WASHINGTON—Rick Dearborn, one of President Donald Trump’s top aides, will step down early next year to pursue private-sector work, White House officials said, becoming the latest high-profile departure from the West Wing in recent weeks.

“Rick loyally served the president for two and a half years and brought tremendous energy to the White House staff,” White House Chief of Staff John Kelly said. “He’s a super guy and it breaks my heart to see him leave, but I look forward to his continued personal friendship and support for...