Michael Windisch has installed a "smoking point" in his restaurant

Eight German states, including Berlin, have ushered in 2008 declaring their pubs and restaurants smoke-free.

Almost a third of Germans smoke and the authorities in Berlin have decided not to enforce the restrictions actively for the first six months.

In France, a law forbidding smoking in public places has now been extended to bars, cafes and hotels.

Grace period

Paris reporter Hugh Schofield says attitudes to smoking have changed dramatically in France in the past year and any fears that people will generally ignore the new law can be discarded.

The French health ministry allowed smokers a 24-hour "grace" period for the New Year festivities in a gesture of "tolerance".

Any smoker caught flouting the ban thereafter can be fined up to 450 euros (£332; $662), while those who turn a blind eye to smokers on their premises can be fined up to 750 euros.

SMOKING IN EUROPE Greece has the highest proportion of adult smokers in Europe - 45% Ireland was the first European country to implement a comprehensive ban on smoking in public places in March 2004 Norway followed soon after, but allowed a smokers' corner in workplaces Italy banned workplace smoking in January 2005 and Naples and Verona have made smoking illegal in public parks Belgium allows smoking in cafes and bars if they have ventilation installed and are at least 50sq m (538sq ft) in area

Have Your Say: Smoking bans

France has about 13.5 million smokers among its population of 60.7 million.

Restrictions on smoking also came into force in Portugal on Tuesday, but the rules were not as tight as in France or Germany.

Portuguese bars smaller than 100sq m (1,076sq ft) can still opt to allow smoking. Public buildings can still have smoking zones, provided they are clearly signposted and ventilated.

German restaurants and pubs have strongly resisted the bans, not only because of the potential loss of income but partly because of an earlier crackdown on smoking initiated by Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime.

The sensitivity of the issue has prompted the authorities to allow special rooms to be set up purely for smokers.

In Lower Saxony where a ban is already in place, chef Michael Windisch came up with the idea of a "smoking point", which he hopes will allow smokers to enjoy a puff without leaving the premises.

The toughest rules in Germany are being brought in in Bavaria, where no smoking rooms will be allowed.

Lighting up is also likely to be banned at the state's Munich beer festival in October.

Cultural shift

The new ban is seen as a big cultural shift for France, where smoky cafes have long been the haunts of famous artists and philosophers.

The ban does not include pavement tables or open-air terraces.

Similar bans are already in place in Britain, Ireland, Italy and Spain.

In 2004, Ireland became the first European country to introduce a comprehensive smoking ban in all workplaces, including pubs and restaurants.

Smoking was made illegal in bars and cafes in Lithuania in 2007.

The law has now been extended to include other public places.