Spencon: Inside the collapse of an African construction giant By Joel Gunter & Charles Young

BBC Africa Eye Published duration 6 April

Spencon was once one of the largest construction firms in East Africa. After years of financial trouble, two highly-paid British bosses were brought in to save it, but 18 months later the bosses had fled and hundreds of Africans had lost their jobs. An Africa Eye investigation reveals the inside story of how Spencon went bust.

image caption Simeon Randinga joined Spencon as a janitor. He dreamed it would bring a better life.

In July 2015, two British bosses looked out from their new Nairobi offices over an empty patch of land and decided to build a golf green.

Andrew Ross and Steven Haswell hired a consultant from one of Kenya's leading golf clubs. Trees were ripped up and replaced by bunkers and the smooth playing green was laid and nourished by a sprinkler system.

"How cool is this?" wrote Haswell in an email home. "We'll have chipping area, putting green, bunker and driving net."

Ross and Haswell were in Nairobi on a rescue mission: to save the struggling Kenyan construction giant Spencon. They had been appointed as directors of the company by US investment firm Emerging Capital Partners (ECP), which had in 2006 and 2007 invested a total of $15m in Spencon - including $1.5m of British government aid money designed to boost the Kenyan economy and create jobs.

But Ross and Haswell did not succeed in saving Spencon. According to thousands of leaked company emails, messages, and documents obtained by Africa Eye, the two British bosses appear to have engaged in a pattern of highly questionable business practices as they tried to turn the company around. They now stand accused of allegedly working with a convicted criminal to defraud banks of millions of dollars, of implicitly threatening to sell out business partners to notorious Kenyan gangsters, and of making potentially illegal cash payments.

This is the story of the 18 months Ross and Haswell spent in charge of Spencon before the company went bust, leaving hundreds of Kenyans out of work, some already missing months of pay.

Nancy Ntinu, Spencon's former head of HR, took Africa Eye on a tour of the now abandoned golf green built by Ross and Haswell.

"Having a golf course for a company that is insolvent, on the verge of financial distress, that just doesn't add up," she said as she walked on the overgrown putting area.

"It was a mockery for Kenyan employees to watch this lawn being watered on a daily basis because these two gentlemen wanted to play golf."

image caption Workers building part of Ross and Haswell's golf green

image caption The finished green

'We are going to lose this patient'

Spencon was once one of the largest construction firms in East Africa - a giant that employed more than 5,000 staff at its peak and boasted major infrastructure projects across seven countries. It was headquartered in a tall office complex in the Upper Hill neighbourhood of Nairobi with successful multi-nationals for neighbours.

But behind the scenes, Spencon was saddled with debt. In early 2014, ECP, the US firm which had invested $15m, took control of the construction company from its founders. In November 2014, ECP hired Ross - an engineer and business director who would assume overall control of Spencon. In April 2015 he was joined by Haswell - an accountant with experience of restructuring African businesses, who would run the finances. Haswell was to be paid $25,000 a month, Ross $30,000.

Their job was to turn around Spencon's fortunes so that ECP could sell it by the end of 2016. They had just 18 months. With the business already on the brink, it was never going to be easy, but the fate of hundreds of staff across East Africa lay in Ross and Haswell's hands.

Wycliffe Ochieng, a 38-year-old, assistant mechanic, was one of those staff. Ochieng had found happiness in his work at the company. It had allowed him to rent a small home with his wife and young daughter in Nairobi, with running water and electricity, and he began to dream of a better life for his family.

When Spencon finally went bust, in November 2016, Ochieng found himself without work and in crippling debt. He was owed months of pay and he owed months of rent.

"He used to buy us things, like shoes and clothes," recalled his wife, Lynet. "Some of things he did for us when we lived in town are different compared to now."

Now the family lives in a small hut on Ochieng's parents' property, 230 miles (370km) from Nairobi. They have no electricity and no running water. Ochieng shares a bed with Lynet and their young daughter, and works the land to feed them as well as he can. Some days he barely eats at all.

"I used to take care of my family like a man should," he said, dejectedly, when Africa Eye visited him there last year. "It has really brought down my self-esteem."

Back in July 2015, Ochieng was arriving at Spencon for his first day as an assistant mechanic, blissfully unaware that the firm was already in serious trouble. Shortly after Ochieng started, Andrew Ross promised the staff that no one was going to lose their jobs, he said. But an email sent in April by Steven Haswell shows he was already worried.

"I think we are going to lose this patient!" he wrote. "We have 4 months of cash left … It's not looking good."

The two bosses cut costs by July, making a round of redundancies and relocating Spencon from its upmarket Nairobi headquarters to a dusty out-of-town maintenance depot owned by the company, where simple pre-fab workshops were converted into offices.

But they also started spending.

A week after the move to the depot, Ross and Haswell paid $70,000 for their own company cars - a Range Rover and Volkswagen Touareg. Haswell told Africa Eye the cars projected an image of an organisation of substance rather than one close to insolvency. Ross said the vehicles were deemed appropriate by the board. But staff were not impressed. "It was a lavish expenditure," said Spencon's equipment manager, Mike Hyland, who arranged the purchase. Dickens Omollo, the head of security at the depot, was taken aback by Ross's Range Rover. "We wondered - this is a lot of money, and we don't have money, and he is saying he wants to bring this company up?"

Ross and Haswell also got to work on their golf green. The head groundsman they had hired from one of Kenya's leading golf clubs set about designing the plush practice area - complete with two bunkers containing 120 tons of sand.

The two bosses told Africa Eye the golf course was built at negligible cost using Spencon staff and equipment, and projected a positive image of the company.

Simeon Randinga, a janitor at the firm, felt the course was off limits to ordinary staff. "The golf course was out of bounds for the rest of us," he said. "It was theirs alone."

Ross and Haswell told Africa Eye the green was open for all the staff to use.

image caption Simeon Randinga in front of his new home

Fire sale

Getting a job at Spencon had meant the world to Randinga. He was newly married, and had begun to fear his wife would leave him if he could not provide for her. The regular income from Spencon eased his fears, and after a few months of work his wife moved to Nairobi to join him, and they had a child.

Then in mid 2015, Randinga noticed something that worried him, he said - the company appeared to be selling off perfectly good equipment alongside scrap and redundant machinery.

"When they were selling those things, I asked, 'These are very good things, why are you selling them? Are you sure we still have our jobs?'."

The man behind the sales was Tony Sanghani, a security consultant hired by Ross and Haswell. As well as security, the two bosses tasked him with a fire sale of Spencon equipment. They would later say they had no idea Sanghani was a convicted criminal. A simple Google search shows that he and his brother were sent to prison in 2002 for inciting their own company security guards to assault two men.

Mike Hyland, the Spencon equipment manager, was convinced Ross and Haswell knew. "I'm 100% certain they did," he said. "I told Andrew Ross when I resigned, you know you were dealing with a criminal." According to Hyland, Ross replied: "We have to do what we have to do." Ross denied knowing about Sanghani's record or replying in that fashion.

Leaked emails show Sanghani had the two boss's full backing to sell assets. "Please all help and support Tony convert the old equipment and spare parts into cash," wrote Haswell in an email to staff in October 2015. "Please ensure Tony is given full support," wrote Ross in a separate email.

image caption Tony Sanghani was employed as a consultant by Ross and Haswell

As Randinga and other staff at Spencon grew concerned about their jobs, Sanghani was taking home a huge salary and living in a free serviced apartment with a car and driver, with the promise of cash bonuses on top of his pay for delivering on the equipment selloff.

"It seemed to be a clearance sale completely, assets sold at giveaway prices," said Kabiito Karamagi, a receiver appointed after Spencon went bust to look into sales made by Sanghani in Uganda. "What we found was a gross under valuation."

The proceeds from those sales should have gone to paying off the firm's bank debts in Uganda, but the money was instead deposited into Sanghani's personal account.

When a member of Spencon staff emailed Haswell querying the arrangement, and asking if it would present the company with legal issues, Haswell replied: "It's ok… we can pay to Tony's bank account."

Karamagi, the receiver, questioned how the money had been accounted for. "It's certainly most unusual that these monies are not banked on the company account, but on an individual's account. It is most unusual," he said. "It smacks of fraud."

After Spencon went bust, the administrators - international accounting firm PWC - discovered Sanghani had been paid $20,000 a month by Ross and Haswell, plus up to 25% commission. PWC called the amount "outrageous" in the context of Spencon's financial position.

PWC also discovered a huge black hole in Spencon's books - at least $1.6 million had not been accounted for. According to Karamagi's calculations, the amount missing may be even higher.

image caption The depot outside Nairobi where Ross and Haswell relocated Spencon

PWC did find some money had been paid to Spencon creditors, but none to the Ugandan banks, which had agreed to the asset sales in the expectation they would get the sale funds. Questions also remain around the sale of Spencon assets in Kenya, and PWC has handed over files to Kenyan police.

"There was an intention to defraud creditors, pure and simple," said Karamagi. "What you have here is a situation of embezzlement, fraud."

Ugandan police told Africa Eye they were working with Interpol to question Ross and Haswell. Both men categorically denied any wrong-doing and said they were unaware of any criminal investigation or any claims bought in administration relating to the sales.

Haswell said the equipment sale cash was deposited into Sanghani's account to protect it from creditors who had "dubious" court orders to seize it, and to allow Spencon to "disburse the funds as it chose", he said.

Both men said all funds received from Mr Sanghani's sales were accounted for and that the value of the equipment was overstated and banks were kept informed at all times.

"The transactions were recorded in the company accounts and approved by the board," said Ross.

ECP told us it had had "no knowledge of these alleged actions by Mr Sanghani" and "no interest in having Spencon's money deposited in other people's accounts."

At the end of 2016, PWC pressed Tony Sanghani to hand over his accounts but he refused to co-operate. According to the administrators, the $1.6 million is still missing. Africa Eye contacted Tony Sanghani but he declined to respond.

'It smells like a bribe'

In December 2015, Ross and Haswell's hopes for saving Spencon were resting partly on a payout the firm was owed by the Kenyan government for work on a sewage treatment plant in Mombasa in 2000 - valued by Spencon at $16.5 million. And there was an added incentive in their contracts: if the payment was approved, Ross would be entitled to a bonus of up to $80,000 and Haswell up to $64,000. The two British bosses were about to enter one of the murkiest chapters in the Spencon saga.

Before paying out, the Kenyan government demanded to see the original certificate to Spencon confirming completion of the works, but there was a problem: Spencon couldn't find it.

They had just 10 days before they had to present the certificate in court. Spencon's lawyer Rose Osiemo rushed to Mombasa, where she obtained a letter from the County Secretary authorising a new certificate. But when she visited the Mombasa government department responsible for issuing it, there was a snag.

WhatsApp messages sent six days later reveal the obstacle - someone was demanding an $80,000 cash payment.

Haswell put Tony Sanghani on standby, and messaged Osiemo to let her know.

"I told him what is happening … He agreed you can ask him to squeeze them if u want???"

But Osiemo said her contact wanted to remain anonymous. "Want it to remain between me and them lest they are exposed," she wrote back to Haswell.

If the payment was above board, why was it being paid in cash, and why was Osiemo keeping her contact secret?

image caption Steven Haswell and Andrew Ross

Osiemo needed the money before an early-morning flight to Mombasa to meet her contact, setting off a frantic rush to get the cash. Haswell was in Tanzania. "I'm now in bank getting $80k cash for you," he messaged Osiemo. He kept Ross in the loop: "Trying to withdraw $80k cash from SCB Tanzania. I will fly back with it tonight."

Haswell flew back and handed two envelopes stuffed with cash to Osiemo, who made her early morning flight to Mombasa carrying the cash in her handbag, accompanied by Tony Sanghani.

"Remember 11 people minimum know that you are travelling with $80k," Haswell wrote to her. "Stay alert and safe."

Osiemo paid the contact and obtained a letter confirming the work had been completed, as well as a file of background documentation. But the scheme failed - the money the government owed Spencon wasn't released.

Africa Eye showed evidence of the $80,000 payment to Jeremy Carver, a lawyer who helped draft the UK's anti-bribery laws.

"The payment of $80,000 is pretty well documented in the papers that I have seen," Carver said. "It looks like a bribe, it smells like a bribe and it's paid by people who work for a company who are plainly trying to keep it secret."

image caption Spencon once employed 5,000 people

According to UK law, if a British citizen is involved in bribery, it doesn't matter where in the world that alleged bribe took place.

"For the British Directors, and indeed anybody involved in the payment, they on the face of it need to be investigated," said Carver.

Osiemo denied paying any cash bribes to anyone to settle the Mombasa claim. She said the money was a fee paid to an unnamed consultant contracted by Spencon, who hired four independent engineers to inspect the site and write a report confirming the works were complete. It was one of those engineers, she said, who gave her documentation.

A document emailed to Haswell the next day lists the $80,000 payment under expenses, with no contractors named. Ross declined to comment on the expense claim, while Haswell said he had no first-hand knowledge of why the transaction was recorded in this way.

They declined to say who received the $80,000 or why the payment had to be made in cash, saying the money went to debt collection agents. And they strongly denied bribing Government officials, and said the WhatsApp messages and emails had been taken out of context.

Ross said he and Haswell informed the ECP board of the progress of the expenses claim and the parties it dealt with. ECP said it had no knowledge of how any replacement certificate was obtained.

A notorious crime family

As they attempted to turn Spencon around for sale, Ross and Haswell needed to make a clean break from the company's past. But they were hampered by a lawsuit filed against Spencon by the firm's founding family, the Patels, over the ECP takeover back in 2014.

Pragnesh Patel, whose father founded Spencon in 1979, told Africa Eye that Ross and Haswell called him to a meeting at the Kempinski Hotel in Nairobi in December 2015 and offered to give up Spencon's share in a piece of valuable development land in return for dropping the suit.

Patel said that when he asked what would happen if he refused, the two British bosses dropped a name of a potential purchaser for Spencon's share of the land-owning company - the Akasha family.

The Akashas are notorious Kenyan gangsters. In August 2019, Batktash Akasha was sentenced to 25 years in jail in the US for running a global drugs trafficking operation. In January, his brother Ibrahim got 23 years for the same offence.

Tony Sanghani was one of those who knew the Akashas well. According to evidence given during their court case, the Akashas beat him so badly during a gangland drugs turf war in 2014 that Sanghani ended up in a coma.

image caption Evidence pictures from court showing Tony Sanghani in hospital in 2014

Pragnesh Patel was afraid, he said. He left the meeting and went to consider his options, he said, then he asked Ross for a second meeting, at a Nairobi coffee house, and this time he secretly recorded on his phone.

On the recording, Patel can be heard asking Ross if the connection to the Akashas is genuine.

"It's genuine Pragnesh," Ross replies. "It's not us playing games, it's genuine."

"This is very serious," said Patel. "You know, the Akasha family are the equivalent of Al Capone. Even if they know that I'm trying to block a sale, they can actually send a hitman and things like that."

It was one of several times Patel voiced his fears about the company potentially being sold to the Akashas. Not once, in the entire recording, can Ross be heard contradicting those fears.

Ross told us it was absurd and untrue he threatened Patel with the Akasha family. When Africa Eye sent him a transcript of the recording, he said at no point did he mention the Akashas.

Haswell said at no time did Spencon consider entering any transaction with the Akashas, and suggested Patel was trying to lead or entrap Ross. He said he had no knowledge of the Akashas until Patel mentioned them.

'You snooze you lose'

By the middle of 2016, Spencon was on its knees. The final days of the company were about to play out at the maintenance depot outside Nairobi that had become its home.

Nancy Ntinu, the head of HR, was working closely with Ross and Haswell, she said, in basic offices in wooden buildings on the depot grounds. Staff salaries were drying up and workers were getting more and more angry. Many, including Ntinu, had not been paid properly in months.

"I was literally crying every day because I couldn't believe the kind of situation I'd got myself into," she said.

Ntinu told Africa Eye that Ross ran through a list of staff, instructing her who to pay and who not to pay.

"There was one female colleague who was on maternity leave and he took off her name. I asked why, and he said, 'Well you snooze you lose'."

One person always got paid, Ntinu claimed - Ross. "He will always pay himself," she said.

Ross told Africa Eye that the lowest paid staff were always paid first and that his own pay was delayed on several occasions. He denied using the phrase, 'You snooze you lose'.

image caption Nancy Ntinu, the former head of HR, said she lost £39,000 in pay

At the depot, Spencon staff were working on without pay in the hope the company would be saved. Wycliffe Ochieng, the assistant mechanic, said the missing pay was affecting his marriage. Ochieng's wife began to suspect he was spending his salary on another woman. Eventually she left, forcing him to send his daughter hundreds of miles away to his parents' home so he could continue to go to work.

Simeon Randinga, the janitor, began hiding from his landlord because he had no money to pay his rent. "We found ourselves going home empty handed at the end of the month," he said. "The landlord is there waiting for you and you also need food, yet you have nothing."

But never contemplated complaining to Andrew Ross. "To reach him was like going to heaven," he said.

Ross was on a golfing holiday in Turkey when he finally signed insolvency papers for Spencon. Back at the Nairobi depot, bailiffs had begun to seize company property and staff were in revolt.

When Ross returned, he called a meeting in the canteen, a dimly-lit prefab structure set slightly apart from the other buildings on the compound, to give staff the news. They were furious, and a group of about 15 came to Ntinu to demand answers. "You are talking about very angry people, who are hungry, who don't have anything to feed their families," she said.

Ntinu knew then that it was all over. She told Africa Eye she lost seven months of pay - about £39,000.

After almost four decades in business, Spencon was gone. Not far behind were Ross and Haswell.

"We heard one morning that they had boarded an aircraft and gone back to the UK," said Ntinu. "And that was it."

image caption Wycliffe Ochieng is his old Spencon overalls

Ross and Haswell told Africa Eye they were proud of their time at Spencon, saying it was managed in a challenging business environment against a backdrop of inherited debt, within the law and always with legal advice. They said they sympathised with the disappointment and anger of workers, and rejected any allegations of wrongdoing.

They said they had to flee Kenya because they were facing threats, and that they continued to work on Spencon business unpaid for another four months.

Three and a half years on, both men are now employed in senior positions in UK firms.

Many Spencon staff were not so lucky. None of the workers received their missing pay. Simeon Randinga, the janitor, now sells charcoal in an effort to support his family. He struggled against the urge to take his own life, he said. "When you are not working, you are just a useless man, you cannot help anyone. You cannot feed your family, you cannot pay house rent. Even bathing is not possible because you cannot buy soap."

Wycliffe Ochieng, the mechanic, never returned to the Nairobi home that had allowed him to dream - the landlord locked him out and locked all of his belongings inside. All he has left now is his Spencon safety helmet and overalls. He was once proud to wear them, he said, they had made him feel like a success. His daughter sometimes asks him to put them on again, to play, but he has lost weight since his Spencon days, and the overalls hang loosely from his thinner frame.

Ochieng occasionally speaks to some of his old Spencon colleagues, from a payphone nearby. "Sometimes I get a call - Hey, my friend, can you loan me 100 shillings?" It's 80p, $1. But he doesn't have it.

Three months after his pay was cut off, back in 2016, Ochieng and a group of other Spencon employees went to rip up the golfing green that was laid by Ross and Haswell. A video camera captured the moment they set off from the depot in protest.