Smith said he was detained at the side of the road for about 45 minutes and the officer told him he would be getting a ticket in the mail for excessive noise coming from a vehicle.

A passenger in Smith’s car captured a photo of the officer, which was identified as Burle.

A spokesperson for the St. Louis Police Department said the department launched an internal affairs investigation into the incident but declined to comment further.

Burle has a history of complaints against him, including three lawsuits related to use of force.

In the latest, filed in November 2016, he was among several officers an Occupy protester, Scott O’Rourke, accused of watching an officer break his nose during an interrogation without intervening. The suit is still pending.

In 2008, Burle and seven other officers were sued in connection with a May 2005 incident in which they allegedly entered a home without a warrant, used a stun gun on a suspect about 30 times and punched him in the head. Burle and the other officers denied the allegations. The case was settled out of court in 2011.