For most Jews in the United States, hunting laws are not a concern. Following World War II, most settled in urban or suburban areas, far from roaming turkeys, elk, bears and deer outside of the occasional casualty in the highway emergency lane.

So few even realize that the same seemingly archaic statutes that in some places prevent liquor purchases on Sundays, otherwise known as “Blue Laws,” also restrict hunting.

That troubles Josh First, a businessman, former congressional candidate and political activist in Harrisburg, Pa., who happens to be a proud hunter. He also is an Orthodox Jew, meaning that his observance of Shabbat – and an 1873 Pennsylvania law that outlaws most large-animal hunting – necessitates going the whole weekend without firing a shot.

First has signed on as an adviser with Hunters United for Sunday Hunting, which brought a lawsuit against the state’s Game Commission after years of unsuccessful attempts to repeal the anti-hunting law in the state legislature. It’s even become a campaign issue in the Keystone state’s gubernatorial race, with Democratic Rep. Allyson Schwartz, who after five terms in Congress representing areas in and around northeast Philadelphia, is making the law’s repeal part of the platform in her challenge to Republican Gov. Tom Corbett.

Pennsylvania has the largest hunter population in the United States, according to LehighValleyLive.com. The most recent poll conducted by Quinnipiac University showed Schwartz, a member of the greater Philadelphia Jewish community, leading Corbett by 8 percent of respondents.

Although Schwartz herself is Jewish, First still finds himself in a minority of a minority. He’s the only Jew in HUSH.

“Culturally, Jews are traditionally urban and politically liberal, and not exposed to hunting or trapping,” First surmised, explaining why there are so few Jews who hunt. “And these are practices that are considered, let’s be honest, goyish.”

First regularly goes hunting for deer, bears and wild turkeys with other Orthodox Jews from Harrisburg, New York City and Los Angeles, and keeps his hunting cabin strictly kosher, he said.

“I think overcoming … cultural bias is probably the biggest challenge,” he said. “If you tell a religious Jew in New York that you’re hunting, most of them think, ‘You couldn’t possibly be Jewish. Jews don’t hunt.’”

The religious view

As the political battle plays out in Pennsylvania, those like First face an internal religious debate. Though First is confident hunting is acceptable to traditional interpretations of Jewish law, others, such as Rabbi Dovid Bendory, rabbinic director of Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, disagree.

“In Jewish law, hunting for sport is pretty universally prohibited,” explained Bendory. “Hunting because you need the animal in some way is permissible – hunting where the animal is going to be used, if not by you but by someone else. Then it becomes a discussion as to whether or not it’s an appropriate activity to engage in, and the reality is, in the modern world, there are few situations in where the Jew is hunting to use the animal.”

“Using” a hunted animal can present some problems, since an animal that is killed before ritual slaughter is not considered kosher. Another legal issue surrounds the general prohibition of unnecessarily inflicting pain on another living creature.

First, though, believes that most of the Orthodox opinion on the subject come from a lack of hands-on experience.

“You have to see something with your own eyes, you have to do something with your own hands, you have to witness something in order to understand what it is,” he argued.

“For somebody to sit at their desk and pontificate on something they don’t know a thing about is shameful. It is not being a real halachic authority.”

First points out that no part of an animal he and his group hunts is wasted; they will even distribute its meat to their non-Jewish friends.

Bendory isn’t moved by such a stance.

“Whether or not you can bend the halachic prohibition on hunting by saying, ‘Well, I’m shooting the animal for my non-Jewish friends here,’ is a highly debatable question,” he said.

“There has to be a purpose,” added Rabbi Chaim Schertz, senior rabbi at the Orthodox Kesher Israel Congregation in Harrisburg. “Halachic authorities do not feel that this is a Jewish value; however, from my perspective the skill involved of being able to understand of how animals live and what the woods are like and to be outdoors – to have the ability to survive – that to me is an important skill to attain.

“But it does not require me to actually kill any animals,” continued the rabbi.

Schertz, however, noted an opinion by Rabbi Yechezkel ben Yehuda Landau in his 18th-century work titled Noda B’Yehudah, who wrote that it may even be acceptable for Jews to hunt for sport in certain cases. Because animals were created for peoples’ use, the logic goes, it could be argued that deriving pleasure from the sport of hunting is a tangible use.

Even if the question of whether it is permitted for Orthodox Jews to hunt is murky, the Sunday hunting ban remains an issue in states other than Pennsylvania.

The Sunday Hunting Coalition, which includes the National Rifle Association, the National Shooting Sports Association and the U.S. Sportsmen’s Alliance among its members, is lobbying for legislation to repeal Sunday hunting bans in the 11 states that still have full or partial bans on the books. Unlike Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Delaware, which all have full Sunday hunting bans, states like Maryland and West Virginia have partial bans in which Sunday hunting laws are decided by individual counties.

According to Jake McGuigan, the National Shooting Sports Association’s director of state affairs and government relations, this year’s efforts are focused on repealing Virginia’s Sunday hunting law; Pennsylvania is next on their agenda.

Last week, the Virginia General Assembly passed House Bill 1237, a bill that would allow Sunday hunting on private property. Written permission from the property owner would be required. The bill is expected to pass the Virginia State Senate this week and signed by Gov. Terry McAuliffe, who has publicly expressed his position in favor of the measure.

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JNS.org contributed to this story.