The 42-year-old housewife had two minutes to defend herself against charges of supporting Islamic State. Amina Hassan, a Turkish woman in a flowing black abaya, told the Iraqi judge that she and her family had entered Syria and Iraq illegally and lived in Islamic State’s so-called caliphate for more than two years. But, she added: “I never took money from Islamic State. I brought my own money from Turkey. ”

The whole trial lasted 10 minutes before the judge sentenced her to death by hanging.

Another accused Turkish woman entered the courtroom. Then another, and another. Within two hours, 14 women had been tried, convicted and sentenced to die.

Iraq’s judicial assembly line has relentlessly churned out terrorism convictions since the battlefield victories over Islamic State (also known as Isis) last year led to the capture of thousands of fighters, functionaries and family members. Authorities accuse them of helping to prop up the group’s vicious three-year rule over nearly a third of the country.

As millions of Iraqis struggle to recover from the bloodshed and destruction of the period, prime minister Haider al-Abadi has found widespread public support for his push to step up the pace of prosecutions – and for punishments to the full extent of the law, which in Iraq means execution.

“These Islamic State criminals committed crimes against humanity and against our people in Iraq, in Mosul and Salahuddin and Anbar, everywhere,” said Gen Yahya Rasool, the spokesman for the Iraqi joint operations command. “To be loyal to the blood of the victims and to be loyal to the Iraqi people, criminals must receive the death penalty, a punishment that would deter them and those who sympathise with them.”

But critics say the perfunctory trials in special counterterrorism courts are sweeping up bystanders and relatives as well as fighters, and executing most of them in a process more concerned with retribution than justice.

‘Irreversible miscarriages’ of justice

The office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights warned that flaws in the judicial process would most likely lead to “irreversible miscarriages” of justice. Human Rights Watch has criticised Iraq for relying on an overly broad law to quickly achieve the maximum punishment of the most people.

The nation’s counterterrorism law allows the death penalty for anyone “who commits, incites, plans, finances or assists in acts of terrorism”. So Iraqi courts are meting out one-size-fits-all punishment for the perpetrator of crimes against humanity as well for as the wife of an Islamic State fighter who may have had little say in her husband’s career.

“Individual circumstances don’t matter,” said Belkis Wille, the senior researcher for Iraq for Human Rights Watch. “Cooks, medical workers, everyone is given the death penalty.” The low bar for conviction under the law, she said, also means that the courts are not bothering to investigate some of the worst crimes believed to have been committed by Islamic State members, such as slavery, rape or extrajudicial killings.

People fleeing clashes between Iraqi security forces and Islamic State fighters walk through the southern outskirts of Mosul, Iraq, on March 3rd, 2017. Photograph: Ivor Prickett/The New York Times

Iraq’s justice ministry rejects such criticism and touts the integrity of its judges and its standards of due process. “If there is evidence then suspects are prosecuted, and if there is no evidence then they are released,” said Abdul-Sattar al-Birqdar, a judge and justice ministry spokesman.

The government has not released statistics about its terrorism detainees, but two people familiar with the court who were not authorised to speak to journalists said that approximately 13,000 people had been detained on suspicion of ties to Islamic State since 2017, when the vast majority of arrests were made.

Human Rights Watch estimated in December that at least 20,000 people accused of ties to Isis were being held by the Iraqi authorities. Last month, the Associated Press reported that Iraq had detained or imprisoned at least 19,000 people since 2014 on accusations of connections to Isis or other terrorism-related offences.

Many of these detainees were arrested on the battlefield. Some were detained far from combat, based on information gleaned from informers and prison interrogations. Iraqi intelligence officials say that high-value detainees, people accused of involvement in specific terrorist attacks, are held separately from the majority of prisoners, who are suspected of having been low-level cogs in the Islamic State bureaucracy.

98% conviction rate

Since the summer of 2017, more than 10,000 cases have been referred to the courts, the people familiar with the court said. To date, they said, approximately 2,900 trials have been completed, with a conviction rate of about 98 per cent. They did not say how many had received the death penalty, nor how many executions had been carried out.

The government said 11 people were executed on Monday for “terrorism crimes”, fulfilling “the government’s promise to kill those responsible for shedding Iraqi blood”, the justice ministry said in a statement.

Among those held apart from the general prison population are approximately 1,350 foreign women and 580 children, the majority of whom surrendered to Iraqi security forces in August during military operations to liberate the town of Tal Afar. The vast majority of these detainees are Turkish, Russian and Central Asian.

Iraq says it is determined to try them if evidence links them to the Islamic State, but some of their home countries, including Saudi Arabia, have requested extradition for some of their citizens. Other countries, like Britain and France, have been reluctant to take their citizens back, officials from both countries said.

In rare cases, individuals have been returned to their home countries, such as a group of four Russian women and 27 children in February, after Iraqi authorities concluded they had been tricked into coming to Islamic State territory. Turkey has been working to repatriate minors whose parents took them to the caliphate, as well as those found innocent of wrongdoing.

Adlan (9), a child taken to Syria by his parents and found by soldiers in the ruins of Mosul during fighting with Isis, and returned to his home country an orphan, at the home of his grandparents in Grozny, Russia. Photograph: Sergey Ponomarev/The New York Times

For a nation that for more than 15 years has been an incubator for Islamist extremists and has been torn apart by terrorist bombings, Iraqis have little appetite for leniency or concern about mitigating circumstances that in other nations could be grounds for clemency. Foreigners in particular are widely assumed to have been Islamic State’s most fervent adherents since they moved here to join the caliphate.

“What concerns me the most in these trials is that the system is fundamentally prejudiced against foreign individuals,” said Wille, who has observed dozens of terrorism trials. “The presumption is because you are foreign, and you were in Isis territory, there is no need to provide more evidence.”

Living in Raqqa

The 14 women convicted in one afternoon this month, 12 Turks and two Azerbaijanis ranging from 20 to 44 years old, had lived in Raqqa, the former capital of the group’s territory in Syria. When international air strikes escalated there and several of their husbands were killed, they moved to Iraq and were among those who surrendered outside Tal Afar.

Gaunt, withdrawn and surrounded by plainclothes security guards, they waited in the florescent-lit hallways of Baghdad’s counterterrorism court for their trials to start. Eleven toddlers who had spent the last eight months in detention with their mothers accompanied them to the court.

When Hassan was called, she handed her child to another detainee to look after. The other women cooed and hummed to try to placate her curly-haired toddler. Some appeared to whisper prayers.

Their state-appointed lawyer, Ali Sultan, said he had not prepared for the trials. He said he had no access to the evidence against his clients because information related to terrorism investigations is classified. He added that his pay – $25 (€20) regardless of whether the case goes to appeal – hardly encourages much effort. The fee is paid only after the final appeal is exhausted or the client is executed which, despite the push to expedite trials, can take months if not years.

After Hassan was sentenced by Judge Ahmed al-Ameri, he swiftly dispensed with the rest of the docket. Negar Mohammed told him that she was innocent of all Islamic State crimes; he ruled otherwise. Nazli Ismail told the judge that her husband pushed her family to go to Syria. Three of her children were killed in an air strike, she said. The only one to survive was her youngest, a 2-year-old boy named Yahya, who was waiting outside in the hallway.

Ameri asked, “Are you innocent or guilty?” “I’m innocent,” Ismail replied.

The judge sentenced her to death. Ismail accepted her fate with a smile. “This means I will finally go to heaven,” she said. Mother and child left the courthouse under armed guard. It was unclear what would happen to the child. – New York Times