Britain’s expulsion of 23 Russian diplomats over what officials called Russia’s role in the March 4 poisoning of a former Russian spy and his daughter on British soil echoes the espionage feuds between Washington and Moscow.

For both Britain and the United States, such expulsions have their roots in the spying between Russia and the West that has endured since the end of the Cold War.

Here is a summary of the best-known expulsions in recent years between the United States and Russia:

July 2017: Retaliation for a Postelection Move

President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia ordered the United States diplomatic mission to reduce its staff by 755 employees in response to American sanctions, including the expulsion of 35 Russian officials, imposed in the final weeks of President Barack Obama’s administration. Mr. Putin had delayed such a move, hoping for an improved relationship under President Trump, “but, judging by everything, if it changes, it will not be soon.”

December 2016: Departing Jab by Obama White House

The United States expelled 35 Russian officials, the largest number of diplomats forced to leave since 2001, in retaliation for what American spy agencies said was Russian interference in the presidential election.