Short ByteString and Text

Published on October 30, 2017

The ByteString and Text (strict and lazy) types have a great adoption in the Haskell ecosystem. Usually when one has binary data, or data that cannot contain characters outside of ASCII range, ByteString is preferred. Text on the other hand allows to work with arbitrary streams of characters, including Unicode characters, similarly to String , but in a more efficient way.

The both libraries ( bytestring and text ) come with collections of operations that are stream fuse-able and sufficient for solving virtually any task. However, it happens so that there are other under-appreciated types and libraries that complement ByteString and Text . These may be a better choice in some circumstances, but I believe many Haskellers are not aware of them. This post aims to rectify that.

ShortByteString

ShortByteString lives in the same package as ByteString — bytestring . Even without looking at the documentation this fact suggests that there is something not-so-perfect about ByteString , otherwise there would be no additional different type.

Let’s see what’s wrong. Here is the definition of strict ByteString :

data ByteString = PS {-# UNPACK #-} ! ( ForeignPtr Word8 ) -- payload {-# UNPACK #-} ! Int -- offset {-# UNPACK #-} ! Int -- length

We can see that the payload is a pointer to an array of bytes ( Word8 in Haskell). “Foreign” in ForeignPtr means that the data the pointer points to is managed not by Haskell’s GC, but possibly by some external means.

ForeignPtr may have a finalizer associated with it. This finalizer is run when Haskell run time detects that there are no more references to the the pointer within Haskell heap and stack. Seems about right, it’s not that easy to cause memory leaks by forgetting to free a ForeignPtr . We should be OK then? The problem is that Haskell GC cannot move around things ForeignPtr points to (they are in what is called pinned memory), because foreign code would become… err very fragile if it could, and also because moving around a long ByteString is not very efficient. This means that once a ByteString is allocated, its payload stays at the same address. When many short ByteStrings are allocated/freed more or less intensively the impossibility of moving them around to optimize memory usage contributes to memory fragmentation.

So if you work with many short ByteString s, you may start to obverse something like a space leak when memory usage becomes much higher than the amount of data you actually have.

ShortByteString is different. It uses ByteArray# as payload:

data ShortByteString = SBS ByteArray#

Let’s refresh what ByteArray# is:

A ByteArray# is a just a region of raw memory in the garbage-collected heap, which is not scanned for pointers. It carries its own size (in bytes).

Not only we do not have to worry about memory fragmentation, but ByteArray# takes care of storing its own size, so the representation is also more compact than that of ByteString .

If we look at the Data.ByteString.Short module we however will find that ShortByteString does not support as many operations as ByteString . Here goes a quote about where to use ShortByteString :

It is suitable for use as an internal representation for code that needs to keep many short strings in memory, but it should not be used as an interchange type. That is, it should not generally be used in public APIs. The ByteString type is usually more suitable for use in interfaces; it is more flexible and it supports a wide range of operations.

It’s also worth remembering that conversion between ShortByteString and ByteString is an O(n) operation involving copying of payload.

ShortText

The ShortText type provided by the new text-short package to Text is roughly what ShortByteString to ByteString —a more memory efficient, but also quite limited in functionality variation (check the Data.Text.Short module for collection of supported operations on ShortText values).

Here is the definition of strict Text :

data Text = Text {-# UNPACK #-} ! A.Array -- payload (Word16 elements) {-# UNPACK #-} ! Int -- offset (units of Word16, not Char) {-# UNPACK #-} ! Int -- length (units of Word16, not Char)

And the definition of ShortText :

newtype ShortText = ShortText ShortByteString -- essentially has a ByteArray# inside

ShortText is different from Text in the following:

It uses UTF-8 internally, while Text uses UTF-16. This allows ShortText to have a more compact representation in most cases, see for example this link about UTF-8 vs UTF-16 compactness.

It does not support slicing because it does not store start/end offsets saving several bytes this way as well (may be a big deal if you have many short ShortText values).

So the use case for ShortText is when you have to store a lot of short text values in memory. This is the case e.g. with Cabal which needs to store thousands of package names. Cabal 2.0 uses ShortText under the hood, see the heap profiles for example.

The text-utf8 project

Using UTF-8 instead of UTF-16 is a good idea not only for short text values. Indeed, there are several reasons (other than saving memory) to prefer UTF-8:

Encoding and decoding to UTF-8 becomes very cheap. I think most people will agree that UTF-8 is probably the most popular encoding right now, so the ability to covert from/to UTF-8 efficiently is a nice thing. Right now for encoding we need to do the conversion from UTF-16 to UTF-8 in vanilla text . Decoding UTF-8 values would just amount to checking if a given sequence of bytes is a valid UTF-8 string.

It becomes possible to write efficient parsers over UTF-8 when syntactic-relevant code-points are in the ASCII plane.

There is a project called text-utf8 which aims to take the familiar text library and make it use UTF-8 instead of UTF-16 under the hood. So far the results are:

Improved memory consumption.

It’s on par with UTF-16-based text in terms of performance, but the developers behind text-utf8 think that they make it faster than original text as well.

From a talk with Herbert Valerio Riedel who works on that project I learned that text-utf8 will be released in foreseeable future and if it’s successful the changes will be incorporated back into text .

Conclusion

The ShortByteString and ShortText should help scaling applications that tend to store large quantities of short ByteString s/ Text values. As easy as it is, just replacing a type may actually help to reduce memory usage considerably.

I’d like to thank Herbert Valerio Riedel for reading a draft of this post, telling me almost everything I have written here, and for developing short-text and text-utf8 projects :-D

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