This is not the first time Hostess Brands has entered bankruptcy. Weighed down by an balance sheet heavy with debt and pension obligations, costly labor rules, and declining sales, the company sought bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 in 2004.

After nearly five years in bankruptcy, Hostess emerged in 2009 under the control of a private equity firm called Ripplewood Holdings, which invested $130 million of new capital in the company. The keys to coming out of the bankruptcy the first time around were concessions by the two groups most responsible for Hostess falling back into bankruptcy just 3 years late: the unions and lenders that owned secured company debt nominally worth around $450 million.

In the deal that allowed Hostess to come out of bankruptcy, the unions agreed to concessions that would save the company around $110 million a year in labor costs. The lenders, led by the hedge funds Silver Point and Monarch, agreed to provide a new secured loan of $360 million, forgive half the existing debt, and exchange the rest of that debt for a payment-in-kind loan.

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It's worth mentioning that we don't know how much of a loss—if anything—Silver Point and Monarch took on the loans by agreeing to reduce the amount outstanding. As David Kaplan pointed out in his extensively detailed article in the August 13th issue of Fortune, the amounts the hedge funds paid for the debt are not in the public record. Distressed debt funds—critics call them vulture funds—typically pay far less than face value when buying the debt of troubled companies.

This wasn't enough to save the company.

The company's sales declined and attempts to roll-out new products more in line with changing consumer tastes flopped. Ripplewood put tens of millions more into the company in the form of new equity and subordinated debt. Silver Point and Monarch put in another $30 million and then, after the company filed for Chapter 11 again in January of this year, another $75 million.

What happened next was just a mess. The CEO quit. The unions described the pay of the new CEO as "looting." Acrimonious would be a very mild term to describe relations between management and the unionized workers. One person familiar with the matter described it as "all-out war." The place to turn for the details of this is, again, David Kaplan's Fortune article.

Ripplewood basically fell out of the picture during this period. Its equity investment was worthless, and it's subordinated debt was deeply underwater. It just stopped showing up at negotiations with the unions, according to Kaplan.

The folks left at the negotiating table with the unions were Silver Point and Monarch.

Here's how Kaplan put the situation as of last summer:

What the hedge funds want is some degree of capitulation from a union whose members will otherwise lose thousands of jobs in liquidation. If the hedge funds don't get it, they've concluded, the company isn't worth saving. Without the hedge funds' blessing, no Hostess turnaround is possible. Right now, according to sources with knowledge of Hostess's debt structure, Silver Point and Monarch each hold Hostess obligations with a market value of between $50 million and $100 million. Those sources also say each hedge fund probably paid somewhere between $125 million and $175 million for that debt. So even with losses to date, both hedge funds have ample skin in the game -- skin they'd like to get out of the game sooner rather than later. Of course, if the hedge funds again forgive sizable debt, they'll probably want sizable equity in return this time. Finally, there are the woebegone Teamsters. They have plenty of skin as well -- and feel as if they've been fleeced out of almost $100 million from Hostess after the company "temporarily" ceased making union pension contributions last August. That move by Hostess was a breach of its collective-bargaining agreement with the unions. The Teamsters' leadership has fulminated to its membership about the hedge funds in particular. "The financial folks make a living of feeding off distressed companies," Hall says. "They lose sight of the fact that there are real families with livelihoods at stake." At local unions across the country, the hedgies have become the devil incarnate.

Now we know how this story ends. The Teamsters agreed in September to a deal with reduced pay and benefits. But the Bakery Workers union rejected the deal and went on strike. Hostess warned that if the strike continued it would not be able to stay in business. But the strike went on. And now Hostess is out of business.

The hedge funds concluded that Hostess isn't worth saving. The unions either bet the hedge funds would blink before putting the company into liquidation or decided that it was better to sacrifice the jobs of Hostess workers than give in to demands for further pension concessions.

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Although it now appears that Hostess is done, this is not the end of the story. The brands Hostess owns retain value. Someone will likely produce Twinkies again. The plants and workers are also valuable and will likely find bidders. Silver Point and Monarch—as well as the other secured creditors—will realize some value for their investment in the company, although certainly far less than they had hoped. (But, since we don't know how much they spent on the debt, we may never know whether they gained or lost on the deal.)

And, of course, we'll be in for a long bout of recriminations as everyone involved points fingers at everyone else. The truth of the matter may just be that Hostess was a failed enterprise that just could not be saved.

Follow John on Twitter. (Market and financial news, adventures in New York City, plus whatever is on his mind.) You can email him at john.carney@nbcuni.com.

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