Maike Wiesenfarth assembles solar cell components at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems.Credit: Thomas Klink/Fraunhofer ISE

Germany has historically been a global leader in renewable-energy research, thanks to its sustainable-energy agenda and high levels of public funding. The result has been a wealth of opportunities for scientists working in the private and public sector. The renewable-energy field employs nearly 340,000 people in Germany, and according to the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), there are now more than 180 universities and 120 research institutes involved in the country’s energy-transition programme, Energiewende.

However, over the past decade, Germany’s renewables industry has been challenged by strong competition from elsewhere in the world. Its once-dominant solar-panel-manufacturing industry, for example, has largely been gutted by cheaper competitors in Asia (see ‘Top 10 solar-cell producers in 2016’). The impact has rippled beyond industry to laboratories around Germany, causing many scientists to re-evaluate their study priorities and career plans. “That affected research,” says Eva Unger, a chemist at the Helmholtz-Center Berlin for Materials and Energy. “There’s a sense that we should get out of solar and do something else.”

Top 10 solar-cell producers in 2016 Asia's photovoltaics manufacturing companies dominate the global market. 1 Hanwha Q-CELLS South Korea 2 JA Solar Mainland China 3 Trina Solar Mainland China 4 First Solar United States 5 JinkoSolar Mainland China 6 Motech Taiwan 7 Tongwei Solar Mainland China 8 Yingli Solar Mainland China 9 Canadian Solar Canada* 10 Shungfeng Group Mainland China

The government’s response has been to substantially increase the annual funding for renewable-energy research. In its energy plan for 2013, the German federal government announced investment of €400 million (US$459 million) per year in renewables research, on top of the contribution of individual states to research projects and universities. In 2017, funding for energy efficiency and renewables research increased to €800 million, which is being funnelled into projects aimed at better integrating renewable energy into the existing energy system, research organizations such as the Helmholtz Association, and large-scale grant programmes such as the Kopernikus Projects. The federal government also announced it would increase spending on its energy-research programme, which began in the 1970s to promote the research of non-nuclear technologies, to €6.4 billion between 2018 and 2022, an increase of 45% compared with the previous five-year period.

Nature Career Guide: Germany

“Funding levels are continually climbing,” says Niklas Martin, head of the German Renewable Energy Research Association in Berlin. “You can count on funding when it comes to planning a career.”

The Energiewende’s most ambitious goal — generating 80% of the country’s power from renewables by 2050 — was set in 2010. After the release of radioactive material at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant following a tsunami in 2011, the shift took on a new urgency: German Chancellor Angela Merkel declared a complete nuclear pull-out, meaning Germany couldn’t rely on nuclear power as part of its emissions-reduction plans. With nuclear energy off the table, policymakers and academics realized that achieving the emissions-reduction targets required major investments in energy research. The funding fuelled a boom in manufacturing capacity and innovation — between 2000 and 2013, Germany ranked third in the world in patent filings for renewable-energy technologies, behind China and the United States.

Integration of green energy

There is still a lot of work to be done when it comes to encouraging societal adoption of renewable energy and support from businesses, and research priorities in Germany have changed to reflect a new phase of the transition. “It’s no longer enough to focus on technology,” says Tobias Sontheimer, chief research manager for energy at the Helmholtz Association in Berlin. The priority now, he says, is understanding the larger picture: how will Germany weave proven renewable-energy technology into a coordinated network capable of supplying industry and society with reliable power? The country’s grid system and storage capacities in particular need to be overhauled to accommodate fresh forms of energy generation.

Research priorities and funding reflect this updated reality. Solar, for example, used to be a vibrant sector. Although there is still funding for cutting-edge solar research (see ‘The second coming of solar’), investment is increasingly being targeted at battery and storage technologies to stabilize fickle solar- and wind-power flows. And the biggest investments have been in projects that emphasize cross-sector collaboration. “Topics like how do we integrate technologies and sector coupling are gaining more and more attention,” says Verena Fluri, an energy-systems analyst at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg.

In a move that recognizes the challenges to come, the BMBF announced a major federal initiative, the Kopernikus Projects, in 2016. The four projects constitute the largest renewables research initiative Germany has ever seen. Between now and 2025, the government will invest €400 million in projects covering energy storage, the development of a power network designed around renewables, the adaptation of industrial processes to fluctuating renewable sources such as solar and wind, and the integration of conventional and renewable energy production. In a departure from the usual funding structure, the projects each involve dozens of partners, with an emphasis on bringing scientists together with industry groups, private companies and civil society to guarantee buy-in from the public. One of the projects, for example, joins 18 research institutions, 27 industrial companies and 3 civil-society bodies together to work on the problem of converting intermittent renewable electricity to hydrogen or other chemicals as a storage solution.

Working together

Even political scientists and sociologists are finding a place in German renewables research. The Energiewende has been expensive, adding an estimated €25 billion each year to Germany’s electricity bills. More than 1.6 million solar cells have sprouted on roofs and in fields across Germany, while wind turbines have become a common feature on the landscape — and not everyone is happy with the transformation. “We’re starting to see scepticism from the population, particularly regarding wind power and high-voltage transmission lines,” says Hans-Martin Henning, director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems. “When it comes to implementation, people see it’s got impacts, it’s not all green and beauty.”

As a result, research institutes that once focused on scientific and technological questions are adding economic analysis and ‘acceptance research’ to their portfolios, hoping to understand how to incentivize businesses to adopt green energy and shape public opinion of the energy transition.

The Fraunhofer’s solar-energy research institute has been at the centre of this transformation. With almost 1,200 employees, it sits at the intersection of applied science and industry, carrying out research with a mixture of public and private funding. Henning argues that federal funding alone isn’t enough to create a sustainable renewables-research sector — and that policymakers and academics need to make sure they retain the support of the public and Germany’s business sector.

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are a good example: government support put the country at the forefront of PV research, but low-cost manufacturing eventually drove PV-panel makers elsewhere. Henning worries that German investments in battery research and other areas could face a similar fate if politicians aren’t careful. “In PV we were leading, and others took over,” Henning says. “The research and development budget is still there, but how long can we keep it if we don’t have local production and markets?”

Model for future power

Fluri is one of the researchers at the forefront of this more-integrated approach. At the lab where she works in Freiburg, she uses computer models to determine the best combination of technologies for reaching Germany’s goals for renewable power. She says that the fundamental questions have changed as the lab, founded in 2009, has grown to more than a dozen researchers. “At first, the question was ‘can we supply Germany with renewable energy?’” says Fluri. “Now there are more and more questions around how can we integrate it and what business models will support it.”

That’s why the models Fluri builds incorporate public opinion-survey data gathered by sociologists, and why her degree combined engineering know-how with economics. When it comes to the Energiewende, “it’s important to understand the socio-economic aspects, too,” she says. “Is it economically viable to build a PV battery system on an apartment building, for example? Are people willing to invest even at a lower rate of return?”

As the Energiewende matures, the research driving it will, too. “There’s an understanding that we still need individual technologies,” says Sontheimer. “At the same time, one of the big challenges of the future is bringing all these technologies which are being investigated together into a system and make it work.”