tools.namespace is a utility library I use for Clojure projects. It helps Clojurists work effectively with namespaces and dependencies between them. I recently filed an issue TNS-48 to add support for adding non-Clojure files as dependencies.

Stuart replied:

I have been aware of the value of this feature for a long time now, but I expect it would require significant, breaking changes to the internal data structures used by tools.namespace.

This piqued my curiosity to understand the implementation of tools.namespace to see what is involved. From an outsider’s perspective, the library does three things.

Finds modified files since the last call to refresh, and to find the corresponding namespaces Determine which namespaces to unload and reload Performs the unload & load operations

The rest of the post will look at tools.namespace, with this in mind:

The data structures needed to track the above tasks How does clojure.tools.namespace.repl/refresh clean up namespaces. How might tracking external files be implemented? Closing Thoughts

tools.namespace stores some state, also known as the tracker , a Clojure map. Conveniently, the source documents the map keys. I copied it verbatim below.

( comment ;; Structure of the namespace tracker map. Documented for reference ;; only: This is not a public API. { ;; Dependency graph of namespace names (symbols) as defined in ;; clojure.tools.namespace.dependency/graph :clojure.tools.namespace.track/deps {} ;; Ordered list of namespace names (symbols) that need to be ;; removed to bring the running system into agreement with the ;; source files. :clojure.tools.namespace.track/unload () ;; Ordered list of namespace names (symbols) that need to be ;; (re)loaded to bring the running system into agreement with the ;; source files. :clojure.tools.namespace.track/load () ;; Added by clojure.tools.namespace.file: Map from source files ;; (java.io.File) to the names (symbols) of namespaces they ;; represent. :clojure.tools.namespace.file/filemap {} ;; Added by clojure.tools.namespace.dir: Set of source files ;; (java.io.File) which have been seen by this dependency tracker; ;; used to determine when files have been deleted. :clojure.tools.namespace.dir/files # {} ;; Added by clojure.tools.namespace.dir: Instant when the ;; directories were last scanned, as returned by ;; System/currentTimeMillis. :clojure.tools.namespace.dir/time 1405201862262 })

Given these pieces of data, we can guess at how the high-level operations may be implemented.

Finding new and modified files uses file modification time, comparing it to :clojure.tools.namespace.dir/time . Deleted files can be identified with a set-difference of the current file list & :clojure.tools.namespace.dir/files .

The filemap maps files to namespaces to find namespaces to load & unload.

Two lists track pending operations to execute after the tracker state update. Removed and modified namespaces and all dependent namespaces are stored in :clojure.tools.namespace.track/unload . Added and modified namespaces and all dependent namespaces are stored in :clojure.tools.namespace.track/load . Observe that modified files are in both lists. Why? Unloading the namespaces cleans up vars that are no longer defined in the source code.

I found it interesting that the tracker serves both purposes of maintaining the current state and pending load/unload operations.

Invoking refresh!

Users of the library interact with the namespace clojure.tools.namespace.repl , using refresh or refresh-all! . Both delegate to a function do-refresh , which does the following in order.

dir/scan-dirs : Update the tracker state since the last run Removes excluded namespaces from the tracker reload/track-reload : Unloads & Loads namespaces using the tracker’s unload and load lists Optionally invokes function :after-sym provided by user

The interesting bits are in dir/scan-dirs and reload/track-reload .

Inside dir/scan-dirs

scan-dirs updates the state of the tracker. It uses clojure.tools.classpath to find files in the project ending in .clj . This produces two file lists: modified files and deleted files. These files are mapped to namespaces, and then tools.namespace tries to figure out which order to unload & load namespaces.

Determining namespace unload & load

tools.namespace orders unload & load by performing a topographic sort by namespace dependencies. This is a neat little library and I’d love to investigate it more in the future.

In the unload operation, the namespaces are ordered such that dependent namespaces are unloaded first. I’m unsure why unloading needs to be ordered. From skimming the implementation, it shouldn’t matter.

In the load operation, ordering does matter. This is documented in the README.md#reloading-code-motivation. tools.namespace comes with a small graph API to figure out the load order to avoid all the gotchas. tools.namespace uses (require your.name :reload) which would re-define protocols & multi-methods if dependent namespaces are loaded first.

Un-ordered reloading of namespaces (i.e. humans on the REPL) can create frustrating exceptions, especially for beginners. See below for an example.

;; file my/ns/a.clj ( ns my.ns.a ) ( defprotocol MyProtocol ( say [ _ ] .. )) ;; file my/ns/b.clj ( ns my.ns.b ( require [ my.ns.a :as a ])) ( def duck ( reify a/MyProtocol ( say [ _ ] "quack" ))) ;; re-evaluating the namespaces in an arbitrary order ( require ' [ my.ns.b :as b ] :reload ) ( require ' [ my.ns.a :as a ] :reload ) ( a/say b/duck ) ; throws Unhandled java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No implementation of method!

Unloading namespaces

Each namespace in the :unload list is removed with clojure.tools.namespace.reload/remove-lib . This is the referenced code

( defn remove-lib "Remove lib's namespace and remove lib from the set of loaded libs." [ lib ] ( remove-ns lib ) ( dosync ( alter @# 'clojure.core/*loaded-libs* disj lib )))

The first function remove-ns actually removes the namespace, which from looking at the code modifies the Namespace’s concurrent hash-map. The change to *loaded-libs* is peculiar though. From skimming clojure.core, *loaded-libs* is used to provide some locks against concurrently loading libraries. It’s used as a cache to decide whether a namespace should be reloaded from the file.

Modifying *loaded-libs* does not appear necessary because (require [my.lib] :reload) will skip checking the *loaded-libs* cache. There is one case where not doing so would cause grief. In this example below, we try using remove-ns directly. If you try to work interactively later, you will encounter yet another frustrating exception.

( require 'my.testing.core ) ; require the library because I need it! ( remove-ns 'my.testing.core ' ) ; remove the library because I no longer need it! ( require 'my.testing.core ) ; at a later time, I want to use the library again my.testing.core/some-var ; BOOM! class my.testing.core does not exist!

To get around this, you could choose two options to get past the exception: modify *loaded-libs* , or use (require 'my.testing.core :reload) . tools.namespace does both!

I was curious why *loaded-libs* needs to exist at all. I’ve asked in the #clojurians slack and the response I got back was that this is an old piece of code that just exists. I’d love to hear a follow up from the core Clojure developers to uncover the mystery of *loaded-libs* .

UPDATE (2018/02/04): I found a blog with an answer for the mystery of *loaded-libs* . When using require with :reload-all , i.e. (require my.ns :reload-all) , *loaded-libs* ensures dependencies are only loaded once.

How might tracking external files be implemented?

Going back to TNS-48 . Why can’t we have support for arbitrary files? From inspecting dir/scan-dirs , tracking dependencies rely on analyzing files with a ns form. This is tricky for arbitrary files because the tracker works with files, namespaces, and namespace-dependencies. Arbitrary files have neither a namespace nor Clojure dependencies. There are 3 improvements needed to support arbitrary files:

how to specify dependencies on external files

how to track changes to external files (an idea: a second pass on scanning source files and tracking a map of namespace -> External File)

how to incorporate external files .modifiedAt timestamps into clojure.tools.namespace.dir/modified-files

I believe most effort lies in (2).

Closing Thoughts

I have a lot of respect for tools.namespace . After doing this dive, I realize there are many pitfalls that novices, intermediates and experienced Clojurists avoid by not reload dependencies by hand. Thank you @stuartsierra for creating this indispensable tool.

As a Clojurist, the value-oriented nature of Clojure was fully utilized. The tracker’s state is implemented with persistent maps & sets. The tracker’s filemap uses java.io.File as keys to clojure.lang.Symbol , expressing the relationship of File to namespace. This is only feasible when the objects have a strong sense of value. (Surprise: java.io.File objects have value semantics!).

It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure than 10 functions on 10 data structures. —Alan Perlis

Lastly, the use of Clojure’s immutable collections was refreshing compared to languages where one tends to program to interfaces. An intermediate Clojurist should be able to follow the design for two reasons: the collections API is engrained in Clojurists, and working with collections over abstract interfaces.

I definitely recommend intermediate Clojurists to dive into this library. It is not arcane magic. One thing I would have liked is for the library to switch from Maven to Leiningen, to make it easier to integrate with Emacs+CIDER. I ended up creating a temporary project.clj to match my usual Clojure workflow.