Customers wait in line at a branch of In Touch, operated by State Bank of India Ltd., in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, on Dec. 9, after Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Nov. 8 decision to ban high-value currency notes. (Dhiraj Singh/Bloomberg)

Over the past two years, this suburb of New Delhi mushroomed into a flourishing enclave of small cellphone manufacturers, attracting tens of thousands of workers from the countryside. Noida, known as the “handset hub,” was touted as a showcase for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pet “Make in India” initiative.

Then on Nov. 8, Modi’s government took a step that has jolted the bustling industrial quarter. It scrapped high-denomination currency, with a view, officials said, to curbing illicit wealth and the financing of terrorism. But the cash shortage triggered by the move has also curbed legitimate small enterprises. Many of Noida’s manufacturing units have slashed production by nearly half, and more than a quarter of the workers have gone back to their villages.

“It was a booming sunrise industry before November 8th. Not now,” said Vipin Malhan, president of the Noida Entrepreneurs Association, who also runs a business that makes cellphone accessories here. “Many small factories and assembling units, which used to work round-the-clock, with three shifts, have scaled down to just a single shift. We are all in shock now. One word that businesses dread is ‘uncertainty.’ The government has thrown that at us.”

Modi came to power in 2014 promising to boost business, create jobs and crack down on corruption. Halfway through his term, this single controversial decision appears to be freezing business in centers such as Noida nationwide.

Several small- and medium-scale industrial clusters, employing a total of more than 80 million people across India, are reporting declining sales, production slowdowns and layoffs since bills worth 500 and 1,000 Indian rupees were invalidated (500 Indian rupees is worth about $7.40). Towns famous for weavers, lockmakers, power looms, bicycle-parts manufacturers, ready-made garments and handicrafts face rising inventories of unsold goods.

Citizens were given 50 days to exchange their old bills for new ones, but the process has been slowed by long lines at banks.

Even large car manufacturers have halted production in some of their factories for several days because of a sharp dip in consumer spending. And in a reflection of the belt-tightening that has accompanied the general sense of uncertainty, credit card companies have posted a decline in the total value of transactions, even as the cash shortage is forcing people to use their cards more.

This month, Goldman Sachs downgraded its outlook for growth in Asia’s third-largest economy in the coming year to 6.3 percent.

“We started hearing murmurs that there were no fresh orders from the market. That our raw material was stuck because we could not pay. Stocks were piling up,” said Sudhir Ramphool Singh, 33, who lost his job at a cellphone assembly unit in Noida and returned to his Dharavu village in northern India this month. He is the sole breadwinner for his family of seven. “Production slowed. The unit was shut down for 10 days. When it reopened, many of us were asked to go.”

Ironically, it was Modi who helped boost cellphone business in Noida last year.

“Earlier, India’s rules favored importing fully manufactured mobile phones from places like China and Hong Kong,” said business tax consultant Saurabh Mathur. But Modi “made it cheaper for entrepreneurs to import critical components and assemble them here. That shifted about 100,000 jobs from China to India.”

Lava International, one of the leading cellphone manufacturers in Noida, said it had also halted production for 10 days and sent workers on leave.

“We are waiting and watching and will plan our next course of action based on how the situation improves or deteriorates,” the company said in a statement.

With the large bellwether state of Uttar Pradesh slated to hold elections early next year, the business slump — and the lines at the banks — have become campaign issues.

“Forget about creating new jobs. Modi’s decision is taking away people’s jobs,” the opposition Congress party leader, Rahul Gandhi, said at a public meeting this month.

Despite nearly two decades of impressive economic growth, India has not created nearly enough new jobs. Nearly a million job seekers enter the job market every month. Yet, in 2015, only 135,000 new jobs were created, the lowest number since 2009.

“Every place I call, I get the same answer: “Business is down, there is no job,’ ” said Singh, who is anxious to get back to a factory job.

Modi has urged people to adopt digital payment methods and bear some pain to support the long-term goal of rooting out corruption.

“The losses in the small- and medium-scale industries are nominal and temporary,” said Kalraj Mishra, the minister for micro, small and medium enterprises. “Once the currency flow resumes, the industrial momentum will be back.”

Mishra’s office is conducting 50 training sessions every day in small industrial hubs to help residents transition to cashless transactions. But many business owners in these clusters say it is not easy to change because daily wage laborers do not accept checks and do not have smartphones with Internet.

“You can’t fit a jet engine to a bullock cart and expect it to fly” said Bandish Jindal, a bicycle parts manufacturer in the northern city of Ludhiana and president of the Federation of Associations of Small Industry of India. “How are we supposed to become cashless overnight?”

Last week, about 200 business executives in Ludhiana staged a sit-in against the cash-swap decision, calling it “ill-conceived.” They even formed a “stick brigade” and are threatening to beat tax officers who show up to “scrutinize our books needlessly and harass us.”

In the country’s largest textile town, Bhiwandi, in western India, more than 2 million power looms used to operate round-the-clock. Countless machines are silent now.

“The cash shortage has come as the latest blow to the industry that was already hit by global competition. Fifty to 60 percent of power looms have shut down, and more than 150,000 workers have gone back to their villages,” said Rashid Tahir Momin, whose family owns about 400 power looms.

One of Momin’s workers, ­Mazhar Zainuddin, used to earn nearly $200 a month. Now he is working at a construction site for half that amount near his ancestral village of Barbata, far away.

“I left my village 15 years ago,” said Zainuddin, speaking from Barbata by phone. “Now I am back here, where I started.”

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Today's coverage from Post correspondents around the world

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