This Hubble Space Telescope map shows the four clumps of dark matter in the supercluster Abell 901/902.

A new mapreveals dense pools of invisible matter tipping the scales at 10 trillion timesthe mass of the sun and housing a cosmic city of ancient galaxies.

The map,presented last week at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society inAustin, Texas, provides indirect evidence for so-called dark matter and howthis mysterious substance affects galaxy formation.

Scientiststheorize that dark matter, considered to make up about 85 percent of the universe'smatter, acts as scaffolding on which galaxies mature. Asthe universe evolves, the tug from dark matter's gravitational field causesgalaxies to collide and swirl into superclusters.

It's allthese gravitational effects, from something that can't be seen, that indicatesdark matter exists.

"Thedark matter halos are what allow the galaxies to form in the first place. Thedark matter is the underlying skeleton of the universe," said Meghan Grayof the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom, who was part of themap-making team. "Most of the universe is dark matter. Galaxies are justfroth on this ocean of dark matter."

Uncoveringinvisible matter

Gray,Catherine Heymans of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver andcolleagues used NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to observe a supercluster calledAbell 901/902, which resides 2.6 billion light-years from Earth and spans morethan 16 million light-years across.

Theastrophysicists measured light from a backdrop of more than 60,000 galaxiesafter it passed through the supercluster and its dark matter. According to Einstein's generalrelativity theory, the presence of matter can bend spacetime, deflecting thepath of a light ray passing through the mass.

"Darkmatter leaves a signature in distant galaxies" explained study co-authorLudovic Van Waerbeke of the University of British Columbia. ?For example, acircular galaxy will become more distorted to resemble the shape of a banana ifits light passes near a dense region of dark matter.?

Byaveraging the shape-distortions from the thousands of galaxies, the researchersfound four pools of dark matter. And the invisible clumps matched up with thelocation of hundreds of ancient galaxies, which have experienced a violenthistory in their passage from the outskirts of the supercluster into thecentral hubs.

"Ifthe supercluster wasn?t there, you'd still see all of these galaxies in thebackground," Gray told SPACE.com. "But you put this massiveobject [in front of them] and your view gets distorted. It's a cosmic opticalillusion."

Aginggalaxies

Thesurvey's broader goal is to understand how galaxies are influenced by theenvironment in which they live.

?The newmap of the underlying dark matter in the supercluster is one key piece of thispuzzle,? Gray said. ?At the same time, we?re looking in detail at the galaxiesthemselves.?

The galaxies in the central hubs, they are finding,show signs of aging, as they are elliptical, red in color and are no longerforming stars. Disk galaxies reside on the outskirts of the supercluster. Theseyouthful galaxies are blue-hued and buzzing with star birth.

It's theseyoung galaxies that constantly fall into the supercluster, adding to itsgalactic girth.

"Asthey come in, either they're interacting with each other more or they'reinteracting with the dark matter," Gray explained. "Something ishappening to change their properties."

The teamplans to study individual galaxies in an effort to understand how thissupercluster environment shapes and changes galaxies.