Pity the poor Costa Rican postman. Sure, he doesn’t have to deal with sleet or snow. But consider what passes for an address here:

From the Tibas cemetery, 200 meters south, 300 meters west, cross the train tracks, white two-story house.

That’s actually a pretty easy one. Making his rounds on the outskirts of this capital city one recent morning, carrier Roberto Montero Reyes pulled envelopes from his canvas sack whose addresses read like treasure-hunt clues or lines of haiku.

There was one for someone who lived on “the south side of the Red Cross” and another for a family whose home is “125 meters [410 feet] west of the Pizza Hut.”


“You’ve got to be a mind reader, . . . a historian and a detective” to do this job, said Montero, a 27-year veteran, who walks his route in camouflage-print sneakers.

It may be difficult for GPS addicts to comprehend, but Costa Rica doesn’t have a standardized system of addresses -- at least not ones that can be typed into MapQuest. Many streets aren’t named, and virtually none have signs. Many houses don’t have numbers. Only a few pockets of the country use anything close to the “123 Main St.” format that Americans would recognize.

Instead, most Costa Rican addresses are expressed in relation to the closest community landmark. In colonial times, that was the church or town hall. Today it could be a fast-food joint or car dealership.

For some, the quirky system is a reassuring link to their country’s agrarian past, a colorful affirmation of what it means to be “Tico,” or Costa Rican. Almost everyone beams when they talk about the “old fig tree” and the “old Coca-Cola plant.” Both of those San Jose-area landmarks have been lost to history, but locals still cite them when giving directions as if they still existed. For a disoriented visitor, it’s proof that magical realism is alive and well in Latin America.


“It’s part of the idiosyncrasy of Costa Ricans,” said historian Francisco Maroto Mejia, director of the postal museum for Correos de Costa Rica, the nation’s postal service.

The trouble is that these rustic addresses aren’t keeping pace with Costa Rica’s development. A nation of more than 4 million, Costa Rica boasts the highest standard of living in Central America and has a vibrant technology sector. But until recently it took an average of nine days to deliver a letter -- if it got there at all. Postal authorities say that 1 in 5 pieces of mail is undeliverable because they can’t figure out where the addressee lives. The problem is worse in new subdivisions, where neighbors don’t know one another and can’t advise carriers.

Mail is just one problem. Emergency crews, cabdrivers, utility workers and delivery people spend an inordinate amount of time on cellphones and knocking on doors to find out where they’re supposed to be.

“It’s total chaos,” said San Jose-area retiree Claudio Gonzalez, 73, who recently spent three fruitless hours searching for a friend’s home in an unfamiliar suburb. “I could find my way easier in a foreign country.”


Postal authorities have embarked on a major overhaul. Recent changes in the way mail is sorted have cut the average delivery time to two days nationwide. Now the postal service is assigning numbers, street names and ZIP Codes to every home and building in the country, which at about 20,000 square miles is slightly smaller than San Bernardino County.

Officials have rolled out more than 430,000 streamlined addresses, mostly in urban areas. They hope to convert the entire country over the next two years if the government allocates about $1 million to finish the job.

Erecting street signs will take a lot longer and cost a bundle. Correos de Costa Rica is trying to persuade the private sector to help pay for that effort. But the biggest challenge will be altering the Tico mind-set, said Alvaro Coghi Gomez, the postmaster general.

“It’s a cultural process,” Coghi said. “We have to stop thinking about the fig tree.”


Costa Rica isn’t the only nation with an address system potentially befuddling to outsiders.

Neighboring Nicaragua uses the same landmark system, with a few added wrinkles. Residents often write arriba, or “up,” to denote east (where the sun rises), and abajo, “down,” for west (where it sets). Instead of meters, they use city blocks, or varas, an antiquated Spanish unit of measurement equivalent to about 33 inches.

Costa Rican carrier Montero has his hands full at home.

A third-generation postal worker, he joined the ranks because it was respectable work and he liked the benefits, which include company-paid pants, shirts and shoes.


He begins his day at 6:30 a.m. sorting mail at Correo Central, the grand if slightly scruffy downtown San Jose post office constructed in 1917. Workers handle the mail now much the way they did back then. Every one of the 28 million letters and packages mailed last year had to be sorted by hand. Modern equipment isn’t capable of reading the addresses.

Some of the nation’s 330 carriers make their rounds by car, motorcycle or bicycle. Montero prefers to walk. After collecting his mail, he rides a public bus 15 minutes to the start of his 4-mile route in San Jose’s northern suburb of Tibas.

His first stops are small businesses along a busy commercial strip. These are a snap because their signs speak for themselves. Neighborhoods are trickier. Many residents appear to be logistically challenged and colorblind to boot.

Homes whose addresses state they are 100 meters, or 328 feet, from a landmark might be half that or double that. Homeowners who repaint rarely bother to change the descriptions in the addresses they’ve filed with banks, utilities and retailers.


Montero showed a letter for someone who supposedly lives 164 feet south of a beauty salon. The home is actually north of the shop.

“People don’t even know where they live,” he said with good-natured exasperation.

The guy whose house is “next to the Miranda Furniture Store” got lucky. Montero, 59, knew that the property changed hands years ago and now houses an appliance retailer with a different name.

Most homes on Montero’s route don’t even have mailboxes, but he doesn’t take offense. He always knocks on the door or rings the bell before he slides a letter through the ubiquitous security fences. If he can’t find an address, he collars neighbors and quizzes business owners.


“Someone might be waiting” for that letter, he said, turning serious for just a moment.

He acknowledges that adapting to a new system won’t be easy after all these years. But the changes can’t come soon enough for one of his customers, 80-year-old Yolanda Cerdas.

She scoffs at the notion that there is anything poetic or sentimental about needless disorder.

“How can a tree be an address?” Cerdas said. “Bad habits. That’s our problem.”


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marla.dickerson@latimes.com

Times staff writer Alex Renderos contributed to this report.