For most people, this is likely to be helpful -- it'll prevent your device from becoming a playground for viruses, at least after you restart. Google notes that it could create some hiccups, however. It's more likely that you'll notice error-related corruption, since the verification could shut off access to data blocks and trigger unusual behavior. Also, this may make it tougher to tweak your phone with custom firmware. Google says that any device with a locked bootloader will use this addition to check for modifications -- while those bootloaders weren't exactly mod-friendly to start with, it's going to get that much harder when Nougat rolls around. Thankfully, this won't affect devices where it's either easy to unlock the bootloader (such as the Nexus line) or it comes unlocked as a matter of course.

Update: Google says the point of its piece is that corruption isn't necessarily a showstopper in Nougat. Other verification methods will stop booting entirely, but Nougat's approach minimizes the effect of corruption and gives you a chance at using your device.