November 4, 2017 · 13 minute read

Note: This was written for a previous version of freckles. The code/examples in here won’t work anymore.

Ever wanted to just quickly run a few Ansible tasks or apply a role from Ansible Galaxy, without having to manually setup Ansible, or create an inventory, and/or download role(s) from Ansible Galaxy, etc…? Or have you ever wished you could write a re-usable command-line script using Ansible modules and roles? Or, maybe you haven’t thought about it before, but now that I mention it…

If, this here blog post is for you.

We’re going to be using the frecklecute command-line interface for this, which is part of the freckles package. To learn more about freckles itself: I’ve written about what it is and what you can do with it here.

tldr; show me the goods

Here’s one such example script (a ‘frecklecutable’) which sets up a user account (if it doesn’t exist yet) and makes sure the user is part of the wheel group (which will also be created if necessary). The script also sets up ‘passwordless’ sudo permissions for that wheel group.

Right. This is the script (let’s name it setup_sudo_user ):

doc: short_help: "setup new sudo user" help: "Sets up a new user with (passwordless) sudo privileges.



Installs the 'sudo' package if necessary, and creates a group 'wheel' which will be allowed passwordless sudo-access." args: user_name: help: "the name of the user" is_var: false required: yes password: help: "the user password hash (generate with 'mkpasswd -m sha-512')" is_var: false required: yes tasks: - group: name: wheel state: present - package: name: sudo state: present - lineinfile: dest: /etc/sudoers state: present regexp: "^%wheel" line: "%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" validate: "/usr/sbin/visudo -cf %s" - user: name: "{{:: user_name ::}}" password: "{{:: password ::}}" update_password: always groups: wheel append: yes

As you can see, we use the yaml format to describe what we want to achive. To use this script, assuming we already bootstrapped freckles, all we need to do is (as the ‘root’ user, in this case):

# frecklecute setup_sudo_user --help Usage: frecklecute setup_sudo_user [OPTIONS] Setups a new user with (passwordless) sudo privileges. Installs the 'sudo' package if necessary, and creates a group 'wheel' which will be allowed passwordless sudo-access. Options: --password TEXT the user password hash (generate with 'mkpasswd -m sha-512') [required] --user_name TEXT the name of the user [required] --help Show this message and exit. For more information about frecklecute and the freckles project, please visit: https://github.com/makkus/freckles # mkpasswd -m sha-512 hello_password $6$h5OgOaSfa$rwIgBF1Ds/YKx9200agirpmdjG/8D5ThsM3AG9ozvlwci3DzZrBcqRA6LbOQMRAStQop0MWlDes5atB/E7BR6. # frecklecute setup_sudo_user --user_name fancy_new_user --password '$6$h5OgOaSfa$rwIgBF1Ds/YKx9200agirpmdjG/8D5ThsM3AG9ozvlwci3DzZrBcqRA6LbOQMRAStQop0MWlDes5atB/E7BR6' * starting tasks (on 'localhost')... * starting custom tasks: * group... ok (changed) * package... ok (no change) * lineinfile... ok (changed) * user... ok (changed) => ok (changed)

That was easy, right?

Why should I use that? When should I use that

This is not something that couldn’t be done with a bash script, or just plain Ansible. If you already have setup Ansible, it probably makes sense to just use that. If not, then this is an easy way to create scripts to manage local machines, still taking advantage of the power of Ansible, and the hundreds or thousands of existing modules and roles.

Compared to a bash script, I think this is quite well suited in cases where you want to manage state on a machine. Not so much (rather, not at all) when you have ‘actual’ work to do, like for example parsing a huge chunk of text files.

A declarative script like the example above is much easier to read (I think, anyway), and in most cases the script you are writing will be idempotent, which you might or might not appreciate. It is certainly handy not having to check states or files or installed applications and handle those cases differently depending on the result of the check, because this is already done in every one of your building blocks. I’m not saying it’s not possible to write idempotent bash scripts, but I’d argue it’s quite a bit more work than just re-using all those readymade Ansible modules and roles.

Plus, you know. All those readymade Ansible modules and roles. There is one for almost everything you can imagine…

I see, I see. How does that work then?

Let’s go through this script, and see how that works. A frecklecutable supports 5 key-names in the root of the document: doc , defaults , args , vars and tasks . Only the last one, tasks is required for a valid frecklecutable. To learn more about the keys not covered here, visit the frecklecutable documentation.

doc

The values under the doc key help make a nice commandline application out of the frecklecutable. As you can see in the example above, frecklecute setup_sudo_user --help prints out a nice help message with the text we assign to the help key, along usage hints for any potential arguments to the script.

args

This key gathers all user specify-able command-line arguments of the frecklecutable. Under the hood this uses the Click python package, so you can use most of the ‘click’-supported options for such an option or argument. More details can be found in the freckles documentation, but here’s a quick example of the kind of customization that’s possible:

become_root: help: whether to become root for this task or not arg_name: become required: false is_flag: true default: false is_var: false

This creates a variable with the name ‘become_root’, which is of type boolean (because it’s specified as a flag), which is not required and defaults to ‘false’ if not specified by the user (by providing the --become option). It also contains a short help text to tell the user what it means to set it.

The only ‘non-Click’ key in this example is the is_var one. This tells frecklecute to not add the resulting value to every task in the tasks list, but use it for templating purposes. More details on this can be found here. In our example, both user_name and password are used as templating variables.

tasks

This is the main section of a frecklecutable, and where things get done. This key contains a list of tasks to execute. Those tasks can be either Ansible modules, or roles. In contrast to Ansible playbooks, modules and roles are treated the same within a frecklecutable.

There are two ways to define a task item in the task list, a verbose, ‘exploded’ way which has yet to be documented and written about, and a concise, short way which I’ll describe here. The ‘exploded’ way is basically a dictionary with explicit metadata, and it can be necessary when using one of the more uncommon features or special cases. Both can be used interchangeably, as internally a short description is converted into the more explicit, verbose way.

Anyway, to add a task to the list, the most important thing is it’s name. A name can either be an alias you define (which we’ll ignore for the purpose of this blog post, but can be read about here), the name of a module, or the name of a role from Ansible Galaxy. frecklecute will know which is which, because roles always contain a ‘ . ’ in their name, whereas modules never do.

Let’s have a look at the example from above:

tasks: - group: name: wheel state: present - package: name: sudo state: present - lineinfile: dest: /etc/sudoers state: present regexp: "^%wheel" line: "%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" validate: "/usr/sbin/visudo -cf %s" - user: name: "{{:: user_name ::}}" password: "{{:: password ::}}" update_password: always groups: wheel append: yes

Those are all Ansible modules. The tasks are all specified as ‘single-key’ dictionaries, with the single key being the name of the module (or role), and the value of the key being a dictionary using any of the supported keys of a module: group, package, lineinfile, and user. This is a slightly unusual way to use the yaml -syntax, but I found it to be the easiest to read (and write, for that matter) – something that was fairly important to me.

As frecklecute supports basic templating (using Jinja2, similar to Ansible itself), any values under tasks can contain templating markers ( {{:: and ::}} , we don’t use the ‘normal’ Jinja2 markers, because we want to be able to ‘forward’ those to Ansible and use vars like {{ ansible_env.USER }} ).

So, how would we use Ansible roles with this then? In case you’ve never heard of Ansible roles: those are basically collections of tasks, which may or may not support different platforms to do one particular thing. For example, setting up the nginx webserver, or ldap authentication. Similar to what we do in our example here, there are also roles that can do some basic security- and user-management.

Let’s have a look at the geerlingguy.security role from here. This can do the ‘sudo’ setup, as well as some other basic stuff that is considered ‘good practice’, like setting up fail2ban and unattended security updates. The following is how you’d use it to setup a passwordless sudo user with it. You’d create a playbook that contains:

- hosts: localhost vars_files: - vars/main.yml roles: - geerlingguy.security

And put this in any of the places where you add variables:

security_sudoers_passwordless: - johndoe

This role supports other basic security tasks, like for example controlling ssh server behaviour, like allowing or disallowing password authentication. Do do that, as well as prevent root ssh logins, you could add:

security_ssh_password_authentication: "no" security_ssh_permit_root_login: "no"

Translating this into a (minimal) *frecklecutable would look like so:

args: user_name: help: the name of the user is_var: false required: yes password: help: the user password hash (generate with 'mkpasswd -m sha-512') is_var: false required: yes tasks: - user: name: "{{:: user_name ::}}" password: "{{:: password ::}}" update_password: always - geerlingguy.security: security_sudoers_passwordless: - "{{:: user_name ::}}" security_ssh_password_authentication: "no" security_ssh_permit_root_login: "no"

We still need to setup the user manually, as the role only adds the username to the /etc/sudoers file. This frecklecutable will create the user, download the geerlingguy.security role from Ansible Galaxy, then execute the role using the variables we provided:

$ frecklecute /frecklets/frecklecutables/setup_sudo_user_role --user_name fancy_new_user --password test Downloading external roles... - downloading role 'security', owned by geerlingguy - downloading role from https://github.com/geerlingguy/ansible-role-security/archive/1.5.0.tar.gz - extracting geerlingguy.security to /home/vagrant/.cache/ansible-roles/geerlingguy.security - geerlingguy.security (1.5.0) was installed successfully * starting tasks (on 'localhost')... * starting custom tasks: * USER... ok (changed) => ok (changed) * applying role geerlingguy.security'...... - Include OS-specific variables. => ok (no change) - Install fail2ban. => ok (changed) - Ensure fail2ban is running and enabled on boot. => ok (no change) - Update SSH configuration to be more secure. => - {u'regexp': u'^PasswordAuthentication', u'line': u'PasswordAuthentication no'} => ok (no change) - {u'regexp': u'^PermitRootLogin', u'line': u'PermitRootLogin no'} => ok (changed) - {u'regexp': u'^Port', u'line': u'Port 22'} => ok (changed) - {u'regexp': u'^UseDNS', u'line': u'UseDNS no'} => ok (no change) - {u'regexp': u'^PermitEmptyPasswords', u'line': u'PermitEmptyPasswords no'} => ok (changed) - {u'regexp': u'^ChallengeResponseAuthentication', u'line': u'ChallengeResponseAuthentication no'} => ok (no change) - {u'regexp': u'^GSSAPIAuthentication', u'line': u'GSSAPIAuthentication no'} => ok (changed) - {u'regexp': u'^X11Forwarding', u'line': u'X11Forwarding no'} => ok (changed) - Add configured user accounts to passwordless sudoers. => - fancy_new_user => ok (changed) - Install unattended upgrades package. => ok (changed) - Copy unattended-upgrades configuration files in place. => - 10periodic => ok (changed) - 50unattended-upgrades => ok (changed) => ok (changed)

Being able to do all this, combined with the multitude of available roles on Ansible Galaxy can be quite powerful, and potentially save quite a bit of time in the day of a typical developer or systems/devops person.

Conventions

One of the main goals for frecklecute was to have an easy-to-read scripting language, using Ansible modules and roles as building blocks. To achieve that, there are some conventions that need to be understood, at least once your scripts get more complex and use the more advanced features.

Those conventions obviously need to be documented. Unfortunately this is still work-in-progress, and not finished yet. The most important of those relates to executing tasks with ‘root’ or ‘sudo’ permissions, which is something I’ve skipped over so far because we just used the ‘root’ user to execute the examples.

In ‘real life’ we wouldn’t do that, but use a ‘normal’ user account which has ‘sudo’ permissions already. Without those we wouldn’t be able to install packages using the system manager, or add new users and groups.

Ansible deals with this by providing a become keyword, which, if set to true means that Ansible will execute the task (or role) in question using ‘root’ permissions. This goes along with the --ask-become-pass command-line flag in the ansible-playbook application.

frecklecute does support that flag as well, and you can also tell it to execute some tasks using elevated permissions. If that is necessary, one can either use the ‘exploded’ form of task description I was referring to earlier, or, in the case of the short-form you specify the task name all uppercase. In our example, this would look like:

tasks: - USER: name: "{{:: user_name ::}}" password: "{{:: password ::}}" update_password: always - GEERLINGGUY.SECURITY: security_sudoers_passwordless: - "{{:: user_name ::}}" security_ssh_password_authentication: "no" security_ssh_permit_root_login: "no"

Obviously, this won’t work for roles that have uppercase characters in their name. In those cases we’d have to use the ‘exploded’ form of configuration. Fortunately, this doesn’t happen very often.

Extras

As a member of the freckles family, there are a few extra features frecklecute has that mesh quite nicely with being able to quickly write those state-altering scripts:

transparent bootstrap

freckles can use inaugurate for bootstrap, which means all you need to have installed to execute a frecklecutable is either curl or wget :

$ curl https://freckles.io | bash -s -- frecklecute setup_sudo_user --user_name fancy_new_user --password <xxxxx>

remote script locations

You can keep a repository of your frecklecutables somewhere online (e.g. your Github account), and let frecklecute execute it from that remote place:

$ frecklecute gh:makkus/freckles/examples/setup_sudo_user --user_name fancy_new_user --password <xxxxxx>

self-hosted execution context

This is related to the previous point – and the details are a topic for another post – but in addition to executing remote frecklecutables you can also self-host all the roles you need for a frecklecuteable run. That means that, except for the freckles package itself (which you get from pypi, all dependencies for a run can be hosted somewhere remotely by yourself, and as such re-used from any type of newly setup machine that has internet access). So, executing a frecklecutable which is hosted somewhere on your Github account (alongside the Ansible roles it uses) on a newly installed machine would look something like:

$ curl https://freckles.io | bash -s -- frecklecute -r gh:makkus/frecklets setup_sudo_user --user_name fancy_new_user --password <xxxxxxxxxxxx>

using a frecklecutable directly

Since frecklecute acts like a kind of interpreter for a frecklecutable, you can use every frecklecutable directly, like you do with bash scripts for example. You need to add a shebang line to the beginning of the yaml file:

#! /usr/bin/env frecklecute tasks: ... ...

Then make it executable and put it into your path:

$ chmod +x setup_sudo_user $ mv setup_sudo_user /usr/local/bin # assuming /usr/loca/bin is in your $PATH $ setup_sudo_user --help Usage: frecklecute /home/vagrant/.local/bin/setup_sudo_user [OPTIONS] Setups a new user with (passwordless) sudo privileges. Installs the 'sudo' package if necessary, and creates a group 'wheel' which will be allowed passwordless sudo-access. Options: --password TEXT the user password hash (generate with 'mkpasswd -m sha-512') [required] --user_name TEXT the name of the user [required] --help Show this message and exit. For more information about frecklecute and the freckles project, please visit: https://github.com/makkus/freckles

That is all. For now.