WASHINGTON — The House passed a bipartisan adjustment of key surveillance laws on Wednesday, cobbling together an unusual coalition of lawmakers to approve some new privacy protections for Americans and extend three expiring F.B.I. tools for investigating terrorism and espionage.

The vote appeared to be a breakthrough after weeks of negotiations in both the House and the Senate to prevent the surveillance tools from expiring this weekend and to address abuses identified in F.B.I. applications to wiretap a former Trump campaign adviser. Though civil libertarians in both parties opposed it as a half-measure that fell short of the kind of sweeping protections they favor, the bill passed with strong Democratic and Republican support, 278 to 136.

“It is by no means a perfect bill,” said Representative Jerrold Nadler, Democrat of New York and the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. He said he would have liked further changes, “but this bill includes important reforms.”

In the Senate, Republican leaders urged their colleagues to support the House agreement and pledged to move it “as soon as possible.” They were trying to line up an expedited Thursday vote, but their aides said it would depend on whether the bill’s opponents would use Senate rules to slow down passage. A handful of senators have long championed broader surveillance reforms, like Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky, and Ron Wyden, Democrat of Oregon, and argue that the House changes leave Americans’ privacy at risk of intrusion by government investigators.