Add to those the monarchs of Saudi Arabia and Morocco; Middle Eastern royalty; leaders of FIFA, the international body that controls international soccer; and 29 billionaires included in Forbes Magazine's list of the world's 500 richest people. Russian President Vladimir Putin. Credit:AP Also mentioned are 61 relatives and associates of current country leaders, and 128 current or former politicians and public officials. The leak exposes a trail of dark money flowing through the global financial system, stripping national treasuries of tax revenue. The data breach occurred at a little-known but powerful Panamanian law firm, Mossack Fonseca & Co., which has an office in Las Vegas, a representative in Miami and presence in more than 35 other places around the world.

The firm is one of the world's top five creators of shell companies, which can have legitimate business uses but can also be used to dodge taxes and launder money. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, left, with Russian President Vladimir Putin, in Moscow. Credit:AP More than 11.5 million emails, financial spreadsheets, client records, passports and corporate registries were obtained in the leak, which was delivered to the Suddeutsche Zeitung newspaper in Munich, Germany. In turn, the newspaper shared the data with the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Several McClatchy journalists joined more than 370 journalists from 78 countries in the largest media collaboration ever undertaken after a leak. Details of holdings of companies related to Chinese President Xi Jinping's family are also in the papers. Credit:AP

The document archive contains 2.6 terabytes of data. As a registered agent, the Mossack Fonseca law firm incorporates companies in tax havens worldwide for a fee. It has avoided close scrutiny from US law enforcement officials. Mossack Fonseca denied all accusations of illegal activity. "We have not once in nearly 40 years of operation been charged with criminal wrongdoing," spokesman Carlos Sousa said. "We're proud of the work we do, notwithstanding recent and willful attempts by some to mischaracterize it." The law firm's co-founder, Ramon Fonseca, in an interview last month on Panamanian television, said blaming Mossack Fonseca for what people do with their companies would be like blaming an automaker "for an accident or if the car was used in a robbery."

Yet plenty of criminals are named in the documents, like drug traffickers and convicted fraudsters. "The offshore world is the parallel universe of the ultrarich and ultrapowerful," said Jack Blum, a white-collar crime attorney and an architect of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The archive, which dates to the late 1970s and extends through December 2015, reveals that 14,000 intermediaries and middlemen bring business to Mossack Fonseca. The most extraordinary allegations in the archive revolve around Putin's closest associates, including Sergey Roldugin, a close friend since the late 1970s when Putin was a young KGB agent.

Roldugin is a cellist for the St Petersburg orchestra, yet his name appears as the owner of offshore companies that have rights to loans worth hundreds of millions of dollars. A Russian news service report in 2010 disclosed that he owned at least three per cent of Bank Rossiya, Russia's most important bank. When Mossack Fonseca helped open a bank account in Switzerland on behalf of Roldugin, the application form asked if he had "any relation to PEPs (politically exposed persons) or VIPs." The one-word answer was, "No." Yet, Roldugin is godfather to Putin's daughter Mariya. "Roldugin is, by his proximity to a serving head of state, clearly an exposed person," Mark Pieth, a former head of the Swiss justice ministry's organized crime division, told the ICIJ team. The documents show how in 2008 a company controlled by Roldugin had influence over Russia's largest truck maker Kamaz, joining with several other offshore companies to help another Putin insider acquire majority control of the company. They wanted foreign investment, and German carmaker Daimler later that year bought a 10 per cent stake in Kamaz for $250 million.

The offshore company that connects many Putin loyalists is Sandalwood Continental Limited in the British Virgin Islands. Roldugin was a shareholder until 2012, as was Oleg Gordin, a little-known businessman whom incorporation documents describe as linked to "law enforcement agencies." The files also mention a company co-owned by Putin friend Yury Kovalchuk, the largest shareholder of Bank Rossiya. Kovalchuk was among those targeted by US sanctions in 2014 in retribution for Russia's invasion of Crimea. Another friend, Arkady Rotenberg, Putin's judo partner and a billionaire construction mogul, openly obtained companies through Mossack Fonseca. The US Treasury Department, when sanctioning him in 2014, suggested that the oligarch acted on behalf of "a senior official." That was widely believed to mean Putin, whose fingerprints were not on any offshore company. "When you are the president of Russia, you don't need a written contract. You are the law," said Karen Dawisha, an academic, former State Department official and author of the acclaimed 2014 book Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia? A Kremlin spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, said last week that ICIJ was publishing a "series of fibs" that amounted to a media "attack" on Putin. Peskov suggested that unknown "organizations and services" were behind the media reports.

No part of the world is untouched, including the United States. Loading US states such as Delaware, Nevada and Wyoming register thousands of corporations annually, often without identifying the true owners. Some of the billions of dollars moving through the US economy come from anonymous foreigners who inflate real estate prices in places like Miami, buying properties outright in cash. "We know (of) upwards to $US6 to $US10 billion a year laundered through the US," said Patrick Fallon Jr., head of the FBI's financial crimes section.