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Operation Bowery

With war waging across the sands of North Africa between the British and the Germans and Italians, the Mediterranean quickly became a vitally important theatre of war in its own right. The British had significant bases of operation at Gibraltar at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, and Alexandria in Egypt. Between these two powerful bases lay the lonely island of Malta, a strategically vital stepping stone in the Mediterranean.

Determined to remove this vital island from the British war effort, Italian forces attempted to lay siege to Malta from as early as the summer of 1940. Italian bombers attacked the island itself whilst warships attempted to cut off supplies from the surrounding sea lanes. The island’s air defenses consisted of only a handful of Gloster Sea Gladiators and Hawker Hurricanes, but these were able to successfully intercept the incoming Italian bombers on countless occasions.

From 1941 German forces now began to target Malta, and both the aerial bombardment and the surrounding naval siege became even more of a threat. Britain was forced to maintain a near constant stream of supplies to the island, including a steady resupply of Malta’s aerial defences. The only way to transport forces en masse was via sea, and these convoys to Malta became known as ‘Club Runs.’

In May 1942 the American carrier USS Wasp formed the nucleus of Operation Bowery, a Club Run to resupply the besieged island. The force was escorted by the battlecruiser HMS Renown as well as fourteen smaller warships. 47 Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vc fighters and a further 17 Spitfires onboard the British carrier HMS Eagle were flown off the pitching decks of the two carriers on May 9th. 61 out of the 64 Spitfires successfully reached Malta and, building on the bitter lessons learned from the disastrous Operation Calendar – the previous Club Run – the fighters were quickly refueled and rearmed before taking to the skies again to join the air defence effort. Further reinforcements included a contingent of RAF ground crews and crates of spare Rolls Royce Merlin engines.

Alerted by axis intelligence, a German-Italian strike force was already en route to the island. The Spitfires rushed to intercept and in the ensuing battle the RAF fighter pilots claimed forty-seven enemy aircraft destroyed for the loss of only three Spitfires. The Spitfires, their pilots and the equally vital engineering support were now in place to add to the island’s defense, although the siege was far from over and further Club Runs would be required.

Mark (Wafu) Barber