(A and B) Head-fixed mice viewed square-wave gratings while running on a treadmill (A) during oddball and many-standards control of stimulus frequency (B).

(C–F) The 16-channel multielectrode recordings in left visual cortex (C) reveal a significant deviant versus redundant effect in the peak LFP channel with a time course similar to human MMN (D). CSD profiles with an initial large current sink occurring in a putative granular layer (E) evinced SSA and deviance detection (DD) across all depths (averaged over orientations; F). Significant SSA occurred early (40–80 ms), while DD occurred later (120–240 ms; plots cross-animal averages, and bars reflect area under the curve [AUC] for these time ranges averaged across all depths).

(G–J) 2P-Ca2+ of GCaMP6-expressing cells (G and H) demonstrate SSA and DD in the 19% neurons significantly activated by stimuli (only response to the preferred stimulus is plotted or analyzed for each cell; H–J). (I) Averaged across 159 neurons (0–1 s AUC).

∗∗p < 0.01. Error bars, SEM.