Although Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura are Nepal's land historically, India always claims as it's territory. Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura are encroached and controlled by India's Indo-Tibetan Border Police since the 1962 border war with China. The Western Himalayan Region Map "Constable's Hand Atlas of India, 1893" clearly established that Kali River marked Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura as Nepal's and acknowledged the boundary between India and Nepal.

Kalapani is the part of Nepal. It is marked by the Kalapani river, one of the headwaters of the Maha Kali River in the Himalayas at an altitude of 3600 meters. The valley of the Kalapani forms the Indian route to Kailash–Manasarovar, an ancient pilgrimage site.

Lipulekh (elevation 5,200 m or 17,060 ft) is a Himalayan pass on the border between India's Uttarakhand state and the Tibet region of China, near their trijunction with Nepal. History clearly proof Lipulekh is in Nepal., which is controlled by India.

Limpiyadhura is the north-western corner of Nepal, as this is the origination of the River Kali (Mahakali), on the spirit of the Article 5 of the Sugauli Treaty-1816, and on the basis of maps published by the British Surveyors before 1860. Most importantly, Limpiyadhura is the tri-junction point where the territories of India-Nepal-China meet.

On November 2, 2019, India released new political map of India, after the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) into the Union Territories of J&K and Ladakh, and marked Kalapani territory under India without the consent of sovereign Nepal. India claims that it only changed the Jammu-Kashmir-Ladhakh territory on the map and did not touch Nepal's border.

Per Sugauli Treaty between East India Company and Nepal, India is yet to return massive land to Nepal too. Disputes are also in Ilam and Province 2.