Germany 'pollution spike' follows New Year's Eve fireworks Published duration 3 January 2017

image copyright AFP image caption An aerial photograph shows fireworks exploding over Munich during the weekend's New Year's Eve celebrations

New Year's Eve fireworks contributed to dangerously high levels of pollution in several German cities, official figures suggest.

In Munich, particulate levels briefly reached 26 times the EU-recommended daily limit of 50 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre of air.

National figures suggest that firework displays ejected some 4,000 tonnes of particulates into the atmosphere.

That reportedly equates to 15% of yearly vehicle particulate emissions.

Airborne sooty particulates are mostly emitted during the burning of fossil fuels and contribute to deaths from respiratory illnesses.

The German figures have prompted environmentalists to call for restrictions on the sale of private fireworks. In Australia, the sale of fireworks for private use has been banned in all jurisdictions except Tasmania and the Northern Territory since the 1980s in a move mainly prompted by safety concerns.

The combustion of fireworks creates elevated levels of particles (smoke or soot) as well as high levels of metal ions such as magnesium. They have also been linked to increased levels of other molecules such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

Fireworks have been linked to elevated pollution levels elsewhere. In already smoggy Delhi, India, levels of tiny particulate matter (PM 2.5) more than doubled on 31 October last year, the day after Diwali celebrations.

In the worst affected areas, levels reached 750 micrograms per cubic metre - 30 times a guideline set by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 25 micrograms per cubic metre on average over a 24-hour period.

Fireworks and bonfires marking the UK's Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November have also been blamed for pollution spikes.

According to air pollution scientist Gary Fuller, writing in the Guardian newspaper , on Guy Fawkes Night in 2014 air pollution reached the top level of 10 on the UK scale across the West Midlands, Merseyside, Manchester and Yorkshire.

Germans spent €100m (£84.6m; $104m) on fireworks for New Year's Eve displays according to official figures quoted by Munich daily Sueddeutsche

It says the emissions of PM10 - particulate matter 10 micrometres or less in diameter - reached levels many times higher than the recommended EU limit of 50 micrograms in many cities, including Frankfurt (385 micrograms), Wiesbaden (503 micrograms) and Baden-Wuerttemberg (534 micrograms) on 1 January 2017.

But the worst reading came from the centre of the southern city of Munich, where one reading briefly reached 1,346 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre of air, according to the paper. It adds that adverse weather conditions meant the pollutants remained in the air for an extended period.

"As well as contributing to PM10, fireworks contain metal compounds which may have additional health effects," said air-quality expert Dr Jo Barnes at the University of the West of England.