Chinese President Xi Jinping said that Taiwan's unification with China is crucial for China's grand political project of “rejuvenation“, stressing that while peaceful unification is ideal, Beijing will not rule out the use of military force.

Speaking at the commemoration gathering of the 40th anniversary of cross-strait dialogue on January 3, Xi went on to say unification should mirror Hong Kong's model of “one country, two systems,” in alignment with the 1992 consensus. He added that the Taiwan problem “could not keep passing on from generation to generation”.

Taiwan has been a de-facto self-ruling state since 1949 when the Kuomintang (KMT) was defeated in the Chinese Civil War and subsequently relocated to the island. In 1992, the KMT signed a “One China” consensus with Beijing, in which both parties have agreed that both mainland China and Taiwan constitute a single country — but interpretations of what that consensus entails are very disputed.

Taiwan president Tsai Ing-wen reacted immediately to Xi's declarations with a statement that was published, among other channels, on her Facebook page:

We have never accepted the “1992 Consensus.” The fundamental reason is that Beijing authorities’ definition of the “1992 Consensus” is “one China” and “one country, two systems.” I want to reiterate that Taiwan absolutely will not accept “one country, two systems.” The vast majority of Taiwanese also resolutely oppose “one country, two systems,” and this opposition is also a “Taiwan consensus.”

Taiwan’s Mainland Affair Office, the government body that handles communication with mainland China, has also issued a statement decrying the “one country, two systems” model:

The result of the implementation of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ in Hong Kong is the loss of freedom, rule of law and human rights of Hong Kong people – this is unacceptable to the Taiwanese people.

Many in Hong Kong believe that the principle of the “One Country, Two Systems,” written on the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law, has failed to protect Hong Kong citizens’ rights and freedoms.

In recent years, Beijing has harshly interfered in Hong Kong's internal affairs. In 2014, it decided to confine the election framework to Hong Kong's Chief Executive. In 2015, five Hong Kong booksellers disappeared in what is widely believed to be extrajudicial detentions by China's security forces. Between 2016 and 2018, six pro-democracy lawmakers were unseated under Beijing's auspices.

Debate ensued on Twitter, where users tried to find out what’s is actually new in Xi’s words. Twitter user @tangyongtao copied a comment that circulated on a group chat:

Xi's speech indicates that the CCP has fundamentally changed its policy towards Taiwan. In the past, it had sticked with the “1992 consensus”, the consensus is rather ambivalent on who would lead the unification. It stresses equality in cross-strait talks. This time, Xi refers to “one country, two systems” as reunification strategy, this is an open declaration that the CCP will control Taiwan’s sovereignty, while Taiwan will be allowed to retain its own system. Excerpt of an article.

When compared with the speech delivered by Hu Jintao [former Chinese President] at the 30th anniversary [of cross strait dialogue], Xi Jinping’s speech presents three major changes: 1. Xi stresses that China would not abandon the use of military force, Hu did not mention any military means; 2. Xi refers to “one country, two systems” as a reunification model, Hu stressed cross-strait negotiation; 3. Xi does not mention mutual trust, Hu stressed the building of trust in different arenas, including political and military.

Among Chinese dissidents, opinions about reunification are divided. Political economist He Qinglian said:

统一了，就没什么可谈了，无自由，无民主，经济上也只有慢慢与大陆接近。近七十年台湾独立发展的成就将一无所有。 — He Qinglian (@HeQinglian) January 2, 2019

As soon as Taiwan and China are unified, [there will be] no space for negotiation, no freedom, no democracy. Taiwan’s economy could only be integrated with China. The 70 years of Taiwan’s efforts for independent development would come to an end.

However, @Zhiyongxu, founder of New Citizen’s Movement in mainland China, believed that Taiwan could facilitate a democratic unification with China:

Tsai Ing-wen is too defensive. Although Taiwan is now in a safe corner, it can’t be secured in the long run. A more powerful Taiwan politician should issue regular letters to mainland Chinese advocating for democratic constitution for the unification of China. This can provide space for Taiwan to intervene in domestic affairs in China, as well as give suggestions and make criticisms to the public agenda regarding issues such as respect for human rights in China. Instead of being defensive, it can be more proactive in winning the support of mainland Chinese people. This can ensure Taiwan’s security and will help make history that could change the world.

Xu’s comment was retweeted more than 350 times, receiving both support and disagreement. One popular reaction said:

如果民进党这么干，就是原来的国民党了。这种办法并不新鲜，但是解释不了为什么地区会产生独立的问题。一个地区一旦选择独立，就意味着这个地区已经不想跟原来的地区产生联系。跟婚姻一样，感情破裂最后的双方的关系不是爱也不是恨，而是感情淡漠。

If Taiwan’s Democratic Progressive Party follows your suggestion, it would become KMT in the old days. There is nothing new in your suggestion, but it fails to address why Taiwan has a pro-independence movement in the first place. The fact that [Taiwan] made the choice to walk the path towards independence means that it wants to cut linkage with its origin. Like marriage, when the bond is broken, the relation is no longer directed by love nor hate, it is indifferent.

Many responded to Xi's reunification agenda with humor. For example, @guoshouzhu said:

[We must unify Taiwan] Taiwanese must eat pork with African swine flu, poisonous food, gutter oil; they must breathe in poisonous air. Their welfare must be abolished so that they cannot afford to be sick, to have education and to buy a home. Let Taiwan adopts the parallel political system (party and government), let their government and party officials have privilege while people live like dogs and pigs. Brainwash the Taiwanese so that they cannot criticise and only capable of praising the idiots.

@gowKE4HReZ7ZBc5 cited a typical Hong Kong person's response:

香港網友

作為香港人 奉勸台灣🇹🇼人一句 千其唔好相信共匪嘅一國兩制 共匪只會以一國兩制為名 將佢嘅勢力慢慢滲入台灣 到時你哋肉隨砧板上 任人宰割 ！97後所有嘅政治事件 已經講明一切 ！你哋依家嘅民主 喺用千千萬萬嘅國軍嘅血/白骨砌成嘅 ！ 請守護中華民族最後那一些些民主 💪🏻 — 程樂樂 (@gowKE4HReZ7ZBc5) January 2, 2019