A recent report by Germanwatch listed Pakistan as 7th in the countries most affected by climate change from 1997 to 2016 recently.

Within Pakistan, though, Sindh is the worst affected by extreme weather events that are the classic manifestations of climate change.

From the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index 2018

Sindh witnessed massive floods in 2010 and 2011, and severe drought in Thar Desert, Achhro Thar, Nara Desert, Kachho region, and Kohistan since 2013.

The 2010 floods alone caused an estimated $9.7 billion in damage, twice that of the massive 2005 earthquake in the Kashmir region.

One initiative to deal with this has been a $120 million World Bank (WB) Sindh Resilience Project (SRP), to mitigate drought and flood risks of Sindh.

Under the project, a total of 15 small recharge dams will be constructed in Tharparkar, Thatta, Dadu, Jamshoro, and Karachi districts.

Young girls at a well in a remote village near Thano Bula Khan in Jamshoro District near Karachi. Kohistan is an arid region that has suffered severe droughts for many years. Photo by author.

"The construction of small rainwater-fed recharge dams will contribute to recharging underwater aquifers to provide water to nearby communities and contribute to livelihood," a WB spokesperson told thethirdpole.net.

Under the SRP more than 5m people from floods and drought conditions will be direct beneficiaries. The infrastructure investments will further protect more than 517,000 hectares of land from floods and drought events.

The former director general of the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), who also served as special adviser to the secretary general of the UN World Meteorological Organization for Asia, Qamar-uz-Zaman Chaudhry, approved of the idea of dams.

Quoting PMD data, he suggested that the change in rainfall patterns, which had led to extremes of either too much water in too little time (resulting floods) and too little rainfall for longer and longer periods (leading to droughts) needed to be offset.

The records reveal that in last two decades rain patterns have been squeezed into a narrower window in Pakistan.

Earlier the monsoon rains would last from July to September, but now they occur only from July to August. But while the number of rainy days has come down, the intensity of rainfall has increased in Pakistan.

One way of dealing with these severe outliers was the construction of small dams as an aid to resilience in Sindh and Balochistan.

The problem is that the dams also need to be filled.

A stream flowing from Karoonjhar Hills in Thar Desert near the Indian border in Sindh. ─ Photo by author

"The erratic rain pattern indicates that in Sindh there is decline of rainfall whereas there is an in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces," Ghulam Rasul, the current DG PMD told thethirdpole.net.

The question is that with this decline, where is the water to fill these dams going to come from?

The Sindh government has constructed thirty nine small dams in the province. According to Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah, 14 small dams have been completed in district Jamshoro and six such dams have been constructed in Thar Desert including in Nangarparkar area.

However scarcity of rains in recent years has not allowed existing small dams to be filled.

As per PMD record, for last 15 years, the Thar Desert faced frequent droughts. 2011 was exceptional year when the desert received 1,200 millimetres of rainfall in the monsoon against Thar’s average annual rainfall of 200 millimetres.

The 2011 rains enhanced the storage to six months collected in Thar’s ‘tarayoon’ (natural depression ponds between sand dunes), weirs, and dams. This water is used for both drinking purposes and small scale agriculture.

Livestock drinking water at the small dam constructed by the Sindh government in Thar Desert in 2011. ─ Photo by author

Since 2011 though, the scarcity of rainfall has not allowed these dams to be filled. The result is that area people are facing acute drinking water shortage.

For instance Ranpur Dam situated around 25km away from Nagarparkar located in the extreme south of Thar Desert near the Indian border is suffering water scarcity for more than a decade.

In the past few years locals are struggling to find drinking water.

Last year Ranpur Dam was partially filled after moderate rains. But the water lasted only for two months because people used for agriculture purpose.

Locals say at one hand where Sindh government has constructed small dams to recharge the groundwater, while on other it has also started open pit mining in search of 175bn tonnes of lignite coal reserves inside layers of aquifers for its Thar Coal Project. This is also causing the depletion of groundwater level from the area.

Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC), a joint venture with the Sindh government in excavation at Block-II site, disputes this, though.

"Considering the scale of mining operations and potential of underground water in Thar, Block-II is only dewatering 0.04 per cent of total Thar underground water per year for an area of 9,100 square km and this percentage would exponentially decrease to around 0.02pc,” a SECMC statement said.

Maybe the one issue that nobody seems to be addressing is the access to water is often dependent on wealth and social position.

Despite the declining rainfall in Sindh, it has the best water infrastructure in Pakistan, and yet very high poverty rates.

Infrastructure tweaks may not be the end of the story, or even what is most needed by the most marginalised.

This article originally appeared on Thirdpole.net and has been reproduced with permission.