Top Five Performing States During the 2016 Presidential Elections:

Vermont (86%)

Minnesota (84%)

Delaware (84%)

North Dakota (83%)

Nevada (82%)

Five Worst Performing States During the 2016 Presidential Elections:

Arkansas (65%)

Kansas (64%)

California (62%)

Oklahoma (60%)

Idaho (58%)

All but seven states had an increase in voter turnout for the 2016 presidential elections, compared to the 2012 elections. The largest fall in voter turnout was Mississippi, which had a 59.72% turnout in 2012 and 55.57% turnout in 2016, a very notable dip for a presidential election year.

The fall in turnout for those seven states could be contributed to voter dissatisfaction. As one of the 17 efficiency indicators, the MIT researchers also tracked the “residual vote rate.” This metric spiked in 2016.

The MIT Election Lab reported a 44% increase in the residual vote rate, possibly due to protest votes (when voters are so dissatisfied with the candidates that they leave the boxes blank but still turn in a ballot).

Overall, the report shows the efficiency of U.S. elections is increasing, especially in terms of voter wait time and voter participation. But the MIT’s efficiency rating is notably not determined by variables such as cybersecurity, an issue many voters are concerned about heading to the polls for the 2018 midterms.

Cyber attacks and meddling from other countries, especially Russia, are on the rise. Many states, with the help of the Department of Homeland Security, have been scrambling to secure their equipment before the midterms.

But advocates advise going back to the basics: use paper ballots. They are the cheapest and safest way to vote.