Modern English is commonly thought of as a West Germanic language, with lots of French and, thanks to the church, Latin influence thrown in the mix. But this take on English leaves out a very important piece of the linguistic puzzle: Old Norse, the language of the Vikings. The English we speak today is riddled with lingual remnants leftover from a time when wearing ornately-decorated helmets was all the rage. Let’s take a look at some Old Norse words that have withstood the test of time by fighting their way into our modern vocabulary.

How To Speak Viking

The Old Norse word víking meant an overseas expedition, and a vikingr was someone who went on one of these expeditions. In the popular imagination, the Vikings were essentially pirates from the fjords of Denmark and Norway who descended on medieval England like a bloodthirsty frat party — they pillaged, murdered and razed villages, only to sail right back across the North Sea with their loot.

Reality is far more nuanced, though. The earliest Viking activity in England did consist of coastal raids, but by the 870s, the Danes had traded sword for plow and were settled across most of Northern England in an area governed by treaties known as the Danelaw. England even had Danish kings from 1018 to 1042. However, the more successful and longer-lasting Norman conquest in 1066 marked the end of the Viking era and virtually erased Danish influence in almost all aspects of English culture but one: its effect on the development of the English language.

Traust me, þó (though) it may seem oddi at first, we er still very líkligr to use the same words the Vikings did in our everyday speech. Þeirra (their) language evolved into the modern-day Scandinavian languages, but þeir (they) also gave English the gift of hundreds of words.

[A note on the letter þ: the Old Norse letter, called thorn, makes the same sound as the “th” in “thin”.]

Days Of The Week

The most obvious Old Norse influence on modern English is the word Thursday (Þorsdagr), which you might guess means “Thor’s day.”

“Tuesday,” “Wednesday” and “Friday” are sometimes also attributed to the Norse gods Tyr, Odin and Freya respectively, but the weekdays are actually named for the Anglo-Saxon equivalents of these gods, Tiw, Wodan and Friga. The similarity of these names points to the common ancestry shared by the various Germanic tribes in prehistoric northern Europe, centuries before their descendants clashed on England’s shores.

War And Violence

If the Vikings are famous for one thing, it’s their obsession with war. They didn’t just bring death and destruction to medieval England, they brought really cool words for death and destruction. They were certainly a rough bunch. Just look at a Viking the rangr (wrong) way, and he might þrysta (thrust) a knifr into your skulle.

Here are some more violent Old Norse words we can thank the Vikings for:

English Old Norse Meaning berserk berserkr lit. a “bear-shirt” a Viking warrior who entered battle wearing nothing for armor but an animal skin club klubba a heavy, blunt weapon gun gunn from the female name Gunnhildr: gunn (war) + hildr (battle) ransack rannsaka to search a house scathe skaða to injure slaughter slatra to butcher

Society And Culture

Life in the Danelaw wasn’t all murder and mayhem, of course. Ironically, these savage berserkers also gave us many Old Norse words now central to our more “civilized” culture:

English Old Norse Meaning bylaw bylög village-law heathen heiðinn one who inhabits the heath or open country Hel Hel Loki’s daughter and ruler of the underworld husband húsbóndi hús (house) + bóndi (occupier and tiller of soil) law lag litmus lit-mosi litr (dye) + mosi (moss) loan lán to lend sale sala skill skil distinction steak steik to fry thrall þræll slave thrift þrift prosperity troll saga yule jol a pagan winter solstice feast

Animals

Although most English animal names retain their Anglo-Saxon roots (cow, bear, hound, swine, chicken, etc.), the Vikings did bring a few Old Norse words to our animal vocabulary:

English Old Norse Meaning bug búkr an insect within tree trunks bull boli reindeer hreindyri skate skata a kind of fish wing vængr

Some words associated with hunting and trapping also come from the Vikings. Sleuth now means “detective,” but the original slóth meant “trail” or “track.” Snare, on the other hand, retains the original meaning of the Old Norse snara.

Landscape

Old Norse words are good for describing bleikr landscapes and weather. This was especially useful in Viking-inhabited northern England, where both flatr and rogg (rugged) terrain are often shrouded in fok, and oppressed by gustr of wind and lagr (low) ský (clouds).

Much of the Danelaw bordered swamps and alluvial plains, so it’s no surprise that many Old Norse words for dirty, mucky things still survive in English:

English Old Norse Meaning dirt drit excrement dregs dregg sediment mire myrr bog muck myki cow dung rotten rotinn

The Norse Legacy In English

Thanks to the cross-cultural fermentation that occurred in the Danelaw, the English language is much closer to those of its Scandinavian neighbors than many acknowledge. By the time the Norman conquest brought the irreversible influence of French, Old English had already been transformed beyond its Anglo-Saxon roots.

This is still in evidence today: Modern English grammar and syntax are more similar to modern Scandinavian languages than to Old English. This suggests that Old Norse didn’t just introduce new words, it also influenced how the Anglo-Saxons constructed their sentences. Some linguists even claim that English should be reclassified as a North Germanic language (along with Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Swedish), rather than a West Germanic language (with Dutch and German). The Viking influence may be most apparent in the Yorkshire dialect, which uses even more Old Norse words in daily speech than standard English does.

English is probably too much of a hybrid to ever neatly classify, but its Old Norse rót is clearly there among the tangle of Anglo-Saxon, French and Latin roots. The language of the Vikings may have become subdued over the centuries, but make no mistaka about it: from byrðr (birth) undtil we deyja (die), Norse’s raw energy simmers under the surface of everything we say.

More Old Norse Words

We use Old Norse words every day without even realizing it.

Verbs

English Old Norse Meaning bark bǫrkr bask baðask reflexive of baða, “to bathe” billow bylgja blunder blundra to shut one’s eyes; to stumble about blindly call kalla to cry loudly cast kasta to throw choose kjósa clip klippa to cut crawl krafla to claw gawk ga to heed get geta give gefa glitter glitra haggle haggen to chop hit hitta to find kindle kynda race rás to move swiftly raise reisa rid rythja to clear land run renna scare skirra scrape skrapa snub snubba to curse sprint spretta to jump up stagger stakra to push stain steina to paint stammer stemma to hinder; to dam up sway sveigja to bend; to give way take taka seem sœma to conform shake skaka skip skopa thwart þver across want vanta to lack whirl hvirfla to go around whisk viska to plait or braid

Objects

English Old Norse Meaning axle öxull axis bag baggin ball bǫllr a round object band band rope bulk bulki cargo cake kaka egg egg glove lofi the middle of the hand knot knutr keel kjölr link hlenkr loft lopt air; sky; upper room mug mugge plow, plough plogr raft raptr log scale (for weighing) skal bowl; drinking cup scrap skrap seat sæti skirt skyrta shirt want vondr rod window vindauga lit. “wind-eye”

Adjectives

English Old Norse Meaning aloft á + lopt on + loft; sky; heaven ill illr bad loose lauss sly sloegr scant skamt short; lacking ugly uggligr dreadful weak veikr

The Body

English Old Norse Meaning freckles freknur foot fótr girth gjörð circumference leg leggr skin skinn animal hide

People

English Old Norse Meaning fellow felagi guest gestr kid kið young goat lad ladd young man oaf alfr elf

Emotions