This article guides you through the AJAX basics and gives you some simple hands-on examples to get you started.

What's AJAX?

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML. In a nutshell, it is the use of the XMLHttpRequest object to communicate with servers. It can send and receive information in various formats, including JSON, XML, HTML, and text files. AJAX’s most appealing characteristic is its "asynchronous" nature, which means it can communicate with the server, exchange data, and update the page without having to refresh the page.

The two major features of AJAX allow you to do the following:

Make requests to the server without reloading the page

Receive and work with data from the server

Step 1 – How to make an HTTP request

In order to make an HTTP request to the server with JavaScript, you need an instance of an object with the necessary functionality. This is where XMLHttpRequest comes in. Its predecessor originated in Internet Explorer as an ActiveX object called XMLHTTP . Then, Mozilla, Safari, and other browsers followed, implementing an XMLHttpRequest object that supported the methods and properties of Microsoft's original ActiveX object. Meanwhile, Microsoft implemented XMLHttpRequest as well.

// Old compatibility code, no longer needed. if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Mozilla, Safari, IE7+ ... httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest(); } else if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE 6 and older httpRequest = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); }

Note: For illustration purposes, the above is a somewhat simplified version of the code to be used for creating an XMLHttp instance. For a more realistic example, see step 3 of this article.

After making a request, you will receive a response back. At this stage, you need to tell the XMLHttp request object which JavaScript function will handle the response, by setting the onreadystatechange property of the object and naming it after the function to call when the request changes state, like this:

httpRequest.onreadystatechange = nameOfTheFunction;

Note that there are no parentheses or parameters after the function name, because you're assigning a reference to the function, rather than actually calling it. Alternatively, instead of giving a function name, you can use the JavaScript technique of defining functions on the fly (called "anonymous functions") to define the actions that will process the response, like this:

httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function(){ // Process the server response here. };

Next, after declaring what happens when you receive the response, you need to actually make the request, by calling the open() and send() methods of the HTTP request object, like this:

httpRequest.open('GET', 'http://www.example.org/some.file', true); httpRequest.send();

The first parameter of the call to open() is the HTTP request method – GET, POST, HEAD, or another method supported by your server. Keep the method all-capitals as per the HTTP standard, otherwise some browsers (like Firefox) might not process the request. For more information on the possible HTTP request methods, check the W3C specs.

is the HTTP request method – GET, POST, HEAD, or another method supported by your server. Keep the method all-capitals as per the HTTP standard, otherwise some browsers (like Firefox) might not process the request. For more information on the possible HTTP request methods, check the W3C specs. The second parameter is the URL you're sending the request to. As a security feature, you cannot call URLs on 3rd-party domains by default. Be sure to use the exact domain name on all of your pages or you will get a "permission denied" error when you call open() . A common pitfall is accessing your site by domain.tld , but attempting to call pages with www.domain.tld . If you really need to send a request to another domain, see HTTP access control (CORS).

. A common pitfall is accessing your site by , but attempting to call pages with . If you really need to send a request to another domain, see HTTP access control (CORS). The optional third parameter sets whether the request is asynchronous. If true (the default), JavaScript execution will continue and the user can interact with the page while the server response has yet to arrive. This is the first A in AJAX.

The parameter to the send() method can be any data you want to send to the server if POST -ing the request. Form data should be sent in a format that the server can parse, like a query string:

"name=value&anothername="+encodeURIComponent(myVar)+"&so=on"

or other formats, like multipart/form-data , JSON, XML, and so on.

Note that if you want to POST data, you may have to set the MIME type of the request. For example, use the following before calling send() for form data sent as a query string:

httpRequest.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');

Step 2 – Handling the server response

When you sent the request, you provided the name of a JavaScript function to handle the response:

httpRequest.onreadystatechange = nameOfTheFunction;

What should this function do? First, the function needs to check the request's state. If the state has the value of XMLHttpRequest.DONE (corresponding to 4), that means that the full server response was received and it's OK for you to continue processing it.

if (httpRequest.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { // Everything is good, the response was received. } else { // Not ready yet. }

The full list of the readyState values is documented at XMLHTTPRequest.readyState and is as follows:

0 (uninitialized) or ( request not initialized )

) 1 (loading) or ( server connection established )

) 2 (loaded) or ( request received )

) 3 (interactive) or ( processing request )

) 4 (complete) or (request finished and response is ready)

Next, check the HTTP response status codes of the HTTP response. The possible codes are listed at the W3C. In the following example, we differentiate between a successful and unsuccessful AJAX call by checking for a 200 OK response code.

if (httpRequest.status === 200) { // Perfect! } else { // There was a problem with the request. // For example, the response may have a 404 (Not Found) // or 500 (Internal Server Error) response code. }

After checking the state of the request and the HTTP status code of the response, you can do whatever you want with the data the server sent. You have two options to access that data:

httpRequest.responseText – returns the server response as a string of text

– returns the server response as a string of text httpRequest.responseXML – returns the response as an XMLDocument object you can traverse with JavaScript DOM functions

Note that the steps above are valid only if you used an asynchronous request (the third parameter of open() was unspecified or set to true ). If you used a synchronous request you don't need to specify a function, but this is highly discouraged as it makes for an awful user experience.

Step 3 – A Simple Example

Let's put it all together with a simple HTTP request. Our JavaScript will request an HTML document, test.html , which contains the text "I'm a test." Then we'll alert() the contents of the response. Note that this example uses vanilla JavaScript — no jQuery is involved. Also, the HTML, XML and PHP files should be placed in the same directory.

<button id="ajaxButton" type="button">Make a request</button> <script> (function() { var httpRequest; document.getElementById("ajaxButton").addEventListener('click', makeRequest); function makeRequest() { httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest(); if (!httpRequest) { alert('Giving up :( Cannot create an XMLHTTP instance'); return false; } httpRequest.onreadystatechange = alertContents; httpRequest.open('GET', 'test.html'); httpRequest.send(); } function alertContents() { if (httpRequest.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { if (httpRequest.status === 200) { alert(httpRequest.responseText); } else { alert('There was a problem with the request.'); } } } })(); </script>

In this example:

The user clicks the "Make a request" button;

The event handler calls the makeRequest() function;

function; The request is made and then ( onreadystatechange ) the execution is passed to alertContents() ;

) the execution is passed to ; alertContents() checks if the response was received and OK, then alert() s the contents of the test.html file.

Note: If you're sending a request to a piece of code that will return XML, rather than a static HTML file, you must set response headers to work in Internet Explorer. If you do not set header Content-Type: application/xml , IE will throw a JavaScript "Object Expected" error after the line where you tried to access an XML element.

Note 2: If you do not set header Cache-Control: no-cache the browser will cache the response and never re-submit the request, making debugging challenging. You can also add an always-different GET parameter, like a timestamp or random number (see : If you do not set headerthe browser will cache the response and never re-submit the request, making debugging challenging. You can also add an always-different GET parameter, like a timestamp or random number (see bypassing the cache

Note 3: If the httpRequest variable is used globally, competing functions calling makeRequest() can overwrite each other, causing a race condition. Declaring the httpRequest variable local to a : If thevariable is used globally, competing functions callingcan overwrite each other, causing a race condition. Declaring thevariable local to a closure containing the AJAX functions avoids this.

In the event of a communication error (such as the server going down), an exception will be thrown in the onreadystatechange method when accessing the response status. To mitigate this problem, you could wrap your if...then statement in a try...catch :

function alertContents() { try { if (httpRequest.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { if (httpRequest.status === 200) { alert(httpRequest.responseText); } else { alert('There was a problem with the request.'); } } } catch( e ) { alert('Caught Exception: ' + e.description); } }

Step 4 – Working with the XML response

In the previous example, after receiving the response to the HTTP request we used the request object's responseText property , which contained the contents of the test.html file. Now let's try the responseXML property.

First off, let's create a valid XML document that we'll request later on. The document ( test.xml ) contains the following:

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <root> I'm a test. </root>

In the script we only need to change the request line to:

... onclick="makeRequest('test.xml')"> ...

Then in alertContents() , we need to replace the line alert(httpRequest.responseText); with:

var xmldoc = httpRequest.responseXML; var root_node = xmldoc.getElementsByTagName('root').item(0); alert(root_node.firstChild.data);

This code takes the XMLDocument object given by responseXML and uses DOM methods to access some of the data contained in the XML document. You can see the test.xml here and the updated test script here.

Step 5 – Working with data

Finally, let's send some data to the server and receive a response. Our JavaScript will request a dynamic page this time, test.php , which will take the data we send and return a "computed" string - "Hello, [user data]!" - which we'll alert().

First we'll add a text box to our HTML so the user can enter their name:

<label>Your name: <input type="text" id="ajaxTextbox" /> </label> <span id="ajaxButton" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline"> Make a request </span>

We'll also add a line to our event handler to get the user's data from the text box and send it to the makeRequest() function along with the URL of our server-side script:

document.getElementById("ajaxButton").onclick = function() { var userName = document.getElementById("ajaxTextbox").value; makeRequest('test.php',userName); };

We need to modify makeRequest() to accept the user data and pass it along to the server. We'll change the request method from GET to POST , and include our data as a parameter in the call to httpRequest.send() :

function makeRequest(url, userName) { ... httpRequest.onreadystatechange = alertContents; httpRequest.open('POST', url); httpRequest.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); httpRequest.send('userName=' + encodeURIComponent(userName)); }

The function alertContents() can be written the same way it was in Step 3 to alert our computed string, if that's all the server returns. However, let's say the server is going to return both the computed string and the original user data. So if our user typed "Jane" in the text box, the server's response would look like this:

{"userData":"Jane","computedString":"Hi, Jane!"}

To use this data within alertContents() , we can't just alert the responseText , we have to parse it and alert computedString , the property we want:

function alertContents() { if (httpRequest.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE) { if (httpRequest.status === 200) { var response = JSON.parse(httpRequest.responseText); alert(response.computedString); } else { alert('There was a problem with the request.'); } } }

The test.php file should contain the following:

$name = (isset($_POST['userName'])) ? $_POST['userName'] : 'no name'; $computedString = "Hi, " . $name . "!"; $array = ['userName' => $name, 'computedString' => $computedString]; echo json_encode($array);

For more on DOM methods, be sure to check out Document Object Model (DOM).

Simple timed XHR example

Another simple example follows — here we are loading a text file via XHR, the structure of which is assumed to be like this:

TIME: 312.05 TIME: 312.07 TIME: 312.10 TIME: 312.12 TIME: 312.14 TIME: 312.15

Once the text file is loaded, we split() the items into an array at each newline character (

— basically where each line break is in the text file), and then print the complete list of timestamps, and the last timestamp, onto the page.

This is repeated every 5 seconds, using a setInterval() call. The idea would be that a server-side script of some kind would continually update the text file with new timestamps, and our XHR code would be used to report the latest timestamp on the client-side.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>XHR log time</title> <style> </style> </head> <body> <p id="writeData" class="data">Off-Line</p> <p id="lastStamp">No Data yet</p> <script> const fullData = document.getElementById('writeData'); const lastData = document.getElementById('lastStamp'); function fetchData() { console.log('Fetching updated data.'); let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("GET", "time-log.txt", true); xhr.onload = function() { updateDisplay(xhr.response); } xhr.send(); } function updateDisplay(text) { fullData.textContent = text; let timeArray = text.split('

'); // included because some file systems always include a blank line at the end of text files. if(timeArray[timeArray.length-1] === '') { timeArray.pop(); } lastData.textContent = timeArray[timeArray.length-1]; } setInterval(fetchData, 5000); </script> </body> </html>