Milestone unlikely to be celebrated by many households feeling effects of crippling debt repayments

This article is more than 2 years old

This article is more than 2 years old

After years of tough austerity measures, Greece emerged on Monday from its third and last bailout, although officials warned the country still has a “long way to go”.

Greece's bailout is finally at an end – but has been a failure | Larry Elliott Read more

The European Union, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund loaned Greece a total of €289bn ($330bn) in three programmes, in 2010, 2012 and 2015.

The economic reforms the creditors demanded in return brought the country to its knees with a quarter of its gross domestic product (GDP) evaporating over eight years and unemployment soaring to more than 27%.

After the eurozone bailout, Greece has returned to growth, its once-vast public deficit has been turned into a budget surplus, and the jobless rate has fallen below 20%, officials say.

The Greek government estimates its financing needs are now covered until the end of 2022, creating room for it to plan its return to the capital markets.

Mario Centeno, board chairman of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), said in a statement: “For the first time since early 2010 Greece can stand on its own feet. This was possible thanks to the extraordinary effort of the Greek people, the good cooperation with the current Greek government and the support of European partners through loans and debt relief.

“It took much longer than expected but I believe we are there.”

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Greece’s third and final bailout has officially ended after years of hugely unpopular austerity measures. Photograph: Louisa Gouliamaki/AFP/Getty Images

Greek households, however, continue to feel the effects of unpopular and stinging austerity. Pierre Moscovici, the EU’s economic affairs commissioner, said at the weekend: “The reality on the ground remains difficult. The time for austerity is over, but the end of the programme is not the end of the road for reform.”

Moscovici’s opinion is shared by Greece’s central bank governor, Yannis Stournaras. “Greece still has a long way to go,” Stournaras said in an interview with the Kathimerini newspaper on Sunday.

He warned that if Greece backtracked “on what we have agreed, now or in the future, the markets will abandon us and we will not be able to refinance maturing loans on sustainable-debt terms”.

He also expressed concern that “if there is strong international turbulence, either in neighbouring Italy or Turkey or in the global economy, we will face difficulties in tapping markets”.

Prime minister Alexis Tsipras, who is expected to hail the end of the bailouts with a televised address on Tuesday, said in June that Greece could start focusing on a “social state”. “Now we have the opportunity to proceed with targeted reliefs, to proceed with tax reduction in 2019 and to support the social state and welfare,” he said.

The country might have achieved budget surpluses – excluding debt repayments – of about 4% in 2016 and 2017, but its hands remain tied on social welfare spending. Greece has already legislated for new reforms for 2019 and 2020 and will remain under supervision for several years.

The improving economic indicators are not yet translating into tangible improvements in the day-to-day lives of Greeks. “The bailout is over, but the shackles and the asphyxiation are still on,” the opposition-friendly To Vima newspaper wrote on Sunday.

Economics professor Nikos Vettas believes it is “imperative” to generate “very strong growth” in the coming years. Otherwise, “households that are in a very weak position due to 10 years of cumulative recession will continue to suffer”.

Greece, however, has gained some credibility among the international community. “The commitments assumed by Greece for the future are clear. I have no doubt that they will be respected,” French finance minister Bruno Le Maire told To Vima on Sunday, insisting that the country’s bailout exit was a “great success”.