Suppose you have a text file and you need to remove all of its duplicate lines.

TL;DR

To remove the duplicate lines while preserving their order in the file, use:

awk '!visited[$0]++' your_file > deduplicated_file

How it works

The script keeps an associative array with indices equal to the unique lines of the file and values equal to their occurrences. For each line of the file, if the line occurrences are zero, then it increases them by one and prints the line, otherwise, it just increases the occurrences without printing the line.

I was not familiar with awk, and I wanted to understand how this can be accomplished with such a short script (awkward). I did my research, and here is what is going on:

The awk "script" !visited[$0]++ is executed for each line of the input file.

is executed for each line of the input file. visited[] is a variable of type associative array (a.k.a. Map). We don't have to initialize it because awk will do it the first time we access it.

is a variable of type associative array (a.k.a. Map). We don't have to initialize it because will do it the first time we access it. The $0 variable holds the contents of the line currently being processed.

variable holds the contents of the line currently being processed. visited[$0] accesses the value stored in the map with a key equal to $0 (the line being processed), a.k.a. the occurrences (which we set below).

accesses the value stored in the map with a key equal to (the line being processed), a.k.a. the occurrences (which we set below). The ! negates the occurrences' value: In awk, any nonzero numeric value or any nonempty string value is true. By default, variables are initialized to the empty string, which is zero if converted to a number. That being said: If visited[$0] returns a number greater than zero, this negation is resolved to false . If visited[$0] returns a number equal to zero or an empty string, this negation is resolved to true .

negates the occurrences' value: The ++ operation increases the variable's value ( visited[$0] ) by one. If the value is empty, awk converts it to 0 (number) automatically and then it gets increased. Note: The operation is executed after we access the variable's value.

operation increases the variable's value ( ) by one.

Summing up, the whole expression evaluates to:

true if the occurrences are zero/empty string

if the occurrences are zero/empty string false if the occurrences are greater than zero

awk statements consist of a pattern-expression and an associated action.

< pattern / expression > { < action > }

If the pattern succeeds, then the associated action is executed. If we don't provide an action, awk, by default, prints the input.

An omitted action is equivalent to { print $0 }.

Our script consists of one awk statement with an expression, omitting the action. So this:

awk '!visited[$0]++' your_file > deduplicated_file

is equivalent to this:

awk '!visited[$0]++ { print $0 }' your_file > deduplicated_file

For every line of the file, if the expression succeeds, the line is printed to the output. Otherwise, the action is not executed, and nothing is printed.

Why not use the uniq command?

The uniq command removes only the adjacent duplicate lines. Here's a demonstration:

$ cat test.txt

A

A

A

B

B

B

A

A

C

C

C

B

B

A

$ uniq < test.txt

A

B

A

C

B

A

Other approaches

Using the sort command

We can also use the following sort command to remove the duplicate lines, but the line order is not preserved.

sort -u your_file > sorted_deduplicated_file

Using cat, sort, and cut

The previous approach would produce a de-duplicated file whose lines would be sorted based on the contents. Piping a bunch of commands can overcome this issue:

cat -n your_file | sort -uk2 | sort -nk1 | cut -f2-

How it works

Suppose we have the following file:

abc

ghi

abc

def

xyz

def

ghi

klm

cat -n test.txt prepends the order number in each line.

1 abc

2 ghi

3 abc

4 def

5 xyz

6 def

7 ghi

8 klm

sort -uk2 sorts the lines based on the second column (k2 option) and keeps only the first occurrence of the lines with the same second column value (u option).

1 abc

4 def

2 ghi

8 klm

5 xyz

sort -nk1 sorts the lines based on their first column (k1 option) treating the column as a number (-n option).

1 abc

2 ghi

4 def

5 xyz

8 klm

Finally, cut -f2- prints each line starting from the second column until its end (-f2- option: Note the - suffix, which instructs it to include the rest of the line).

abc

ghi

def

xyz

klm

References

That's all. Cat photo.

This article originally appeared on the iridakos blog by Lazarus Lazaridis under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License and is republished with the author's permission.