The adjective in Egyptian Arabic has some special features. In the upcoming weeks, I will gradually examine some peculiarities such as comparative, superlative, agreement, plural forms, etc. In this article, I will focus on the basics: the forming of the adjective.

An adjective (صِفةٌ) is a word that describes another word. Adjectives are masculine and feminine and take the singular and plural form – because they grammatically need to agree with the word they describe

Small, short, thin: diminutive in form – but not in meaning

In Modern Standard Arabic, the word for small is صَغِيرٌ. In Egyptian Arabic, however, you don’t say Sagheer. You say Sughayyar. Why on earth is that?

This has to do with one of the distinctive features of Egyptian Arabic! The pattern that is used for certain adjectives is actually a diminutive form, for example, the word Sughayyar. A diminutive is a word that has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its core meaning, to convey the smallness of the object. For example: a book (كِتاب) – a booklet (كُتَيِّب).

That is weird because Egyptian Arabic is famous for speeding up Arabic and getting rid of everything that would lengthen speech acoustically.

What is crucial here: These words are diminutive in FORM – but not in MEANING ! In fact, you don’t have any other option but to use the diminutive form if you want to express words such as small, short, or thin.

Some examples.

Singular Plural small صُغَيَّر sughayyar صُغَيَّرِين Sughayyareen near قُرَيِّب ‘urayyib min قُرَيِّبِين ‘urayyibeen short قُصّيَّر ‘uSayyar قُصَيَّرِين ‘usayyareen few قُلَيِّل ‘ulayyil قُلَيِّلِين ‘ulayyileen thin رُفَيَّع rufayya3 رُفَيَّعِين rufayya3een

Adjectives formed from prepositions

This blended form is typical for Arabic dialects. You use a preposition and add -aani: انِي

Some examples.

masculine feminine plural upper فُقانِي fu’aani fu’aaniyya فُقانِيِين lower تَحْتاانِي ta7taani ta7taaniyya تَحْتلنِيِين front قُدّامانِي ‘uddamaani ‘uddamaaniyya قُدامانِيِين back وَرّانِي warraani warraaaniyya وَرّانِيِين

Irregular forms. When و comes into the game.

When you have a weak letter حَرْف الْعِلّةِ) in the root in the third (last) place, then usually the letter و pops up.

The same is true for words which have only two root letters, for example, the Arabic word for hand: يَد

Some examples.

masculine feminine secondary ثانَوِي sanawi ثانَوِيّة sanawiyya yearly سَنَوِي sanawi سَنَوِيّة sanawiyya linguistic لُغَوِي lughawi لُغَوِيّة lughawiyya manual يَدَوِي yadawi يَدَوِيّة yadawiyya

Adjectives derived from places: اوِي

Usually Arabic students in Egypt are asked if they like soccer, in particular, if their favorite team is Ahli or Zamalek. In Arabic, the question is often: inta ahlaawi?

Grammatically speaking, we need to deal here with a Nisba adjective (نِسْبة): an adjective usually derived from place names.

In Modern Standard Arabic, you simply use the doubled letter ي resulting in مِصْرِيٌّ for Egyptian. In Egyptian Arabic, however, you oftentimes use the ending اوي instead.

Some examples.

masculine Egyptian مَصْراوِي maSraawi from Tanta طَنْطاوِي TanTaawi people living in the desert صَحْراوِي Sa7raawi Ahli fan اَهْلاوِي ahlaawi Zamalek fan زَمالِكاوِي zamalkaawi

The feminine form is formed by adding ة resulting in maSraawiyya (مَصْراوِيّة). The plural by adding ين resulting in Masrawiyyeen (مَصْراوِيِين).

There are some exceptions. Also, sometimes the regular Nisba is used. For example, from Assiout: asyuuTi (اَسْيُوطِي) or Alexandrian: iskandaraani (اِسْكِنْدَرانِي)

Adjectives that never change:invariable adjectives

How do you say traditional dish?

Well, if we use the word أَكْلة for dish and بَلَدِي for traditional, do we need the feminine form of بَلَدِي then? No, we don’t!

This is because the word بَلَدِي is cemented and usually stays the same. In other words, you won’t have any agreement.

traditional dish أَكْلة بَلَدِي akla baladi belly dancer رَقّاصة بَلَدِي ra”aaSa baladi title of a famous movie سَلَطَة بَلَدِي SalaTa baladi

The same is true for adjectives that were derived from place names. You often just use the masculine form although you would actually need the feminine form according to the rules.

A good example is Turkish coffee. The word coffee is feminine in Arabic; nevertheless, you use the masculine form of Turkish.

Turkish coffee ‘ahwa turki قَهْوة تُرْكِي elementary school madrasa ebtidaa’i مَدْرَسة اِبْتِدائِي secondary school madrasa sanawi مَدْرَسة ثانَوِي Arabic films aflaam 3arabi أَفْلام عَرَبِي A German car 3arabiyya almaani عَرَبِيّة أَلْمانِي

Adjectives ending in -aan: ان

You should definitely have a look at this pattern as it is very common in Egyptian Arabic. Many adjectives in Egyptian Arabic are formed by using the root (form I verb) and add the ending –aan: ان. They usually form the plural by using the ending –een: ين

Some examples.

singular plural hungry جَعان ga3aan جَعانِين thirsty عَطشان 3aTshaan عَطْشانِين angry غَضْبان 3′aDbaan غَضْبانِين lazy كَسْلان kaslaan كَسْلانِين tired تَعْبان ta3baan تَعْبانِين

Other interesting articles about Egyptian Arabic and dialects

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