Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Switzerland have announced the discovery of a new kind of particle called the pentaquark, solving a 50-year-old puzzle about the building blocks of matter.

Physicists had theorised the existence of the pentaquark since the 1960s, but had never been able to prove it until its detection by the LHCb experiment at the LHC, the world's most powerful particle smasher.

The discovery of the pentaquark comes after the LHC was used in 2012 to prove the existence of another particle, the Higgs Boson, which confers mass.

LHCb spokesman Guy Wilkinson said the pentaquark represented a way to combine quarks — the sub-atomic particles that make up protons and neutrons — "in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experimental searches".

"From the point of view of our experiment, we think it has fulfilled all criteria of discovery," Mr Wilkinson said.

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"We have no other way of explaining what we have seen.

"Studying its properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted."

The LHC cranked back up again in June after a two-year upgrade, with scientists hailing a "new era" in their quest to unravel more mysteries of the universe.

The new tests at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) have twice the energy levels they had during the last three-year experiment phase, when the existence of the Higgs Boson was confirmed.

Four laboratories are located along the LHC's ring-shaped tunnel around a hundred metres underground, where scientists analyse collisions between particles moving at close to the speed of light.

The LHCb, one of the four experiments, is focused on understanding the differences between matter and anti-matter and analysing certain quarks.

"Our understanding of the structure of matter was revolutionised in 1964 when American physicist, Murray Gell-Mann, proposed that a category of particles known as baryons, which includes protons and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks," CERN said in a statement.

Mr Gell-Mann, who won the Nobel Physics Prize in 1969, further proposed another category of particles, mesons, formed of "quark-antiquark" pairs.

His model allowed for the existence of other quark combinations — such as pentaquarks, which are composed of four quarks and an antiquark.

But no conclusive evidence for pentaquarks had been seen until now.

The LHCb experiment changed the game by allowing scientists to "look for pentaquarks from many perspectives", CERN said.

The findings have been submitted to the journal Physical Review Letters.

The next stage of the research will focus on studying how the quarks are bound together within the pentaquarks, the nuclear laboratory added.

"This may tell us something about how even the matter inside our bodies is bound together," Mr Wilkinson said.

"It may also have cosmic consequences for... understanding what happens to stars at the end of their life."

AFP/Reuters