In this new and updated guide, we’ll cover all aspects of browser fingerprinting and device fingerprinting. In addition to explaining what exactly this is, we’ll also show you how to protect yourself against these threats.

Many people use VPN services to hide their IP address and location – but there is another way you can be identified and tracked: through browser fingerprinting.

Whenever you go online, your computer or device provides the sites you visit with highly specific information about your operating system, settings, and even hardware. The use of this information to identify and track you online is known as device or browser fingerprinting.

As browsers become increasingly entwined with the operating system, many unique details and preferences can be exposed through your browser. The sum total of these outputs can be used to render a unique “fingerprint” for tracking and identification purposes.

Your browser fingerprint can reflect:

the User agent header

the Accept header

the Connection header

the Encoding header

the Language header

the list of plugins

the platform

the cookies preferences (allowed or not)

the Do Not Track preferences (yes, no or not communicated)

the timezone

the screen resolution and its color depth

the use of local storage

the use of session storage

a picture rendered with the HTML Canvas element

a picture rendered with WebGL

the presence of AdBlock

the list of fonts

How accurate is browser fingerprinting?

Some researchers have found this method of identification to be extremely effective.

Why is this being done?

Browser fingerprinting is just another tool to identify and track people as they browse the web. There are many different entities – both corporate and government – that are monitoring internet activity, and they all have different reasons for doing so. Advertisers and marketers find this technique useful to acquire more data on users, which in turn leads to more advertising revenue.

Some websites use browser fingerprinting to detect potential fraud, such as banks or dating websites, so it’s not always nefarious.

Surveillance agencies could also use this to identify people who are employing other privacy measures to cloak their IP address and location, such as with VPN services or the Tor (onion) network.

Browser fingerprinting test websites

One good test website to see all of the information that is being revealed by your browser is www.deviceinfo.me.

There are also a few websites that reveal browser data and also assess a “uniqueness” score based on your variables in comparison to their database of browsers.

Panopticlick is run by the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

amiunique.org is another good resource, but unlike Panopticlick, it is open source and provides more information and updated fingerprinting techniques, including webGL and canvas.

Are browser fingerprinting test websites very accurate?

Yes and no.

Yes, these websites do provide accurate information about your browser’s fingerprint and the different values being gathered.

No, the “uniqueness” conclusion about your browser from these websites can be wildly inaccurate and very misleading. Here’s why:

Data sample: Panopticlick and amiunique.org are comparing your browser’s fingerprint to a giant database of old, outdated browsers – many of which are no longer in use. When you test your browser’s fingerprint with an updated browser, it may show it as being extremely rare and unique, even though the majority of people are using the same updated version. Conversely, running the test with an old, outdated browser may show a very good result (not unique) when in reality very few people are using the older browser today. Screen resolution: At least on desktop machines, most people regularly adjust their browser screen size. Every minor screen size value will be measured as a factor for uniqueness, which can be misleading. Randomized fingerprints: Another problem with these test sites is that they don’t account for randomized fingerprints that can be regularly changed through browser extensions. This method may be an effective way to prevent real-world fingerprinting, but it can’t be tested/quantified through these sites.

In general, the browser fingerprinting test websites are good for revealing the unique information and values that can be rendered from your browser. Aside from that, however, trying to beat the test by getting the lowest “uniqueness” score may be a waste of time and counterproductive.

How to mitigate your browser fingerprint

Before we jump into potential solutions, it’s important to note that implementing browser fingerprinting protection methods may break some websites. Be sure to research these different options carefully before adjusting your browser settings.

Another consideration is your threat model. How much privacy do you need or want? The answer to that question will be different for every user.

Lastly, I use the word “mitigate” rather than “solve” because browser fingerprinting is a very complex and evolving issue. For example, a new study revealed that there’s nothing you can do to mitigate some fingerprinting attacks on smartphones (discussed more below).

Here are some good ways to mitigate your browser fingerprint:

1. Browser modifications and tweaks

Depending on the browser you are using, you might have some different options for tweaks and modifications to mitigate browser fingerprinting. Below we’ll discuss various Firefox and Brave browsers, which are both secure and private browsers.

Firefox browser fingerprinting

Firefox is a good browser for privacy and security, and it can also be modified and hardened for your unique needs. (For an overview of Firefox privacy tweaks, see the Firefox privacy guide.) The first thing you need to do is type about:config into the URL bar of Firefox, hit enter, then agree to “accept the risk” and make the following changes:

privacy.resistFingerprinting (change to true ) – Changing this value to true will offer some basic protection, but it’s far from a complete solution. The privacy.resistFingerprinting preference was added to Firefox as part of the Tor Uplift project and it continues to be improved.

(change to ) – Changing this value to will offer some basic protection, but it’s far from a complete solution. The privacy.resistFingerprinting preference was added to Firefox as part of the Tor Uplift project and it continues to be improved. webgl.disabled (change to true ) – WebGL is another tricky issue for privacy and security. Disabling this preference is generally a good idea – see some of the issues with WebGL here.

(change to ) – WebGL is another tricky issue for privacy and security. Disabling this preference is generally a good idea – see some of the issues with WebGL here. media.peerconnection.enabled (change to false ) – Disabling WebRTC is a good idea since this can reveal your true IP address, even when you are using a good VPN service. See the WebRTC leak guide for more details and how to disable WebRTC in other browsers.

(change to ) – Disabling WebRTC is a good idea since this can reveal your true IP address, even when you are using a good VPN service. See the WebRTC leak guide for more details and how to disable WebRTC in other browsers. geo.enabled (change to false ) – This disables geolocation tracking.

(change to ) – This disables geolocation tracking. privacy.firstparty.isolate (change to true) – This is another great update from the Tor Uplift project that isolates cookies to the first party domain.

Note: This is just a brief overview of changes that improve your privacy and help to mitigate your browser fingerprint. Nonetheless, there are many different factors that go into fingerprinting and you may still have a unique fingerprint even with these changes.

Firefox with the ghacks user.js file

Another great option is to run Firefox with a unique user.js file, such as the ghacks user.js. This is a custom Firefox configuration file that has been modified for more privacy and security. I like this option because it can save lots of time with setup and is regularly updated and improved. See the Wiki page for an overview and setup instructions.

When I tested a fresh install of Firefox with the ghacks user.js file, amiunique.org showed my browser fingerprint as as not unique.

Brave browser fingerprinting

Although it is based on Chromium, the Brave Browser may be a good option for those wanting a simple, privacy-focused browser that blocks tracking by default and still supports Chrome extensions. Brave allows you to enable fingerprinting protection, which is under the Brave Shields settings:

When I tested out a fresh install of Brave with the “Block all fingerprinting” enabled, I still had a unique fingerprint according to Panopticlick and amiunique.org.

See also this article on Github discussing different aspects of fingerprinting protection in Brave.

2. Browser extensions and add-ons to minimize or spoof your fingerprint

There are a number of different browser extensions and add-ons that you may find useful. With that being said here are a few things to remember:

Be careful with third-party extensions, which could potentially undermine your privacy and security. Be mindful that using extensions may make your browser fingerprint more unique (many factors).

Now that we’ve gotten those disclaimers out of the way, let’s examine some browser add-ons that may be useful:

Firefox browser:

There are many other Firefox add-ons you may want to consider as well, which are discussed in the Firefox privacy guide. Some of these add-ons are also available for Chromium-based browsers, such as Brave.

Some people recommend spoofing different user agents through a browser extension, while others suggest this is a bad idea because it might make you more “unique”. Of course, there are many factors to consider, but adding noise to your fingerprint may not be a bad strategy.

For example, with Chameleon, you can cycle through different user agents at various time intervals:

Now let’s look at another option for modifying your browser fingerprint: the use of virtual machines.

3. Virtual machines

You can also consider running different virtual machines, which can utilize different operating systems on your host computer. VirtualBox is FOSS and offers an easy way to run different Linux VMs for more privacy and security. There are many different video tutorials online, depending on your operating system and the VM OS you are looking to use.

Virtual machines offer numerous advantages in terms of privacy and security, while also protecting your host machine. For privacy, VMs allow you to easily spoof different operating systems and also chain VPN services, as explained in the multi-hop VPN guide. This also helps keep your host machine secure by isolating a virtual environment. If the VM were to be compromised, simply delete it and create a new one. You can also use different VMs for different purposes.

4. Tor Browser

Another option is to use the Tor browser, which is simply a hardened and protected version of Firefox. It includes numerous privacy and security modifications that are built into the default version:

HTTPS Everywhere

NoScript

Anti-tracking features

Canvas image extraction blocked

WebGL blocked

Operating system cloaking (shows as Windows 7 for all users)

Timezone and language preferences blocked

The key here is to use the default version (the developers do not recommend adding any plugins or extensions because this could compromise the browser’s effectiveness).

You can get the latest version of the Tor browser here.

Here were the fingerprint test results with the Tor browser from Panopticlick:

The default version of the Tor browser is configured to run with the Tor (anonymous/onion) network. While the Tor network does have added benefits in terms of privacy, it also has a number of disadvantages:

Your internet speed will be reduced to around 2 Mbps, making streaming videos or music nearly impossible

Tor only encrypts traffic through the browser, rather than encrypting all traffic on your operating system like a VPN

Tor is vulnerable to IP leaks, especially with Windows

Tor is not safe to use when torrenting (see the Best VPNs for Torrenting guide)

Tor was created by the US government and is still funded largely by US government grants

Some consider Tor to be compromised

Ultimately, like all privacy tools, Tor has both pros and cons.

While the Tor network has issues, you can still use the Tor browser with a virtual private network (VPN) and the Tor network disabled.

Tor browser with a VPN (Tor network disabled)

Some people like to use the Tor browser with a VPN (Tor network disabled). This gives you the browser fingerprinting protections of the Tor browser, with the speed and anonymity offered through a VPN.

Disclaimer – While this may be good for some users, it comes with the risks of misconfiguring the Tor browser bundle, which could de-anonymize the user (if you are relying only on the Tor network for anonymity).

Here’s how to download the Tor browser and disable the Tor network:

Download the Tor browser for your operating system. After downloading, you should be prompted to connect to the Tor network, which you can do to get access to the settings. In the Tor browser go to the Menu button (three lines in the top right corner) and then select Options (Windows) or Preferences (Mac OS). Select Advanced > Network > Settings Select No proxy > OK Type about:config into the URL bar and hit the enter/return key. You will get some kind of warning message (“This might void your warranty!”) – just click continue or “I accept the risk!”. In the search box enter network.proxy.socks_remote_dns and then double click to disable; value = false To completely disable the Tor network, go to the search box again and enter extensions.torlauncher.start_tor and then double click to disable; value = false To ensure these changes don’t revert to the default settings when you close out the browser you need to disable TorLauncher. To do this go to Options > Add-ons > TorLauncher [Disable] and then restart the browser for the changes to be implemented.

You will need to restart the Tor browser for the changes to take effect.

Now, when you open the Tor browser, it will not connect through the Tor network. This will prompt a warning screen (“Something Went Wrong”), which you can just ignore.

Be sure to remember that your Tor browser is not configured to work with the Tor network, so it is now just like any other browser.

5. Don’t use smartphones

As we’ve covered before on Restore Privacy, every “smart” device is a data collection tool for corporate entities (and their surveillance partners).

Smartphones are especially vulnerable to browser fingerprinting. A team of researchers at Cambridge published a paper highlighting how smartphones can be fingerprinted using internal sensors – and there’s nothing the user can do about it.

The paper delves into the technical details, but here’s a brief overview of their findings:

The attack can be launched by any website you visit or any app you use on a vulnerable device without requiring any explicit confirmation or consent from you.

The attack takes less than one second to generate a fingerprint.

The attack can generate a globally unique fingerprint for iOS devices.

The calibration fingerprint never changes, even after a factory reset.

The attack provides an effective means to track you as you browse across the web and move between apps on your phone.

Unfortunately, there’s nothing you can do about this attack – short of getting rid of your smartphone – and you are entirely dependent on the company to fix the problem with software updates. While Apple has apparently patched this attack vector with iOS 12.2, Google (Android) is still “investigating” the issue and has not fixed anything.

If you were thinking about ditching the “smart” phone, this research provides yet another reason to do it.

Use a VPN

Although a VPN won’t protect you against browser fingerprinting, it is a very important privacy tool to conceal your IP address, hide your location, and keep your data safe.

If you’re not using a good VPN, your internet provider can easily monitor all your online activity by recording your DNS requests. In many countries, such as the UK and Australia, this is mandatory. Internet providers in the US can also monitor and record their users, and since March 2017, they can also sell this information to third parties (advertisers).

Going through all the hassle to protect yourself against browser fingerprinting may be a waste of time if you aren’t using a good VPN that will encrypt your internet connection and hide your IP address and location. The best VPN services report discusses the top recommendations based on the latest results.

For those who are seeking a higher level of online anonymity, you can also use a multi-hop VPN, which will encrypt your traffic across more than one server (multiple hops) before exiting onto the regular internet. Both Perfect Privacy and ZorroVPN offer self-configurable multi-hop VPN configurations.

As mentioned above, combining VPNs also adds additional privacy and security while distributing trust across different VPN providers.

Conclusion on browser fingerprinting

While browser fingerprinting may seem like a daunting issue to some, mitigating your browser fingerprint is relatively easy. For those seeking the highest levels of privacy and security, I’d recommend utilizing virtual machines and perhaps chaining different VPN services (using more than one VPN at the same time).

As a general rule of thumb, Firefox remains a great all-around browser after some modifications and configuration. The secure browsers guide also discusses various options, while the Firefox privacy modifications guide takes a deep-dive into tweaks, extensions, and custom configuration.

Another issue to consider, which was not mentioned in this guide, is using a good ad blocker. Ads today basically function as tracking – they record your browsing habits so you can be hit with targeted advertisements. A good add-on is uBlock Origin, but there are other recommendations in the ad blocker article and privacy tools guide.

Stay safe, secure, and private online!

Updated and revised on May 27, 2019