Computer models are unanimous in predicting that such a cold wave will occur, although they differ some on exactly how cold and how far south and east the Arctic air will penetrate. It is unlikely that this cold wave will be as intense as the January 2014 event because it is happening earlier in the winter and less snow is on the ground in North America (snow cover acts like a freezer and helps cold air masses stay cold when they exit the Arctic).

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The bitter cold air is expected to first arrive in the northern Rockies and northern Plains on Sunday. It should reach Chicago on Tuesday and the northeast United States by Wednesday or Thursday.

While subject to change, the GFS model predicts temperatures from Chicago to western Montana to be 30 to 50 degrees colder than normal next Wednesday morning.

A large area from the Great Lakes through the Dakotas and into Wyoming and Montana are predicted to have low temperatures well below zero with even colder wind chills — as low as minus-30 to minus-40 degrees.

Minneapolis could have several days with highs in the single digits and lows below zero during the middle part of next week:

Models agree that the intensity of the cold will ease somewhat by the time it reaches the Northeast and the Mid-Atlantic but still predict temperatures to be 15 to 30 degrees colder than normal. This would mean the potential for subfreezing high temperatures between Washington and Boston.

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Note that because of the limitations of computer models, it becomes more and more difficult to be specific about the intensity and placement of the cold more than five to seven days into the future. It is not clear whether extremely cold air will reach the southeastern United States.

The frigid air will be sourced from Siberia, which has experienced punishing and sometimes record cold in recent weeks:

Models show the cold air spilling into the Lower 48 as a lobe of the polar vortex over the northern part of the Baffin Bay (west of Greenland) breaks off and plunges south into south-central Canada. Its counter-clockwise circulation, coupled with two companion lobes of the vortex to its north, helps create what is essentially a superhighway for bitter cold air to stream across Siberia over the North Pole and into North America.