Big financial institutions will pick up a greater portion of the cost to protect deposits when banks fail, under a plan adopted Monday by federal regulators.

The new fee structure, which takes effect in April, will result in about 110 large banks covering about 80 percent of the premiums paid into the government’s deposit insurance fund each year, up from 70 percent. The fund, administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, is expected to collect $14 billion in premiums this year.

The change, approved unanimously by the five-member board of the agency, was a result of the Dodd-Frank financial regulations that passed last year. Addressing complaints by small banks that they were taking on too much of the financial burden to save failing banks, the law directed the F.D.I.C. to re-evaluate the fees according to the value of assets held by each bank, instead of the level of deposits.

Even before the collapse of hundreds of small and midsize banks caused the agency’s fund to slip into the red in the fall of 2009, lawmakers and federal regulators had proposed overhauling the way deposit insurance fees were assessed.