10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-∆-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

10-Oxo-∆-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC) Cannabinoid - - 639 ± 108 337 ± 42 - - - C18H24O2 (6aR,10aR)-3-ethyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

3,4,4,6-Tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-α-α-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-methano-2H-1-benzoxoci5-methanol (OH-cis-HHCV) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

8,9-Dihydroxy-∆-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabinoid - - 806 ± 113 430 ± 45 - - - C21H30O3 (6aR,8R,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-1,8-diol

Cannabichromanon (CBCN) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabichromene (CBC) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory

Antibacterial

Antifungal

Antidepressant

Encourages brain growth CBC is most frequently found in tropical cannabis varieties. CBC is known to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, inhibit cell growth in tumor/cancer cells, and promote bone growth. The effects of CBC appear to be mediated through non-cannabinoid receptor interactions. 428 220 - - 0.0-0.65% C21H30O2 2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-7-pentylchromen-5-ol

Cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory

Antibacterial Cannabichromene acid (CBC-a) is considered to be the fourth key cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. CBC-a is located in the most abundant levels in tropical marijuana plant strains. However, it can also be found in other strains but not at the same levels.



In recent years, specific strains of marijuana have been developed that boast higher than normal levels of CBC-a. Medical marijuana researchers and the pharmaceutical industry have found that strains with higher levels of CBC-a help fight inflammation and feature strong antibacterial properties. 898 ± 113 481 ± 45 - - - C22H30O4 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-7-pentylchromene-6-carboxylic acid

Cannabichromevarin (CBCV) Cannabinoid Anticonvulsant Cannabichromevarin (CBCV) is a propyl cannabinoid, which means it has a propyl chain in its molecular structure. Instead of having a pentyl chain like its counterpart, cannabichromene (CBC), it branches off to have a propyl chain. This means it can have similar effects to CBC, but with a few differences we should examine. 754 ± 113 401 ± 45 - - - C19H26O2 2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-7-propylchromen-5-ol

Cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA) Cannabinoid - - 853 ± 113 456 ± 45 - - - C20H26O4 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-7-propylchromene-6-carboxylic acid

Cannabicitran (CBT) Cannabinoid - - 734 ± 108 390 ± 42 - - - C21H30O2 (6AR,9R,10AS)-6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6A,7,8,9,10,10A-hexahydro-6H-1,9-epoxybenzo[C]chromene

Cannabicyclol (CBL) Cannabinoid - Cannabicyclol is a degradative product - with exposure to light, cannabichromene converts to CBL. It's medical properties are not known as it appears in such minuscule concentrations in comparison to other cannabinoids. 720 ± 88 382 ± 31 - - - C21H30O2 1,1,3a-Trimethyl-6-pentyl-1a,2,3,3a,8b,8c-hexahydro-1H-4-oxabenzo[f]cyclobuta[cd]inden-8-ol

Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory

Antitumor Very little is known about CBL-A, as the plant produces very little of it. Curiously, it is the most stable of the cannabinoid acids to heat, resistant to decarboxylation. As a result it yields very little CBL on heating. Cannabicyclol acid is both anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor. 804 ± 113 429 ± 45 - - - C22H30O4 (1aS,3aR,8bR,8cR)-8-Hydroxy-1,1,3a-trimethyl-6-pentyl-1a,2,3,3a,8b,8c-hexahydro-1H-4-oxabenzo[f]cyclobuta[cd]indene-7-carboxylic acid

Cannabicyclovarin (CBLV) Cannabinoid - - 666 ± 88 352 ± 31 - - - C19H26O2 (1aS,3aR,8bR,8cR)-1,1,3a-Trimethyl-6-propyl-1a,2,3,3a,8b,8c-hexahydro-1H-4-oxabenzo[f]cyclobuta[cd]inden-8-ol

Cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabinoid Anxiolytic

Analgesic

Antipsychotic

Anti-inflammatory

Antioxidant

Antispasmodic CBD has tremendous medical potential. This is particularly true when the correct ratio of CBD to THC is applied to treat a particular condition. CBD acts as an antagonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, yet it has a low binding affinity for both. This suggests that CBD’s mechanism of action is mediated by other receptors in the brain and body. 320 - 356 160 - 180 144 - 145 62 - 63 0.1-2.89% C21H30O2 2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol

Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM) Cannabinoid - - 784 ± 113 418 ± 45 - - - C22H32O2 3-methoxy-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylphenol

Cannabidiol-C4 (CBD-C4) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory

Anti-nausea

Antioxidant

Painkiller

Anti-proliferative

Antibacterial/antimicrobial CBDA, similar to THCA, is the main constituent in cannabis with elevated CBD levels. CBDA selectively inhibits the COX-2 enzyme, contributing to cannabis’ anti-inflammatory effects. 600 - 988 316 - 531 266 - 424 130 - 218 - C22H30O4 2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-6-pentylbenzoic acid

Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C1) Cannabinoid - - 777 ± 113 414 ± 45 - - - C17H22O2 5-methyl-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]benzene-1,3-diol

Cannabidivarin (CBDV) Cannabinoid Anticonvulsant

Bone Stimulant Like THCV, CBDV differs from CBD only by the substitution of a pentyl (5 carbon) for a propyl (3 carbon) sidechain. Although research on CBDV is still in its initial stages, recent studies have shown promise for its use in the management of epilepsy. This is due to its action at TRPV1 receptors and modulation of gene expression. 147 - 149 64 - 65 -144.38 -97.99 - C19H26O2 2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-propylbenzene-1,3-diol

Cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory Cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in Cannabis that reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties. 950 ± 122 510 ± 50 - - - C20H26O4 2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-6-propylbenzoic acid

Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A) Cannabinoid - These appear to be infrequently identified in natural sources and may be produced by photooxidation from the CBD type, these cannabinoids are all in the (5aS,6S,9R,9aR) configuration and include cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-C5 A), cannabielsoic acid B (both CBEA-C5 B and CBEA-C3 B), and cannabielsoin (both CBE-C3 and CBE-C5) 882 ± 113 472 ± 45 - - - C22H30O5 (5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-1,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-pentyl-9-prop-1-en-2-yl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-5aH-dibenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid

Cannabielsoic acid B (CBEA-B) Cannabinoid - These appear to be infrequently identified in natural sources and may be produced by photooxidation from the CBD type, these cannabinoids are all in the (5aS,6S,9R,9aR) configuration and include cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-C5 A), cannabielsoic acid B (both CBEA-C5 B and CBEA-C3 B), and cannabielsoin (both CBE-C3 and CBE-C5) 909 ± 113 487 ± 45 - - - C22H30O5 (5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-1,6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-pentyl-9-prop-1-en-2-yl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-5aH-dibenzofuran-4-carboxylic acid

Cannabielsoin (CBE) Cannabinoid - These appear to be infrequently identified in natural sources and may be produced by photooxidation from the CBD type, these cannabinoids are all in the (5aS,6S,9R,9aR) configuration and include cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-C5 A), cannabielsoic acid B (both CBEA-C5 B and CBEA-C3 B), and cannabielsoin (both CBE-C3 and CBE-C5) 799 ± 113 426 ± 45 - - - C21H30O3 (5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-6-methyl-3-pentyl-9-prop-1-en-2-yl-7,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-5aH-dibenzofuran-1,6-diol

Cannabifuran (CBF) Cannabinoid - - 705 ± 81 374 ± 27 - - - C21H26O2 6-Methyl-3-pentyl-9-propan-2-yldibenzofuran-1-ol

Cannabigerol (CBG) Cannabinoid Antifungal

Analgesic

Antibacterial

Anti-Epileptic

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-Insomnia

Anti-Proliferative

Bone Stimulant

Neurogenic A non-psychoactive cannabinoid, CBG’s antibacterial effects can alter the overall effects of cannabis. CBG is known to kill or slow bacterial growth, reduce inflammation, (particularly in its acidic CBGA form,) inhibit cell growth in tumor/cancer cells, and promote bone growth. It acts as a low-affinity antagonist at the CB1 receptor. CBG pharmacological activity at the CB2 receptor is currently unknown. 878 470 120 - 126 49 - 52 0.03-1.15% C21H32O2 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol

Cannabigerol monomethylether (CBGM) Cannabinoid - CBGM is a member of the cannabigerol (CBG) cannabinoid group. The cannabinoids in the CBG group have similar molecular structures to CBG, meaning they may have similar properties. Like most other minor cannabinoids, not much research has been conducted about CBGM, but we do know a little bit about it.



Cannabis plants from northeast Asia seem to have the highest amount of naturally-occurring CBGM, but they still have a low amount compared to other cannabinoids. Interestingly enough, these same plants have high levels of THC and low levels of CBD. - - - - - - -

Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) Cannabinoid - CBGA plays an extremely important role as the parent compound in the maturing cannabis flower and undergoes a number of changes to create THC, CBD, CBC, and CBG. This process, called biosynthesis, starts when compounds in the maturing flower, geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid, bond together to create CBGA. Next, CBGA is exposed to three different enzymes, with the amount of each enzyme determined by the genetics of the plant. 997 ± 122 536 ± 50 - - - C22H32O4 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid

Cannabigerolic acid monomethylether (CBGAM) Cannabinoid - A product of the methoxylation of CBGA and CBGVA. This, however, is not very prominent in the cannabinoid profile. A consistent presence of small amounts of CBGAM is reported in plants from north-eastern Asia 955 ± 122 513 ± 50 - - - C23H34O4 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid

Cannabigerovarin (CBGV) Cannabinoid - CBGV belongs to the cannabigerol-type cannabinoid group. This group of cannabinoids is relatively understudied. 835 ± 104 446 ± 40 - - - C19H28O2 2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5-propylbenzene-1,3-diol

Cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) Cannabinoid Anti-cancer CBGVA is a precursor cannabinoid which may undergo its own series of enzymatic reactions to form a different ‘family’ of cannabinoids. Molecular transformations take place in response to environmental or external factors such as heat, UV rays, or exposure to oxygen. Therefore, as a cannabis plant ages, the initial CBGA or CBGVA in the plant will react to form new cannabinoids. 959 ± 122 515 ± 50 - - - C20H28O4 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-propylbenzoic acid

Cannabinodiol (CBND) Cannabinoid - Cannabinodiol (also known as Cannabidinodiol, CBDL and CBND) is a phytocannabinoid that is present in the plant Cannabis sativa at low concentrations. It is the fully aromatized derivative of cannabidiol (CBD) and can occur as a product of the photochemical conversion of cannabinol (CBN). Cannabinodiol is one of the few cannabinoids to be psychotropic per se, together with tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ), cannabinol and possibly tetrahydrocannabivarin. 927 ± 104 497 ± 40 - - - C21H26O2 2-(5-methyl-2-prop-1-en-2-ylphenyl)-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol

Cannabinodivarin (CBVD) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabinol (CBN) Cannabinoid Oxidation breakdown product

Sedative

Antibiotic

Immunosuppressant

Anti-inflammatory CBN is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that is produced from the degradation of THC. There is usually very little to no CBN in a fresh plant. CBN acts as a weak agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, with greater affinity for CB2 receptors than CB1. The degradation of THC into CBN is often described as creating a sedative effect, known as a “couch lock.” 365 185 169 - 171 76 - 77 0.0-1.6% C21H26O2 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentylbenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

Cannabinol methylether (CBNM) Cannabinoid - - 855 ± 75 457 ± 24 - - - C22H28O2 1-methoxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentylbenzo[c]chromene

Cannabinol-C2 (CBN-C2) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabinol-C4 (CBN-C4) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabinolic acid (CBNA) Cannabinoid Anti-inflammatory Cannabinolic acid is the parent compound that decarboxylates into CBN. Curiously, in the plant, very little CBN is derived from CBN-A, and we do not see very much CBN-A in the plant; most CBN being derived from the oxidation of THC.CBN-A is anti-inflammatory, and likely anti-biological. 982 ± 122 528 ± 50 - - - C22H26O4 1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentylbenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid

Cannabiorcol (CBN-C1) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabiripsol (CBR) Cannabinoid - Cannabiripsol is a recently discovered cannabinoid. Whether Cannabiripsol has therapeutic properties remains to be investigated. 828 ± 113 442 ± 45 - - - C21H32O4 (6aR,9S,10S,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-7,8,10,10a-tetrahydro-6aH-benzo[c]chromene-1,9,10-triol

Cannabitriol (CBT) Cannabinoid - First reported in 2014, CBT has essentially the same basic structure as Tetrahyrocannabinol (THC), which is the main psychoactive compound found in ganja and is primarily responsible for giving the 'high'. It is yet to be seen if Cannabitriol is psychoactive or has any curative powers. 932 ± 122 500 ± 50 - - - C21H30O4 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-8,10-dihydro-7H-benzo[c]chromene-1,9,10-triol

Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Cannabivarin (CBV) Cannabinoid - Cannabivarin (CBV), also known as cannabivarol, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in minor amounts in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It is an analog of cannabinol (CBN) with the side chain shortened by two methylene bridges (-CH2-). CBV is an oxidation product of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, THV). 849 ± 93 454 ± 34 - - - C19H22O2 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-propylbenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF) Cannabinoid - - 723 ± 81 384 ± 27 - - - C21H24O2 6-Methyl-9-isopropenyl-3-pentyldibenzofuran-1-ol

∆-7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

∆-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆8-THC) Cannabinoid Antiemetic

Anxiolytic

Appetite-stimulating

Analgesic

Neuroprotective "∆-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol is an analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with antiemetic, anxiolytic, appetite-stimulating, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties. ∆-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆-8-THC) binds to the cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptor CB1, which inhibits adenyl cyclase, increases mitogen-activated protein kinase activities, modulates several potassium channel conductances and inhibits N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. This agent exhibits a lower psychotropic potency than ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆-9-THC)." 721 ± 108 383 ± 42 - - - C21H30O2 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

∆-8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (∆8-THCA) Cannabinoid - - 806 ± 113 430 ± 45 - - - C22H30O4 (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid

∆-9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC) Cannabinoid - - 734 ± 108 390 ± 42 - - - C21H30O2 (6aS,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabinoid Euphoriant

Analgesic

Anti-inflammatory

Antioxidant

Antiemetic The most abundant cannabinoid present in marijuana, THC is responsible for cannabis’ most well-known psychoactive effects. THC acts as a partial agonist at the CB1 and CB2 receptors. The compound is a mild analgesic, or painkiller, and cellular research has shown that it has antioxidant activity. 392 200 - - 0.1-25% C21H30O2 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4 (THC-C4) Cannabinoid - Tetrahydrocannabinol-C4, also known as THC-C4 and butyl-THC, is a homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component of cannabis. They are only different by the pentyl side chain being replaced by a butyl side chain. It is unknown whether THC-C4 is an agonist, partial agonist, or antagonist at the cannabinoid receptors. The propyl analog, THCV, is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 antagonist, while THC is a CB1 agonist. THC-C4 has rarely been isolated from cannabis samples, but appears to be less commonly present than THC or THCV. It is metabolized in a similar manner to THC. Similarly to THC, it has 7 double bond isomers and 30 stereoisomers. 1096 ± 122 591 ± 50 - - - C27H38O8 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-2-yl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) Cannabinoid - ∆-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) is the non psychoactive precursor of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (!9-THC) and the main cannabinoid component in fresh hemp

material. During the smoking process, only a part of THCA-A is converted into the psychoactive ∆9-THC. 819 ± 113 437 ± 45 - - - C22H30O4 1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-C4 (THCA-C4) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - C21H28O4 -

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C1) Cannabinoid Antinociceptive ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C1) is a non-electrophilic ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol derivative that has been studied for use as a pharmacological strategy for treatment of pain 619 ± 108 326 ± 42 - - - C17H22O2 (6aR,10aR)-3,6,6,9-tetramethyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C1) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - C18H22O4 (6AR,10AR)-1-HYDROXY-3,6,6,9-TETRAMETHYL-6A,7,8,10A-TETRAHYDRO-6H-BENZO[C]CHROMENE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID

∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Cannabinoid Analgesic

Anorectic

Anti-Emetic

Anti-Epileptic

Anti-inflammatory

Bone Stimulant

Euphoriant THCV is a minor cannabinoid found in only some strains of cannabis. The only structural difference between THCV and THC is the presence of a propyl (3 carbon) group, rather than a pentyl (5 carbon) group, on the molecule. Though this variation may seem subtle, it causes THCV to produce very different effects than THC. These effects include a reduction in panic attacks, suppression of appetite, and the promotion of bone growth. THCV acts as an antagonist at the CB1 receptor and a partial agonist at the CB2 receptor. 428 < 220 - - 0.0-1.36% C19H26O2 (6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-propyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol

∆-9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA) Cannabinoid - - 828 ± 113 442 ± 45 - - - C19H24O4 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-carboxylic acid, 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-propyl-, (6aR,10aR)-

Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA) Cannabinoid Analgesic

Anti-Emetic

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-Insomnia

Anti-Proliferative

Antispasmodic

Modulates Immune System

Neuroprotective THCA is the main constituent in raw cannabis. THCA converts to Δ9-THC when burned, vaporized, or heated at a certain temperature. THCA, CBDA, CBGA, and other acidic cannabinoids hold the most COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, contributing to cannabis’ anti-inflammatory effects. This cannabinoid also acts as an antiproliferative and antispasmodic. 586 - 914 308 - 490 333 - 406 167 - 208 - C22H30O4 (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylic acid

Trihydroxy-∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC) Cannabinoid - - - - - - - - -

Apigenin Flavonoid Anxiolytic

Estrogenic

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-carcinogenic

Antioxidant

Neuroprotective Apigenin is a color compound that naturally occurs in plants. It can be found in fruits and vegetables, such as parsley, onions, oranges, tea, chamomile, wheat sprouts and some seasonings. Outside of its biological effects, it is a yellow crystalline that is typically used to dye garments.



Its effects on animals have been thoroughly studied, while its effects on humans are unknown. However, apigenin has anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antioxidant properties that help combat the development of cancer. 352 (vaporization) 178 - - > 0.1% C15H10O5 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

β-sitosterol Flavonoid Anti-inflammatory

5-α-reductase inhibitor β-sitosterol is a substance found in plants. Chemists call it a “plant sterol ester.” It is found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. β-sitosterol is used for heart disease and high cholesterol. It is also used for boosting the immune system and for preventing colon cancer, as well as for gallstones, the common cold and flu (influenza), HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, psoriasis, allergies, cervical cancer, fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), asthma, hair loss, bronchitis, migraine headache, and chronic fatigue syndrome. 273 (vaporization) 134 284 140 - C29H50O (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol

Cannflavin A Flavonoid Anti-inflammatory

COX inhibitor

LO inhibitor Cannflavin is a flavonoid unique to hemp sprouts. The anti-inflammatory effect of cannflavin was found already in 1985 and shown to be higher than that of aspirin. Cannflavin is equipotent to cannabinoids in inhibiting inflammatory prostaglandins & leukotrienes.

Cannflavins are in fact the first flavonoids having direct inhibitory activity on the two crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis of these pro-inflammatory mediators, (5-LO & PGES-1). (7,10) Such dual inhibition is considered a pharmacological strategy in order to intervene with inflammatory diseases and might be superior over single target in terms of increased efficacy and lower side effects 360 (vaporization) 182 - - 0.0200% C26H28O6 6-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

Cannflavin B Flavonoid Anti-inflammatory Cannflavin is a flavonoid unique to hemp sprouts. The anti-inflammatory effect of cannflavin was found already in 1985 and shown to be higher than that of aspirin. Cannflavin is equipotent to cannabinoids in inhibiting inflammatory prostaglandins & leukotrienes.

Cannflavins are in fact the first flavonoids having direct inhibitory activity on the two crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis of these pro-inflammatory mediators, (5-LO & PGES-1). (7,10) Such dual inhibition is considered a pharmacological strategy in order to intervene with inflammatory diseases and might be superior over single target in terms of increased efficacy and lower side effects 1126 ± 131 608 ± 55 - - - C21H20O6 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)chromen-4-one

Cannflavin C Flavonoid Anti-inflammatory Cannflavin is a flavonoid unique to hemp sprouts. The anti-inflammatory effect of cannflavin was found already in 1985 and shown to be higher than that of aspirin. Cannflavin is equipotent to cannabinoids in inhibiting inflammatory prostaglandins & leukotrienes.

Cannflavins are in fact the first flavonoids having direct inhibitory activity on the two crucial enzymes in the biosynthesis of these pro-inflammatory mediators, (5-LO & PGES-1). (7,10) Such dual inhibition is considered a pharmacological strategy in order to intervene with inflammatory diseases and might be superior over single target in terms of increased efficacy and lower side effects - - - - - C26H28O6 8-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

Isovitexin Flavonoid Antioxidant

Anticancer

Anti-inflammatory

Antihyperalgesic

Neuroprotective

Anti-diabetic Vitexin and isovitexin are active components of many traditional Chinese medicines, and were found in various medicinal plants. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has recently received increased attention due to its wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects. Isovitexin (apigenin-6-C-glucoside), an isomer of vitexin, generally purified together with vitexin, also exhibits diverse biological activities. Latest research has suggested that vitexin and isovitexin could be potential substitute medicines for diversity diseases, and may be adjuvants for stubborn diseases or health products. 1485 ± 149 807 ± 65 - - - C21H20O10 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one

Kaempferol Flavonoid Antioxidant

Anticancer Pure kaempferol is a yellow colored powder. Amphoral is one of the most important and most widespread flavonoids (containing the typical C6-C3-C6 structure). Kaempferol is a flavonoid present in various natural sources including apples, onions, leeks, citrus fruits, grapes, red wines, gingko biloba, St. John's wort. 1080 582 529 - 532 276 - 278 - C15H10O6 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

Luteolin Flavonoid Antioxidant

Anti-inflammatory

Memory support

Nervous system support Luteolin is a chemical that is classified as a citrus bioflavonoid. It is a yellow crystal in pure form, which is typical for flavonoids. Luteolin has many uses as a health supplement due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties allow luteolin to scavenge reactive compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen, which can cause cellular damage. Additional biological effects of luteolin include the activation of the dopamine transporter. 1141 616 626 330 - C15H10O6 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one

Orientin Flavonoid Antioxidant

Antiaging

Antiviral

Antibacterial

Anti-inflammatory

Vasodilation and Cardioprotective

Radiation protective

Neuroprotective

Anti-depressant

Antiadipogenesis

Antinociceptive Orientin is found in barley. Orientin is isolated from Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Passiflora incarnata (maypops).Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound found in the passion flower, the palm and Anadenanthera peregrina. Orientin is also reported in millets and in the Phyllostachys nigra bamboo leaves 1501 816 545 285 - C21H20O11 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one

Quercetin Flavonoid Antioxidant

Antimutagenic

Antiviral

Antineoplastic Quercetin is a type of flavonoid antioxidant that’s found in plant foods, including leafy greens, tomatoes, berries and broccoli. It’s technically considered a “plant pigment,” which is exactly why it’s found in deeply colored, nutrient-packed fruits and veggies.



Considered one of the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet, quercetin plays an important part in fighting free radical damage, the effects of aging and inflammation. While you can get plenty of quercetin from eating a healthy diet, some people also take quercetin supplements for their strong anti-inflammatory effects. 482 (vaporization) 250 600 - 604 316 - 318 > 0.1% C15H10O7 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one

Vitexin Flavonoid Antioxidant

Anticancer

Anti-inflammatory

Antihyperalgesic

Neuroprotective

Anti-diabetic Vitexin and isovitexin are active components of many traditional Chinese medicines, and were found in various medicinal plants. Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside) has recently received increased attention due to its wide range of pharmacological effects, including but not limited to anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects. Isovitexin (apigenin-6-C-glucoside), an isomer of vitexin, generally purified together with vitexin, also exhibits diverse biological activities. Latest research has suggested that vitexin and isovitexin could be potential substitute medicines for diversity diseases, and may be adjuvants for stubborn diseases or health products. 1414 768 495 257 - C21H20O10 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one

Agarospirol Terpenoid - Agarospirol is a sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from the essential oil of infected agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.). The corresponding carbon skeleton (VI) has been named agarospirane. Agarospirol is the second spiro-terpenoid to be isolated from Nature. 594 ± 52 312 ± 11 133 - 136 56 - 58 - C15H26O 2-[(3R,5R,6R)-6,10-dimethylspiro[4.5]dec-9-en-3-yl]propan-2-ol

α-Cadinene Terpenoid Anti-infective Cadinene is the trivial chemical name of a number of isomeric hydrocarbons that occur in a wide variety of essential oil-producing plants. The name is derived from that of the Cade juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.), the wood of which yields an oil from which cadinene isomers were first isolated. 522 ± 86 272 ± 30 - - - C15H24 (1S,4aR,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1-propan-2-yl-1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalene

α-cis-Bergamotene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory The plant Kingdom which includes conifers, flowering plants and gymnosperms go through certain metabolic reactions. The resultant eukaryotic metabolite produced is bergamotene. Among these bergamotene compounds is α-cis-Bergamotene. 500 ± 45 260 ± 7 - - - C15H24 (1R,5R)-4,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene

α-Eudesmol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Anti-epileptic

Anti-angiogenic

Antimigraine A sesquiterpene alcohol typically from the essential oil of cajeput and wooden Siam , Atractylodes lancea (Chinese herb) 574 ± 52 301 ± 11 - - - C15H26O 2-[(2R,4aR,8aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl]propan-2-ol

α-Guaiene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory α-Guaiene has medium strength, sweet, earthy, woody, balsamic, peppery aroma. It is used as a flavor and fragrance agent in bakery items, cereals, and cereal products, including flours & starches from roots & tubers, pulses & legumes, and edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet. 538 ± 50 281 ± 10 - - - C15H24 (1S,4S,7R)-1,4-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroazulene

α-Humulene Terpenoid Antibacterial

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-tumor

Pharmacokinetic αHumulene contributes to the “hoppy” aroma of cannabis. Humulene naturally occurs in clove, basil, hops, and cannabis sativa. It carries a subtle earthy, woody aroma with spicy herbal notes you might recognize in some of your favorite strains. Though cannabis is commonly associated with appetite simulation, humulene is actually known to suppress hunger. 223 - 225 106 - 107 < 77 < 25 - C15H24 (1E,4E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene

α-Longipinene Terpenoid - α-Longipinene has a pine aromatic odor. The Norway spruce produces high levels of α-longipinene secondary to longifolene as it's main product. 486 ± 45 252 ± 7 - - - C15H24 2,6,6,9-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.4.0.02,8]undec-9-ene

α-Pinene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Bronchodilator

Stimulant

Antibiotic

Antineoplastic

AChE inhibitor αPinene accounts for cannabis’ familiar odor, often associated with pine trees and turpentine. α-Pinene is the most common naturally occurring terpenoid and acts as both an anti-inflammatory and a bronchodilator. 313.2 156 -67 -62.5 0.0400% C10H16 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene

α-Selinene Terpenoid Analgesic

Antioxidant

Antifungal α-Selinene has the distinct odor of amber. It is one of the principal components of the oil from celery seeds. It has shown analgesic, antioxidant, and antifungal activity with antimicrobial potential 518 270 - - - C15H24 (3R,4aR,8aR)-5,8a-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,4a,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene

α-Terpineol Terpenoid Sedative

Antibiotic

AChE inhibitor

Antioxidant

Antimalarial Terpineol is known for its pleasant smell and is often used in soaps and perfumes. It is known to have relaxing effects. 417 - 435 214-224 32 - 36 0 - 2 0.0200% C10H18O 2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propan-2-ol

α-Thujene Terpenoid Antioxidant

Anti-malarial (Antiviral)

Antibacterial

Antimicrobial

Herbicidal Thujene (or α-thujene) is a natural organic compound classified as a monoterpene. It is found in the essential oils of a variety of plants, and contributes pungency to the flavor of some herbs such as Summer savory. The term thujene usually refers to α-thujene. 302 - 306 150 - 152 - - - C10H16 4-methyl-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene

α-trans-Bergamotene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory The plant Kingdom which includes conifers, flowering plants and gymnosperms go through certain metabolic reactions. The resultant eukaryotic metabolite produced is bergamotene. Among these bergamotene compounds is α-trans-Bergamotene. 500 ± 45 260 ± 7 - - - C15H24 (1S,5S,6R)-4,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene

α-Ylangene Terpenoid Antibacterial

Antioxidant α-Ylangene has a spicy, fruity aroma. It is a natural substance often found in wine and is emitted by some plants. 478 248 - - - C15H24 (1S,2R,6R,7R,8S)-8-Isopropyl-1,3-dimethyltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene

Amyrin Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antinociceptive

Immunostimulant

Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic The amyrins are three closely related natural chemical compounds of the triterpene class. They are designated α-amyrin, β-amyrin and δ-amyrin. Each is a pentacyclic triterpenol with the chemical formula C₃₀H₅₀O. 916 ± 111 491 ± 44 387 197 - C30H50O (3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol

β-Caryophyllene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Cytoprotective (gastric mucosa)

Antimalaria β-Caryophyllene is the only terpene known to interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (CB2). Caryophyllene (or β-Caryophyllene) is a spicy, peppery terpene found in many different edible plants. Spices like black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon, as well as herbs like oregano, basil, hops, and rosemary, are known to exhibit high concentrations of caryophyllene. Due to its affinity to the peripheral CB2 receptors, caryophyllene often appears in anti-inflammatory topicals and salves. 264 - 266 128 - 130 - - 0.0500% C15H24 (1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene

β-Elemene Terpenoid Anticancer Elemenes are a group of closely related natural chemical compounds found in a variety of plants. The elemenes, which include α-, β-, γ-, and δ-elemene, are structural isomers of each other and are classified as sesquiterpenes. The elemenes contribute to the floral aromas of some plants, and are used as pheromones by some insects. β-Elemene has attracted scientific interest because of its prevalence in a variety of medicinal plants. Experiments performed in vitro show that β-elemene has anti-proliferative effects toward some cancer cell types, indicating the possibility of its use in chemotherapy. 486 ± 95 252 ± 35 - - - C15H24 (1S,2S,4R)-1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane

β-Eudesmol Terpenoid Controls appetite and digestion

Antifungal β-Eudesmol is an oxygenated sesquiterpene contained in medicinal or edible plants which activates Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). β-Eudesmol has been found in medicinal plants and physiological effects on mammals have been reported. 574 ± 52 301 ± 11 - - - C15H26O 2-[(2R,4aR,8aS)-4a-methyl-8-methylidene-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-yl]propan-2-ol

β-Myrcene Terpenoid Analgesic

Anti-inflammatory

Antibiotic

Antimutagenic Myrcene is the most prevalent terpene and is found in most varieties of cannabis. Myrcene concentration dictates whether a strain will have an Indica or Sativa effect. Strains containing over 0.5% of myrcene produce a more sedative high, while strains containing less than 0.5% myrcene have an energizing effect. Myrcene is also present in thyme, hops, lemongrass, and citrus, and is used in aromatherapy. 332.6 167 < 14 < -10 0.4700% C10H16 7-methyl-3-methylideneocta-1,6-diene

β-Pinene Terpenoid Anti-depressant

Antibacterial

Cytotoxic

Antimicrobial β-pinene found in plants is an organic monoterpene compound, and is one of the most abundant compounds released by forest trees. If oxidized in air, the allylic products of the pinocarveol and myrtenol family prevail. 325 - 331 163 - 166 -78 -61 - C10H16 6,6-dimethyl-4-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane

β-Selinene Terpenoid Anticancer

Antibiotic

Antiseptic Constituent of celery oil. Also from Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and Humulus lupulus (hops). β-Selinene is found in many foods, some of which are safflower, star anise, chinese cinnamon, and allspice. 505 ± 50 263 ± 10 - - - C15H24 (3R,4aS,8aR)-8a-methyl-5-methylidene-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,4a,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalene

Bisabolol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Anti-irritant

Antioxidant

Anti-microbial

Analgesic Bisabolol is the primary constituent of German chamomile essential oil and has recently been shown to induce apoptosis in models of leukemia. While it has long been widely used in the cosmetics industry, bisabolol has more recently become the subject of research for the medical benefits it displays in cannabis. 523 - 597 273 - 314 85 - 171 29.5 - 77.4 - C15H26 6-Methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-5-hepten-2-ol

Borneol Terpenoid Antibiotic

Anti-inflammatory This terpene smells earthy, like camphor or even menthol. It’s a strong analgesic pain killer that relaxes and reduces stress, alleviates insomnia, and helps with breathing by relieving pressure in the lungs and increasing air flow. For centuries, borneol has been used in traditional Chinese medicine, most commonly as an ingredient in topical preparations. 413 212 395 202 0.0080% C10H18O (1S,3R,4S)-4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-ol

Bulnesol Terpenoid - Bulnesol, also known as guai-1(10)-en-11-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as sesquiterpenoids. Sesquiterpenoids are terpenes with three consecutive isoprene units. Bulnesol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Bulnesol is a spice tasting compound found in herbs and spices, which makes bulnesol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Bulnesol is found in herbs and spices. Bulnesol is a constituent of guaiac wood oil (Bulnesia sarmienti). Also from Ferula species.. 597 ± 52 314 ± 11 156 - 158 69 - 70 - C15H26O 2-(3,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydroazulen-5-yl)propan-2-ol

Camphene Terpenoid Antioxidant

Antibacterial

Antifungal

Decreases cardiovascular disease Camphene is found in essential oils extracted from certain trees. It has recently shown promise for pain relief and antioxidant effects. 318 - 320 159 - 160 118 - 126 48 - 52 - C10H16 2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Camphor Terpenoid Anti-infective

Antipruritic

Antiseptic Principally derived from the camphor tree, camphor is readily absorbed through the skin. When applied topically, it produces a cooling sensation similar to that of menthol. Camphor also acts as a slight local anesthetic and an antimicrobial substance. 399 204 345 - 354 174 - 179 - C10H16O 4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one

Caryophyllene oxide Terpenoid Insecticidal

Antifungal Caryophyllene oxide has a lemon balm odor. It has shown some effectiveness as an insecticidal/antifeedant and as broad spectrum antifungal in plant defense. Caryophyllene oxide has the distinction of being the component responsible for cannabis identification by drug-sniffing dogs 536 ± 66 280 ± 19 138 - 142 59 - 61 - C15H24O (1R,4R,6R,10S)-4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5-oxatricyclo[8.2.0.04,6]dodecane

Cedrene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antifungal

Antiseptic Being a sesquiterpene, Cedrene is a highly fragranced constituent that is extracted from the essential oils of Cedar. Cedrene possess antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer properties.

491 - 516 255 - 269 - - - C15H24 Cedr-8-ene

cis-β-Farnesene Terpenoid Pheromone

Insect Repellant β-Farnesene is a constituent of various essential oils. It is also released by aphids as an alarm pheremone upon death to warn away other aphids. Several plants, including potato species, have been shown to synthesize this pheromone as a natural insect repellent. 523 ± 68 273 ± 20 < 77 < 25 - C15H24 (6Z)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylidenedodeca-1,6,10-triene

cis-γ-Bisabolene Terpenoid - Bisabolenes are a group of closely related natural chemical compounds which are classified as sesquiterpenes. Bisabolenes are present in the essential oils of a wide variety of plants including cubeb, lemon and oregano. Various derivates also function as pheromones in different insects, such as stink bugs and fruit flies. 536 ± 68 280 ± 20 - - - C15H24 (4Z)-1-methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-ylidene)cyclohexene

cis-Sabinene-hydrate Terpenoid - cis-Sabinene-hydrate has a medium strength balsamic odor 311 ± 45 155 ± 7 - - - C10H18 (1S,4R)-4-methyl-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

Cycloartenol Terpenoid Aids in digestion Cycloartenol is found in alcoholic beverages. Cycloartenol is a constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato) Cycloartenol is a sterol precursor in photosynthetic organisms and plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. Its structure is also related to triterpenoid lanosterol 941 ± 66 505 ± 19 - - - C30H50O (3β,9β)-9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol

Dammaradienol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory Dammaradienol, also known as dammara-20,24-dien-3 β-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpenoids. Dammaradienol can be found in herbs and spices, shea tree, soy bean, and tea, which makes dammaradienol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dammaradienol is found in herbs and spices. Dammaradienol is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane). 921 ± 57 495 ± 14 - - - C30H50O (3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17S)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-(6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl)-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol

∆-3-carene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Bone Growth and Repair Carene has a sweet, pungent odor and is a main constituent of pine and cedar resin. It is used to dry out excess body fluids, such as tears, mucus, and sweat. 334 - 336 168-169 < 77 < 25 0.0040% C10H16 3,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene

∆-Limonene Terpenoid Cannabinoid agonist

Immune potentiator

Antidepressant

Antimutagenic Limonene is a dominant terpene in strains with a pronounced Sativa effect. It is also found in the rinds of citrus fruits. Limonene aids in the absorption of other terpenes through the skin and mucous membranes, and has been used to treat anxiety and depression. 347 - 351 175-177 -142 -97 0.1400% C10H16 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene

epi-α-Bisabolol Terpenoid Anti-aging

Anti-irritant

Anti-inflammatory

Antimicrobial

Analgesic

Antibiotic

Anticancer α-Bisabolol has a weak, tangy, fresh and clean, citrus, floral, sweet aroma with peppery note, and is used in various fragrances. It is the primary component (up to 50%) of the essential oil from German chamomile. 599 ± 52 315 ± 11 - - - C15H26O (2S)-6-methyl-2-[(1R)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]hept-5-en-2-ol

Epifriedelanol Terpenoid Anti-cancer (tumor killing)

Anti-inflammatory

Antiaging Epifriedelanol had inhibitory effects on adriamycin-induced cellular senescence in human fibroblasts (HDFs). Epifriedelanol suppressed adriamycin-induced cellular senescence as well as replicative senescence in human fibroblasts (HDFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These results suggest that epifriedelanol reduces cellular senescence in human primary cells and might be used to develop dietary supplements or cosmetics that modulate tissue aging or aging-associated diseases. Epifriedelanol demonstrated antitumor activity in a potato disc bioassay. 893 ± 55 478 ± 13 - - - C30H52O (3S,4R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bS)-4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-hexadecahydropicen-3-ol

Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) Terpenoid AChE inhibitor

Increases cerebral blood flow

Stimulant

Antibiotic

Antiviral

Anti-inflammatory

Antinociceptive Derived from eucalyptus oil, eucalyptol has a minty, earthy aroma. It has been shown to possess potent antifungal effects. 349 - 351 176 - 177 35 1.5 > 0.001% C10H18O 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Fenchol Terpenoid Antibacterial

Anti-inflammatory Fenchol is found in basil and is used extensively in perfumery. It is known to exhibit antibacterial properties. 394 - 396 201 - 202 95 - 104 35 - 40 - C10H18O 2,2,4-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-ol

Fenchone Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antitumor Fenchone has a camphorous, thuja, cedar leaf, herbal, earthy, woody aroma. As an additive, its flavor has been describes as cooling, camphoreous, sweet and minty with a musty, earthy nuance 378 - 381 192 - 194 41 - 43 5 - 6 - C10H16O 2,2,4-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one

Friedelin Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antipyretic

Analgesic

Anti-ulcerative

Antifungal

Antimicrobial

Gastroprotective

Liver protective Friedelin is a triterpene natural product isolated from the Quercus suber L. cork tree bark. Friedelin is the most abundant triterpene in extracts isolated from this tree. Friedelin has been described along with similar triterpenes in studying inhibitors of photosynthesis for use as herbicides, and has been described to have antifungal and antimicrobial properties. 891 ± 55 477 ± 13 504 - 509 262 - 265 - C30H50O (4R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bS)-4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-2,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-one

γ-Curcumene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Tissue repair

Anti-aging Curcumenes have recently been very prominent in the field of natural nutrition, as the extract of the spice Turmeric, called 'curcumin' has become popular as an anti-inflammatory supplement. The supplement is considered helpful not only for joint inflammation and pain, but as an all-around anti-aging supplement as well. γ-curcumene is known for its tissue healing effect, known to reduce inflammation, and is especially good for healing for scars (new and old). 531 ± 50 277 ± 10 - - - C15H24 1-methyl-4-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]cyclohexa-1,3-diene

γ-Eudesmol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Anti-cancer γ-Eudesmol has a waxy, sweet, woody, floral odor. γ-Eudesmol presents cytotoxic effect to cancer cells. All Eudesmol isomers displayed cytotoxicity to different tumor cell lines 574 ± 52 301 ± 11 - - - C15H26O 2-[(2R,4aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl]propan-2-ol

γ-Muurolene Terpenoid - γ-Muurolene has a medium strength, oily, woody type, herbal spice aroma. It is used in the chemical communication system of the Lucerne seed wasp and the European grapevine moth. 522 ± 68 272 ± 20 - - - C15H24 (1S,4aS,8aR)-7-methyl-4-methylidene-1-propan-2-yl-2,3,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene

Geraniol Terpenoid Antioxidant

Anti-tumor

Neuroprotectant

Antibacterial

Antifungal

Antiviral

Anti-spasmodic As its name suggests, geraniol (also known as lemonol) is most famous for its presence in geraniums, where it helps shape the blossoms’ distinctive, delicate scent. It is also found in a wide range of plants including tobacco and lemons, and interestingly, is produced by honey bees as a means of marking their hives and flowers. Geraniol is a monoterpene alcohol that boils at about 447˚F and frequently occurs in strains that also produce linalool.



Its floral, occasionally fruity aromas and flavors remind many of citronella candles or rose gardens, and occasionally of passionfruit or stonefruits such as peaches and plums. It is used frequently as a fruity flavoring agent, and shows up in an array of bath and body products. Geraniol, like valencene, is known to repel mosquitos. 446 230 5 -15 - C10H18O (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol

Geranyl Acetate Terpenoid Antimicrobial Geranyl Acetate is found in a variety of natural oils, derived from citronella, lemongrass, sassafras, roses, and many others. It has a strong floral aroma with a fruity twist, and exhibits strong antimicrobial effects. 278 - 282 137-139 - - - C12H20O2 [(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl] acetate

Guaiol Terpenoid Antimicrobial

Anti-inflammatory Guaiol is not an oil but a sesquiterpenoid alcohol, and is also found in cypress pine and guaiacum. It has been used for centuries as a treatment for diverse ailments ranging from coughs to constipation to arthritis. It is also an effective insect repellent and insecticide. 550 288 104 - 122 40 - 50 - C15H26 2-[(3S,5R,8S)-3,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroazulen-5-yl]propan-2-ol

Ipsdienol Terpenoid - Ipsdienol has a balsamic, piney aroma. It is a major component of the floral fragrance of several orchids. Ipsdienol is also one of the major aggregation pheromones of the bark beetle is which it is believed to be a mating attractant. 453 ± 48 234 ± 9 - - - C10H16O 2-methyl-6-methylideneocta-2,7-dien-4-ol

Isoborneol Terpenoid Antioxidant

Anti-inflammatory

Antimicrobial Isoborneol is found in mugwort that exhibits antiviral properties. It is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. 413 212 413 - 417 212 - 214 - C10H18O (3R,4R)-4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-ol

Isopulegol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Emollient

Reduces seizures

Gastro-protective Isopulegol is a chemical precursor to menthol, and has a variety of promising routes for therapeutic research. Studies have shown that isopulegol possess gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, and reduces the severity of seizures in animal models. 352 - 420 178 - 216 172 78 - C10H18 (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropenyl-5-methylcyclohexanol

Linalool Terpenoid Sedative

Antidepressant

Anxiolytic

Immune potentiator Linalool has a floral scent reminiscent of spring flowers, but with spicy overtones. It possesses sedative properties and is an effective anxiety and stress reliever. It has also been used an analgesic and anti-epileptic. 388 - 392 198 - 200 < 77 < 25 0.0020% C10H18O 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol

Menthol Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antipruritic

Expectorant

Anesthetic

Counter-irritant Menthol exhibits analgesic properties and is used topically to treat inflammatory pain. 413 - 421 212-216 107 - 113 42 - 45 - C10H20O 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexan-1-ol

Ocimene Terpenoid Antifungal

Anti-inflammatory

Antiviral Ocimene is a monoterpene with a fruity, floral, some say wet cloth smell. Ocimene has exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in white blood cell through a variety of pathways. Antifungal effects are also seen with the human specific Candida species. And very interestingly ocimene showed specificity and effectiveness against SARS virus. 149 - 151 65 - 66 122 50 - C10H16 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene

p-Cymene Terpenoid Antibiotic

Anticandidal

AChE inhibitor Commonly found in the essential oils of cumin and thyme, cymene has documented anti-inflammatory effects. Research also shows potential protective effects against acute lung injury. 350 177 -90 -68 0.0004% C10H14 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene

Phellandrene Terpenoid Antibacterial

Antifungal Phellandrene can be found in a number of herbs and spices, including cinnamon, garlic, dill, ginger and parsley. A number of plants produce β-phellandrene as a constituent of their essential oils, including lavender and grand fir. The recognizable odors of some essential oils depend almost entirely upon the presence of phellandrene. Oil of pepper and dill oil are composed almost entirely of phellandrene. The principal constituent in oil of ginger is phellandrene. Phellandrene, particularly α-phellandrene, is absorbed through the skin, making it attractive for use in perfumes. It is also used as a flavoring for food products. 347 175 - - - C10H16 2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene

Phytol Terpenoid Pain reliever

Anti-oxidant

Anti-anxiety Found in green tea, phytol is a diterpene that results from the degradation of chlorophyll. Phytol inhibits the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter GABA, which may partially account for its relaxing effect. 635 335 < 77 < 25 - C20H40 (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol

Pulegone Terpenoid Memory booster

AChE inhibitor

Sedative

Antipyretic Pulegone has a pleasant peppermint aroma and is a strong insecticide. 435 224 < 77 < 25 0.0010% C10H16O 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one

Sabinene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Antibacterial Sabinene which can also be spelled as Sabinen or Sabenene is a chemical compound available in a large variety of plants including black pepper, nutmeg, Norway spruce and Holm oak, among others. It can also be naturally harvested from tea tree oil, although in small concentrations. It is a very critical component in the formulation of carrot seed oil. It naturally has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. This makes it beneficial in many health related ways. 327 164 - - - C10H16 1-Isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane

Terpinen-4-ol Terpenoid AChE inhibitor

Antibiotic Terpinen-4-ol is a monoterpene originally found in many plants and is one of the primary active ingredients in tea tree oil. Terpinen-4-ol exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. In leukemia cells, terpinen-4-ol induces release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase 8, resulting in autophagy, apoptosis, and cell death. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, terpinen-4-ol induces cleavage of poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP), activates caspases 3 and 9, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and increases levels of p53, resulting in apoptosis and cell death. Additionally, this compound decreases myeloperoxidase activity and expression of MIP-2 and other cytokines in animal models of oral candidiasis. Terpinen-4-ol displays antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as Campylobacter as well as fungi such as Aspergillus and Fusarium. 408 209 - - 0.0004% C10H18O 4-methyl-1-propan-2-ylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol

Terpinene Terpenoid Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial

Anti-inflammatory Terpinene is used as a fragrant additive in both the cosmetic and food industries. It is also considered to be a well-tolerated additive in the pharmaceutical industry. It has very strong antioxidant properties. 360 182 14 -10 - C10H16 1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene

Terpinolene Terpenoid Anticancer

Antioxidant

Sedative

Antibacterial

Antifungal Terpinolene has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anticancer effects in rat brain cells. Studies with mice show that terpinolene has a sedative effect when inhaled. In addition, terpinolene is responsible for many of the floral notes found in Jack Herer varieties. 361 - 365 183 - 185 < 77 < 25 - C10H16 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexene

trans-α-Farnesene Terpenoid - (3E, 6E)-α-Farnesene is a constituent of the natural coating of apples and other fruits, and it is responsible for the characteristic green apple odor. α-Farnesene is also the chief compound contributing to the scent of gardenia, making up ~65% of the headspace constituents. 536 ± 68 280 ± 20 < 77 < 25 - C15H24 (3E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3,6,10-tetraene

trans-γ-Bisabolene Terpenoid - Bisabolenes are a group of closely related natural chemical compounds which are classified as sesquiterpenes. Bisabolenes are present in the essential oils of a wide variety of plants including cubeb, lemon and oregano. Various derivates also function as pheromones in different insects, such as stink bugs and fruit flies. 538 ± 68 281 ± 20 - - - C15H24 (4E)-1-methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-ylidene)cyclohexene

Trans-nerolidol Terpenoid Inhibits growth of leishmaniasis

Antiparasitic

Antifungal

Antimicrobial Trans-nerolidol is a secondary terpene found in many strong aromatics like jasmine, tea tree, and lemongrass. As such, it delivers a subdued and nuanced floral aroma with notes of fruity citrus, apples, and rose. This terpene is believed to produce sedating effects 505 - 511 263 - 266 -103 -75 - C15H26 (6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol

Valencene Terpenoid Anti-inflammatory

Insectifugal Valencene is present in Valencia oranges and contributes to cannabis’ citrus aroma. 435 - 520 224 - 271 2 - 85 -16.4 - 29.5 - C15H24 (3R,4aS,5R)-4a,5-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene

Benzene Toxin Carcinogenic Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor. Benzene is found in crude oils and as a by-product of oil-refining processes. In industry benzene is used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. Exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to the immune system. Benzene is a known human carcinogen and is linked to an increased risk of developing lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers, acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 176 80 41 - 43 5 - 6 - C6H6 Benzene