Newspaper Page Text

FEW STUDENTS CAN PAY

OWN BILLS IN COLLEGE

University of Pennsylvania Survey

Shows Average Earning Is

Around $lO Weekly.

BY FREDERICK C. RUSSELL.

FUTURE biographers of great

men now in the making may

be subject to criticism if they

repeat the hackneyed line

"He worked his way through

college.” An investigation just com

pleted by one of the largest univer

sities in America makes plain the fact

that there are very few students who

* are able to lie entirely self-support

ing. .

The investigation covered conditions

at the University of Pennsylvania,

and was made with a view to decid

ing certain points in connection with

the feasibility of moving the Ben

Franklin institution from West Phila

delphia to historic Valley Forge. As a

step in consideration of the offer of

Henry N. Woolman, a philanthropic

alumnus of the university, to give his

farm of 178 acres at Valley Forge for

this purpose, the trustees of the Penn

sylvania institution appointed a special

committee to ascertain to what extent

* such an egress from the city would

affect the earnings of students.

Nearly $1,000,000 would have to lie

sacrificed by students if the move

were made, the report indicates. The

picture is somewhat changed, hovv

ever. when it is explained that this

would affect but 1.718 students, 80

per cent of whom are only partially

self-supporting.

Few Self-Supporting.

Though the investigation was made

primarily with a view to ascertaining

whether or not acceptance of the

alumnus’ offer would be a hardship

for students who depend upon prox

imity to city business life for a live

lihood and education, it revealed the

unexpected in the fact that even with

all the part-time employment oppor

tunities of the day, few students can

pay their way. The average earnings

of ’the students who are endeavoring

to be self-supporting is but slightly

• over SSOO annually, including earnings

through Summer vacations. In

Princeton the average earnings are

slightly higher than at Pennsylvania,

being $562.15.

Despite the fact that Yale draws a

larger percentage of out-of-town

youths and does not occupy the same

position as a metropolitan college like

Pennsylvania or Columbia, the same

conditions with respect to student

earnings is said to exist. About 60

per cent of those who are trying to

work their way through earn from

S2OO to SSOO yearly. The greater per

centage of this income is derived from

Summertime activities rather than

during the college semesters.

University of Pennsylvania students

* earned $504,982 during the Summer of

1926. For the present school year,

1926-1927, they are earning $476,515.96.

While for the 1,718 "employed” stu

dents, the total earnings will reach

$882,497.96, the average earnings per

student will he inadequate. The aver

age cost of a student at Pennsylvania

is more than three times the average

earnings of these industrious young

men who are "working their way

through college."

Os the “employed" students at

Pennsylvania, only 10 are earning

over $1,500 a year. Seven are earn

ing over $2,000, while three have the

distinction of earning over $2,500.

These three may be subjects for the

biographers, for their combined earn

ings will lie $19,700 for the fiscal year;

$16,475 of this total Is being earned

during the school term.

Jobs Are A'aried.

Many varieties of jobs are held by

• Pennsylvania men who are tryingNto

pay their way. The most unusual

college occupation unearthed by Prof.

Clarence E. Clewell, director of the

University Placement Service, is that

of trapping and dealing in furs. Most

of the “employed” students are en

gaged in conventional pursuits such

es clerking or manual labor, but the

list includes many specialties. One

student defrays his expenses as a

tree surgeon, while another picks up

many dollars as an expert on berry

culture.

PROGRESS IN HAITI UNDER RULE

OF AMERICANS HELD MARVELOUS

Commissioner of Reclamation Outlines Advances

Made in Social and Economic Life

of Islanders.

What the United States is doing; in

ITaiti, and how well it is t>eing done,

is described by El wood Mead, com

missioner of reclamation, in an ar

ticle in the “Review' of Reviews.’* He

terms it “the most interesting experi

ment in Government in the world.”

Commissioner Mead’s article is in

tended as an answer to the question

of how* the United States came to be in

4 Haiti, in the first place. He seeks tr

dispel “the prevailing idea in the

United States that the Haitian treaty

was an arrangement to collect debts

due outsiders.”

“If it had been only that." he de

clares. “the American officials would

have faced a drab and disagreeable

:ask. It might easily have degenerated i

into nothing better, but fortunately;

these officials had vision and sympathy j

as well as capacity.

Progress Was “Marvelous."

“They realized the part that igno- j

ranee, superstition and the ideas of a i

primitive people had played in making ,

self-government in Haiti a failure.

They saw the plight of the 2.000,0(10

natives under the domination of a few'

leaders who sought only their own

gain.”

It was in recognition of this plight.

Mr. Mead states* that “a backward j

country called on an enlightened

neighbor to help put its affairs in

order."

Uncle Sam’s response was immedi

ate, and the progress that be effected

“marvelous." the reclamation commis

sioner writes. This development is the

outcome of a missionary spirit which

Joins cleanliness with godliness. The

• inventions and discoveries of the last

hundred years, he points out, have

“done so much to enhance the enjoy

ment of life that the modern altruist

seeks to make them known to back

ward people."

Treaty Renewed for 10 Years. i

"Something of this nature is now)

taking place in Haiti under the com- j

mission government created by the

treaty of 1915, between the Republic |

of Haiti and the United States.” Mr. ;

Mead asserts. “Under this treaty it is

provided that the United States shall

»elect a number of experts, each highly

trained in his particular field of ad

ministration, who, after approval by

the Haitian government, are to co

• operate with the; President of Haiti

end other authorities, in the language

of President Borno of Haiti, to ‘solve

ihe problems of law and order, of

material improvement and social ame

lioration.'

“The treaty when first signed was

(o operate for 10 years. It has now

been renewed for another 10 years,

and as it is functioning is one of the

most interesting experiments in gov

ernment in the world. In order to

understand how such a treaty came

* lo be uiade and to appreciate rightly

Tutoring is not as popular a pursuit

as one might suppose, there being but

five Pennsylvania students engaged in

this occupation. Doubtless, this is

because most students who arc obliged

to pay their way, or at least part of

it, earn first and then study. They

do not become sufficiently proficient in

the difficult studies like the languages

and mathematics to be able to render

any valuable assistance to conditioned

students. University authorities, as

the circumstances seem to warrant,

discourage the idea of a student being

able to earn more than a portion of

expenses while working for his de

gree.

The probabilities are that student

earnings will not increase at the

larger institutions. Entrance require

ments arc becoming stiffer every year

and increased enrollments are being

discouraged. The boy who is obliged

to work in order to get through col

lege is apt to be in a position where

he must work in preparing for college.

This work may Interfere with his

preparatory school work and render

him unfit for entrance.

Placement Service Aids.

There is no apparent desire to dis

courage the boy whose family does

not enjoy normal prosperity. A uni

versity of high academic standing

does not fancy the picture of its un

dergraduates engaged in business and

professional work, with classwork j

mere side issue. If the aggregate

earnings of University of Pennsyl

vania students increase very likely it

will be due to better placement of

those seeking occupations.

Already, the placement Service in

the Philadelphia institution is at work

finding better occupations for stu

dents. Director Clewell, in discussing

the investigation, says; “Sometimes,

by a slight change in the kind of work

or by capitalizing previous experience,

the student can be transferred from j

task requiring great sacrifices of time

and strength with poor pay to one

which will give him the necessary in

come with less.costly effort.”

There are. of course, many of the

conventional occupations to provide

expense money for these industrious

collegians, but changing conditions in

daily life have served to popularize

various less collegiate ways of mak

ing money for tuition, board and

hooks. Only 14 University of Penn

sylvania men are picking up spare

change as librarians. Only 8 are

teaching. Banks take only 27 men,

while business houses find room for

only 25 as bookkeepers.

Near $lO Weekly.

Times are changing and so it is

not surprising that many help to pay

their way as chauffeurs, stage hands

and ticket choppers in movie theaters.

In the present fiscal year, 23 of them

are drawing pay as managers, 6 earn

money as auditors while 19 serve as

newspaper editors and reporters.

Some men are working as actuaries,

translators and advertising salesmen.

Only 5 appear to be interested in real

estate.

The report from Pensylvania sets

to rest the belief that college men

coin large sums while pursuing their

studies. The average student earns

about $270 during the term time and

5230 during the Rummer. This is

slightly less than $lO a week, and in

volves but 37 per cent of the enroll

ment In the undergraduate schools of

the university.

It is only the exceptional undergrad

uate who earns a spectacular amount.

Out of one university of 4.619 students

there are only four who earn S2OO

a month or over. One student at Yale

thought he was running at the rate

of S3OO a month. It proved to be for

one month just previous to his unsuc

cessful exams.

If Ben Franklin’s great institution

finally decides to move, it is evident

that the undergraduate body will still

rely on dad, the family, accumulated

wealth, the State and contributions to

the University for the bulk of its col

legiate expense.

the task of these American admin

istrators, we must go back more than

100 years to the time when the negro

slaves of Haiti rebelled against their

French owners, and with no experi

ence in public affairs, with very few

of the million and a half people able

to read or write, and all of them with

less experience than the 7-year-old

children of a civilized family, took

harge of the country and tried as a

tation to walk alone.

17 Presidents Deposed.

“Os the 24 presidents between 1808

and 1915, 17 were deposed by revolu

tions and three were murdered. In

the four years preceding the Ameri

can treaty, there were six presidents.

Three of these were killed, three de

posed bv revolutions. The last, Guil

laume Sam. sought to make his hold

more permanent by arresting 167 of

his opponents, and when safely in jail

he murdered the lot. The mob took

him from the sanctuary of the French

legation and killed him in the street.

“Before this occurred orderly gov

ernment had ceased to exist. Rural

industry had become almost impos

sible. Farmers were afraid to culti

vate their Helds, because to show

themselves was to run the risk of

being seized and thrown into one of

the revolutionary armies. If this un

willing soldier was caught or his hand

defeated, he stood an excellent chance

of being lined up and shot. Not lik

ing this prospect, the men let the

women do the Work while they hid in

the brush.

"Y\ hen President Sam passed out

the educated people of the capital

had come to realize that democracy

and ability to govern wisely do not

come as gifts from heaven. They saw

that these descendants of kidnaped

slaves needed education, to be taught

how to live themselves and to under

stand the world they live in. The

• first need was to put an end to guer

i ri 1 la. bands that preyed on the help

! less people in the country and de

| moralized the towns.

Marines Restored Order.

< “At their request the United States

! landed Marines at the capital. They

j stopped lawlessness until a treaty

l could W framed. Its preamble states;

" ‘The Republic of Haiti, desiring

|to remedy the present condition of

its revenues and finances, to niain

; vain th; tranquillity of the Republic,

j to carry out plans for the economic

I development of the Republic and Its

: people, and the United States, being

! in lull sympathy with all of these

! aims and objects, and desiring to

contribute in all proper ways to their

accomplishment; ihe United States

and the Republic of Haiti have re

solved to conclude a Convention

with these objects in view.’

“The American treaty officials

(Continued on Fmjrth Page.)

, t * • ' '

WB SUNDAY ST AT?. WASHINGTON, I). C, MARCH 27. 1927-PART 2.

BACKGROUND OF REVOLT IN CHINA

BY ROBERT T. SMALL.

THE simple truth of a very com

plicated situation is that the

w'hite man has lost caste in

China, where caste is every

thing. Wherever the white

man loses caste, tragedy follows.

C’apt. James Cook, discoverer of the

Hawaiian Islands, was treated as a

god until one day the natives heard

him groan with pain. He was

promptly slain. Great Britain for

years has been fighting to maintain

the caste of the white mgn in India.

She conducts a strict censorship over

moving pictures, including those from

the United States, lest the white man

be shown in roles which will break

down the respect of the natives.

But in China mistake after mistake

has been made, until today the white

man is hated and despited. The ha

tred is directed particularly against

the British, who long have held the

Chinese open to contempt, but it is

difficult to see how the American can

avoid the outbreak of yellow aversion.

The National House of Representa

tives has passed a resolution favoring

independent action in China. But it

is difficult to see, when a color line is

drawn, how one white man can be

differentiated from another

Many observers in China see many

things. It has been aptly said that

10 men going into China today would

each come out with a different picture

of what is happening there. The

writer has tried to gain a composite

picture of the many view's with which

he has come in contact.

There is this unanimity of opinion,

that no matter how’ involved the situ

tion in China between the warring

factions of north and south, there is a

general and irresistible sentiment that

foreign “control” of China is at an

end. The Chinese boycott against the

British, which already has cost Great

Britain something like $600,000,000,

was but the beginning of the anti

foreign movement. The United States

apparently has not been able to take

full advantage of the British boycott.

Japan, hated herself by China, never

thless has slipped into the open mar

kets. She. at least, is not in the taboo

of the "whites.”

** * *

But here let a confidential report to

the Institute of Pacific Relations tell

something of the story;

‘For generations,” it says, “there

has been developing a technique of

treatment of the Chinese by the white

man that has been storing up a fund

of wrath with which he has begun to

reckon. It is not a reason attitude; it

is an atmosphere, bred partly from

the disparity of economic levels be

tween; the races. It is probably inev

itable that a race which lives on a

vastly higher economic level than an

other which serves it. and serves it in

ways that imply inferiority, such as

pulling rickshas and carrying sedan

chairs, will develop a superiority com

plex. I have repeatedly watched

Anglo-Saxons in China shove slower

Chinese out of the way when there

was plenty of room to walk around

them Kicking your ricksha runner

with the foot or poking him with, your

stick is the accepted way of guiding

by many foreigners.

"The servility and cowardice of the

Chinese coolie class has, without ques

tion. contributed to the attitude of the

Westerner. A prominent Chinese told

me that the educated Chinese have

feared and hated the Westerner for a

long time, while the coolie has wor

shiped him as a superman. The

worst a foreigner treated a coolie the

more the coolie respected and groveled

before him. This is rapidly changing.

The Story the Week Has Told

BY HENRY W. BUNN.

THE following is a brief sum

mary of the most important

news of the world for the

seven days ended March 26:

** * *

The British Empire.—Many cere

monies were held in Great Britain in

observance of the two hundredth an

niversary of the death of Sir Isaac

New'ton, no doubt the greatest name

in the history of science. The house

where Newton was born still stands;

at Woolsthorpe, a hamlet about six

miles from Grantham in Lincolnshire.

You may look out through the very

window from which Newton saw the

apple fall, thence deducing the law of

gravitation. As (by his own statement)

Sir John Falstaff was not only him

self a wit, but also the cause of

others’ wit, so not merely does the

apple itself fall, but it has also been

the cause of other falls, as the fall

of Adam ard the fall of Troy. To

offset such baneful work, in the New

tonian case it caused (you might say)

the rise of modern science.

Immigration into Canada during the

ten months ended January 31 totaled

118,200, as against 76,400 for the cor

responding previous period: 43,700

came from the British Isles, 18,000

from the United States and 56,»00«

from other countries.

v* * *

Italy.—One is pleased to note that

Gabriele D'Annunzio has announced

the end of his phase of retirement

from the “World's Dust” for March 27.

On this day he will assist in a great

ceremony at Assissi in honor of St.

Francis and he will plant the first

tree toward reforestation of Monte

Subacio (near Assissi). D’Annunzio

very sensibly suggested such reforesta

tion as the most fitting of memorials

to that out-of-door man and nature

lover. St. Francis, most delightful or

saints. Once more, this time in an

interview granted to a representative

of the New Free Press of \ ienna,

Mussolini exclaims, “Italy ”] ust

pand or explode." In which direction,

your excellency?

*# * *

Albania.— We are told that the

British government is vigorously

using its good offices toward allaying

the newly-heightened excitement over

Albania. But It’s rot enough tem

porarily to allay th- excitement, if

the danger persists; and that danger

will persist so long as the issue

whence the excitement has derived

remains a burning one.

Whether you justify or condemn

that development, it is the fact that

Albania has become a protectorate of

Italy; and tlial Jugoslavia should re

gard without alarm and indignation

so deep an Italian intrusion into the

Balkan Peninsula is quite unthink

able. It follows that the other Bal

kan states should lean this way or

that on the issu?. as ancient prejudi

ces, long or short views of self

interest, may impel or Italian or

Jugoslavia diplomacy may persuade.

It no less follows that other powers,

great and small, find it impossible to

disinterest themselves; all Europe is

concerned, the makings of a general

howdy-do are apparent. Y'ou may

say, and Justly, that, considering Al

banian history since 1912, Albania

should peculiarly be the League’s care.

But. where Italy is concerned, the

League musil move most mincingly,

most delicately.

Italy has charged that the Jugo

slav government has been making

great military preparations and has

been disposing troops menacingly over

against the Jugoslav frontiers, march

ing with Italy and Albania; moreover,

that Albanians on Jugoslav soil are

organizing for invasion of Albania,

with faintly concealed unofficial Jugo

slav assistance and carefully con

The coolie has found that the white

man is vulnerable and is beginning to

despise him. This is a dangerous sit

nation, for the coolie is excitable and

quickly aroused to mob violence.

** * *

"The younger generation of Chinese

deeply resent the attitude of social

superiority affected by the foreigner.

A Chinese bank president in Hongkong

recently said: ‘We have decided it is

not necessary to do business with peo

pic who treat us with contempt. That

attitude brought on the boycott which

has cost Britain so much. We

are willing to see whether this is a

language the British can understand.’

“Two recent events account, in part,

for the loss of the prestige of the

westerner. First, the sending of

coolie labor battalions to France dur

ing the war. Here the Chinese saw

the w'hite man at his worst and dis

covered that his feet were made of

clay. Second, the entry of white

Russian wdr refugees into North

China in 1921. The plight of this

remnant of imperialistic Russia is a

tragedy of modern history. They have

sunk to the level of the Chinese coolie

and are competing with him as ped

dlers, street sweepers and cart drivers.

Some of them live on the earnings of

their women in brothels. Four thou

sand of them form a "white brigade”

in Chang Tso-Lin’s northern army

and have been used as shock troops of

his campaigns. I met some of these

Russians in Tsingtau barracks dressed

in Chinese clothes, a hopeless,

wretched lot. They receive the same

pay and treatment as the Chinese

private, earning three cents (gold) a

day. The Chinese roundly despise

these poor fellows and call them whit;

dogs and treat them accordingly. Bit

terness toward the Russians among

the residents of North China is very

marked. It is based on the conviction

that they have betrayed the whole

white race In China.

"The cat is out of the bag in China,

and the whole Far East for that mat

ter, and she will never be chased in

again by anything the white man

can do.”

** * *

For a long time the Chinaman has

held the W'hite race in a contempt

equal to the race superiority the white

man has felt over the Oriental.

The Chinese government doubtless

smiled in Its sleeve 65 years ago when

it ceded the worthless mud flats on

the Whangpoo River to Great Britain

and France. In these years there has

emerged from the mud one of the

world's greatest cities and its second

commercial port. The international

settlement of Shanghai, which has

been under attack by rioting bands

of Chinamen, has about 30,000 western

residents. A great native population,

attracted by the commerce of the city,

and numbering nearly a million, has

grown up in the settlement. The

Chinese residents own a very large

amount of property and do an im

mense business.

Although the Chinese in Shanghai

have come to vastly outnumber the

westerners and also have come to pay

two-thirds of the taxes, the municipal

council is made up of foreigners.

Not so very many years ago the

late Julius Kahn, who so ably rep

resented San Francisco in Congress,

remarked that China had only one

friend in the world —the United States.

“By the same token.” he added,

"the United States has only one

friend in the world—China.”

** * *

Whether this holds good with the

younger generation of Chinese remains

cealed official Jugoslav assistance.

The Jugoslav foreign minister made

the challenging suggestion to the

Skupshtina (Jugoslav Parliament)

that the military attaches of the

powers stationed at Belgrade be in

vited to investigate the Italian allega

tions, but the attitude of the Skupsh

tina seems to be that if there should

be an investigation, it should be con

ducted by the League and should

apply to Italy and Albania as well as

to Jugoslavia. The Jugoslav foreign

minister is quoted as cordial to such

an amendment of his proposal, but

Fascist sentiment is utterly hostile

to the idea, and presumably certain

powers are bringing pressure on Bel

grade not to apply to Geneva in that

sense.

** * *

China.—Nationalist forces took pos

session of Shanghai last Sunday, and

of Nanking and Chekiang on Thurs

day. Apparently no organized re

sistance was offered by the Shan

tungese troops at Shanghai or

Chekiang, and little at Nanking. It

was every man for himself and the

Devil take the hindmost.

Worse than the Devil in Shanghai,

for the regular Nationalist forces

were preceded into the city by bands

of guerillas, no doubt as vile a set

of cruel and rapacious ruffians as the

sun ever gazed upon, who satisfied

their blood-lust on the northern

stragglers and their other lusts upon

the civilian population of the native

city.

What portion of his forces south of

the Yangtze, Chang Tsung Chang,

the northern commander-in-chief,

managed to evacuate to the northern

shore of the river we have no means

of knowing; but presumably only a

very minor portion, as the mighty

stream is not bridged, and this most

incompetent of the Tuchuns had

neither secured adequate shipping nor

made defensive dispositions for em

barkation. It would seem that part

of the Shantungese forces negotiated

their surrender in the usual way, part

got .across the river, others scattered

over the countryside and the rest de

parted beneath the Yellow Springs by

way of bullet or cutting steel.

The dispatches indicate that the Na

tionalist commander in the native

city of Shanghai has ended the reign

or terror of the guerilla bands and

now has the situation fairly in hand.

Some of these hands "offered’’ to rush

the foreign settlements, but a close

view of the muzzles of the foreign de

fenders’ weapons cooled them off.

Only one very serious incident has oc

curred at Shanghai involving the

foreigners. A detachment of Shan

tungese troops were driven toward

the international settlement. It had

been the rule to admit refugees to the

foreign settlements on condition of

prior surrender of arms. But, for

whatever reason, possibly in be

wilderment, those poor Shantungese

fired on the guarding troops (mostly

British) and reply was made with ma

chine guns, perhaps 50 Chinese being

killed and 100 wounded, and two

British soldiers being wounded. The

surviving attackers gave up their

arms and were admitted. The Shang

hai situation holds hideous possibili

ties, of course, but the foreign settle

ments are probably safe. Conceivably,

as at Hankow and elsewhere, the mob

in the native city, under incitement

from the agitators, will get out of

hand, or even, as at Nanking, the

Nationalist soldiers, but confidence

seems Justified that an attack on

either or both of the settlements

would be handily beaten off.

The Nationalist commander at

Shanghai has manifested to the effect

that the Nationalist government

tenders the lives and property of the

foreigners and, deprecating force,

proposes to effect changes of status

to he seen. The superiority complex

of Americans in China has been sec

ond only to that of the British.

For a hundred years China has

been trying to keep back the western

invasion which has been hammering

at her gates. She was first forced to

yield toeholds, which grew into foot

holds, and at last into immense

strongholds from which western

civilization began slowly but surely

to undermine the old China.

After the Boxer War. China began

to disintegrate so fast that the em

peror was induced to make sweeping

reforms which would rapidly modern

ize the nation. These reforms w r ere

too complete and sudden and resulted

in the revolution of 1911 that replaced

the empire by a republic. China has

been in confusion much of the time

since then, and some of her wise men

say she very possibly will be in con

vulsions for the next hundred years.

"Four hundred million people,” said

a returned traveler with whom the

writer talked, "with their social, moral

and political institutions, who have

been sitting like cement in deep molds

for 4,000 years cannot be reduced to

a fluid state and run off into new

molds in half a generation.”

It has been a severe shock to the

Chinese to discover that they can

neither absorb the western “bar

barians” nor wear them out by pro

crastination or boycott. Every for

eign wave of immigration or con

quest in her history has eventually

lost itself in the vast tideless sea

of CTunese life.

For thousands of years her civiliza

tion has proved stronger than any

that has impinged upon it.

But out of the West has come a

new type of invader. It Is a con

crete illustration of what happened

when an irresistible force meets an

immovable object. The answer to

this problem is the answer to the

Chinese riddle. A titanic struggle is

going on beside the Yellow Sea be

tween the oldest culture that has

persisted in history, backed by a

quarter of the human race, and the

spirit of progress and of science that

is embodied in the Anglo-Saxon.

Adjustment between these two di

verse concepts of life is the meaning

of the vast drama that is today being

played in China.

** * *

The fighting going on in China to

day it not, strictly speaking, a contest

between the “north” and the "south.”

There is no political or economic line

of cleavage in China as there w'as in

the United States during the war be

tween the States. In China, how

ever, there is a clash of ideas. There

is a contest between comparatively

conservative and comparatively radi

cal forces.

There Is one party in China, how

ever, which has nation-wide affilia

tions. It has influence in every

province. It is known as the Kuo

mintang, or Nationalist party. The

other parties are more or less per

sonal followings of some military

chieftan. There is no revolution in

China against a constituted govern

ment. It is rather a revolution

against tradition and old and retard

ing influences. In this revolution, the

Nationalist party leads and is waging

war against foreigners, foreign in

fluence and foreign pow'ers.

In the Nationalist party are en

rolled most of the western educated

students. The southern Chinese are

by temperament more revolutionary

or more “progressive" than the north

ern Chinese. South China has known

more of foreign contact. From south

China have gone most of China’s

emigrants and from these emigrants

of the settlements by negotiation

only; but this same manifesto glorifies

the recent Nationalist successes as

heralding a world-revolution and the

manifestoer winks at if he does not

actively encourage the activities of

the anti-foreign propagandists.

The developments at Nanking touch

us more nearly. I digest the following

from the dispatches. A considerable

number of the foreign residents (chief

ly Americans and British), sought

refuge from the frightful hurly-burly

on Secony Hill in the Standard Oil

Co.’s compound. The Nationalist

artillery entertained itself with prac

tice on the buildings housing the

refugees and Nationalist infantrymen

invaded the compound and disported

themselves with a little rifle practice.

Two American destroyers and a

British cruiser were standing by in

the river. Sailors of the American

consular guard in the Secony Hill

party signaled the situation to our

ships. The American and British

commanders put a barrage of artillery

fire about Secony Hill and sent de

tachments of British and American

Marines to the rescue. Those gallant

fellows accomplished their mission and

brought off the refugees. Then the

British and American commanders

notified the Nationalist general com

manding in Nanking that he must

permit and assist evacuation of the

foreigners still remaining in the city.

The celestial w-arrior insolently de

murred, but, finally convinced that the

foreign commanders’ threats were

sincere, yielded. All foreigners be

lieved to be still in Nanking except

about 20 Americans and a very few

Japanese were promptly embarked for

Shanghai. •

One American, Ftev, Dr. John E.

Williams, vice president of Nanking

University, is reported to have been

brutally murdered; in like manner, a

French priest. Miss Anna Moffett, an

American missionary, w-as shot in two

places, but was rescued. There were

several British and Japanese casual

ties, the former including the British

consul general, a son of the famous

Sinologist, Prof. Giles, severely

w'ounded. It seems doubtful that the

casualties have all been reported. The

looting of foreign property was a

thorough job and included the Amer

ican, British and Japanese consulates.

The dispatches concur in attributing

the outrages to uniformed Nationalist

soldiery. Many instances of the

greatest brutality to American w'omen

are reported; a matter not to be

lightly passed over.

Turmoil at Chekiang comparable to

that at Nanking is reported, and there

appears to be reason for anxiety as

to the fate of the foreigners there,

who are waiting for shipping to evacu

ate them. Further evacuation of for

eigners is taking place at Hankow-,

where the situation is "tense.” Ameri

can and British %-essels have been dis

patched to Wuhu. Swatow, Foochow

and Ningpo. at all which places the

foreign residents are menaced and

whence presumably they must be

evacuated.

Now-, at last, or never, one is in

clined to say, there will be sensible

and magnanimous concert of the pow

ers respecting China, but the history

of the dealings of the powers with

that country scarcely justifies so high

a hope.

** * *

United States of America. —There is

likelihood, almost amounting to cer

tainty, of a strike of the unionized

miners in the “central competitive"

bituminous field upon the lapsing

March 31 of the Jacksonville agree

ment to embrace 160,000 miners in

Indiana, Illinois. Ohio and Western

Pennsylvania. There is, however, a

strong probability that the 185,000

I unionized bituminous miners outside

the central competitive field will carry

funds come back into China for |

revolutionary enterprises. South

China has been the birthplace of most

of the agitation of the last 15 years

and it is there that discontent rages

today.

*** * '

Yet the south is not alone indoc

trinated the spirit of revolt.

Chinese everywhere are showing

increasing signs of national con

sciousness. Ten years ago, one heard

in the foreign concessions a general

damning of the Chinese as a people

possessed of no patriotism. Within

the past year there has been a damn

ing of Chinese "nationalism.”

National consciousness, or patriot

ism, is confined as yet to comparative

ly few Chinese, yet it is widespread

enough to make serious trouble.

Among this educated class, there has

been developing more and more a

solidarity of sentiment which has

manifested itself for two decades in

defensive efforts to resist foreign in

fluence and which is now manifesting

itself in thought and action directed

toward the destruction of the privi

leged position of foreign nationals in

China.

During the past right or ten years,

the Chinese have been more insistent

than ever that foreign nations take

their "feet” off the "neck” of China.

China has wanted abrogated tfte

treaties which have given foreign

powers the right known as extraterri

toriality.

Extraterritoriality in its modern

form in the Far East began with the

treaty of 1843 between Great Britain

and China, following the treaty es

Nanking. It exempted foreigners

from the jurisdiction of Chinese courts.

But, being a right, it carried with it a

corresponding duty, the duty of the

foreign powers to see to it that their

nationals were kept in order.

This duty, China complains, has

rarely been performed. As a result,

the Chinese say they have suffered

wrongs, just as Japan and Slam once

did. But Japan and Siam won their

freedom from extraterritoriality.

China alone is the subject of this im

pairment of soverignty.

Participants in the Washington con

ference in 1921 frankly agreed that the

principle of extraterritoriality was

wrong and that practices under it had

been unfair. It was decided to estab

lish a commission to investigate the

actual condition of affairs in China

looking to an abolition of extraterri

toriality rights.

** * *

The commission met in January of

last year. A little more than two

months ago its findings were made

public. It was felt that the time has

not yet arrived when extraterritorial

ity can be done away with. The ab

sence of an effective government in

China, alone, to say nothing of many

other factors, would render it very

difficult.

Russian influence in China is a com

pleating circumstance, but it is very

generally agreed that when the time

comes to outlaw foreigners, the Rus

sians will be classed with the rest of

the whites. Many explanations are

heard of Russia’s purpose. One is to

strike at England first through China,

and then in India. The immediate

Russian objective, however, seems to

be that of making trouble for every

body, particularly for the “capitalistic”

states like England, France and the

United States.

Russia has freely supplied money,

munitions, advisors and officers to help

along the “trouble” in China. No end

to the feudal and anti-foreign war

fare is in sight.

(ConyriKht. 1927.1

on under temporary local agreements

continuing the present wage scales,

pending another gpneral agreement

covering the unionized bituminous in

dustry.

Statistics from a respectable source

show that about per cent of the

farmers in the United States are con

nected w-ith central power stations

and about 7 per cent are supplied

either with electricity or gas from

their own or central plants.

The number of marriages in the

United States in 1925 was 10.2 per

1,000 as against 10.4 in 1924; the num

ber of divorces, 1.50 per 1,000 as

against 1.50 in 1924.

In 1925 there was one divorce to

every 6.7 marriages contracted dur

ing the year; as against a ratio of 1

to 11.9 in 1905 and 1 to 14.8 in 1895.

* * ■* *

Notes.—The preparatory disarma

ment commission convened again at

Geneva on Monday to draft agenda

for the contemplated international

economic conference and to fix on a

date to be recommended for opening

of that conference.

Jean Callize, the French aviator, who

holds the height record, of 41,811 feet,

is about to sail for India, taking with

him a special airplane in which he will

attempt to fly over Mount Everest

(29,002) feet). He w-ill land at Bombay,

fly thence to Simla, and from Simla

make the grand essay. He will take

with him a photographer, whose pho

tographs should be of help to a fu

ture attempt to top the mountain on

foot.

Contrary to what we had been gen

eraily advised to expect, Stresemann’s

handling of German interests at the

recent session ofr the League of Na

tions Council was approved by the

Reisehstag by a huge majority, only

the extreme Nationalists and the Com

munists disapproving.

AH Poland turned out on March 19

to celebrate the “Name day” of

Joseph Pilsudski, marshal, head of the

army, premier, ex-President and pres

?mh d «» ta T 0r ’ T. he cler SY complained

I.^o , Jo ® eph . W{ *s forgotten for the

uncanonized saint.

Numerous Pets Make

Paris Dog Law Strict

The people of Paris love pets —dogs

In particular. They may have to keep

them in flats and promenade them

once a day as they might children, but

they keep them despite the trouble.

The police regulations regarding dogs

are severe. On the street or in the

smaller parks they must be leashed

and muzzled.

Any dog found wandering in the

streets, even if it has a collar with

name, address and license tag, is

immediately removed to the municipal

pound. Formerly death by asphyxia

tion was the fate awaiting all im

pounded canines not reclaimed with

in eight days. But by a recent decree

the city has obtained the right to sell

off such unclaimed dogs as customers

can be found for.

These sales are held twice a week

and are very touching. Prospective

purchasers go along the rows of wire

cages inspecting the Imprisoned ter

riers, spaniels, hounds and shepherds,

who only their fancy can save from

death. Having chosen a dog, the

purchaser is given a slip indicating

the price—50 cents to $3. But only

after he has show-n his identity

papers and promised to keep the dog

well for afcrleast a year without sub

jecting it §to laboratory experiments

is he allowed to take possession of

his new npt ill lead It away to its

new hom#

A 1

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT

BRINGS NEW ERA TO BUS

Motor Transportation Once Confined

to Cities Now Traverses Nation

Aiding Rural Progress.

BY WILLIAM I LLMAN.

WITH the improvement in

public highways which has

been brought about by the

expansion in the use of

automobiles. transporta

tion by bus is tiecoming a factor of

ever-increasing importance through

out the world. Confined at first more

or less to city transportation, the use

of the bus now has spread to the

point where it frequently is used on

long journeys, trips covering thou

sands of miles and lasting for many

days, or even weeks.

The trip fror# New York to San

Francisco already has been negotiated

entirely by inter-city bus, and thou

sands of persons, in all sections of

the country, use bus lines daily going

to and fro between thetr homes and

other points, either downtown or in

other more distant parts of the city.

And in the rural communities of the

nation the bus is playing a role of

the utmost significance.

But in spite of the great activity

in inter city bus transportation which

is displayed in the United States, com

paratively we still lag behind some

countries of Europe In the develop

ment of this phase. The most au

thoritative figures available give the

number of busses of all types in oper

ation in the United States at approxi

mately 85,000. This figure, as com

pared with the number in operation

in the British Isles in 1925, compares

unfavorably, there being at that

time 99,000 busses in operation there.

This number since has increased to

above 100,000.

Developed in France.

Another country which shows the

increasing development of the motor

bus as a factor of transportation is

France. Extensive bus routes have

been inaugurated in that country dur

ing the past two years, so that it now

is possible to travel in many parts

of the country by this means. Practi

cally all other countries of Europe

are increasing their bus lines and

motor transportation systems. Mafcy

of these lines are operated by the post

office departments, others by various

other departments of the govern

ments, others by the railroads and still

others by private companies.

London is the real haven, so to

speak, of transportation by motor

bus. In that city, because of the

narrow streets, municipal ordinances

forbade the operation of street cars,

except on a limited number of streets,

and they were replaced by horse

drawn busses. With the inauguration

of the motor bus as a favorite and

faster means of transportation, the

horse-drawn vehicles were replaced

by the more rapid motor ousses, so

that now thousanus of such vehicles

are being operated in the streets of

London and its suburbs by companies

which are numbered in scores.

Not only do the busses operate in

the metropolitan district, but routes

radiate from the metropolis to prac

tically all parts of England, Scotland

and Wales, and it now’ is possible to

go to almost any town in England by

means of public automobile transpor

tation. In 1925, it was possible to go

from London to Liverpool and Edin

burgh} by easy, pleasant stages. New

routes are being installed continually

in all parts of the islands and are

proving exceptionally popular. *

Used by Railroads.

In many instances new services are

inaugurated by the railroads, which

use the busses as feeders for their

main lines. In Ireland, since last

October alone, approximately 20 such

services have been inaugurated,

thereby increasing the already exist

ing service and bringing quick and

adequate transportation almost to the

doorstep of those who formerly had

to travel anywhere from 5 to 25 miles

afoot or by horse, before they could be

considered to have started on their

journey.

Bus service in conjunction with the

railroads and operated by them, or

operated by private companies in

competition with the railroads, is in

creasing in Europe. In Denmark,

during the past year, service on a

number of branch lines of the rail

roads had to be curtailed consider

ably, and in some cases completely

abandoned, owing to the strong com

petition which was being furnished

by private bus services.

In France, some of the railroads,

notably the Paris, Lyons & Mediter

ranean, have established bus routes

running from Nice practically the en

“Third Term” as a 1928 Issue

(Continued from First Page.)

the renomination of Roosevelt on the

third-term issue. They will use these

arguments and will embellish them

with unkind words of their own.

Some of the democratic leaders be

lieve that the third term issue will be

a deciding factor in the election, if

President Coolidge be renominated by

the Republicans.

** * v

Republican leaders, for the most

part, believe that the third term issue

will prove a “dudd” if attempted

against President Coolidge. They

point out that he served only a year

and five months of the unexpired

Harding term. They insist this can

not be considered a “first term” by

any stretch of imagination. Further- j

more, they do not believe that the

people will be aroused over the third

term issue any way. They point out

that in many of the States the people

have become accustomed to re-electing

their chief executives to more than

two terms, and cite the cases of Gov.

A1 Smith of New York, now serving

his fourth term: Gov. Hunt of Arizona,

his sixth term; Gov. Donahey of Ohio,

his third term, and Gov. Ritchie of

Maryland, his third term. They be

lieve the sting is largely out of the

third-term issue. They do not believe

that the people will look upon Presi

dent Coplidge as a coming dictator or

man or horseback, if he is renomi

nated, and they feel sure he can be

re-elected. Already in many States

Republicans holding key positions

have declared for the renomination

and re-election of the President.

Opponents of Mr. Coolidge’s re

election at the same time are seeking

a new limitation on presidential suc

cession. They are declaring that no

man should occupy the White House

as President for more than eight

years. In this way they hope to get

around the argument that President

Coolidge will not have served two

terms at the conclusion of his pres

ent term of office. They say that

eight years was enough for Washing

ton, Jefferson, Jackson and other

Presidents, and no man should aspire

to longer service.

** * *

President Coolidge has given no hint

as to his attitude on another term for

himself. Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler,

president of Columbia University, a

“wet” Republican of New York State,

has declared that he believes Presi

dent Coolidge will not be a candidate

to succeed himself. The late Senator

Cummins of lowa not long after the

1924 elections declared he believed Mr,

Coolidge would have had enough of

the White House by 1928 and would

not seek re-election or allow himself

to be nominated. Dr. Butler, con

trary to other Republican leaders,

4

tire distance to Paris. These have

proved exceptionally popular among

tourists as well as other travelers

who are not in too great a hurry. This

route skirts the western end of the

Alps, going through some of the most

delightful country of the republic.

Nice, with its thousands of Winter

visitors; Avignon, with its ancient

papal palace; the Grande Chart reuee,

famed for ita massive beauty;

Chamonix, the gathering point for

Alpinists; Geneva, lying on beautiful

Lac Leman, an international city

crowded with diplomats; and then on

up through the Jura range. All of

this country is counted among the

most beautiful in Frfcnce, and each

year sees additional routes estab

lished, as well as additional machines

placed on the already-existing routes.

Alpine Pass Routes.

Bus service in Switzerland, across

the Alpine passes, steadily is increas

ing. In that country most of the

busses are operated by the postal au

thorities, carrying both mail and

passengers. They charge by the kilo

meter and operate on regular sched

ules. The roads are in excellent con

dition and the service across most

of the passes is frequent. Although

Switzerland has the rule of driving to

the right, automobiles passing the

postal busses must pass these on the

outside of the road, regardless of

whether it is to the right or left, so

as to avoid the possibility of the large

machines getting out of control and

possibly crashing down the side of

the mountain.

Germany also has established a large

number of bus routes, some open only

during the Summer, others running

all year. Here they are handled both

by the postal authorities and private

companies. The roads in Germany are

in excellent condition, thus providing

an easy and comfortable Journey to

those who prefer motor transportation

to steam.

During the past several years trans

portation by bus in Germany has ad

vanced rapidly. This mode of convey

ance was introduced before the war,

but at the outbreak of the conflict was

suspended because much of the gaso

line supply was diverted to military

uses. By 1924 there were only about

2,000 such vehicles back in use, most

of them being used in Berlin for city

transportation. The year 1925, how

ever, saw an increase of 100 per cent.

During 1926 this number was further

augmented, so that now there prob

ably are considerably more than 7,000

busses in use in Germany.

The development of this type of

travel in Scandinavian countries has

been progressing rapidly. Both Sweden

and Norway have extensive bus serv

ices in their major cities and there are

a number of cross-country routes that

are widely used.

Development Handicapped.

Holland and Belgium also have de

veloped this type of transportation to

a considerable extent. Holland has

more than 4,000 busses in use and Bel

gium an additional 2,000.

While the number of motor busses

in use appears to be small, it must be

remembered that European countries

are all pierced with a fine network of

railways going to practically every

town, thus making it very difficult for

Intercity bus transportation to get a

start. The comparative size of popu

lation also must be taken into account.

The countries in which motor-bus

transportation perhaps'is least devel

oped are Spain, Portugal and Italy.

These nations are hampered by the

lack of good roads. Recent budgets,

however, contain provisions for large

expenditures for highway improve

ment and construction, and during the

next decade rapid expansion in this

means of transportation may be an

ticipated.

Eastern European countries, bec-aus*

of the economic situation of so many

persons and generally poor roads, have

not taken to motor-bus transportation,

except in the large cities. Thus Ru

mania, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, as

well as the Baltic states, have some

motor busses in use, but they are rela

tively few in number, being confined

to such cities as Bucharest, Athens,

Sofia, Warsaw, Libau and others.

Roads in the rural districts of these

countries are in very poor condition

and travel generally is light.

The roads of western Europe are in

excellent condition for automobile

traffic, and an expansion in intercity

and intracountry bus service is ex

pected during the next few years.

said that Mr. Coolidge would invite

certain defeat by interjecting the third

term issue into the campaign, if he

allowed himself to be nominated.

Rightly or wrongly, few Republican

members of Congress believe that

President Coolidge will not be a can

didate in 1928, and few of them believe

that he can be defeated for nomina

tion if he does not eliminate himself.

Rare Alnskan Bird’s

Nest and Eggs Found

Ornithologists have just succeeded

in finding the nest and eggs of the

rare surf bird of Alaska, though the

bird itself has been known to science

for a century and a half. Not only

this, but the mother of this rare

species is a feminist, according to

Joseph Dixon of the Museum of

Vertebrate Zoology at the University

of California. Father surf bird does

almost all of the hatching of the eggs

and puts up a much more valiant

fight in their defense when the home’

nest is molested than his wife, de

clares the ornithologist.

The nest and several breeding pairs

were found on the slopes of Mount

McKinley in Alaska during a recent

field expedition. The first nest of this

bird to be found by a w'hite man was

discovered by George M. Wright, a

member of the party, who almost

stepped on it.

Further observations of other shore

birds breeding in the North indicated,

said Mr. Dixon, that the paternal care ’

of the eggs is a more regular practice

among birds of this type than has

previously been suspected.

As their name implies, he explained,

the surf birds spend most of their

existence in the rocky reefs of the

Pacific, but during the time they

were under observation on Mount Mc-

Kinley they never came down below

4,000 feet. It necessarily follows, he

continued, that there is a rather re

markable adjustment in their food

habits during the nesting season. Why

they are willing to change from their,

customary fare of shellfish to the

small insects of high altitudes while

they raise their families is one of the

migratory mysteries of the bird

world.

House Taxes Lifted.

Oslo's (Norway) house shortage is

still at its climax, and all efforts to find

a solution have been unsuccessful. The

latest scheme to spur construction of

more dwellings is that all houses built

after a fixed date shall be tax free, and *

that the revenue thus lost by the city.

shall be made up from the income tax.

A.

3