UPD: The series of blog-posts “System Under Test” became a full-fledged project and has moved to its own domain. The most recent version of this article lives here now.

Note: This is a guest post written by a good friend and colleague of mine Stanislav Pankevich

Introduction

This article is part of series System Under Test. It provides an overview of how GNU Make is tested.

Disclaimer: the author of this post is not involved into a development of GNU Make project. All of the following is merely a high-level report about what a curious developer can see from looking at the GNU Make’s sources. The author didn’t go very deep into the topic, could overlook something etc. Having that said, we always appreciate feedback from our colleagues who have advanced experience with the projects we write about, especially from the developers and maintainers.

Getting GNU Make’s sources

GNU Make’s source code is available from git repository and can be found 2 links away from the Make’s main home page: GNU Make:

Development For development sources, issue trackers, and other information, please see the Make project page at savannah.gnu.org.

On Make’s Savannah’s page:

To get Make’s sources:

git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/make.git GNUMake cd make

Good news: Make has tests

$ ls -l tests/ total 376 -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 35147 May 27 20:54 COPYING -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 48828 May 27 20:54 ChangeLog.1 -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 6765 May 27 20:54 NEWS -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 4677 May 27 20:54 README -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 470 May 27 20:54 config-flags.pm.in -rwxr-xr-x 1 Stanislaw staff 1705 May 27 20:54 config_flags_pm.com -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 359 May 27 20:54 guile.supp -rwxr-xr-x 1 Stanislaw staff 1424 May 27 20:54 mkshadow -rwxr-xr-x 1 Stanislaw staff 36 May 27 20:54 run_make_tests -rwxr-xr-x 1 Stanislaw staff 8330 May 27 20:54 run_make_tests.com -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 14179 May 27 20:54 run_make_tests.pl drwxr-xr-x 10 Stanislaw staff 340 May 27 20:54 scripts -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 40197 May 27 20:54 test_driver.pl

The actual tests are located in tests/scripts directory:

$ ls -l tests/scripts total 8 drwxr-xr-x 40 Stanislaw staff 1360 Jun 2 21:47 features drwxr-xr-x 31 Stanislaw staff 1054 May 27 20:54 functions drwxr-xr-x 10 Stanislaw staff 340 May 27 20:54 misc drwxr-xr-x 18 Stanislaw staff 612 May 29 10:22 options drwxr-xr-x 12 Stanislaw staff 408 Jun 10 20:42 targets -rw-r--r-- 1 Stanislaw staff 1015 May 27 20:54 test_template drwxr-xr-x 22 Stanislaw staff 748 May 27 20:54 variables drwxr-xr-x 3 Stanislaw staff 102 May 27 20:54 vms

The following are interesting notes I found before running the tests.

Changes from 0.1 to 0.2 (5-4-92): README corrected to require perl 4.019, not 4.010. -make_path replaces -old. errors_in_commands test updated for change in format introduced in make 3.62.6. test_driver_core now uses a better way of figuring what OS it is running on (thanks to [email protected] (Jim Meyering) for suggesting this, as well as discovering the hard way that the old way (testing for /mnt) fails on his machine). Some new tests were added.

This means that tests in Make were introduced as early as of 1992! which is a very good sign given some other tools are likely to not have a good coverage even in present days as described in another article of this series: System Under Test: FreeBSD (see Conclusion there).

The test suite requires Perl and can be run on UNIX, Windows and DOS systems

To run the test suite on a UNIX system, use "perl ./run_make_tests" (or just "./run_make_tests" if you have a perl on your PATH). To run the test suite on Windows NT or DOS systems, use "perl.exe ./run_make-tests.pl".

The test suite is run against Make executable

By default, the test engine picks up the first executable called "make" that it finds in your path. You may use the -make_path option (i.e., "perl run_make_tests -make_path /usr/local/src/make-3.78/make") if you want to run a particular copy. This now works correctly with relative paths and when make is called something other than "make" (like "gmake").

This observation leads us to conclusion that these GNU Make’s tests are actually integration tests - it is the final make executable that is tested, not its parts like they would be with unit testing (depending on terminology this kind of testing of a final product can also be called functional or acceptance testing).

Build artefacts

A directory named "work" will be created when the tests are run which will contain any makefiles and "diff" files of tests that fail so that you may look at them afterward to see the output of make and the expected result.

Running tests against default OSX Make

Having read both documents: tests/NEWS and tests/README let’s try to run the tests. As we learned earlier, by default the test suite will pick up first make from path so it will default to default make of OSX system which is on my machine:

make -v GNU Make 3.81 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. This program built for i386-apple-darwin11.3.0

If you ever wondered why default make on OS X is so old, you are in good company - see What is the reason for some of the Linux tools on OS X being so old? Is this related to GPL licensing?.

To run tests:

$ cd tests/ $ # The following has to be done otherwise script will complain with: $ # "Can't locate config-flags.pm in @INC..." $ cp config-flags.pm.in config-flags.pm $ ./run_make_tests ... output with lots of errors and finally: 212 Tests in 66 Categories Failed (See .diff* files in work dir for details) :-(

We see here that oldness of default Make on OS X does cost 212 failing tests. I assume that the reason why most of these failing tests are failing is not a regression in core functionality of Make but rather because of new features were added to GNU Make since 2006.

To understand how that is different for latest Make let’s build it from source and run tests against it.

Running tests against latest Make built from source

Let’s get back from tests directory one level up to the root directory of source tree. Inspired by the instructions in INSTALL and after some additional googling we need to run autoreconf so that it creates proper configure script for us:

$ pwd # /Users/Stanislaw/Projects/GNUMake $ brew install automake $ # gettext is needed by autoreconf to locate gettext, $ # be careful with force linking it on your system. $ brew install gettext $ brew link gettext --force $ autoreconf # creates 'configure' script

Then we want to run this newly created script with --prefix parameter so that it will not install make to the /usr/local/bin directory but rather to ./Build directory (to not conflict with OSX’s Make which we don’t want within the scope of this post).

$ ./configure --prefix=$(pwd)/Build

At this point if you run make the very first time you will likely see errors about some localization files missing:

Making all in doc Updating ./version.texi make[2]: *** No rule to make target `fdl.texi', needed by `make.info'. Stop. make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make: *** [all] Error 2

To fix that you have to first run (solution found at GNU Make forums):

make update

Everything should work fine since then, finally we run:

$ make && make install ... /usr/bin/install -c make '/Users/Stanislaw/Projects/Make/GNUMake/Build/bin' ... $ ./Build/bin/make --version GNU Make 4.2 Built for x86_64-apple-darwin15.3.0 Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Which is 2006’s Make 3.81 that has just been used to build 2016’s Make 4.2!

Let’s run the tests!

$ cd tests $ ./run_make_tests -make ../Build/bin/make

The results are quite pleasant to look at - GNU Make built from latest source code on Mac OS X machine, passes all of its tests:

581 Tests in 118 Categories Complete ... No Failures :-)

Test case template

The file tests/scripts/test_template is a generic template, most of the tests are based on it:

# -*-perl-*- $description = "<FILL IN SHORT DESCRIPTION HERE>"; $details = "<FILL IN DETAILS OF HOW YOU TEST WHAT YOU SAY YOU ARE TESTING>"; # Run a make test. See the documentation of run_make_test() in # run_make_tests.pl, but briefly the first argument is a string with the # contents of a makefile to be tested, the second is a string containing the # arguments to be passed to the make invocation, the third is a string # containing the expected output. The fourth is the expected exit code for # make. If not specified, it's assumed that the make program should succeed # (exit with 0). run_make_test('Your test makefile goes here', 'Arguments to pass to make go here', 'Expected output from the invocation goes here'); # There are various special tokens, options, etc. See the full documentation # in run_make_tests.pl. # This tells the test driver that the perl test script executed properly. 1;

Other tests follow a bit different approach: they use run_make_with_options / compare_output pair of functions to verify the expected output that Make produces. My assumption is that this alternative way is the old way of writing tests - we can clearly see that it is the easier and cleaner way to write tests using the test template from above. Below I have collected 3 examples which use both approaches based on either:

run_make_test

or

run_make_with_options / compare_output

These functions are located in the file: tests/run_make_tests.pl which is a test driver file for the whole test suite (the file is too long so it is not discussed in this post).

Test case example #1: Simple functionality of make

The following test is located at tests/scripts/misc/general1 .

# -*-perl-*- $description = "The following test creates a makefile to test the simple functionality of make. It mimics the rebuilding of a product with dependencies. It also tests the simple definition of VPATH."; open(MAKEFILE,"> $makefile"); print MAKEFILE <<EOF; VPATH = $workdir edit: main.o kbd.o commands.o display.o \\ insert.o \t\@echo cc -o edit main.o kbd.o commands.o display.o \\ insert.o main.o : main.c defs.h \t\@echo cc -c main.c kbd.o : kbd.c defs.h command.h \t\@echo cc -c kbd.c commands.o : command.c defs.h command.h \t\@echo cc -c commands.c display.o : display.c defs.h buffer.h \t\@echo cc -c display.c insert.o : insert.c defs.h buffer.h \t\@echo cc -c insert.c EOF close(MAKEFILE); @files_to_touch = ("$workdir${pathsep}main.c","$workdir${pathsep}defs.h", "$workdir${pathsep}kbd.c","$workdir${pathsep}command.h", "$workdir${pathsep}commands.c","$workdir${pathsep}display.c", "$workdir${pathsep}buffer.h","$workdir${pathsep}insert.c", "$workdir${pathsep}command.c"); &touch(@files_to_touch); &run_make_with_options($makefile,"",&get_logfile); # Create the answer to what should be produced by this Makefile $answer = "cc -c main.c

cc -c kbd.c

cc -c commands.c

cc -c display.c cc -c insert.c

cc -o edit main.o kbd.o commands.o display.o insert.o

"; # COMPARE RESULTS if (&compare_output($answer,&get_logfile(1))) { unlink @files_to_touch; } 1;

Test case example #2: PHONY targets

The following test is located at tests/scripts/targets/PHONY .

# -*-perl-*- $description = "The following tests the use of a PHONY target. It makes

" ."sure that the rules under a target get executed even if

" ."a filename of the same name of the target exists in the

" ."directory.

"; $details = "This makefile in this test declares the target clean to be a

" ."PHONY target. We then create a file named \"clean\" in the

" ."directory. Although this file exists, the rule under the target

" ."clean should still execute because of it's phony status."; $example = "EXAMPLE_FILE"; open(MAKEFILE,"> $makefile"); # The Contents of the MAKEFILE ... print MAKEFILE ".PHONY : clean

"; print MAKEFILE "all:

"; print MAKEFILE "\t\@echo This makefile did not clean the dir ... good

"; print MAKEFILE "clean:

"; print MAKEFILE "\t$delete_command $example clean

"; # END of Contents of MAKEFILE close(MAKEFILE); &touch($example); # Create a file named "clean". This is the same name as the target clean # and tricks the target into thinking that it is up to date. (Unless you # use the .PHONY target. &touch("clean"); $answer = "$delete_command $example clean

"; &run_make_with_options($makefile,"clean",&get_logfile); if (-f $example) { $test_passed = 0; } &compare_output($answer,&get_logfile(1)); 1;

Test case example #3: –warn-undefined-variables option

The following test is located at tests/scripts/options/warn-undefined-variables .

# -*-perl-*- $description = "Test the --warn-undefined-variables option."; $details = "Verify that warnings are printed for referencing undefined variables."; # Without --warn-undefined-variables, nothing should happen run_make_test(' EMPTY = EREF = $(EMPTY) UREF = $(UNDEFINED) SEREF := $(EREF) SUREF := $(UREF) all: ; @echo ref $(EREF) $(UREF)', '', 'ref'); # With --warn-undefined-variables, it should warn me run_make_test(undef, '--warn-undefined-variables', "#MAKEFILE#:7: warning: undefined variable 'UNDEFINED' #MAKEFILE#:9: warning: undefined variable 'UNDEFINED' ref"); 1;

Open issues

The file tests/README contains interesting section that one may read as high-level TODO list for the project (bold below is mine). It seems that there is some interesting stuff waiting for someone to contribute ;)

Open Issues The test suite has a number of problems which should be addressed. One VERY serious one is that there is no real documentation. You just have to see the existing tests. Use the newer tests: many of the tests haven’t been updated to use the latest/greatest test methods. See the ChangeLog in the tests directory for pointers. The second serious problem is that it’s not parallelizable: it scribbles all over its installation directory and so can only test one make at a time. The third serious problem is that it’s not relocatable: the only way it works when you build out of the source tree is to create symlinks, which doesn’t work on every system and is bogus to boot. The fourth serious problem is that it doesn’t create its own sandbox when running tests, so that if a test forgets to clean up after itself that can impact future tests.

Conclusion

GNU Make has 581 tests: solid test suite introduced as early as of 1992. All of these tests are integration tests: the final executable make is tested, not the parts of C code. Default GNU Make 3.81 on OSX machine is 10 years old, it fails 212 tests compared to the latest GNU Make 4.2 build from source which passes all of its tests green. There is always space for contribution: more documentation is needed, tests should have better sandboxing to achieve parallelism and removability.

So far we have Rust and Javascript programming languages, NeoVim editor and XTerm terminal emulator in our plans. Let us know what projects or tools you would like to see covered in this series: System Under Test.