Alpha Blockers in Renal Colic: A Systematic Review

Written by Anand Swaminathan REBEL EM Medical Category: Renal and Genitourinary

Background: Ureteric (renal) colic is a common, painful condition encountered in the Emergency Department (ED). Sustained contraction of smooth muscle in the ureter as a kidney stone passes the length of the ureter leads to pain. The majority of stones will pass spontaneously (i.e. without urologic intervention). For over a decade, calcium channel blockers (i.e. nifedipine) and, more commonly, alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists (i.e. tamsulosin) have been employed in the treatment of ureteric colic for their potential ability to increase stone passage, reduce pain medication use and reduce urologic interventions. These interventions were mostly based on poor methodologic studies and meta-analyses of these flawed studies.

Over the past 3-4 years, a small number of higher-quality RCTs have been published (Ferre 2009, Pickard 2015, Furyk 2016). These studies have demonstrated a lack of benefit for routine use of alpha blockers. However, secondary outcomes suggest a possible benefit in larger stones (> 6 mm). In spite of recent multiple studies, the use of alpha blockers remains an area of active debate.

Article:Hollingsworth JM et al. Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016. PMID: 27908918

Clinical Question: Are alpha blockers effective in facilitating the passage of ureteric stones and are there specific groups that appear to stand more benefit?

Population: All randomized controlled trials looking at alpha blockers compared to either placebo or control in the treatment of ureteric stones.

Outcomes: Facilitation of ureteric stone passage, stone passage in stones < 6 mm, stone passage for stones > 6 mm, time to stone passage, episodes of pain, need for surgical intervention, admission to hospital

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Searched multiple data sources (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, Medline etc).

Primary Results:

Database search resulted in 443 possible articles

55 studies ultimately included in systematic review and meta-analysis

Critical Findings:

(RR = Risk Ratio)

Alpha blockers facilitate stone passage: RR = 1.49 (CI: 1.39 – 1.61) Smaller stones (generally < 5 mm) No benefit in stone passage RR = 1.19 (CI 1.00 – 1.48) Larger stones (generally > 6 mm) Modest benefit RR = 1.57 (1.17 – 2.27)

Shorter time to passage with alpha blockers: – 3.79 days (CI -4.45 to -3.14)

Lower risk of surgical intervention: RR = 0.44 (CI 0.37 – 0.52)

Lower risk of admission to hospital: RR 0.37 (CI 0.22 – 0.64)

Strengths:

Used PRISMA guidelines

Considered all randomized controlled trials in any language

Used multiple databases to ensure thorough identification of relevant studies

Limitations:

Only a few of the studies included were at low risk for bias in regards to sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessors and incomplete outcome data (Figure 2 of study)

Only 14 out of 55 included studies that had a placebo arm

The authors included studies that did not blind patients or providers to treatment arm and studies that did not blind the assessors to allocation

Overall, there was significant methodology and study heterogeneity raising the question of whether meta-analysis was appropriate.

Authors Conclusions:

“Alpha blockers seem efficacious in the treatment of patients with ureteric stones who are amenable to conservative management. The greatest benefit might be among those with larger stones. These results support current guideline recommendations advocating a role for alpha blockers in patients with ureteric stones.”

Our Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies at considerable risk for bias based on the methodology employed in the study. Of particular concern is the lack of blinding of the patient, investigator and outcome assessor in most of the studies. Based on the included studies, it appears that there is no benefit in terms of passage rate for smaller stones (< 5 mm) but there may be a small benefit for larger stones (> 5 mm). Further high-quality, RDCTs should be undertaken looking specifically at the passage of larger stones.

Potential to Impact Current Practice:

The available high-quality evidence does not show a benefit to alpha blockers in renal colic. There appears to be evidence supporting use only in larger stones. However, this comes with the caveat that to apply this information, we would have to obtain advanced imaging of all patients with ureteric colic which, we know, is not necessary. If you decide to scan a patient and you find a stone < 5 mm, it is unlikely that an alpha blocker is useful. On the other hand, if you find a stone > 5 mm, consideration of adding an alpha blocker to treatment is reasonable. As the majority of renal calculi we encounter are < 5 mm, the small benefit of alpha blockers in larger stones should not shift the providers towards expanded use of advanced imaging.

Clinical Bottom Line:

This systematic review and meta-analysis is an excellent example of the “crap in = crap out” theory. Recent high quality RCTs have demonstrated that in a general population of patients presenting with renal colic, alpha blockers add no additional benefit to symptomatic management. The very same studies suggest that there may be a small benefit in the subset of patients presenting with large stones. The addition of multiple low quality studies at significant risk for bias, add nothing but statistical noise to these high quality randomized control trials. Given the totality of the data, the universal use of alpha blockers to all patients with renal colic is not supported by the available evidence.

References:

Al-Ansari et al. Efficacy of Tamsulosin in the Management of Lower Ureteral Stones: A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study of 100 Patients. Urology 2010; 75: 4-8. PMID: 20109697 Ferre RM et al. Tamsulosin for Ureteral Stones in the ED: a Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ann of EM 2009; 54: 432-9. PMID: 19200622 Furyk JS et al. Distal ureteric stones and tamsulosin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial. Ann Emerg Med 2016; 67(1): 86-95. PMID: 26194935 Hermanns T et al. Is There a Role for Tamsulosin in the Treatment of Distal Ureteral Stones of 7 mm or less? Results of Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. European Urology 2009; 56(3): 407-12. PMID: 19375849 Picard R et al. Medical expulsive therapy in adults with ureteric colic: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386(9991): 341-9. PMID: 25998582 Segura JW et al. The American Urological Association. Ureteral Stones Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of ureteral calculi. J Urol. 1997;158(5):1915-1921. PMID: 9334635 Singh A et al. A Systemic Review of Medical Therapy to Facilitate Passage of Ureteral Calculi. Ann of EM 2007; 50: 552-63. PMID: 17681643 Vincendeau S et al. Tamsulosin hydrochloride vs Placebo for Management of Distal Ureteral Stones. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170(22): 2021-7. PMID: 21149761

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Post Peer Reviewed By: Thanks to Rory Spiegel for providing peer review for this post.

This post is cross-posted over at Core EM.