Differences in funding translate to the classroom, where underfunded communities often use older, worn textbooks and have less access to computers, said Francesca López, associate dean of the College of Education at the University of Arizona.

“I can tell you as a parent and as a researcher, when I walk into a school district that is in one of these low-funded areas, it is a stark contrast,” Dr. López said. “They are basic rights to education, but look like amenities in comparison. It’s dramatic.”

The report identified certain states, like New Jersey, as among the “worst offenders.” In New Jersey, which divides students up into more than 500 districts, predominantly nonwhite districts received about $3,400 less per student than mostly white districts, the report said.

A spokesman for the New Jersey Department of Education said he had not seen the report and could not immediately comment.

Arizona also had one of the most drastic differences in funding among states listed in the report. Dr. López said that in her state, “boundary lines are a huge contributor because of gerrymandering, segregation and zoning.”

But she said the situation in Arizona was exacerbated by a new kind of “white flight” because of the popularity of charter schools and open enrollment, a policy that allows parents to request that their children attend schools outside the district. In Arizona, funding generally follows the student, rather than staying in the district.

“It’s depleting even more funding from these districts that were already at a disadvantage to begin with,” Dr. López said.