An international team of scientists led by Dr Patrick Hall of York University in Toronto has discovered a new type of quasars.

“The gas in this new type of quasar is moving in two directions: some is moving toward Earth but most of it is moving at high velocities away from us, possibly toward the quasar’s black hole. Just as you can use the Doppler shift for sound to tell if an airplane is moving away from you or toward you, we used the Doppler shift for light to tell whether the gas in these quasars is moving away from Earth or toward these distant black holes, which have a mass from millions to billions of times that of the Sun,” explained Prof Niel Brandt from Penn State University, who is a co-author of the article published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (arXiv.org).

Matter around these black holes forms a quasar disc that is bigger than Earth’s orbit around the Sun and hotter than the surface of the Sun. These quasars generate enough light to be seen across the observable Universe.

“Matter falling into black holes may not sound surprising, but what we found is, in fact, quite mysterious and was not predicted by current theories,” Dr Hall said.

Such gas is found in only about 1 out of 10,000 quasars, and only 17 cases now are known.

“The gas in the disc must eventually fall into the black hole to power the quasar, but what is often seen instead is gas blown away from the black hole by the heat and light of the quasar, heading toward us at velocities up to 20 per cent of the speed of light. If the gas is falling into the black hole, then we don’t understand why it’s so rare to see infalling gas. There’s nothing else unusual about these quasars. If gas can be seen falling into them, why not in other quasars?”

Dr Hall said there is one other possible explanation for these objects. “It could be that the gas moving away from us is not falling into the black hole but is orbiting around it, just above the disc of hot gas and is very gradually being pushed away from the black hole. A wind like that will show gas moving both toward us and away from us. To make an analogy, imagine an ant on a spinning merry-go-round, crawling from the center to the edge. You will see the ant moving toward you about half the time and away from you about half the time. The same idea could apply to the gas in these quasars. In either case, the gas in these quasars is moving in an unusual fashion.”

Models of quasars and their winds will have to be revised to account for these objects. To help understand what revision is needed, the scientists are observing these quasars further using the Gemini-North telescope in Hawaii.

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Bibliographic information: Hall PB et al. 2013. Broad absorption line quasars with redshifted troughs: high-velocity infall or rotationally dominated outflows? MNRAS 434 (1): 222-256; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt1012