“I’m sorry it was necessary, but I think it was appropriate to remind us that we have to maintain decorum and respect for one another throughout this process,” said Senate Minority Whip Richard J. Durbin (D-Ill.). “Emotions were running high on both sides.”

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“Outrageous and an insult to the Senate,” said Sen. John Cornyn (R-Tex.). “We don’t need to continue the clown circus that was started in the House.”

While Roberts admonished both sides, most Republicans focused on the Democrats.

During the debate, multiple Democratic impeachment managers declared that alongside Trump, “the Senate is on trial,” and suggested that senators themselves would be part of a “coverup” if they oppose their efforts to call additional witnesses and subpoena unseen documents that the Trump administration refused to provide.

At one point, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.) accused GOP senators of “treacherous” behavior.

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Meanwhile, Trump’s defense team — led by White House Counsel Pat Cipollone — engaged in a scorched-earth approach of its own, including suggestions that Democrats were seeking to undermine democracy and that senators running for president were trying eliminate their competition. The responses were peppered with statements that ranged from incomplete renditions of the facts to outright falsehoods.

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The rhetoric escalated to feverish heights shortly after 12:30 a.m., when Nadler argued that the Senate should subpoena testimony from former national security adviser John Bolton — after seven previous Democratic amendments to the trial rules fell on party lines.

“So far, I’m sad to say, I see a lot of senators voting for a coverup, voting to deny witnesses — an absolutely indefensible vote, obviously a treacherous vote,” he said, adding: “Either you want the truth, and you must permit the witnesses, or you want a shameful coverup. History will judge and so will the electorate.”

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Cipollone, in high dudgeon, immediately rose to rebut him: “You don’t deserve, and we don’t deserve, what just happened,” he said, accusing Nadler of making “false allegations” against the Senate and the White House. “The only one who should be embarrassed, Mr. Nadler, is you, for the way you’ve addressed this body. This is the United States Senate. You’re not in charge here.”

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At that point, Roberts stepped in to “admonish both the House managers and the president’s counsel in equal terms, to remember that they are addressing the world’s greatest deliberative body.”

“Those addressing the Senate should remember where they are,” he said.

Hours later, as senators trickled into the Capitol, feelings remained raw — particularly among Republicans, who declared themselves offended by Nadler’s suggestion of treachery and coverup.

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“Totally inappropriate,” said Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.). “If the Democrat managers are smart, they’ll keep him off the field.”

“Way out of bounds,” said Sen. Steve Daines (R-Mont.). “Outrageous!”

But several Democratic senators also spoke up to note that broadsides against Republican senators — four of whom they will need to vote for additional subpoenas, 20 for Trump’s conviction and removal, assuming the 47-member Democratic caucus remains united — might not be the wisest strategy.

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“When I make the argument, it’s about the fundamentals — witnesses, documents and the evidence,” said Sen. Robert P. Casey Jr. (D-Pa.). “I think that’s better.

Sen. Jon Tester (D-Mont.) said Nadler “could have chose better words.”

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“I understood what Nadler was saying,” Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.) said but praised the “thoughtfulness and intellect” shown by lead impeachment manager Adam B. Schiff (D-Calif.), the House Intelligence Committee chairman, and Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.): “I think those were the most insightful.”

Asked about Nadler’s remarks, Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) answered a different question: “I’ll talk about Adam Schiff, who I’ve worked with on many, many, many issues. I thought he did an exceptionally good job.”

The reaction showed, among other things, that the pointed rhetoric that marked the four-month House impeachment investigation — and characterizes the rough-and-tumble House generally — does not necessarily play well in the more genteel Senate.

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“It’s a small institution; most things that do happen, happen with consent,” said Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.). “That level of mutual respect has to be valued and maintained, and so it was a good thing for the chief justice to do that.”

Schiff acknowledged as much in his opening remarks to the Senate on Wednesday, thanking Roberts and the senators for their service after a long day of debate Tuesday and “inviting your patience as we go forward.”

“It was an exhausting day for us, certainly, but we have adrenaline going through our veins,” he said. “And for those that are required to sit and listen, it is a much more difficult task.”

Off Capitol Hill, however, the discourse remained plenty coarse — a tone set at the top by Trump himself.

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“These are bad, corrupt people,” Trump told reporters Wednesday during remarks at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland, referring to Schiff and Nadler as “sleaze bags” at one point. “These are bad people, and very bad for our country.”

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Trump also seemed to taunt Democrats by noting that their efforts to subpoena documents from his administration had failed. “We have all the material. They don’t have the material,” he said.

A Democratic official working on the impeachment team said that the managers, “unlike the president’s lawyers … focused on the facts of the president’s scheme and made the legal and factual case to both the senators and the American people.”

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Sen. Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.) also defended Nadler, saying the Judiciary Committee chairman was appropriately trying to address the “totally false statements” from Cipollone, including a claim that the president wasn’t invited to participate in the House proceedings.

“I think it’s perfectly appropriate to point out that voting against calling relevant witnesses is the same as working in lockstep with the president to prevent the truth from coming out,” he said.

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Sen. Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) also dismissed the criticism of House managers, writing on Twitter, “This is a tried and true Republican tactic. They used to do this all the time w Pelosi — claim they were voting a particular way because she was mean to them.”

A senior Democratic aide, who wasn’t authorized to speak publicly, said Republicans were looking for any way “to distract from the substance of the charges against the president or the need for witnesses and documents. If it wasn’t this, they would have found something else to express faux outrage over.”

Blunt was one Republican who said he didn’t take Nadler’s comments personally.

“There’s never been a likelihood in a partisan impeachment that you’d remove the president, so you have to look at what else it might be about,” he said. “And it’s all about politics. It’s about the politics of them trying to hold onto the House. It’s about the politics of a handful of our members that they’re trying to put in a difficult situation. And it’s about the November election.”

Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.), meanwhile, insisted that taking aim at the jurors in the impeachment case would only backfire.