For Christian missionaries, India is an unfinished project, and it is not because of lack of trying. Every conceivable means has been tried to convert the ‘heathens’ into the ‘true’ religion of Christ, from downright annihilation (inquisition at Goa) to sophisticated racial theories (Bishop Robert Caldwell’s Dravidian race theory) meant to strike at the very foundation of Hinduism.

During the early nineteenth century, the reigning consensus among the missionaries was if the learned Brahmins could be converted into Christianity, then the whole super-structure of Hinduism would collapse, and the rest of the population could be converted with ease. A missionary with a good command of Sanskrit would be well received by the Pandits and educated Hindus, because “if he (missionary) can quote from Bhagavad Gita, his own religious instruction will come with greater weight.”

Colonel Joseph Boden, a British military officer with 25 years’ service in India, gave a generous grant to establish the Sanskrit Chair at Oxford University in 1830. He was “of the opinion that a more general and critical knowledge of [Sanscrit] will be a means of enabling my Countrymen to proceed in the Conversion of the Natives of India to the Christian Religion, by disseminating a knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures (Bible) amongst them more effectually than all other means whatsoever.”

With this endowment, the Boden Chair of Sanskrit was established at Oxford University in 1832 to train missionaries in the Sanskrit language, so that they can translate and disseminate the Bible into Sanskrit and preach to the Hindus the ‘truths of Christianity’ couched in Sanskrit terminology.

Among the final two contenders for the Boden professorship in 1832 was the principal of Bishop’s College, Calcutta Reverend WH Mill. Mill’s claims to being a Sanskritist rested on his composition of Christa-Sangita (Samhita), or the Sacred History of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Sanskrit Verse, a Christian theological text consisting of 18 cantos set in the dialogue form and metrical pattern of Bhagavad Gita.

Gloating over the success of his work, Mill wrote, “Many Brahmans have expressed a strong desire to read this work: and one heathen Pandit now teaches it to his heathen pupils…..The most melancholy trait in the account of this work (is) the readiness with which these devotees of superstition can assume the ideas and expression of a faith most opposed to it.” He concludes that “by a pure and holy substitute”, he hopes to displace “the monstrous and demoralizing legends of pagan worship.”

We also come to know that “to give to the historical truths of Christianity a dress borrowed from the metrical legends of the Hindus is no novel idea”. During those days, many Christian theological books were published using sloka meter and Puranic stories, and in some cases, the authors were given names of Vedic rishis such as Narada, Atri and Jaimini, to impart the ‘truth of Christianity’ with the stamp of Vedic authority.

In the election of 1830, Mill lost by a whisker to the great Orientalist, Professor Horace Wilson, who was accused of being ‘irreligious’ and even worse being favourably disposed towards Hinduism. In the elections of 1860, however, the evangelicals ensured that Monier Williams won the Boden professorship. The criteria for professorship was not merely Sanskrit scholarship, in which case Max Muller was the clear winner, but the ability and willingness of the Boden professor to use Sanskrit as a vehicle for converting the ‘heathens’ of India.

In his inaugural lecture delivered at Oxford University in 1861, titled, ‘The Study of Sanskrit in Relation to Missionary Work in India’, Professor Monier Williams made the most persuasive case of why a missionary should study Sanskrit: