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Before the 1990s, most visual effects in movies consisted of stop motion and people in suits.

While computer animation was used in "Star Wars" and "Tron" and in title sequences like 1978's "Superman," it wasn't until "Terminator 2" (1991) and Steven Spielberg's "Jurassic Park" (1993) that a movie used lots of computer-generated imagery, or CGI, and mixed it with live action.

There are only 14 minutes of dinosaur visual effects in "Jurassic Park," about four of which were made with a computer, but its lasting effect on movies has been monumental.


Two years later, 1995's " Toy Story " was the first full-length computer-animated movie.

Today just about every film - from James Cameron's "Avatar" to summer blockbusters like Michael Bay's "Transformers" series - owes credit to CGI.


But what is CGI, and how is it used in movies?

The simplest way to explain computer graphics without getting overly technical is to think of typical hand-drawn animation or stop motion, which consists of a series of drawings or photographs to create the illusion of movement.

Similarly, a lot of CGI animation in movies involves series

of drawings or renderings on a computer screen. These are used to create that same illusion to make something look photo-realistic.

Business Insider recently spoke with Steve "Spaz" Williams, who was a CG Animator at Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), the visual-effects studio that helped bring "Jurassic Park" to life.


Here, with Business Insider, Williams breaks down the steps it took to bring the dinosaurs from paper and pad to the big screen in CGI.

1. They begin with drawn designs and prosthetics of the different dinosaurs.

Three of the biggest scenes in the film included Velociraptors, Brachiosauruses, and, of course, the Tyrannosaurus rex, which Williams worked on.


2. Next, those renderings needed to make their way into the computer.

They scanned models, including ones for the T. rex and the Velociraptors, into the computers."In order to get it into the computer we actually fire a laser at the three-dimensional rubber prosthetic model and extract the data so the computer had it essentially," says Williams.


Williams explains it's like the opposite of 3-D printing with them taking an object and turning it into data.

These are two images of T. rex data from Williams' monitor using software called Alias.






4. An animation piece of software called SoftImage 3D is used to figure out the joint placement on the dinosaurs.



Here, you can see one of the Brachiosauruses in the beginning of the film.



5. After that, the data has to be "rigged" with a digital armature in wireframes.

This is the framework for the dinosaur that helps provide its structure allowing it to stand up, move, and run.

"This is the first shot I animated for the movie after I built all of the T. rex data," says Williams. "It took me months to get this run right, but once done, we reused the run data for the rest of the jeep-chase shots and ultimately for the following two 'Jurassic Park' movies."

6. Next, the dinosaurs get their skin.


Below is another wireframe for one of the raptors in a kitchen scene where the two children are trying to outsmart the dinosaurs

"We used a program called Viewpaint, which allowed us to actually paint the texture of the skin in the computer so now we have this textured map," says Williams.

7. To put all of the separate images together, they needed to be rendered by massive graphics computers.

"Now we substitute in this high-resolution mesh data into a low resolution wireframe. That's all being

done in computer," says Williams. "It pretty much took 10 hours to calculate one frame. You have to remember film is 24 frames per second. So it would sit there and crunch all night."


Williams built and animated the image below of the first fully rendered T. rex test. It was this video that convinced the producer Kathleen Kennedy and Steven Spielberg that "Jurassic Park" should be made in CGI rather than stop motion.

Williams also animated all of the shots in a famous T. rex Jeep-chase sequence. He says each frame in the entire sequence took an estimated 12 hours to render.

The point where the T. rex breaks through the log is 75 frames long.


"I animated all those shots where the T. rex is chasing the jeep. It took me four months to animate it, just to get the running to work properly," says Williams.

8. From there, the dinosaur needs to be put into a scene through a process called compositing.

referred to as plate photography.


This is where all the pieces to the puzzle are assembled together. CGI shots are combined together with live-action shots and any background and foreground imagery

In this case, live-action shots of actors were combined with photography shoots in Kauai and ILM's work on the Brachiosauruses and birds.

Here's the final shot with the added dinosaurs:





9. Once it's put together, the images are reviewed to make sure they work. When everything looks good, the scene is put to film.


Final images are reviewed on a high-concentrated projector before translated to film.

After $1 billion at the box office, you can't argue with the result.


You can watch Williams and others from ILM speak more about the creation of the dinosaurs in a featurette from the Academy of Motion Pictures below: