WARNING:

The following content includes very graphic images

of dead or injured human bodies.



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CRIMES OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT:

From the Trail of Tears to the Invasion of Iraq

The Report of an Independent Research

By: Marc Immanuel

Original draft published on: 1 September 2016

Last updated on: 26 June 2018…

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The definitions used in this report for the crimes mentioned are according to the

International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute (1998).

This report uses the ICC Statute definitions as a

measure of judgment —

to be applied impartially in the

judgment of the actions

(historical and contemporary)

of ALL governments and other armed organizations.

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…

Section 1:

US GOVERNMENT GENOCIDE

● A GRADUAL, SYSTEMATIC, LONG-TERM (200-YEAR) GENOCIDE AGAINST INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (A.K.A. NATIVE PEOPLES) OF THE CONTINENT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE [THE “WESTERN CONTINENT”, CALLED “AMERICA” (“THE AMERICAS”) (European naming)] —



specifically, against the Indigenous Peoples of the collective territory which was occupied by the United States through war of aggression (1776-1924) and became the territory under present-day occupation of the “contiguous United States” [the 48 adjoining US states in the Continent’s northern subcontinent (“North America”)]

(1776 – officially ended in 1978)



(as of 2017, UN/ICC genocide criteria (e)

had not yet been brought to a complete de facto end)

Beginning soon after the arrival of initial European colonialist invasion leader Christopher Columbus to the Western Continent on 12 October 1492, and throughout the 16th through 20th centuries, the Indigenous Peoples of the Continent were subjected to genocide and crimes against humanity by various colonialist groups originating from the region “Europe” (European naming) in the Eastern Hemisphere. (sources: 1-5)

During that 500-year period, the Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent — as a collective human category — were commonly referred to, based on an initial mistake, by the misnomer “Indians” by the European peoples.

More information on that subject:

Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent (Major Human Subgroup)

______________________________

The UN definition of ‘genocide’ (which is also the ICC definition in ICC Statute Article 6) — set on 9 December 1948 at the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide — is as follows:

any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;

(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

_______________________________

During the approximately 200-year period between the founding of the United States (1776) and the enactment of Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) of 1978 — marking the de jure (legal) ending of the 200-year US genocide — the policy of the United States toward the Indigenous Peoples of the collective territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States met all five of the UN/ICC criteria for a definition of ‘genocide’.

______________________________

…

PHYSICAL GENOCIDE

UN/ICC genocide criteria (a), (b), (c)

(Acts aimed at physically destroying a group, in whole or in part)

The violent part – or ‘physical genocide’ [UN/ICC genocide criteria (a)-(b)-(c)] — of the US genocide against Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent — consisted of continuous massacres of men, women, and children and destruction of Indigenous encampments/villages/towns and means of sustenance, in combination with forced relocations to US-designated “reservations”, for over 100 years (1776-1890).

That physical genocide was perpetrated by US federal, state, and county authorities and armed forces and by US citizen death squads (killing squads) with US federal and state support during the period of the US conquest of the portion of the Western Continent under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States.

…

UN/ICC Physical Genocide Definition:

any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part,

a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group

(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part



An example of an act of physical genocide (specifically, genocide criterion (a), “killing members of the group”) committed by the United States against Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent.

“The pitiful wailing cries of babies and children, mixed with the dull explosions of the old-fashioned Hotchkiss machine guns, rent [pierced through] the cold air. The sickening thuds as these big lead bullets smashed into the body of a baby or a child, arms and head all flying in different directions. The screams of mothers as machine gun bullets tore their bodies apart…”



— testimony by Hugh McGinnis

(who had been a 20-year old US soldier at the Wounded Knee Massacre)



PICTURE DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN GENOCIDAL MASSACRES

by US Armed Forces against Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent

(period 1776-1890):



GNADENHUTTEN MASSACRE

GNADENHUTTEN MASSACRE



GNADENHUTTEN MASSACRE (8 March 1782): During the US Revolutionary War (1775-1783), on 8 March 1782, a Pennsylvania Militia force of approximately 160 militiamen in an expedition ordered by Washington County Lieutenant (top county militia authority) James Marshel and led by Washington County Militia Lieutenant Colonel David Williamson, executed nearly 100 innocent captive Indigenous civilians (mostly of Lenape ethnicity). The militia bashed the people’s heads with a big mallet (big wooden hammer) [see painting] and then scalped them, one by one. The massacred villagers included approximately 35 children (including approximately 12 infants).

More information (and sources): Gnadenhutten Massacre

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BAD AXE MASSACRE

BAD AXE MASSACRE (2 August 1832): US Army forces led by US Army Brigadier General Henry Atkinson, US Army Brigadier General Alexander Posey, and US Army Major Henry Dodge, and a US state of Illinois militia force led by Illinois Militia officer Milton Alexander, massacred a band of Sauk and Meskwaki [a.k.a. Fox (exonym)] people led by Sauk leader and warrior Black Hawk, near present-day Victory, US state of Wisconsin. The US forces indiscriminately massacred most of the approximately 400 Indigenous people there, by the “Bad Axe River”. Most of the men, women, and children who tried to swim or canoe across the river were shot down or drowned. The US soldiers scalped most of the dead bodies (taking their scalps).

More information (and sources): Bad Axe Massacre

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. BLOODY ISLAND MASSACRE



BLOODY ISLAND MASSACRE (15 May 1850): A detachment of US Army cavalry and a militia, led by Lieutenant Nathaniel Lyon and Lieutenant John W. Davidson, attacked and killed at least between 100 and 200 Pomo people — possibly more, according to various estimates — at an island encampment called “Badon-napo-ti“, or “Bo-no-po-ti” (Pomo naming, meaning “Old Island”), at the north end of a lake known to US settlers as “Clear Lake”, in territory under present-day local jurisdiction of Lake County.

The soldiers/militia indiscriminately shot and bayoneted to death the people who were there (mostly women, children, and elderly men). (BIsources 1, 2, 3) (A bayonet is a knife sticking out of a rifle, which may be used to stab a person to death.) They bayoneted infants and small children and threw their bodies into the water. [BIsource2, details: BIsource4 (pg 53)] They picked up infants and smashed their heads against tree trunks (a practice US soldiers/militiamen during the 19th century called “braining”). (BIsource1)

The US soldiers/militiamen murdered most of the people who were there, while they themselves suffered no injuries.

[Info resources: “…Massacres”; “Bloody Island Massacre”, Wikipedia; More sources: BIsource1, BIsource2, BIsource3, BIsource4]

More information (and sources): Bloody Island Massacre

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BEAR RIVER MASSACRE

BEAR RIVER MASSACRE (29 January 1863): US Army Colonel Patrick E. Connor led a US Army regiment of approximately 200 heavily armed US soldiers in a genocidal massacre against a Shoshone encampment near present-day Preston, US state of Idaho, killing most of the men, women, and children of the encampment. The Shoshone began jumping into the freezing river in an attempt to escape, while the soldiers fired at them indiscriminately. A total of about 400 Shoshone people died in that massacre.

In some cases, soldiers held the feet of infants by the heel and “beat their brains out on any hard substance they could find” [a practice US soldiers/militiamen during the 19th century called ”braining” (BIsource1)]… After having killed most of the men and many of children, soldiers assaulted and raped women… Women who resisted the soldiers were shot and killed… People who were found hiding in the shelters were killed… Wounded men, women, and children were shot, clubbed, and hacked to death. The soldiers burned down the encampment and supplies.

[Info resource: “Bear River Massacre”, Wikipedia (section “Massacre and actions of US soldiers“), reference: Christensen, Scott R., “Sagwitch: Shoshone Chieftain, Mormon Elder (1822–1887)”, Logan, Utah, Utah State University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-87421-271-5 (pgs 52-55); More sources: BRsource1, BRsource2]

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SAND CREEK MASSACRE

SAND CREEK MASSACRE (29 November 1864): A Colorado Militia force led by Colorado Militia Colonel (1862-1865) John M. Chivington attacked a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek in territory under present-day local jurisdiction of Kiowa County. The militia killed and mutilated the bodies of between 150 and 200 (possibly more) men, women, and children.

An eyewitness account: “I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces… With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors… [Their bodies were mutilated] by the United States troops…” — John S. Smith, Congressional Testimony of John S. Smith, 1865

[Info resources: “…Massacres”; “Sand Creek Massacre”, Wikipedia; Sources: SCsource]

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SKELETON CAVE MASSACRE

SKELETON CAVE MASSACRE (28 December 1872): Approximately 120 US soldiers and 100 “Indian scouts” (Indigenous mercenaries for the US Army), acting under orders from US Army General (1862-1890) George R. Crook, attacked a besieged band of approximately 100-110 Yavapai (men, women, and children) in a remote cave in Salt River Canyon, territory under present-day occupation of US state of Arizona.

An eyewitness account: There were, inside the cave, “men and women dead or writhing in the agonies of death, and with them several babies, killed by our war glancing bullets, or by the storm of rocks and stones”. — John Gregory Bourke (who had been a US soldier at the massacre) [Sk-source3 (pg 78), Sk-source4 (part 4)]

Between approximately 76 to 90 Indigenous people were killed at the site. “Eighteen women and children, all of whom were wounded, took cover under the bodies of the dead and survived. The army took the survivors, as prisoners, to Fort Grant.” (Sk-source1) Some of the injured captives died afterwards. There were no deaths among the attackers.

[Info resource: “…Massacres”; Sources: Sk-source1, Sk-source2, Sk-source3 (pgs 78-80), Sk-source4 (part 4)]

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WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE

WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE (29 December 1890): The Wounded Knee Massacre, in which a total of between 200 and 300 (according to most estimates) Indigenous men, women, and children died, was the last large-scale genocidal massacre in a continuous series of hundreds of genocidal massacres (period 1776-1890) by the United States against Indigenous Peoples of the collective territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States.

“Right near the flag of truce a mother was shot down with her infant, the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing… The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot right through…” — American Horse, Testimony to the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 11 February 1891

The US Government awarded approximately 20 Medals of Honor (the USA’s highest military honor) to soldiers who participated in that genocidal massacre. (source)

More information (and sources): Wounded Knee Massacre

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A LIST OF OVER 100 GENOCIDAL MASSACRES BY THE UNITED STATES

AGAINST INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE WESTERN CONTINENT:

From the Gnadenhutten Massacre to the Wounded Knee Massacre

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UN/ICC genocide criterion, (c)

Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to

bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part

● FORCED RELOCATION TO U.S.-DESIGNATED “RESERVATIONS” – AS A MEANS OF ETHNIC CLEANSING – OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES of the collective territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States [codified into federal law in 1830 through the Indian Removal Act, signed on 28 May 1830 by 7th US President (1829-1837) Andrew Jackson (nicknamed “Indian Killer” by Indigenous Peoples; founder of US Democratic Party in 1828; featured by US Government on front side of US twenty-dollar bill since 1928)] (sources: 31-34)

(1776 – completed by 1890)

[crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (d):

“deportation or forcible transfer of population”;

and genocide, ICC Statute, Article 6: “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such — by genocide criterion c: “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part”]

Sources (for forced relocations of Indigenous Peoples): 31 to 39

. THE “TRAIL OF TEARS”

The “Trail or Tears” refers: (1) in its general reference, to a series of forced or coerced relocations, between 1830 and 1850, of the Indigenous Peoples of the Southeast of the territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States, or (2) in its specific reference, to the forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation during 1836-1839. [I recommend specifying definition (2) as the Cherokee Trail of Tears.]

THE OVERALL TRAIL OF TEARS

(The forced relocation of Indigenous nations of the territory that became the “Southeast” of the contiguous United States):

Following the US Government’s enactment of the Indian Removal Act on 28 May 1830, most of the Indigenous Peoples of the territory which became the Southeast of the contiguous United States – including the Chahta (Choctaw), the Muskokee (Muscogee), the Chikasha (Chickasaw), the Seminole, and the Cherokee Nations – were forced or coerced (involving the threat of force) to leave their ancestral homelands and migrate to US-designated “Indian Territory” west of the Mississippi River. That very difficult journey, which thousands of Indigenous persons did not survive, is known as the “Trail of Tears”. (sources: 35-37)

Their removal gave 25 million acres (more than 100,000 km2) of land to US colonialist settlement and to slavery. (source)

THE CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS

(The forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation):

The phrase “Trail of Tears” originated from a description of the removal the Cherokee Nation. Over 16,000 Cherokees were forced or coerced to migrate from their ancestral homeland between 1836 and 1839.

Most Cherokees refused to move. On 26 May 1838, US Army and US state of Georgia Militia forces totalling about 7,000 soldiers, under the command of US Army General (1814-1861) Winfield Scott, began to round up the Cherokees and imprison them in rat-infested US Army concentration camps to await removal (while their homes were plundered by US citizen civilians). The Cherokees spent three to four months in the camps without adequate food or water or proper sanitation. Many died in the concentration camps as they waited.

US soldiers then accompanied the Cherokees as they travelled about 2,000 kilometers (about 1,200 miles) westward. Most made the journey on foot. Suffering from exposure, disease, and starvation while on route, many died during the journey.

During the 1836-1839 Cherokee removal, about 25 percent of the removed population – about 4,000 people (according to the most cited scholarly estimates) — died.

The overall death toll of the US forced relocations of Indigenous populations throughout the contiguous United States reached far into the thousands.

Sources (for Cherokee Trail of Tears): 35-39

THE LONG WALK OF THE NAVAJO:

The Forced Relocation of the Navajo People

(An Event in the Navajo Holocaust)

THE FORCED RELOCATION OF THE YAVAPAI

(An Event in the Yavapai Holocaust)

…

Indigenous population approaching extinction by 1900:

By 1900, the population of Indigenous Peoples throughout the collective territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States had decreased to about 250,000 people [approaching extinction (probably not more than 5% of the original population size prior to the beginning of the European invasion by Spanish colonialist forces in the early 16th century)].

Thereafter, genocide in the form of genocidal massacres, forced migrations, imposed starvation or malnourishment, enslavement, etc. (physical genocide) came to an end. But the ends of genocide continued to be promoted throughout most of the 20th century in the northern subcontinent of the Western Continent by US and Canadian authorities through other means (of biological and cultural genocide). (sources: 6-8)

_____________________________

…

BIOLOGICAL GENOCIDE

UN/ICC genocide criteria (d) and (e)

(Acts aimed at preventing the reproduction of a group as a group)

During the mid-to-late 20th century, the US Government implemented programs of ‘biological genocide’ against non-“white” (non-“European”-origin) minority populations throughout the Western Continent.

…

UN/ICC genocide criterion, (d)

Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group

During the 1960s and 1970s, throughout the collective territory under present-day occupation of the 49-state continental United States (including the state of Alaska), the US Government implemented a program of mass surgical sterilization of Indigenous women (usually without the informed consent of the women).

A 1974 study by Women of All Red Nations (WARN) concluded that as many as 42 percent of all Indigenous women of childbearing age in territory under present-day occupation of the 49-state continental United States had, by that point, been sterilized without their informed consent.

This policy was part of a wider abusive US population control policy (1920s -1970s) targeting non-“white” (non-“European”-origin) minority populations – specifically, Indigenous, “black” (“African”-origin), and mixed-origin “Hispanic/Latino” populations – inside US-occupied territory of the Western Continent (including the territories of Puerto Rico and Alaska) and sometimes extending to outside US-occupied territory of the Western Continent. (sources: 17, 18)

More information on that subject:

“Forced Sterilization of Native Americans” ,

Encyclopedia.com (Encyclopedia of Race and Racism), article (historical),

by Thomson Gale, 2008

…

UN/ICC genocide criterion, (e)

Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group

According to a 1976 report by the Association on American Indian Affairs: As many as one-third of Indigenous children in US-occupied territory of the northern subcontinent of the Western Continent were separated from their families between 1941 and 1967, and 85% of those children were placed in non-Indigenous homes or institutions. (sources: 20-23)

More information on that subject:

“Native Americans Expose Adoption Era and Repair Its Devastation”,

Indian Country Today, article (historical),

by Stephanie Woodard, 6 December 2011

In 1978, the US Government enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), marking the de jure (legal) ending of the US Government policy of genocide criterion (e) toward Indigenous Peoples. (sources 20, 21)

The continuing de facto policy (as of 2017) of genocide criterion (e):

According to a 2015 report by The Guardian: Despite the ICWA’s intentions, the removal rate of all Indigenous children throughout US-occupied territory increased to 35% over the following decade (1980s), with approximately 85% of those children placed in non-Indigenous homes or state foster care placements.

In recent years as of 2017, the US state with the worst record on ICWA enforcement is the state of South Dakota. As of 2015, in territory under South Dakota jurisdiction, Indigenous children accounted for 13.8 percent of the state’s child population, yet they represented 56.3 percent of the foster care population. (sources: 22, 23)

More information on that subject:

“Centuries Old Practice of Removing Indian Children from their Homes Continues Despite ICWA”,

Indian Country Today, article (historical),

by Eric Hannel, 2 March 2017

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● CULTURAL GENOCIDE —

‘the systematic destruction of the traditions, values, language, and other elements

which make one group of people distinct from other groups’

(1776-1978)

(US Government-controlled Indigenous reservation system: 1871-1978)

(US Government-controlled Indigenous boarding school system: 1879-1978)

…

. …

. Forced or Coerced Transfer of Indigenous Children

. to US Government-Funded “Boarding Schools”

. (Forced Assimilation Institutions):



Beginning in the 1860s, the US Government, using force and coercion, began removing Indigenous children from their families and Indigenous communities in US-occupied territory and transferring them to US Government-funded, Government-run or church-run forced assimilation institutions.

At the institutions, the Indigenous children were forbidden to speak their native languages (upon threat of punishment) and forced to abandon their native names, appearance, clothing, religion, culture, diet, etc. Their education aimed at the complete destruction of their native culture (‘cultural genocide’).

More information on that subject:

US Cultural Genocide:

Forced Assimilation of Indigenous Children

crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (d):

“deportation or forcible transfer of population”

The US Government Dictatorship Against Indigenous Peoples (1871-1978):

How the US Government Forced the Indigenous Peoples in US-Conquered Territory

as Refugees onto “Reservations” and Suppressed their Basic Liberties

Sources

(for US Government cultural genocide against Indigenous Peoples):

26 to 29



___________________________________________

In 2012, the US Senate rejected a resolution on the recognition of the US genocide against Indigenous Peoples of the territory under present-day occupation of the 48-state contiguous United States. (source 30)

…

General sources

(for US Government genocide and forced relocations

against Indigenous Peoples of the Western Continent):

1 to 38

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● ACTS OF GENOCIDE AGAINST PEOPLES OF THE GENERAL REGION “ASIA” [European naming] (OF THE EASTERN, SOUTHEASTERN, SOUTHWESTERN, AND CENTRAL SUBREGIONS OF THE REGION “ASIA”, IN THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE) —

Peoples of the Philippine Islands, of the Island of Japan, of the Korean Peninsula, of Southeast Asia [territories of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and (indirectly) Indonesia], of Southwest Asia [mostly territories of Iraq and (indirectly) Palestine], and of Central Asia [mostly territory of Afghanistan].

East-Southeast Asia (first US genocidal massacre in 1832 at Kuala Batu, Indonesia; widespread US acts of genocide during 1899-1913 and 1943-1973):

The US Government’s widespread acts of genocide against Peoples of East-Southeast Asia began in 1899 during the US Military invasion of the Philippine Islands. Widespread acts of physical genocide continued through the massive US Military war crimes against the Peoples of the Island of Japan, the Peninsula of Korea, and Southeast Asia during the 30-year period 1943-1973.



Southwest Asia (Middle East) and Central Asia:

The US Government’s acts of genocide in the Southwest Asia (a.k.a the Middle East) and Central Asia here refer to:

(1) direct acts of physical genocide through catastrophic wars, war crimes, and sanctions (in the case of Iraq) — affecting primarily the Peoples of Iraq territory (since 1991, as of 2018), Afghanistan territory (since 2001, as of 2018), and Syria territory (since 2014, as of 2018);

(2) indirect involvement in acts of physical genocide through support of governments directly committing the acts [for a primary example: support of the Israeli Government’s genocidal massacres in ‘‘Palestine” (original regional definition) since 1948].

[The US Government’s incurring of direct and/or indirect accountability for genocidal massacres (officially referred to by the US Government/Military as “collateral damage” since the 1991 Persian Gulf War) against Peoples of Asia continues as of 2018.]



More information on that subject:

The Expansion of US Genocide into the Eastern Hemisphere

[The direct US acts of genocide in Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Southeast Asia (period 1943-1973), and in Southwest and Central Asia (period 1991 – continuing as of 2018), consisting mostly of indiscriminate aerial bombardment and/or other use of military force, are described in Section 4 (US Government War Crimes).]

…

U.S. GENOCIDE AGAINST PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(1899-1913)

During the 14-year period of the US war of conquest in the Northern and Southern “Philippine Islands (Philippines)” (European colonialist naming) (1899-1913) — especially during the initial 4-year period (1899-1903) — US invasion and occupation forces perpetrated the following crimes (amounting, under contemporary UN/ICC definitions, to genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression, and war crimes):

● destroying and burning of whole cities and villages (sources: 41, 42)

● mass extermination of men, women, and children (sources: 41, 42)

● imprisoning whole populations in concentration camps under overcrowded and unsanitary conditions (where mass starvation and disease epidemics caused mortality rates of up to 20%) (sources: 41, 42)

● massacres of prisoners and civilians (sources: 41, 42)

● interrogations involving torture, beatings, and killings of civilians (sources: 41, 42)

● a total death toll of more than 1 million men, women, and children throughout the Islands as a result of the US war and physical genocide (sources: 41, 42)

●cultural genocide policies during US occupation (1899-1946), involving, among others, the “destruction of the specific character of a persecuted group by forced transfer of children, forced exile, prohibition of the use of the national language, destruction of books, documents, monuments, and objects of historical, artistic, or religious value.” [sources: 41 (section, “Civilizing Holocaust”), 42 (section, “The Process of Americanization of the Philippines”)]

Below video (approx. 5 minutes, published by Compact Jam on 17 Nov. 2012):

Describes the US genocide in the “Philippines”

[Correction at 0:12 (beginning) of video: A caption incorrectly displays the year of the initial US invasion as 1889. The year of the initial US invasion was 1898. US war against the the Peoples of the “Philippines” began on 4 February 1899.]

BUD DAHU MASSACRE (a.k.a. “MORO CRATER MASSACRE”)

(5-8 March 1906) [an act of physical genocide]:



During 5-8 March 1906, about 750 US Army and Marine soldiers under the command of US Army Colonel J. W. Duncan, and under orders by US Army Major General and Governor of Moro Province, Leonard Wood, assaulted the volcanic crater (of an extinct volcano) of Bud Dahu (also transliterated as Bud Dajo), a mountain on the island of Jolo, Southern “Philippines”. Between 600 and 1,600 villagers (according to various estimates) of the Tausug subgroup of the Bangsamoro (a.k.a. “Moro”) ethnic group (traditionally of Muslim religion), including hundreds of women and children, were taking refuge inside the crater.

The US Military force, using artillery, machine gun, and rifle fire, massacred all the villagers inside the crater, including all the women and children. Very few of the Tausug villagers survived the massacre. (Estimates of the Tausug death toll have ranged from lowest estimates of 600 to highest estimates of 1,600.)

Eyewitnesses reported that corpses were piled five feet (1.5 meters) deep, and many of the bodies were wounded multiple times (many with as many as 50 wounds). The US Military authorities censored the telegrams from Jolo describing the casualties. About 20 US soldiers died and between about 50 and 75 soldiers were wounded during the assault.

[Sources (for Bud Dahu Massacre):

BudDahu1, BudDahu2, BudDahu3, BudDahu4, BudDahu5]

General sources

(for US Government genocide against Peoples of the “Philippines”):

40 to 44

More info about the US genocide in the “Philippines” and the Bud Dahu Massacre:

US Genocide Against Peoples of the Philippine Islands

______________________________________________________________________

Section 2:

US GOVERNMENT CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

…

● FORCED RELOCATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF COLLECTIVE TERRITORY OF 48-STATE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES — FORCED CONFINEMENT TO U.S.-DESIGNATED “RESERVATIONS”

(THE COLLECTIVE FORCED RELOCATIONS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES)

(carried out during 1776-1890)

[crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (d):

“deportation or forcible transfer of population”;

and genocide, ICC Statute, Article 6: “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such — by genocide criterion c: “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part”]

Full information, at: Section 1 (Genocide): Physical Genocide: Genocide Criterion (C): Forced or Coerced Relocation… of Indigenous Peoples…

…

● U.S. GOVERNMENT TWO-CENTURY OFFICIAL WHITE SUPREMACISM (1776-1965),

EXPRESSED AS (1) ONE CENTURY OF SUPPORT OF CHATTEL SLAVERY OF PRIMARILY BLACK PEOPLE AS WELL AS INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (1776-1865) AND (2) ONE CENTURY OF SUPPORT OF U.S. APARTHEID AGAINST PRIMARILY BLACK AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (1865-1965)

For nearly 200 years (1776-1965), the United States was officially a racist, white supremacist State. [White supremacism is a racist ideology centered upon the belief, and the promotion of the belief, that “white” people (implying, people with primary genetic origin of the “white”-skinned or European-origin subgroup of the human species) are superior in certain characteristics, traits, and attributes to people of other racial backgrounds and that therefore white people should politically, economically, and socially rule non-white people.]

(1) NEARLY ONE CENTURY OF U.S. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF CHATTEL SLAVERY (1776-1865) [excluding the US Republican Party — which was anti-slavery since its foundation in 1854 and, in its original form (1850s-1870s), brought about the abolition of chattel slavery in 1865 and the initiation of US civil rights reform]

In contradiction to the 1776 US Declaration of Independence (which was justified on the fundamental premise that ”all human beings are created equal…”), the original 1787 US Constitution (which in 1789 became the legal foundation of the US Federal Government) legalized the enslavement of black persons by the newly-federalized United States.

Between 1789 and 1865, black persons [and mixed-origin black-white persons born of black or mixed-origin enslaved women raped by white slaveholders (source 46)] were, based on their genetic origin, legally subject to enslavement under then-US federal law.

By 1848, all of the original thirteen northern states had officially abolished chattel slavery. On 6 December 1865, following the US Civil War (1861-1865), the US Government officially abolished chattel slavery throughout the whole of US-occupied territory — by the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.

CONTINUED LEGAL ENSLAVEMENT OF PRISONERS UNDER U.S. JURISDICTION

(1776 — continuing as of 2018)

However, prison slavery (called “penal labor“) was not abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment. (source)

Forced child labor of Indigenous children: The US Government-led occupation throughout the territory of the 49-state continental United States imposed partial slavery on Indigenous children who had been taken from their Indigenous communities and forced into the US Government’s boarding school assimilation system. (source, section “Forced Labor”).

During the US Military occupation of Haiti (1914-1934), the US Military enslaved a portion of the black Haitian population. (source)

As of 2018, widespread enslavement of prisoners of the US penal system continues throughout territory under US Government jurisdiction (source). [As of 2011, the United States held about 25% of the world’s prisoners. (source)]

[crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article (7) (1) (c) : “enslavement”]

(2) ONE CENTURY OF U.S. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF U.S. APARTHEID

(1865-1965) [by both the US Democratic Party and the US Republican Party]

Following the abolition of chattel slavery in 1865, non-white persons (especially black persons and indigenous persons) residing in US-occupied territory were not recognized as equal human persons deserving of equal rights under US law for another whole century [not until the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (following the success of the civil rights movement led by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.)].

During the 100-year period 1865-1965, the United States continued to be an officially racist State, with racism being one of the motivating factors in various US crimes against non-white populations throughout the world and in the subjecting of primarily the black population and indigenous populations within US-occupied territory to various forms of apartheid.

[crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (j): “apartheid”]

Under current international law, ‘apartheid’ [as defined in ICC Statute, Article 7 (2) (h)], is defined as: “an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime”.

Sources (for US Government support of slavery and apartheid):

45 to 53



…

● TORTURE AND SUPPORT OF TORTURE,

ALL THROUGHOUT U.S. GOVERNMENT HISTORY

1789-2015 (support of governments which commit torture had not come to a complete de facto end as of 2018)

According to US constitutional law [the supreme law of the United States]:

All forms of torture or abuse of any prisoners or detainees under US jurisdiction are a violation of the 1791 Eighth Amendment to the US Constitution, banning all “cruel and unusual punishments”, without any exception mentioned. [more info, Police State USA]

Despite the US Constitution, the US Federal Government has been accountable for torture and abuse of prisoners (directly through its military, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies) and/or for supporting and enabling torture and abuse of prisoners (by supporting authorities committing torture) all throughout its existence (1789 – support of authorities committing torture had not yet come to an end as of 2018).

Note: Torture of prisoners of war under the jurisdiction of a state military or non-state militant force is classified as a war crime. (In order to list various historical accounts of US torture in a single listing, this report lists US war crime torture together with US crimes against humanity torture within the crimes against humanity category.)

— Torture of enslaved persons during the age of US chattel slavery (1776-1865):

Alongside slavery, use of torture [a crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (f)] against enslaved persons was also “legal”. Enslaved persons were legally punished by whipping, beating, shackling (chaining a person), mutilation, and branding (engraving a mark with an iron) [punishments amounting to torture]. Enslaved persons were also legally punished by unjustified imprisonment [a crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (e)]. Enslaved females were also legally punished by sexual assault [a crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (g)]. Punishment was most often in response to disobedience or perceived violations of rules, but masters or overseers sometimes abused slaves to assert dominance. (sources 54-56)

— Torture in early US policing (1830s–1930s)/

abuses of domestic prisoners and detainees to the present day

(1930s – had not come to a complete de facto end as of 2018)

The use of “third degree interrogation” techniques [a euphemism for ‘torture’ (“inflicting of pain, physical and/or mental, to extract confessions or statements”)], ranging from “psychological duress such as prolonged confinement to extreme violence and torture”, was widespread and considered acceptable in early US policing [law enforcement]. Widespread use of torture by US police declined in the 1930’s and 1940’s (following the Wickersham Commission’s “Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement” in 1931). Some amount of torture and/or abuse of prisoners and detainees in domestic prisons and by US police officers has continued to the present day as of 2018. [sources 54 (section ”Domestic Police and Prisons”), 58]



Prisoners at a whipping post at a US domestic prison. (Two prisoners in pillory with another tied to a whipping post below and a man with a whip.) Delaware, about 1907. This image is available from the United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b44982. (source)

— Torture by the US Military in the Philippines (1899-1913):

Following the US Military invasion of the “Philippine Islands (Philippines)” (European colonialist naming) in 1898-99, and during the US war of aggression against the Peoples of the ”Philippines” (1899-1913), the US Military tortured people held as prisoners. A widespread torture method used during interrogation of prisoners was an early form of waterboarding (called “water cure”).





— Torture by the US Military in Haiti (1915-1934)



“I have seen prisoners’ faces and heads disfigured by beatings administered to them and have heard [US Military] officers discussing those beatings; also a form of torture… in which the victim’s leg is compressed between two rifles and the pressure against the shin [front part of the leg from the knee to the ankle] increased until agony forced him to speak. I know that men and women have been hung by the neck until strangulation impelled them to give information.”

— Herbert J. Seligmann,

US citizen journalist testifying about what he witnessed in Haiti,

10 July 1920 article in The Nation,

during the early years of the US Military occupation of Haiti (1915-1934)

Torture of Haitian prisoners of war by US Marines was common practice. (source 110, “1915-1934”)



— Torture and support of torture throughout the world during the “Cold War” (1947-1991):

US Government military forces and US Government-backed death squads and right-wing militias, throughout various regions of the Planet, routinely tortured and assassinated dissidents as part of their effort to defeat “communism”.

US citizen lawyer, author, and human rights activist, Jennifer Harbury, following an investigation into the issue of torture, focusing on the isthmian portion of the Western Continent (“Central America”, European naming), concluded that: “The CIA and related US intelligence agencies have, since their inception, engaged in the widespread practice of torture, either directly or through well-paid proxies.” (source 59, ch 2, pg 29)

Project MK-Ultra: “In 1953, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) established the MK-Ultra program, whose earliest phase involved hypnosis, electroshock, and hallucinogenic drugs. The program evolved into experiments in psychological torture that adapted elements of Soviet and Chinese models, including long-time standing, protracted isolation, sleep deprivation, and humiliation. Those lessons soon became an applied ‘science’ in the Cold War.” (source, The Nation; more information: source 61, Interference)

More information on US Government torture during the “Cold War” (and beyond):

“American [US] Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond”

book, by Michael Otterman (freelance journalist, author, and documentary filmmaker), Melbourne University Publishing (MUP), 2007

[More info about the research of Michael Otterman regarding US torture (1947-2009)]

Sources (for US Government torture during period 1947-1991):

57 to 61

— Torture under the George W. Bush Administration (2001–2009):

In 2002, the George W. Bush Administration [to be abbreviated, the Bush II Admin.], in violation of the US Constitution’s Eighth Amendment, of the 1994 US Torture Act, and of all international law, officially sanctioned systematic torture of prisoners of war under US military and intelligence agency jurisdiction.



Abu Ghraib torture and abuse (2003-2004), more photos and info:

(1) Abu Ghraib Abuse Photos, AntiWar.com

(2) ‘‘Lest We Forget: The Horrifying Images from Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq”,

by Caleb Gee (researcher, blog article author)

“…The pictures show only five percent of what happened to us.”



— Ali Shallal al-Qaisi, an Iraqi citizen imprisoned at Abu Ghraib prison during 2003-2004,

interview, al-Araby al-Jadeed (The New Arab), published 27 November 2015

The Full Sworn Testimony of Ali Shallal al-Qaisi, published by Global Research

(Al-Qaisi’s formal testimony of having been subjected to electroshock and other forms of torture at Abu Ghraib prison.

19 February 2007)

Al-Qaisi’s formal statement was presented to the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission (KLWCC) [an independent judicial commission established in 2007 by Former Prime Minister (1981-2003) of Malaysia, Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad] — as evidence in the legal procedure launched in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, directed against Former US President (2001-2009) George W. Bush, Former Britain’s (UK) Prime Minister (1997-2007) Anthony (Tony) C. L. Blair, and Former Australia’s Prime Minister (1996-2007) John W. Howard, for crimes against the nation of Iraq. (source, Global Research)

Abu Ghraib Prison, Guantanamo Prison, and other US Torture Prisons

[during the George W. Bush Administration (2001-2009)]:

Torture by employees of the US Government, US Military, CIA, and US Government-paid profit-motivated Private Military Companies (PMCs) (such as CACI and Titan Corporation), with authorization from the top officials of the Bush II Admin., was widespread at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base prison, Abu Ghraib prison, and many CIA ”black sites” (secret prisons) throughout the world during the period 2001-2009.

More information on CIA black sites (2001-2009):

“Revealed: The Boom and Bust of the CIA’s Torture Sites“,

The Bureau of Investigative Journalism

It is because the Abu Ghraib prison photos were taken and some leaked to the media (in 2004) that US Government, Military, CIA, and private contractor torture and abuses at Abu Ghraib and throughout the world became exposed to the world.

As a public pretense of ”justice”, 11 low-ranking US soldiers were convicted in US military trial and received criminal penalties (most of which were minor penalties) for the Abu Ghraib war crimes.

Not coincidentally, no one in the higher positions of the US Military, CIA, PMCs, or in the US Government, was investigated or indicted.

CIA Torture Report:

(released 9 December 2014)

The CIA torture program was investigated during the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017) by the US Senate Select Intelligence Committee (SSCI), producing an about 6,700-page review [intended to be kept classified (unavailable to public access) until at least 2028 (source, The Guardian)]. On 9 December 2014, the SSCI publicly released a heavily redacted, about 525-page executive summary of the classified review, the Committee Study of the CIA’s Detention and Interrogation Program (a.k.a. the ”CIA Torture Report”). (source 66, CNN Library)

Call by the UN Special Rapporteur on Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights:

(9 December 2014)

“As a matter of international law, the US is legally obliged to bring those responsible to justice. The US Attorney General is under a legal duty to bring criminal charges against those responsible.”

— United Nations Special Rapporteur on Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights (2011-2017), Ben Emmerson,

9 December 2014 (date of release of Torture Report) (source, Reuters)



IMPUNITY FOR U.S. TORTURERS (continuing policy as of 2018) —

The refusal of the US Justice Department to bring to justice

US officials accountable for the Bush II Admin. torture program:

The day after the release of the Torture Report, on 10 December 2014, despite the evidence of crimes committed, the US Justice Department, headed by 82nd US Attorney General (2009-2015) Eric H. Holder, Jr, stated that the Justice Department does not plan to initiate any criminal investigations as a result of the Torture Report. US law enforcement sources said that if another nation-state files an arrest warrant for a US official related to the CIA program, the Justice Department will not enforce it. (source 66, CNN Library)

The head of State at the time, 44th US President (2009-2017) Barack H. Obama, agreed to that policy of impunity for officials (former or current) of the US Government charged with serious violations of national and international law.

KUALA LUMPUR WAR CRIMES COMMISSION (KLWCC) CONVICTS FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH and seven leading former officials of the Bush Administration for war crimes:

On 12 May 2012, after hearing testimony for a week from victims of torture at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo prisons, the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission (KLWCC)) unanimously convicted in absentia the following former Bush II Admin. officials for conspiracy to commit war crimes (specifically torture). (source, Foreign Policy Journal)



● Fmr US President (2001-2009) George W. Bush

● Fmr US Vice President (2001-2009) Richard (Dick) B. Cheney

● Fmr US Secretary of Defense (1975-1977, 2001-2006) Donald H. Rumsfeld

● Fmr US Justice Dept Assistant Attorney General (2001-2003) Jay S. Bybee

● Fmr US Justice Dept Deputy Assist Attorney General (2001-2003) John C. Yoo

● Fmr Counsel to the President (2001-2005) Alberto Gonzales

● Fmr Counsel (2001-2005) and Chief of Staff (2005-2009) to the Vice President, David S. Addicton

● Fmr General Counsel of the Dept of Defense (2001-2008), William J. Haynes II

War crimes expert and lawyer Francis Boyle, professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, was part of the prosecution team.

Full transcripts of the charges, witness statements, and other relevant material were sent to the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) [an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal] and to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (a.k.a. “World Court”) [the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN)], both seated in the Hague.

According to both contemporary US law and contemporary UN international law: All of the aforementioned former top officials of the Bush II Admin., as well as several more, along with former top officials of the US Military and the CIA and top shareholders and executives of US Government-contract corporations such as CACI and Titan Corp. during the Bush II Admin., share legal accountability in the planning and implementing of a worldwide systematic torture regime during the period 2001-2009.

The laws violated were the following:

● under US law specifically:

violations of the Eighth Amendment,

the 1994 “Torture Act” (18 U.S.C. § 2340A),

and the 1996 “War Crimes Act” (18 US Code § 2441)

● under UN international law:

violations of the 1949 Geneva Conventions

(which, according to Protocol 1, Article 85 (5), constitute war crimes)

and the 1987 UN Convention against Torture (US-ratified since 1994)

● under the International Criminal Court (ICC):

war crimes, ICC Statute, Article 8 (2) (a) (ii, iii, vi, vii, viii) and (2) (b) (xxi)

and crimes against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (f)

(specifically in cases when the Bush II Admin. committed torture by proxy)



Sources (for US Government torture during George W. Bush Administration):

61 to 66

— Torture under the Barack Obama Administration (2009-2017)

(torture by proxy):

In a 2009 executive order, 44th US President (2009-2017) Barack H. Obama officially banned the use of torture by the US Military, CIA, and US Government-contract corporations, leading to the subsequent closing of CIA black sites. In 2015, the US Government ban on torture (as well as cruel or degrading treatment or punishment) was codified into law by the Detainee Treatment Act.



However, as of 2018, the Guantanamo torture prison remains open, despite Obama’s 2007-2008 presidential campaign pledge to close it. During the Obama Administration, torture continued at Guantanamo prison in the form of nasogastric tube force-feeding (force-feeding by tube inserted into the nasal passage) of hunger-striking prisoners.

“We’re going to close Guantanamo.”



— US Senator Barack Obama during his 2007-08 campaign for US presidency,

24 June 2007 (source, The Atlantic)



Also, since 2009 and as of 2018, the US Military and CIA have continued to be involved in torture — mostly indirectly (torture by proxy) — in locations under official jurisdiction of US puppet governments around the world. (sources 58, 67)

The below video (approx. 2 minutes), published in November 2013, shows one example of indirect US torture. It shows US-allied Afghan military personnel and interpreters interrogating and torturing a prisoner by whipping as US commandos watched. Investigative reporter Matthieu Aikins obtained the video whilst working on an investigation into alleged US war crimes for Rolling Stone magazine. The Rolling Stone published Aikins’ long, investigative article about 10 Afghans who were kidnapped and tortured by US special operations forces, with Afghan interpreters at their side, in the fall of 2012. (source 58)



— Comment about torture by 45th US President (2017-) Donald J. Trump:

“…I would bring back waterboarding [a torture method using simulated drowning (description, 10th)], and I’d bring back a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding…”

— Donald Trump during his campaign for the Republican Party presidential candidate nomination,

at a televised Republican presidential debate in Manchester, US state of New Hampshire,

6 February 2016 (article, The Guardian)

Below, video of comment (12 seconds):



Below video (approx. 7 minutes):

A commentary by Kyle Kulinski (the host of Secular Talk,

a politically progressive internet talk show)

Published on 25 November 2015

More comments about torture by 45th US President Donald Trump:

Comments About Torture by 45th US President Donald Trump:

An Analysis of Some of the Comments of Donald Trump

…

[regardless of whether or not torture “works”,

under contemporary international (UN/ICC) law,

any form of torture, under any circumstances, is

a violation of the UN Convention against Torture,

and any form of torture of prisoners of war, under any circumstances, is

a war crime, Geneva Conventions, Protocol 1, Article 85 (5)

and ICC Statute, Article 8 (2) (a) (ii)]

Information about UN international law since 1948,

regarding torture or abuse of prisoners/detainees:

The Illegality of All Torture Under UN International Law

Sources (for US Government torture):

54 to 69

…

● SUPPORT OF EXCESSIVE U.S. POLICING, WIDESPREAD SYSTEMATIC USE OF EXCESSIVE POLICE FORCE, AND WIDESPREAD UNACCOUNTED POLICE MURDERS, directed by a primarily white Anglo-Saxon-origin political and police establishment at primarily ethnic minority populations throughout US-jurisdiction territory, for nearly 180 years

1838-2017 (had not come to a complete de facto end as of 2017)

In 1838, the city of Boston established the first official US police (law enforcement) force. By the 1880s, all major US cities had municipal police forces in place.

More information on the history of US policing in US-jurisdiction territory:

A Brief History of US Policing in US-Jurisdiction Territory

In the nearly 200 years of the existence of US police forces, US police departments acting throughout US-jurisdiction territory have killed thousands of civilian residents [predominantly, in ratio, “black” (“African”-origin) and Indigenous residents, followed by other minority-group residents].

Because of the lack of sufficient accountability by the US State (on all levels – federal, state, county, and municipal), there has never been (as of 2017) any actual accounting of the following: (1) how many civilian residents have been actually killed by US police action throughout the history of US policing, and (2) how many of the US police killings have been actually ‘justifiable homicides’ [which are not a crime] and how many have been actually ‘unjustifiable homicides’ [which are, under US law, the crime of ‘murder (first or second degree)’ or of ‘manslaughter (first or second degree)’].

Info on the definitions of ‘murder’/’manslaughter’ under US criminal law:

How Murder is Defined Under US Criminal Law



In 1994, the US Congress required the US Justice Department’s Attorney General [head of the Justice Department] – 78th US Attorney General (1993-2001) Janet W. Reno — to “acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers” and “publish an annual summary” of these data. According to William Terrill, a professor of criminal justice at Michigan State University: “It was never implemented.” (source 71)

According to a report by news organization The Guardian (released on 3 March 2015 following an in-depth investigation): An average of 545 homicides by US state and local law enforcement officers throughout US-jurisdiction territory went uncounted in US Government statistics every year for almost a decade (period 2003-2011). (source 74)

According to a civilian research project, Fatal Encounters: During the 18-year period from 2000 through 2017, about 23,000 civilians died in US-jurisdiction territory due to fatal encounters with US police.

According to a research project called The Counted — the most thorough accounting of US police homicides as of 2017 — (by journalists from The Guardian): About 1,150 civilians died in encounters with US police in 2015 and about 1,025 civilians died in encounters with US police in 2016. (source 75)

Confirmed by several civilian investigations: During the three-year period 2014/2015/2016, deaths of civilians in violent encounters with US police had been averaging over 1,000 deaths per year (and deaths of US police officers in violent encounters with civilians had been averaging about 50 officers killed per year).

2015 US Police Homicide Statistics (According to the Guardian’s Investigation)

In October 2015, FBI Director (2013-2017) [former Justice Department Deputy Attorney General (2003-2005)] James B. Comey said: “It is unacceptable that The Washington Post and The Guardian newspaper from the UK are becoming the lead source of information about violent encounters between [US] police and civilians.” (source 76)

According to research by Philip Stinson, an associate professor of criminal justice at Bowling Green State University in Ohio: As of October 2016, for the thousands of homicides by US police during the 10-year period 2005-2015, only about 75 police officers had been charged with murder or manslaughter and only about 25 of those officers had been convicted. (source 73)

Below video (approx. 4 minutes), published by CNN on 18 Aug. 2014:

Piaget Crenshaw talks with CNN’s Michaela Pereira. Piaget Crenshaw witnessed the murder of a black teenager, Michael Brown, age 18, by a white police officer, Darren Wilson, on 9 August 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri. She video recorded the body of Michael Brown lying in the middle of the street after having been shot to death. (This CNN video report contains some portions of that recording.) Brown’s body stayed in the street for hours. He had been unarmed. (Sources: source1, Wikipedia; source2; source3; source4)

The police killing of Michael Brown lead to the Ferguson unrest, involving protests and riots by the black community of Ferguson and a militarized police crackdown against unarmed protesters (including journalists).

On 4 March 2015, the US Justice Department announced that Brown’s killer, Darren Wilson, would not be charged for the shooting. Its report said “there is no evidence upon which prosecutors can rely to disprove Wilson’s stated subjective belief that he feared for his safety”. (source)

Below video (approx. 8 minutes), published by StormsCloudGathering on 14 Aug. 2014:

Includes witness testimony by Michael Brown’s friend Dorian Johnson.

The murder of Michael Brown and the Ferguson unrest which followed contributed to the spread of the Black Lives Matter (BML) international activist movement (which campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people).

The Black Lives Matter movement began to organize protests throughout many cities of the collective territory under jurisdiction of the 48-state contiguous United States. In the first half of July 2016, the Black Lives Matter movement organized at least 112 protests throughout at least 88 cities in US-jurisdiction territory of the Western Continent. (source, New York Times)

On 13 October 2016, following these events, the US Justice Department announced an intention to begin collecting nationwide data on police shootings and other violent encounters with the public (to begin in 2017), for the first time in US history. (source 78)

On 2 May 2017, on the day when former US police officer Michael T. Slager pleaded guilty in a federal case for the murder of unarmed black civilian Walter Scott [pedestrian video of shooting (approx. 3 minutes)], US Justice Department Attorney General (2017-2018) Jeff B. Sessions III said: “The Department of Justice will hold accountable any law enforcement officer who violates the civil rights of our citizens by using excessive force.” (source, Los Angeles Times)

Later that year, on 7 December 2017, Michael Slager was sentenced to twenty years in prison for the murder of Walter Scott. (source, New York Times)

These events marked the de jure (legal) ending of the US Government’s historical support of systematic US police excessive force and unaccounted murder against minority groups throughout US-jurisdiction territory. The de facto development of this issue remains to be seen throughout the coming years.

“The Raw Videos That Have Sparked Outrage Over Police Treatment of Blacks”,

The New York Times, article (news), by Damien Cave and Rochelle Oliver,

4 October 2016 (shows 21 videos of US police homicides and excessive force against black civilians during period 2013-2016)

[crime against humanity, ICC Statute, Article 7 (1) (d):

“murder” (widespread/systematic)]

Sources (for US Government Support of US Police Murder):

70 to 80

● POLITICAL, MILITARY, AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF MANY CRIMINAL GOVERNMENTS AND MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, since the beginning of US Government history and continuing as of 2018 — making the US Government directly and/or indirectly accountable in various crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression, and war crimes committed by those organizations

1793 — continuing as of 2018

Over 50 authoritarian governments have been supported by the US Government in the past.

As of 2016, over 20 authoritarian governments were being supported (politically, financially, and/or with US arms sales) by the US Government. (“List of Authoritarian Regimes Supported by the United States”, Wikipedia)

For more than 100 years and continuing as of 2018: Through the foreign policy strategy of setting up cooperative authoritarian and corrupt puppet (or satellite) governments throughout the world, the US Government has been pursuing global control (political/military/economic), primarily in service to the big private economic interests of the US ruling class. (source 86)

Sources: 81 to 86

One specific example of many cases of the US Government’s support of right-wing dictatorships during the ”Cold War” period (1947-1991):

US Support of Junta of Greece:

Primary Offices Accountable for US Support

of Greece’s Military Dictatorship (1967-1974)

______________________________________________________________________

Section 3:

US GOVERNMENT CRIMES OF AGGRESSION

…

Despite the egalitarian ideals proclaimed by the US “Founding Fathers” in the US Declaration of Independence, from the very beginning the US Government’s foreign policy was a continuation of the British Monarchy’s white supremacism, colonialist imperialism, and economic tyranny — clothed in a pretense of democratic virtue.

Information about the founding political documents of the United States:

The US Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution

The predominant religious-nationalistic ideology which ”validated” US colonialist imperialism and increasingly dominated US Government foreign policy during the 19th century became known as “Manifest Destiny”.

The long-term consequence of this corrupt direction was the development not of a nation truly promoting “liberty and justice for all”, but of one more dominating and unjust empire promoting perpetual war.…

The Monroe Doctrine: On 2 December 1823, 5th US President (1817-1825) James Monroe, in his Seventh Annual State of the Union Address (full transcript) gave a speech, before the US Congress, expressing what was to become the standard US foreign policy for the Western Hemisphere. This foreign policy became known as the “Monroe Doctrine” (a term coined in 1850).

[The content of Monroe’s speech had been written primarily by then US Secretary of State (1817-1825) and future US President (1825-1829) John Quincy Adams.]

The Monroe Doctrine was, basically, the US foreign policy of opposing European colonialism in Western Hemisphere.

“…The American continents [the Western Continent (as a whole)], by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers [the European powers] to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere [the Western Hemisphere] as dangerous to our peace and safety.”

— James Monroe,

Seventh Annual State of the Union Address, 2 December 1823

Having the Monroe Doctrine as its foreign policy standard throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the US Government claimed to be in support of the “free and independent condition” (to paraphrase Monroe’s 7th Annual State of the Union Address) of the Peoples of the Western Hemisphere and of the Planet as a whole.

However, ever since the Monroe Doctrine was first stated in 1823, the pattern of foreign policy actions of the US Government has showed that the primary interest of the US Government has been to make the United States the neo-colonialist imperialist power of the Western Hemisphere (and extending into the Eastern Hemisphere as well) — with the ideological ”justification” of Manifest Destiny.

More information on the Monroe Doctrine:

“The Monroe Doctrine: A Summary”, Daily Kos, article (historic),

by coolhandlukeri (author of political articles), 11 March 2016

…

● U.S. MILITARY INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF

THE HOMELAND OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

UNDER PRESENT-DAY OCCUPATION OF 48-STATE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES

(outside of territory under original jurisdiction of the Thirteen Colonies)

[conquest during 1776-1887

(US war of conquest ended completely in 1924);

US military occupation ever since]

Indigenous Tribal Nations Map (PDF)

(A map showing the pre-European invasion locations of Indigenous nations and tribes throughout territory under present-day occupation of the United States and Canada; by Aaron Carapella, a self-taught mapmaker in Warner, Oklahoma; website)

Below video (approx. 1 minute), published by eHistory.org on 2 Jun. 2014:

“The Invasion of America:

How the United States Took Over an Eighth of the World”

(infographic)

More information on that subject:

Section 1 (US Government Genocide)

Sources: 1 to 16

…

● U.S. MILITARY INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF TERRITORY OF MEXICO

[US conquest of Southwest of territory under present-day occupation of 48-state contiguous United States

(the US-Mexican War, 1846-1848)]



On 13 May 1846, the US Congress approved a declaration of war against the State of Mexico, initiating the US-Mexican War (1846-1848). Subsequently, the US Military launched its invasion of the territory under the occupation of the State of Mexico. The US Military pushed deep into this territory within the next two years — occupying the capital, Mexico City, in 1847. The 2-year US invasion and occupation of the territory of Mexico produced a total death toll of nearly 40,000 people (from both sides and all causes).

Following the death and injuries of thousands of Mexican citizens and the US military occupation of Mexico’s capital, the State of Mexico surrendered in 1848. On 2 February 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. In this treaty, the State of Mexico ceded to the United States the jurisdiction of the northern half of its claimed territory (including territory under present-day jurisdiction of the US states of Texas, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California).

More information on that subject:

(1) How the USA Conquered Much of US-Claimed Territory from the State of Mexico

(2) “The United States – Mexican War, 1846-1848“,

United States Foreign Policy History and Resource Guide (website),

article (historical), by Roger Peace

Sources: 87 to 89

…

● THE KUALA BATU MASSACRE (7-9 FEBRUARY 1832)

(THE FIRST U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTION IN ASIA —

an act of aggression and genocide)

The first US military intervention in Asia took place in 1832.

The year before (1831), some Malay men temporarily seized a US merchant ship in Sumatra (in territory under present-day jurisdiction of the state of Indonesia). They looted it and killed three of its sailors. “The captain of the vessel has claimed that those responsible were drug addicts attracted to the ship’s 12 chests of opium; but historians note that there was strong evidence that the seizure was brought about by US merchants cheating the Indonesians.” (source) In any event, 7th US President (1829-1837) Andrew Jackson ordered a punitive expedition against the Malay community at the location.

On 7 February 1832, without bothering to find out the facts of the incident, an about 300-man US Navy force under the command of Commodore John Downes and led by first Lieutenant Alvin Edson, launched an attack on the Malay community at Kuala Batu.

Malay men armed with old muskets and spears fought to the death to defend their community but were massacred by the overpowering firepower of the US Navy force firing with naval canons and modern Western rifles. On 9 February 1832, the US Navy force bombarded the village of Kuala Batu, setting it on fire, before plundering it.

Following the three-day US Navy assault, the village of Kuala Batu was left destroyed and a total of about 450 Malay people (both residents resisting the assault and noncombatants) had died. Two US soldiers died in the assault.

Sources: Kuala Batu 1; Kuala Batu 2 (Wikipedia); Kuala Batu 3

…

● JOINT INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF TERRITORY OF CHINA BY WESTERN IMPERIALIST POWERS (INCLUDING THE U.S. GOVERNMENT) [DURING THE APPROXIMATELY ONE-CENTURY PERIOD 1839-1949 (REFERRED TO IN POST-1949 CHINA’S HISTORIOGRAPHY AS THE “CENTURY OF HUMILIATION“)]

During the mid 19th century (1830s-’50s), there was a rapid growth of Western imperialism (primarily British, French, and US imperialism) in the region of East-Southeast Asia. [Definition of ‘imperialism’, Merriam-Webster] Some of the shared goals of the Western powers were the expansion of their overseas markets and the establishment of new ports under their control.

The British-US Big Opium Business in China (1757-1949):

From the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, the major commodity of the East Asian trade was opium (a highly addictive and toxic narcotic). Opium became the single most valuable commodity exported by Western (a.k.a. European) merchants into the territory of the Empire of China. Opium also flowed into all the ports and states of Southeast Asia. (source, pg 167)

US private merchants with strong connections to and influence on the US Government began to join the China opium trade on a large scale during the early years of the 19th century. By the 1830s, an inter-associated British-US opium drug syndicate, operating primarily through British companies Jardine-Matheson & Co. and Dent & Co. and US company Russell & Co, controlled the tremendously profitable opium trade based at China’s port of Guangzhou (which the Europeans called “Canton”).

The British-US opium drug syndicate had strong connections to and influence on both the British and the US Governments simultaneously.

More information and sources on the British-US opium trade in China:

The British-US Big Opium Business in China (1757-1949)

The Opium Wars (1839-1860):

The opium business going on at Guangzhou, which had begun to result in millions of Chinese opium addicts, was in violation of the law of Imperial China. The Imperial Chinese Government, alarmed by the increasing magnitude of the illegal opium trade, enforced an opium ban in 1839. In response, the British Government decided to use military force to gain control over China and force the opium trade on China.

This led to the First Opium War (1839-1842) and the Second Opium War (1856-1860) — wars of aggression by which, following massacres and mass destruction, the Chinese Nation was forced to surrender sovereignty to Western imperialism. The Chinese Nation was forced to accept the mass marketing of a highly addictive and toxic narcotic on its population for the massive profiteering of the Western opium syndicate.

The US Government pretended to be neutral during the Opium Wars and did not participate militarily at all in the First Opium War. However, following the conclusion of the Opium Wars, the US Government participated in reaping the benefits by participating in the primarily British-French-US occupation of Chinese ports in de facto support of the US opium trade syndicate.

During the Second Opium War, the US Navy participated in at least two battles in support of British and French invading forces — including the Battle of Pearl River Forts (1856) (in which US forces reported a casualty count of 7 soldiers killed and 22 soldiers wounded and Chinese forces casualties were reported to be between 250 and 500 soldiers killed or wounded).

More information and sources on the Opium Wars:

The Opium Wars (1839-1860)

US Military Occupation of Portions of the Territory of China

in Support of the US Opium Syndicate (1842-1949):

Toward the end of the First Opium War, the US Government sent the US Navy’s East India Squadron (a squadron of ships established in 1835 to support US economic interests in East-Southeast Asia) and thereafter essentially imposed an unequal treaty on the Chinese Empire’s ruling Qing dynasty (1644-1912).

The 10th US President (1841-1845), John Tyler, appointed US Congressman Caleb Cushing as Commissioner and US Ambassador to China — for the purpose of imposing a trade treaty on China in de facto support of the US opium industry. (source, segment 116)

Not coincidentally, US Ambassador Caleb Cushing was a cousin of and closely associated with US opium syndicate king John Perkins Cushing. John P. Cushing was a nephew of US opium syndicate founder Thomas H. Perkings. John P. Cushing himself headed the US opium syndicate operations in Guangzhou between 1806 and about 1830. When he returned home to Massachusetts, John P. Cushing was the richest person in New England and one of the richest citizens of the USA — thanks to the US opium business.

Ambassador Caleb Cushing delivered a letter from the US President to the Emperor of China (full text) [written by 14th and 19th US Secretary of State (1841-1843, 1850-1852) Daniel Webster, signed by Tyler, dated 12 July 1843]. The US Government was acting in support of US private opium trade interests while officially pretending to oppose the opium trade.

On 3 July 1844, the Qing dynasty, under conditions of coercion following the First Opium War, conceded and signed the Treaty of Wanghia [Wanxia] (official title: the “Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire”).

By the Treaty of Wanghia, the US Government and the US opium syndicate it was collaborating with reaped the benefits of the First Opium War — without the United States having participated in the war itself.

This and further imposed unequal treaties, including the unequal treaties imposed by the British, French, and other imperialist governments, forced the Chinese Nation to cede sovereignty and allow foreign imperialist powers to colonize, control, and exploit multiple treaty ports throughout China’s coastal region. Foreign clubs, racehorses, churches, and hospitals were established at the Western-controlled treaty ports, while the British-US opium syndicate expanded its big opium business in China.

During the approximately 100-year period of the Chinese nation’s subjection to foreign imperialist domination, the US Navy operated the Yangtze Patrol (1854-1949) — a prolonged US naval operation to protect US interests in the Yangtze River’s treaty ports. At many points during the approximately 100-year period from 1843 to 1949, the US Navy forces landed and engaged in military action in Western-controlled ports and other locations of the territory of China.

Full-scale US Invasion of China during Chinese Revolt against Foreign Domination (1900-1901):

On 21 June 1900, the Chinese Nation officially revolted against foreign neo-colonialist domination, by an Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers — issued by the Empress of China (1851-1908), Dowager Cixi.

[In the West, this Chinese revolt and the third imperialist war of aggression against the Chinese Nation (period 1899-1901) which suppressed it, became termed the “Boxer Rebellion” (based on Western colonists’ term for the Yihetuan, a Chinese militia which initiated the revolt).]

In response to the Chinese Nation’s revolt, an international military coalition of imperialist powers, called the Eight-Nation Alliance, invaded the territory of China with nearly 50,000 troops (plus 100,000-200,000 Russian troops in Manchuria). The Eight-Nation Alliance consisted of the Empires of Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Japan. The US Government committed about 2,500 US troops to the invasion and occupation of China.

The Alliance occupied China’s capital of Beijing on 14 August 1900.

By the time the war ended, on 7 September 1901 (following two years of war), more than 35,000 people had died in the violence.

War crimes (under contemporary international criminal law definitions) were committed by both sides of the war. US soldiers were involved in the widespread war crimes committed by Alliance occupation forces in Beijing — including plunder, rape, killing of noncombatant civilians, and torture and execution of prisoners of war. (source2)

The Chinese Nation’s subjection to foreign imperialist domination and economic exploitation lasted one whole century — until, following Chinese Civil War (1927-1937, 1946-1950), Chairman Mao Zedong of the Communist Party of China proclaimed the People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949.

Sources and information: (1) All links in previous information;

(2) source1, Above Top Secret; (3) source 2, The Diplomat;

(4) “[US] American Invasions: Canada to Afghanistan: 1775-2010”,

Trafford Publishing, by Rocky M. Mirza (PhD), 2010 (Chapter 3: pgs 66-73)

…

● JOINT INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF TERRITORY OF JAPAN BY WESTERN IMPERIALIST POWERS [PRE-WWII (INITIATED BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT IN 1853 )] — (the Origin of the Antagonism between Imperial Japan and the United States, which led to the Asia-Pacific War during World War II)

About 90 years before the Imperial Japanese Air Force attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in US-occupied Hawaii in 1941 [initiating the Asia-Pacific War (1941-1945)], the US Government had originally initiated the US-Japan antagonism in 1853.

Background — Japan had been a peaceful non-imperialist nation for over two centuries before the United States first began committing acts of aggression against the Japanese Nation in 1853:

Before 1853, the State of Japan (called Nippon-koku in the Japanese language) was isolationist. Japan had been ruled for over 250 years by the Tokugawa shogunate (shogunate of the Tokugawa clan). The head of the government was the shogun. The emperor had a symbolic authority. He officially had the role of appointing the shogun but practically had no say in state affairs.

The age of the Shogunate was a period of relative peace for the Japanese Nation. Through there were a number of internal rebellions and uprisings, the Japanese Nation was not involved in any form of imperialism or in any war against any foreign power during the age of the Shogunate. Contact with the West was limited to trade with the Dutch in the city of Nagasaki. Otherwise, Westerners weren’t allowed into the country. Western influences were strongly discouraged.

But decisions made in the offices of Washington, DC, the capital of the United States Empire, in the mid-19th century (1840s-’50s), were to alter the course of history.

The Forced “Opening of Japan” by the US Navy under Orders by the US Government (1853-1854):

The primarily British-US big merchant syndicates (which had strong influence on both the British and US Governments simultaneously) forced the “opening of China” by using the British Royal Navy to invade China in the Opium Wars (period 1839-1860).

During the same period, as part of the extended plan, the same primarily British-US big merchant syndicates forced the “opening of Japan” — by initially using the US Navy. The 13th US President (1850-1853), Millard Fillmore, assigned US Navy East India Squadron Commodore (1852-1854) Matthew C. Perry to the mission of initiating the implementation of that plan.

On 8 July 1853, under orders from 14th US President (1853-1957) Franklin Pierce and 23rd US Secretary of War (1853-1857) Jefferson Davis [who afterwards held office as President of the Confederate States (1862-1865) during the US Civil War], a US Navy armada led by Commodore Perry, violating the law of Japan, intruded and anchored in Edo Bay (which later became known as Tokyo Bay after the de facto capital “Edo” was renamed “Tokyo” in 1868). The US Navy armada consisted of a squadron of 4 warships, 2 steamships, and 2 sail ships.

Perry ordered the firing of blank shots from the canons of the warships — as an initial display of military capacity. The Japanese authorities advised the US fleet to travel to Nagasaki, as this was the designated port for all foreign contact. Perry refused and began a campaign of intimidation. Perry ordered the shelling of a few buildings in the harbor. The warship canons were new Paixhans shell guns— naval canons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell (adopted by the US Navy in the 1840s).

Perry threatened to use force against the Japanese unless they would accept his demands to land and formally deliver a letter from the US Government to the Japanese Government.

On 14 July 1853, the Japanese authorities allowed Perry’s fleet to land. Perry went ashore on a beach with about 250 US Marines and Navy sailors. He formally delivered a letter from the previous, 13th US President (1850-1853), Millard Fillmore, to the Shogun (the de facto ruler of Japan at the time). Afterwards, the US armada departed, and Perry promised to return again the next Spring.

The US Government’s letter to Japanese Government (the Shogunate) was an imperialist ultimatum. The message was that either the Japanese Government accept the US Government’s demands or face a US naval invasion. After deliberation, the Shogunate agreed to accept almost all of the US Government’s demands.

On 13 February 1854, Perry returned to Edo Bay with a US naval armada of 10 ships and about 1,600 men.

On 31 March 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa (or Kanagawa Treaty) (official title: the “Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity”) was signed between the US and Japanese Governments. The text of the treaty was reluctantly endorsed by Emperor Komei [the 12st Emperor of Japan (1846-1867)]. The unequal treaty was ratified on 21 February 1855.

The Kanagawa Treaty essentially handed over the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to US control as treaty ports. The State of Japan was coerced into further concessions during the next few years to the US, British, French, and Russian Empires.

The Shimonoseki War (1863-1864) —

A Joint US-British-French-Dutch Imperialist War of Aggression against Japan:

In 1863, nearly a decade following the forced “opening of Japan” by the US Government and subsequent occupation of Japanese ports by Western imperialist powers, Emperor Komei issued an “Order to expel barbarians” (攘夷実行の勅命). Subsequently, Japanese armed forces began a military resistance against Western imperialist occupation of Japanese ports.

That led to what is known in Japan as the Shimonoseki War (1863-1864) — in which US, British, French, and Dutch naval forces waged a war of aggression and defeated the Japanese resistance.



The Rise of Modern Imperial Japan (1868-1947) in Reaction to Western Imperialism:

In Japan, debate over foreign policy and popular outrage over perceived appeasement to the foreign powers was a catalyst for a shift in political power from the Shogunate back to the Imperial Court in Kyoto. The opposition of Emperor Komei to the treaties further lent support to the movement for the overthrow of the Shogunate. This movement led to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, an event in which political rule was transferred to an oligarchy under the Emperor, giving rise to the modern Empire of Japan (1868-1947).

Thereafter, the State of Japan rapidly transformed from a peaceful non-imperialist state to an imperialist power resembling, in its foreign policy, the Western imperialist powers. From that point on, Imperial Japan began to compete with the Western imperialist powers for imperialist control over the general East-Southeast Asia region (which to the US was termed the “Far East” and to Japan was termed “Greater East Asia”).

The Imperial Japanese Government began to pursue a plan for the removal of Western imperialist domination from the whole of East-Southeast Asia. That plan became known as the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. That plan intended to create a self-sufficient “bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers”.

The imperialist competition between, on the one side, the Western imperialist powers (primarily the US, British, and French Empires), and on the other side, Imperial Japan, led to the catastrophic Asia-Pacific War (1941-1945) — which resulted in a total death toll of more than 30 million people (the majority being civilians).

The Asia-Pacific War culminated in the US Government’s atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and the subsequent US military occupation and domination of the Island of Japan [1945 – continues as of 2018].

Sources and information: (1) All links in previous information;

(2) “[US] American Invasions: Canada to Afghanistan: 1775-2010”,

Trafford Publishing, by Rocky M. Mirza (PhD), 2010 (Chapter 3: pgs 73-77)

…

● SOME EXAMPLES OF U.S. MILITARY ACTS OF AGGRESSION AGAINST

REMOTE PACIFIC ISLANDER COMMUNITIES DURING THE 19TH CENTURY

A US naval expedition, called the “United States Exploring Expedition”, authorized by the US Congress and created by 7th US President (1829-1837) Andrew Jackson in support of US merchant interests, committed acts of aggression against some remote Pacific Islander communities while sailing through islands of the “Pacific Ocean” (European naming).

— ● FIJI ISLANDS: After an initial incident between members of the US naval expedition and certain islanders in Malolo Island in the western Fiji Islands (in which two US expedition members were killed) — an about 60-man US Navy force attacked the native community of the island, burning two Fiji villages to the ground and killing nearly 80 Fijians. — July 1840, Malolo Island, Fiji Islands (Info resource: “US Exploring Expedition”, Wikipedia)

— ● SAMOAN ISLANDS: After a US citizen merchant sailor was killed by one or more Samoans on the Samoan island of Upolu, two US Navy warships, under the command of Lieutenant William L. Hudson and Commandant Samuel R. Knox, bombarded the Samoan village of Saulafata. Once the first canon was fired, all the natives of the region evacuated. There was no resistance when a US Navy ground force invaded and destroyed three villages of the island.

A 70-man US Navy force got off the warships and set afire most of the huts of the village of Saulafata. Lieutenant Hudson then ordered the navy troops to destroy the villages of Fusi and Sallesesi as well. Another approximately 100 Samoan huts were burned down by the US troops. The troops returned to the beach and destroyed all the canoes they could find before reboarding their ships and sailing away. — 24 February 1841, Upolu Island, Samoan Islands (Info resource: ”Bombardment of Upolu”, Wikipedia)

— ● GILBERT ISLANDS: An initial incident in which a US sailor was captured by natives of the Gilbertese island of Tabiteuea led to a decision by the same commander who had ordered the attack on Upolu, Lieutenant William L. Hudson, for an attack on Tabiteuea.

An about 80-man US Navy force led by Lieutenant William M. Walker burned down two villages and massacred defenders of the community who were armed with swords, spears, and rocks. There were no US combat casualties. — 9 April 1841, Tabiteuea Island, Gilbert Islands (Info resource: ”Battle of Drummond’s Island”, Wikipedia)

…

● U.S. MILITARY INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS —

OVERTHROW OF THE NATION-STATE OF HAWAII BY COUP D’ETAT (1893),

ANNEXATION OF HAWAII AGAINST WILL OF HAWAIIAN CITIZENRY (1898)

(US Military occupation continues as of 2018)

In 1892, the US Government under the Benjamin Harrison Administration secretly conspired with a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen in Hawaii (most of them of US citizenship or heritage) to overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii in a coup d’etat. The Kingdom of Hawaii (1795-1893) was an internationally-recognized sovereign nation-state.

The Harrison Administration conspiracy’s goal was the annexation of Hawaii into the United States. The US Government plan had the approval of US President (1889-1893) Benjamin Harrison and was organized, at the top, by US Secretary of State (1889-1892) James G. Blaine, US Secretary of the Navy (1889-1893) Benjamin F. Tracy, and US Minister [ambassador] to Hawaii (1889-1893) John L. Stevens. (source 95)

The coup d’etat was executed on 16-17 January 1893. An initial US invasion force of about 200 fully-armed US Marines and Navy sailors from the US Navy ship USS Boston was ordered into Honolulu, capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii. That initial US invasion force supported the local coup organizers and their local (non-indigenous) militia of about 200 men in the carrying out of the coup.

After careful consideration, at the urging of advisers and friends, Hawaiian Queen Lili’uokalani ordered her forces to surrender, without a battle.

More information on that subject:

US Invasion and Occupation of Hawaii

Sources: 90 to 95

…

● WAR OF AGGRESSION AGAINST THE SPANISH EMPIRE —

U.S. MILITARY SEIZURE OF THE ISLANDS OF CUBA, PUERTO RICO, GUAM,

AND THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(1898)



In 1898, the US Government, driven by imperialist and economic motives and the ideology of Manifest Destiny, initiated a war of aggression against the Spanish Empire. That year, the US Government gave an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Spain to surrender the Caribbean island of Cuba to US control. The Kingdom of Spain refused, and the US Government attacked Imperial Spain’s forces in Cuba.

That led to a nearly four-month war known as the US-Spanish War (21 April 1898 – 13 August 1898). The United States defeated the Spanish Empire, which ceded jurisdiction of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States at the Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on 10 December 1898.

The Peoples of Cuba and of the Philippines had both been fighting for their independence from the Spanish Empire. Instead of granting independence to the native Peoples who had been oppressed under the Spanish Empire for over 200 years (Guam), over 300 years (the Philippines), or nearly 400 years (Cuba and Puerto Rico), the US Government turned Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines into neo-colonies of the US Empire.

Sources: 96 – 97

…

● U.S. MILITARY INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(1898 – 1946):

WAR OF AGGRESSION (1898 – about 1913);

false independence granted in 1946

On 4 February 1899, the US Government initiated a war of aggression against the newly-independent Philippine Republic — for the US conquest of the Northern Philippines. That US war of aggression has become known as the US-Philippines War (1899 – officially ended in 1903 but Filipino militant resistance to US occupation continued for several more years).

In 1899, the US Military also invaded the Southern Philippines, initiating a war of aggression against the Bangsamoro Peoples. The Bangsamoro militant resistance to US colonialist occupation become known as the Bangsamoro Rebellion [a.k.a. “Moro Rebellion”] (1899-1946)

More information on that subject:

(1) Section 1 (US Government Genocide):

US Genocide Against Peoples of the Philippine Islands

(2) US Genocide Against Peoples of the Philippine Islands

Sources: 98 to 101

…

● U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS, INVASIONS, AND OCCUPATIONS THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE WESTERN CONTINENT SOUTH OF TERRITORY ANNEXED INTO THE 49-STATE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES — [THE TERRITORY OF 20TH CENTURY ”MEXICO”, OF THE ISLANDS OF THE “CARIBBEAN SEA”, OF THE ISTHMIAN PORTION OF THE WESTERN CONTINENT (“CENTRAL AMERICA”), AND OF THE SOUTHERN SUBCONTINENT OF THE WESTERN CONTINENT (“SOUTH AMERICA”)]

[Since the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and Throughout 19th-20th Centuries]

CARIBBEAN ISLANDS:

The following islands or island portions in the Caribbean Sea were invaded, occupied, turned into US neo-colonies, and controlled by the United States during the 20th century:

— ● THE ISLAND OF CUBA:

— REPEATED US MILITARY INVASIONS AND OCCUPATIONS (1898-1961)

(Guantanamo Bay still occupied as of 2018)

To gain and maintain control over Cuba, the US Government ordered invasions of Cuba in 1898 (US military occupation 1898-1902), 1906 (US military occupation 1906-1909), 1912, and 1917 (US military occupation 1917-1922), and 1961 (failed Bay of Pigs Invasion). (More info: source 98)

The US Government controlled Cuba until the Cuban Revolution of 1953-1959, which brought the Communist Party of Cuba led by Fidel A. Castro to power in 1959. (source 102)

The Bay of Pigs Invasion (a.k.a. Girón Beach Invasion):

In April 1961, the US Government carried out an invasion of Cuba known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion [referred to in Cuba as the Playa Girón (Girón Beach) Invasion]. The invasion — which was organized by the CIA and aimed to regain US control of Cuba — had been originally planned during the administration of 34th US President (1953-1961) Dwight D. Eisenhower and was approved by 35th US President (1961-1963) John F. Kennedy.

The US Government used a CIA-sponsored paramilitary group composed of about 1,500 Cuban exiles, Brigade 2506, to launch a secret ground invasion as the initial phase of the CIA plan. Within three days, the invasion was defeated by Cuban Army forces led by Fidel Castro (who had the support of the vast majority of the Cuban population at the time). Thereafter, the CIA plan was aborted. (sources 103, 104)

Audio recording of speech of John F. Kennedy, 20 April 1961

(regarding Bay of Pigs Invasion and the US “Struggle against Communism”)

As of 2018, despite the protests of the State of Cuba, the US Government continues to occupy Guantanamo Bay on the island of Cuba (under US Military occupation since the first US invasion of Cuba in 1898). The US Government retains the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base there — which continues to host the Guantanamo prison [one of many US torture prisons during the Bush II Admin. (2001-2009) [Section 2 (Crimes against Humanity): Torture: Torture under the Bush II Admin.].

Sources: 102-104

— ● THE EASTERN PORTION OF THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA

(THE PORTION OF THE ISLAND KNOWN AS HAITI):

— FIRST U.S. INTERVENTION AGAINST HAITIAN INDEPENDENCE (1790s)

— FIRST U.S. MILITARY INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF HAITI (1915-1934),

— SECOND U.S. MILITARY INVASION OF HAITI (1994)



First US Intervention under Washington-Jefferson Administration (1790s):

The first time the US Government intervened against the independence of the Peoples of the Caribbean Islands was under the administration of 1st US President (1789-1797) George Washington and 1st US Secretary of State (1790-1793) Thomas Jefferson.

The eastern portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola was then known as France’s colony of “Saint-Domingue”. In an attempt to suppress the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), the newly-formed US Government under the Washington-Jefferson Administration sent $750,000 in military aid as well as some troops to the French colonialist slaveholder regime on the colony.

The Haitian People’s revolution succeeded despite the combined effort of European colonialist powers to suppress it. On 1 January 1804, the independent Republic of Haiti was established. (source 107) The US Government did not officially recognize Haitian independence until 1862 and continued to withhold diplomatic relations until 1886. (source 109, section ”1804-1915”)

First US Military Invasion and Occupation of Haiti (1915-1934):

In March 1915, the US Government set up a puppet dictatorship in Haiti, under dictator Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. On 27 July 1915, Sam ordered the massacre of 167 political prisoners. As soon as the news of the executions spread, an uprising broke out against the US-backed dictatorship. The next day, Sam was captured and lynched to death by an enraged mob in Port-au-Prince (the capital).

On 28 July 1915, under orders by 28th US President (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson, over 300 US Marines invaded Haiti as the initial force of a US Military invasion intended to suppress the Haitian People’s pro-democracy uprising. Thereafter, the US Government set up a US Military dictatorship in Haiti. Haiti remained under US Military occupation until 1934 (for nearly two decades).

Franklin D. Roosevelt, then US Assistant Secretary of Navy (1913-1920) [later US President (1933-1945)], rewrote a new Constitution for Haiti. According to co-director of Haiti Progress newspaper, Maude LeBlanc: “[The US Government-imposed Constitution, written by Roosevelt] allowed foreigners to own land. US companies then grabbed the most fertile valleys and set up agribusinesses growing sugar, rubber, sisal, and other crops.” (source 108)

LeBlack continues: “Haitians were again enslaved under a system of forced labor called the ‘corvee’. At bayonet point, Haitian peasants were forced to build roads, railroads, buildings, and other infrastructure to service US companies and their neo-colonial administration… Peasants in guerilla zones or who resisted the corvee were herded into concentration camps.” (source 108)

A Haitian militant resistance endured a struggle against US Military occupation for two decades. Thousands of Haitian resistance fighters were massacred by the US Military using heavy modern weaponry including aerial bombardment and machine guns (while US Military casualties were minimal).

War crimes (including acts of genocide) committed by US occupation forces included massacres of resistance fighters and civilians, torture during interrogations, arson, robbery, and rape. The news media in Haiti were strictly censored by the US Military authorities, and the US citizenry in general was kept in complete ignorance about the situation in Haiti. (sources 105-110)

After the US Military’s withdrawal in 1934, the US Government controlled Haiti through puppet governments, and war crimes against the People of Haiti continued to be carried out through a proxy army. (sources 107, 108, 109)

Second US Military Invasion of Haiti (1994):

On 19 September 1994, the United States invaded Haiti for a second time. According to LeBlanc: “Twenty thousand US troops occupied Haiti, supposedly to restore President Aristide to power. In fact, they only restored themselves to power.” (source 108) (Jean-Bertrand Aristide was a democratically-elected head of state who had been removed in a 1991 military coup.) More information: Sources 107, 108, 109

Sources (for Haiti): 105 to 110

— ● THE WESTERN PORTION OF THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA

(THE PORTION OF THE ISLAND KNOWN AS THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC):

— FIRST U.S. MILITARY INVASION-OCCUPATION OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1916-1924)

— SECOND U.S. MILITARY INVASION OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1965)



More info: “United States Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916-1924)”, Wikipedia

The Second US Military Invasion of the Dominican Republic (1965):

When a popular rebellion broke out against a US Government-installed military junta in 1965, the US Government ordered the US Military to invade. On 28 April 1965, over 40,000 US troops invaded the Dominican Rep