Common oral bacteria can make colon cancer more deadly

American researchers have determined F. nucleatum, a common oral bacteria often implicated in tooth decay, accelerates the growth of colon cancer

Researchers at the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine published a study in the journal EMBO Reports.

The findings could make it easier to identify and treat more aggressive colon cancers. It also helps explain why some cases advance far more quickly than others, thanks to the same bacteria found in dental plaque.

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA.

Researchers have long known that the disease is caused by genetic mutations that typically accumulate over the course of a decade.

Study leader and professor of microbial sciences Yiping W. Han, at Columbia University’s College of Dental Medicine said: ‘Mutations are just part of the story and other factors, including microbes, can also play a role.’

Scientists have also demonstrated that about a third of colorectal cancers are associated with a common oral bacterium called F. nucleatum.

Those cases are often the most aggressive, but nobody knew why.

Cancerous cell growth

In a prior study, Han’s research team discovered that the bacterium makes a molecule called FadA adhesin, triggering a signalling pathway in colon cells that has been implicated in several cancers.

The researchers also found that FadA adhesin only stimulates the growth of cancerous cells, not healthy cells.

‘We needed to find out why F. nucleatum only seemed to interact with the cancerous cells,’ said Han.

In the current study, the researchers found in cell cultures that noncancerous colon cells lack a protein, called Annexin A1, which stimulates cancer growth.

They then confirmed both in vitro and later in mice that disabling Annexin A1 prevented F. nucleatum from binding to the cancer cells, slowing their growth.

The researchers also discovered that F. nucleatum increases production of Annexin A1, attracting more of the bacteria.

‘We identified a positive feedback loop that worsens the cancer’s progression,’ says. Han.

‘We propose a two-hit model, where genetic mutations are the first hit. F. nucleatum serves as the second hit, accelerating the cancer signaling pathway and speeding tumour growth.’

The researchers are currently looking for ways to develop Annexin A1 as a biomarker for more aggressive cancers and as a potential target for developing new treatments for colon and other types of cancer.

Links

EMBO reports

Columbia University College of Dental Medicine