Early photographs of Los Angeles surprise for many reasons, but often what's most striking is how empty the city looks. Open countryside surrounds familiar landmarks. Busy intersections appear as dusty crossroads.

Southern California entered the photographic record at the cusp of a dramatic transformation in the region's landscape. When an anonymous photographer stood atop Fort Moore Hill circa 1862 and took the earliest-known photograph of Los Angeles, he captured a small town – population 4,385 in 1860 – embedded within an open countryside. Vineyards, orchards, and other intensive agricultural enterprises occupy the land immediately surrounding the city. Obscured in the hazy distance, meanwhile, were sprawling cattle and sheep ranches, legacies of the region's Spanish and Mexican eras. In 1862, Los Angeles represented one of the few urbanized areas, as modest as it was, in the entire region.

Earliest-known photo of Los Angeles, circa 1862. The view looks east over the Los Angeles Plaza from atop Fort Moore Hill. Courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

In the 1920s, Los Angeles County ranked first in the nation in the value of its agricultural output.

Over time, the growing city spilled into the surrounding landscape. Meanwhile, a devastating drought that began in 1862 and lasted through 1864 crippled the ranching economy, and more intensive agriculture retreated into the former grazing lands. Pastures became bean fields and orange groves – a process that only accelerated with the arrival of new technologies like groundwater pumping, concrete pipes, and refrigerated train cars. Cooperative enterprises like the Anaheim Colony in present-day Orange County provided a model for making irrigated agriculture work. Providing a variety of microclimates and soil types, the Los Angeles Basin and its adjacent valleys became home to a diverse suite of agricultural uses. By the 1920s, Los Angeles County ranked first in the nation in the value of its agricultural output.

Los Angeles kept growing. It did so in part by expanding outward from its historic core, rolling west toward the sea, but it also sprouted offshoots. First along the steam railroads, then the interurban lines of the Pacific Electric and finally the freeways, suburbs sprang up amid the countryside. Many of the most dramatic photos of an emptier Los Angeles show new settlements like Hollywood or Beverly Hills – now familiar to much of the world through popular culture – as rustic country towns. Eventually, the surrounding countryside disappeared as the suburbs and city merged into one metropolitan agglomeration.

The process reached a fevered pitch in the years immediately following World War II. From 1945 through 1957, subdividers carved 462,593 separate lots out of agricultural land in Los Angeles County. By the end of those thirteen years, nearly all of the San Fernando Valley had become urbanized, and the master-planned city of Lakewood had risen from the bean fields north of Long Beach – an event D. J. Waldie chronicled in his classic memoir "Holy Land."

Some communities resisted. Between 1955 and 1956, for example, three along the zig-zagged border between Los Angeles and Orange counties incorporated to fight encroaching urbanization: Dairy Valley (now Cerritos), Dairy City (now Cypress), and Dairyland (now La Palma). Within a decade, however, even those proud cow towns had adopted new names as real estate developers made dairy owners irresistible offers.

These photographs may inspire nostalgia for a lost, Arcadian past. But they may also provoke pertinent questions about Southern California's urban development and city dwellers' relationship with the natural environment.

Among some viewers, these photographs showing vast swaths of emptiness where urbanization reigns today may inspire nostalgia for a lost, Arcadian past. But they also provoke pertinent questions about Southern California's urban development and city dwellers' relationship with the natural environment. Does the open countryside pictured here, for example, represent a lost opportunity to create a comprehensive system of parks and open spaces? Have Southern Californians become less informed about food production since agricultural enterprises moved to far-off places? And how did the loss of open spaces change popular conceptions of nature, wilderness, and conservation? The urgency of these questions speaks to the enduring value of photographic archives.

Rural San Fernando Valley

The San Fernando Valley and Mission San Fernando circa 1875. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

View of North Hollywood and the San Fernando Valley from the Santa Monica Mountains, 1909. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

Hollywood as a Country Town

View of Hollywood in 1905, looking west by southwest from Laughlin Park. Photo courtesy of the Title Insurance and Trust, and C.C. Pierce Photography Collection, USC Libraries.

Highland and Franklin in Hollywood, 1903. Photo courtesy of the Photo Collection – Los Angeles Public Library.

Highland Avenue north of Hollywood Boulevard, 1906. Photo courtesy of the Photo Collection – Los Angeles Public Library.

Rural East Hollywood, circa 1905. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

Undeveloped Beverly Hills

Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Drive, 1911. Photo courtesy of the Beverly Hills Public Library Historical Collection.

Coldwater Cañon in 1910. Photo courtesy of the Beverly Hills Public Library Historical Collection.

Benedict Canyon in 1890. Photo courtesy of the Beverly Hills Public Library Historical Collection.

Western Avenue at the Turn of the 20th Century

Children play on Western Avenue south of Sunset, circa 1906. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

Bicycle race on Western just north of Santa Monica Boulevard, 1896. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

The Los Angeles Times Bicycle Club on Western north of Pico, 1895. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

Orchard at Western and Washington, circa 1899. Photo courtesy of the USC Libraries – California Historical Society Collection.

Around Town

A troop of Boy Scouts demonstrate their skills in the open fields across from Caltech in Pasadena, at the southwest corner of East California Blvd. and South Wilson Ave. Property of Polytechnic School, Pasadena, CA.

West Adams Boulevard at Caldwell Avenue (now Ridgley Drive), 1923. Courtesy of the Automobile Club of Southern California Archives.

Geranium Gardens in Gardena. Courtesy of the CSUDH Archives.

Aerial view of Disneyland surrounded by orange groves in 1955. Courtesy of the Orange County Archives.

Rural view from the home of Arthur Brent in Bel Air, 1927. Courtesy of the Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce Collection, USC Libraries.

A field of sweet peas in Gardena. Courtesy of the CSUDH Archives.

Lantern slide of a poppy field below in present-day Altadena, 1900. Courtesy of the Braun Research Library Collection, Autry National Center. Object ID LS.12459.