This post includes some practical tips for getting the most out of spec. I'll update it whenever I find out something new, so please feel free to tell me things I don't know.

Project setup

Clojure

I always have a default namespace that loads when I start my REPL (using :init-ns ), and I run a couple of side effects when it loads.

expound formats your spec output better. I like to write function specs for my functions, so I want them instrumented; orchestra is a drop-in replacement for clojure.spec.test which instruments your :ret and :fn specs (I alias it as stest ) in addition to the :args :

( defn instrument "Silently instruments function specs for all functions and sets the expound printer https://github.com/bhb/expound/blob/master/doc/faq.md" [] ( with-out-str ( stest/instrument )) ( alter-var-root # 's/*explain-out* ( constantly ( expound/custom-printer { :theme :figwheel-theme })))) ( instrument )

With those two you'll fail much faster. If you're using a reloaded workflow that calls repl/refresh , you'll need to re-instrument all your functions after that; this can be noisy, so I hide the noise with a hack:

( defn reset [] ;; do some reloaded stuff here ( repl/refresh ) ( instrument ))

Clojurescript

Spec errors can be difficult to read in the console, so if you're using Chrome you'll want cljs-devtools. They explain how to install better than I can, but don't forget to enable custom formatters in Chrome (we keep a note about this in our dev setup instructions in our readme because it costs so much time for new devs if they miss it).

Setting up

I run this function when my application starts, and also use it as the :on-jsload property in my cljsbuild map:

;; in "dev" build config :figwheel { :on-jsload "my-ns.core/dev-setup" }

( defn dev-setup [] ( when goog.DEBUG ( do ( set! s/*explain-out* expound/printer ) ( enable-console-print! ) ( js/console.warn "Debug mode, to see logs please set your inspector to show Verbose logging" ) ( stest/instrument ))))

You can see that we're setting expound as the printer for spec errors and instrumenting our functions - the stest alias refers to orchestra in exactly the same was as above. goog.DEBUG is a Google Closure property that's only set to true in my dev build. Note that this won't get eliminated as dead code in production builds.

Re-frame

If you're using re-frame you can get some sweet db validation with this interceptor:

( defn validate "Returns nil if the db conforms to the spec, throws an exception otherwise" [ spec db ] ( when goog.DEBUG ( when-let [ error ( s/explain-data spec db )] ( throw ( ex-info ( str "DB spec validation failed: " ( expound/expound-str spec db )) error ))))) ( def validate-interceptor ( rf/after ( partial validate :my/db )))

Then hook it in to every event handler (it's boilerplate, but it's worth it; you could always write a macro to avoid it):

( rf/reg-event-db :some/event [ validate-interceptor ] ( fn [ db [ event ]] ;; handle event ))

This will blow up every time one of your handlers attempts to update the app-db with invalid data.

Utility specs

A spec for URLs in Clojure

( s/def ::json-string ( s/with-gen ( s/and string? # ( try ( json/decode % ) true ( catch Exception _ false ))) # ( gen/fmap json/encode ( s/gen any? )))) ( s/def ::uuid-string ( s/with-gen ( s/and string? # ( try ( UUID/fromString % ) true ( catch Exception _ false ))) # ( gen/fmap str ( s/gen uuid? )))) ;; Using https://github.com/dm3/clojure.java-time ( s/def ::date-string ( s/with-gen ( s/and string? # ( try ( java-time/local-date-time % ) ( catch Exception _ false ))) # ( gen/fmap ( comp str ( partial apply java-time/local-date-time )) ( s/gen ( s/tuple ( s/int-in 1970 2050 ) ( s/int-in 1 12 ) ( s/int-in 1 29 ) ( s/int-in 0 23 ) ( s/int-in 0 59 ) ( s/int-in 0 59 ))))))

When to use collections, maps and regex

coll-of is for collections

is for collections regex ( cat , + , * , ? , & ) are for semantic placing, i.e. when a certain thing has to be in a certain place. don't default to (s/* ...) for collections, or you'll end up with weird exceptions later when you do stest/check or s/exercise-fn and similar.

, , , , ) are for semantic placing, i.e. when a certain thing has to be in a certain place. don't default to for collections, or you'll end up with weird exceptions later when you do or and similar. map-of is for maps, when you know the types of the keys but not the actual keys themselves

Maps

Naming conventions for nested maps

I find it useful to have a predictable structure to my data. This can be achieved by ensuring each map has its own set of properties, and that the hierarchy is modelled in the namespaces:

( s/def :company.department.employee/name string? ) ( s/def :company.department.employee/payroll-number nat-int? ) ( s/def :company.department/employee ( s/keys :req [ :company.department.employee/name :company.department.employee/payroll-number ])) ( s/def :company.department/employees ( s/coll-of :company.department/employee )) ( s/def :company.department/id uuid? ) ( s/def :company/department ( s/keys :req [ :company.department/id :company.department/employees ]))

This approach is verbose but there are no surprises, which keeps things nice and simple. There are as many different ways to model data as there are domains, but this one is a useful default if you're unsure.

Merging map specs

You can use s/merge to merge map specs:

( s/def :car.engine/petrol ( s/keys :req [ :car.engine.petrol/miles-per-gallon ])) ( s/def :car.engine/electric ( s/keys :req [ :car.engine.electric/time-to-charge ])) ( s/def :car.engine/hybrid ( s/merge :car.engine/petrol :car.engine/electric ))

Empty map specs

Using s/keys is asking spec to check the value of every key in the map that has a matching spec. If you don't specify :req or :opt , that's all it will do. It isn't possible to exclude keys from a map using spec, so you can't actually specify that a map must be empty.

( s/def ::marmite # { true false }) ( s/def :unknown/keys ( s/keys )) ;; no mention of what should be in here ( s/explain :unknown/keys { ::marmite "yum!" }) In : [ :user/marmite ] val : "yum!" fails spec : :user/marmite at : [ :user/marmite ] predicate : # { true false }

Exclusive or (XOR)

You can specify keys using a boolean OR:

( s/def :my.popcorn.type/salty? boolean ) ( s/def :my.popcorn.type/sweet? boolean ) ( s/def :my/popcorn ( s/keys :req [ :my.popcorn/kernel ( or :my.popcorn.type/salty? :my.popcorn.type/sweet? )]))

There's a problem here though: the OR is not exclusive, so this spec will allow my popcorn to be both salty AND sweet. Crazy, right? What's even worse is that the generator for this will definitely produce mixed popcorn, leading to bugs. Nobody wants bugs in their popcorn.

We can fix this madness by using s/or , which is an exclusive OR (XOR):

( s/def :popcorn/type ( s/or ( s/keys :req [ :my.popcorn/kernel :my.popcorn.type/salty? ]) ( s/keys :req [ :my.popcorn/kernel :my.popcorn.type/sweet? ])))

This unfortunately does involve duplication, but if our specs are large we could solve that by using s/merge . Simple over easy.

Functions

Function arguments

Function arguments are positional; to define specs for them we can use regex specs:

( s/fdef clojure.core/get :args ( s/cat :m ( s/keys ) :k keyword? ))

We can't use a tuple because it defines a vector, and oddly function arguments are not vectors.

If we expect lots of the same thing (so don't care about position) we can use coll-of :

( s/fdef clojure.core/+ :args ( s/coll-of number? )) `

Zero-arity functions

Spec an empty :args list with (s/cat) because we aren't allowed to create an empty tuple :

( s/fdef clojure.core/clojure-version :args ( s/cat )))

Testing

Spec comes with generative testing built-in. If we're writing function specs, it makes sense to use them to confirm the correctness of our pure functions. If we've specified both :args and :ret specs for a function, we can generate a large number of conforming inputs and check that all the outputs also conform.

This is a helper function I use for writing tests. It's a wrapper around clojure.spec.test.alpha/check , which performs a generative test on a given function. You pass it the symbol for the function, and it generates 1000 invocations (by default) of that function using inputs randomly generated from the :args spec, checking that the output for each is valid according to the :ret spec (I say randomly, generative testing is actually smarter than that and attempts to find the smallest failing value it can through a process called shrinking). This wrapper simply ensures that we get either a boolean true result, or details of the spec failure nicely formatted by expound; this is because stest/check returns a data structure which we have to parse to get nice clojure.test integration:

( ns conan.test-util ( :require [ clojure.spec.test.alpha :as stest ] [ clojure.test :refer :all ] [ expound.alpha :as expound ])) ( defn check "Passes sym to stest/check with a :max-size of 3 (generated sequences will have no more than 3 elements, returning true if the test passes or the explained error if not" [ sym ] ( let [ check-result ( stest/check sym { :clojure.spec.test.check/opts { :max-size 3 }}) result ( -> check-result first ;; stest/check accepts a variable number of syms, this doesn't :clojure.spec.test.check/ret :result )] ( when-not ( true? result ) ( expound/explain-results check-result )) result ))

This gives us a super easy way of running tests for our functions using clojure.test :

( deftest myfn-test ( is ( true? ( tu/check ` conan/myfn ))))

This test will either pass, or print out a spec error. We write specs for all our functions, and add a test for every pure function in this manner. You could write a macro to wrap this up even further.

Datomic

Connections and databases

( s/def :datomic/db # ( s/or :datomic ( instance? Database % ) :datoms ( s/coll-of vector? :kind vector? ))) ( s/def :datomic/conn # ( instance? Connection % ))

These can be used for function specs that take a database or connection as an argument. Note that the database spec allows for a vector of datoms, so in our tests we can pass in test data to pure functions without having to get an actual database value.

Specs & schema

The naming conventions for nested maps translate perfectly to Datomic schema:

{ :db/migration-2018-02-23_departments-and-employees { :txes [[{ :db/doc "Department unique ID" :db/ident :company.department/id :db/valueType :db.type/uuid :db/cardinality :db.cardinality/one :db/unique :db.unique/identity } { :db/doc "The employees belonging to a department" :db/ident :company.department/employees :db/valueType :db.type/ref :db/cardinality :db.cardinality/many } { :db/doc "An employee's full name" :db/ident :company.department.employee/name :db/valueType :db.type/string :db/cardinality :db.cardinality/one } { :db/doc "An employee's payroll number" :db/ident :company.department.employee/payroll-number :db/valueType :db.type/long :db/cardinality :db.cardinality/one :db/unique :db.unique/identity }]]}}

This way you can provide entity validation on the way in and out of Datomic, and easily populate a test database with generated data using gen/sample or s/exercise .

A useful heuristic is this:

If a ref has the isComponent property, add another level to the namespace hierarchy

has the property, add another level to the namespace hierarchy If a ref has a unique identifier instead, reset back to the top of the hierarchy

Pull patterns

You can make a pull pattern for Datomic's Pull API by parsing the spec you've defined using the s/form function to return the spec as data (a vector), which can then be destructured:

( defn pattern "Gets a Datomic Pull pattern for the given spec" [ spec ] ( let [[ _ _ req _ opt ] ( s/form spec )] ( vec ( concat req opt )))) ( s/fdef pattern :args ( s/cat :spec keyword? ) :ret vector? )

It's messy but it works, although if we want nested attributes (for example, if we wanted to pull an entire department and all its employee data as well) we'd have to write a richer recursive function. Why do this? It's useful for removing :db/id s and other sensitive values that would be returned by using the [:*] pattern, without repeating ourselves by writing specs and pull patterns.

We can now get the pattern for an arbitrary entity spec and use it in a query: