Research article Open Access

Thermodynamic Studies on the Interaction between Phenylalanine with Some Divalent Metal Ions in Water and Water-Dioxane Mixtures

Ebrahim Ghiamati* and Samieh Oliaei

Chemistry Department, University of Birjand, P.O. Box 414, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran

*Corresponding author: Ebrahim Ghiamati, Chemistry Department, University of Birjand, P.O. Box 414, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran, Fax : +98 56 3220 2515, Tel : +98 915-715-5364, E-mail : Ebrahim Ghiamati, Chemistry Department, University of Birjand, P.O. Box 414, Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran, Fax : +98 56 3220 2515, Tel : +98 915-715-5364, E-mail : @

Received: 30 January, 2017; Accepted: 06 February, 2017; Published: 13 February, 2017

Citation: Ghiamati E (2017) Thermodynamic Studies on the Interaction between Phenylalanine with Some Divalent Metal Ions in Water and Water-Dioxane Mixtures. SOJ Biochem 3(1):1-6. DOI: Ghiamati E (2017) Thermodynamic Studies on the Interaction between Phenylalanine with Some Divalent Metal Ions in Water and Water-Dioxane Mixtures. SOJ Biochem 3(1):1-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2376-4589/3/1/00121

Abstract

A new and simple method was developed to determine the stability constants of phenylalanine complexes of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu(II), Zn (II) and Pb (II) metal ions in water and water-dioxane mixtures at four different temperatures of 25, 37, 45 and 55°C potentiometrically using modified Bjerrum method. Ionic strength of medium was retained at 0.10 M by sodium nitrate. Our results revealed that the stability constant values are greater in water-dioxane mixtures than in water alone. The increasing trend in stability constant values in water and mixture of water-dioxane are the same as follows:



K f Co (II)-Phe < K fZn (II)- Phe < K f pb (II)- Phe < K f Ni (II)- Phe < K fCu (II)- Phe



Furthermore, by knowing the stability constants at different temperatures, thermodynamic parameters of ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° for the respective complexes were acquired. ΔH°, ΔS° values were positive. Negative ΔG° values conveyed the spontaneity of the complex formation process. Also it is found out that the stability constant of the pertinent complexes increases as the temperature rises meaning that the reactions are endothermic.



Keywords: Stability constant, Amino acid complex, Potentiometric titrations, Thermodynamic parameters.

Introduction

The amino acids have special importance among the other chemical groups since they are building block of proteins. The interactions between metal ions and amino acids have attracted the attention of many biochemists, because they can be used as a model for metal-protein reactions mimicking metal-enzyme mechanism. The explanation of these phenomena in the biological systems requires the determination of the stability constants as a measure of how well the complex of the amino acids with various metal ions in a medium similar to those of biological systems forms.



Among various methods for determining stability constants of complexes, potentiometry has its own advantages. Potentiometric titration of amino acids in the presents of metal ions is generally used as a method for measuring metal complex stability constants. This technique first described by Bjerrum [1] and has been investigated extensively by numerous researches [2-7]. D.J. Perkins examined amino acid structures on the stabilities of complexes formed with metals of group II [8]. A. E. Martell and coworkers have conducted vital studies on amino acid complexes and predicted their stability constants [9-11].



The behavior of the complexes at different temperatures was probed by M.S. Masoud et al. [12]. Thermodynamic parameters for the formation of glycine with metal ions were investigated by S. Sammartano [13]. Formations of binary and ternary complexes were studied by M.M. Shoukry et al. [14]. Cu (II) amino acids complexes are useful antibacterial agents [15]. The stability constants of copper (II) complexes with several amino acids were calculated in dioxane-water mixtures by A. Dogan et al. [16].



The stability of binary complexes of L-aspartic acid in dioxanewater mixture was probed by R.S. Rani et al. [17]. H. Demirelli, et al. have determined the formation constants of phenylalanine complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) in water media at 25°C and μ = 0.1 mol L-1 KCl [18]. A.A. Mohamed et al. [19] have measured stability constants and thermodynamic parameters for glycine and L-threonine complexes with some rare metal ions in water. The interactions of L- glutamic and L-aspartic acid with some metal ions has been probed by S.A.A Sajadi [20]. Critical survey of formation constants of phenylalanine with metal ions has been reported by L.D. Pettit [21]. A. Eid Fazary, et al. have investigated the protonation equilibria of α- amino acids in water and dioxane mixtures [22]. The stability constants of Ni (II) with some amino acids were probed by N. Turkel [23].



Phenylalanine is a one of the few amino acids that can directly affect brain chemistry by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Phenylalanine is used to cure depression, attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and a skin disease called vitiligo [24].



In this work, the stability constants of phenylalanine complexes of some divalent metal ions in water and waterdioxane mixtures at four different temperatures have been evaluated. In addition thermodynamic parameters of pertinent complexes have been determined.

Experimental Section

a. Materials and procedure

Phenylalanine with purity of 99%, the nitrate salts of Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) (all pro-analysis), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), perchloric acid (HClO 4 ) and sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) all were purchased from Merck and used as received. Deionized water was employed in all of the experiments. The pH potentiometric titrations were performed using Schott pH meter, Thermostat MLW16, glass cell, digital burette, and magnetic stirrer.



A special glass vessel (reactor) for potentiometric titrations was made which had a double wall with entries for combined glass electrode, nitrogen, and base from burette. Temperature inside the reactor was kept constant through circulation of water with an accuracy of ±0.1°C. A 25.00 mL solution mixture prepared so that it was 5.000×10-3 M with respect to phenylalanine, 3.000×10-3 M with respect to the respective metal ions and 1.690×10-2 M with respect to HClO 4 . A sufficient amount of 0.10 M NaNO 3 was added to adjust the ionic strength. The solution was thermostatted to desired temperatures of 25, 37, 45 and 55°C and then titrated with an accurately standardized NaOH solution while the titrand constantly was purged. The pH was recorded after each addition of titrant in 0.050 mL increments. The two electrodes used for measuring pH were glass electrode and calomel electrode. The pH meter was calibrated using Merck standard buffer solutions with pH of 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0.

b. Calibration of the Glass Electrode

Calibration of the combined glass electrode and calomel electrode was performed in both acidic and alkaline regions by titrating a solution of 0.01 molL-1 hydrochloric acid with standard sodium hydroxide prior to each titration to read the hydrogen ion concentration directly. The emf values (E) depend on [H+] according to E = E 0 + slog [H+] + J H [H+] + J OH [OH-] where J H and J OH are fitting parameters in acidic and alkaline media in order to correct experimental errors. These errors arise mainly from the liquid junction and the alkaline and acidic errors of the glass electrode [25].

c. The Method for determination of stability constant

The Bjerrum’s pH titration procedure assumes the presence of the reacting species H 2 L+ as amino acid, HL as the monoprotonated amino acid, and L-



The anion of amino acid H 2 L + ⇌ HL ( a q ) + H ( a q ) + (1) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeisamaaBa aaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiaabYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaa bccadaGdkaWcbeqaaaGccaGLahIaayzVHaGaaeiiaiaabIeacaqGmb WaaSbaaSqaaiaacIcacaWGHbGaamyCaiaacMcaaeqaaOGaaeiiaiaa bUcacaqGGaGaaeisamaaDaaaleaacaGGOaGaamyyaiaadghacaGGPa aabaGaey4kaScaaOGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqG Paaaaa@4E08@ K a 1 = [ H L ] [ H + ] [ H 2 L + ] (2) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGHbaabeaakmaaBaaaleaadaWgaaadbaGaaGymaaqabaaa leqaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaGGBbGaamisaiaadYeacaGGDbGaai 4waiaadIeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2faaeaacaGGBbGa amisamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgU caRaaakiaac2faaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGOaGaaeOmaiaabMcaaaa@49DA@ H L ( a q ) ⇌ L ( a q ) − + H ( a q ) + (3) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamisaiaadY eadaWgaaWcbaGaaiikaiaadggacaWGXbGaaiykaaqabaGccaqGGaWa a4GbaSqaaaqabOGaayjWHiaaw2BiaiaabccacaqGmbWaa0baaSqaai aacIcacaWGHbGaamyCaiaacMcaaeaacqGHsislaaGccaqGGaGaae4k aiaabccacaqGibWaa0baaSqaaiaacIcacaWGHbGaamyCaiaacMcaae aacqGHRaWkaaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGZaGaaeykaaaa@4EE5@ K a 2 = [ L − ] [ H + ] [ H L ] (4) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGHbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaWcbeaakiabg2da9maa laaabaGaai4waiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTaaakiaac2faca GGBbGaamisamaaCaaaleqabaGaey4kaScaaOGaaiyxaaqaaiaacUfa caWGibGaamitaiaac2faaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabI cacaqG0aGaaeykaaaa@4939@ M 2+ + HL ⇌ ML + + H + (5) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeytamaaCa aaleqabaGaaeOmaiaabUcaaaGccaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccacaqGibGa aeitaiaabccadaGdgaWcbaaabeGccaGLahIaayzVHaGaaeiiaiaabc cacaqGnbGaaeitamaaCaaaleqabaGaey4kaScaaOGaaeiiaiaabUca caqGGaGaaeisamaaCaaaleqabaGaey4kaScaaOGaaeiiaiaabccaca qGGaGaaeikaiaabwdacaqGPaaaaa@4B7C@ K f 1 = [ M L + ] [ H + ] [ M 2 + ] [ H L ] (6) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGMbGaaGymaaqabaGccaaMc8Uaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaGG BbGaamytaiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2facaaMc8 Uaai4waiaadIeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2faaeaacaGG BbGaamytamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2facaaMc8 Uaai4waiaadIeacaWGmbGaaiyxaaaacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqG OaGaaeOnaiaabMcaaaa@5233@ M L + + L + ⇌ ML 2 (7) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamytaiaadY eadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaabccacaqGRaGaaeiiaiaabYea daahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaabccadaGdgaWcbaaabeGccaGLah IaayzVHaGaaeiiaiaab2eacaqGmbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGa aeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabEdacaqGPaaaaa@4777@ K f 2 = [ M L 2 ] [ M L + ] [ L − ] (8) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGMbGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaacUfacaWG nbGaamitamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiaac2faaeaacaGGBbGaam ytaiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2facaGGBbGaamit amaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0caaOGaaiyxaaaaaaa@4639@ Here Kf1and Kf2 is the first and the second stability constants of the complexes. We define n̅ as: n ¯ = # of bond ligands total metal ion concentration = L bound C M = L total - L free C M (9) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca qGUbaaaiaabccacaqG9aGaaeiiamaalaaabaGaae4iaiaabccacaqG VbGaaeOzaiaabccacaqGIbGaae4Baiaab6gacaqGKbGaaeiiaiaabY gacaqGPbGaae4zaiaabggacaqGUbGaaeizaiaabohaaeaacaqG0bGa ae4BaiaabshacaqGHbGaaeiBaiaabccacaqGTbGaaeyzaiaabshaca qGHbGaaeiBaiaabccacaqGPbGaae4Baiaab6gacaqGGaGaae4yaiaa b+gacaqGUbGaae4yaiaabwgacaqGUbGaaeiDaiaabkhacaqGHbGaae iDaiaabMgacaqGVbGaaeOBaaaacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaab2dacaqGGaGa aeiiamaalaaabaGaaeitamaaBaaaleaacaqGIbGaae4Baiaabwhaca qGUbGaaeizaaqabaaakeaacaqGdbWaaSbaaSqaaiaab2eaaeqaaaaa kiaabccacaqGGaGaaeypaiaabccadaWcaaqaaiaabYeadaWgaaWcba GaaeiDaiaab+gacaqG0bGaaeyyaiaabYgaaeqaaOGaaeylaiaabcca caqGmbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabAgacaqGYbGaaeyzaiaabwgaaeqaaaGcba Gaae4qamaaBaaaleaacaqGnbaabeaaaaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIca caqG5aGaaeykaaaa@8038@ The concentration of free ligand is the sum of concentration of contained ligand species at different form, i.e. L f r e e = [ H 2 L ] + [ H L ] + [ L − ] ( 10 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamitamaaBa aaleaacaWGMbGaamOCaiaadwgacaWGLbaabeaakiabg2da9iaacUfa caWGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGaamitaiaac2facqGHRaWkca GGBbGaamisaiaadYeacaGGDbGaey4kaSIaai4waiaadYeadaahaaWc beqaaiabgkHiTaaakiaac2facaaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaG PaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caGG OaGaaGymaiaaicdacaGGPaaaaa@5E2C@ The bound ligand concentration (L bound ) could then be estimated as: L b o u n d = L t o t a l − L f r e e (11) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamitamaaBa aaleaacaWGIbGaam4BaiaadwhacaWGUbGaamizaaqabaGccqGH9aqp caWGmbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadshacaWGVbGaamiDaiaadggacaWGSbaabe aakiabgkHiTiaadYeadaWgaaWcbaGaamOzaiaadkhacaWGLbGaamyz aaqabaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqGXa Gaaeykaaaa@4D67@ After rearrangement and substitutions we have: n ¯ = T H 2 L + − [ H 2 L + ] − [ H L ] − [ L − ] T M 2 + (12) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOBayaara Gaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaadIeadaWgaaadbaGa aGOmaaqabaaaleqaaOWaaSbaaSqaaiaadYeadaahaaadbeqaaiabgU caRaaaaSqabaGccqGHsislcaGGBbGaamisamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaa beaakiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2facqGHsislca GGBbGaamisaiaadYeacaGGDbGaeyOeI0Iaai4waiaadYeadaahaaWc beqaaiabgkHiTaaakiaac2faaeaacaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2eada ahaaadbeqaaiaaikdacqGHRaWkaaaaleqaaaaakiaabccacaqGGaGa aeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqGYaGaaeykaaaa@55ED@ T h e n : n ¯ = [ M L + ] + 2 [ M L 2 ] [ M 2 + ] + [ M L + ] + [ M L 2 ] (13) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivaiaadI gacaWGLbGaamOBaiaacQdacaqGGaGaaeiiaiqad6gagaqeaiabg2da 9maalaaabaGaai4waiaad2eacaWGmbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHRaWkaa GccaGGDbGaey4kaSIaaGOmaiaaykW7caGGBbGaamytaiaadYeadaWg aaWcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGccaGGDbaabaGaai4waiaad2eadaahaaWcbe qaaiaaikdacqGHRaWkaaGccaGGDbGaey4kaSIaai4waiaad2eacaWG mbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHRaWkaaGccaGGDbGaey4kaSIaai4waiaad2 eacaWGmbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGaaiyxaaaacaqGGaGaaeii aiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqGZaGaaeykaaaa@5DFB@ According to mass balance relation we have: T M = [ M 2 + ] + [ M L + ] + [ M L 2 ] (14) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivamaaBa aaleaacaWGnbaabeaakiabg2da9iaacUfacaWGnbWaaWbaaSqabeaa caaIYaGaey4kaScaaOGaaiyxaiabgUcaRiaacUfacaWGnbGaamitam aaCaaaleqabaGaey4kaScaaOGaaiyxaiabgUcaRiaacUfacaWGnbGa amitamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiaac2facaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabc cacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqG0aGaaeykaaaa@4D21@ T H L = [ H L ] + [ L − ] + [ M L + ] + 2 [ M L 2 ] (15) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamivamaaBa aaleaacaWGibGaamitaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaGGBbGaamisaiaadYea caGGDbGaey4kaSIaai4waiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTaaaki aac2facqGHRaWkcaGGBbGaamytaiaadYeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUca Raaakiaac2facqGHRaWkcaaIYaGaaGPaVlaacUfacaWGnbGaamitam aaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiaac2facaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqG GaGaaeikaiaabgdacaqG1aGaaeykaaaa@53C3@ [ ClO 4 - ] = T H C l O 4 + 2 T M (16) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaamWaaeaaca qGdbGaaeiBaiaab+eadaqhaaWcbaGaaeinaaqaaiaab2caaaaakiaa wUfacaGLDbaacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaab2dacaqGGaGaaeivamaaBaaale aacaWGibGaam4qaiaadYgacaWGpbGaaGinaaqabaGccaqGGaGaae4k aiaabccacaqGYaGaaeiiaiaabsfadaWgaaWcbaGaaeytaaqabaGcca qGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaa bgdacaqG2aGaaeykaaaa@503C@ [ M L + ] + 2 [ M L 2 ] = [ N a + ] − T H C l O 4 + [ H + ] (17) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaad2 eacaWGmbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHRaWkaaGccaGGDbGaey4kaSIaaGOm aiaaykW7caGGBbGaamytaiaadYeadaWgaaWcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGcca GGDbGaeyypa0JaaGPaVlaacUfacaWGobGaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGa ey4kaScaaOGaaiyxaiaaykW7cqGHsislcaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaadI eacaWGdbGaamiBaiaad+eadaWgaaadbaGaaGinaaqabaaaleqaaOGa ey4kaSIaai4waiaadIeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2faca qGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGXaGaae4naiaa bMcaaaa@5B60@ n ¯ = [ N a + ] − [ H C l O 4 ] + [ H + ] T M ​ (18) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOBayaara Gaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaGGBbGaamOtaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiab gUcaRaaakiaac2facaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVlaacUfacaWGibGaam 4qaiaadYgacaWGpbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaisdaaeqaaOGaaiyxaiaaykW7 cqGHRaWkcaaMc8Uaai4waiaadIeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaaki aac2faaeaacaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2eaaeqaaaaakiaabccacaqG GaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaGzaVlaabIcacaqGXaGaaeioaiaabM caaaa@57B2@ [ H L ] = K a ( T H 2 L + − n ¯ T M ) k a + [ H + ] (19) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaadI eacaWGmbGaaiyxaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaam4samaaBaaaleaacaWG HbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGubWaaSbaaSqaaiaadIeadaWgaaadbaGaaG OmaaqabaWccaWGmbWaaWbaaWqabeaacqGHRaWkaaaaleqaaOGaeyOe I0IabmOBayaaraGaamivamaaBaaaleaacaWGnbaabeaakiaacMcaae aacaWGRbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadggaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaai4waiaadIea daahaaWcbeqaaiabgUcaRaaakiaac2faaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGa GaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGXaGaaeyoaiaabMcaaaa@5225@ From plot of p HL versus n̅ the stability constants could be calculated. K f 1 = 1 [ H L ] n ¯ = 1 2 (20) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGMbGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaa caGGBbGaamisaiaadYeacaGGDbWaaSbaaSqaaiqad6gagaqeaiabg2 da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaaabeaaaaGccaqGGaGaaeii aiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabkdacaqGWaGaaeykaaaa@46E4@ K f 2 = 1 [ H L ] n ¯ = 3 2 (21) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaBa aaleaacaWGMbGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaa caGGBbGaamisaiaadYeacaGGDbWaaSbaaSqaaiqad6gagaqeaiabg2 da9maalaaabaGaaG4maaqaaiaaikdaaaaabeaaaaGccaqGGaGaaeii aiaabccacaqGOaGaaeOmaiaabgdacaqGPaaaaa@4645@ All our calculations in this work were executed by GRCβeta computer-program developed in our lab. The software asks for a) initial volume of solution containing the amino acid, metal ion, and perchloric acid, b) the concentration of perchloric acid, c) the concentration of sodium hydroxide, d) the concentration of amino acid, and e) pKa 1 and pKa 2 of the amino acid in the specified medium and at desired ionic strength which we found them in literature. After insertion of the pertinent values, the software plots calculated pH ( corrected pH) of the titrand solution versus the concentration of added standardized NaOH, plus drawing two curves, one for a n̅= 0.5 and the other for n̅=1.5. The intersection of the potentiometric titration curve with these two curves produces two points (Figure 1) whose corresponding pHs will be used to evaluate the respective stability constants of the metallic ion-amino acid complexes. Additionally the software

Figure 1: Plot of pH versus concentration of added standardized NaOH for Cu(II)-Phe complex in (70-30) % water - dioxane mixture solution at 25°C

is capable of plotting first and second derivative of d-pH versus d-V NAOH to clarify the end points. For each potentiometric titration approximately 4-7 mL of standardized sodium hydroxide was used.



Thermodynamic calculations were conducted as follows:



The Gibb’s free energy change, ΔG°, can be calculated from the equation below: Δ G 0 = − R T ln K f (22) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeuiLdqKaam 4ramaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaadkfacaWG ubGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadAgaaeqaaOGaaeiiai aabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGYaGaaeOmaiaabMcaaaa@45D8@ ln K f = − Δ G 0 R T (23) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6 gacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadAgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacqGH sislcqqHuoarcaWGhbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIWaaaaaGcbaGaamOuai aadsfaaaGaaGPaVlaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeik aiaabkdacaqGZaGaaeykaaaa@4817@ By taking the derivative with respect to 1/T from both side of equation (23) we have: d ln K f d 1 T = − 1 R { d d 1 T Δ G 0 T } (24) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca WGKbGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadAgaaeqaaaGcbaGa amizamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadsfaaaaaaiabg2da9iabgkHiTm aalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadkfaaaWaaiWaaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadsga aeaacaWGKbWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamivaaaaaaGaaGPaVlaayk W7daWcaaqaaiabfs5aejaadEeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaaakeaa caWGubaaaaGaay5Eaiaaw2haaiaaykW7caqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccaca qGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGOaGaaeOmaiaabsdacaqGPaaaaa@55D9@ d ln K f d 1 T = − 1 R { Δ G 0 + d Δ G 0 T d 1 T } (25) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca WGKbGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadAgaaeqaaaGcbaGa amizamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadsfaaaaaaiabg2da9iabgkHiTm aalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadkfaaaWaaiWaaeaacqqHuoarcaWGhbWa aWbaaSqabeaacaaIWaaaaOGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaWGKbGaeuiLdq Kaam4ramaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaaaOqaaiaadsfacaWGKbWaaSaa aeaacaaIXaaabaGaamivaaaaaaaacaGL7bGaayzFaaGaaGPaVlaabc cacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabkdacaqG1aGaaeyk aaaa@5616@ dlnK f d 1 T = - 1 R { △ H 0 - T △ S 0 + T △ S 0 } = - △ H 0 R (26) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaaca qGKbGaaeiBaiaab6gacaqGlbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabAgaaeqaaaGcbaGa aeizamaalaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabsfaaaaaaiaabccacaqG9aGaae iiaiaab2cadaWcaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGsbaaamaacmaabaGaeS4S LyLaaeisamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiaabccacaqGTaGaaeiiai aabsfacqWIZwIvcaqGtbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIWaaaaOGaaeiiaiaa bUcacaqGGaGaaeivaiabloBjwjaabofadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaa aakiaawUhacaGL9baacaqGGaGaaeypaiaabccacaqGTaWaaSaaaeaa cqWIZwIvcaqGibWaaWbaaSqabeaacaqGWaaaaaGcbaGaaeOuaaaaca qGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGYaGaaeOnaiaa bMcaaaa@60DD@ S o : d log K f d 1 T = − Δ H 0 2.303 R (27) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uaiaad+ gacaGG6aGaaeiiamaalaaabaGaamizaiGacYgacaGGVbGaai4zaiaa dUeadaWgaaWcbaGaamOzaaqabaaakeaacaWGKbWaaSaaaeaacaaIXa aabaGaamivaaaaaaGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacqqHuoarcaWG ibWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIWaaaaaGcbaGaaGOmaiaac6cacaaIZaGaaG imaiaaiodacaWGsbaaaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabIcacaqGYaGa ae4naiaabMcaaaa@4FB3@ Regarding equation (27), the plot of log K f versus 1/T produces straight line with slop equals: s l o p e = − Δ H 0 2.303 R (28) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CaiaadY gacaWGVbGaamiCaiaadwgacqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiabgkHiTiabfs5a ejaadIeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaaakeaacaaIYaGaaiOlaiaaio dacaaIWaGaaG4maiaadkfaaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaa bIcacaqGYaGaaeioaiaabMcaaaa@499F@ Using Equation (28) enables us to calculate Enthalpy change. For calculating ΔS0 we have: Δ G 0 = Δ H 0 − T Δ S 0 (29) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeuiLdqKaam 4ramaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabg2da9iabfs5aejaadIeadaah aaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaGccqGHsislcaWGubGaeuiLdqKaam4uamaaCa aaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGOaGa aeOmaiaabMdacaqGPaaaaa@4786@ Knowing Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes we can evaluate ΔS0 Δ S 0 = Δ H 0 − Δ G 0 T (30) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagGart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeuiLdqKaam 4uamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaeuiLdqKa amisamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabgkHiTiabfs5aejaadEeada ahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaaakeaacaWGubaaaiaaykW7caqGGaGaaeii aiaabccacaqGGaGaaeikaiaabodacaqGWaGaaeykaaaa@4919@

Results and Discussion

As an example, the output of the software as demonstrated in Figure 1 is a plot of pH versus concentration of added standardized NaOH for Cu (II)-Phe complex in aqueous solution. Figure 2 illustrates the potentiometric titration curves of phenylalanine complexes with respective metal ions. As it is cleared, with increasing the stability of the complex, titration curve for Cu (II) inclines more toward the right. Table 1 represents the stability constants values of the phenylalanine complexes of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II) and Pb (II) in temperatures of 25, 37, 45 and 55°C in aqueous solution. The stability constants of the complexes in 70-30% (v/v) water-dioxane mixture have been shown in Table 2. The results indicate that the order of increasing stability constants in both media are the same and as follows:



K f Co (II)-Phe < K f Zn (II)- Phe < K f Pb (II)- Phe < K f Ni (II)- Phe < K f Cu (II)- Phe



This stability trend is in agreement with Irving-William series [26], which is based on ionic potential of metallic ions. The more charge density, the more electrostatic forces appear between ligand and metallic ion causing an increase in stability constant (except Cu+2). Also the stability constant of complexes is related to their stabilization energies. Cu+2 with d9 configuration has the highest stability energy (Jahan-Teller effect) and Co+2 possesses the lowest stability energy among the first transition series. Pb+2 is located in fourth period and its stability constant cannot be compared with the others.

Figure 2: Potentiometric titration curves for the respective complexes at 25°C in water solution; series 1: free of metal ions, series 2: Co (II) ions, series 3: Zn (II) ions, series 4: Ni (II) ions, series 5: Pb (II) ions and series 6: Cu (II) ions.

Table 1: The Log of the stability constants values for the respective metal ion-Phe complexes in aqueous solution at four different temperatures

Complex Stability constants 25°C 37°C 45°C 55°C Co(II)-Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 4.22

3.61 4.38

3.78 4.56

3.94 4.784.18 Ni(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 5.80

4.17 5.944.39 6.16452 6.27

4.82 Cu(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 7.57

6.21 7.72

6.28 7.81

6.38 7.91

6.93 Zn(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 4.614.56 5.51 4.75 6.125.40 6.20

5.53 Pb(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 5.6 9

3.56 5.89

4.28 7.214.89 7.48

5.11

Table 2: The Log of stability constants values for the respective ion metal-Phe complexes in 70-30 % (v/v) water- dioxane mixture at different temperatures

Complex Stability constants 25°C 37°C 45°C 55°C Co(II)-Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 4.80

3.88 4.95

3.97 5.12

4.18 5.28

4.33 Ni(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 6.32

5.20 6.37

5.32 6.56

5.50 6.73

5.65 Cu(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 7.96

6.43 8.18

6.81 8.38

7.38 8.94

7.67 Zn(II)- Phe LogK f1

Log k 2 5.80

5.75 5.82

5.86 5.8

5.93 5.89

6.01 Pb(II)- Phe Log k 1

Log k 2 6.07

5.76 6.18

5.82 6.23

5.95 6.46

6.04

Figure 3: Potentiometric titration curves for Cu (II)-Phe complex at 25°C in a- 50-50% water-dioxane, b-70-30% water-dioxane, c-water alone

Potentiometric titration curves for Cu (II)-Phe complexes for 50-50%, 70-30% (v/v) and water alone have been shown in Figure 3. The more increase in the stability constant of a complex, the more its titration curve is drawn to the right. This means higher stability constant causes more H+ to be released at lower pH. By changing the solvent, the acidity and basicity of solute varies. The acidic and basic dissociation constant of any species will be measured with respect to the solvent. If a solvent with dissociation constant value of less than water is used, the acidic property of that species increases, therefore the shape of titration curve inclines toward the lower pH with respect to water as solvent.



With increasing the percent of dioxane, the stability constant increases. Because the dissociation constant of amine group of phenylalanine is lower in dioxane than water, so, the stability constant should decrease. This statement is in contrast with the above results. The discrepancy can be explained by solvating ability of ML 2 molecular species, which have more solvating ability in an organic solvent than in water. This is due to lower dielectric constant of dioxane, 2.3 with respect to water, 80. Instead, the solvating ability of M+2 molecular ion species is higher in aqueous solution than in organic solvent. It can be expected that the stability constant values are greater in aqueous-organic mixture than in aqueous alone.



The thermodynamic parameters values in Tables 3 and 4 indicate that change in enthalpy for water and water-dioxane mixtures are positive, showing the reactions endothermocity. In all complex reactions with metal ions, the Gibb’s free energy changes are negative referring to the reactions spontaneity. The trend has the same pattern for the formation of the complexes in water and in water-dioxane mixtures. It is worthy to note that on increase in the dioxane contents, the free energy becomes more negative, which is an evidence for increasing the stability of the respective complexes.

Conclusions

The stability constants of some divalent metal ion-Phe complexes in water, 70-30% and 50-50% (v/v) water-dioxane

Table 3: Thermodynamic parameters for the pertinent metal ion – Phe complexes in water at 25°C

Complex ∆H° 1 (KJ/mol) ∆S° 1 (J/ K) -∆G° 1 (KJ/mol) Co(II)-Phe 6.16 99.2 23.4 Ni(II)- Phe 26.7 198.6 32.5 Cu(II)- Phe 49.2 306.4 42.1 Zn(II)- Phe 44.85 269.2 35.4 Pb(II)- Phe 6.91 100.3 23.0

Table 4: Thermodynamic parameters for the pertinent metal ion- Phe complexes in water dioxane mixture at 25°C

Complex (70-30% v/v)water-dioxane (50-50%v/v)water-dioxane ∆H° 1 ∆S° 1 -∆G° 1 ∆H° 1 ∆S° 1 -∆G° 1 Co(II)-Phe 20.2 162.6 28.2 12.5 137.7 28.5 Ni(II)-Phe 19.1 177.1 33.7 16.8 170.6 34.1 Cu(II)-Phe 16.8 213.5 46.8 18.3 220.3 47.4 Zn(II)-Phe 55.4 307.0 36.1 12.5 173.7 39.3 Pb(II)-Phe 9.90 125.3 27.4 12.1 134.6 28.0

Table 5: Comparison of the stability constants values for the pertinent metal ion- Phe complexes in water at 25° C in or Lab and in the literature

Cation Co2+

Ni2+

Cu2+

Zn2+

Pb2+

logb logb 1 , logb 2 logb 1 , logb 2 logb 1 , logb 2 logb 1 , logb 2 logb 1 , logb 2 Acquired in our Lab 4.22, 7.83 5.80, 9.97 7.57, 13.78 4.61, 9.17 5.69, 9.25 The literature[21] 4.08, 8.08` 5.46, 9.99 7.51, 14.25 4.80, 9.11 4.03, 8.79

mixtures have been determined. The results indicate that the least stable complex is Co (II)-Phe and the most stable one is Cu (II)-Phe. As the percentage of dioxane in the solvent mixture increases, the stability of complexes rises too. This is due to a decrease in dielectric constant of water with respect to dioxane. In fact, co-solvent could affect the protonation-deprotonation equilibria in solution. This will happen by change in dielectric constant of the medium, which alters the relative contribution of electrostatic and non-eletrostatic interactions. Furthermore, thermodynamics parameters of ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were calculated. The data shows that the enthalpy change is positive for all the complexes indicating the reactions are endothermic. The negative ΔG° values for all complexes gives an evidence for spontaneity of the complex reactions.

Acknowledgement

We wish to thank the University of Birjand research council for the finantioal support.