What might be called an energy shock in reverse is creating losers as well as winners.

States like Texas and North Dakota, which boomed as oil prices mostly stayed above $90 a barrel from 2011 to mid-2014, are now feeling a chill. So are industries that supply pipes and other material to energy drillers and frackers, including steel makers and sand producers.

Nevertheless, economists say the benefits of lower energy prices will be felt much more broadly than the expected drag on some industries and regions.

Household consumer spending contributes roughly 65 percent of gross domestic product, compared with about 1 percent from oil and gas industry investment, said Michael Gapen, chief United States economist at Barclays.

In addition, consumers typically spend the money they save on fuel in sectors that are more “employment-heavy” than the energy industry, Mr. Gapen said, like dining, travel and retail. He noted that stores employ about 13 percent of American workers, compared with the less than 1 percent of Americans who work in oil and gas extraction and related fields.

On Friday, the University of Michigan said that its preliminary survey of consumer sentiment in early January recorded the best reading in 11 years, while the Labor Department said consumer prices declined slightly in December. Although deflation is usually a worry for policy makers, in this case the energy-led drop in prices makes the weak wage gains of recent months a little more bearable for American workers.

Few places are more sensitive to shifts in oil prices than Maine, especially in winter. The state is dotted with struggling blue-collar towns like this one, where the economy is still reeling from the hangover from the recession, which only added to the woes created by sky-high energy prices and disappearing factory jobs.