Why It Matters Whodunit By Bryan Caplan

In modern America, every mass murder has two essential characteristics.

First, the number murdered.

Second, the group identity of the murderer.

And not necessarily in that order. Whenever a mass murder pops up in the news, many viewers hasten to find out whodunit – where “whodunit” isn’t a person, but an affiliation. Is the murderer a Muslim? A non-Muslim who used a gun? A Democrat? Republican? Or just a lone nut who wasn’t a “gun nut”?

On the surface, this seems like a depraved reaction to human suffering. After the October 1 Last Vegas shooting, Historian Peter Shulman remarked:

If you’re nervously waiting to learn the shooter’s religion and voting record before deciding how to react, you don’t understand the problem — Peter A. Shulman ? (@pashulman) October 2, 2017

And the great Phil Tetlock responded:

Or “if you’re nervously waiting to learn the shooter’s religion and voting record before deciding how to react,” you are part of the problem https://t.co/SgdIEBwF2o — Philip E. Tetlock (@PTetlock) October 2, 2017

On reflection, though, whodunit is tremendously important. Why? Because in our society, the routine reaction to mass murder is to try to punish millions of innocent people. If the murderer is a Muslim, the public want to punish millions of peaceful Muslims by depriving them of the right to visit or live in the U.S. If the murderer is a non-Muslim who used a gun, the public want to punish millions of innocent gun-owners by making it harder for them to buy and sell firearms. If the murderer is a Democrat, Republicans try to paint millions of innocent Democrats as sympathizers. If the murderer is a Republican, Democrats try to paint millions of innocent Republicans as sympathizers. Even if the murderer is apolitical and didn’t use a gun, many want to punish innocent disturbed people by easing standards for involuntary psychiatric commitment.

As I wrote the last paragraph, I could already hear the voices in your head saying, “Innocent members of group X? Don’t make me laugh!” and “Innocent members of group X? Well, too bad for them.” Maybe, but let’s think it through. If you accept the slogan, “Guns don’t kill; people do,” what’s wrong with the slogan, “Islam doesn’t kill; people do”? If you respond, “Guns don’t kill; people with guns do,” what’s wrong with, “Islam doesn’t kill; people inspired by Islam do”? The parallels are clear, no?

You could respond, “Collective punishment isn’t fair, but it works.” But I almost never hear anyone say such things. Why not? Because dehumanizing the enemy is important for political victory, and activists want victory. And in any case, the moral objections to collective punishment are so compelling most people would rather dodge them than confront them.

In a just society, mass murderers’ group identity wouldn’t matter. Suicidal murderers would escape punishment, as they always do. The rest would be tried and punished like any other criminal. But sadly, our society refuses to hew to the path of justice. If a mass murderer cheats the hangman, we’re still out for blood. Who’s blood? Well, whodunit? Let’s get them.

As usual, I greatly sympathize with Tetlock’s perspective. What kind of a person hears about a mass murder and says, “Whew! At least the perp is on the other side”? (Or even “Heh heh. This could be our big chance!”) But the fundamental vice isn’t basing your reaction on the identity of the murderer. After all, some collective punishments are likely to be worse than others. The fundamental vice is support for collective punishment itself.