WASHINGTON—With the Democratic primary behind her, Hillary Clinton said she now plans to put Republican Donald Trump’s business record and economic agenda at the center of her campaign, calling his ideas “deeply misguided” and “dangerously incoherent.”

In an interview Wednesday, Mrs. Clinton said she would deliver an economic speech soon contrasting Mr. Trump’s record and policies with her own. It will be modeled after a foreign-policy speech she gave last week where she used sometimes identical language to offer a biting...