Internet Ancient History Sourcebook Important: New Structure for the Ancient History Sourcebook Since January 24 1999, the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook has been completely reorganized. Each of the main sections had became too large to maintain as one file. To see the new arrangement go to the Main Index. The three older index files were called Ancient Near East (asbook1.html)| Greece (asbook2.html)| Rome (asbook3.html). All remained available until October 2000, but have now been removed. Too many links had gone bad, and as such the pages generated too many complaints about bad links, even though there was indication that they were no longer being updated and updated linkes were available within the new structure. For all texts it is now necessary to use the new structure. Studying Ancient History Introduction: Using Primary Sources

Nature of Historiography

Other Sources of Information on Ancient History General Guides to Net Texts [link to texts at other sites.] General Etext Projects [sites with texts online.] Egypt/ANE Greece Rome Religion Philosophy

Adding More Texts

Other Ancient World Resource Projects Human Origins Human Origins

Archeology

Hunter-Gatherering Societies

The Beginnings of Agricultural Societies Modern Perspectives on the Agricultural Revolution Origins of Patriarchy

The Ancient Near East Mesopotamia Ancient Near East

Sumeria (c. 3100-c. 2000 BCE) The Epic of Gilgamesh Sumerian Language Art Connections with India

Akkadia (c.2350-2200 BCE)

Babylonia (c.2000-1600 BCE) Code of Hammarabi Cities Creation Myths Religion

Kassites and Hittites (c.1600-717 BCE) Kassites Hittites Hittite Texts Material Culture

Assyria (c.1350- 612 BCE)

Chaldea/Neo-Babylonia (612-539 BCE)

Syrian Cities: Ebla, Ugarit, Emar

Phoenicia 950 BCE on

Carthage: The Punic Empire

ANE Arts and Architecture

ANE Mathematics and Astronomy

Gender and Sexuality

Modern Perspectives on Mesopotamia

Common Issues: Mesopotamian/Egyptian/Hebrew/Greek History Centuries of Darkness?

Egypt General Maps Chronologies Modern Egyptology

The Old Kingdom (2705-2213 BCE) [Dynasties 3-8]

The Middle Kingdom (1991-1668 BCE) [Dynasties 12-13]

The New Kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) [Dynasties 18-20]

Akhnaten [Amenhotep IV](r. 1363-1347 BCE)

Post Imperial Egypt (1070-332 BCE) [Dynasties 21-31]

Religion Origin Myths The Memphite Theology Gods and Goddesses Isis and Osiris Death and Resurrection

Art and Architecture

Literature

Music

Everyday Life

Mathematics

Gender and Sexuality

Nubia

Libya and Western North Africa

Modern Perspectives on Egypt Black Athena Debate

Persia Persia: General

The Persian State: Acheamenids (560-330 BCE)

The Persian State: Parthia and Arcsacids (247 BCE-226 CE)

The Persian State: Sassanids (224-636 CE)

Persian Religions

Art and Architecture

Modern Perspectives on Ancient Iran Israel People of Israel

Pre-Israelite Canaan/Palestine/Syria

The Bible as a Source The Documentary Hypothesis

Ethnogenesis Later Stories

Moses and Monotheism

Conquest of the Land (1250-1000 BCE?) The Judges (c.1200-1050 BCE)

The National Monarchy (c.1020-586 BCE) David (1000-961 BCE) Saul (c.1020-1000 BCE), 1 Samuel 8 Solomon (961-922 BCE) Israel and Judah (922-586 BCE)

The Exile (587-538 BCE)

The Prophets (750-550 BCE)

Mythological Foundations Creation The Origin of Language The Problem of Evil The Problem of Life Sex

Hellenistic Judaisms: Diasporas The Macabbees and After Jews in the Diaspora Conflict with Rome

Hellenistic Judaism: Religious Development The Emergence of Judaism The Invention of the Synagogue Samaritans Editing of the Bible The Septuagint (?made under Ptolemy II r. 283-246 BCE) Philo Judaeus (c.30 BCE-45 CE): Pharisees Sadducees Zealots Essenes The Qumran Sect The Dead Sea Scrolls Proselytism

Rabbinic Judaism The Talmud

Gender and Judaism

Modern Perspectives on Ancient Israel Greek Civilizations Greece General

Greece: Major Historians: Complete Texts Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE) Thucydides (c.460/455-c.399 BCE) Xenophon (c.428-c.354 BCE) Aristotle (384-323 BCE) Plutarch (c.46-c.120 CE) Pausanias (fl.c.160 CE)

Crete

Mycenae

Archaic Greece Homer (c.8th Cent. BCE) Hesiod (c.700 BCE) Later Historians Greek Colonization

The Persian Wars (449-479 BCE)

The Rise of the Polis

The Age of Tyranny

Athenian Democracy

Sparta

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) and After

The Fourth Century: Competing Hegemonies

Philip II of Macedon (r. 339-336 BCE)

Religion and Myth The Olympian Religion Chthonic and Mystery Cults Greek Conceptions of Death and Immortality

Philosophy PreSocratics Materialists Pythagoreanism Eleatic School Sophists Atomists Socrates (469-399 BCE) Plato (427-347 BCE) Aristotle (384-323 BCE)

Literature

Literature: Theatre Theatre Practice Drama Theory Aeschylus (525-456 BCE) Sophocles (496-405/6 BCE) Euripides (c.485-406 BCE) Aristophanes (c.445-c.385 BCE) Menander (342/1-293/89 BCE)

Art

Music

Education

Economic Life

Slavery

Greek Law

Everyday Life

Gender and Sexuality Women: Homosexuality:

Modern Perspectives on Ancient Greece Homer and War Greece and Anthropology Slavery

The Hellenistic World The Hellenistic World

Alexander (356-323 BCE)

The Hellenistic States Ptolemaic Egypt (323-30 BCE) Seleucid Empire (323-63 BCE) Advent of Rome

Art and Architecture

Literature Idyll Novels Biography

Philosophy Cynics Epicureans Stoics Skeptics

Religion

Science and Medicine Critical Thought Theoretical Science Mathematics Medicine Engineering Travel: Geography

Modern Perspectives on Hellenistic Greece Rome General

Rome: Major Historians: Complete Texts

Etruscans

Roman Foundations

The Growth of Republican Institutions

The War with Carthage

Imperial Expansion under the Republic

Civil Wars and Revolution Cicero (105-43 BCE)

The Principate to 192 CE Augustus The Julio-Claudian Dynasty 14-68 CE 69 CE: Year of Three Emperors The Flavian Emperors 69-96 CE The Adoptive Emperors 96-192 CE

Roman Law

The Army

The Empire and Provinces Rome: As Imperial Capital The Empire as a Unity Africa Egypt Syria/Judea Asia Asia Minor Europe Britain

Later Empire (after 192 CE) Elagabulus (r.218-222 CE)

Literature

Art and Architecture

Education

Economic Life Life of the Upper Classes Trade Counting

Slavery

Everyday Life Food Sport and Games Names Language Technology Pompeii

Religion

Gender and Sexuality Women Homosexuality

Modern Perspectives on Ancient Rome

Late Antiquity

Military Revolution and Government

The End of the Roman Empire in the West

Late Ancient Philosophy Roman Stoicism Neoplatonism

Roman Mystery Religions Demeter and Eleusis Cybele Isis Mithras

End of Paganism

Modern Perspectives on the End of Antiquity Catastrophe? Continuity?

Christian Origins

Source Problems The New Testament The Dead Sea Scrolls Gnostic Texts The Nag Hammadi Library

Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 BCE-c.30 CE) Context Teaching Death Historical Evidence

Early Church: First Century The Earliest Christians Paul of Tarsus (d.c.65 CE) and the Pauline Churches Missionary Activity Theology

Early Church: 2nd-3rd Centuries Persecution and Survival Challenge to Social and Political Norms of Antiquity Church Organization

The Emergence of Theologies Early Varieties Gnosticism "Orthodoxy"

Early Christian Art

The "Triumph" of the Church

Modern Perspectives on Early Christianity

The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.



© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 21 January 2020 [Curriculum vitae]