Despite having an area of just 1,100 square kilometers, Hong Kong is home to 7.3 million people. This makes the Asian financial hub one of the world's most densely populated and expensive cities to live in. In fact, Hong Kong retained its title of "world's least affordable city" for the eighth consecutive time this year.

According to Demographia, an American research institute, it will now take an average income household more than 19 years to buy a place to live. That too, if they don't pay taxes and have no other expenses.

It is not unusual for families to live in cramped "sub-divided" units where one flat is partitioned into several self-contained housing units. Also known as "coffin cubicles," these wooden boxes are no bigger than a twin-sized bed. These poor living conditions, which many find a stark contrast to the city's affluent metropolitan image, have made international headlines.

Space is so limited in Hong Kong that it is not only unaffordable for the living, but now also for the dead.

Hong Kong is facing a shortage of columbarium niches – spaces for storing urns that hold cremated remains of the deceased. Public columbarium niches cost around $330 (€283.72) apiece. But with roughly 43,000 deaths each year over the past decade, and with the provision of only 500 spaces annually, families have to wait at least four years for an urn niche.

Many are left with no choice but to turn to private columbaria. Just like housing, shortage has hiked prices for urn niches. It now costs around $10,000 to buy a single urn niche in a private columbarium. Prices also vary depending on the columbarium's location and the niche's "feng shui" (Chinese geomancy). In the most expensive columbaria, a single urn niche can cost over $150,000.

Read more: How sky-high rents are affecting Hong Kongers

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Time to prepare dinner Peking duck and morning glory leaves are on the chopping board, only a few centimetres from the toilet. Mung bean sprouts served in a bowl are placed on the opposite counter, crammed next to a rice cooker, teapot, condiments and other kitchen utensils. In many apartments in Hong Kong, cooking and defecating can both take place in the one tiny space.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Kitchen and bathroom merge Canadian photographer Benny Lam captured the homes and lives of this hidden community in Hong Kong for "Trapped," a series of photographs he produced in partnership with SoCO - the Society for Community Organization, a non-profit organization that works to alleviate poverty and advocates for civil rights.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Restricted space With a population of nearly 7.5 million people and almost no available developable land remaining, apartment and housing prices in Hong Kong have skyrocketed and are now the most expensive in the world. Some people in this metropolis are left with no other option but to inhabit mini spaces, where daily household activities must be carried out in the same restricted space.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Unbearable living conditions According to SoCO, based on Hong Kong's Census and Statistic Department's report, 200,000 people live in 88,000 of these tiny, cramped apartments. Residents are forced to be creative when storing things in their limited space and going about their daily activities.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Prices of apartments doubled According to government statistics, the price of apartments in the heart of Hong Kong doubled between 2007 and 2012, to an average of 108,546 Hong Kong dollars ($13,900, €11,200) per square meter. Some residents in these tiny flats dread going home, and many say the most difficult thing about living in a restricted space is not being able to breathe in fresh air.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Welcome to single-mattress sized apartments A tenant eats a tin of beans while watching television in his single mattress-sized apartment. There is often no alternative for those on low incomes but to endure these claustrophobic living conditions, where they can neither sit upright nor lie stretched out. Cockroaches and bed bugs become their "friends."

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet 'Coffin' and 'cage' homes Lam spent two years documenting poor living conditions in Hong Kong’s old district, where the gap between rich and poor is ever-widening. These flats, which are often referred to as "cage" or "coffin" homes, indicate a stark disparity in Hong Kong, with its abundant shopping malls, luxurious hotels and towering apartment buildings that stand tall alongside shockingly inadequate living spaces.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Public housing out of reach Living in such a confined space is likely to take a psychological toll on most people. Yet many tenants have been living this way for years. The average waiting time for public housing is five years, but for many singles under 65, it is common to wait more than a decade.

Looking for dinner? It's just there, next to the toilet Living conditions 'an insult to human dignity' The United Nations has deemed these nightmarish "coffin" or "cage" flats as "an insult to human dignity." While the Hong Kong government has said 280,000 new public apartments are set to be built by 2027, SoCO says much needs to be done in the meantime to improve the quality of life for people living in these conditions. Author: Ayu Purwaningsih



New licensing law

At the end of 2016, there were around 133 private columbaria operating in Hong Kong, providing 365,000 urn niches. But many of them are located in residential areas, causing discontent among people living nearby.

"The funeral industry and death care services are regarded as taboo in traditional Chinese culture. Many residents are uncomfortable with living near columbaria," Pius Yum Kwok-tung, spokesperson of the Alliance for the Concern over Columbarium Policy, told DW.

"On top of that, during the Ching Ming and Chung Yang festivals, heavy traffic in these areas often causes residents great inconvenience," Yum added. The Ching Ming Festival (also known as 'Tomb-Sweeping Day') and the Chung Yang festival are two special days in the year when families gather to pay homage to their ancestors by cleaning their graves and making offerings.

To regulate the industry, the government established a new licensing scheme – the Private Columbaria Ordinance, which came into effect in June last year. It gave private columbarium operators nine months to apply for licenses that would only be granted to columbaria that meet requirements regarding land use, operations and ash disposal arrangements among others. These costs are expected to be levied on consumers, which in turn would increase niche prices.

144 private columbaria applied for the license before the March 2018 deadline, but some of these applications are expected to be denied. "Currently, in some densely populated residential areas, there are private columbaria that are located literally on the ground floors of residential buildings. These columbaria will most likely not meet the license requirements," Yum said.

Government records show that there are dozens of columbaria located in the densely populated residential area of Hung Hum. If these operators are not granted licenses, thousands of urns will need to be removed and relatives will have to look for new places to store the remains.

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New allocation arrangement

According to Hong Kong's Food and Health Bureau, the discrepancy between the demand and the supply of urn spaces will only accelerate over the next few decades. Around 1.1 million cremations are projected to take place in the next 20 years, while the government will only be able to provide 800,000 to 900,000 new urn spaces. This also depends on whether the public are agreeable to the sites selected for building public columbaria.

"While the government has gone all out to build new columbaria facilities to increase the supply of public niches, it is not realistic to expect the supply to catch up continuously with the rising demand," the bureau said in a paper.

Thus, the government has proposed to introduce a new allocation arrangement for public niches.

If the administration has its way, after an initial period of 20 years, applications for public niches must be renewed for a fee every 10 years. If the application for the niche is not renewed, the ashes will be removed and the niche will be reallocated for new ashes.

Lawmakers have criticized the new initiative calling it ineffective since results will only be seen in at least 20 years while the shortage of niches remains an imminent problem. Some are also upset by the idea that the deceased won't have a final resting place, which is important in Chinese culture.

Read more: Increasing number of Germans opting for sea burials

Alternative burial methods

Aware that to keep finding space to build new columbaria will not be a sustainable solution given Hong Kong's aging population, the government has also started to promote alternative burial methods. There are currently 11 Gardens of Remembrance run by the government that provide designated spaces where the public can scatter the ashes of their loved ones.

Hong Kong residents are also being encouraged to disperse ashes at sea, for which there are currently three designated spots too.

But apart from such "green burials," Yum also suggested that the government should provide more alternatives. "We hope the government will also promote gem beads (where relatives' ashes are transformed into beads that can be kept in glass containers) as an alternative way to store cremated ash and to mourn the dead."