Photo:

Togrgovaya (Trade) street. Arkhangelsk (Archangel)

Summary

Arkhangelsk (Russian: Арха́нгельск, also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea. The city spreads for over 40 kilometers (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703. In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. Peter realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St. Petersburg in 1703 that contributed to the decline of Arkhangelsk in the 18th century. Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. С конца 80-х гг. XVI века Архангельск стал центром русской внешней торговли, приносившим до 60 % доходов государственной казны. Рост и плотная деревянная застройка была причиной множества пожаров, в одном из которых, в 1637 году, сгорел давший название городу Михайло-Архангельский монастырь. Начиная с 1713 года, Пётр I начал стеснять торговлю через Архангельск, жертвуя его интересами в пользу нового балтийского порта Санкт-Петербурга. Город продолжал оставаться одним из крупных кораблестроительных центров. В конце XIX — начале XX века превратился в крупнейший лесопромышленный и лесоэкспортный центр страны.

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Tags

российская империяrussian empirerussiaроссиярусский северarkhangelarkhangelskархангельскarchangelархангельская губернияrussian northarkhangelsk province

date_range

Date

1870 - 1900

Copyright info

No known copyright restrictions

The Polar Bear Expedition: 2 of 4: The Heroes of America's Forgotten Invasion of Russia, 1918-1919 Audible Audiobook – Unabridged. James Carl Nelson (Author), Johnny Heller (Narrator), HarperAudio (Publisher)

https://www.amazon.com/Polar-Bear-Expedition-Forgotten-1918-1919/dp/B07J2PYPZW/ref=tmmaudswatch0?encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=

An extraordinary lost chapter in the history of World War I: the story of America's year-long invasion of Russia, in which a contingency of brave soldiers fought the Red Army and brutal conditions during the fall and winter of 1918-1919.

In August 1918, the 339th regiment of the US Army - roughly 5,000 soldiers, most hailing from Michigan - sailed for Europe to fight in World War I. But instead of the Western Front, these troops were headed to Archangel, Russia, a vital port city 1,000 miles northeast of Moscow. There, in the frozen subarctic, amid the chaos of the Russian Civil War, one of the most extraordinary episodes of American history unfolded.

The American North Russia Expeditionary Force - self-dubbed "The Polar Bear Expedition" - was sent to fight the Red Army and aid anti-Bolshevik forces in hopes of reopening the Eastern Front against Germany. On the 100th anniversary of the campaign, award-winning historian James Carl Nelson recreates this harrowing, dramatic military operation in which Americans and Bolsheviks fought a series of pitched battles throughout a punishing fall and winter.

As the Great War officially ended in November 1918, American troops continued to battle the Red Army and an equally formidable enemy, "General Winter". Subzero temperatures made machine guns and light artillery inoperable. In the blinding ice and snow, sentries suffered from frostbite while guarding against nearly invisible Bolos camouflaged by their white uniforms. Before the Polar Bears' withdrawal in July 1919, more than 200 perished from battle, accidents, and the Spanish flu.

But the Polar Bears' story does not end there. Ten years later, a contingent of veterans ...