This text- and workbook serves as an introduction to French, German, and Spanish as second languages. An introductory chapter discusses the relatedness of languages and the interrelationships of the Indo-European language families. The relationships of French, German, and Spanish to English are demonstrated in cognate exercises. In the second chapter, sound systems in general and sound production in particular are explained using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Individual alphabets of the three languages are also included. The third chapter provides an introduction to various geographic and proper names and to denotations of the seasons, months, days, numbers, and expressions of time. Criteria for choosing to study a particular language are outlined in chapter 4. In chapter 5, the diversity of linguistic thinking is illustrated by examining varieties of corresponding English, French, German, and Spanish idiomatic expressions. Equivalent proverbs are also used to show cultural differences expressed in language. The sixth chapter outlines grammatical terms and parts of speech for use in language comparisons. The final chapter contains quizzes and a list of occupations in which foreign language competence can be an asset. A bibliography of over 70 items is also included. (MSE)

Translation & Interpretation Service, 355 West Fourth St., Winona, MN 55987 ($11.95; quantity discounts).