Russia has been manipulating global satellite positioning (GPS) locations on a vast scale in order to protect Vladimir Putin from drones, according to a report.

The Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS), a Washington-based research organisation, undertook a year-long investigation ending in November 2018 into the manipulation of GPS and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS).

Their report, which drew upon publicly available satellite data, found that the tactic was used in Russia, the Ukraine and Syria, with some incidents of spoofing, correlating closely with the movements of Putin.

The reason for this, the report speculates, was to prevent unauthorised civilian drone activity within the vicinity of the Russian president.

"In addition to the protection of Russian leaders, C4ADS found evidence that GNSS spoofing is used to protect strategic Russian government residences and other highly-sensitive facilities near the Black Sea and in Moscow," the report states. "Unlike the spoofing activity associated with [Putin's] visits to remote locations, the activity seen in the vicinity of static government facilities is more frequent, affects a greater number of vessels, and appears to interfere with receivers over a greater distance."

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The report found almost 10,000 spoofing events across 10 locations that affected 1,311 civilian vessel navigation systems.

Spoofing attacks work by mimicking authentic satellite systems to relay false positioning information to aircraft and sea vessels in order to set them off course.