Summary: A new study reinforces the idea that serotonin, a molecule associated with mood, directly contributes to the actions of cocaine.

Source: Florida Atlantic University.

Once a hip drug of the ’70s and ’80s party scene, cocaine is not only making a comeback, it’s proving its staying power thanks to its potent allure. In fact, Drug Enforcement Administration officials say that traffickers are producing more cocaine now than at the height of the notorious era of the “cocaine cowboys” in the 1980s.

According to Florida’s Medical Examiner Commission, overdose deaths from cocaine are at their highest level in the state since 2007. From 2012 to 2015, cocaine deaths in Florida increased from 1,318 fatalities to 1,834 fatalities. Only fentanyl, a powerful synthetic painkiller, surpassed deaths from cocaine overdose in Florida. Nationally, more than 1 in 3 drug misuse or abuse-related emergency department visits (40 percent) involved cocaine.

This highly addictive psychostimulant induces complex molecular, cellular and behavioral responses. Despite various approaches and years of pre-clinical studies, effective, mechanism-based therapies to assist with cocaine abuse and dependence are still sorely lacking.

A team of neuroscientists led by Randy D. Blakely, Ph.D., executive director of Florida Atlantic University’s Brain Institute and a professor of biomedical science in FAU’s Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, have capitalized on a unique strain of genetically engineered or “designer” mice to tease apart key features of the complex actions of cocaine. Their findings, published in the current issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, reinforce long-held suspicions that the brain chemical serotonin, a molecule typically associated with mood, appetite and libido, makes a direct contribution to the actions of cocaine.

Although many are aware that elevations of the brain chemical dopamine play a critical role in cocaine’s ability to produce a “high” – feelings that trigger the spiral into addiction – the actions of cocaine are far more complex. For example, cocaine also can elevate the levels of serotonin in the minute spaces around brain synapses by blocking the serotonin transporter, a “nanovacuum cleaner” normally involved in whisking serotonin away to limit its actions. Furthermore, drugs capable of blocking serotonin receptors can interfere with specific components of cocaine action. Because the contributions of dopamine to the actions of cocaine are so prominent, however, laboratories have been unable to establish unequivocally how much of cocaine’s actions rely on serotonin and where in the brain the serotonin signal contributes most.

Mouse to the rescue. Actually, first, fly to the rescue.

“Several years ago, we found that the serotonin transporter expressed in the brains of fruit flies is only weakly inhibited by cocaine,” said Blakely. “We traced this reduced sensitivity to a single amino acid difference among the more than 600 amino acids that comprise fly and mammalian serotonin transporters.”

When Blakely’s team spliced the DNA sequence that encodes the relevant fly amino acid into the mouse serotonin transporter gene, the mice now made a transporter that was 80 times less sensitive to cocaine, while allowing the transporter to function completely normally. Blakely, who cloned the gene that makes the serotonin transporter more than 25 years ago, then set out to examine what actions of cocaine were retained in the mice and what was altered.

Blakely’s team, led by postdoctoral fellow Linda Simmler, Ph.D., found that the stimulant actions of cocaine were preserved in the genetically-modified mice, consistent with these actions being driven by dopamine elevations. Interestingly, however, cocaine caused mice to move more around the perimeter of test chambers rather than crossing into the brightly lit center of the chamber like normal animals do on the drug. Scientists often interpret this perimeter-hugging activity, known as thigmotaxis, as a sign of anxiety, suggesting that the normal serotonin rise may add positively to the “agreeable” nature of the drug, although Blakely cautions that other explanations are plausible. Indeed, when the mutant mice were chronically administered cocaine, they actually spent more time in the side of a chamber where cocaine would be delivered.

“These findings support the idea that serotonin signaling, long term, can reduce the ability of the brain to link cocaine actions to environmental cues,” said Blakely.

In neuroanatomical studies, Blakely’s team then quantified proteins whose levels change with neuronal activation to identify specific brain regions that might support the serotonin-dependent actions of cocaine, and the result was that the role of serotonin in cocaine action is pronounced in specific brain areas, like areas of the frontal cortex associated with inhibitory control mechanisms, while less relevant in other areas. Finally, the team identified a network of genes in these regions that exhibit changes in expression when the normal boost from serotonin is lacking, and these changes depended on how long the drug was given.

“Scientists can now clearly see details of how the brain uses serotonin not just to regulate mood, but also to drive both rapid and long-lasting changes in the brain. We suspect that these changes may contribute to the brain modifications that ultimately trap users in an addicted state,” said Blakely. “The development of effective treatment strategies requires a holistic understanding of drug actions, and now we can see much more clearly the serotonin-side of cocaine action. We hope that our findings will stimulate research into serotonin-based therapies to treat addiction as new treatments are desperately needed.”

About this neuroscience research article

Funding: The studies were supported by NIH awards MH094527, MH096972, MH094604 and T32MH016434, and an NIH funded COBRE grant P20 GM104360 as well as the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Source: Gisele Galoustian – Florida Atlantic University

Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

Original Research: Abstract for “Serotonin Transporter Blockade Contributes to the Behavioral, Neuronal, and Molecular Effects of Cocaine” by Michael H Levin, Nina M Vaswani, Paul J Gresch, Alex G Nackenoff, Noelle C Anastasio, Sonja J Stutz, Kathryn A Cunningham, Jing Wang, Bing Zhang, L Keith Henry, Adele Stewart, Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele and Randy D Blakely in British Journal of Pharmacology. Published online June 5 2017 doi:10.1111/bph.13899

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[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Florida Atlantic University “How Serotonin Contributes to Cocaine’s Allure.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 28 June 2017.

<https://neurosciencenews.com/serotonin-cocaine-6999/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Florida Atlantic University (2017, June 28). How Serotonin Contributes to Cocaine’s Allure. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved June 28, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/serotonin-cocaine-6999/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Florida Atlantic University “How Serotonin Contributes to Cocaine’s Allure.” https://neurosciencenews.com/serotonin-cocaine-6999/ (accessed June 28, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]

Abstract

Serotonin Transporter Blockade Contributes to the Behavioral, Neuronal, and Molecular Effects of Cocaine

Background and Purpose

The psychostimulant cocaine induces complex molecular, cellular and behavioral responses as a consequence of inhibiting presynaptic dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) transporters. To elucidate 5-HT transporter (SERT)-specific contributions to cocaine action, we evaluated cocaine effects in the SERT Met172 knock-in mouse, which expresses a SERT coding substitution that eliminates high-affinity cocaine recognition.

Experimental Approach

We validated the impact of SERT Met172 on cocaine antagonism of 5-HT re-uptake using ex vivo synaptosome preparations and in vivo microdialysis. We assessed SERT-dependence of cocaine actions behaviorally through acute and chronic locomotor activation, sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP), and oral cocaine consumption. We implemented c-Fos, quantitative RT-PCR, and RNA sequencing approaches for insights into cellular and molecular networks supporting SERT-dependent cocaine actions.



Key Results

SERT Met172 mice demonstrated functional insensitivity for cocaine at SERT. Though they displayed wildtype levels of acute cocaine-induced hyperactivity or chronic sensitization, the pattern of acute motor activation was distinct, with a bias toward thigmotaxis. CPP was increased, and a time-dependent elevation in oral cocaine consumption was observed. SERT Met172 mice displayed relatively higher levels of neuronal activation in the hippocampus, piriform cortex and prelimbic cortex (PrL), accompanied by region-dependent changes in immediate early gene (IEG) expression. Distinct SERT-dependent gene expression networks triggered by acute and chronic cocaine administration were identified, including PrL Akt and nucleus accumbens ERK1/2 signaling.

Conclusion and Implications

Our studies reveal distinct SERT contributions to cocaine action, reinforcing the possibility of targeting specific aspects of cocaine addiction by modulation of 5-HT signaling.

“Serotonin Transporter Blockade Contributes to the Behavioral, Neuronal, and Molecular Effects of Cocaine” by Michael H Levin, Nina M Vaswani, Paul J Gresch, Alex G Nackenoff, Noelle C Anastasio, Sonja J Stutz, Kathryn A Cunningham, Jing Wang, Bing Zhang, L Keith Henry, Adele Stewart, Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele and Randy D Blakely in British Journal of Pharmacology. Published online June 5 2017 doi:10.1111/bph.13899

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