The baby trapped by her own gigantic head: Heartbreaking story of 18-month-old Roona who is suffering because her family cannot afford to pay for treatment



Roona Begum suffers from hydrocephalus, known as 'water on the brain'

It is caused by a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull

The condition puts pressure on the brain and can lead to brain damage

Her day labourer father cannot afford the surgery to cure her



These heartbreaking pictures show a rural Indian girl of just 18 months old suffering from hydrocephalus, a build up of fluid inside the skull.

The family of Roona Begum, from the village of Jirania in India's north-eastern state of Tripura, cannot afford to pay for her to be treated.

Her father Abdul Rahman, 26, works in a brick factory, where he earns the equivalent of just £1.79 a day.



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Heartbreaking: Indian labourer Abdul Rahman, 26, holds his 18-month-old daughter Roona Begum who suffers from hydrocephalus,a build-up of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling, in front of their home

Babies who are born with hydrocephalus would normally require prompt surgical treatment to avoid being left permanently disabled.

But without the means to pay for a doctor, Mr Rahman and his family can only do their best to keep Roona comfortable as they watch her condition slowly and inexorably deteriorate.

Sometimes misleadingly known as water on the brain, hydrocephalus is caused by a build-up of the cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull, increasing pressure on the brain inside.

The brain constantly produces new cerebrospinal fluid at the rate of about a pint a day, while old fluid is released from the brain and reabsorbed into the blood vessels.

But if this process is interrupted, as in individuals with hydrocephalus, levels of the fluid can quickly build up and place pressure on the brain, causing headaches, blurred vision and, eventually, permanent brain damage.

'Left untreated, if it progresses very quickly, the babies usually die because their brain tissues are unable to adapt,' said Gill Yaz, health development manager for Shine, a UK charity set up to help people affected by hydrocephalus.



But, she added, if the condition develops more slowly, as in Roona's case, the child adapts by growing their skulls to contain the excess fluid. However, the adaptation can only go so far.



Desperately sad: Babies who are born with hydrocephalus would normally require prompt surgical treatment to avoid being left disabled. It can be caused by birth defects or as the result of an infection in the mother

The main treatment for hydrocephalus is to implant a thin tube, called a shunt, in the brain to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid to another part of the body where it can be more easily reabsorbed.

The shunt has a valve inside it to control the flow of fluid and to ensure it does not drain too quickly, which those treated can feel as a lump under the skin of their scalps.

Ms Yaz told MailOnline: 'It's done by paediatric neurosurgeons, but its not a very demanding procedure. The operation usually lasts about 30 minutes.'

The shunts themselves usually cost a few hundred pounds, she said, going up to around £800 for the state-of-the-art models.



Roona rests inside her house: The main treatment for hydrocephalus is to implant a thin tube, called a shunt, in the brain to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid to another part of the body where is can be absorbed

A spokesman for Headway , the brain injury association, told MailOnline that shunting is very effective, but there can be complications of infections, obstructed shunts and haemotomas.

'These are avoided by another operation called a third ventriculostomy. This involves creating a hole in the floor of the third ventricle for the fluid to drain through,' he said, adding that this is only suitable for some types of hydrocephalus.

Experts estimate that the congenital form of the condition affects around one in every 500 children.

It can be caused by birth defects like spina bifida, or as the result of an infection that the mother develops during pregnancy, such as mumps or rubella.

The condition can also be acquired after birth by both adults and children, often as the result of a serious head injury or medical condition such as a brain tumour.

Keeping her comfortable: Hydrocephalus can be cured by surgery, but without money to pay for a doctor, Mr Rahmancan only keep Roona comfortable and watch her condition inexorably deteriorate

Without an expert medical opinion, it is impossible to know how Roona came to be affected by hydrocephalus and impossible to know what related conditions she might be suffering from.

In the West, children diagnosed with the disorder and promptly treated can go on to lead normal lives. In India, things are different.

In a blunt assessment of his government's failure to extend a social safety net for the poor, India's rural development minister said last year that the country's public health system had 'collapsed'.

But experts say it is too late for Roona, as any surgery could be fatal. Mr Sanj Bassi, Consultant Adult and Paediatric Neurosurgeon at Kings College Hospital, said: 'It is too late to do anything now. The brain will be damaged, and draining the fluid can cause problems by causing the brain to collaspe and bleed.



'Roona should really be left untreated. She will not make any recovery and will not ever live a life of any independence.

'Hydrocephalus is very common, and we see it to this extent very commonly in developing nations.'