http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/GunAccessories

Muzzle

The bit the bullets come out of. On a rifle, you'll usually have a device called a flash suppressor which redirects propellant gas outwards to make the muzzle flash a little less blinding. The barrel might be threaded, meaning it has a screw thread at the end to make it easier to attach a silencer or some types of rifle grenade. You might also have:

A muzzle brake or compensator. This is a device that redirects gas with the intention of countering recoil and / or muzzle rise. Also makes the gun sound louder to the shooter and those beside them. A muzzle or recoil booster. This device is the functional opposite of a muzzle brake, in that it increases rearward force. It is often used to improve a short-recoil action weapon's reliability and/or increase its rate of fire by providing more energy to cycle the action. A silencer or more accurately known as a suppressor. This might be mounted by a quick-release or screw on to a threaded barrel (but let's face it, all fictional ones screw on because it looks cooler), or in some cases might instead be an integral part of the weapon that can only be removed for cleaning. A launching cup or rifle grenade adapter. These are needed for some types of muzzle-mounted rifle grenades; you typically detach it any time you're not actually using it. A bayonet lug. This is primarily designed to allow a knife to be mounted to the end of the weapon, but is often also used as an attachment point for other accessories, such as bipods, flashlights, or the front of underbarrel launchers. A bipod or tripod might be mounted here or further back on the front of the handguard. This is a device used to steady the weapon on a surface, allowing it to be aimed more precisely. With really heavy weapons, it may be mounted nearer the middle of the weapon, and / or be the only way to practically fire it. In video games, is often just there because it looks nice. A Laser Sight, flashlight or combined module might be here or on the handguard. Laser sights are typically only used for short-range applications since the laser does not compensate for windage or bullet drop; non-visible lasers might be used with infra-red goggles to allow a fireteam to easily see what the other members are aiming at. Flashlights are typically only used in short flashes ("light discipline") to avoid destroying the user's natural night vision and giving away their position. The oldest form of night vision equipment used an IR lamp placed somewhere on the weapon to illuminate targets for the scope; this setup is called "active" IR (as opposed to "passive" where the detector picks up IR emissions from the environment), and is still used today to provide target illumination without using a visible light. This might be placed here on a modern weapon, though older weapons mounted the emitter alongside or on top of the scope. A rather bizarre and rare device is the Krummlauf, a bent barrel extension with a mirror-sight allowing the user to fire around corners. While several countries have experimented with such devices, they wear out quickly. The idea of making a gun shoot around corners however, is even older, with World War I-era periscope rifles allowing a soldier to aim and shoot the rifle from inside the trench.



While Krummlauf may be dead, the idea of "corner-peeking" isn't quite yet dead. In modern times, a camera or mirror might be mounted to the front of the weapon to let the user peek around corners, varying in sophistication from simply taping a car wing mirror to the weapon to a fiber-optic setup with a screen that can also be used to look under doors. Generally though, it would be a CornerShot attachment or something resembling it. Cameras mounted at the muzzle, on the handguard or integrated into the sight might also be used to record evidence (particularly if there may be a later court case); in near-future fiction, they tend to link The Squad to Mission Control and / or each other. The "choke" of a shotgun affects how widely the shot is allowed to spread. Some feature swappable or adjustable choke. A "tighter" choke makes the pellets stay closer together as they leave the shotgun. The further away you expect to be shooting, the tighter the choke should be to ensure that enough pellets hit the target to achieve the desired effect. Double-barrelled hunting shotguns often have different chokes on each barrel so that the hunter can effectively shoot game animals at different ranges. Shotguns designed for breaching doors often have a special muzzle attachment that combines a muzzle brake with an extension designed to provide a safe standoff distance from the door being breached. Gun shields are normally seen on crew-served weapons mounted near the base of the barrel to protect the crew. Factory-installed gun shields on heavy weapons will usually be made from metal but are occasionally made from armor-grade polymer or even transparent polycarbonate ("bulletproof glass"). Because the gun shield tends to get chewed up by incoming fire, heavy weapon crews often do improvised repairs with sheet metal or scavenged armor plate. Less commonly, gun shields are mounted on personal weapons to supplement the soldier or law enforcement officer's existing body armour by protecting the neck and face. Gun shields for personal weapons are only really useful for close-quarters work, since they make the weapon front-heavy. A blank firing adaptor might be fitted in two situations; either military drills or for movie weapons. The device traps gas at the muzzle to help the action cycle, since blanks don't generate the same recoil forces or gas pressures that live rounds do. Typically Hollywood versions are built to be as subtle as possible, fitting inside the barrel or only slightly extending it. Military blank-adapters are very big and often painted bright red or yellow, to ensure it's very obvious when one is fitted. A laser boresighter or collimator can be used when setting up a weapon's scope. Failing to remove one of these before firing can have certain consequences. Safety rods are designed to be inserted into the end of the barrel to block the barrel and lock the action, providing a visible indication the weapon cannot be fired. A barrel cover is used to prevent dirt and debris entering the muzzle or muzzle brake when the weapon isn't being fired. A larger version is a zip-up bag that protects the entire gun.

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Handguard / barrel

On anything bigger than a pistol, this is typically one of the parts you're supposed to hold on to. But you can also stick stuff to it:

As above, laser sights, flashlights, bipods, foregrips, and cameras might be mounted to the handguard rather than further forward.

Usually, the front end of a sling or shoulder strap will attach near the front of the weapon's barrel.

A front vertical grip, or foregrip, is similar to the rear pistol grip, but it's at the front; can be anything from a simple cloth strap to hold on to, to a fixed grip or folding handle. Useful in close quarter situations where speed and handling are more important than pinpoint accuracy. Pistols are sometimes designed to be able to attach an upside-down magazine under the barrel for use as a foregrip. Vertical grips can also have integrated lights, laser pointers, or even fold-out bipod legs. There are also angled foregrips, for those who want a flatter grip that won't strain their wrist.

There are also angled foregrips, for those who want a flatter grip that won't strain their wrist. Advertisement: Many weapons have quick-change barrels; in automatics, this is so that hot barrels can be swapped out quickly, but other weapons can swap barrel lengths; short and light barrels for close-quarters work, or longer and heavier barrels for precision shooting.

Underbarrel accessories are whole other weapons that can be mounted under the handguard; the most common is an underbarrel Grenade Launcher, though there are also underbarrel shotguns for door breaching (often simply sawed off shotguns), underbarrel flare launchers for riot control or pretending you have an underbarrel grenade launcher, and more exotic devices like a spring-powered glass breaking spike. If you're feeling silly, you might go for an underbarrel pistol.

If you're feeling silly, you might go for an underbarrel pistol. A barrel shroud is a shoulder thing that goes up a cover for the barrel that helps to prevent burns to the hands and other body parts during prolonged automatic fire; it's often also vented to reduce weight and allow air flow over the barrel. Typically the term heat shield is used instead if it only forms part of the handguard, as on some shotguns.

a cover for the barrel that helps to prevent burns to the hands and other body parts during prolonged automatic fire; it's often also vented to reduce weight and allow air flow over the barrel. Typically the term heat shield is used instead if it only forms part of the handguard, as on some shotguns. Advertisement: A water or oil jacket or finned barrel is used to keep automatic weapons cool; the former is a heavy sheath that fits over the barrel and is filled with liquid, and is usually only seen on World War 1-vintage heavy machine guns like the old Vickers MG or some Soviet autocannons. There are many variations of the latter, all with the common goal of increasing the surface area of the barrel to ease heat transfer.

or some Soviet autocannons. There are many variations of the latter, all with the common goal of increasing the surface area of the barrel to ease heat transfer. A rib is a structure usually seen on shotguns (though some revolvers have one). It's a flat topped bar that runs along the top of the barrel; a solid rib is solid, while a vented rib has cooling holes in it. The rib provides a flat sight plane along the top of the barrel and lessens mirage distortions produced by a hot barrel: the vents prevent thermal expansion of the barrel distorting the rib, which could otherwise potentially result in the front sight shifting position or even the rib cracking or breaking off.

You might mount a clamp or other attachment for spare magazines here, so they're closer to hand for fast reloads. Shotguns can be fitted with a holder for spare shells.

A pistol can have additional grooves cut here to allow the slide to be operated by the front as well as the back.

A Mirage Band (see top image) is a lightweight cloth band designed to be stretched over the top of the barrel, to prevent heat distortions from a hot barrel affecting use of the scope.

(see top image) is a lightweight cloth band designed to be stretched over the top of the barrel, to prevent heat distortions from a hot barrel affecting use of the scope. Your weapon's carrying handle, if it has one, might be mounted here if it isn't mounted on the receiver; this is particularly the case with fold-down handles like the one on the FN FAL.

Some weapons, particularly the AK series, have provision for mounting their cleaning rod under or alongside the barrel. This design goes back to the days of muzzleloading firearms, when almost all guns mounted their ramrod in the same position for easy access.

Sights / receiver

Your gun's no good if you can't aim it (not that this stops some people). Your basic weapon will likely have some kind of iron sights, which are the most basic way of making sure the weapon is aimed where you think it is. There are plenty of permutations, including glowing iron sights so you can aim in the dark and flip-up tangent sights calibrated for indirect fire, but for those wanting something a little more substantial there's plenty of options. Note that you can mount multiple scopes in a row; for example, a sniper scope might have a separate night sight attached to the front of it. Scopes might have a BUIS (Back-Up Iron Sight) mounted on them, or be mounted in such a way that the regular iron sight is still usable.

A flip-up grenade sight can be mounted on the receiver or handguard of weapons that accept underbarrel grenade launchers.

A reflex sight reflects an image of a reticle onto a piece of glass. They are usually not magnified, so shooters won't have to worry about eye relief or parallax, allowing them to aim faster. There are several methods of illumination, from simple LEDs to holographic systems and luminous radioisotopes. Typically divided into "tube" reflex sights like the famous Aimpoint optics which are contained within a scope tube, and "open" reflex sights like those produced by EOTech which are simply a little window to look through. Sometimes miniature open sights are mounted on other sights, for use at close quarters when the main scope wouldn't be workable. Closed tube sights tend to be more rugged than open sights, while open sights provide a larger field of vision thanks to their smaller profile.

which are simply a little window to look through. Sometimes miniature open sights are mounted on other sights, for use at close quarters when the main scope wouldn't be workable. Closed tube sights tend to be more rugged than open sights, while open sights provide a larger field of vision thanks to their smaller profile. A separate magnifier can be used with the above for more precise aim.

can be used with the above for more precise aim. A telescopic sight, or scope, can be anything from a simple tube with a crosshair to a gloriously overcomplicated piece of precision engineering with loads of twiddly little wheels to adjust more or less anything you can think of. Some integrate illumination, passive IR, laser rangefinders, and all manner of other fun stuff.

"Standard" night vision sights use processes like image intensification to produce a useful image in near-complete darkness. These do not work in total darkness unless you bring your own infra-red light source, such as an IR flashlight or IR chemical light stick.

Thermal scopes are based on cameras that see heat; they're useful in much the same situations as night vision. They have the advantage over standard night-vision setups that they can see through smoke and fog and can sometimes reveal camouflaged objects, if those objects are at significantly different temperature than their surroundings (like hot gun barrels or vehicle engines). Primary disadvantages are high price and bulk, but also note that thermal infra-red light does not go through glass, which means that glass is opaque through thermal sights. Cutting-edge night scopes combine thermal and conventional night vision in one unit to maximize versatility without excessive bulk.

Computerized scopes usually have some combination of the above, plus will likely have a laser-based rangefinding unit to help with ballistic calculation for long-range shots.

Your sight itself might have some embellishments; a sight protector is common, either a flip-open cap or two cups, sometimes joined with elastic, that fit over the ends. Other parts include a sun shade (a tube or lip at the front of the scope designed to reduce glare when the sun is overhead) or an anti-reflection device; this uses a honeycomb filter that slightly reduces the light level of the scope, but also reduces glare and eliminates most of the reflection from the lens; previously, snipers might use grease or other substances on the lens to produce a similar effect. For obvious reasons, the latter doesn't tend to see much use in movies or video games, where snipers are usually trying their level best to be seen. At the other end, you might have a rubber eyepiece designed to protect the shooter's eyebrow from being hit by the back end of the scope, especially on high-powered, high-recoil rifles.

this uses a honeycomb filter that slightly reduces the light level of the scope, but also reduces glare and eliminates most of the reflection from the lens; previously, snipers might use grease or other substances on the lens to produce a similar effect. For obvious reasons, the latter doesn't tend to see much use in movies or video games, where snipers are usually trying their level best to be seen. At the other end, you might have a rubber eyepiece designed to protect the shooter's eyebrow from being hit by the back end of the scope, especially on high-powered, high-recoil rifles. Slope indicators (or clinometers for the technical) and anti-cant indicators are typically attached to either the scope itself or its mounting rings. They are used, respectively, to show the elevation of the rifle and to ensure it is level; the former is chiefly used when shooting up or downhill, and involves math. Some people combine both.

Some people combine both. Finally, a cool scope needs a cool reticle. The simplest would be the dot used as the aiming point on some reflex sights; simplest for a proper scope a straightforward crosshair, which on older scopes is precisely that, two hairs or strands of spider silk forming a cross inside the scope. By why stop at simple? Modern sights are usually etched on a piece of glass inside the scope tube, and can incorporate additional marks for bullet drop, leading moving targets, and windage adjustments; some of the marks might also be illuminated so the scope can be used more easily in dark conditions. Perhaps the most recognizable cool reticle is the one used by the Russian SVD marksman rifle's PSO-1 scope, ◊ which has a stadiametric rangefinder (the graph-like section in the lower left). This is used by finding a target of defined size (in this case, 1.7 meters, roughly the average height of an adult male), putting it between the top and bottom lines, and reading off the range figure above as that many hundred meters. You can go for something ridiculously complicated if you feel so inclined.

which has a stadiametric rangefinder (the graph-like section in the lower left). This is used by finding a target of defined size (in this case, 1.7 meters, roughly the average height of an adult male), putting it between the top and bottom lines, and reading off the range figure above as that many hundred meters. You can go for something ridiculously complicated if you feel so inclined. A sniper might have extra gear to go with their scope; "sniper weapon systems" these days typically consist of the rifle, match grade ammunition, rifle scope, a ballistic computer (a ruggedised PDA with special software, or more recently a device like the Barrett BORS which is mounted directly on top of the scope) a set of printed data tables in case the PDA fails, a spotting scope (basically a small telescope; old-school snipers would often be issued an actual telescope) or rangefinding binoculars, and a handheld weather sensor. The latter is used to gather data for the ballistic computer, which then calculates the adjustments needed to make a given shot.

(a ruggedised PDA with special software, or more recently a device like the Barrett BORS which is mounted directly on top of the scope) a set of printed data tables in case the PDA fails, a spotting scope (basically a small telescope; old-school snipers would often be issued an actual telescope) or rangefinding binoculars, and a handheld weather sensor. The latter is used to gather data for the ballistic computer, which then calculates the adjustments needed to make a given shot. Weapons designed for indirect fire might have a ballistic data table physically printed onto part of the gun, as with the third image of the AGS-17 here.

here. A machine gun or other heavy automatic weapon might be issued with a dedicated anti-aircraft sight, with the crew using a scale and calipers to measure the speed of an aircraft in order to work out how far to lead their shots.

Also often found on top of the receiver is any carrying handle the weapon might have; a fairly common design choice is to integrate the rear sight and carrying handle.

Lower down on the receiver, you might have a deflector mounted near the ejection port. This is a piece of metal designed to deflect ejected rounds downwards. Bigger guns might have a brass catcher or bag; this is particularly true of crew-served weapons where flying brass might present a hazard for the crew. Here, it's typically a net or canvas bag. On helicopters, guns are typically fitted with long, flexible tubes over the ejection port to ensure ejected brass can't interfere with the rotors or enter the engine.

A dust cover is a panel over the ejection port that closes when the weapon isn't being used, and typically locks open when it's being fired.

Magazine / clip

Them bulletsnote cartridges, technically. The "bullet" is the part that leaves the barrel have got to go somewhere, after all. Some weapons (most manual rifles and shotguns) have an integral magazine, which is a part of the weapon and is loaded using single rounds or stripper clips. Others have a detachable box magazine, usually straight or curved; this consists of a casing with a spring at the base containing one or more columns of cartridges. The easiest way to remember the difference between a magazine and a clip is that a clip merely holds the rounds until they're manually fed into the weapon by the shooter, while a magazine feeds the rounds into the action via tension from a spring. The en bloc clip is a special exception because it is a clip, but gets loaded into a firearm and becomes a part of the firearm's internal magazine until it's ejected.

An extended magazine. Typically this will be blatantly enlarged, and might be truly bizarre; for example, there exists a 100-round AK magazine which is a half-circle, the other end attaching to the rifle's bayonet lug. Smaller extended magazines exist as well, such as 50-round magazines for NATO 5.56mm weapons (they look similar, just longer, and tend to prevent prone firing due to their size).

A drum magazine. This is typically a very large and rather heavy (and often rather unreliable) device, usually circular and fitted underneath the weapon. The "Beta C-Mag" ("century magazine") is rather common in fiction; it consists of two 50-round drums with a column in the middle. Some machine guns (usually older ones) can mount a saddle drum magazine, which works on the same principle but fits to the top of the receiver rather than the bottom.

A subtype of drum magazine is the helical magazine, a cylinder-shaped magazine with the bullets essentially wrapped around an auger (see last two images). Most firearms that use these are designed specifically for them, though conversion kits are starting to appear for others. They tend to have enormous capacity, though they're relatively complicated and expensive.

(see last two images). Most firearms that use these are designed specifically for them, though conversion kits are starting to appear for others. They tend to have enormous capacity, though they're relatively complicated and expensive. Similarly, pan magazines are often used as a compact way to feed machine-guns. The American 180 takes the capacity to extremes, with magazines of up to 275 round capacity available.

Multiple magazines may be attached together, often referred to as "jungle style", to supposedly let one reload faster. Sometimes the magazines themselves are designed to clip to each other, like the HK G36's magazine; if not this can be done with a proper clamp, but it's more often shown done with duct tape. The classic version, with one magazine upside-down while the other is in the weapon, is actually a horrible idea, since it can easily result in bullets getting knocked out, dirt getting into the magazine, and takes more effort than side-by-side magazines to actually use anyway. Taping multiple magazines together can also make handling unwieldy, due to the bulk of the extra magazines, while also causing structural stress, which can deform the magazine feed lips and cause malfunctions.

Automatics might use a belt box instead of a magazine; this can be made of anything from cloth wrapped around metal ribs to stamped metal.

Soldiers often wrap tape around the base of a magazine to make it easier to handle, since it's usually smooth; companies such as Magpul now make slide-on grips, purpose-built magazine baseplates which include grips, and even whole magazines with gripped sides. Other options include transparent polymer magazines so you can more easily see how much ammunition you have left (with the downside that so can everyone else). Tape is also commonly wrapped around the base of a magazine to differentiate one end from another, which can be difficult in the heat of the moment, as most magazines are symmetrical. Tape can also be used to signify different bullet types within the magazine.

now make slide-on grips, purpose-built magazine baseplates which include grips, and even whole magazines with gripped sides. Other options include transparent polymer magazines so you can more easily see how much ammunition you have left (with the downside that so can everyone else). Tape is also commonly wrapped around the base of a magazine to differentiate one end from another, which can be difficult in the heat of the moment, as most magazines are symmetrical. Tape can also be used to signify different bullet types within the magazine. Pistol magazines might instead be fitted with Slam Pads.

Break-open or swing-out cylinder revolvers can use a speedloader or moon clip / Half-Moon Clip to reload chambers together rather than having to insert rounds one at a time.

or moon clip / Half-Moon Clip to reload chambers together rather than having to insert rounds one at a time. A magazine loader is used when filling an internal or detachable magazine with single rounds or from stripper clips; there are several ways these can function, from simply providing a guide to slide the clip into to holding down rounds against the pressure of the magazine's spring, to handle-operated loading tools that function like hoppers . Some rifles have integral clip guides that fulfil the same function as the former.

is used when filling an internal or detachable magazine with single rounds or from stripper clips; there are several ways these can function, from simply providing a guide to slide the clip into to holding down rounds against the pressure of the magazine's spring, to handle-operated loading tools that function like hoppers . Some rifles have integral clip guides that fulfil the same function as the former. While incredibly rare, speedloaders for guns with tubular magazines like rimfire rifles and shotguns, called quickloaders, do exist. The shotgun speedloader is also notable for having a very cool operation where the user pushes an entire tube of shells into the magazine from the breech.

You might also carry multiple types of ammunition; for example, armor piercing bullets, or something more unorthodox.

Grip

The part you hold on to. Rifles and shotguns often have the grip as the front of the stock, while a pistol grip is more normal for other long guns (and pistols, weirdly enough). There's plenty of scope for switching the grip around on most widely-manufactured firearms. Also:

Modifying a weapon that doesn't have one to use a pistol grip is a fairly common step in the creation of tacticool weaponry. The Mosin-abomination near the bottom of the page is such a conversion.

Target rifles and pistols often have a palm shelf, a block at the base of the grip used to support the heel of the hand.

Users with significantly larger- or smaller-than-average hands may find the standard grips on a weapon to be unwieldy. Bolt-on replacements are available for common weapons and custom-made ones may be possible for just about anything. Replacement grips are also available for aesthetic reasons, from simply changing the color or camouflage pattern to elaborate engravings.

A trigger lock is used to mechanically disable a weapon you don't intend yourself or others to use immediately; they're most commonly marketed to parents worried about children playing with guns.

Professional soldiers may put spare batteries or other essential parts for their weapons or accessories into the hollow of their assault rifle's grip. They then seal this up with tape. Should a key device run out of charge on mission, replacement batteries are right on hand. Some manufacturers now provide rubber tubes for the hollow grip-core so that the contents don't rattle about and make noise.

Stock

The part that goes against your shoulder. Most pistols don't have a stock by default, but some can accept one as an accessory, typically ones designed for burst or fully automatic fire (note that putting a stock on a pistol is illegal without special permission in many jurisdictions, unless you attach a huge barrel extension that brings it to a legal length, which kind of defeats the purpose of having a pistol in the first place). Most other personal weapons have a stock of some kind.

Folding stocks are designed to be stowable when not in use; they might fold to the side, underneath, over the top to sit over the barrel when not in use. (Bonus points: check various media for weapons with folding stocks that are folded during operation)

Collapsible stocks can slide along the frame of the weapon, changing the distance from the rear grip to the shoulder. This can be useful for maintaining proper hold both with and without armor, or so that different-sized users can properly wield the same weapon.

Modern generations of collapsible stocks, such as the Crane stock, ◊ can have watertight compartments within the stock in order to hold extra batteries to keep all of your other gadgets going.

can have watertight compartments within the stock in order to hold extra batteries to keep all of your other gadgets going. Fixed stocks come in many shapes and sizes, from solid blocks of metal or plastic, to ones with a cleaning kit and spare parts in an internal compartment, to full-adjustable setups for precision rifles with all kinds of wheels and sliders and screws to mess around with. Might include a cheek rest.

You might also have a cushioned pad here to protect your shoulder when firing.

One end of your weapon's sling or shoulder strap will probably attach here.

The stock might also feature a monopod to balance the rear of the weapon off the ground when using a bipod.

A stock saddle is a cloth slip for the stock with a number of loops for holding individual spare rounds of ammunition; they're most commonly used with shotguns intended for combat, since they allow the weapon's tube magazine to be topped up quickly and without taking the muzzle off the target.

RIS and RAS

Rail Integration System and Rail Adaptor System. Also known as Picatinny and Weaver rails, these are standardized ribbed accessory mounting rails that look cool and therefore go everywhere. Most of all, this is also the anchor that makes the gun compatible with many of the above attachments. One company is taking this to another level, by having the rail system have an integrated electrical supply to power all the accessories that are attached to the rail.