In case you didn’t already see this news, PostgreSQL has got its first minor version released for 2019. This includes minor version updates for all supported PostgreSQL versions. We have indicated in our previous blog post that PostgreSQL 9.3 had gone EOL, and it would not support any more updates. This release includes the following PostgreSQL major versions:

PostgreSQL 11 (11.2)

PostgreSQL 10 (10.7)

PostgreSQL 9.6 (9.6.12)

PostgreSQL 9.5 (9.5.16)

PostgreSQL 9.4 (9.4.21)

What’s new in this release?

One of the common fixes applied to all the supported PostgreSQL versions is on – panic instead of retrying after fsync () failure. This fsync failure has been in discussion for a year or two now, so let’s take a look at the implications.

A fix to the Linux fsync issue for PostgreSQL Buffered IO in all supported versions

PostgreSQL performs two types of IO. Direct IO – though almost never – and the much more commonly performed Buffered IO.

PostgreSQL uses O_DIRECT when it is writing to WALs (Write-Ahead Logs aka Transaction Logs) only when wal_sync_method is set to : open_datasync or to open_sync with no archiving or streaming enabled. The default wal_sync_method may be fdatasync that does not use O_DIRECT. This means, almost all the time in your production database server, you’ll see PostgreSQL using O_SYNC / O_DSYNC while writing to WAL’s. Whereas, writing the modified/dirty buffers to datafiles from shared buffers is always through Buffered IO. Let’s understand this further.

Upon checkpoint, dirty buffers in shared buffers are written to the page cache managed by kernel. Through an fsync(), these modified blocks are applied to disk. If an fsync() call is successful, all dirty pages from the corresponding file are guaranteed to be persisted on the disk. When there is an fsync to flush the pages to disk, PostgreSQL cannot guarantee a copy of a modified/dirty page. The reason is that writes to storage from the page cache are completely managed by the kernel, and not by PostgreSQL.

This could still be fine if the next fsync retries flushing of the dirty page. But, in reality, the data is discarded from the page cache upon an error with fsync. And the next fsync would obviously succeed ignoring the previous errors, because it now includes the next set of dirty buffers that need to be written to disk and not the ones that failed earlier.

To understand it better, consider an example of Linux trying to write dirty pages from page cache to a USB stick that was removed during an fsync. Neither the ext4 file system nor the btrfs nor an xfs tries to retry the failed writes. A silently failing fsync may result in data loss, block corruption, table or index out of sync, foreign key or other data integrity issues… and deleted records may reappear.

Until a while ago, when we used local storage or storage using RAID Controllers with write cache, it might not have been a big problem. This issue goes back to the time when PostgreSQL was designed for buffered IO but not Direct IO. Should this now be considered an issue with PostgreSQL and the way it’s designed? Well, not exactly.

All this started with the error handling during a writeback in Linux. A writeback asynchronously performs dirty page writes from page cache to filesystem. In ext4 like filesystems, upon a writeback error, the page is marked clean and up to date, and the user space is unaware of the problem.

fsync errors are now detected

Starting from kernel 4.13, we can now reliably detect such errors during fsync. So, any open file descriptor to a file includes a pointer to the address_space structure, and a new 32-bit value (errseq_t) has been added that is visible to all the processes accessing that file. With the new minor version for all supported PostgreSQL versions, a PANIC is triggered upon such error. This performs a database crash and initiates recovery from the last CHECKPOINT. There is a patch expected to be released in PostgreSQL 12 that works for newer kernel versions and modifies the way PostgreSQL handles the file descriptors. A long term solution to this issue may be Direct IO, but you might see a different approach to this in PG 12.

A good amount of work on this issue was done by Jeff Layton on reporting writeback errors, and Matthew Wilcox. What this patch means is that a writeback error gets reported during an fsync, which can be seen by another process that opens that file. A new 32-bit value that stores an error code and a sequence number are added to a new typedef: errseq_t . So, these errors are now in the address_space . But, if the struct inode is gone due to a memory pressure, this patch has no value.

Can i enable or disable the PANIC on fsync failure in PostgreSQL newer releases ?

Yes. You can set this parameter : data_sync_retry to false (default), where a PANIC-level error is raised to recover from WAL through a database crash. You must be sure to have a proper high-availability mechanism so that the impact is minimal for your application. You could let your application failover to a slave, which could minimize the impact.

You can always set data_sync_retry to true, if you are sure about how your OS behaves during write-back failures. By setting this to true, PostgreSQL will just report an error and continue to run.

Some of the other possible issues now fixed and common to these minor releases

A lot of features and fixes related to PARTITIONING have been applied in this minor release. (PostgreSQL 10 and 11 only). Autovacuum has been made more aggressive about removing leftover temporary tables. Deadlock when acquiring multiple buffer locks. Crashes in logical replication. Incorrect planning of queries in which a lateral reference must be evaluated at a foreign table scan. Fixed some issues reported with ANALYZE and TRUNCATE operations. Fix to contrib/hstore to calculate correct hash values for empty hstore values that were created in version 8.4 or before. A fix to pg_dump’s handling of materialized views with indirect dependencies on primary keys.

We always recommend that you keep your PostgreSQL databases updated to the latest minor versions. Applying a minor release might need a restart after updating the new binaries.

Here is the sequence of steps you should follow to upgrade to the latest minor versions after thorough testing :

Shutdown the PostgreSQL database server Install the updated binaries Restart your PostgreSQL database server

Most of the time, you can choose to update the minor versions in a rolling fashion in a master-slave (replication) setup because it avoids downtime for both reads and writes simultaneously. For a rolling style update, you could perform the update on one server after another… but not all at once. However, the best method that we’d almost always recommend is – shutdown, update and restart all instances at once.

If you are currently running your databases on PostgreSQL 9.3.x or earlier, we recommend that you to prepare a plan to upgrade your PostgreSQL databases to the supported versions ASAP. Please subscribe to our blog posts so that you can hear about the various options for upgrading your PostgreSQL databases to a supported major version.

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