Are you a…

Flexitarian?

Vegetarian?

Vegan?

Or simply someone looking to eat less meat?

They all involve eating more plant-based foods, and eating more plants comes with questions: How do I get my protein in? How much protein do I even need?

Some want to know to stay healthy. Some want to know to attain eye-popping physiques.

Furthermore: how the hell are you going to manage that Bodybuilding BBQ party you host every year?

Welcome! This article is for all of you, and it will shed light into what you can do to optimize health, muscle growth, and awesomeness while eating (more) plant-based proteins!

First we’ll explain what proteins are made of (hint: amino acids), then we’ll explain the ‘problems’ with plant proteins vs. animal proteins, and finally we’ll bring it all together by offering solutions to overcome these, including a calculator and some meal examples.

We wrote this article in particular for the serious athlete that seeks to optimize their physique, fat loss, and performance. For general health, you don’t need such a serious approach to your nutrition.

Recently, Larraín and colleagues (2019) found that participants eating either a vegan or meat diet gained the same amount of muscle after 12 weeks (Tap), which is the first evidence that ‘protein quality’ may not be that important after all. However: it’s one single (unpublished) not-so-well designed study (Tap), and the theoretical support that protein quality matters for muscle growth is still very sound.

Present the evidence: hover on laptop or tap on mobile to see a citation or research image behind the claim.

Amino acids 101

Protein is made up of little protein building blocks called amino acids. Your body uses them for all types of things: to properly digest food, produce hormones, keep your brain running, etc. But most importantly: your body also uses these amino acids for muscle growth.

Not ingesting enough ‘essential’ amino acids – the ones your body cannot produce by itself – will likely limit muscle growth (Tap) [2] (Tap) [3] (Tap).

Since total protein intake from a ‘balanced’ omnivorous diet is basically equal to your total essential amino acid intake, the infographic below illustrates this.

As you can see, getting only 75% of the optimal amount of essential amino acids (protein) generally means a decrease in muscle growth by about 40% (Tap).

Moreover, you also need to eat enough protein if you’re trying to lose body fat. To protect your muscle mass. We’ll get to that later.

However, the above protein research is done on people eating a ‘balanced’ omnivorous diet, which contains mostly animal protein sources.

These protein sources contain amino acids, the building blocks for muscle building.

You could imagine your own body as an axe that cuts down a tree (food) and processes it into planks (amino acids) that it uses to create something useful, like a wooden door (muscle tissue).

However, some trees contain more ‘good’ wood than others. Similarly, not all protein sources are created equal. There’s a difference between animal and plant protein sources.

100 g of protein from beef doesn’t necessarily give you the same amount of essential amino acids as 100 g of protein from tofu.

Take-home messages:

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.

Your body uses amino acids for different functions, including muscle growth.

Essential amino acids are the ones your body cannot produce by itself: you have to get them from food.

Not eating enough essential amino acids (protein) limits muscle growth or maintenance.

Not all protein sources are equal: for example, some have less essential amino acids.

Not every protein source is equal

Different protein sources stimulate muscle growth differently, depending on the ’protein quality’ of the source. ‘Protein quality’ refers to how many amino acids in a certain protein source your body can actually harvest.

The first component of protein quality is the amino acid profile of the source. The second component is digestibility.

We’ve seen that a balanced amount of essential amino acids (EAA) is important, but it’s also important how easily the body digests these EAAs to end up in the bloodstream, readily available for muscle growth.

Protein quality: digestibility (and absorption)

Note: Digestibility means how well food gets broken down into smaller parts by chewing and processing in the stomach and intestines. Absorption is the actual uptake of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and vitamins and minerals from the digestive tract into the blood.

However, in this article we simply refer to the entire process – from foods to amino acids in the blood – as “digestibility”.

In general, your body digests animal protein sources easily (Tap) [2]. It’s harder to digest plant protein sources and extract their amino acids, since plant foods contain many anti-nutrients (Tap). Anti-nutrients interfere with digestion of the nutrients in a food.

Extra info: Anti-nutrients and evolution From an evolutionary perspective, anti-nutrients protect a plant’s seeds from being destroyed by the digestive tract of animals, so a toilet visit can give a seed a new location, along with the soil it needs to grow. (Plants grow best in cow dung, remember?) We call the seeds of a plant “grains”, which we can categorize into cereals and legumes. Grains have a very clear purpose: to store nutrients that make the plant grow, such as proteins. Back in the day, grains with more anti-nutrients were much less comfortable for animals to digest. (Unless you think your farting from your kidney bean meal at your parents in law’s place is comfortable.) Because of this, animals didn’t eat a plant’s seeds as often and these plant species survived until this very day.

And indeed research shows that (soy)beans [2], peas, cereals, and nuts all digest poorly (Tap). Specifically, walnuts, almonds, cashews, pecans, and pistachios contain fewer digestible calories (and protein) than shown on the nutrition label (Tap).

Furthermore, anti-nutrients also make vitamins and minerals harder to digest [2].

In general we could say that protein digestion is ~23% better on a meat-based diet compared to a plant-based diet (Tap) (Tap) [2]. Researchers prefer to assess this in growing pigs or rats when it’s very difficult to assess in humans.

In other words, eating mostly *whole plants* makes you digest 15-30% less of the protein on the food label.

Take-home messages:

Technically, ‘grains’ are the seeds of plants, and come in the form of cereals and legumes.

From an evolutionary perspective, anti-nutrients protect plant seeds (grains) against animals who want to eat (and digest) them.

The human body can digest amino acids from animal products ~20% better than whole plant protein sources, leading to more amino acids in the blood per amount of food.

Protein quality: amino acid profile

Next to being harder to digest, plant-based protein also doesn’t have the same variety of protein building blocks as animal protein. As mentioned before, we call this ‘variety of protein building blocks’ the amino acid profile.

Since your body needs all essential amino acids to build muscle, you need to eat enough of every EAA for optimal muscle growth. When any single EAA is missing, this can halt muscle building (Tap) [2] (Tap).

You can compare constructing a muscle to constructing a fence: if some planks (amino acids) are smaller, it limits its total functional height (muscle growth): the neighbor can still peek over and overlook your private activities.

Plant-based foods often lack 4 specific essential amino acids, and we’ll focus on those in particular. Let’s call them ‘the big 4’: leucine, lysine, methionine and cysteine.

“But I thought cysteine was a ‘semi-essential’ amino-acid?” Note that cysteine is technically not an ‘essential’ amino acid, but rather a conditional or ‘semi-essential’ amino acid. Your body can produce cysteine when sufficient methionine is available [2]. Basically, it ‘uses up’ methionine to produce cysteine, and you still want to eat enough cysteine to prevent ‘sacrificing’ too much methionine.

Food sources of ‘the big 4’ amino acids: leucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine

First, let’s look at how much protein various protein sources have per 200 kcal. Why per 200 kcal? Well, for instance, you can get 23 g of protein from 100 g of cheddar cheese. Sounds like a great protein source, right? However, you will then also ingest ~400 calories. Not so great; to get 150 g of protein per day, you’d need to eat at least 2500 calories. Basically, the graph beneath indicates how lean a protein source is.

The following graphs give an impression of which protein sources contain most of the big-4 amino acids. “Net” amino acids refers to the amino acids that actually end up in your bloodstream after digestion, which can be far less for some plant protein sources.

It’s important to note that we deducted the “optimal” amount of lysine, methionine, and cysteine from assumptions about a typical omnivorous diet, which you can read more about in the section “De-constructing the optimal protein intake”. There is no clear evidence that these are indeed ‘optimal’, but they give us an idea of how much we need for maximal muscle growth.

Also note the following things:

Already you can see how combining certain protein sources or supplementing single amino acids can offer solutions.

Unprocessed plant proteins, like lentils, have lower digestibility, than highly processed plant protein powders.

Notes on soy products and hormones

For vegans, soy protein isolate is probably the highest-quality protein source, together with blended protein powders (rice/pea for example). However, many people have the idea that eating soy products affects their hormone levels.

Overall, research shows that eating soy products doesn’t significantly affect testosterone [2] (Tap) or estrogen (Tap). As long as you’re not brushing your teeth with soy milk or eating 10 pounds of tofu per meal, you should be fine.

Furthermore, overall research shows that a soy-rich diet may help prevent cancer in women (Tap) (Tap).

Take-home messages:

The anti-nutrients in plant-based protein sources make them harder to digest, compared to animal protein, which means you need to eat more of them to get the same amount of amino acids in your system.

You likely need to ingest enough of every essential amino acid (EAA) to optimize muscle growth, which is why the amino acid profile of a protein source is important.

Plant protein sources often have low amounts of the amino acids leucine, lysine, methionine, and cysteine. Therefore, we call these the ‘big 4’ lacking amino acids.

We deducted the “optimal” amount of lysine, methionine and cysteine from assumptions about a typical omnivorous diet. There’s no solid evidence these are optimal.

Research shows soy products do not affect testosterone or estrogen levels in any meaningful way.

De-constructing the optimal protein intake

Before we can make any practical recommendations on how to solve the protein quality problem, let’s first look at how many individual amino acids a natural trainee (Tap) needs for optimal muscle growth.

Luckily, Menno Henselmans took all existing scientific data together and wrote a great article which concluded that the optimal amount of protein to consume is 1.8 g per kg of bodyweight per day (0.82 g/lb bodyweight), which translates to a certain ‘optimal’ total amount of individual amino acids.

Recent research supports the 1.8 g/kg figure (Tap). This is much higher than the RDI suggestion of 0.8 g per kg, probably because the latter doesn’t take muscle building into account. To build muscle we need to eat more of all the amino acids.

The best diet for growing muscle is high in protein, split into 3-6 meals per day [1], with 20-40 grams [2] (Tap) of protein per meal (Tap). However, total daily intake is more important than how you spread this out over your meals (Tap). Finally, you can benefit from eating a lot of protein before going to sleep (Tap).

To lose fat and maintain muscle, there’s no research that shows anything above 1.2 g/kg (0.55 g/lb) is beneficial (Tap). However, since eating up to 1.8 g/kg protein has an anti-hunger effect (Tap), we still recommend aiming at the high side when fat loss in your goal. Moreover, from experience we know that when going to very low (bodybuilding-like) body fat levels, this higher protein intake may be beneficial as well.

However, all the above research is based on omnivorous diets: the participants mostly ate animal products to get their protein in. Things change when you tend to eat more plant-based protein sources, as they are harder to digest and their amino acid profiles are different.

We went on to reverse-engineer the recommended 1.8 g/kg protein intake for a typical person of 80 kg into the total amount of every big-4 amino acid. For practical reasons, we assumed their main protein sources were chicken (25%), beef (25%), eggs (25%), and dairy (25%).

Finally, we split these up into 4 equally sized meals to get the theoretical optimal amount of leucine, lysine, methionine and cysteine per meal. See the illustration below.

Therefore, let’s look at 3 solutions for getting in all those amino acids for optimal muscle growth, without having to eat over 300 g of plant-based protein per day:

Improving digestibility

Combining (plant) protein sources

Supplementation

3 solutions to non-meat optimal protein intake

Improving digestibility

Your body has a hard time digesting the amino acids in raw plant foods due to things like anti-nutrients. Fortunately, modern technology enables us to strips these foods of such anti-nutrients, while conserving all the amino acid goodness we want in our system.

How, you may ask?

Food processing.

For example, soybeans undergo multiple processing phases, through which they can end up on your plate in different forms. See the image below.

Yes, you can also improve the digestibility of plant protein sources at home. However, the reward-to-effort ratio is not very high. As you may recall, protein digestion is ~23% better on a meat-based diet compared to a plant-based diet [2], which means we can maximally improve digestion by ~20%.

By soaking, cooking, fermentation and germination you may be able to increase protein digestibility substantially. For example, actively soaking soybean flour for 9 hours will increase digestibility from 60 to 68% (Tap).

However, these studies didn’t investigate the digestibility in humans, but in test tubes (“in vitro”), which makes it even more uncertain whether spending 9 hours in the kitchen is worth anything at all.

I’d rather outsource those hours of processing to professional food manufacturers. But that’s me. In other words: give me that processed tempeh, tofu, and soy protein powder, because I ain’t got the time to ‘process’ it myself.

All in all, we can probably improve digestibility of plant protein sources, but doing it ourselves becomes a little impractical. Rather, we could let food manufacturers do this for us.

Buy those beans pre-cooked. Enjoy your plant protein powders.

Combining foods to get a better amino acid profile

To combine certain protein sources is another way to overcome the problem of lacking amino acids per meal. In this case, we have more influence.

For example, pea protein (powder) is high in lysine, but low in methionine and cysteine. On the other hand, rice protein (powder) is high in methionine and cysteine, but low in lysine. Therefore these two make a great combination when you blend them together, even rivaling the protein quality of beef.

When you eat eggs and dairy, you’re in luck: they greatly combine with plant-based foods to reach an optimal amino acid profile per meal. For example, eggs have a lot of methionine, and dairy has a lot of lysine and cysteine. These can complement a soy-based meal.

Supplementing lacking amino acids

So far we’ve talked about combining protein powders and adding eggs and dairy to get enough of ‘the-big-4’ per meal. However, if you don’t eat eggs and dairy, downing a pound of tofu for an optimal amino profile is probably not something you’re looking forward to.

By ‘filling up the amino acid gaps’, certain supplements can minimize the amount of protein you need to eat to reach optimal amino acids per meal.

For example, adding 500 mg of a methionine supplement, and 1000 mg of a lysine supplement to a tofu-based meal can drastically lower the protein you’d need to eat to get your optimal amino acids in, which is especially helpful if you want to eat less calories to cut body fat.

Take-home messages:

Processing plant foods can increase their digestibility by up to 20%.

Processing them yourself by soaking, cooking, sprouting, fermenting and such is very time-consuming, with only a small improvement in digestibility.

Manufacturers are much better at this, so for practical reasons you want to leave the processing to them, and buy your ready-to-eat ‘processed’ tofu, tempeh, and protein powders in the grocery store.

Some foods lack certain important amino acids, which other foods can compensate for. Intelligently combining them into a meal can decrease how much protein you have to eat for similar muscle building effects as animal protein.

You can also fill these amino acid gaps with specific amino acid supplements, such as lysine and methionine capsules, which you take with your meal.

Conclusion, calculator and practical examples

Plant-based protein sources are generally harder to digest than animal protein sources and they lack some amino acids important to muscle growth. Therefore we need to think intelligently about how to set up a low-meat diet.

There’s a certain optimal amino acid amount per meal that guarantees maximal muscle building. Note that considering total amino acids per day is enough if you’re looking for general fitness and health, but you’re missing out if you’re a serious athlete trying to optimize everything. A video by Jorn Trommelen, a world-renowned protein researcher, confirms this.

There are multiple solutions to the plant-protein problems:

Improving digestibility

Combining protein sources for a better amino acid profile

Supplementing lacking amino acids

You can improve digestibility simply by focusing – to a certain degree – on manufacturer-processed plant protein sources, like tofu, tempeh, meat replacements, and protein powder, which are stripped of a lot of the anti-nutrients that normally inhibit digestion.

If you intelligently combine protein sources within a single meal, you can elevate the amino acid profile to be similar to a meat-based meal.

Taking amino acid supplements with a meal can fill up lacking amino acid gaps, and save a lot of calories that would otherwise be spent on eating more of the plant protein source for sufficient amino acid intake.

The newest research actually shows protein quality may not be that much of an issue after all.

In light of these new findings, we’ve lowered the usual plant-based protein recommendations for muscle growth, as you can see from the image below.

To assess whether you have optimized amino acid intake per meal, you can use the calculator below. If you intelligently combine protein sources, you may need to eat a lot less total protein to reach optimal amino acids for muscle growth. See the image below.

Calculator

Use the following calculator to assess which amino acids may be lacking in your meals. Then refer to the earlier infographic to see which protein sources you need to add to your meals to complement the lacking amino acid.

Did you know we developed software with an algorithm that will – in the future – automatically combine protein sources in the right proportions for optimal amino acids per meal?