Donald Trump’s attempt to pressure the leader of Ukraine followed a months-long fight inside the administration that sidelined national security officials and empowered political loyalists – including the president’s personal lawyer, Rudy Giuliani – to exploit the US relationship with Kiev, current and former US officials said.

The sequence, which began early this year, involved the abrupt removal of the US ambassador to Ukraine, the circumvention of senior officials on the National Security Council, and the suspension of hundreds of millions of dollars of aid administered by the Defence and State departments.

Key officials from these agencies struggled to piece together Mr Giuliani’s activities from news reports as all of this occurred.

Several officials described tense meetings on Ukraine among national security officials at the White House leading up to the president’s phone call on 25 July.

These sessions led some participants to fear that Mr Trump and those close to him appeared prepared to use US leverage with the new leader of Ukraine for Mr Trump’s political gain.

Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Show all 13 1 /13 Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Everyone Trump has fired or forced out John Bolton Trump claimed to have fired Bolton, his national security adviser, while Bolton claimed he offered to resign. An anonymous White House source that Bolton's departure came as a result of the national security adviser working too independently of the president AFP/Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Anthony Scaramucci Scaramucci lasted only six days in his role as Trump's communications director before being fired by John Kelly, the incoming chief of staff Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Rick Perry Rick Perry announced his resignation just as he became embroiled in the president's impeachment scandal. The White House said Mr Perry was asked by Donald Trump to work with Rudy GIuliani in regards to Ukraine. AP Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Rex Tillerson Tillerson, Trump's first secretary of state, was fired after a series of clashes with the president over policy Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out James Mattis Mattis served as secretary of defense from the beginning of Trump's administration until retiring on 1 January 2019. However, the president later claimed that he had "essentially fired" Mattis Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out James Comey Comey was fired as director of the FBI early in Trump's presidency after serving in the role for four years prior. His dismissal is widely thought to have been related to the Russia investigation Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Reince Priebus Priebus, Trump's first chief of staff, was forced out after six tumultuous months AFP/Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out David Shulkin Veterans affairs secretary Shulkin claims that he was fired, the White House claims that he resigned Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out John Kelly Kelly, Trump's second chief of staff, was forced out after 17 months in office. His departure was a confused affair though it is clear that Trump wanted Kelly out AFP/Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Michael Flynn Flynn lasted 24 days as Trump's national security adviser before being fired for lying to the FBI Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Lee Cisna Cisna served as director of citizen and immigration services between October 2017 and June 2019 before being asked to resign amid a major personnel change in the department of homeland security Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Madeline Westerhout Westerhout served as Trump's personal assistant after leaking private information about his family AFP/Getty Everyone Trump has fired or forced out Mira Ricardel Ricardel was forced out of her role as Deputy National Security Advisor after first lady Melania Trump publicly called for her to be fired

As those worries intensified, some senior officials worked behind the scenes to hold off a Trump meeting or call with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky out of concern that Mr Trump would use the conversation to press Kiev for damaging information on his potential rival in the 2020 race, former vice president Joe Biden, and Mr Biden’s son, Hunter.

“An awful lot of people were trying to keep a meeting from happening for the reason that it would not be focused on Ukraine-US relations,” one former official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss the sensitive matter.

White House officials disputed these accounts, saying that no such concerns were raised in National Security Council (NSC) meetings and that Mr Trump’s focus was on urging Ukraine to root out corruption. A White House spokesman did not respond to a request for comment.

But Mr Trump admitted this week that he had done some of what his own advisers feared, using the call to raise the Biden issue with Mr Zelensky.

And the wave of consternation triggered by that call led someone in the US intelligence community to submit an extraordinary whistleblower complaint, setting in motion a sequence of events that now includes the start of an impeachment inquiry in the House of Representatives.

Though the whistleblower report focuses on the Trump-Zelensky call, officials familiar with its contents said that it includes references to other developments tied to the president, including efforts by Mr Giuliani to insert himself into US-Ukrainian relations.

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Mr Trump announced on Tuesday that he would release a transcript of his call, insisting that it would show there was “NO quid pro quo!” and would reveal a conversation that was “friendly and totally appropriate”.

But even within Mr Trump’s party, few have gone so far as to say they would consider it appropriate for the president to solicit foreign help in an American election.

And his political fate may hinge on how lawmakers and the public assess not only his intentions on the call, but also the actions of his subordinates in the events surrounding it.

US officials described an atmosphere of intense pressure inside the NSC and other departments since the existence of the whistleblower complaint became known, with some officials facing suspicion that they had a hand either in the complaint or in relaying damaging information to the whistleblower, whose identity has not been revealed and who is entitled to legal protection.

One official – speaking, like others, on the condition of anonymity – described the climate as verging on “bloodletting”.

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Mr Trump has fanned this dynamic with his own denunciations of the whistleblower and thinly veiled suggestions that the person should be outed. “Is he on our country’s side. Where does he come from,” Mr Trump tweeted this week.

Mr Trump’s closest advisers, including acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney, who was ordered by Mr Trump to suspend the aid to Ukraine, are also increasingly targets of internal finger-pointing.

Mr Mulvaney has agitated for foreign aid to be cut universally but has also stayed away from meetings with Mr Giuliani and the US president, officials said.

But the person who appears to have been more directly involved at nearly every stage of the entanglement with Ukraine is Mr Giuliani.

“Rudy – he did all of this,” one US official said. “This s***show that we’re in – it’s him injecting himself into the process.”

Several officials traced their initial concerns about the path of US-Ukrainian relations to news reports and interviews granted by Mr Giuliani in which he began to espouse views and concerns that did not appear connected to US priorities or policy.

The former New York mayor appears to have seen Mr Zelensky, a political neophyte elected president of Ukraine in April and sworn in in May, as a potential ally on two political fronts – punishing those Mr Giuliani suspected of playing a role in exposing the Ukraine-related corruption of former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort, and delivering political ammunition against Mr Biden.

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After the conclusion of special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation, Mr Giuliani turned his attention to Ukraine, officials said, and soon began pushing for personnel changes at the embassy while seeking meetings with Zelensky subordinates.

He also had his own emissaries in Ukraine who were meeting with officials, setting up meetings for him and sending back information that he could circulate in the United States.

The US ambassador to Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, became a primary Giuliani target.

Ms Yovanovitch, a longtime State Department Foreign Service officer, arrived in Ukraine as ambassador at the end of the Obama administration, more than two years after an uprising centred on Kiev’s Independence Square ousted the Russian-leaning government.

Though she was widely respected in the national security community for her efforts to prod Ukraine to take on corruption, Mr Giuliani targeted Ms Yovanovitch with wild accusations including that she played a secret role in exposing Mr Manafort and was part of a conspiracy orchestrated by the liberal financier George Soros.

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“She should be part of the investigation as part of the collusion,” Mr Giuliani said in a recent interview with The Washington Post, adding that “she is now working for Soros.”

Ms Yovanovitch is still employed by the State Department and is a fellow at Georgetown University. She declined to comment.

Mr Giuliani also said the entire State Department was a problem, and officials familiar with his actions say he regularly briefed Mr Trump on his Ukrainian endeavours. “The State Department is a bureaucracy that needs to change,” he told The Washington Post.

Many of Mr Giuliani’s charges were either recycled from, or subsequently echoed by, right-wing media outlets.

In late March, the president’s son Donald Trump Jr amplified this campaign with a tweet calling for the removal of “Obama’s US Ambassador.”

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Ms Yovanovitch, who was to depart in July after a three-year assignment, was prematurely ordered back to Washington, a move that both baffled and unnerved senior officials at the State Department and the White House, officials said.

Within days of her ouster on 9 May, Mr Giuliani seemed determined to seize an unsanctioned diplomatic role for himself, announcing plans to travel to Ukraine to push for investigations that would “be very, very helpful to my client, and may turn out to be helpful to my government”.

Mr Giuliani cancelled the trip amid an ensuing backlash over his purpose but later met with one of Mr Zelensky’s senior aides in Madrid and pressed the issue of Ukraine’s helping against Mr Biden.

In a 19 May interview on Fox News, Mr Trump recited repeatedly disproved allegations that then-vice president Joe Biden had coerced Ukraine to drop an investigation into the owner of an energy company, Burisma, for which Mr Biden’s son, Hunter was a board member.

The allegations were baseless. Though Hunter Biden had served on the Burisma board for five years – a questionable decision given his father’s influential position – he was never accused of any wrongdoing by Ukrainian authorities.

The probe had been shelved before any action by the vice president, and the elder Biden’s efforts involved removing a prosecutor widely criticised by the West as failing to tackle corruption.

Nevertheless, Mr Trump is alleged to have used his 25 July call with Mr Zelensky to get Ukraine to revive this dormant inquiry and widen it to include possible wrongdoing by Mr Biden.

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In Washington, officials outside Mr Trump’s inner circle who were dismayed by Ms Yovanovitch’s ouster reacted with growing alarm and confusion over Mr Giuliani’s subsequent activities.

Then-national security adviser John Bolton was outraged by the outsourcing of a relationship with a country struggling to survive Russian aggression, officials said.

But by then his standing with Mr Trump was strained, and neither he nor his senior aides could get straight answers about Mr Giuliani’s agenda or authority, officials said. Mr Bolton declined to comment.

Mr Giuliani told The Washington Post that one of his calls with a top Ukrainian aide was partially arranged by Kurt Volker, a State Department official, and that he briefed the department afterward.

“We had the same visibility as anybody else – watching Giuliani on television,” a former senior official said.

Officials at the US Embassy in Kiev were similarly deprived of information, even as they faced questions from Ukrainians about whether Mr Giuliani was a designated representative.

“The embassy didn’t know what to do with the outreach,” said senator Chris Murphy, who travelled to Ukraine this month.

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In a Tuesday interview on Fox News, Mr Giuliani said he had been enlisted by the State Department to intervene on the Ukraine matter.

“You know who I did it at the request of? The State Department,” he said, holding up his cellphone to indicate that call records would back up his claim.

He also said that he began pursuing the issue in late 2018 after a visit from an investigator he did not identify.

The perception of a parallel, hidden agenda intensified in the summer as officials at the NSC, Pentagon and State Department began reacting to rumours that hundreds of millions of dollars of military and intelligence aid to Ukraine was being mysteriously impeded.

“There were never any orders given, any formal guidance from the White House to any of the agencies,” said a US official familiar with the matter. “And the NSC was scratching their heads: How is this possible?”

NSC officials, including Tim Morrison, who had replaced Fiona Hill as the senior director for European and Russian affairs, began organising meetings to try to understand these hidden forces affecting Ukraine policy, officials said.

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But even then, clear answers proved elusive. Officials were told that the money was being blocked by the Office of Management and Budget, without any accompanying explanation.

“It was bizarre,” the official said.

A former official familiar with the meetings said participants began to file out raising troubling questions about what was driving the White House to withhold the aid as well as a meeting with Mr Trump that had been all but promised to Mr Zelensky.

Although the question of a linkage or leverage never came up in the formal NSC discussions, participants began to believe that Mr Trump was “withholding the aid until [Ukraine] gave him something on Biden or Manafort.”

It was during this stretch, in July, when some officials began to hesitate about the wisdom of proceeding with a Trump call with Mr Zelensky.

In part, there was a desire to hold off until after Ukraine’s parliamentary elections.

But, mindful of Mr Giuliani’s agitation and influence, some worried that even if he were coached before the call, Mr Trump would not be able to resist pressing the Ukrainian president for dirt on Mr Biden.

On 24 July, Mr Mueller testified before congress on the outcome of the Russia investigation, a probe that had threatened Mr Trump for much of his presidency and was focused on whether he had conspired with Moscow to influence the US election.

The next day, Mr Trump spoke with Mr Zelensky on a call, and the vague misgivings that had risen over the preceding five months hardened into alarm.

Among those who listened in on the call or were in position to see a transcript, the president’s persistence with Mr Zelensky on the corruption probe marked the crossing of a perilous threshold.