From the Winter 2018 issue of Living Bird magazine. Subscribe now.

Hurricanes Irma and Maria ripped through Puerto Rico in September. In addition to tremendous damages for the people of the island, the storms dealt a major blow to efforts to restore populations of the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot.

Maria’s sustained winds, exceed­ing 100 miles an hour, leveled much of the rainforest in the mountainous El Yunque National Forest at the eastern, windward end of the island, where a flock of 56 parrots lived.

Biologists are still searching the jum­ble of downed trees at El Yunque, “but the initial findings are disheartening,” says Nilda Jimenez, endangered species coordinator for the Puerto Rico Depart­ment of Natural and Environmental Resources. “Fewer than a dozen individ­uals have been accounted for and sever­al of these have been found dead.”

Fortunately, the parrot recovery team had reintroduced a second wild population of parrots on the western side of the island, beginning in 2006. This reintroduced flock, living in the second-growth forests of Rio Abajo State Forest, fared better, as many birds found shelter in the hilly topography. At least 92 of the more than 130 parrots that lived around Rio Abajo survived.

“We are still sighting new parrots [at Rio Abajo],” says Jimenez. “We are not yet sure what the final survival es­timate is, but the initial numbers are encouraging.”

Still, their habitat took a beating, as the forest canopy at Rio Abajo was blown to the ground. Parrots were seen foraging for fruit off the downed trees.

Before: The Rio Abajo aviary, where captive breeding of Puerto Rican Parrots is conducted, lies on the relatively sheltered western side of the island. Photo by Ricardo Valentin. After: The aviary remained standing, but the hurricanes leveled much of the surrounding forest, including Puerto Rican Parrot habitat. Photo taken 2 days after Hurricane Maria. Photo by Ricardo Valentin.

The Puerto Rican Parrot—a gor­geous emerald-green bird with a scar­let forehead and white eyerings—may once have numbered a million birds. But during colonization, first by Spain and then the United States, Puerto Ri­co’s lowland forests were logged and de­stroyed. The birds, which nested in the cavities of old trees and ate a variety of tree seeds, nearly disappeared. The par­rot was designated as a federally en­dangered species in 1967, and efforts to establish a captive aviary population be­gan in 1973. The wild population dwin­dled to just 13 individuals in 1975.

Look closely, and you will see Puerto Rican parrots foraging on the ground. This is the only known photo of wild parrots foraging this way. After the hurricanes at Rio Abajo, there were no flowers, fruits, or seeds available on the defoliated trees, and the birds headed to the ground out of hunger, looking for canopy fruits. Click here for a larger image. Photo by Ricardo Valentin.

By 1989 the species had started a modest comeback, with more than 40 wild parrots on the island, when Hurri­cane Hugo swept through and cut that population in half. But by that time bi­ologists with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Puerto Rican DNER had built up a flourishing captive pop­ulation of parrots at three breeding cen­ters. Those captive flocks have been key to strengthening the island’s wild par­rot populations over the past decade Before Irma hit, Puerto Rico’s wild par­rot population was the highest it had been since 1967.

There are about 450 parrots in cap­tivity now, and they weathered the most recent hurricanes in concrete bunkers, with only nine casualties. As for the wild parrots, the storm survi­vors are being supplied a mixture of pellets and seeds from artificial feeders stocked by biologists at El Yunque and Rio Abajo. Says Jimenez, “The birds are responding well to the presence of the feeders and visit the feeding stations every day.”

The feeding program supports the wild birds while their forest habitat re­covers. It also keeps individual parrots from dispersing from the flock, which would make them vulnerable to Red-tailed Hawks, especially without pro­tection from the forest canopy.

After the hurricanes, staff at the Rio Abajo aviary put food out for the surviving parrots to keep them from starving, and to prevent them from dispersing and becoming vulnerable to predation. Photo by Ricardo Valentin.

The storm also destroyed the hollow trees and artificial boxes where parrots have nested. But new nesting boxes will be installed by biologists, and the winds may have broken limbs and trunks to create new nesting cavities.

“It is still too early to assess what types of cavities may have been created by the storm or whether the parrots will use them, but it is one small silver lin­ing,” says Jimenez.

Puerto Rican Parrots have weath­ered and recovered from hurricanes for millennia. But rarely have they faced de­struction as severe as that wrought by Hurricanes Irma and, especially, Maria.

“Hurricane Maria will likely repre­sent a setback in the recovery of this iconic species, but it will not be a per­manent one,” says Jimenez. “Looking at how resilient the species was, en­during a direct impact of this unprec­edented hurricane, we are hopeful for the long term.”