When people think about the impact of climate change, many consider the physical damage: homes destroyed, communities forced to start over, maybe even a number of bodies discovered after an intense weather event. But sometimes forgotten are the social consequences the physical destruction leaves in its wake.

In Bangladesh, one of the main social challenges presented by climate change is the furthered entrenchment of preexisting systemic gender inequality. As climate change negatively impacts vital local industries such as rice farming and fishing, women and girls experience a compound set of issues.

Flooding, a result of higher aerial moisture levels combined with increased runoff from the Himalayas, can lead to disaster — especially in a country like Bangladesh, where nearly half the population lives, on average, just 10 meters above sea level. In June, five Bangladeshis were killed by massive flooding and more than 50,000 Bangladeshis have been affected. Flooding, often a product of climate change, can deepen gendered social problems, too.

Flooding often leads to salinization, or the increase of salt levels in freshwater sources. Once water has been salinated, it can’t be used for drinking or farming. Water-related health complications are already a major issue in Bangladesh, and the lack of usable/clean water exacerbates this. These issues are likely even worse for women. According to a 2016 study published in the Journal of Environmental Protection, “Higher rates of (pre)eclampsia and gestational hypertension in pregnant women in coastal Bangladesh, compared with noncoastal pregnant women, were hypothesized to be caused by saline contamination of drinking water.”

Flooding can also cause the areas around bodies of water to erode, which often leads to siltation, an environmental process in which excess minerals enter water. As The Daily Star reported in 2016, siltation has signficantly contributed to the disappearance of 32 fish species from Hakaluki Haor, the largest body of water in Bangladesh. The multifaceted impact of environmental deterioration on women in the country can be seen here: As pointed out by Melody Braun of the nonprofit research organization WorldFish, dwindling fish populations not only drive vitamin and mineral deficiencies in women (who often prioritize the nourishment of their husband and children), this problem also hampers the economically essential practice of fishing. For women who work in Bangladesh, as fish disappear, so do their job opportunities. Relying on fish to sustain themselves dietarily and monetarily, Bangladeshi women and girls experience acute social costs as a result of decreases in local fish populations, caused by problems associated with climate change.

The negative and gendered implications of climate change in Bangladesh are not solely demonstrated through health-related consequences; women and girls endure a steep social cost as the climate deteriorates. Displaced by massive flooding, most villagers migrate toward cities (many to Dhaka, the nation’s capital) in search of work, where secondary school can be prohibitively expensive.

If Bangladeshis choose to stay in their villages and rebuild, families will often start looking to get their children married. With the average age of marriage for a Bangladeshi girl hovering around 16 years old, according to Plan Bangladesh, marriage exists as a major limiting factor where the education of girls and women is concerned. Nevertheless, the prospect of marriage is seen by many as a win-win situation for both families: The groom’s family gets a large sum of money or gifts (traditionally, the bride’s family pays a dowry to the groom’s), which can be used for home repair, preparing for more flooding, or other living expenses; and the bride’s family, to put it crudely, has one less mouth to feed.