Introduction and key findings

Child care workers play an important role in the U.S. economy by allowing parents of young children to pursue employment outside the home and providing children a stimulating and nurturing environment in which to learn and grow.

In recent decades families have increasingly had to rely on child care because spending more time at work has become an economic necessity for many. Over the last 35 years, most American workers have endured stagnant wages—a reality that has led many two-parent households to work significantly longer hours to cover their rising expenses (Mishel et al. 2012).

Despite the crucial nature of their work, child care workers’ job quality does not seem to be valued in today’s economy. They are among the country’s lowest-paid workers, and seldom receive job-based benefits such as health insurance and pensions. As with any other industry or occupation, paying decent wages and providing necessary benefits is essential to attract and retain the best workers.

This paper directly examines child care workers’ job quality, including how much they earn, whether they receive benefits on the job, and whether they and their families are able to make ends meet. Key findings include:

Child care workers are 95.6 percent female, and are disproportionately workers of color.

Child care workers receive very low pay. The median hourly wage for child care workers is $10.31, 39.3 percent below the $17.00 median hourly wage of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers have hourly wages 23.0 percent lower than those of similar workers in other occupations.

Child care workers rarely receive job-based benefits. Only 15.0 percent of child care workers receive health insurance from their job, compared with 49.9 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 27.0 percentage points less likely to receive health insurance than similar workers in other occupations. Only 9.6 percent of child care workers are covered by a pension plan at their job, compared with 39.0 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 24.1 percentage points less likely to receive employer-provided pensions than similar workers in other occupations.

Child care workers have a harder time making ends meet than workers in other occupations. One in seven child care workers (14.7 percent) live in families with income below the official poverty line, compared with 6.7 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 5.9 percentage points more likely to be in poverty than similar workers in other occupations. Over one-third (36.7 percent) of child care workers live in families with income below twice the poverty line, compared with 21.1 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 10.8 percentage points more likely than similar workers in other occupations to have family income less than twice the federal poverty line. The typical earnings of child care workers (excluding preschool workers) only cover between 39 percent (in Honolulu) and 104 percent (in parts of rural Nevada) of the basic family budget for one person—the amount required for one person to achieve a modest yet adequate standard of living in her community. Preschool workers’ typical earnings cover between 56 percent (in the North Carolina suburbs of Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News) and 202 percent (in Owensboro, Kentucky) of their respective one-person budgets. In the majority of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas across the country, more than 90 percent of child care workers (excluding preschool workers) cannot meet their local one-person budget.

Many preschool and child care workers cannot afford child care for their own children. In 32 states and the District of Columbia, center-based infant care costs are equal to more than one-third of typical preschool worker earnings. In other words, a preschool worker’s entire pay in those states from January through at least April would be consumed by infant care costs. In 21 states and the District of Columbia, non-preschool child care workers would have to spend over half of their annual earnings to pay for center-based infant care.



Who are child care workers?

Child care workers make up a small but significant share of the overall workforce. This workforce is difficult to count. A study based on data from the National Survey of Early Care and Education (NSECE 2013) finds that there are approximately 2 million teachers and caregivers providing child care in center-based and home settings (not counting the estimated 2.7 million unpaid home-based teachers and caregivers).

According to our analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data, there are 1.2 million child care workers in the economy today, including workers caring for children in day care centers, in preschools, as nannies, through religious organizations, and in numerous other facilities. While together they only constitute about 1.1 percent of all workers, they comprise a much larger share of certain groups of workers. For example, 2.3 percent of all female workers are child care workers.

Table 1 displays the demographic characteristics of child care workers compared with all other workers. Child care workers are largely female; 95.6 percent are women, whereas slightly less than half (46.3 percent) of workers in other occupations are women. Child care workers are predominantly U.S.-born, but as compared with other workers are slightly more likely to be foreign-born. In addition, child care workers are more likely than other workers to be younger.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of child care workers, 2014 Demographic Child care workers All other workers Gender Men 4.4% 53.7% Women 95.6% 46.3% Citizenship status U.S. born 81.2% 83.5% Naturalized U.S. citizen 8.3% 7.8% Non-naturalized immigrant 10.5% 8.7% Race/ethnicity* White 60.1% 66.1% Black 14.1% 10.6% Hispanic 19.8% 15.7% Asian 3.9% 5.8% Other 2.1% 1.9% Education Less than high school 8.6% 8.0% High school 30.5% 27.2% Some college 39.4% 29.7% Bachelor’s degree 17.7% 22.8% Advanced degree 3.8% 12.4% Age 18–22 15.4% 7.3% 23–49 55.7% 59.1% 50+ 29.0% 33.7% * Race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). Note: To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata. Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata Share on Facebook Tweet this chart Embed Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website. Download image

Most child care workers are non-Hispanic white, but are more likely to be non-white or Hispanic than workers in other occupations. Nearly one-fifth (19.8 percent) of child care workers are Hispanic (compared with 15.7 percent of workers in other occupations), and 14.1 percent of child care workers are black, non-Hispanic (compared with 10.6 percent of workers in other occupations).

Most child care workers have at least some college education, but are less likely than workers in other occupations to have at least a college degree. About one-third (35.2 percent) of other workers have at least a college degree, versus only about one in five child care workers (21.5 percent).

Child care workers receive very low hourly pay

We turn now to an examination of hourly wages for child care workers. Table 2 shows median hourly wages of child care workers and other workers, both overall and for various demographic groups. In 2014, the median hourly wage of child care workers was $10.31, which was 39.3 percent below the $17.00 median hourly wage of other workers.

Table 2 Real median hourly wage, child care workers versus other workers, by demographic (2014 dollars) Demographic Child care workers All other workers Percent difference Child care hourly wage penaltya Total $10.31 $17.00 -39.3% 23.0%*** Gender Men $10.16 $18.46 -44.9% 32.0%*** Women $10.31 $15.40 -33.0% 23.1%*** Nativity U.S. born $10.31 $17.35 -40.6% 23.8%*** Naturalized U.S. citizen $11.86 $17.86 -33.6% 17.1%*** Non-naturalized immigrant $10.16 $12.37 -17.9% 18.5%*** Race/ethnicityb White $10.31 $18.60 -44.6% 25.9%*** Black $10.31 $14.21 -27.4% 16.8%*** Hispanic $10.16 $12.96 -21.6% 17.3%*** Asian $11.18 $20.00 -44.1% 26.4%*** Other $10.31 $15.00 -31.3% 25.1%*** Education Less than high school $8.89 $10.31 -13.8% 12.2%*** High school $10.08 $14.00 -28.0% 15.5%*** Some college $10.16 $15.04 -32.4% 20.0%*** Bachelor’s degree $13.26 $24.04 -44.8% 39.8%*** Advanced degree $15.64 $31.43 -50.2% 48.9%*** Age 18–22 $9.00 $9.28 -3.0% 0.5% 23–49 $11.00 $17.28 -36.3% 27.3%*** 50+ $11.31 $19.55 -42.1% 29.5%*** a. Percent difference between the hourly wages earned by a child care worker and those earned by a demographically similar worker in another occupation b. Race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race). *** indicates significance at the .01 level; ** indicates significance at the .05 level; * indicates significance at the 0.1 level. Note: OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, region of the country, and year. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata. Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata Share on Facebook Tweet this chart Embed Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website. Download image

It should be noted that our analysis is likely to overestimate child care worker wages because data are not available for a sizable and particularly low-wage subset of this workforce. Specifically, Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data are not available for self-employed workers, which in this context includes those who provide child care in their own home. They are a substantial portion (24 percent) of child care workers and are likely to have lower wages than other child care workers. For instance, using a different survey, Shierholz (2013) finds that self-employed child care workers who provide care in their own home have 18 percent lower median hourly earnings than nannies ($7.53 versus $9.23). Thus, the omission of these self-employed child care workers leads us to find a smaller wage differential than would be found if these lower-paid workers were included.

Table 2 displays key wage differences by demographic group. Among child care workers, the demographic groups with the lowest hourly wages are workers age 18–22 and those with less than a high school education. Young workers also have the lowest hourly wage among non-child-care workers, so the disparity between the wages of young child care workers and young non-child-care workers is quite low. Pay increases with educational attainment among child care and non-child-care workers alike; however, the pay disparities increase as well. Wages of child care workers with a high school degree are 28.0 percent lower than those of similarly educated non-child-care workers, while child care workers with a bachelor’s degree have wages 44.8 percent lower than those of similarly educated non-child-care workers.

The first three columns of Table 2 demonstrate that child care workers have lower hourly wages than other workers. However, as shown in Table 1, child care workers are more likely to fall into demographic groups that have lower wages on average (e.g., women, immigrants, those with less than a college degree, and racial and ethnic minorities). In order to ascertain the true “penalty” of holding a job in child care—the difference between the wages a child care worker receives and what she would get if she worked in another occupation—it is important to account for the fact that child care workers have a different demographic profile than workers in other jobs. We thus turn to a regression analysis that controls for the differences in demographics between child care workers and other workers (in particular, it controls for gender, nativity, citizenship, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, and region of the country). In other words, the results of this analysis demonstrate not the raw difference in hourly wages between child care workers and other workers, but the difference between the hourly wages earned by a child care worker and those earned by a similar worker in another occupation. This is the “wage penalty” of child care work.

The last column in Table 2 presents the results. The top row in column 4 shows that child care workers make 23.0 percent less than similar workers in other occupations. The remainder of the table shows how the wage penalty of child care work differs for various demographic groups. The difference between what a child care worker makes and what that worker would make if he or she were in another occupation is somewhat higher for men (32.0 percent) than for women (23.1 percent). At 18.5 percent, the child care wage penalty for immigrants who are not naturalized U.S. citizens is very large, but is smaller than for U.S.-born citizens. Similarly, at 17.3 percent, the child care wage penalty for Hispanic workers is large, but is smaller than for most other racial and ethnic groups.

The more education credentials a worker has, the greater the wage penalty of child care work, since workers with higher levels of educational attainment are more able to secure higher wages in other occupations. However, while workers without a high school degree face the lowest child care work wage penalty of any education category, they still make 12.2 percent less than similar workers in other occupations. Similarly, the older a worker is, the greater the wage penalty of child care work, since older workers are typically able to secure higher wages in other occupations.

In short, Table 2 shows that the wages of child care jobs are low. With the sole exception of workers age 18–22, child care workers make significantly less than similar workers in other occupations.

Very few child care workers receive job-based benefits

We now turn to a comparison of the fringe benefits received by child care workers and those received by other workers. Table 3 examines the share of workers covered by employer-sponsored health insurance plans—i.e., the share covered by their own employer and not a spouse’s employer—and the share of workers covered by employer-provided pension plans. Just 15.0 percent of child care workers have employer-sponsored health insurance through their own job, compared with 49.9 percent of workers in other occupations.

Table 3 Employer-provided benefits, child care workers versus other workers, 2014 All child care All others Difference Child care benefit penaltya Health insurance coverage 15.0% 49.9% -34.9 ppt. 27.0 ppt.*** Pension coverage 9.6% 39.0% -29.4 ppt. 24.1 ppt.*** a. Percentage-point difference between the coverage rate of child care workers and that of demographically similar workers in other occupations *** indicates significance at the .01 level; ** indicates significance at the .05 level; * indicates significance at the 0.1 level. Note: OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, region of the country, and year. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata. Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement microdata Share on Facebook Tweet this chart Embed Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website. Download image

However, to ascertain the true “penalty” of working in a child care job—a child care worker’s likelihood of receiving employer-sponsored health insurance as compared with the likelihood she would receive this benefit if employed in another occupation—it is important to account for the fact that child care workers have a different demographic profile than other workers. As before, we turn to a regression analysis that controls for these demographic differences. The analysis demonstrates that the employer-sponsored health insurance coverage rate is 27.0 percentage points lower for child care workers than for similar workers in other occupations.

Table 3 also shows that just 9.6 percent of child care workers are covered by an employer-provided pension plan, compared with 39.0 percent of workers in other occupations. And as is true with other measures, even after controlling for the demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, the discrepancies in employer-provided pension plan coverage are stark: Coverage is 24.1 percentage points lower for child care workers than for similar workers in other occupations. The key message of Table 3 is that child care workers are much less likely to receive fringe benefits from their employers than are similar workers in other jobs.

Most child care workers do not have incomes high enough to make ends meet

We next examine how the earnings of child care workers compare with a variety of benchmarks. Table 4 shows that child care workers are much more likely than workers in other occupations to live in families with incomes below the poverty line. Nearly 15 percent of child care workers live in poverty, compared with 6.7 percent of workers in other occupations, a 7.9 percentage-point difference. Even after controlling for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, the poverty rate among child care workers is still 5.9 percentage points higher than among similar workers in other occupations.

Table 4 Poverty rates, child care workers versus other workers, 2014 All child care All others Difference Child care poverty penaltya Poverty rate 14.7% 6.7% 7.9 ppt. 5.9 ppt.*** 200% poverty rate 36.7% 21.1% 15.6 ppt. 10.8 ppt.*** a. Percentage-point difference between poverty/"twice poverty" rates of child care workers and those of demographically similar workers in other occupations *** indicates significance at the .01 level; ** indicates significance at the .05 level; * indicates significance at the 0.1 level. Note: Poverty rates refer to the share of workers whose family income places them below the indicated poverty line. OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, region of the country, and year. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 data. Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement data Share on Facebook Tweet this chart Embed Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website. Download image

Table 4 also shows the “twice-poverty rate,” the share of child care and other workers whose family income is below twice the official poverty line. Poverty researchers generally do not consider the poverty rate to be a sufficient measure of the share of families who cannot make ends meet, in part because the poverty thresholds were set in the 1960s and have not evolved to reflect changing shares of spending on various necessities by low-income families. Instead, “twice poverty” is often used as a better cutoff for whether or not a family is able to make ends meet. For reference, in 2014, the poverty threshold for a family of four (with two adults and two children) was $24,008; therefore, the “twice poverty” threshold was $48,016.

More than one-third of child care workers (36.7 percent) live in families with income below twice the poverty threshold, compared with 21.1 percent of other workers, a 15.6 percentage-point difference. Even after controlling for demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, the share of child care workers living below twice the poverty line is still 10.8 percentage points higher than that of similar workers in other occupations.

Child care worker earnings and EPI’s family budget thresholds

The official poverty threshold (or even twice this threshold) is only one measure of earnings adequacy, and arguably a low bar. Furthermore, there are substantial differences across states and metro areas that are masked by focusing on national-level data. Thus, perhaps the best way to evaluate the adequacy of child care worker earnings is to determine whether these workers earn enough to attain a modest yet adequate standard of living in their community.

To make this comparison, this paper relies upon the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), which produces wage estimates by occupation for 625 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, and EPI’s Family Budget Calculator (Gould, Cooke, and Kimball 2015), which measures the income families need in order to attain a modest yet adequate living standard where they live by estimating community-specific costs of housing, food, child care, transportation, health care, other necessities, and taxes, for 10 family types living in all 618 U.S. metropolitan and rural areas.

EPI’s basic family budget thresholds differ by location, since certain costs, such as housing, vary significantly depending on where one resides. Geographical cost-of-living differences are built into the budget calculations by incorporating regional, state, or local variations in prices (depending on item). Basic family budget measurements are also adjustable by family type because expenses vary considerably depending on the number of children in a family (if any), and whether a family is headed by a single parent or two parents. (For more on the methodology used to construct the budgets, see Gould et al. 2015.)

It is important to note that the OES calculates annual wages by multiplying the hourly mean wage by year-round, full-time hours, or 2,080 hours. To the extent that child care workers work less than 40 hours per week or fewer than 52 weeks throughout the year, the annual earnings figures will overstate their actual annual earnings. Therefore, the results comparing local OES annual earnings with EPI’s family budgets may be biased to find greater family budget affordability—that is, a higher share of workers able to make ends meet than may occur in reality.

It is also important to point out that in the OES data, we cannot obtain an aggregated picture of child care workers as we could with the CPS data in tables 1 through 4. Here, public data are only available by individual occupation; we cannot combine data for the “preschool teacher” occupation and “child care worker” occupation to look at them together. Obviously, this distinction between the two occupations is somewhat arbitrary; as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has pointed out, “The current SOC [Standard Occupational Classification] definitions for the ECCE [Early Childhood Care and Education] workforce are problematic. For example, they make artificial distinctions between child care workers and preschool teachers even though there is substantial overlap in between the nature of work performed in these occupations” (Brandon et al. 2014). We thus report results for both separately. When discussing the results from the OES data, “other child care workers” refers to the subset of childhood educators classified specifically as being in the child care worker occupation, while “preschool workers” are those classified in the preschool worker occupation.

The comparison between the earnings data and EPI’s family budget thresholds makes clear that the income required to get by varies greatly across the country, and that child care and preschool workers have a difficult time making ends meet. Figures A and B compare the pay of typical preschool and other child care workers, respectively, with the one-person budget threshold in each area across the country. The percentages displayed are the share of each one-person local budget threshold that can be met by median earnings in each occupation. For instance, a value of 120 percent in Minneapolis means that annual earnings of the typical preschool worker are actually 1.2 times—or 20 percent higher than—the cost of living for one person in Minneapolis. And in Boston, a typical preschool worker salary only covers 73 percent of a one-person budget.

Figure A Share of local one-person budget met by local median preschool worker earnings case_id OES MSA name (with MSA divisions) Annual median wage One-person family budget Share of budget met by earnings 1 Anchorage, AK metro area $35,260 $33,015 106.8% 2 Fairbanks, AK metro area $30,110 $33,042 91.1% 3 Matanuska/Susitna Borough, AK metro area $35,260 $31,222 112.9% 4 Rural Alaska $36,930 $31,712 116.5% 5 Rural Alaska $40,830 $31,712 128.8% 6 Anniston/Oxford, AL metro area $19,650 $26,457 74.3% 7 Auburn/Opelika, AL metro area $18,090 $27,384 66.1% 8 Birmingham/Hoover, AL metro area $24,200 $27,574 87.8% 9 Chilton County, AL metro area $24,200 $26,185 92.4% 10 Russell County $32,010 $27,046 118.4% 11 Decatur, AL metro area $24,653 12 Dothan, AL metro area $29,320 $24,626 119.1% 13 Florence/Muscle Shoals, AL metro area $26,750 $26,256 101.9% 14 Gadsden, AL metro area $23,283 15 Henry County, AL metro area $29,320 $26,330 111.4% 16 Huntsville, AL metro area $24,430 $27,156 90.0% 17 Mobile, AL metro area $29,890 $29,786 100.3% 18 Montgomery, AL metro area $29,000 $28,404 102.1% 19 Rural Alabama $22,970 $26,875 85.5% 20 Rural Alabama $17,890 $26,875 66.6% 21 Rural Alabama $32,990 $26,875 122.8% 22 Rural Alabama $29,400 $26,875 109.4% 23 Rural Alabama $26,875 24 Tuscaloosa, AL metro area $17,890 $26,028 68.7% 25 Tuscaloosa, AL metro area $26,028 26 Walker County, AL metro area $24,200 $25,805 93.8% 27 Fayetteville/Springdale/Rogers, AR metro area $36,630 $26,216 139.7% 28 Fort Smith, AR metro area $32,480 $25,613 126.8% 29 Franklin County, AR metro area $32,480 $26,346 123.3% 30 Grant County, AR metro area $22,660 $26,540 85.4% 31 Hot Springs, AR metro area $23,950 $26,015 92.1% 32 Jonesboro, AR metro area $27,750 $23,835 116.4% 33 Little Rock/North Little Rock/Conway, AR metro area $22,660 $28,134 80.5% 34 Crittenden County $23,540 $28,537 82.5% 35 Pine Bluff, AR metro area $28,100 $25,054 112.2% 36 Poinsett County, AR metro area $27,750 $25,078 110.7% 37 Rural Arkansas $34,870 $26,689 130.7% 38 Rural Arkansas $23,240 $26,689 87.1% 39 Rural Arkansas $29,980 $26,689 112.3% 40 Rural Arkansas $20,800 $26,689 77.9% 41 Texarkana, AR metro area $29,980 $27,397 109.4% 42 Texarkana, AR metro area $40,850 $27,397 149.1% 43 Flagstaff, AZ metro area $27,790 $30,906 89.9% 44 Lake Havasu City/Kingman, AZ metro area $21,910 $25,797 84.9% 45 Phoenix/Mesa/Glendale, AZ metro area $22,430 $28,187 79.6% 46 Prescott, AZ metro area $29,070 $27,396 106.1% 47 Rural Arizona $31,520 $27,604 114.2% 48 Rural Arizona $23,750 $27,604 86.0% 49 Tucson, AZ metro area $22,390 $25,899 86.5% 50 Yuma, AZ metro area $21,170 $28,072 75.4% 51 Bakersfield/Delano, CA metro area $29,660 $29,265 101.4% 52 Chico, CA metro area $22,220 $26,887 82.6% 53 El Centro, CA metro area $29,900 $27,933 107.0% 54 Fresno, CA metro area $26,440 $29,592 89.3% 55 Hanford/Corcoran, CA metro area $30,840 $27,531 112.0% 56 Los Angeles/Long Beach, CA metro area $29,460 $34,886 84.4% 57 Madera/Chowchilla, CA metro area $29,960 $28,009 107.0% 58 Merced, CA metro area $32,420 $27,170 119.3% 59 Modesto, CA metro area $25,090 $28,339 88.5% 60 Napa, CA metro area $28,020 $34,775 80.6% 61 Oakland/Fremont, CA metro area $33,870 $39,603 85.5% 62 Orange County, CA metro area $31,270 $40,684 76.9% 63 Oxnard/Thousand Oaks/Ventura, CA metro area $31,390 $37,015 84.8% 64 Redding, CA metro area $25,540 $31,891 80.1% 65 Riverside/San Bernardino/Ontario, CA metro area $29,280 $32,085 91.3% 66 Rural California $42,620 $31,199 136.6% 67 Rural California $24,530 $31,199 78.6% 68 Rural California $29,030 $31,199 93.0% 69 Rural California $27,700 $31,199 88.8% 70 Rural California $27,680 $31,199 88.7% 71 Sacramento/Arden/Arcade/Roseville, CA metro area $27,770 $32,023 86.7% 72 Salinas, CA metro area $34,530 $36,264 95.2% 73 San Benito County, CA metro area $35,730 $31,942 111.9% 74 San Diego/Carlsbad/San Marcos, CA metro area $33,600 $36,450 92.2% 75 San Francisco, CA metro area $34,970 $43,581 80.2% 76 San Jose/Sunnyvale/Santa Clara, CA metro area $35,730 $41,386 86.3% 77 San Luis Obispo/Paso Robles, CA metro area $27,670 $34,424 80.4% 78 Santa Barbara/Santa Maria/Goleta, CA metro area $34,030 $39,180 86.9% 79 Santa Cruz/Watsonville, CA metro area $28,280 $38,301 73.8% 80 Santa Rosa/Petaluma, CA metro area $31,010 $35,077 88.4% 81 Stockton, CA metro area $25,110 $29,563 84.9% 82 Vallejo/Fairfield, CA metro area $33,910 $32,028 105.9% 83 Visalia/Porterville, CA metro area $27,470 $28,750 95.5% 84 Yolo, CA metro area $27,770 $32,148 86.4% 85 Yuba City, CA metro area $27,770 $26,981 102.9% 86 Boulder, CO metro area $33,040 $33,912 97.4% 87 Colorado Springs, CO metro area $26,560 $26,899 98.7% 88 Denver/Aurora/Broomfield, CO metro area $28,840 $28,829 100.0% 89 Fort Collins/Loveland, CO metro area $25,760 $28,739 89.6% 90 Grand Junction, CO metro area $33,400 $26,865 124.3% 91 Greeley, CO metro area $26,040 $25,766 101.1% 92 Pueblo, CO metro area $28,900 $25,368 113.9% 93 Rural Colorado $26,080 $31,576 82.6% 94 Rural Colorado $28,100 $31,576 89.0% 95 Rural Colorado $33,630 $31,576 106.5% 96 Rural Colorado $27,640 $31,576 87.5% 97 Teller County, CO metro area $26,560 $29,006 91.6% 98 Bridgeport, CT metro area $31,790 $33,324 95.4% 99 Colchester/Lebanon, CT metro area $28,940 $34,535 83.8% 100 Danbury, CT metro area $31,790 $40,035 79.4% 101 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 102 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 103 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 104 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 105 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 106 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $28,940 $33,080 87.5% 107 Milford/Ansonia/Seymour, CT metro area $30,020 $37,214 80.7% 108 New Haven/Meriden, CT metro area $30,020 $34,861 86.1% 109 New Haven/Meriden, CT metro area $30,020 $34,861 86.1% 110 Norwich/New London, CT metro area $28,940 $31,751 91.1% 111 Norwich/New London, CT metro area $28,940 $31,751 91.1% 112 Rural Connecticut $28,940 $32,612 88.7% 113 Rural Connecticut $28,940 $32,612 88.7% 114 Rural Connecticut $28,940 $32,612 88.7% 115 Rural Connecticut $28,940 $32,612 88.7% 116 Southern Middlesex County, CT metro area $28,940 $39,601 73.1% 117 Stamford/Norwalk, CT metro area $31,790 $46,074 69.0% 118 Waterbury, CT metro area $30,020 $28,926 103.8% 119 Washington, DC $32,710 $42,119 77.7% 120 Dover, DE metro area $23,460 $29,519 79.5% 121 Wilmington, DE metro area $23,620 $34,408 68.6% 122 Rural Delaware $22,280 $31,374 71.0% 123 Baker County, FL metro area $23,490 $28,156 83.4% 124 Cape Coral/Fort Myers, FL metro area $22,860 $31,352 72.9% 125 Crestview/Fort Walton Beach/Destin, FL metro area $28,090 $29,794 94.3% 126 Crestview/Fort Walton Beach/Destin, FL metro area $21,370 $29,794 71.7% 127 Deltona/Daytona Beach/Ormond Beach, FL metro area $18,570 $27,384 67.8% 128 Fort Lauderdale, FL metro area $19,390 $31,059 62.4% 129 Gainesville, FL metro area $20,430 $30,154 67.8% 130 Jacksonville, FL metro area $23,490 $29,781 78.9% 131 Lakeland/Winter Haven, FL metro area $24,380 $29,180 83.6% 132 Miami/Miami Beach/Kendall, FL metro area $23,430 $31,354 74.7% 133 Miami/Miami Beach/Kendall, FL metro area $24,650 $31,354 78.6% 134 Naples/Marco Island, FL metro area $23,950 $30,925 77.4% 135 North Port/Bradenton/Sarasota, FL metro area $26,240 $30,901 84.9% 136 Ocala, FL metro area $21,830 $26,506 82.4% 137 Orlando/Kissimmee/Sanford, FL metro area $24,080 $29,951 80.4% 138 Palm Bay/Melbourne/Titusville, FL metro area $22,230 $27,142 81.9% 139 Palm Coast, FL metro area $22,590 $29,874 75.6% 140 Panama City/Lynn Haven/Panama City Beach, FL metro area $28,090 $29,754 94.4% 141 Panama City/Lynn Haven/Panama City Beach, FL metro area $23,700 $29,754 79.7% 142 Pensacola/Ferry Pass/Brent, FL metro area $21,680 $29,309 74.0% 143 Port St. Lucie, FL metro area $24,870 $30,047 82.8% 144 Punta Gorda, FL metro area $22,030 $26,516 83.1% 145 Rural Florida $19,390 $29,488 65.8% 146 Rural Florida $28,090 $29,488 95.3% 147 Rural Florida $22,530 $29,488 76.4% 148 Sebastian/Vero Beach, FL metro area $25,960 $27,383 94.8% 149 Tallahassee, FL metro area $27,440 $31,524 87.0% 150 Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL metro area $23,600 $28,316 83.3% 151 Wakulla County, FL metro area $27,440 $29,524 92.9% 152 West Palm Beach/Boca Raton, FL metro area $24,400 $31,141 78.4% 153 Albany, GA metro area $27,190 $29,800 91.2% 154 Athens/Clarke County, GA metro area $27,320 $27,787 98.3% 155 Atlanta/Sandy Springs/Marietta, GA metro area $28,370 $31,303 90.6% 156 Atlanta/Sandy Springs/Marietta, GA metro area $34,410 $31,303 109.9% 157 Augusta/Richmond, GA metro area $30,210 $28,372 106.5% 158 Augusta/Richmond, GA metro area $28,130 $28,372 99.1% 159 Brunswick, GA metro area $37,510 $26,664 140.7% 160 Butts County, GA metro area $28,370 $31,289 90.7% 161 Catoos, Dade, and Walker Counties $21,180 $27,027 78.4% 162 Catoos, Dade, and Walker Counties $32,010 $27,027 118.4% 163 Columbus, GA metro area $32,010 $27,193 117.7% 164 Dalton, GA metro area $29,930 $28,528 104.9% 165 Gainesville, GA metro area $38,240 $30,162 126.8% 166 Haralson County, GA metro area $28,370 $27,980 101.4% 167 Hinesville/Fort Stewart, GA metro area $32,290 $28,685 112.6% 168 Lamar County, GA metro area $28,370 $28,553 99.4% 169 Long County, GA metro area $32,290 $28,421 113.6% 170 Macon, GA metro area $23,400 $27,941 83.7% 171 Meriwether County, GA metro area $28,370 $28,553 99.4% 172 Monroe County, GA metro area $23,400 $27,751 84.3% 173 Murray County, GA metro area $29,930 $29,593 101.1% 174 Rome, GA metro area $24,100 $27,064 89.0% 175 Rural Georgia $30,210 $29,863 101.2% 176 Rural Georgia $39,670 $29,863 132.8% 177 Rural Georgia $34,410 $29,863 115.2% 178 Rural Georgia $30,470 $29,863 102.0% 179 Savannah, GA metro area $28,820 $29,368 98.1% 180 Valdosta, GA metro area $28,820 $30,741 93.7% 181 Warner Robins, GA metro area $39,670 $29,912 132.6% 182 Warner Robins, GA metro area $35,370 $29,912 118.2% 183 Honolulu, HI metro area $30,680 $46,308 66.3% 184 Rural Hawaii $35,020 $36,288 96.5% 185 Ames, IA metro area $27,380 $26,574 103.0% 186 Benton County, IA metro area $23,570 $26,506 88.9% 187 Bremer County, IA metro area $22,830 $26,841 85.1% 188 Cedar Rapids, IA metro area $23,570 $24,049 98.0% 189 Davenport/Moline, IA metro area $23,510 $24,498 96.0% 190 Des Moines/West Des Moines, IA metro area $24,030 $26,830 89.6% 191 Dubuque, IA metro area $28,250 $25,628 110.2% 192 Iowa City, IA metro area $28,950 $28,077 103.1% 193 Jones County, IA metro area $23,570 $24,709 95.4% 194 Council Bluffs, IA metro area $32,170 $25,976 123.8% 195 Rural Iowa $24,000 $26,478 90.6% 196 Rural Iowa $28,440 $26,478 107.4% 197 Rural Iowa $21,960 $26,478 82.9% 198 Rural Iowa $23,540 $26,478 88.9% 199 Sioux City, IA metro area $28,440 $24,594 115.6% 200 Sioux City, IA metro area $19,900 $24,594 80.9% 201 Washington County, IA metro area $28,950 $26,825 107.9% 202 Waterloo/Cedar Falls, IA metro area $22,830 $26,250 87.0% 203 Boise City/Nampa, ID metro area $24,410 $24,957 97.8% 204 Coeur d’Alene, ID metro area $26,200 205 Gem County, ID metro area $24,410 $25,220 96.8% 206 Idaho Falls, ID metro area $22,400 $24,569 91.2% 207 Idaho Falls, ID metro area $17,730 $24,569 72.2% 208 Lewiston, ID metro area $23,100 $26,183 88.2% 209 Franklin County $23,350 $27,704 84.3% 210 Pocatello, ID metro area $23,497 211 Rural Idaho $22,400 $27,557 81.3% 212 Rural Idaho $27,700 $27,557 100.5% 213 Rural Idaho $31,870 $27,557 115.7% 214 Rural Idaho $18,090 $27,557 65.6% 215 Rural Idaho $27,557 216 Bloomington/Normal, IL metro area $23,770 $29,540 80.5% 217 Bloomington/Normal, IL metro area $32,080 $29,540 108.6% 218 Bond County, IL metro area $23,310 $27,080 86.1% 219 Alexander County $26,874 220 Champaign/Urbana, IL metro area $24,300 $28,634 84.9% 221 Chicago/Joliet/Naperville, IL metro area $27,790 $31,334 88.7% 222 Chicago/Joliet/Naperville, IL metro area $27,790 $31,334 88.7% 223 Danville, IL metro area $23,450 $27,611 84.9% 224 Rock Island, IL metro area $23,510 $24,414 96.3% 225 Decatur, IL metro area $23,220 $25,031 92.8% 226 DeKalb County, IL metro area $27,790 $27,955 99.4% 227 Grundy County, IL metro area $27,790 $27,296 101.8% 228 Kankakee/Bradley, IL metro area $30,150 $25,121 120.0% 229 Kendall County, IL metro area $27,790 $28,455 97.7% 230 Macoupin County, IL metro area $23,310 $26,787 87.0% 231 Peoria, IL metro area $25,090 $25,196 99.6% 232 Rockford, IL metro area $29,920 $26,608 112.4% 233 Rural Illinois $20,150 $27,471 73.3% 234 Rural Illinois $30,640 $27,471 111.5% 235 Rural Illinois $23,390 $27,471 85.1% 236 Rural Illinois $32,080 $27,471 116.8% 237 Springfield, IL metro area $26,750 $26,406 101.3% 238 St. Louis, IL metro area $23,310 $27,622 84.4% 239 Anderson, IN metro area $20,110 $24,073 83.5% 240 Bloomington, IN metro area $26,390 $29,005 91.0% 241 Carroll County, IN metro area $22,860 $29,133 78.5% 242 Indiana suburbs of Cincinnati $29,620 $26,179 113.1% 243 Indiana suburbs of Cincinnati $22,990 $26,179 87.8% 244 Columbus, IN metro area $22,990 $29,928 76.8% 245 Elkhart/Goshen, IN metro area $23,330 $26,563 87.8% 246 Evansville, IN metro area $24,510 $28,631 85.6% 247 Fort Wayne, IN metro area $31,470 $26,782 117.5% 248 Gary, IN metro area $23,490 $26,886 87.4% 249 Gibson County, IN metro area $24,510 $28,175 87.0% 250 Greene County, IN metro area $26,390 $26,196 100.7% 251 Indianapolis, IN metro area $23,280 $27,757 83.9% 252 Jasper County, IN metro area $23,490 $28,878 81.3% 253 Kokomo, IN metro area $43,270 $26,605 162.6% 254 Lafayette, IN metro area $22,860 $28,215 81.0% 255 Indiana suburbs of Louisville $24,910 $26,322 94.6% 256 Indiana suburbs of Louisville $43,240 $26,322 164.3% 257 Michigan City/La Porte, IN metro area $28,880 $25,712 112.3% 258 Muncie, IN metro area $22,480 $25,870 86.9% 259 Owen County, IN metro area $26,390 $28,049 94.1% 260 Putnam County, IN metro area $23,280 $29,200 79.7% 261 Rural Indiana $29,620 $26,906 110.1% 262 Rural Indiana $22,990 $26,906 85.4% 263 Rural Indiana $24,910 $26,906 92.6% 264 Rural Indiana $22,280 $26,906 82.8% 265 South Bend/Mishawaka, IN metro area $23,380 $26,747 87.4% 266 Sullivan County, IN metro area $23,550 $29,049 81.1% 267 Terre Haute, IN metro area $23,550 $25,736 91.5% 268 Washington County, IN metro area $43,240 $26,766 161.5% 269 Franklin County, KS metro area $23,890 $26,759 89.3% 270 Kansas City, KS metro area $23,890 $26,939 88.7% 271 Lawrence, KS metro area $30,330 $25,214 120.3% 272 Manhattan, KS metro area $26,200 $28,277 92.7% 273 Rural Kansas $29,660 $26,279 112.9% 274 St. Joseph, KS metro area $19,200 $28,029 68.5% 275 Sumner County, KS metro area $24,270 $27,211 89.2% 276 Topeka, KS metro area $23,580 $24,052 98.0% 277 Wichita, KS metro area $29,660 $24,876 119.2% 278 Wichita, KS metro area $24,270 $24,876 97.6% 279 Bowling Green, KY metro area $29,630 $25,813 114.8% 280 Bowling Green, KY metro area $40,710 $25,813 157.7% 281 Kentucky suburbs of Cincinnati $22,990 $25,547 90.0% 282 Christian and Trigg County $19,740 $26,700 73.9% 283 Elizabethtown, KY metro area $43,520 $24,906 174.7% 284 Henderson County $24,510 $27,089 90.5% 285 Grant County, KY metro area $22,990 $26,282 87.5% 286 Ashland, KY metro area $26,910 $23,835 112.9% 287 Lexington/Fayette, KY metro area $27,060 $25,856 104.7% 288 Louisville, KY metro area $43,240 $26,280 164.5% 289 Meade County, KY metro area $43,240 $26,596 162.6% 290 Nelson County, KY metro area $43,240 $26,168 165.2% 291 Owensboro, KY metro area $50,550 $25,039 201.9% 292 Rural Kentucky $28,910 $26,338 109.8% 293 Rural Kentucky $40,710 $26,338 154.6% 294 Rural Kentucky $33,120 $26,338 125.7% 295 Rural Kentucky $44,470 $26,338 168.8% 296 Shelby County, KY metro area $43,240 $28,198 153.3% 297 Alexandria, LA metro area $29,980 $27,566 108.8% 298 Baton Rouge, LA metro area $28,540 $27,931 102.2% 299 Houma/Bayou Cane/Thibodaux, LA metro area $43,660 $26,519 164.6% 300 Iberville Parish, LA metro area $28,540 $26,736 106.7% 301 Lafayette, LA metro area $45,280 $27,110 167.0% 302 Lafayette, LA metro area $23,990 $27,110 88.5% 303 Lake Charles, LA metro area $27,919 304 Monroe, LA metro area $44,260 $27,385 161.6% 305 New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner, LA metro area $45,280 $30,152 150.2% 306 New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner, LA metro area $34,890 $30,152 115.7% 307 Rural Louisiana $35,980 $28,558 126.0% 308 Rural Louisiana $42,900 $28,558 150.2% 309 Rural Louisiana $45,280 $28,558 158.6% 310 Rural Louisiana $34,620 $28,558 121.2% 311 Shreveport/Bossier City, LA metro area $34,620 $27,712 124.9% 312 Shreveport/Bossier City, LA metro area $18,950 $27,712 68.4% 313 Barnstable Town, MA metro area $28,160 $33,807 83.3% 314 Barnstable Town, MA metro area $28,160 $33,807 83.3% 315 Berkshire County, MA metro area $26,160 $32,087 81.5% 316 Berkshire County, MA metro area $26,160 $32,087 81.5% 317 Berkshire County, MA metro area $26,160 $32,087 81.5% 318 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,690 $39,358 67.8% 319 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $28,700 $39,358 72.9% 320 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,690 $39,358 67.8% 321 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $27,640 $39,358 70.2% 322 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $28,700 $39,358 72.9% 323 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $27,640 $39,358 70.2% 324 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,690 $39,358 67.8% 325 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $28,700 $39,358 72.9% 326 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $29,420 $39,358 74.7% 327 Brockton, MA metro area $29,420 $35,723 82.4% 328 Eastern Worcester County, MA metro area $29,540 $32,004 92.3% 329 Easton/Raynham, MA metro area $29,420 $38,261 76.9% 330 Fitchburg/Leominster, MA metro area $27,640 $27,523 100.4% 331 Franklin County, MA metro area $29,330 $31,480 93.2% 332 Franklin County, MA metro area $29,330 $31,480 93.2% 333 Franklin County, MA metro area $29,330 $31,480 93.2% 334 Lawrence, MA metro area $28,700 $33,008 86.9% 335 Lowell, MA metro area $27,640 $33,919 81.5% 336 New Bedford, MA metro area $29,420 $30,570 96.2% 337 Pittsfield, MA metro area $26,160 $27,523 95.0% 338 Providence/Fall River, MA metro area $29,420 $30,797 95.5% 339 Providence/Fall River, MA metro area $29,420 $30,797 95.5% 340 Rural Massachusetts $26,690 $37,807 70.6% 341 Springfield, MA metro area $29,330 $30,397 96.5% 342 Springfield, MA metro area $29,540 $30,397 97.2% 343 Springfield, MA metro area $29,540 $30,397 97.2% 344 Taunton/Mansfield/Norton, MA metro area $26,690 $33,235 80.3% 345 Western Worcester County, MA metro area $29,540 $28,504 103.6% 346 Worcester, MA metro area $29,540 $29,922 98.7% 347 Worcester, MA metro area $29,540 $29,922 98.7% 348 Worcester, MA metro area $29,540 $29,922 98.7% 349 Worcester, MA metro area $29,540 $29,922 98.7% 350 Worcester, MA metro area $29,540 $29,922 98.7% 351 Baltimore/Towson, MD metro area $28,600 $33,994 84.1% 352 Columbia city, MD metro area $28,600 $38,288 74.7% 353 Cumberland, MD metro area $23,370 $24,568 95.1% 354 Hagerstown, MD metro area $28,240 $28,274 99.9% 355 Cecil County $23,620 $32,523 72.6% 356 Rural Maryland $25,730 $32,271 79.7% 357 Rural Maryland $32,271 358 Rural Maryland $28,690 $32,271 88.9% 359 Salisbury, MD metro area $25,730 $26,235 98.1% 360 Salisbury, MD metro area $34,990 $26,235 133.4% 361 Somerset County, MD metro area $34,990 $25,469 137.4% 362 Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC $30,900 $41,424 74.6% 363 Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC $32,710 $41,424 79.0% 364 Bangor, ME metro area $27,710 $29,840 92.9% 365 Cumberland County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,369 90.1% 366 Cumberland County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,369 90.1% 367 Lewiston/Auburn, ME metro area $27,700 $27,417 101.0% 368 Lewiston/Auburn, ME metro area $27,700 $27,417 101.0% 369 Penobscot County, ME metro area $27,710 $26,764 103.5% 370 Penobscot County, ME metro area $27,710 $26,764 103.5% 371 Portland, ME metro area $26,470 $31,848 83.1% 372 Rural Maine $27,710 $30,594 90.6% 373 Rural Maine $37,710 $30,594 123.3% 374 Rural Maine $26,470 $30,594 86.5% 375 Rural Maine $27,700 $30,594 90.5% 376 Rural Maine $26,470 $30,594 86.5% 377 Sagadahoc County, ME metro area $27,700 $33,195 83.4% 378 York County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,354 90.2% 379 York County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,354 90.2% 380 York County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,354 90.2% 381 York County, ME metro area $26,470 $29,354 90.2% 382 York/Kittery/South Berwick, ME metro area $26,470 $34,219 77.4% 383 Ann Arbor, MI metro area $27,910 $30,299 92.1% 384 Barry County, MI metro area $27,830 $25,527 109.0% 385 Battle Creek, MI metro area $26,380 $24,706 106.8% 386 Bay City, MI metro area $23,914 387 Cass County, MI metro area $23,380 $26,334 88.8% 388 Detroit/Warren/Livonia, MI metro area $27,240 $26,072 104.5% 389 Detroit/Warren/Livonia, MI metro area $26,690 $26,072 102.4% 390 Flint, MI metro area $29,120 $25,033 116.3% 391 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $36,070 $26,807 134.6% 392 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $27,830 $26,807 103.8% 393 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $18,830 $26,807 70.2% 394 Holland/Grand Haven, MI metro area $36,070 $29,626 121.8% 395 Ionia County, MI metro area $27,830 $26,184 106.3% 396 Jackson, MI metro area $19,160 $26,642 71.9% 397 Kalamazoo/Portage, MI metro area $23,180 $26,077 88.9% 398 Lansing/East Lansing, MI metro area $24,900 $26,285 94.7% 399 Livingston County, MI metro area $26,690 $26,834 99.5% 400 Monroe, MI metro area $26,390 401 Muskegon/Norton Shores, MI metro area $31,760 $23,206 136.9% 402 Newaygo County, MI metro area $27,830 $27,637 100.7% 403 Niles/Benton Harbor, MI metro area $36,180 $26,098 138.6% 404 Rural Michigan $36,070 $27,949 129.1% 405 Rural Michigan $34,740 $27,949 124.3% 406 Rural Michigan $32,340 $27,949 115.7% 407 Rural Michigan $30,170 $27,949 107.9% 408 Saginaw/Saginaw Township North, MI metro area $21,700 $24,658 88.0% 409 Duluth, MN metro area $29,680 $24,143 122.9% 410 Clay County $28,030 $23,801 117.8% 411 Polk County $30,650 $27,256 112.5% 412 Houston County $26,490 $27,542 96.2% 413 Mankato/North Mankato, MN metro area $24,190 $24,999 96.8% 414 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $35,430 $27,224 130.1% 415 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $28,440 $27,224 104.5% 416 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $32,650 $27,224 119.9% 417 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $32,650 $27,224 119.9% 418 Rochester, MN metro area $28,440 $28,857 98.6% 419 Rochester, MN metro area $33,100 $28,857 114.7% 420 Rural Minnesota $35,430 $25,872 136.9% 421 Rural Minnesota $34,850 $25,872 134.7% 422 Rural Minnesota $28,440 $25,872 109.9% 423 Rural Minnesota $31,050 $25,872 120.0% 424 St. Cloud, MN metro area $28,960 $27,278 106.2% 425 Wabasha County, MN metro area $33,100 $27,144 121.9% 426 Bates County, MO metro area $23,890 $25,876 92.3% 427 Calloway County, MO metro area $40,560 $27,750 146.2% 428 Cape Girardeau, MO metro area $24,667 429 Columbia, MO metro area $19,960 $27,620 72.3% 430 Dallas County, MO metro area $18,700 $25,712 72.7% 431 Jefferson City, MO metro area $40,560 $24,330 166.7% 432 Joplin, MO metro area $28,740 $25,464 112.9% 433 Kansas City, MO metro area $23,890 $27,373 87.3% 434 McDonald County, MO metro area $36,630 $26,930 136.0% 435 Moniteau County, MO metro area $40,560 $26,256 154.5% 436 Polk County, MO metro area $18,700 $25,781 72.5% 437 Rural Missouri $21,240 $26,634 79.7% 438 Rural Missouri $35,480 $26,634 133.2% 439 Rural Missouri $25,920 $26,634 97.3% 440 Rural Missouri $27,370 $26,634 102.8% 441 Rural Missouri $19,960 $26,634 74.9% 442 Springfield, MO metro area $18,700 $25,141 74.4% 443 St. Joseph, MO metro area $19,200 $27,572 69.6% 444 St. Louis, MO metro area $23,310 $27,683 84.2% 445 Washington County, MO metro area $23,310 $27,979 83.3% 446 Gulfport/Biloxi, MS metro area $20,860 $32,435 64.3% 447 Gulfport/Biloxi, MS metro area $28,010 $32,435 86.4% 448 Hattiesburg, MS metro area $18,610 $29,078 64.0% 449 Jackson, MS metro area $22,270 $26,877 82.9% 450 Jackson, MS metro area $24,410 $26,877 90.8% 451 Marshall County, MS metro area $23,540 $28,245 83.3% 452 Mississippi suburbs of Memphis $28,340 $29,399 96.4% 453 Mississippi suburbs of Memphis $23,540 $29,399 80.1% 454 Pascagoula, MS metro area $19,380 $31,891 60.8% 455 Pascagoula, MS metro area $28,010 $31,891 87.8% 456 Rural Mississippi $24,230 $28,181 86.0% 457 Rural Mississippi $28,340 $28,181 100.6% 458 Rural Mississippi $19,380 $28,181 68.8% 459 Rural Mississippi $22,270 $28,181 79.0% 460 Simpson County, MS metro area $24,410 $26,077 93.6% 461 Tate County, MS metro area $23,540 $29,850 78.9% 462 Tunica County, MS metro area $23,540 $29,231 80.5% 463 Billings, MT metro area $24,040 $25,823 93.1% 464 Billings, MT metro area $21,440 $25,823 83.0% 465 Billings, MT metro area $21,440 $25,823 83.0% 466 Great Falls, MT metro area $25,300 $25,939 97.5% 467 Missoula, MT metro area $26,670 $29,517 90.4% 468 Rural Montana $24,040 $27,606 87.1% 469 Rural Montana $24,260 $27,606 87.9% 470 Rural Montana $23,520 $27,606 85.2% 471 Rural Montana $24,900 $27,606 90.2% 472 Anson County, NC metro area $23,730 $28,842 82.3% 473 Asheville, NC metro area $26,300 $26,338 99.9% 474 Burlington, NC metro area $21,760 $27,890 78.0% 475 Charlotte/Gastonia, NC metro area $23,730 $30,485 77.8% 476 Charlotte/Gastonia, NC metro area $23,970 $30,485 78.6% 477 Durham/Chapel Hill, NC metro area $26,770 $29,041 92.2% 478 Fayetteville, NC metro area $22,710 $31,393 72.3% 479 Goldsboro, NC metro area $18,980 $27,613 68.7% 480 Greene County, NC metro area $19,850 $28,829 68.9% 481 Greensboro/High Point, NC metro area $19,850 $28,083 70.7% 482 Greenville, NC metro area $19,850 $28,491 69.7% 483 Haywood County, NC metro area $26,300 $28,052 93.8% 484 Hickory/Lenoir/Morganton, NC metro area $19,580 $28,357 69.0% 485 Hoke County, NC metro area $22,710 $30,049 75.6% 486 Jacksonville, NC metro area $30,350 487 Pender County, NC metro area $21,380 $27,456 77.9% 488 Person County, NC metro area $26,770 $27,785 96.3% 489 Raleigh/Cary, NC metro area $26,310 $30,209 87.1% 490 Rockingham County, NC metro area $19,850 $27,431 72.4% 491 Rocky Mount, NC metro area $25,910 $28,686 90.3% 492 Rural North Carolina $28,440 $29,438 96.6% 493 Rural North Carolina $27,000 $29,438 91.7% 494 Rural North Carolina $23,970 $29,438 81.4% 495 Rural North Carolina $23,730 $29,438 80.6% 496 Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News, NC metro area $28,440 $38,355 74.1% 497 Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News, NC metro area $21,620 $38,355 56.4% 498 Wilmington, NC metro area $21,380 $30,785 69.4% 499 Winston/Salem, NC metro area $23,970 $29,144 82.2% 500 Winston/Salem, NC metro area $22,830 $29,144 78.3% 501 Bismarck, ND metro area $24,000 $26,353 91.1% 502 Bismarck, ND metro area $26,353 503 Fargo, ND metro area $28,030 $24,775 113.1% 504 Grand Forks, ND metro area $30,650 $25,176 121.7% 505 Rural North Dakota $39,120 $30,007 130.4% 506 Rural North Dakota $37,970 $30,007 126.5% 507 Rural North Dakota $30,007 508 Rural North Dakota $30,007 509 Lincoln, NE metro area $18,500 $24,765 74.7% 510 Omaha, NE metro area $32,170 $25,988 123.8% 511 Rural Nebraska $32,650 $25,748 126.8% 512 Rural Nebraska $19,330 $25,748 75.1% 513 Rural Nebraska $34,350 $25,748 133.4% 514 Rural Nebraska $30,970 $25,748 120.3% 515 Saunders County, NE metro area $32,170 $26,566 121.1% 516 Seward County, NE metro area $18,500 $24,624 75.1% 517 Sioux City, NE metro area $19,900 $25,904 76.8% 518 Rockingham and Strafford Counties $24,870 $39,711 62.6% 519 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $24,830 $32,439 76.5% 520 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $24,830 $32,439 76.5% 521 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $24,830 $32,439 76.5% 522 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $24,830 $32,439 76.5% 523 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $24,830 $32,439 76.5% 524 New Hampshire suburbs of Lawrence, MA $24,870 $31,526 78.9% 525 Manchester, NH metro area $24,870 $28,961 85.9% 526 Manchester, NH metro area $24,870 $28,961 85.9% 527 Manchester, NH metro area $24,870 $28,961 85.9% 528 Nashua, NH metro area $24,870 $32,974 75.4% 529 Portsmouth/Rochester, NH metro area $24,870 $30,978 80.3% 530 Rural New Hampshire $25,760 $31,558 81.6% 531 Rural New Hampshire $25,760 $31,558 81.6% 532 Rural New Hampshire $24,830 $31,558 78.7% 533 Rural New Hampshire $25,760 $31,558 81.6% 534 Rural New Hampshire $25,760 $31,558 81.6% 535 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $24,870 $37,676 66.0% 536 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $24,870 $37,676 66.0% 537 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $24,870 $37,676 66.0% 538 Atlantic City/Hammonton, NJ metro area $28,410 $34,022 83.5% 539 Bergen/Passaic, NJ metro area $43,420 $40,774 106.5% 540 Bergen/Passaic, NJ metro area $33,600 $40,774 82.4% 541 Jersey City, NJ metro area $43,420 $38,518 112.7% 542 Middlesex/Somerset/Hunterdon, NJ metro area $29,630 $37,012 80.1% 543 Monmouth/Ocean, NJ metro area $29,630 $36,764 80.6% 544 Newark, NJ metro area $33,600 $39,133 85.9% 545 Ocean City, NJ metro area $29,740 $29,662 100.3% 546 Camden, NJ metro area $28,570 $34,109 83.8% 547 Camden, NJ metro area $23,620 $34,109 69.2% 548 Trenton/Ewing, NJ metro area $37,850 $36,450 103.8% 549 Vineland/Millville/Bridgeton, NJ metro area $53,530 $32,847 163.0% 550 Warren County, NJ metro area $30,330 $32,023 94.7% 551 Albuquerque, NM metro area $23,420 $26,287 89.1% 552 Farmington, NM metro area $27,610 $26,387 104.6% 553 Las Cruces, NM metro area $23,530 $26,061 90.3% 554 Rural New Mexico $30,070 $27,182 110.6% 555 Rural New Mexico $29,280 $27,182 107.7% 556 Rural New Mexico $24,490 $27,182 90.1% 557 Rural New Mexico $27,540 $27,182 101.3% 558 Santa Fe, NM metro area $29,940 $31,357 95.5% 559 Carson City, NV metro area $28,521 560 Las Vegas/Paradise, NV metro area $21,980 $29,546 74.4% 561 Reno/Sparks, NV metro area $25,140 $28,667 87.7% 562 Rural Nevada $24,830 $29,034 85.5% 563 Rural Nevada $20,920 $29,034 72.1% 564 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY metro area $25,650 $31,547 81.3% 565 Binghamton, NY metro area $22,680 $29,037 78.1% 566 Buffalo/Niagara Falls, NY metro area $23,690 $28,048 84.5% 567 Elmira, NY metro area $32,130 $29,013 110.7% 568 Glens Falls, NY metro area $20,720 $30,767 67.3% 569 Ithaca, NY metro area $27,580 $34,919 79.0% 570 Kingston, NY metro area $27,850 $31,375 88.8% 571 Nassau/Suffolk, NY metro area $28,350 $40,573 69.9% 572 New York, NY metro area $28,350 $43,519 65.1% 573 New York, NY metro area $43,420 $43,519 99.8% 574 Poughkeepsie/Newburgh/Middletown, NY metro area $26,060 $36,952 70.5% 575 Rochester, NY metro area $26,890 $28,774 93.5% 576 Rochester, NY metro area $26,400 $28,774 91.7% 577 Rural New York $33,260 $30,684 108.4% 578 Rural New York $31,540 $30,684 102.8% 579 Rural New York $22,160 $30,684 72.2% 580 Rural New York $26,890 $30,684 87.6% 581 Syracuse, NY metro area $24,860 $28,994 85.7% 582 Utica/Rome, NY metro area $26,890 $30,909 87.0% 583 Utica/Rome, NY metro area $27,930 $30,909 90.4% 584 Westchester County, NY metro area $43,420 $39,515 109.9% 585 Akron, OH metro area $21,220 $25,990 81.6% 586 Brown County, OH metro area $22,990 $25,107 91.6% 587 Canton/Massillon, OH metro area $23,350 $24,511 95.3% 588 Cincinnati/Middleton, OH metro area $22,990 $25,403 90.5% 589 Cleveland/Elyria/Mentor, OH metro area $25,460 $26,106 97.5% 590 Columbus, OH metro area $19,500 $27,193 71.7% 591 Columbus, OH metro area $25,510 $27,193 93.8% 592 Columbus, OH metro area $23,830 $27,193 87.6% 593 Dayton, OH metro area $21,010 $26,777 78.5% 594 Lawrence County $26,910 $24,172 111.3% 595 Lima, OH metro area $21,050 $26,238 80.2% 596 Mansfield, OH metro area $30,680 $25,657 119.6% 597 Marietta, OH metro area $34,210 $25,230 135.6% 598 Preble County, OH metro area $21,010 $26,035 80.7% 599 Rural Ohio $25,510 $26,608 95.9% 600 Rural Ohio $27,000 $26,608 101.5% 601 Rural Ohio $19,500 $26,608 73.3% 602 Rural Ohio $23,320 $26,608 87.6% 603 Sandusky, OH metro area $24,350 $25,927 93.9% 604 Springfield, OH metro area $25,990 $26,495 98.1% 605 Steubenville/Weirton, OH metro area $30,870 $24,749 124.7% 606 Toledo, OH metro area $21,660 $24,324 89.0% 607 Union County, OH metro area $23,830 $26,882 88.6% 608 Wheeling, OH metro area $31,740 $25,545 124.3% 609 Youngstown/Warren/Boardman, OH metro area $24,340 $25,567 95.2% 610 Sequoyah County $26,150 $26,318 99.4% 611 Sequoyah County $30,200 $26,318 114.8% 612 Sequoyah County $32,480 $26,318 123.4% 613 Grady County, OK metro area $23,380 $23,156 101.0% 614 Lawton, OK metro area $32,420 $25,927 125.0% 615 Lawton, OK metro area $30,530 $25,927 117.8% 616 Le Flore County, OK metro area $32,480 $25,013 129.9% 617 Lincoln County, OK metro area $23,380 $25,048 93.3% 618 Oklahoma City, OK metro area $23,380 $25,304 92.4% 619 Okmulgee County, OK metro area $32,040 $24,212 132.3% 620 Pawnee County, OK metro area $32,040 $24,650 130.0% 621 Rural Oklahoma $34,430 $25,618 134.4% 622 Rural Oklahoma $26,150 $25,618 102.1% 623 Rural Oklahoma $30,200 $25,618 117.9% 624 Rural Oklahoma $32,420 $25,618 126.6% 625 Tulsa, OK metro area $32,040 $25,315 126.6% 626 Bend, OR metro area $29,800 $28,053 106.2% 627 Corvallis, OR metro area $22,600 $26,498 85.3% 628 Eugene/Springfield, OR metro area $27,200 $26,958 100.9% 629 Medford, OR metro area $25,050 $29,284 85.5% 630 Portland/Vancouver/Hillsboro, OR metro area $26,980 $30,833 87.5% 631 Rural Oregon $27,240 $27,240 100.0% 632 Rural Oregon $27,280 $27,240 100.1% 633 Rural Oregon $24,210 $27,240 88.9% 634 Rural Oregon $22,820 $27,240 83.8% 635 Salem, OR metro area $24,630 $28,142 87.5% 636 Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton, PA metro area $30,330 $30,315 100.0% 637 Altoona, PA metro area $19,230 $26,709 72.0% 638 Armstrong County, PA metro area $23,790 $23,005 103.4% 639 Erie, PA metro area $24,690 $24,535 100.6% 640 Harrisburg/Carlisle, PA metro area $22,810 $28,511 80.0% 641 Johnstown, PA metro area $18,740 $24,974 75.0% 642 Lancaster, PA metro area $26,440 $29,056 91.0% 643 Lebanon, PA metro area $24,334 644 Philadelphia, PA metro area $24,830 $33,765 73.5% 645 Pike County, PA metro area $33,600 $36,348 92.4% 646 Pittsburgh, PA metro area $23,790 $27,124 87.7% 647 Reading, PA metro area $29,410 $26,925 109.2% 648 Rural Pennsylvania $30,880 $27,357 112.9% 649 Rural Pennsylvania $32,500 $27,357 118.8% 650 Rural Pennsylvania $25,470 $27,357 93.1% 651 Rural Pennsylvania $37,410 $27,357 136.7% 652 Scranton/Wilkes/Barre, PA metro area $23,730 $25,761 92.1% 653 Sharon, PA metro area $24,340 $25,766 94.5% 654 State College, PA metro area $24,000 $30,015 80.0% 655 Williamsport, PA metro area $23,780 $25,209 94.3% 656 York/Hanover, PA metro area $28,980 $26,339 110.0% 657 Newport/Middleton/Portsmouth, RI metro area $29,420 $35,425 83.0% 658 Providence/Fall River, RI metro area $29,420 $30,522 96.4% 659 Westerly/Hopkinton/New Shoreham, RI metro area $29,420 $29,778 98.8% 660 Anderson, SC metro area $18,710 $27,497 68.0% 661 Aiken and Edgefield Counties $28,130 $28,109 100.1% 662 Charleston/North Charleston/Summerville, SC metro area $22,680 $31,920 71.1% 663 Rock Hill, Chester, Lancaster, and York Counties $29,410 $30,109 97.7% 664 Rock Hill, Chester, Lancaster, and York Counties $23,730 $30,109 78.8% 665 Columbia, SC metro area $21,320 $29,676 71.8% 666 Darlington County, SC metro area $18,210 $27,308 66.7% 667 Florence, SC metro area $18,210 $27,190 67.0% 668 Greenville/Mauldin/Easley, SC metro area $19,240 $27,039 71.2% 669 Kershaw County, SC metro area $21,320 $26,527 80.4% 670 Laurens County, SC metro area $19,240 $23,982 80.2% 671 Myrtle Beach/North Myrtle Beach/Conway, SC metro area $23,220 $30,194 76.9% 672 Rural South Carolina $20,730 $28,423 72.9% 673 Rural South Carolina $44,180 $28,423 155.4% 674 Rural South Carolina $22,740 $28,423 80.0% 675 Rural South Carolina $29,410 $28,423 103.5% 676 Spartanburg, SC metro area $29,410 $25,242 116.5% 677 Spartanburg, SC metro area $26,530 $25,242 105.1% 678 Sumter, SC metro area $18,470 $28,625 64.5% 679 Meade County, SD metro area $28,470 $26,142 108.9% 680 Rapid City, SD metro area $27,610 $26,172 105.5% 681 Rapid City, SD metro area $28,470 $26,172 108.8% 682 Rural South Dakota $29,590 $26,554 111.4% 683 Rural South Dakota $28,550 $26,554 107.5% 684 Rural South Dakota $27,610 $26,554 104.0% 685 Sioux City, SD metro area $19,900 $25,429 78.3% 686 Sioux Falls, SD metro area $29,260 $26,677 109.7% 687 Chattanooga, TN metro area $21,180 $24,054 88.1% 688 Clarksville, TN metro area $19,740 $25,258 78.2% 689 Cleveland, TN metro area $18,940 $23,618 80.2% 690 Hickman County, TN metro area $24,150 $25,531 94.6% 691 Jackson, TN metro area $26,350 $23,182 113.7% 692 Jackson, TN metro area $41,530 $23,182 179.1% 693 Johnson City, TN metro area $35,150 $23,634 148.7% 694 Kingsport/Bristol, TN metro area $34,040 $23,612 144.2% 695 Knoxville, TN metro area $19,650 $24,964 78.7% 696 Knoxville, TN metro area $19,470 $24,964 78.0% 697 Knoxville, TN metro area $24,640 $24,964 98.7% 698 Knoxville, TN metro area $34,910 $24,964 139.8% 699 Macon County, TN metro area $24,150 $24,432 98.8% 700 Memphis, TN metro area $23,540 $26,774 87.9% 701 Morristown, TN metro area $34,910 $23,458 148.8% 702 Nashville/Davidson/Murfreesboro/Franklin, TN metro area $32,360 $27,597 117.3% 703 Nashville/Davidson/Murfreesboro/Franklin, TN metro area $24,150 $27,597 87.5% 704 Rural Tennessee $19,650 $24,444 80.4% 705 Rural Tennessee $24,640 $24,444 100.8% 706 Rural Tennessee $32,360 $24,444 132.4% 707 Rural Tennessee $41,530 $24,444 169.9% 708 Smith County, TN metro area $24,150 $24,388 99.0% 709 Stewart County, TN metro area $19,740 $23,887 82.6% 710 Abilene, TX metro area $43,970 $25,480 172.6% 711 Amarillo, TX metro area $24,460 $24,475 99.9% 712 Amarillo, TX metro area $40,140 $24,475 164.0% 713 Aransas County, TX metro area $42,740 $25,452 167.9% 714 Atascosa County, TX metro area $30,860 $24,920 123.8% 715 Austin County, TX metro area $31,110 $26,245 118.5% 716 Austin/Round Rock/San Marcos, TX metro area $26,280 $29,904 87.9% 717 Beaumont/Port Arthur, TX metro area $40,640 $26,206 155.1% 718 Beaumont/Port Arthur, TX metro area $43,790 $26,206 167.1% 719 Brazoria County, TX metro area $31,110 $28,620 108.7% 720 Brownsville/Harlingen, TX metro area $46,160 $24,120 191.4% 721 Calhoun County, TX metro area $37,660 $27,345 137.7% 722 College Station/Bryan, TX metro area $25,730 $29,553 87.1% 723 Corpus Christi, TX metro area $42,740 $26,554 161.0% 724 Dallas, TX metro area $35,240 $27,617 127.6% 725 Dallas, TX metro area $38,250 $27,617 138.5% 726 El Paso, TX metro area $45,910 $26,413 173.8% 727 El Paso, TX metro area $40,720 $26,413 154.2% 728 Fort Worth/Arlington, TX metro area $24,760 $28,388 87.2% 729 Houston/Baytown/Sugar Land, TX metro area $31,110 $27,803 111.9% 730 Kendall County, TX metro area $30,860 $27,622 111.7% 731 Killeen/Temple/Fort Hood, TX metro area $49,840 $26,136 190.7% 732 Lampasas County, TX metro area $49,840 $25,913 192.3% 733 Laredo, TX metro area $26,819 734 Longview, TX metro area $34,600 $28,362 122.0% 735 Lubbock, TX metro area $40,140 $25,657 156.4% 736 Lubbock, TX metro area $36,270 $25,657 141.4% 737 McAllen/Edinburg/Mission, TX metro area $44,400 $23,838 186.3% 738 Medina County, TX metro area $30,860 $26,019 118.6% 739 Midland, TX metro area $40,140 $26,339 152.4% 740 Midland, TX metro area $27,310 $26,339 103.7% 741 Odessa, TX metro area $20,570 $28,596 71.9% 742 Rural Texas $43,960 $26,235 167.6% 743 Rural Texas $40,640 $26,235 154.9% 744 Rural Texas $34,640 $26,235 132.0% 745 Rural Texas $38,250 $26,235 145.8% 746 Rural Texas $40,140 $26,235 153.0% 747 Rural Texas $40,720 $26,235 155.2% 748 Rusk County, TX metro area $34,600 $25,222 137.2% 749 San Angelo, TX metro area $24,576 750 San Antonio/New Braunfels, TX metro area $30,860 $26,416 116.8% 751 Sherman/Denison, TX metro area $45,820 $25,427 180.2% 752 Texarkana, TX metro area $40,850 $23,782 171.8% 753 Tyler, TX metro area $27,720 $27,949 99.2% 754 Victoria, TX metro area $37,660 $26,145 144.0% 755 Waco, TX metro area $43,960 $24,683 178.1% 756 Waco, TX metro area $29,020 $24,683 117.6% 757 Wichita Falls, TX metro area $19,920 $23,882 83.4% 758 Wise County, TX metro area $24,760 $24,923 99.3% 759 Logan, UT metro area $23,350 $27,472 85.0% 760 Ogden/Clearfield, UT metro area $25,986 761 Ogden/Clearfield, UT metro area $24,080 $25,986 92.7% 762 Provo/Orem, UT metro area $19,380 $26,215 73.9% 763 Rural Utah $33,520 $27,816 120.5% 764 Rural Utah $27,816 765 Rural Utah $27,816 766 Rural Utah $27,816 767 Salt Lake City, UT metro area $22,070 $28,544 77.3% 768 St. George, UT metro area $19,160 $26,283 72.9% 769 Summit County, UT metro area $22,070 $30,684 71.9% 770 Tooele County, UT metro area $22,070 $27,273 80.9% 771 Blacksburg/Christiansburg/Radford, VA metro area $33,620 $27,437 122.5% 772 Blacksburg/Christiansburg/Radford, VA metro area $28,310 $27,437 103.2% 773 Charlottesville, VA metro area $27,020 $29,921 90.3% 774 Charlottesville, VA metro area $42,850 $29,921 143.2% 775 Danville, VA metro area $18,210 $24,248 75.1% 776 Franklin County, VA metro area $29,730 $25,314 117.4% 777 Giles County, VA metro area $33,620 $28,168 119.4% 778 Harrisonburg, VA metro area $18,390 $28,353 64.9% 779 Bristol, VA metro area $34,040 $25,317 134.5% 780 Louisa County, VA metro area $36,670 $29,833 122.9% 781 Lynchburg, VA metro area $40,200 $27,056 148.6% 782 Pulaski County, VA metro area $33,620 $28,849 116.5% 783 Richmond, VA metro area $36,670 $33,289 110.2% 784 Roanoke, VA metro area $29,730 $27,273 109.0% 785 Rural Virginia $28,680 $28,610 100.2% 786 Rural Virginia $29,610 $28,610 103.5% 787 Rural Virginia $42,850 $28,610 149.8% 788 Rural Virginia $28,310 $28,610 99.0% 789 Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News, VA metro area $21,620 $36,671 59.0% 790 Warren County, VA metro area $32,710 $32,981 99.2% 791 Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC $29,610 $42,815 69.2% 792 Virginia suburbs of Washington, DC $32,710 $42,815 76.4% 793 Winchester, VA metro area $24,200 $28,478 85.0% 794 Burlington/South Burlington, VT metro area $27,240 $38,039 71.6% 795 Burlington/South Burlington, VT metro area $27,240 $38,039 71.6% 796 Rural Vermont $27,240 $32,574 83.6% 797 Rural Vermont $31,990 $32,574 98.2% 798 Rural Vermont $27,240 $32,574 83.6% 799 Bellingham, WA metro area $28,970 $27,611 104.9% 800 Bremerton/Silverdale, WA metro area $29,110 $27,782 104.8% 801 Kennewick/Pasco/Richland, WA metro area $27,820 $26,558 104.8% 802 Asotin County $23,100 $25,434 90.8% 803 Longview, WA metro area $27,370 $24,404 112.2% 804 Mount Vernon/Anacortes, WA metro area $23,830 $28,379 84.0% 805 Olympia, WA metro area $21,240 $30,854 68.8% 806 Portland/Vancouver/Hillsboro, WA metro area $26,980 $30,141 89.5% 807 Rural Washington $24,680 $26,752 92.3% 808 Rural Washington $27,850 $26,752 104.1% 809 Rural Washington $27,760 $26,752 103.8% 810 Rural Washington $25,310 $26,752 94.6% 811 Seattle/Bellevue, WA metro area $29,350 $32,122 91.4% 812 Spokane, WA metro area $27,850 $24,913 111.8% 813 Spokane, WA metro area $22,560 $24,913 90.6% 814 Tacoma, WA metro area $24,980 $29,224 85.5% 815 Wenatchee/East Wenatchee, WA metro area $28,680 $25,508 112.4% 816 Yakima, WA metro area $26,730 $25,178 106.2% 817 Appleton, WI metro area $22,940 $24,218 94.7% 818 Columbia County, WI metro area $26,830 $26,006 103.2% 819 Douglas County $29,680 $27,854 106.6% 820 Eau Claire, WI metro area $28,240 $27,112 104.2% 821 Fond du Lac, WI metro area $19,020 $24,425 77.9% 822 Green Bay, WI metro area $20,690 $25,024 82.7% 823 Iowa County, WI metro area $26,830 $28,580 93.9% 824 Janesville, WI metro area $22,730 $25,778 88.2% 825 Kenosha County, WI metro area $27,790 $30,930 89.8% 826 La Crosse, WI metro area $26,490 $25,126 105.4% 827 Madison, WI metro area $26,830 $29,422 91.2% 828 Madison, WI metro area $21,000 $29,422 71.4% 829 Milwaukee/Waukesha/West Allis, WI metro area $22,870 $28,099 81.4% 830 Oconto County, WI metro area $20,690 $27,424 75.4% 831 Oshkosh/Neenah, WI metro area $21,160 $25,734 82.2% 832 Racine, WI metro area $27,850 $28,016 99.4% 833 Rural Wisconsin $24,840 $27,645 89.9% 834 Rural Wisconsin $38,310 $27,645 138.6% 835 Rural Wisconsin $21,000 $27,645 76.0% 836 Rural Wisconsin $22,460 $27,645 81.2% 837 Rural Wisconsin $36,160 $27,645 130.8% 838 Sheboygan, WI metro area $21,460 $26,264 81.7% 839 Wausau, WI metro area $22,720 $26,532 85.6% 840 Boone County, WV metro area $37,590 $27,073 138.8% 841 Charleston, WV metro area $37,590 $28,331 132.7% 842 Mineral County $23,370 $27,209 85.9% 843 Huntington, WV metro area $37,590 $23,893 157.3% 844 Huntington, WV metro area $26,910 $23,893 112.6% 845 Jefferson County, WV metro area $32,710 $29,609 110.5% 846 Martinsburg, WV metro area $28,240 $26,282 107.4% 847 Morgantown, WV metro area $22,690 $29,334 77.4% 848 Parkersburg/Vienna, WV metro area $34,210 $25,436 134.5% 849 Rural West Virginia $20,550 $27,774 74.0% 850 Rural West Virginia $34,630 $27,774 124.7% 851 Steubenville/Weirton, WV metro area $30,870 $25,158 122.7% 852 Wheeling, WV metro area $31,740 $25,931 122.4% 853 Winchester, WV metro area $24,200 $29,831 81.1% 854 Casper, WY metro area $31,580 $27,725 113.9% 855 Cheyenne, WY metro area $25,240 $27,945 90.3% 856 Rural Wyoming $37,160 $30,553 121.6% 857 Rural Wyoming $22,650 $30,553 74.1% 858 Rural Wyoming $33,090 $30,553 108.3% 859 Rural Wyoming $32,480 $30,553 106.3% Note: Budgets are the amount required for one person to secure a modest yet adequate standard of living in his or her community. Gray areas denote locales for which earnings data are unavailable. Source: EPI analysis of EPI Family Budget Calculator (Gould, Cooke, and Kimball 2015) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Share on Facebook Tweet this chart Embed Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website. Download image

Figure B Share of local one-person budget met by local median earnings of other child care workers case_id OES MSA name (with MSA divisions) Annual median wage One-person family budget Share of budget met by earnings 345 N/A 1 328 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 1 Anchorage, AK metro area $23,890 $33,015 72.4% 2 Fairbanks, AK metro area $28,410 $33,042 86.0% 3 Matanuska/Susitna Borough, AK metro area $23,890 $31,222 76.5% 4 Rural Alaska $24,980 $31,712 78.8% 5 Rural Alaska $24,640 $31,712 77.7% 6 Anniston/Oxford, AL metro area $17,740 $26,457 67.1% 7 Auburn/Opelika, AL metro area $17,930 $27,384 65.5% 8 Birmingham/Hoover, AL metro area $18,170 $27,574 65.9% 9 Chilton County, AL metro area $18,170 $26,185 69.4% 10 Russell County $17,790 $27,046 65.8% 11 Decatur, AL metro area $17,450 $24,653 70.8% 12 Dothan, AL metro area $17,910 $24,626 72.7% 13 Florence/Muscle Shoals, AL metro area $17,550 $26,256 66.8% 14 Gadsden, AL metro area $17,650 $23,283 75.8% 15 Henry County, AL metro area $17,910 $26,330 68.0% 16 Huntsville, AL metro area $17,720 $27,156 65.3% 17 Mobile, AL metro area $18,140 $29,786 60.9% 18 Montgomery, AL metro area $18,010 $28,404 63.4% 19 Rural Alabama $18,350 $26,875 68.3% 20 Rural Alabama $17,800 $26,875 66.2% 21 Rural Alabama $17,700 $26,875 65.9% 22 Rural Alabama $18,070 $26,875 67.2% 23 Rural Alabama $18,180 $26,875 67.6% 24 Tuscaloosa, AL metro area $17,800 $26,028 68.4% 25 Tuscaloosa, AL metro area $18,180 $26,028 69.8% 26 Walker County, AL metro area $18,170 $25,805 70.4% 27 Fayetteville/Springdale/Rogers, AR metro area $17,930 $26,216 68.4% 28 Fort Smith, AR metro area $17,600 $25,613 68.7% 29 Franklin County, AR metro area $17,600 $26,346 66.8% 30 Grant County, AR metro area $18,050 $26,540 68.0% 31 Hot Springs, AR metro area $18,330 $26,015 70.5% 32 Jonesboro, AR metro area $17,850 $23,835 74.9% 33 Little Rock/North Little Rock/Conway, AR metro area $18,050 $28,134 64.2% 34 Crittenden County $18,120 $28,537 63.5% 35 Pine Bluff, AR metro area $17,520 $25,054 69.9% 36 Poinsett County, AR metro area $17,850 $25,078 71.2% 37 Rural Arkansas $17,790 $26,689 66.7% 38 Rural Arkansas $17,960 $26,689 67.3% 39 Rural Arkansas $18,030 $26,689 67.6% 40 Rural Arkansas $18,080 $26,689 67.7% 41 Texarkana, AR metro area $18,030 $27,397 65.8% 42 Texarkana, AR metro area $17,950 $27,397 65.5% 43 Flagstaff, AZ metro area $19,230 $30,906 62.2% 44 Lake Havasu City/Kingman, AZ metro area $18,660 $25,797 72.3% 45 Phoenix/Mesa/Glendale, AZ metro area $19,000 $28,187 67.4% 46 Prescott, AZ metro area $20,010 $27,396 73.0% 47 Rural Arizona $19,270 $27,604 69.8% 48 Rural Arizona $21,240 $27,604 76.9% 49 Tucson, AZ metro area $18,830 $25,899 72.7% 50 Yuma, AZ metro area $19,900 $28,072 70.9% 51 Bakersfield/Delano, CA metro area $21,660 $29,265 74.0% 52 Chico, CA metro area $21,960 $26,887 81.7% 53 El Centro, CA metro area $18,430 $27,933 66.0% 54 Fresno, CA metro area $20,440 $29,592 69.1% 55 Hanford/Corcoran, CA metro area $20,310 $27,531 73.8% 56 Los Angeles/Long Beach, CA metro area $21,940 $34,886 62.9% 57 Madera/Chowchilla, CA metro area $22,090 $28,009 78.9% 58 Merced, CA metro area $19,590 $27,170 72.1% 59 Modesto, CA metro area $22,900 $28,339 80.8% 60 Napa, CA metro area $26,060 $34,775 74.9% 61 Oakland/Fremont, CA metro area $22,510 $39,603 56.8% 62 Orange County, CA metro area $25,420 $40,684 62.5% 63 Oxnard/Thousand Oaks/Ventura, CA metro area $22,230 $37,015 60.1% 64 Redding, CA metro area $23,520 $31,891 73.8% 65 Riverside/San Bernardino/Ontario, CA metro area $22,280 $32,085 69.4% 66 Rural California $31,199 67 Rural California $20,130 $31,199 64.5% 68 Rural California $22,720 $31,199 72.8% 69 Rural California $22,540 $31,199 72.2% 70 Rural California $22,580 $31,199 72.4% 71 Sacramento/Arden/Arcade/Roseville, CA metro area $22,250 $32,023 69.5% 72 Salinas, CA metro area $23,630 $36,264 65.2% 73 San Benito County, CA metro area $30,040 $31,942 94.0% 74 San Diego/Carlsbad/San Marcos, CA metro area $24,180 $36,450 66.3% 75 San Francisco, CA metro area $32,810 $43,581 75.3% 76 San Jose/Sunnyvale/Santa Clara, CA metro area $30,040 $41,386 72.6% 77 San Luis Obispo/Paso Robles, CA metro area $22,280 $34,424 64.7% 78 Santa Barbara/Santa Maria/Goleta, CA metro area $26,970 $39,180 68.8% 79 Santa Cruz/Watsonville, CA metro area $25,950 $38,301 67.8% 80 Santa Rosa/Petaluma, CA metro area $26,390 $35,077 75.2% 81 Stockton, CA metro area $24,310 $29,563 82.2% 82 Vallejo/Fairfield, CA metro area $22,890 $32,028 71.5% 83 Visalia/Porterville, CA metro area $26,790 $28,750 93.2% 84 Yolo, CA metro area $22,250 $32,148 69.2% 85 Yuba City, CA metro area $21,660 $26,981 80.3% 86 Boulder, CO metro area $23,300 $33,912 68.7% 87 Colorado Springs, CO metro area $21,170 $26,899 78.7% 88 Denver/Aurora/Broomfield, CO metro area $24,510 $28,829 85.0% 89 Fort Collins/Loveland, CO metro area $20,610 $28,739 71.7% 90 Grand Junction, CO metro area $21,420 $26,865 79.7% 91 Greeley, CO metro area $19,300 $25,766 74.9% 92 Pueblo, CO metro area $18,900 $25,368 74.5% 93 Rural Colorado $18,910 $31,576 59.9% 94 Rural Colorado $20,710 $31,576 65.6% 95 Rural Colorado $24,090 $31,576 76.3% 96 Rural Colorado $21,650 $31,576 68.6% 97 Teller County, CO metro area $21,170 $29,006 73.0% 98 Bridgeport, CT metro area $21,850 $33,324 65.6% 99 Colchester/Lebanon, CT metro area $21,600 $34,535 62.5% 100 Danbury, CT metro area $21,850 $40,035 54.6% 101 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $22,890 $33,080 69.2% 102 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $21,610 $33,080 65.3% 103 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $22,890 $33,080 69.2% 104 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $21,610 $33,080 65.3% 105 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $21,610 $33,080 65.3% 106 Hartford/West Hartford/East Hartford, CT metro area $22,890 $33,080 69.2% 107 Milford/Ansonia/Seymour, CT metro area $22,090 $37,214 59.4% 108 New Haven/Meriden, CT metro area $22,090 $34,861 63.4% 109 New Haven/Meriden, CT metro area $22,090 $34,861 63.4% 110 Norwich/New London, CT metro area $21,600 $31,751 68.0% 111 Norwich/New London, CT metro area $21,600 $31,751 68.0% 112 Rural Connecticut $22,330 $32,612 68.5% 113 Rural Connecticut $22,330 $32,612 68.5% 114 Rural Connecticut $22,330 $32,612 68.5% 115 Rural Connecticut $22,330 $32,612 68.5% 116 Southern Middlesex County, CT metro area $21,610 $39,601 54.6% 117 Stamford/Norwalk, CT metro area $21,850 $46,074 47.4% 118 Waterbury, CT metro area $22,090 $28,926 76.4% 119 Washington, DC $21,520 $42,119 51.1% 120 Dover, DE metro area $20,300 $29,519 68.8% 121 Wilmington, DE metro area $19,930 $34,408 57.9% 122 Rural Delaware $19,000 $31,374 60.6% 123 Baker County, FL metro area $19,440 $28,156 69.0% 124 Cape Coral/Fort Myers, FL metro area $21,030 $31,352 67.1% 125 Crestview/Fort Walton Beach/Destin, FL metro area $21,710 $29,794 72.9% 126 Crestview/Fort Walton Beach/Destin, FL metro area $18,520 $29,794 62.2% 127 Deltona/Daytona Beach/Ormond Beach, FL metro area $19,250 $27,384 70.3% 128 Fort Lauderdale, FL metro area $20,620 $31,059 66.4% 129 Gainesville, FL metro area $18,640 $30,154 61.8% 130 Jacksonville, FL metro area $19,440 $29,781 65.3% 131 Lakeland/Winter Haven, FL metro area $18,470 $29,180 63.3% 132 Miami/Miami Beach/Kendall, FL metro area $18,650 $31,354 59.5% 133 Miami/Miami Beach/Kendall, FL metro area $19,210 $31,354 61.3% 134 Naples/Marco Island, FL metro area $20,840 $30,925 67.4% 135 North Port/Bradenton/Sarasota, FL metro area $21,590 $30,901 69.9% 136 Ocala, FL metro area $20,400 $26,506 77.0% 137 Orlando/Kissimmee/Sanford, FL metro area $19,300 $29,951 64.4% 138 Palm Bay/Melbourne/Titusville, FL metro area $21,790 $27,142 80.3% 139 Palm Coast, FL metro area $21,400 $29,874 71.6% 140 Panama City/Lynn Haven/Panama City Beach, FL metro area $21,710 $29,754 73.0% 141 Panama City/Lynn Haven/Panama City Beach, FL metro area $19,100 $29,754 64.2% 142 Pensacola/Ferry Pass/Brent, FL metro area $18,690 $29,309 63.8% 143 Port St. Lucie, FL metro area $21,110 $30,047 70.3% 144 Punta Gorda, FL metro area $19,250 $26,516 72.6% 145 Rural Florida $20,620 $29,488 69.9% 146 Rural Florida $21,710 $29,488 73.6% 147 Rural Florida $20,900 $29,488 70.9% 148 Sebastian/Vero Beach, FL metro area $18,840 $27,383 68.8% 149 Tallahassee, FL metro area $19,220 $31,524 61.0% 150 Tampa/St. Petersburg/Clearwater, FL metro area $18,840 $28,316 66.5% 151 Wakulla County, FL metro area $19,220 $29,524 65.1% 152 West Palm Beach/Boca Raton, FL metro area $20,850 $31,141 67.0% 153 Albany, GA metro area $18,110 $29,800 60.8% 154 Athens/Clarke County, GA metro area $18,320 $27,787 65.9% 155 Atlanta/Sandy Springs/Marietta, GA metro area $19,960 $31,303 63.8% 156 Atlanta/Sandy Springs/Marietta, GA metro area $19,370 $31,303 61.9% 157 Augusta/Richmond, GA metro area $17,830 $28,372 62.8% 158 Augusta/Richmond, GA metro area $17,820 $28,372 62.8% 159 Brunswick, GA metro area $17,910 $26,664 67.2% 160 Butts County, GA metro area $19,960 $31,289 63.8% 161 Catoos, Dade, and Walker Counties $17,930 $27,027 66.3% 162 Catoos, Dade, and Walker Counties $17,790 $27,027 65.8% 163 Columbus, GA metro area $17,790 $27,193 65.4% 164 Dalton, GA metro area $20,130 $28,528 70.6% 165 Gainesville, GA metro area $18,900 $30,162 62.7% 166 Haralson County, GA metro area $19,960 $27,980 71.3% 167 Hinesville/Fort Stewart, GA metro area $17,530 $28,685 61.1% 168 Lamar County, GA metro area $19,960 $28,553 69.9% 169 Long County, GA metro area $17,530 $28,421 61.7% 170 Macon, GA metro area $17,830 $27,941 63.8% 171 Meriwether County, GA metro area $19,960 $28,553 69.9% 172 Monroe County, GA metro area $17,830 $27,751 64.3% 173 Murray County, GA metro area $20,130 $29,593 68.0% 174 Rome, GA metro area $17,840 $27,064 65.9% 175 Rural Georgia $17,830 $29,863 59.7% 176 Rural Georgia $17,620 $29,863 59.0% 177 Rural Georgia $19,370 $29,863 64.9% 178 Rural Georgia $17,910 $29,863 60.0% 179 Savannah, GA metro area $17,710 $29,368 60.3% 180 Valdosta, GA metro area $17,710 $30,741 57.6% 181 Warner Robins, GA metro area $17,620 $29,912 58.9% 182 Warner Robins, GA metro area $17,580 $29,912 58.8% 183 Honolulu, HI metro area $18,000 $46,308 38.9% 184 Rural Hawaii $18,920 $36,288 52.1% 185 Ames, IA metro area $19,190 $26,574 72.2% 186 Benton County, IA metro area $18,480 $26,506 69.7% 187 Bremer County, IA metro area $17,790 $26,841 66.3% 188 Cedar Rapids, IA metro area $18,480 $24,049 76.8% 189 Davenport/Moline, IA metro area $18,680 $24,498 76.3% 190 Des Moines/West Des Moines, IA metro area $19,660 $26,830 73.3% 191 Dubuque, IA metro area $18,180 $25,628 70.9% 192 Iowa City, IA metro area $18,700 $28,077 66.6% 193 Jones County, IA metro area $18,480 $24,709 74.8% 194 Council Bluffs, IA metro area $19,140 $25,976 73.7% 195 Rural Iowa $17,600 $26,478 66.5% 196 Rural Iowa $17,720 $26,478 66.9% 197 Rural Iowa $17,760 $26,478 67.1% 198 Rural Iowa $17,470 $26,478 66.0% 199 Sioux City, IA metro area $17,720 $24,594 72.1% 200 Sioux City, IA metro area $18,050 $24,594 73.4% 201 Washington County, IA metro area $18,700 $26,825 69.7% 202 Waterloo/Cedar Falls, IA metro area $17,790 $26,250 67.8% 203 Boise City/Nampa, ID metro area $17,700 $24,957 70.9% 204 Coeur d’Alene, ID metro area $17,710 $26,200 67.6% 205 Gem County, ID metro area $17,700 $25,220 70.2% 206 Idaho Falls, ID metro area $17,680 $24,569 72.0% 207 Idaho Falls, ID metro area $18,220 $24,569 74.2% 208 Lewiston, ID metro area $19,500 $26,183 74.5% 209 Franklin County $20,600 $27,704 74.4% 210 Pocatello, ID metro area $17,990 $23,497 76.6% 211 Rural Idaho $17,680 $27,557 64.2% 212 Rural Idaho $19,050 $27,557 69.1% 213 Rural Idaho $18,620 $27,557 67.6% 214 Rural Idaho $18,100 $27,557 65.7% 215 Rural Idaho $17,990 $27,557 65.3% 216 Bloomington/Normal, IL metro area $19,050 $29,540 64.5% 217 Bloomington/Normal, IL metro area $20,250 $29,540 68.6% 218 Bond County, IL metro area $19,390 $27,080 71.6% 219 Alexander County $18,220 $26,874 67.8% 220 Champaign/Urbana, IL metro area $19,590 $28,634 68.4% 221 Chicago/Joliet/Naperville, IL metro area $23,680 $31,334 75.6% 222 Chicago/Joliet/Naperville, IL metro area $22,370 $31,334 71.4% 223 Danville, IL metro area $18,880 $27,611 68.4% 224 Rock Island, IL metro area $18,680 $24,414 76.5% 225 Decatur, IL metro area $21,260 $25,031 84.9% 226 DeKalb County, IL metro area $23,680 $27,955 84.7% 227 Grundy County, IL metro area $23,680 $27,296 86.8% 228 Kankakee/Bradley, IL metro area $21,700 $25,121 86.4% 229 Kendall County, IL metro area $23,680 $28,455 83.2% 230 Macoupin County, IL metro area $19,390 $26,787 72.4% 231 Peoria, IL metro area $19,350 $25,196 76.8% 232 Rockford, IL metro area $19,020 $26,608 71.5% 233 Rural Illinois $20,790 $27,471 75.7% 234 Rural Illinois $20,310 $27,471 73.9% 235 Rural Illinois $19,100 $27,471 69.5% 236 Rural Illinois $20,250 $27,471 73.7% 237 Springfield, IL metro area $19,580 $26,406 74.2% 238 St. Louis, IL metro area $19,390 $27,622 70.2% 239 Anderson, IN metro area $18,400 $24,073 76.4% 240 Bloomington, IN metro area $17,820 $29,005 61.4% 241 Carroll County, IN metro area $20,410 $29,133 70.1% 242 Indiana suburbs of Cincinnati $18,490 $26,179 70.6% 243 Indiana suburbs of Cincinnati $20,700 $26,179 79.1% 244 Columbus, IN metro area $24,510 $29,928 81.9% 245 Elkhart/Goshen, IN metro area $18,960 $26,563 71.4% 246 Evansville, IN metro area $18,430 $28,631 64.4% 247 Fort Wayne, IN metro area $19,900 $26,782 74.3% 248 Gary, IN metro area $19,060 $26,886 70.9% 249 Gibson County, IN metro area $18,430 $28,175 65.4% 250 Greene County, IN metro area $17,820 $26,196 68.0% 251 Indianapolis, IN metro area $20,440 $27,757 73.6% 252 Jasper County, IN metro area $19,060 $28,878 66.0% 253 Kokomo, IN metro area $18,210 $26,605 68.4% 254 Lafayette, IN metro area $20,410 $28,215 72.3% 255 Indiana suburbs of Louisville $19,330 $26,322 73.4% 256 Indiana suburbs of Louisville $18,550 $26,322 70.5% 257 Michigan City/La Porte, IN metro area $17,710 $25,712 68.9% 258 Muncie, IN metro area $18,530 $25,870 71.6% 259 Owen County, IN metro area $17,820 $28,049 63.5% 260 Putnam County, IN metro area $20,440 $29,200 70.0% 261 Rural Indiana $18,490 $26,906 68.7% 262 Rural Indiana $20,700 $26,906 76.9% 263 Rural Indiana $19,330 $26,906 71.8% 264 Rural Indiana $17,630 $26,906 65.5% 265 South Bend/Mishawaka, IN metro area $19,340 $26,747 72.3% 266 Sullivan County, IN metro area $17,640 $29,049 60.7% 267 Terre Haute, IN metro area $17,640 $25,736 68.5% 268 Washington County, IN metro area $18,550 $26,766 69.3% 269 Franklin County, KS metro area $18,670 $26,759 69.8% 270 Kansas City, KS metro area $18,670 $26,939 69.3% 271 Lawrence, KS metro area $18,760 $25,214 74.4% 272 Manhattan, KS metro area $17,910 $28,277 63.3% 273 Rural Kansas $18,190 $26,279 69.2% 274 St. Joseph, KS metro area $17,890 $28,029 63.8% 275 Sumner County, KS metro area $18,850 $27,211 69.3% 276 Topeka, KS metro area $20,600 $24,052 85.6% 277 Wichita, KS metro area $18,190 $24,876 73.1% 278 Wichita, KS metro area $18,850 $24,876 75.8% 279 Bowling Green, KY metro area $18,450 $25,813 71.5% 280 Bowling Green, KY metro area $18,860 $25,813 73.1% 281 Kentucky suburbs of Cincinnati $20,700 $25,547 81.0% 282 Christian and Trigg County $17,750 $26,700 66.5% 283 Elizabethtown, KY metro area $17,970 $24,906 72.2% 284 Henderson County $18,430 $27,089 68.0% 285 Grant County, KY metro area $20,700 $26,282 78.8% 286 Ashland, KY metro area $18,250 $23,835 76.6% 287 Lexington/Fayette, KY metro area $18,800 $25,856 72.7% 288 Louisville, KY metro area $18,550 $26,280 70.6% 289 Meade County, KY metro area $18,550 $26,596 69.7% 290 Nelson County, KY metro area $18,550 $26,168 70.9% 291 Owensboro, KY metro area $18,460 $25,039 73.7% 292 Rural Kentucky $18,090 $26,338 68.7% 293 Rural Kentucky $18,860 $26,338 71.6% 294 Rural Kentucky $19,490 $26,338 74.0% 295 Rural Kentucky $18,270 $26,338 69.4% 296 Shelby County, KY metro area $18,550 $28,198 65.8% 297 Alexandria, LA metro area $17,780 $27,566 64.5% 298 Baton Rouge, LA metro area $17,970 $27,931 64.3% 299 Houma/Bayou Cane/Thibodaux, LA metro area $18,090 $26,519 68.2% 300 Iberville Parish, LA metro area $17,970 $26,736 67.2% 301 Lafayette, LA metro area $18,280 $27,110 67.4% 302 Lafayette, LA metro area $18,540 $27,110 68.4% 303 Lake Charles, LA metro area $17,950 $27,919 64.3% 304 Monroe, LA metro area $17,670 $27,385 64.5% 305 New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner, LA metro area $18,280 $30,152 60.6% 306 New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner, LA metro area $19,270 $30,152 63.9% 307 Rural Louisiana $17,690 $28,558 61.9% 308 Rural Louisiana $17,540 $28,558 61.4% 309 Rural Louisiana $18,280 $28,558 64.0% 310 Rural Louisiana $17,790 $28,558 62.3% 311 Shreveport/Bossier City, LA metro area $17,790 $27,712 64.2% 312 Shreveport/Bossier City, LA metro area $18,420 $27,712 66.5% 313 Barnstable Town, MA metro area $26,820 $33,807 79.3% 314 Barnstable Town, MA metro area $26,820 $33,807 79.3% 315 Berkshire County, MA metro area $21,690 $32,087 67.6% 316 Berkshire County, MA metro area $21,690 $32,087 67.6% 317 Berkshire County, MA metro area $21,690 $32,087 67.6% 318 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,220 $39,358 66.6% 319 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $21,350 $39,358 54.2% 320 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,220 $39,358 66.6% 321 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $25,660 $39,358 65.2% 322 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $21,350 $39,358 54.2% 323 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $25,660 $39,358 65.2% 324 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $26,220 $39,358 66.6% 325 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $21,350 $39,358 54.2% 326 Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MA metro area $20,720 $39,358 52.6% 327 Brockton, MA metro area $20,720 $35,723 58.0% 329 Easton/Raynham, MA metro area $20,720 $38,261 54.2% 330 Fitchburg/Leominster, MA metro area $25,660 $27,523 93.2% 331 Franklin County, MA metro area $26,440 $31,480 84.0% 332 Franklin County, MA metro area $26,440 $31,480 84.0% 333 Franklin County, MA metro area $26,440 $31,480 84.0% 334 Lawrence, MA metro area $21,350 $33,008 64.7% 335 Lowell, MA metro area $25,660 $33,919 75.7% 336 New Bedford, MA metro area $20,720 $30,570 67.8% 337 Pittsfield, MA metro area $21,690 $27,523 78.8% 338 Providence/Fall River, MA metro area $20,720 $30,797 67.3% 339 Providence/Fall River, MA metro area $20,720 $30,797 67.3% 340 Rural Massachusetts $19,960 $37,807 52.8% 341 Springfield, MA metro area $26,440 $30,397 87.0% 342 Springfield, MA metro area $22,330 $30,397 73.5% 343 Springfield, MA metro area $22,330 $30,397 73.5% 344 Taunton/Mansfield/Norton, MA metro area $26,220 $33,235 78.9% 346 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 347 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 348 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 349 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 350 Worcester, MA metro area $30,510 $29,922 102.0% 351 Baltimore/Towson, MD metro area $19,830 $33,994 58.3% 352 Columbia city, MD metro area $19,830 $38,288 51.8% 353 Cumberland, MD metro area $18,980 $24,568 77.3% 354 Hagerstown, MD metro area $18,240 $28,274 64.5% 355 Cecil County $19,930 $32,523 61.3% 356 Rural Maryland $20,830 $32,271 64.5% 357 Rural Maryland $32,271 358 Rural Maryland $19,310 $32,271 59.8% 359 Salisbury, MD metro area $20,830 $26,235 79.4% 360 Salisbury, MD metro area $20,170 $26,235 76.9% 361 Somerset County, MD metro area $20,170 $25,469 79.2% 362 Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC $24,120 $41,424 58.2% 363 Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC $21,520 $41,424 52.0% 364 Bangor, ME metro area $21,660 $29,840 72.6% 365 Cumberland County, ME metro area $21,960 $29,369 74.8% 366 Cumberland County, ME metro area $21,960 $29,369 74.8% 367 Lewiston/Auburn, ME metro area $19,240 $27,417 70.2% 368 Lewiston/Auburn, ME metro area $19,240 $27,417 70.2% 369 Penobscot County, ME metro area $21,660 $26,764 80.9% 370 Penobscot County, ME metro area $21,660 $26,764 80.9% 371 Portland, ME metro area $21,960 $31,848 69.0% 372 Rural Maine $22,560 $30,594 73.7% 373 Rural Maine $22,560 $30,594 73.7% 374 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9% 375 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9% 376 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9% 377 Sagadahoc County, ME metro area $19,240 $33,195 58.0% 378 York County, ME metro area $19,240 $29,354 65.5% 379 York County, ME metro area $19,240 $29,354 65.5% 380 York County, ME metro area $19,240 $29,354 65.5% 381 York County, ME metro area $19,240 $29,354 65.5% 382 York/Kittery/South Berwick, ME metro area $21,960 $34,219 64.2% 383 Ann Arbor, MI metro area $19,920 $30,299 65.7% 384 Barry County, MI metro area $20,370 $25,527 79.8% 385 Battle Creek, MI metro area $18,010 $24,706 72.9% 386 Bay City, MI metro area $18,180 $23,914 76.0% 387 Cass County, MI metro area $19,340 $26,334 73.4% 388 Detroit/Warren/Livonia, MI metro area $20,900 $26,072 80.2% 389 Detroit/Warren/Livonia, MI metro area $21,630 $26,072 83.0% 390 Flint, MI metro area $19,060 $25,033 76.1% 391 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $26,807 392 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $20,370 $26,807 76.0% 393 Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI metro area $20,820 $26,807 77.7% 394 Holland/Grand Haven, MI metro area $29,626 395 Ionia County, MI metro area $20,370 $26,184 77.8% 396 Jackson, MI metro area $20,660 $26,642 77.5% 397 Kalamazoo/Portage, MI metro area $18,060 $26,077 69.3% 398 Lansing/East Lansing, MI metro area $19,560 $26,285 74.4% 399 Livingston County, MI metro area $21,630 $26,834 80.6% 400 Monroe, MI metro area $18,950 $26,390 71.8% 401 Muskegon/Norton Shores, MI metro area $19,240 $23,206 82.9% 402 Newaygo County, MI metro area $20,370 $27,637 73.7% 403 Niles/Benton Harbor, MI metro area $21,040 $26,098 80.6% 404 Rural Michigan $27,949 405 Rural Michigan $18,030 $27,949 64.5% 406 Rural Michigan $19,180 $27,949 68.6% 407 Rural Michigan $19,460 $27,949 69.6% 408 Saginaw/Saginaw Township North, MI metro area $18,520 $24,658 75.1% 409 Duluth, MN metro area $18,740 $24,143 77.6% 410 Clay County $18,350 $23,801 77.1% 411 Polk County $18,940 $27,256 69.5% 412 Houston County $17,930 $27,542 65.1% 413 Mankato/North Mankato, MN metro area $18,690 $24,999 74.8% 414 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $19,200 $27,224 70.5% 415 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $18,690 $27,224 68.7% 416 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $23,090 $27,224 84.8% 417 Minneapolis/St. Paul/Bloomington, MN metro area $23,090 $27,224 84.8% 418 Rochester, MN metro area $18,690 $28,857 64.8% 419 Rochester, MN metro area $22,620 $28,857 78.4% 420 Rural Minnesota $19,200 $25,872 74.2% 421 Rural Minnesota $20,660 $25,872 79.9% 422 Rural Minnesota $18,690 $25,872 72.2% 423 Rural Minnesota $18,840 $25,872 72.8% 424 St. Cloud, MN metro area $19,270 $27,278 70.6% 425 Wabasha County, MN metro area $22,620 $27,144 83.3% 426 Bates County, MO metro area $18,670 $25,876 72.2% 427 Calloway County, MO metro area $18,490 $27,750 66.6% 428 Cape Girardeau, MO metro area $18,220 $24,667 73.9% 429 Columbia, MO metro area $18,730 $27,620 67.8% 430 Dallas County, MO metro area $18,040 $25,712 70.2% 431 Jefferson City, MO metro area $18,490 $24,330 76.0% 432 Joplin, MO metro area $17,710 $25,464 69.5% 433 Kansas City, MO metro area $18,670 $27,373 68.2% 434 McDonald County, MO metro area $17,930 $26,930 66.6% 435 Moniteau County, MO metro area $18,490 $26,256 70.4% 436 Polk County, MO metro area $18,040 $25,781 70.0% 437 Rural Missouri $18,260 $26,634 68.6% 438 Rural Missouri $18,400 $26,634 69.1% 439 Rural Missouri $18,560 $26,634 69.7% 440 Rural Missouri $18,270 $26,634 68.6% 441 Rural Missouri $18,730 $26,634 70.3% 442 Springfield, MO metro area $18,040 $25,141 71.8% 443 St. Joseph, MO metro area $17,890 $27,572 64.9% 444 St. Louis, MO metro area $19,390 $27,683 70.0% 445 Washington County, MO metro area $19,390 $27,979 69.3% 446 Gulfport/Biloxi, MS metro area $18,190 $32,435 56.1% 447 Gulfport/Biloxi, MS metro area $17,600 $32,435 54.3% 448 Hattiesburg, MS metro area $17,900 $29,078 61.6% 449 Jackson, MS metro area $18,050 $26,877 67.2% 450 Jackson, MS metro area $18,310 $26,877 68.1% 451 Marshall County, MS metro area $18,120 $28,245 64.2% 452 Mississippi suburbs of Memphis $17,690 $29,399 60.2% 453 Mississippi suburbs of Memphis $18,120 $29,399 61.6% 454 Pascagoula, MS metro area $17,800 $31,891 55.8% 455 Pascagoula, MS metro area $17,600 $31,891 55.2% 456 Rural Mississippi $17,670 $28,181 62.7% 457 Rural Mississippi $17,690 $28,181 62.8% 458 Rural Mississippi $17,800 $28,181 63.2% 459 Rural Mississippi $18,050 $28,181 64.1% 460 Simpson County, MS metro area $18,310 $26,077 70.2% 461 Tate County, MS metro area $18,120 $29,850 60.7% 462 Tunica County, MS metro area $18,120 $29,231 62.0% 463 Billings, MT metro area $19,290 $25,823 74.7% 464 Billings, MT metro area $18,980 $25,823 73.5% 465 Billings, MT metro area $19,080 $25,823 73.9% 466 Great Falls, MT metro area $20,060 $25,939 77.3% 467 Missoula, MT metro area $18,650 $29,517 63.2% 468 Rural Montana $19,290 $27,606 69.9% 469 Rural Montana $18,890 $27,606 68.4% 470 Rural Montana $18,980 $27,606 68.8% 471 Rural Montana $19,020 $27,606 68.9% 472 Anson County, NC metro area $20,770 $28,842 72.0% 473 Asheville, NC metro area $22,930 $26,338 87.1% 474 Burlington, NC metro area $17,820 $27,890 63.9% 475 Charlotte/Gastonia, NC metro area $20,770 $30,485 68.1% 476 Charlotte/Gastonia, NC metro area $19,230 $30,485 63.1% 477 Durham/Chapel Hill, NC metro area $21,150 $29,041 72.8% 478 Fayetteville, NC metro area $18,170 $31,393 57.9% 479 Goldsboro, NC metro area $18,450 $27,613 66.8% 480 Greene County, NC metro area $18,820 $28,829 65.3% 481 Greensboro/High Point, NC metro area $18,750 $28,083 66.8% 482 Greenville, NC metro area $18,820 $28,491 66.1% 483 Haywood County, NC metro area $22,930 $28,052 81.7% 484 Hickory/Lenoir/Morganton, NC metro area $18,420 $28,357 65.0% 485 Hoke County, NC metro area $18,170 $30,049 60.5% 486 Jacksonville, NC metro area $18,220 $30,350 60.0% 487 Pender County, NC metro area $19,320 $27,456 70.4% 488 Person County, NC metro area $21,150 $27,785 76.1% 489 Raleigh/Cary, NC metro area $19,760 $30,209 65.4% 490 Rockingham County, NC metro area $18,750 $27,431 68.4% 491 Rocky Mount, NC metro area $17,640 $28,686 61.5% 492 Rural North Carolina $18,200 $29,438 61.8% 493 Rural North Carolina $19,170 $29,438 65.1% 494 Rural North Carolina $19,230 $29,438 65.3% 495 Rural North Carolina $18,400 $29,438 62.5% 496 Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News, NC metro area $18,200 $38,355 47.5% 497 Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News, NC metro area $18,080 $38,355 47.1% 498 Wilmington, NC metro area $19,320 $30,785 62.8% 499 Winston/Salem, NC metro area $19,230 $29,144 66.0% 500 Winston/Salem, NC metro area $18,680 $29,144 64.1% 501 Bismarck, ND metro area $18,890 $26,353 71.7% 502 Bismarck, ND metro area $20,400 $26,353 77.4% 503 Fargo, ND metro area $18,350 $24,775 74.1% 504 Grand Forks, ND metro area $18,940 $25,176 75.2% 505 Rural North Dakota $21,940 $30,007 73.1% 506 Rural North Dakota $18,480 $30,007 61.6% 507 Rural North Dakota $18,150 $30,007 60.5% 508 Rural North Dakota $20,400 $30,007 68.0% 509 Lincoln, NE metro area $18,850 $24,765 76.1% 510 Omaha, NE metro area $19,140 $25,988 73.6% 511 Rural Nebraska $17,640 $25,748 68.5% 512 Rural Nebraska $20,240 $25,748 78.6% 513 Rural Nebraska $17,700 $25,748 68.7% 514 Rural Nebraska $18,570 $25,748 72.1% 515 Saunders County, NE metro area $19,140 $26,566 72.0% 516 Seward County, NE metro area $18,850 $24,624 76.6% 517 Sioux City, NE metro area $18,050 $25,904 69.7% 518 Rockingham and Strafford Counties $21,250 $39,711 53.5% 519 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $18,450 $32,439 56.9% 520 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $18,450 $32,439 56.9% 521 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $18,450 $32,439 56.9% 522 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $18,450 $32,439 56.9% 523 Hillsborough County, NH metro area $18,450 $32,439 56.9% 524 New Hampshire suburbs of Lawrence, MA $21,250 $31,526 67.4% 525 Manchester, NH metro area $19,250 $28,961 66.5% 526 Manchester, NH metro area $19,250 $28,961 66.5% 527 Manchester, NH metro area $19,250 $28,961 66.5% 528 Nashua, NH metro area $21,250 $32,974 64.4% 529 Portsmouth/Rochester, NH metro area $21,250 $30,978 68.6% 530 Rural New Hampshire $21,250 $31,558 67.3% 531 Rural New Hampshire $19,250 $31,558 61.0% 532 Rural New Hampshire $18,450 $31,558 58.5% 533 Rural New Hampshire $19,250 $31,558 61.0% 534 Rural New Hampshire $21,250 $31,558 67.3% 535 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $21,250 $37,676 56.4% 536 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $21,250 $37,676 56.4% 537 Western Rockingham County, NH metro area $21,250 $37,676 56.4% 538 Atlantic City/Hammonton, NJ metro area $21,610 $34,022 63.5% 539 Bergen/Passaic, NJ metro area $26,540 $40,774 65.1% 540 Bergen/Passaic, NJ metro area $21,090 $40,774 51.7% 541 Jersey City, NJ metro area $26,540 $38,518 68.9% 542 Middlesex/Somerset/Hunterdon, NJ metro area $22,280 $37,012 60.2% 543 Monmouth/Ocean, NJ 