Six of the 10 local authority districts in England and Wales with the highest rates of heroin- and/or morphine-misuse deaths are coastal holiday resorts, figures have revealed.

Places that may have been more synonymous with family holidays are among the 10 areas that saw the highest rates of drugs misuse fatalities where heroin and/or morphine were mentioned on the death certificate.

Some of the 10 places also have high levels of deprivation, which could link to increased drug use.

Rate of heroin and morphine deaths by misuse, 2014 to 2016, England and Wales

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The Lancashire resort borough of Blackpool has been the location of the highest death rate since 2010 to 2012, with 14.0 heroin and/or morphine misuse deaths per 100,000 people in 2016.

This compares with the national average of 1.9 in England and 2.3 in Wales and is almost twice as high as the area with the next highest rate of heroin and/or morphine misuse deaths, Burnley (just over 30 miles inland from Blackpool), which has a rate of 7.6 per 100,000.

Blackpool’s fortunes have been in decline since traditional coastal holidays fell out of favour in the 1960s, with the advent of package holidays abroad.

The other seaside locations to feature in the 10 areas with the highest rate of heroin or morphine misuse deaths are Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Hastings, Thanet and Swansea.

The remaining areas are Burnley, Reading, Hyndburn and Neath Port Talbot, which although coastal, is not a holiday resort.

Drug misuse deaths likely to be tied to deprivation

Public Health England has suggested a link between areas of higher deprivation and drugs misuse.

Their report, Preventing Drugs Misuse Deaths, said: “Social factors, including housing, employment and deprivation, are associated with substance misuse and these social factors moderate drug treatment outcomes.”

The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs linked an increase in heroin misuse deaths to the “deepening socio-economic deprivation since the financial crisis of 2008” in its publication Reducing Opioid-Related Deaths in the UK.

Death rates by deprivation decile for drug misuse and non-misuse, 2016, England

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Blackpool was ranked as the fourth most deprived area out of 326 districts and unitary authorities in England. (Lancashire Council website)

How heroin and morphine deaths have varied over time

There were 3,744 drug poisoning deaths (involving both legal and illegal drugs) registered in 2016 in England and Wales. Of those deaths, 2,593 were from drug misuse, which represents 69% of total deaths. In 1993 the proportion was 38%.

Deaths from drug misuse out of all drug-related deaths, 1993 to 2016, England and Wales Source: Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2016 registrations Download this chart Deaths from drug misuse out of all drug-related deaths, 1993 to 2016, England and Wales Image .csv .xls

Deaths from any opiate out of all deaths from drug misuse England and Wales, 1993 to 2016 Source: Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2016 registrations, ONS Download this chart Deaths from any opiate out of all deaths from drug misuse Image .csv .xls

Heroin and/or morphine is the drug used by the so-called “Trainspotting generation”. Death rates from the misuse of opiates have steadily climbed between 1993 (when data were first collected) and 1996; since then they have plateaued at around 80% of all opiate deaths, through to 2016.

This “Trainspotting generation”, which became addicted to heroin in the 1980s and 1990s, has been cited as one of the reasons for the increase. This may also explain why the highest rate of death from drugs misuse in 2016 was among the 40 to 49-year-olds, overtaking those aged 30 to 39 years.

Number of deaths from heroin and/or morphine, 1993 to 2016, England and Wales England and Wales, 1993 to 2016 Source: Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2016 registrations Download this chart Number of deaths from heroin and/or morphine, 1993 to 2016, England and Wales Image .csv .xls

In 2016, the number of drug-related deaths where heroin and/or morphine were mentioned on the death certificate has increased by almost eight times since 1993. There has been only a slight increase from 2015, where 1,201 deaths were registered, but there has been an increase of almost two-thirds since 2012, following the “heroin drought” of 2010 to 2011.

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