The UK is one of the most vulnerable nations to the toxic fumes spewed out by ships, according to a new study.

Analysis by transport experts reveals more than 3,000 British deaths each year can be attributed to shipping emissions.

Pollution from boats is linked to early deaths as the toxic gases and particles in fumes trigger health problems including asthma, heart disease and cancer.

Despite efforts to clean up the sector, ships still rely on the filthiest fuels for power, resulting in huge volumes of emissions being pumped into the air around port cities.

Using data from 2015, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) team showed Britain ranked fourth for the total number of people dying prematurely due to shipping fumes, just behind China, Japan and India.

The most polluted towns and cities in the UK Show all 25 1 /25 The most polluted towns and cities in the UK The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 25. Middlesbrough 11 micrograms per cubic metre. A report from the World Health Organisation has given figures for fine-particle air pollution across the world. Here follow the 25 most polluted towns and cities in the UK The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 24. Derry 11 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 23. Hull 11 micrograms per cubic metre (estimate) Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 22. Coventry 11 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 21. London 11 micrograms per cubic metre PA The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 20. Stoke-On-Trent 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 19. Sheffield 12 micrograms per cubic metre (estimate) Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 18. Sandy, Bedfordshire 12 micrograms per cubic metre Google The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 17. Royal Leamington Spa 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 16. Prestonpans 12 micrograms per cubic metre Richard Webb The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 15. York 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 14. Plymouth 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 13. Nottingham 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 12. Eccles 12 micrograms per cubic metre (estimate) Rept0n1x The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 11. Grays 12 micrograms per cubic metre (estimate) Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 10. Liverpool 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 9. Leicester 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 8. Leeds 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 7. Chepstow 12 micrograms per cubic metre Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 6. Carlisle 12 micrograms per cubic metre The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 5. Gilllingham 13 micrograms per cubic metre Philip Halling The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 4. Swansea A view of Swansea centre taken from Kilvey Hill January 2016 Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 3. Manchester Manchester, UK - November 24, 2016: View of Manchester city center. Tall buildings an be seen on either side of the road and a tram can be seen passing. People can be seen walking on the pavements. Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 2. Gibraltar Wide view of the rocks of gibraltar from the observation deck Getty The most polluted towns and cities in the UK 1. Scunthorpe Scunthorpe, UK - October 19, 2015. TATA steels' Scunthorpe plant in England which has recently been saved from closure after being bought by the investment firm Greybull Capitla for Â£1. Getty

The UK also comes fourth when judged on deaths per 100,000 people, this time ranking alongside other coastal nations such as Singapore and the Netherlands.

“Globally shipping was responsible for about 16 per cent of premature deaths due to [emissions from] transportation – but the UK was in the order of 40 per cent,” said Dr Daniel Rutherford, a marine transport expert at the ICCT.

Britain’s unfortunate position near the top of the charts is largely the result of its proximity to busy shipping lanes to Europe, but also the uneven laws governing pollution on the high seas.

“Critically, only one half of British shore is protected by an emission control area,” said Dr Rutherford.

Ships in the North and Baltic seas must slash sulphur levels in their fuel from 2.5 to 0.1 per cent, meaning they produce lower volumes of the sulphur oxides (SOx) linked to respiratory conditions.

But while the east coast of Britain is protected by this zone, on the other side of the country there are no such restrictions.

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Dr Matt Loxham, a toxicologist at the University of Southampton, noted that besides gases like SOx ships also produce “more than their fair share” of ultrafine particles, which can penetrate deep into human tissue.

“These very small particles contribute little to the mass [of pollution] but are thought to be associated with health effects in ways we haven’t quite got a handle on yet,” he said.

The ICCT suggested the UK could seek to establish a new control zone to curb pollution, as European nations are currently trying to do in the Mediterranean.

But while national governments can implement policies to cut pollution from cars, shipping is largely in the hands of the International Maritime Organisation – a UN agency based in London.

“Even if you have very progressive stances from an individual government, it still needs to get into the IMO and be negotiated there,” said Dr Rutherford.

“There is a broader need to reform the IMO and get it moving in the right direction.”

A spokesperson from the IMO said new rules coming into force from 2020 will limit SOx even outside protected zones, which they predict will prevent more than half a million premature deaths around the world.

However, these regulations will still not be as tight as those currently in place in the North Sea, with sulphur in fuel oil cut to just 0.5 per cent instead of the 0.1 per cent allowed in such zones.