last modified 2009-01-25 08:00

Building email messages is a pain. Even if you use a library to build the message string for you, you have to know a lot of crap and pay attention to a lot of details. If you know what those details are, it's a pain. If you don't know what they are, you don't feel any pain until later, when you find out all the ways things went wrong.

It's more of a pain, too, when trying to set up multipart emails that are sent all the time, like subscription notifications, welcome messages, reports, and so on. I've seen a lot of awful solutions to this problem. My favorite awful solution was when I saw some code that took a complete, encoded MIME message and used it as a template. You'd have to pass it variables properly encoded with the right Content-Transfer-Encoding for the part into which the variable was used, sometimes passing two versions of one variable. Also, as I recall it used Python's format operator, so it all looked like a massive printf string.

Then there are all the awful messages I get from vendors who build terrible MIME messages with broken encodings or text parts poorly converted from HTML (or empty!). Also, American Express has ignored my repeated complaints that while they provide a perfectly legible plaintext part, they do not render it, so I see all their template variables instead of my information.

We set out to solve this problem internally a while ago, and I think it was a pretty big success. It made it very easy to throw together email templates that were maintainable, comprehensible, and that our web guy could edit easily.

There were some problems, though. The biggest one, for me, was our code's reliance on one of YAML's more powerful features: tagging. We used tags to describe parts of the message in its YAML-based definition file, but dealing with YAML tags in Perl is still awful. Rather than pin our hopes to that improving, we've replaced that design.

Actually, we've rewritten the entire library. I think it should be easier to use, easier to extend, and easier to understand. I'm very, very excited to start using it for all our internal messages. (Once again, this is Pobox saying, "We'd love to release this code, but not until we can rewrite it entirely based on the lessons we've learned. Normally I don't like that kind of thinking, but I thinks it keeps serving us (and the CPAN) well!)

The library is called Email::MIME::Kit. It can be fairly significantly customized, but a fairly simple configuration, close to the stock one, works like this:

You create a directory, which we call a message kit, or mkit, and put a bunch of files in it. These files are used in assembling the kit, and the most important is the manifest. We decide to write our manifest in YAML:

--- validator: Rx renderer: TT header: - From: '"Customer Support" <cs@example.com>' - To: '[% account.email_address.for_header %]' - Subject: 'Your Invoice, Number [% invoice.number %]' alternatives: - type: text/plain path: body.txt - type: text/html path: body.html attachments: - assembler: InvoicePDF attributes: { filename: invoice.pdf }

When we send a customer a bill, now we can say:

my $kit = Email::MIME::Kit->new({ source => 'share/msgs/invoice.mkit/' }); my $email = $kit->assemble({ account => $account, invoice => $invoice }); $transport->send($email, { ... });

The kit will validate the stash. Our example uses an Rx schema, but writing a validator plugin is trivial. With that done, the message is assembled. The top-level part is assembled by the standard assembler, but the one attachment consults a custom assembler that retrieves or generates a PDF from our billing system.

The only thing the designer needs to do is edit the text and HTML files in the message kit. These don't need to know anything about the fact that they're going into email. They will be properly encoded as needed. Even the headers are checked for non-ascii text and encoded as MIME headers (encoded-words) if needed.

While the templates don't need to know they're going to be part of email, it can be useful. This is part of a manifest in Email::MIME::Kit's test suite:

- container_type: multipart/related type: text/html path: better-alternative.html attributes: charset: utf-8 attachments: - type: image/jpeg path: logo.jpg

The HTML template can get the Content-ID of any attachment easily enough, meaning that you can attach the images you want to reference in your HTML, rather than rely on web connectivity. Your template might contain:

<img src="cid:[% cid_for('logo.jpg') %]" />

It's worth noting that this is all possible with the standard assembler, but wordy. I think we'll probably end up writing an assembler that optimizes for multipart/related HTML-and-content parts.

Among the pieces that can be replaced are the KitReader (so you could decide to store the kit in a tarball, a database, or a webservice, for example), the ManifestReader (so you can use JSON, YAML, XML, or Perl to describe your kit's manifest), the Assembler (which actually builds the message parts), the Renderer, and the Validator.

I imagine there are at least a few bugs related to autoencoding, and I expect I'll find one or two features that I need to add in the next few weeks, but right now I'm very happy with the code, and I've just uploaded it to the CPAN. If you find it useful, or if you hit a problem, let me know!