Credit: Edin Pasovic / OCCRP Russian Billionaire linked to Trump, Manafort Has New Cyprus Passport

DONATE Above: The flag of Cyprus, reimagined for the island country’s new investor citizens. Credit: Edin Pasovic / OCCRP Aluminum magnate Oleg Deripaska — a one-time business partner and employer of Paul Manafort, the embattled former campaign chairman for US President Donald Trump — was one of hundreds of wealthy individuals who have applied for Cypriot nationality. His application was approved last year. The island also offered citizenship to Viktor Vekselberg, another Russian billionaire and a major shareholder in the largest bank on Cyprus, the documents show. Vekselberg appears to have turned down the offer, with his spokesman insisting Thursday that he holds only Russian citizenship. Documents obtained by OCCRP and The Guardian include several hundred people who have taken advantage of programs that allow high-net-worth individuals to acquire Cypriot citizenship and, with it, the right to freely travel, work, and settle in the European Union. Originating more than 30 years ago in the Caribbean, such schemes — known in the industry as “Golden Visas” — have spiked in popularity in the past decade and are now offered in more than 20 countries. They have been criticized for allowing wealthy people, including those who have obtained their wealth illegally in countries with weak legal systems, special access to life in developed countries that is not available to others. As reported by The Guardian last September, the Cyprus version of the program requires investment of €2 million in property, or €2.5 million in companies or government bonds, in exchange for citizenship.

According to figures provided to the Cypriot parliament on Monday, since 2008, Cyprus has awarded citizenship to 1,685 foreign investors — many from the former Soviet Union, as well as from China, Iran and Saudi Arabia — and 1,651 of their family members. The investment inflow from the scheme is estimated at more than €4.5 billion. A trove of more than 400 names obtained by The Guardian and OCCRP confirms the extent to which Cyprus’s citizen-by-investment program has become an avenue for wealthy Russians to obtain EU passports. About one-third of the names on the list appeared to be Russian. It also raises serious questions about the background checks carried out on applicants by Cypriot authorities. Deripaska and Vekselberg — two of the most prominent names on the Cyprus list — were both included on a Jan. 29 list of 210 Russian officials and wealthy businessmen believed by the US Treasury Department to be close to Putin. While not a sanctions list, the names were assembled as part of a sanctions package signed into law the previous August. Russian officials have derided the list as simply a “telephone directory” of rich Russians intended to damage their reputations and sow doubts about doing business with them, while Trump’s political opponents have blasted the list as falling well short of serious sanctions. A History of Visa Problems Deripaska, whose net worth has been estimated at $6.6 billion by Forbes, has global business interests ranging from agriculture to aviation to automobiles. He has had previous difficulties in obtaining visas due to alleged ties to organized crime, which he strenuously denies. For example, The Guardian reported in 2008 that the billionaire had failed to obtain a US business visa in 1998, although he was subsequently allowed to visit the country in 2000 after employing former US Sen. Bob Dole to lobby on his behalf. The FBI interviewed him during that visit, however, and reinstated the ban on US visits. According to the New York Times, Deripaska nevertheless managed to make eight visits to the US between 2011 and 2014, traveling as a Russian diplomat with Moscow’s permission. Deripaska also has a previous history in Cyprus. In 2016, he had applied for a Cypriot passport through the island’s collective investment scheme, which allowed a group of individual investors to band together, contributing a minimum of €2.5 million each, for a minimum total investment of €12.5 million. His application was denied. Documents seen by OCCRP and The Guardian indicate why Deripaska’s first attempt to become a Cypriot citizen was unsuccessful. He was asked to resubmit his bid amid allegations from Belgium that he had been involved there in money-laundering. Deripaska denies the claims.

At that time, those who applied as individuals were required to acquire Cypriot assets worth at least €5 million, which could include companies, real estate, securities, government bonds, or even bank deposits with a three-year maturity. On Sept. 13, 2016, the country’s Council of Ministers revised the visa process by cancelling the collective scheme and reducing the eligibility threshold for investors to €2 million. As the Cypriot government was weighing Deripaska’s initial application, officials were notified by European authorities that he had been investigated in 2015 by Belgian officials in a money-laundering case involving art and property worth “tens of millions.” Deripaska responded by presenting a letter from the Bureau of the Royal Commissioner of Brussels on July 27, 2016, saying that “the case was archived and because of lack of evidence it was not further pursued.” That October, the Cypriot Council of Ministers decided to further investigate the allegations and to re-submit his application for a final decision at a later stage. Deripaska’s new application was filed on March 24, 2017 and ultimately approved. But, though Deripaska’s new Cypriot passport enables him to travel freely around the European Union, it will not necessarily get him into the US. Cyprus is currently awaiting approval for inclusion in the US Visa Waiver Program, which allows citizens of 38 countries to travel to the US without a visa. An easier route to the EU: banking A second and even richer Russian billionaire, Viktor Vekselberg, appeared to have an easier time getting at least the offer of a Cypriot passport. According to a request filed by the country’s Minister of Interior to the Council of Ministers on March 27, 2017, he was granted Cypriot citizenship via an “honorary naturalization.” Under Cypriot law, the Council of Ministers can grant such naturalizations in very exceptional cases of high-level services offered to the country, or for reasons of public interest. This was the case with three Greek athletes and a Romanian trainer who competed for Cyprus in various venues from 2008 to 2010. In Vekselberg’s case, it appears to be his considerable investment into the Bank of Cyprus that won him the offer. Vekselberg is the owner and president of the Renova Group, a large Russian conglomerate active both in the country and abroad.