Naturally-aspirated performance cars are very much becoming a thing of the past. And although turbocharging is taking over, it definitely has a downside in the form of lag - so how do you combat it?

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Due to a greater emphasis on fuel efficiency and emissions in the past few years, even lesser performance cars like the Abarth 124 have converted to turbocharging to follow the downsizing trend. With manufacturers becoming obsessed with turbocharging to make up a performance gap, the scourge of turbo lag has now become a large factor in powertrain development.

So what is turbo lag?

Turbochargers work intrinsically with the flow of exhaust gases which reach a pressure and velocity to spin an impeller (or turbine) within the turbocharger to force air into the cylinders at a faster rate, increasing power. So as engine speed rises, exhaust gas flow increases along with the rate that the impeller spins. Unfortunately, this means that a time gap forms as the exhaust gases have to make their way from the cylinder, out through the manifold and into the turbocharger. Turbo lag is therefore defined as the gap between the throttle being actuated and the turbocharger responding, resulting in a lumpy delivery of power. I like to think of it like those paper windmills you’d make as a kid. Stuck in the soil of your garden on a calm day, they’d barely spin at all but in gale force winds they’d become a blur of colourful paper and rotational velocity. In most modern cars, the turbos have been manufactured and programmed to be as linear in their delivery as possible but back in the 80s and 90s, cars like the Porsche 935 and Ferrari F40 were renowned for their widowing bursts of unexpected power.

The 935's flat-six had a huge turbocharger bolted to it, creating over 800bhp in certain tunes and a whole heap of turbo lag

So what solutions are there for tackling turbo lag?

Twin-scroll turbos

A twin-scroll turbo effectively brings together twin-turbocharging into one neat package. Using two inlets for the exhaust gases instead of the conventional single inlet, this form of turbo is designed to operate at small and high exhaust gas flow rates, reducing the effects of turbo lag. The first inlet to the turbocharger is designed for lower engine speeds where exhaust gas flow rate is low and is therefore small in diameter. This will maximise pressure on the impeller blades where most conventional turbos would be struggling to spool. The second inlet is consequently larger in size to deal with a high flow rate of exhaust gases.

Variable geometry turbos

A more complicated and less-reliable method of reducing turbo lag is VGT. This uses dynamic vanes within the turbo which can open and close their relative angle to the central spinning shaft. This theoretically means that they can close right up to take advantage of lower engine speeds and then progressively open up to then capitalise on the full potential of the vane surface area. The dangers of this technology is the risk of the vanes failing to open at the same rate as the increase in engine speed. If they were to stay shut, the turbocharger would input too much boost back into the cylinders and high RPM which can easily end up in an engine blowout.

Nitrous

NOx is used to make the pressure within each cylinder go through the roof. Since that pressure is directly related with exhaust gas flow, the introduction of Nitrous to the combustion process makes for an instant pressure increase which will translate through to the blades of the turbocharger, creating an instant and rapid spool. On the other hand, if you plan on your engine and turbo lasting anything past the next month or so, I’d advise you stay clear of this tempting but car-busting substance.

Sequential turbos

Two is normally always better than one and the same can be said for turbocharging. One small turbo and one large turbo work together to keep the engine boosted at as wide a range of RPMs as possible, reducing turbo lag. The small turbocharger only needs a small amount of inertia to get spooling and therefore boosts the engine at lower engine speeds. As the engine speed rises, the larger turbo is then introduced, using its larger vanes to increase the pressure of the recycled exhaust gases back into the combustion chamber. The Mazda RX-7, Nissan GTR and Porsche 911 Turbo all employ this combination of turbochargers to frightening effect. Twin-turbos can be the key to huge levels of power and torque due to the flexibility between turbocharger sizing, hence why twin-turboed Supras - for example - can often be found with well over 1000bhp on tap.

Electric hybrid turbo

With electrics infiltrating nearly every other aspect of motoring, it wasn’t going to be long before they made their mechanical-smiting way into turbocharging. Using an electric motor between the inlet and outlet of the turbocharger, a load is applied through the central shaft of the turbo to keep it partially spooled and ready for the exhaust gases to catch up and take over the spooling process. Used primarily in Formula 1, the engine is constantly on boost even when exhaust gas flow is slow, making turbo lag extremely minimal. The Audi SQ7 stakes the claim for the first road car to use electric turbocharging and it won’t be long before this technology is made more affordable and could dominate this new world of obsessive forced-induction.

But are these solutions for the best? 9 MB