Great White North Lacks Supply, Research to Match Southern Neighbor

Crippling drug prices in the United States have brought even Senator Bernie Sanders (D-VT) and President Donald Trump together; they both favor drug imports from Canada to ease the pain. Vermont has approved this for state programs, and 16 states are queuing up to follow suit.

The proposal is seductive, a way to circumvent the notoriously wasteful Food and Drug Administration and the cartelized US pharmaceutical industry. The capitalists among us might also eye a piece of the half-trillion-dollar pie for the Great White North.

However, Canada cannot and should not be called on to fix the United States’ self-made problems. The logistics mean manufacturing drugs for the world’s largest consumer is a fool’s errand that would only endanger Canada’s already-unreliable drug supply.

Informal Market of Reimportation

The policy proposal is popular with voters, since a quarter of US pharmaceutical consumers struggle to cover the cost. However, Americans have beaten Sanders and Trump to the punch. For decades, they have been informally importing drugs from Canada, Mexico, and elsewhere. The buyers include at least 19 million adults, of whom 38 percent save more than CAD$390 per month. The secrecy and illegality suggest the imports are more prevalent than admitted levels.

The relative ease with which Americans can already acquire foreign-sourced drugs is a red flag. It indicates this route has limited capacity to alleviate high drug prices in the United States. Even Industry Canada, a federal agency tasked with promoting investment and innovation, admits “the Canadian drug market alone is insufficient to financially support or justify the full development costs of a pharmaceutical product.”

In fact, Canada cannot even keep herself stocked with necessary medication. She is a large importer of drugs, to the tune of $8.7 billion in 2017. That still was not enough to avoid shortages of 1,250 products in the past three years. The deficits include at least 10 per cent of those approved for consumption and some of the most commonly prescribed generics.

Despite monopsony buying power of the provinces, Canada also has relatively high drug prices—at least from the standpoint of what the manufacturers receive. By one measure, drugs in Canada are the second most expensive in the world. Further, the Liberal Party is campaigning on expanded pharmacare. Should this come to pass, the control or removal of prices for eligible recipients would exacerbate the problem of insufficient supply.

Such is Canada’s inability to develop and produce drugs, her “exports” are to some degree a misnomer. The Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, a free-market policy institute based in Halifax, has described drugs coming out of Canada as reimportation.

Steve Morgan, a health-policy professor at the University of British Columbia, explains that Americans are not actually importing drugs made in Canada: “They are just international medicines, manufactured typically at one or two plants worldwide to supply the entire market with a particular drug.”

Although the FDA is hardly a neutral source, it has estimated “85 percent of the drugs sold by supposedly Canadian pharmacies come from 27 countries other than Canada.”

Incentives for Research and Development

Aside from the policy-induced reliance on insurance rather than out-of-pocket payments, there is a pivotal underlying reason why drug prices are so high in the United States. It is that little thing called FDA approval.

Various estimates place the cost of bringing a drug to the US market in the billions, requiring an average of 7.3 years—while many people die waiting. The Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development places the figure at $3.4 billion to $3.8 billion. Drug companies are desperate to make their money back and price what the market will bear. The enormous FDA hurdle stands in the way of many drugs ever getting to market, since their revenue potential is too low.

The lack of access to necessary drugs was the basis for Trump’s signing of right-to-try legislation in 2018. This at least gave an exception to terminally ill patients to try experimental drugs.

US firms engage in an extremely expensive research and approval process, and they bank on making the money back from US consumers. Canadian regulators then piggyback on this process with a wait-and-see approach. They approve only about half of those available in the United States, negotiating the price down, and on average seven months after the initial release.

If the United States were to import price controls and (re)import drugs from Canada, not only would this interrupt supplies north of the border, it would destroy the incentives for drug research and development. The FDA is a barrier to affordable and readily available drugs, and the US agency needs to be confronted directly—even though that will mean intense lobbyist pushback. Attempts to go around the FDA and portrayals of Canada as a panacea ignore the nation’s free riding and inability to maintain even her own supplies.

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