they may provide a model with which to >; tailor initialization commands for your particular installation. >; >ELI /LOG 11:12:04 ERRLOG -- Error Logging initialized >CLI /INIT=DCL/TASK=...DCL >INS LB:[1,54]PIP.TSK >INS LB:[1,54]EDT.TSK >INS LB:[1,54]TKB.TSK >INS LB:[1,54]MAC.TSK >INS LB:[1,54]BRU.TSK >@ <EOF> >PIP [200,1]/LI Directory DB3:[200,1] 31-OCT-76 11:12 GSA.MAC;1 19. 03-JAN-90 17:07 SEARCH.MAC;1 10. 03-JAN-90 17:07 RENAME.MAC;1 12. 03-JAN-90 17:07 ERASE.MAC;1 10. 03-JAN-90 17:07 PARSE.MAC;1 11. 03-JAN-90 17:07 SEARCH.TSK;1 26. C 03-JAN-90 17:07 RENAME.TSK;1 26. C 03-JAN-90 17:07 ERASE.TSK;1 25. C 03-JAN-90 17:07 PARSE.TSK;1 22. C 03-JAN-90 17:07 .... Total of 533./533. blocks in 34. files >HELP Help is available for many RSX-11M commands and utilities. For help in logging into the system, type HELP HELLO or HELP LOGIN. You'll need a user-ID and password to log in. Ask your system manager. RSX-11M systems have two major command languages or CLIs: MCR and DCL. Once you log in, your terminal is set to either MCR or DCL. (All terminals are set to MCR prior to logging in.) The general forms of the HELP command are: >HELP[/cli] topic [subtopic[s]] >HELP commandname [switch] Once you are logged in, you need not include the name of the CLI to which your terminal is set. For information on what further help is available, type HELP[/MCR] LIST (brackets indicate an optional command line entry) or HELP/DCL. For a listing of help available on other topics, type HELP[/MCR] MORE or HELP/DCL MORE. You need not log in to get help. >TAS LDR... 13.02 LDRPAR 248. 00002600 LB0:-00104402 FIXED TKTN 05.00 SYSPAR 248. 00011700 LB0:-00110145 ...RMD 03.00 GEN 225. 00027200 LB0:-00112034 F11MSG 13.00 GEN 200. 00005700 LB0:-00110164 MTAACP 15.01 GEN 200. 00014700 LB0:-00111651 ...DMO 04.00 GEN 160. 00014600 LB0:-00107227 MCR... 07.00 SYSPAR 160. 00011700 LB0:-00110050 ...DCL 5.04 GEN 160. 00051500 LB0:-00110525 ...MOU 27.01 GEN 160. 00037700 LB0:-00110402 ...MCR 07.00 GEN 160. 00020000 LB0:-00110211 F11ACP 06.01 FCPPAR 149. 00024200 LB0:-00107323 ... >BYE Have a Good Morning 31-OCT-76 11:12 TT0: logged off VIXEN >HELLO Account or name: 11,70 Password: PDP RSX-11M BL56 [1,54] System VIXEN 31-OCT-76 11:12 Logged on Terminal TT0: Good Morning >@LOGIN.CMD Welcome to RSX-11M V4.6 time sharing This is a minimal system with a user account of 200,1 (no password) and 11,70 (p assword of PDP) Hopefully it demonstrates how things were in the good old days Paul Nankervis paulnank@hotmail.com >@ <EOF> >DIR Directory DB3:[11,70] 31-OCT-76 11:12 HELLO.MAC;1 1. 31-OCT-76 06:55 LOGIN.CMD;1 1. 31-OCT-76 06:48 LOGIN.CMD;2 1. 31-OCT-76 06:48 Total of 3./3. blocks in 3. files >EDIT HELLO.MAC 1 ; HELLO WORLD IN ASSEMBLER FOR THE DEC PDP-11 WITH THE *type whole 1 ; HELLO WORLD IN ASSEMBLER FOR THE DEC PDP-11 WITH THE 2 ; RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING SYSTEM 3 ; 4 .TITLE HELLO 5 .IDENT /V0001A/ 6 .MCALL QIOW$S, EXIT$S 7 .PSECT $CODE,RO,I 8 START: QIOW$S #IO.WVB,#5,#2,,,,<#STR,#LEN,#40> 9 EXIT$S 10 .PSECT $DATA,RO,D 11 STR: .ASCII / HELLO WORLD!/ 12 LEN=.-STR 13 .END START 14 [EOB] *exit DB3:[11,70]HELLO.MAC;2 14 lines >MACRO HELLO >LINK HELLO >RUN HELLO HELLO WORLD! >LOGOUT Have a Good Morning 31-OCT-76 11:13 TT0: logged off VIXEN >

Example boot of RSTS V10.1

Boot> boot rp4 RSTS V10.1-L RSTS (DB4) INIT V10.1-0L Today's date? 13-MAR-90 Current time? 9:00 Start timesharing? <Yes> Size of monitor has changed from 78K to 77K. Default memory allocation table shows LESS memory than INIT detects on this machine. Adjusting memory table. Memory allocation table: 0K: 00000000 - 00463777 ( 77K) : EXEC 77K: 00464000 - 15653777 (1694K) : USER 1771K: 15654000 - 16737777 ( 141K) : XBUF Memory available to RSTS/E is 1912K words. 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM 5 devices disabled Proceed with system startup? <YES> Beginning RSTS/E system startup... 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Installing monitor overlays 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Mounting disks 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Assigning logical names 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting error logging 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting system characteristics 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Installing run-time systems and libraries 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting Operator/Message Services >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> OMS V10.1-A 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Message 1 from OMS, user [1,2], Detached, job 3 Starting Operator/Message Services 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting terminal characteristics 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Defining system commands 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting printer characteristics 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting spoolers *** From [1,2] "[ 1, 2]" on KB0: at 09:00 AM 13-Mar-90 ** RSTS/E is on the air... >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> OMS V10.1-A 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Message 2 from user [1,2] on _KB0:, job 2 The system startup is complete login RSTS V10.1-L 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM User: 11,70 $ cc hello $ link/cc hello $ run hello Hello world! $ switch basic Ready run prime 1 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 ... Ready switch dcl $ run auxlib$:fit FIT V10.1-A RSTS V10.1-L RSTS/E V10.1 FIT>*.*=dk1:dungeo.*/rt FIT>*.*=dk1:dsave.dat/rt FIT>*.*=dk1:dindx.dat/rt FIT>*.*=dk1:dtext.dat/rt FIT>^Z $ run dungeo Welcome to Dungeon. This version created 10-AUG-78. You are in an open field west of a big white house with a boarded front door. There is a small mailbox here. >

Software Sources

Most of the software running in this emulator has been sourced from archives such as ftp://ftp.trailing-edge.com/pub/, https://www.tuhs.org/ or http://bitsavers.org/bits/DEC/pdp11/ which are fantastic resources for historical software. However a lot of PDP 11 software has suffered tape corruption or has been simply lost over the years. If you know of other archives or have access to other software distributions I would love to hear from you!

If you are looking for PDP 11 documentation a great resource is http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/

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