APPENDIX: NEW PHENOMENA AND NEW UNDERSTANDING

A short discussion of observed features of the solar phenomena discussed in this paper is given. The superscript N marks a new feature discovered in this study, and an F is for a known feature first explained by the process from this study. A new understanding is given to virtually all phenomena.

CHI injectorsN are coaxial helicity injectors that inject helicity, power, and plasma into the heliosphere. The voltage across the injector magnetic flux gives the helicity injection. Understanding the nature of the plasma from the injectors is a topic of research.

CMEF is a coronal mass ejection which is a blob of plasma and magnetic field that escapes the Sun. The magnetic structure is linked magnetic fields like a spheromak. The total magnetic flux of a CME can also be on the order of the total solar polar magnetic flux. It appears to be due to a sausage instability in the GMS that is propelled into the heliosphere.

The current sheetF is a symmetric sheet of current at the solar equator going out beyond the Earth's orbit. It appears to be the return current for some of the injector current.

Filaments and prominencesF are large thin sheets of plasma and magnetic field that come off the surface during active solar periods. Filaments have a solar background and prominences have the blackness of space as the background. They appear to be remnants of the layers of the thin GMS that lift off in the 11-year cycle.

Flares are electromagnetic explosions followed by plasma ejection from the solar surface. They appear to be from the surfacing of dynamo driven polar magnetic flux.

The global magnetic structure (GMS)N is a grossly stable thin sheet of plasma and magnetic field that covers most of the Sun. At the solar minimum, the sheet covering the northern hemisphere and the sheet covering the southern hemisphere are minimum energy states conserving helicity (MECH states) sustained by the solar dynamo which is part of the GMS. The helicity is negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere. The GMS topology depends on the thickness of the volume that bounds the GMS relative to the magnetic gradient scale length of the dynamo. They appear to be near the top of the convection zone where horizontal convection and vertical convection plus the stable magnetic structures make the GMS possible.

Injector Magnetic Flux is the magnetic flux that passes through a solar dynamo. At the solar minimum, it is assumed to also be the polar magnetic flux.

F is the flow in the meridian direction from the surface to about 0.1 R ⊙ deep. The direction of the flow is from the equator to the poles. The acceleration is well correlated with solar magnetic activity. The speed varies with the solar cycle up to about 20 m/s. 30 30. J. Zhao, R. S. Bogart, A. G. Kosovichev, T. L. Duvall, Jr, and T. Hartlep, “ Detection of equatorward meridional flow and evidence of double-cell meridional circulation inside the Sun ,” Astrophys. J. Lett. 774(L29), 1– 6 (2013). Meridional flowis the flow in the meridian direction from the surface to about 0.1 Rdeep. The direction of the flow is from the equator to the poles. The acceleration is well correlated with solar magnetic activity. The speed varies with the solar cycle up to about 20 m/s.The radial current crossing the toroidal component of the polar the magnetic flux of the GMS confirms the structure of the GMS.

Polar Magnetic flux is the net magnetic flux that enters one solar hemisphere and exits the other hemisphere.

Sausage instabilityN is one the most common instabilities of a current channel where the magnetic flux produced by the channel accumulates in some locations and depletes in others. The channel becomes alternating fat and thin like a string of sausage. For the CME, there are one or two fat locations, and for the CME, the thin areas are the associated double-ribbon flares. They appear to be the first phase of CMEs and sunspots.

The solar 11-years cycleF starts and ends with low magnetic activity with a high activity between. The cycle is about eleven years, and all magnetic fields change sign from one cycle to the next. It appears that the GMS that has a magnetic diffusion time of about 11 years is independent of the magnetic field strength.

The solar dynamo generates power and helicity by wrapping the polar magnetic flux on itself because of the faster rotation of the equator. The wrapping generates positive helicity in the southern hemisphere and negative in the northern hemisphere. The wrapping also generates a voltage and current that appears to power all of the solar magnetic activity.

SunspotsF are the appearance of black spots on the Sun. They often come in pairs with the magnetic field going in one and out the other and bright lines appear in a direction of a line between the pair called faculae. The total magnetic flux of a sunspot cluster can be as high as the total polar magnetic flux. Previously, they were thought to be from the magnetic field generated near the tachocline. Magnetic flux ropes get to the surface as small structures that then stop and fast reconnection releases the field. They now appear to be sausages instabilities that occur in the GMS and grow through the solar surface.

SupergranulationF is a shallow region near the surface where the convection horizontal characteristic length scale changes from being ≈0.5 Mm to being between 5.0 Mm and 50 Mm and a large area called the watershed does not exhibit convection. They appear to be caused by the convective flow pattern through the GMS.