Is DARPA Secretly Planning to Expose Human Populations To Genetically Modified Organisms and Pathogens? America's History of Biologically Terrorizing American Citizens

R. Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D.



DARPA's Secret Plans to Expose Populations To Genetically Modified Organisms And Pathogens The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), prides itself as an organization of "mad scientists" which has spawned a host of billion dollar industries. Among its not so secret goals are the development of advanced tools for mammalian genomic engineering and the creation of genetically altered pathogens which can selectively target "the enemy." What they have managed to keep completely secret, until now, are their plans to test these genetically modified pathogenic organisms, including artificial humans chromosomes, on various population centers, possibly right here in the United States.

DARPA appears to be planning a terrorist attack using biological weapons of mass destruction and have contracted with various private and public companies to develop the tools to monitor the spread of the disease, and to track and assess the reaction of the public over social media. DARPA sees this as an experiment--and they anticipate a lot of people will become sick, if not die.

The U.S. Has a History of Attacking Its Citizens with Biological Weapons.

The government of the United States has a history of purposefully contaminating and infecting population centers, not just in America, but throughout the world.

For example, In the year 1900, the U.S. Army began experimenting with a variety of biological weapons, some of which were used on American and foreign prisoners of war (10,11,12) who were infected with different varieties of plague including Beri beri. Twelve Americans held in a Mississippi prison were exposed to pellagra. In 1915, government agents developed and exposed American citizens to toxins that would attack and destroy the brain and central nervous system.

Widespread development and testing of chemical and biological weapons ensued in America, Britain, and Germany; and the U.S. government exposed thousands of U.S. soldiers to Lewisite, phosgene, and chlorine bombs (10,11). The tests were so successful, that between 1916 and 1918 U.S. and British forces used 125,000 tons of phosgene, mustard gas and chlorine artillery shells against Germans soldiers causing an estimated 400,000 casualties. However, in each case, the first victims, were Americans (11-13).

In 1931, the United States government began experimenting with syphilis. The first known victims were black men living in Tuskegee, Alabama (16). In 1932, U.S. Public Health Service doctors withheld treatment to Black men who had been infected in order to study the course of the disease in living subjects. The men thought they were receiving treatment for their illness. Instead, they were given placebos (16).

Thousands of American citizens were exposed to a variety of chemical and biological agents over the following ten years, including, in 1942, 400 men held prisoner in Chicago. They were infected with malaria in order to get "a profile of the disease."

The United States government also authorized the American Energy Commission to secretly inject hospitalized patients with plutonium in order to "profile the long term effects (17). Most of these individuals became terminally ill and died.

In 1931, Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, a U.S. government agent under contract with the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, began infecting men, women and children with cancer cells. Later, as head of the U.S. Army Biological Weapons division, and a member of the Atomic Energy Commission, Rhoads directed secret radiation experiments which were conducted on thousands of unsuspecting U.S. citizens. Because so many Americans were protesting conditions during the "Great Depression" of the 1930s, the Department of Defense seriously considered implementing Rhoads' plans for the complete "eradication" of dissidents with "germ bombs." In secret documents, DARPA stresses the need to target dissidents, activists, as well as reporters who DARPA refers to as the "tin foil hat people."

Dr. Rhoads, acting on orders from, or with the approval of the U.S. government, is alleged to have injected Americans and hundreds of Puerto Ricans with cancer (15). Cornelius Rhoads later became a founder and first director of the Memorial Sloan- Kettering Institute, which specializes in research on cancer.

In the 1940s, and throughout the remainder of 20th century the United States government exposed numerous population centers to a variety of dangerous chemical, biological and radiological agents designed to cause death and debilitating disease (10,16,28,29,30,31,32).

For example, families arriving or leaving Washington's National Airport and the main bus station of our Nation's capital, were sprayed with biological agents via specially equipped suitcases. Passengers riding the subways of New York, were exposed to "broken" light bulbs that leaked bacteria. The men, women and children of Savannah, Georgia, and Avon Park, Florida, were exposed to hundreds of millions of mosquitoes infected by the U.S, Army with dengue fever and yellow fever. A slum in St. Louis was "misted" with bacterial agents. Drivers cruising along the Pennsylvania Turnpike were exposed to bacterial clouds.

The city of San Francisco was sprayed with bacterial "aerosols" (Serratia marcescens) which sickened and killed scores of innocent victims. Indeed, almost a dozen individuals became ill with diseases directly associated with Serratia marcescens contamination.

When some of the secret attacks on San Francisco came to light, and victims began to file suit, the U.S. Army, although not denying that the attacks occurred, argued that the outbreak of rare bacterial infections that sickened and killed so many, including one man who died 30 days after he had been exposed, "was pure coincidence" (28).

Even the famous anthrax attacks which immediately followed the catastrophes of 9-11, had the finger prints of the United States government all over it--the military grade anthrax being traced to a single facility, Fort Dietrick, a military facility which creates and stores biological weapons and other pathogens.

As is well established (110, 111), and as first reported by the Associated Press (110) President George Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, and other high ranking government officials took the antidote for anthrax, Cipro, at least a week before the anthrax attacks were launched in September of 2001. They did not take any antidote for any other possible pathogen, only anthrax.

"We believe that the White House knew or had reason to know that an anthrax attack was imminent or under way." --Larry Klayman, Chairman of Judicial Watch.

The anthrax used against American citizens, including several top journalists, was weaponized by the United State Government and its military. DARPA's intention is to release genetically modified and even artificial organisms and chromosomes, which can selectively target the mammalian (human) genome. Make no mistake about it: the DARPA documents reviewed here nothing to do with combatting terrorism, but are solely concerned with DARPA's program to develop artificial chromosomes and genetically modified organisms which they anticipate will make numerous people very sick.

DARPA's PLANS TO LAUNCH A TERRORIST ATTACK USING GENETIC WEAPONS

DARPA is tightly compartmentalized and hires support staff and companies on a temporary basis, and who have no idea what is being planned. DARPA is directed by a small administrative clique and claims to have no laboratories of its own. But that's not really true, as NASA and the JPL serves the DARPA agenda. To maintain secrecy, DARPA hires temporary workers who may be employed for "only three to five years. About 100 temporary technical program managers and a vibrant mix of contract "performers"--individuals or teams drawn from universities, companies of all sizes, labs, government partners, and nonprofits--do the project work" (Harvard Business Review, 2013).

Beginning around 2011, DARPA began planning to release genetically modified pathogens and artificial chromosomes in various public places, and so began a round of contract solicitations, even posting their requirements online. Many of these documents have since disappeared from, or have been hidden deep within the web--possibly via a software program known as "Memex" and with a little help from Google which is directly linked with and has recruited at least two high ranking DARPA officials, including Dan Kaufman, director of the DARPA's Information Innovation Office, who is now deputy director of Google's Advanced Technology and Projects (ATAP) which was created and is directed by Regina Dugan a former DARPA Director who is now a Director at Google..

. As summarized in DARPA's solicitation for product proposals, titled "Advanced Tools for Mammalian Genome Engineering." DARPA seeks "The successful development of technologies for rapid introduction of large DNA vectors into human cell lines will enable the ability to engineer much more complex functionalities into human cell lines than are currently possible."

DARPA's goal is the bioengineering of humans on a massive scale. Yet another goal is to kill them using genetically engineered organisms: to "surprise" and destroy "the enemy." However, according to a secret document viewed by this scientist, the enemies list includes government officials, the press, activists, and scientists skeptical of DARPA's motives.

Assisting them in these plans is a software program that DARPA and some of its partners have created called DTA GView, which DARPA has dubbed the "Google Maps of genomes." DTA GView contains a growing data base of genetic material derived from several organisms already extensively studied and which is to enable the immediate pinpointing of gene locations so that the genome of any living species can be modified with viral vectors or other techniques. DARPA's hope has been to identify the necessary genes, engineer them, and combine then with other genes, including artificial genes, and to create particularly virulent pathogens which can selectively target the genomes of specific ethnic and racial groups.

Yet another goal is to genetically engineer more complex, multicellular organisms, including humans. However, be it disease or the engineering of various traits, both are related to the use of the same technologies for bioengineering. According to Alicia Jackson, deputy director of DARPA's Biological Technologies Office "with this [DTA GView], the goal is to, within a day, sequence and find where I can best engineer an organism."

"The Living Foundries: 1000 Molecules" program is part of this secret project to infect human populations. DARPA recently awarded a five-year $32 million contract to the Foundry which is to create research facilities where scientists can rapidly genetically engineer cells to redesign and create artificial organisms, including super-humans. The Foundry in association with Broad Technology Labs and MIT's Synthetic Biology Center is actively involved in assembling a massive number of genes and the creation of artificial genes, to reingineer not just bacteria and plants, but ultimately, to bioengineer the human genome. This consortium, and has so far received at least $ 7 million from DARPA. However, given DARPA's compartmentalized "need to know" structure, it is highly unlikely that the "Foundry" and those associated with it, have any idea about DARPA's plans and ultimate goals.

The Investigation Begins

This scientist first began looking into DARPA when it was revealed that the family of James Holmes--who was found guilty of the mass murder of theater goers in Denver--had ties to this organization. There has been much speculation that James Holmes was a DARPA experiment. By contrast, DARPA has been keeping tabs on this scientist since 2010 when he organized and then published the Human Mission to Mars, which was edited by a NASA senior scientist and whose authors included over 30 NASA scientists including NASA's former and current Senior Scientists in charge of Planetary Protection. Thereafter, and more recently, unpleasant events occurred which appeared to be directly tied to DARPA

Subsequently, this scientist began actively investigating DARPA--for reasons which will be discussed in another article--and was allowed to view documents which were never meant to be made public, as well as documents which are available online. An additional three documents viewed online by this scientist, later disappeared, including one replaced by a Google error message as this scientist was reading it (107,108).

DARPA: Advanced Tools For Genomic Engineering and Infection

DARPA cloaks its true intentions via compartmentalization and the farming out of various features they are after. Each contract awarded and each company hired, is a piece of a puzzle; and DARPA trusts that only it can see the big picture when all the pieces of the puzzle are assembled.

Nevertheless, clues to DARPA's plans to infect a populated area with pathogens and genes engineered to attack the mammalian genome can be found in their solicitations and offers of huge grants, as posted on the government's Federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) site. These include solicitation for a project called, "Advanced Tools for Mammalian Genome Engineering."

According to this DARPA document, "The ability to deliver exogenous DNA to mammalian cell lines is a fundamental tool... The successful development of technologies for rapid introduction of large DNA vectors into human cell lines will enable the ability to engineer much more complex functionalities into human cell lines than are currently possible." In other words, they want to a means to rapidly infect human cells with genetically modified DNA.

What DARPA is envisioning, is not just a few hundred or a few thousand genes, but an entire artificial human chromosome, a microchromosome (at least10 megabases in size), which can be inserted into the human genome, and interact with other chromosomes and human cells.

Artificial Chromosomes

"...human artificial chromosomes (HACs). HACs possess several ideal properties, including very large DNA delivery capacities, stable, episomal maintenance within the cell, and lack of immunogenicity."--DARPA

This artificial chromosome, once inserted, would act as a template or vector platform that could carry and receive and integrate new artificial genes as well as the genes of other species, once introduced by DARPA funded scientists. In one scenario, instead of 46 chromosomes, the human genome would have 47, with the microchromosome controlled by a human operator in a command center or DARPA facility.

DARPA states that the development of an artificial microchromosome would facilitate the development of "state-of-the-art" gene transfer technologies including "plasmids, adenovirus-, lentivirus-, and retrovirus-vectors, cDNA, and minigene constructs" and to "overcome immunological responses to foreign DNA."

"Additionally, HACs can be designed to contain specific DNA sequences, such as integration sites, making them ideal for the creation of a completely engineerable platform...HACs show significant potential as a gene delivery vehicle" and "have the capacity to contain extremely large segments of DNA (potentially up to or surpassing 1,000,000 bp)."

DARPA, as stated in this (for the moment) still public document, is therefore seeking a means of creating and inserting an an artificial chromosome into the human genome, which in turn will act as a template for other genes DARPA engineers which to insert. The problem, DARPA complains, is the difficulty of inserting these HACS into the human genome and overcoming any initial or subsequent immunological response. That is, they don't want people to get sick and die, unless they want them to.

The DARPA Contractors

So, on its face, DARPA's proposal, is to hire companies which can assist DARPA in meetings its stated goals: "Advanced Tools for Mammalian Genome Engineering" as briefly summarized in the above paragraphs: "The successful development of technologies for rapid introduction of large DNA vectors into human cell lines" to "enable the ability to engineer much more complex functionalities into human cell lines than are currently possible."

However, the contracts awarded appear to be for technology designed to monitor and assess the spread of plague and the virulence and mutagenic properties of disease in densely populated areas. Moreover, DARPA repeatedly emphasizes that there will soon be a "commercial market" for these products--a market which does not yet exist, but which, according to DARPA, will soon exist. It was this same scenario which led to a sudden market for Cyrpo after the anthrax attacks which led back to the U.S. government.

It must be stressed that none of the companies contracted, were hired to do work on terrorism or bio-terrorism, but to do work related to the genomic engineering programs ongoing at DARPA. These companies are as follows:

Synploid Biotek, LLC is one of the companies receiving a DARPA contract for this project. However, the technologies it was hired to develop is a "swab" for the collection of "biospecimens" from those already infected, by hundreds or thousands of "minimally-trained individuals." "Developed swabs should be optimized for biospecimen collection and recovery with materials that maintain and preserve activity of viral or bacterial targets..." and the "recovery of pathogenic organisms responsible for infectious disease." Further, the swab "must prevent drying and enable viability of fastidious organisms.... Maximized recovery and activity of nucleic acids, proteins, viable whole cells, active viruses, and bacteria is critical, especially for low abundance analytes. ... The technology to be developed would enable reproducible biospecimen collection outside of a major clinical facility..."

Luna Innovations received DARPA funding for "Phase 2: Preservation Matrix for Improved Biological Specimen Storage and Recovery." However, Luna does not appear to be in the genomic engineering business, but, according to its website, optic sensing, data visualization and analysis, including strain and temperature sensing with a sensing length of up to 2 kilometers and enables engineers reach the optimal solution to even the most challenging thermal management problems." What has this to do with "Tools for Advanced Mammalian Engineering"? People who get sick, often run a temperature. They get hot. Thermal imaging, used by drones or other devices, can identify who, in a crowd of people, is sick, and then they can be swabbed by minimally trained individuals for biospecimen collection.

Perceptronics Solutions, Inc. also received funding. According to its website, its specialities are computer human interactions and artificial intelligence. Yet another speciality is monitoring health crises when "normal channels of communication and ways of reporting have often broken down under novel and unexpected circumstances. The most critical need in such situations is accurate, timely, and relevant information." This includes "mobile application designed specifically for bio surveillance." In other words, DARPA has contracted with this company to monitor the spread of disease; in this case, genetically modified pathogens, or artificial chromosomes released into populated areas, and which may, or may not trigger immunological response.

Ceres Nanosciences, LLLP is yet another recipient whose purpose has little or nothing to do with genetic engineering, but which is to design a "biofluid collection and preservation toolset. According to the Ceres website, they are specifically developing this toolset according to DAPRA specification and that "dried biological specimen collection will enhance the utility of point of need diagnostics and transport stability for clinical testing, population surveillance, or biomarker discovery and qualification research at regional testing facilities. Solutions that enhance the applicability of dried biological specimen samples (e.g. blood, urine, saliva, cerumen, feces) for DoD-relevant clinical analyses" include "1) enhanced recovery of analytes, 2) improved materials for dried specimen cards, 3) concentration of low abundance analytes, and 4) automated processing of dried specimen samples are of high interest to the Defense Health System and others working in other federal and commercial clinical diagnostics and research areas."

Ceres is to develop technologies which can collect, transport and store biological samples and pathogens at ambient temperatures. "The Nanotrap-enabled collection toolkit being developed under the DARPA program includes: A) dried biofluid collection paper substrates for low volume biofluid samples; B) urine collection cups for large volume biofluids; and C) blood collection tubes for large volume blood collection."

That DARPA is preparing for the spread of disease directly related to their creation of artificial chromosomes and the release of viral vectors and other pathogens targeting the mammalian genome, is also obviously apparent in Ceres' description of how their Nanotrap will be used and applied: "Remote, in the field sample collection and preservation devices.. ability to detect and monitor health status, exposure and/or infectious disease outbreak and spread... biofluid sample collection, transportation, storage and improved testing ability (sensitivity and specificity). Remote, in the field sample collection and preservation devices for animal/livestock health. Ability to detect and monitor infectious disease outbreak and spread and for emerging disease."

The likelihood that DARPA is planning to unleash genetically engineered organisms and artificial genes, against population centers, possibly here in the United States, is also buttressed by yet another DARPA solicitation: "Improved Dried Biological Specimen Materials, Recovery and Processing for Diagnostics." As stated in their solicitation, the objective is "to develop innovative methods, materials, and devices for improved collection, storage, material recovery and processing of dried biological specimens for diagnostics.... Advances related to dried biological specimen analysis will enhance the utility of this method for point of need diagnostics and transport stability for further testing at higher complexity laboratories for clinical, population surveillance, or biomarker discovery and qualification research."

Among those receiving DARPA funding for this project include, the Connecticut Analytical Corporation, whose speciality is infectious diseases.

Then there is Agave BioSystems Scientists and Engineers who are to develop novel biosensors for field use and which are specialized for the "detection of pathogens" and the creation of "miniaturized, automated custom-designed biochips and instruments for environmental biosensor and Point-of-Care diagnostics" including "whole cell sensors." However, yet another Agave product in the works includes "a virus-like particle (VLP) platform... to present multivalent pathogen epitopes to induce immunogenic responses in vivo." And once people get sick, Agave has a system in the works for the "development of novel vaccines."

And then there is Perceptronics Solutions' OssaLabs which is to develop technologies to monitor social media so as to track emerging narratives as they spread among the mainstream. DARPA's objective? To monitor what people say about the spread of disease, and to track these conversations as more and more people learn about and interact and influence one another. However, DARPA's objective goes well beyond monitoring, but to influence the conversation--so if anyone blames DARPA, the conversations can be redirected, or, "voices" can be added to the conversation to denounce the message and the messenger (106,107,108).

Almost everything reported, in the above paragraphs, is part of the public record. Then there are those documents which this scientist examined and which are not public. Without belaboring the point, I will only say that the non-public document merely confirm that DARPA is planning to release genetically modified organisms, synthetic organisms, and artificial chromosomes into various population areas, and will then monitor the response.

DARPA And Zika Virus Pandemic: Caused by Genetically Modified Mosquitoes? The epicenter for the explosion of Zika virus is in the same location where a bioengineering company, Oxitec, established its genetically-modified Aedes aegypti mosquito farm: Juazeiro, Brazil. The first case of Zika virus was reported in May of 2015 in Brazil, following the release of genetically modified mosquitoes by Oxitec. The Zika virus is carried by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the exact same strain of mosquito genetically modified by Oxitec.

The "kill" transgene inserted by Oxitec, is inactivated in the presence of tetracycline. Brazil has the one of the highest rates of tetracycline usage in the world. Is the Zika virus "pandemic" a consequence of genetically modifying these mosquitoes?

These mosquitoes have now been reported in Washington D.C., and DARPA is calling for the release of more genetically modified mosquitoes to control the Zika virus outbreak. Isn't this like using gasoline to put out a fire?

DARPA also provided funding to the Director of Intrexon's chief executive, a company which owns Oxitec; and DARPA is urging that genetically modified mosquitoes be released in American cities.

Is DARPA also responsible for the sudden appearance of the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Washington D.C.? See: Zika virus: Caused by genetically modified mosquitoes?

Is the mass hysteria and the presence of this mosquitoes in the capital of the U.S. simply a pretext to enable DARPA-linked companies to get very rich, and to stampede the government into relaxing restrictions on genetically modified organisms? Was the Ziki virus pandemic, and the spread of the disease, all part of DARPA's master plan; hence, DARPA's promise that there will soon by a commercial demand for the diagnostic and disease-sampling tools they ordered developed?

A History of U.S. Bioterrorism

For those who find it impossible to believe that the United States of American or a government agency would unleash the genetically modified agents, and launch what can only be described as a terrorist attack on its own citizens, let us take a trip down memory lane.

Native Americans Infected with Biological Weapons

Its not a secret that periodically during the 19th century, the United States government purposefully spread small pox among native American tribes --but these people were considered to be "savages" and "subhumans."

One of the first attacks (1) was initiated by General Jeffrey Amherst, who also lent his name to what became the town and college of Amherst, Massachusetts (2,3,4).

According to Frank Prentice Rand, author of The Village of Amherst: A Landmark of Light, "Amherst" was "the most glamorous military hero in the New World." However, as detailed in the Atlas of the North American Indian (2), and the Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada (3) this glamorous military hero authorized the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets and handkerchiefs to be used as germ warfare against American Indians.

In a letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet, commander of British forces, Rand asked, "Could it not be contrived to send the Small Pox among those disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet answered back, "I will try to inoculate them with some blankets that may fall into their hands and take care not to get the disease myself."

As documented in the notebooks of William Trent (5), commander of the local militia of the townspeople of Pittsburgh: on May 24, 1763 "we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect."

A small pox epidemic quickly spread among the men, women, and children belonging to the tribe of Chief Pontiac (3).

General Amherst was so impressed at the effectiveness of germ warfare that in a letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet, dated 16 July 1763, he made biological warfare official American policy and ordered the distribution of small pox infected blankets to "inocculate the Indians" and suggested that Bouquet "try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race." In a letter dated 26 July 1763, Bouquet acknowledges Amherst's letter and confirmed that "all your Directions will be observed" (4).

One hundred years later, the use of germ warfare had also become U.S. policy.

Periodically, throughout the 19th century, the U.S. Army distributed contaminated goods and blankets to Native Americans (6,7,8,9), including those already confined to concentration camps (euphemistically referred to as "reservations"). The purpose of these biological attacks was the extermination and mass murder of American Indians. These biological agents now included Variola which can be stored in a dried state, as well as cholera and small pox. Again, the method of infection was through the distribution of blankets and other supplies that were to be distributed to the Indians (6,7,8,9).

For example, "in 1847 the small pox, before unknown among them, carried off a large part of the [Cayuse] tribe. The Cayuse, believing that the missionaries were the cause of it, attacked the mission on November 29, 1847, killed Dr. Whitman and thirteen others, and destroyed the mission. As a matter of fact, there seems little question that the infection was brought into the country in supplies intended for the use of the mission" (9).

Biological Warfare Against Americans and "Enemies"

In the year 1900, the U.S. Army began experimenting with a variety of biological weapons, some of which were used on American and foreign prisoners of war (10,11,12). The victims were exposed to different varieties of plague, and 29 prisoners who were purposefully infected with Beriberi. Twelve Americans held in a Mississippi prison were exposed to pellagra.

In 1915, government agents began experimenting with toxins that would attack and destroy the brain and central nervous system. Widespread development and testing of chemical and biological weapons ensued in America, Britain, and Germany (10,11,12,13,14). But, in the U.S. some of the first victims were again, Americans, including thousands of U.S. soldiers who were exposed to Lewisite, phosgene, and chlorine bombs (10,11). The tests were so successful, and so many soldiers sickened or died, that between 1916 and 1918 U.S. and British forces used 125,000 tons of phosgene, mustard gas and chlorine artillery shells against Germans soldiers causing an estimated 400,000 casualties.

The British and the U.S. were particularly fond of phosgene which has a lethal concentration 1/18th that of chlorine, and which causes a rather horrible death. Initially soldiers who inhaled phosgene would maybe cough a few times, and then go on fighting. However, over the next 48 hours the linings of their lungs would break down and they would drown and choke to death on their own blood and fluids. In June 1916, during the battle of the Somme, allied forces used a combination of phosgene and chlorine gas along a 17 mile front which then blew another 12 miles behind German lines, killing everyone and everything (11-13).

Mustard gas was also a favorite. Initially, mustard gas causes only a slight irritation to eyes and throat, which then becomes worse and then excruciating. Mustard gas is a blistering agent, and causes hemorrhages and blisters on the skin as well as within the lungs and eyes. Men would be blinded and huge patches of skin would fall from their body (12,13).

Periodically, throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the U.S. Army deployed mustard gas against the men, women, and children of the Philippines and Puerto Rico who were protesting U.S. colonialism (15). Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, who was head of the U.S. Army Biological Weapons division, wrote: "What the island needs is not public health work, but a tidal wave or some thing to totally exterminate the population."

In the early 1940s, the U.S. and Britain began working on developing "anthrax bombs" which they intended to drop on German cities. According to Stanford University historian Prof. Barton J Bernstein: "British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was advised that 1,000 projectiles, each of 500 pounds and containing 106 fourpound anthrax bombs, could destroy life in a 25 mile area. Potential targets included Berlin, Hanberg, Frankfurt, Aachen and Wilhelmshafen."

Because the Germans surrendered before any of these anthrax bombs could be tested on German civilians, these biological bombs were instead dropped on the villagers of Gruinard, an island off the northwest coast of Scotland. In consequence, not only did most of the sheep and the villagers become ill and died, but the island became uninhabitable for more than 45 years (11).

In the 1960s and 1970s, the CIA released millions of disease carrying mosquitoes. The target: The women, men, and children of Cuba who were infected with Dengue fever. The fever killed 188 men, women and children.

Although the U.S. denies it, a biological attack on Cuba is mentioned in CIA documents from project "MKULTRA." These documents refers to toxin studies and biological warfare conducted on Cuba (34). Within these documents, there is also a "subproject" involving the collection of "botanicals" and which involved a man on a diverted freighter and the delivery of toxins to Panama. These documents may refer to several biological attacks on Cuba, including a 1971 attack where the first documented cases of swine fever in the western hemisphere showed up. A CIA operative later admitted that he delivered the virus to Cuban exiles in Panama, who carried the virus into Cuba.

Americans were attacked because they were convenient. Cubans were attacked because they were "communists." Presumably, the "communist" connection explains why the people of Managua, Nicaragua were also felled by an epidemic of dengue fever during the Reagan-Bush administration. Nearly 50,000 people became sickened with the fever and hundreds died. This was the first major outbreak of dengue fever in Nicaragua in over 50 years and it occurred following a series of low-level "reconnaissance" flights over the capital city (35).

As alleged by Stephen Endicott and Edward Hagerman, in thei rbook, The United States and Biological Warfare, the United States also secretly used biological weapons on Koreans and Chinese civilians. In 1952 eyewitness's report observing U.S. planes dropping containers filled with insects. Within days, Korean and Chinese men, women and children became infected and began dying of mysterious diseases (35). Note--these were not soldiers who died, but civilians.

OPERATION PAPERCLIP After the defeat of Nazi Germany and Japan, the United States government recruited and employed hundreds of Nazi and Japanese doctors who had conducted horrific biological experiments on prisoners of war, including captured American servicemen (18). Among the more notorious was Dr. Shiro Ishii, who the U.S. Army happily put on its payroll (19,20). As the director of the Japanese Imperial Army's bio-warfare unit, Dr. Ishii had authorized the use of an incredible array of chemical and of biological agents against American, British, Australian, Russian, and Chinese troops and prisoners of war. Ishii experimented with syphilis, typhoid-laced tomatoes, tetanus, plague-infected fleas, as well as germ bombs which were dropped on civilians and prisoners tied naked to wooden stakes. Those who survived these experiments were then dissected without anesthetic, while still alive (19,20).

The United States was most eager to obtain his expertise. In a deal arranged by General Douglas MacArthur--a man who twenty years earlier had ordered his soldiers to shoot U.S. workers who had gone on strike for better wages-- Ishii became an invited lecturer at the U.S. Army bio-weapons center in Frederick Maryland. The U.S. Army also obtained over 10,000 pages of Ishii's "research findings."

Nazi know-how was also exploited by the CIA and U.S. government (18). For example, at the close of World War II, U.S, Intelligence agencies raided the labs and offices of IG Farben, the German conglomerate which produced a number of nerve agents. Hundreds of Farben doctors and Nazi research scientists were recruited by Dulles and friends. Although many Nazi doctors were hanged, just as many became agents of the CIA and United States government, including Walter Schreiber, who helped conduct many of the Nazi medical experiments at Dachau. Yet another famous Nazi, Dr. Josef Mengele--the ultra-sadistic "angel of death"-- also began working for the good 'ol USA (20).

In fact, prior to and during the war with Nazi Germany, Mengele, and other Nazis doctors, were funded in part, through the Rockefeller foundation, and thus already had a connection to America and Allen Dulles who would become head of the CIA.

When it became evident that Germany would lose the war, Bill Donovan, head of the OSS, and Allen Dulles, OSS head of intelligence operations in Europe operating out of Switzerland, hatched a plan, in 1944, to recruit thousands of Nazi intelligence officers, industrialists, and scientists, and bring them to the United States, where they would then be put to work for various U.S. government and military agencies controlled by the OSS. Dulles was perfectly suited for this role due in part to his duties as a Nazi go-between for Bush, Harriman, and Rockefeller.

. Unbeknownst to President Roosevelt, who was already considering bringing charges of treason against Dulles, Bush, Harriman and others, nearly 10,000 intelligence officers, known as T-Forces, landed right behind Allied battalions on the DDay invasion of June 1944. Their primary mission was to arrest and seize German scientists and their research materials, along with munitions experts and technicians, and then place them in an internment camp known as the "Dustbin" where they could then be interrogated and debriefed. However, many of these T-Force intelligence officers, were in fact scientists and high ranking corporate officials, whose main allegiance was not to the United States government, but to the Rockefellers, the Harrimans, the Bush family, and the corporations they worked for.

Dulles and gang were essentially engaging in what could be termed a "hostile corporate takeover." German assets would thus become the assets of U.S. corporations linked to Dulles, Bush, Harriman, Rockefeller, et al.

In December 1944, after Roosevelt began to receive reports of what they were intending, he informed Bill Donovan and Allen Dulles, in no uncertain terms that he was completely opposed to their plan. Nevertheless they and their allies continued to try to convince him to give permission for these Nazi scientists to come to the U.S. and to work for U.S. corporations. In order to make Roosevelt more agreeable, they added that these Nazis would not be allowed to profit from their misdeeds-- only the U.S. corporations that they went to work for. As summed up by Dulles: If these Nazis were "given permission for entry into the United States after the war....their earnings [would be placed] on deposit in an American bank and the like."

Roosevelt was outraged and turned Dulles down flat: "We expect that the number of Germans who are anxious to save their skins and property will rapidly increase. Among them may be some who should properly be tried for war crimes, or at least arrested for active participation in Nazi activities. Even with the necessary controls you mention, I am not prepared to authorize the giving of guarantees."

Dulles wasn't worried. Roosevelt would soon be dead.

Soon after Roosevelt's death, and with the blessing of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dulles initiated "Operation Overcast" in July 1945. Initially, 350 Nazi scientists, chemical weapons designers, and ballistics and rocketry experts and engineers, including SS officers, Dr. Herbert Axster, Dr. Arthur Rudolph, Georg Richkey, Kurt Blome, and Werner Von Braun and his V2 rocket team, were smuggled into the United States. This initial shipment was followed by several others, in an operation called, "Operation Paper Clip." Over 1000 Nazi doctors and SS scientists, including Hermann Becker-Freyseng and Konrad Schaeffer, were illegally brought to the United States where they were put to work for major corporations and government agencies including what would become NASA and the CIA (18,21,21,22).

Sigmund Rascher, Hermann Becker-Freyseng and Konrad Schaeffer, were typical Nazis. These doctors, scientists, and others of their ilk, labored away in concentration camps, such as Dachau where they conducted research on how prisoners would react to burning, drowning, gassing, wound infections, and high altitude tests (23). These and other Nazi doctors purposefully inflicted "battlefield traumas" on male and female prisoners, and would study the healing process after these wounds were filled with gangrene cultures, sawdust, mustard gas, broken glass, metal shavings, and on so. The wounds would then be sewn up and the prisoners would be observed to see how long it took them to die.

Even before they came to the U.S. Hermann Becker-Freyseng and Konrad Schaeffer, were already quite famous, and had authored the study "Thirst and Thirst Quenching in Emergency Situations at Sea" (24). These experiments took place at Dachau. Concentration camp prisoners had salt water injected into their veins or forced down their throats through tubes. In one set of experiments, half were given berkatit, a toxic drug which was supposed to make salt water more palatable. During the course of these experiments, liver tissue would be extracted without the benefit of anesthetic. All the research subjects died.

Dulles and gang were quite pleased to have recruited these men. Becker-Freyseng and Schaeffer received long-term contracts under Paperclip (22). Schaeffer ended up in Texas, where he continued his research into "thirst and desalinization of salt water," whereas Becker-Freyseng was put to work for the U.S. Air Force during which he composed a multivolume work, entitled "German Aviation Medicine: World War II," which was published by the US Air Force. Becker-Freyseng had the honor of writing the introduction.

Dr. Sigmund Rascher, also performed human research at Dachau. His specialty was the reaction of humans to high-altitudes, which he tested via a special low-pressure chamber which simulated altitudes of up to 68,000 feet. Hundreds of men were locked inside, one at a time, and many where kept there for up to 30 minutes without oxygen. Once they became unconscious, these men would be dragged from the chamber and drowned in vats of ice water. Some were immediately revived, and were then subject to further experimentation. For example, while still alive and breathing, Rascher would cut open their skulls in order to determine how many blood vessels had burst due to air embolisms. According to Rascher's meticulous notes: "Some experiments gave men such pressure in their heads that they would go mad and pull out their hair in an effort to relieve such pressure. They would tear at their heads and faces with their hands and scream in an effort to relieve pressure on their eardrums."

Richkey was the camp supervisor at the Dora concentration camp where prisoners were worked to death in the Mitteiwerk complex, or as slave labor for Von Braun (25). Richkey was a sadist, who enjoyed using Christian symbolism when killing Jews. For example, he would often have them hung twelve at a time from factory cranes--in honor of Christ and his 12 disciples-- and would order that wooden sticks be shoved into their mouths and down their throats to muffle their cries.

Dulles consider Richkey to be an intelligence asset. After he was smuggled into the United States, Richkey was put to work at Wright Field, an Army Air Corps base, in Ohio, where his duties included providing security for his fellow Nazis. He was also employed as a translator, and was given the task of translating all of the records from the Mitteiwerk factory.

In 1947, columnist, Drew Pearson, wrote a scathing article about Richkey and some of the others Nazis working for the U.S. government. Dulles, through his surrogates, denounced Pearson as unAmerican and explained that his concerns were unrealistic (26). Bosquet Wev, head of JOIA, dismissed complaints about the scientists' Nazi pasts as "a picayune detail." He argued that if the U.S. were to have left these Nazi scientists in Germany, they could have been recruited by the Soviets. If that had happened, it would have presented "a far greater security threat to this country than any former Nazi affiliation they may have had or even any Nazi sympathies which they may still have." To complain about their past, was ancient history, Wev went on, it was like "beating a dead horse" (26,27).

Of course, if Richkey and the others had been put to death for their crimes, there would have been no reason to beat these "dead horses."

On the other hand, if they had been put to death, it would have taken the U.S years to catch up to German science in the fields of rockets, jets, chemical and biological weaponry, and other weapons of mass destruction (27).

THE CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ATTACK AMERICANS WITH BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Armed with Nazi and Imperial Japanese biowarfare knowhow, the United States government and its intelligence agencies (which had been taken over by the Bush-Walker-Dulles clique), began conducting widespread terrorist attacks on American citizens. Indeed, Americans and American cities were sprayed like bugs with bacterial "aerosols" and exposed to a variety of dangerous chemical, biological and radiological agents designed to cause death and debilitating disease (10,16,28,29,30,31,32).

Civilians were not the only targets. Beginning in the late 1940s, U.S. soldiers again became victims of biological and chemical attacks. In 1951, for example, the U.S. government secretly exposed black sailors and black seamen working at the Norfolk Naval Supply Center, to highly infectious bacterial agents. Black men were purposefully exposed because it was believed that blacks were more likely to get sick than whites. Hundreds became sickened. A similar experiment was undertaken later that year at Washington, DC's National Airport. The bacteria was later linked to food and blood poisoning and respiratory problems.

Not uncommonly soldiers were exposed in secret, without their knowledge, and with no concern for their welfare. In other instances hundreds, thousands, and even tens of thousands of soldiers were ordered to "volunteer."

For example, it has been documented that over 7,000 military personnel and 1,074 civilians were given mind-disabling and mind-damaging drugs at just one facility in the 1950s and early 1960s: Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. Those receiving the drugs were sometimes drugged in secret, whereas other were lied to as to what drugs they were being given. The health or long-term consequences were of no interest to the experimenters, as there were no follow-up studies (10). The goal was to see if the men got sick.

As admitted by the United States Government, in a 1994 report issued by the U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans'Affairs (10). "For at least 50 years, DOD [Department of Defense] has intentionally exposed military personnel to potentially dangerous substances, often in secret." This same Committee also noted that the "DOD has demonstrated a pattern of misrepresenting the danger of various military exposures that continues today."

Beginning almost immediately after the Nazification of the CIA (28,33), and the Nazification of the Department of Defense, and other agencies within the U.S. government (18,22,25), tens of thousands of American men, women, and children, and often, entire schools, towns, and American cities, became targets of U.S.sponsored biological and chemical warfare and secret drug and radiation exposure (17,28-32).

The U.S. Exposes Children and Adults to Radiation

In 1949, the U.S. Army and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) discovered that burn victims, both human and animal, that were treated with radiation, had a death rate five time higher than those who were not treated. Subsequently, Dr. Everrett Idris Evans, in a letter to the AEC proposed and then carried out additional human experiments, injecting patients at three local hospitals with radiation. The purpose of the study, he admitted was "purely investigational with no therapeutic benefit." Rather the U.S. Army wished to better understand the effects of radiation, such as following a nuclear attack (17).

Similar studies were conducted on children in 1950. The Atomic Energy Commission funded secret experiments where children attending the Fernald school in Massachusetts, were fed a porridge laced with radioactive milk. They were also given radioactive injections (17).

The U.S. Attacks American Children and American Cities

In September 1950, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii were released from ships in the San Francisco Bay area (28).

In 1952 and 1953, the U.S. Army dropped aerosol "bombs" and began spraying the men, women, and children of six American and Canadian cities with biological agents in order assess the dispersal patterns of chemical and biological weapons. Army records indicate that respiratory illnesses became rife in all the cities effected, including Winnipeg, Canada (28).

In 1953, the CIA and the U.S. Army conducted secret biological and chemical attacks on 239 United States cities, secretly exposing American adults and their children to a variety of toxic chemicals and biological and bacterial agents, including zinc cadmium sulfide. Children were specially targeted as it was believed they would be more easily infected than adults. The children were sprayed like bugs (28-32).

In one instance, U.S. Army personnel invaded the small town of Clinton, Minneapolis, spraying school children, from the roof of a nearby home, with zinc cadmium sulfide. When caught red handed, U.S. Army personnel explained that they were conducting "air raid" tests; an explanation readily accepted by gullible school and town officials. But it wasn't an "air raid." It was war--a biological war being carried out by the CIA and the U.S. Defense Dept. on U.S. citizens (31,32).

In the town of Clinton, dozens of adults and children developed health problems, and years later, dozens more were unable to have children or gave birth to babies with severe birth defects and profound developmental disabilities.

Carol Thomas and Diane Gorney were in the first and fourth grades at Clinton School when the U.S. Army sprayed them like insects. Like many of her school mates, Diane Gorney can't have children. Others, like Carol Thomas, gave birth to children with severe developmental disorders.

Fifteen women attended fourth grade at the Clinton school with Diane Gorney. Eight of them suffered over 25 miscarriages in total. The other seven, like Diane Gorney are sterile (31).

"We used to wonder if there was something wrong with the water at Clinton," Gorney recalls. It wasn't the water. It was the United States Government.

Children were again attacked by the U.S. government in 1955 when the CIA released clouds of whooping cough virus in Palmetto, Florida. Hundreds of children became severely ill and over a dozen died (28).

In 1960 the U.S. Army Chemical Corps released hundreds of millions of mosquitoes, specially bred at Fort Detrick, Maryland, to be used as carriers to spread yellow and dengue fever and other diseases.

Yellow fever is a frightful virus that causes fever, chills, excruciating abdominal cramps, diarrhea, jaundice, and severe head, back, arm and leg pain. Soon the skin turns yellow, accompanied by repeated vomiting of blood.

FORT DETRICK

According to a U.S. Army brochure, scientists at Fort Detrick, study "some of the most virulent and pathogenic microorganisms which are threats to U.S. military forces." These pathogens include "Lassa fever virus, Ebola virus, various hemorrhagic fever viruses, botulism and anthrax toxins, T-2 and other mycotoxins, equine encephalomyelitis, Q fever, tularemia, yellow fever, and Rift valley fever."

Among some of the first victims of the virulent and pathogenic microorganisms developed at Fort Detrick, were the citizens of Avon Park and Carver Village, Florida, and Savannah, Georgia, the vast majority of whom were blacks (28). Within weeks of the first exposures, hundreds of men, women, and children became sickened with typhoid, mysterious fevers, chills, excruciating abdominal cramps, breathing problems including bronchitis, as well as neurological disorders such as encephalitis. Yet others dropped dead and mysteriously died.

Army researchers not only purposefully infected these innocent victims, they disguised themselves as doctors, nurses, and public health workers and offered fake treatment in order to take tissue samples and to photograph the results of their handiwork.

This biological terrorist attack, conducted by the United States government on its own citizens was a resounding success!

VULNERABILITY TERRORISM TESTS ON THE AMERICAN PUBLIC

In 1964 and 1965, the U.S. government again began conducting nation-wide biological terrorists attacks against U.S. citizens. According to government officials, the purpose of these attacks was to assess the Nation's "vulnerability" to an "enemy launched epidemic of smallpox." However, in carrying out these attacks, American men, women, and children were the designated "enemy." In one set of experiments, they were attacked by CIA and U.S. Army agents, who strolled through various airports and bus terminals, carrying specially adapted suitcases equipped with atomizers designed to release a bacteria-laden mist on unsuspecting travelers.

As detailed in a 79 page U.S. government document, "Miscellaneous Publication 7," U.S. Army agents, dressed as civilians, secretly sprayed tourists and employees working at the National Airport, with "Bacillus Subtilis." The airport was chosen to determine the feasibility of infecting travelers who would then carry diseases, such as small pox, to other parts of the country thus infecting millions of U.S. citizens. After billions of germs were released, a random sample of victims were followed and secretly tested to determine if they had been contaminated.

According to Miscellaneous Publication 7 "test team members, each with a suitcase sampler, selected a passenger at random at the entrance to the North Terminal and covertly collected air samples in close proximity to the passenger." The results were deemed a success. Millions of American citizens could be infected by just a few hundred victims who could spread the disease before they realized they were infected.

Yet another secret report, "Miscellaneous Publication 25" reveals how U.S. agents, using light bulbs filled with Bacillus subtilis, infected passengers riding the New York subway system in 1966. Army agents, dressed as civilians, broke and smashed the bacteria-laden light bulbs against ventilator grates, atop roadbeds, and upon the rails, thus engulfing passengers with billowing clouds of bacteria which covered their clothes and which victims inhaled. Many stopped with shock and surprise and attempted to brush the cloud of material from their clothes. Others, simply "brushed their clothing, looked up at the grating apron, and walked on."

The following year the CIA launched a biological and chemical attack on the employees of the Food and Drug Administration headquarters in Washington, DC. CIA agents contaminated the drinking water with various chemicals. The CIA wished to determine if it was possible to poison and incapacitate health officials. If doctors and nurses or health officials with expertise in diagnosis, could be killed during the first phases of a biological attack, this would insure that even more victims within the general population would sicken and die (29).

How many became sickened by these "vulnerability tests" is unknown because the Army claims it did not bother to monitor the health of any of the exposed populations (28). Indeed, according to a 1994 staff report prepared for the Committee on Veterans'Affairs (28), the "DOD [Department of Defense] has repeatedly failed to comply with required ethical standards when using human subjects in military research during war or threat of war." The "DOD used investigational drugs... in ways that were not effective. DOD and DVA [Department of Veterans' Affairs] have repeatedly failed to provide information and medical follow-up to those who participate in military research or are ordered to take investigational drugs. The Federal Government has failed to support scientific studies that provide information about the reproductive problems experienced by veterans who were intentionally exposed to potentially dangerous substances. The Federal Government has failed to support scientific studies that provide timely information for compensation decisions regarding military personnel who were harmed by various exposures.

Participation in military research is rarely included in military medical records, making it impossible to support a veteran's claim for service-connected disabilities from military research."

However, in 1977, it was revealed in a special Senate hearing that these "vulnerability" tests caused outbreaks of disease in dozens of test areas. Cases of influenza and pneumonia, for example, tripled in frequency in some test areas (28).

According to Dr. J. Mehsen Joseph, Director of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, by conducting biological warfare on U.S. citizens the U.S. government had created "an unjustifiable health hazard." His opinion was seconded by other scientists who reported that "normally non-pathogenic microorganisms," such as Bacillus subtilis, can cause serious infections and even fatal disease among children, the elderly, or individuals with weakened immune systems.

The Pentagon denied these reports, claiming that the "vulnerability tests... were a resounding success" and that the microorganisms and biological agents used in these tests were "harmless" (28).

Yet, we should ask: how would it be possible to gauge if the tests were a success if no one got sick and the bacterial agents were "harmless"?

When testing the reaction of U.S. soldiers to the effects of atomic explosions, they too were told that the tests were perfectly safe, as were the citizens of Utah and Nevada who were living down wind from the denotations (17). As a rehearsal for nuclear combat, soldiers were in fact ordered to march through these radioactive wastelands following atomic explosions. All were assured that there would be no risks to their health (17).

Of course, one of the primary purposes of such research is to gauge the effects of various debilitating agents on human health, beginning with the health of U.S. citizens. In this way, useful agents and dispersal methods can be identified for the purposes of attacking enemy combatants and the men, women, and children of other countries.

Consider, for example, the open air tests conducted over the city of Winnipeg. In 1953, a carcinogenic chemical, zinc cadmium sulphide, was sprayed over this city of 500,000 people (28,36). The U.S. military claimed that because this carcinogenic chemical had been watered down to a 1,000%-attenuated form, nobody would get cancer. However, the entire purpose of this open air test was to determine how many people became ill, which is why Canada, with its nationalized health services and records keeping, was chosen as a target. The military wanted to know if there was an increase in the percentage of people seeking medical assistance because of severe cold-like and respiratory symptoms, including sniffles, sore throats, headaches, or ringing in their ears (28,36). Based on this data, the military hoped to determine what percentage of a population would become immediately incapacitated or develop cancer if the chemical had been used at full strength.

It was the results of such tests on the prison population of Holmesburg State Prison in Pennsylvania which led to the widespread use of dioxin as a chemical warfare agent in Vietnam (37,38). Over 12 million gallons of dioxin, that is, "Agent Orange" was dumped on the citizens of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, as well as on the Marines and U.S. Army (38). Officially, "Agent Orange" was employed as a herbicide. One of its "unfortunate" side effects, however, is population control; i.e. a high rate of miscarriage and birth defects (37,38).

And that is exactly what happened in Vietnam.

U.S. soldiers were also adversely effected. Although the U.S. government denies that dioxin is a factor in the debilitating diseases developed by U.S. personnel who were exposed, the effects of dioxin was well known, which is why it was chosen. For example, in 1965, the U.S. Army and Dow Chemical repeatedly exposed 70 inmates at Holmesburg State Prison to dioxin (38). All developed skin rashes and lesions.

It was and continues to be the view of the political and military elite in this country, that despite the risks, it is the right of the United States government to expose American citizens to chemical and biological pathogens so as to protect "national security." In the Senate hearings held in 1977, we were in fact warned that the United States government reserved the right to continue attacking its own citizens in order to protect national security (28). According to Pentagon spokesperson, Lt. Colonel George A. Carruth, "additional tests" would be conducted in the future if the Army felt it necessary to assess our "vulnerability" to biological attacks (28).

The need to continue developing and testing chemical and biological weapons on U.S. citizens, including "open-air vulnerability tests," was openly championed by the Reagan-Bush administration based on their allegations that the Soviet Union was developing offensive biological weapons and violating international agreements (39,40). The Reagan-Bush administration in fact received congressional approval to conduct research and development in the science of biodefense, including pathogen genome sequencing, new vaccine research, and new therapeutics research, all of which would be conducted on human subjects; referred to as the Biological Defense Research Program.

As construed by the Reagan-Bush administration, the biological weapons protection program was to be part of an overall chemical and biological protection effort, which includes vulnerability testing and dual-use DNA genetic engineering biotechnology. According to the reasoning of the Reagan-Bush team, because "national security" was at stake, there are absolutely no moral or ethical reasons which should stand in the way of conducting additional "vulnerability tests" on U.S. and foreign citizens.

The Reagan-Bush administration did not just conduct "vulnerability tests" they engaged in biological warfare against the citizens of the US and other countries, including Nicaragua and Peru (41,42,43).

George Bush was Reagan's point man in the U.S. government's battle against the citizens of Nicaragua and its Sandinista government. The war, however, was illegal, which required that the United States use terrorism and clandestine methods, including biological warfare. The CIA began conducting "reconnaissance" flights over the capital city, Managua. Within days of the first low level flights, an epidemic of dengue fever began to rage throughout Managua. Over 50,000 people were infected (43).

As already detailed, this was not the first time the United States had engaged in germ warfare against a foreign people. In 1950, following successful tests on the citizens of San Francisco, the CIA and U.S. government are alleged to have use biological agents, including anthrax and fleas and mosquitoes contaminated with yellow fever, to attack civilians living in China and North Korea (35).

During the second term of the Reagan-Bush administration, Peruvian men, women and children were sprayed with Fusarium, a fungus which is used in biological warfare and which attacks crops and the human immune system. Fusarium is highly toxic. In the late 1980s, Peruvian peasants reported that American helicopters appeared over their villages and fields, releasing a "brownish smoke." A few weeks later, a Fusarium epidemic began to spread (42).

In 1999, Jeb Bush, governor of Florida, began pushing a proposal to spray parts of Florida with Fusarium, so as to wipe out the state's numerous marijuana farmers. However, Dr. David Struhs, head of Florida's Department of Environmental Protection, opposed the plan and pointed out that Fusarium was highly "mutagenic" and would also attack and destroy "tomatoes, peppers, flowers, corn and vines."

In fact, Fusarium is highly toxic and attacks the immune system. In one study, it was found that the mortality rate among hospital patients who were immune deficient and infected by the fungus was 76%. The program is tantamount to biological warfare (44). Bush was forced to abandon the plan.

The Bush clan is very fond of biological and chemical weapons. In open defiance of the 1972 treaty to ban such weapons, Donald Rumsfeld, Bush jr's. Secretary of Defense, has admitted in the year 2001, that the Pentagon operates a germ factory that has produced enough deadly bacteria to kill tens of millions of people (45). The Bush administration claims, however, that it must have these biological weapons for "National Security" describing them as "purely defensive."

Anthrax as a "Defensive Weapons"

According to the Bush doctrine, "defensive weapons" can also be used preemptively and thus offensively; that is, to sicken, kill, and destroy the enemies of the United States before these enemies have the opportunity to attack the United States (46).

These "defensive" biological weapons the Bush team were developing included a weapon's grade anthrax so potent that it can overwhelm the immune system of those who have taken anthrax vaccine (46)--such as U.S. soldiers and U.S. citizens. The first victims of this "weapon's grade" anthrax were not U.S. soldiers, but American men, women, children and members of the media who were exposed in October of 2001.

The U.S. Continued to Attack American Citizens After It Was Outlawed

Officially, "vulnerability testing" came to an end in 1969, when the United States and President Richard Nixon renounced the use of biological weapons and promised that it would destroy its arsenal of chemical and biological weapons.

In 1972, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 120 other nations signed the Biological Weapons Convention which prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons. And, in 1974, Congress enacted the National Research Act which was designed to prevent the U.S. government from attacking its own citizens with biological and chemical weapons.

Yet, unofficially, and thus in violation of these treaties and this act, the development and testing of biological weapons continued (45). American citizens continued to be victimized by the U.S. government. In 1974, when these treaty violations and unauthorized biological attacks first threatened to come to light, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, both top officials in the Ford administration acted in concert to explain away these crimes. According to the children of one victim, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, were directly involved in the cover up. "For 22 years there was a coverup. And then, under the guise of revealing everything, there was a new coverup" (47).

As revealed in a July 11, 1975, memo from Dick Cheney to his boss, Donald Rumsfeld, Cheney defended the cover up on the grounds of "national-security."

In 2001, Cheney became vice-president of the USA, and Rumsfeld the secretary of Defense. Within 11 months the U.S. was terrorized by a series of anthrax attacks. The Bush administration immediately engaged in a coverup.

NATIONAL SECURITY OR FINANCIAL SECURITY

We should ask ourselves, if perhaps part of the motive in conducting these tests has nothing to do with "national security" but everything to do with "financial security?" That is, if people get sick, they will seek a medical solution, they will buy drugs from the major pharmaceutical firms, some of which, like Bayer, are business partners with George H.W. Bush, and members of his previous administration. Indeed, George H.W. Bush in fact sits on the board of a number of pharmaceutical firms. Rumsfeld was the CEO of a pharmaceutical. These companies can only make money if people get sick, or if they become fearful of becoming ill and dying. Under these conditions, George Bush and friends get rich.

Consider, for example, the anthrax attacks which began soon after the 9/11/2001 terrorist assault on the World Trade Center. According to ABC News (49) sales of Bayer's antibiotic Cipro skyrocketed by over 1,000%. Terrified consumers were spending $700 per person for a two-month supply of the drug which normally sells for around $20.

Bayer, was is in business with George H.W. Bush (50). Bayer also has a most insidious past, as it was once known by the name of IG Farben. IG Farben is the Nazi chemical concern which ran many of Hitler's concentration camps, and which funded Naziexperiments on prisoners, and manufactured and supplied the poison gas which was used to kill millions of women and children in the Nazi ovens of Auschwitz et al (51). Prior to and during WWII, the Bush family and associates, were also in business with IG Farben (52).

As summed up by Dr. Leonard Horowitz, author of Death in the Air: Globalism, Terrorism and Toxic Warfare, companies like Bayer have a history of sponsoring terrorist campaigns for profit. Referring to Bayer and related pharmaceutical companies as "white collar terrorists," Dr. Horowitz notes, "Bayer maintains enough skeletons in its corporate closet to fill a holocaust museum."

Many pharmaceutical companies associated with the U.S. government, have also been in the business of trying to create new diseases and artificial pathogens. If pharmaceutical firms create and then spread diseases and epidemics, and if they also own the "cure" then they and their partners can get very rich--like a part-time fire fighter who sets fires because he gets paid whenever he is hired to put out a fire.

DARPA is also promising its contractors that they will all soon get rich, as there will be a great commercial needs for their products in the near future--and those products include antidotes and treatments for new diseases.

Likewise, pharmaceutical firms would stand to make incredible sums of money if the government provides funds and tax breaks for conducting research on diseases that have no cure--which in turn may act as an inducement to create incurable diseases, or diseases that only they can cure.

The CIA and the U.S. military have been seeking to create incurable diseases for the last 50 years (29,53). The reasons are multi-fold but include genocide and theft. For example, if those who own desirable land or property become sickened and die, then their land and goods can be seized by those who unleashed the disease.

Likewise, if "inferior" and "subhuman" races can be killed wholesale through disease, then it is not necessary to round them up, Hitler-style, and transport them long distances to death camps. Instead, their bodies can be picked up off the street, or they can be identified through the numerous surveillance systems being developed by DARPA, and then studied, dissected, and their bodies disposed of.

"ETHNIC" BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Based on documents viewed by this scientist, DARPA is seeking to create genetics weapons which will selectively target the genomes of specific racial and ethnic groups.

The CIA has actively funded research into eugenics and "ethnic" biological weapons for over 50 years (63). The search for designer diseases or other biological or chemical weapons, which when released, would target and selectively sicken and kill the women, children, and men of specific ethnic groups, is still considered of high priority.

Related to this was research on biological or chemical compounds which could induce illnesses which are untreatable. Of particular interest are artificial diseases which would attack and destroy the body's immune system---research which is currently being carried out by DARPA, and is among the arsenal of genetic weapons it intends to release on various population centers.

This research has its origins in World War II and after over a thousand Nazi scientists were imported by the Dulles/CIA gang into the United States. Specifically, the CIA and the U.S. military sought to develop an "ethnic weapon" which would selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups (34,63). In order to destroy an ethnic group, their signature DNA must be targeted, as well as their immune system. And, of equal importance, the resulting disease must be incurable--again, this is just some of the research being conducted at DARPA.

It is the desire to develop an ethnic weapons that specifically targets the genetic makeup of specific racial groups, which explains in part why the U.S. government has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in the Human Genome Project.

By the late 1960s, the CIA, and scientists at work at the Special Operations Division, High Security laboratory at Fort Detrick began to make significant progress in the development of a disease that attacks the immune system. In 1969, Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requested and received $10 million in funding from the U.S. Congress to develop a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists (64,65).

In his report to Congress (64,65), MacMahan states: "There are two things about the biological agent field I would like to mention. One is the possibility of technological surprise. Molecular biology is a field that is advancing very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to 10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired. Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon when we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease" (64,65).

The purpose of this research, which is now being carried out by DARPA, was, and is, to create genetically designed diseases that could "depopulate" huge land masses and eliminate entire populations from the breeding pool, and to murder, through disease, hundreds of millions of men, women, and children of a specific race.

"Population growth...[is] the gravest issue that the world faces over the years ahead.... A world of 10 billion... is not a world that any of us would want to live in. Is such a world inevitable? There are two possible ways by which a world of 10 billion people can be averted. Either the current birth rates must come down more quickly or the current death rates must go up. There is no other way." -- Robert McNamara, (former Secretary of Defense), President, World Bank, 10/2/1970.

"Depopulation should be the highest priority of US foreign policy towards the Third World. Reduction of the rate of population growth in these States is a matter of vital US national security." -Henry Kissinger (79), April, 1974.

In 1970, funding was approved under H.R. 15090 (65), and the U.S. immediately began to intensify efforts to develop "ethnic weapons" (63). The project, under the supervision of the CIA, was carried out by allied research laboratories at universities and private companies, as well as the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological weapons facility. Within the CIA, the "ethnic weapons project" was also part of a secret program known as MKNAOMI that was also being carried out in conjunction with "The Special Virus Cancer Program," funded by NIH (66) as specified in H.R.15090 (65).

Although ostensibly, some of this research was conducted by the NIH in order to discover treatments for cancer, the key and operative word is "Virus" that is a "Special Virus" that would attack the immune system.

Also, it is important to emphasize that through NIH, as well as the CIA, other research facilities were also involved in creating these biological weapons including Yale--ground zero for the secret order of the Brotherhood of Death, i.e. Skull and Bones which includes George Bush, Percy Rockefeller, and the Harrimans as members (68). And then there is Merk pharmaceuticals, which had been acting in concert with the CIA since the 1940s (69).

A number of promising candidates for creating and synthesizing this artificial virus had been identified in the early 1950s. These included the human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1) which is highly infectious but not deadly; SV40, which is related to HIV and is deadly to non-human primates, but does not attack humans; and VISNA, a deadly viral disease that attacks sheep, but is not infectious to humans. Each of these and other viral organisms were isolated by the virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research, and allied research facilities funded by the CIA, the Rockefeller Foundation, and NIH.

The pharmaceutical industry, of which Bayer, Merck, Baxter, Hoechst, and others are part, is an industry which feeds and profits on human misery. The pharmaceutical industry requires people to become ill, in order to make a profit. Business growth is dependent on the development of new disabling diseases which proliferate, or the resurgence of old diseases which again rage out of control. It is in the best interests of the pharmaceutical industry, for people to get sick, and to stay sick. It is not in the best interests of the pharmaceutical industry, for people to get well.

As is well known, anywhere from 90% to 98% of all pharmaceutical drugs neither prevent diseases nor cure them (88). Many of these drugs also cause deleterious side-effects, including diarrhea, stomach cramps, dizziness, sexual dysfunction, blurry vision, seizures, brain damage, heart damage, and even death. As summed up by the Journal of the American Medical Association, pharmaceutical drugs and their side effects, are the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. and other industrialized countries (88).

Many of these same companies have been the business of creating death since the 1930s. Bayer and Hoechst (as part of IG Farben) ran the Nazi concentration/slave labor and extermination camps (20,21,22,23,51). Representatives from these companies waited at the train depot as human cargo rolled in, selecting who was fit for slave labor, who was fit to become a human guinea pig, and who should be disposed of in the gas chambers.

Those who were selected to become human guinea pigs underwent incredible horrors, and were often purposefully infected with terrible diseases. Bayer A.G., both before and after the war, was particularly active in conducting research into biological warfare, and the development of designer diseases, and genetically modified viral and bacterial agents, such as anthrax and smallpox, that have no cure.

USING TERROR TO SELL PHARMACEUTICALS

Bayer does not act in isolation. Just as Bayer/Hoechst (IG Farben) was partnering with American businesses and businessmen, including the Rockefellers, the Harrimans, and the Bush family before and during the war, they would stay in business together after the war (50,52). Indeed, it is this enduring relationship with America's political elite, which explains why the U.S. government has purchased massive quantities of drugs from Bayer AG and Hoechst, even though it is not known if these drugs are effective or how dangerous they might be.

For example, in July 2000, Bayer's anti-anthrax drug, Cipro, received an unprecedented sole endorsement by the Federal Drug Administration, despite Cipro's largely untested status--one animal study for anthrax treatment in 1993. In October of 2001, the U.S. government agreed to pay Bayer, $70.00 per dose, even though Cipro is sold in other countries for less than $20.00 a dose. The Washington Times, referred to the sale as "ripoff" (90). Other Farben companies were also profiting.

On October 25, 2001, Tommy Thompson, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, asked Congress for $500 million to purchase enough of Acambis's smallpox vaccine "so every American will be assured there is a dose with his or her name on it if it is needed." However, the rules governing the testing of this smallpox vaccine produced by Acambis (previously OraVax) in partnership with Baxter (Hoechst) and Aventis (RhonePoulenc) were relaxed so that this incredible sale could go through for a drug that hardly anyone will use, but which will be stockpiled just in case! According to a press release by Acambis, in "November 2001, we were awarded a major contract by the US Government to provide 155 million doses of smallpox vaccine for the purposes of countering the threat of bioterrorism. This followed the award of an initial contract in September 2000 which had covered the development of a new smallpox vaccine and the production and maintenance over 20 years of a 40 million-dose stockpile. As a result, we are manufacturing 209 million doses of smallpox vaccine for the US Government." The entire contract is worth $428 million dollars.

That the U.S. government would purchase drugs that it may not need, and which may not only be ineffective, but dangerous, is not without precedent. During the Gulf War, the military injected soldiers with dangerous experimental drugs without their consent and without their knowledge, and then showed a callous disregard for their health.

The U.S. Sells Biological Weapons to Other Countries

In testimony before the 1994 Senate Banking Committee headed by Senators Donald Riegle Jr., and Alfonse M. D'Amato (5/25/94), it was revealed that between 1985 and 1989, the ReaganBush administration authorized at least 72 separate shipments, of incredibly virulent biological and chemical agents to Iraq. These included a nerve gas rated a million times more lethal than Sarin, and substances which could destroy crops, and sicken and kill men, women, and children and animals by destroying the brain, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, and spinal column. Diseases and agents such as pneumonia virus, salmonella, staphylcoccus, West Nile Virus, E. coli, anthrax, botulism, genetically modified tuberculosis and influenza, and a substance referred to as "histoplasma capsulatum" were provided to Iraq with the full knowledge that Iraq would use these weapons on its enemies.

The Commerce Department under the first Bush administration also authorized eight shipments of cultures that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classified as agents for "biological warfare."

In 1988, the Bush administration also shipped 19 containers of anthrax bacteria to Iraq. These weaponized anthrax had been created by the American Type Culture Collection company, located near Fort Detrick, MD, the site of the US Army's high security germ warfare labs.

The Bush administration was not alone. British firms also transferred numerous deadly biological and chemical agents to the Iraqi military. Some of these shipments were received in the months before the gulf war!

The purpose of these shipments was to provide Saddam Hussein with chemical and biological weapons which could be used to murder hundreds of thousands if not millions of men, women, and children. As part of the agreement regarding these shipments, CIA and U.S. scientists were allowed to collect data on the effects of these substances, some of which were unleashed upon Kurdish tribes in the north of Iraq.

The CIA and Bush administration also armed Iraq with biological and chemical weapons, as a pretext for giving U.S. enlisted personnel experimental drugs and for assessing how U.S. troops would respond to these same weapons.

Dick Cheney served as Secretary of Defense in the first Bush administration and during the Persian Gulf war with Iraq. Cheney, with his ties to the petrol-chemical industry, was a strong advocate of vaccinating the troops, many of whom were given experimental drugs with incredibly harmful side-effects (10).

The U.S. Exposed American Soldiers to Sarin

During the first Gulf War Cheney approved a U.S. Army plan to explode an Iraqi chemical weapons depot at Kamashiya, despite the fact that 20,000 U.S. servicemen and women would be exposed to VX and sarin nerve agents. This was not just an act of negligence. The CIA and Department of Defense were keenly interested in the short and long term effects of these chemical weapons on U.S. troops.

Over 20,000 US troops were thus purposefully exposed to VX and sarin nerve agents as a result of the U.S. operation at Kamashiya. Over 100,000 were given, without their knowledge, incredibly harmful drugs.

Later, tens of thousands of these men and women developed "Gulf War Syndrome" a disease the Army and Dick Cheney's Pentagon studied while denying its existence.

According to the 1994 Senate Banking Committee report, there are over "100,000 names on a national registry of gulf veterans who have reported illnesses they believe stem from their tours of duty there. Some of these people, who went over there as young able-bodied Americans, are now desperately ill," and many "have died."

As summed up by the United States Senate's Committee on Veterans'Affairs (10): the "DOD incorrectly claims that since their goal was treatment, the use of investigational drugs in the Persian Gulf War was not research. DOD used investigational drugs in the Persian Gulf War in ways that were not effective. DOD did not know whether pyridostigmine bromide would be safe for use by U.S. troops in the Persian Gulf War.

When U.S. troops were sent to the Persian Gulf in 1994, DOD still did not have proof that pyridostigmine bromide was safe for use as an antidote enhancer. Pyridostigmine may be more dangerous in combination with pesticides and other exposures. The safety of the botulism vaccine was not established prior to the Persian Gulf War. Records of anthrax vaccinations are not suitable to evaluate safety. DOD and DVA have repeatedly failed to provide information and medical followup to those who participate in military research or are ordered to take investigational drugs.

For at least 50 years, DOD has intentionally exposed military personnel to potentially dangerous substances, often in secret. DOD has repeatedly failed to comply with required ethical standards when using human subjects in military research during war or threat of war. The Federal Government has failed to support scientific studies that provide information about the reproductive problems experienced by veterans who were intentionally exposed to potentially dangerous substances. The Federal Government has failed to support scientific studies that provide timely information for compensation decisions regarding military personnel who were harmed by various exposures.

Participation in military research is rarely included in military medical records, making it impossible to support a veteran's claim for service-connected disabilities from military research. DOD has demonstrated a pattern of misrepresenting the danger of various military exposures that continues today."

THE MONEY TRAIL

When in the clutches of the DOD (Department of Defense) United States citizens are routinely used as human guinea pigs, or simply as an excuse to justify the purchase of dangerous or worthless drugs from a drug supplier who is connected to the DOD--of which DARPA is part.

For example, despite the scathing 1994 rebuke from Congress, in 1997 the Department of Defense ordered that all enlisted men and women would receive anti-anthrax injections using an experimental anthrax vaccine that would be sold by BioPort. BioPort is directly linked to Bayer A.G., the Saudis (including Faud ElHibri), the Bush family, the bin Ladens, and to Admiral William Crowe Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Ronald Reagan and George Bush (92). Admiral Crowe owned 13% of BioPort Corporation and sat on the Board of Directors when these orders were given.

The purpose of the anti-anthrax injections? To make money. Again, U.S. citizens in the armed services were forced to become human guinea pigs. If they refused the shots, if they refused to allow experimental drugs (and who knows what else)to be injected into their bodies, they would be court-martialed and imprisoned.

The idea behind this forced program had been in the works during the first Bush presidency. However, although he lost the election, it went forward with the blessing of Bill Clinton, his Defense Secretary William Cohen, and at the urgings of Admiral William Crowe (retired). Indeed, soon after Crowe and the Bush-connected Carlyle Group (92) made major investments in "BioPort" the company received a multi-million dollar contract to produce an "anthrax vaccine."

BioPort, of Lansing, Michigan, is the only corporation in the United States with a license to make anthrax vaccine. It acquired that license when it purchased Michigan Biologic Products Institute, from the State of Michigan in 1998. Michigan Biologic Products Institute had been selling the vaccine to the U.S. Department of defense.

BioPort had been plagued by contamination problems and has been repeatedly shut down by the Food and Drug Administration for "unsanitary conditions" (93,94). On 8/30/2000 and 9/1/2000 BioPort was forced to recall three products, including its anthrax vaccine because the wrong expiration date was put on labels. Moreover, its anthrax vaccine was linked to the death of one its own workers (93). In July of 2000, Richard Dunn died after receiving 11 injections. A coverup ensued, and his death was falsely labeled as due to a heart condition. Later, the truth emerged following an independent autopsy.

Because BioPort has repeatedly failed Food and Drug Administration inspections, it was prohibited from shipping any vaccine (94).

Nevertheless, the Department of Defense agreed to an exclusive contract making BioPort its sole producer of the untested drug and has paid out more than $130 million to the company (94). Between 1998 and 2001, over 487,000 military personnel were forced to receive 1.9 million doses of the vaccine. About 400 military personnel, including doctors, refused.

THE ANTHRAX PLOT

In September and October of 2001, the citizens of the United States of America were subjected to a series of biological terrorist attacks involving the release of "weapon's grade anthrax." The anthrax used in these attacks was subsequently linked to BioPort, Battelle, Fort Detrick, and Dugway (95).

Prior to the post 9/11/2001 anthrax attack on U.S. citizens, Donald Rumsfeld announced that the Pentagon was developing and testing a weapon's grade, biologically engineered anthrax virus. Rumsfeld and the White House denied that these tests were violations of existing laws and treaties, claiming that they were purely defensive. Yet, despite their claims, President Bush also refused to sign a draft agreement strengthening the 1974 convention on biological weapons as it would have required the Bush administration to reveal where and upon whom the U.S. was testing these biological weapons.

Although 140 nations signed the treaty, the Bush administration refused because it was especially concerned that military contractors, such as the Battelle Memorial Institute, located in West Jefferson, Ohio, might come under international and national scrutiny. The Battelle Memorial Institute has been actively involved in the creation of military grade, genetically altered anthrax.

In the months before 9/11, senior Bush administration officials announced that "this administration will pursue defenses against the full spectrum of biological threats," and would step up research on both microbes and germ munitions for "protective or defensive purposes." The Bush administration and CIA was especially keen on developing and testing methods of releasing and dispersing weapon's grade anthrax in densely populated areas and under different atmospheric conditions.

Anthrax can be severely debilitating, causing fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, pneumonia-like symptoms, and, if untreated, death. The CIA and Bush administration were eager to develop a genetically altered anthrax that would be especially virulent.

The next step would be "vulnerability testing," so as to protect "national security." According to U.S. government officials, the research and testing would be conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute, in conjunction with the CIA which, according to CIA spokesman, Bill Harlow, had already conducted "laboratory or experimental" work. The results of these vulnerability tests, it was believed, could provide vital information useful for protecting "national security." What Harlow didn't mention was that the CIA had recruited almost two dozen Russian scientists with an expertise in anthrax and biological warfare and that the CIA was especially interested in conducting "vulnerability testing" on American cities and the American public.

The desire of the CIA to conduct a biological attack on the American public was justified, government officials believed. For example, what if terrorists released several pounds of anthrax in New York city. If antibiotics were not administered immediately, perhaps as many as 400,000 people would die within just a few days. Anthrax has an 80% mortality rate if untreated. And what of the millions upon millions of Americans who would panic at the prospect of being exposed? They too would seek treatment thus completely taxing and overwhelming heath care officials. Stockpiles of antibiotics and vaccines would be depleted within hours. And what of the panic and rioting which might ensue? Civil authorities and the police would be completely unable to cope and would require the assistance of the military to restore order.

The American public had to be exposed, in order to assess these vulnerabilities. It was recognized, of course, that the American public would not react kindly to being turned into human guinea pigs, and that if such tests were conducted and became public, Bush, like his father, would become a one term president. However, if the American public could be made to believe that a biological attack was the work of Arab terrorists, not only could the CIA obtain the information it sought, but the geo-political ambitions of the Bush administration and its desire to topple Saddam Hussein and the rulers of Afghanistan, could be quickly realized and his reelection, as a war-time leader, guaranteed.

Indeed, the Bush-Cheney doctrine of reprisal had been laid out in 1991, prior to the onset of the Gulf War. President George Bush and Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney had publicly proclaimed that any attack on U.S. forces or U.S. citizens with chemical or biological weapons would be met with "massive retaliation." It was also realized that the U.S. government could easily prevent anyone from determining who actually carried out a biological attack, which meant that anyone could be blamed. It was also understood that by the use of propaganda, and the "Big Lie" repeated over and over again by the corporate controlled mass media, that the public could not only be terrorized, but convinced of the necessity of attacking countries, such as Iraq. By using propaganda and "information warfare" as a psychological weapon the American public could also be prepared to jettison some of their own freedoms, which in turn would further the fascist ambitions of Bush and associates.

ANTHRAX PANIC SPREADS ACROSS NORTH AMERICA

"The public as well as some in the security community probably do not fully appreciate the wide availability of (biological warfare)-relevant technology and knowledge. A biological attack by a nonstate actor probably would cause fewer casualties than an attack by a state, but the terror that such an attack would cause among the population would still be substantial." --National Intelligence Council, 1/2/2001.

It was a sunny, September, quintessential Florida afternoon, when the bulky manila envelop arrived in the mail room of the Sun, a weekly tabloid newspaper. It was addressed: "Please Forward to Jennifer Lopez, c/o The Sun" (96).

Managing editor Joe West, examined the envelop, felt along the bulky cylindrical contours, and... threw it into the trash. "Something told me not to open it," he said.

Bobby Bender, a news assistant at the Sun, felt no such misgivings. He retrieved it from the garbage and opened it up. It contained a metal cigar tube, an empty can of chewing tobacco, a small carton of detergent, and a handwritten love letter to Jennifer Lopez. The love-struck author was proposing marriage!

There was also a single sheet of paper, decorated with blue and pink clouds. It had been folded into 3 sections and contained a small mound of pinkish powder that partly covered a little gold star of David (96).

Bob Stevens, a news photographer at the Sun, was curious and asked to take a look. Bender carefully handed him the paper, powder and Star of David, and Bob Stevens took it to his desk.

Stevens was nearsighted and held the powder close to his face spilling some of the power on his computer keyboards, and unknowingly inhaling the pinkish dust. Carefully, he retrieved the Star of David, smearing his fingers with little grains of pinkish residue. Sixteen days later, Bob Stevens was dead.

On October 4, 2001, Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson announced that the Stevens' anthrax infection, was not an act of terrorism, but "an isolated case."

On Sunday, October 7, medical tests disclosed that Ernesto Blanco, a mailroom worker at the Sun, had also been exposed to anthrax bacteria. Within days 6 more people came down with the disease (97).

The CDC immediately shipped enough antibiotics to Palm Beach County to treat more than 1,000 people, for 15 days, at a cost of $700 per individual.

Soon, similar cases were turning up in New York and Washington. Two postal workers at a facility that handles mail for the Capitol died after showing symptoms of anthrax, and several others were diagnosed with inhalation anthrax. These were followed by yet additional cases, and in consequence, the Brentwood, New Jersey, mail center and an air-mail facility near Baltimore-Washington International Airport, were shut down. In Washington alone, over 10,000 postal workers were urged to pick up Cipro prescriptions (97). In total, over 35,000 people were treated with antibiotics to prevent infection.

The anthrax was being sent through the mail, to outfits such as the New York Post, ABC and CBS news, and to the office of New York Governor George Pataki.