This chapter highlights the similarities and differences between bovine and human female reproduction, in order to justify the use of the cow as a model to study ovarian physiology, folliculogenesis, and oocyte development. Cows and women share numerous characteristics in regard to folliculogenesis. In cows, a coasting period without any FSH stimulation was introduced as a reproductive management technique to improve oocyte competence, while fertility clinics use it as a first choice treatment to prevent severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Ovarian stimulation is a key aspect of reproductive management. With an artificial increase of the follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration, the development of several follicles toward ovulation is stimulated. Nowadays, Assisted Reproduction (ART) is routinely used in humans and cattle. the bovine model is best for investigating late folliculogenesis events that are linked to oocyte competence, and can be used as both in vivo and in vitro models.