This is the first in a series of blog post that will deal with gradually converting an existing React codebase, Flatris by @skidding to Typescript and ending up with a completely typechecked codebase. This part deals with getting the first TypeScript file to compile along with the rest of the application.

This part of the blog post has taken approximately four hours, including all the mistakes and dead-ends I didn’t write about (but not including the writing)

I’ve recently become interested in the process of converting an existing javascript codebase to typescript. Typescript and React play wonderfully together, and I’ve started quite a few projects with them, but I’ve never been in the situation of having to convert an already existing codebase.

Getting buy-in from your managers to convert an entire codebase at once is not always possible, so our goal is to do a gradual conversion, where we can keep Javascript and Typescript side by side until our conversion is complete. This means that some parts of the team can work on the migration, while others can develop new features and fix bugs.

Flatris

We’ll be porting Flatris. Flatris is a tetris implementation in React and Redux, with full offline capabillities and autosave.

It also shows you the entire state of the game — probably not safe to give to your grandma unless you’re willing to answer a lot of questions

Flatris is a good pick to port, as it’s written in very idiomatic react/redux and of manageable size, about 2000 lines of code.

Plugging in the Typescript compiler

Flatris uses Create React App(CRA), which makes life easy for us. CRA works by having an internal module called “react-scripts” that deal with most of the build configuration. Luckily someone’s made react-scripts-ts (RST), which is the typescript equivalent.

I’ve experimented with a few different ways of doing the porting, and the easiest is to create a new project with react-scripts-ts, and then copy all the files from react-scripts-ts into the Flatris project. We create the new app with the following commands:

npm install -g create-react-app # Or use yarn create-react-app flatris --scripts-version=react-scripts-ts

This creates a repository that’s fully established with all the files needed to start a brand new Typescript project. Now we’ll copy all files related to the typescript configuration to our old project. The list of files we need to copy over is:

tsconfig.json

tsconfig.test.json

tslint.json

After copying the files, we’ll copy all the dependencies in our package.json from our new project into our old package.json, making sure to remove dependencies that are now listed twice.

After fixing the dependencies, we’ll want to change the scripts in our package.json

As RST is a drop-in replacement for react-scripts, we can simply change each occurrence of “react-scripts” to “react-scripts-ts” and it should work.

Now let’s install our dependencies and try running Flatris..

I can already tell you now, that it’s not going to go well the first time around. It’s time for a game of:

Bugfixing is often like this, but with more tears.

Error Whack-A-Mole

Can’t find index.tsx

Error: Can’t find index.tsx

RST expects our entry point to be a tsx file, so let’s go ahead and rename index.jsx it to index.tsx

React has no default export

Error: (1,8): Module flatris/node_modules/@types/react/index"' has no default export.

Now this is a bit of an interesting error. In the Javascript most if not all transpilation happens via babel, and babel has made some choices in regards to interoperabillity of the different module formats.

What babel does is, if there’s a module.exports defined in a module, but no default export, it automatically assigns the entirety of the module.exports to the default export as well. This is usually referred to as a fake or synthetic default export This synthetic default export is what allows lines such as:

import React from "react";

That you’ll see in most React codebases. It means we’re importing the default export from the react package and naming it React.

The React package doesn’t actually have a default export, it just has a bunch of named ones, but this works because babel creates the synthetic default export out of all the named exports. Typescript decided not to do this.

Luckily the fix is simple. In our index.tsx simply change:

import React from ‘react’

to

import * as React from ‘react’

Update 24/05: With Typescripts 2.7 esModuleInterop flag, you can simply set this to true, and not have to change your imports

Could not find declaration file for module

Error: (3,26): Could not find a declaration file for module ‘react-redux’. ’flatris/node_modules/react-redux/lib/index.js’ implicitly has an ‘any’ type. Try `npm install @types/react-redux` if it exists or add a new declaration (.d.ts) file containing `declare module 'react-redux';`

This is because we’re trying to import react-redux, but we don’t have any type files defined for the module. The right solution is to make sure we have type definitions for our modules, but right now we’re more interested in getting our project to compile.

Typescript normally allows us to use untyped javascript modules without any problems, but you can opt-in to more comprehensive checking. The tsconfig that was generated from us from RST has opted-in to some increased strictness for us.

The extra strictness makes sense when you’re starting out on a new project, but right now we’ll want to opt out of it.

Let’s go to our tsconfig.json file and remove the following lines:

"noImplicitAny": true,

"strictNullChecks": true

RST also refuses to compile if we get any TSLint errors — which isn’t what we want right now. We can also turn this off in the tslint.json file by adding the following line:

"defaultSeverity": "warning",

This will make TSLint only emit warnings instead of errors, which is the default.

Type errors

Error: /flatris/src/index.tsx (24,76): Property 'game' does not exist on type '{}'.

Now we’re past typescript not being able to find modules — we’re at the type errors. Progress!

The culprit for this type error is this line:

localStorage.setItem('flatrisState', JSON.stringify(store.getState().game);

Typescript cannot properly infer the type of store.getState() so it says there is no property game on it. This is a problem for another time, so let’s now let’s use Typescripts escape hatch — casting the object to any , which completely opts out of typechecking. So the line is now:

localStorage.setItem('flatrisState', JSON.stringify((store.getState() as any).game));

Luckily that’s the only type error in the index file. Let’s move on!

React components contain invalid characters

Edit 24/05 — a pull request has been merged into react-scripts-ts. The below part should no longer be relevant.

Error: InvalidCharacterError: String contains an invalid character

This was an interesting error to fix. If you look at the console the full error message is this:

Warning: </static/media/App.e52f775a.jsx /> is using uppercase HTML. Always use lowercase HTML tags in React.

That’s not what importing App.jsx html should look like — it should be a bunch of html tags. Turns out RST doesn’t support loading js and jsx files, even though typescript does.

We can fix that though, but we’ll have to go into the tenth circle of hell — the node_modules folder. Now generally changes you make inside node_modules aren’t permanent, as they get wiped on every yarn install but they can be if you use the wonderful patch-package. Patch-package lets you make permanent changes to node_modules folder, and then after each yarn install the changes will be reapplied.

Dante never got to write about it, but the tenth circle of hell primarily consists of monkey-patching minified javascript.

Let’s try it out. Following the instructions on npm: Add this to your scripts in package.json:

"prepare": "patch-package"

And install the package.

yarn add --dev patch-package postinstall-prepare

Now we can make changes in node_modules and use patch-package to make them permanent.

Luckily this is an easy change, as typescript already supports parsing js/jsx files, we simply need to tell RST to also include js/jsx files. And luckily for us, RST doesn’t minify its javascript so it’s actually readable.

Let’s go to the development webpack configuration. It’s at: flatris

ode_modules\react-scripts-ts\config\webpack.config.dev.js

Starting at line 161 you’ll find this block:

{

test: /\.(ts|tsx)$/,

include: paths.appSrc,

use: [

{

loader: require.resolve('ts-loader'),

options: {

// disable type checker - we will use it in fork plugin

transpileOnly: true,

},

},

],

},

This tells webpack to use the typescript loader for .ts and .tsx files. All we need to do is add .js and .jsx to that list, so that line 161 now reads:

test: /\.(ts|tsx|js|jsx)$/,

and then we run

patch-package react-scripts-ts

to make the change permanent.

And of course as the good open source citizens we are, we create a pull request to RST so others can enjoy our changes.

Now let’s try running yarn start again:

Hallelujah! No more errors!

The javascript files now get properly parsed. Now we can slowly start converting our codebase to typescript, without necessarily having to do it all at once.

This wraps up the first part of this blog series about gradually converting React codebases to Typescript.